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ICON ES’ ORNIFHOPRTERORUM.

_R. MORGAN, PRINTER, 65, WESTOW STREET, NORWOOD, S.E. —

Bi

re!

DEDICATED To THE Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Pa.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S., F.L.S.,
Bi Gevsay ecGey

AND FoUNDER AND PROPRIETOR OF THE ZOOLOGICAL MusEuM AT TRING.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM:

A Monograph of the Papilionine Tribe TROIDES of Hubner.

OR

OV RUIN es COpe a Malian

[BIRD-WING BUTTERFLIES] OF BOISDUVAL,

BY

MORE Swe a ER Pe IN:

CORRESP. MEMBER OF TORONTO NAT. HIST. SOC., &c.

WON EES lla

With sb\coloured and Plain Plates and Maps by the Author (in addition to 24
coloured and plain figures in the text).

“Concerning the work of my hands, command ye me. Ihave made the earth, and created man upon it; I,
even my hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded.” —Isaiah xlv., 12, 13
(Revised version).

‘The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein.”’—David, Ps. cxi., 2.

‘“« Seigneur! tu es digne de recevoir la gloire, l’honneur, et la puissance; car tu as créé toutes choses, et c’est par
ta volonté qu’elles subsistent et qu’elles ont été créées.”—St. John, Rev. w., 717.

“Cuan grandes son tus obras, oh Jehova! muy profundas son tus pensamientos.”—Dawvid, Salmos xcit., 5.

‘‘Con las obras de tus manos me regocijo.”—David, Salmo xcit., 5.

‘“«Siehe, also gehet sein Thun; aber davon haben wir ein gering Wértlein vernommen? Wer will aber den
Donner seiner macht versteben ?””—Hu0b xxv1., 14.

“ Lo, these are a part of His ways; but how little a portion is heard of Him? But the thunder of His power
who can understand ?—/ob xwxu1., 14.

“OQ Jehova, quam ampla sunt tua opera! Quam sapienter ea fecisti! Quam plena est terra possessione tua !’?—
Psalm civ., 24, David (according to Bishop Lowth).

“‘For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works.” —St. Paul, Ephesians ii., 10.

“What God is there in heaven or in earth who can do according to Thy works ?”’—Moses, Deuteronomy iv., 24.

“¢ Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord! Neither are there any works like unto Thy works.”—
King David, Psalm lexxvi., 8.

Creation, Redemption and Providence: these are God’s triune revelation of Himself, inscribed within the
limitless circle of primeval Love; and to know, serve and love Him in return, these are the sublime duty
and privilege of all men.—The Author.

IAQUBILMSJZUEID) IBN’ Tlali® UCM el One &

24, JASPER ROAD, UPPER NORWOOD, LONDON, S.E.

1g06.

ate.

an
My

ithe uA Ee GORE TGR NDA:
TEXT.

Page 1, col 2, last line, for sub-genus read genus.

7, col. 2, line 19, for “ Linnzeus”’ read Clerck.

g, col. 2, line 10 from above, for ‘‘ Sulla Islands” read Sula Islands.

10, col. 1, 3rd line from above, for ‘‘ casta ”’ read Costa.

22, 8th line from above of Bibliography, for Standinger read Staudinger.
24, col. 2, 6th line from above, for O. Palleus, read O. Pallens.

25, last line of Additional Bibliography, for piston read pistor.

» 45, col. 1, line 15 from above, delete Mzhz.

» 52, col. 1, line 3 from below, ‘‘ Pompzus ”’ should be Pompeus.

» 54, the description of the ¢ should be for Hycetus ¢@ of Rippon.

» 55, Bibliography to Cerberus, line 11 from above, for Robbe read Ribble.

»» 55, col. 2, line 6 from below, the words “‘ For the ? see Pl. 57, figs. 1, 2,” should read, For the ? ‘“‘see Pl. 57, figs.

Bye Ofeeinls UZ els, «LAY
»» 55, col. 2, line 4 from below, ‘‘ Robbe” should be Rzbde.
»» 58, col. 2, line 19 from above, for Sandwich Islands read Philippine \slands.

» 58, col. 2, line 18, from above, for ‘‘ Sandwich Islands exclusively,” read Philippine Islands exclusively.
», 05, col. 1, line 11 from below for Rhadamanthus, Boisd, read Rhadamantus, Lucas. Also in col. 2, lines 29-30 read
Rhadamantus, and wherever in the Article ‘‘ Nephereus”’ occurs substitute Rhadamantus.

,, 06, col. 2, line 16 from below, for ‘“‘ Dannett ” read Dannatt.
» 68, col. 2, line 2 from below for ‘“‘ Robur”’ read Rober.
» 72, line 7 from the top, for ‘‘ Rothschild” read Lathy.

» 72, col. 2, line 7 from below, ‘‘ Waterstradt ”’ is the name of the collector of the variety, and not the locality.

» 79, Footnote, col. 1, line 5 from above ‘‘ Ametebola” should be A metabola.
118, 2nd line from the top for ‘‘ Vol. Il” read Vol. XI.

Guillemard.
Whenever ‘ Palawan ” occurs it should be Palawan.

PLATES.

Plate 2oylume 2, sdelete !' 7, see text.
», 32, 1st line below for ‘‘ Vanderpolli ” read Vandepoll.
» 34, 3rd line below add Fug. 75.
» 41, line 2 below for ‘‘ Fruhstorfer” read Friihstorfer.
50 or Map 9, last line ‘‘ P. Rhadamanthus”’ should be P. Rhadamantus.
56, Figs. 3, 4, 3a, 6, should be ? of Hycetus, not Pompeus.
61, substitute “ Lathy”’ for Rothschild, after fasciculatus.
,, 640, for ‘‘ Robur” read Rover.
», 65, for Roder read Rober.

?

130, lines 20 and 22, for ‘‘ Guillemand ” read Guillemard, also on Page 131 and 132 the name should be spelled

Poe ics Mimbernino worse toures stiould be as follows: ro, Tad, 2 953° 2%,4°0;5 2,6 ¢.
writer completely reversed my numbers. The writing below should also be Ornithoptera Rich-
mondia, Gray, I, Ia 6; 2 %. Pompeoptera Plateni, Staudinger, 3 2,4 ¢.

Brookeana, Wallace,5 2,6 ¢.
Supplementary Plate F, for ‘‘ Roder,” read Rober.

Trogonoptera

[Nots. The number of Plates in this Vol. is 59, not 58 as stated in the titlepage ; and 83 coloured and plain figures
in the text, not 24 as in the titlepage, exclusive of the Portrait. The Titlepage was printed anterior to the com-

pletion of the work, hence the discrepancy. |

AV Olle

Page 4, col. 1, line 1, for ‘‘ into 4 subgenera,” read 6 Genera.
» 5, 2nd paragraph, line 15 for “‘ Reise Novare,” read Reise Novara.
», 36, col. 2, line 2 from above, ‘‘ Glolo ” should be Gzlolo.
» 71, 5th paragraph, 2nd line, for “‘ past ” read part.

AGENDA.

The Author is only partly responsible for the presumptuous admission of his portrait into this work, especially as
he does not claim to be a member of the Tribe of TrompEs. For along time he absolutely declined to entertain the
suggestion of his son, Mr. E. Victor Rippon (the curator of the Biological Section of the Canadian Institute) and a
number of his subscribers, that his portrait would be very acceptable. The natural desire of a good Son could be
resisted ; but the strongly-expressed wishes of other subscribers had to prevail; and the Process blocks for the Plate
were generously made in Toronto at his Son’s expense. It is therefore hoped that this explanation will exonerate the
Author from any charge of (what seemed to him a) vanity.

The Maps of this work were adapted chiefly from the Admiralty Charts, for which I am indebted to the kindness
of the late Sir Witt1am Wuarton, the Government Hydrographer, who most courteously sent me those I needed.

ii

DECAL LON.

The First Volume of this monograph having been dedicated to the late Professor Westwood, I have now the
pleasure of inscribing the second volume to another deservedly distinguished naturalist.

The Hon. Walter Rothschild is, we must all admit, a naturalist in the truest acceptation of the term. A man
of many occupations and interests, every moment of whose time must be valuable to himself and others, he ever finds
opportunities for the study of God’s creations, living and dead; and whilst he is an accomplished Lepidopterist and
Ornithologist, his interests are not entirely confined to these two subjects, as his splendid museum and the living
creatures in Tring Park fully demonstrate. His unusual resources are employed in wise and noble ways, and he does
not live unto himself. Any student of zoological science, whether English or Cosmopolitan, is always welcome to avail
himself of the advantages of a study of the multitudinous treasures which find a home in the splendid museum which
Mr. Rothschild has founded at Tring, in Hertfordshire. Speaking personally, I can heartily testify to the kindly and
helpful interest which he has always taken in this work of mine. Every species of Troides that I have specified my
need of, has been in the most genial way at once placed at my disposal, and I have often had in my possession for
months at a time a considerable number of his rarest and most valuable treasures, using them as freely as if they were
my own. Without such a privilege, not to mention other kindnesses, my difficulties in bringing this work to an approxi-
mately successful issue, would have been infinitely greater than they have been.

No one in the world possesses such a nearly complete collection of Ornithoptera as Mr. Rothschild has been able
to bring together at Tring. Three years ago he estimated his examples of this tribe of Papilionide to number over
4,000, including nearly all the known species, sub-species, varieties and aberrations: since then this number has been
considerably augmented. Some slight conception of the wealth of the Tring Museum may be obtained, when I say
that at the same period there were over one million specimens of moths waiting to be set, and probably double that
number of Lepidoptera incorporated in the collections. The insects of all orders exhibited to the general public are
numerous, and instructively arranged. In his great Bird room (a student’s room really) are more than 175,000 skins,
contained in cabinets fitted into the walls and recesses from floor to ceiling, and in the general area of the room.
These skins represent pretty well all the birds of the world, generally in the most perfect condition, and often with long
series of the most magnificent species of birds of paradise and other groups conspicuous for their marvellous beauty.
The zoological specimens of the vertebrates, to which the general public have access, are so arranged as to occupy
the least possible space, consistent with the most useful and instructive display of their many features of interest:
not only floors and galleries, but even the ceilings being utilised. Ina room chiefly devoted to the antelopes may
be found examples of all but two of the known species. The Museum also contains a wonderful zoological library,
and many magnificent and characteristic photographs, immensely enlarged. Indeed the whole establishment, with
its two learned assistant curators is such an enterprise as no other private gentleman has ever achieved or attempted.

Mr. Rothschild is himself a very learned and enthusiastic zoologist, and is well acquainted with the subjects in
which he takes so deep an interest. For some years he has conducted and edited his Novitates Zoologice, of which, up
to the present time, more than 16 large volumes have been published, many of them beautifully illustrated with mono-
graphs and papers from his own pen, and others in collaboration with Dr. Karl Jordan and Dr. Carte, in addition to
papers and butterflies by Mr. Grose-Smith.

Such men as Mr. Rothschild do much to make the world richer and wiser for their presence in it. May it be
many a long year before his shadow grows less, if it be the will of God in His wisdom.

Loving the works of the Creator as I do, and those who take an intelligent and practical interest in them, I speak
of the subject of this dedication with a sincere and heartfelt enthusiasm. Mr. Rothschild is a man I delight to honour,
infinitely more, I am certain, than King Ahasuerus delighted to honour Mordecai. He will therefore, I hope, accept
this dedication as a small tribute of regard and respect.

ROBERT H. F. RIPPON.

September, 1907.

ili

PREPAGE,

In the Preface to the first volume of this monograph, I, among other matters, gave a slight reference to the
labour and difficuities with which I had to contend in my desire to bring some small contribution to the commonwealth
of Natural Science. Now that the work is virtually completed, I may confess that those difficulties, and the labour,
have not been much diminished—it was not likely that they would be. During the 17 years since its commencement
the interruptions and impediments have been many and varied; and though it has been my chief and almost
entire occupation, other work had to be accomplished also. This special task however has given me much
pleasure as well as anxiety, and my ‘‘Icones”” has been a greater inspiration to me than any so-called sacred Icons
could be to the people of the East, and, I trust, will be much more useful.

My chief desire (as I said in the first volume) has ever been, and, I hope, will ever be, not personal profit (that
was not probable) or aggrandisement (that was most unlikely) for such a humble enterprise, but to leave something
behind me that might be useful in making more fully known a few of the crystalised thoughts of God—of the creatures
which, though they, together with a vast host of other creatures, take a comparatively low rank in the continents of life,
are yet so entrancingly lovely that we are often asking ourselves, how inconceivably beautiful must be the Being who
thinks and designs as He does ?

For the completion of this work I desire to render grateful thanks to the Friend of all friends, Who has enabled
me to succeed thus far; and while each volume is dedicated to a greater disciple of Zoological science than I can ever
be in this world, my most heartfelt dedication is to Him who created the lovely objects of which these volumes treat,
and also the grateful writer and illustrator of them. Iam abundantly conscious of many defects in this work. If I had
to do it all over again, I feel sure I could greatly improve it, and many regrettable blemishes would be removed ; it
would also be made a better and more exhaustive production, both textual and illustrative, especially if my resources
were to become more ample than they have been, But the present results must be accepted for what they are, and not
what they ought to have been. Onur best efforts are only feeble attempts to grasp infinite perfection ; and the greatest
artists and masters of the world have always been most dissatisfied with the results of their labours; for all art and
science, even the most advanced, are only provisional, a compromise—a step towards the unimaginable glory of a
yaster life than this, where our capacities will be unfolding more and more without end.

It is my hope and prayer that whoever looks at the figures of the butterflies portrayed in the hundred or more
plates of this book, irrespective of the scientific or critical feeling, they may be inspired to feel like the Hebrew
anthologist when he wrote ‘“ For the Lord is great, and greatly to be praised . . . Honour and majesty are before
Him; strength and beauty are in His sanctuary. Give unto the Lord the glory due unto His name.” Of all the
Naturalists of the world before the Christian era, David was the greatest and most inspired; for the earth and the
heavens with all their glory appealed to him as they appeal even now to few people, as revelations of the wonderful
mind of God, and often so entranced his contemplative mind, that it could only find partial relief in the many sublime
utterances which are now common treasures to us all. In this respect and in his love to God, despite his great faults,
David was, like Job and others, a man after God’s own heart. May we be able, as he was, to say, ‘‘O God, Thou hast
taught me from my youth: and hitherto have I declared Thy wondrous works. Now also, when I am old and grey-
headed, O God, forsake me not; till I have shewn Thy strength unto this generation, and Thy power to everyone that
is to come.” “ Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, who only doeth wondrous things, and blessed be His glorious name
for ever; and let the whole earth be filled with His glory.”

David, Asaph, Ethan and others could see how well dressed all God’s creatures are; and we who think of the
matter can feel an inspiration also in the contemplation of this fact. But One, infinitely greater than they or we, who
ages after stood in the same Holy Land, with gentle and authoritative voice proclaimed to the whole world and to all
future ages : ‘‘ Consider the lillies how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin, yet I say unto you that Solomon
in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. If God so clothe the grass of the field. . . . how much more will he
clothe you, O ye of little faith.” If I might reverentially venture to paraphrase the foregoing words of One Who spake
as never man spake, I would point to these Ornithopterous gems, and say, “ Consider the Butterflies how joyfully

iv

they wing their way among the other glories of forest, mountain, plain and garden ! They are some of the humblest of
living creatures, they live their little span of life, and then pass away.” “Yet I say unto you that Solomon in all his
glory was not arrayed like one of these.” And the same may be said of many creatures even lower in the scale of life
than these, to say nothing of the inhabitants of the vegetable kingdom. But we may rejoice still more for ourselves
than for them, for we also came forth from the same creative hand for infinitely higher rank and beauty than they, to
be the High Priests of Nature, to praise Him for them and for ourselves. We, in a limited degree can create beautiful
and wonderful things, as our arts and sciences prove. Our pictures, our music and poetry; our machinery, bridges,
cathedrals, and public buildings; our knowledge and control of the mysterious forces of Nature from radium to elec-
tricity ; our mysterious lordship over the lower kingdoms of life, and our love for them and our fellow creatures, all
prove that through a Herschel, a Lord Kelvin, a Lord Lister, a Darwin, a Farraday, a Virchow or a Pasteur, a Haydn
or a Mendelssohn, a Titian, Corregio, or a Tadema ; a Christopher Wren or Inigo Jones; a Prescott or a Macaulay; a
Goethe, Shakespeare, Moliére, Browning, or a Tennyson; or even through the most unworthy of us God is ever
striving to express Himself, even as He does through our greater and humbler preachers, and the lowliest of good men
and women, whatever their creed: for in every work of man, save in its imperfections, I am assured we may see God’s
thoughts and creative powers revealed. Great indeed is the honour! But even then “‘it doth not yet appear what we
shall be; but when He shall appear we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is.”

To some of our Biologists and Evolutionists the foregoing remarks may seem unscientific and out of place in a
matter of fact monograph of a tribe of butterflies. Iam unable to share in that opinion. Iam as fully convinced an
evolutionist as anyone ; for I know it means a sublime attempt at a partial explanation of the universe. It is also to
me an affirmation of God’s ruling mind in the history of infinity; and so I think that even a Haekel, though he may
not believe it, is unconsciously doing his part towards glorifying his Creator and establishing the fact of God’s imman-
ence in the affairs of the universe, just as the preachers and intellectual giants of every age and nationality have done,
and are ever doing.

It is a pleasurable thought that we have our Creator’s gracious invitation to study His works and ways in
these words: ‘Ask Me of the things to come; concerning My sons, and concerning the work of My hands,
command ye Me.”—Isaiah xlv., 77.

But now it remains for me to give a few words of explanation regarding an omission in this work of a feature
which I had from the first promised it should include. I refer to that group of American Papilios, following imme-
diately after the Genus Pompeoptera, and which I propose to establish as a third group of Troides, to be called
OrniTHopTerInA. The first of these is Papilio Chabrias of Hewitson, from Equador and Upper Amazon, of which
there are two forms, probably of the same species, namely P. Triopus and P. Chabrias: these may be united as one
species, to be called Triopus Chabrias, and should immediately follow Pompeoptera or Andromache.

Papilio A2neides of Esper would be the type of the and genus; P. Belus of the 3rd; P. Children of the 4th, and
P. Dardanus of the 5th genus. Of course this is only a rough and provisional arrangement, to be more fully revised
when the subject is entered upon. I found, on mature consideration, that as this volume has exceeded my estimated
limits, and as I could not do justice to the plan sketched out above in the small space I should have at my disposal,
that it would be better to leave it for the present; and for a second reason also, that I wished for the sake of my sub-
scribers and for my own sake, to get the present work complete. So I propose to publish, at some early time hence, if
Iam spared life and sufficient health, a supplementary volume, to contain any new Troides that may be discovered,
and the females of such as Pompeoptera Neomvivanda, &c. (which came to hand too late for insertion in this volume).
The rest of this supplement would be devoted to the consideration of the Ornithopterina.

PUA ROGONOPTERA, Mint.

$é. Primary wings elongate, subtriangulate, somewhat
tumid outward at the base, straight for nearly two thirds,
then curved to the outer angle, which is not so sharply
pointed as in ORNITHOPTERA and PRiaMopTERA, but more
so than in PoMPEOPTERA; posterior margin nearly straight
in some specimens, or only slightly curved; inner margin
nearly straight; discoidal cell elongate and narrow, con-
siderably more than half the length of costa (44 out of 80
mm.); all the veins very straight; median and subcostal only
moderately robust; nervules very thin and very slightly
visible on upper side in the black; the distance between
the basal junction of the three branches of subcostal
nervures much greater in proportion than in other Orni-
thoptera ; the 1st discocellular, and and and 5th subcostals
form a junction very nearly at the points of divergence
in both sexes more persistently and closely than in
PompeoPtTera ; the Pseudoneura (or false nervules) which
occupy the discoidal cell, differ in the arrangement of
their branchings from those of other groups, coming however
nearest to the typical genus ORNITHOPTERA; while they
all start from the base, they appear to be divided into 2
stems as in PompEopTEeRA,—the lowest proceeding parallel
with about half of the median nervure at a distance of
3 mm. from it, then branching off, the posterior branch
curving to the base of the 2nd median nervule, the anterior
to midway of the 2nd discoidal and 1st median nervules,
becoming a part of the fold outside the cell. The upper
stem is rather more complex, proceeds less than 1-6th
from the base, then branches off very curiously—the
posterior running nearly straight to the 1st discocellular
nervule, the anterior divided again into two, which form
a very elongated oval or loop, united again at their
terminal point on the subcostal at very near to the base
of the 2nd subcostal nervule. This latter arrangement is
also to be found in OrNITHOPTERA and its subgenus.
The ? differs only in the relative lengths of the branches
and the position of the terminal point of the upper stem,
which is below instead of above the base of the first discoidal
nervule. The fringe is always indicated in whitish very
finely and delicately, the folds between the nervules being
without the interrupted whitish sublunate spots of other
forms. Secondaries, smaller in proportion to the front wings
than in other Ornithoptera; discoidal cell narrow, but not so
proportionally long as in upper wings; all the veins very
straight and long, the nervures not robust ; the subcostal

nervure shorter thanin PompropTERA or AS THEOPTERA; With-
out any light lunate spots or lines between the ends of the
nervules; the fringe merely a delicate whitish thin line as
in the upper wings. Abdominal fold half the length of
the inner margin, broader than in the other Ornithoptera ;
closed, and containing a brownish-white cottony or hairy
material, closely packed. Head and eyes bolder and

slightly larger relatively than in other subgenera ; villose
covering of the palpi projecting to a slightly greater length
also; the pronotal red collar more than twice as broad as
usual, and divided by a fine line of black at its nearest
to the head, the lower division being four times the width
of the other. The thorax stout, densely clothed with
velvety black hairs, the outlines of the tegulz invisible ;
underside with two oblique bands following the lines of
the femorez, and reaching from the trochanters to the base
of the wings, and a tuft of red at the base of the abdomen ;
abdomen also silky bluish or greenish black in both sexes ;
anal valves small, almost circular, densely clothed with
minute scales on dead brownish black, which extend
beyond and clothe all the space of three or four of the
subdorsal segments. Antenne straighter or a little less
robust than in other groups. Legs, with tarsi of second
and third pairs longer than first, and tibia of first pair
shortest; the spur at the end of the tibiz less prominent
than in ORNITHOPTERA or PompEopTEeRa; the spur on the
middle of the first tibia not so long as in A‘ THEOPTERA ;
the ungues the same as in other groups.

2. Little or no difference except that the width of the
pronotal collar is less than in the #, and that the interno-
median nervule on upper wing, is not quite so long, and
is more upright, and that the precostal nervure has also a
very slightly different position and form. The pronotal
collar however in the var. Eleanor, WALKER is as broad as
in the ¢, and of the same shape.

Type of the subgenus. O. Brookeana.

Vor lly

TROGONOPTERA BROOKEANA,

Ornithoptera Brookiana, Wallace, Proc. Ent. Soc. Ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 104 (1855).
0. Brookeana, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i., Ovn. and Pap., t.i. £. 1. (1855.

Papilio Trogon, Vollenhoven, Tijdschrift voor Ent. iii., p. 69, t. 6 (1860),
Ornithoptera Brookeana, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxv.. p. 40 (1866).
Papilio Brookeana, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lep., p. 520 (1871).

Orn, Brookeana, Snellen, Lep. v., Midd. Sum., p, 24, n. x (1880).

Orn. Brookeana, 2 P. H. Gosse, Entomologist vol. vii., p. 156 (1881).

” 3”

” 3

P. H. Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd Ser., vol. ii., p. 291 (1883).
Distant, Rhopalocera Malayana, Text., vol. i., p. 330, Pls. xxvii. Af4 2; xxvii. B.f1 &, vol. ii.

Orn. Brookiana, 2 var. Eleanor, Dr. F. A. Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pt. i., March, 1889, p. 75.

Tuts noble insect was first discovered by Wallace in
the neighbourhood of the Simunjon Coal works, near
Sarawak in Borneo, and afterwards found to be fairly com-
mon in the island of Sumatra. The 2 was unknown fora
considerable period after, and still remains comparatively
rare in our collections, for reasons which may be given
later on. The rule that the ? 2 should be larger, differ-
ently shaped, and be adorned with little or none of the
wonderful colouring of the és of the Ornithoptera, is
here entirely departed from; in Priamoptera the 22% are
all larger than their lords, their form differs as much as
if they belonged to a different family of butterflies, while
their colouring is generally as sober in tone as that of
many female humming-birds; in Pompeoptera there is a
closer similarity in form, if not in size, and in colouring
with the ¢¢, but no one would mistake them as belong-
ing to any other genus; in £theoptera the contrast
between the sexes appears to have attained its maximum :
for while the 2 2 are richer in their colouring than those
of the first mentioned groups, they are nevertheless
completely thrown into the shade by their male com-
panions—the latter being certainly the most gorgeously
coloured butterflies which have yet been seen, though
they are of very moderate size, while their ? 2 are perfect
giants—suggesting the idea of huge moths rather than
butterflies. But in Tvogonoptera the ? 2 are very nearly
as splendid as the ¢ 4, and their form and size differ very
little if any in a series of each.

The name which the Dutch desired to give this insect
would have been most appropriate, since it would be
impossible for anyone who had seen the wonderful
Mexican Trogon bird Pharomacrus resplendens (Gould) to
fail in noticing the extraordinary resemblance of the
markings and colour of the wings with some of the
feathers of that bird. As Wallace (‘‘Malay Archipelago,”
vol. 1., pp- 58, 59) observes, ‘‘ This beautiful creature
has very long and pointed wings, almost resembling a
Sphinx moth in shape. It is deep velvety black, with a
curved band of spots of a brilliant metallic green colour,
extending across the wings from tip to tip, each spot being
shaped exactly like a small triangular feather, and having
very much the effect of the wing-coverts of the Mexican
Trogon* laid on black velvet. The only other marks are
a broad neck-cloth of vivid crimson, and a few delicate
white touches on the outer margin of the hind wings.”
But Mr. Wallace’s name, in honour of Rajah Brooke, has
been generally accepted ; and will always probably be the
one by which it will be known. Although the most

*One of the Trogonid a family of Insessorial Birds inhabiting the old and new
worlds, but especially the latter.

splendid species of the Trogonidz are found in the New
World, it is not impossible that in some past time some
islands of the Malay Archipelago were inhabited by a
species of the subfamily Harpactes closely resembling in
appearance the Mexican form, and living in company
with this Ornithoptera which had grown to resemble it
for a protective purpose—the species of butterfly surviving
the species of bird. However that may be the resem-
blance is, to say the least, very remarkable, especially if
we find the habits of the two forms in any way similar.
The first description of the ¢ was written by Wallace in
Proc. Ent. Soc. Vol. iii, (1855). The second was by
Hewitson in the same year, the type of which is in his
collection now deposited in the British Museum. For
this latter reason I quote Mr. Hewitson’s description :—

‘“* 3. Upper side black, with a broad longitudinal band
of golden green from near the apex of anterior wing to
the inner margin of posterior wing. On anterior wing,
below the middle, divided into 7 hastate spots pointing to
the outer margin which they nearly touch. On the pos-
terior wing at the middle, divided by the nervures, which
are black. Abdominal margin with a fold, as in some of
the Papilios. Under side black; anterior wing with line
of blue at base of costal nervure; a longitudinal band
just below the median nervure, and composed of four
spots, the first commencing at the base blue and ending
green, followed (one between each of the median nervules)
by 3 large sagittiform spots pointing upwards. Posterior
wing with a ray of blue just below the costal nervure
near its base, and a line of grey triangular or diamond-
formed spots (the latter divided by the nervures), nearly
parallel to the outer margin. Each wing with a crimson
spot at the base, the body belted twice with crimson.
Abdominal fold larger than in most Papilios, when
unfolded half-an-inch across.”’

The was first described by the late Philip H. Gosse
in the Entomologist for 1881, vol. xiv., page 104; and as
the type is in his collection it will be best if I quote his
description :—

2. ‘*Expanse (the upper wings being horizontal and
straight) exactly 74 inches (188 mm.), my largest ¢ being
7 inches.”

[This is evidently an abnormally large ?, being
18 mm. larger than one in Dr. Fickert’s collection ; and
14 mm. larger than the var. in that of Dr. Francis Walker.]

‘“__ Form of wings as in ¢—the black less pure; in-
clined to smoke-brown; above, forewings as in the ¢,
save that the triangular feather-like spots of metallic green

PSI

are on the submeédian nervure, the 3rd median nervule,
and on the posterior side of the 2nd discoidal: but on the
anterior side of this last and on both sides of the subcostal
the feathers are white, reaching far up towards the cell,
and becoming impure towards the points; on the hind
wings the central green patch scarcely extends beyond
the subcostal, and is further contracted by all the nervules
being widely black-bordered; within the cell it gradually
becomes of that lustrous blue which marks the underside,
and this then gives place to the oblique edge of a trian-
gular patch of deep velvet black that reaches to the
thorax; each of the nervures and nervules is bordered by
a spot exactly corresponding to those on the under surface
of the 4, only instead of being clear white, of a dingy
white brown; beneath—the forewings differ little from
those of the ¢, save that the white submarginal borderings
of the nerves are much larger, especially towards the tip,
where they exceed in size those of the upper surface ;
hind wings exactly as in ¢, save that the fine blue at the
base of the costal is much reduced.”

“Head, thorax, and abdomen as in the 4, save that the
crimson of the prothorax is much suffused with black.”
Hab. Perak.

To these descriptions I may add the following ampli-
fications :—

3. Thorax above velvety black; red pronotal collar of
prothorax a rich dark carmine, nearly 4 mm. wide from
the head, separated at its nearest to the head by a thin
line of black, like a fine streak in the upper part of the
collar, and thickest in the middle. “The form of this red
band is as nearly as possible thus :—

i Al I~)
Cw Y

Eyes red brown. Thorax, beneath:—meso- and meta-
thorax with an oblique band or bar of rich crimson, each
following the line of the respective femorz of the legs; a
small spot or tuft of red at the base of the abdomen, on
each side—the sides of pronotal red collar also extending
to within nearly 2 mm. of the haustellum ; the red bands
extend over the base of the posterior wings. Abdomen of
a nearly uniform greenish-bluish silky black, the anal
valves beneath of the same colour as are the eyes. The
abdominal fold is larger than in most species of Papilios
or Ornithoptera ; is about 4 mm. wide, and nearly 19 mm.
long, and if unfolded would measure nearly 13 mm. across.
Unlike the folds of the other subgenera, it is also of the
same brilliant green as on the middle of the secondaries ;
it is raised above the general level of the wing, and flat-
tened on the surface. The fringe of all the wings is of a
fuscous white, more sharply defined on the underside, so
as effectively to relieve the marginal black border of the
secondary wings. The neuration is not so robust as in
other groups, especially on the Secondaries, but. is more
graceful and prolonged. The discoidal cell of the Primaries |
occupies considerably more than half the length of the
wings—of the posterior wings very narrow by comparison
with other species. The underside of the abdominal fold
is silky ruddy brown, or the colour of the eyes. Length
of the costa of Primaries in the first 84 mm.; width of
wing 40 mm.; length of Secondaries 42 mm.; width

35 mm.; of abdomen and antennz 33, and of thorax with
head 21 mm.; of
Ist pair—femora 11; tibia 8; tarsi 13 mm.
Legs {2nd ,, as 3 fy ORES 4), Asyortina,
3rd 7 ” 8; » 10; ” 18 mm.

The 2 ¢¢ in the Hewitson collection measure 80 and
82 mm. respectively; these are not so large as many of
the specimens which have since been brought home
(probably from Sumatra), and are more blunt or rounded
at the apex of the wings than the majority of specimens:
indeed there appears to be two types of forewing, the one
more straight and short at the costa and anterior angle, the
other more rounded at the same point; in the latter the
hastate markings often extend nearly to the edge of
the posterior margin.

Articulations of antennz 46 to 58.

@. The red collar not so wide in the normal form as in
the ¢—not more than 2-3rds, and of a slightly different
form—the black divisional line being rather broader also,
and a part of the red of the underside of prothorax appear-
ing on each side. The lateral red marks occupy more
of the space above and on each side of the legs, the base of
the abdomen being nearly the same colour as that of the
3, though, if anything with more brown in it. At the base
of the wings is a small blue spot; and the median, sub-
median, and internal nervures are often outlined in vivid
blue, as in some examples of the ¢. Length of the costa
77 (in fig.) ; width of wing 40 mm. ; length of secondaries
40, width 32 mm.; length of abdomen 26mm. (the original
of my figures has lost its antenne); of thorax and
head 20 mm.; of

ist pair—femora g; tibia 9; tarsi g mm.

Legs jand ,, ME CO: ww Lhe t GbSeae

3rd_,, ye OS oe LOG 3 Tomi,

é&. In the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, with the
hastate or plumose markings nearly or quite reaching the
posterior margin in some specimens.

?. With the sub-apical grey-white patch of Primaries
very distinct; still more so on the underside. No blue
within the cell from the base or below it. Hab. Borneo.

General Habitats :—

$. Borneo (Sarawak) Wallace ; Saudakan; Banjerma-
sin, coll., Distant; mountains of S. Sumatra ¢ and ?
Perak (Kistler), coll. of Gosse; Malacca, (Biggs) in coll.
of Distant; Johore, Sumatra, (Snellen): in Leyden
Museum.

The ¢ is very difficult to find or to obtain, the propor-
tion having beenassmall as 15 2? to1oo0 és. Accord-
ing to Distant, (Rhopalocera Malayana, vol. 1., p. 330,)
Herr Kistler collected in Perak in 5 years over 1000
$3 and 15 2% in 5 years, or an average of 200 dd and
3.22 per annum! On some days 15 to 20 dé were
captured, on others none were seen. In the Kinta district
they were to be found nearly all the year round, but
principally in March, April, May, and June, in showery
weather, flying over the muddy streams (coming from the
mines) with overhanging jungle. They generally resort
to spots where there is decayed animal matter. In 3
months he obtained 800 ¢ ¢ andno 2 & ; and during that
period he only saw 20 or 30 of the latter flying high, and

settling exclusively on flowers on high trees. The baitwhich
attracted the ¢ 4 was ignored by the 22. They flew
by themselves, and seldom came near the 6d except
when the latter were in pursuit of them.

The individuals of the species seem to be most abun-
dant by rivers, or in sunny places by the dry beds of
of springs, being in largest numbers during the cool wet
monsoon ; so we are informed by Burbridge, who is speak-
ing of Borneo.

In an interesting paper by Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly
(contained in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV.,
6th Series, p. 210). ‘‘On the Habits of certain Bornean
Butterflies,” he tells us that ‘‘in the eastern part of
North Borneo, which is practically an unbroken virgin
forest, intersected by innumerable creeks and small
streams, and some fine rivers 2 «& among the
many species which delight in the sunshine or the shady
forest edges, forest paths, or clearings, where the light is
stronger than in the forest depths, and when sunshine is
close at hand, are Ormithoptera and Hestie. ‘These
occasionally make excursions into the jungle, but their
haunts are by the river sides. O. Brookiana is a rare
butterfly in this part of Borneo; but I have seen it in
several parts of the Darval Bay Peninsula ee:
In the mountain region of the headwaters of the River
Segama I saw a pair hovering above an orange-blossomed
tree, and watched them courting for 20 minutes. The ¢

was sipping the flowers, vibrating its wings rapidly likea |

hawkmoth, the vivid green markings flashing out as the
sun played on them. Then the ? sailed down with
stately flight, showing her white spots clearly, and
commenced to woo. For along time they circled over
us about 6 inches apart, the always uppermost anda
little behind, so that she could see the emerald feathers
of her mate. She did all the wooing. The flight was a
sailing motion with a peculiar tremor of the wings, very
unlike the quivering while feeding. The ¢ during the
whole time pointed her abdomen downwards. A solitary
O. flavicollis was about, and made several feeble attacks
on the lovers, which they totally ignored. At length they
settled high up in the tree, and united, the ¢ still upper-
most.”

In the same article Skertchly says that the 2 of Hestia
lynceus, H. lenconoe, v, labuana, also Ideopsis daos woo the
38. Very likely this exception to the ordinary rule may
yet be found more often to obtain than has hitherto been
suspected. Years ago, in New Granada, I saw evidences
that the ? of the beautiful little Ewbagis postverta was the
first to do the seeking ; for by holding a very fresh ¢ in
my hand I found it quite easy to capture the ? ¢, several
of which would be hovering over me, to my great astonish-
ment !

T. Brookeana ? var. Eleanor, (Fr. Walker) Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. Pt. I, 1889, p. 75-

This var. Dr. Walker says some

resembles in

particulars the ordinary ¢ type, and also has some
resemblance to the ¢ type. ‘The 7 hastate metallic
marks of the ¢ are represented in this var. by 5 nearly
similar shaped patches of the same size, the 6th and 7th
above being smaller, and in some lights appearing almost
as streaks of green. The green patches of the hind
wings are more distinctly divided by a black line
than in the s, corresponding in this respect with the
posterior wings of the ¢ described by Hewitson, as at the
middle divided by the nervures, which are . . . This
latter is more a female than a male character. The
green colour of both wings is brighter than in the ordinary
female, but not quite so vivid as in the male; indeed it
is in some lights a much warmer golden green than in the
normal type of either sex.” [The shape of the hastate
patches of the Primaries does, however, approach those
of the markings in a female in the Hewitson collection.|
‘The greatest difference between this var. and the
ordinary female consists in the total absence of the dusky
pencilling near the apex of the anterior wings, and the
very indistinct figuring of the row of spots of the posterior
wings, which causes the ordinary female to resemble a
Diadema. The border of this var. has only 2 small white
spots on each side of the 1st subcostal nervule of posterior
wing instead of 3, and the remaining 4 grey brown spots
are more indistinct. The underside of Primaries with the
same dusky pencillings asin the normal form, but the
whitish markings of the secondary wings resemble those
of the male; indeed they are fewer in number—the
indications of the 2nd inner and fainter band being
slighter than in the normal types of the male or female.
On the underside of the Secondaries the blue markings
extending from the base are of the ordinary type. On
the Primaries, (underside) the blue markings predominate
over those of the ordinary female; on those of the
ordinary female there is rather more metallic green.”

Possibly if we were able to obtain as large a number of
females as of males we might meet with every inter-
mediate variation between the markings and colours of
the two sexes, just as we do in the forms of the mandibles
and armatures of the sexes of some of the Lamellicorne
Coleoptera—the Copride and Lucamde for example.

The specimen of this interesting and instructive
variety was obtained by accident by Dr. Francis Walker:
its antennz were absent, and it is rather worn. I thought
it was best to figure it just as it was set, although it may
not look quite so well in the plate. I am greatly indebted
to Dr. Walker for the opportunity of figuring the 2
females which enrich my plate, and who most kindly
allowed me to have the use of them as long as I needed.

The figures of the ¢ are from _a specimen in my own
collection, one of the first two I possessed, which were
liberally ceded to me some years ago by Mr. William
Watkins, to whom I have much pleasure in dedicating
these two drawings. The other 7 examples in my
museum do not contain any differences worthy of note.

TROGONOPTERA TROJANA.

Ornithoptera Trojana, Honrath, Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift, Vol. KXXIII., p. 3 (1886).
” Trojana [O. Brookiana var.?] Statidinger, Iris II. p. 4 (¢.) (1889).

” ”

”

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Band 2, p. 7, and p. 163 (1889).

“Lepid. der Insel Palawan.’’]

” " ” ’
0. Trojana, Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Ornith. p. 764 (1889).

0. Trojana, W. Watkins, Entomologist, No. 339, Vol. 24, with coloured plate. (1891).
QO. Trojana, Semper, Philipp. Tagfal. p. 263, n. 384 (1892).
Troides Trojanus, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice, V. II., p. 199 (1895).
» rojana, W. F. Kirby, “Nature,” Vol, 51, p. 258, col. 1 (1895).

The most northern of the groups of Islands which
compose the immense Indian Archipelago, is the
Philippines, a group that is situated between 5° and 20°
N. lat., and 120° and 127° E. long. Between the
most northern of these islands Luzon and Formosa,
nearly in the same longitude, are the small Babuyanes
or Batanes, and the Bashee group; the most southern
Island Magindanao is connected with Borneo by the
Sooloo group, running W.S.W. from the S.W. coast of
this great island to Capes Unsang and Labian in Borneo.
Farther north the Philippines are connected with Borneo
by a chain of islands and rocky islets extending north-
north-east and south-south-west between the Island of
Mindoro (of the Philippines) and Capes Inaruntang and
Sampanmangio in Borneo. This chain is the Palawan
or Paragoa islands, sometimes called the Archipelago of
Felicia. These islands separate the Mindoro from the
China Seas, which are connected by Mindoro Strait.
Both seas wash the western shores of this group.
Palawan or Paragoa is the largest island—for the rest of
the group are only mere islets. The whole group is com-
prised within lat. 8° 37’ to 11° 30’ N., and long. 117° to
120° E. They hada population of 90,000 in 1887.

The climate of the Philippines is equable, the ther-
mometer varying from 66° to 84° fahr. ; they are generally
well wooded, and the rainfall is very heavy.

The Philippines are exceedingly rich in insects of all
orders, shells, both land and marine, and birds. And
although they were carefully explored by that distinguished
Conchologist, the late Mr. Hugh Cuming, especially for
shells, insects, and birds, and by whose labours the shell
fauna alone was brought up to 2,500 species of marine
and 451 species of land and freshwater shells, of
the marine Mr. Cuming estimated that at least 1,000
additional species would yet be discovered. Since then
other great collectors have been continually adding to our
knowledge of the richness of these islands ; and probably
a great deal of new and important work yet remains to be
done, if we are even to arrive at an approximate idea of
the full glory of the Philippine fauna. Almost the
most wonderful of all the Ornithoptera, P. Magellanus,
of Felder, is an inhabitant of this group. But it isin the
island of Palawan we must look for that splendid rival of
the Bornean and Sumatran T. Brookeana, that is to say
T. Tvojana, the species now to be described, which may
or may not ultimately be found to be simply a highly
specialised local form of the former species, as it is yet
quite possible that in some other localities intermediate
and other specialised forms of Ornithoptera may yet be
found in some of these islands, or in the neighbouring
islets when they have been more exhaustively explored.

$. Primaries: Very velvety black; neuration ob-
scurely seen; the median nervure near the base is blue;
with a series of 7 submarginal leaf-like marks of shot
green and blue, the terminals of the nervules passing
through them like the midrib of a leaf; seen opposite
the light these are golden green: obliquely against the
light, emerald blue, with a tinge of purple, according to
the position at which the wing is moved—one half of each
mark, generally the lower half, being most strongly blue ;
very obliquely, violet and green; in other positions the
leaflike markings are blue on the right wing, and golden
or silvery green on the left. All the marks are at their
base dotted with emerald atoms; all the markings are
widely separated—somewhat graduated in size, the
lowest being nearly twice the size of the highest.

Under surface. Wings a warmer and softer velvety
black, shading outwardly to a bluish-grey black on the
right wing, and a purplish ruddy-black on the left wing,
when slightly changed in position; at the inner margin
with an opalescent and purplish sheen; the veins are
fairly well accentuated, though their branches are very
delicately constructed; there are 7 elongate lenticular
silvery bluish-green marks, arranged in pairs on the disc,
the lower pair almost united at the base, the others
separated mostly at their apices, the wing-fold dividing
them: the top one is single, and they are all composed
chiefly of sapphire or emerald atoms; a rich ultramarine
blue mark, subdued and modified by black and silvery-
green atoms, is situated between the 3rd median nervule
and the submedian fold, and extends from the base nearly
2-3rds to the outer margin, being indented at its termina-
tion; a streak of deep ultramarine blue between the costa
and costal nervure, extending from the base to a little
more than 1-3rd of the costal length.

Secondaries. Velvety black, with a faint bluish-green
sheen towards the outer margin, and a purplish sheen
within the costal nervure; a broad green discal band,
subject to the same beautiful variations of colour as are
the marks of the upper wing; this band is divided rather
broadly, or indented by the discal black and the black veins,
at the outer marginal portions: also irregularly curved
and graduated into the discal black by golden-blue atoms,
and towards the cell incurved, and graduated by atoms
of silvery blue-green. The slightest alteration of light or
position changes these glowing marks of colour so that
those on the right wing will be of a silvery olive, or almost
lost in a deep olive black shade, while those on the left
wing will assume a proportionately brilliant warm colour ;
the discoidal cell is a very rich ultramarine blue—most
intense on the veins,—and modified by black atoms, but
in some positions the blue is not visible at all—while in

| others (viewed obliquely in a side light) it is very brilliant,

6

and united to the band by green-blue silvery atoms along
the nervures; the base is darkest; between the median
and submedian nervures (in reality on the upper part of
the abdominal pouch) is a brilliant silvery ultramarine
blue, greenish towards the base, and modified midway by
black atoms. Indeed the colours all over the insect are
remarkably like those of the richest humming-birds, and
are modified in a similar manner. The chief veins are
well expressed.

Under surface of Secondaries: Warm purplish velvety-
black; with an extensive mark composed of silver blue
atoms between the costal and median veins, most dense
and brilliant towards the base—a similar spot almost
filling the precostal cell; an elongate congeries of blue
atoms between the rst and and subcostal branches, and
a rather obscure and narrow elongate congeries within
‘the basal part of the cell; a submarginal row of 4 or 5
very small cuneiform spots, divided by the nervules, runs
parallel to the hind margin: these are reddish white.
The black of the hind margin of the wing is subdued by a
whitish gloss; the crimson scales of the thorax encroach
prominently on to the base of the wing.

Thorax: With a broad crimson pronotal collar; the
thorax below the neck is of a deep pilose velvety-black.

Head: Eyes castaneous and large; the tuft between
the eyes is black and prominent; antennz very black, and
straight.

Underside of thorax: the legs are all stout and
intensely black: the femora almost entirely concealed in
the black and crimson scales, which also encroach slightly
on the Ist articulation of the abdomen; the legs are
reddish black; the spirotromp reddish black.

Abdomen, above and below, a silky-greenish black ;
abdominal fringe long, curved, and black.

The abdominal pouch or fold, produced as it is bya
long, nearly lenticular continuation of the abdominal
margin, folded over away from the body, lies very close
to the under part of the wing—so close indeed that it is
difficult even to insert a needle, if the specimen be a new
one, and the reddish ochraceous amdroconia are packed
far away in the pouch; the abdominal fringe is greyish-
black, and fairly long. [See Pl. 27, fig. 4.) The under
surface of the fold is velvety black, with the fringe looking
very silky. [Pl. 27, fig. 5.|

The pseudoneura in the primary cell are very obscure ;
but they closely resemble that of T. Brookeana.

Expanse of costa, 95 mms.: width of primary wings,
45 mms.; length of secondary wings, 45 mms.; width,
35 mms. ; length of outer margin, 73 mms.

Length of abdomen, 32 mms.; of thorax with head,
27 mms.; of antenne, 37 mms. Articulations of antennae,
54 in number.

Hab. Palawan, Philippine Islands, situated about roo
miles from the North Coast of Borneo,

In the museums of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, the Hon.

Walter Rothschild, Mr. George Semper, Herr Honrath,
&c.

A comparison of this species with T. Brookeana furnished
several important differences, sufficient to entitle it toa
separate specific rank—that is, as species are made;
though perhaps we may readily regard it as only a local
form of the former.

1st. The insect is larger and altogether more massive
in appearance than T. Brookeana.

and. The beautiful green hastate marks are relatively
shorter and broader, and more leaflike.

3rd. They are broadly separated from each other, while
in Brookeana these are near each other; and the two lower
ones actually coalesce.

4th. On the secondary wings there is only a moderately
narrow discal green band, while in Brookeana the green
occupies all the centre of the wing, leaving a broad sub-
marginal black band, and only a narrow area of basal black.

5th. The abdominal fold is violet-green and black—the
black prevailing ; in Brookeana it is entirely green.

6th. The abdomen is longer relatively than that of
Brookeana, and more slender; while the red pronotal
collar is broader and not divided into two parts as in
Brookeana.

7th. The abdominal fringe is denser than in Brookeana.

8th. On the underside of the wings, the green discal
marks of the primaries are more slender, and the pairs
are not united as in Brookeana, they are also shorter ; in
the latter also are 2 vein-divided white submarginal spots,
but these are absent from T. Tvojana.

oth. On the secondaries the submarginal vein-divided
white spots are small, and do not form an entire band
parallel to the margin of the wing, but in Brookeana they
do this, are larger and more conspicuous, and are flanked
with an inner series of white hastate discal marks.

toth. The antennz are longer than the abdomen; in
Brookeana they are the same length.

This splendid species was first sent to Herr Honrath
by Dr. Platen, who at an early period discovered and
sent to Dr. Statidinger the interesting species of
Pompeoptera P. Platent, Statidinger, which seems so
remarkably like a transitional form towards P. Doherty,
Rippon, and P. Ivis, Robur.

The ¢? of this species has yet to be discovered; but
it will probably resemble that of T. Brookeana.

TROGONOPTERA TROJANA.

0. Trojana, Honrath, Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift, Vol. XXXIII., p. 3, 1886.

Since the publication of pages 5 and 6 of this volume,
and of Plate 27, in which the # of this species was
described and figured, I have been enabled to study the
? of T. Trojana, by the kindness of the Hon. Walter
Rothschild, the results of which I now present.

¢ Anterior wings a very warm rufous brown, allowing
all the veins to be very prominently seen ; the pseudoneura
well expressed in the discoidal cell; the submedian and
marginal folds also well accentuated ; a transverse band
of phylliform marks on the disc, extending from the inner
margin to the 3rd subcostal branch; the first three from
the lower part of the wing are large and delicately green,
with whitish and bluish suffusions towards the outer-
marginal ends, strongly divided by the veins, which
thereby form their midrib; the first or lowest of these
three is as leaf-like as those of T. Brookeana, but larger—
situated on the submedian nervure: the gnd and 3rd are
larger and narrower, situated onthe 3rd and 2nd median
nervules; the ath, 5th, and 6th are nearly confluent with
each other, rather longer and broader, ochraceous, or deep
creamy white on the 1st median branch, and 2nd and ist
discocellular nervules; the remainder constitute a light
creamy patch extending to the 3rd submedian branch—
only divided from the others by the veins: these are all
slightly tinted with green or bluish greén at the ends
towards the discoidal cell; a little cluster of delicate light
hairs is situated at the base of the submedian vein, flowing
over on to the lower wing. These are so delicate as to be
only seen by careful examination.

Posterior wings with a rather darker rufous brown than
that of the anterior; the centre of the wings, or an area
which includes the whole of the discoidal cell, and about
1-4th of the disc is violet blue, shading outwardly into
blue-green, and rich golden green, subdued by dark atoms
—the violet blue flowing into darker or lighter, as the
insects are moved about in the light, and towards the
base of the cell shading into dark blue or brown; a discal
or submarginal row of diamond-shaped sordid light spots
on the first five veins, and a continuous creamy-white
patch crosses the subcostal nervure, and extends nearly
to the anterior angle or apex; a few white atoms on the
blue at the distal end of the cell; a bright greenish blue
stripe is found between the 3rd median branch and the
median nervure, which, in some positions, becomes en-
tirely blue or blue green the whole length to the base of
the wing—the abdominal margin is also of the same rich
colouring—sometimes forming one continuous area of
colour to the subcostal nervure; the outer margin of the
wing is lunate, with light fringe crescents.

6A

The anterior wing margin has no fringe crescents. Under
surface of anterior wing nearly as above, except that some
ray-like suffusions of violet extend along the pseudoneura
of the cell: the costa is violet blue: and the space
between the 3rd median branch and the submedian
nervure is shot with violet blue and green from the base
to one half of the disc: the leaf-like discal markings are
creamy-white, and all confluent except that one on the 3rd
median branch; and only a faint light half-mark represents
the green leaf-like mark of the upper submedian surface,
a patch of green-blue atoms are also between the rib and
3rd median branches. The veins areall well accentuated,
and, as on the upper surface, shot with blue.

Posterior wing: the under surface of which is warm
brown, deeper in tone towards the hind margin; witha small
atomic blue spot near the precostal nervure ; and another
similar mark at the base of the wing; a submarginal or
discal band of cream white marks, nearly continuous,
strongly lunate without and almost enclosing a row of
sub-orbicular darker patches within; the marginal fringe
of both wings is a narrow graceful line of faint creamy
white. All the wings above and below exhibit a slightly
light sheen when moved about.

Head, antenne and thorax velvety black; abdomen
dark rufous brown all over, with a slight sheen of bluish
white; pronotal collar broadly scarlet-crimson, as in
Brookeana, with lateral red patches between all the legs.

Length of abdomen and antennz nearly the same, or
35 mms.; of head with thorax 24 mms. ; of costa approxi-
mately 94 mms.; of outer margin approximately 67 mms. ;
width of wing at the base 7 mms.; greatest width of
posterior wing, 43 mms. ; greatest length 57 mms.

ir: * tibi - tarsi, 14 mms.

Length Ist pair : femur, II ; tibia, 95 , 14 mms
of legs = and 390 ee 1] 12; ” 12; 7 19 ”
3rd Io ; ? 9 3 pe) 17 ”

Habitat : Palawan, Philippine Islands.

Only on the under surfaces of the wings does this species
slightly resemble those of T. Brookeana 2, whilst in no
respect are they like those of the ¢ of either species; the
s of Trojana is also a bolder, larger, and more gracefully
formed insect than eitherthe ¢ or 2 of Brookeana.

TROGONOPTERA BROOKEANA.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THAT ON PAGE 2.

0. Brookeana, Cutter, Proc. Ent. Soc., London, p. 21. @ (1869).

5) Distant, Ent. Monthly Mag. p. 237.

(x88z).

5g Forbes, Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 227, (1885). Sumatra.
oH Hagen, Iris vii. p. 18. n. 1. (1894) Sumatra ¢.

Papilio #ec Ovntthopteva, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra. II., p. 24, n. 1. (1892).

Sumatra.

Troides Brookeana, Sub-species albeseens, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice, Vol. II., p. 198 (1895).

In some examples of the ¢ of this species, the
phylliform green marks of the anterior wings become in
certain lights much more golden green than in the figs. on
pl. 26; and portions of the posterior wings become vivid
golden, with no admixture of green. The right wings may
also be held in sucha position as to render all the markings
an ashy-silvery purplish-green.

? In other examples all the green markings are less
broadly formed, and are entirely greenish-golden, with
a faint bluish tint near the base of the posterior wings.
The colour marks of the disc on the under side of
the anterior wings are a vivid silky greenish gold—
the lowest or submedian being ultramarine blue at the
basal end; a small golden patch, shading into blue,
occupies a position midway between the base and the

6B

distal end of the cell. On the underside of the posterior
wings is a submedian band of blue atoms following the
curves of the vein, but becoming very slight towards the
anterior angle ; a small group of blue atoms is also found
at the base beyond the precostal nervure.

Additional localities: Sandakan, North Borneo ; Malay
Peninsular; also on Balabac Island, one of the Naturna
group. The variety albescens of Rothschild, which Mr.
Rothschild quotes as a sub-species, is found in Malacca.

It may be added that the 2? 2 from the Malay
Peninsula always differ from those of other localities.

Genus POMPEOPTERA, Mint.

g. Primary wings subtriangulate; costa arcuate—more
or less in different species of the genus; anterior angle
always sufficiently distinct in boundary to prevent the
graduation of its outline into the outline of the posterior
margin; posterior margin generally nearly straight or
slightly concave towards the middle, except in the case of
P. Dohertyi, where it is more irregular; interior margin
somewhat curved in some species, or nearly straight in
others—P. Darsius for example ; the 3rd subcostal nervule
commences at a very short distance from the end of the
discoidal cell, (in some species exactly at the end of the
cell); the pseudoneura are generally fairly distinct on
the undersurface [the rst commences at the base and
terminates just above the commencement of the 2nd sub-
costal nervule: the 2nd commences at the base, and runs
up midway of the cell to the and discocellular nervule,
and passes over on to the disc (distorting it in its passage)
so as to form a wing-fold, which curves in its course to the
posterior margin: the 4th originates at the base of the
cell and unites with the 2nd at a short distance, while at
a fourth of its distance from the base the 3rd branches
off—and terminates at the 3rd discocellular nervule, while
the 4th ends near the origin of the 2nd median nervule].
The veins of the wing are always sufficiently stout, but
are much more accentuated (z.e. rendered stouter and
more prominent by their black edging) when passing
through the grey-white adnervular rays in the species
where these are present; the wings are either perfectly
black without any grey-white rays, or ornamented with
grey-white or creamy grey adnervular rays, which
are sometimes very broad and distinct, often co-
alescing along the outer margin of the cell, or
almost obsolete as in P. Pompeus, Iris, and Doherty: ; fre-
quently also the grey area encroaches within the cell and
and slightly margins it at the distal end; in P. Amphrysus
these rays are golden or creamy-yellow, instead of grey.

The secondary wings are rounded and strongly dentate
(less strongly in P. Doherty1); the veins are always well
pronounced, generally very robust, but very delicate
and graceful in curve and outline in such species as
P. Amphrysus and its varieties, and P. Andromache ; the
wing is always velvety-black and yellow on both surfaces,
except in P. Dohertyi, which is entirely black, and P.
Amphrysus which is almost entirely yellow—the amount
of yellow or black varying in every species, and frequently,
within definite limits, in the different individuals of a
species: in one species P. Magellanus the yellow area on
both surfaces in certain positions appears as a glorious opal-
escent glow of blue and emerald: in others, P. Andromache
for example, with a delicate suffusion of emerald or pea-
green: [in P. Miranda the black of the anterior wing is in
some lights suffused with a purple glow]. The abdominal
margin is concave with a submarginal fold or pouch filled
with a closely-packed and enormous quantity of ochraceous
downy hairs, (Androconia), which, if drawn out by the
needle would suffice to form a large heap on the wing.
This pouch in new specimens is usually closed, or only
faintly to be traced by a light line down the submedian
fold; in older examples the pouch often appears some-
what open, and much of the contents has disappeared ;
the shape of this fold varies a little in different species,
as may be seen by a reference to the Plates illustrating
the different species described in this volume.

Head of moderate size; eyes always very prominent ;
palpi invisible; antennz more or less arched and very
gradually thickening towards the club.

Thorax moderately robust; the pronotal collar red,
except in P. Amphrysus, when its var. Flavicollis departs
from the normal character. In some species this red is
either entirely absent, or almost concealed by the black
hairs of the neck; the sides of the thorax, with a few
exceptions, with red or coccineous pectoral spots or marks,
varying in extent in the different species, but absent when
the red collar is absent ; legs long and slender, and differ-
ing little from those of OrnitHopreRA. Abdomen rather
slender: anal valves more delicate and pointed than in
ORNITHOPTERA or TROGONOPTERA: often yellow, some-
times yellow and black; or yellow and brown : sometimes
neatly entirely brown, and in P. Honrathiana entirely
black; length of abdomen generally equal to the length of
the antennz.

Type of the genus, O. Helena, Linnzus.

¢, Anterior wings sub-triangulate; costa arcuate—the
outline being only slightly curved till near the anterior
angle or apex, when the curvature becomes more promi-
nent ; posterior margin nearly straight, or only slightly
indented; interior margin nearly straight, but slightly
curved in some species of the genus; the 3rd subcostal
nervule commences at a short distance from the end of
the cell, but the distance varies a little in some examples
of the same species, [in P. Amphrysus, Minos, Iris, Plato,
Hippolytus, Cerberus, Vandepolli, Darsius, &c., it originates
quite at the end of the cell] ; the pseudoneura are fairly
distinct on both surfaces in most of the species, but in
several they are very prominent and strongly accentuated,
—P. Pompeus, Ruficollis, and Nereis for example, and
their number and position are the same as in the ¢, the
discoidal cell is rather more than half the length of the
wing, and its width slightly varies in the different species—
being a little more than 1-5th of the greatest width of the
wing; the nervules are always, or nearly always, very
stout, and specially strong near the base of the wing:
the nervules are more delicate, but are always prominent ;
the adnervular grey, or grey-brown rays are generally
very conspicuous in most of the species, sometimes be-
coming so broad as to occupy collectively a considerable
area of the wing: this grey is in some species continued
within the cell, either as a series of thin light borderings,
or alight patch of an irregular shape occupying some-
times are much as 1-3rd of the cell: the grey rays
generally margin all the veins from the submedian nervure
to the 2nd subcostal branch [in P. Amphrysus these rays
are suffused with yellow]; colour of the wings generally a
more or less warm sienna-brown, or a dark brownish-
black.

Secondary wings: costa generally much rounded ; pos-
terior margin dentated; abdominal margin incurved or
concave ; the discal area either orange-yellow or a brillant
golden-yellow—of greater or lesser extent—with a discal
band of black or brown conical, or subconical, spots or
marks; the yellow also occupies a part of the cell ranging
from a mere blotch of yellow to sometimes nearly 2-3rds

Vol. II.

8

of the cell; in P. Doherty: however only a very small discal
orange-yellow spot or two is present; but generally the
wing is entirely immaculate; in P. Hippolytus the disc of
the wing is one-half golden-yellow, and one-half a dusted
grey, with a grey spot within the cell; the rest of the
wing is always black, brown-black, or reddish dark brown—
the marginal band being often very broad—and lunated
within ; veins always very conspicuous in the yellow.

Head of moderate size; eyes very prominent, palpi
invisible ; antennz as in the ¢.

Thorax moderately robust ; pronotal collar red or
yellow—more or less prominent, the red sometimes either

| absent or concealed by the pilose covering of the pro-

thorax; the meso- and meta-thorax always velvety-pilose
black or brown; sides of the thorax with pectoral red
spots or marks more or less extensive in area ; abdomen
long and slender, generally the same length as the an-
tennz, and brown and yellow, brown and grey, or,—in the
case of P. Hippolytus, quite grey, with lateral black dots
and ventral dark marks; anal tuft generally very dark—
in P. Hippolyius it is orange; the abdomen in P.
Honrathiana is entirely brown-black.

Legs as in the @, or differing very little.

Type of the genus Ornithoptera Helena, Linnzus.

Among the numerous forms included in this genus, P. Hippolytus differs so greatly from all the other species in its pattern and style of colour,
whether as regards the wings or body of either sex, as to leave no doubt that it merits a position quite unique among its congeners. Many of
the so-called species may be accepted with a doubt; but Hippolytus is certainly a more independent and satisfactory species than even P. Vandepollt

or P. Mivanda, though so much may be said in their favour.

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS.

Papilio Hippolytus, Cram. (P. Hypolytus et hippolyius) Pap. Ex. I. t, ro A.B. t. 11 A.B. (1775).
P. Remus, Fabr. Gens. Ins, p. 250 (1777); Cram. Pep. Ex. II. t. 135 A. t. 136 A. (1779); IV. t. 386 A.B. (1782); Godt. Enc. Méth. IX. p. 26. n. 3. (1819).
P. Remus, Herbst, Pap. t. 3. f. 1.; Seba, 4, Mas. 4. tab. 46 f. 11, 12; 19, 20.
Ornithoptera Remus, Boisd., Sp. Gen. I, p. 176. n. 3. (1836).

& P. Panthous 3 Clerck, Icones, t. 18. (1764).

P, Antenor, Jacquin (nec drw.); Miscell. Austr. II. t. 23. £ 4. (1785).

Orn. Remus, Wall, Trans. Linn. Soc. XXV. p. 38. (1866).

Orn. Panthous, Doubleday; G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus (1853).

0. Hippolytus, Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gattung Ornithoptera, p. 741.
Orn. Hippolytus ¢, Staudinger and Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge, Pl. ii. (1888).

Orn. Hippolytus, Schatz, die Fam. und Gattungen, text, p, 42. (1892).

Boisduval’s descriptions of this species, ¢ and 2, are
as follow :—

“ Taille et port de priamus. Ailes superiéures noires a
veflet verdatre, offrant de part et d’autre, de chaque cote des
nervures secondatres, des raies d’un grisdtve. Les inferiéures
dun noir grisatre en dessus, d’un blanc luisant en dessous,
ayant de part et d’autre, une bordure notre, sinuée devisée par
sept taches ivvégulieres d'un jaune d’or, dominant beaucoup de
grandeur en approchant du bord abdominal. Thorax,
antennes et poitrine notves et sans taches. Abdomen d'un
jaune pale en dessous, d'un jaune vif en dessus, avec des taches
noires plus ou moins grandes.

La ¢ differe du & ence que ses ailes inférieures ont le
bord abdominal largement blanc de part et d’autre, avec les
taches jaunes, cuntiformes, beaucoup plus grandes, marquées
chacune d’une tache ovale notre, excepté la plus external.,
(Sp. Gen. I. p. 176).

g¢. Form and general appearance of priamus. Upper
wings black, with greenish reflections, shewn in each side
of the secondary nervules. The rays (enclosing the
nervules) whitish grey. Lower wings very dark grey
above, and glittering (pearly) white beneath, having on
each side a black border, sinuous, divided by seven golden
yellow spots, diminishing greatly in size as they approach
the abdominal edge. Thorax, antenne and breast black,
and without spots. Abdomen ofa pale yellow beneath,
and bright yellow above, with the black spots more or less
large.

@. differsfrom the ¢# in that the hind wings to the
abdominal edge are largely white on each side, with the
yellow spots wedge-shaped, much larger, each marked
with an oval black spot, except the outermost, z.¢., the two
nearest the anterior margin.

To this description the following additions should be
made: in the @ superior wings, the grey-white rays
extend nearly half-way within the discoidal cell, enclosing
the peculiar club-shaped black markings, and the black

seudoneura ; faint hind-marginal lines close to the edge,
divided by the nervures. The same on the under surface,
except when the club-shaped markings coalesce, as they
do in some examples; inferior wings, a black spot be-
tween the third median and sub-median nervures, very
pale on upperside, strongly impressed on the under-side,
below this is a small irregular-shaped spot of brownish-
black on upperside—the under-side being quite black.
In the yellow between the first and second sub-costal
nervules is also an elongated black spot, appearing
shorter and browner on the under-side. The scalloped
edges of wings yellowish-white, except the one nearest the

9

apex; on the under-side the yellowish-grey-white extends
within the discoidal cell, subdued by a number of black
atoms; and the black of upper-side without the cell is
faintly indicated by grey cloudings. Abdomen greenish
grey-white above, yellow beneath, with small lateral black
dots, and sub-dorsal black dots with a black patch ex-
tending from each segment except the anal, where it is
only slight.

Wallace (Trans. Lin. Soc.) remarks ‘‘the @ ? from
the Sulla Islands differ” (from Cramer's fig.) ‘only in
having more yellow towards the anal angle of the lower
wings.” To this it may be added that the amount of
yellow differs greatly ; in some specimens there is much
yellow; others (like one in my own collection) are almost
or quite without this tint in the grey. Wallace also calls
attention to the fact that ‘‘ These specimens figured by
Cramer under the name Hyfolitus seem to be a remark-
ae variety in which the ? has much the character of
ther gn

Ina ¢ from Amboyna, in the coll, of Mr. O. Janson,
the hind wings have a much richer and deeper grey-black.
The same may be said of the black of his ¢.

Ina ¢ from Amboynain the coll. of Dr. F. A. Walker,
under the name of Panthous, the Primaries are almost
entirely silky black—the grey rays being scarcely visible,
and of a slightly reddish tint. Ina ¢ under the same
name the grey of the secondaries is not suffused with
yellow, but there is no other important difference. A ¢
in the same coll. has asilky semi-diaphanous grey around
the grey white rays of the Primaries similar to that of the
Secondaries. Another ¢ has a faint grey white spot
dividing the black on the 4th segment of the abdomen.
This is not generally the case with other specimens.

In a @? in the coll. of Mr. W. Dannatt the black of
superior wings has a slight olive-green gloss; and the
black spots and bands of inferior wings are an olive-black.

3. Viewed obliquely the grey-black of the inferior
wings has a leaden metallic gloss; and in some speci-
mens a delicate dead violet gloss over all the rest of the
wings except the yellow. Viewed opposite the light this
changes to a warm olive-green gloss on black of upper
wings, and nervules of lower. The under surface of
superiors opposite the light has a slight greenish gloss,
while on the under-side of inferiors the white is pearly,
ranging from lustrous white to bluish grey.

@. A specimen in Brit. Mus.; hing wind from inner
margin to second median nervule and half way beyond,
very grey; underside bluish-grey.

The following are the dimensions of the examples from
which the plate was drawn :—

3. Length of casta 83; of antenne and abdomen 34 ;
of thorax 17; of collar 3; of head 4; and of wing 48;
width of upper wing 44; of lower wing 37 mm.; greatest
width of abdomen 11 ; least width 6; of thorax 13, and of
ee mm. (divided by the eyes into three nearly equal
parts).

2. Length of costa 95; ofantenne and abdomen 35 ;
of thorax 19; of collar 4; of head 3; and of lower wing
63; breadth of upper wing 51; of lower wing 63 mm. ;
greatest breadth of abdomen 6; least 5; of thorax 10;
of collar 7; and of head 8 mm. (not equally divided by
the eyes).

é. Inthe coll. of another friend. Length of costa 85
mm.; from Celebes. ¢. Length of costag7mm ; from
Amboyna.

é. Inthe Brit. Mus. Length of costa 84; and of
antenne and abdomen, 34 mm. MHab.?

3. In Brit. Mus.

Length of costa 76 mm. ; articula-
tions of antennz 54.

Hab?

&. Inthe British Museum under the name of Remus.
Length of costa 94; of antennze and abdomen 37; of
thorax 17; of collar 4; and of head 5 mm.; breadth of
thorax g; of collar 7; and of head 8 mm.; articulations
of antenne 52.

Length of

First pair of legs: femur 15; tibia 12; tarsi 15 mm.
Second ” ” 16 5; » 16 > » ig mm.
Third $ a 133 tsp ee peeep le ciehome

From Amboyna.

é. In Hewitson Coll, Length of costa 90 mm.;
number of articulations of antenne 50. Hab. Celebes.

é* In Mr. O. Janson’s coll. Length of costa 73; of
antenne and abdomen, 32 mm. Hab. ?

3. In Rey. Dr. F. A. Walker’s Museum. Length of
costa 65; of antennz and abdomen 25: of lower wing 35 ;
and of head and thorax 18 mm; breadth of upper wing
32: and of lower wing 26 mm; of Ist pair of legs,
femur 10; tibia 8; tarsiiomm; 2nd pair, femur 10;
tibia 11; tarsi 15 mm.; 3rd pair, femur 8; tibia g, and
tarsi 13 mm.; articulations of antenne about 54 each.
Hab. Celebes.

é. In the same coll., under the name of Panthous;
Length of costa 82; of antenne and abdomen 33; of

16)

lower wing 25 mm.; width of upper wing 43, and of
lower wing 36 mm. Hab. Amboyna.

$. Inthesame coll. Length of costa 92; of lower
wing 54; of antenne and abdomen 33; and of head and
thorax 27 mm.; width of upper wing 47; and of lower
wing 38 mm. Hab. Celebes.

2. In Brit. Mus. Length of costa 99 mm. Hab?
@. In Brit. Mus. Length of costa 93; length of
antennz and abdomen, 33 mm.; number of articulations
to antenne 58. Hab.? ¢. In Brit. Mus. Length of
costa 70 mms.; number of articulations in antenne 52.

Hab. ?

2. In Hewitson coll. Length of costa 87; length of
antennz and abdomen 32 mm.; number of articulations
in antenne 56. Hab.? ¢. In same coll. Length of
costa 101; of antenne and abdomen 37 mm.; number of
articulations of antennz 58. Hab. Ceram.

P ?. In Mr. Stanley Edwards’ coll. (the original of my
gs.)

Length of legs (not including the trochanters:
First pair, femur, 10; tibia, 10; tarsi, 12 mm.
SeECOG eae ins 12 5, Td oe SS mine Petco
Mhirde asym a Se tos Gf Monin.

The abdominal fold of the ¢ is rather complex,
beautifully formed, of a light pearly colour within, and
contains a large deposit of soft and short wooly material,
which, if drawn out with a needle would pile up to a
considerable height above the wing, as in the case of
some of the red and black species of S. and C. American
Papilios. In the ? it is very simple, being very little
more than a convex structure, with the submedian nervure
running through the middle, and following very nearly the
curve of the inner margin.

This species was found by Wallace in Amboyna, Ceram,
Gilolo, Morty Island, Sula Island, and Celebes.

One ¢ example has been taken by Mr. Doherty in the
island of Sangir, and one ¢ in Talaut; but I could see
no special difference between them and the specimens
quoted above. Indeed this species does not appear to
me to vary much from the normal type in either sex.

I have to thank Mr. Stanley Edwards, for the kind loan
of specimens from which the plate was drawn.

In the museums of the author, Messrs. Godman and
Salvin, M. Oberthiir of Rennes, Hon. W. Rothschild, Mr.
Lambert, Exeter, and many others, in addition to the
collections named above.

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THAT ON PaGE IO OF THIS VOL.

Papilio Hippolytus, Seba, Thesauris iv. p. 55, t. 45, £. 17-20 (1765)

Papilio Eques Trojanus Panthous, Linn. Sys. Nat. ed. x., p. 461, n. 16 (1758), ?-
Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 195, n. 14 (1764); Syst. Nat. ed. xii., p. 748, n. 17 (1767).

” ” ” ”
= s 3 5 Muller, Naturs, Vol. 1, p. 571, 0. 17 (1774).
” x 9 9 Goeze, Ent. Beytr. III., 1. p. 37 (1779).

Papilio Remus, Feld. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, p. 291, n. 21; also p. 333, n. 18 (1864).
Duncan, Foreign Butterflies, p. 92, t. 1. f. 2 (1837).

oy yy Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. v. Ent. III., p. 71, n. 4 (1860).
Ornithoptera Panthous, Doubl., Westw. and Hewit, Gen. Diurn, Lep. I., p. 4, n. 5 (1846), ¢ 2.
Hippolytus, Staudgr und Schatz, Exot. Schmett, I., p. 5, t. 2 (1884), 3.
Pagenstecher, Jahrb, Nass, Ver. Nat. p. 201 (1884).
Ribbe, Iris II., p. 207, n. 2 (1890).

” ”

” ”

” ”

Troides Hypolitus, Rothschild, Novit. Zoologicz, Vol. II., p. 202, n. 9: type form, p. 202 (1895).
Papilio Hippolytus, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lepid., p. 518 (1872).

Ornithoptera Hippolytus, W. F. Kirby, Handbook to order, Lepid. Vol IL., p. 266, pl. 64, f. 2 (1896).

W. F. Kirby, Nature, V. 51, p. 255 (1895).

Holland, Proc. Boston Soc., N. H. XXV., p. 77, 0. 125 (1890).

Rothschild, Iris V., p. 442 (1892).
V. Celebensis, Staudinger, Iris VII., p. 342 (1895). Hab. Ternate; S. Celebes ; S. E. Celebes.

Variety of the 2, type form, with white marks at the distal end of the posterior wing-cell, and smaller

Pig 2.
ovoid black internervular wing spots. Hab. Ceram.

il

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS.

Ist VARIETY, OR SUB-SPECIES: Sulaensis.

Troides Hypolitus Sulaensis, Staudgr. Iris VII., p. 343 (1895), ¢ 2.

” ” ”

é. Anterior wings silky black, shot with a greenish-
blue sheen ; adnervular rays ochraceous white, but much
‘less bright than in the type form, being subdued and
shaded into the black by dark atoms and reflections till
their outline is nearly lost in the general black towards the
outer margin. Under surface of primaries black, but
rather less silky ; the adnervular rays are very prominent,
and form a group from the inner margin to the 4th
submedian nervule, being more bluish black at the low-
est and the highest situated of the series; within the cell
are three ad-pseudonervular short white .rays of atoms,
and part of the median nervure is also margined with
white.

Posterior wings: the cell and disc silky grey black,
shot with opalescent tints, in green, blue and red, with a
submarginal band of seven golden yellow spots, which, as
in the type form, diminish in size towards the abdominal
or anal angle, having on each side a black border, sinuous
in outline, extending from the anal angle to the base of
the costa; the abdominal fold concealing the androconia,
very gracefully formed and prominent, also silky black,
shot with opalescent tints. Under surface: The cell and
disc pearly white, more tinged with yellow towards the
base; the yellow submarginal band is really continuous—
the inner border of black consists of three large spots
from the 3rd median branch to the discocellular vein,
after which the black is continuous to the base; the outer
marginal black is continuous throughout the whole out-
line ; the veins very black—the psuedoneura black, united
by black atoms at their base; the abdominal margin
black, irrorated by white atoms, with a dark, long fringe.

Head, antenne and thorax velvety black, breast with
no red spots; abdomen golden yellow above, more lemon-
tinted beneath, with black spots on each segment more or
less large—the basal and 5th segments entirely covered
above with black.

Length of costa of primaries, 83 mms.; of outer mar-
gin, 62 mms.; of inner margin, 45 mms.; width of wing
at base g mms. ; width of wing of secondaries 38 mms. ;
greatest length 51 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz 32, and of thorax with
head 25 mms.

Leneth (tSt. Pair: femur, 13; tibia, 9; tarsi, 13 mms.
oS nd a ” I4 . A 13 : M 18 by
of legs: ” ;
5 ” _ delet ih Te PaECOT aie
Habit. Mangola Island, Sula Archipelago. Dis-

covered by the late Mr. Doherty.

12

Rothschild, Nov. Zoologicze, p. 202 (1895).

The differences between this variety and the type forms
are so considerable that when compared side by side,
they appear abundantly distinct, though not sufficiently
to justify us in regarding them as more than a sub-species.
The whole insect is altogether darker than the type on
both surfaces, and is really a bolder, richer and more
beautiful insect.

¢. Anterior wings black; the adnervular rays extend
from the submedian vein to the 3rd subcostal branch,
and are broader in form and size than in the type form
on pl. 29 of this work ; the upper ones are tinted with
yellow; the white rays bordering the pseudonera in the
cell are also larger and broader than in the type form.
Under surface as above, the white marks being increased
in size and intensity.

Posterior wings: Cell brownish black, with delicate
hairs proceeding from the base—the same black is con-
tinued between the median and submedian veins, and to
the abdominal margin; the yellow discal band of spots
or marks commences at the costa, and is continued to the
Ist median nervule—the first three of them being bordered
with black on both sides, the 4th only on the outer
margin, and containing black spots—the Ist very small;
the 5th division of the disc has a hastate yellow spot
bordered by white at its apex, followed below by an ovoid
black spot immersed in an area of grey, with a yellow
sinuous spot below it, followed by the black outer margin ;
the next division is similarly arranged, only that the black
spot is larger and narrower, and the yellow less; the sub-
marginal black border runs in a sinuous course to the
anal angle, the area between the 3rd submedian branch
and the submedian veins, when not black is white
clouded with black spots and atoms and a little yellow—
the white in a thin line continued along the submedian
fold to the base. All the discal areas are more or less
subdued by dark scaling. Under surface, similar to above,
except that a little less than 1-3rd of the cell at the distal
end is grey white, subdued by black atoms; the yellow
is purer and more diffused over the lower area of the disc
between the Ist and 3rd median branches; more dis-
tinctly white without from the 3rd median branch to the
submedian fold, with black subovoid spots in each space
—the 2nd yellow space from the costa with the spot very
small, and more ovoid than above; the first yellow
division, as above, contains no black spot: the outer
marginal black border at from the 1st to 3rd median
branches is interrupted by the white fringe lunules, with
only a couple of black spots above—that in the first space
being narrower than the second ; cloudings of black atoms
also border the 3rd median branches ; a > shaped atomic
white mark at the apical angle, and a short line of white

atoms on the costa from the base, are also found ; the
abdominal marginal border is rufous brown, with hair-
like fringe.

Head, antenne and thorax velvety black; eyes rufous
brown; thorax yellow, shaded into white on the dorsum,
with basal segment black, a pair of black spots in each of
the segments from the 2nd to the 6th, and the usual lateral
black dots ; the segments below well accentuated by black.

Length of costa of anterior wing, 93 mms. ; length of
outer margin, 70 mms. ; of inner margin, about 50 mms. ;
width of wing at the base, 5 mms.; greatest width of
posterior wing, 45 mms.; greatest length, 61 mms. ; of
abdomen or antennz, 34 mms.; of thorax with head, 28
mms.

Ist pair: femur, 12; tibia, 11; tarsi, 14 mms.
Of legs 2nd ,, Si GEIS) yl TE Bee Ou
3rd _,, Doe eee i eae 5 ALOE

This variety is also generally a darker and bolder looking
insect that the ¢ of the type form. The anterior wings
are more rounded at the apical angle; on the upper side
the light rays are shorter and broader, and more shaded
by brown atoms; the posterior wings have more yellow,
and more white on them; on the under surface the corres-
ponding white spaces of the type form are almost entirely
replaced by yellow; and the abdomen is yellow instead of
being bluish-white as in the type form. A considerable

13

difference may be remarked in the form of the anterior
wing cell of the ¢. Altogether considered, Sulaensis con-
stitutes a very good subspecies.

Habitat, Mangoli, Sula Islands. (Doherty).

I here take this, my earliest opportunity, of expressing
the great regret I felt when learning some time ago of the
untimely death of Mr. Doherty, in Africa. It is due to the
memory of the deceased gentlemen to say that we are all
deeply indebted to him for the knowledge and possession
of the many beautiful and interesting species of insects of
all orders, which his enterprising energy and love, asa
collector in oriental lands, brought to us. All science is
benefitted by the labours of such men ashe. As in the
experience of many other explorers for Zoological purposes
his health suffered gradual deterioration, until an attack
of the terrible and mysterious disease Beri Beri necessitated
his return for a time to his home in America, in hope of
a restoration. After a considerable period of rest, he was
again in England, en route for Africa, for a new collecting
expedition ; but it seemed evident to some of those who
saw him that he was not in a fit state of health to venture
again ina tropical climate, with its hardships and dangers ;
apparently he was more hopeful of his condition than his
friends were, and so he started on his new enterprise, to
succumb soon after his arrival in Africa. O! the pity of
it! But his courage and perseverance, like that of other
martyrs in the cause of science, are worthy of our fullest
gratitude and admiration.

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOEY TUS:

2ND SUBSPECIES OR VARIETY, Cellularvis, RoTHSCHILD.

Troides Hippolytns Cellularis, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicz, pp. 202-3.

é Anterior wings more rounded at the apical angle
than in the other forms; black with satiny blue-green
sheen; the adnervular rays subdued purplish-white
shaded into the black towards the outer margin; the cell
rather broader at the discal end than in the var. Sulaensis.
Underside a more dead black; all the white rays, and the
white margins in the cell more white and prominent.

Posterior wings with the cell somewhat different from
that of Sulaensis or of the type, in form ; the yellow band a
lighter yellow than in Sulaensis, more like that of the type
in outline, but not quite so extensive as in the type or
Sulaensis ; the cell and disc with the colour nearly as in
Sulaensis. Under surface, more like the type form in
pattern and colours; with yellow white atoms in the
precestal cell.

Head, antennz and thorax intense black; eyes brown ;
abdomen with the black marks occupying more of each
segment than in the other forms, and the yellow partson the
dorsum quite an orange yellow; laterally golden yellow,
and subdorsum and anal valves grey white. Abdomen 35
and antennz 31 mms.; respectively ; thorax with head
25 mms.

Anterior wing: length of costa, 84 mms.; of outer
margin, about 63 mms.; of inner margin, 46 mms.; width
of wing at the base, 6 mms.; greatest length of posterior
wing, 50 mms.; greatest width, 4o mms.

Ist pair: femur, 10; tibia, 9g; tarsi, 12 mms.
and 2? 7 12; 2) 16; ”? 16 7
3rd _,, ye DOSS Cig ee he” By eS

Length
of legs:

Habitat, S. Celebes (Doherty).

¢ Anterior wing more rounded at the apical angle than
in the type form; wing broader and less long than in the
type form ; the cell longer and narrower than in the type

14

form; the white adnervular rays a little more conspicuous
and white than in Sulaensis, much more so than in the type
form ; the rays on the discal end of the cell also more
prominent than in either of the other forms; under surface
differs only very slightly from the upper.

Posterior wings: the cell very different in form, and
narrower than in the other forms ; pattern and colours most
like that of the type form, but with no yellow tinting in
the white of the internervular spaces from the 1st submedian
branch to the abdominal margin, but abundant scaling.
Under surface like that above in pattern and colour—
the white areas being tinted with greenish blue.

Head, antenne and thorax black, eyes brown; abdomen
bluish grey and white, witha slight lateral tinting of
yellow ; and segment rufous ; subdorsum with the articu-
lations almost entirely black.

Length of costa, 95 mms. ; of outer margin, 64 mms. ;
of inner margin, 53 mms.; width of wing at the base, 7
mms.; greatest length of hind wing, 60 mms.; greatest
width, 40 mms.

Length of thorax with head, 26 mms.; of abdomen or
antenne, 35 mms.

g; tarsi, 14 mms.

Length pot Pals oe tibia,
of legs 2n. ”? 14; a 14 ? ” 19 ”
BC Ess el 25 ss wees,

Habitat, Toli Toli, N. Celebes.

This variety merits a position probably intermediate
between the type and Sulaensis. Its most distinct and
conspicuous difference from them is certainly in the
remarkable form of the posterior cell of the 2.

Possibly several other varieties of Hippolytus will yet
reach us from the other islands of the Celebesan Seas.

POMPEOPTERA HELENA.

Papilio Eques Trojanus Helena, Clerck, ‘‘ Icon. Ins.” Il. t. 22, f. 1 (1764).

” ” ” ”

P. Oblongomaculatus, ¢.
Papilio Eques Trojanus Helena,

Linn. ‘ Mus. Lud. Ulr.,” p. 199, n. 18 (1764).
Houtl., ‘‘ Nat. Hist.’’ I. rr. p. 20, n. 18 (1767).
Linn., ‘ Sys. Nat.” Edit. xii., p. 748, mn. 19 (1767).
Muller, ‘‘ Naturs.,” v. 1, p. 571, n. 18 (1767).
Fab., Syst. Ent.,”’ p. 449, n. 28 (1775).

Cram., ‘' Pap. Exot.” II. t, 140. A.B. (1779).
Goeze, ‘‘ Ent. Beytr.,” III. 1, p. 38, n. 19 (1779).
Goeze, same work, I. p. 44, n. 22 (1779).

Fabr. ‘‘ Spec. Ins.” II. p. ro, n. 39 (1781).
Jablonsky,“ Naturs.,’” Schmett. I. p. 203, n. f. t. 3. £. 2 (1783).
‘ Esper, ‘‘ Ausl. Schmett,” p. 43, t. 9, f. 2 (1786).
Fabr., ‘‘ Mant. Ins.’ II. p. 5, n. 42 (1787).
Gmelin, ‘' Syst. Nat.,” I. 5, p. 2234, 0. 19 (1790).
Fabr, ‘‘ Ent. Syst.,” III. 1, p. 19, n. 59 (1793).

5 tie a Amphimedon, Cram., ‘‘ Pap. Exot.,” III. t. 194 A (1782).

” ”

Hubn., ‘‘ Verz. bek. Schm.,” p. 88, n. 920 (1816).

g¢ Troides Helena, ‘‘ Hubn., Verz. bek. Schm.,” p. 88. n. 921 (1816).
$¢? Papilio Amphimedon, ‘‘ Enc. Méth.,” ix. p. 26, n. 4 % (1819); also p. 27,n.6 3 (same date)
Bile eae Amphimedon, Boisdv., ‘‘ Voy. Astrol. Lep.” p. 35, t. 1. f. 1, 2 (1832).

” Helena,

Boisdv., ‘‘ Spec. Gén. I. p. 177, n. 5 (1836).

Doubl. Hew. ‘‘ Genera Diurnal Lepidoptera,” t. 1, f. 2 (1846).

Vollenhoyen, ‘ Tijdschrift. von. Ent.,”’ III., p. 71, n. 5 (1860).

Aurivill, ‘ Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl.,” xix. 5, p. 22, n. 18 (1882).

Wallace, ‘‘ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.” V. p. 23 (1860).

Oberth, ‘ Et. d’Ent.” iv. p. 30, n. 6 (1879).

Ribbe, “ Iris,” II. p. 207, n. 3 (1890) (Aberration of the ¢), also the same work, III.

Pp. 41 (1890), (the Larva and pupa from Ceram).

9 ”

g

? Papilio Helena,
? p »

¢ Ornithoptera Helena,
"

BAO WA ®

. Celebensis,

v. Papuensis,

oe oA oh v.
v

”

Rober, ‘‘ Tijdschr.” v. Ent. xxxiv. p. 268 (1891).

Feld., '‘ Verh. z. bei Ges. Wien,” p. 291. n. 22 (1864).

Butler, ‘‘ Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabric.,” p. 234, n. 3. (1864).

Fickert, ‘‘ Zool. Jahrbiichern,” pp. 735, 743 (1889).

Staiidgr. and Schatz, ‘‘ Exot. Schmett.” p. 5. (1888).
v. Bouruensis, Wallace.

3 F ” No ‘

“Trans, Linn. Soc.,”” XXV. pp. 38, 39 (1865).

Leda, Staudinger, ‘‘ Iris,” IV. p. 74 (1891).
,
. Papuanus, Oberthiir, “‘ Etud. d’ Ent.,” iv. p. 31, sub. n. 10 (1879) =

Melpomona, Rippon, ‘Icon. Ornith.,” p. 46 (1898).

v. Jupiter, Oberth., ‘ Et. Entom.,” iv. p. 31, t. 1. n. r1., pl. 1 (1879).
Holzi, Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrb. Nassau. ver. Naturk.,” p. 103, n. 3 (1890) =

yutilans of Oberthiir ; also same work and author, p. 29 (1894).

gv.
o U.

” ”

P. Pluto, Feld. =O. Heliacon, Boisdy.
Carolus, Friihstorfer.
Ornithoptera Heliacon, ab. vutilans, Oberth., ‘‘ Et. d’Ent.” iv. p. 32, sub. n. 13 (1879).

$ Troides Helena, propinquns, sub sp. Rothschild, ‘‘ Nov. Zoologicz,” Vol. II (1895).
Papilio Helena, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep.” p. 518 (1871).
Ornithoptera Helena, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Handb. to the Order Lepidoptera,” Vol. II. p. 264 (1896).

Pompeoptera Helena, Rippon, ‘‘ Genera Insectorum” of Wytsman, Art. on the Papilionidz, sec. Troides, p. 14 (1902).

This species was made by Hiner the type of what, at
that early period in the history of the Ornithoptera, he
regarded as a single Genus. Indeed until 1816 the few
known species of this tribe of Lepidoptera were all
included in the continually enlarging Genus Papilio—a
very natural conclusion when regarded from the point of
view of the neuration only; for virtually there is not
much difference between the veinative system of
Ornithoptera and Papilio.

ES

Up to this period only a very small number of forms
had been discovered: these consisted of Pompeus from
Java 1719; Priamus from Ceram, 17109 ; Hippolytus from
Ceram, 1753; Helena also from Ceram, 1764; Minos
from India; Amphrysus from Java, 1782; the Indian
analogue of Pompeus (Cerberus) 1800; and Poseidon
from the Moluccas, 1815, exactly 8 species. Of these only
one sex of at least 5 forms was known, so that the
materials which might justify a separation from the

16

Genus Papilio were still too small in number; and up to
a recent time many entomological authorities still called
them by their earlier generic name. For the knowledge
of these we were indebted chiefly to the researches of the
Dutch, who were at that time practically the masters of
all that part of the east, except India and Australia, and
New Guinea West of 140° longitude.

It is always rather hazardous to describe a genus from
the ? only of a new species ; but in 1816 Htibner separated
the ? of Helena from Papilio, and characterised it as the
type of a new generic form, under the name of Troides
Amphimedon. Later on Clerck’ss Helena had to be
recognised as the ¢of Amphimedon—consequently the
Amphinedon ? had to take the name of her husband, and
abandon the name given her by Cramer in 1782. But
if this generic name is still to be accepted by modern
entomologists, in defiance of the very large amount of new
material since accumulated, we can only logically include
the whole of the Ornithoptera under the designation of
Troides as Mr. Rothschild has done. This, I regret, I
am unable to do, for reasons given in other parts of this
work; hence I retained Hiibner’s TROIDES as the tribal
name for the whole of the genera and species of the
Ornithoptera, as set forth in the Title Page and Preface to
Vol. I. of this work. It might be suggested that as a
compromise, my Genus Pompeoptera should be discarded
with its typein favour a Genus Troides with Helena as
the type. Probably this might have been the best
arrangement at first; but it is too late now, so far as I
am concerned.

But within the last few years Helena has greatly
enlarged its boundaries, or rather increased the number
of its relatives; for we have the following varieties with
names given them :—

Papuensis, ? Wallace, 1865 ; Jupiter, ? Oberthiir, 1879;
Heliacon, ab. rutilans, Oberthiir 3 2 1879; Leda, ¢& ?
Staudinger, 1891; Papuanus, % Oberthiir, 1879 ; Thestius,
Staudinger 1894 ; Bouruensis, Wallace $ 2 1894; Celeben-
sis & 2 Wallace, 1895; Melpomona, ¢. Rippon; Carolus,
3 Friihstorfer (anab. of Papuensis) 1897. J. A. E. Goeze,
in 1759, in his ‘‘ Ent. Beytr” III., 1, p. 44, n. 22 described
a & of Hippolytus, as the 2 of Helena, under the specific
name of Oblongomaculatus. This old and quite forgotten
name has been revived by some authorities, I regret to say.

The modern custom of resuscitating old or
obsolete names, and substituting them for well-known
and universally accepted names, has greatly complicated
the study of Entomology; and 1 must most firmly
protest against this practice, which can do no earthly
good, but much harm to science. We can imagine the
results if the ancient names or spelling of our English or
foreign localities were re-introduced in our maps, to the
exclusion of all modern and well-known names! Some-
thing like this has for some years been happening in
Entomology—especially among the Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera, with the result, notably among the English
lepidoptera, that if one had dropped asleep over a
catalogue of our English moths some 25 or 30 years ago,
and only awoke in the present year, if a present day
catalogue were substituted for the former document, one
would be quite unable to recognise many species by their

re-incarnated names, to say nothing to the genera; it
would bea new case of Rip Van Winkle. Indeed our
insect nomenolature is becoming fearfully and wonderfully
new !

P. Helena, with its varieties, has a fairly wide geo-
graphical range. Its metropolis is Ceram and Amboyna
so far as the type form is concerned; but its varieties
and aberrations are found in E. Java, (Salayer) Macassar,
Bouru, W. Sumatra and Dutch New Guinea, and
Celebes—probably in other localities also.

3¢ Very large size. Anterior wings entirely velvety
black, with slightly warm reflections; the veins all
sufficiently prominent ; the 3rd and 4th subcostal branches
commence at about 2 or 3 mms. from the distal end of
the cell; the pseudoneura fairly traceable within the
discoidal cell. Undersurface of the wing as above, but
slightly lighter and browner, with nearly obsolete small
groups of white adnervular scales towards the outer
margin—the remnants of adnervular discal rays.
Posterior wings a rich silky golden yellow, in which the
stout nervules and their branches are prominently seen ;
the base of the discoidal cell is narrowly black; costal
and subcostal areas are black, but broadly and irregularly
separated by the yellow in the subcostal area; the
abdominal margin from the base is black, and merges
into the broad outer marginal black band, which lunate
or dentate on the disc, with a width one-half the disc ; the
yellow area extends narrowly dentate at the 2nd median
nervule nearly half-way into the black border, and the
yellow area occupies narrowly half the length of the
submedian area. A few fine delicate black hairs flow from
the base over this yellow area. Undersurface as above,ex-
cept that the dentations of the submarginal band are still
more pronounced, and softened into the yellow at their
apices by black scales, as is 1-3rd of the yellow sub-
median portion of the wing; the abdominal margin is
greyish rufous; the abdominal marginal hairs are '
moderately long, and reddish black.

Head with black pulvilli; eyes dark nitid brown ;
antennz black ; pronotal collar black enclosed by 2 fine
narrow red bands ; thorax black pilose-velvety above—the
same beneath with the usual red pectoral patches; the legs
long and black; abdomen fumous brown, the sides yellow
with a dorsal lighter longitudinal mark, and the articula
slightly accentuated with yellow ; the subdorsum yellow,
with the small lateral black dots; the anal valves
creamy buff.

Length of abdomen or antenne, 31 mms.; and of
thorax with the head, 20 mms.

Length of anterior wing costa, 83 mms. ; of the outer
margin, 62 mms.; and of the inner margin, 44 mms.
Length of posterior wing 50 mms.; greatest width
The costa is much rounded.

32 mms.
i enstieot Ist pair: Femur, 13; tibia, 9; tarsi, 13 mms.
Tee [ina By ” 14; » 135 ” 16 ”
BS 3rd ” ” 14; » 12; ” 17 7?

Habitat: Ceram, A. R. Wallace.
In the Museum of Mr. H. Grose-Smith.

@ Anterior wings, moderately pale rufous brown; the
adnervular rays and all other light marks and streaks
broad, or prominent, and buff grey, uniformly subdued by
brown scales—the 3rd median and submedian marks only
extending part of the way towards the cell ; the distal 3rd
of the cell bordered and divided by similar grey marks;
the light marginal lunations are also buff tinted. Under-
surface of wing exactly as above, except that the brown
areas are a little purer, and the light marks are much
lighter than above.

Posterior wings, brown ; a creamy yellow elongate area
occupies nearly one-third of the cell from the distal end ;
followed below by an area two-fifths of the disc, bounded
by the 2nd subcostal and 3rd median nervules; followed
by a transverse band of 4 long brown cones, then a discal
band of yellow marks, extending from the inner margin
to the costa, which again emphasise the dentate apices of
the broad hind marginal band; an irregular buff-yellow
mark, broadest above, extends down the submedian area
from half to one-fourth of the wing length from its base,
and terminates with a small cuneiform mark at the anal
angle. Under surface as above, except that the light
marks are all pure creamy white, the discal black cones
are somewhat subdued by white scales, the outer marginal
band dentations are more deeply divided by white and
brown scaling, and the white fringe lunations are very
prominent. The submedian area has two patches of
black or brown, and a long mark of dark scales above.

17

Head and eyes brown, a slight red ring at the prono-
tum; the thorax dark brown with the usual pectoral red
patches ; the abdomen rufous brown, with the subdorsum
and sides creaniy white and yellow and the articula black
except the last three which have a pair of large elongate
orbicles in each articulus, and lateral rows of black spots,
which towards the base merge into the general black of
the subdorsum; the anal segment yellow and brown.

Length of costa 97 mms., of hind margin 66 mms., of
inner margin (which is nearly straight) 51 mms., greatest
length of posterior wing 63, and width 39 mms. The
costa is rounded, and merges into the outer margin; the
length of the inner margin is about 42 mms,

In the anterior wing the 3rd subcostal branch is emitted
at 3 mms. from the distal end the cell.

Length of abdomen or antennz 34, and of the thorax
with the head, 25 mms.

Ist pair: femur : tibi : i ;
Length ae ae Whee Tepomuae, Wee tibia, aa tarsi, 13 mms
2n +P) ) 14; 7 I3 bo] 7) 15 2?

Legs.
3 Bid 44 iy Sh we EBS

AE Buse of

Habitat, Ceram (Wallace). In the collection of Mr. H.
Grose Smith.

POMPEOPTERA HELENA, VAR. CAROLUS.

O. Papuensis, var. Cavolus, Friihstorfer, ‘‘ Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift, v. xliii, p. 306 (1897).

é. Smaller than the type form of Helena.

Anterior wings velvety black, but suffused with grey,
subdued by dark scales, from near the apical angle, and
along the outer margin broadens, so as to occupy much of
the disc—the veins and folds showing prominently in this
grey. Undersurface as above, except that the greater part
of the disc is creamy white, shading into the black towards
the cell by white scales: close to, and parallel with the
basal section of the medium nervure isa stripe of grey
atoms, followed by a spot of grey atoms close beneath the
second section; some faint grey spots are found along
the pseudoneura in the cell; and the costa is rufous grey.
Posterior wings nearly normal above, with a yellow inden-
tation into the black marginal band near the 2nd sub-
costal nervule.

[This latter character is always present in varieties of

Helena, and may be fouad useful for indentification of
the different forms of that species.]

Under surface as above, but allthe black borders except
the basal portions of the subcostal areas are more or less
scaled with grey atoms—showing a tendency towards the
production of a white and yellow variety. The abdo-
men is rufous white above, yellow beneath.

Length of costa of anterior wings 74 mms.
Hab.: Dutch N. Guinea.

Described and figured from the type, for the loan of
which I am indebted to Mr. H. Grose-Smith, to whom
this beautiful and very distinct form belongs.

P. HELENA, ABERRATION GROSE-SMITHI.

3. Anterior wings intensely black. Undersurface as above
but slightly lighter, with a short elongate grey mark paral-
lel to the basal section of the median vein, and close to
the interno-median nervule.

Posterior wings with intensely black, broad and irregu-
lar shaped bands enclosing the rich silky yellow areas of
the cell and disc. The veins are very stout and black; at
the distal end of the cell are three black blotches or spots
of black atoms; between the 2nd subcostal nervule and
the discocellular nervure is an interrupted elongate group
of black spots; between the discocellular nervure and the
Ist median nervule the black border indents its way close
up to the 2nd discocellular nervule, especially on the left
wing: all the other apices of the black marginal band are
irregularly dentate, and the yellow, as a dentation, encroa-
ches in the black at the 2nd median nervule.

The undersurface is without these black marks; the
black margin is somewhat narrower than above, more
equally dentate, the apices broadly subdued by the golden
yellow scales.

Length of costa, 83 mms.
The abdomen somewhat like that of Carolus.

Habitat: New Guinea.

A beautiful variety, in which the tendency seems to be
towards the formation of an entirely black pair of wings,
on the upper surface.

Habitat : New Guinea.

In the museum of Mr. H. Grose-Smith.

Probably Dannat’s Irregularis, described by him in the
Entomologist for 1897, page 312, may be an aberration of
Helena, allied to the above.

8 Var. from Borneo. In this variety the central area
of yellow, on the posterior wing, is much restricted and
narrower than in the preceding forms; the yellow at the
distal end of the cell is only about 1-5th of the total area ;
the yellow between the 2nd and 3rd median branches,
and also between the 2nd subcostal branch and the

18

discocellular vein strongly indents the black border. The
two surfaces of each wing are absolutely alike. Length
of costa, 82 mms.

Var. Bouruensis. The posterior wings have the adner-

vular rays considerably subdued by the brown scales, so
that they are barely visible except towards the outer
margin where they are all sufficiently grey ; on the under
surface they are much lighter and purer, as is the cell spot.
The posterior wing pattern is closely like that of the type
@ but arranged on a smaller scale. The undersurface
differs little from the upper, except that the yellow area
is much diluted with white, and that the black portions
are more or less clouded with white scales, as in the v.
Carolus 3.

Length of costa, 94 mms.

Habitat, the Island of Bouru, situated directly West
of Ceram and Amboyna.

Any number of varieties and aberrations of Helena
probably may be met with.

The diagnosis of the varieties Papuensis and Mel-
pomona will be found at pages 45, 46, and the figures of
each on plates 45 and 46 of this volume.

A & Var. from Celebes in the Author’s Museum
closely resembles Mr. Grose-Smith’s var. from Borneo.
Also ¢ & from Ceram and 2 ? from the same locality
in the Author’s possession closely resemble the type form,
the length of the costa of the largest ¢ measuring 86 mms.
and of the largest ? 94 mms.

Wallace remarks: 2 2° from Ceram and Amboyna “‘ are
always sooty, with the spots and markings on the hinder
wings of a dull buff-colour, even in the freshest speci-
mens; also that ‘‘ the local form Celebensis $ has the
wings a little more pointed than in the type form; the
yellow patch of lower wings extending nearer to the
posterior margin, and bounded towards the abdominal
margin by the first branch of the median nervure ;
beneath having the nervures between the discoidal cell
and the outer border ashy margined.

Localities additional for the type, Island of Saparua ;
for Celebensis var., Minahasza and Salayer.” .

POMPEOPTERA VANDEPOLLI.

Papilio Yan de Polli, Snellen, Tijdschrift vy, Ent. KXXIILI., p. 22, (1890).
Ornithoptera Yandenolli, Fruhstorfer, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. XXXIX., p. 241, t, 17, f. 1, (1894).
Troides Yandepolli, Walter Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice:, Pt. vii., [Rev. of Pap. of E, Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa,] p. 205, n. 12, (1895).

There can be no hesitation in regarding Vandepolli as a
most satisfactory species. The ¢ is abundantly distinct
from that of any other form of Pompeoptera, and though
so much cannot be said of the ¢ the latter fact only
tends to remind us of its cogeneric claims, while giving us
the advantage of better knowing its position among the
species belonging to that genus. It is exceedingly unlike
its Javan relative, P. Pompeus; and the ¢ is very much
more beautiful, in addition to its. greater size in both
sexes, and is a splendid example of a mountain species,
having been taken at an altitude of 4000 feet. It may be
said that with P. Miranda of Butler, from Sarawak, and
P. Magellanus of Felder, from the Phillipines, it helps to
form a triad of species as distinguished among the Pom-
peoptera, as O. (Priamoptera) Cresus, Lydius and Urvilliana
do among the Ornithoptera. Excellent descriptions and
figures of this species are given by Snellen and by
Fruhstorfer; but 1 may be pardoned if I present the
results of a study of the examples—from which I have
drawn my figures, as I thought this would be the most
useful course.

é. Anterior wings large, and subtriangulate; slightly
wider in proportion than in Pompeus and its congeners ;
the costa very gradually arcuate, a little more curved
towards the apex; posterior margin not so straight as in
Pompeus, being more concave ; interior margin more con-
cave than in Pompeus; fringe lunules very delicate and
unobtrusive ; the 4th and 5th subcostal nervules from the
end of the cell branch off at as great a distance as the and
does from behind the ist discocellular nervule; [in
Pompeus the distance of the 4th and 5th branches from
the end of the cell is greater than that of the 2nd from the
ist discocellular nervule]; the 3rd subcostal nervule
originates at the end of the cell. Posterior wings broader
in proportion than in Pompeus, and more closely propor-
tioned to the upper wings than in that species.

Anterior wings a deep velvety black, with very faint
traces of the light internervular rays, which are partly
indicated by a few obscurely yellow atoms bordering the
3 median nervules, the others being faintly seen through
from the grey white rays of the under surface; the black
is suffused in some lights by faint olive reflections, but,
viewed obliquely against the light, by a slight purple gloss.

Posterior wings deep velvety black, with a slight olivine
gloss when opposite the light, especially on the abdominal
fold, and a slight purple gloss when viewed against the
light ; the disc and 3-5ths of the cell occupied by a silky
golden-yellow—very golden obliquely against the light,
slightly shot with a delicate pale emerald green when
viewed in the ordinary way, but with a beautiful opalescent
green all over when held obliquely opposite the light ;
the brilliancy of this yellow is intense—the veins and
veinlets being very black, and stout; the yellow patch
of the cell is suboval; the black border is broad and
somewhat dentate, the two lower divisions are edged
above with black scales, and there is a faint spot of

yellow scales outside the 3rd median nervure; the black
part of the cell, and the space between the median and
submedian veins are furnished with a multitude of long
black hairs, proceeding from near the base, and extending
nearly down to the anal angle; the colour of the andro-
conia a fleshy tint ; the black of the apex about twice the
breadth of the general black border; posterior border
nearly equally and sufficiently dentated ; the veins on the
black areas of the wings only slightly visible.

Undersurface. Anterior wings a glossy smoky black,
with a purplish submedian fold and nervure, and olivine
wing reflections; the veins all appear well in relief, but
the nervules are very slender; the discal grey-white rays
bordering the nervules become more obsolete in character
as they approach the subcostal nervules, and commence
as usual on the upper side of the 1st median branch;
within the discoidal cell and along the median nervure
are a few white atoms also; the margins of the median
and subcostal veins, and between the subcostal branches
in some lights, have a greasy appearance, produced by the
black scales of these parts being more sparsely scattered,
so as render slightly visible the shining surface of the
wing membrane.

Posterior wings as on the upper surface—the yellow
and black occupying relatively the same area; but a large
yellow triangular mark is outside the 3rd median vein,
followed by a small patch of yellow scales; a patch of
yellowish grey scales is on the black marginal dentations
between the 2nd and 3rd median nervules, and a square
mark of the same character is nearly divided by the black
below the small yellow mark between the same nervules;
a small creamy-grey curved streak of atoms at the anal
angle ; the abdominal margin outside the submedian vein
a silky flesh-coloured brown, with a fringe of long black
hairs.

Head and thorax deep black velvety pilose ; eyes dark
brown ; the pronotal collar with the red nearly obsolete ;
thorax beneath with pectoral red spots, almost hidden by
the black hairs of the breast; the abdomen silky black
(the dorsum partly reddish brown within 3 of the seg-
ments) with yellow laterally, and the articulations
accentuated by short whitish hairs; the anal valves
silky dark brown ; the subdorsum yellow, with the usual
lateral black dots, and a double row of ventral black spots,
which occupy more and more of the segments as they
near the base of the abdomen.

Antenne or abdomen 30 mms. long; thorax with the
head 22 mms.

tst pair: femur, 10?; tibia, 8; tarsi, (?) mms.
Legs and nF » «12, » «12; » 14 ”
3rd gy fa PUG Dee ei ens Mat, ESI tie
The anterior leg is imperfect in the specimen.
Articulations of antenna, 50.

Vol, II.

20

Costa, 80; outer margin, 63; inner margin, 41 mms.
Of the posterior wings, width 36 and length 50 mms.

Habitat, West Java.

%. Anterior wings. From the base to midway light
warm-brown; from thence to the hind margin dark
brown; 1-4th of the discoidal cell nearest the discocellular
nervule greyish white, encroaching on the darker colour
by grey atoms; the usual series of grey white discal rays
each divided by the nervules, and extending from the
discocellular branches to near the hind margin (also in
the space between the 4th and 3rd subcostal branches) as
far as the rst median branch, the one bordering the 2nd
median branch at 2-5ths of its length from the median
vein, and the next at 3-5ths: a thin short ray is divided
by the submedian fold, and the submedian nervure
‘broadly divides a broad ray or patch of grey at a little
more than half way from the base, extending nearly
to the anal angle. The fringe lunules are narrow,
and almost continuous with each other from the anal to
the apical angles, and are creamy white ; the nervules are
stout and their slender branches broadly defined by the
dark brown which margins them. Posterior wings: from
the base to 2-3rds of the cell, and all the subcostal dark
area, a dark brown; a broad discal area of greenish
yellow occupies 1-3rd of the cell, and the greater portion
of the disc, becoming less ample between the 3rd median
nervule and the submedian nervure as far as the abdomi-
nal margin, which is a sordid creamy or buff white, a part
of the light spaces between the 2nd and 3rd median
branches being of the same colour; the marginal band is
broad, black and lunated, each lunation uniting with the
base of the internervular black discal cone, whose apices
all point towards the base of the wing, and are six in
number,—the 6th, enclosed by the 3rd median branch
and the submedian fold being much smaller, and uniting
with a dark brown spot near the anal angle—these two
latter being clouded with darker greyish macula produced
by black atoms; the yellow area is rendered green by
dark hairs in the discoidal cell, and darkish atoms on the
disc, being most numerous and conspicuous at the base
of the internervular black cones ; the creamy-white fringe
lunules are conspicuous and well separated from each
other by the marginal dentations of the wing.

Undersurface: anterior wings, similar to the upper side
except that the brown is lighter and more silky from the
base, the veins and pseudoneura are well pronounced,
and the light rays and marks are warmer in tone towards
the hind margin. Posterior wings: the arrangements of
markings and other details the same as on the upper
surface, but the black cones are more sharply outlined,—
are disconnected at their base from the marginal luna-
tions,—the 6th cone is as long as any of the others, but
narrower, and is united half way of its length with the
black abdominal margin,—the light and discal areas are
creamy white instead of yellow, as on the upper side, but
slightly suffused with yellow at the base of some of the
black conical marks; a greyish white subapical-shaped

mark terminated with a cuneiform spot; the 3 lowest
marginal lunations are divided and modified by grey
atoms so as to constitute central black marks, and den-
tated black spots at the terminals of the nervules; there
are 2 small black spots at the anal angle, and the sub-
median vein is margined a part of its length by creamy
white; the abdominal fringe is black, and rather short.
Head and thorax black; eyes dark brown; the pronotal
red nearly hidden by the pilose covering, the pectoral red
spots beneath are almost concealed by the pilose covering
of the breast and femorze; abdomen dark brown above,
laterally light yellow; beneath, all the segments black
divided by thin yellow articulations ;—the usual lateral
black dots are exchanged for rather large black spots;
the anal segment very black.

_Length of anterior costa 88 mms., width of wing 50,
hind margin 66, and inner margin 49 mms.; width of
posterior wing 44, length 61 mms.

Measure- (1st pair: femur, 12; tibia, 10; tarsi, (?) mms.
ment of {2nd ” 7 13; » 12; » 20 4;
Legs. 3rd ? : 9 It } 7 12; teh 16 ed

Antennze or abdomen, 30 mms.; thorax with head, 22
mms.; articulations of antenne, 48 mms.

Hab.: West Java, at a height of 4000 feet.

The 2 of this species is most like the same sex of
P. Darsius of Gray, P. Helena, Linn., and Minos, Cram.

I am greatly obliged to Mr. H. Grose-Smith for the
pleasure of figuring and re-describing this grand species.

@. Anexample in the author’s collection, while exhibit-
ing the same pattern on both surfaces, has all the discal
black conical and subconical spots of the lower wings
smaller than in the above ?, while the light yellowish
area of the under surface is also considerably whiter. In
addition, on the left anterior wing (only) the subcostal
neuration is abnormal. [See Pl. 33, fig. A.r. & N.1.] ; the
1st subcostal nervule branches off at the usual point, pro-
ceeds a little way, till at a second point approximately
parallel to the end of the cell, it bifurcates into two veinlets:
the 3rd, 4th, and 5th branches commence in the usual way,
but the subcostal vein is slightly distorted at the spot
where the 2nd branch should originate—the hiatus being
only noticeable on a close observation ; it is really as if
the rst branch were divided into 2 branchlets, the 2nd
branch were absent, and the other 3 branches were in the
normal position. Length of costa 76 mms.

Hab., W. Java.

é. In the author’s collection, differs little from the ¢
described above. Length of costa 70 mms.

Hab., W. Java.

aI

POMPEOPTERA VANDEPOLLI, var. HONRATHIANA.

Ornithoptera Honrathiana, Martin, ¢, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVIL., p. 492, (1892).

”

2, Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Ned. 2nd, LIII., 3 (Sep.), p. 1, n. 1, (1893).

” ” " ¢ ¢, Hagen, Iris VIIL., p. 19, n. 4, (1894).
Troides Yandepolli honrathianus, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicz, Vol. II., p. 205, n. 12, b. (1895).

3. In the pattern of the wings, on both surfaces, this
form differs very little from the type form; but the
abdomen is entirely a deep brownish black, the anal
valves being dark red brown; the abdomen is also rather
hairy, and conveys the idea of T. Brookeana, Wall.

Hab.: Mount Battak, Sumatra.

g. Anterior wings light brown, pattern the same as on
the type form, except that the intercellular dark area
terminates in 2 dentate projections at near the end of the
cell in the grey area; in the type form the grey inter-
cellular area is only traversed by the pseudoneura.
This may be a means of always distinguishing the ¢
of this variety from that of the type form. Posterior
wings similar on both surfaces to the type form,
but the yellow internervular spaces are narrower, and the
markings more slim, those bounded by the 1st median

nervule and the submedian fold or sinus are margined
with white, and the abdominal margin has little or no
white ; the abdomen is entirely brownish black and hairy,
probably as a protection from mountain cold.

Hab.: Battak Country, Sumatra.

The melanism of the abdomen of both sexes in this
var. is remarkable, as it is not met with in the Javan type
form, which is also a high mountain region insect.

Iam indebted to the great kindness of Mr. Snellen,
of Rotterdam, for the loan of the examples from which
my figures are drawn, and also for examples of the type
form for dissection.

Examples of the two sexes of this var. are also in the
museum of the Hon. W. Rothschild.

POMPEOPTERA HALIPHRON.

Ornithoptera Haliphron 3, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid, I., p. 181, n. 9, (1836).

m "

é ¢, Felder, Lepidopterologische Fragmente, p. 37, Taf. ii., f. 2, 3, (1859).
é ¢, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. IV., p. 98, n. 52, t. 2, f. 2a, 2b, (1860).
Wallace, Tr. Linn, Soc. Vol. XXV., p. 40, n. 14, (1866).

Papilio Haliphron ¢ ¢, Felder, Verh, z. b. Ges. Wien, p. 291, n. 25, and p. 334, n, 20, (1864).

uu ”

W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 519, (1871).
Piepers and Snellen, Tijdschr. vy. Ent. XXI., p. 37, n. 147, (1878).

Ornithoptera Haliphron 3, Standinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. I., p. 5, t. 2, (1884).

” ”

Ribbe, Iris III., p. 39 (larva and pupze), (1890).
Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Ornith. p. 734, n. 4; and p. 743, (1893),

Troides Haliphron ¢ ¢, W. Rothschild, Novitates Zoologica, Vol. II., p. 206, n, 13, type (a), (1895).
(Ornithoptera Amphimedon ¢*, Doubld. Westw. and Hewitson, Gen. D. L. t. x, f. 2 (1846).

g*, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I., p. 5, n. rr, (1852), (as a synonym of P. Darsius).]

The ¢ of this graceful species is somewhat suggestive
of the & of Vandepolli and its variety Honrathiana, although
the yellow area of the posterior wings is considerably less
in extent, and with a few exceptions not occupying any
part of the discoidal cell. In Vandepolli 3-5ths of the
cell are yellow, in Haliphron when any yellow is found
within the cell it is only either as a narrow yellow spot or
mark at the distal end, varying from half the width to the
whole width. Sometimes only a faint rudiment of this
spot is present; and the two wings are nearly always
asymmetrical in this particular. The adnervular rays on
the anterior wings are whiter and rather more conspicuous
than in Vandepolli ; they are also rather narrower in shape.
The posterior wings are suggestive of those of Plato—
though that species is perhaps more like Vandepolli in
some respects, and its ? suggests the 2 of Haliphron.
Other species or forms slightly resembling Haliphron in
the male sex are Doherty’s Naas, and Robtir’s Iris on the
posterior wings—though, of course each is abundantly
differentiated from Haliphron or Vandepolli. Nor must
we omit to recall the fact that while the inferior wing
patterns of Vandepolli and Darsius have much in common—
there is also a less close resemblance between the latter
and Haliphron. In Haliphron, Darsius, Vandepolli, and
Honrathiana, the conical internervular discal band of
black marks is always present on the wings of the females,
varying in length and width, ’tis true, and generally
uniting at their bases with the apices of the outer marginal
lunations on the upper surfaces of the wings, but more
or less separated from them on the under surfaces. The
intercellular dark portions of the ? upper wings of
Darsius, Plato, Honrathiana, Plateni, and Doherty1, all
terminate with a pair of more or less long dark dentations
near the end of the cell, longest in Haliphron; while in
Pompeus, Nerias, and Vandepolli (the type form) there are
no dentate terminals to the intercellular dark areas; so
that in these respects Vandepolli and Honrathiana take
after distinct groups of anterior wing patterns—a very
curious circumstance !

g. The costa is much less arched than in Vandepollz,
and the posterior margin much less rounded; the interior
margin is only slightly curved, being nearly straight, and
well exhibiting the scalene-triangular form of the wing.
Colour of the wing deep velvety black, with the adnervular
grey rays only very moderately seen; the whole of the
discoidal cell is black, and the veins are all fairly stout.

Undersurface more or less brownish black—not so velvety
as above, with the pattern similar to that of the upper
surface, except that the adnervular rays are whiter and
more distinct, they are 8 in number, extending from the
3rd subcostal to the 3rd median branch; the distal
third of the cell is also greyish white, with long central
coalesced dentations, and the 4 pseudoneura fairly dis-
tinct—(the 2nd passing through the fine grey white
central streak of the black dentation).

The yeins are not so stout as in some species, but
sufficiently distinct on both surfaces; the median nervules
running through the adnervular rays are themselves as
usual more strongly accentuated by being slightly bor-
dered with black, especially on the upper surface. The
posterior wings velvety black-brown, with a discal trans-
verse broad patch of brilliant yellow, divided by four of
the nervules ; in some specimens a small yellow spot or
blotch is found close within the distal end of the cell,
generally of a different shape and size on each wing of the
example : sometimes this mark is absent, and the cell is
immaculate, and sometimes a moderately broad transverse
mark of yellow runs parallel with the discocellular nervules
within the cell—thereby forming a part of the entire
yellow discal band or area of the wing. By reason of the
narrowness of this yellow area the wing from the end of
the cell to the base, with the whole of the inner margin,
and from the 2nd median nervule, and also a very broad
hind submarginal portion of the wing are velvety black ;
the under surface is exactly similar to that above. The
black on the upper side is shot with a delicate olive-
greenish sheen, and on the underside with a bluish-green
sheen; the fringe lunules are whitish and very slight,
being almost invisible on the anterior wings; from the
posterior wings they are quite absent.

The head is black; the eyes are castaneous ; the thorax
pilose black, and abdomen rather a light brown. The
pronotal red collar of the thorax (or neck) very distinct
in some examples. The pectoral scarlet or coccineous
spots are small, but extend to over the whole surface of
the metathorax; the abdominal marginal fringe of hairs
is moderately extensive, and the hairs black and fairly
long.

Length of costa in 5 examples in the Author’s Museum
varies from 65 to 72 mms. Length of abdomen or an-

*These two on the authority of W, Rothschild's ' Novitates Zoologicz."

tennze 26 mms., and of head with thorax 19 mms. Greatest
width of anterior wing 35 and of posterior 27 mms. ;
greatest length of posterior wings 43 mms.; length of
posterior margin of Primaries 50, of interior margin 38
mms.

ines r, 10; tibia, 8; tarsi, 11 :

Length of ist pair: femur, j oe, , II mms
Legs and sy ”? 12; ” 10 ; ” 13 ”
3rd ” : 2? IO; bh) Il ; be) I4 a

including the trochanters.

Articulations of antenne, 54 mms.

Habitat : Celebes.

23

the pseudoneura more distinct, and the subconical brown
dentation almost disconnected from the brown area of the
cell; all the grey adnervular rays are rather more pro-
nounced, and there is a supplementary ray bordering the
submedian nervure--and a small one on the submedian
fold or sinus. Posterior wings, with a fairly extensive
golden-yellow area ; this yellow occupies nearly half the
discoidal cell—distal end: a very small section of it also
in the space between the 1st and 2nd subcostal nervules,
without the cell, and the remaining yellow area encloses 4
pytiform, black marks, in some examples confluent with the
broad dark submarginal border, in others slightly separated
from it by the yellow: the first of these, between the and
and 3rd subcostal nervules is the largest, the next below
is the smallest, and the remaining 2 are slightly longer ;

3 UNDERSIDE.

IPN Hy

¢ Anterior wings warm dark brown, lightest towards
the base of the wings, with about 8 adnervular grey white
rays, subdued by brown scales ; the veins all delicate but
well expressed. Within the discoidal cell the outer half
is grey-white bordering the submedian, median, and
discocellular nervures, of irregular width, with a central
broad dentate or subconical extension of the dark area
of the rest of the cell, through which the and pseudo-
neurus is revealed by a fine streak of grey. Undersurface
of the wing similar, but the grey of the cell is broader in
every detail, and the central streak of grey also broader—

Fic. 2a. NEURATION OF THE ¢@.

in all the examples I have seen these marks are very con-
stant in shape, and graceful; a dark orange-grey mark is
curved by the 3rd median branch and the submedian vein ,
all the remainder of the wing is dark velvety brown ; the
veins are dark brown and strongly expressed in the
yellow.

Under surface of the Anterior wing as above, except that
the dark parts of the wing are lighter, as are the light rays
and light parts of the cell. Under surface of the posterior
wing as above, except that the orange-yellow of the upper

24

surface is a creamy orange-white extending to the sub-
median nervure; the fine-line fringe lunules on both
surfaces are orange creamy-white. Head, thorax and
abdomen are dark fuscous brown; the eyes castaneous ;
antenne and legs (which are long and graceful) intensely

black.

Underside of thorax with the usual pectoral red mark,
and of the abdomen with the articulations slightly indi-
cated by a few yellow scales.

Fic. 3.

. & UNDERSIDE.

Length of costa about 80 mms.; of outer margin 45,
and inner margin about 34 mms.; width of wing about
35 mms.; greatest length of posterior wing about 47, and
width about 24 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz 26, and of thorax with
head 16 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 10; tibia, 7; tarsi, 9 mms.
200: an) OPS anes cela;
3rd AOR) A eons ether a

Length of
Legs

le ”

PoMPEOPTERA HALIPHRON, ?. ; |

Habitat: Celebes, Macassar, SE. Saleyer (very com-

mon), Bantimcerong.

The var. bauermanni, Rober, is of no great importance,
except that it comes from Kabia Island, as does Oberthiir’s
synonym pallens, in addition. to the other localities
mentioned ; but, for the purpose of comparison, I give
Mr. Oberthiir’s description :—‘‘ O. palleus (an aberration

|

NEURATION OF ?.

yellow; the white adnervular rays present more white™
than in the type form; the head, thorax, and abdomgn
are of a dark grey, slightly golden. This it is which gives
to this variety its special aspect; the pronotal red collar
is very strongly accentuated in the two examples which

I possess.” Oberthiir, ‘ Et. d’Ent.,’ iv. p. 110 sub. n. 7

(1879).

Mr. Oberthtir also, in the same article, makes the fol-
lowing observation on 3 examples of a ¢ var. of Haliphron
which he received from Celebes (or Kabia Island ?)

‘This variety differs from the type by the extension of
the golden yellow discal band of the lower wing. In
those sent from Celebes, which I recently received, I
found three ¢ examples—in one of which the narrow
yellow band did not encroach within the cell; on the
contrary in the 2nd individual the yellow band occupied
a small portion of the cell; and lastly the 3rd specimen
is intermediate between the two others, and has two
yellow dots within the cell.’ By which it may be seen,
on referring to my description of the ¢ at the beginning
of this article, that the normal character of the discal
yellow band allows of a small invasion of the discoidal

Ee

3 L.g , Frome ex amples im The JIving Museum.
”

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THE FOREGOING SPECIES.

25

cell, more or less pronounced in some individuals. Other
variations of the females of this species present the fol-
lowing features :— ? with very light anterior wings; the
basal or abdominal margin very light brown (v. bawermannt) ;
also with the anterior wings darker. Hab. Kalao, Saleyer;
with yellow and black areas of hind wings more or less
contracted, S. Celebes, S. Flores, Lombreu, Pantar,
Adonara, Alors, Wetter.

@ very dark; hind wing very black, yellow area very
small; obsolete traces of discal spots. Hab. Wetter.
This may really be a form of Staudingeri.

¢ ar. fae i] (tS CEeerisir, ee tg »84 146.9 EC tte,

Ornithoptera Haliphron, Oberthiir, “ Et. d’Ent.” iv., p. 30, n. 7, and p. 110, n. 7 (1879). ¢.¢%.

Rothschild, “Iris” v., p. 442 (1892).

Piepers and Snellen, ‘‘ Tijdschr. v, Ent." xxi., p. 37, n. 147 (1878).

Var. bavermannt, Rober “Iris” I.,p.19. ¢ nec. ¢ (1885).

Var. pallens Oberthir, ‘« Et. d’Ent.,” iv., p. 110, sub. n. 7 (1879), is the same as bawermannt. ¢.
Var. piston Rothschild.

POMPEOPTERA NAIAS.

Ornithoptera Naias, Doherty, ‘‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’’ p. 193, n. 116 (1891).

3} 9 Var. Sambawana, Doherty, l.c., p. 194, sub. n., 116 (1891).

Ornithoptera Socrates, Staudinger, ‘‘ Iris,” iv., p. 71 (1891), id., l.c., vi., p. 83, t. i. f. i. (1893).
Troides Haliphron, v. Naias, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novit. Zool.” Vol. II., p. 207 (1895).

oh
oe.
oe.

Pompeoptera Naias, Rippon, ‘‘ Genera Insectorum ’’ of Wytsman, Section TROIDEs, p. 13 (1902).

g@. Anterior wings velvety black, with the adnervular
light rays very distinct; within the cell at or near the
distal end only faint white lines, which also slightly
emphasize the pseudoneura; fringe lunules white, and
only delicately indicated. Undersurface as above except
that the light rays are more prominent, and in 2-3rds of

the cell they very prominently emphasize the pseudo-.

neura. Posterior wings: the yellow area within the cell
(one-half its extent) and without on the disc is, similar in
shape and extent to that of Criton and Plato; the rest
of the wing is velvety black. Undersurface as above.
The abdominal marginal fringe-hairs rather long.

Thorax, head and antenne black; pronotal collar red ;
abdomen very dark brown, with yellow green margins,
underside of thorax with the pectoral red mark, of
abdomen partly black, and partly greenish yellow; anal
valves black.

Length of costa 67, of outer margin 50, and inner
margin 31 mms.; width of posterior wing 25 mms.;
greatest lengh 37 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennze 24 mms.; of thorax
with head 24 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 10; tibia, 6; tarsi, 9 mms.
oe Tee 14

Sic Phy eae oe oplOs, he tos 16
including the trochanters.

Length of
Legs

eh ” 9 ”? ”

LP] 9

26

¢@. Anterior wing very dark brown; the adnervular
rays well represented, subdued by brown atoms; 2-3rds of
the cell also with 3 long patches of scaly-white, through
which the pseudoneura pass ; an adnervular white streak
attached to the submedian vein ; undersurface as above,
except that all the light rays are whiter and more promi-
nent, and they nearly fill the cell.

Posterior wings: 2-3rds of the cell yellow; also about
2-3rds of the disc yellow, near the submedian vein
suffused with white; within the discal yellow area are 4
subconical black spots united at their base with the sub-
marginal black; at the upper part of the wing the black
of the disc occupies the 2 spaces where theoretically 2
more subconical marks should be; 2 or 3 small white
streaks at and near the anal angle. Undersurface nearly
as above; all the rest of the wing on both surfaces velvety-
black. Head, antennz and thorax black; eyes brown;
abdomen dark brown, with the last 3 segments margined
yellow. Underside of thorax with the pectoral red patch ;
legs black ; abdomen yellow, the annulations or segments
well expressed with black.

Ist pair: femur, 11; tibia, 12; tarsi, 14 mms.
Length A 2 :
of legs 2n ” ” 13 ’ ” 13 ) ”? 14 ”
”? If 5 ” 10 ; ” 15 ?

er)

Hab. Sumba, where it is common. The var. sumba-
wana is taken in Sumbawa, the form called by Staudinger
Socrates is found in Wetter, Sumbawa, Alor, and Adonara.

[Reference to these islands will be made in the article
on Geographical distribution, at the end of this volume. ]

POMPEOPTERA CRITON.

Ornithoptera Criton, Felder, “ Wien. Ent. Monat. IV.” p. 225, n. 72 (1860).

Also p. 49 of Feld. ‘‘ Entomological Fragments.”

Papilo Criton, Felder, ‘ Reise Nov. Lep.” I., p. 12, n. 6. t. 4 a—c (1865). ¢. ?.
Ornithoptera Criton, Wallace, ‘‘ Trans. Linn. Soc.’ Vol. XXV. (1865). ¢. ¢.

” ” ”

” ”

Oberthiv, “ Etudes d’Ent.” LV est Dias tyr lls) LOH(0G7O) ean pen Gos

‘Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,” XV., p. 468, n. 3 (1880). 3. ?.
Butley, ‘‘ Annals Mag. Nat. Hist.” (5), XIII., p. 196, n. 42 (1884).
Staudinger und Schatz, ‘‘ Exot. Schmett.” I., p. 5 (1884).

Ribbe, ‘* Iris,” III., p. 43 (1891).

(Larva and pupa].

Papilio Criton, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep.” p. 519 (1871).
Ornithoptera Criton, Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die Zeichnungsverhiltnisse der Gatt. Orn.” p. 737.
Troides Criton, Rothschild, ‘* Novitates Zoologice,"’ V. II., p. 210, n. 16 (a2), type ¢ similar to ¢. (bz) V. Oberthitri ¢ ; (c 2) V. feldert, ¢ . (1895).

Pompeoptera Criton is properly a member of the
Haliphron group, which also includes P. Nazas of Doherty,
P. Ivis of Rober, P. Plato of Wallace, and P Staudinger
of Rober, atleast, if not P. Riedelt of Kirsch, in addition
to the varieties of Haliphron, as at present known.

é Anterior wings entirely velvety black, with slightly
silky greenish reflections on their upper surface; the
veins only slightly discernible. Undersurface entirely
olive-greenish black; veins prominently in relief; the
nervules faintly margined with lighter tones—the analo-
gues of the light internervular rays usually present on the
wing above and below, in most of the species of this Genus;
the marginal wing folds accentuated by greyish atoms.

Posterior wings warm reddish lemon-yellow—with the
veins prominently black; the base of the wing, and out-
side the precostal for a short distance, half the cell
diagonally, and the area from the submedian to the ab-
dominal pouch deep velvety-black; the whitish line indi-
cating the inner portion of the pouch or wing-fold fairly
conspicuous; the broad submarginal border black, and
lunate within between the veins. Undersurface as above,
but with the area of the abdominal fold reddish black,
with moderately long hair fringe.

Head and eyes dark castaneous—between the eyes
dark pilose black—haustellum black. Antenne black.

Thorax above velvety black; beneath, with red collar,
and red marks from the base to half way on each side of
the legs.

Abdomen above brown, subdued by atoms, with lateral
yellow marks on the penultimate annulations ; subdorsum
yellow, with the usual black dots; anal valves brownish-

black.

27

Antenne 22 mms. in length; abdomen 24 mms.;
thorax with head 16 mms.; length of costa 57, and width
34 mms., in the anterior wing; outer margin 34 mms.
Width of posterior wing 25, and length 34 mms.

t pair: femur 7; tibia, 7; tarsi, 9 mms.
Length of {7°,P Lashes ,
; and ,, : 5, 10; 4, 10; 4, 10 4,
3rd, > 4 93 9 95) TZ yy
The outer margin of the wing is gracefully incurved ;
the antenne are most like those of the typical papilios.

Described and drawn from Felder’s type.

¢ Anterior wings warm brown, with light adnervular
rays, all of which, with the exception of that belonging to
the 3rd median nervure, reach the boundary of the
cell (the latter only half-way) ; two faint light rays below
on the submedian fold and submedian vein: a faint light
irregular area within the discoidal cell at the distal end
subdued by brown atoms, as with the adnervular rays.
Undersurface similar, except that all the lighter areas
are broader and lighter; the veins are very prominent as
are also the pseudoneura on both surfaces.

Posterior wings dark brown, with a large orange-yellow
discal area; the orange tint of the yellow is produced by
a powdering of reddish scales; the veins deep black.
This area extends to about 1-4th within the cell, and is
somewhat sinuate; within the veins is a row of 5 large
suboval black spots, marked off from the outer marginal
black border by white atoms. All the remainder of the
wing is velvety-black—the submarginal border being
lunate; the inner margin reddish-brown. Undersurface
as above, except that the yellow area of the upper becomes
an ochraceous or creamy-white on the under-surface, the
discal black spots are smaller and more irregular in size
and shape, are dotted with white atoms, are 7 in number,
and the submarginal border consists of 7 accuminate

28

divisions nearly reaching the discal spots, and divided
from each other by brown spaces; this marginal border
and the inner black areas of the wing towards the base
and in the cell are ornamented with white atoms. The
light marginal lunations on both surfaces of all the wings
are creamy-white, In the ¢ they are white and only
seen on the undersurface of the wings.

Ist pair: femur, 9; tibia, 7; tarsi, 12 mms.
Length of ea Y
d ”) *, ? IO; ” IO ; ”? 15 9
(3rd be) : ? 9; 9 9; ” 15 ?

legs

Fic. I.

Head and thorax black; abdomen warm brown; eyes
castaneous. Beneath, thorax with deep red patch
halfway down the sides of the legs, and red collar;
abdomen lemon-yellow, with dark atoms and lateral black
dots—each articulation marked by a thin line of lemon-
yellow; anal tuft reddish black.

Fic. 3a.

Fic. 2.

NEURATION OF ANT. WINc.

Length of costa of anterior wing 75, width 46 mms. ;
length of outer margin 55, of inner margin 40 mms.;
length of posterior wing 45 mms. ; width 31 mms.

Length of thorax with head 21, of abdomen 28; and
antenne 26 mms.

3 UNDERSIDE.

PoMPEOPTERA CriTon, Felder. ¢.

Habitat: Batjan, Gilolo, Morty; taken by Mr. A. R.
Wallace; Dodinga, Ternate, according to Oberthiir,
Halmahera (or Gilolo, as it is called by the‘natives) :
localities also quoted by him in the ‘Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova.” The varieties oberthiivi and felderi of Roths-
childare from N. Molucca,in addition to the above localities.

Fic. 36. NEuraTIon oF Posterior WING.
3c. ABDOMINAL FoLD oF THE ¢.

Batjan is a small island situate S.W. of Gilolo, or
Djilolo ; Morty Island is nearly at the extreme N.E. of
Djilolo or (Halmahera), and is slightly larger than Batjan;
Ternate lies West of Djilolo at about midway of the
latter’s coast ; the species therefore appears to be confined
to the Djilolo group of Islands, or at any rate to a limited

portion of the Northern Moluccas. A closely allied sp.
if not a var. is also an inhabitant of Batjan and the Island
of Oby, N.E. and by N. of the same island. The splen-
did Ornithoptera Cresus is an inhabitant of Batjan, and
its close ally O. Lydius with its curious female, of Djilolo.
Batjan is also somewhat rich in Pieridz, specially the

|

29
Delias group, and the graceful Celestina or lavender-and-

yellow group.

I am indebted to the Hon. Walter Rothschild for the
opportunity of figuring this species from the Felder types,
which are in his museum at Tring.

Fic. 4. P. Criton Felder 2.

Fic. 6a

Fie. 66.

NeurRaTION oF ANTERIOR WING. Fic. 5. UNDERSIDE oF P. CRITON ?¢. NEURATION OF PosTERIOR WING.

POMPEOPTERA PLATO,

Ornithoptera Plato, Wallace, ‘' Trans. Linn. Soc.,"’ V. 25, p. 40, n. 13 (1865). ¢ only.

Ornithoptera Plato, Wallace (Translated by Staudinger) ‘‘ Iris” IV., p. 74 (1891). ¢.

[As a local form of Crifon from Timor].

Papilio Plato, W. F. Kirby, ‘Syn. Cat. Diurnal Lepid.,” p. 530. (18712).
Ornithoptera Plato, Réber, ‘Tijdschr. V. Ent.,"’ XXXIV. p. 269 (1891). 3 ?.
Troides Plato, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novitates Zoologice,’’ Vol. II., p. 209, n. 15 (1895).
Pompeoptera Plato, Rippon, ‘‘ Section Tvoides ’ (in Wytsman’s ‘* Genera Insectorum," p. 13 (1902).

Ofthe & of this species Wallace, in the Trans. of the
Linnzan Society, remarks that “it resembles O. Criton
very much, but the abdomen is almost wholly black
beneath ; that it has no red patches at the base of the
wings, or any red collar.’ But it will be shewn by the
following description, and by my figures that Mr. Wallace
was in error, probably from examining a worn specimen.
A figure of the 2 published by Felder under this name in
the ‘‘ Wien. Ent. Mon.,”’ must have been described and
named under a misapprehension, especially as he was
unaware of the locality in which it was found.

g. Anterior wings deep brown black; the adnervular
light rays very much subdued and delicately darkened—
looking more like a series of grey-brown cloudings in the
black of the disc; the veins are all, however, very
prominent. The undersurface resembles the upper, but
the light adnervular rays are broader, nearly confluent,
and bluish-grey ; this gray also encroaches within the cell,
and the pseudoneura are shown prominently passing
through the grey area; a few scattered grey atoms are
found just above the submedian vein, at the posterior angle
of the wing.

Posterior wings. The central golden-yellow area
occupies one half of the cell, and about one half the disc
of the wing—is lunated towards the entire outline between
each vein—and runs diagonally across the wing towards
the basal or inner-marginal directions, its greatest width
being double the area of the dark portion extending to-
wards the base; all the wing except the yellow area isa
deep velvety-black, shot with a grey sheen. The under-
surface is similar to the upper, except that the inner out-
line of the yellow in the cell is somewhat sinuate; the
fringe lunules of all the wings, on both surfaces, are white.

The thorax, head, and abdomen above are black;
underside of the pronotal collar is red, antennze black ;
thorax with the basal red patch ; dorsum of abdomen black
except the last 5 annulations, 4 of which are partially
greenish-yellow—the anal valves brown ; legs black, long,
and slender.

Length of costa 65 mms.; of outer margin 55 and of
inner margin about 36 mms.; greatest width 36 mms. ;
greatest width of posterior wing 30, and length 45 mms.

Length of abdomen or antenne 23, and of thorax with
head 23 mms.

Length oH pair: femur IT; tibia 95 tarsi, II mms.
of legs: | 770 yee Sy ets eer Bre
3rd ” ” Ole ag ICR 35 15 4

Hab. Oinainisa, Timor.

¢. Anterior wing light brown; 1-3rd of the cell, distal
end, ochraceous white; the discal rays broad and of the
same colour, subdued by brown atoms.

Undersurface, as above, but the light portions whiter ;
fringe lunules ochraceous white.

Posterior wing black, with a narrow discal and disco-
cellular band golden-yellow, but whitish towards the inner
margin ; a row of discal yellow spots, nearly obsolete; the
anal angle ochraceous white.

Undersurface of wing as above, the light yellow area,
and discal band of spots more distinct and white; an
apical > shaped light mark; the fringe lunules as on the
anterior wings.

Head, thorax and abdomen above, brown black—the
latter short with yellow lateral continuations of the subdorsal
yellow, near the termination of the abdomen. Under
side of thorax with the legs black, long, and slender, and
the usual basal red patch; abdomen yellow, but the
segments strongly accentuated with black.

Length of costa 78, of outer margin 56, and inner
margin 44 mms.; greatest width of posterior 38, and
length 54 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz 25, and of thorax with
head 22 mms,

Length of Legs

with trochanters d,, ” 12; i SPR E oy He)

| pair: femur, 10; tibia, 10; tarsi, 13
3rd ”) 7 Il ; ? 15 ; ”? 16

Hab. Oinainisa, Dutch Timor.

From the Tring Museum.

POMPEOPTERA CRITON, VAR. FELDERI.

Troides Criton, var. Felderi, ¢ Rothschild

, " Novitates Zoologice,”’ vol. ii., page 210 (1895).

¢. Anterior wings dark brown, with the adnervular
light rays, especially the upper ones, so densely scaled
with brown atoms as to render them almost obsolete ; the
distal end of the cell with a light patch of one third the
cell length also as densely scaled; the veins sufficiently
expressed ; the dark brown of the wings with a distinct
olive-green sheen, when seen in certain positions.

Undersurface as above, but the light adnervular rays
and marks of the disc and cell are reddish and greenish-
grey, and only slightly subdued by scaling: the brown of
the wings has also a more silky greenish sheen than on
the upper surface ; the pseudoneura are well shown in the
cell, though invisible on the upper surface; the fringe
lunations are continuous, and rufous white.

Posterior wings dark brown, with a silky greenish tex-
ture ; a large discal area of orange-tinted white, which en-
croaches one-fourth within the cell, and contains five large
submarginal black ovoid spots; in the subcostal area
above them are two light spots, indicating the continuation
of the light area, but broken up; the outer margin is grace-
fully scalloped, and the fringe rather redder in colour than
the discal light area ; the light lunations below the black
ovoid spots are thickly scaled. The under-surface of the
wings the same in pattern as above, but the submarginal

Snr

row of black spots (six in number) are smaller than above,
the light spaces below them are only slightly scaled, the
outer marginal brown band is strongly dentate, the light
area is whiter than on the upper surface, and the base
ae wings darker than above; the marginal fringe very
rufous.

Length of costa of anterior wing 70 mms.; of outer
margin 39 mms. Greatest length of posterior wing, 45
mms.; greatest width 35 mms.

Head and thorax velvety brownish-black; eyes very
dark brown ; abdomen rufous brown, with lateral and
subdorsal yellow, subdued by brown atoms, and with
lateral black dots and the articulations strongly expressed
with black.

Antenne densely black, legs black, thorax with the
usual red pectoral patches.

Length of abdomen or antennz 27 mms., of thorax with
the head 20 mms.

Habitat : Halmaheira.

Figured on plate 41.

POMPEOPTERA CRITON, VAR. OBERTHURI.

Troides Criton, var. Oberthiivi, ¢ of Rothschild, ‘ Novitates Zoologicz," vol. ii., page azo (1895).

A much larger variety, more in size like P. Critonoides
of Frihstorfer, from the island of Oby, and very much in
pattern like P. Riedeli @ of Kirsch: in fact a description
of Rzedelt would almost do to represent the characters of
Oberthiri.

Anterior wings velvety black, the veins stout and
prominent ; the adnervular rays ochraceous white, subdued
towards their distal ends by black scaling, and broad at
nearest to the cell ; within the cell at the distal end 1-4th
of the area is also ochraceous white, subdued by scal-
ing, the whole forming a very prominent white transverse,
central area of about 1-4th of the entire wing, or about 24
mms. at its broadest and 12 mms, at its narrowest; this
light area extends across the wing from the 2nd subcostal
to the 3rd median nervules—at the latter it is isolated as
an independent adnervular ray, terminating at each end
equidistant from the outer margin and the discoidal cell ;
faint trace of the rays are found on the submedian fold.
The pseudoneura can be traced in the light end of the
cell on both surfaces.

Under surface of the wings as above.

Posterior wings velvety black; a large discal area, and
the distal 1-3rd of the cell golden yellow; the five rather
large ovoid black discal spots united with the very broad
submarginal black border; the abdominal marginal and
submedian area silky brown, with a greenish tinge.

Under-surface as above, except that the black is not
quite so velvety, and a small light yellow streak is found
midway of the submedian fold.

Head, thorax, and abdomen somewhat pilose velvety
black on the dorsi; eyes nitid black; thorax on the sub-
dorsum and the legs, black; with the usual pectoral red
patch ; abdomen yellow, with broad black articulations
and the usual row of lateral black dots; the anal tuft dark
brown.

34

Length of costa 78 mms.; of posterior margin 58, and
of interior margin 43 mms.; greatest length of posterior
wing 49 and of width 34 mms. Length of thorax with the
head 22 mms.; of abdomen or antennz 29 mms.

The pronotal collar is carmine red.

_ Habitat: Halmaheira. Taken by the late Mr. Doherty
in 1892.

It may be remarked that this ? is distinctly unlike that
of the type form of Criton. In the latter the rays of
either of the anterior wings are only faintly traceable; in
Oberthtiri we see that the light portions are very con-
spicuous ; on the two surfaces of the posterior wings there
is very little difference between the two forms. The % of
Oberthiiri is also much larger than that of the typical form
of Criton.

The type form is found in the northern part of Batjan
or Seki Island, and Oberthiiri at Halmaheira in the large
Bay east of the island of Djilolo or Gilolo. Whether the
3 of Oberthtiri differs in any respect from that of the
typical Criton,1 am unable to say; but generally the
females of the respective species of Troides have a greater
tendency to variation than have the males.

I must here take the opportunity of saying that the figs.
on my plate of Criton are redrawn from the Felder types,
while those on pages 28 and 29 of this vol. are also
from specimens in Mr. Rothschild’s Museum ; and I am
indebted to him for the pleasure of describing the vars.
Felderi and Oberthiri, and figuring the latter.

I would also call attention to the great differences be-
tween the respective females of the Felder type, in plate
40, of the typical form on page 2g, and the var. 5, Oberthure
and Feldert on plate 41.

POMPEOPTERA

IRIS.

Ornithoptera Iris, Rober, ‘Ent. Nachrichten,” page 369, ¢ $. (1888).

” ”

” ”

Staudinger, ‘Iris,’ iv, page 74 (1891) (as a local form of Haliphron ?)
Réber, " Tijdschrift voor Ent." vol. xxxiv., page 270 (1890). (Iris differentiated from Haliphron).

Troides Haliphron Iris, Rothschild, "*Novitates Zoologica, vol. ii, page 208 (1895).

¢, Anterior wings intensely velvety black, shot with
erey reflections; adnervular rays only just visible, or
almost shaded into the black of the wing. Undersurface
as above, except that the adnervular rays, anda slight indi-
cation of white at the distal end of the cell are rather
lighter ; fringe lunules dull white, and very delicate.

Posterior wings velvety black, shot with grey reflec-
tions ; a narrow discal band of yellow extending from the
subcostal nervure to a speck of yellow outside the 3rd
median nervure; a small speck of yellow also at the distal
end of the cell. Underside as above, except below the
median vein and over the submedian area, which is rather
lighter black.

Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen densely black,
anal valves reddish black; pronotal collar red ; underside
of thorax black and red, abdomen black, legs robust and
black.

Length of costa of anterior wing 61, of outer margin
58, and inner margin 30 mms. Width of posterior wing
25, and length 39 mms. Length of abdomen or antenne
26, and of head and thorax 20 mms.

Length of Legs

with trochanters and ,, ” 95 » 12; 5, 15

20 pair: femyr, 9g; tibia, g; tarsi, 12
re ae OU Be eae 5 TS
@. Anterior wings light brown; adnervular light rays

sordid creamy-white, extending from the cell almost to

the hind or outer margin, and from the costal nervure to
the 3rd median nervule, again partly along the submedian
fold, with a large leaf-like mark at or near the anal
angle, through which the distal portion of the submedian
vein passes. The sordid whitish mark also occupies
rather more than 1-3rd of the distal portion of the cell.

Undersurface as above, except that the light marks are

less sordid; fringe rays creamy white and delicate.

Posterior wings deep black, with olive grey reflections ;
the central yellow patch of ruddy yellow is small, only
extending on the disc from the 1st discoidal nervure to
the submedian fold, and 1-4th of the cell at its distal end,

or less than 1-4th of the whole wing; fringe lunules
creamy white; undersurface as above, the yellow area
whiter in tint.

Head, antennz, eyes, thorax and abdomen above and
below varying degrees of rather dark brown; pronotal
collar red ; pectoral patch also red.

Length of costa of anterior wing 75, of outer margin 56,
of inner margin 46 mms, Length of posterior wing 50,
and width 33 mms. Length of abdomen or antenne 26
mms.; of thorax with the head 21 mms.

; tibi : tarsi, 10.
Length of legs Ist pair, femur, 10; tibia, 9; :
with trochanters and , ” 13; » 135 » 14.

3rd ” ” 12; se eo An 13.

Habitat, Island of Letti.

The originals of my figures on Pl. 64, and the subjects
of these descriptions are in the Tring Museum of the Hon.
Walter Rothschild.

The pseudoneura in the cell of the anterior wing are
in two groups, in both sexes. Inthe ¢ the Ist or upper
pseudoneurus originates at a short distance from the base
of the subcostal vein, and terminates just beyond the
base of its 3rd branch; the 3 other pseudoneura com-
mence at the base of the wing, spreading out fan-like to
the distal end, or 2-3rds of the extent of the cell. In the
@ the arrangement is very nearly the same, but the rst
and 4th commence at the base, while the 2nd and 3rd
branch off a little above the base of the 4th.

[The ¢ of this species closely resembles the var. of
Doherty: @ figured on Plate 64, figs. 7 andg, but the
posterior wings are more dentate in Doherty: ¢, and the
3 of Ivis is smaller and different in outline from the same
sex of Dohertyi. The pseudoneura of Doherty: in both
sexes are arranged in 2 groups of 2 each, the 2nd branch-
ing from the 1st at 1-3rd of its length, and the 4th
branching from the 3rd at half its length,—thereby show-
ing that the two forms are only distantly related.]

33

POMPEOPTERA RIEDELI.

Ornithoptera Riedeli, Kirsch, “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” page 275, note 1, t. 19, f. (2). 2(%) (1885).

»” ”

”
Troides Riedeli,

Rober, “ Tijdschr, voor Ent.” vol. xxxiv., page 266 (1891). (¢ ¢).
ae Grose-Smith and W. F. Kirby, ‘'Rhopalocera Exotica,” vol, ii., Orn, Pp. 3t,28 42. (¢). 2.(¢), 1892.
Rothschild, Noyit. Zoologicz,” vol. ii., p. 211, n. 17. (1895).

3. Anterior wings. Costa arcuate, though rather
more slightly than in the @ ; the outer margin nearly
straight, but sufficiently curved into the costa at the
apical angle; interior margin nearly straight; wings
velvety or silky black, with a greenish sheen; only the
very faintest indications of the light adnervular rays on the
3 median nervules. Under surface as above, except that
the nervules have more or less broad light rays attached,
but greatly subdued to a dark grey by black scaling; the
pseudoneura only visible in the cell on the under-surface
—the lowest or 3rd bifurcating very near to the distal end
of the cell.

Posterior wings, velvety-silky black, with a very broad
discal area of rich ruddy golden yellow, and a small area
of the same colour at the distal end of the cell ; this area
of yellow is beautifully opalescent when viewed obliquely
opposite the light, almost as richly as in the & of Magel-
lanus, only the opalescent prevailing tone is olive green ;
the submarginal black border is fairly broad, and lunate
between each vein ; the outer margin of the wing is slightly
lunate, with only the slightest trace of the light fringe
lunations ; the veins running through the yellow area are
well pronounced in black.

Under surface as above, except that the yellow is lesS
coppery in tone, and the opalescence more richly green:
The abdominal-marginal fringe short and sparse. The
head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen velvety or silky
black, pronotal collar carmine or coral red ; eyes nitid dark
brown. The subdorsum of the thorax is black, the legs
nitid black, the red pectoral patch only slightly seen; the
abdomen sub-dorsum black, with the three lower articula-
tions slightly yellow, and the anal valves brown.

f
fo)
?
inner margin 33 mms; greatest length of posterior wings
44 and width 27 mms.

Length of costa 68 mms, ; of outer margin 47 mms. ;

Length of thorax with the head 25 mms.; of abdomen
25, and of antennze 30 mms.

Length) 1st pair, Femur, 8; Tibia, 7; Tarsi, 8 mms.
of rand Irs 10; IO
Legs: / 3rd 10; ities 17

” re) ”? ) )

” ”) 7 ”? 7

Habitat: Timor Laut. In the Author’s Museum.

%. Anterior wings. Almost entirely like the upper
wings of Criton var. oberthiiri, 2 , except that the light area
of the distal end of the cell is not quite so large, the ab-
nervular light rays are whiter, and extend almost to the
outer margin, and the black of the wings slightly warmer
in tone. Under surface as above.

Posterior wings like those of Oberthiivi except that the
yellow discal area is not quite so extensive, being reduced

34

between the 1st and 2nd discocellular nervules to four
spots of colour; that only a minute yellow spot is found
at the distal end of the cell, the discal ovoid black spots
are broader, and either separated by black-scaled yellow
from the submarginal black band, or where connected are
laterally scaled in the same manner; the submarginal
black is acutely lunate towards the discal spots, and the
outer margin rather more lunate or dentate; there is also
a light fawn-coloured patch between the 3rd median branch
and submedian fold, and a slight light scaled line on the
lower part of the abdominal margin. Under surface as
above, except that the yellow portions are less ruddy in
tone, there is no dark scaling, and the fawn-tinted white
of the submedian area above becomes yellow on the
underside. The yellow portions of the wing on both
surfaces are, when viewed obliquely opposite the light,
opalescent green—most prominently on the underside. In
Oberthiirt this is not the case.

Length of costa of anterior wing 82 mms.; of outer
margin 58 mms.; of inner margin 45 mms. Length of
posterior wing 55, and greatest width, 39 mms.

Head, antenne and thorax black, eyes nitid dark
brown ; abdomen warm silky-brown. Under side of thorax
velvety black, with the usual lateral red patches;
the legs nitid black; abdomen black the last four
articulations laterally and subdorsally scaled, and golden
yellow; anal tuft brown; the lateral black dots only four
in number. Only three of the anterior cell pseudoneura
are traceable beneath, the 2nd or central one seen pro-
minently in the distal white area.

Length of thorax with head, 10 mms.; of abdomen or
antenne, 15 mms.

Length(1st pair, Femur, 10; Tibia, 10; Tarsi, 13 mms.
of and pair, ye IEE ee 15
Legs: (3rd pair, 10; [2s 16

” 77 7?

” ea th) a)

Habitat : Timor Laut.

If we were only acquainted with the ¢ of this species
we should be inclined to regard it as a fine example
of Criton v. oberthiivt, notwithstanding the difference of
locality ; but the knowledge of the ¢ makes it a certainty
that it is a different species from Oberthiiri, and an instance
of persistence of typal pattern in the females.

In the Author’s Museum.

Timor Laut is the largest ofa group of small islands
situated south-west of the Aroe or Aru Archipelago, and
exactly west of the Southern part of New Guinea and
Prince Frederick Henry Island, in the Arafura sea.
Tenimber Island is a little north, and the Kei Islands,
north-east of Timor Laut. All these islands are rich in
fine Papilionidz and Ornithoptera.

POMPEOPTERA A‘ACUS.

Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, Boisduval, '' Species Géneral Lépidoptera,”’ vol. i, page 180, note 8 (2, ec % var. a, mec ¢ (1836) ¢.

”

”

”

Daubleday, Westwood and Hewitson, ‘‘ Genera Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. i, page 4, note ro (1846) ¢ ¢?.
Horsfield and Moore, ‘‘ Cat. Lep, E-India, Comp. Museum,” vol. 1., page 88, note 1857) ¢ ?.

Reakirt, “Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia,” p. 444, n. I (1864) ¢ ?.

Moore, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,” p. 755 (1865),
Druce, ‘‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’’ p. 108, n. 1 (1874). oe.

Distant, '‘ Rhop, Malayana,” p. 326, n. i. t. 27a, fig. 5 (¢), and p. 327, f. 106 (3) (1885).
Wood-Mason and Nicéville, '‘ Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal,” p. 373, n. 172 (1886). ¢ ?.
Elwes and Nicéville, ‘‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,” p. 438, n. 148. (1886).
Elwes, ‘‘ Trans. Ent. Soc, London,” p, 422, n. 393 (1888).
Watson, ‘‘ Journal As. Soc. Bengal,” p, 53, 0. 205 (1891).
Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,” p. 311, 0. 371 (1893).
Leech, ‘' Butterflies of China,” p. 513 (1893).
de Nicéville, ‘‘ Gazetteer of Sikkim,” p. 170 n. 457 (1894).

of.

Papilio Rhadamanthus, Gray, ‘‘Cat. Lep. Ms. B. Mus.,” vol. i., p. 6., n. 14 (1852).

” ”

Ornithoptera Hiacus, Felder, ‘‘ Wien. Ent. Mon.” vol. iv., p. 225, m. 71 (1860).

Papilio @acus, Felder, “‘ Verh. z, b. Ges. Wien,” p. 291, 0. 33
Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, v. Amphrisius, Kirby, ‘‘ Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep.” p. 520 (1871) ¢.

”
”
”
" ”

” ”

Papilio (Ornith.) Rhadamanthus, Nicéville, “Journ. As, Soc. Bengal,” p. 98, n. 255 (1883).
Ornithoptera @acus, Manders, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 535 (1890).
Troides (lacus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novit. Zoologica,” v. 223, n. 20 (1895).

Ornithoptera Gacus, Moore, '' Lepidoptera Indica,” vol. v., p. 148, plate 422, f. 1, 1a (1901-1903).

Staudinger and Schatz, ‘t Exot. Schmett.,” vol. i, p. 4.
Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die Zeichn. Gatt. Orn.,” p. 733, 743 (889).
var. Thowmsoni, Bates, ‘‘ Thomson's Straits of Malacca,” p. 546 (1875).
Minos, Oberthir, ‘Et. d’Ent., vol. iv., p. 32, n. 14 (1879).

Gray, ‘‘ List Lep. Ins. B. Mus.” vol. i, p. 5, n. 16 (1856).

oP.
oo.
oe.
of.
af:
oD.
f.
can
(1884). ¢.
co.
Z.
vol. xi., p. 14 (1886).
of.
ssf eats
eee
oe.

Pompeoptera, Macus, Rippon, in Wyteman’s ‘Genera Insectorum,” Fam. Papilionidee, Sec. Troides,” p. 14. (1902).

In the examination of a large series of the oriental
species Afacus, 2, we are at once struck by the amount
of variation within very restricted limits to which the
different examples are subject: and the fact also that
though no two specimens are quite alike, yet the wing
patterns are always practically identical one with the
other. The differences appear to be on the anterior wings in
the width of the adnervular discal rays, the amount of
sordid white in the cell, and the more or less broad and
graceful character of the submedian light area. On the
secondary wings the discal black marks between the veins
vary in length and breadth in the different examples—
thereby continually modifying the amount of the yellow
area, though not to any great extent, and the appearance
of the indented submarginal band is also slightly affected.
I give, on the plate devoted to this species figures of Felder’s
type, which may be compared with those drawn from
examples in my own collection, to illustrate my point. It
is also of interest to note the remarkably close resemblance
of the ? 2 of this species, to some of those of Cerberus,
another widely distributed oriental form. The ¢ 3 of
FZacus exhibit very little tendency to variation—though
the bodies of no two examples are alike in the way in
which the yellow and black are distributed ; but the ¢ ¢
of Cerberus, on the posterior wings, vary incessantly in the
number of the black orbicles on the disc, as is the case
very much with the Javan Pompeus.

3. Primaries deep velvety black; the light adnervular
rays extend from the 3rd median branch up the disc to the
third subcostal vein; they are broad in the middle portion
of the disc, and extend in length nearly close to the outer
margin of the wings; they are all semi-diaphanous, and
denseley but minutely scaled, so as to greatly subdue their
whiteness into a nitid grey: the light of any bright object
can be seen through these rays, when the insect is held it :

35

if the insect is held over a dark object all the rays appear
very dark grey, but as a matter of fact they take the
colour faintly of any object over which the wing is placed.

This observation it may be here stated, applies very
much to the rays of some of the other forms or the Genus
Pompeoptera ; only a faint trace of this nitid grey is found
at the distal end, and halfway along above the median
nervule, in any of the examples; the veins of the wings
are very black and stout, but the submedian nervure is
only just traceable in the black of the lower part of the
wing. The under surface of the primaries is nearly as
above, except that the cell contains a larger area of grey:
the central black band is divided by grey, the pseudoneura
are well shown, the adnervular rays are broader and
lighter, and the space above the submedian vein is partly
occupied with the same intensity of grey—the interior
margin alone being quite black: thus the underside is
altogether much lighter than the upper side.

The posterior wings are a rich silky golden yellow; the
veins are very black—the median and discocelluar nervules
being the stoutest; the base is black; a submarginal
band of three rather long conical, one dentate, and two
lunate black marks constitute the black outer margin of
the wing—the three lowest with a bordering and apex of
black scales; the submedian area and abdominal fold are
black.

The undersurface as above, except that the hind sub-
marginal black marks are more uniform in shape and with:
out any bordering of black scales; the submedian black is
narrow from the base till half-way, when it broadens out
to the 3rd median vein, with a small triangulate yellow
spot near to the inner angle ; and the abdominal margin is
silky rufous ; the abdominal marginal fringe of black hairs
inconspicuous.

36

[In an example from Rossel Island, on both surfaces of
the posterior wings, between the 2nd and 3rd median"ner-
vules is a discal suboval black spot. In another example,
the submedian area is silky yellow, with two black spots at
its lower end; and the light rays of the anterior wings on
the undersurface are considerably broader than in the
examples quoted above. |

Head and thorax velvety black; antennz black; pro-
notal collar coral red. Underside black, with the usual
pectoral red patches; legs black; eyes nitid brown.
Abdomen above, rufous grey, and black towards the anal
end, the articulations lemon yellow; on the underside
yellow, with the usual lateral black dots ; anal valves dark
creamy-white.

Length of costa of anterior wing 68 mms. ; of outer
margin, 50 mms.; of inner margin, 33 mms. The pos-
terior wing rounded, with the costa much curved—the
abdominal margin nearly straight, and 31 mms. in length.
Greatest width of wings 28 mms., greatest length 39 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennze 26, and of thorax with
head, 20 mms.

Length ist pair: Femur, 9; Tibia, 7; Tarsi, Io mms.

of ens ” 8 9 IO; » IT, 9» I2 yy

Legs 3rd nt ” Il; ” to; ” 13

¢. Anterior wings rufous black; the adnervular rays
grey white, with a creamy tint, all delicately scaled.
The grey white streaks of the discoidal cell extend from
the distal end half way towards the base of the wing,
thereby framing in one half of the black cell area ; in this
light grey frame the pseudoneura are quite seen ; in some
examples the black area is divided half-way towards the
base by the grey into two beautfully shaped pyriform marks,
their widest ends being at the distal part of the cell, and
thesecondor central pseudoneurus passes midway through
the grey like a true vein; the other pseudoneure are
well shown in the grey framing, until they are lost in
the black towards the cell base; but between these two
varieties of cell pattern there are many gradations, till in
some examples the grey almost entirely occupies the cell
nearly to the base, leaving the black pyriform marks very
small and shorter in length.

The undersurface of the wing as above, only that the
light marks are a little lighter, and not scaled, except in
the cell, and the black becomes more of a greyish brown.

Posterior wings, outwardly lunate, yellow; the outer
margin consists of a band of seven cone-like black
lunations, extending into the disc about 10 mms. each,
or 13 mms. each from the base of each section
of the outer margin; a transverse discal band of seven
pyriform black marks, varying in length, of which the two
nearest the abdominal margin are the longest, and the
mark midway of the disc is the smallest ; the base of the
discoidal cell to 1-3rd is black, and also the base of the
submedian area—the latter being creamy-whitish entirely
to the inner margin, and slightly scaled; one half of the
lower part of the wing, nearest to the abdomen, is dark
scaled; the veins are very stoutly black, especially the
the subanal ones, the latter separated from each other by
yellow, and from the black of the marginal lunations ; and
the scaling of the corresponding portion of the wing on the
upper side is absent from the undersurface.

Head, antennz, and thorax black, eyes castaneous
nitid brown, pronotal collar crimson, underside of
thorax and legs black, with the usual lateral or pectoral
crimson patches. Abdomen above dark silky brown:
beneath yellow, with two rows of lateral black dots, [the
males have only one], anal tuft deep fleshy red.

Length of costa 86 mms.; of outer margin 64 mms. ;
of interior margin 40 mms.; greatest width of wing 45
mms, Greatest length of the posterior wing 52 mms. ;
greatest width 38 mms.

- Length(1st pair: Femur, 11; Tibia, 6; Tarsi, 10 mms.

OF) Byatidetna sy) 35 eta) cc) GrmenCc omen
Legs : 3rd th wa ” 12; ” 8; ” 15 »

Habitat. Assam. In the Author’s Museum.

An example of the ? of this species in my collection,
from Omei Shan is bluish-grey on the anterior wing rays ;
the cell has two short narrow pyriform black marks only,
and is densely scaled on a grey ground nearly to the base ;
and the discal and submarginal black marks of the
posterior wing on the under surface are rather smaller,
the submarginal more oblong, more separate from the
black frings lunules, and the discal marks are quite conical.
Length of anterior wing costa 82 mms. The underside
of the abdomen with the second row of lateral black dots
so large as to occupy nearly all that part of the body.

In a second example from the same locality, all the
marks of the posterior wing are broader and longer, so as
almost to touch each other, and to greatly restrict the
yellow area of the disc on the upper surface.

[Note.—The scaling of the lower half of the posterior
wings on the upper surface is a constant character in the
® of this species, and serves to readily distinguish it from
the 2? 2 of Minos or Cerberus.]

Habitats: Cochin China; Darjiling; Bengal; Siam;
Malay Peninsula; Cachar; Tavoy and Sinbyoodine;
common in the hot valley of Sikkim—at an elevation of
2,000 to 3,000 feet, common in low valleys from May
to October; Chin Lushai; Khasia Hillsin Assam ; China
many localities; Western China; Nepaul; Moulmein;
Tonking ; var. of the form (Thompsonz) Straits of Malacca;
Burmah ; Ja-tsien-lu ; Shan States ; Tenasserim ; Masuri
(N.W. Himalaya); Dacca; Sagaing or Saigon? Ava
(Lower Burmah); The Hills of Chittagong; Upper
Mekong; Omei Shan; Rossel Island. ;

A specimen of the ¢ from Oby or Obim Island in the
Author’s Museum, only differs from the typical examples
from other localities in having on both surfaces of the
posterior wings, just above the submarginal cone, and
between the 2nd and 3rd median branches a suboval black
spot, and an increased density of the delicate black hairs
which flow longitudinally over the yellow area within ‘the
2nd and 3rd median branches, and the submedian yellow
from the base.

The Island of Oby, or Obim as it is spelled in my map
in vol. I., and also in the old maps of this region, is a
small mass of land situated south, with a slight inclination
east of Batjan, in longitude 127°20' to 128°10', and S.
latitude 1°15’ to 1°40’.

ORNITHOPTERA - DARSIUS.

Ornithoptera Amphimedon ¢, Doubleday and Hewitson, ‘* Genera Diurnal Lepidoptera," t, 1, f.2. (1846.)

Papilio Darsius, Gray, ‘Cat. Lep, Ins, Brit. Mus.” I., p. 5, n. 11.
Gray, ‘List, Lep. Ins, Brit. Mus.’ I., p. 4, n. 13.

(1852.)
(1856.)

” ”

” ”
ae cs Felder, ** Wien Ent, Monatschrift,"iv., p.97, (1860.)
Ornithoptera Darsius, Tennent, ‘‘ Nat. Hist. Ceylon,” p. 425. (186r1.)
Papilio Darsius, Felder, ‘‘ Verh. zu bei Ges. Wien,” p, 291, n. 24. (1864.)

Papilio W. F. Kirby, “Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lepid.” p. 519. (1871.)

é

”

oo.
of.

q.

Ornithoptera Darsius, Oberthir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” iv., p. 30,0. 8. (1879.)

Ornithoptera

”
33 ”
” ”
2 F. A. Walker, ‘' Oriental Entomology,” part ii., p. 15.
Troides Darsius, Rothschild, '' Novitates Zoologicz," vol. ii., p. 203, 0. ro.

bb ”

Moore, ‘‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” vol. i., p. 155, figs. 1, 1a, 1b.
P. H. Gosse, “ Clasping Organs in certain Lepidoptera,” in ‘‘ Proc. Linn, Soc." series II., Zoology, vol. ii., pp. 286, 287, plate xxvi., figs, 8-11. (188
Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die. Zeichn. Gatt. Ornith.” pp. 736 and 743 (in Zoologischen Jahrbiichern).

Horsfield and Moore, ‘Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. East India Company,” I., p. 87, n. 176, t. 2, f. 2, 2a, larva, pupa. (1857.)
oo.

of.

(188r.) 3%.

(1889.) 3 2.

(1889.)

(1895.) 2.
Moore, ‘* Lepidoptera Indice,” vol. v., p. 149, plate 418, fig. x, larva and pupa, 2a, 1b, (1g0I-1903.) 33.

This species is only to be found in the Island of Ceylon.
As far as I am aware no example has ever been taken in
any other locality. It is also the only species of Troides
inhabitating Ceylon, a rather remarkable fact, considering
that other much smaller eastern islands and localities are
richer in the forms of this group, and that Ceylon supplies
over 16 species of Papilio, the majority of which are found
commonly also in India. Of other butterflies of the Ist
sub-family of Papilionide, viz., the Pierine, about 27
species, belonging to 9 Genera also inhabit the island,
making in the two sub-families, about 44 species, or II
Genera ; or, allowing for new discoveries since the time
when Sir E. Tennent wrote his Natural History of Ceylon,
50 species and II or 12 genera—a very fair number for
one family of Lepidoptera.

O. Darsius is generally found hovering over the flowers
of the heliotrope, according to Sir E. Tennent, seeking the
honey which that flower supplies; but the larva feeds on
the leaves of the aristolochia, and the betel leaf. It is the
largest of the Ceylon Diurnea—though rivalled sometimes
by the glorious Papilio polymnester, and the spectre like
Hestia Fasonia. Of course, among the Heterocerous Lepi-
doptera we find much larger species; as for example
Attacus atlas, the cinnamon feeding moth, common at
Columbo, often 12 inches in expanse of wings; A. /unula,
Antherea Myletta (the Tusseh silk moth which feeds on
the wild almond Terminalia Catappa, and the castor oil
plant), A. Assama, and Tropea Selena, the milky-green
swallow-tailed silk moth. Indeed, in almost every part of
the world the Bombycide and Noctuide furnish many much
larger insects than are to be met with among the day
butterflies, with the exception of the S. and Central
American Caligos.

é. Anterior wings a rich velvety black; the adnervu-
lar rays almost obsolete, or only faintly visible—being so
intensely subdued by brown-black scaling; the veins only
just detectable. Undersurface of wing, as above, except
that the light rays are less obscure, especially those
bordering the 3 median nervules: which are of subdued
olive-grey ; the black areas of the wing are slightly shot
with bluish olive green; the veins on this surface appear
to be very thin.

Posterior wings, velvety black; the lower third of the
discoidal cell golden yellow; a broad discal area of the

37

same yellow divided into 6 compartments by the veins;
outer submarginal band very broad, and sinuate: the out-
line of the wing lunate : the light fringe lunules only slightly
visible in the wings; the veins dividing the yellow area of
the disc very stout and jet black; the abdominal fold
which conceals the androconia deep brownish-black.
Undersurface in every respect as above, except that the
black is slightly shot with bluish reflections; and the inner
margin is rufous brown. The pseudoneura of the anterior
wings are faintly visible.

Head, antenne and thorax, velvety black; eyes, nitid
brown; pronotal collar, red, but obscure: abdomen,
dorsally piceous-brown—the annuli slightly indicated with
yellowish-grey—subdorsally the abdomen is yellow, sub-
dued by brown scales; anal valves brown-grey. Under-
sides of thorax black, with the usual pectoral red marks.

Length of costa, 74 mms. ; of posterior margin, 52 mms. ;
of interior margin, 40 mms. Greatest width of wing 38
mms. Greatest length of posterior wing, 50 mms.; and
with, 30 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz, 32 mms. ; of thorax
with head 20 mms.

of and ,, Ae ehles ioe 14
Besse Nendo 2 ay etOR 73 IS 14
including the trochanters.

” a9 LP

oe an pair: Femur, 9; Tibia, 7; Tarsi, 11 mms.

7 ”?

Habitat : Ceylon.

The area of yellow at the distal end of the posterior
wing cell varies in the different individuals of this sex, as
well as in shape ; in some it is rather more extensive than
in the example described above; in others it is only an
obsolete spot, while in others the whole cell may be black.
On the undersurface of the anterior wings also the ad-
nervular rays in some examples are well expressed, and
all of them much lighter than in the above example; the
subdorsum and sides of the abdomen also may be found
well marked by a double row of black spots or patches, be-
coming coalescent, and filling the whole of the basal
annuli. Length of costa in two other examples 70 and
84 mms. respectively.

38

@. Anterior wings a rich raw-sienna brown; the ad-
nervular rays very prominent and creamy-white, especially
nearest the cell, but greatly subdued towards the outer
margin ; the triangular space partially bounded by the 2nd
and 3rd subcostal nervules is white, and there are also 3
white subcostal lines above this; the submedian fold with
a short white double line; the submedian vein is also
bordered 1.3rd its length with a creamy-white ray; the
distal end of the cell with a small double arcuate white
mark ; all the veins prominent and blacker than the colour
ofthe wing. Undersurface nearly exactly as above, except
that the discal rays area little lighter than above. Fringe
lunules creamy white, and sufficiently prominent.

Posterior wings deep black from the base to within
about 1.4th of the distal end of the cell, and transversely
in a nearly straight line from the submedian fold to the
Ist discocellular nervule; then follows a rather narrow
discal area or band of yellow, divided into compartments
by the thick black veins, the distal fourth of the cell being
ofthe same colour, and the submedian portion creamy-
white; next comes a transverse discal broad band of black
cones and marks, extending from the submedian vein till
it blends with the costal black; an outer transverse band
of yellow marks or dentations, subdued by scaling follows,
and lastly a broad submarginal border of black lunations,
with their fringe lunules prominent, and creamy-white ;
the abdominal marginal fold is dark sienna brown.

Undersurface as above, except that the anterior wings
are darker, and the rays lighter: and that all the black
parts of the posterior wings are darker, and the yellow
much brighter.

Head, antennze and thorax, velvety black; pronotal
collar, narrow and crimson; eyes, nitid brown; abdomen
above, rufous brown; lateral and dorsal portions, yellow,
with double rows of black spots; the 3 annuli nearest the

base almost filled up with black: the anal articulation
quite rufous black; thorax beneath, with the crimson
lateral or pectoral spots; legs, black.

Length of costa, 82 mms.; of outer margin, 60 mms. ;
of inner margin, 40 mms; greatest width of wing, 50 mms. ;
greatest length of posterior wing, 50, and width 37 mms.
Length of abdomen or antennz, 50 mms.; of thorax with
head, 15 mms.; width of abdomen, 10 mms.

Length of oe femur Oe tibia, oe tarsi, IO mms.
legs 2n Lh 2 ” 14; ” If ? ”? 4 ”
3rd see ae Ba Ge

” ”
including the trochanters.

There is a certain amount of blue sheen on the under-
surface of the anterior wings.

Habitat : Ceylon.

In another example of the ? the anterior wings and the
posterior cell are a lighter and warmer brown, and the
general black of the posterior wings tends towards warm
brown, while all the yellow areas are of a more subdued
yellow on the underside of the wings. Length of costa of
the anterior, 85 mms. Ina third and smaller example the
light rays are more restricted and subdued on the anterior
wings, which are warmer brown ; the upper or basal half
of the posterior wing is warm rufous brown; the yellow
discal area is narrower, and the lower half of the wing black,
with only a transverse band of nearly obsolete yellow
cuneiform marks ; the fringe lunules, dull yellow—all the
lighter marks on the undersurface of both wings being a
little brighter and more defined. Length of anterior costa,
71 mms.

Habitat: Ceylon.
In the Museum of the Author.

POMPEOPTERA MINOS.

Papilio Eques Trojanus Minos, Cramer, ‘ Pap. Exot.” vol. iii., 4, t, 195, f. a.
Papilio Eques Trojanus Astenous, Fabricius, ‘' Spec. Ins.” vol. ii., p. 10, n. 38.

3”
bb
Minos,

hs! ” ”

Jablonsky and Herbst, ‘‘ Naturs. Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., p.206,n.7, t. 4, £. 2,
Gmelin, “ Syst, Nat.” vol. i., 5, p. 2234, 0. 297.
Esper, ‘‘ Ausl. Schmett.”’ p. 127, n. 56, t. 32,f, 1.
Astenous, Fabricius, ‘‘ Ent. Syst.” vol, iii.,I., p. 19, n. 52,
Papilio Amphrysius, Godart, Encycl. Méth., vol. ix., p. 27,n.

7.

(t779.) 2.

(t78r.)

(1782.)
(r790.) ¢.

(=792.)

(t793.) ¢.

(1819.) ¢.

Ornithoptera Heliacon, Boisduval, “ Species Géneral Lepidopteres,” vol. i., p. 178, 0.7. (1836) ¢.
Papilio Pompeus, var. ¢ Minos, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lep.” p. 518. (1872.)

”

33
. ”
Papilio (0.)

»

Davidson and Aitken, Ibid, p. 361, n. 64.

”
»

Minos, Oberthir, * Etudes d@’Ent.” iv., p. 32,n.14. (1879.) 3 2@.

Pompeus, var. Minos, Wood Mason, ‘' Journal Asiatic Society Bengal,” p. 86. (1881.)
Minos, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘' Exotische Schmett.” vol. i., p. 5. (1884.) ¢ 2,
Aitken, “ Journal Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc., p. 35, n, 73.
Minos, Hampson, ‘' Journal As, Soc, Bengal,” p. 363, n.193. (1888.) 3 9¢.
(18g0.)
Pompeus, var. Minos. Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die Zeichnungsv. Gatt. Ornith.” p. 730. (1890.)

oo.
(7887.) 32,

(Life History),

Papilio (0.) Minos, Fergusson, ‘‘ Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society,” p. 445, n. 167. (18gr.)

Troides Minos, Rothschild, ‘t Novit. Zoologicz,” p. 203, n. 1x,

(1895.)

oe

Ornithoptera Minos, F. Moore, '‘ Lepidoptera Indica,” vol. v., p. 142, pl, 419, flgs. tlarve and pupz, 1a, ¢, tb, 2. (rg0r-1903.)

¢. Anterior wings velvety or silky black, with a
ereenish-olive sheen, when viewed obliquely opposite the
light ; the adnervular light rays in some positions almost
obsolete,—in others just visible,—if held over any light
object, such as a sheet of white paper, they appear some-
what prominent, and of a dull reddish black, the membrane
at such positions being semi-diaphanous, silky, and densely
scaled with infinitely minute dark atoms; half-way from
the base of the wing the median nervure and a small
portion of the 3rd nervule is bordered with pale yellow,
subdued by black atoms, as is also the upper part of the
median nervure. All the veins except the costal and sub-
costal, and the submedian are well shown and stout; the
pseudoneura, examined obliquely, are sufficiently visible ;
the fringe lunules of the outer margin are very thin, and
are white. Underside of anterior wing as above, except
that the adnervular rays are very prominent and greenish
white, yellowish towards the bases of the median vein, and
that the outline of the discoidal cell within is prominently
bordered with the same light colour nearly to the base of
the median, and 1-3rd from the distal end to the 1st sub-
costal nervule ; the pseudoneura are like true veins, and
slightly and gracefully bordered also with the light marks ;
afew grey atoms between the 2nd and 3rd submedian
branch, and two submedian grey rays are also present.

Posterior wings rich silky golden yellow, filling the whole
cell, and occupying nearly the whole of the disc; the sub-
median and abdominal-marginal areas are velvety black ;
the precostal basal area reddish black; the black hind-
marginal band or border is very broad, deeply lunate, or
rather, dentate towards the disc: the apices of the two
lower dentations with a small patch of black scaling; a
mass of very delicate black hairs flow from the of the cell
on to the yellow, half-way of its length, and over the
median and submedian areas; the outer marginal white
fringe lunations are very thin; the outline of the posterior
margin is delicately lunate. Undersurface as above,
except that a small black discal spot is within the and
and ist median nervules: all the marginal dentations are
bordered with greenish yellow-grey stripes: a grey line
borders the 3rd median branch: an orbicular black spot
is found on the same branch, just above its corresponding
dentation: a congeries of grey atoms 1s on the submedian

39

black: and the abdominal fold underside is fawn-brown,
to which is attached a dense fringe of black hairs. The
yellow on both surfaces of the wings is suffused slightly
with a pale green; the veins stout and very black.

Length of anterior wing costa, 74 mms. ; length of outer
margin 54 mms. ; length ofinner margin 37 mms. ; greatest
width of wing about 46 mms. ; greatest length of posterior
wing 47, and width 37 mms.

Thorax and head velvety black; antennz black; eyes
nitid brown ; underside of thorax brown-black, with the
usual lateral red patches; legs nitid dark brown; thorax
yellow, with a central longitudinal stripe of fawn yellow;
anal valves fawn-grey ; abdomen dorsally yellow, with two
lateral rows of black dots or spots, the uppermost only
partially visible.

Length of abdomen or antennz, !32 mms.; of thorax
with head, 22 mms.

Length(ist pair; Femur, 11; Tibia, 7; Tarsi, 11 mms.
of 2nd 123; 10; 12
Kegs-\ard 36; Lists Tes 13

Habitat: Shivaroy Hills.

a cd Le Le 7? 7

” ? 7) ”

¢. Anterior wings dark brown—slightly lighter towards
the outer margin ; adnervular light rays all very prominent,
and gracefully formed, each one terminating very near the
outer margin, and ochraceous grey in tint, slightly reduced
and shaded outwardly by atomic scaling; the angle
between the and and 3rd subcostal nervules is also of the
same tint; the submedian vein runs through a bordering
of the same tint from about half-way from the base to near
the outer margin, the lower division of the light-tinted
mark being extended to the inner-marginal outline by a
coalescent patch of light atoms; the inner outlines of the
discoidal cell from the distal end to within a little of the
base is of the same light tint, so reduced towards the base
by red-brown scaling as to be lost in the dark brown at
very near the base of the cell; the costa is very black to
about half-way from the base; the veins are all very stout
and dark, and the pseudoneura can be sufficiently traced
at their terminals: the submedian fold is also fairly
shown.

40

Undersurface as above, except that all the light rays
are somewhat brighter: there is a light submedian fold-ray,
and the submedian nervure runs through a broader light
area: the light inner borderings of the cell outline is
lighter and more conspicuous—extending along the
median vein to the base, and from the discocellular and
subcostal veins to within one-third of the base; the 2nd
pseudoneurus unites with the discocellular nervule asa
continuation of the black of the cell.

Posterior wings deep rich golden reddish-yellow, rather
subdued in tone within the cell from the base by brown-
black hairs ; this yellow occupies nearly the whole of the
cell, and extends, with the interruptions of the dark cones
over 2-3rds of the disc; a broad discal transverse row of
large black cones, of which the largest is on the upper part
of the disc, have their bases towards the outer margin,
and their apices towards the cell; a very broad black
outermarginal band, is lunate or sinuate at its inner out-
line ; the outline of the hind margin is lunate, with yellow
fringe-lunules; the base of the wing is black ; the precostal
area is brown, and the whole of the submedian area and
fold to the interior margin is warm rufous brown, with a
light stripe at the inner or abdominal angle.

Undersurface of wing as above, except that the sub-
costal area is black, the discal black cones and divisions
of the outer-marginal border are edged slightly with white ;
of the latter the two lower divisions thereby become oblong,
there is also a small spear-shaped white mark on the outer
side of the 3rd median branch, and a second below what
is a narrow black rudimentary cone in the submedian area
—the remainder of the fold and inner margin being rufous
brown; with a yellowish stripe from the rudimentary cone
to the abdominal angle, and a continuation of the yellow
inner marginal outline.

Thorax, head, and antenne deep black; eyes nitid
brown; underside of thorax and legs black, with the usual
lateral red patches ; abdomen above rufous brown, beneath
yellow, with the usual lateral row of black spots.

Length of costa 87 mms. ; of hind or outer margin 58
mms.; of inner margin 45 mms.; greatest width of wing
50 mms. Length of posterior wing 52 mms.; width 38
mms. Length ofabdomen or antenne 30 mms. ; of thorax
with head 20 mms.

of
Legs:

Length (1st pair: Femur, 10; Tibia, 7; Tarsi, 14 mms.
and 4, > 4 Sa Yes
ard 4, : ” 3 ” ? ”

The other two pairs of legs were lost from the specimen.

Habitat: Malabar Coast. In the collection of Mr.

F. Moore.

A second ¢ from the same locality has the number of
adnervular light rays on the anterior wings restricted to
the four median branches, and these deeply shaded; the
light edging inside the cell is also very restricted and
rudimentary; there isa faint clouding of white scales be-
neath the submedian nervure. The black discal cones in
the yellow of the posterior wings are shorter than in the
specimen described above: the wnder surface of all wings
similar to the corresponding example described above,

only all the lighter marks are brighter and more con-
spicuous: and the lateral black dots of the abdomen are
larger. Length of costa 79 mms.

Habitat ? In the collection of Mr. F. Moore.

A @ from Northern India also has the anterior wing
rays all well shown, but sordid grey; on the under-
surface as above, but brighter. The discal black cones of
the posterior wings shorter than in the first example quoted
—the large black spot between the 1st and 2nd subcostal
nervules excepted ; the subcostal area is rufous brown; a
small basal portion of the cell is black; and a long sub-
conical black mark is attached to the 3rd median branch,
in the submedian area. Undersurface as above, except
that the cones are shorter—their apices slight black—
scaled, and the abdominal lateral black spots are very
large. Length of costa of anterior wing, 7I mms.

Habitat: Darjiling,
In the Author’s Museum.

A & from Sumatra has the light rays restricted to the
upper part of the anterior wings, and rendered sordid by
scaling; there is a light patch at the distal end of the
cell, divided by the 2nd pseudoneurus, also scaled ; on the
undersurface this is rather larger and lighter, and the
normal number of rays are present, and also brighter: on
the posterior wings the black cones are shorter, broader,
and more obtuse than on the first example described, and
their bases coalesce with the apices of the submarginal
band-dentations; undersurface as above; the cones are
also six in number. The lateral black dots of the abdo-
men are large, and in two rows, and the subdorsal yellow
is very bright and pure. Length of costa, 85 mms.

Length (1st pair: Femur, 10; Tibia, 8; Tarsi, 12 mms,
of and ah 28 rh Es rr 1235 ” 15 ”
ease Sc ane » IL; oF IL; » Ib

In the collection of Mr. F. Moore.

A ¢# from the Shivaroy Hills differs from the ¢ de-
scribed above only in having on the undersurface of the
posterior wings a small, almost obsolete black on the disc
between the costal nervure and ist subcostal, and 1st and
and subcostal nervules; and the submedian black are
with a central patch of white atoms.

Also in Mr. Moore’s collection.

Localities in which Minos has been taken :—Trevan-
drum, Malabar, Bombay, Nilghiri Halls—(from 3,000 to
7,000 feet altitudes), Travancore (common up to 4,000
feet), S. India, Tenasserim (small examples), Buxa (in
Bhutan), Cannanore (Malabar), Assam, China, Sumatra,
Shivaroy Hills, Rangoon, Daryjiling.

In the character of the wing patterns, this species bears
a striking resemblance in both sexes to Vandepolli. The
é,though not generally quite so large as Vandepolli is
almost identical in pattern—the chief differences being
that the anterior wings are relatively narrower, and slightly
less rounded at the apical angle, the light rays are rather
less defined; the black of the posterior wings occupies no
part of the cell, whereas 1-3rd of the cell’ area from the

base is black, as is also the basal part above the cell in
Vandepolli: the yellow spaces between the veins in Minos
are less broad, and the outermarginal band has no scaling
at the apices of the dentations in Vandepolli on either
surface: Minos has sometimes a discal black spot or two
on the discal undersurface, but Vandepolli has none. The
abdomen of Vandefolli is black above, in Minos it is fawn
colour: the anal valves in the latter are grey-pearly fawn,
and black in the former. But at a glance it can be seen
that Vandepolls is very distinct as a species from Minos.
In the ? ? it will be seen that the anterior wings of
Vandepoll: are altogether broader than those of Minos, in
all examples; the wing-rays are very broad and promin-
ently grey-white in most of the examples of Vandepolli,
but often almost obsolete in Minos: the distal end of the
cell has always a larger grey patch than has Minos, and
the pseudoneura are most prominent : the hind wings are

forms.

4I

more alike in the two species, but with occasional ex-
ceptions the discal black cones of Vandepoll: are larger and
longer than those of Minos, and the hind marginal black
border has its divisions less Junate at their apices in
Vandepolli; important differences may be seen between
the colouration and markings of the abdomen of the two
The locality for Vandepollt is Java, but Minos
does not occur in that island. Yet notwithstanding their
resemblance, it is evident that the two forms are quite
specifically distinct, though their relationship is very close.

The 2 2 of Aacus (Rhadamanthus) on the underwings
bear a rather close resemblance to some of those of Minos
—the arrangement, form and position of the black mark-
ings being very similar; the same may be said of the
Javan Pompeus and its Indian Analogue, Cerberus, thereby
exhibiting a not very distant relationship to each other.

Pompeoptera Staudingeri, Rober, ‘' Entomologische Nachrichten," page 369.

¢, Primary wings above velvety or silky black. The
light discal adnervular rays are sufficiently prominent,
creamy grey towards the outer margin; bluish dark grey
towards the discoidal cell; the cell is immaculate black,
with the faintest indication of a grey outline at the distal
end; the pseudoneura in the cell are fairly prominent ;
the veins are all very prominent; the outer marginal
fringe with creamy-white lunules.

Under surface of primaries very dark and silky brown ;
the adnervular rays very light greyish white, free from
dark scaling (contrary to what they are on the upper sur-
face), and extending almost to the outer margin; there
are no white marks on the disc below the 3rd median
nervule ; the cell which is black with 3 white streaks
from midway to the distal end, whereof the first and third
are the broadest; the marginal fringe lunations rather
whiter than above.

Secondary wings, deep velvety or silky, black; with a
discal area of rich golden yellow, extending from the
subcostal nervure to the 3rd median nervule. This area
or yellow band occupies exactly half the surface of the disc
above the 3rd median nervule, the remainder of the disc
consisting of a broad submarginal black band ; the distal
1-3rd of the cell golden-yellow ; the submedian and inner
marginal areas black, the line indicating the position of
the inner marginal fold sufficiently visible; the usual
fringe lunules are absent; a number of light hairs flow
from the base of the wing over and below the cell.

Undersurface of wing nearly as above except that the
yellow area between the costal and Ist subcostal veins
occupies less space than on the upper surface, is suffused
slightly with a greenish tint, especially nearest the costa,
a thin line of yellow atoms is in the black beneath the
subcostal, a few similar atoms are in the cell close to the
yellow area, a small group is below the 3rd median ner-
vule, and two thin lines of atoms follow the course of the
2nd and 3rd median nervules into the submarginal black
band. .

The posterior wings are delicately lunate on the outer
margin, the light fringe lunules are visible on the under
surface. The outer margin of the anterior wing is
nearly straight. The inner marginal fringe of brown hairs
is fairly conspicuous. Head, antennz and thorax are
velvety black; the eyes rufous brown ; the pronotal collar
red ; abdomen dark rufous brown. Beneath, the legs are
long, graceful, and slender; the thoracic red patch very
prominent and extensive on both sides; the dorsal part of
the abdomen is yellow.

Length of costa of anterior wing 57 mms; of outer
margin 44 mms.; of inner margin 31 mms. Greatest
length of posterior wing 40 mms. ; greatest width 26 mms.

Length of antenne or abdomen 25 mms. ; of thorax
with the head 20 mms.

42

POMPEOPTERA STAUDINGERI.

(1888).

mea aS pair: Femur, 10; tibia, 8; tarsi, 11 mms
of jand ,, 2 » 12; 9 143 9» T5 4
Legs: (3rd nt ” Il; » 10; » 10 5,

Habitat : Selaru, Loeang Island, Babber.
In the Tring Museum.

¢. Anterior wings rufous brown, not very dark in tint;
the adnervular light rays are very broad and conspicuous,
and extend from the upper to the lower part of the wing
—that is to say, they border all the veins and the sub-
median fold from the costa to the submedian nervure, and
reach nearly to the outer margin in their course ; they are
rufous grey in tint, and subdued by brown atoms: the
spaces between the lower ones are also lightly sprinkled
with grey atoms on the brown of thedisc ; more than half the
discoidal cell is occupied from the distal end by a streaky
grey patch of atoms enclosing a dark patch; the veins
are all very obtrusive; the fringe lunules greyish white.

Undersurface as above, except that the light discal rays
are more rufous grey, and purer in tint, and not subdued
by dark atoms; the light cell area is as above, slightly
more extensive, with some dark atoms uniting the basal
brown with the distal white.

Posterior wings deep silky or velvety black ; only a very
limited area or discal band of golden silky yellow occupies
about 1-5th of the disc from the 1st subcostal vein to the
submedian fold, the latter section subdued with white; the
distal half of the discoidal cell is also of the same yellow ;
the inner, or abdominal margin is rufous brown, witha
marginal white streak, and some white atoms; the pre-
costal cell is rufous brown; all the rest of the wing is deep
silky or velvety black, with bluish reflexions; the fringe
lunules are dark grey; a mass of dark hairs flows over part
of the golden areas from the base.

Undersurface as above, except that the yellow is not so
pure, andthe black slightly rufous towards the outer margin;
there are two adnervular discal yellowish spots midway of
the disc on the 2nd subcostal, the discoidal, and rst
median veins; and the 2nd and 3rd median nervules are
slightly bordered with light yellow atoms nearly to the
outer margin.

The outer margin of the anterior wing is nearly straight
(or only slightly lunate); the posterior wing is more
lunulate.

Head, antennz, and thorax, warm velvety black ; eyes
rufous brown; abdomen above, rufous brown; lateral
parts more rufous, and with lateral black dots on yellow
and white atoms above the yellow ; subdorsum yellow, with
two rows of black marks between the articulations.
Thorax with prominent red pectoral patches. Legs, nitid
black and slender.

Length of costa, 76 mms.; of outer margin, 53 mms. ;
of inner margin 45 mms. Length of posterior wing, 52
mms. ; of costa, 37 mms.; of abdominal margin 40 mms.
Greatest width of wing, 31 mms. Length of abdomen or
antenne, 41 mms.; of thorax with head, 23 mms.

Length (1st pair: femur, 10; tibia, 9; tarsi, 12 mms.
of and 9 : +d) Il ) ”? Il; te) 13 ”?
Legs : 3rd m ” Il; » 1; ” 16 ”

Habitat: Selaru, Loeang Island, Babber.

This species is related to Plato and Iris, and is certainly
a member of the Haliphron group. Its nearest affinity is
with I7is.

In the Tring Museum.

I am indebted to the Hon. Walter Rothschild for the
use of the examples from which the above descriptions
are written.

43

Babba, or Baba Island as it is spelled in the Admiralty’s
Chart, is one of a small group of islets situated at a com-
paratively short distance west of the Tenimber Islands in
the Banda Sea, in about 131° east longitude and go° south
latitude, or about 100 miles due west of the Tenimber
Group. The recorded depth of the ocean at about this
locality is 2627 fathoms, that is to say nearly the deepest
recorded part of the sea between the West Coast of New
Guinea and Timor on the south-west, and the Celebes on
the north-west—the deepest part of the Banda Sea is 2880
fathoms. The depth diminishes in the direction of
Celebes and Timor, though not so greatly as it does to the
east and north-east towards New Guinea. The seas of
Banda, Arafura, and Flores are thickly studded with archi-
pelagos and small islands; and doubtless many interest-
ing local forms of Pompeoptera will be feund on these
islets, which appear to be pretty rich in insect life, and its
different orders. Loeang Island belongs to the same

group.

POMPEOPTERA HALIPHRON, var.

MESIM OVE,

Troides Haliphron, sub-species fistor, W. R. Rothschild, ‘‘ Novitates Zoologicze,” vol. iii., page 91, 1896.

This form, which I did not sufficiently mention on page
25 of this volume, is described by Mr. Rothschild as “3
very similar to T. Haliphron fallens of Oberthur, but
differs in the abdomen being less edged with yellow be-
neath, and in the first discal yellow mark on the hind wing
being usually smaller.”

‘“?. Most specimens as pale as pallens, some darker ;
differs chiefly in the abdomen being less edged with yellow
‘ underneath, in the discal area of the hind wing being
below more yellow, often as yellow as above, in the yellow

44

spot in the cell being less extended, reaching only as far
as the origin of the subcostal nervure, in the first discal
yellow mark being larger, and in the whitish mark behind
the cell being less extended down towards the base.”

“Habitat: Kalao Island and Djampea Island, between
Celebes and Flores.”

These islands are in the sea of Flores, about 121° east
longitude, and go°50’ south latitude.

POMPEOPTERA

HELENA.

Var. PAPUENSIS.

Ornithoptera Helena, var. Papuensis 2, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. XXV., pp. 38, 39. (1865).
Troides Oblongomaculatus papuens:s, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicz, Vol. Il., p. 214. (1895).

Linnzus’ species HELENA appears to have differen-
tiated into a number of local forms, of great interest,
which are very instructive when studied together. Several
of these are now known, but probably others yet remain
to be discovered. Of one of those described by Wallace,
with the above varietal name, no male was known to
him; and as far as I am aware, no description has
hitherto been published of the sex. The responsibility
therefore devolves upon me to give such a diagnosis as
may be necessary, after which Mr. Wallace’s brief des-
cription will follow, so as to enable us to understand the
types; and this will be followed by a more detailed
description from the example figured on plate 45 of this
work,

PoMPEOPTERA Papuensis, ¢@. Mihi.

Primaries : Smoky black, silky and shaded into olive
brown towards the outer margin. Underside similar
except that the colour becomes more fuscous towards the
posterior margin. The veins and wing-folds fairly con-
spicuous on both surfaces. Secondaries, a rich golden
yellow on either surface, the veins deep black in the
yellow, with a broad black posterior marginal border,
irregularly curved or dentated inwardly ; not quite 1-3rd
of the discoidal cell obliquely black towards the base, and
all but a small portion of the space between the costal
nervure and 1st subcostal branch the same colour; the
space within the precostal nervure fuscous brown; under
surface similar in every respect, except that the yellow
towards the hind margin bordering all the veins is softened
off into a subdued green, containing black atoms
which follow the broad black border ; the abominal
margin and fold are black, shot with a bluish grey
opalescence.

Thorax and head velvety black; collar crimson scarlet;
underside fuscous brown, with pectoral red spots; legs
black; eyes chesnut brown ; antenne black; spirotrompe
a moderate length; abdomen yellow beneath; dorsal,
fawn brown, the last 3 segments accentuated with yellowish
white ; anal valves pearly light fawn, with a minute dot
midway, close to the segment; 5 lateral black dots on the
abdomen.

Antennz with 48 articulations.

Length of costa 66 mms.; width of Primary 30 mms.;
length of secondary wing 4omms.; width 30mms. Length
of antennz or abdomen 25, and of thorax with head 17
mms.

Ist pair, femur 8, tibia 9, tarsi 14 mms.
Length of Legs{and ,, Fs hee eat eye Ooms
3rd _,, This pair of legs was absent from

the specimen.

Hab. New Guinea.

Type in the collection of Mr. Walter Dannatt, who

45

kindly allowed me the pleasure of describing and figuring
his example.

PompEopTERA Papuensis, 2. Wallace.
I quote from Wallace’s paperin Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Vol. xxv., pp. 38, 39.*

OELL Cen anetsesser b, local form Papuensis: Female sooty
black, 2 first branches of the sub-costal nervure margined
with whitish near their origin ; markings of the lower wing
of the same tint of orange yellow as is O Helena 3, but
not so glossy. Male not known. Hab. New Guinea,
Salwatty (Wall).”

The type is probably in the Hewitson Collection, British
Museum, under the name O. Helena.

@. From Mr. W. Dannatt’s collection. Primaries
silken greenish-brown or black; the 5 branches of the
subcostal nervure, the 2 discoidal nervules, and the 1st and
and median nervules passing through yellow ochraceous,
white, or cream coloured rays from their origin; the
same light colour within the discoidal cell, but graduated
into the black by black atoms. Under surface similar,
except that the light mark within the cell extends sub-
costally to near the base ; fringe lunules ochraceous white.
Secondaries golden yellow, with brown black hairs near the
abdominal margin, and a broad border of black to nearly
1-3rd of the wing, broadly and strongly, and irregularly
indented. The black also occupies nearly the basal half
of the cell, all but a small portion of the costal, sub-costal
spaces, and the space below the 1st subcostal branch ; in
the area of black in the latter region is a reddish yellow
mark deeply curved on each side; and between the 2nd
subcostal and the discoidal branches is a large orbicular
sub-marginal black spot. The under surface is similar,
except that the dentations of the marginal black border,
and the orbicular spot are subdued by light atoms, the
last but one enclosing a small black spot surrounded by
the light atoms; there are also whitish suffusions on the
yellow between the nervules extending from the hind
margin towards the base; the yellow of both surfaces of
the wings is redder and richer than in the 3.

Thorax, black reddish-brown; collar, crimson-scarlet ;
head black, eyes reddish-brown; antenne black. Under
side of thorax brown, with pectoral crimson patches.
Abdomen smoky silky-brown; lateral parts whitish
ochraceous ; subdorsal more yellow, with a row of 6 lateral
black dots ; anal tuft, red ochraceous.

The pseudoneura on the upper wing are fairly promi-
nent,

Length of costa 86 mms. ; width of upper wing 42 mms.
Length of lower wing 54 mms., width 4o mms. Length
of abdomen or antenne 30 mms.; thorax with head
30 mms.

*On the Phenomena of variation and Geographical Distribution as tllustvated by the
Papilionidz of the Malayan Region.

46

Ist pair, femur, g; tibia, 9; tarsi,r3 mms.
] ength of legs{and _ ,, 0 CEOS Ye DE Sy UES 5,
3rd LB] 2 il ; 7 12 ; ” 16 ”?

Articulations of antenne, 48.

Hab., N. Guinea

@. In the museum of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
Upper wings rich fuscous-brown; the white outer end
of the cell and margins of the veins faintly but broadly
indicated, being subdued by the brown atoms till they are
fuscous brownish-white. The whole colour of the wings
that of a Euplea; the two middle pseudoneura are well
defined with a dark clouded longitudinal mark between

them. Secondaries of the normal type. Under surface

similar, but lighter in colour.
Length of costa 82 mms.
Hab. N. Guinea; out of Saunders’ collection.

A Male in the Godman-Salvin coll. has a depth of the
black border of the hind wing of 12mms. The costal length
of this# is 69 mms. Hab. Port Moresby, N. Guinea.

It should be observed that the shape of the abdomen
of this species or variety (in the ? at least) differs much
from that of other species, as will be seen by a reference
to plate 45.

POMPEOPTERA HELENA.

Var. Metpomona, Var. Nov.

é. Primaries rich velvety black, shot with dead green
reflections ; veins well defined ; median nervure fairly
stout. Under surface similar, with a little fuscous toward
the outermargin. Secondaries: the yellow more greenish-
lemon than in Papuensis. The area of the yellow about
the same in proportion as in Papuensis; the black areas
of the wing nearly similar on both surfaces to those of
Papuensis; the sexual abdominal pouch silky greenish-
black ; fringe hairs ratherlong. The tooth-like projection
of the yellow into the black border between the 2nd
subcostal branch and discoidal nervure, is as strongly
shown asin the other forms. There is a tendency for
the subcostal nervure to branch out into a black abnor-
mal vein on both surfaces. [See plate 45.] I have
noticed this phenomenon on the lower wing of several
species of Rhopalocera ; and it is occasionally to be met
with on the upper wing. I have also seen two or three
examples among the Ithomi@e, and Heliconidie.] The
pseudoneura are fairly visible in the discoidal cell of both
surfaces of the Primary wings.

Length of costa 72 mms.; width of upper wing 41
mms.; length of hind wing 45 mms.; width 35 mms. ;
length of abdomen or antenne 28 mms.; of thorax with
head 20 mms. The crimson pronotal collar thin, and
only faintly seen. Articulations of antenne 44 mms.

Hab. New Guinea.

The type is in the rich museum of the Hon. Walter
Rothschild.

@. Primaries olive-greenish silky brown; creamy white
within the cell, with black graduated atoms, the area of
which is 1-3rd of the cell (in Papuensis it is only about
t-5th) ; also a slightly greater area of creamy white with-
out the cell. Under surface similar, except that faint
cloudings of creamy atoms are on each side ofall the
neryures, almost to the exterior margin. Secondaries :
in Papuensis the yellow occupies about half the area of
the wing: in Mel/pomona only slightly over 1-3rd, and is of
a vedder tint—almost orange (a yellow subdued by
ochraceous red scales) ; the yellow within the submedian

nervure and its 3rd branch is whitish towards its lower
end, and continued in the black above as yellow atoms,
as is the case with Papuensis; between the 2nd subcostal
branch and discoidal nervule are two faint yellow spots,
or wedge-shaped marks, indicating the position of a con-
tinuation of the yellow patch, with a tendency towards
forming a suborbicular black patch as in Papuensis; also
a few aggregated atoms of yellow just below the 1st sub-
costal nervule; abdominal margin of wing soft smoky
brown. Under surface of secondaries; the yellow area
in salmon colour ; the marginal black border broad, within
which are four orbicular black spots, united by a broad
black line, with the border set on a sinuated ground of
grey atoms, which modify the salmon yellow beneath ;
a Narrow sinuate transverse mark of grey atoms between
the rst and and subcostal nervules; fringe lunules salmon
coloured white.

Abdomen: dersum, fuscous brown; subdorsum, och-
raceous salmon-coloured whitish; with 6 lateral black dots.

Length of costa 75 mms.; width of upper wing 41
mms.; length of hind wing 50, and width 41 mms. ;
length of abdomen or antennz 27 mms. ; articulations of
antenne 42; length of thorax with head 18 mms.

and ” : ”) Il ) ” 12; ” 15 ”
3rd ” : ” Io ; ” Il } ” 16 ”
Hab. New Guinea; but locality unknown.*

The type is in the museum of the Hon. W. Rothschild,

who gave me the pleasure of describing and figuring this
beautiful and interesting form.

* I would here take the opportunity of emphasising the importance of attaching
labels with definite localities to all specimens sent home from foreign countries.
Simply to say that a species was-taken in New Guinea, is not much more satisfactory
than to give S. America as the habitat of a butterfly or beetle, or the Indian Ocean
as that of a shell, as was formerly the custom in many collections and even books.
To know the exact locality of a specimen is always most desirable. Every true
naturalist will endorse this proposition.

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS.

Papilio Eques Trojanus Amphrysus, Cram., ‘‘ Pap.-Exot. III. p. 43, t. 219, Fig. A. (1782). ¢.
Papilio Amphrysus, Jablonsky, '‘ Naturs. Schmett.,” I. p. 197, n. 2, t. i. £ 3 (1784). ¢

” ”
” ”
” ”

” 33
Troides Amphrysus,

Papilio ”

0 ”

” 59

Esper, ‘' Ausl. Schmett,"’ p. 133, n. 59, t. 34, fig. 1 (1792).
Fabricius, ‘ Mant. Ins.” p. 3, n. 23 (1787). ¢

Gmelin, ‘‘ Syst. Nat.’ I. 5, p. 2230, n. 287 (1790). ¢.
Fabricius, '' Ent, Syst.,’’ III. 1, p. 11, n. 33 (1793). ¢.
Hiibner, ‘‘ Verz. bek. Schm." p, 88, n. 923 (1816). ¢
Godt., '' Ency. Méth.” p. 27 (1819), ¢.

Gray, ‘ List. Lepid. Ins. B, Mus." I. p. 6, n. 18 (1856). ¢.
Ornithoptera Amphrysius, Boisd, '' Spec. Gén. Lép.” I. p. 178, n. 6, t: 1. B. £. 1. (1836).
Doubld., Westwood and Hewitson. ‘‘ Gen. Diurn. Lepid."' I. p. 4. n. 8 (1846).

Cm

of.

9 Amphrysus, Vollenhoven, ‘' Tijdchrift’”’ v. Ent. III. p. 71, n. 8 (1860) ¢ ¢.
Papilio Amphrysus, Felder, “ Verh. z. bei. Ges. Wien,” p. 291, n. 34 (1864) ¢ ¢.
Ornithoptera Amphrysus, Wallace, “ Trans. Linn. Soc.” Vol. XXV. p. 38 (1865).
Papilio Amphrysus, Butler, ‘ Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabr.” p. 235, 0. 5 (1869) ¢ ¢.
5» Amphrysius, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep.” p. 520 (1871).
Ornithoptera Amphrysus, Druce, ‘‘ Proc. Zool, Soc.” p. 356, n. 2 (1873).
Ornithoptera Amphrysus, Oberthir, “ Etudes d'Entomologie” IV. p. 30, n. 9 (1879) 32.
” Emphrisius, W. F. Kirby, Cat. Coll. Diurn, Lep. of W. C. Hewitson p. 1. (1879).
Ornithoptera, Amphrysus, P. H. Gosse, “‘ Clasping Organs in certain Lepidoptera,"’ Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. V. II, Zool. p. 281, 292 (1883).
Ornithoptera Amphrysus, Staud. and Schatz, '' Exot, Schmett.’ I. p. 5 (1884).
Ornithoptera Amphrysus, Fickert, “ Ueber die Zeichnungverhaltnisse der Gatt. Ornith.” Separatabdruck aus den Zoolgischen Jahrbiichern, p. 739 (1889).
Troides Amphrysus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novitates Zoologice," p. 228, n. 25 (25a) (1895).
Ornithoptera Amphrysus, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Handbook to the order Lepidoptera Vol. II. p. 265 (1896).

” ”

” bb

E. Martin Duncan (in Cassells' Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. p. 51) (1896).
V. palabuana, Frithstorfer, Ent. Nachr. p. 44 (1894.

Pompeoptera Amphrysus, Rippon, in Wytsman’s ‘Genera Insectorum" (Lep. Rhopal Sec. Troides) p. 13. (1902(.

The Amphrysus group of Pompeoptera is rather rich in
local forms, each of which merits (for convenience sake),
a distinguishing name. We have, first, the type form
which occurs in Java (especially the Western portion of
that large island); next we find in Sumatra the form
Sumatranus of Hagan closely resembling the type,
but with the veins of the lower wings more promi-
nently curved in the ¢, the yellow adnervular rays
less prominent or almost obsolete on both surfaces, with
minor alterations of the colour of the abdomen, and the
yellow area of the hind wings strongly suffused with green,
somewhat like what obtains in cuneatus of Oberthur.
Sumatra is N.W. of Java, and there is no difficulty in
understanding that in the two localities, which are com-
paratively near to each other, some slightly modified
forms (but only slightly) would occur; though it is
remarkable that Oberthur’s cumeatus (a rather smaller
insect than the type), also inhabits W. Java. In this
latter there is rather more yellow on the anterior wings ;
the yellow hind wings are suffused with green, as in
Sumatrana, and there are 4 cuneiform discal black marks
on both surfaces of the ¢. The form rujicollis of Butler
from Borneo and Sumatra has less yellow on the upper
wings than the type, the adnervular rays are nearly white
instead of yellow; and the posterior wings may be said
to be entirely yellow except a delicate lunular black
border; the abdomen is yellow with a faintly pink dorsal
stripe. All these possess, as in the type form, a red
pronotal collar, more or less hidden by the pilose black
of the thorax; but Druce’s flavicollis from Borneo 1s dis-
tinguished only from ruficollis by its yellow collar on both
sexes. Now Borneo is a considerable distance east from

47

Sumatra and North from Java, so that the presence of two
or three such closely allied forms suggests the possibility
of many more intermediate links being yet discovered.
Another var. palabuana of Frithstorfer comes from Palabuan
in Java; and ruficollis has been taken in Malacca a long
way N. West of Borneo, and in Nias, a small island off
the nearly central coast of Sumatra. But if we travel
onwards to the N.E. and North of Borneo the process of
differentiation from the type form is seen to have resulted
(in the Philippine archipelago), in the beautiful Magellanus
of Felder, with a # very like that of the type, the
hind-wing yellow area being shot on both surfaces with a
rich opalescence—which also, only in a lesser degree,
appears on the ¢. In the ¢¢ there are important
colour differences, chiefly on the hind wings—also a con-
siderable difference on the anterior wings of jlavicollis—
still greater in Magellanus on all the wings.

Considered altogether, we may regard all the known
forms of Amphrysus, with the exception of Magellanus, as
living, roughly considered, within an area bounded by an
isosceles triangle—or very approximately 24,000 square
miles.

é. Anterior wings brownish black with yellow adner-
vular rays; the yellow area with black atoms extending
from the subcostal vein to the st median branch ; below
the latter the yellow is only half the length of the vein, one
half of the space nearest the median nervure being occupied
by black; a thin area within the cell at the distal end is
yellow; a yellow discal spot is bisected by the and
median nervure; a yellow discal spot, forming a line on

47a

the upper side of the 3rd median nervule, and a small
linear spot of yellow is on the submedian nervure at the
anal angle. Undersurface similar to the upper, except
that the discal row of yellow rays is complete, not
interrupted. The Posterior wings are a rich golden
yellow, with all the veins delicately formed, the upper
branches beautifully curved, and very black; the sub-
marginal black border is delicately and gracefully dentated
inwardly, with a black elongate spot united to the
dentation within the 2nd and 3rd median branches, or
at near the anal angle; the abdominal margin to the
submedian nervule is black; the fringe-lunules yellowish-
white and very slightly shewn. The fringe-lunules of
the anterior wing are also white. The undersurface
only differs from the upper by the anal angular black spot
adjacent to the dentation being very faintly represented ;
the abdominal margin black and rufous brown.

Head, antenne and thorax black; abdomen with a
dark and light-brown broad longitudinal dorsal stripe,
gradually narrowing towards the anal segments; all the
remainder of the abdomen, above and below, a rich
greenish golden yellow, thickly and minutely dotted all
over, and with the usual lateral black dots. The
pronotal collar, and the lateral portions of the thorax
red ; the legs black and lower portion of thorax with mixed
black and yellow scales; abdominal fringe rather long,
and rufous.

Length of costa 80, of outer margin 50, and of
inner margin 37 mms.; length of posterior wings 44,
and width 35 mms.; length of abdomen or antennz 28
mms. ; of head and thorax 20 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 10; tibia, 10; tarsi, 11

Length of Legs d on 13: 14
with trochanters a2 Ke z HY | 6
9) 99 If ? + %) 12 ? re) I

@. Anterior wings moderately light brown, darker
towards the outer margin, with 6 trigonate moderately
long yellowish-white marks or rays on the disc from the
submedian nervure to the Ist median nervule, and the
remaining adnervular rays or marks, brownish-white and
well expressed; a small brownish-white area also within
the cell at the distal end; the pseudoneura very distinct ;
the fringe-lunules brownish-white.

Posterior wings with the discal yellow area occupying
one third of its extent, followed by a band of 5 conical
large black marks, and a row of adnervular yellow cunei-
form marks, the outer submarginal part of the wing being
a dark brown united to the black cones; 3-4ths of the
cell is yellow, the area between the median and its 3rd
branch and the submedian is yellow-scaled and subdued
into brown by scales or atoms. The abdominal margin
is rufous brown. The under surface of both wings
similar to the upper, except that the light marks on the
anterior wings are nearly white and more definite, and
the two adnervular rays of the 4th and 5th subcostal
nervules are only indicated by white atoms; that
the discal and discocellular areas are yellow white
instead of yellow, and the submarginal yellow spots are
not subdued by scaling as above; there is also a white
fringe-line at the apical angle, and a faint white spot at
the anal angle.

Head, antenne and thorax black; pronotal collar red;
abdomen light brown; underside of thorax with red
pectoral patch on each side as usual; underside of
abdomen yellow, dotted with brown atoms, and first 3
segments from the base dark brown.

Length of costa 76, of outer margin 53, and inner
margin 43 mms.; of posterior wing 50 mms.; greatest
width 35 mnis,

Length of abdomen or antenne 28, of thorax and
head 21 mms,

Ist pair: femur, to: tibi * tarsi, 13 mins,
Length of st pair: femur, 05 tibia, 8; 23
Legs 2nd ” ” 12; », IO; ” 16 ”
3rd moe ” 1a a y» 12; 17 5

including the trochanters.

The outline of the anterior margin of the 2 is consider-
ably concave, in the ¢ rather less so.

Habitat, W. Java ¢,S. Java ?.

My figures and descriptions of this species are from
specimens in the Tring Museum.

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS, var. Sumatranus.

Ornithoptera Sumatranus, Hagen, ‘Iris,’ Vol. VIL., p. 14, n. 5.

(1894).

Troides Amphrysus Sumatranus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novit. Zool. Vol. II., p. 232, 0. 25, d. (1895).
Pompeoptera Amphrysus, var. Swmatyanus, Rippon, Section Tro1pEs, p. 13, in Wytsman's ‘‘ Genera Insectorum.” (1902).

$. Anterior wings velvety-black; the adnervular rays
golden-yellow, but only very slightly shewn, being little
more than a few short streaks of yellow scales, and these
very faintly indicated on the lower part of the disc; a
very contracted yellow group of scales in the cell, on the
upper half of the discal end; also slight streaks of yellow
scales along part of the costal and subcostal nervures ;
the veins slightly rufous brown. Undersurface almost
entirely as above; the fringe lunations of the outer
margin white.

Posterior wings a rich golden yellow, with dull green
reflections, or opalescence; the scalloped or dentated,
margin is, like that of the type form, narrowly black and
graceful, extending as a long black mark half-way up by
the 3rd median nervure ; the costal margin, a small basal
portion within the cell, the submedian area and the
abdominal fold concealing the androconia are deep velvety-
black ; a few long black hairs flow down from the median
vein over the yellow; anda few minute black atoms are
grouped on the yellow disc between the Ist and gnd
discoidal nervule. The character and colour (nearly a
flesh tint) of the androcoma (as shewn in my plate fig. 1.),
is similar to the prevailing tint of the abdomen.

Undersurface as above, with a thin line of dark atoms
parallel to the black from the apical angle; from the sub-
median nervure a line of rufous fringe-hairs proceed, and
partly covers the sides of the abdomen when the insect is
at rest.

Thorax, head and antenne velvety-black; eyes dark
rufous brown; beneath, black, with red pectoral patches
and red pronotum.

Abdomen fleshy red-brown, with a rather darker dorsal
longitudinal stripe; each side of the lighter part of the
abdomen is margined by black, with yellow outline; the
upper part of the anal valves black; the sides and sub-
dorsum yellow and yellow-green, with the usual lateral
rows of black dots; anal valves flesh-coloured.

Length of costa 74, outer margin 54, and inner margin
41 mms. Greatest length of posterior wing 45, and width
33 Iams.

Length of abdomen or antenne 29, and of head and
thorax 23 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 9; tibia, 7; tarsi, 10 mms.

Length of
isas and Ps ) It ? bP) Il; ”? I4 ”
+ 3rd J? : 37 Il ; a Il; 7 14 7
including the trochanters.

Hab. Karo, Sumatra.

¢. Anterior wings dark rufous brown; the adnervular
rays from the 2nd subcostal nervule to the 1st median
nervule sordid yellow-white and long; all below of the
same colour, short, variable in length and shape, begin-
ning at more than half way from the median vein, or

476

nearest to the outer margin, and subcuneiform ; the mark
within the cell irregular in shape at the distal 5th of the
cell, and sordid whitish-yellow.

Undersurface as above, but the light marks are a purer
and brighter whitish-yellow, and nearly all are margined
with light yellow atoms. The fringe lunules white.

Posterior wing with yellow disc, and the distal half of
cell yellow; a band of 6 large suborbicular black discal
spots, followed by a scalloped submarginal band of
yellow; the broad outer-marginal band is densely black
and lunated; fringe lunules whiter ; the base, costa, basal
half of the cell and abdominal margin black, but the
submedian area is deeply rufous with a line of light
yellow atoms; the black edge of the submedian sinus is
powdered with greenish and black atoms on the yellow;
the submarginal yellow band is also subdued by black
atoms; the abdominal margin is irrorated by yellow
scales ; abdominal fringe black, a mass of delicate dark
hairs proceeds from the base into the yellow of the cell,
and lower part of the yellow disc.

Undersurface as above, except that the yellow areas
are not subdued by black atoms, only one narrow streak
of yellow atoms is on the abdominal margin, there are no
dark hairs proceeding from the base into the yellow, one
rather small black ovoid spot follows the band of 6 large
black maculz below the 3rd median nervule, and all the
maculz and the inner lunate edges of the outer-marginal
black band are slightly powdered with grey atoms.

Head, antenne, eyes, and thorax black; abdomen very
dark brown; underside of thorax black-brown; legs
blacker ; no red pronotum or pectoral red marks. Abdo-
men beneath yellow, with the usual row of lateral black
dots; the segmental incisures well defined.

Length of costa 76, of outer margin 60, and inner
margin 55 mms.; length of posterior wing 55, and width
40 mms.

Length of abdomen 30, of antennz 26, and of thorax
with the head 23mms.

ist pair: femur, 11; tibia, 8; tarsi, 12 mms.
and ,, i;
P 3rd ” ” 12;
including the trochanters.

Length of
legs

27 7 ”? 7)

16

? 7)

Hab. Battak Mountains, E. Sumatra.

The originals of these descriptions and figures are in
the Tring Museum.

The ¢ of this form in its general colouration and ap-
pearance wonderfully resembles the ¢ of P. cuneatus of
Oberthiir from W. Java, except in the omission of the
beautiful discal row of cuneiform black marks on the
posterior wings of that species.

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS, var. Cuneifera.

Ornithoptera, cuneifera, Oberthiir, “Etudes d'Ent." IV., p, 110, sub. n.gQ (1879). ¢

Papilio (Ornithoptera) Ritsems, Snellen, ‘‘ Notes Leyden Museum," p. 153 (1889).

of,

Troides Amphrysus cuneifer, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novit. Zool.’ Vol. II., p. 229, n. 25 (b), (1895).
Pompeoptera cuneifera (or cuneatus?) Rippon. in Wytsman's “ Genera Insectorum, sec, TROIDES."’ p. 14 (1902).

I first give M. Oberthir’s original description of this

variety of Amphrysus, which was published in his ‘ Etudes
d’Entomologie,” in 1879, The description applies only
tothe ¢. It was reserved for Mr. Snellen to describe
the ¢ later on under the name of Ritsemea.

“Tres cureiux Papillon, beaucoup plus petit que les
individus ordinaires d’Amphrysius, ayant le contour ex-
térieur des ailes inférieures plus profund, les parties
saillantes plus argues et les nervure peu courbées prés de
lextrémité. De plus, dans la partie jaune de |’ aile
inférieure, entre les nervures, on voit cing taches noires
triangulaires ; la quatriéme surtout est trés grosse. Sur
les dessus de l’abdomen, deux taches noires soyenses se
detachent sur le fond fauve pale.” (Catalogue Raisonne
de Papilionidee de la coll. de Ch. Oberthir).

é. Anterior wings velvety black, with the adnervular
rays and the subcostal veins a rich silky yellow. These
rays only extend to the and median nervule, whose par-
ticular ray forms only a small yellow pyriform spot ;
fringe-lunules white ; a thin yellow line borders the distal
end of the cell; all the yellow rays are subdued by black
atoms; the veins are all fairly prominent above the black.
Undersurface almost exactly as above, with the addition
of 2 faint yellow marks below the rays. Posterior wings
rich golden yellow, suffused on the disc and at the distal
end of the cell by an emerald green tinge; the veins all
vividly black; the outer marginal black band is rather
narrow, and sinuate or dentate, with a rather long pointed
dentation at the anal angle; the abdominal or inner
margin is broadly black, and there are 4 black cuneiform
marks between the veins of the disc, of which the 2nd
from above is the longest ; these are elegant in form, and
dotted with yellow atoms. Undersurface as above, except
that the intra-venal cuneiform marks are rather smaller,
and the tst subcostal nervule is thickened in a black
mark towards the outer margin, the base is black, the
black marginal dentation at the anal angle is as short as
the others, and the broad abdominal fold is reddish-
brown; fringe-lunules white; abdominal fringe of long
hairs red.

Head, antenne and thorax black; eyes brown; pro-
notal collar red; abdomen pale fawn colour, silky, with
2 dorsal black, nearly rounded, spots; the anal segment
with black dorsal triangulate mark: abdomen beneath
and on the sides greenish and golden yellow, with the usual
lateral row of black dots, and the incisures black; anal
valves fawn colour; thorax beneath black, with the pec-
toral red patch; legs black.

Length of costa of anterior wing 67, of outer margin 50,
and inner margin 40 mms.; width of posterior wing 32,
and length 39 mms. Length of abdomen or antenne 26,
and of thorax with head 20 mms.

47é

1st pair: femur, 10; tibia, 9; tarsi, 11 mms.
TUG. 13 103 Ma 13
3rd, : 9; II; 14

” rh ? ?)

Length of
Legs

7 ? ” tel

Habitat: W. Java.

¢, Anterior wings, fuscous brown; the adnervular
rays creamy-white, with brown scaling; these rays com-
mence at the 1st median nervule, the initial rays being
broad, and the others becoming narrower till they become
at the costa thin streaks of white; in length they nearly
reach the outer margin of the wing at near the apical
angle; from the second median nervule to the submedian
nervure are also four short rays or light marks, varying a
little in size and shape, witha slightly sordid yellow tinge ;
1-4th of the discoidal cell at the distal end is also creamy-
white, subdued by brown scaling; the fringe-lunules are
thin and white. Undersurface as above, except that the
adnervular rays are purer, and the short rays or marks
are more yellow and five in number; the pseudoneura,
except the central one, are almost invisible.

Posterior wing: the cell diagonally and narrowly
fuscous brown from the base, followed by a creamy-white
patch in nearly 3-4ths of the cell, subdued by brown
scaling, and a yellow area of 1-4th at the distal end;
outside the cell from the 1st subcostal to the outer half of
the and median nervure is a narrow area of yellow, sinuate
or lunate in the outer direction ; the remaining half of the
space between the 2nd and 3rd median branches and to
the submedian fold or sinus is creamy-white, subdued to-
wards the base, and reaching longitudinally down 2-3rds
of that part of the wing; the abdominal marginal area is
fuscous brown; the discal area of the wing is black, with
a submarginal group or band of small disconnected and
triangulate or cuneiform yellow marks, 12 in number, and
a thin streak of white atoms at the apical angle; the
fringe-lunules are prominent and white. Undersurface
nearly as above, but the yellow and light areas are only
slightly scaled at the base of the cell, and are shaded into
the yellow; the submarginal band of yellow marks are g
in number, of which the first two are sublunate, between
the costal and 2nd subcostal veins, the 3rd and 4th
between the 2nd subcostal and discoidal veins, the 5th is
attached to the discoidal vein, the 6th and 7th are double
sized and cuneiform to the rst and 2nd submedian, and
the 8th and gth—the latter a long yellow mark at the anal
angle—to the 3rd median branch; there are also 2 sub-
marginal white marks of atoms united to the fringe lunules
of the lower part of the wing ; a brief line of yellow atoms
is also at the costa.

Head, antenne and thorax black ; eyes brown ; dorsum
of abdomen fuscous brown; pronotal collar red. Under-
side of thorax dark brown with the pectoral red spots ;
legs black; abdomen, subdorsum and sides greenish
yellow, with the usual black dots—the segmental incisures
brown.

Length of costa 80, of outer margin 59, and inner
margin about 45 mms. ; length of posterior wing 56, and
width 44 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz 28, of thorax with head
2I mms.

Ist pair: femur 8; tibia, 8; tarsi, 12 mms.
Length of P 4 ely ;
and : Tele: 12; 18
legs ”? ” ? ” ? rh) ”
3rd ”? oe) iit ” 12; WP 16 be)

including the trochanters.

Habitat, W. Java. This species or variety inhabits

47d,

Mount Gede, according to Friihstorfer, at an altitude of
6,000 feet.

The posterior wings of the ¢ are distinguished from
the typical Amphrysus and its varieties most effectually
by the beautiful group of cuneiform black marks on the
yellow disc. It appears also to be a smaller form than
either of those, in both sexes.

The originals of my descriptions or figs, are in the
museum of the Hon. W. Rothschild, at Tring; and the
original type of cuneifera is in the collection of Mr.
Oberthtir at Rennes.

RECAPITULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS OF THE
| AMPTIRYSUs' (GROUP?

A comparison of the different forms of the Amphrysus
group will give us the following results, by which we may
be able to judge of their relationship to each other.

(2). The type species Amphrysus 3 with velvety black
anterior wings, and all the adnervular rays and marks in
both surfaces, yellow ; the fringe lunules on both surfaces
yellow; all yellow marks very prominent. Posterior wings
yellow, with moderately broad black lunate border ; with-
out black maculz, except one elongate spot at the anal
angle united with and above the marginal lunation or
dentation (on the under surface of the wing this mark is
only faintly indicated by black atoms or scaling) ; the inner
or abdominal marginal fold is broad and black above,
partly rufous on the underside ; abdominal fringe, rufous.
Undersurface of wing, similar. Head, antenne and
thorax, black; pronotal collar red; abdomen, greenish
yellow, with a broad central longitudinal black and rufous
vitta above.

¢, Anterior wings on both surfaces, rufous brown ;
with sordid white and yellow discal rays, and the distal
end of the cell sordid white ; on the undersurface the light
areas are yellow white; fringe lunules white. Posterior
wings, 2-3rd of the cell and 1-3rd of the disc, yellow; base
of the wing and subcostal area, rufous brown; outer 2-3rds
of the disc black, with a row of yellow marks midway ; the
submedian area, rufous brown, and above the submedian
fold very sordid brown yellow; fringe lunules, white;
abdominal fringe, rufous or burnt sienna. The under-
surface of the wing as above, except that the yellow area
is whitish yellow. Head, eyes, antenne and thorax asin
the s ; abdomen, rufous brown above; yellow below.

(b). var. Ruficollis, 3. Anterior wings black; the ad-
nervular rays and cell marks (at distal end) faintly orange
yellow and white, and not so prominent as in the type
form; fringe lunules, white, being only thin outlines; under-
surface the same. Posterior wings, rich silky golden
yellow, with the outer marginal outline black, with the
submarginal row of black lunations situated midway from
each vein; an elongate black spot at the anal angle; the
base of wing, rufous above the precostal cell; the veins
rather curved, thin, black, and very graceful. Under-
surface similar; inner margin, sienna brown on both
surfaces; abdominal fringe, black. Head, antenne and
thorax, black; eyes, red brown; pronotal collar, red;
abdomen, greenish lemon-yellow, with fleshy pink dorsal
vitta, and white anal valves.

(c). Sub. var. Flavicols ¢. Anterior wings, black ; all
the yellow rays and marks yellow, with white terminals
and prominent; outer marginal fringe lunules thin and
white. Posterior wings and abdomen as in Rujicollis: head,
eyes, antenne and thorax the same as in Huficollis, except
that the pronotal collar is yellow instead of red. ?.
Anterior wings, pale amber brown, and brownish-grey cell,
shaded darker towards its base. The undersurface
similar. Posterior wings with the cell, costa, and outer
area of median and other veins, yellow; the disc is oc-
cupied with black to 3-5ths of its area, and contains a
submarginal band of yellow marks; the base of wing,
fumous brown, as is the abdominal area. Undersurface
similar; abdominal fringe short and dark; head, eyes,
thorax, &c.,and collar, as in the ¢; colour of abdomen as
in the ¢.

The & 2 of Ruficollis and Flavicollis differ from those of the
type form in having the costa of the anterior wings rather
more pointed at the apical angle, and in the very different
appearance of the vars of submarginal lunate spots of the
posterior wings. The ? of Flavicolls bears rather a strik-
ing resemblance to the 2 of Andyromache.

(d). var. Cuneifera. %. Anterior wings, silky black; the
light rays and marks, yellow, subdued by black atoms;
undersurface the same. Posterior wings, rich silky yellow,
with lemon-green shading and reflections ; a discal row of
four cuneiform black marks; outer marginal band broadly
black and sinuate ; at the anal angle the black division is
sharply dentate, but only faintly shown on the under-
surface; base of wing, dark brown; abdominal area
black; fringe lunules white (on both wings); abdominal
fringe, burnt sienna-red. Head, thorax, &c., as in the
type form; pronotal collar, red; abdomen, rufous brown
above ; with lateral yellow outline and two dorsal black
spots ; anal valves, grey and black; underside of thorax
with lateral red patches; of abdomen, yellow green;
undersurface of wings as above. ¢. Anterior wings,
rufous brown, with greyish-ochraceous broad rays, and
yellow marks; distal end of cell broadly grey. Under-
surface similar, but the light parts are purer in colour,
Posterior wings with the greater portion of the disc black,
and a submarginal band of small yellow marks ; the distal
end of the cell and a small portion of the disc yellow; the
remainder of the cell and disc grey, subdued by scaling ;
tho base of wing and subcosta, and inner marginal area,
rufous brown; fringe lunations conspicuous and ochra-
ceous-grey; abdominal fringe, burnt-sienna. Under-
surface of wings nearly as above, the lighter parts purer
in colour, with congeries of white atoms. Head and
thorax, &c., as in the ¢ ; abdomen, brown above, greenish
yellow beneath.

(c). var. Sumatrana. é. Anterior wings rather narrower
and longer than in the other forms ; black, with only
faint indications of the yellow rays and marks; under-
surface as above. Posterior wings yellow, shaded with
lemon green, and exceedingly like the wings of Cuneifera
except in the absence of the cuneiform marks; under-
surface as above, except that the abdominal marginal
fringe is very whitish red. Head, thorax, &c., like the
other form, but with no visible red collar above, but with
red pectoral patches; abdomen, very rufous or flesh-
coloured grey, with lateral large spots, black dots, flesh-
coloured anal valves; underside, yellow and greenish.
@ [A bold, strong-loooking insect.] Anterior wings, warm
dark brown; with all the rays and marks sordid yellow
grey ; undersurface of wings, warm dark brown, the yellow
marks all brighter anda purer yellow. Posterior wings
with yellow disc and the distal half of the cell yellow; a
band of suborbicular black spots, followed by a scalloped
submarginal band of yellow; the remainder of the wing
velvety black; the abdominal marginal area rufous, with
yellow atoms ; undersurface, similar. Head, thorax, &c.,
black on both sides ; abdomen, dark brown above, yellow
beneath. Thorax, with no pectoral red patches.

(f). var. Palabuana, Frithstorfer, from Palabuan, S. W.
Java, anterior wing of the ¢ with the aduervular rays
almost dark reddish-brown.

(g). var. Olympia ¢, Honrath, from S. E. Borneo, is
only a slight variety of Flavicolhs.

*By a Taincalentanen in paging, this article is, unfortunately, misplaced ; it should have been on page 51, before the article on P. Nereis.

48

49

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS.
VARIETY, FLAVICOLLIS.

Ornithoptera flavicollis, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 356.

(No figure.)

Troides Amphrysus, abr. (c) Flavicollis, Walter Rothschild, Novitates Zoologica, n. 25, p. 231, Vol. II. (1895).

Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, in the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 6th series, Vol. 1V., p. 210, in his paper
on ‘‘ The Habits of Certain Bornean Butterflies,” speaks
of O. flavicollis as very common at one place on the river
Tinkyo, where he camped all May, 1888. This var,
according to the same authority is one of the earliest
butterflies on the wing in those wonderful forests in
Borneo, so that it evidently makes a long day. The
earliest butterflies do not begin to fly before 7 a.m., and
Ruficollis is one of them; he retires latest also, does not
trouble himself about cloudy weather as is the manner of
some butterflies, and cares little about a shower of rain,
though he does not carry an umbrella—an indifference
which would certainly make a collector’s mouth water and
his heart rejoice, if it were common to all lepidoptera
when fe was on the war path! The Hestias and some
others of the Danaine though they rise nearly as early,
and are nearly as restless or industrious, are not quite as
enterprising or brave, for Skertchly tells us they may be
seen, during cloud and rain, “‘pitched, often on an exposed
shrub, where, with folded wings, they patiently get wet;”’
a habit possibly like that of the ass in standing with his
back to the storm while the pelting rain comes down,
looking very miserable, but probably under the impression
that he is keeping himself dry, or at any rate as dry as
possible under the circumstances.

This var. of Amphrysus or Amphrisius is evidently very
common, as faras the ¢ ¢ are concerned; for a great
number must have reached our collections. Of the ? 2
so much perhaps cannot be said.

Mr. H. Druce, in the proceedings quoted at the head
of this article thus describes Flavicollis, giving it specific
rank :—

* ¢. Upper side: Similar to O. Amphrysus from Java,
but differs in the following respects: Anterior wing more
elongated, with the yellow markings at the end of the cell
smaller ; the posterior wing rather paler in colour, with the
black scallops and the black border much narrower. It is at
once distinguished from all other species by its bright
yellow collar. The neuration of the posterior wing differs
slightly from O. Amphrysus.

*¢ @, Anterior wing sooty black, with all the veins
broadly bordered with dusky white; the marginal series
of black spots on the posterior wing are much broader
than in Amphrysus, almost reaching the discoidal cell;
very like the posterior wing of O. Miranda, Butler.

‘‘T have examined 35 ¢ # and & 2 of this species, and
they do not differ in any respect. Hab. Borneo. In
the colls. of H. Druce and O. Salvin.”

In the Plate [PI. 51] illustrative of this variety, I have
given (figs. 3, 4, 5), portraits of the two sexes, and also
(figs. 1,2) of the variety rujicollis 3 of Butler. The latter
var. is placed first, as it appears to diverge least from the

typical or parent form Amphrysus,as may be seen by a
careful comparison. In the females of ruficollis 1 find
little or no difference except in the colour of the collar,
but in flavicollis there are undoubtedly important differ-
ences, while the ? here figured is so unlike in many details
even the accepted form that it might ultimately merit a
new varietal name, if we were able to find a male to match
with it.

3. (Fig. 3). Anterior wings velvety black, with rich
golden lemon-yellow rays, greyish towards the outer
margin, within which are the chief nervules; these reach
to within a short distance of the outer margin ; the upper
part of the cell, with part of the costa, of the same colour,
forming altogether an elongated oblique patch midway of
the upper part of the wings; this encloses the black
nervures (very broadly black), and the 1st and 2nd pseu-
doneura, and an elongate cloud of black atoms within
the cell.

Posterior wings intense silky yellow, more golden at the
hind margin, greener at the base. Wings delicately
scalloped or curved, with black incurved marginal spots,
a black marginal line, and an elongate black spot twice
the length between the 2nd and 3rd median nervules,
with yellow atoms dividing it midway; the base brown ;
abdominal fold brown, with pearly kid-white on inner
edge, and a brown line to complete the shape of the fold.

Abdomen primrose yellow, with a fleshy pale brown
dorsal stripe to within the 2nd anal segment ; subdorsum
slightly orange yellow: lateral dots minute; anal valves
with two sharp crossed spine-like points, soft fawn greyish
white, with a slight black outline above. Thorax, on the
under sides with only a small patch of red near the base
of the wings: pronotal collar yellow, nearly —~ shaped.

The yellow of both surfaces of the wings shot with green.
The pseudoneura are prominent on the under side of the
anterior wings. The veins of all the wings very black
and exquisitely curved. Some of those of the posterior
wings curve round at the exterior margin, and become a
part of its thin black border.

Length of costa 78, width of anterior wing 41, length
of posterior wing 48, and width 36 mm.; of abdomen or
antennz 31, thorax with head 12 mm.; width of thorax
12, of abdomen 12 mm. ;

ist pair: femur, 11; tibia, 9; tarsi, 15 mm.

of legs and ,, ” ears he REE Ht BG as
3rd_,, eh, A Neth EE py ute, oe
width of abdominal fold 5 mm.,length 25 mm. Hab. Borneo.
¢. Anterior wings, pale umber brown, with brownish
grey rays and marks; within the cell the same grey,
graduated from pale brown at the base to the purer grey at
the discocellular nervules and beyond, the effect being pro-
duced by graduated brown atoms, the Pseudoneura quite
prominent. Under surfaces similar, except that the brown

50

and grey are more pure, from the absence of the atoms,
and the Pseudoneura are well marked.

Posterior wings less intense lemon yellow; the very
broad dark-brown margin nearly reaching the discoidal
cell in the 3 lower divisions, which are also more pointed
than are the 3 superior; the yellow spots enclosed by
this form a very regular submarginal band, the 3 inner
ones dusted with black atoms. The dark brown altogether
occupies about 3-5ths of the wing area, and the yellow near
the base is furnished with delicate, almost invisible brown
hairs. The base is warm brown. The abdominal fold
within the submedian nervure is pale fawn-brown, darker
nearer the inner margin. Under surface, pale primrose
yellow; and very dark sepia brown ; abdominal fold pale
brown with a very short fringe.

Outline of posterior wings dentated, with white lunar
spots above, fawn-coloured below.

The different divisions of the subcostal nervure larger
than those in the Priamus group.

Eyes chesnut brown; femora with yellow scales over
nearly their entire length.

Abdomen: dorsum fawn-brown, with lateral border of
yellowish grey; subdorsum lemon yellow with lateral black
dots. Thorax: smoky brown above, lighter below: sides
with a slight spot of red. Collar orange yellow.

Length of costa of upper wing 85, width of wing 47,
length of under wing 57, width 40 mm.; length of

abdomen and antennz 30, width of thorax 10, of abdomen
10, length of thorax with head 21 mm.
Ist pair: femur, 12; tibia, 8; tarsi, 13 mm,
Of legs j2nd _,, 0 “ES HL | Wl ays eee ee
3rd ” ” TZ; 4) Il; ” 16 ”

Hab. Borneo.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Frederick Moore
for the privilege of figuring and describing these specimens,
from his splendid Indian collection.

é. Inthe British Museum. Body more than usually
robust, same size as that described above ; orange yellow
on upper wings extends exactly as in the var. ruficollis,
that is, less than half the length, so that Mr. Moore’s
examples are subvarieties of Druce’s var. No other
difference. Hab. Borneo.

@. Brit. Museum. Length of costa 87 mm. One
tear-shaped spot in the cell close to the discocellular
nervule, its apex pointed inwards. The pseudoneura
faintly represented. Under wings black, with their marks
more gracefully formed than in Mr. Moore's specimen.

Hab. Borneo.

¢. Brit. Museum. Length of costa 94 mm. Alto-
gether more robust than the above; the grey of the
wings slightly more drab coloured. Hab. Borneo.

In Plate ro and fig. 4, vol. I., of this work is a represen-
tation of the under wing of a var. of the ? in the Brit.
Museum, Hab. Borneo. The shape of the yellow
collar is —~.

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS.
VARIETY, RUFICOLLIS.

Ornithoptera ruficollis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd Ser, Vol. I., p. 552. (1875.)

oe ov

Distant, Rhopal, Malayana, V. I., t. 328-30 with plain fig., V. II., p. xxvii., a. 1. (1871.)
Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der, Gatt. Orn., p. 739. (1888.)

Troides Amphrysus, abr. (d), ruficollis, Walter Rothschild, Novit. Zoologice, n. 25, p. 232, Vol. II. (1893.)

$. Described by Butler. ‘Allied to O. Flavicollis :
wings smaller, comparatively narrower; outer margin of
Primaries more distinctly inarched. Collar carmine.
Expanse of wings 5 inches 4 lines to 6-1. ¢. Malacca.”

[The inarching of the outer margin is not absent in
Flavicollis, but in some examples quite as prominent. |

@. Described by Distant. ‘ Anterior wings above
blackish, with the following greyish markings :—2 large
contiguous spots at the end of the cell, the area above and
beyond the apex of the cell elongately continued along the
nervules, and a spot near the apex of and and 3rd median
nervules and of submedian nervure. Posterior wings
above very bright pale yellow; the neuration, a large
basal transverse patch extending from base of cell to costal
margin beneath the costal nervure, the abdominal margin,
and the posterior margin inwardly scalloped and con-
nected with a submarginal series of 6 larger spots placed
between the nervules, the 3 uppermost of which are irre-
eularly rounded, the 4th, 5th, and 6th pyriform, black,
near the abdominal fold and above the submedian nervure
the ground colour is dusted with dark greyish scales beneath

as above, but the greyish markings on the anterior wings
paler beneath, and the posterior wings not dusted with
dark greyish near the abdominal margin. Body above,
with the head and pronotum black, the last with a narrow
carmine collar; abdomen above greyish brown ; abdomen
beneath with about half of its lateral margin bright
yellow ; thorax beneath and legs black.”

Plain figs. of both surfaces given by Mr. Distant on
page 329 of his work, differ little from the var, sketched
from the Brit. Museum.

Relative to ‘‘ Var. @ PI. xxvii.ai,” he remarks, ‘ this
variety differs from the typical form by having the sub-
marginal row of spots to the posterior wings distinctly
separated from the posterior margin.”

In my Plate (51, figs. 1, 2),1 present portraits of the upper
and under sides of the ¢ from an example in my own collec-
tion. All that need be said about it is that it differs only in
the slightest degree from examples of Flavicollis which |
possess, except that the red collar is wider than the yellow

one, the yellow of the under wings is warmer than in
Flavicollis, and the apex of the upper wings more rounded.
One small specimen of Flavicollis has the apex sharply
pointed. Hab. Borneo.

3. In Brit. Museum. Agrees in every respect with the
Flavicollis figured in my plate, except in the presence of a
minute yellow line on the subcostal vein, and that the
yellow of the cell and costa does not extend so far
inwards—little more than 1-3rd. Length of costa 84 mm.
Hab. Malacca.

3. Brit. Museum. Yellow of Primaries generally
redder. Length of costa 54 mm. Hab. Malacca.
Another ¢ in same collection has the yellow of Primaries
orange tinted. A & from Penang, costal length 75 mm.,
presents no other difference. There is no ? of this
variety in the Brit. Museum at present.

These are certainly only local varieties of P. Amphrisius :
the greatest differences being that in the ¢¢ the yellow
of the upper wings is much more broadly marked both
within and without the cell, but in no one is the yellow
within the cell carried so far as in the fig. in our plate—
not above 1-3rd. Inthe 2 upper wings the grey stripes
and patch close within the cell are almost of the same
shape and extent as in the ¢, differing therefore greatly
from the figure, and from the & of Flavicollis, The same
may be said of the under side.

There are 2 ¢% in the Brit. Museum most near to
Ruficollis, with red collar, and exceedingly rich green-
yellow under wings. The markings of the Primaries are
only faint stripes, and there is the faintest indication of

tps

Bylt

yellow on the discoidal cell, and between the nervures of
the costa. These will have to be considered later on as
a new variety. A ? also appears to belong to it from the
same loeality in Borneo (20 miles up the Sundu river,
near the Lymbang), differing from the 2 of P. Amphrysius.

Reverting once more to the interesting paper of Mr.
Skertchley, in the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. iv.,
p. 218, we find him saying, in connection with the variety
flavicollis,

“The ¢ has one peculiarity in flight which may be
used in courting, and is certainly used on other occasions.
In basking among the foliage on sunny riversides, it often
flies slowly along moving only its forewings, the hind
wings drooping at an obtuse angle to the line of flight,
trailing like a rich robe of golden silk. Ina freshly caught
specimen this position can be easily induced. A furrow
in the inner margin of the 2 wing allows the notch of the
h. w. to be elevated easily without interfering with the
partial action of the f.w. In such flight the f. wings only
move through a small angle. On the inner margin of the
h. w. there is a strong fold fringed with hairs, forming a
pouch. In normal flight and when at rest this pouch is
closed, but when the h. w. is drooped the pouch opens.
It may therefore be a scent pouch, and this particular
flight the normal courting flight.”

Skertchly does not mention the peculiar contents of
the pouch, or say whether any portion of the cottony
material was dissipated after the flight. It would be
interesting to know.

In our plate, fig. 2a, will be found a sketch of the 3
anal valves of rujicollis drawn as it appears when quite
closed, from a specimen in the author’s museum.

POMPEOPTERA NEREIS.

Ornithoptera Nereis, William Doherty, Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Vol. Ix., Pt, II., No, 1., 1890, p. 30

This species occurs on an island situated about 80
miles west of Sumatra, called Engano. A long line of
islands and islets, forming several obvious groups, extends
from the great Nicobar island, and chief of the group of
that name (that is north of the equator, with a positive
west of Sumatra), down to the equator, including in its
course the Cocos, Hog, Baniak, and Nias groups of islands;
then south of the equator we find Mintaon, Sebeeroo,
Sepora, Poggy, Nassau, and lastly Engano. The latter
is 180 miles south of the Nias group, and 210 miles from
Java, being situated north of that great island. A con-
siderable portion of this long line of islands is usually
included in what are called the Sunda Islands, of which
we might almost say Sumatra itself is the monarch—being
separated only from Java by the Straits of Sunda. Mr,
Doherty tell us that Engano is wholly surrounded by deep
sea, with a coast protected by its extensive coral reefs
from the agencies which are gradually wearing away the
other islands. He says ‘‘the deep sea that surrounds
them swallows up all the alluvium from their streams ;”
and ‘‘ the tremendous surf on their western shore steadily
undermines their hills, and under this process the islands

have long been wearing away.” How much this process
is delayed or modified by the stupendous volcanic agency,
always more or less at work in Sumatra, Java, and the
Straits, it would be difficult to say, but this influence
must be very great in any case.

Zoologically Engano is considered by Doherty to be an
outlying member of the Nias group, with Javan affinities,
and an area of about 120 square miles. It is called
Pulo Telanjang, or the Naked Island, by the Malays,
because the inhabitants till recently went about in a
nude condition.

The description of the island by Mr. Doherty is very
interesting; and to this, with what the writer in the
Tidschrift van Nederlandsch Indié, or the Journal of the
Dutch Indies, says about its people and products, I refer
the reader for further information. Mr. Doherty obtained
about 10 species of land shells, most of them new, on the
island, and only a small collection of Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera, in the former of which it would seem there
were relatively more butterflies than moths, while among

Z

tL

the beetles the Elateride were dominant, and the Phytophaga
very rare. No species of Cassida was taken at all; frogs,
toads, snakes, and lizards abound; but he says nothing
about the birds, or the higher vertebrata. He collected 50
species of butterflies, and saw two or three more. Of
these he felt justified in considering 13 to be new, in-
cluding nearly all the Danaide, and three species of
Papilionide, reckoning the Ornithoptera as one. The
following are Mr. Doherty’s descriptions of P. Nereis, to
whch are added my own additional observations on his
types and co-types, from which the figures in the plate
are drawn :—

“ 3. Above black, the cell immaculate, the veins of the
disc black, bordered with rather conspicuous whitish rays.
Hind wing golden yellow, bordered with a deeply scal-
loped black band, which is only about 1-1oth of an inch
wide at the ends of the veins, the base black above the
middle of the costal space, including the root of the cell;
two (in one specimen five) black discal spots subanally in
the gold below, the white streaks near the veins are more
continuous, and the end of the cell is slightly touched
with whitish ; a little red at the base of the wings.”

[The inner subanal spot is 3 or 4 times the size of the
outer, and on the underside of the wing where they are
repeated they are slightly larger. The under surfaces of
the wings are in all respects like those above with the
exception that the golden yellow of the secondaries is
more lemon in intensity, and that the space between the
3rd median nervule and submedian nervure contains a
rather large black spot, separated from the brown that
occupies part of the space by golden yellow atoms, with
an elongate spot close to the anal angle, also divided by
golden scales or atoms. ‘The sexual pouch is silky olive
black above, brown black below, with brown black ab-
dominal fringe. ]

“9, With the outer third of the cell entirely dull
whitish the whitish streaks between the veins coalescing,
and extending nearly to the outer margins, the black rays in
the middle of the spaces not nearly reaching the cell ;
hind wing very dull golden, the border wide, the discal
spots coalescing widely with each other and with the outer
black band, so as to enclose small yellowish lanceolate
spots in pairs, divided by the veins. Below, the hind wing
is dull pale whitish-yellow, without any golden tint; this
area extends only to the upper subcostal vein, and
occupies 2-3rds of the cell. Several males and two
females were taken, but one of the latter was unluckily
destroyed, and the other is worn.”

On the Primaries the white between the veins is not so
much modified by dark dustings of scales as in other
species, and is very closely copied on the under surface of
the wings. The yellow of the secondaries is within the cell,
between the 1st and 2nd subcostal nervules, a small
portion of the space close to the 3rd median nervules,
and between that and the submedian nervure, more or
less whitish like the under surface. A streak of whitish
and dustings of whitish scales are also found on the
abdominal fold.

The opaque white of the under surface of the hind wings
distinguishes this form from all others in the Pompzus
group. The affinity of this species is with P. minos, of
Southern India.

There are six specimens of this species in the collection
ofthe Hon. Walter Rothschild, all that were collected, five
of them ¢¢ and one 2, including the twotypes. I have
numbered these specimens for future reference.

Nos. 1 and 2 have only one subanal black spot on
the upper side, and two on the underside: the outer one
being a mere dot, which can be seen from the upper
side in certain lights. No. 3 has three black spots on
the underside of the right wing, and two on the left : the
larger, inner one, is repeated on the upper surface, and
faint clouded indications of the others are visible. The
space between the submedian nervure and 3rd median
nervule contains two black spots also, the upper one
surrounded by black scattered scales on a whitish yellow
ground.

_ No. 4, which I have figured in the plate, will speak for
itself (fig. 3), as will No. 5 the type. No.6 (the ?) also is
fully represented in the plate.

3. Head : eyes chesnut black, articulations of antennz
48. Abdomen: the dorsal brown black, enclosing a longitu-
dinal stripe or patch on three of the segments of a red
fawn colour; the lateral lemon yellow; subdorsal redder
lemon. Five lateral subdorsal black dots, obscurely
represented, Anal valves delicate fawn colour. Pseudo-
neura fairly prominent in the discoidal cell of the upper
wings.

Length of costa, 67 mms.; antennze and abdomen, 28
mms.; thorax with head, 19 mms.; width of primaries,
36 mms. ; of hind wing, 31, and length, 42 mms.

No. 1 ¢, Length of costa, 72; of No. 2 3, 68; of No.
3 S, 71; and of var. ¢, 67 mms.

¢. Head : eyes chesnut black. Articulations of antennz,
46mms. Thorax and abdomen smoky brown; lateral
parts of the latter a sordid yellow with five black dots,
and of subdorsal yellow. Anal tuft reddish brown.

Length of costa, 82 mms.; of antennz and abdomen,
28 mms. ; thorax with head, 20 mms. ; width of primaries,
each, 41 mms.; of secondaries, 39 mms.; and length,
55 mms.

Legs tst pair femur, 11; tibia, 7; tarsi, 11 mms.
p jand ,, 4 TO; 4, I2s 4 15 4
3rd _,, jp POG EOE oui Uh as

In the ? the legs are so broken away that no measure-
ments are possible.

Hab. Engano.

Iam indebted to the Hon. L. Walter Rothschild for
the pleasure of figuring this lovely species.

A prominent feature of the ¢¢ of this species is the
beautiful gradation of the silky golden or greenish yellow
of the under wings to a very green ruddy yellow towards
the base and interior margin. Viewed obliquely against
the light, the golden becomes intense.

POMPEOPTERA POMPEUS.

Papilio Pompeus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. I., t. 25, f. A., ¢ (1775).
Esper, Aus. Schmett., t. 24, f. 2, ?. (1785-1798).
” » Herbst, Pap., t. 2, f. 3 (1788 ?).
» Astenous, Fabricius, Sys. Ent. iii., i., p. 19, 59 (1793).
Papilio Pompeus, Merian, Ins. Surinam, t. 72 (1719) (loc. error).
Troides Astenous, Hubn, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 88 (1816).
3 Heliacon, Donovan's Ins. India, t, 18, f. t (1800). [Cerberus form ?]
Papilio Amphrisius, v. Godart, Enc. Méth. IX., p. 27, n. 7 (1819).
Amphrisius Nymphalides, Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins. II., t. 98 (1833).
Ornithoptera Pompeus Heliacon, Boisdy. Spec. Gen. Lep., p. 18 (1836). Java and Sumatra.
[Boisduval regards pompeus as a synomyn of Heliacon. The two forms pompeus and cerberus are here united.]
Ornithoptera Pompeus, 3 ¢, Doubleday and Hewitson's Gen. of Diurn., Lep. I., p. 4, n. 9 (1846). Java.
Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins, B. M. I., p. 5, n. 13 (1852).
" " is » List Lep. Ins. B. M.1., p. 5, n. 15 (1856).
” ” ., Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep, Ins. Mus. East India Company, I. p. 87, n. 177 (1857).
Verh. z. b., Ges. Wien., p, 291, n. 28 (1864). [Gives ‘‘ Java" as ‘‘ New Guinea (eadem ?"’)]
¢ 2, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p. 756 (1865). Bengal. [This form is Cerberus of Felder.]
Wallace, Trans. Linnzan Soc., V. xxv., n. 9, p. 39 (1865).
Ornithoptera Pompeus, ¢ ¢, Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. v. Ent. III., p. 71, n. 7 (1866). Padang (Sumatra), Java, and N. Guinea.
others will probably be Cerberus; Vollenhoyen calls them Heliacon of Felder.]
Ornithoptera Pompeus, Butler, ¢ ¢, Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabricius, p. 235, n. 4 (1869).
Papilio Pompeus, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lepid., p. 519 (1871).
Ornithoptera Pompeus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 326 (1871).
Ornithoptera Heliconoides, ¢ ¢, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p. 592 (1877).
Ornithoptera Pompeus, Oberthiir, Etudes d’Entomologie, (Cat. Raisonné de Pap. de la Coll, de Ch. Oberthiir), p. 32 (1879).
Ornithoptera Heliconoides, ¢ ¢, Wood Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc., Bengal, p. 252, n. 94 (1881). Andaman Islands. [This is Cerberus.]
Ornithoptera Heliconoides, Staiudgr. and Schatz, Exot. Schmett I., p. 5 (1884).
Ornithoptera Pompeus, ¢ ¢, De Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc., Bengal, p, 373,n. 171 (1866). Cachar. [One ¢ taken August 6th at Irangmara, 1? on July 2nd at Sildubi,
1 ¢? taken on July 28th, at Irangmara. These are Cerberus.]
Ornithoptera Pompeus, W. F. Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by the late W. C. Hewitson, p. 1 (1879).
Ornithoptera Pompeus, ¢ ¢, Watson, Journal of the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 26 (1888).
Dr. F. A. Walker, Oriental Entomology, Part II., p. 13 (1887).
¢ ?, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., p. 422, n. 394 (1888). [The Cevbeyus form.]
Ornithoptera Pompeus, Fickert, Ueber die Zeich. der Gatt. Ornithoptera, p. 727, f. 5, Taf. XXI. ¢; f. 6, Taf. XXI. 9; Pupa and larva, figs. 4, 5, Taf. XIX. (1889).
7 é 2, De Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 387, n. 86 (1890). Chin-Lushai. [Cerberus form.]
Watson, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 387, n. 86 (1890). Lamtok. [Cerberus form.]
é ¢, De Nicéville, Gazeteer of Sikkim, p. 170, n. 459 (1894). [Cerbeyus form; very common.]
O. Pompeus, W. F. Kirby, Nature, Vol. 51, p. 254, col. 2. Larva and Pupa, p. 255, col. 1 (1895).
Troides Helena Cerberus, W. Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice, V.II., p. 219 (1895).
Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera, V. II., p. 264. Larva, p. 264. Pupa, p. 265.

" "

[The Java example may be Pompeus, but the

Burmah. [Cerberus form.]

” 0

” ”

” "”
” ”

” ”

(1896.)

é. Anterior wings velvety black, slightly graduated to
a warm brownish black towards the posterior margin ; the
nervures fairly distinct, but the nervules are almost con-
cealed by the dense black ina perfectly fresh example,
except when viewed obliquely; the adnervular rays are
so much subdued into a warm dark brown as to be seen
with difficulty ; the fringe lunules creamy white, and
fairly conspicuous. Under surface dark smoky brown,
very black from the base, much lighter towards the pos-
terior margin; the adnervular rays, all but those con-
nected with the 2nd and 3rd median nervules, very
faintly expressed (or almost entirely obsolete) ; the latter
are bluish white and prominent; a short bluish white
streak also on the sub-median nervure; the fringe rays
whitish, with 4 hastate discal marks very faintly indicated
by greyish atoms nearly parallel to the outer margin, and
intersected by the 4 branches of the median vein. The
3rd median nervure starts just beyond the cell.

Posterior wings a rich silky golden-yellow, with a slight
greenish tinge, especially towards the base; base of the
wing and subcostal region velvety black, interrupted by
the sub-apical yellow portion of the general yellow wing

53

area; 5 sub-marginal black orbicular spots run parallel to
the posterior margin, whereof the first, situated between
the 1st and 2nd discocellular nervules is large, the next 3
below much smaller, and the 5th 2-3rds the size of the
Ist; the posterior marginal black border moderately
broad and dentate ; the abdominal wing fold and part of
the sub-median area velvety black; the fringe lunules
creamy-white, and obscure. [The androconia within
the fold are fawn-coloured; very densely arranged, first
in a line along the sub-median wing-fold, and then in
several sets of densely-arranged masses on the whole of
the rest of the pouch interior ; the first line of these hairs
or scales is formed quite after the manner of a feather,
with the base of the quill starting from near the base of
the wings so that the feather rays are all curved down-
wards: at what may be called the hinge of the fold there
is a narrow line or canal dividing the remainder of the
androconia from the feather-like portion, so as to allow
of an easy closing up of the fold: the remaining masses
of these peculiar scales have much the appearance of the
densely clothed soft short fur of a vertebrate animal, and
are arranged much in the same manner; the middle
portion of this mass is depressed, and as the feather-like

4

O1

rays are deeply concave, and consequently their termi-
nals are much raised, it will be manifest that the depres-
sion mentioned above allows space for the terminals to
fit in conveniently, so that when the pouch is closed, as
it nearly always is, the abdominal portion of the wing
should lie as nearly flat as the rest of the wing;
the two edges. of the fold, ze. where they meet when
the fold is quite closed, are within nearly white, especially
towards the base of the wing. The peculiar form of the
fold when nearly open will be understood by reference to
plate 57 figs. 5, 6.* On the under surface of this fold the
abdominal fringe of cilia or hairs, which are black and
long, all start from the outer part of what I call the hinge
of the fold, down the whole line of the inner margin, so as
to enclose nearly the whole of the subdorsal portion of
the abdomen of the insect. In the 2? of this genus the
abdominal fringe hairs are much shorter and fewer in
number. |

Undersurface: The golden silky yellow, and all the
dark areas of the wing are exactly the same in position
and outline as above, but on the sub-median yellow area
is a small sub-anal orbicular brown spot, within a patch
of sparsely-dusted black atoms; the anal angle is black,
and the abdominal margin warm brown-black ; the fringe
lunules, piceus. Eyes, nitid brown-black, and very
prominent, with no light margin; villose tuft of the head
velvety black; antennz black, and stouter than in some
species.

Thorax velvety black: pronotal collar red, but almost
concealed in some examples; underside of thorax black
with the usual pectoral red patches, but varying in extent ;
legs black.

Abdomen golden yellow, with the dorsum dark warm
brown, the middle segments with a longitudinal fawn-
coioured stripe, and all the annulations expressed in
yellow; the usual lateral sub-dorsal black dots; and
valves light fawn-coloured with a dorsal triangulate brown
mark.

Length of costa of primary wings 69 mms. ; of posterior
margin 54, and interior margin 36 mms,; of secondary
wings, width 34 and length 43 mms. Length of antennz
or abdomen 27, and of the thorax with the head 18 mms.
Articulations of the antennz 38. They are sometimes as
many as 42 and 44 in some examples from the same
locality. [See plate 56, figs. 1 and 2|

Hab. Java.

¢. Anterior wings black smoky brown, with the outer
5th of the cell buff or creamy white, blended into the dark
part of the cell by dark atoms; the adnervular discal
rays are of the same light tint and coalesce so as to form
a continuous light area only divided from the distal part
of the cell by the nervures—thick rays extending nearly
from the subcostal nervure to the 2nd median nervule,
and their terminals to a short distance of the posterior
margin; the rays are graduated towards the posterior
margin by smoky brown atoms till their terminals become
greatly subdued, so as to nearly melt into the general
brown of the disc; on the 3rd median nervule is a short
rudimentary white adnervular submarginal ray, dusted
with fumose atoms, and two others above and below the

*In another part of this work I hope to give figs. showing the structure of these
scales, and those of the sexual brands of the ¢ Ornithoptera in the rst Vol.

submedian nervure. The veins are all sufficiently stout
and prominent; the fringe lunules are creamy or buff-
white. The 3rd subcostal branch commences a little
beyond the cell; the pseudoneura are fairly distinct, the
3rd terminating with a prominent black interrupting spot
on the discocellular nervure.

Posterior wings, golden yellow ; the basal end of cell, the
base of the wing, and costal and subcostal part of the
wing the same brown as that of the anterior wing, inter-
rupted by a small sub-apical yellow mark; the posterior
marginal black border projects into the yellow area of the
wing in a series of long adnervular cones, surmounted by
large black subcordiform spots, which are often connected
with the cones themselves, and are 6 in number—the 6th
being indeterminate in shape, only separated from the
border by a small patch of yellow, and dusted with white
atoms ; the interior margin is brown, dusted with white
atoms outside the submedian fold, while the yellow out-
side the 3rd median branch is subdued with a delicate
buff-white, which becomes greenish at the anal angle.
The fringe lunules are buff-white. The wings are strongly
dentate, especially at the terminals of the 2nd and 3rd
median nervules; the veins intersecting the yellow area
of the wings are stout and deep black. Undersurface of
the anterior wings in all respects almost entirely similar
to the upper surface, with a faint streak of white atoms
on the submedian fold.

The posterior wings also differ very little on the under
from the upper surface, except that the row of discal
black spots are rather larger, and more irregular in shape,
and are not united with the conical projections of the
black border as above: they are all bordered with patches
of white atoms: there is an orbicular black spot in the
yellow at the anal angle: and all the yellow spaces be-
tween the nervules are intersected and subdued by stripes
of pale white, a part of the yellow of the cell being treated
in the same manner. The veins are all fairly prominent.

Head and thorax velvety black; eyes dark castaneous
brown ; antennz black; pronotal collar red—the colour
nearly concealed by the black; with large pectoral red
patches within the dark brown; legs stout and black ;
abdomen fumose brown—each annulation divided by fine
yellow lines, the sides and subdorsum golden and pale
pelo with lateral black: dots, and dorsal small black

ars.

Length of costa 70 mms.; width of anterior wing 46
mins. ; length of hind wing 54, and width 36 mms; length
of abdomen or antenne 26 mms.; of thorax with head
2I mms.

Length { Ist pair: femur 12; tibia 7; tarsi 11 mms.
oflegs: 7 220» oy T3135 TB on
| 3rd ” ”? I2 ; +t IZ; 4 I4 Hy

Habitat, Java [Cramer’s type was from Java].
For the ¢ described in this paper see Pl. 56, figs. 1, 2, 5.
For the 2 see Pl. 57, figs. I, 2.

¢. The posterior wing of a variety is figured on Pl.
57, drawn from both surfaces. It will be seen that while
the amount of variation from the type fig. is fairly notice-
able the general plan of the pattern is followed in this
variety. Not so, however, in the case of the interesting

variety which I have introduced in Pl. 56, figs. 3 and 4.
Here the upper wing bears a considerable resemblance to
Doherty’s nereis, while the posterior wing is very distinctly
different in the pattern arrangement. The wing is more
strongly dentated than in the type form; a marginal
band of black cones, larger than those of the type form
extends from the apical to the anal angles; an oval black
spot is between the 2nd and 3rd median branches above
the cone; 2 faint atomic spots between the rst discocellular
and ist median branches ; the marginal cones are finished
with blackatoms. The basal half of the cell, the costa,
and part of the area of yellow between the costal and
subcostal nervures is occupied by black; the abdominal
margin and part of the submedian area are dark brown,
with a short narrow white streak at near the anal angle.
The under surface of the wing is similar to that above,
except that the marginal cones are rendered incomplete
in shape by whitish atoms, the fringe lunules are rather
broader, and a discal row of 5 black spots obtains, of
which the 2nd and 3rd are atomic; there is also a V-shaped
white mark on the black parallel to the costal and sub-
costal veins. The body of the insect is like that of the
@ type; length of costa 76 mms. The specimen is believed
to come from Java, and is in the museum of Mr, H. Grose-
Smith, to whom I am indebted for the pleasure of figuring
and describing it.

A ¢ in the collection of Mr. F. Moore is smaller than
the usual examples (the length of the anterior margin 58
mm.) The anterior wing is smoky Velvety brown; the

55

adnervular rays more than usually light—slightly greenish
in tone; the exterior wing with a basal black cone with-
in the cell, and the usual outer marginal bands of black
cones, but the yellow is immaculate. This is evidently
the type form for Java; for an example in my own
collection from Java is larger. (Anterior margin of
anterior wing 66 mms), the adnervular rays very obscure,
the basal 5th of the cell is transversely black; an or-
bicular black discal spot between the rst and and
median branches, a larger oval spot united. to the apex
of the anal angular cones, and between the costal vein
and the subcostal branch on the /eft wing only is a small
black dot ; a small yellow apical spot is also on the black
of the costa. A second example has the black dot re-
placed on both wings by an irregular black spot, and the
spot between the 1st and 2nd median branches is only
small and rudimentary. This pattern arrangement is
like that which generally prevails in most of my examples
of the cerberus form, and those I have seen in other
collections—though many of the cerberus examples are
without any other spot on the yellow of the midwing
except the oval spot at near the anal angle, sometimes
confluent with the curve of the margin, sometimes
separate from it. The cerberus examples are generall
larger than in their Japan relatives, and the black of the
anterior wings is much deeper and colder in tone.

An example of the ¢ pompeus in the Hope Museum at
Oxford has a large apical orbicular spot.

THE “OPRBERUS FORM.

Papilio Cerberus, Felder, ‘‘ Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien." p. 291. n. 31 (1864) id. '‘ Reise Novara, Lep. L., p. 19, n. 10 (1865), ¢ ¢. Darjiling, Sylhet.
Papilio Pompeus, Var. c. P. Cerberus, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid., p 520 (1871).
Ornithoptera Heliconoides, Moore, ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,"’ p. 592 (1877), ¢ @.

” "

Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, ‘‘ Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal,” p. 237, n. 65 (1880), ¢ ¢. Andamans.

> Hephzstus, Distant, “‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,” p. 328., n. 2. t., 27, f. 2, (9) ab. 3(#), 4 (¢), (1885) Malay Peninsula.

* 7

“ Cerberus,

Weymer, " Stett. E. Zeit.,"" p. 270 (1885), Nias.
Fickert, “‘ Ueber die Zeichn. Gatt. Ornith.," p. 732 (1889), f @ -

~ Hephestus, Hagen, ‘Iris’ VII. p. 18, n. 3 (1894), p p. Sumatra,
» Cerberus, ‘‘ Staudinger und Schatz," Exot. Schmet. I. p. 4, t 2 (1884), g\, N. India (Java, local error.
it 5 Swinhoe, ‘' Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond.” p, 311 n. 372 (1893), Khasia Hills in Sylhet. f 9.
Papilio (Ornith.) Cerberus, Robbe, “Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge," p. 123, n. 1 (1892), Sikkim g 9.
Troides Helena (d) Cerberus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novitates Zoologicz," vol. II., p. 219 (1895).

This form may generally be distinguished from the Javan
Pompeus by its more elongate wings and darker colouring ;
also by its larger size.

It is found to inhabit continental India, from Sikkim
to Assam ; and also Burmah, Sumatra, Banguey, Penang,
Borneo, Lombock (Wallace), and the Isle of Nias. Of
course the Nias and Sumatran representatives are
varieties of Cerberus, just as the Andaman Island form of
Heliconoides, Moore, is a recognised and marked variety of
Cerberus or Pompeus (whichever we may please to consider
the type name to be). In India Cerberus has a wider
range than P. Rhadamanthus and is in flight during a
longer period of the year. It is found in hot valleys at
from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, and flies with a slow sailing
about the flowering trees from May to October,
according to Elwes, who quotes the species as
Rhadamanthus, though it is evidently Cerberus. Accord-
ing to Lieut. E. Z. Watson, (communicated by

Mr. J. A. Murray to the Victoria Natural History
Institute), Cerberus (Pompeus Watson) is common at
Beeling in Upper Tenasserim, and Poungadaw in Upper
Burmah ; at the first locality he found it from January
to April, in the second during October and November.
Beeling is a village 60 miles north of Moulmein, surrounded
chiefly by bamboo jungle, with a fair proportion of large
trees. Poungadaw isa small village just across the old
frontier, 30 miles North West of Thayetmyo, in the
midst of a jungle of low bushes, very inferior to Beeling
from a butterfly point of view.

Among the other localities where Cerberus has been
taken, may be mentioned The Khasia Hills, where,
according to Col. Swinhoe, it is common; also at
Darjiling and Kurseong, according to Robbe, and Assam
generally, Bengal (Felder), Malacca, the Natuna Islands,
the Banquey Islands, and Padang, Sumatra, and New
Guinea (?)

56

Lionel de Nicéville, ‘‘Gazeteer of Sikkim,” p. 170, n. 459
(1894), says of Cerberus, ‘‘ The N. Indian form has been
described by Felder as O. Cerberus, but it cannot, I think,
be separated from the typical form, which was described
from Batavia in Java (by Cramer).” It is more common
than Rhadamanthus, and occurs at the same time of the
year. Mr. de Nicéville also speaks of the species as
having been collected by Mr. F, E. Dempster during the
expedition to Chin Lushai in 1889-go, and at Lamtok on
June 4th, 1890.

The Andaman Island form of Pompeus or Cerberus was,
in 1877, described by Mr. F. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc.,
Pp. 592), as a distinct species under the name of O.
Heliconoides. For the sake of comparison, this description
is here reproduced. ‘'s Upper side of fore wings
entirely black; hind wing golden yellow, with black
abdominal fold, and, from base of submedian to middle
of lower median veinlet, a marginal band formed by a
series of g conical spots, decreasing in size from the anal
angle; the 1st or anal elongated at its apex, the 2nd, 3rd,
5th and 6th each with a contiguous small upper round
spot; the space at base of wing broadly across end of
cell to middle of costal vein also black. Undersides as
above; forewing very slightly grey, streaked along the
base of the lower median veinlets.

‘9 Forewing with prominent greyish white streaks along
the veins, and similar streaks within the end of the cell:
hind wings with black abdominal fold, a partly con-
stricted elongated spot above the anal angle, outer
marginal band of large continuous cones, a discal series
of 5 small spots, the space at the base of the wings
occupying the interspace between the costal and sub-
costal to nearits end. Under-side as above. Abdomen
greenish to black above, yellow at the sides and beneath.
Red collar slightly perceptible in 2, Expanse ¢ 5 6-8ths,
26 4-5th inches. S. Andamans (Port Blair).”

‘In a series of 4 examples of the ¢ from the above
locality one specimen had all the black spots of the hind
wings absent except the first or anal, which is fused with
the marginal conical spot, as is generally the case in the
continental specimens. In another the 2nd spot is
present on the upper side only; in a third the 2nd and
3rd, and in a fourth the 2nd, 3rd, and 6th.” In the con-
tinental specimens, these variations occur on both sides
in a large series of example, as may be seen by examining
any of our collections, public or private—indeed it is not
easy to bring together a number of examples with a
uniformity of pattern from any locality.

“Of 5 2 2 also two have the upper wings conspicuously
rayed with white, like some of the Assam specimens,
and 3 (2 from Little Brother Island and 1 from S.
Andamans) have the veins of these wings either simply
bordered on both sides with paler black than the general
ground colour, or only exhibit here and there faint traces
of white scales like others from southern slopes of the
Khasia Hills (Sylhet). The # ¢ which are least differen-
tiated from the ? ¢ in point of markings, also resemble

them in the fuller and more broadly rounded inner angle
of their anterior wings.”” [Wood Mason, “ Journal of the
Asiatic Soc., Bengal, p. 252 n. 94, 1881]. I have thought
it best to quote almost the whole of this Author’s remarks,
though in a somewhat different order,

An examination of a ¢ of Mr. Moore’s heliconoides in
the British Museum Collection may be added :—

dé. ist example in the series. Anterior wing quite
black—the veins almost invisible. Posterior wing yellow
with broad black marginal cones, the veins being black.
Under surface the same, except that the anal-angle cone
is larger and more pronounced than on the upper side,
and separate from a discal black spot at its apex.

¢ Anterior wing dark brown, a little lighter toward
the outer margin; the ochreous-white adnervular rays
very broad, shaded or graduated very delicately from the
discoidal cell by a dusting of brown scales; the cell at
its distal end is treated the same. Posterior wings
yellow, with a broad marginal band of black cones, or
rather dentate marks, each one from the upper part
of the wing reaching farther into the disc, and at the
apex of each, though detached from them (except at near
the apical angle) is a different-sized tear-shaped black
spot; the costa, the basal part of the cell, and all the
space above the 2nd and Ist veins, except two small
yellow portions, black; undersurface with the posterior
yellow area much paler than above, and suffused with
white; the white fringe lunules prominent, and united
with each marginal cone by a dusting of white atoms.

The type ¢ of Felder’s Cerberus has on the underside
of the posterior wing, between the 2nd and 3rd median
veinlets a subconical black spot rather longer than the
marginal cone beneath, from which it is only slightly
separated by the discal yellow, and also a faint black
spot above it; a small orbicular black spot also between
the rst and 2nd median veinlets; there is also a rather
large submedian black mark above the anal angle. In
other respects this example generally corresponds with
the prevailing specimens of Cerberus. Expanse of the
anterior margin of the upper wing 71 mms. Hab. Sylhet.
Felder’s type ? was from Cachar, collected by Dr.
Stoliczka. The anterior marginal length of the type
of Moore’s Heliconades is go mms.

The types of the Javan Pompeus of Cramer are in the
British Museum (?); of Felder’s Cerberus in the Tring
Rothschild Museum ; and of Moore’s Heliconoides in the
rich Indian collection of Mr. Frederick Moore.

By the foregoing it will be seen that I propose to
recognise Pompeus as the type form of this species, by
reason of its priority of description by Cramer go years
before Felder described its continental relative; Cerberus
and Heliconoides will thus be varieties of Pompeus—the
latter being considered again a local var. of Cerberus.

A careful comparison of sets of the 3 forms will prove
that they all belong to one widely distributed species.

POMPEOPTERA RHADAMANTUS.

Papilio Astenous, Eschscholtz, ‘‘ Kotzebue’s Reise,” III., p. 205, t. 4, f. 6a, 6b, 6c, (¢ 2), (1821).
Ornithoptera, Rhadamantus, Lucas, ‘‘Lepid. Exot.” p. 5, (¢ ¢), (1835).
Amphrysus, Lucas, ‘‘ Lepid. Exotica,” t. 2, f. 1 (¢) 3 (1835).
i Rhadamanthus, Boisduval, ‘‘Spec. Gén, Lép.” 1., p. 180, n. 8, (1836), ¢, and vay. ¢.

” ”

7 Reakirt, ‘‘ Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.’’ p. 444, n. 3, (1846), ¢ 2.

Oberthiir, “Et. d’Ent.” IV., p. 32, n. 16, (1879), ¢ 9.

Dewitz, ‘Noy. act. Kais Lep. Ac. Nat.” XIV., L. n. 2, p. 262, t. 2, f. 7, 7a, 7b, (1882), ¢ @.
Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exot. Schmett.” I., p. 4, t. 1, (1884), ¢ 7.

Fickert, ‘‘ Zoologischen Jahrbuchen,"” p. 733, (1893).

Leach, '‘ Butterflies of China,” &c., p. 513, (1893), ¢ ?.

Papilio Nephereus, Gray, ‘‘ List Lep. Ins.” Brit. Mus. I., p. 6, n. 17, (1856).
Ornithoptera Nephereus, ‘' Wallace. Tr. Linn. Soc.’ Vol. XXV., (1866).

o 0

Staudinger, ‘‘Iris,” p. 4, (1889).
ib Semper, ‘Philipp. Tagfalt.” p. 264, n. 386 (1891), ¢ ¢.

»
Troides Rhadamantus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Nov. Zoologicz,’’ Vol. II., p, 224, n. 21, (1895).

Rippon, in Wytsman’s ‘Genera Insectorum,” Article ‘‘ Papilionidz,” p. 13, (1902).

é. Anterior wings, velvety black; the adnervular rays
much subdued, especially the upper ones, by black
scales on the grey, giving them the appearance of
being rather greasy; the pseudoneura just visible. The
costa of these wings is less arched than in some
species, and the apical angle is rather pointed. Posterior
wings golden yellow, the narrow black outer margin divi-
ded into 4 black cones or lunations, the lowest sur-
mounted by clouded patches of black scales on the yellow,
extending in dentate form more or less towards the cell ;
the abdominal margin and fold black; the base and costa
also black, the veins strongly black.

Under surface of anterior wings as above. The cell
and distal ends of the pseudoneura a little more promi-
nent, and partly bordered by white. The submedian
and interior margin are black. The undersurface of the
posterior wings as above; the scaled spots from above
show faintly through when examined by transmitted
light.

Head, Antenne and Thorax velvety black; pronotal
collar red; eyes fucous brown; abdomen above brown,
the articuli expressed slightly in yellow; the sides
and subdorsum yellow, with rather large lateral black
dots; anal valves light buff. Thorax on the underside

velvety black, with the usual pectoral red patches; legs -

brown.

Length of costa 66, of outer margin 51 and inner mar-
gin 35 mms. Greatest length of posterior wings 40 and
width 25 mms. Length of abdomen or antenne 30, and
of thorax with head 20 mms.

Letieth of Ist pair: Femur, 12; tibia 9; tarsi, Io mms.

L 2nd 7? 7 12; ) Il; ” I2 1)
‘ss 3rd +) 29 if 5 ” 12; ”? 15 ”
Habitat. Most of the Philippine Islands all the year
round. Common. Not found in Cochin China, nor in
China.

The species Zacus or Rhadamanthus of Boisduval is
an inhabitant of Indo-China.

A number of examples in the author’s museum are quite
uniform in pattern.

@. Anterior wings dark brown,with prominent adnervu-
lar white rays, subdued by brown scales; the pseudo-
eura very prominent; the distal 1-3rd of the cell scaled
white or grey, with two long black cones terminating close
to the distal end of the cell in the grey. Undersurface
as above, but the rays are purer white, and more promi-
nent, and the sub-median vein runs part of its course
through a narrow white streak or ray.

Posterior wings: the greater part of the cell yellow;
the submedian area yellow, and nearly 1-3rd of the discal
area yellow; the remainder of the wing deep black, with
an almost obsolete transverse band of minute yellow
spots; the marginal light lunations are creamy buff; a
brown submedian area indents itself strongly into the
yellow. Undersurface as above, except that the yellow
of the wings is richer and purer; and the transverse
band of cuneiform yellow marks is not obsolete ; in some
examples a narrow pale yellow stripe extends up 1-3rd of
the inner margin from the anal angle, and the sub-
median indentation is only indicated by faint scaling.

Head, antennze and thorax above black, eyes nitid red-
brown ; abdomen above brown, beneath yellow, with small
lateral black dots. Thorax beneath black with the usual
pectoral red patches ; legs black.

Length of costa 33, of outer margin 57, and inner
margin 44mms. Greatest length of posterior wing 54
and width 36 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz 30, of thorax with head
18 mms.

1st pair: Femur, 10; tibia, 8; tarsi, 11 mms.
Length of d : j
Legs and ,, ” Il; oy Il; » 15 »
2? 2) Il ; 7 Il ; ”? 15 ”

Habitat. Philippine Islands.

In the author’s museum.

58

An example of the @ in the author’s collection is very
richly black on both wings—the white very strong, and
beautifully scaled; the hind wing above has no discal yellow
spots. The undersurface of the anterior wing very rich
grey white; the posterior wings with the transverse band
of submarginal spots larger, the lower ones yellow, the
upper white ; and the submedian black extends upwards
a good way into the yellow. The abdomen above smoky
black; the sides and subdorsum rich yellow and orange,
the subdorsal articulations emphasized in black spots.

Habitat. Manilla.

My figure is drawn from this example.

Specimens of the ¢ range from 45 mms. for the length
of the costa to 80 mms., or more.

There is a great prima facie similarity between the
é ¢ of Rhadamantus (or Nephereus), and A®acus (o~
Rhadamanthus), which has often led to confusien in the
minds of authors. By observing the following rules the
g & of the two species may be readily separated :—

a Anterior wings rounded at the apical angle, Hacus.
aa Slightly acute at the apical angle, Rhadamantus.

6 The adnervular rays white on the upper surface,
Ayacus. bb Not so white, but subdued by delicate scaling
so as to appear greasy, Rhadamantus.

¢ Posterior wings with 3 scaled submarginal short
patches above the lower marginal black lunations, Aacus.
cc With 4 accuminate scaled patches nearly reach-
ing to the cell, Rhadamantus.

d Posterior wings rounded, and normal relatively in size
to the anterior wings, AZacus. dd Posterior wings not
rounded but pointed or acute at the anal angle, and
smaller and narrower relatively to the anterior wings,
Rhadamantus.

e The abdomen does not extend below the posterior
wings, AZacus. ee The abdomen extends below the
posterior wings, Rhadamantus.

f The pattern on the abdomen differs in the two
species.

g The? pattern resembles that of Minos. gg The? ¢
totally different, the pattern more like those of the
Helenus group.

hk Habitat: Cochin China, China, Perak, Siam, &c.,
Aacus. hh Habitat: Sandwich Islands exclusively,
Rhadamantus.

In an example of the ? of Rhadamantus in the collection
of my friend the Rev. Mr. Fuller, the middle adnervular
rays of the anterior wings are only faintly represented,

POMPEOPTERA HELENA, VAR. LEDA.

Ornithoptera Helena, Vay. Leda, Staudinger, “ Iris,” IV., p. 74. (1891.)

é. Anterior wings brown black, immaculate, as in Criton
undersurface dark warm brown, darkest at the base, grad-
uating much lighter towards the posterior margin; the
adnervular light rays just traceable till they reach to near
the posterior margin where they are quite defined, well
formed by grey scales. The whole pattern can be traced
out by careful examination in a good light.

Posterior wings velvety black, with a fairly broad discal
area of rich golden yellow, and 1-2rd of the cell, distal
end, of the same colour. The veins are all very stoutly
emphasized with black, being thicker towards the outer
margin; the arrangement makes the submarginal area of
black very broad, as it also does with the submedian. The
submarginal border divisions are not dentate or definitely
lunate towards the disc, but between the ist and 2nd dis-
cocellular veins the yellow indents the black border, some-
what as among the ¢ ¢ of Helenus. Undersurface of the

wings as above ; except that the yellow occupies slightly
more of the disc, and its outlines are nearly all scaled with
black ; there is also a thin line of yellow atoms running
parallel on the outer side with the 3rd median nervule.

Head and thorax black; eyes nitid brown; pronotal
collar red; abdomen light brown above, subdued yellow
beneath ; anal valves buff brown.

Length of costa 71 mms. Length of abdomen or an-
tennz 26, and of thorax with the head 17 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 10; tibia, 7; tarsi, g mms.
and ,, TSH she es iy
d ,, gm) EA ss EES sgt Manes

Length of
Legs.

Habitat, Salayer (or Salajer), Island.

POMPEOPTERA CRITONOIDES.

Ornithoptera Criton Critonoides, Frihstorfer, '' Societas Entomologica,” of Zurich, XVIIL., p. 50, (1903).

é. Anterior wings a rich velvety black, with steel-blue
reflections ; quite immaculate, and the veins hardly dis-
tinquishable. Undersurface shining black; the adnervu-
lar rays only reach to the upper side of the 3rd median
nervule, and are light blue; at the distal end of the cell
the light blue marks are divided by the pseudoneura into 3
parts, the upper section being the largest and broadest, or
1-3rd the cell leagth.

Posterior wing: one half the cell rich silky yellow, with
greenish reflections, curved inwardly towards the base;
two-thirds of the discal area of the same yellow, its out-
line following the outline of the outer margin, and leaving
a broad submarginal 1-3rd black; all the rest of the wing
is also black. Undersurface as above.

Head and thorax black; pronotum with red collar;
abdomen silky black above, yellow beneath.

Length of costa 67 mms. ; of outer margin 51, and of
inner margin 35 mms. ‘The inner margin is nearly
straight. Length of posterior wing 41, and width 29 mms.
Length of abdomen or antennz 29 mms. ; of thorax with
head 20 mms.

and ,, LO Meeks oy, ARAN

Length {en pair: Femur, 10; tibia, 8; tarsi, 11 mms.
3rd 7 +P] Io, 3 14 3 3? 15 2)

Legs.

Habitat, Oby Island.

In the collections of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Mr.
H. Grose-Smith, Col. Rimington, and others.

¢. Anterior wings silky dark brown; the adnervular
rays just distinguishable in a slightly silky brown. Under-
surface as above, except in being of a lighter brown,
rufus-tinted; the adnervular rays faintly indicated by
gray atoms: the lighter marks at the distal end of the
cell also treated in the same way.

Posterior wings very black and silky; a yellow mark
incurved towards the base, from the distal end of the
cell, one-fourth from the base; the silky golden yellow of
the disc only occupies 2-5ths—thereby constituting a very
broad submarginal black band, with 3 almost obsolete
small yellow discal spots on the upper part of the wing—
indicating the commencement of a possible submarginal
transverse band of yellow cuneiform spots. The creamy-
white outer-marginal fringe lunations are very thin.
Undersurface as above, except that the yellow areas are
outlined whitish, and the transverse band of cuneiform
spots, though small, extend round the wing, and a small
group of white atoms is present outside the 3rd median
nervule.

59

Head and thorax black; eyes, nitid brown; pronotum
with obscure red collar; abdomen above silky warm
brown; beneath yellow scaled, with large lateral black
dots, and subdorsal black marks on the articull.

Length of costa, 66 mms. ; length of outer margin, 47
mms., and of inner margin, 37 mms. Greatest length of
posterior wing, 42 mms.; greatest width, 29 mms.

Length of abdomen or antenne, 26 mms.; of thorax
with head, 17 mms.

The inner margin of the anterior wing is nearly straight.

Length of Ist pair: Femur, ; tibia, 5 tarsi, mms.
Legs 5 and ” ”) ; ”? 3 ” ”
3rd ” ” ‘ ” 3 3 na

Habitat: Island of Oby.

In the museum of the Hon. W. Rothschild, Mr. H.
Grose-Smith, Col. Rimington, &c.

¢. Aremarkable abnormal variety. Anterior wings:
nearly one half the cell (outer portion) creamy white ; the
white continued into the disc so as to occupy a consider-
able portion of its area—the adnervular rays (which
extend nearly to the outer margin of the wing) being con-
fluent with it; the submarginal brown-black divided into
a series of long indentations—gradually increasing in
length towards the costa ; slightly more than half the cell
from the base black as is also the rest of the wing; all the
dark outlines are extensively scaled with white atoms ;
the marginal light lunations form a continuous buff white
line up the posterior margin ; the veins all very prominent.
The undersurface of the wings almost exactly as above in
colour and pattern.

Posterior wings, with a central discal area of buff-white,
slightly yellow tinted, occupying one half the length
of the disc, and extending from above the rst discocellular
to the 3rd median nervule; the remainder of the
disc is brown-black, interrupted nearly midway by a
transverse band of adnervular cuneiform creamy-white
marks, extending from the anal to the apical angles ; about
1-4th of the cell from the distal end creamy-white; all
the remaining area of the wings brown-black, with a slight
line of white atoms along the submedian fold. The pos-
terior marginal lunations with a continuous outline of
buff-white. Undersurface as above, except that the light
area is following by a transverse row of suborbicular
black spots, scaled all round—followed by a transverse
light band of cuneiform marks, and finished by the sub-
marginal lunate black band, rather extensively scaled with
white atoms; part of the submedian area is also white,
with a black orbicle.

Head and thorax brown-black; abdomen dark brown,
sordid yellow at the sides, subdorsum yellow—the articuli
well marked in black.

Length of costa, 77 mms.; of posterior margin, 58
mms, ; and of interior margin, 4o mms. Length of pos-
terior wing 50, and of width 4omms. Length of abdomen
or antenne, 30 mms. ; of thorax with head, 20 mms.

Ist pair: : tibi , :
Length of ee Femur, a tibia, 73 tarsi, IO mms
Teor an ” ” II; «AS ages ALE ES
: 5 3rd ” ” Io; ” I25 a9 13 a0
inclusive of the trochanters.

The 3rd subcostal nervule is emitted at 2 mms. from
the distal end of the cell; the 4th and 5th at 8 mms.

Habitat: Oby.
In the Museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

This is a very distinct variety. Its anterior wing re-
sembles somewhat the anterior wing ? of Jvis from
Timor Laut, and the corresponding wing of Nereis. It
may yet be found to be the ? of an undescribed species.

POMPEOPTERA HYCETUS, SPEC. NOV.

Pompeoptera Pompeus ?, Rippon. The present work, Vol. II, p. 54, pl. 56, figs. 3, 4 (1895).

In the portions of this work mentioned above, I des-
cribed and figured an interesting variety (as I at that
time considered) of the ? of Pompeus (type form) from
Java. Unfortunately I forgot, in writing the text, and
the names on the plate, to state that this @ was not a
type %, but a variety of the type, though I take note of
it a little later on.

The circumstances of the case were these: In the
cabinet of Mr. Grose-Smith, at that time placed under
the ¢ of the type Pompeus, was the insect referred to,
which I took to be a remarkable variety, as it did not
fit with any other Javan species, nor indeed with any
species from extra-Javan countries. It was labelled Java,
and I had the pleasure of borrowing, figuring and des-
cribing it. After I had returned it I found later on that
Mr. Grose-Smith had placed it in a new position, and he
asked me more than once what I really thought it was. Re-
cently, in comparing my fig. with those of others allied to
it, I have arrived at the conviction that it is an indepen-
dent species, and not a variety; and I herewith repeat
my former description of this beautiful form, for which I
now propose the name P. Hycetus. What the 2 of this new
species is like, time only can show; and were it not that
this 2 is so distinctly unlike anything else which I have
seen, I should have hesitated to describe the new species
from the ? only.

¢ Anterior wings dark fumous brown; with the outer
4th of the cell buff or creamy white, blended into the dark
part of the cell by dark atoms, or scales; the adnervular
discal rays are of the same light tint, and coalesce so as to
form a continuous light discal area, divided only by the
nervures and nervules; these rays extend nearly from the
subcostal nervure to the 2nd median nervule, and their
terminals to within a short distance of the posterior
margin, and are nearly uniform in width; the rays are
graduated towards the outer margin by smoky-brown
scales ; on the 3rd median nervule is a short rudimentary
white adnervular ray, dusted with fumose scales, and
two others above the submedian nervure. The veins are
all sufficiently stout and prominent; the fringe lunules
are creamy buff-white. The 3rd subcostal nervule com-
mences a little beyond the cell; the pseudoneura are
fairly distinct, the 3rd terminating with a distinct gray
spot close to the discocellular nervure, but within the cell.

[In the Genus Pompeoptera the pseudoneura are gen-
erally very distinct, especially in the females, often

appearing like thin nervures or veins—an indication that
probably some remote ancestors of the Papilionide
possessed a more superficially complex structure. In the
cell of the posterior wings of some of the Papilionide
these pseudoneura may be found, sometimes prominently
visible, but often only just traceable by a careful exami-
nation, in a favourable light. |

Posterior wings, golden yellow, having somewhat the
appearance of an example of Pompeus, or of Cerberus, its
Indian analogue; the basal end of the cell, the base of
the wing, and costal and subcostal parts of the wing
black (or brown-black) uniting at the apical angle with
the black outer marginal border—though partly inter-
rupted by a small subapical intersection of the discal
yellow; the posterior marginal black projects into the
yellow area of the wing as a series of moderately long
lunate cones, larger than those of the type form of
Pompeus, extending as usual from the apical to the anal
angles; an oval black spot is between the 2nd and 3rd
median branches above the lower lunation; two faint
atomic spots between the Ist discocellular and 1st median
branches, the lunular cones are finished with black atoms ;
a short narrow white streak is near the anal angle; anda
triangulate white mark on the black at the apical angle.

The undersurface of the anterior wing almost exactly
as above, except that the white is purer, and the brown
more strongly scaled with white atoms, and the cuneiform
mark at the distal end of the cell is not obsolute, as
above. The undersurface of the posterior wing also as
above, only that the yellow area of the cell and disc is
lighter except near to the submarginal black border, where
it is asrich as above; the marginal lunate cones are ren-
dered incomplete in shape by a clouding of whitish and
grey atoms, the light fringe lunules are rather broader
than above, and a discal transverse row of 5 black spots
obtains, the 2nd and 3rd being atomic; also, there is a
long V-shaped white mark on the black, parallel to the
costal and sub-costal veins. The body of the insect is
like that of the ? of Pompeus.

Length of costa 76 mms.
Habitat: Java.

The type isin the Museum of Mr. H. Grose-Smith,

and the specimen is at present unique.

62

Miscellaneous Notes on the Species and Geneva of Troides not included in the

previous descriptions, and nearly all in the Rothschild Museum at Tring.

SCH. PARADISEA.

Frihstorfer, in the ‘‘ Organ of the International Ento-
mological Society, Zurich-Hottinger,” No. 7, p. 51 (1903)
describes an aberration auriflua, from Kaiser Wilhelms-
land.

Examples of the ¢ from Constantinhafen with all the
black spots smaller than in the specimen figured in plate
IV, Vol. I of this work, and with the abdominal marginal
fringe of the ¢ the purest white; in two others from
Binga, N. Guinea, the fringe is ochraceous white.

@. All light macule, very ochraceous golden white ;
the posterior wings especially with rich submarginal
ochraceous area, dotted with black and very small
orbicles; the marginal band very narrow. From Finis-
terre Mountains, N. Guinea

@. Hind wings smaller in proportion than the fore
wings; the maculz rather larger ; the light ones very white.
The hind wings, with the area below the spots ochraceous
brown. From the same locality.

SCH. MERIDIONALIS.

An example of the ¢ from the Upper Aroa River: the
obdominal marginal fringe very long and delicate, flowing
down round the abdomen and above, so as almost to
conceal it.

In some cases the body of Paradisea, on the upper
surface is intensely white, with longitudinal central black
lines, the yellow narrowed at the base and widening till
the last three segments are entirely yellow; some 2 2
are quite small.

Sch. Meridionalis is captured at the end of June.

SCH. TITHONUS FROM WAIGEU.

Anterior wing of ¢ small. The white area of the ¢
anterior wing and cell form two bands practically nearly
enclosing an irregular dark space; on the lower half of
the wings the white marks are large. ame collection.

@. The cell marks very large. Example from Waigeu
larger than from N. Guinea; all the white maculz very
large.

SCH. TITAN.

A ¢& from Geelvink Bay with three green orbicular
discal spots on the posterior wing, the lowest and largest
with a black spot on the inner point of it.

A ¢ from Aroa River with the anterior wings entirely
dark rufous-brown ; an outer row of very small, almost
obsolete, white spots, three in number: an inner cuneiform
spot between the 2nd and 3rd median branches; with
faint traces of subcostal white streaks. Under surface,
with the outer row of 6 spots, and an inner spot or mark
rather larger than usual. The posterior wing yellow area
above orange-yellow and white and scaled: more strongly
orange at the anal angle.

O. PRIAMUS.

é. Small; somewhat like Euphorion (or Richmondia)
and bluish-green.

O. POSEIDON, v. PRONOMUS.

? @. Very dark, and with few markings; from Cook-
town.

O. POSEIDON.

é. From Kiriwini: posterior wing base above the cell
with a black patch, followed by green and black from the
costa—all scaled from the base.

@. Very large. Anterior wing with one small spot
between the 2nd and 3rd median branches; very pale
brown wing. The posterior wing is darker. ¢?. Similar,
but with a submarginal row of five light spots ; from the
Trobriand Islands. ¢ from Fergusson Island: anterior
wing with few spots, very small or absent. 3 very blue,
like Eumeus, and small, with large white marks.

3. From Milne Bay and Mailu, very golden green, and
bluish posterior wings.

2. Var. brunnea from Milne Bay; no spots on the
anterior wings. ¢ with normal large spots, from Redsca
Bay, N. Guinea.

é. Bluish green ; Brown River, N. Guinea.

¢. With the inner discal spots showing through from
the under surface ; from Milne Bay.

?. From Kapaur, with posterior wings and abdomen
creamy orange or sulphur colour; anterior wings with
spots a moderate size, white, and much scaled.

O. URVILLIANA.

@ ¢. From Alu, Shortland Islands. Very large, and
darker than those from Rendova. ¢ with cell of pos-
terior wing filled in by black; and shining hairs from the
base flow over this black.

¢. From Rendova ; fumous brown and pale brown on
both surfaces.

? 2 of Urvilliana collected by Captain Webster at
Kei Toeal, with buff or white marks; sometimes all
buff marks ; the cell almost entirely buff. Most of these
examples are very large. One ¢ has the posterior wing
with the cell green toward the base mingled with black ;
black near the costa, with green streaks, and an orange
spot. A ¢? from Salawatti with small cell spots—the
cell itself a rich creamy orange-yellow on both surfaces.

OF CROESUS:

$. From Batjan; with much green on the posterior
wing mingled irregularly with the orange; but in O.
Lydius ¢ ¢ there is very little variation.

ZETH. VICTORIA.

é. From Guadalcanar with body creamy-white yellow
towards the anal end; the basal mark black, a faint smoky
orange longitudinal stripe down three of the segments,
with two black lateral divided stripes, and subdorsal
central black stripe; the abdominal fringe ochraceous
white, the undersurface creamy white.

3. Anterior wing, with upper part of the cell rich
azure blue, melting into the green. Abdomen or body
creamy orange white, and nearly obsolete black spots ;
from Guadalcanar. 2? of Victorize from Florida Isle,
with the cell marks nearly entirely white. Small examples
of the same sex brown black; some still smaller, light
brown.

Var. Regis ¢. Anterior wings with a large green yellow
apical patch; posterior wing very blue green; the cell
with much black. From Maleita. A s from Bougain-
ville light brown, with the cell spot very large. ¢ ¢ from
Ysabel Island, with an apical yellow patch, a more or less
sized black spot between the 5th subcostal and rst dis-
cocellular nervules, and some examples without these spots.
The ¢ ? vary in their anterior cell macula: in some the
spot is entire and large; in others it is divided more or
less towards the basal end.

P. HELENA, v. PAPUANUS.

?. Very large. Anterior wing with distal half of the
cell and a large proportion of the disc white; posterior
wing yellow; undersurface all buff colour ; from Stephan-
sort. ¢. Anterior wing buff-white, posterior wing buff-
orange.

63

@. The anterior wings with a very large area of
creamy white. From New Guinea.

P. HELENA, v. CELEBENSIS.

¢. All light marks buff-tinted on both surfaces. From
Salayer. A buff-tinted 2 differs from the preceding in
having an extra spot above the 3rd median vein, anda
larger submarginal light mark. From Banda.

P. HELENA. Tyre Form.

A 2 from Bouru with anterior wing nearly occupied
with white.

T. BROOKEANA.

@. From Borneo; with 4 white subapical marks
between the 3rd and 5th costal nervules and the dis-
coidal and rst median nervule; the green marks slightly
white outwardly.

@. From Sarawak; the white portions less vivid.
The undersurface of anterior wing with submarginal
white marks leaf-like; the discal golden green marks are
tinted to an intense ultramarine blue at the base.

¢. With pronotal red collar very wide.

@. Sarawak; more golden green. ¢. From Labuan
also; very golden green, with the small maculez very
close together. A ¢ from the same locality, with the
discal band parallel to the median vein, golden green ;
on the underside of the anterior wing, very regular in
width, and the base of the lowest mark blue; a richer
blue in an example from Sumatra. The uariety albesceus,
with the green marks longer and narrower, and extending
nearly to the median nervure. The body is a lighter
brown than usual.

dé. The underside of the anterior wing of 3 examples
with very bright golden green marks, with small white
submarginal spots separated and rather purple ; posterior
wings, with submarginal double lunate discal blue-grey
lenticula marks; from Perak and Malacca.

P. HALIPHRON, V. PISTOR.

¢. Anterior wings with the light adnervular rays,
except the submedian, narrow and obscure. Posterior
wings with the yellow area green-tinted, rather more
extensive than in Nazas, but similar in outline; the yellow
at the distal end of the cell a little less extensive than in
Naias ; abdomen dark fuscous brown ; the undersurface
of the anterior wings with the light rays purer. From
Kalao.

P. NAIAS, VAR. SOCRATES.

g. Anterior wings rich violet black. Undersurface of
the cell white over the distal half, but obscurely close to
the veins. Underside of posterior wings with the yellow
area tinted emerald. From Sumbawa. Examples from
Tambora, Sumbawa do not practically differ from the
foregoing.

64
P. PLATENI.

$. From Palawan. A subcostal yellow mark divided
by ragged edges of black, and a small submarginal yellow
spot below the 2nd vein of the posterior wing. ¢. With
long vellow,stripe near the second vein, and a slight yellow
spot in the cell of posterior wing.

P. ANDROMACHE.

¢. Anterior wing uniformly grey-white; amount of
yellow very much restricted in one or two examples.
Undersurface with deeper clouding than above.

¢. Anterior wings with large light area; the outer.
margin narrowly light fuscous brown, but increasing to
double the width towards the apical angle, and very
sinuate ; the discal area clouded wave-like by very light
brown scales—most extensive at the basal end of the
sub-median sinus, lighter on the inner margin.

?. Example very small, and more darkly clouded.
From Kina Balu.

P. AZACUS or RHADAMANTHUS.

Common in low valleys in Western and Central China
from May to October.

Beccari, ‘‘Annali del Museo di Storia Naturale di genova,”
vol. 15, 1879-80, remarks: ‘‘ The Ornithoptera are very
difficult to capture.’’ Some species were taken in the Isle of
Yule (N. Guinea), by M. Albertis, also at Mount Epa in
1875. Of these (Poseidon) $ ? with anterior wings clear
brown, and slightly grey at the extremity of the wings
above. Also in N. West N. Guinea the ? 2 were uniform
brown on the wings (probably the form brunneus); at
Somerset, Cape York, examples with wings uniformly
brown black; at Andai, N. Guinea, in 1872 he took a
variety—‘‘ colour du fond est d’un brun foncé uniforme
avec les parties blanchatres trés oblitérées par l’envahise-
ment de la teinte brune, a l’aile supérieure.”

P. CUNEIFERA.

¢ With no black macule on the posterior wing, or
only one or two black spots, very large. From W. Java.

POMPEOPTERA PLATENTI,

Ornithoptera Plateni, Sieudinger, Correspondenz-Blatt des Entomologischen Vereins ‘‘Iris'' zu Dresden. No. 5, p. 274 (1888).

0. Plateni, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gattung Ornithoptera, page 762 (1889).

Tuis is probably one of the most remarkable and inter-
esting forms of the sub-genus Pompeoptera which has yet
been discovered and described. Although it seems to
claim a close affinity with several species, notably P.
Rhadamanthus, Haliphron, Criton, and still more Nephereus,
—and in the colour reflections of the upper surfaces of
the ¢, with the ¢ Hippolytus, it is still so distinct from
them all as justly to merit a specific separation, that
is to say, if we continue to regard the numerous forms
of Pompeoptera as so many independent species. It
would appear to be one of those instructive links between
the local forms of a widely ranging species which makes
it so easy to imagine that they all originated from the
same parents, Dr. Staudinger tells us that—

“Four almost perfect specimens of this highly interest-
ing species were sent to him by their discoverer, Dr.
Platen, in whose honour he named them,” and he goes on
to describe the ¢ as distinguished from all known species
by the ‘‘ black uppersides of the secondary wings, which
only on their upper portions have 2 yellow patches.”

[It will be seen, by referring to my plate, that these are
not really very extensive. At their narrowest they are
only 4 mm., at their broadest 7 mm., and at their
longest 20 mm. on the upper surface; so that the yellow
occupies less than 1-7th of the whole surface of the wing,
all the remainder being black, the dorsal portion of the
abdomen partaking of a broad continuation of the same
colour. |

‘The ¢” he continues, ‘stands very near to Nephereus
of Gray, but it has a still broader black margin on the
hind wings, and is very readily distinguished by the
totally black outer and inner borders, which exhibit no
yellow colour below the median nervure and the first
median nervule.”

(Its greatest extent is 22 by 18 mm., or roughly only
1-4th of the area of the whole wing. A & Nephereus in
my own collection has, allowing for the larger size of the
hind wings, above 25 per cent. more yellow inclosed
within its borders, and this colour extends right to the
abdominal fold, which is not the case in Plateni—the
space between the submedian nervure and the rst median
nervule being occupied by a silky dark brown, edged
with pale ochraceous-brown grey.|

‘“«__Q), Platena stands nearest to Nephereus, Gray, which is
the Philippine form of Rhadamanthus, Boisp, found in
the southern portion of Asia,” (in China) ‘‘and which
may eventually be regarded as a remarkable local
variety. The ¢ in question measures 101 mm. from the
extreme points of the wings, (in one ¢ the fore wing is
68 mm.) and is a little larger than my largest example of
Nephereus.”

(The length of the same wing in the plate is 64 mm.,
or 5 more than the largest and 17 more than the smallest
3 Nephereus in my collection, or in that of Dr. F.
Walker. |

‘“‘__Yet the form of the wing changes often in this species,
and it becomes almost worthless for the distinction of
allied varieties. The upper surface is really quite black,
like velvet, and the light grey longitudinal streaks between
the veins appear more or less faintly through, according to
the light; only at the median branch stand outwards a
few grey scales on the black. On the under surface these
peculiar transparent light-grey stripes appear distinctly
as the bordering of the veins, although they are not quite
so broad as in Nephereus, and the very small fringe is less
perceptibly white.”

(In some specimens of the latter they extend almost or
quite to the posterior margin, and fill up 1-4th of the
space between the 2nd and 3rd median nervules from
the cell. |

‘““The hind wings are black: only on the front margin,
between the costal and subcostal, and between the Ist
and 2nd costal veins they are up toa pretty broad outer
margin silky yellow. The lower yellow stripe-spot is in
its outermost portion sprinkled with a few blackish
(Schwarzlichen) scales, whilst under the 2nd subcostal
nervure, and at the 2nd upper median nervule are a few
yellow scales on the black scarcely standing out (or
prominent—‘ Kaum hervortretend.’) In the type, in the
abdominal fold of this species, when opened, will be found
a sordid brown hair, similar to that in Nephereus. The
under surface of the hind wing is yellow, with black veins
and brown black outer andinner borders. The outer
black border is not only twice as broad as in Rhadaman-
thus and Nephereus, but its two middle portions are inclined
inwards (sinuate), and deep down towards the inner have
a graduated sprinkling of yellow scales (allmahhg gelb
bestreut). The inner border is completely black below the
Ist median nervule and the median nervure, with the
exception of a narrow yellow stripe at the base.

?. ‘The Primaries of the ? are so similar to those of
O. Nephereus that they need no description. The white
erey basal parts of the veins and stripes at the end of the
discoidal cell are hardly less than in Nephereus ; on the
contrary the black outer border is decidedly broader, and
the yellow colour below the median nervure and the 1st
median nervule is entirely wanting. In the black outer
border of the hind wings in 2 2 2 are a couple of small
yellow patches above, whilst in a third 2 only a small
rudimentary patch is present. That the 6 yellow patches
in the centre, divided by the black veins, are smaller than
in Nephereus is seen by the presence on the black border
of 2 white-greyish patches on the upper portion of the
outer margin. The inner yellow spots are more or less
of a peculiar white or sordid grey, which is never the case
in any of my specimens of Nephereus; also below the
median nervure remain more or less whitish-grey scales
which in one 2 form a clear broad whitish-grey stripe,
sprinkled with a little black. Another exhibits close to
the end of the inner border, a small grey stripe; the edges
(or fringes) of all the wings are more clearly speckled
(gescheckt) with white than in the case of the ¢, although

66

not so perceptibly as in Nefhereus. Plateni has otherwise
all portions of the body of the same form and colour as
Nephereus, especially the red collar and red spot on the
breast, and also the black upper part of the abdomen (in
2 2% of black grey) and the under yellow part with very
distinct black dots, especially in one ?. If a large
number of O Platent $% should later on exhibit on the
upper sides of the secondaries more yellow patches than
the present specimens, this would advocate (‘sprechen’)
its being a Palawan form of Nephereus, therefore the
present ¢ gives the impression of a quite remarkable
species,’’*

3. The red collar of this species is very narrow, and the
ted of the breast is not so extensive as in some other
forms. On the metathorax it forms a moderate-sized
red spot; a minute red spot impinges close to the back
of the pre-costal nervure; the red then continues in an
interrupted narrow line across the mesothorax to the base
of the costa of the upper wing, to re-appear on the upper
side as the red collar—(the exact form of which I will
figure in another section of this work).

The abdomen is of a shining bluish-black on the upper
side, becoming brown towards the anal extremity, where
it tapers off toa point as it leaves the last segment of
the abdomen, showing the delicate ochraceous grayish-
white which is the prevailing colour of the anal extremity
beneath. The underside of all the segments is a fuscous-
greenish yellow, the yellow scales of the 1st segment being
more lemon colour, as are the longer scales or hairs of the
sub-dorsal portion. ‘The thorax is quite black; the eyes
are red-brown, the space ‘between velvety-black. The
length of the costa 67; of the hind wing 38; width of
front wing 40; and of hind wing 28 mm. Length of
antenna and abdomen 27 ; of thorax with the head 18 mm.
Length of legs

Ist pair, femora 10; tibia, 8}; tarsi, 12 mm.

and ,, Sig) Apa oF Pe somenk

ard. 5, Cee SUS Oe ame deanony
Articulations of antenna 44.

@. No red collar. The red spots of the breast are two
in number, moderately large, and triangular on meta-
thorax; larger, but same shape on mesathorax, not
reaching quite to the base of the costa of the upper wing.
The abdomen above is of a soft light-fawn brown, in
singular contrast and harmony with the wings; laterally
itis a subdued white, more yellow on 1st segment, slightly
fawn-tinted at anal segment; the subdorsal parts are
more yellow, with longitudinal black cloudings and seg-
mental black dots distinct from the cloudings on the last
four segments, but coalescing with them on the others.
The thorax and collar are a mixed light and dark brown,

*Translated from Dr. Staudinger’s Paper in the ‘‘ Correspondence-page of the
Entomological Society ‘Jvis’ in Dresden." No. 5, July, 1888, page 274.

+ The tibia and tarsi were lost, so the measurements are only provisional.

the edges of the tegule darker than the rest. The length
of the costa 76, width 4o, length of hind wing 46, width
33 mm., of antenna and abdomen 27, and of thorax,
including head 20 mm. Of legs

1st pair, femora —; tibia, —; tarsi, — mm.{
and ,, 3) ST) Uw Ge enim
3rd_i,, » TO yn el) so, gee eles EDULIS

Articulations of antenna 52.

It is only when we examine the underside of the ¢, with
its resemblance to the ¢ of Nephereus, and notice the still
closer likeness of the 2? to that of the latter also that
we are able to regard this form as being possibly a local
var. of Nephereus. The appearance of the upper side of
the ¢ would certainly lead us to a different conclusion.

Hab. Island of Palawan, Philippines.

I am indebted to Mr. Walter Dannatt, who received it
from Dr. Staudinger of Dresden, for the opportunity of
figuring this species; his specimens being good and valu-
able typical examples.

é. (In the collection of Mr. A. H. Grose-Smith) has a
rather more extensive area of yellow in the secondaries,
extending over half the width of the space between the
and sub-costal and discoidal nervules, and a small portion
of the space within the discoidal cell,—or 12 mm. at its
broadest, Io mm. at its narrowest, and 26 mm. at its
greatest length. On the undersides of the same wings, the
scattered black and yellow atoms, so well exhibited in Mr.
Dannett’s example, between the and sub-costal, the discoidal
and median nervules are as nearly as possible absent, the
whole space within the borders being a nearly immaculate
lemon yellow. If this specimen be looked at in the same
way as when we examine the Philippines species, P. Magel-
lanus for its wonderful opalescence, we shall see an almost
equally beautiful change, for the yellow will give place to
the most brilliant warm emerald and veronese green. This
effect is not so well defined in Mr. Dannett’s specimen ;
on the other hand if the yellow be viewed with trans-
mitted light under favourable circumstances, it appears
so intensely brilliant as to suggest, as Mr. Grose-Smith
remarked when we were examining it, the intensity of
the electric light! Length of costa 67 mm.

Habitat, Palawan.

@. (Also in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith.)
The upper surface of primaries does not differ from
the example figured; secondaries, a small semilunate
black-atomed yellow spot on the black border between the
tst and 2nd sub-costal nervures, similar to those found on
the 2 of Nefhereus. In no other respect is there any
variation. Length of costa,85 mm. Hab., &c., as above.

Received from Dr. Staudinger.

The type of each sex is in the collection of Dr.
Staudinger.

t The first pair of legs was lost.

POMPEOPTERA DOHERTYI.

Ornithoptera (Pompeoptera), Dohertyi, Rippon,

Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. I1., p. 295, 1893.

This most important and interesting novelty, discovered
by Mr. Doherty in the Island of Salibobo or Lirung, one of
the Talautse Islands* may ultimately throw much light
on the phylogenetic history of the genus ORNITHOPTERA
inasmuch as it may be regarded as one of the transitional
forms, some of which have probably long since perished,
which would enable us to link together in a natural series
all the many nominal species which we find it necessary
to admit into its subgenus Pompeoptera, and even to sug-
gest, on the side of the female at least, a closer relation-
ship with the true Ornithoptera than at one time might
have seemed probable.

We owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Doherty for the
faithful and admirable work he has for a long time been
doing among the islands and islets of the Malay Archi-
pelago. In this respect he has been rapidly entitling
himself to be regarded asa second Wallace. The nov-
elty which is now before us appears to me to be one of
the most useful contributions to the Rhopalocerous fauna
which he has been enabled to send to us.

I have therefore had much pleasure in dedicating
this new species to him, partly at the suggestion of Mr.
Elwes, and partly because I think it is right to give what
honour we can to those who faithfully spend their health
and energies in difficult regions of the earth, for the pur-
pose of discovering those lovely things which furnish us
with fresh materials for one of the most delightful studies,
and with an increased knowledge of God’s works.

g. Primaries an intense silky black, almost like a bur-
nished black, with a faint green gloss in certain lights,
which gives it an exceedingly richappearance. The grey
discal rays which enclose the nervules are so obscurely
represented as to be scarcely visible except when the
light is transmitted from the underside. The veins are
all well expressed, being somewhat lighter on the dark
and much darker on the light parts of the wing; the
costa is also of the same tint, especially near the apex
when viewed opposite the light ; the costal outline is
nearly straight to two thirds ofits length or at the ter-
mination of the costal nervure when it curves consider-
ably to the apex, which is so much rounded as to pass
insensibly into the posterior margin; the outline of the

EEE —————————————————————————————————— eee

>There seems to have been a misunderstanding as to the exact nomenclature and
position of the Islands in which Mr. Doherty discovered this and other species of
Lepidoptera; for, in a letter of his, he says, ‘1 see the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1892, calls
Sangiy and its surrounding islets the ‘Talautse Islands,’ following a blunder of
Forbes, There is no other name for this group than the Sangiv Group; and some
people call Sangir ‘ Groot Sangir,’ to distinguish it from the others.

“The other islands lie in deep sea, 100 miles East, and have a wholly different
fauna, Their Malay name is Ta/aut, the local name Ta/aur, and some old English
charts call them Tuluy. My new Ornithoptera is from Lirung or Salibobo, one of
this latter group."

To Mr. Doherty's remarks I would add that, according to James Wyld’s chart,
these islands are called the Salibabo group, and are situated about 75 or 80 miles
nearly due east from the Sangir group, with a slight inclination north, In another
of his charts they are called the Talautse Islands, but the distance is about the same.
They appear to be distant from the nearest point of Djilolo about 30 miles, and from
Morty Island, rather less—being situated N. of the former, and North with a slight
inclination E. of the latter: they are also about 70 miles S. of Mindanao with an
eastern inclination. ‘The seas bounded by Borneo, the Philippines, Celebes, and the
curve extending from Java to Papua, or New Guinea, are simply crowded with
islands and islets: all, or nearly all, of which may be expected to furnish us in the
future with many more valuable novelties in every department of zoology, and
probably many new forms of Ornithoptera. The Researches of Wallace, Doherty,
and others have probably done little more than to provide us with a good hope of
many wonders yet to be revealed.

67

posterior margin curves somewhat irregularly, with an
outward trend much greater in proportion at the ter-
mination of the second and third median nervules than at
any other part, not excepting the apex ; it is very delicately
and equally sinuate along its entire outline, with very fine
reddish-ochreous fringe-lunules between the veins as usual.

Secondaries entirely glossy black, slightly greenish or
bluish according to the position in which they are viewed ;
the veins sufficiently defined in a lighter tint; the abdom-
inal marginal sexual pouch or fold is a faintly redder black;
the posterior margin regularly and sufficiently scalloped,
and without the white fringe-lunules. Hence the entire
upper surface of the wings is absolutely immaculate.

Under surface of primaries velvety or silky black, less
dark and more glossy towards the posterior margin ;
within the discoidal cell, at the termination of the third
pseudoneurus, are a few scarcely visible grey atoms; the
discal grey rays enclosing the nervules are strongly defined
ina slightly greenish grey, rendered darker by a graduation
with black atoms towards the cell; the rays between the
third and fourth subcostal nervules are only faint streaks
of grey, and only one occurs on the upperside of the
third median nervule ; the posterior margin almost
entirely outlined by the white fringe-lunules, which at the
apex slightly encroach upon the costa; veins strongly
defined. Secondaries a deep silky black; the abdominal
fold or pouch browner, with a fringe of delicate hairs as
long as the width of the pouch ; the discoidal cell
immaculate ; between the first and second subcostal ner-
vules is a subquadrate patch of yellow atoms; between
the second subcostal and third median nervules a broad
discal band of lemon-yellow, forming four subrectangular
patches of unequal length, strongly divided by the
nervules, the first broadly indented from the direction of
the cell, sinuate without, the second indented outwardly
and enclosing an elongate black spot, which nearly
divides the yellow area, the fourth lunate without and
sharply indented above ; viewed obliquely with a side
light this yellow band becomes a rich emerald-green,
not unlike the green of the typical Ormithoptera ; the hind
margin is without the ochreous fringe-lunules.

Head: antennz black; eyes chesnut-Lrown; haustellum
silky black. Prothorax with a crimson collar; thorax
above velvety black, beneath deep black, with lateral
crimson spots ; legs black, Abdomen pale brown,
bordered with piceous brown; the first segment entirely
piceous brown, the subanal segment also of the
same colour, margined with creamy white; the anal
valves creamy white, with the usual dorsal black ter-
mination ; laterally the abdomen is of a creamy ochreous
white; subdorsal slightly yellower at its junction with the
metathorax, more ochreous near the anal valve, the first
and second segments well divided by black; the lateral
black dots fairly large.

The space of wing enclosed by the two branches of the
precostal nervure is more equal in width than is usual
till it reaches its junction with the subcostal nervure,
when, of course, it becomes narrower. This is really a

88

very striking character, the nearest resemblance to which
is found in the male of Pomnpeoptera hephestus so far as I can
discover ; it is also nearly as rectangular in the female.

Expanse of costa 69 millim.; width of upper wing 57;
length of hind wing 44, width 31; length of abdomen or
antennee 31 ; of legs, first pair, femur 12, tibia 9, tarsi 12;
second pair, femur 12, tibia 12, tarsi 15; third pair, femur
11, tibia 13, tarsi 15 millim,

@. Primaries: costa equally arched but more rounded
at the apex, the outline insensibly passing into the pos-
terior margin, which is not so irregularly curved as in the
male ; inner margin nearly a straight line. Wings light
fuscous brown: within the discoidal cell are faint atomic
indications of grey markings somewhat like those of the
female of P. haliphron ; the grey discal rays very indistinct
except those enclosing the first and second median nervules
(which are fairly though faintly defined), broadly separated
by the brown margins of the nervules ; the pseudoneura are
only just visible; posterior margin with whitish fringe-
lunules. Secondaries slightly darker fuscous brown;
within the cell a faint ochreous rufous-yellow spot close to
the discocellular nervules; four very short narrow rufous-
yellow discal marks, the first 6 millim. long, close to the
second discocellular nervule, the second the same length
from the cell, the space between the second discocellular
and first median nervules broadly incurved and (on the
right wing only) enclosing a small brown dot; the third
7 millim. long from the cell, indented two thirds its length,
enclosing a brown spot (on the right wing); the fourth
5 millim. long from the cell, indented (on the right wing
only about half the size); extremely faint indications of a
submarginal band of small spots; the submedian area of
wing is clouded pale reddish ochreous, meeting an anal,
angular, ochreous, sublunate spot, from which two rays
run partly up the abdominal margin; margin sufficiently
scalloped, with ochreous fringe-lunules.

Under surface: primaries the same colour as above;
the grey rays and discocellular markings similar but much
broader, a brighter ochreous red at the outer margin,
greenish grey towards the base and confluent between the
second discoidal and second median nervules; the marks
within the cell are formed of microscopic atoms, and are
divided into three submarks—the first broad, one third of
the cell in length, the second very narrow and divided by
the second pseudoneurus, the third or lower one nearly as
broad and long as the first and divided by the third pseuw-
doneurus ; the marginal fringe with a nearly continuous
row of ochreous lunules. Secondaries same colour as
above, but slightly darker ; a large discocellular pale spot
clouded with atoms close to the discocellular nervules; the
discal marks corresponding with the four on the upper
surface are much paler and extend much further down
between the nervules—the first is partly pure and partly
formed by atoms, the second is indented with brown,
modified by atoms, the third much larger and with a
large brown indentation, and the fourth very long, but so
interrupted with brown modified by atoms as to form an
ochreous ray close to the nervules extending nearly to the
marginal border; outside the third median nervule is also
an ochreous atomic ray close to the nervule, almost has-
tate, followed by a second longitudinal stripe extending
lower down nearly to the outer margin; the submedian
nervule and the abdominal margin have similar ochreous
stripes as above, but more prominently developed ; there
is a broad submarginal band indicated by narrow ochreous
stripes and cuneiform spots, so meeting and enclosing the

brown areas between the nervules, especially from the
second subcostal and third median, as to give them
almost the appearance of arches, the bases of which are
the fringe-lunules of the posterior margin.

Head: antenne deep black; eyes chestnut-brown ;
haustellum black. Thorax and prothorax dark brown,
with crimson collar; lateral crimson spots, and subdorsal
with less black. Abdomen pale fuscous brown, with
lateral borders of reddish ochreous; subdorsal the same,
with strongly outlined or entirely fuscous brown segments;
anal tuft dark brown.

Expanse of costa 82 millim.; width of upper wing 61 ;
length of lower wing 51, width 45; length of antennz or
abdomen 31, of thorax with head 21. The legs, all but
one, are absent from the specimen.

By my acquisition of a good series of the ¢, and a few
examples of the ? since the above description was written,
I am able to show that this species is subject to a series
of variations of a definite and fairly constant character;
it evidently being possible to meet with a good many
examples of each type of variation, These types of
variation are two in number in the #, and three in the ?,
and they almost approach the appearance of dimorphison
or trimorphison. ‘A reference to the two plates accom-
panying this description will make my meaning plain.

In the coloured plate, fig. 3, and in the plain plate, figs.
1 and 4, represent the first type of variation in the ¢.
The upper surface of the wings in all specimens is im-
maculate black; but the under surface of the hind wings
has a broad, yellow band of varying width. This band
differs little in any of the examples of this type. In fig.
g of the coloured plate, and figs. 2 and 3 of the plain plate,
the yellow band is narrower, more irregular in outline,
and always more or less interrupted by the black—some
of the divisions being rendered almost obsolete by the
black atoms, or by a few yellow atoms on the black.

The 3 types of variation in the female are also fairly
constant. The coloured plate, figs. 4 and 5, and the
plain plate, figs. 7 and g, exhibit the first type. The
upper surface of the hind wings has only a small discal
patch of light colour close to the nervures, divided by the
nervules, and also slightly encroaching within the cell,
with a row of submarginal small spots, divided by the
nervules; in fig. 7 of the plain plate these spots are
absent. The under surface of these wings with a similar
plan of markings, but larger—the submarginal spots of
the coloured fig. forming quite an arched band. The
and type of variation is seen in the plain plate, figs. 5 and
8. The upper surface of wings is quite immaculate, and
the under surface of all the wings with a more extensive
series of light markings, the light rays of the upper wings
filling the greater part of the disc. Fig. 10 is a smaller
example of this type, with less pronounced markings.
The 3rd type is seen in fig. 6 of the plain plate. The
under surface of the Primaries has nearly the whole of the
disc and 1-3rd of the cell whitish ; the secondaries with
slight discal and cellular marks—the former as white
lines enclosing the nervules to about midway from the
cell to the outer margin; and a broad submarginal
mottled band ot ochreous whitish of great beauty.

The rst type of variation in the 2 allies the species
with Pompeoptera iris, Robur; the 2nd type gives the black
markless ¢ a dark and unspotted ¢,

(Pompgoptera DoHERTYI, p. 2.]

Greatest length of costa of the ¢ 73 mms., least length
about 64 mms.; of ¢%, greatest length 80 mms.; least
length, 60 mms.

In the museums of the Hon. Walter Rothschild ¢ and
PecicmturOLe co m\vlinen. aj i lwes,.-d and 2, Mr: EH.
Grose-Smith, ¢, M. Oberthur, and others.

Hab. Lirung or Salibobo, Talautse Islands (Doherty),
Feb. to March 1892. :

Setting aside the remarkable precostal character of the
male, which allies it to P. hephestus, the nearest affinity of
the male is with P. Platent on the upperside, appearing
like an immaculate var. of that Philippine species. On
the under surface of the lower wing the yellow marks

69

suggest an approach to those of haliphron; the female
also on the upper wing, and somewhat on the under
surface, comes nearer to the haliphron facies*. The out-
line of the male primary wing is unlike that of any other ;
nevertheless we have in this species a close ally of Platen
and possibly an old form from which perhaps several of
the varieties of the haliphron and helena groups have been
derived by differentiation—a transitional species, the dis-
covery of which I have long anticipated. After awhile
other transitional forms will, I hope, be found, and we
may then be able to understand some of the geographical
development history of the genus.

* Since writing the above I have been able to compare the females with a female
of Pompeoptera ivis, Rober, in the rich collection of the Hon. W. Rothschild, and
am struck with the resemblance of one or two examples of P. Dohertyi with the latter.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY—SINcE THE ABOVE WAS IN TYPE.

Papilio Yordermani, Snellen, ‘Tijdschr. v. Ent.” XXXVII., p. 191 (June 1895), from Talaut.
Troides Dohertyi, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novitates Zoologice,” V. II., p. 227, n. 22 (1895).
Ornithoptera Dohertyi, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ The Bird-winged Butterflies of the East,’ NATURE, Vol. 51, p. 255, col, 2 (1895)

POMPEOPTERA MIRANDA.

Papilio Miranda, ¢,

” 3”

¢, Butler, ‘‘ Lepidoptera Exotica,” I. p. 3, t. 1 (a), (1869).
W. F. Kirby, “ Synonymic Catalogue of the Diurn. Lepid.” p, 519 (1871).

Ornithoptera Miranda, Druce, '‘Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.” p. 356, n. 1 (1873).

W. F. Kirby, ‘ Cat. of the Coll, of Diurnal Lepidoptera formed by the late W. C. Hewitson,” p. I (1870).
Oberthiir, ‘‘Etud. d’ Ent.’’ IV., p. 110, n. 9, bis. (1879).

Distant and Pryer, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.” (5) XIX., p. 272, n. 165 (1887).

Rey. F. A. Walker, ‘On Oriental Entomology,” Part II., p. 15 (no date).

Troides Mirandus, W. Rothschild, ‘‘Novitates Zoologicz,”’ Vol. II., p. 227, n. 23 (1895).

An inhabitant of Borneo. But though found in other
parts of this large island its range seems to be chiefly
confined, as far as we at present know, to the North-west
portion of the island, in the rich zoological province of
Sarawak (or between 1° and 2° north latitude, and 109°
40’ to 111° 40’ east longitude), and also to the small
island of Labuan (which with Sarawak, are valuable
coaling stations for British ships), situated near the
north-west coast of Borneo, at a disiance of about 30
miles to the north of the town of Borneo, in 5° 22’ north
latitude, and 115° 10’ east longitude. These districts may,
therefore, be regarded as the Metropolis of the species.

The interior of Labuan, which is about 70 miles long,
and 7 in breadth, contains extensive tracts of swampy
jungle ; while the jungles and forests of the province of
Sarawak are also well watered by the river Sariiwak and
its tributaries, as well as by the heavy rains which fall
both in Borneo and Labuan at certain seasons—one of
the consequences being that the insect fauna, at least
of Borneo, is exceedingly rich, enormous multitudes of
species having been discovered already (often of great size
and beauty), with a splendid prospect of a very large
future addition, when the island has been more fully
explored and examined. Its Ornithological glories are
also very numerous: and the same may be said of its con-
chological treasures, which number among them sucha
fine shell as the sinistrorsal Helix Brookeana. The
mineral deposits of Sarawak are also rich in gold, copper,
iron, antimony, and coal.

This large and striking imsect 1s in many respects a
worthy rival of P. Magellanus by its beauty and size, but
especially for the remarkable rich purple gloss which may
be seen to overspread the central portion of the front
wings of the ¢, when viewed in certain positions—all the
more wonderful and beautiful because the wings are
apparently a dense black: for it is more difficult to
discover the exact position in which the gloss is visible
than it is in the case of P. Magellanus, chiefly because it
is not always equally intense in every example which I
have had the opportunity of examining: and indeed a row
of these butterflies might be viewed by any number of
superficial observers without this character being dis-

7O

covered or even suspected to exist. In some examples
this purple glances over the entire wing area, but it is
generally most dense at the middle of the wing; and does
not occur on the under surface, as the opalescence does
in P. Magellauus. The hind wings in certain positions
have their yellow area shot with a delicate emerald green—
a feature common to the yellow of several other species,
notably P. Vandepolli and P. Honrathiana.

If P. Magellanus may be regarded as the Royal Orni-
thopterus of the Philippines, P. Miranda will merit as
high a rank for Borneo, or at any rate will closely com-
pete with T. Brookeana* for beauty.

I will first avail myself of Mr, Butler’s original descrip-
tion of this species in his ‘‘ Lepidoptera Exotica,” and
afterwards add such additional observation as may seem
necessary.

“3. Ale antice nigerrime, certo situ nitide cerules-
centes; striis tridecim (quarta elongato-lunulari) de
quarta submarginalibus, decrescentibus, flavidis; ciltis
flavo interruptis ; postice flave nitide certo situ minime
virescentes, margine bruni nigro, externo sex-elevato, ve-
nis nigris; corpus nigrum, abdomine flavescente. Alz
anticee subtus regione apicali, sericea, striis supernis
albidus ; alster velut supra ; corpus thorace nigro, abdo-
mine flavo valvulis albides ; exp. alar. unc. 6, lin. 4.

“9. Ale anticze supra brunnez venis nigris, striis
velut mari positis sed albidus ; posticee flava nigroirrora-
tee, basi, margin, fasciaque maculari discum fere totum
obtegente, sericeo-nigris : corpus nigro fuscum collo flavo,
abdomine paulum pailidiore lateraliter flavo squamoso.
Ale subtus charateribus multo distinctioribus, aliter velut
supra; corpus thorace nigro, abdomine flavo, hoc fusco
sex-fasciato ; exp. alar, unc. 7, line 5, Sarawak, Lowe ¢ 2

Brit. Mus.”

*It will be remembered that Trogonopieva Brookeana was first discovered in Sarawak
by Mr, A. R. Wallace, though it was subsequently found to be tolerably abundant
also in Sumatra.

The following is my own description of this species
from the examples figured on Plates 66a, 668, and 66c,
the originals of which are in the rich Rothschildian col-
lection at Tring :-—

gé. Anterior wings intensely black, though shaded to
a slightly lighter tone towards the outer margin; this
black is shot or suffused with a rich violet glow, which
can only be seen, when held in a certain position; though
very difficult to be detected, it is nevertheless quite vivid
when discovered, and the glow of violet travels over the
wings almost from the base to the discal adnervular rays,
being even faintly visible over towards the outer margin,
as the insect is slowly moved by the hand ; the glow does
not extend above the subcostal nervure, or below the
submedian vein, or only very faintly; a discal band of
whitish adnervular narrow rays commences at the and
median nervule and continues up the wing almost to the
costa, curving inwards in position, and away from the
anterior angle, becoming faintly yellow as they approach
the costa, and yellow also at their inner ends, There
are about 10, II, or 12 of them in all, for they slightly
vary in number in different examples of the species. The
marginal interrupted cilie are slightly yellowish white,
and only faintly shown. The veins and discal folds are
fairly prominent, the pseudoneura of the cell only faintly
seen.

Posterior wings rich silky golden-yellow, with a very
faint delicate green tinge towards the base; the base
velyety black, and black outside the precostal nervure
which colour unites with the abdominal marginal black,
and also extends to the anal angle—the abdominal fold is
slightly accentuated down the middle of this black area ;
the posterior marginal black band extends from the apex to
the anal angle, and consists of 6 crescentic divisions of
moderate breadth; the outline of wing is crescentic, with
yellowish white very slight marginal lunations; all the
veins are intensely black, and a number of delicate faintly
dark hairs intrude from the base into the yellow of the

wings.

Under surface of anterior wing as above—the violet
glow being quite as rich as on the upper side of the wings ;
but the black of the wing is less dense, approaching more
nearly a warm dark-brown; the white adnervular rays on
the disc are a little more prominent and with less yellow.
Under surface of posterior wings exactly as on the upper
side.

Head, antennze and thorax velvety black ; eyes brown ;
abdomen, except the anal valves, greenish lemon-yellow,
with a broad longitudinal dorsal brownish -red band
slightly suffused with violet. A subtriangulate black
mark on the anal and penultimate segments; the anal
valves pearly white, and the dorsum yellow, with the
usual row of lateral black dots ; the legs brown black; and
there is no lateral red patch on the thorax, as in other

species.

Length of costa, 79 mms.; greatest width of anterior
wing, 51 mms.; least width, 5 mms. Greatest length of
posterior wing, 54 mms. ; greatest width, 35 mms. Length
of abdomen and antennz equal, or 31 millimetres each ;
length of thorax and head, 31 mms.

40A

Length Ist pair: femur, 8; tibia, 9g; tarsi, 12 mms.
of legs: COGEG te Vise “OTe 5, TEER bs” i
SES eee OT i GO ie AS

Habitat. Sarawak, Sandakan, North Borneo.

2. Light form. Anterior wings, warm brown—slightly
darker at the base, and at the outer margin; the veins
all black and prominent ; a submarginal, or rather discal
transverse row of short white adnervularrays, of which those
on the 3 median nervures are short, the next above longer,
and the others beyond to the subcosta longer and more
or less nebulous; two short rays are also on the sub-
median vein; the submedian and submarginal folds are
fairly prominent ; the pseudoneura in the discoidal cell are
also faintly expressed. Posterior wings black, with a
submarginal or discal band of yellow marks—those on the
and and 3rd median nervules rather large, widely separ-
ated from each other by the black of the wing, curved at
the sides, obtuse above, and indented below: the re-
mainder to the anterior angle continuous, lunate above
and below; and 2 or 3 slight small triangulate spots at or
towards the anal angle—one of them being whitish, the
outer-marginal lunations are slight and ochraceous white ;
the abdominal fold, and the space between the 3rd median
and submedian vein with nebulous yellow white scales on
the black; the base of the wings to nearly 1-3rd of the
cell black; the rest of the cell and nearly 1-6th of the
disc are yellow, the discal yellow so indented by the black
of the disc as (with the submarginal yellow marks above
described) to give the black the appearance of a broad
central band of very large subovate marks or black cones
between, curving upward between the veins, as we see in
many of the other forms of the genus Pompeoptera; the
veins are all very black and prominent on the yellow;
and a tuft of faint dark hairs originates at the base and
slightly encroaches on the yellow of the cell, so as to
subdue its intensity.

Underside of ¢. Anterior wing similar to the upper
surface, but the white rays are all broader, a little longer,
and slightly whiter; with a few nebulous white atoms on
their inner ends; a white nebulous mark is on the disco-
cellular nervule outside and inside the cell; posterior
wing as on the upper surface except that the submarginal
or discal band is entirely continuous, and the veins as
they pass through the black discal area are edged with
yellow, thereby forming a distinct discal band of black
(almost) pear-shaped marks or cones ; abdominal margin
with yellow and whitish stripes and small spots.

Head, antenne, and thorax velvety black ; eyes brown ;
pronotal collar yellow ; abdomen with broad warm brown ;
dorsum, shaded on each side by black, the margin of the
dorsum are greenish yellow, subdued by black atoms, and
the annulations are well defined by black.

Abdomen slightly longer than antenne, or 34 mms. ;
thorax and head, 21 mms.

Length tst pair: femur, g ; tibia, g mms; tarsi, 12 mms.
2nd 7 a) 12; ” 13 7 eB) 13 re)

of legs:
> 3rd oi] v? If ? ) Il ? ”? BAF 7

Length of costa, 100 mms.; of outer margin, 70 mms. ;
of inner margin, 55 mms.; greatest length of posterior

71

wing, 72 mms. ; greatest width of wing, 47 mms.

@. Dark variety. Anterior wing as in the type form,
except that the colour is light rufous brown, darker shaded
at the outer margin beyond the adnervular rays; the
rays are regularly arranged from the anal angle to the
subcostal vein, and are a very subdued white ; the veins
very prominently black.

Posterior wings asin the type form, except that the
yellow areas are much restricted, and even then greatly
subdued by black atoms or scaling.

The undersurface of the anterior wing warm rufous
brown, darker at the base and near or beyond the rays;
adnervular rays as above, but very white and prominent,
subdued in the direction of the cell by dark atoms.
Posterior wing as above, except that the yellow areas are
slightly larger, and more vivid, but shaded by black
scaling.

Head and thorax as in the type, except that the
pronotal collar is not yellow ; abdomen as in the type, but
with more subdorsal back, all the yellows also subdued by
scaling.

Length of costa, Io mms.; outer margin, 70 mms. ;
greatest length of posterior wing, 72 mms. ; greatest width
of wing, 49 mms.

Habitat: Sandakan, N. Borneo.

In the museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, at
Tring.

I have seen a considerable number of examples of this
species, and find that except in gradations of tone between
the type form and this dark variety, very little difference is
to be observed between them. By careful examination of
the different examples a slight tendency may be detected
towards a violet suffusion of the wings of the females ; but
it requires a good pure light in order that even this may
be faintly seen.

This species is figured on plates 66a¢, 6682, and
66c 2, dark form.

As I have shewn in another place, the beautiful opales-
cent tints of the ¢ P. Magellanus are sufficiently repeated
on the wings of the 2; in the case of P. Miranda only a
very slight tendency towards a repetition of the violet
sheen of the male can be discovered; but one need not be
surprised if ultimately some highly coloured varieties of
the 2 may be met with, or produced by careful breeding.
This anticipation is somewhat justified when we consider
how prevalent ultramarine and azure blues, and violet
tints are among the Rhopalocerous and Heterocerous
Lepidoptera, either as wing colours, patterns, or suffusions
on the darker or browner areas of the wings, especially
on their upper surfaces.

This fact applies especially to the Lepidoptera of South
and Central America, and in a more limited degree to

India and Borneo, the Philippines, the Malay, and
Moluccan Archipelagos, New Guinea, and its Papuan
Islands. So remarkably numerous are the examples on
the two American Continents, that one is almost tempted
to regard blue and violet as the prevailing colours of the
lepidopterous fauna. A very large proportion of the
Lycenide and the Theclas, especially of America, are
more or less blue—often in both sexes; many of the
Erycinide have violet reflections, especially in the Genera
Ancylurus and Erycina; the ¢ ¢ of the majority of the
Morphos are of vivid blue and greenish blue tints—and
also a considerable number of the Morphine of the east,
and the dark satyride of nearly all countries; indeed it
may be safely assumed that two of every three species of
the dark brown satyridze are more or less beautified by
either a sheen, or by violet or blue reflections on the wings
of one of the sexes, and the darker the insect the
more easy are their tints to be detected. A multitude
of the Nymphalidz, such as Catagramma, Eunica, Cybdelis,
Callithea, Prepona, and Agrias (in the latter combined with
scarlet or crimson); and a large number of the oriental
Euploeas are shot with blue or violet ; many of the oriental
Papilios, (P. Ulysses and its allies for example, are grand
blue species); a very few of the Pierine are delicately
tinted; but there are many Hesperiide that are either
intensely coloured, or their black or brown surfaces give off
violet reflections when viewed iu the proper positions. The
same may be observed among many of the Noctuidz of
India and South America, notably among the gigantic
Erebide, and several of the oriental allied genera, Among
the Ornithoptera the tendency is for the black of many of
the species to exhibit at least a faint sheen of blue, often
shading into olive greens, as the specimens are changed
in position.

But it is interesting to note that the green marks and
areas, especially of the anterior wings of the latter insects
always appear with coppery or crimson scarlet reflections,
when viewed obliquely against the light; in some species
this colour reflection is so vivid as sometimes to give the
species the aspect of O. Croesus ¢, and to strongly suggest
that the whole of the species of my genus Ornithoptera
have originated from either a green or an orange ancestor.
It must also be noted that in most of the ¢ forms even
the golden greens on both surfaces appear to flow into
blue or violet when moved about into the proper light and
positions; and that on the under surfaces of the posterior
wings the greenish-white areas often exhibit a blue blush.

This brings me therefore to offer a suggestion that has
been on my mind for some years ; and though it may seem
to be a little out of place in this work, I am sure I may be
excused for bringing it forward, because of what I conceive
to be its scientific importance.

A very large proportion of the lepidoptera are capable
of an almost infinite tendency to variation, as we well
know. Indeed there are only a few species that appear to
be quite stable—z.c., that appear to retain exactly the same
pattern and colours from generation to generation, in
whatever locality they may be found. These evidently
are dominant protected species, generally brilliant and con-
spicuous in colours and patterns, of strong or erratic flight,
capable of living almost in every part of the globe: such
species as Danais archippus, Pyrameis atalanta, P. Cardut,
&c,, are examples (P. Carduz is generally shot with violet
in the examples taken in India and South Africa, pretty
much inthe same way as are some of the species of Colias

and Meganostoma among the Pierine.) But many
species are so sensitive to the almost imperceptible
changes of local climate and environment, as to be most
unstable, as if they were constantly striving to adjust
themselves to the ever changing conditions, with the result
that no two specimens of the same species are quite alike
in pattern or colours.

Well then, seeing that a boundless variety of beautiful
forms and colour-patterns have during the past century
been evolved in the vegetable and animal kingdoms by
artificial or mechanical selection and various cther
scientific methods, by which the most glorious and
marvellous beauties have resulted, presenting to our con-
templation what sometimes seems like a new creation, it
has often been impressed upon my mind that if our
collectors in exotic countries could devote a portion of
their time to the breeding by artificial selection of the
lepidoptera, especially the more unstable species, adopt-
ing as much as possible the methods pursued by Florists,
and the breeders of Fowls, Pigeons, &c., it would be
possible, within a measurable period, to produce forms
among the lepidoptera more wonderful and beautiful than
anything yet dreamed of; and it would be especially
found that the colour reflections referred to above, would
become intensified, and textures would be so modified
and perfected, as to bring about the most startling results
—almost or quite equal to the creation of new and more
wonderful species. That this is no mere unsupported
theory, we may remind ourselves that even among British
and European lepidoptera some most interesting and
suggestive results have been attained by those entomo-
logists who have experimented in this direction.

By these methods we might safely anticipate a great
accession of information relative to the laws by which the
differentiated forms which we are acquainted with have
been evolved. With regard to the Ornithoptera much
might thereby be learned. Some species, as I have
shewn in the first volume of this work, vary so remark-
ably that it would be quite imprudent to assume that we
have as yet become acquainted with all the possible or
existent aberrations of them. O. Richmondia and
the series of forms belonging to the Poseidon group are
illustrations of this; the variations of colour between

7tA

O. Aruana and O. Urvilliana are other very suggestive
facts; the tendency among the variations of O. Poseidon
on the anterior wings for the green colours and marks to
occupy an increasing area of the wing, also seems, as I have
shown, to suggest the possibility of a form in which the
whole of the wing would be green, except perhaps a small
portion of the subcosta and the outer margin. Then
again we have among the species of the genus Pompeop-
tera the case of Dohertyi, where the ¢ is entirely, or
almost entirely, black, and some of the 2 2 quite immac-

ulate and unicolorous.

Surely these phenomena, not to mention the numerous
instances among the other groups of Lepidoptera, are a
strong hint to us of what we may find possible by
artificial selection and breeding. At any rate, even if
there were great difficulties in carrying out my sug-
gestions (and there would be), they would not be
insurmountable to an intelligent, ardent, and persevering
naturalist, and they would amply compensate all who
engaged in the undertaking, besides adding largely to our
knowledge of some the most deeply interesting phenomena
of Nature.

As will be remembered, I called attention in Vol. I.
to the singular fact that all the examples of O. Cresus,
$ that were bred in confinement proved to be of a
brighter orange than those captured by Wallace and
others ; for many of the latter were often of a red orange,
almost as fiery as that of the ¢ of O. Lydius. And whilst
the colour reflections of the posterior wings in the
captured examples are usually of a deep olive green
tint, those of the artificially-bred examples are generally
emerald green, often so vivid that in some positions the
insect appears to be emerald green rather than orange !—
a somewhat analogous phenomenon to that of Pompeoptera
magellanus.

I might suggest en passant, that the experiments in arti-
ficial breeding and selection, if they could be applied to
Humming Birds, Trogons, and Birds of Paradise (and
there is no reason why this may not be done some day)
would bring about results even more wonderful and start-
ling than among the lepidoptera.

72

POMPEOPTERA DOHERTYI.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES To PaGE 67.

Ornithoptera Dohertyi, W. F. Kirby, Nature, V. 51, p. 255 (1895).
Troides Dohertyi, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice, V. II., p. 227. n. 22 (1895).
Papilio Yordermanni, Snellen, Tijdschr, V. Ent. xxxvii., p. 191 (June, 1895).

POMPEOPTERA DORERTY1I.

Var. fasciculatus, ROTHSCHILD.

g. Anterior wings exactly like those of the type form.
Posterior wings also like those of the type. Under
surface of anterior wing, with the cell, costa and subcosta,
and all the area below the 3rd submedian branch black ;
the remainder of the disc dull grey white, tinted with
black green, shaded towards the cell with black atoms,
and also into the very narrow outer marginal black by
similar atoms. Posterior wings, similar to those of the
type form, except that the yellow discal band is much
broader, and purer, and faint spots composed of grey yellow
atoms are on the black of the last two divisions of the sub-
marginal border. The colours of the abdomen vary very
little from those in the type form. Length of costa
63 mms.

¢. Anterior wings rufous-brown; the distal 3rd of
the cell, dull ochraceous grey, almost shaded into brown ;
all the disc except 1-3rd between the 2nd-3rd median
branches, and nearly the whole of the rest of the wing
below this, with the same subdued ochraceous rufous-
greenish-grey tint, almost clouded into the upper part of
the wing by rufous-brown ; the outer margin very narrow
and brown, interrupted by the ochraceous fringe lunations.
Posterior wing dark rufous-brown, with two small rufous-
yellow spots close to the cell, and the greater part of the
submedian fold and abdominal-marginal space rufous-
yellow, the fringe lunules and submarginal cloudings of
the same tint, produced by light atoms. Under surface
of anterior wing, with the disc (all but a portion of the
area below the 2nd median branch), a silky (somewhat
luminous) rufous-yellow-white; and with the distal 3rd

of the cell of the same colour ; the rest of the wing rufous-
brown. Posterior wing silky dark brown ; with distal 1-3rd
of cell and a nebulous light discal cloud from the outer side
of the 3rd median branch to the rst discocellular nervule
(and occupying nearly or quite 1-4th of each internervular
space) all composed of rufous light-ochraceous atoms ;
also with a broad clouded submarginal band of rufous
ochraceous white; the submedian fold and part of the
abdominal margin streaked with the same tints.

Head, antenne and thorax black; eyes rufous-brown 3
abdomen with dorsal broad rufous-brown, bordered by
dull rufous-white ; lateral portions a little more ochraceous
—the lateral black dots larger than usual, and the sub-
dorsum quite dark brown. The eyes in both sexes under-
lined with red, and the lateral red spots of the thorax as
usual also in each sex.

Length of costa 75 mms. ; greatest length of posterior
wing 58 mms.; greatest width 37 mms. Length of thorax
with head 22 mms.; and of abdomen or antenne 28 mms.

Habitat, Waterstradt, Talaut Islands.
he Say ea ees

Pl. 644, Figs.

The ¢? is almost entirely like the variety figured on pl.
64, fig. 6, so far as the underside 1s concerned; and
appears to be a representative of my 3rd type of variety
of the species. It is also sufficiently distinct from all the
other varieties to constitute a sub-species of Dohertyi.

™~!

1s)

POMPEOPTERA ANDROMACHE.

Ornithoptera Andromache, Staudinger, Iris, Tab. viii, ¢ and 9, Band 7, Heft, 2, p. 341, (1894).

Troides Andromache, W. Rothschild, Novit. Zool., Vol. II., p. 228, n. 24, (1895).

é. Primaries entirely velvety-black ; nervules obscured
by the black; with a transverse light shade, modifying a
part of the discal black, caused by the marks of the under-
surface being slightly transmitted through ; undersurface
black, much lighter towards the posterior margin, with
reddish nervures and branches; at the distal end of the
cell is a yellow mark, divided broadly by the 2nd pseudo-
neurus; the disc with a broad whitish transverse band,
divided by the nervules, each internervular division
strongly arrow-like, the points towards the discoidal cell,
and suffused with yellow, with the bases a pinkish white ;
fringe lunules, which are very delicate, white. Secondaries,
above, a rich glowing warm or golden yellow, shading into
a delicate lemon tint towards the posterior margin by any
change of light or position; base black; posterior mar-
ginal band black, and gracefully and strongly lunated (or
rather dentated); abdominal margin a warm velvety-
black, including the abdominal fold, with tolerably long
fringe-hairs. The veins delicate and black, with the
subcostal nervure curved from the base; wing outline
only moderately lunate.

Undersurface similar in all respects to the above,
except that the obverse side of the abdominal fold is
rather a lighter brown-black, with an anal streak of golden
yellow atoms, and a few of the same on the black lunation
next above it; the costal margin is narrowly black, and
the yellow internervular space next to it is partly darker,
from the upper surface black shewing through.

Head and thorax black; eyes castaneous; pronotal
red collar prominent; abdomen reddish-black above
with 2 yellow marks on the penultimate segment; sub-
dorsal yellow growing gradually broader, till at the penul-
timate segment it is entirely of that colour; articulations
intensely subdued by black atoms; anal valves pinkish-
pearly white, and fairly pointed; legs almost hidden in
the thoracic black, when at rest; thorax with no pectoral
red spots.

Length of thorax with head, 20 mms.; of abdomen or
antennz, 26 mms.

Costa, 62 mms.; width of wing, 37 mms.; posterior
margin, 43 mms.; inner margin, 31 mms.; width of
posterior wings, 33 mms.; length, 40 mms.

Of Legs
(including the
trochanters)

an II; 10; 13
3rd 10; iit 13

.
LE IT te oe} ) 9

b> pair: femur, 9g; tibia, 6; tarsi, Io mms.
rel

.
z Ot Jan oP] 7 7 ”

@. Primaries. Peppered creamy white,—the atoms
are reddish and are scattered equally, except between the
3rd median nervure and the submedian nervule, where
they are more dense or clouded midway from the base ;
the veins all ruddy brown-black and very prominent—
the discocellular nervules broadest of all; from the costa

to the 2nd submedian branch a ruddy brown—darkest
towards the base; a broad submarginal red-brown band
is nearly equally indented strongly in the direction of the
cell, between the nervules, becoming much larger as they
approach the apical angle; base of the wing dark red-
brown. Undersurface the same as above, except that
the large light area is a reddish creamy white, the pep-
perings very faint, and the dentations of the marginal
band are at their apices slightly divided with white, and
dusted half way on the darker portions with reddish white
atoms, except towards the apex of the wing; fringe lunules
prominent and white.

Secondaries. The area from the base to a little way
beyond the cell in every direction a greenish lemon-yellow,
slightly speckled with black atoms and hairs; the re-
mainder of the wing is a deep brownish black, with a
submarginal band of cuneiform lemon yellow marks,
divided each by a dark nervure, and subdued by black
atoms till at the abdominal margin they are rendered
quite obscure; towards the cell the discal black is concavely
lunate, and the effect of the submarginal yellow marks is to
suggest a discal band composed of 7 black cones united
with the black marginal dentations: the largest of the
yellow divisions is between the 1st and and subcostal
nervures; posterior margin with creamy-white fringe
lunules. Undersurface as above, except that the yellow
submarginal band is brighter, with fewer black atoms,
and is rather broader, the inner discal black forming a
series of cones, with their points towards the cell, of which
the 1st is continuous with the black of the costa and base;
the veins stout, and distinct on the yellow parts.

Thorax black pilose ; head black, with castaneous eyes ;
pronotal collar red; no pectoral red spots; abdomen
brown above, pale greenish yellow below, with black
lateral dots, and a double row ot ventral black linear
spots; the legs black, with femora nearly concealed by
the pectoral black; anal tuft prominent, and slightly
darker than the segment.

Costa, 80 mms.; width of wing, 47 mms.; posterior
margin 54, and interior margin 45 mms. Secondaries:
width 35, length 57, length of abdominal margin, 37
mms.

Length of thorax with head, 20 mms.; abdomen, 33
mms.; antenne, 30 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 10; tibia, 7; tarsi, 11 mms.
and T205 Pings, lS. 3
3rd Il; SEE Sic sey

Legs: + ” ”

we te 7 1?

Hab.: Kina Balu, Borneo.
In museum of Hon. W. Rothschild.

74

_%. In Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection. The anterior
wings do not differ, except that the peppering is deepest
to a short distance from the base; and on the undersur-
face a little more clouded with the red-brown scales,
especially at the base. The posterior yellow area and
yellow submarginal marks relatively to the black, occupy
a little less space on both surfaces, than in Mr. Rothschild’s
example.

Costa l7i\ posterior margin 52; interior margin 57
mms. Secondaries, width 33; length 55 mms.

I have to thank the above-named gentleman for the

kind loan of the examples from which the plate and
text were produced.

The ? of this species bears some resemblance to the
@ of P. Amphrysus and Rufficollis on each surface of
both wings; but the light area of the Primaries is more
extensive than in those forms. The secondaries are how-
ever closely alike in all three forms; but while the
abdomen is so dark in Andromache, it is very light in
the others. On the contrary the ¢ bears no resemblance
to the ¢ s of the Amphrysus group, and is smaller in
proportion to the size of its female than the latter are to
their respective consorts.

POMPEOPTERA MAGELLANUS.

Ornithoptera Magellanus, Felder; ‘* Wien, Ent. Mon.” VI., p. 282, n. 31 (1862),
Papilio Magelianus; Felder, ‘' Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien." p. 291, n. 27 (1864).

5 oe & ¢, Felder, “Reise Nov. Lep.” I., p. 14, n, 7, t. 5, f. a. (¢), b. (2).
Ornithoptera Magellanus; Wallace, ‘Trans, Linn. Soc.” Vol, XXV., p. 41 (1866)

(1865).

Pap. Magellanus; W. F. Kirby, ‘Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep,” p. 519 (1871).
Orn, Magellanus; Oberthiir, Cat. Raisonne de Pap. de la Coll. de Ch. Oberthiir,” p, 32 (1879).
Ornithoptera Magellanus; W. F. Kirby, Cat. of Coll. Diurn. Lep., formed by the late W, C. Hewitson, p, 1 (1879).

” ”

” ”

8 ”

”

Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die Zeichn. der Gattung Ornith.,” in Zoolog. Jahr. b. (1889) p. 740, 743 2, 744 @,
‘Semper, Phillip. Tagfalter,"" p. 264, n. 385 (1891).

Haase, ‘' Untersuch, ib. Mim.” p. 29 (1893).

W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Bird-Winged Butterflies of the East,'’ in Nature, Vol. 51, p. 255 (1895).

”
Troides Magellanus; Walter Rothschild, ‘* Novitates Zoologice,”” Pt. vii., Vol. Il., p. 232, n. 26 (1895)
0. Magellanus; W. F. Kirby, '' Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera,’ Vol. II., p. 265 (1896).

Ornithoptera Magellanus; Dr. Fr. Walker, “Oriental Entomology,” Pt. II., p. 15.

(No date published.)

This species is swi generis, the most remarkable of
butterflies in its colour arrangement, whether in the male
or female, The Xanthochroic species of Ornithoptera
are represented in Magellanus by the hind wing having
attained apparently the maximum area of undivided pure
rich yellow,—that is to say, undivided except by the very
black veins on the upper and under surfaces, so far
as the # is concerned, while the broad submarginal band,
and the discocellular and discal area of yellow in the ?
are equally conspicuous on the upper surface of the hind
wings. Only this rich graduated golden yellow can be
seen when the insect is viewed in a box, or even in a
strong direct light ; but if we place the insect nearly on
the level of the eye and examine it opposite the light, the
whole of the hind wings will be transfigured: the yellow
will have given place to the most splendid iridiscence of
blue and emerald green, with a faint golden sheen towards
the hind margin—the blue ranging from silvery and azure
to ultramarine, with just a suggestion of a rosy tint. If
the insect be viewed on the same level against the light,
the yellow gives place to a nearly uniform area of gradua-
ted emerald green. Some of the S. American Papilios—
ie., the red and black species, which I propose to call
OrnitrHoprertna furnish on a smaller scale a similar iridis-
cence over the crimson patches ; and I remember the late
W. C. Hewitson calling my attention once to a lovely
Erycinid in his collection which he had just described
under the name Eurygona preclara, in which the orange-
red and black wings above appear shot with the most
vivid amber and silver blue, when held with its head away
from the light—this iridiscence being equally glorious in
the black as on the orange surface of the wings—the
glory surpassing even that of the Morphos [see his fig.
in his ‘Ill. of New Exotic Butterflies,” vol. tv, pl. ix of
Eurygona, fig. go.} All the latter, together with the blue
Morphos, are found on the S. American continent, where
splendid iridiscent butterflies of many genera are very
much in evidence ; while P. Magellanus inhabits the Phil-
ippines, a group of islands also famous for the diversity
and splendour of its fauna.

So far as my knowledge of this species extends, after an
examination of the examples in the Hewitson Collection,
the British Museum, the Salvin and Godman collection,
the Rothschild, and Mr. H. G. Smith’s collections, the s ¢
differ very little on either surface from the Felder type
which I figure on Pl. 67 (figs. 1, 2, and 1a, 2a) of this
work, and again on Pl. 68. The?is subject to some

slight variation however, and the iridiscence is found to
vary also in intensity from that of theé, and also in
different examples.

¢. Anterior wings deep velvety black, shot with a faint
silvery sheen; the nervules stout and intensely black,
passing through the discal rays of pale yellow, with faint
edgings of pale yellow within the discoidal cell along part
of the median nervure, and the discocellular nervure ; these
rays are slightly modified by black atoms; the fringe
lunules are thin and white. The posterior wings
are rich golden yellow graduated to a slightly redder
yellow towards the base; the veins are stout and very
black; the area of the yellow, when viewed obliquely
opposite the light is a splendid iridiscence of silvery to
ultramarine blue, and emerald or golden green ; against
the light entirely an apple green, emerald, or golden
green. The submarginal border velvety black, and
indented or lunated inwardly; no fringe lunules; the
base within the precostal neryure, dark brown ; a number
of faint, dark hairs spring from the basal portion of the
median nervure on the side nearest the abdominal margin ;
from the submedian nervure the whole of the abdominal
margin is black, with a sufficient indication of the outline
of the fold or pouch, which conceals the androconia. The
undersurface of the anterior wings similar to the upper,
except that the black is less intense and warmer, and the
yellow rays are rather broader and more distinct. The
posterior wings are nearly identical in colour and in all
other respects with the upper surface ; but the abdominal
margin is silvery reddish brown, with the fairly long
abdominal fringe still lighter reddish. The scheme of
iridiscence is the same asabove. The upper wings of this
sex have the costa long and not quite so arcuate as in the
?; the posterior margin is also long (within 4-5ths of the
length of the costa) and prominently concave onward a
short distance from the apex, the outline also being deli-
cately lunate ; the under wings are sufficiently lunate.

Head and thorax, velvety black; eyes, dark brown ;
pronotal collar, crimson scarlet ; abdomen, yellow, shot
with the same iridiscence as that of the wings, with a
faint orange-red dorsal longitudinal ray from the base,
and black lateral patches accentuating the segments; the
anal valves pearly white, with a triangulate dorsal black
mark. The subdorsum yellow with lateral black dots.
The pectoral surfaces of the thorax dark brown, with
scarlet crimson lateral spots ; legs black.

76

Length of costa, 79 mms.; of posterior margin, 66
mms.; of interior margin, 39 mms.; width of wing, 45
mms. ; length of costa of hind wing (i.e., from the base to
the apex), 34 mms.; of posterior margin, 35 mms.; of
abdominal margin, 38 mms., greatest width of wing, 35
mms., and length, 44 mms.

Length of thorax and head, 11 mms. ; of abdomen or
antenne, 3I mms.

Length ae pair: femur ie tibia 2 tarsi, I2 mms.
of legs: an. ” ” Il; » 12; i) 15 ”
ssid (ozs WC | imi Hae I
3 ”? ay ? ets 3 3 ” 5 ”?

Habitat: Babuyanes ; Polillo ; E. Mindanao, Phil-
ippine Islands.

@. Anterior wings dark fuscous brown; with a bluish
silky sheen playing over the brown, most intense at the
base within the cell; all the nervures and nervules very
dark, stout, and proceeding each midway through more
or less broad opal-white rays and bands—the discal rays
being somewhat fuscous in tint towards the posterior
margin, and the discocellular bands from the base; the
pseudoneura are strongly marked; there is also a very
narrow short whitish ray near the outer margin divided by
the submedian fold; the fringe lunules are fairly promi-
nent, and of the same colour as the rays.

Posterior wings a rich gamboge yellow; with a broad
discal band of black strongly lunated within (or towards
the cell) and still more strongly lunated or scalloped
without (or towards the hind margin); the submarginal
black band is broad and strongly indented; the two
bands therefore absolutely enclose the discal areas of
yellow, causing them to form a series of 7 irregular lunate
or dentate marks, divided by the nervules—the Ist apical,
quadrate, the 2nd subquadrate and lunate, the 3rd broad
and bidentate ; the next three more narrow and bidentate,
and dusted with black atoms, their bases being whitish ;
and the 7th at the anal angle almost like a broad note of
interrogation ; the abdominal margin is brown; all the
yellow and brown almost from the median nervure being
shot with an opalescent white; the veins very black, and
very prominent also on the black or dark bands; the base
of the wings with the precostal nervure brown; a few
white atoms on the submarginal band near the yellow ;
the fringe lunules are white; as in the ¢ the yellow of
the wings, when viewed obliquely or on a level with the
eye, at a point opposite the light, becomes a glorious
opalescence of blue, green, and pink. The anterior wings
as in the #¢ are somewhat concave at the posterior mar-
gin ; and the posterior wings have the outer margin lunate.

The underside of the anterior wings with markings
similar to those above, except that the white area of the
discoidal cell is rather more extensive, and together with
the two lowest white rays of the disk is sparsely dusted
with black atoms from the base. The posterior wings
with their markings similar to those of the upper surface,
except that the 7 submarginal dentate or subdentate marks
are fuscous white instead of yellow. The yellow of the
hind wing is also opalescent in the position mentioned
above, but in a fainter degree.

The thorax and head a warm brown ; eyes silky brown ;
antenne black; pronotal collar crimson scarlet ; abdomen
ochraceous or opal-whitish, and tuft reddish-brown ;
subdorsum yellow, with black marks in each segment ;
lateral black dots. Thorax beneath with broad crimson
pectoral marks between the legs, and on the pronotum ;
legs black; haustellum black.

Length of costa, 82 mms.; of posterior margin, 61
mms.; of inner margin, 43 mms. ; width of wing above,
49 mms. Length of costa of posterior wing about 45
mms.; of posterior margin, 39 mms.; of abdominal or
inner margin, 43 mms.; width of wing, 35, and length,
53 mms.

tst pair: femur, g; tibia, 8; tarsus, 11 mms.
Length ood +30 ee ” Il; ” 13; ” T5 ”
S (3rd m4 ” Io; ” 12, ” LS) ”
The figures on Plate 67 are all drawn from Felder’s
types, for the loan of which | am greatly indebted to the
Hon. Walter Rothschild.

A ¢ example in the British Museum is more brilliantly
opalescent on both surfaces than in Felder’s type, so also
is one in Mr. Henry Grose-Smith’s collection. A ¢
in the Hewitson collection is larger than Felder’s type,
and the red pronotal collar is almost concealed by the
black, while in all the British Museum specimens (which
include also the great Godman and Salvin collection) the
yellow of the posterior wings beneath are shot with a rich
emerald green when viewed obliquely against the light.

Hab. ¢ Luzon; Mindanao, Philippine Islands.

The figs. on Plate 69 are from specimens in the collec-
tion of Mr. Henry Grose-Smith; and I here thank him
for the kind loan of them.

The ¢ of this species is sufficiently distinct from, and
the 2 abundantly unlike that of any other species.

POMPEOPTERA HEPHAESTUS,

Papilio Hephestus, Felder, ‘‘ Verh. z. b, Ges. Wien,”’ V. 291, p. 291, n. 29.
Lep, I., p. 16, n. 8.
(Stett: Hs Zeit: p, 18m. ae
Snellin, , ‘Tijdschr, vy. Ent. xxi. p. 37, 0. 146,
Ornfthapteva ephestaas Oberth., '' Et. @’Ent.” LV, Da sDaoseno
Pompeus, v. Hephaestus, Fickert, ‘‘ Zool. Jahrbiichern,”

” " » ‘Reise Novara,”

», Pompeus, v. Hephestus, Hopfter,

Ry oe

”

ry Hephestus, H

Holland, ‘' Proc. Boston Soc. N.H.” XXIV. p. 77, n. 124.

ts Rothschild, ‘Iris V. p. 442.

é. Anterior wings entirely velvety black, and immacu-
late—the veins only slightly visible. Undersurface as above;
but a little lighter and glossy towards the outer margin.

Posterior wings rich golden yellow; the base and a
very small basal portion of the cell black; the costa and
part of the subcostal area obliquely black; the wings richly
black; half the submedian area and the abdominal
margin also black; and an outer marginal lunate band of
black. Undersurface exactly as above, except that there
is a small black orbicle above the lunation within the 3rd
and 4th median nervules, and the submedian area of
black has a ruddy gloss. The abdominal fringe is delicate
and black.

Thorax and head black; eyes nitid black; abdomen
dorsally black, with a central stripe of fawn colour, and
laterally and subdorsally yellow, with the usual lateral
black dots very small. Anal segment buff white.

Length of costa of anterior wing 77, of outer margin 58,
and interior margin (which is nearly straight) 38 mms.
Greatest length of the posterior wing 43, and width
31 mms. Length of abdomen or antennze 30, and of
thorax with the head 19 mms.

The male greatly resembles the ¢ of Cerberus in its
superficial appearance, but the anterior wings are slightly
wider in proportion to the posterior, and there are no
adnervular light rays visible.

Habitat: Celebes. Iam indebted to the Rev. Alfred
Fuller for the pleasure of drawing my figures from his
lovely specimens.

@. Anterior wings black, with buff-coloured adnervular
rays, subdued somewhat by scaling, whereof the Ist, 2nd
and 3rd median are perfect, but much subdued as they
reach the outer margin, those above are only rudimentary,
or nearly obsolete, except close to the cell, and between
the 1st and 2nd subcostal nervules ; the cell is margined
also at its upper part, half way from the distal end, with
a buff-white streak, anda very narrow distal continuation
curves round to the median vein; there is a very faint
trace of a ray at the 3rd median branch, and a conspicu-
ous ray spot, strangely divided by the submedian vein
near the posterior angle. Undersurface as above, except
that all the rays are a purer buff-white, more complete
and pronounced, and the cell streak extends at its upper
part from the distal end nearly to the base.

Posterior wings: the description of the cotype from the
Felder collection, printed on the next column, serves for
the description of the example now under consideration,
except that part of the submedian, and the inner sub-
marginal areas are black. Undersurface almost entirely
as above. [See plate 36.|

77

(1892).
Troides Helena Hephestus, Rothschild, '' Novitates Zoologicz," Vol. II., p. 222.

(1864).
(1865) o 2.
(1874) ¢¢.
(1878).
(1879) $2.

p: 729. (1889).

oo.
oe.

(1890). 3 ¢.
oe.
(1895).

Thorax and body nearly as in the Felder cotype.

[The 2 type form has the light rays of the anterior
wings more perfect and prominent, as in the cotype on
plate 36 of this work. |

Length of costa 81, of outer margin 62, and of interior
margin 43 mms. [The interior margin is nearly straight.]
Length of posterior wing 48, and width 36 mms.

The posterior wings strongly resemble those of Felder’s
Plato |plate 39, figs. 5, 6].

Hab.: N. Celebes. From the collection of the Rev.
Alfred Fuller.

g. Anterior wings warm brownish black—lighter to-
wards the outer margin ; the adnervular rays white,
and scaled towards the outer margin: these rays, or
areas of white, extend from the subcostal vein to the
3rd median nervule ; to the 2nd submedian the rays
are united at near the discoidal cell, and the white area
is continued to 1-3rd of the cell at the distal end as a
series of 3 elongate marks ; the 3rd median ray is _ short,
commencing a little less than half-way from the cell;
a short submedian above, and a longer white stripe
below the submedian vein completes the light marks of
the anterior wing above, these are slightly bluish green.
Under surface of wings as above, except that all the
white areas are purer, less scaled, and more definite in
outline. Posterior wings golden yellow ; the basal half of the
cell, and all but a narrow yellow subcostal mark black ;
the abdominal and submedian area warm brown, with

a yellowish white lunation at the inner angle, extending
to the base as a couple of light streaks, and enclosing an
elongate black spot ; there isa transverse discal row of
6 black subhastate black spots, the upper one being the
largest ; and a submarginal lunate black band ; the fringe
lunules of all the wings are short, thin, and white.
Under surface as above, except that the black marks are
slightly outlined with white scales, there is no black mark
at the abdominal angle, and the submedian area is, with
the exception of the abdominal angle, entirely warm
brown.

Thorax brown-black ; eyes castaneous brown ; abdo-
men warm brown ; laterally and subdorsally yellow white,
with lateral black dots, and subdorsum slightly black ;
pronotal collar red, and the usual thoracic red marks
above the legs.

Length of costa of anterior wing 77 and width of wing
42 mms. ; length of posterior wing 49 and width 35 mms.

Habitat Celebes. Lorquin. From Felder’s subtype,
in the Tring Museum.

This is a variation from the Felder type.

THE LARVAE AND PUPRAS (OR Wie EROrmbes

OR

ORNITHOPTERA.

1

A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THIS SUBJECT :—

W.S. Macleay, ‘‘ Horze Entomologice,"’ pp. 286-7 and 422-3. (1819-1821).
Latreille and Godart, '‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” Vol. IX (1824).

Swainson, in Taylor’s ‘‘ Philosophical Magazine,’’ March, 1827.
Swainson, ' Zoological Illustrations, p. 135.

Boisduval, '‘ Observasions sur un Mémoire de M. Zincken-Sommer,"” in Annales Sociéte Ent. France. (1832).
J. O. Westwood, Introduction to Modern Classification of Insects, Vol. II, pp. 319-321; 339-347, &c. (1840).
Dr, Thomas Horsfield, '' Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the East India Museum,” Vol. I. pp. 10-13. (1857).

*

Roland Trimen, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Africze Australis, pp. 3-6.
Edward Newman, " British Butterflies,” pp. 9-12. (871).

P. Martin Duncan, ‘' Metamorphoses of the Lepidoptera,” in Cassell's Nat. Hist., Vol. VI., chapter ix, pp. 21-26.

Kirby and Spence, “' Introduction to Entomology,” 7th Edit., pp. 31-41.
(1861-1866).

(1858).

(1896),

Davidson, Bell and Aitken, ‘‘ The Butterflies of the North Canara District of the Bombay Presidency.” Their Larvz and Pupz, with

coloured plates, in the Journal of the Bombay Nat. History Society.
(1899).

Dr. W. J. Holland, ‘' Butterfly Book,” pp. 5-13, plates II to VI.

(18g0-1897.)

LARVA, PART I.

The Caterpillars of the Ornithoptera are, like those
of the Papilios, composed of 13 fleshy segments or
parts; the anterior segment represents the head of the
imago, as it does of the larva; the 2nd, 3rd and 4th each
bear a pair of pectoral or true legs: these segments and
legs constitute in the imago the thorax and thoracic legs ;
the 5th and 6th segments are plain extensions of the body,
each with two minute fleshy spines on the subdorsum ;
the 7th to the 1oth are each furnished with a pair of prolegs
of an apparently simple, but really more elaborate
structure; the next two segments are quite simple in
character, and the last, or 13th constitutes a pair of anal
legs similar in character to the other prolegs, thus the
latter 7 segments go to form the abdomen or body of
the perfect insect.

The tst segment or head is armed with a pair of strong
mandibles and a moderate sized upper lip—emarginate
on the front edge; the maxille and labium are small,
fleshy, and soldered together, and the eyes and general
parts of the head are black and horny; the clypeus is
triangulate or nearly so; the eyes, which form the greater
part of the head appear to be rather rugose, with ex-
ceedingly minute hairs springing from every portion of
their area, and they are not facetted as in the per-
fect insect. Between the head and neck is a furcula or
pair of nuchal tentacles supposed to be enclosed in a
coral red sheath which can be excerted or withdrawn at
pleasure. These are very long and prominent in the
Ornithoptera, and are probably intended to keep off
ichneumons or other foes. They may also give out a
distinct odour at such times, but this is merely conjecture :
the vivid colouring may also serve a warning or threatning
purpose. The whole body of the caterpillar is furnished
with a number of fleshy moveable spines, more or less
long, and systematically arranged, varying in number
and in length on each segment; they are situated in
linear order, longitudinally: the second anterior seg-

ment has four, the 3rd, 4th and 5th eight, the 6th
six, the 7th to the 12th four each, and the anal seg-
ment two apparently. The base and apex of these are
generally black, and the centre coral-red : there are also
two subdorsal rudimentary spines on the 5th and 6th
segments ; all these are verticillate, and variable in length.
All the segments except the 1st, 3rd, 4th and anal are
provided with a small oval stigma on each side in which
is an opening into the body, with a chitonous margin ;
these are the breathing organs, and they make their
appearance again in the chrysalis.

The three pairs of perfect legs consist of three cylin-
drical joints, covered with a chitonous skin and terminated
with a claw, which, relatively to the stout size of the
joints, is very small, though probably very powerful.
[In the perfect insect the ungues or claws are bifid, longer
in proportion, and very powerful in their ability of cling-
ing to anv object. In some lepidoptera their tenacity 1s
really extraordinary, as is the case with many coleoptera
and insects of other orders]. The base to which the
joints are attached is a thick tumid protuberance from the
segment, and appears to consist of two parts or divisions
—the lowest quite rounded, the upper sub-cylindrical ; the
exterior portion or front (i.e. towards the head) is
chitonous, like the joints of the legs, the hinder part fleshy,
like the body of the caterpillar; the upper division is also
fleshy and bears a verticillate and (moveable?) spine,like the
general spines of the body, which is also black and coral-
red. Each of the leg joints are armed with a multitude of
minute sete or bristles—the tumid protuberance is
furnished with these sete. The four pairs of prolegs,
which with the rest of the larva correspond to the abdo-
men of the imago are apparently more simple, but in
reality are more elaborate in structure and evidently very
muscular—indeed the muscular power of the whole
creature is very great. Asin the case of the six anterior
legs, these prolegs are somewhat opposable in each pair.
First there is a very tumid extension of each segment of

* The Authors quote Swammerdam (Hills’, ‘ Swammerdam,” Vol. II. p. 37, f. 2, 4), as having discovered by dissection that not only the skins of the larva and of
the pupa are encased in each other, but within them the butterfly itself, with its organs indeed in an almost fluid state, but still perfect in all its parts; and they

describe the modus operandi by which anyone can prove this for himself, (P. 36, 7.)

78

the body to which is attached a short fleshy spine; a
delicate sinus is followed by the second portion of this
protuberance, this again by a nitid chitonous part, some-
what rugose at the sides, probably of a muscular character
and concluding with a soft light sienna organ, or pad,
with 3 indentations (resembling very much a microscopic
potato) which may serve the purpose of exhausting the
air; round the inner portion of this pad is a crescent of
many very minute recurved hooks. These complex
arrangements are intended to enable the creature to retain
a strong hold of the object on which it is resting, while
it can move the anterior part of its body in any direction
with perfect security. They are probably retractile, and,
being opposable as the human thumb and fingers are,
serve as very efficient claspers. The prolegs attached
to the anal or 13th segment are identical in structure
and purpose with the 4 intermediate ones, and they
are all furnished with a large number of minute
sete. The general colour of the larva is rufous brown,
with two lateral irregular-shaped bands of light sienna
colour, and one suboval spot below each band, situated
on the 7th segment. In some species there is a second
pair higher up on the 8th segment; the dorsum is
generally striped longtitudinally, with a pair of triangulate
stripes on each segment, and O-like dark lateral marks.
Some of the species are without these marks, and the hight
lateral patches are different in shape andlength. Though
there are some papilios whose larva resemble those of the
Ornithoptera, there would be no difficulty in distinguish-
ing between them.

These larve belong to the CHILOGNATHIFORM
or SCOLOPENDRIFORM stirps of the Lepidoptera in the
system of Macleay, adopted by Dr. Horsfield: *
the Succineti, or Ist tribe of Section I in Bois-
duyal’s arrangement: the first family of Westwood’s
group of Heterocera, the Nupr: the second family
of Swainson’s quinarian scheme; the first primary
group of Latreille (in his Révwe Animale) and
the 3rd secondary section, the Hrxapopa: the first
or Eguires group of Linneus and the Ist division
or Trojans: and the first family of Trimen’s arrange-
ment. But all modern plans of classification assign their
position to the latest but one of the Diurnea in the and
sub-family of the Papilionide, or midway between the
Pievine and Hesperude, all of which are perfect Hexapods.

Doubleday sought the divisional element between
Ornithoptera and Papilio in the larvee, which he said “had
an external forked sheath for the prothoracic tentacula,
thus differing from Papilio, but Wallace (‘‘ Trans. Linn.
Soc.,” vol. xxv., page 35) declared that O. Poseidon larva
-has no such arrangement as this. Philip Henry Gosse
found a similar structure in some species of Papilio,
thereby indicating that the arrangement may obtain in
both divisions of the Papilionide.

Reasoning on Dr. Horsfield’s observations in Java on

79

the larve of the Papilonidz, of which a considerable
number were known to Wallace, he came to the
conclusion that these furnished good characters for
the primary division of the Genus Papilio (in which
at the time he included the Ornithoptera) into natural
groups. The manner in which the hinder wings
are plaited or folded back at the abdominal margin,
the size of the anal valves, the structure of the antenne,
and the form of the wings are of much service, as well
as the character of the flight, and the style of colour-
ation. Using these characters he divided the Malayan
Papilios into 4 sections and 17 groups. At the head
of them he placed the Ornithoptera—making them a
Genus containing 3 subsections as follows :—a. Priamus
Group : black and green; 6. Pompeus Group : black
and yellow; c. Brooxeanus Groups: black, blue and
green,

The ScHornpercia and A THEOPTERA groups had aot,
when he wrote, been discovered, or his conclusions might
have been considerably modified.

PART II. i. Larva described.

O. Pronomus, Feeds ona species of _Ipomza, which
twists itselfamong and over the brushwood, often to a
considerable height, or trails itself along the ground.
The larva feeds on this plant and on any part of it.
“Length 23 inches; tapers slightly towards each extremity;
central segment thickened; comparatively short and
obese ; smoky black with a tinge of madder purple ; head
black and shiny, with a narrow white V-shaped mark on
the face; in the crown of the 2nd segment a crescent
shaped shining black plate, and between this and the
head is the nuchal aperture, through which, when the
larva is irritated, is emitted a pair of short carmine-
coloured tentacles; a subdorsal row of finely-pointed
spines in each side, the spines rather long, and those on
the posterior segments pointing backwards; tips and
base of the snines black, intermediate portion scarlet,
except in the 8th segment where the base of the spine is
white, and from thence springs a broad oblique white
stripe, pointing forwards, and terminating at the spiracular
region; a row of black spines just below the spiracles;
upon the 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments an additional spine
between the subdorsal and spiracular row; a short black
blunt tubercle on the 2nd segment upon each side of the
face; a short black spine above each leg and claspers,
which are shining black.”—Gervase F. Matthew, R.N.,
in the “‘ Entomologist,” vol. 19, page 84.

Mr. Matthew informs us also that these larvze do not
differ from those taken in the Duke of York Island and
New Britain, and will produce Urvilliana or the usual
golden green forms of the perfect insect.

O. Poseiden. Pl. 34, fig. 4, with 2 lateral light stripes
on the 8th segment. Colour rich dark rufous brown. Habi-
tat, Little Kei Island. In the same collection.

* Mr. Macleay was careful to guard the student of his system from misappre-
hension ; for he remarks in his '' Hore Entomologice,” p. 423, that ‘‘in terming larvae
Chilognathifovm and Chilopodifoym it is not meant that they are Scolopendre or Juli, or
even near to them in affinity, but only that they are so constructed that certain ana-
logical circumstances attending them strongly remind us of these Ametobola.” Of
course the Centipedes, Wireworms, or Woodlice are structurally very different from
the larve of either Coleoptera or Lepidoptera; and unlike the latter are not subject
fo a progressive metamorphosis; hence their lower position in the scale of life.
Macleay adopted Dr. Leach’s Class Ametabola, which, at the time was only allowed
to consist of two divisions—the Thysanura and ihe Anopluva. ‘To these he added two
divisions of the Myriapoda and also Vermes. In his examination of the Coleoptera
he divides them into the following 5 groups :—

(2) Carabus and Dytiscus, represented analogically by the Chilopodiform Ametabola ;

(6) Scarabzeus, by the Chilognathiform Ametabola ;

(c) Curculio and Cerambyx, by’the Vermes ;

(d) Coccinella and Chrysomela, &c., by the Anopluriform Ametabola ;
(e) Meloe, &c,, by the Thysanuriform Ametabola,
D

r. Horsefield made the Butterflies to consist of 5 stirpes, or divisions, which he
arranged in accordance wlth Macleay’s principles, from the analogies they
exhibit to the orders of Ametabola :

(a) Lycenide, by the Vermes;

(6) Colias, Papilio and Doritis by the Chilognathiform Ametabola ;

(c) Eupleea, Vanessa, Argynnis, &c., by the Chilopodiform Ametabola ;

(2) Apatura, Morpho, Hipparchia by the Thysanuriform Ametabola; and

(¢) Erycina, Hesperia, &c., by the Anopluriform Ametabola.

The Ornithopterus larve come into the 2nd division.

80

O. Urvilliana, “‘ 4 inches long; thick as the little finger
(a vague term) ; rich brown; spines tipped with lake; a
saddle-like cream coloured patch across the middle ; above
the head a bifurcated, retractile, urticating process, pink
in colour, is protruded when the insectisalarmed.” The
writer of this paragraph(whose name I unfortunately omit-
ted to notice when I copied it) affirms that the larva of
“th. Victoria does not differ from the above description,
except in the absence of the saddle-like mark across the
middle.

Feeds on Aristolochiz, is yellowish, with a broad dorsal
stripe, dilated to a bandin the 6th segment, and 8 rows
of fleshy spines (W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Handbook to the order
Lepidoptera,” Vol. II., p. 255).

P. Helena ‘** Larva elongated, thick, slightly attenuated
at both ends, with dorsal and lateral row of rather long
fleshy tubercles ; the 2nd segment furnished with a horny
plate, beneath which the nuchal retractile tentacles lie con-
cealed.”

P. Pompeus, Horsfield,‘‘ Cat. of Lep. Ins. in the E. Ind.
Mus.” Vol. I., pl. ii., figs. 1, 1a gives coloured representa-
tions of the larva and pupa of this species. My plate 34,
fig. 1, portrays the larva of this species also, from a blown-
out specimen. It has 2 light patches on each side of the
7th and gth segments, that on the 8th being situated
higher up and rather narrower; they are burnt sienna
colour. Habitat Java, the examples are in the Tring
Museum.

O. Pegasus, Pl. 34, figs. 2, 3. Lateral and dorsal views.
2 lateral light stripes on each of the 7th and 8th segments,
reaching to a little above the dorsal spines. Larva dark
rufous brown; nuchal tentacle coral red. Hab. Little Kei
Island. In the Tring Museum.

P. Papuensis, Pl. 34, figs. 5,6. Lateral and dorsal view
with 2 lateral light stripes on each of the 7th and 8th seg-
ments—those on the 7th being divided at the lower
portion near the prolegs into a second subcircular light
spot; colour dark brown, and velvety. Habitat, German
New Guinea. In the Tring Museum.

The general view of the larve ante, will suffice without
any further description, as the species differ very little
from each other in form and structure. I have in my
plate drawn the larva slavishly from the blown-out speci-
mens, as I thought it best under the circumstances. I re-
gret that the lithographic stone on which the plate was
drawn had been very coarsely and badly grained, or the
result of my work would have been much better.

u. PUP described.

So far as I am aware the Pupa of O. Priamus has not
been described ; but it probably does not differ much from
those of other species.

O. Urvilliana. ‘‘ Suspended head downwards beneath
a growing leaf, with a silken band round the middle of the
body. The leaf protects the larva from sun and rain;
but lest the leaf should be accidently blown away the
larva, before entering upon the pupa stage, spins a short
silken web along the lower side of the leaf stalk, and se-
curely fastens it to the stem from which it grows.” The
perfect insect emerges in from 14 to 21 days. ‘‘It is
necessary to suspend the pupa in a vertical position,
otherwise the meconium or liquid in the pupa-case, of
which there is nearly a teaspoonful,would entirely ruin the

plumage.” Guillemand, “ Voyage of the Marchesa,” Vol.

I., p. 345.

As a matter of experience I have no doubt that the dis-
coloured specimens we meet with, especially of the Pom-
peoptera, are the results of this fluid not finding its proper
exit, and so staining the wings, as the imagoemerges. It
is significant that the posterior wings, which are higher
up in the pupa case, are generally stained the most. A
general supposition is that the stains are caused by
damp. I hardly think so.

O.Prononus. Chrysalis amber brown,slightly angulated,
with a blunt sub-dorsal black-tipped spine on each side
of the abdominal segments, and some small black spines
on the back of the thorax ; a large and almost triangular
orange-yellow blotch upon the back of the anteror
abdominal segments, the wing sheaths dark reddish-
brown, with the nervures well marked.” Gervase F.
Matthew. The pupa of some of the species are attached
to the midrib of a large leaf of a forest tree, and
sometimes at a considerable distance from the food of
the larva. Before suspending itself, the caterpillar takes
care to securely fasten the stem of the leaf at its base to
the branch of the tree with strong threads of silk. The
silk is extruded from the spinnerets near the mouth
of the larva.

On plate 34 I give figures (some of them drawn from
broken or distorted specimens of the following Pupz :—
(a) Poseidon, figs. 7. 13, prevailing colours light amber and
brown ochre; the veins within the wing-sheaths very
prominent; the middle segments with a central series of
dark lines which also extend nearly to the r1th segment ;
also a series of 2 black lines on each side near to the
spiracles ; the spiracles easily seen along their tract ; and
the insect within probably obtains air, as a necessity even
to its pupa stage. (b) Pompeus, fig 8. Smaller than the
preceding; extremely angulate, amber and light ochre
coloured ; with 6 large and long intermediate segment
spiny processes; the veins in their wing sheaths not
very prominent. (c) Amphrysus, figs. 9, 10. Smaller than
the preceding, but closely resembles it ; colour very pale.
(2) Poseidon,v. pronomus figs. 11, 12,amber and brown ochre
colours ; the abdominal spines short. (e) Poserdon v.aruana,
Pupa large; colours ochraceous and dark sienna brown ;
the veins showing strongly on the wing sheaths; the
spiracles and all the markings very prominent. This
example and that of figs. 9 and ro are both in the Hope
museum at Oxford ; all the rest are in the Tring museum.
(f) Sch. Paradisea, fig. 14 colours ochraceous, burnt sienna,
dark rufous brown, and black; all the markings and parts
very conspicuous; but no essential difference from the
other species in structure or appearence.

For the guidance of students new to the investigation
of these Pupe the following particulars may be added:
—the small, narrow longitudinal compartments, arranged
like mummy bands, extending from the anterior ex-
tremity of the body to over the breast, are the cover-
ings of the legs, spiral tongue and antennz; the head
covering is a piece called the cephalotheca; the wing
sheaths situated outside these bands are two broad
plates or scales, the pterotheca; the covering of the
thorax, the cytotheca; the abdomen case 1s the gastrotheca.
The number of segments of the chrysalis is the same
as in the larva, and so are the spiracles or breathing
organs. The different parts of the perfect insect can
generally be recognised in the pupal stage.

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA TROGONOPTERA
AND POMPEOPTERA.

A.—ANTERIOR WINGS.

1. Length of Costa a little less than 2 times and 1-4th of the interior margin. T. Trojana ¢.
1a. Length of costa a little more than 2 times that of interior margin. T. Brookeana, P. Magellanus, P. Dohertyi,
P. Critonoides, Hippolytus, Naias, Plateni, Iris, (males); T. Brookeana, P. Cerberus, Darsius, Haliphron
(females).
1b. Length of costa 2 times that of interior margin. P. Minos, Papuensis (males); Hippolytus, Naias (females).
tc. Length of costa nearly 2 times that of interior margin. PP. Cellularis, Sulaensis, Neomiranda (males) ;
T. Trojana, P. Miranda, Helena, Vandepolli, Minos (females).

td. Length of costa 1 times and less than 40 mms. that of the interior margin. P. Helena, Vandepolli (males) ;
Cellularis, Critonoides, Papuensis, Ruficollis, Pompeus, Riedeli, AZacus, Magellanus, Melpomona,

Plato, Rhadamantus (females).
te. Length of costa a little over 1 and 2-5ths that of the anterior margin, P. Andromache, Nereis (females).
tf. Length of costa a little over 1 and 3-4ths that of the interior margin, P. Melpomona ¢;

Sumatranus ¢ 2; P. Hycetus, Iris, Dohertyi, Plato (female var.)
1g. Length of costa about 1 and 3-4ths that of interior margin, P. Flavicollis, Nereis, Cerberus,
Miranda (males) ; Amphrysus, Cuneifera, Hephzstus, Criton, Staudingeri (females).

th. Length of costa a little over 1 and 2-3rds that of interior margin, P. Pompeus, Cuneifera, Plato,

Andromache (males).

17. Length of costa 1 and 2-3rds that of interior margin, P. Rhadamantus, Ruficollis (males.)
1j. Length of costa a little less than that of interior margin, P. Criton, Amphrysus, Staudingeri
(males.)

2. Outer margin of anterior wings only slightly arched, P. Honrathiana, Criton, Papuensis, Melpomona, Ruficollis,
Flavicollis, Amphrysus, Sumatranus, Cuneifera, Nereis, Pompeus, Cerberus, Miranda, Andromache, Magellanus,
Rhadamantus, Darsius, Honrathiana(males); Vandepolli, Oberthuri (females); T. Brookeana, Trojana, P. Hippolytus,
Cellularis, Sulaensis, Plato, Naias, Plateni, Dohertyi, Iris, AZacus, Minos (both sexes.)

2a. Outer margin more arched, Vandepolli, Neomiranda, Carolus (males) ; Honrathiana, Criton, Felderi, Melpomona,
Papuensis, Flavicollis, Amphrysus, Sumatranus, Cuneifera, Nereis, Hycetus, Pompeus, Cerberus, Miranda,
Andromache, Magellanus, Hephestus, Fasciculatus, Rhadamantus, Darsius (females) ; Critonoides, Staudingeri,
Riedeli, Helena (both sexes).

3. Anterior wings long in proportion to the posterior wings, T. Brookeana, Trojana (both sexes).
3a. Anterior wings proportionate in length to the posterior wings, all the Pompeoptera.
36. Anterior wings rather pointed at the apical angle, T. Brookeana, v. Eleanor, P. Vandepolli, Honrathiana, Mel-
pomona, Rhadamantus, Dohertyi (males and some examples of the females) ; P. Criton, Nereis, Fasciculatus
(females) ; T. Trojana, P. Hippolytus (and varieties), Critonoides, Plateni, Miranda (both sexes).
3c. All other species ¢ or ? mot pointed at the apical angle.
4. Anterior wings rounded at the apical angle, P. Cuneifera, Honrathiana, Rhadamantus, Darsius (all females).

5. Outer margin of anterior wings somewhat concave, P. Vandepolli, Criton, Critonoides, Amphrysus (and vars.), Cerberus,
Iris, Andromache A®acus, Rhadamantus (males) ; Hephzstus, Helena (females); P. Hippolytus (and varieties),
Cuneifera, Magellanus (both sexes).

5a. Outer margin rather convex, P. Vandepolli, Naias, Plateni, Dohertyi, Andromache, diacus, Fasciculatus (females),
- Honrathiana (both sexes).
56. Outer margin straight, or nearly straight, all species and sexes not included in 5a (ante).

6. Interior margin of anterior wings straight, or nearly so, P. Criton, Pompeus, Cerberus, Plateni, Staudingeri, Neo-
miranda, Andromache, Sumatrana, Riedeli (males) ; T.Trojana, P. Hycetus, Fasciculatus (females) ; T. Brookeana,
P. Hippolytus (vars ), Critonoides, Naias, Cuneifer, Miranda, Rhadamantus, Helena (both sexes).
6a. All other species or sexes with the interior margin more or less curved.

81

82

7. The 3rd subcostal nervule emitted close to the apex of the discoidal cell of the anterior wing. P. Vandepolli,
Honrathiana, Naias, Amphrysus, Nereis, Cerberus, Andromache, Sumatrana, Rhadamantus (males) ; Critonoides:
, Plateni, Staudingeri, AZacus (females); T. Brookeana, P. Hippolytus, and vars., Dohertyi, Iris, Fasciculatus,
hee: Riedeli (both sexes) ; Helena, var. Grose-Smithi, 3.
7a. The third subcostal nervule emitted a little below the apex of the discoidal cell of anterior wing. Andromache,
Cuneifera (females) ; Hippolytus v. cellularis (male).
7b. The 3rd subcostal nervule emitted a little above the apex of the cell. P. Critonoides, Staudingeri, Neomiranda
(males) ; Hippolytus v. cellularis, Vandepolli, Criton v. Feldevi, Iris, Melpemona, Hycetus, Andromache,
Hephestus, (females); Plato, Criton, Naias, Papuensis, Amphrysus and its varieties, Nereis, Pompeus,
Rhadamantus, Atacus, Helena, Minos, Haliphron (both sexes).

8. Anterior wings of the ¢ # with no sexual stigma, the genera TRoconoprerA and PomPEoPTERA.

g. Discoidal cell rather long and narrow, the ¢ and ¢ of T. Brookeana, Trojana, P. Naias, Iris; the 3 of
Neomiranda, Miranda, AZacus, and Rhadamantus; and ¢? of Andromache, Sumatranus, Magellanus and
Hephestus.

ga. Discoidal cell broad, the ¢ and ? of P. Darsius, Helena (type form), Hippolytus and vars.
go. The cell half the length of the wing, the ¢ of P. Hippolytus and vars., Plato var., Criton, Ruficollis, and
Flavicollis, Amphrysus, Nereis, Riedeli; the ¢ and ? of Papuensis, Pompeus, Plateni, Dohertyi, Cerberus,
Minos and Darsius ; and the ? of Cuneifera, Hycetus, Rhadamantus, Andromache, Hephestus, and Helena.

10. Pseudoneura, 4 in number, and only slightly visible. T. Brookeana ¢ 2, Trojana ¢ ; The ¢ of Brookeana and
vars., P. Vandepolli, Honrathiana, Criton, Critonoides, Papuensis, Melpomona, Amphrysus and vars., Nereis,
Pompeus, Cerberus, Plateni, Dohertyi, Iris, Staudingeri, Miranda, Neomiranda, Andromache, Magellanus, Atacus,
Rhadamantus, Darsius, Minos, Helena and vars., Riedeli, Plato, Fasciculatus, Naias, and Haliphron.

toa. Pseudoneura sufficiently visible, the ¢ of T. aoiatan P. Plato, Critonoides, Cuneifera, Plateni, Iris, Dohertyi,
Fasciculatus, Staudingeri, Miranda, Andromache, Amphrysus, Helena, Darsius, and Minos.
10d. Pseudoneura strongly emphasised, the 2 of Magellanus, Hycetus, Pompeus, Nereis, Flavicollis, Papuensis,
Melpomona, Naias, Criton, Honrathiana, Vandepolli, Hippolytus and vars., Alacus, Rhadamantus, and
Haliphron.
toc. Pseudoneura 4 in number, the 1st and 2nd starting at the base of the cell, the 3rd at the base, and the 4th
as a branch at half way from the base. All the species of both genera; but in the males of some species
the 1st pseudoneurus is nearly or quite obsolete; the distance between each is generally equal, but unequal
in a few, and in some the two branches 3, 4 are very close together.

B.—POSTERIOR WINGS.

1. The Costa arcuate, and the ? incurved near the apical angle, P. Hippolytus, and Criton.
ta. More or less strongly arcuate, but not incurved near the apical angle, all the other species of the two genera,
and in both sexes.

2. With obscure dark abdominal fringe, or no fringes, females of Vandepolli, Ruficollis, Zacus, Rhadamantus, Nereis,
Pompeus, Hycetus, Magellanus, Riedeli, Darsius, Minos, and Helena; almost entirely absent of the other
females.

2a. With sienna red abdominal fringe, Amphrysus and varieties, and Andromache.
2b. With rather prominent dark abdominal fringe, all the other species of both sexes.
2c. The fringe is generally shorter than in the genus ornithoptera.

3. Discoidal cell elongate and rather narrow, T. Brookeana and Trojana; P. Plato, Nereis, Riedeli, and Helena.
3a. Cell elongate and rather broad, P. Darsius, and Plateni.
30. Cell very broad, P. Hippolytus and vars.
3c. Cell broad but not elongate, all other species. [The form of the cell varies in the different species. |

4. The Pseudoneura generally invisible, but 3 or 4 innumber. In Hippolytus, 3 in number, the central one originating
at the base of the cell, and the 1st and 3rd branching in each side half way of its length.

83

4a. The pseudoneura 4 in number, the Ist originates at the base, the and at the base, the 3rd as a branch of the
and half way, and the 4th at the base to half the length of the cell. [A good light and careful examination is
required to detect them at all, as they are only like almost invisible folds.| Nearly all the species.

5. Posterior wings half the width or length of the anterior wings, the genus Trogonoptera.
5a. Posterior wings nearly 2-3rds the length of the anterior wings, P. Hippolytus and vars., Vandepolli and var.,
and all other species. |The proportion slightly varies in some of the species. |

AA.—ANTERIOR WINGS.

1. The sexes resemble each other partially in colour, genus Trogonoptera.
ta. Wings dark brown or black, with light adnervular rays, P. Hippolytus and vars., ¢ 2, Vandepolli ¢ ;
Honrathiana 2, Plato & 2 ; Criton and Critonoides ?, Naias ¢ ?, Papuensis, Pompeus and Cerberus,
Plateni, Dohertyi, Iris, Staudingeri, Miranda, Magellanus, Haliphron, AZacus, Rhadamantus and Fasciculatus,
(the females of all of these).
16. Wings with faint or nearly obsolete adnervular rays, Vandepolli and var., Criton and vars., Critonoides,
Nereis, Cerberus, Plateni, Dohertyi, Iris, Darsius, Minos, AZacus, Rhadamantus, (the males of these).
1c. Wings with the adnervular rays green and leaf-like, T. Brookeana ¢, and Trojana ¢, and T. Brookeana, v.
Eleanor 2.
1d. Wings with the rays partly green and partly white and nearly leaf-like, Brookeana and Trojana ¢.
ie. Wings with the rays yellow, Amphrysus and vars., Neomiranda, Magellanus, (all males).
if. Wings with no rays, Criton, Helena and vars., Pompeus, Andromache, Riedeli (all males).
1g. Wings almost entirely white, with no rays, Andromache ?.
th. Wings black with a blue gloss, Miranda 3.

BB.—POSTERIOR WINGS.

2. Wings green and brown black, T. Brookeana ¢ ?.
2a. Wings black, green and blue, Trojana ¢.
2b. Wings brown, blue, green and white, Trojana ¢.
2c. Wings black, yellow and white, P. Hippolytus and vars., ¢ ?.
2d. Wings black and yellow, Vandepolli and var., Hephestus, and both sexes of all other species except the
following :
2e. Wings black, Dohertyi ¢.
2f. Wings yellow and opalescent, Magellanus, both sexes.

3. Wings with black suborbicular discal spots, P. Hippolytus and vars., Criton and vars., Critonoides, Naias,
Papuensis, Melpomona, Hycetus, Hephzstus (all females).
3a. Wings with black discal cones, Cuneifera ¢, Vandepolli and var., Plato ? (Felder’s type), Helena (type) ;
Cerberus, Pompeus, Miranda, Darsius, Minos, Riedeli, AZacus, Andromache (all females).
36. Wings with very broad black margin occupying the greater portion of the disc, and enclosing a transverse
row of yellow or light spots, P. Plato, Critonoides, Amphrysus and vars., Andromache, Cuneifera, (all females)
3c. Wings with an extensive area of discal black and no transverse row of yellow marks, P. Plateni, Iris,
Staudingeri, Rhadamantus (all females). ,
3d. Wings nearly entirely black, Platenit ¢; Doherty ?, Miranda ¢.
3e. Wings entirely black, Dohertyi ¢.
_ 3f. Wings with a transverse black band, a submarginal band of yellow marks, and an outer marginal band
of black cones, Magellanus ?.
3g. Wings with yellow disc, and outer marginal more or less broad black band, Vandepolli and var.,
Criton and vars., Naias, Helena and vars., Iris, Staudingeri, Neomiranda, Darsius, Minos,
Riedeli (all males).
3h. Wings with the marginal band lunate and narrow, Amphrysus, Cuneifera, Nereis, Pompeus,
Cerberus, Miranda, Andromache, Magellanus, acus, and Rhadamantus (all males) ; Hycetus ¢.
37. Wings with marginal black band of lunations, very small and disconnected, Ruficollis, Flavi-
collis and Sumatrana (all males).

84
C.

I. Species closely resembling each other in the male sex; (a) Nereis, Pompeus, and Cerberus; (+) somewhat alike,
Criton, Naias and Iris; Staudingeri and Plato; (c) Miranda and Andromache; (d) AZacus and Rhadamantus ;
(e) Darsius, Minos, Neomiranda (posterior wing), and Vandepolli.

1a. Of the female sex; (a) Dohertyi and Nereis; (b) AZacus, 3, Plato, Criton, Cerberus, Pompeus, and Hephestus.

D.

1. Females larger than the males, P. Hippolytus and vars., Criton, Naias, Cuneifera, Nereis, Pompeus, Plato, Cerberus,
Plateni, Iris, Staudingeri, Miranda, Andromache, AZacus, and Rhadamantus.

1a. Males and females nearly of the same size, T. Brookeana, Trojana, P. Vandepolli and var., Critonoides, Papuensis,
Melpomona, Amphrysus, and vars., Dohertyi, Magellanus, and Helena and some of its vars.

E.—MALE COLOURATION AND PATTERNS.

1. Discoidal cell of anterior wing immaculate, T. Brookeana (both surfaces); Trojana (both surfaces); P. Criton,
Critonoides, Papuensis, Melpomona, Nereis, Pompeus, Cerberus; Dohertyi, Miranda, Helena, Carolus, Riedeli
(each on both surfaces) ; Andromache, Plateni, Vandepolli, Staudingeri, Plateni, Darsius, Aiacus, Rhadamantus,
Sulaensis (upper surface only of each).

1a. Cell of ? anterior wing immaculate, T. Brookeana, and v. Eleanor, Trojana (upper surface of each); P. Miranda
(both surfaces).

1b. Under surface of anterior wings with green and white marks, Brookeana.
1c, With green and blue marks Trojana.

1d. With white marks, Hippolytus, Critonoides, Naias, Helena and vars., Nereis, Pompeus, Cerberus and vars.,
Plateni, Iris, Staudingeri, Miranda, Riedeli, Darsius, Minos, Rhadamantus, Alacus, Hephestus, Magellanus.

te. Undersurface of anterior wings almost entirely or partially white, Andromache, Dohertyi (some varieties),
Carolus.

tf. Undersurface of anterior wings with yellow-white, yellow and white, or yellow marks, Amphrysus and
vars.

ff. Undersurface of anterior wings of ¢ yellow, Neomiranda, Andromache, Cuneifera, Sumatranus.

2. Undersurface of the posterior wings with the marks white and blue, Brookeana, Trojana.
2a. With the marks black, white and yellow, Hippolytus and vars., Vandepolli and var., Critonoides.
26. With the colours black and yellow only, all other species and varieties, except
2c. With yellow, and opalescent, Magellanus.

EE.—-FEMALE COLOURATION AND PATTERNS.

3. Posterior wings on the undersurface white, black, and blue, Brookeana.
3a. Brown, white and blue, Trojana.
30. Black, white and yellow, Hippolytus and vars., Plateni.
30b. With Opalescence added, Magellanus.
3c. Black and pale yellow, Vandepolli, Amphrysus, Hycetus.
3d. Black and yellow, Plato, Naias, Hephestus, Andromache, Vars. of Amphrysus, Papuensis, Pompeus,
Cerberus, Miranda, Andromache, Darsius, Minos, AZacus, Rhadamantus, Hephestus.
3e. Black and buff, Helena, Criton, Critonoides, Nereis.

3f. Black and rufus white, Melpomona, Dohertyi, Iris.

BBB.—POSTERIOR WINGS.

3. Upper and under surfaces of posterior wings alike; Helena and vars. 3, Criton #, Critonoides #, Nereis ¢,
Neomiranda ¢, Haliphron ¢; Amphrysus and vars. 2, Hephestus ¢, Hycetus 2 ; Plato ¢ ¢, Naias ¢ 2,
Pompeus & 2, Cerberus ¢ 2, Iris ¢ ?, Staudingeri ¢ ?, Miranda ¢ ?, Andromache $ ¢, Magellanus ¢ ¢,
Darsius ¢ 2, Minosés ?, Riedeli ¢ 2, AKacus ¢ ?, Rhadamantus ¢ ¢&.

85
F.—THE ABDOMEN.

1. Black or brown. The Genus Trogonoptera; P. Honrathiana ¢ 2 ; Iris ¢ @ ; Riedeli o ¢?.
ta. Black and yellow or brown, yellow and red, Hippolytus and vars. of ¢ ; Vandepolli, Plato, Criton, Critonoides,
Naias, Helena and vars., Amphrysus, Cuneifera, Sumatrana (red, brown, and yellow), Nereis, Hycetus ¢,
Pompeus, Cerberus, Staudingeri, Andromache, AZacus, Rhadamantus, Haliphron, Darsius and Minos (both sexes

of each).

1b. Grey-white and yellow, Hippolytus and vars., ?.
tc. Rufous white and yellow, Ruficollis and Flavicollis ¢ ¢.
td. Brown or black, grey-white and pale yellow, Plateni 3 ¢.
te. Brown, rufous and yellow, Dohertyi, 3 ?.
tf. Yellow, Neomiranda ¢ ; Miranda ¢.
1g, Buff white and yellow, Magellanus ¢.
th. Anal valves of 3 generally buff coloured, with a triangulate black dorsal mark uniting the anal

with the penultimate segment.

G.—THE THORAX.

1. Thorax black, with red pronotal collar, and pectoral red, TRoconopTErA, both sexes.
ta. Thorax black, with no red parts, Hippolytus and varieties, both sexes.
1b. Thorax black, with thin red pronotal collar. All species except the following :—
1c. With yellow pronotal collar, and no red pectoral spots, Flavicollis ¢ ¢ ; Miranda ¢.
tcc. Without yellow collar, Miranda ¢ var.
1d. With white pronotal collar, and no red pectoral spots, Neomiranda ¢.
1e. Entirely black, Miranda ¢.

H.—HEAD.

1. Eyes brown, dark or light brown ; sometimes nitid ; slightly underlined white, or not at all; moderate size, all species

of both genera.
I.—ANTENN.

1. Equal in length to the abdomen, and black, all species of both genera.
ta. Moderately stout, curved towards the apex, and graduated in thickness, all of both Genera.

-K.—THE LEGS

t. All black. A pair of sharp minute spines at the end of the tibia of each leg, and at the termination of each tarsus.
(All species.)
1a. The measurements of the parts of the legs vary in the different species as they do in the Genera included in Vol. I.
1b. The ungues bifid and slightly bulbose at the base; thickly clothed with minute spines, especially on the tibia
and tarsi; the femur with a minute groove or depression. (AJ species).

L.

[The abdominal or interior margin of the male posterior wings with a fold or pouch, which conceals the androcoma.
This fold varies in shape in the different genera, but is almost always present in the ¢ ¢ of the S. American
Ornithopterina, and always in the GeneraTrogonoptera and Pompeoptera. The margin of the wing is folded back over
a part of the submedian area to the submedian vein—sometimes a little beyond, and forms a sort of tube for the
contents; a small portion of its basal part is sometimes again folded back in a short curve. The colour is always
brown or black, and as the submedian area is generally of the same colour, in a specimen newly emerged it is difficult
to detect the outline of this fold. The undersurface is generally lighter in colour—a nitid, rufous brown, and the
abdominal black or brown fringe of curved hairs is attached to the edge of the fold on this surface, so that when the
insect is resting, these hairs meet from the opposite wing, and serve as a hairy channel in which the subdorsum reposes.|

86
THE WING SCALES OF THE ORNITHOPTERA.

In Plates 58 and 59 of this work I give a series of figures of the scales which serve to ornament the wings of some of
the species included in the tribe Trompes. Ido not profess to have drawn all the varieties that might, by careful
examination with the microscope, be discovered ; for although the two plates contain an aggregate of 84 figures, very
many more might be added. The forms of the Lepidopterous scales are exceedingly numerous in all the groups.
Lyonnet, in his posthumous memoirs, filled several quarto plates with representations of the scales found on the wings
and body of the European goat moth Cossus Ligniperda, no two of them being precisely alike. It would be impossible
to determine the limits of species or genera by the characteristics of these scales, so far at least as the Troides are
concerned ; for some of the forms are common to all the genera and species, though others appear to be peculiar to
special species. But in these genera which are provided with Androconia there are at least two types: those of
Ornithoptera and A&theoptera in form being quite unlike their analogues in Tvogonoptera and Pompeoptera. In the first two
genera they consist of a multitude of exceedingly minute scales of 2 or 3 forms situated on the pupz-form ¢ stigma of
the anterior wings (see pl. 58, figs. 36), while in the latter they consist of an immense aggregation of long silky hairs
of almost immeasurable tenuity, contained in a fold or pouch of the abdominal margin of the wing. In Schoenbergia
and Drurya this character of scale appears to be absent, though I have no doubt some scales or hairs may ultimately
be found, which serve a similar purpose in the economy of the insect.

The general scales are attached to the membranous surface of the wing by the slender stem or peduncle at their base ;
in some cases, perhaps in all, this peduncle throws out delicate rootlets, by which the peduncle is probably rendered
more secure in its insertion into the minute indent of the membrane. Contrary to the popular idea these scales are
generally so firmly fixed in position, that it is by no means an easy task to denude the membrance of even a few scales.
This, at any rate, is true of many of the diurnal lepidoptera, though it is often otherwise in some of the Heterocerous
Lepidoptera.

The scales may almost be divided into groups, for some are quite oval, or suboval, others are wedge-shape, leaf-
like, petal-shaped, or like fish scales; often dentate at the apex, with 2 to 7 or even more dental notches—these notches
generally varying in length and width in the same scale. Other scales are very narrow and relatively long. They are
formed always of two lamellee—sometimes (perhaps ?) of three. But in Troides I cannot satisfy myself of the existence of
more than two. They are always granulated or striated on one or both surfaces—sometimes quite from their base; but
often the basal and lateral portions for a short distance are simply transparent, from the absence of striz. On many
of the scales there are cross striae; the striz are generally parallel to each other; sometimes these are duplicated and
run the entire length of the scale; or they form rows of oval or rounded dots. Their colours vary greatly when micro-
scopically examined, even those taken from the black areas of the wing: for some may be blue, violet or green; and I
can find no absolutely black scales—though many were very dark and almost opaque—caused by the closeness and
immense number of their granulations and strie. Between the strie are many pigment cells; but the way the
sculpturing of the scales is arranged decides whether they shall give off prismatic colours or not. Some of the scales
from golden yellow surfaces are warm green or rosy pink; and others from green or brown areas are nearly white and

very diaphanous.

Dr. F. Urech, in Zool. Anzeig, vol. 15, pages 305-6 (1892), divides the scales of the Lepidoptera into 5 classes,
according to the various phenomena that they exhibit:—1. Scales only containing chemical colouring matters, and
which exhibit no interference colours, found on the wings of the Vanessas and other species. 2. Scales which contain
chemical colouring, and also interference colours, found on the wings of the Vanessas and other species. 3. Scales
which exhibit interference colours on the wings, and possess also colouring matters which are soluble in water, as in the
Lycenide. 4. Scales in which the colours are due to an underlying layer, as in the blue and violet scales of some
Vanessas. 5. Variously coloured overlying scales which exhibit mixed colours, as in Papilio (and some of the

Ornithoptera.

These 5 classes do not really include those connected with the sexual markings, which are generally found to be scent
scales, intended either to attract the other sex or to repell undesirable visitors or foes; for as Burmeister and E. Haase
have shewn, there is what they call a tire-spur (Schienensporn) which is sometimes found on the antenne—a secondary
sexual character, intended to aid attraction. In it is a gland which appears to moisten the olfactory organ in the
antennz. In specially well developed feelers of the ¢, and on the plump wingless females of some of the Geometre,
we are told it is absent, and only occurs in the Heterocera when both sexes are capable of flight.

87

These differ materially from those found on the pupzform or other sexual marks, and unlike the latter are not
restricted to the male sex. In the Ornithoptera a peculiar form of wing is associated with the presence of these scales ;
and the fragrance is scattered by long mobile tufts of scale hairs, or rubbed off by the so-called rubbing spots
(Reibeflecks). In the Heterocerous Genus Hypsa other hard scales appear to produce a shrill sound. E. Haase speaks
of the scent organs, and remarks that they are defensively repellant, as in other Genera. They are sometimes scattered
on the wings, but a local arrangement is more common. The positions which they occupy among the Diurnal and
Heterocerous Lepidoptera are very varied, as I have shewn in Vol. I of this work, thus :—

They are situated on the upper surface of the anterior wings of the Ulysses and Paris groups of Papilios as plumiform
stripes, parallel to some of the lower veins; also in Peranthus, and Argyunis ; on the undersurface in the beautiful
Bizones and Celevena ; often on the posterior wings only—in Erebus and Nyctipao on the costal margin of the posterior
wings, also in Argiva and Patula in a fold; on the upper side of the wing in Evonia, Ideopsis, Danais, Amathusia, Ragadia,
&c.; on the abdominal marginal area in Morpho; on the lower surface in Plecoptera ; in a costal fold of the anterior
wings in some of the Lycenide and Hesperiide, and in a large aggregated mass on the femur and tibia of some of the
Erebide, and sometimes near the apex of the antennz of some Pyvalide ; on the thorax of Cherocampa ; on the abdomen
in some of the Sphingide and Agaristide, and also some Noctuz, In almost all Danaide, &c., they lie near the genital
aperture ; on the palpi in Bertula and some of the lovely Pyralidz, or on the Ist pair of feet, also on the appendages in
Ismene of the Hesperid butterflies, Caprila, and Hyblea among the noctuid moths, &c. The lines or strize on
some of the wing scales are often one-100,00nth of an inch thick; and Royston-Pigott says, ‘‘they are apparantly a
kind of flattened hairs, most of which are hollow, and similarly endowed with molecules containing an oily sap.” If
this be so, it will go far to explain why certain species of Lepidoptera fade so terribly when exposed to the light, by the
chemical destruction of this oily material. Those species with colour-interference scales do not suffer much from this
cause.

As I have shewn above, the scales of the Ornithoptera alone are so varied in form, that it would be difficult to
exhaust their possibilies; to figure and describe all their variations in the Lepidoptera would require the united
lifetimes of several students. Dr. H. Burmeister, as the result of his study of the scales of the species of Castuia, which
are the largest of any insect, shows that they do not enclose any third membrane, but are empty,—the two membranes
of which they are composed do not touch each other, there being a certain space between them. The coloured ones
contain a coloured fluid at the commencement of the scale, which dies little by little by the action of the air, and leaves
a deposit on the inner surface of the two membranes, this fluid being finally replaced by the air entering through the
membranes, which remain soft for a short time after the formation of the scale.

The colouring matter seems to be principally attached to the upper membrane, rendering it opaque, while the lower
one is more transparent from the absence or partial absence of the deposit. The longitudinal stria belong entirely to
the upper membrane of the scales, and are wanting in the lower. In the Ornithoptera I do not find that this rule
holds good; for when examining broken scales, especially from the black areas of the wings, it is possible to easily
detect the same strize on the lower membrane; and some of them can be seen through the upper membrane. The
breadth of the spaces between the lines is greater than that of the lines themselves. The lines are generally of equal
breadth, but sometimes a thick and thin line will alternate; in some of the Ornithoptera these lines are duplicated
in both thicknesses, as are the latitudinal or transverse lines. The thick lines correspond to the teeth or indentations
of the margin (somewhat as the curved ribs of the Pecten shells of the Mollusca do), and the thin lines to the intervals
between them. The transverse lines which appear to divide the longitudinal into squares or trellis work are really
produced by the strize on the lower membrane showing through the upper one. Hence have originated many errors in
the appreciation of the structure of the scales. Dr. Royston-Pigott in investigating with a power of 3,000 the striated
surfaces of these scales, decided that though appearing approximately, they are really covered with villi, chenille or
velvet pile, teminating in a spherule! the recognised object of these striz, regarded as corrugations, being to give
strength to a most delicate tissue, which are again supported by cross stri#. ‘ Upon the latter,” he said, “are villi
erected upon them by twos and threes, and summits consisting of a refracting spherule.” Later investigations however
have quite invalidated his theory, which was based on the study only of the scales of Vanessa Atalanta, The Red
Admirable.

For a fuller study of this subject, reference may be made to the following bibliography :—

Burmeister, ‘‘ Physical Description of the Argentine Republic,” Vol. V. Lepidopterés, part 1, page 21 (1878).

88

Royston-Pigott, ‘‘ Note on the structure of Butterflies’ Scales,” English Mechanic, Vol. xl., p. 245 (1884).

E. Haase, Ber. 59 Versammlg. Deutsch. Naturforscher u. Aerzte Berlin.” XIX. p. 510 (1886).

E. Haase, ‘‘ Bull. Soc. Ital. xxil., pp. 138-143 (1891).

Von. Reichenau, ‘ Journal of the Royal Microscopic Society, ili., p. 938 (1880).

K. Fuigner, ‘‘ Entomol. Nachrichten,” vi. pp. 166, 7 (1880).

Dr. Royston-Pigott, ‘‘ Proc. Royal Soc.,” Vol. xxxi., pp. 505, 506 (1881).

Watson, ‘‘ On the scales of Battledore Butterflies” in The Monthly Microscopical Fournal, Vol. il., pp. 73, 314.

Dr. Maddox, ‘‘ On the General and Particular Construction of the scales of some of the Lepidoptera,” in the same
Journal, Vol. v. p. 247.

Dr. Anthony ‘‘ On the markings on the Battledore Scales of some of the Lepidoptera,” the same work, Vol. vii.

pp. I, 250.
- Dr. Carpenter, ‘‘ The Microscope and its Revelations,” 5th Edition, pp. 692-702 (1875).

In the microscopic study of these scales it will be advisable to examine them chiefly with eomparatively low powers.
With good lighting a 1-3rd or a 4-1oths objective will give a lot of information that is trustworthy ; while in the use of
the higher powers, the possibility and even certainty of error, increases with every additional increase of attempted
definition, even in the hands of the greatest experts, as they themselves will readily acknowledge.

In the Plates illustrating this subject, I have contented myself with doing little more than drawing the outlines of the
various scales belonging to the Ornithoptera—merely indicating in some figs. the nature of the detail. To have given
it in full in every case would have needed that the figures should be engraved on steel, to do them justice. My object
has been chiefly to give accurate sketches of the forms, without reference to scale. Very many more might have been
added, for the amount of variation in form is an unknown quantity.

THE FIGURES ON PLATE 58.

Fig. 1. Genus Pompeoptera, from near the base of the anterior wing.
Ng 2 iy Ff 3$ from the same area.
a gE M iH Minos, ¢ Basal short hair scale.
we Ay , Attheoptera Victorie ?, var. white scale.
” |
» ©. Black scales of ¢ Ornithopterina.
”? 7:
2 < Red scales of the same.
i :
», 10. Genus Pompeoptera ?, black scale.
». Ii. Genus Schoenbergia. Green scale of ¢ anterior wing.
ay alee , ‘ Yellow scale of # posterior wing, the striation is very minute, and only on the upper
surface.
» 13. Pompeoptera Helena, ¢, black scale.
», 14. Genus Pompeoptera 2, yellow scale of posterior wing.
oe LS 4s 2 3, yellow scale of posterior wing.
» 15a. Sch. Goliath, 3, blue-green or orange-red scale.
, 16. Ornithoptera Obiensis, ¢ a blue-green scale from the undersurface of the posterior wing.
» 17. Scale of Papilio Machaon, ¢.
, 18. ©. Obiensis ¢, green scale of undersurface.
» 19. Papilio Eurybates, Gray ¢ ; one of the ORNITHOPTERINA, anterior wing, a blue scale.
,, 20. Sch. Goliath ¢, yellow and green scale.
,, 21. Papilio Eurybates ¢, red scale.
», 22. Genus Pompeus, black abdominal scale.
,, 23. Ornithoptera Aruana, ¢, green scale.

) bn 3, steel-blue scale.

iS
ae

89

Fig. 25. Ornithoptera Aruana, 2, yellow scale.

ay 203 9 a 3, steel-blue scale.
», 27. Papilio Eurybates, 3, red scale.

” 28. ” ” 2, ”

Hy 20as as black scale on the ¢.

» 29. O. Aruana, ¢, black thoracic scale.
3, 39. Genus Pompeoptera, 3s, basal hair scale, black,
» 31. O.Aruana, ¢, from the thorax, black.
eer Bes i », from the thorax, green.
ato st iy », Abdominal scale.
» 34. Trogonoptera Brookeana, ¢.
» 35. Green scale from the thorax of O. Aruana ¢.
5, 36. Scales from the Pupzform stigma of Aruana.
» 37. Trogonoptera Brookeana ¢, black twisted scale.
Figs. 38, 39, 40. T. Brookeana, from the base of the thorax.
» 41, 42, 43. O.Aruana ¢, rufous scales from the undersurface of the abdominal margin.
Fig. 44. Androconia scale-hairs from the abdominal fold or pouch of the ¢ of P. Minos.
These hair-scales have a diameter many times less than that of a spider’s web. Indeed as the web of
some spiders is composed of a large number of silky threads, excerted at first ina fluid state through
a multitude of minute tubes situated on the lower surface of the spinnerets, which unite, before their
consolidation, to form a single thread, each strand being of extreme tenuity; these Androconian
hair-scales may be considered as having a diameter only equal to a very small number of the strands
which, by their union, go to form the web of the spider.

PLATE 59.

Fig. 1. MHair-scale from the thorax of the Genus Ornithoptera.

» 2. P. Helena, 2, brown elongate scale from the thorax. The majority of the forms differ little from this,
but others are willow-leaf shape, and some with 2 or 3 dentations at the broad end.

» 4. P. Cerberus, 2, yellow scale. Striz duplicated and alternated with lines of dots.

» 3, 5, 16. P. Helena, 3, black wing-scales.

» 6. P. Cerberus, ¢, yellow wing-scale.

» 7. Genus Papilio, blue scale of ¢ anterior wing. This figure is only intended for comparison with the cthers.

» 8. Black abdominal scale of Genus Pompeoptera.

» 9. P.Cerberus ?, black. Anterior wing, undersurface.

, 10. QO. Obiensis ¢, green-blue scale, undersurface of anterior wing.

» 1. P. Cerberus, ?, black scale of posterior wing.

» 120r 13. Genus Pompeoptera s or ?, black wing scale ; common to both sexes.

» 14. Genus Pompeoptera, ¢ or ? yellow wing scales; common to both sexes.

» 15. P. Minos, 2, anterior wing, black scale.

» 17. Aétheoptera Victoriz ¢, white scale.

» 18 O.Obiensis, 3, blue scale from posterior wing.

» 19, 20, 21. P. Helena ¢, thoracic hair scales. The forms vary, and some are 2-dentate or 3-dentate at the
the broad end. They are striated and black.

», 22. Pompeoptera Darsius, ¢ and 2, long white scale.

» 23, 24, 28. Schoenbergia Titan, ¢, blue, black or green forms : each with the same colours.

» 25. P. Minos, ¢ or 2, posterior wing, yellow scale.

,, 20, P. Darsius, yellow scale of ¢ or ? posterior wing.

» 27. P. Minos $ or & yellow scale from the abdomen.

» 29. P. Minos, ?, black scale from undersurface of anterior wing.

», 30. A®theoptera Victoriz, ¢, white scale.

» 31. Genus Pompeoptera, light scale, from the abdominal margin of the ¢.

», 32. ©. Obiensis, violet scale from near the base of the anterior wing.

go

0) 132.) Ube vA ACUS Mom Dlackiscales

a) B34). Pe Darsims) es ivellow iseale.

>, 35. A®theoptera Victorie 3%, a deep orange-red scale, striz obscure, but indicated in the figure.
130) Pa Helena, ep blackiscalewanvertor wins

» 37. P.Darsius, ¢, yellow scale, from posterior wing.

» 3. O. Poseidon 2, white scale.

», 39. P. Helena, # anterior wing black scale, dark double striz, with white dots between.

» 40. A®theoptera Victoriz, ¢, green scale of sub-costal band.

In the foregoing portions of this ‘article I have only briefly, and I am sure very imperfectly, dealt with the
scales of the Non-Acreoid Ornithoptera ; the following list is concerned with those of the Genus Drurya, which in
Vol. 1. of this monograph precedes the other Genera; and it will at once be seen that there is no great difference
between the forms of Drurya and those of the other groups, though there is probably as great a diversity of them.
The former are all Criental species, the latter are West African, in which the two sexes resemble each other,
differing but little, except in size, and of which the two species known at present are quite acreoid in appearance.

gi
1.—DRURYA ANTIMACHUS.

The colours of the insect white, black, or brown, creamy-white, or yellow, Indian red, and a little blue.

Figs, 1, 2, 3, India-red scales with a blue tint, as seen under the microscope; from the upper surface of the
anterior wing.
Fig 4. resembles No, 2, except in Indentation. The striz not duplicated, but with transverse dots or lines.
Figs. 5, 6, 7, red scales.
,, 8, to 16, scales black, from near the base of the anterior wings.
Fig. 17, hair-like scale from the same area, black.
,, 18, blue scale from anterior wing, undersurface.
», 12, 20, white, from the undersurface.
» 21, 26, creamy-white or yellow-white from the undersurface.
,» 22, to 25, cream-coloured abdominal scales near the base of the abdomen.
», 27, 28, from the abdomen, creamy-white.

Q2

2.—D. ZALMOXIS.

The colours of the insect green-blue, brown-red and Venetian red, and black.

Figs. 29, 30, two dissimilar red scales from the posterior wings.

31, 32, blue green, near the base of the anterior wing ; 32 is foreshortened.

33, from the same position, blue green,

34, to 36, black.

37, 39; red:

39, a basal red hair scale ; 40, 41, from the same position, but black.

42, dentate scale, orange, from the abdomen, some of this class have 4 longer or 6 broader dentations.
43, 44, black thoracic scales ; but many are like No. 39.

45, to 47, green blue, delicately striated ; striz duplicated, with alternate dotted lines.
48, short hair-like blue scale, from near the abdominal margin.

49, to 52, red discal scales.

53, 54, orange scales from the abdomen.

Mr. Joseph Beck, in 1879 examined a large number of the scales of Lepidoptera, and he stated that he found
invariably that the strize (which he called corrugations) were situated only on the underside of the scale, or that nearest
to the body of the insect. Nothwithstanding this statement, 1 have seen what appears to me unmistakable evidence
that some of the darker scales of the Ornithoptera are striated on both surfaces. If so, then the longitudinal lines
cannot be corrugations or folds of the membrane. Certainly it would be possible, but not probable.

ce

;

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE TRIBE TROIDES.

The earliest mention or description of a species of Troides (or Ornithoptera) was published by Vicentius,
‘Mus. p. 10,” in 1719. This species was O. Priamus, which I have taken as the type of the Genus Ornithoptera ;
the habitat was given as Amboina. Previous to this date, although the species must have been known to the Dutch
naturalists at a much earlier period, as so large and splendid an insect would be very sure to have attracted attention,
it does not appear to have been described or alluded to by the pre-Linnzan Entomologists. The next reference to
Priamus was Musei, ‘Imp. Petr.,” vol. i., p. 664,n.9,in 1742. In 1745 the # was alluded to by Aubenton, ‘ Planch
Enlum.” text, p. 45; in 1759 by Linnzus, “Syst. Nat.,” Edition x., page 458, note 1; and in 1765 by Seba,
“Thesaurus” iv., p. 54, plate 44, with 2 figures of the ¢ (figs. 22, 23); in each author Amboina is again spoken of as
the home of the species. From this date we may proceed in a systematic manner.

1719. Papilio Eques Pompeus, Madame Merian, “Insects of Surinam,” Plate 72, figured Pompeus in mistake
of its locality.

1753. P. E. Trojanus Panthous (the ? of Pompeoptera Hzippolytus); Linnzus, ‘‘ Systema Nature,’ Edition ix.,
page 461, note 16.

1758. P. E. Panthous (as the ? of Priamus) by Linneus, ‘‘ Systema Nature,” Edit. x., page 451, note I.

1758. P. E. Priamus, Linnzus, ‘“ Amcenitates Academicze,” vol. v., plate 3, fig. 203 (the 3.)

1758. P. E. Trojanus Panthous, Linnzus, “Systema Nature,” Edition x., page 461, note 16 (the @ of
Pompeoptera Hippolytus).

1764, P. E. Panthous Clerck, ‘‘ Icones Insectorum,” ii., text 19 (the ? of Priamus).

1764. P. E. Trojanus Panthous, Linnzus, ‘‘ Musei tate Ulricis,” p. 195, n. 14 (the @ of P. Hippolytus).

1764. P. E. T. Helena, Clerck, “Icones Insectorum,” vol. ii., plate 22, fig. 1 (the #).

1764. P. E. T. Helena, Linnzus, ‘ Musei Ludovicis Ulricis,” page 199, note 18 (the ¢ of Hippolytus).

1765. P. Remus Seba, Mas. 4, plate 46, pages 56, 57, figs. 11, 12, 19, 20 (the 2 of Hippolytus).

1765. P. Hippolytus, Seba, ‘ Thesaurus” vol. iv., p. 55, plate 45, figs. 17-20.

1767. P. Eques Priamus, Linnzus, ‘ Systema Nature,” Edit. xil., p. 744, n. 1 (the ¢ of Priamus).

1767, P. E. Priamus, Beckmann, ‘‘Anfangsgrund,” p. 105, n. 1 (the ¢ of Priamus).

1767. P. E. Trojanus Helena, Houttuyn, “ Naturl. Hist.” vol. i., (i.), page 20, note 18 (the s of Priamus).

1767. P. E. Panthous, Houttuyn, ‘“ Naturl. Hist.” vol. 1., (ii.), p. 199, n. 16 (the 2 of Priamus).

1767. P. E. T. Helena, Linnzus, ‘ Systema Nature,” Edition xii., page 748, note 19 (the ¢ of Hippolytus).

1767. P. E. T. Helena, Miller, ‘‘ Natursgeschichte,” vol. i., page 571, note 18 (the ¢ of Hippolytus).

1774. P. E. T. Panthous, Miller, Natursgeschichte., vol. 1., p. 571, n. 17 (a % of Priamus.)

1775. P. E. Panthous, Fabricius, ‘‘ Systema Entomologiz,” p. 448, n. 25 (the 2 of Priamus).

1775. P. E. Priamus, Cramer, ‘‘ Papillons Exotique,” vol. i, plate 23, figs. A.B. (the ¢).

1775. P. E. Trojanus Helena, Fabricius “ Systema Entomologiz,” page 449, note 28 (the 3 of Hippolytus).

1775. P. Pompeus, Cramer, “‘ Papillons Exotique,” vol. 1., plate 25, fig. A. (the ¢).

1775. P. Hippolytus, Cramer, “ Papillons Exotique,” vol. . plate ro, figs. A.B., pl. 11, A.B.

1777. P. Remus, Fabricius, ‘‘ Genera Insectorum,” p. 250 (the ¢ of Hippolytus).

1777. P. Eques Panthous, Cramer, ‘“‘ Papillons Exotique,” vol. ii., p. 39, plate 123, fig. A; pl. 124, fig. A. (the 2? of
Priamus).

1779. P. E. Trojanus Helena, Helena, J.A.E. Goeze, « Beitrage zur Entomologiz,” vol. iii. (i.), page 38, note
19 (the ¢ of Hippolytus.)

1779. P. E. T. Minos, Cramer, “ Papillons Exotique,” vol. ill, page 4, plate 195, fig. A. (the 2).

1779. P. Remus, Cramer, “ Papillons Exotique,” vol. ii., plates 135a, 136a (the 2 of Hippolytus).

1779. P. Eques Trojanus Panthous, J.A.E., Goeze, ‘‘ Beitradge zur Entomologie,” vol. iii. (1), p. 37, n. 17 (the 2
of Priamus).

1781. P. E. T. Astenous, J. C. Fabricius, “ Species Insectorum,” vol. i1., page 10, note 38 (the ? of Minos).

1781. P. E. Panthous, J. C. Fabricius, “ Species Insectorum,” vol. u., p. 9, n. 36 (the 2 of Priamus).

ae)

93

P. E. Trojanus Helena, J. C. Fabricius, “ Species Insectorum,” vol, ii., p. 10, n. 39 (the 2? of Priamus).

P. E. Panthous, Cramer, “ Papillons Exotique,” vol. iv., plate 386, A.B. (is Priamus 2.)

P, Antimachus, Drury, “ Illustrations of Exotic Entomology,” vol. iii., plate r.

P, Eques Trojanus Amphrysus, Cramer, ‘“ Papillons Exotique,” vol. ili., p. 43, plate 219, fig. A. (the &).

1782. P. E. T. Minos, Jablonsky and Herbst, “ Natursgeschichte Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., page 206, note 7, plate

4, fig. 2 (the 2).

P. E. Hippolytus, Cramer, “ Papillons Exotique,” vol. iv., pl. 386, figs. A.B. (the true Hippolytus).

P. E. Priamus, Blumenbach, “ Handbiich” (is Priamus),
P. E. Panthous, Jablonsky, ‘‘ Natursgeschichte Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., p. 207, n. 8, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2 (the 2
P

of Priamus).
. E. Trojanus Helena, Jablonsky, ‘‘ Natursgeschichte Schmetterlinge,” (Natural History of Butterflies),

vol. 1., p. 203, n. 5, pl. 3, f. 2 (the 3 of Helena.)

1784. P. E. Trojanus Amphrysus, Jablonsky,” ‘“ Natursgeschichte Schmetterlinge” vol. i., page 197, note 2,
plate 1, fig. 3 (the &).

1784.? P, Remus, J. F. W. Herbst, ‘‘ Archives des Insects Geschichte,” (Records of Insect History), Papilio, plate 3,
fig. 1 (is Hippolytus 2).

1784. P. Eques Priamus, Esper, ‘‘ Auslandisch Schmetterlinge” (Exotic Butterflies) vol. 11, pl. 1, f. 1 (is Priamus).

1785. P. Antimachus, Esper, “ Auslandisch Schmetterlinge,” plate 22, fig. 2.

1785-1798. P. Eques Trojanus Pompeus, Esper, “ Auslandisch Schmetterlinge,” plate 24, fig. 2 (the 2).

1786. P. Eques T. Helena, Esper, “‘ Auslandisch Schmetterlinge,” p. 43, pl. 9, fig. 2 (the & of Helena).

1786. P. E. Priamus, Esper, “‘ Auslandisch Schmetterlinge,” page 45, note 17, plate 10 (the 2 of Priamus).

1787. P. E. Trojanus Amphrysus, J. C. Fabricius, ‘‘ Mantissa Insectorum,” vol. ii., page 3, note 23 (the ¢).

1787. P. E. T. Helena, J. C. Fabricius, ‘ Mantissa Insectorum” vol. ii, p. 5, n. 42 (the # of Helena).

1790. P. E. T. Astenous, Gmelin, ‘ Systema Nature,” vol. i. (5), page 2234, note 297 (the ¢ of Minos).

1790. P. E. T. Helena, Gmelin, ‘‘ Systema Nature,” vol. i. (5), p. 2234, n. 19 (the &¢ of Amphrysus).

1790. P. E. T. Amphrysus, Gmelin, “Systema Nature,” vol.i. (5), page 2230, note 287 (the 3).

1792. P. E. T. Amphrysus, Esper, “ Auslandisch Schmetterlinge,” page 133, note 59, plate 34, fig. 1 (the &),

1793. P. Antimachus, Fabricius, “ Systema Entomologie,” vol. i1., part 1, page 11, note 31.

1793. P. Eques Trojanus Helena, J.C. Fabricius, ‘““Systema Entomologiz,” vol. ili. (1), p. 19, n. 59 (the & of
Pompeus). Ibid, p. 18, n. 56 (the ? of Priamus),

1793. P. E. T. Amphrysus, J. C. Fabricius ‘‘ Systema Entomologize,” vol. iii. (1), page 11, note 33 (the ¢).

1793. P. E. T. Astenous, J. C. Fabricius, “Systema Entomologiz,” vol. 11. (1), page 19, note 58 (the ° of Pompeus,
also Ibid to Pompeus).

1800. P. Priamus, Donovan, “Insects of India,” page 16 (the &).

1800. P. Heliacon, Donovan, ‘Insects of India,” plate 18, fig. 1 (probably refers to Cerberus, not Pompeus).

1804. P. Priamus, C. P. Thunberg, “‘Musei Nature Upsala,” (the Upsala Museum of Nature), vol. xxill., page g.

1806. P. Priamus, Turton, ‘‘System of Nature,” vol. ill, page Io (2), plate 65.

1806. P. Priamus, Shaw, ‘‘ General Zoology,” vol. vi., page 207, plate 65.

1815. P. Priamus, var. Quoy et Gaimard, “ Voyage de’ 1 Uran,” page 557, plate 83, fig. 3 (the # of O. Poseidon).

1816. TROIDES, Genus, Hiibner, “ Verzeichniss bekannt Schmetterlinge ” (List of Known Butterflies) page 87.

1816. T. Priamus, Hiner, “ Verzeichniss bekannt Schmetterlinge,” page 88, note 919 (the ¢ of Priamus).

1816. T. Priamus, Hiibner, ‘Sammlung Exotische Schmetterlinge ” (Collection of Exotic Butterflies), vol. ii., plate
116-117 (the ¢ and & of Priamus)..

1816. T. Astenous, Hiibner, ‘‘ Verzeichniss bekannt Schmetterlinge,” page 88, note 933 (the ¢ of Pompeus).

1816. Papilio Amphimedon, Cramer, or Troides Amphimedon, Hubner, “ Verzeichniss bekannt Schmetterlinge,”
page 88, note 920 (the % of Helena).

1816. Troides Helena, Hiibner, ibid, page 88, note g20 (the ¢).

1816. T. Amphrysus, Hiibner, ‘ Verzeichniss bekannt Schmetterlinge,” page 88, note 923 (the ¢ of Amphrysus).
1819. P. Amplhrysus, var., Godart, “ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” vol. ix., page 27, note 7 (Pompeus form of 3).
18rg. P. Remus, Godart, ‘‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” vol. ix., page 26, note 3 (the Hippolytus form).

1819. P. Panthous, Godart, ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique, vol. ix., page 25, note 2 (the ¢ of Priamus).

1819. P. Hellen, Godart, page 27, note 6 (Ic.) (refers to Helena).

1819. P. Antimachus, Godart, ‘‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” vol. ix., page 28, note 8.

1821. P. Astenous, Kotzebue, “ Reise,” vol. ili., page 205, plate 4, figs. 6a, 6b, 6c (the ¢ and ¢ of Rhadamantus,

Lucas).

1825.
1828.
1828.
18209.
1832.

1832.

1832.

1832.
1835.
1835.

1833.

1833.
1836.
1836.

1836.

1836.
1836.
1836.

1836.
1836.

1836.
1836.

1836.
1837.
1837.
1837.
1841.

1841.

1845.

1846.
1846.
1846.

1846.

1840.

95

Antimachus, Donovan, ‘‘ Natural History Repository,” vol. iii., plates 100-101.

. Priamus, Thon, ‘ Entomologie Archipel,” page 124 (the #).

. Priamus, var, Thon, “ Archives de Entomologie,” page 125 (the 3s of Poseidon).
Urvilliana, Guérin, ‘‘ Voyage de la Coquille,” plate 13, figs. 1-2.

Priamus, Boisduval, ‘‘ Voyage de |’ Astrolabe,” plate 4, figs. 1-2 (a ? of the var. Archideus).

UU DUT

ORNITHOPTERA, (Genus), Boisduval, “ Faune de!’ océanie,” (deals with the animal life of the Eastern
Archipelagos), plate 4, fig. 1.

ORNITHOPTERA (Genus), Boisduval ‘‘ Voyage de I’ Astrolabe,” Lepidoptéres, page 33.

O. Priamus, Boisduval, ‘‘ Voyage de I’ Astrolabe, Lepidoptéres,” page 33, note 1 (the 4).

O. Rhadamantus, Lucas, ‘‘ Lépidoptéres Exotique,” page 5 (¢ and 2 of the species).

QO. Amphrysius, Lucas, ‘‘ Lepidopteres Exotique,” plate 2, fig. 1, “‘lisez rhadamantus au lieu d’ Amphrisius,”
Lucas (the 2 and var. a of Rhadamantus).

AMPHRISIUS, Genus, Swainson, “ Zoological Illustrations of Insects,” and series, plate 98.

A. Nymphalides, Swainson, ‘‘ Zoological Illustrations of Insects,” vol. ii., plate 98 (is the species Pompeus).

P, Priamus, Boisduval, ‘ Spécies Géneral des Lépidoptéres,” vol. i., page 174 (a 2 of the variety Archideus).

Ornithoptera Urvilliana, Boisduval, ‘“ Spécies Géneral,” vol. i., page 175, note 2, plate 17, fig. 1 (in ‘‘ Suites

a Buffon, Lépidoptéres.’’) .

O. Pompeus Heliacon, Boisduval, “Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,” page 18 (is Pompeus or Cerberus 2),

Boisduval regarded Pompeus as a Synonym of Heliacon,

Remus, Boisduval, ‘ Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,” page 176, note 3 (is Hippolytus).

- Heliacon, Boisduval, ‘ Spécies General Lépidoptéres,” vol. i, page 178, note 7 (2 of Minos).

- Rhadamanthus, Boisduval, ‘‘ Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,” vol. i., page 180, note 8 (not the ¢, and 2
var. a of Rhadamantus, Lucas, but of O. A£acus of Felder), Rothschild, in his “ Revision of the Eastern
Papilionide, Novitates Zoologice,”’ vol. 1., remarks ‘ Boisduval’s Rhadamanthus is a composite species of
a Philippine Island ¢,and the ¢ of the Indo-Chinese representative species ; and var. ais the proper ¢ of
the Philippine ¢ ; so the name of Rhadamanthus, Boisduval, was used for the Indo-Chinese, and not for the
Philippine one. Gray first made the mistake, and others have followed.”

Papilio Antimachus, Boisduval, ‘“‘Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,” page 188, note 1.

ooo

ORNITHOPTERUS, J. O. Westwood, ‘“‘ Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects,” vol. ii., page
348 (not characterised as a Genus).

ORNITHOPTERA (Genus), Boisduval, ‘‘Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,” vol. i., page 173.

?

O. Amphrysius, Boisduval, ‘‘ Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,’
3, (but the two sexes are described).

O. Haliphron, Boisduval, ‘“‘ Spécies Géneral Lépidoptéres,” vol. i., page 181, note g (the ¢).

Papilio Priamus, Thon, “ Natursgeschichte Schmetterlinge,” (Natural History of Butterflies), page 16.

P. Remus, Duncan, “‘ Foreign Butterflies,” page ga, plate 1, fig. 2 (is Hippolytus).

P. Remus, Westwood, Edit. of Drury’s “ Illustrations of Exotic Entomology,” vol. ili. page 1, plate 1.

Ornithoptera Tithonus, De Haan, ‘‘ Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche
overzeeche Bezeltingen,”’ page 18, plate 1, fig. 1 (the #). This work treats of the Natural History of the
Netherland Transmarine Colonies, or Netherland Indies as they are called now.

O. Priamus, Blanchard, ‘‘ Histoire Naturélle des Insects,” p. 420, note 1 (the ¢ of Priamus.)

O. Amphimedon, Doubleday, ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 4, note 6, plate 1, fig. 2 (the o
of Darsius).

QO. Tithonus, E. Doubleday, ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” page 4, note 4 (the #).

vol. i., page 178, note 6, plate 18, fig 1, the

ORNITHOPTERA, (Genus), Doubleday and Hewitson, ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 5.

O. Urvilliana, Doubleday and Hewitson, ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 42.

O. Panthous, Doubleday, Westwood and Hewitson, ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. 1., page 4, note
5 (is Hippolytus of both sexes).

O. Poseidon, Doubleday Westwood and Hewitson,’’ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. 1., page 43.

Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, Doubleday, Westwood and Hewitson, ‘‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,”
vol. i., page 4, note 10 (the two sexes of Zacus of Felder).

O. Amphrysius, Doubleday, Westwood, and Hewitson, ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 4,
note 8 (is Amphrysus).

O. Priamus, Doubleday, Westwood and Hewitson,” Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 4, note 1
(the ¢ and 2.)

O. Poseidon, Doubleday, ‘‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” vol. xix., page 173.

O. Poseidon, Westwood, “ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” plate 11 (the ¢), plate 14 (the @).

O. Urvilliana, D’Orbigny, “‘ Dictionaire d’Histoire Naturélle, Atlas Zoologique,” vol. 1i., plate 1.

O. Darsius, Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. 1., page 5, note 11 (the
two sexes).

O. Pronomus, Gray, ‘Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page 2, note 3,
plate 1, figs. 1, 2 (var. of Poseidon).

O. Archideus, G. R. Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol.i., page 3, note
4 (variety of Poseidon).

O. Poseidon, Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page 3, note 5
(the 3 of Poseidon).

O. Urvilliana, Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page 4, note 7.

O. Panthous, Doubleday; G. R. Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum”

(the ? of Hippolytus).
O. Pompeus, G. R. Gray, “‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page

5, note 13 (the ¢ and & of Cerberus).
O. Euphorion, Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. 1., page 4, note 6,

plate 2, fig. 3 (is Posezdon var).

PAPILIO (ORNITHOPTERA, Subgenus), G. R. Gray, ‘‘Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British
Museum.”

P. Tithonus, Gray, ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. 1., page 5, note 8
(the 3).
Papilio Richmondia, Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page 2,

note 2, figs. I, 2.
Papilio Priamus, Gray, ‘‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,’

vol. i., page 2, note
t (the two sexes).
Ornithoptera Brookeana, Wallace, ‘‘ Proceedings of the London Entomological Society,” series 2, vol. iii,

page 104 (the s only known).
0. Brookeana, W. C. Hewitson, ‘‘ Exotic Butterflies, new or insufficiently figured,” vol. i., plate 1, fig. 1 (the

3 only known).
Papilio Antimachus, Chenu, ‘Encyclopédie d’Histoire Naturélle, Papillons Diurnes,” vol. i., page 38,

plate 15, (the ¢).
P. Tithonus, Gray, ‘‘ List of Lepidopterous Insects in British Museum,” vol. i., page 3, note 8 (the ¢).

ORNITHOPTERA (Genus), Chenu, “‘ Encyclopédie d’Histoire Naturélle,” Papillons Diurnes, vol. i., page 33.

O. Priamus, Gray, “‘ List of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. 1., page 3, note 5 (the 3 of
Poseidon).

O. Victoria, Gray, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London,” page 7, plate 39 (the ¢).

Papilio Amphrysus, Gray, ‘‘ List of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page 6, note 18
(the 3).

Ornithoptera Pompeus, G. R. Gray, ‘“ List of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum” (the ¢ and
2 of Cerberus).

O. Boisduvali, Montrouzier, ‘‘ Annales Société Physiologie Naturélle de Lyon,” page 393 (a var. of Poseidon
e and 2).

O. Darsius, Gray, “‘ List of Insects in the British Museum,” vol. i., page 4, note 13 (Both sexes).

O. Priamus, Chenu, “Encyclopédie d’Histoire Naturélle, Papillons Diurnes,” vol. 1., page 3, fig. 108, by

Lucas (the ¢).

1856.

1856.
1857.

1857.
1857.

1857.

1857.
1857.

1857.
1857.
1859.

1859.
1859.

1859.
1859.
1859.
1850.
1860.

1860.
1860.

1860.
1860.

1860.

1860.
1862.

1864.

1864.

1864.

1864.
1864.

97

Ornithoptera Urvilliana, Gray, “List of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. 1., page 3, note
7 (the #); also Papilio Poseidon, vol. i., page 3, note 5 (the g); also P. Nephereus, vol. 1, page 6, note
17 (the two sexes of Rhadamantus); also P. Amphrysus, vol. i., page 6, note 18 (the ¢).

. Rhadamanthus, Gray, Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum,” vol. 1., page 5, note
16 (the ¢ and ? of Zacus).

. Richmondia, Horsfield and Moore, “‘ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the East India Company’s

Museum,” vol. i., page 86, note 175.

. Amphrysius, the same work, vol. i., page 87, note 177 (the two sexes of Amphrysus).

Eacus, Felder, “ Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zoologischen Theil” (voyage of the

Austrian Frigate Novara ; Zoological part), vol. 1. .

. Boisduvali, Montrouzier, ‘‘ Essai Fauné I’Isle Woodlark” the Animal Life of Woodlark Island), page 116

(the two sexes).

. @ Urvilliana, Chenu, ‘‘ Encyclopédie d Histoire Naturélle, vol. i., page 34.

. Pompeus, Horsfield and Moore, ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the East India

Company,” vol. 1., page 87, note 177 (both sexes).

. Darsius, Horsfield and Moore,” Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum of the East

India Company, vol. i., page 87, note 176, plate 2, figs. 2, 2a (the larva and pupa, also ¢ and ¢).

Rhadamanthus, Horsfield and Moore, ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the East India

Museum,” vol. i., page 88, note 178 (the two sexes of AZacus).

io)

eS 6 oC (Soro. aS

O. Croesus, Wallace, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London,” series ii., vol. v., page 70
(the ¢ of the species).

O. Croesus, Gray, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” for 1859, page 424, plates 68, 69.

O. Croesus, Felder, ‘‘ Wien Entcmologische Monatschrift,’’ Vienna Entomological Monthly Journal, vol, 1i1.,
page 390, note 31, plate 6, fig. 1.

O. Archideus, Felder, ‘‘ Wien Entomologische Monatschrift,” vol. iii., page 264, note 12 (the # of Poseidon,
var. Archideus).

O. Aruana, Felder, ‘‘ Wien Entomologische Monatschrift,” page 391, note 32, (the species Aruana).

O. Haliphron, Felder, ‘ Lepidopterologische Fragmente,” page 37, plate 2, figs. 2, 3 (the two sexes).

OQ. Aruana, Felder, ‘‘ Lepidopterologische Fragmente,” page 24 (the species Aruana).

O. Poseidon, Vollenhoven, ‘“ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” (the Journal for Entomology), vol. itl., page 70,

note 2, and page 89 (the two sexes).
. Tithonus, Vollenhoven, ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. iii., p. 71, note 3. (the ¢).
. Amphrysius, Vollenhoven, ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. iii., page 71, note 8 (the two sexes of
Amphrysus).
Papilia Trogon, Vollenhoven, “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. iii., page 69, plate 6 (the ¢).
Ornithoptera Haliphron, Felder, ‘Wien Entomologische Monatschrift,” vol. iv., page 98, note 52, plate 2,
figs. 2a, 2b (the two sexes).
O. Helena, Wallace and Felder, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London,” vol. 5, page 23 (the
two sexes).
O. Darsius, Felder, ‘Wien Entomologische Monatschrift,” vol. iv., page 97 (the two sexes).
Papilio Zalmoxis, Hewitson, “ Illustrations of New species of Exotic Butterflies,” vol. ii., page 6, plate 1,
fig. 18 (the 3).

oo

ATROPHANEURA, Reakirt, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,” a Genus proposed
for a species of Papilio intermediate between Papilio and Ornithoptera, possessing the large anal valves
of the latter; vol. i., pages 446-7.

PACHLIUPTERA (part) Genus, Reakirt, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,” vol. i1.,
page 504.

Papilio Euphorion, Felder,” Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschiche Wien, page 290, note Io (is the ¢ of
the species called Cassandra.

P. Richmondia, Felder, the same work, page 290, note 9, and page 332, note 8.
P. Amphrysus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wein,” page 291, note 34 (the ¢ and ?).

98

1864,
1864.
1864.

1864.
1864.

1864.
_ 1864.
1864.

1864.
1864.
1864.

1864.
1864.

1864.
1865.

1865.
1865.
1865.

1865.
1865.

1865.

1865.
1865.
1765.

1865.
1865.
1865.
1865.
1895.
1865.
1865.

1865.
1865.
1865.
1865.
1805.

1865.

Papilio Pompeus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 291, note 28 (the 2
sexes of Cerberus).

P. Pronomus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 290, note 11 (the two sexes
of Poseidon).

P, Tithonus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 290, note 6, and page 331, note
4 (the ¢).

P. Hephzestus, Felder, ‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 291, note 29.

Ornithoptera Darsius, Felder, Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien, page 291, note 24 (the two
sexes).

Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, Reakirt, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, page
444, note 1 (the sexes of acus).

Papilio Triton, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 290, note 16; also page 332,
note 12 (a & var. of Posezdon).

P. Haliphron, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 291, note 25, and page 334,
note 20 (the two sexes),

Papilio Cerberus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 291, note 31.

P. Magellanus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte,” page 291, page 27.

Ornithoptera Priamus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische-Botanisch Geschichte Wien, vol. xiv., page 290,
note 8; also page 332, plate 7. (Thisisthe & of the var. Oceanus).

Papilio Poseidon, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 290, note 17 (the two sexes),
and page 333, note 13 (the 3).

P. Oceanus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 290, note 13; and page 332,
note 10, (=Botsduvali,= Poseidon variety).

P. Helena, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 291, note 22 (the two sexes).

Ornithoptera Croesus (‘local form a”) Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 37,
OLewe.

Papilio Lydius, Felder, ‘‘ Reise Novara, Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 9, note 5 (plate 3, figs. a, b, date 1865).

Ornithoptera Croesus, Koch, ‘‘ Indo-Australian Lepidopterous Fauna,” page 38 (the two sexes).

O. Pompeus, F. Moore, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 756 (the two sexes of
Cerberus).

Papilio Aruanus, Felder, ‘‘ Reise Novara, Lepidoptera,” vol. 1., page 3, note 1, plate 1.

Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, F. Moore, “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 755 (the

two sexes of Aacus).

. Pompeus, Moore, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, ‘ List of the Lepidoptera of Bengal,

page 756. (This is Cerberus).

. Priamus, Koch, “ Indo-Australian Lepidopterous Fauna,” page 35 (¢ and $ of the species).

. Pompeus, Wallace, ‘t Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xxv., page 9, note g (the two sexes).

Pegasus, Felder, ‘‘ Reise Novara,” Lepidoptera, vol. i., page 6, note 4, plate 2, a, b (the two sexes of

species).

Priamus, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 35 (the &).

. Aruana, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 36.

Leda, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzean Society,” vol. xxv., page 39, note 8 (is Hephaestus, S$ 2).

Pronomus, Koch, Indo-Australian Lepidopterous Fauna, page 37 (the sexes of Posezdon).

Helena, var. Papuensis, Wallace, ‘* Transactions of the Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 38, 39 (the 2).

. Amphrysus, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,” vol. xxv., page 38 (the two sexes).

Papilio Hephestus, Felder, Reise Fregatte Novara” (voyage of the Frigate Novara), Lepidoptera, vol. i.,
page 16, note 8 (the two sexes).

P. Cerberus, Felder, ‘‘ Reise Novara, Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 19, note 10 (the two sexes).

P. Magellanus, Felder, ‘‘ Reise Novara, Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 14, note 7, plate 5, fig.a (a), 0 (2).

Ornithoptera Richmondia, Koch, ‘ Indo-Australian Lepidopterous Fauna, page 36, note 2.

O. Priamus, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 35 (the ¢).

Papilio Lydius, Felder, ‘‘ Reise Novara, Lepidoptera,” vol. i., page 9, note 5, plate 3, figs.a,b. (Date of the
two figs. is 1864).

O. A@acus, Moore, “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 755 (the two sexes).

277

©00929009 900 06

1866.

1866.

1866.
1866.

1866.

1866.
1866.
1866.

1866.

1866.
1869.

1869.
18609.
1869.
1869.
1869.
1869.

1869.
1870,

1873.

1873.

1873.
1874.

1874.
1874.
1874.
1874.
1874.
1875.

1875.

99

Ornithoptera Archideus, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,” vol. xxv., page 32 (a var. of
Poseidon).

O. Pronomus, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,” vol. xxv., page 32 (var of Poseidon); also
O. Poseidon in the same vol., page 35, is the type form of Poseidon.

ORNITHOPTERA (Genus), A. R. Wallace, “ Transactions of the Linnzan Society, vol. xxv., page 32.

O. Euphorion, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 32 (Euphorion is the proper
specific name of Cassandra, but the variety Euphorion of O. Poseidon is meant here).

O. Cassandra, Scott, “ Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales,” vol. i., page 131,
plate to.

O. Brookeana, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzean Society,” vol. xxv., page 40 (the ¢ only).

O. Haliphron, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzan Society,’ vol. xxv., page 40, note 14.

O. Pompeus, Vollenhoven, ‘‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. iil., page 71, note 7 (the two sexes). (The
Java examples are Pompeus, but the others Cerberus). The type form of Pompeus only occurs in Java; the
Indian species is rightly named Cerberus; and examples from the Andamans and other localities are only
local varieties of Cerberus.

O. Pompeus, de Nicéville, ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 373, note 171 (the two sexes of

Cerberus).

O. Magellanus, Wallace, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnzan Society,” vol. xxv., page 4I.

Papilio Helena, Butler, ‘‘ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius,” page 234, note 3 (the
two sexes).

P. Amphrysus, Butler, ‘‘ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius, page 235. note 5 (the two
sexes of the species).

Ornithoptera Priamus, Butler, ‘‘ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius,” page 234, note
1 (the sexes of the species).

O. Cassandra, Scott, ‘‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society, New South Wales,” vol. ii., page 49, also
page 517. (Euphorion should be the true specific name).

Papilio Miranda, Butler, ‘‘ Lepidoptera Exotica,” vol. i., page 3, plate 1 (the ¢).

P. Amphrysus, Felder, ‘‘ Verhandeling Zoologische bei Geschichte Wien,” page 291, note 34 (the two sexes).

P. Pompeus, Butler, Catalogue of Insects described by Fabricius, page 235, note 4 (the two sexes of Cerberus).

Ornithoptera Brookeana, Cutter, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London,” page 21 (the ?).

O. Priamus, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Notes on the Butterflies described by Linnzus, in the Proceedings of the Ento-
mological Society of London,” page 134.

Papilio Cassandra, Butler, in Brenchley’s ‘‘ Cruise of the Curacoa,” page 474, plate 50 (is the Australian
Euphorion, but not the var. of Posezdon.

Ornithoptera Miranda, Druce, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 356, note I.

O. Amphrysus, Druce, “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, page 356, note 2 (the two sexes.

O. Tithonus, Butler, ‘‘Lepidoptera of the South Sea Islands; in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society,”
page 289 (the &.)

O. Rhadamanthus, Druce, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 108, note 1 (the ¢ and

O

2 of Gacus). :
. Boisduvali, Butler, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 288, note 85 (var. of Poseidon
39),
O. Urvilliana, Orbigny, ‘‘ Dictionaire d’histoire Naturélle,’”’ Atlas Zoologique, vol. ii., Lepidoptéres, plate 1
(the #).

O. Victoriz, Butler, ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the South Sea Islands, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society,”
page 284.

Papilio Pompeus, var. Hephestus, Hopffer, ‘“‘ Stett in Entomologische Zeitschrift,” page 18, note 2 (the two
sexes of Hephestus).

Ornithoptera Ruficollis, var. a, Butler, ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,” Series II., Zoology,” vol. 1.,
page 552, note 1 (the #).

O. Rhadamanthus, var. Thomsoni Bates; Thomson’s “Straits of Malacca,” page 546 (the ¢ of Cacus ;
the true locality, however, is Siam).

Papilio Zalmoxis, A. R. Wallace. ‘‘ Address delivered to the Biological Section of the British Association,

Glasgow,” page 3.

Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, Distant, “ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ pages 326-7, two figs. of 2 in the text ;

0.

O.

O.

and plate 27a, fig. 5, the ¢.

O. Hephestus, Distant, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana, page 328, plate 27, figs. 33,42.
O.
O

. Priamus, Kirsch, “ Mitthéilungen Museum, Dresden” (Information concerning the Dresden Museum),

Heliconoides, Moore, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” page 592 (is Cerberus) ¢ and 2.

vol. i., page 110, sub-note 1 (the two sexes).

Pegasus, vars. Th. Kirsch “ Beitrag nur Kenntniss der Lepidopteren-Fauna von Neu Guinea,” in
‘“Mitthéilungen aus dem K. Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden,” contribution to the knowledge of the
Lepidopterous Fauna of New Guinea, in ‘ Information concerning the K. Zoological Museum of Dresden,’
part 2, page 108, plates, fig. 1 2, fig. 22 (possibly vars. of Avuana).

Urvilliana, Salvin and Godman, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, page 147 (the
two sexes).

Uruana, Salvin and Godman, the same work, page 147.

Papilio Haliphron, Piepers and Snellen, ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxi., page 37, note 147 (the

0.

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two sexes).
Priamus, v. Richmondia, Semper, ‘‘ Journaal Museum Godeffroy ” (Journal of the Godeffroy Museum)
Euphorion, Heft (or number) 14, page 41, subnote 128.

. Pronomus, Semper, the same work, Heft 14, page 41, subnote 128 (the ¢ and & of Richmondia=Euphorion).
. Pompeus, var. Hephestus, Snellen, ‘‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomology,” vol, xxi., page 37, note 146 (is Hephestus).
. Priamus, var. Pronomus, Semper, ‘‘ Journaal Museum Godeffroy, Heft 14, subnote 128 (the two sexes of

Poseidon ).

. Amphrysius, Oberthiir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 30, note g (is Ruficollis # 2).

Amphrysius, var. Cuneifera, Oberthiir, ‘‘ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 110, subnote g (the ¢),

. Miranda, Oberthiir, ‘“‘ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page I10, note g bis.

. Criton, Oberthur, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 31, note Io (the two sexes).

. Helena, Oberthiir, ‘‘ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 30, note 6 (the two sexes).

. Jupiter, var., Oberthir, ‘ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 31, note 11, plate 1, fig. 1 (is Helena @ var.

with the posterior wings devoid of subdiscal black spots).

. Heliacon, aberration rutilans, Oberthiir, “Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. 1v. page 32, subnote 13 (the two

sexes of a var. of Helena).

. Phadamantus, Oberthiir, ‘Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 32, note 16 (the two sexes of

Rhadamanthus).

. Papuanus, Oberthir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 31, subnote 10 (a ? var. of Helena).
. Jupiter, var., Oberthiir, ‘“ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 31, note 11, plater, fig. 1 (a ? var. of

Helena).

. Heliacon, ab. rutilans, Oberthiir, “« Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 32, subnote 13 (the two sexes of

Helena var.)

. Helena, Oberthiir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 30, note 6 (the two sexes).

. Darsitus, Oberthiir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. 1v., page 30, note 8 (the two sexes).

. Haliphron, Oberthiir, the same work, vol. iv., page 30, note 7, and page {10, note 7 (the two sexes).

. Haliphron, var. pallens, Oberthtir, the same work, vol. iv., page 110, subnote 7 (the ¢ ofa light form of

the species—baermanmi also).
Amphrisius, var. flavicollis, Oberthtir, the same work, vol. iv., page 30, subnote 9.

. Priamus, var. Richmondia, Oberthtir, the same work, vol. iv. page 29, subnote 1 (equals Euphorion).

. Hepheestus, Oberthtir, the same work, vol. iv., page 31, note 12 (the two sexes).

. Minos, Oberthiir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 32, note 14 (the two sexes).

. Priamus, var. Avruanus, Oberthiir, “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 27, subnote 1 (the two sexes of

Poseidon).

. Pompeus, Oberthtir, the same work, vol. iv., page 32.
. Magellanus, Oberthtr, the same work, vol. iv. page 32.

18709.
1880.

1880.

1880.
1880.

1880.

1881.
T881.

1881.
1881.

T88r.
I88I.

1882.
1882.

1882.
1883.

1884.

1884.
1884.

1884.
1884.

1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.
1884.

1884.
1885.

IoI

Ornithoptera Priamus, Oberthiir, “‘ Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 27, note 1 (the two sexes).

DRURYA, Genus (described as a section of Papilio), Aurivillius, ‘‘ Fjarilar fran Gaboon” butterflies: from the
Gaboon, in the “ Ent. Tidskrift, page 44, Stockholm. (Entomological Tidings).

O. Priamus, var. Aruana, Oberthiir, ‘Etudes d’Entomologie,” vol. iv., page 27, subnote 1 (the two sexes
of Poseidon), also O. Priamus,, Arruanus, Oberthtir, ‘‘ Annales Musée Civique Genova; vol. xv., page 46,
fig., note I.

VU. Criton, “ Annales Musée Civique Genova,” vol. xv., page 468, note 3 (the two sexes).

O. Heliconoides, Wood Mason and Nicéville, ‘‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 237, note 65
(the Andaman forms of Cerberus 3 2).

Ornithoptera Brookeana, Snellen, ‘‘Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra,” the Lepidoptera of Ceritral Sumatra, page 24,
note I.

O. Brookeana, Distant, “ Entomological Monthly Magazine,” page 237.

O. Pompeus, Wood Mason, “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 252, note 94 (the two sexes of
Cerberus).

O. Pompeus, var. Minos, Wood Mason, the same work, page 86 (the two sexes of Mzos).

O. Darsius, Moore, ‘‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” vol. i., page 155, plate 55, figs. 1, 1a, 1b (the ¢ and ¢), also
the larva and pupa.

O. Brookeana, P. H. Gosse, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. vii., page 156.

O. Heliconoides, Wood Mason, “ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 252, note 94 (the ¢ ? of the
Andaman Island form of Cerberus).

Papilio Helena, Aurivillius, ‘‘ Kongl. sv. vet. ak. Handl.” vol. xix. (5) page 22, note 18 (the ¢).

Ornithoptera Rhadamanthus, Dewitz, ‘‘ Nov. Act Kais Leop. ac Nat. vol. xiv., L., page 262, note 2, plate
2, figs. 7, 7a, 7b (the two sexes of Rhadamantus).

O. Priamus, Aurivillius, ‘ Konel sv. vet. ak. Handl. vol. xix (5), page 8, note 1 (#) ; also page 19, note 14 (?).
(Recensio Mus. Ulr.)

O. Aruana, P. H. Gosse, ‘‘Clasping organs in certain Lepidoptera,” Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 1i., and series,
page 282, plate 26, figs. 1-3.

Scent Glands of Ornithoptera (Duftapparate Indo-Australischer Schmetterlinge) Erich Haase, ‘‘ Correspondenz-
blatt des Entomologishen Vereins” in the “Iris.” The species treated of are Priamus, page 93, plate 3,
fic. 1; Pompeus, page 93; Brookeana, plate 3, fig. 2 and Tithonus, page 94; also Ornithoptera, page 281;
Helena, page 282; Archideus, page 282; Brookeana, page 283.

Ornithoptera Haliphron, var. Bawermanni, Robur, “ Iris,’ Correspondenzbatt, page 19 (the species and larva).

O. Priamus, Pagenstecher, ‘Jahrbitich Nassauischen Verhandeling Naturgeschichte,” page 201 (the two
SEXES).

O. Priamus, var. Urvilliana, ‘“ Staudinger, ‘‘Staudinger und Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge,” vol. i.,
page 5, plate 2 (the &).

O. Hippolytus, Pagenstecher, ‘ Jahrbtich Nassauischen Verhandeling Naturgeschichte,” page 201 (the two
sexes).

O. Cerberus, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge, vol. 1., page 4, plate 2 (the ¢ ? of Cerberus).

O. Minos, Staudinger and Schatz, the same work, vol. 1.. page 5 (the two sexes).

O. Rhadamanthus, var. Amphrisius, Staudinger and Schatz, the same work, vol. i., page 4 (the ¢ of acus).

O. Amphrysus, Staudinger and Schatz, the same work, vol. i., page 5 (the two sexes of Amphrysus).

O. Criton, Staudinger and Schatz, the same work, vol. i., page 5 (the two sexes).

O. Criton, Butler, ‘‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History” (5), vol. xii., page 196, note 42 (the two sexes).

O. Haliphron, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., page 5, plate 2 (the ¢).

O. Rhadamanthus, Staudinger and Schatz, the same work, vol. 1., page 4, plate 1 (the two sexes of Rhadamantus.

O. Amphrysus, Kheil, ‘‘ Rhopalocera of Nias,” page 34, note 136 (the ¢ of Ruficollis).

O. Priamus var. Richmondia, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., page 3, plate 1
(the two sexes of Euphorion).

O. Heliconoides, Staudinger and Schatz, the same work, vol. i., page 5 (the # of Cerberus).

O. Tithonus, Oberthiir, “‘ Annales de la Sociéte Entomologique de France,” Bulletin, page cxxii (the ?).

102

1885. Ornithoptera Ruficollis, Distant, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,” page 328, note 3, plate 27, fig. 1 (the ¢) ; also
page 329, fig. 107 in text (the 2), plate 27a, fig. 1 (% var).

1885. QO. Riedeli, Kirsch, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” page 275, plate 19, fig, 12.

1885. O. Amphrysus, Kheil, ‘‘ Rhopalocera of Nias,” pp. 36, 37.

1885. O. Helena, v. /eda, Staudinger, ‘‘ Deutsch Zeitschrift, Lep.” page 74, plate A.

1885. O. Olympia, Honrath, ‘ Ent. Nachrichten,” vol. xvil., page 241 (or 291 2).

1885. O. Haliphron v. bawermanni, O. Aruana, and O. Croesus, Ribbe, Deutsche. z. Lep. vol. iii., Larva and Pupa
of these ; pp. 37, 38, 40, plate 1, figs. 1-3.

1885. O. Andromache, Staudinger, ‘‘ Deutsch Ent. Zeitschriit,” vol. v., page 393.

1885. O. Ruficollis, Distant, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,” page 328, note 3, plate 27, fig. 1(¢); also page 329, fig. 107
@ ; and plate 27a, fig. 1 (% var). ,

1885. O. Riedeli. ‘‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” page 275, note 1, plate 1 (¢), 2 (?).

1885. O. Hepheestus, Distant, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,” page 328, note 2, plate 27, fig. 2 (?) ; abenation 3 (¢)
4 (2), (the two sexes of Cerberus).

1885. O, Hephzestus, Weymer, ‘Stettin Entomologische Zeitschrift, page 270 (the two sexes of Cerberus).

O
1885. O. Tithonus, ‘‘ Annales de la Societé Entomologique de France, Bulletin, Oberthtir,” page 122 (the ¢).
1885. O. Brookeana, Distant, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana, vol. i., page 330, plate 27a, fig. 4 (2); and plate 27b., fig.
I, ¢ in vol. ii.

1886. O. Minos, Oberthiir, “Etudes d’Entomologie,” part xi., page 14 (the two sexes of ZZacus).
1886. O. Priamus, Ribbe, “ Iris,” page 77, note 1 (the two sexes).
1886. O. Pompeus, var. Heliaconoides ‘‘ De Nicéville,” Journal of the Asiatic Society,” page 373, note 171 (the two

sexes of Azacus).
1886. O. Trojana, Honrath, ‘‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift,’ vol. xxxiil., page 3 (the ¢).
1886. O. Priamus, Honrath, ‘‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, page 11 (the two sexes).

”

1817. ORNITHOPTERA Sub genus, Distant, “ Rhopalocera Malayana,” vol. i. (text), page 32.

1887. O. Minos, Aitken, “‘ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, page 35, note 73 (the two sexes).

1887, O. Miranda, Distant and Pryer, ‘‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History vol. xix., page 272, 5th series,
note 165 (the two sexes).

1887. ©. Victorize, var. Regine, Grose-Smith, “Annals and Magazine of Natural History ” (5th Ser.), vol. xix.,
page 445, the ¢ of Regine).

1888 Papilio Zalmoxis, Staudinger and Schatz,” ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” vol. ii., plate 7 (the ¢).

1888. Ornithoptera Helena, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., plate 5 (the two sexes).

1888. O. Priamus, Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der gattung Ornithoptera, page 702.

1888. Drurya Antimachus, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘Exotische Schmetterlinge,” plate xiil.

1888. Ornithoptera Tithonus, Oberthir, ‘Etudes de Entomologie,” 12th livr., page 1, note 1, plate 8, fig. ro
(oars aay,

1888. O. Aruana, var. Goliath, Oberthir, ‘ Etudes d’Entomologie.”’ Livraison xiil, page 2 (the ¢ of Schoenbergia

Goliath).
1888. ©. Plateni, Staudinger, ‘‘ Correspondenz-Blatt des Entomologischen Vereins, ‘Iris’ zu Dresden,” page 274

(the two sexes).

1888. O. Pronomus, Mathew, “ Transactions of the Entomological Society,” page 168 ; its life history (1s Poseidon),

1888. ©. Urvilliana, Mathew, the same work, page 169, plate 6, fig. 1 (the two sexes).

1888. O. Durvilliana, Woodford, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” page (the two sexes). Durvilliana or
D’Urvilliana are incorrect, the latter the least so.

1888. ©. Priamus, var. Lydius, Staudinger and Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge, vol. i., page 4, plate 4.

1888. ©. Pompeus, Watson, “ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,” page 26 (the two sexes of Cerberus.

1888. ©. Pompeus, Elwes, ‘“ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,” page 422, note 394 (the two
sexes of Cerberus).

1888. O. Rhadamanthus, Elwes, the same work, page 422, note 343 (the ¢ ¢ of Aacus).

1888. Papilio (O.) Minos, Hampson, “ Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 363, note 193 (the two sexes).

1888.
1880.

1888.
1888.

1888.
1888.

1889.

1889.

1889.

1889.
1889.
1889.
1889.

1889.

1889.
1889.
1889.

1889.
1889.
1889.

1889.
1889.
1889Q.

1889.
1890.

103

Ornithoptera Helena, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” vol. i., page 5 (the two sexes).
O Staudingeri, Rober, ‘“‘ Entomologische Nachrichten,” Entomological Information, page 369 (the two
sexes).
. Iris, Rober, the same work, page 369 (the two sexes).
Pronomus, Mathew, ‘‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,” page 168; deals with the
life history of the species (is Posezdon).
Hippolytus, Staudinger and Schatz, ‘‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge.” vol. ii., plate 2 (the ¢).
Ruficollis, Fickert, ‘‘ Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gattung Ornithoptera,” in the ‘‘ Zoologischen
Jahrbiichen.” Concerning the proportionate delineation of the species of Ornithoptera, from the Zoological
Yearbook of Geography and Biology (deals also with the classification), page 739. Fickert also treats of the
following species, Priamus, page 698, plate 20, figs. 1d, 22 ; Cassandra, Scott, page 7o1; Richmondia,
Gray, page 702; Priamus, var. Euphorion, Gray, page 703 ; Priamus, var. Aruana, Felder, page 704, plate 20,
fig. 36.42 ; Priamus, var. Pronomus, page 706; Priamus, var. Cronius, Felder, page 706; Priamus, var.
Pegasus, Felder, page 707; Priamus, var. Poseidon, Doubleday, page 709; Priamus, var. Archideus, Gray,
page 709; Priamus, var. Cresus, Wallace, page 711; Priamus, var. Urvilleana, page 712; O. Tithonus, page
720, plate 20, fig. 64, fig. plate a1, fig. 1, % ; Victorie, page 722, plate 21, fig. 2d, fig. 3% ; Regine, page
723, plate 21, fig. 4, 2 ; Pompeus, page 727, plate 21, fig. 5d, fig. 6% ; Pompeus var. Hephestus, Felder,
page 729; Pompeus var. Pluto, Felder, page 730; Pompeus, var. Minos, Cramer, page 730; Cerberus, page
732; Rhadamanthus, page 733, Haliphron, page 734; Helena, page 735 ; Darsius, page 736; Criton, page 737,
plate 21, fig. 7¢ ; Amphrysus, page 739; Magellanus, page 740; Fupiter, page 741; Hppolytus, page 741;
Bauermanni, page 743; Brookeana, page 749, plate a1, fig. 8; Zalmoxis, page 754; Platent, page 762.

co 99

ORNITHOPTERA, Genus, Fickert, characters noticed in the same work.

DRURYA Genus, Fickert (characters noticed), ‘‘ Zoologischen Jahrbiich, Abtheilen fur Systematisch,” vol. iv.,
page 692 (the same work).

Brookeana, var. Trojana, Staudinger, ‘‘ Lepidoptera der Insel Palawan,” in the ‘‘ Deutsch Entomologische

Zeitschrift, vol. u., page 7, and page 163.

Trojanus, Staudinger, “ Iris,” vol. i1., page 4 (the ¢).

Priamus, var. Poseidon, Caprinnier, ‘‘ Annale Entomologie Belgique,” vol. xxx., page I.

. Plateni, Staudinger, ‘‘ Deutsch Zeitschrift Lepidoptera” page 3, descriptive note.

Brookeana, var. Tvojana, Staudinger, ‘‘Lepidopteren der Insel Palawan, Deutsch Entomologische

Zeitschrift,” Lepidoptera of the Island of Palawan, in the Entomological Journal, vol. 2, page 7 (the ¢),

also page 163.

Papilio (Ornithoptera) Ritsemz, Snellen, ‘‘ Notes on the Leyden Museum,” vol. xi., page 153 (is Cuneifera,
of Oberthtir, the two sexes).

Ornithoptera Nephereus, Staudinger, the ‘‘ Iris,” vol. i1., page 4 (the sexes of Rhadamantus)

O. Brookeana, & var. Eleanor, Dr. F. A. Walker, ‘“‘ Transactions of the Entomogical Society,” page 75.

O. Priamus, Sidney Olliff, ‘‘ Australian Butterflies,” page 38. 2 figs. (one is the ¢ ; the other is probably the
@ of Cassandra (Euphorion). He also mentions Cassandra, page 39.

O. Aruana, Dr. F. A. Walker, ‘‘ Paper on Oriental Entomology,” part il., page 11.

O. Richmondia, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page g, plate 4,

QO. (Priamoptera) Croesus, Rippon, the present work, page 33, plate 12.

2999 9

TROGONOPTERA, Genus, Rippon, the present work and vol., page 1.
Trogonoptera Bookeana, Rippon, see page 2 of this vol. and plate 26 (the 2 sexes, and var. Eleanor, Walker).
POMPEOUPTERA, Genus, see page 7 of the present work and vol.

Pompeoptera Hippolytus, ibid, see page g, plate 2g.
Ornithoptera Pompeus, var. Holzi, Pagenstacher, ‘‘ Jahrbtich Nassauischen Verhandeln Naturgechichte,’
page 103, note 3 (a var. of Helena).

104

1885. Papilio Antimachus, W. F. Kirby, “Text Book of Entomology,” page 160, plate 53 (from Chenu), Ist
edition (the ¢).

1890. Ornithoptera Helena, Ribbe, “Iris,” vol. ii., page 207, note 3 (aberration of the ?) ; ibid, l.c., vol. it.
page 41 (Larva and Pupa).

1890. Pompeoptera Plateni, in the present work and vol., pages 65, 66, plate 62 (both sexes).

1890. Ornithoptera Hephezestus, Holland, “ Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society,” vol. xxiv., page
77, note 124 (the two sexes).

1890. O. Helena, Ribbe, ‘“‘Iris” vol. i1., page 41 (the & 2 the two sexes).

1890. O. Haliphron, Ribbe, the,same work, vol. ii., page 39 the larva and pupa).

1890. OU. Minos, Davidson and Aitken, “ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,’’ page 361, note 64
(deals with the life history of the species).

1890. O. Pompeus, Nicéville, “ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,” page 387, note 86, is Cerberus).

1890. O. Croesus, Ribbe, “ Iris,” page 42, plate 1., figs. 1-3 (its life history).

1890. O. Hippolytus, sub-species Cellularis, Rothschild, Holland, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Boston Natural History

Society,” vol. xxv., page 125.
1890. O. Hippolytus, Ribbe, ‘ Iris,” vol. ii., page 207, note 2 (the two sexes of the type form).
1890. Papilio van de Polli (should be Vandepolli), Snellen, “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxxiil., page 22.
1890. Ornithoptera Nereis, Doherty, ‘‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” vol. lx., page 30.
1890. O. Pompeus, Watson, ‘Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,” page 387, note 86 (is Cerberus $ 2).
1890. QO. Priamus, Ribbe, ‘ Iris,” page 207, note 1 (the two sexes).
1890, O. Poseidon, Ribbe, ‘‘ Iris,” i., page 41 (the two sexes).
1890. O. Priamus, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 4, plate 1a (the, 1b, the @).

1890. ORNITHOPTERA, Genus, with Priamus as the type, Rippon, the present work, page 1 of vol. i.

1890. O. Cassandra, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 8, plates 2a 3, 2b 2 (should be ¢ ? Euphorion).

1890. Pompeoptera Plateni, Rippon, the present work and vol., page 65, plate 62.

1891. Ornithoptera Helena, Rober, “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxxiv., page 268 (the ¢ and ?).

1891. O. Criton, Ribbe, ‘ Iris,” vol. iii., page 43 (the larva and pupa).

1891. O. Riedeli, Rober, “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxxiv., page 269 (the + and ¢).

1891. O. Olympia, Honrath, ‘ Entomologischen Nachrichten,” vol. xvii., page 241 (a local variety of Flavicollis from
S. E. Borneo) (the 2); also O. Flavicollis, var. Olympia, Honrath, ‘‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift,”
vol. xxxvi., page 429, plate 15, fig. 1 (the 2).

1891. O. Poseidon, var. hecuba, Réber, ‘' Tijdschrift voor Entomologischen,” vol. xxxiv., page 263 (the &).

1891. O. Trojana, W. Watkins, ‘‘ The Entomologist,” No. 339, vol. xxiv., with coloured plate.

1891. O. Magellanus, Semper, ‘ Philippiner Tagfalter,” page 264, note 385.

1891. O. Trojanus, Semper, Philippiner, Tagfalter, page 263, note 384.

1891. O. Helena, Rober, “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxxiv., page 268 (¢ and ¢, also larva and pupa).

1891. O. Pompeus, Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrbiich Nassauischen Verhandeling Naturgeschichte,” var. Holzi=rutilans of
Oberthtr, = Helena var.

1891. ©. Naias, Doherty, “ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” vol. lx., page 193, note 116 (the two S€X€S).

1891. O. Socrates, Staudinger, ‘ Iris,” vol. iv., page 71 (the two sexes).

1891. O. Rhadamanthus, Watson, “ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 53, note 205 (the two sexes of

AL acus).

1891. Papilio O. Minos, Fergusson, ‘Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,” page 445, note 167 (the
two sexes).

1891. Ornithoptera Staudingeri, Staudinger, ‘ Iris,” vol. iv., page 74 (the two sexes).

1891. ©. Plato, Wallace, translated by Staudinger, “ Isis,” vol. iv., page 74 (the ¢).

1891. O. Plato, Rober, ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxxiv., page 269 (the ¢ and 2).

1891. O. Staudingeri, the same author and work, vol. xxxiv., page 263 (the two sexes).

1891. O. Naias, var. Sambawama, Doherty, “ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” page 194, sub-note 116 (the
two sexes) ; also page 193, note 110.

O

1891. ©. Iris, Staudinger, “Iris,” vol. iv., page 74 (the two sexes).

1890.
1891.
189gI.
1892.
1892.
1892.

1892.

1892.
1892.

1892.
1862.
1892.
1892.

1892.
1892.

1892.

1892.

1892.
1892.

1893.

1893.
1893.

1893.
1893.

1893.
1893.

1893

1893:

1893.

108

Ornithoptera GEacus, Manders, “ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,” page 535.

O. Iris, Rober, ‘‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” page 279 (the ¢ and ¢).

O. Nephereus, Semper, “ Philippiner Tagfalter,” or Philippine Day Butterflies,” page 264, note 386 (the
and 2? of Rhadamantus).

Papilio Antimachus, Rutherford, ‘Entomological Monthly Magazine,” vol. xv., page 5; and ‘‘ Entomo-
logical Monthly Magazine,” vol. 3 (new series), page 162.

P. Antimachus, W. F. Kirby, ‘Text Book of Entomology,” page 160, plate 53 (copied from Chenu), 2nd
edition (the &).

Drurya Antimachus, Schatz, ‘‘ Die Familie und Gattung der Tagfalter,” pages 22 and 40, plate ii., figs. 1 a.b.
(the ¢).

Papilio (Ornithoptera), Cerberus, Ribbe, ‘‘ Annales Société Entomologique Belge,” page 123, note 1 (the
two sexes).

Ornithoptera Andromache, Staudinger, “Iris,” vol. v. page 393 (the two sexes).

O. Riedeli, Grose-Smith and Kirby, ‘‘ Rhopalocera Exotica,” vol. ii., Ornithoptera, page 3, plate 2, fig. 1 (¢),
ey {Cee

O. Poseidon, Tryon, ‘! Report on the British Administration in New Guinea,” appendix, v. page 112 (the ¢
and ?).

O. Arruana, var. Valentina, Vuillot, ‘ Bulletin Société Entomologique d’France,” page 124 (dwarfed examples
of Poserdon 3 2).

Papilio Brookeana, Snellen, ‘‘ Midden-Sumatra,” vol. ii., page 24, note 1.

Ornithoptera Hippolytus, Schatz, ‘‘Die Familie und Gattungen,” page 42.

O. Hippolytus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Iris,” vol v., page 442.

OQ. Honrathiana, Martin, “Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift,” vol. xxxvii., page 492 (the ¢ var. of
Vandepollt).

DRURYA, Genus, “Staudinger und Schatz,” Exotische Schmetterlinge; die Familie und Gattung der
Tagfalter,” vol. ii., page 22, plate 4o.

Drurya Antimachus, Watkins, ‘“‘ Entomological Monthly Magazine” (a brief description of the ¢), vol. iii.,
New Series, page 162 ; and plate 5, with neuration of the anterior wing (internal nervure omitted), and
figs. of ¢ and ? anal terminals.

Ornithoptera Zalmoxis, Staudinger, “Iris,” vol. v., page 268 (the ¢).

O, Eumzus, Rippon, ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” page 193 (the 2 sexes), a var. of Aruana.
which, together with a new and blue form from the Island of Oby, connects Avuana with Urvilliana.

ORNITHOPTERA (Genus), Pagenstecher, “ Beitrage zur Lepidopteren: Fauna des Malayischen Archipels ;
Jahrbiichen der Nassauischen Vereins fiir Naturkunde,” page 83; in the same paper Pagenstecher suggests
Schoenbergia as a subgenus.

O. Paradisea, Staudinger, ‘‘ Entomologische Nachrichten,” s. 177.

O. Schoenbergi, Pagenstecher, ‘ Jahrbiichen der Nassauischen Vereins ftir Naturkunde,” s. 29 pp., plate ii,
note iii, the ¢ ; s. 83 pp., plate iv, the ? ; described on page 30, plates 2,3, ¢ ; 4, %.

O. Socrates, Staudinger, “Iris,” vol. vi., page 83, plate 1, fig. 1 (as a local form of Haliphron. This is
identical with Pompeoptera Natas.

Pompeoptera Dohertyi, Rippon, ‘“‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” vol. ii., N. Series, page 295
(the two sexes).

P. Dohertyi, Rippon, the present work and vol., pages 67-8, plates 63, 64 (both sexes).

Ornithoptera Honrathiana, Martin, “Natuurkund Tijdschrift, voor Nederlandsch Indie,” vol. liu,, page 1
note I.

OQ. Cerberus, Swinhoe, ‘‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society, London,” page 311, note 372 (the two
Sexes).

O. Magellanus, Haase, ‘“‘ Untersuch tib Mimisch,” page 29 (the two sexes).

SCHOENBERGIA, sub-genus, Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrbtichen der Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde,” page 83.

106

1893.
1893.

1893.
1893.
1893.
1894.
1894.
1894.
1894.
1894.

1894.
1894.
1894.
1894.

1894.
1894.
1894.
1894.
1894.
1894.

1894.
1894.

1894.
1894.

1894.
1894.

1894"

1894.
1894.

1894.

1895.

1895.

Ornithoptera Paradisea, Staudinger, ‘‘ Entomogische Nachrichten, page 177.
O. Paradisea, Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrbichen der Nassauischen Vereins fiir Naturkunde,” page 29, plate 2 and
3 (¢), page 83, plate 4 (the ¢).

. Pegasus, Rippon, in vol. i. of the present work, plate 5, figs. 1,2 (4); 3 (4); 4,5, (2).

. AZacus, Swinhoe, ‘‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,” page 311.

. AZacus, Leech, ‘“ Butterflies of China,” vol. ii., page 513.

. AAacus, de Nicéyille, ‘‘ Sikkim Gazeteer,” page 170.

. Honrathiana, Hagen, “ Iris,” vol. vii., page 19, note 4.

. Vandepolli, Frihstorfer, ‘‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, page 241, plate 17, fig. 1.

. Helena, var. Thestius, Staudinger, ‘‘ Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift,’ Lepidoptera, vol. viii., page 283.
Pegasus, var. Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrbtich Nassauischen Verhandelung Nature,” page 63, note 1, plate 2 and
3, fig. r (the &% of Poseidon).

. Pegasus, Grose-Smith, ‘‘ Novitates Zoologice,” vol. i1., page 331, note 1 (the two sexes).

Troides Vandepolli Honrathianus, Hagen, “ Iris,” vol. vii., page 19, note 4.

Ornithoptera Amphrysus, Hagen, “ Iris,” vol. vii., page 18, note 2 (the two sexes).

O. Pompeuts, var. holzi (= rutdans of Oberthtir), Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrbiich Nassauischen Verhandelung

Nature,” page 29 (a var. of Helena).

O. Amphrysus, var. Palabuana, Frihstorfer, ‘‘ Entomologische Nachrichten,” page 44.

O, Pompeus, Nicéville, ‘‘ Gazeteer of Sikkim,” page 170, note 459 (the ¢ ? of Cerberus).

O. Hephzestus, Hagen, ‘“ Iris,” vol. vii., page 18, note 3 (the ¢ and ? of Cerberus).

O

O

O

SOo90009000

©

. Ritseme, var. Sumatranus, Hagen, “ Iris,” vol. vii, page 19; note 5 (a ¢ var. of Cuneifere of Oberthiir).
. Brookeana, Hagen, ‘“ Iris,” vol. vii., page 18, note 1 (the ?).
. Urvilliana, Pagenstecher, “‘ Jahrbiich Nassauischen Verhandelung Natursgeschichte,” page 67, note 3 (on
variation; 3 ¢).
O. Tithonus, Staudinger, ‘ Iris,” vol. vi, page 355 (the two sexes).
Troides Priamus Urvilliana, ab. loc. bornemanm, Pagenstecher, ‘‘ Jahrbtich Nassauischen, Verhandelung
Naturgeschichte, page 65, plate 2, fig. 2 (the ¢ of a green variety).
Ornithoptera Andromache, Staudinger, “Iris,” vol. vii., page 341, plate 8.

SCHOENBERGIA, Genus, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 9.

Sch. Paradisea, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 10, plate 4 (the two sexes).
Ornithoptera Goliath, Oberthiir, “Etudes d’Entomologie,” Livraison 19, plate 4.

AZ THEOPTERA, Genus, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 47.

Eth. Victoriz, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 48, plates 21a, 21b, figs. 1 2, plate 22a, (the ¢).

Eth. Reginze, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page 52, plate arb, figs. 3, 4 (the ¢); plate 23a, the ?; plate
OGD MOS aly eck "Sas eke Ay eee ore

Ornithoptera Pegasus, Rippon, the present work, page 15, plate 6 (the two sexes), fig. 5, var. ¢ 2.

TROIDES, Genus, Rothschild and Jordan, ‘* Novitates Zoologicz,” vol, ii.; in the article on the Revision of
Papilionide of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa, Rothschild and Jordan treat of the Ornithoptera
under the generic name TROIDES, and give their synonomy. The following species, varieties, sub-species
and aberrations are included in their list, together with localities, largely aided by Mr. Rothschild’s wonderful
series of the group, in the Tring Museum :

Troides Priamus, page 185, note 1.

ae om type a., page 185.

a “i b. Euphorion, page 186.

a5 a c. Richmondius, page 187, n.c.

“5 “3 d. Poseidon, page 188, n. d. (a2) no name (var.)

(b2) ¢, aberration Cronius, Felder.
(c2) ¢, ab. Eumeus, Rippon, page 189.

1895. Troides Priamus, d. Poseidon, page 188, n.d. (d2) °, ab. brunneus, page 189.

(g2) Archideus, page Igo.

(h2) Kirschi, Oberthtir, 2 ab. page 190.
(iz) Goliath,* page Igo.

(k) 2 ab. Hecuba, Rober, page Ig.

1895. Troides Priamus (ec) boisduvali, Montrouzier, p. 191.

1895.
1895.

1895.

1895.
1895.

1895.
1895.

9 7 (f) Urvillianus, p. 191. (12) ab. loc. bornemanm, Pagenstecher, p. I9QI.
. Croesus, p. 192, n. 2.

op Lydius, p. 194, n. 3.

90 Tithonus, p. 195, n. 4.

a Paradisea, p. 196, n. 5.

” Victorize, p. 196, n. 6, p. 197 (b) T. Victoriz regine, page 197.
% 9 One: SIS, Gon oy

a Brookeanus, p. 198, n. 7. (a2) Eleanor, p. 199.

” 5 Albescens, type p. 199, n. 9.

nf Trojanus, p- 199, note 8.

. 3 type form, p. 202.

5 Hippolytus, p. 200, n. a.
(b) T. Hippolytus Sulensis, p. 202.
(c) T. Hippolytus Cellularis, p. 202.

5 Darsius, p. 203, n. 10.

ne Minos, p. 203, n. II.

59 Vandepolli (a) type, p. 205, n. 12.
59 is (b) honrathiana, p. 205.

5 Haliphron, p. 206, no. 13, type (a), p. 206.
(b) T. haliphron naias, p. 207.
(c) T. haliphron iris, p. 208.

56 Staudingeri, p. 108, n. 14.
55 Plato, p. 209, n. 15.
5 Criton, p. 210, n, 16.

(a2) typical ?, similar to ¢.
(b2) oberthiiri, @.

(c2)iteldenia ae
T. Riedeli, p. 211, no. 17.

T. Oblongomaculatus, p. 211, n. 18; type form p. 213.
(b) bouruensis, page 214.
(c) celebensis, p. 214.
(d) papuensis, p. 214; (a2) ? ab. papuanus, Oberth., p. 215.
T. helena, p. 216, n. 19 (a) type form, p. 217.
(az) ?ab., Jupiter, Oberthur.
(b2)\py217ab. Pinto, welder, p. 217.
(b) Troides helena nereis, page 218.
(c) T. nereis propinguus, Rothschild, p. 218.
(d) T. helena cerberus, p. 219.
(ce) T. helena hephestus, p. 222,
T. AEacus, p. 223, n. 20.
T. Rhadamantus, p. 227,n. 22. (a) type form, p. 225.
(b) Troides Rhadamantus plateni, p. 226.
T. Dohertyi p. 223, n. 20.
T. Mirandus p. 227, n. 23.

107

*I have shown in vol. ii. of this work that Goliath is not a Priamus form, but a species of Schoenbergia.

108

1895.

1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.

1895.

1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.

1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1895.

1895.
1896.
1896.

1896.
1897.
1897.
1897

1897.

1897.
1897.
1899.
1899.

1899.

T. Andromache, p. 228, n. 25. (a) type form, p. 229.
(b) Troides Amphrysus Cuneifer, p. 229.
(c) Troides Amphrysus flavicollis, p. 231.
(a2) ab. Olympia, p. 231.
(b2) ab. ruficollis, p. 232.

(d) Troides Amphrysus Sumatranus, p. 232.
T. Magellanus, p. 232, n. 26.

T. Victorize, Rothschild, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. xxvili., page 78.

Ornithoptera Hippolytus, var. Sulaensis, Staudinger, ‘“ Iris,” vol. viil., page 343 (the two sexes).

O. Hippolytus, var. Celebensis, Staudinger, ‘‘ Iris,” vol. vil., page 342 (the two sexes).

Troides Victoriz reginze, Rothschild, ‘“ Entomologist,” vol. xxviii, page 78; also Tr. Victorize regis
Rothschild, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. xxvili., page 78.

Ornithptra Richmondii, Schneider, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. xxviil., page 93; (deals with the metamorphoses
of the species), with a cut.

Troides Trojana, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Nature,” vol. li., page 258, column 1.

Ornithoptera Hippolytus, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Nature,” vol. li., page 255.

Papilio Vordermani, Snellen, ‘‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologische,” vol. xxxvii., page 191 (is Dohertyz).

OU. Pompeus, W..F. Kirby, ‘“‘ Nature,” vol. li., page 254, column 2; also treats of the larva and pupa, page
255, column 1.

O. Dohertyi, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Nature,” vol. li., page 255, column 2.

O. Paradisea, Its Metamorphoses, Kubary, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. ix., page 103, plate 1, figs. I, 2.

O. Urvilliana, Its Metamorphoses, Ribbe, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. ix., pages 105-107, plate 1, figs. 3-6.

Troides Oblongomaculatus, Rothschild, ‘‘ Notes on Varieties,’ Nov. Zool., vol. 3, page 63.

T. Haliphron, var. pistor, vol. ii., page 91.

T. Schoenbergi, Rober, Ent. Nachr., vol. xxii., page 289.

Ornithoptera Magellanus, W. F. Kirby, ‘ Nature,” vol. li., page 255.

Drurya Zalmoxis, W. F. Kirby, the same work, vol. li., page 258, col. 1.

4Etheoptera ? Tithonus, W. F. Kirby, “ Nature,” vol. li., page 256.

4Etheoptera Tithonus, Rippon, ‘‘ Nature,” vol. li., page 343.

Ornithoptera Priamus, W. F. Kirby, ‘ Nature,” vol. li., pp. 244-5, also O. Eumceus, page 256, col. 1; O.
Croesus, page 256, col. 2; O. Lydius, page 256, col. 2, O. Urvilliana, page 255, col. 1.

O. Urvilliana, C. Ribbe, figures and description in the “Iris,” July 15.

Papilio Zalmoxis, W. F. Kirby, ‘‘ Handbook to the order Lepidoptera,” vol. ii., page 268.

Troides Croesus, W. F. Kirby, the same work, vol. ii., page 255; also T. Lydius, the same work, page 256;
T. Urvillianus, page 255; O. Amphrysus, page 265; O. Helena Cerberus, page 264, larva and pupa, pages
204-6; O. Magellanus, page 265.

Ornithoptera Amphrysus, E. Martin Duncan, in “ Cassell’s Natural History,” vol. vi., page 51.

O. Urvilliana, vars. miokensis and flavomaculata, Ribbe, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. xi1., page 153.

©. Papuensis, var. Carolus, Fruhstorfer, Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift, vol. xii, page 306.

O. (Pompeoptera), Irregularis, W. Dannatt, ‘‘ Entomologist,” page 312.

O. Victorize Regis, Ribbe, ‘‘ Deutsche Ent. Zeitschrift,” Lepidoptera, vol. page 245, plate 8, fig. 1 (the pupa
described).

O. Croesus, var. Fruhstorfer, ‘ Illustrated Zeitschriff, Ent. v. page 197.

0. Goliath Titan, var. Grose-Smith, ‘““Rhopalocera Exotica,” Ornithoptera, vol. iil. plate 4, page 7 (the ¢ of Goliath.)

Drurya Antimachus, v. Gigantia, Walker, ‘“‘ Ent. Magazine,” page 1899.

D. Zalmoxis, Rippon, the present work, vol. i., page viii., plate i. b (the ?); also Schoenbergia Paradisea,
vars. Meridionalis, flavescens, and punctata, pages xix. to xxi. (Meridionalis), (¢) as a species, not a var. of
Paradisea, page xxi., plate iv. b, plate iv.a; also O. Tithonus, vol. i., page xx., plate vi.; O. Poseidon, var.
Archideus, page 21, plate 7a; O. Uvvilliana, green var., pages 46, 56, plate 18; the var. C@lestis, page 56,
plate 19; theoptera Regis, page 57, plate 20.

Papilio Antimachus, and Ornithoptera Victorize, W. J. Holland, ‘“‘ The Butterfly Book,” N. America,
page 162; also O. Paradisea, page 162; and Genus Ornithoptera, page 272. The author on the latter page
speaks of the Osmateria, or protrusive scent organs (i.e., the ¢ sexual brand), as serving for purposes-of
defence! A different theory from the earlier one, that they served to attract the ?. Probably neither theory
is correct,

109

1900. Pompeoptera Miranda, Rippon, the present work, vol. ii., pps. 70-71a, plates 66a, 66b, 66c (the 2 sexes and
Melanistic var).
1g00o. P. Iris, Rippon, the present work, vil., plate 64b.
1902. The following Genera are characterised in Wytsman’s ‘‘ Genera Insectorum,” Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam,
Papilionide, Subfam Papilionine, Section TROIDES by Rippon :—
Section TROIDES, Hubner, page 2; Genus Drurya, Aurivillius, type Antimachus, page 4; Genus Schoen=
bergia, Pagenstecher, type Paradisea, page 5; Genus Ornithoptera, type Priamus, Drurya, Boisduval,
page 6, restricted by Rippon to the green group; Genus Aitheoptera, Rippon, page 9, type Victoriz ;
Genus Trogonoptera, type Brookeana, Rippon, page 10; Genus Pompeoptera, Rippon, type Helena,
page 11. A list of all the species and their geographical distribution is also given, with 2 plates.
IgoI-1g03. Ornithoptera Darsius, Moore, ‘‘ Lepidoptera Indica,” vol. vi, page 140, plate 418, f. 1; larva and pupa
Ia, Ib (the two sexes).
1901-1903. O. Minos, Moore, the same work, vol. v., page 142, plate 419, figs 1, larva and pupa, lad, 1b?.
1g0I-1903. ©. Cerberus, Moore, the same work, vol. v., page 145, plate 420, fig. 1,a Sikkim # ; 1a, a Karen Hill s;
Ib, a Bhutan 2 ; 1c. a Karen Hill ?.
1g01-1903. O. Heliconoides, Moore, the same work, vol.v., page 147, pl. 421, fig. 1, 1ad¢ ; 1b, 1c ?; from Little
Brother Island (Andamans).
tgot-1903. ©. A@acus, Moore, the same work, vol. v., page 148, plate 422, figs. 1, 1a (the two sexes).
1902. Troides Amphrysus, var. Gardineri=T. Ruficollis of Rothschild, nec ruficollis of Butler, Frihstorfer, “‘ Osthalfte
Sumatra” (Eastern part of Sumatra) page 57.
1902. Troides Ruficollis, var. ab. zigricollis, Friihstorfer, the same work, the aberration birmeicollis 3 ¢ =flavicollis,
Druce, from N. Borneo; and Amphrysus miasicus from Nias 3 ? the aberration Olympia of Honrath.
1g02z. Ornithoptera Cassandra, and O. Richmondia, Dodd, ‘‘ Entomologist,” page 17, the distinction between the
two forms.
1903. O. Miranda, v. xeomiranda, Frihstorfer, ‘‘ Osthalfte Sumatra,” page 1903 ; (gives the differences between the
var. and the type form.
1903. O. Paradisea, ab. auriflua, Friihstorfer, ‘‘ Societas Entomologica” (the organ of the Zurich-Hottingen Inter-
national Entomological Society), page 51, from Kaiser Wilhelmsland.
1903. O. Criton Critonoides, sub-species, Frihstorfer, the same work, page 51, from Oby Island.

ADDENDA TO THE FOREGOING.

1764. P. E. T. Panthous, Linnzus, full title of the work ‘‘ Lepidopterorum Musei Ludovice Ulrice.”

1842. Asrnauta (part) for Ornithoptera, proposed as a generic name), Berge, ‘‘ Schmetterlinge,” page 19.

1864. Papilio, Section 2, proposed by Felder for the Ornithoptera, ‘‘ Verh. zu bei Ges. Wien,” p. 290.

1874. ©. Hippolytus, Hopffer, ‘‘ Entomologische Zeitung,” Stettin, page 17.

1876. O. Croesus, J. Gibson,” “‘ Encyclopedia Britannica,” gth edition, vol. iv., page 595.

1879. ©. Priamus, Oberthiir, ‘‘Annali del Museo di Storia Naturale di Genova” (annals of the Natural History
Museum of Genoa), page 466, var. Aruana.

1879. The same work: Beccari ‘on the difficulty of capturing the Ornithoptera, &c.,” page 468.

1879 P. Criton, Oberthiir, the same work, page 468.

1831. Ornithoptera Priamus, Konliga, ‘“‘ Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Hardlinger, page 8.

1895. Ath. Victoriz, v. Regis ¢ 2, Rothschild, ‘‘ Entomologist,” vol. xxvili., page 78.

1895. Ornithoptera Urvilliama, var. Celestis, 3 %, Rothschild, ‘‘ Novit. Zoologice,” vol. v., page 216, n. I.

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA TO THE FOREGOING.

On page 95, transfer the lines with dates 1833 to follow those of 1832; also 1836 to follow 1835. On page 98 for
“1765 O. Pegasus,” read ‘‘ 1865”; also on the same page for ‘‘ 1895 O. Helena,” read ‘‘ 1865”; on page 100 for “1877
O. Uruana,” read ‘‘O. Aruana; on the same page, gth line from the bottom, for baermanmni read bauermanni ; on page
102 for ‘‘ 1817 Ornithoptera” read ‘1887’; on page 103 for ‘1880 O. Staudingeri” read ‘‘ 1888”; on page 104, the
first line from the top, for ‘‘ 1885’ read ‘‘ 1896,” and transfer the line to its proper position on page 108; on page 105
for “1862 O. Arruana,” read ‘! 1892”’; on page 108, 13th line from the top for ‘‘ Ornithptra’ read ‘“‘ Ornithoptera.”

On page 93, line 4 from below, for ‘‘ Entomologie” read Entomologie.

On page g4, 11th line from below, for “Sammlung” read Sammlungen. Also on the same page, for ‘‘ Aiislandisch"’ always read Aiislandische ; and on the same page,
for ‘ Verzeichniss” bekannt always read Verzeichniss bekannter.

On page 97, for “ Monatschrift” always read Monatsschvift.

On pages 98, 99, for ‘‘ Verhandeling”” always read Verhandlung.

On page 99, for ‘' Entomologische ’ read Entomologie; on page 99, 6th line from below, for ‘‘Stett in Entomologische Zeitschrift” read Stettiner Entomologische Zettung.

On page roo, lines 16 and 21 from above read Entomologie for what is printed ; Page roo, line 9 from above, for ‘' Beittrag nur Kenntniss ” read Beitrdge zur Kenntniss.

On page ror, for ‘‘ Jahrbiich Nassauischen Verhandeling” always read Jahrbiicher Nassanischen vereins fiir Naturkunde; also the same on pages 104, 105 and 106.

On page ro2, line 15 from above for " Stettin’’ and “ Zeitschrift’ read Sfettiner and Zeitung.

On page 103, line 23 from above read Zoologischen Jahvbiichern Abtheilung ftir Systematik for what printed; also for ‘ Jahrbiichen” read Jahybiichern,

On page 104 and page 108, for ‘‘ Entomologische "' always read Entomologie.

On page 108, line r2 from below for “ Zeitschriff’” read Zeitschrift.

IIo

The following summary will show the order in time when the different species and varieties have been described—

premising that their discovery may have preceeded by 6 or 12 months their description or iconography :—

1719. Pompeoptera Pompeus. 1879. P. Helena, v. Heliacon, ab. rutilans, ¢ 2.
1719. Ornithoptera Priamus. 1879. P. Haliphron, v. pallens, 2.
1753. Pompeoptera Hippolytus. 1884. P. Haliphron, v. Bauermanni.
1758. Ornithoptera Priamus, °. 1885. Sch. Tithonus, 2.
1764. Pompeoptera Helena, ¢. 1885. Pompeoptera Riedeli, ¢.
1764. P. Hippolytus, 3. 1885. P. Helena, v. leda.
1779. P. Minos, 2. 1885. P. Andromache, ¢ ¢.
1782. Drurya Antimachus, ¢. 1885. T. Brookeana, ?
1782. Pompeoptera Amphrysus, ¢. 1886. T. Trojana, ¢.
1800. P. Cerberus. 1887. Pompeoptera Miranda, ¢.
1815. Ornithoptera Poseidon, ¢. 1887. A®theoptera Victorie, v. Regine.
1816. Pompeoptera Helena, 2. 1888. Sch. Goliath, °.
1821. P. Rhadamantus, ¢ ?. 1888. Pompeoptera Plateni, ¢ 2.
1829. Ornithoptera Urvilliana, 3. TESS. WPaidiris.t 1 2
1832. O. Poseidon, var. Archideus, ?. 1889. T. Brookeana, v. Eleanor.
1836. P. Rhadamanthus, ?. 1890. Pompeoptera Nereis, ¢ 2.
1836. P. Haliphron, ¢. 1890. Pompeoptera Vandepolli, ¢ 4.
1841. Schoenbergia Tithonus, 3. 1891. P. Naias, d ?. |
1845. Pompeoptera Darsius, ¢. 1892. P. Riedeli, 2.
1340) eee Aeaciscure 2 1892. Ornithoptera Poseidon, v. Valentine, 3 2.
1852. Pi Darsius,.1?. 1892. P. Vandepolli, v. Honrathiana 3 ¢.
1852. P. Poseidon, v. pronomus. 1892. Drurya Antimachus, °.
1852. P. Poseidon, v. euphorion. 1892. D. Zalmoxis, ?.
1852. O. Richmondia, ¢. 1892. Ornithoptera Eumzus, p °.
1855. Trogonoptera Brookeana, ¢. 1893. Pompeoptera Socrates = Naias, ¢.
1856. AZtheoptera Victoriz, 2. 1893. P. Dohertyi, ¢ 2, and vars.
1856. Pompeoptera Cerberus, 2. 1894. P. Helena, v. Thestius.
1856. Ornithoptera Poseidon, v. Boisduvali, 3 ¢. 1894. P. Amphrysus, v. Palabuana.
1859. O.Crceesus, 3. 1894. P. Cuneiferz, v. Sumatranus=Ritseme.
1859. O.Aruana, ¢. 1894. Ornithoptera Urvilliana, v. Bornemannt.
1859. Pompeoptera Haliphron, ?. 1894. Pompeoptera Oblongomaculatus, v. Bouruensis.
1862. D.Zalmoxis, ¢. 1895. P. Oblongomaculatus, v. Celebensis.
1864. Ornithoptera Euphorion (Cassandra), 2. 1895. P. Oblongomaculatus, v. Papuensis, and aber-
1864. O. Richmondia. ration Papuanus.
1864. Pompeoptera Hepheestus. 1895. P. Nereis, v. Propinguus.
1864. Poseidon, v. Triton, ¢. 1895. P. Hippolytus, v. Sulaensis.
1864. Pompeoptera Magellanus, ? 3. 1895. P. Hippolytus, v. Cellularis.
1864. Ornithoptera Poseidon, v. Oceanus, 3. 1897. Ornithoptera Urvilliana, vars. miokensis, and
1865. O. Lydius, 3 ¢. fiavomaculata.
£805. ©. iCrossus, 4). 1897. Pompeoptera Oblongomaculatus, v. Papuensis,
1865. O. Pegasus, $ 2. ab. Carolus.
1865. Pompeoptera Helena, v. Papuensis, 2 . 1897. P. Irregularis.
1869. P. Miranda, ¢. 1897. Sch. Titan, 3.
1875. P. Ruficollis, @. 1899. Sch. Meridionalis ¢ ¢?.
1877. P. Cerberus, v. Heliconoides, S$ 2. 1899. Sch. Paradisea, v. punctata.
1877. Ornithoptera Pegasus, vars. of Hirsch. 1902. Pompeoptera Ruficollis, v. Nigricollis.
1879. Pompeoptera Criton, ¢ ?. 1903. P. Miranda, v. Neomiranda.
1879. P. Helena, v. Jupiter, 2. 1903. P. Criton, v. Critonoides.

Supplementary Species or varieties discovered too late for inclusion in vol. i. of this work.

SCHOENBERGIA TITAN,

Ornithoptera Titan var. of O. Goliath, ¢, H. Grose-Smith, “ Rhopalocera Exotica.’’ Ornithoptera, vol. iii., plate iv., page 7. (1897).

In all the annals of Entomological discovery there have
been no more wonderful revelations of extraordinary
beauty and magnitude than among the two sections of
the order Lepidoptera inhabiting the different latitudes of
New Guineaand its adjacent islands, especially those of the
south-eastern andeastern islands. There are multitudes of
diurnal and crepuscular moths which outrival in variety of
lovliness and in number of species, the productions of any
other part of the world, not excepting even those of South
America ; and this applies to all the different families of
Heterocera almost without exception. With respect to
the Diurnea there has been a continual revelation of
new species unsurpassed in beauty, and of rare species
which were hitherto almost unique in European collec-
tions—the Lycznidz for example. But among the most
royal of all are the species of Papilionide, especially
those of the group of Troides, which contains the
Genus Schoenbergia, with its Butterflies of Paradise, as I
consider they merit being called, of which the discoveries of
the last ten years have filled the hearts of all enthusiastic
students with astonishment and delight. There are no
adjectives in any European language which can sufficiently
express our admiration of these! As I have said in another
place, they merit, as butterflies, a sentiment in our re-
gards quite equal to that we feel when contempla-
ting the perfections and attractions of the Paradise Birds,
while in magnitude some of them at least, are the rivals
of the American Morphos.

The insect from which the following species is described
and re-figured by me, is the only example at present
existing in Europe, so far as [am aware, and is the type
of Mr. Grose-Smith’s plate and description, published in
his splendid work quoted above. It is one of the most
magnificent additions he has had the good fortune to place
in his extensive collection; and I am indebted to his
courtesy and kindness for the pleasure of again recording
it in my own way in this work.

Schoenbergia Titan was taken in 1go1, about 30 or 4o
miles inland from Kapa Kapa, in British New Guinea.
Sch. Goliath, the ? of which 1s figured in the Ist volume
of this work, would almost appear to be the consort of
Titan :—probably this is the case; but as Goliath inhabits
Kapaur, in Dutch territory, and hundreds of miles from
the locality of Titan, we cannot feel justifiedin definitively
assuming that the two forms belong to the same species
until we obtain more material for study—especially when
we consider the exuberance of variety of insect life in New
Guinea.

¢. Anterior wings sub-scalene-triangulate; somewhat
acute at the apex ; the costa gracefully arcuate; the outer
margin nearly straight, with only the slightest indications
of the usual marginal fringe curvatures ; with no marginal
white lunations, as are in most of the species of the Troides;
the inner margin is also nearly a straight line from the
posterior angle to the base; colour of the wings rich
golden green—ranging in tint from golden-emerald and
apple-green, through every degree of shade to a coppery
or golden-yellow, according to the position in which it 1s
held, as the light falls upon it; thus, if held exactly opposite

the light the wings are entirely green except below the
submedian nervures, where they become coppery yellow:
viewed obliquely against the light, we obtain the coppery-
yellow tone, according as the insect is turnedabout. The
ereen of the upper portion of the wing is divided by a
broad belt of velvety-black from the outer margin to the
base, occupying about two-thirds of the discoidal cell
at its distal end, and broadening till at the basal end no
green remains—this area of black also extends outside the
cell on the disc to the apical angle, and below the median
nervure is continued so as to form three dentate patches
of black between the 3rd discocellular and 1st median,
and the rst and 2nd, and 2nd and 3rd median branches ;
it also is prolonged from the apical to the posterior angles
asa broad but gradually narrowing submarginal black
band; the costa is narrowly black, and with the sub-
costal nervure encloses a subcostal green stripe ; the veins
are all very stout, and sufficiently expressed, even in the
green—the submedian and internal nervures being black.

Posterior wings rounded in outline, with graceful but
slight marginal incurvatures between the vein terminals,
and distinctly excurved at the anal angle in a manner quite
unlike the outline of the posterior wing of any other
Ornithopteron.

Colours: silky golden yellow, except for a very broad
abdominal area of velvety-black, which also occupies
nearly all the space from the median vein and its 2nd
branch from the base to the anal angle of the wing,
curving farthest from the median between its 2nd and 3rd
branches. A narrow curved streak of golden yellow is at
the edge of the abdominal margin, from the base; a
narrow submarginal band of black extends round the wing
from the apex into the inner marginal area of black, and is
narrowly scalloped above with a delicate olive-green, which
also borders the nervures; there are three rather large
sub-orbicular discal green spots between the nervules of
the upper half of the wings, each one pupilled in its
inner end bya black spot; the veins of the wing are brown
greenish-black, and quite distinctly expressed.

Under surface of anterior wings silky greenish-golden
yellow, varying in amount of colour according to the
position in which the light falls upon it; the apex and
upper part of the cell is more richly green; the costa
black; a moderately broad posterior marginal band of
black, curves towards the veins in this way...
the distal end of each vein disappearing in the apex of each
curve ; the interior black margin of the wing is a continu-
ation to the base of the outer marginal band; there are 4
small sub-lunate discal black marks between the ist and
and discocellular, the znd discocellular and first median
and downward to the 3rd median veins; below, on the
submedian fold is also a minute black spot; between the
4th and 5th subcostal nervules is a patch of black atoms
or scaling; the veins are all strongly expressed in black,
especially the median branches; the pseudoneura of the
cell are only very faintly shown at their distal ends, and
appear to be arranged differently from those of other
species, as will be seen by reference to my plate. Under
surfaces of the posterior wings as on the upper, ex-

TI2

cept that the yellow of the wings is evena richer gold, and
still more silky in texture; the three discal black orbicles
are slightly edged with green, and the entire area of ab-
dominal-marginal and submedian black of the upper
surface of the wings is replaced on the under surface by
golden green, with a clouding of yellow; the black veins
are very thinly and delicately shown, except the basal
section of the median vein which is stoutly black ; the costa
narrowly black; the outer margin only very thinly out-
lined in black; the abdominal marginal-fringe of hairs
light burnt-sienna colour, and not very prominent.

Head black; eyes, deep brown, underlined with ochra-
ceous whitish-yellow; thorax, velvety black; antenne,
‘black ; abdomen, golden orange yellow, with a triangulate
dorsal black mark on the anal segment. Thorax beneath,
black, with a small red pectoral patch only; legs, black
and with the tibia shaped like that of Sch. Meridionalis 3 ,
(resembling the tibia of some of the Hymenoptera), as will
be seen by reference to the plate; this applies only to the
2nd and 3rd pairs of legs, especially the latter ; abdomen,
yellow, black at its junction with the thorax—the first three
or four articulations are black, with a row of a small lateral
black dots. The wings are without the marginal light
fringe-lunules found in most of the Ornithoptera; but it
may be pointed out that this is the case with all the o ¢
of the Genus Schoenbergia, O. Priamus, and the upper
sides of some other species of the Genus Ornithoptera,
ut not on the undersides. In Schoenbergia the lunules
are not found on either surface, but are always present in
the females,

Anterior wing: length of costa 94 mms.; of posterior
margin 61 mms. ; of interior margin 55 mms.

Posterior wing: greatest length 60, and greatest width
48 mms.

Length of thorax with head, 22; of abdomen, 45; and
of antenne 36 mms. The antennz are delicately grace-
ful in form and thin—as in all the species of the genus
the apex being very little thicker than it is at its base.

Length(ist pair; femur, 14; tibia, 10; tarsi, 15 mms.
Che Sand so Gy ES ig LOR Sp ie as
Legs. 3rd ” 9 ” 16; ” 153. ” 19 ”
Habitat: Kapa Kapa, British New Guinea.

In comparing Titan with some of the species of the
other genera of the Troides we notice that in all
the ¢ ¢ of the Schoenbergie golden or apple green, and a
richly glowing silky golden-yellow occupies a larger space
on each surface of the wings than does the black. This
yellow is not found in any of the # # of the Genus
Ornithoptera, except sparingly. In O. Priamus only one
small patch is found on the under surface of the posterior
wing, with one or two minute yellow dots, and a longi-
tudinal dorsal stripe in the lemon yellow of the abdomen.
In O. Cassandra there are sometimes as many as six or
seven submarginal spots, in O. Richmondia there is a
similar arrangement ; in O. Poseidon five or six in similar
positions; in O. Crasus there are several of different shapes
above in the golden scarlet, and below in the green of
the posterior wings ; fewer in number but larger in area
in O. Lydius; very small dots on the undersides of
the posterior wings of O. Urvilliana, In the 4theopterons
only two, three, or four small spots on either surface of the
posterior wings, set in the midst of a bright lemon
yellow. In the Pompeoptera species we do not meet
with quite the same quality of yellow.

The anterior wings of Sch. Paradisea # have the
brighter areas of colour arranged nearly the same as in
Titan, so also do those of Sch. Meridionalis and Tithonus
but this is never the case with the species of the other
genera. In all the species of Schoenbergia, the arrange-
ment of colours of the posterior upper surfaces is similar in
plan—the black always occupying the same position, the
yellow becoming more and more dominant till we reach
Titan, where it almost entirely fills the wing area: the
same may be said of the under surfaces. In general ap-
pearance the form of Titan, though larger somewhat,
suggests that of O. Priamus or O, Cresus: the abdomen
also bears a resemblance to the bodies of those species.

A more detailed description of the legs of this species
studied microscopically will, by the aid of detail figures in
my plate, give a faint idea of their character. Of course,
the following is only a very slight contribution to an
examination of the anatomical structure of the legs. We
take the posterior or 3rd pair of legs first for obvious
reasons.

The tibia at midway of its length on its outer side,
nearly three times the width of the tarsus; quite smooth
and nitid, or without scales or sete; also slightly de-
pressed midway, and tumid at the junction (or forzlus)
with the tarsus; on the side that presses close to the
thorax, the tibia is convexed, or raised down the middle,
so as to allow the femur to be pressed close to the outer
side when in a state ofrest ; on the side opposite, which is
also smooth, where the femur is pressed, is a shallow groove
4 or 5 mms, long, within five or six mms. of the junction
with the femur. What purpose this serves it is difficult
to say. The inner edge of the tibia, i.e., nearest to
the femur is furnished with two or three rows of very
minute setze; there are the usual two short spines at the
torulus in which the tarsus is inserted; the femur is about
half the width of the tibia, with delicate setzeoid scales ;
concavely depressed along its entire length on both sides,
so that its outer edge is distinctly carinated; nearly close
below the point of union with the apex of the tibia the
femur widens out a little on either side, with a distinct
transverse indentation, and a slightly irregularly-shaped
depression above it. The tarsus is furnished along its
entire length with a multitude of sete of varying length ;
the first joint is twice the length of the second ; the second
14 times that of the third, fourth or fifth, and the ungues
of the 5th joint are only normal in length. The median
or second pair of legs, are fashioned nearly like the 3rd
pair, but the femur and tibia are about half the width or
thickness of the 3rd—the tibia being the widest ; the
ungues longer than in the third. The anterior pair of legs
are grooved, moulded, and carinated much like the 3rd
pair—the scale-like spur nearly half-way of the length of
the tibia, and gracefully formed; the rst joint of the
tarsus nearly three times as long as either the and, 3rd, or
5th, the penultimate or 4th joint shorter than either; the
ungues equal in length to those of the median pair of legs.
Close to the junction of the tibia and femur, where they
press together in a state of rest is a small, nearly U-shaped
yellow patch, which, viewed microscopically, appears to be
a bladder-like group of muscles, somewhat like a similar
organ to be found on the legs of many Lamellicorne
and Longicorne Coleoptera. except thatthe latter are gener-
ally covered superficially by pulvilli: these may, in the
butterfly, act as a pad fer the prevention of friction, or may
be slightly elastic in their function, or serve both purposes.
Only careful dissection could decide the question.

SCHOEN BERGIA

Troides Goliath, ¢.

Since writing the preceding pages, and drawing the
plate of Sch. Titan, I have had the opportunity of study-
ing and figuring the true ¢ of Sch. Goliath, and the true
@ of Sch. Titan; by which it will be seen that though
there is a significant similarity between the two nominal
species, there are yet some important differences between
them, especially in the females ; and it will be evident that
Titan can only take rank as a local variety, or at most as
a subspecies of the former.

$ Anterior wings: above intense velvety black and rich
golden green—the areas of each being arranged almost in
the same design as is Grose-Smith’s Titan, with the follow-
ing small differences :—The base of the wings in Titan is
not entirely black, as two subcostal green lines from the
base enclose the subcostal nervure, while in Goliath this
is not the case, in the example before me—the base being
black. In Goliath the space between the 3rd median
nervule and the submedian nervure is plentifully sprinkled
with the black scales, which on the nervure become a grad-
uated black patch reaching nearly to the outer marginal
band of the wing: in Titan this space is almost free from
the black scaling : the black scaling is also more extensive
in Goliath than in Titan; and the general green of the
wing, though in some lights more golden, has not in any
light the vivid tint of yellow asin Titan; when viewed
obliquely against the light the anterior wings are as golden
as is O. Cresus. The most vivid greenis on the costa of
the wing.

Posterior wings: vivid silky golden yellow as in Titan—
all the veins showing conspicuously in black or intensely
rich green—much more so than in Titan; the 3 discal
orbicular spots are of the same prominent green, the low-
est of the three being the largest, and enclosing a small
black spot or pupil ; the black marginal border and the black
submedian areas are edged with the same green : and from

113

GOLIATH. a.

Rothschild, ‘‘Novitates Zoologicz,” Vol. xi, page 311. (1904).

the band of the wing the inner or abdominal margin has
also a short curved green line.

Under surface of anterior wings: similar to that of Titan,
with the following exceptions: the upper margin of the
discoidal cell along its entire length is rather broadly
black. The space between the 4th and 5th subcostal ner-
vules is nearly entirely black, with a green latitudinal
stripe nearest the outer margin, and the submedian black
is rather more extensive than in Titan. The wings very
golden green—almost yellow, but the upper and outer
parts of the wings are a deep green.

Posterior wings as in Titan, except that the discal
black spots are smaller in proportion, and the lowest nearly
square, and slightly edged with green, the inner golden
yellow is silky brownish-golden.

Thorax, head and antenne as in Titan; eyes black;
abdomen not quite so ruddy yellow as in that variety.

Length of Costa 82 mms.; of outer margin about 45
mms.; greatest length of posterior wing 50 mms.; greatest
width of wing 36 mms.; length of abdomen or antennz
34 mms. ; of thorax with head, 22 mms.

Length Tst pair: femur, 12; tibia, 95 tarsi, 14 mms.
ends se ae els Adds Gy | TSh on
of Legs
SC e Seamed 4m LON G3

Habitat : Geelvink Bay, Dutch New Guinea.

The great similarity of this form to Mr. Grose-Smith’s
Titan indicates that Oberthiir’s Goliath is entitled to stand
as a representative species, and Titan as a local variety of
Goliath.

114

SCHOENBERGIA

GOLIATH, var. Titan. ¢.

Troides Goliath, v. Titax, Rothschild, '' Novitates Zoologice,"' Vol. xi., page 312 (1904).

¢. Anterior wings: warm dark brown of a uniform
tint ; the veins all sufficiently visible ; between the 3rd and
4th, and the 4th and 5th subcostal nervules are two almost
obsolete small groups of white atoms; a row of 3 minute
submarginal gray-white spots, situated from below to the
space between the 2nd and Ist median nervules; alsoa
discal gray white cuneiform spot between the 2nd and 3rd
median nervules.

Posterior wings: the same dark brown as on the anterior
wings ; the discal light area, about equal relatively to that
of the type of Golath; this area is very creamy-white
above the discal band of black orbicles, and very rufous
beneath them; the band of black orbicles is 6 in number,
the penultimate upper one being the largest, and
coalescing almost with the uniform dark area of the wing ;
a black spot is situated also in the upper part of the
aldominal light space; the abdominal margin is nearly
orange yellow; the dark outer marginal band is lunate in
the same manner as in Golzath.

Under surface of anterior wings as above, except that
the light spots are more numerous, and rather larger.
The submarginal band consists of small spots, sub-
cuneiform, the upper ones being mere specks of grey;
there is also a spot corresponding to that on the upper
surface.

Under surface of posterior wings as above: the light °

area a pure buff white above the orbicles, and orange
buff below them, becoming very rich buff orange at the
anal angle; the black orbicles are ovoid in form; and the
light area is not subdued by brown scales, as on the

upper surface of the wing; but the dark area nearest the
submedian black spot is modified by buff white scales.

The thorax, head and antenne as in Goliath; the
abdomen above, grey, the sides and subdorsum rich buff —
orange—the articulations being broadly black. Length of
costa 119, of outer margin 75, and inner margin 60 mms.
Greatest length of posterior wings 74 mms.; greatest
width 60 mms.

Length of abdomen or antennz 39, and of thorax with
the head 23 mms.

Leneth (tSt pair: femur, 12; tibia, 93; tarsi, 9 mms.

of Legs ”? ” 16; ” 15; ”? 18 ”
3rd _,, 1» Tdeh oy M55 5, Zoro,

When viewed obliquely opposite a strong light the dark
parts of the wings exhibit distinct cupreus reflections.

Hab. Aroa River, British New Guinea.
In the Tring Museum.

It will be seen that the differences between the ? ? of
Goliath and Titan are comparatively slight, except that
Goliath contains a moderately large white indented
mark in the cell of the anterior wings, and that in-
stead of the numerous white spots of Goliath on the
anterior wings, the same wings of Titan are nearly
immaculate. Both forms appear to occur in Dutch and
British New Guinea, and probably all over this great
island.

115
The following table of the ¢ ¢ will enable us to readily separate the species of this genus :—

A. ANTERIOR WINGS.

1. Costa nearly 5:3rds the length of the interior margin, Titan; nearly 2 and 1-4th times, Paradisea; 2 times the
length, Meridionalis ; about 1 and 3-4ths, Tithonus ; nearly two times, Goliath.
2. Inner margin of wings straight, Titan, Goliath, Paradisea, Tithonus , nearly straight, Meridionalis.
3. Wings larger and wider than the posterior wings, Titan, Paradisea.
3a. Much larger, Meridionalis.
3b. Verv little larger, Tzthonus.
3c. Wings larger, but the same width as the posterior wings, Goliath.
4. The 3rd subcostal nervure emitted close to the apex of the discoidal cell, Titan, Paradisea, Meridionalis.
4a. The 3rd subcostal nervure emitted at 3 millimetres below the apex of the cell, T7thonus
ab. The 3rd subcostal nervure emitted at 2 mms. below the distal end of the cell, Golzath.
4c. The 4th and 5th subcostal nervures emitted at 8, 9 or 10 mms above, or beyond the apex of the cell, all
4 species.
B. Posterior WINGS, 3.
1. Wings rounded, Titan.
1a. Irregular in form or outline, Tzthonus.
tb. With a caudal prolongation of the 3rd median nervure, or tailed, Paradisea, Meridionalis.
tbb. The terminal of the tail leaf-like, Meridionalis
tbbb. Costa nearly straight; the rest of the wing outline somewhat rounded, but terminated almost to a
point at the anal angle, Golzath.
2. Upper surface of wings yellow, green and black, Paradisea, Goliath, Titan, and Meridionalis ; the black of the
latter broken up into lines.
2a. Wings of the 3 colours, with 3 orbicular black discal spots, Tithonus.
2aa. With three orbicular green discal spots, black pupilled, Tztan.
2aaa. With 3 orbicular green spots, the lowest with a black pupil, Goliath.
2b. Under surface of wings without black orbicles, Paradisea, Meridionalis.
abb. With black orbicles, and marks, Titan, Tithonus ; in the former there are only three.
2bbb. With 3 black orbicles only, Goliath.
3. With white abdominal marginal fringe of long hairs, Meridionalis.
3a. The fringe creamy white, Paradisea.
3b. The fringe sienna colour, Tithonus.
3bb. The fringe very short and light sienna colour, Titan and Goliath.
C. Heap.
1. Antenne of Titan and Goliath slim like those of Goliath ?.
2. Eyes lighter than in the other species of the genus.
2a. Eyes darker, Goliath.

D. THorax.
1. Thorax entirely black, Titan, Tithonus, Goliath.
ta. Notentirely black, but with a longitudinal leaf-like yellow mark, Paradisea.
tb. With four greenish-yellow marks, Merzdionalis.

E. ABDOMEN.
t. Golden yellow, Paradisea, Tithonus, Titan, Goliath.
1a. Lemon-yellow, Meridionalis.
2. With a long dark striped longitudinal mark, Paradisea.
2a. With a simple grey longitudinal stripe, Meridionalis.
gaa. With no longitudinal, or only a faintly greenish, stripe, Tithonus.
2aaa. With no longitudinal stripe, Titan.
F. Lees.
1. Legs black, Titan, Tithonus, Goliath.
ta. Femora light yellow, Paradisea.
tb. Femora White, Meridionalis.

ri6

The Localities of the different species of this Genus may again be given here, for reference :—

Schoenbergia Paradisea, Finisterre Mountains, German Coast of New Guinea, in south latitude (about) 5°30’ to
7°o', and East longitude 146°0' to 147°15’.

Sch. Paradisia, var. Flavescens, Etna Bay, Dutch S.W. Coast of New Guinea, in east longitude (about) 134°45’, and
south latitude 3°30’. ’

Sch. Paradisea, var. Punctata, Erima, Astrolabe Bay, German Coast, in east longitude (about) 146°0’: and south
latitude 5°50’ to 6°0’,

Sch. Meridionalis, Mailu, British Territory and other parts of the same territory, extending probably from east
longitude 143°0' to 149°; and south latitude 8°30’ to 10°15’.

Sch. Tithonus, in Waigiu Island, Dutch Territory, east longitude (about) 130°10' to 131°35’; and at Kapaur, the
Western Province of Onan, along the coast probably from east longitude 132°15’ to 134°o’, and south latitude
2°15’ to 4°0’.

Sch, Goliath ¢?, also at Kapaur, Dutch Coast, and at Mailu, British S.W. Territory, in east longitude, 146°40’ and
nearly the same latitude as that of Kapa Kapa.

Sch. Titan, ¢, at Kapa Kapa, British (south coast) Territory, in east longitude (about) 147°20’, and south latitude
(about) 9°45’.

Sch. Goliath, ¢ Geelvink Bay, Dutch New Guinea, in east longitude, about 135°, and south latitude, about 3°30’.

Sch. Titan, ° Aroa River, British New Guinea, in east longitude, about 146°40’ and south latitude from 8°0’ to 8°50’.

ZETHEOPTERA VICTORIA: ».

117

Rubianus.

Troides Victoriz#, Rubianus, Rothschild, " Novitates Zoologicz,” Vol. XI., page 654 (1904).

é. Anterior wings differ from those of the type form
(figured on Plate 21a of Vol. I. of this work) in the following
particulars :—the green of the wings is of a deeper and
bluer colour, especially towards the costa. This colour
is more graduated into a rather warmer tint towards the
lower part of the wing; the subapical patch is much
smaller than in Regine and blue green shaded into
yellow green on the outer side; also strongly intersected
by the black veins.

Posterior wings: bluish green graduated into a lighter
golden green; not modified by scaling as in the type, or
at least very sparingly; the lemon yellow submarginal
band (with its three golden orange enclosed spots seen in
the type) is entirely absent in this form; the black outer
marginal band is considerably broader than in the type.
The left hind wing and right fore wing have fiery orange
and violet reflections when viewed against the light, and
around the sexual brand the black is shot with an
opalescent blue and violet silky sheen.

Under surface with all the green marks of the fore
wings nearly as darkly green as above, and more blue
towards the costa.

Under surface of the posterior wings golden green,
somewhat darker than in the type form, much warmer
golden towards the abdominal margin; with no golden
internervular submarginal spots as in the type, and the
submarginal black spots at the terminals of the veins
much larger than in the type, and of fullest width united
to the fringe; the costal marginal black also wider than
in the type.

Thorax, head, and antenne intensely black; abdomen
rich buff, with a central longtitudinal faintly pink stripe,
lateral rows of 4 black marks, and beneath 2 lateral and
a central subdorsal black stripe extending from the base
to the end of the anal valves.

Length of costa, 71 mms.; greatest length of the
posterior wing, 54 mms.; greatest width, 37 mms. ; length
of antennz or abdomen, 32 mms.; of thorax with head,
2I mms.

Length a aa femur, 12; tibia, 19% tarsi, I4 mms.
of Legs ae 3 7 ee %? ee ? 17 ?
3r 7) 9 103} 7 ed I2 ? red if 1?

Habitat : Rendova, Solomon Islands (Meek).

When viewed from a distance againt the light the upper
green surface of this form: appears a deep olive blue
green ; if seen obliquely in the same position it appears,
like all the ornithoptera, a rich cupreus red, with a silky,
almost metallic chitonous sheen around the sexual brand.
This variety is remarkable as being a distinct departure
from the patterns of the others forms of Victoria, and
especially from the absence of the yellow submarginal
band of the hind wing—facts that would almost warrant
its being given full specific rank, that is as species aremade.

I am indebted to the liberality of the Hon. W. Roths-
child for the loan of his unique specimen, and type.

?. Anterior wings very dark smoky brown, darkest
towards the base; with an outer submarginal band

of 8 large warm gray internervular spots of diverse
shapes, the largest being between the 3rd median and
sub-median veins; an inner transverse band of discal
large gray marks and spots, sub-lunate without,—the
lowest, between the median and sub-median veins,
becoming very narrow at its lower part, then widening
and re-uniting with the gray area that fills 2-3rds of the
inner marginal space from the base. Within the cell is
a basal patch of gray, scaled with greenish yellow on the
black to 1-3rd, and a large creamy gray patch from
midway of the cell to near its distal end, broadly indented
from the distal end by a wedge of black; the base of the
interior or inner margin is also scaled like the base of the
cell.

Posterior wings black or fumous brown; base of cell
and above it scaled with golden gray; the disc creamy
gray, with an extra band of internervular conical large
black marks, two of them separated from the black veins,
and lunate towards the outer margin by the gray
sub-marginal marks that follow; the gray extends also to
the inner, or abdominal margin; the first 4 veins are
broadly black, and the outer margin very broadly black,
as it is entirely a continuation of the discal black of the
wings.

Under surface of anterior wings: with all the markings
as above, except that the discocellular mark is edged with
chrome yellow at its basal end. The basal patch is
yellow and faintly scaled, and there are 2 internervular
yellow stripes between the first 3 subcostal branches.

Under surface of posterior wings: all markings nearly
the same as above, except that the basal patch is rather
more extensive and chrome yellow, and the upper and
lower divisions of the discal light area are of the same
yellow, graduated into the gray; a small black dot is
found also in the subcostal yellow division, and the yellow
suffuses the gray submarginal mark between the ist and
and subcostal nervules.

The thorax, head, atenne and base of the abdomen
are black; the abdomen above creamy buff white,
becoming yellow at the sides and subdorsum, and the
usual lateral black dots replaced by a continuous broad
black line united with the subdorsal black; the lower
yellow articulations strongly divided with black, and a
subanal black mark.

Length of costa, or mms.; of outer or hind margin,
70 mms.; and of anterior or inner margin, 55 mms.
Greatest length of posterior wing, 75 mms.; greatest
width 46 mms. Length of abdomen or antennz, 37
mms.; and of thorax with head, 24 mms.

Habitat : Rendova, Solomon Islands (Meek).
In the Tring Museum.

The pattern of Rubianus is sufficiently distinct from
that of the females of the type form ; but the greatest dis-
tinctness from the type of Victoriz is in the ¢, as I
have shewn above. Even the outer margin of the anterior
wings of Rubianus is more equally curved from the
apical angle to the base of the interior margin than in the
type Victoria.

rr8

ZETHEOPTERA VICTORIA, var. Isabella.

Troides, Victoris, Isabeila, Rothschild, '' Novitates Zoologice” Vol. II., p. 655 (1904),

é. Anterior wings: most closely resemble the ex-
ample of A’. Regine figured in Vol. I. plate 23b of this
work. The differences are comparatively few, and are as
follows :—The large subapical green patch is golden green
all over, with green atoms along the 2nd and 3rd sub-
median branch, extending inward a little beyond the
apical patch as a narrow line; the inner outline of
the patch is more irregular than in Regine, and the lower
end is not pointed asin Regine. The colour of this green
patch is subject to variation of intensity, according to the
position of the insect, but is not so golden-shot as in
Regine, at least on the right wing, whatever light it may
be viewed in—but on the other wing it becomes a very
vivid greenish golden yellow as in Regine ; the lower
3rd of the patch has on the inner side a small black
spot encroaching on it, the size of the patch is
relatively to the size of the insect, the same as in Regine.
The basal area of colour is a slightly warm veronese
ereen,more golden near the precostal nervure,as in the types
of Victorig and Regine. This basal greenarea does not be-
come very much more golden even when viewed opposite the
light. The discal black invades the green with a large
indentation between the median and sub-median ner-
vures, and the whole of the dark cell area, and that
above and around the sexual brand is, in the proper
light, beautifully opalescent.

Posterior wings: closely resemble those of Regine
(see Vol. I., plate 23b, figure 1), except in the green being
a richer and more uniform colour, though still tending to
become rather golden towards the base, asin Regine ; the
black scaling in the cell is intense, extending from the
distal end nearly to the base as a black jewelled cone,
with its apex at the base of the wing as a fine point, all
the veins being margined on both sides with green scales
which extend on tothe disc, as in all the other forms ;
indeed the ground plan of the wing is a uniform velvety-
black surface, on which the green pattern with all its
minute details is produced by more or less green scaling,
until the golden-green submarginal band is reached, where
the colour is a continuous band of four rich golden-green
curved macule, extending from the anal to near the
apical angles—the three lower ones enclosing vivid golden
orange spots—all of which by contact with the deep
black of the disc and margins, causes the colours to
appear inexpressibly yivid and beautiful.

[There are several ways of viewing this insect, if we
wish to understand its beauties:—(z) Seen very ob-
liquely opposite the light, the black of the lower wing is
shot with rich purple and violet. (2) Opposite the

light ina natural position, the green of all the wings is
nearly golden and the yellows all become inexpressibly
silky golden, especially on the left wings; and the black
of the cell, and below it are a subdued opalescence. (3)
Viewed very obliquely against the light, the greens become
cupreus, and the yellow saffron coloured, the black of the
cell like polished metal with intense ultramarine blue,
while the opposite wing may be opalescent with blue and
gold and along the edges of some of the veins and the sub-
median fold we have flaming ridges of fiery brilliance.
(4) Viewed against the light at a moderate distance, all
the green becomes deep and dark, and if the distance is
a little increased, the green of the cell and disc appear
quite violet black, and the anterior wing apical patch and
posterior green and golden band are very greatly subdued.
It is evident that, as is the case of Humming Birds and
Birds of Paradise, in a state of nature, when flying or
even resting, these insects must often be nearly invisible,
or so modified in appearance as to appear anything but
what they are.]

Under surface of anterior wings: asin Regine, except
that the cell and subdiscal areas of black are rather more
extensive, the median nervure and its branches more
broadly black bordered, the whole appearance of the
wing pattern is bolder, and the green areas not quite so
golden ; there is also a black spot between the 3rd and
4th submedian veins. Under surface of posterior wings
as in Regine, but more uniform in its golden tint, and the
three submarginal orange spots are rather larger and more
elongate than in Regine. [Viewed very obliquely against
the light the green of the wings appears vivid saffron
yellow ; opposite the light intense golden green.|

Length of costa 30 mms.; greatest width of primary
wing 35mms. Greatest length of posterior wing 60 mms. ;
greatest width 34 mms. Length of abdomen 36, of an-
tennz 34, and of thorax with head 34 mms. The colour
and markings of the abdomen do not differ from that of
Regine.

Leneth (23 pair: femur, 12; tibia, 8; tarsi, 15 mms.
of ies and Le] ” 13; ” 13; 7 15 ”
3rd 7 re) Il ; ) T4; ” 18 thy

Habitat: Isabella Island, Solomon Archipelago. (Meek).

In the Tring Museum.

This variety is most closely allied to Regine, Salvin.

Lig

ORNITHOPTERA ARUANA, v. Odzensis.

As I have been quite unable to ascertain in what pub-
lication this insect has been described, and by whom, and
also its name, though I have been assured that it has
been described by a Dutch Entomologist, I have thought
it best to provisionally propose the above name, v. Obiensis,
so as to prevent further delay. Later on, if I obtain the
required information, I will acknowledge it, when the above
name may or may not, become a synonym.

3. Anterior wings: deep velvety black, with a discal
warm brown pupeform sexual mark; the subcostal colour
band is silvery greenish azurine blue, rather broad uniform-
ly, extending from the base to the apex of the wing; the
interior submarginal band of the same green extends from
the base till half way up the outer margin of the wings,
when it becomes divided into three twin spots to withina
little distance from the apex, the highest spot small and
composed of bluish-green atoms; the median nervure
slighty indicated by a line of bluish atoms, otherwise the
neuration is only obscurely to be seen.

Posterior wings of the same greenish blue, the veins,
other than the subcostal and median, only faintly seen; a
few delicate black hairs flow from the base into the cell
a little below it, and a few black atoms are equally scater-
ed over the wing, but can only be seen by examining the
wing closely ; there are 8 lemon-orange internervular spots
(nearly obsolete) near the outer margin; and a narrow
black submarginal border; the abdominal marginal fold
is dark brown. [Viewed obliquely opposite the light,
the left lower wing becomes a brilliant silvery azure blue,
with salmon coloured reflections, and the colour band of
the anterior wing silvery green ; opposite the light, in the
ordinary way, the wings are warm bluish silvery green;
viewed against the light the wings become lilac, and slight-
ly saffron green; obliquely they are entirely suffused ‘with
silvery salmon tints.| The longitudinal thoracic mark
the same colour as in the wing.

Undersurface of anterior wing, with the transverse discal
colour marks silvery azure-blue on the lower three,
and all the others to the sub-costa silvery olive green ; the
distal end of the cell on its lower half with a moderately
large green spot, extending nearly half way towards the
base, and there is a short elongate and green congeries of
atoms close to the submedian nervure, midway of the cell.

Under surface of the posterior wings golden green, but
with the lower half of the cell, and part of the area
beneath the median nervure silvery azure blue; an elon-

gate spot of golden yellow between the costal and sub-
costal veins; a transverse band of suborbicular black
discal spots, 5 in number, followed by an outer row of
golden yellow spots; the submedian area half-way from
the anal angle rich yellow, shading into the blue above;
the abdominal fold vivid brown, and fringe of hairs chest-
nut tint.

[Viewed opposite the light the appearance is nearly
normal, or very slightly warmer; obliquely against the
light the colours are subdued, and shot with a saffron
yellow sheen, except on the blue; when the sky is clouded
the greens appear olive toned.]

The abdomen ts golden orange yellow as in Eumeus,
Length of costa 76, of hind margin 53, and of inner margin
35 mms. Greatest length of posterior wing 44, and width
35 mms. Length of abdomen or antennz 34, and of the
thorax with head 21 mms.

Habitat: Obi or Oby Major. (Waterstradt).

Obi is a small island S. of Batjan, or slightly S.W. of
Djillolo, in about E. longitude 127°22’ to 123°12’ and
about S. latitude 1°18’ to 1° 14’. )

This form, probably a local variety of Aruana, appears
to be closely allied to Eumeus, and is another of those
transitional links between Aruana and Urvilliana, of which
more will probably come to hand in the future.

The most important difference between Obiensis and
Eumeus is the character of the different blue colours. In
Obiensis also the blue extends uniformly over the coloured
portions of the wings ; in Eumeus there is a decided patch
of green on the posterior wings to below the first subcostal
nervule ; there are discal black orbicles towards the outer
margin, in Obiensis there are none, but there are two small
yellow spots and traces of a third; and while on the
anterior wings the median vein and its branches are well
marked with green atoms, only a few blue atomic scales
indicate the direction of the median vein in Obiensis. On
the under-surface of Eumeus the cell is nearly occupied
by the green area, while in Obiensis less than 1-4th of the
cellis coloured. On the posterior wing of Eumeus there
are no submarginal golden spots, but in Obiensis they are
fully present.

In the Tring Museum and other collections.

120

POMPEOPTERA MIRANDA, var. Neomtranda.

Frithstorfer, Ornithoptera Neomiranda, ‘' Societas Entomologica, Zurich,” t.c. p. 57 (1903); ‘‘ Osthalfte Sumatra," p. 1903 (1903).

This splendid insect may be worthy of full specific rank.
It is a much larger form than the ¢ of Miranda, and though
the anterior wings closely resemble those of the latter,
their great size, more rounded apex, and the adnervular
yellow rays, with the distal yellow mark of the cell differ-
entiate Neomiranda from Miranda. But in the posterior
wings we observe greater differences. The wings have a
stronger, bolder appearance, the submarginal (or admar-
ginal) border of black is wider and more strongly denticu-
lated than in Miranda, and altogether there is a strong
suggestion of its specific difference.

g. Anterior wings deep velvet black, with an appear-
ance or suggestion of a bluish tint : but thisis so faint and
fugitive as to completely elude any definition of it. In
Miranda the violet tint is easily seen in a proper light, but
here we have a strong black which we know must have a
violet blue mingling, though the eye is unable to find that
tint,

The veins, except the median, are almost invisible, being
hidden by the velvety black, except where they pass
through the yellow rays ; the adnervular rays extend from
the inner angle to the 2nd subcostal nervule, and are
longer than in Miranda: these are all yellow and graduated
into a dull grey towards the outer margin, and uniformly
subdued by brown scales; a small area of the same colour
is at the distal end of the discoidal cell, and the terminal
of the central pseudoneurus.

Posterior wings: very rich golden yellow, with prominent
black veins; base of wings black; the submarginal (or
admarginal) dark border broad, especially towards the
anal angle, with long dentations or lunations interiorly,
and with the outline of the wing also deeply dentate or
lunate: this border is violet black, like the black of the

anterior wing; the interior marginal fold is also purple
black. A delicate hairy fringe flows from the base over
the yellow of the cell and submedian area.

Undersurface of anterior wings as above, except that
undefinable sheen of the black, is rather more seen, and
the yellow rays and yellow end of the cell are not subdued
by the brown scaling.

Undersurface of posterior wings as above, except that
the yellow is slightly richer, and the admarginal dentate
black border is slightly narrower than above—the apices
of the dentations of the upper surface appearing through
as green apices above the black of the undersurface; the
costal, sub costal and basal areas of the wings black ; the
interior or abdominal margin black, light sienna, and with
a burnt umber fringe.

The hind or outer margin is nearly straight, with white
fringe lunules : the interior margin 1s also nearly straight.
Length of abdomen or antenne 35 mms. [In the example
before me the antennz are too short, having been broken
and glued on again.| Length of thorax with head 23 mms.

Head, antenne and thorax black; eyes nitid brown;
abdomen golden yellow, with a dorsal burnt sienna stripe ;
anal valves buff white.

Length of costa go, of outer margin 63, and of inner
margin about 45 mms; greatest length of posterior wing
63, and width about 40 mms.

Habitat, W. Sumatra, (Frihstorfer).

In the Tring Museum.

121

Genus SCHOENBERGIA, PAGENSTECHER.

Section PHALZNosSoMA, Rippon.

The characteristics of Mr. Rothschild’s well-named
Sch. Chimera are so clearly differentiated from all other
known species of Troides, that it seemed justifiable to
me to assign it a position in a new section of the genus
Schoenbergia. And though, prima facie, a casual examina-
tion of the ¢ would not suggest any particular departure
from the general appearance of other species of the
genus, a more careful study would prove its very unusual
or remarkable character. No one would be likely to
overlook this fact in the ?, any more than they would in
the case of the ? of Ornithoptera Lydius.

The following is the diagnosis of the sectional
characters of Sch. Chimera.

$ Anterior wings. Costa not so gracefully arcuate as
in Titan or Paradisia ; the anterior angle more rounded ;
the wing rather larger in proportion to the posterior wing
than in the general species of the genus; broader in pro-
portion also; the exterior margin somewhat incurved
along its length [in Titan, Goliath, &c. (except Paradisia
and Meridionalis) it is nearly straight] ; the interior mar-
gin deviates irregularly from the nearly straight line of
all the other species except Meridionalis ; the green areas
of the upper surface are three in number. [In all the
other species they are only two, though these species
differ very much from each other in other respects. From
the base of the wing long hairs may be seen by an oblique
examination. Posterior wing near the anal angle very
concave ; all other species are without this incurvature
except slightly in Goliath. The entire area of black from

the abdominal margin inward is covered with long black
hairs standing above the velvety black, and curved for-
ward in one direction; the abdominal-marginal fringe is
also moderately long. The thorax is not only of the
usual densely black appearance, but is also furnished with
a multitude of long fine black hairs, which proceed from
every part of it, as on the wing. The abdomen on its
subdorsum is furnished with yellow fringe-like scales from
every articulation, quite unlike what obtains in any other
species. The abdominal marginal fringe is long, but
scanty.

2 Posterior wings larger in proportion than the an-
terior. Both wings in some undefined way unlike those
of other Ornithoptera ; undersurface of the anterior wings
with the row of submarginal marks all fringed with long
white scales. The fringe lunules on both wings and sur-
faces are moth-like. The posterior wing on the upper
surface at half way from base to end of the cell clothed
with long hairs, and when viewed obliquely, are seen to
be taised high above the dark brown surface of the wing ;
the abdominal-marginal fringe fairly long and dense. The
thorax is broad and moth-like, with a multitude of long
black hairs starting from all parts of it; abdomen very
moth-like, each joint widely banded with fringed-black
scales, which rise above and below the body, as do also
the yellow ones.

The whole aspect of the ? is that of a moth—the body
suggesting a Sphinge, and the thorax a Bombyx.

122

SCHOENBERGIA (PHAL2NOSOMA) CHIMAERA.

Troides Chimera, Rothschild, '" Novitates Zoologice,"’ Vol. XI, p. 311 (1902).

é Anterior wings deep velvety black, with 3 extensive
areas of golden emerald green. The first commences at
1-4th of the wing length from the base as a thin line run-
ning parallel with the subcostal vein to the apical angle,
but broadens out in its course to the 5th subcostal
nervule, being intersected by the 4th s-c nervule and
divided into two parts at the outer margin, the inner
edges and one small posterior portion of the green
above being rather heavily shaded, and the area mid-
way richly golden; the 2nd area commences on the
median nervure at the base as a narrow curved band at
halfway of which it unites with the large irregular striped
discal area which transversly occupies a position of the
spaces between the median branches and a little below
its 4th; this area entends to within a little of the
posterior margin, and is graduated into black at all points
by green atoms, and within the green by black scaling :
there is also asmall patch of black scaling between the
3rd and 4th median branches; the 3rd is a narrow band
extending parallel with the interior margin, nearly to the
posterior angle.

Under surface rich golden green beautifully shaded ;
the costa and upper part of the discoidal cell, and a small
patch intersected by the discocellular vein, deep black ;
a transverse discal band of black costal veins ;a marginal
black border commences at the base of anterior angle,
being curiously indented by green along its course, be-
coming very broad as it reaches the apical or anterior
angles—and exclusively at this part a rather long thin
green line.

Posterior wings: The central area of wings (including the
cell, the subcostal, and the greater part of the disc) silky
golden yellow, enclosing between the 2nd discoidal and
Ist median nervules a small black spot contained with-
in a green circle; the remainder of the wing (with the
exception of a narrow outer marginal band and the
broad submedian area of black) is golden emerald
green—graduated into the black by green atoms; a trans-
verse row of three subtriangulate black spots parallel
to the outer margin; the base is black; there is also an
interior marginal short green stripe near to the base; the
abdominal fringe is sienna colour.

Undersurface as above in general arrangement of
pattern and colour, but the yellow area is indescribably
golden, changing with light and position into dark silky
ochraceous shades; the costal and outer margins with
only a black outline; the abdominal marginal and part
of the submedian area is pearly rufous grey ; all the rest
of the wings golden green, except a black triangulate
submedian spot, a few costal black scales, and a trans-

verse row of three subdiscal black orbicles. A green
round spot, edged with black, is situated between the 2nd
discoidal and 1st median nervules in the yellow area.

Head: Antenne black; eyes nitid rufescent; thorax
velvety black, with a multitude of long black hairs; the
small red pectoral patch concealing the breathing organs
is of this shape; the legs black and strong; abdomen
yellow with broad lateral black marks on each segment,
and on the underside each segment is outlined also with
black; the usual triangulate black mark on the upper
side of the anal segment; the subdorsum with yellow
fringe scales, as described in the diagnosis of the Section
on page Iai.

Length of antennz or abdomen 76 mms. ; of exterior
margin 55 mms.; of inner margin 4omms. Greatest length
of posterior wing 49 mms. ; greatest width 36 mms.

Ist pair: fem ; tibi ; tarsi 7
Length of 5 pal ur, 95 tibia, 103 tarsi, 13 mms
L 2n oP] ” It ? ” 14 ’ ” 15 ”
egs. , ‘
”? Il ? ” 13 ? 7 16 ”

Length of abdomen or antenne 35 mms.; of thorax
with head 21 mms.

¢ Anterior wings dark velvety brown; discoidal cell
with a subdiscal nearly transverse, irregularly shaped
white patch, subdued by dark grey atoms; a transverse
row of eight ochraceous white marks more or less uniform,
and varying in size from a small spot below to the largest
between the znd and 3rd median branches—one spot is
stained brown. A second subdiscal transverse row starts
from near the interior angle, and curves irregularly up in
an inward direction to near the subcostal vein, almost
close to the 1st spot of the first row, and furthest from
the apical and outer margin—these are grey-white,
tinged with blue, and subdued by scaling, and are im-
perfectly sub-hastate or cuneiform, and of varying size ;
a slight congeries of white scales on the interior margin
at the end of the interno-median nervule ; the marginal
lunations are prominently white and fringe-like, like those
of a moth.

Undersurface very much as above, except that the
light marks are larger and creamy white, more determin-
ate in shape. The 2nd discal transverse row has all its
marks edged most prominently with white fringe-like
scales, giving a moth-like appearance to the wings; and
there are three streaks of similar scales in the spaces en-
closed by the 3rd, 4th and 5th subcostal nervules. The
fringe lunules as above.

Posterior wings: From the base to the distal end of
cell with 3-4th of the submedian, and one half of the
costal and subcostal areas, very dark brown; the disc is
ochraceous white, shaded towards the outer margin more
and more deeply with bluish grey ; midway of this large
area is a transverse curved band of large orbicular black
spots, 7 in number—the 7th or submedian united with
the general dark area, and distorted in shape. Below the
orbicles are internervular lunate shades of yellow beneath
the blue grey—the whole subdued by a clouding of grey
atoms; a moderately broad marginal band of black
lunations ; a small white spot at the distal end of the
cell; the fringe lunules white and scaled, moth-like. The
abdominal fringe fairly long and dark.

Undersurface as above, except that the white and
yellow parts are pure—the yellow being aureolin in colour
and the precostal cell white. All the discal veins are
very delicate.

Head: Antennz black, moderately stout ; eyes rufous
brown, underlined with white; thorax above densely
black with a multitude of long, mothlike hairs (viewed
obliquely) ; with the usual pectoral red marks ;_ the legs
stout and prominent ; abdomen yellow, broadly banded
with black at each articulation—occupying more space
than the yellow ; the black and yellow consist of long
hair-like scales extending even outside the outline of the
body, giving it much the appearance of the abdomen of
a Sphinge moth or that of an Antherea. When the
butterfly is examined in the right position, it is found to be

123

partly covered with long hairs, as may be seen by my
diagram on the supplementary plate L.

Length of abdomen or antennz 35; of thorax with the
head 23mms. Anterior wing: length of costa 99 mms. ;
of exterior margin 70 mms. ; of interior margin 45 mms. ;
Posterior wing: greatest length 74 mms. ; width 45 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 9; tibia, 10; tarsi, II mms.
and ,, OL, ay TR ees
3rd ” ? 14; ” I2 > ” 17 1?

Length of
Legs

Habitat: Owgarra north of the head of the Aroa River,
British New Guinea. Discovered by Mr. Meek, to whom
we are indebted for the sending of a multitude of the most
beautiful species of butterflies and moths that have ever
enriched our collections. New Guinea and its adjacent
islands certainly furnish many of the most wonderful and
beautiful insects and birds in the world. Among the
lepidoptera we may mention those of the lovely genus
Delias of the Pieride ; anda large number of Bombyces,
Geometridz and Pyralide. Indeed N. Guinea is a won-
derland in its productions. Iam indebted to my friends
Mr. H. Grose-Smith and Col. Rimington for the pleasure
of figuring and describing this wonderful form; but
I at first was able to closely examine several fine examples,
with the types, by the kindness of its first possessor, the
Hon. W. Rothschild, who discovered a 2 in a lot of
common or well-known things in papers, just at the
moment when he had almost abandoned the hope of
finding anything that was new to him. Soon after this
he received from Mr. Meek a number of examples of both
sexes, to the delight of himself and all Naturalists.

124

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRIBE TROIDES.

PART II.

Stretching away from about 4° 8’ of South Latitude, where the most Southern point of Borneo (the and largest
island in the world) commences, to about 18° 35’ North Latitude, (where we find the Babuyan Islands) extends a mass
of more or less interrupted land, which, from its appearance must, at some period of the earth’s past history, have been
a large continent at least 1,440 miles in length, and quite 600 miles wide at its widest from West to East. It is
possible that it may have been double that width, for its most westerly point commences at about 109° East Longi-
tade, near the Burong Isles on the West Coast of Sarawak, and its most easterly, about 130° 30’ East Longitude on
the East Coast of the island of Mindanao. This (now theoretical) area of land includes the immense island of Borneo on
the West side, the Balabac Straits and islets, the peninsula-like island Palawan, and its offshoots Kalamon, Busuango,
Koron Islets, Mindoro Straits and Mindoro, Lubang and the West Coast of the large Philippine Island of Luzon, of
which Manilla is the chief port, and the Babuyan Islands; while on the East we have Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago
curving away farther and farther eastward, then with an inclination north-west to Samar, still westing more and
more till the Philippines again terminate on the East Coast of Luzon at its most northerly point. In other words this
area includes the whole of Borneo, the Sulu Sea and Archipelago, and the Philippines.

This is one of the richest zoological regions on the globe, and its productions are almost incalculable in
number. The land shells of the Philippine Islands number probably nearly 400 species and 12 genera, generally large
and beautiful; the fluviatile species found by the late Hugh Cuming were more than 100. Borneo must supply
over fifty species of land shells belonging to at least g genera, besides multitudes of fresh water univalves and bivalves—
besides these, there are also the productions of the Sulu Archipelago. The Coleoptera of the Philippines, though
perhaps not so large as some of those of Borneo, furnish us with many beautiful things, notably the glorious species of
Pachyrinchide, most of them like living jewels. The birds are sufficiently numerous, and among their number are many
most beautiful species. The same may be said of Borneo.

Among the numerous lepidoptera of this immense region the Ornithoptera are well represented, though perhaps not
quite so well as in the New Guinea regions. In Borneo we have Amphrysus and its varieties Rufi-and Flavicollis,
Rhadamantus (or Nephereus), which is a native of Mindoro, Mindanao, and Luzon ; Plateni in Palawan, also Magellanus
in Luzon, East Mindanao, Babuyanes, Polillo; T. Brookeana at Sarawak in West Borneo, Kina Balu, North Borneo,
&c.; IT. Trojana, a still more beautiful representative of the genus, is peculiar to Palawan; P. Helena, v. celebensis is
found in Borneo; P. Mivanda in Sarawak and Sandakan, (North Borneo); P. Andromache at Kina Balu and P. Cerberus
in the Natuna Islands.

With respect to Borneo, its northern portion appears to be the richest in Ornithoptera, of which two Genera
are found. This area of the island is about 24,000 square miles in extent, completely surrounded by the sea except to
the south and west. The coast line is extremely irregular, over 600 miles in length, with several good harbours. The
Kina River is navigable for a distance of 200 miles by large steam launches. Kina Balu, or the Chinese Widow, rich
in butterflies, many of them very fine species, is 13,700 feet high, and belongs to a mountain range which extends south
westerly, with few interruptions, to about 1° o' north latitude, where its height is from 3,000 to 4,000 feet at Batang
Lupar. The north-west headland at the north extremity of the island consists of the red sandstone cliffs of Pulu
Balhalla, which rise perpendicularly to a height of 600 feet or more. In their many caverns the nests of Collocalia
Linchii, the edible Swallow, are abundant. Behind this cliff, however, low flat land stretches in every direction, and
indeed probably down the west side of the island parrallel to the long mountain range spoken of above, and also along
the coast to Sandakan Harbour in Labuk Bay, and eastward to Labuk. Elopura is on the north-west shore
of the bay, and the harbour has an entrance 1 mile wide, varying in breath from 3 to 10 miles along its
16 miles of length. The river Sigalind is a large one debouching at the head of the bay,16 miles from
Elopura, and winding west and north-west, lined for miles with mangroves, followed by Nipa Palms, the huge
forest trees, and tangle of vegetation rising to the height of 200 feet on each side of the river, which narrrows more and more
to its source. Many of the trees are 150 feet high, their summits merging in those of others by dense masses of creepers,
which spring from the branches and overwhelm them; the roots of the trees are strengthened by buttresses smooth and flat
of corresponding size, which support the stem for 30 feet from the ground. High up in the branches the bird’s nest
fern Neottopteris sp., Elk’s Horn Fern, Platyceriwm sp. and orchids abound : and also the cobalt-blue Irena, Fruit-eating
Pigeons, Hornbills, the Racquet-tailed Drongo shrike, Dicrurus brachypterus, [a member of the dicrwrine or double tailed
birds, which is not a shrike at all, but a Wood or Forest Swallow, (a beautiful group of moderate sized birds spread
over a large portion of the globe, from India and the eastern islands to Australia)], is also found. This species is blue
black, with a head crest which bends back over the neck, and the two outer tail feathers, more than twice the length of
the others, are naked throughout the greater part of their length, or from 12 to 14 inches, then again webbed so as to form
a spatulous terminal—each of the feathers from its naked portion describing a most graceful curve.

Sarawak, another part of Borneo, where fine Ornithoptera abound, situated 1° 40’ North Latitude, and about 109°
50’ of East Longitude, is at the Northern portion of the island on the west side, which bulges out very much westward,

125

with an enormous bay at the head of it extending north and north-east to Cape Sirik, This bay receives the inland
waters of the River Lupar, which has it sources somewhere near the Saribu-Saratus Mountains, and the 3,000
or, 4000 feet high Batang Lupar Mountains. Mount Padang, 3,200 feet, Pontianak and the Great Kapua River, which
with a trend n-north-east extends inland an immense distance, are some of the prominent parts of this
western portion of Borneo. Hereabout is found P. Miranda (as well as in North Borneo) ; while an allied species P.
Neomiranda inhabits Western Sumatra, an island more western still: and T. Brookeana is found in both East and
West Borneo and Sumatra, and along its western coast.

Although there are lofty mountains in Borneo as we see by a map, many of them have been, and may be still,
volcanic, the greater part of the island is so low and flat as to suggest the idea that in a comparatiyely recent period, it
has sunk, as Mr. Andrew Murray has said, so as to have been an impassable morass, when it was separated from the
great Asiatic Continent.

Altogether, Borneo is a rich zoological region, and the extent of its wealth in animal life certainly cannot
yet have been nearly ascertained, to say nothing of its flora, and the revelations which a more extended knowledge of
its geology may bring to the notice of its students and explorers. Our knowledge of its insects will probably result in
immense additions to our lists when all the mountainous districts of the interior, especially in the south, have
been fully examined. So that there is yet work for years to come. The same probably holds good with regard
to birds, of which over 400 species are known, of which go are peculiar, belonging to 124 genera—a significant indication
of the possibilities of its avifauna. Among these are 3 Woodpeckers, 4 Kingfishers, 4 Goatsuckers, 2 Owls, 1 Sunbird,
6 Pittas, 7 Pheasants and 2 Partridges. The insects and shells furnish a large number of peculiar forms. The
mammals number at least 82 species—66 of them arboreal, and few, if any, terrestrial—g-1oths of this number being
peculiar to the island.

The wealth of Sumatra must be nearly or quite as great, considering that 330 Birds are known to exist,
(including the crimson-breasted Trogons and the Argus Pheasant) : and among the Mammals 12 Monkeys, 10 Bats, 8
Cats, 9 Squirrels, 2 Rats and 1 Swine. According to Murray, who quotes from Miller’s ‘‘ Verhandlungen ” (1835) the

whole number of Mammalia then known was over 70 species, distributed among 38 genera—since then it is uncertain
how many have been added to the list.

The Philippine Archipelago consists of a group of 29 larger or smaller islands, besides a very large number of very
small islets and rocks, followed south-westward by the crowd of small islands called the Sulu Archipelago. The
largest of the Philippine group are Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Leite, Negros, Sebu, Bohul, Mindanao (or
Magindano), and the western island of Palawan. The forms of some of these are most remarkable, especially of Luzon
and Mindanao, giving a coast line for each of immense extent, compared with its actual size, just as the case is with
the more eastern island of Gilolo; and when one comes to carefully examine and study the chart of this remarkable
group, one cannot escape the conviction that other forms of Ornithoptera, and new localities for those already known may
yet be discovered in the intricate mazes of the archipelago, in spite of our fairly extended knowledge of its natural
productions.

The flora of the Philippines as at present known, according to Mr. R. A. Rolfe of Kew, consists of 2,108 species
of Dicotyledonous Plants, belonging to 723 genera; and 1,340 Monocotyledonous species belonging to 273 genera.
The ferns number 497, of which 52 are peculiar to the Archipelago ; there are also 200 timber trees.

The island of Celebes is as peculiar in form and extensive coast line as are some of the Philippines. On the eastern
and western sides a system of mountain chains runs nearly north-west and north-east, sinking to the sea level in the
south, but joined northwards to the high chains of the Sussua and Tobungku Mountains respectively. A trench-like
depression between them is partly occupied by a vast swamp, Lake Opa, which is drained by the large river Konarveha,
which, rising in the north, breaks through the eastern range to the Bay of Sampara. Mount Bowonglangi is one of its
most important mountains, situated in the Eastern portion of the south peninsula near Boni: is 6,500 feet high: is steep
and composed of erruptic rock, but with no sign of a crater. The most northern point of the island commences at
2° 15' N. latitude and about 124° 57’ E. longitude; while the most southern commences at S. latitude 5° 35’, and E.
longitude about 120° 30’. The whole island consists of a central area of considerable extent, with four long peninsulz
branching off s-south-east, n. and north-east, the northern being the largest, the north-east the shortest, and the
south-eastera the most indented by bays. There is a narrow southern extension produced by the island of Salayer,
divided by narrow straits from the mainland, running south to the extent of 48 miles, and not more than 8 miles wide;
at the south-eastern peninsula terminal are also 4 important islands, namely Kabaena due south, Muna and Buton
south and s-south-east, and the small island of Wawoni, east of the peninsula, and north of the last two. To the east of
the shortest peninsula is the curiously formed island of Peling, with a group of smaller islands and islets, which extend
away east to Taliabu and Mangola. A considerable portion of this island’s peninsule is mountainous, especially
southward, and the western portions are much more extensively intersected by rivers than the eastern, where the rivers
are few. The Ornithoptera of Celebes are P. Haliphron ; P. Hippolytus, v. cellularis ; also the type form ; P. Hephestus,
and P. Helena, v. leda. The latter is found in the island of Salayar together with Haliphron, Bauermanm, and
Hephestus the latter also occurring on the east portion of the south-eastern peninsula. Haliphron, Cellularis, Hippolytus,
type, and Jeda inhabit the extreme south; and cellularis and Hippolytus type are found, as we should expect, in the
islands of Muna and Buton. The Butterflies of Celebes are very numerous. The Mammalia are only 16 in number

126

—all terrestrial; the Birds furnish about 202 species or more, of which 194 species are indigenous to the island.
Among the birds and butterflies are many belonging to the Himalayan types, though not found in the adjacent islands.
Among the former are 3 species of Orioles, 3 Wood Swallows, 6 Crows, 9 Sun Birds, 13 Kingfishers, 2 Hornbills, 3
Nightjars, 26 Pigeons, 7 Owls and 21 other Raptores, 6 Pheasants, and 16 Parrots and Cockatoos.

Sula island, east of Celebes, is really a peninsula, consisting of the two islands Taliabu and Mangola, divided

by an extremely narrow strait, Sula Besi, south of Mangola, and the islet Lisamatura. The type form of P. Hippolytus
is found there, and also in Sula Besi.

_Sumbawa, East longitude about 117° 30’ and South latitude about 9° 20' is one of the smaller islands following
Java, in the remarkably rich volcanic belt of which Sumatra is the first and Timor the last, situated north, south, and
south-west of Borneo and west and south of the Malay Peninsula. This island is 170 miles in length and about 50 in
width. Its dry season is from April to July, during which so little rain falls that many of the rivers fail altogether, and
tke Sumbawa River is then about a foot deep of clear water. In the north-west part of the island is the terrible volcano
Tambora, with a crater 8 miles in diameter, which is 9,000 feet high. At the east end of the island is Bima (Bay) a
narrow inlet running north and south for 15 miles. Every little cove of this inlet is beautified with coco palms, though
the country itself is so dry. To the west is a range of mountains 5,800 feet high, which shuts in the inlet. The island
is almost divided in two by the Gulf of Salee or Sumbawa, from north to south-east; the island Moyo is at its head,
and several smaller islets are situated down its eastern course, such as Danga, Neali, and Rakit. Along the south and
west coast it is pierced by many rivers: on the south coast is Mount Dodo 3,937 feet; and north-east of Dodo is Mount
Rapang 4,100 feet high. At the extreme east on the south coast are two islands, Sido and Tenfgam; while west of
these is Tiempia inlet, running about 12 miles to the north, and fed in the wet season by two rivers running north-west
and north-east, the latter 20 miles long. North-east of the east end of the island and a few miles away is the
mountain island of Gunong Api or Sangeang, 6,040 feet high. The western parts are divided from Lombok by Allas
Strait. P. Helena var. propinquus, is found on this island; also the type form of P. Naias, v. sumbawana,
and its variety Socrates. Among the birds may be mentioned the Lemon-crested Cockatoo, C. Sulphurea; Tropi-
dorhynchus timoriensis (a uniformly dull brown species with bare neck and face), a Golden Oriole; O. Broderipi, the
Malayan Goatsucker, C. Macrurus ; the Ashy Tit, Parus cinereus, 2 species of nightjars; Pachycephala stigmatops ; species
of the genera Geoffroyus and Z. osterops, a small Woodpecker Yungipicus grandis of Hargitt; and a Bush-tongued Lory
Trichoglossus Forsteni, &c. Over 40 species of birds were taken by the collectors of the Marchesa Expedition. Zoographi-
cally Sumbawa is entirely different from Java and the other great Malay islands.

The islands of Java and Sumatra form a great ridge of volcanos and volcanic mountains more than 1,460 miles
from north-west to south-east, its greatest width over 210 miles, and its least 37 miles; its greatest height 15,000 feet,
midway of Sumatra. In the group of islands of which these two are the chief, the most terrible outbursts of
volcanic fury recorded in history have at different times occurred, compared with which the displays of Etna, Vesuvius,
Stromboli, Kirauea in the Sandwich Islands, Mexico or S. America, are very minor affairs. Nevertheless these islands
are rich and beautiful; and whether considered from a geographical, physical or zoographical point of view are of the
deepest interest, enhanced by the fact that, as Mr. Wallace shows, Java’s fauna differs from that of its neighbours
Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula, more than they do from each other, and have close reseniblances to the
Siamese Peninsula and also to the Himalayas, which Borneo and Sumatra do not exhibit.

The Ornithoptera of these two islands are fairly numerous. We have two genera represented in Sumatra and one
in Java. Trogonoptera Brookeana inhabits the south and south-eastern part of the latter island; but its metropolis is
Borneo—while the other members of the genus are in Palawan. Pompeoptera Vandepolli is found in Java, and its black
variety Honrathiana in Sumatra ; Amphrysus in west and south Java; its variety Sumatrana in the Battak Mountains,
in East Sumatra and at Karo, in the same island; the variety cuneifera in West Java, Mount Gede, Preanjer, Ardjoana ;
its variety Palabuana at Palabuan, south-west Java, Pompeus in Java (this is the analogue, or rather the Javan form of
Cerberus) ; Hycetus in Java; Cerberus in Sumatra; and Neomivanda in Western Sumatra. The Bird fauna of
Java furnishes 270 species—4o of them peculiar to the island—belonging 25 genera. These comprise Jays, Gapers,
Bee-eaters, Woodpeckers, Cuckoos, Hornbills, Parrots, Pheasants and Partridges among the larger forms ; its
mammals number go species belonging to about 44 genera; (but some of these have been introduced, and
a few are doubtful.) They include 5 or 6 Monkeys, nearly 40 Bats, 5 Cats, 9 Squirrels, 2 Swine, 2 Rats
and 2 deer. In Sumatra there are 12 Monkeys, 10 Bats, 8 Cats, 9 Squirrels, 2 Rats and 1 Swine ; and the who'e
number of Mammals is over 70 species, distributed among 38 genera. The Lepidoptera and Coleoptera are very
numerous in both islands, and many of them very splendid; the other orders also supply many striking forms,
especially among the Orthoptera.

The Phanerogamous plants are 9,000 in number; and among the most remarkable productions are the Pitcher
plants, Nepenthes.

Of Bali and Lombok, the two islands between Java and Sumbawa, and of the islands, Flores, Pantar,
Wetta and Timor all east of Sumbawa, and of Sandalwood Island south of Flores, little may be said. Haliphron is found
in Pantar and Lombren, in South Flores at Samanger, and in Wetter ; Nais in Pantar, Lombren, Flores and Sumba.

127

On the west coast of Borneo are two groups of small islands, the north Natuna group, about 3° 50’ N. lat. and
107° 20! E. long.; and the South Natuna group about 2° 50’ N. lat., and about 109° o' E. long. The largest
of the North Natunas are Pulo Laut and Bunguran, and of the South Natunas Subi, Panjung and Sirhassen.
In Balabac, one of the islets, Brookeana occurs, which perhaps is not surprising, considering that the South group is not

more than 64 miles north-west of the coast of Sarawak. The other species found in the northern group are Cerberus and
Andromache.

P. Darsius is confined entirely to the island of Ceylon ; being found in the western-central provinces, all the
year round : emerging from the pupa in March and April. It is not uncommon in the open woods, and may be often
seen flying in pairs. The ? rises slowly and vertically into the air, the ¢ soon follows her in the same direction and in
in the same style of flight, the two remaining about two or three feet apart, where they keep on rising and falling in per-
fect unison, as if they were under a magnetic spell. Occasionally a second or a third ¢ is drawn under the same influence,
and compelled to follow the same mysterious leading under a similar excitement or exaltation. The species is found
on the plains and hills, whether in forest or open ground. Its flight is very high. At Kandy the species
is very common, also at Galle: abundant in the low country, but in the hills is to be met with as high as
4,000 feet. This is the only species of Troides inhabiting Ceylon, though about 29 other species of Papilioniinz belong
to the island, and a large insect fauna in addition—estimated by Tennant at 10,000 species. The Birds of Ceylon

would probably number quite 350 ; the reptiles over 120 ; the mammals 70 species. Of the physical character of the
island there is no need to speak ; it is so well known.

We now come to the great Indian region, exceedingly rich and abundant in species of insects, of birds, and
indeed of all orders of animal life. But as any even brief description of its various provinces would require more
space than this volume could afford, and so much information at any rate, of a geographical description, is possessed by
everyone, I will only say that in this region we will suppose to be included the Andaman Islands, Cochin China, Siam,
Cambodia, the Tenasserim provinces, Burma, Arakan, Chittagong, Assam and Khasiah hills, Sylhet, Sikkim, Nepaul,
Bhotan, South India and the Western Himalayas ; an extent of land maintaining an enormous fauna and flora of the
most varied, wonderful and splendid character in every order—probably not yet much more than half known—a region
extending, say, from 70° to 110° of E. long., and from 49° to 10° of N. lat., or about 5,529,600 square miles; and if we
add to this the Chinese region in which Troides may be found—(at least as regards Pompeoptera Cerberus) this
immense area would be greatly enlarged, still more so by the addition of the Malay Peninsula. Over all these
regions only the Pompeoptera are to be found, though a few more forms of that genus may yet be met with.

It therefore remains to give a summary of the foregoing, as I have done in Vol. I. of this work.

SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING.

Trogonoptera Brookeana.... Borneo; Sarawak, Sandakan, P. Hippolytus v. Sulaensis Mangola Island.
Benjermasin, Perak, Labuan , v.Cellularis Toli Toli (N. Celebes).
Bedager, Marabuk River Pompeoptera Minos... .... Darjiling Shivaroy Hills,
(N.B.), Ipo (Perak), Kina Buxa, Malabar, Trevandrum,
Balu, Lawas, Mount Muru Bombay, Nilghiri Hills, Tra-
(N.B.), E. Sumatra, Johore vancore, T enasserim,S. India,
(S.), Deli (S.E.S.), Kopras Cannanore, Assam, Karwar,
(N.E.S.), Quala Lemoeruk China, Sumatra, Rangoon,
(N.E.S.), Malay Peninsula, Bankok.
Balabac (Natuna Isles). Pompeoptera Darsius’ .... Ceylon, Western Central Pro-
‘4 v. Eleanoy Sumatra. vinces, Kandy, Peradeniya,
+ v. Albescens Malacca. Havagama, Belitualoya, Vel-
4 Trojana.... Palawan verry, Trincomali. [{March,
April.]
by Vandepolli .... W. Java.
Pompeoptera Hippolytus, P.Vandepolli, v. Honrathiana Mount Battak (Sumatra).
The type Amboina, Ceram, Gilolo, P. Haliphron . ws §. Celebes, Samanger (S.
Morty Island, Sula Island, Flores), Lombren, Pantar,
Celebes, Bara Bura, Ilu (Ce- Adonara, Alors, Wetter,
ram), Mira (Morty Island), Salayar, Celebes, Macassar,
Tawaya N. of Palos Bay, _ Djampea Isle.
Lompa Battav (S. Celebes), i ,, v. Baueymanni Laroae, Patuna (S. Celebes)
Sorontalo (S. of Palos Bay), [August to Jan.]

Sula Besi, Sula Mangola. + yy. tae stor. ... Djampea Isle, Kalao Isle
& ,, v.Celebensis Celebes. ” », 0. Pallens

128

Pompeoptera Naias ... ... Kayeli, Adonara, Pantar,
Lombreu, Flores, Sumba,

Sumbawa.

“f », v.Sumbawana Sumbawa.
" » v. Socrates .... Wetter, Alor, Adonara, Sum-

bawa.
sy WETS: ac. ot fee de Sti Mout dsles “fipuly sto
December}.

», Staudingeri ... ... Selaru, Loeang Isle, Babber,
Damma, Segra (Timor Laut.)
» Plato MG wen cae Patadain Simba: oumba wel
» Criton ... ... .. Batjan, Gilolo, Morty, Dod-

ingo, Ternate, Halmahera,
Batyobroas, Mira.

ne 3 abedert *.. sbatjan.

x » v. Oberthiiri.... Batjan, Mira, Morty Isle.

» Critonoides .... ..... Oby or Obi.
P. Riedeli ... 4. .. ... Larat (Timor Laut), Tenim-
ber. [In June].
» Amphrysus ... ... W. and S. Java, Malay
Peninsula, Labuan, Penang.
af », v. Sumatranus Battok Mountains, Sumatra,

E. Sumatra, Karo.

. Cuneifera .... W. Java, Mt. Gede, Preanjer,
Ardjoana.

is , v.Palabauna Palabuan S.W. Java.

ee » v. Olympia .... S.E. Borneo.

~
=
~
bes
(i

- » v. Flavicollis Borneo.
Hs ,, v. Ruficollis.... Malacca, Nias, Sumatra,
Borneo.
5 » v. Niasicus ....*Nias
33 » 0. Vistara ....**Tanna Massa and Poelo
Tello, Batu Islands.
P. Helena ... ... ..» «.. Ceram, Goram Laut, Great

Banda, Kayeli, Bouru, Java,
Celebes, Amboina, Saparua.

» 97 ~~ Carolus .... ... Dutch N. Guinea.

» > v. Pluto=-Rutilans North Tambora, Java.

Se iT gmrace ee dkeRels

» 9 v. Propinquus ... Sumbawa.

» » v. Celebensis .... Borneo, Salayar, Minahasza,
Banda.

» » v0. Bouruensis .... Bouru.

» 9 v. Papuensis .... Port Moresby, Stephansort,
New Guinea.

» 9, 0. Papuanas .... Stephansort (N. Guinea),
Constantinhafen.
5» 97 v.« Melpomona .... New Guinea.

jane wiebela. Fae wa Salayerm

» 9) v.0rab.Grose-Smitht New Guinea.

fEacus ... ... .. Cochin China, Assam, Darji-
ling, Bengal, Cachar, Tavoy,
Sinbyoodine, Sikkim [May to
October], Chin — Lushai,
Khasia Hills,China,W.China,
Nepaul, Moulmein, Tonking,
Straits of Malacca, Burmah,
Ta-tsien-lu, Shan States,
Tenasserim, Masuri (N.W.

Pompeoptera A®acus (contd.) Himalayas), Dacca, Saigon,
Ava (Lower Burmah),Chitta-
gong Hills, Upper Mekong,
Omei Shan (W. China or
Thibet), Rossel Island, Oby
Isle, Siam, Chang -Yang
(6,000f.), Se Pinf Lou, Chan
(Ya Tcheon), Ya Chin Loo,
Ichang, Wa Shan, Mou Pin,
Meplay, Thaiping, Muong
Snow (Shan States), Gudwal,
Selango, Perak, Siam, Kwala
Lumpar, W. and Central
China [May to October.]

4 ,, v. Formosana §. Cape (Formosa).

P. Néreig’ 4, fea A eae) ENIB ATO.
» » 0. Propinquus .... Engano.
P. Cerberus ... «.. «. From Sikkim to Assam

Cherrapungi, Burmah, Sum-
atra, Banguey, Penang,
Borneo, Lombok, Nias,
Andaman Islands, Beeling,
Upper Tenasserim, Bhutan,
Maguac (Burmah), Poun-
gador (U. Burmah), Khasia
Hills, Darjiling, Kurseong,
Bengal, Malacca, Natuna
Isles, Banquey Isles, Padang,
Karen Hills, Malay Penin-
sula.

v. Heliconoides .... Port Blair and Little Brother
Island, (Andamans).

tie gl DeROWIPeUSh.cn Mates | BN
P. Hephestus ... ... « SE. Celebes, Salayar, Bon-
thain, Bantimcerong, Pam-
panga, Portiero, Luzon.

” ”

P. Rhadamantus....._.... Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro.
P. Plateni ... ... ... «.. Palawan (Philippines).
P. Dohertyi . ws ae Salibobo (Talautse Islands).
Fgh C0 v. Fasciculatus Talautse Islands.
P. Miranda ia op age Dabewak, "Sandatean Ses:
Borneo).
P. Neomiranda ¢ +... .... Western Sumatra.
Py ibiyeetuge Sh cin wa avee
P. Andromache.... ... ... Kina Balu (N. Borneo).
$s , v. Marapokensis Mount Marapoke (N. W.
Borneo).
P. Magellanus .., ... «+. Luzon, E. Mindanao, Babu-
yanes, Polillo (all Philippine
Islands).

The foregoing list represents all the localities that have
come under the author’s notice ; but many more will pro-
bably be found on the labels attached to specimens in
different collections ; and special ones can always be
added by the student to the maps found in the body of
this work.

* Friihstorfer.

** Ibid. The name Vistava is evidently adopted from the ‘‘ Lalita Vistara," a
highly embellished expansion of the early biographies of Buddhaghosha of Ceylon,
the author of ‘' The way of Purity,’’ written about 4oo A.D. Mr. Lathy describes
this vay. of Amphrysus, ‘‘ Adnervular markings of anterior wing greyish white in-
stead of yellow ; marginal black border of posterior wing as in Niasicus of Frihstorfer.”’

+ The ¢ was discovered too late for figuring in this volume; but will be published
in a supplement to follow Vol. II. Mr. Lathy’s description is as follows: '‘? darker
than ¢ of Miranda; upper adnervular whitish markings extend to cell, and yellow
markings of h-w. larger: underside as above; on underside the cream coloured
lunules larger than in Mivanda.”’

Lathy, ‘‘ Trans. Ent. Soc.’’ pp. 1, 2 (1907.)

129

AppiTIONAL LOcALITIES OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES BELONGING TO VoL. I., AND ALso To New SPECIES OR

VARIETIES DISCOVERED SINCE THAT VoL. WAS COMPLETED,

Schoenbergia Titan ....
Sch. Goliath

Sch. (Phalzenosoma)
Chimera

Sch. Paradisea, ab. awriflua

type form

9 7

Sch. Meridionalis

Kapa Kapa, British New
Guinea, Aroa River.
Geelvink Bay, Dutch N.
Guinea.

North end of the Aroa River,
British New Guinea.

Kaiser Wilhelmsland.
Constantinhafen, Binga (Ger-
man N. Guinea), Finisterre
Mountains.

Upper Aroa River.

O. Urvilliana

O. Cassandra

O. Poseidon var. Pronomus

Alu (Shortland Islands), Ren-
dova, Kei Toeal, Salawatti,
Ysabel Island, Treasury
Island, Bougainville, Gua-
dalcanar.

Little Mulgrave
Queensland.
Teoor, Simbang, Sorong
(Dutch New Guinea), Mysol,
Constantinhafen, Cooktown
(Queensland).

River,

* ,, type form Kiriwini, Fergusson Island, O. Poseidon . Fergusson Island, Engineer
Milne Bay, Mailu, Brown Group, Milne Bay, Mailu,
River (N. Guinea), Kapaur. Mausinam(Dutch N.Guinea),
Ornithoptera Aruana Kapaur, Aru, Tenimber, Kei,
v. Obiensis Oby Island.* Djampier Isle.
O. Croesus .... Batjan, Oby. O. Pegasus... Simbang, N. Guinea.

The Solomon Island Lepidoptera are distinctly Malayan in type, closely allied to those of the eastern
Archipelago, some of them only island forms, modified by long isolation ; but the members of the genus fe theoptera
are exceedingly distinct in type from any found in Malaya, and though superficially they seem to be closely allied to
those of the New Guinea genus Schoenbergia, are yet only distantly related to them. The island of Guadalcanar is one
of the most fertile and beautiful islands of the group according to Woodford, who spent some time there in
collecting and studying its productions, and is rich in bird and insect life—many species of the different orders being
peculiar to it, notwithstanding the fact noted above. Its length is about 80 and breadth 30 miles. The highest
mountain summits reach 8,000 feet, and there are numerous peaks over 4,000 feet high. The rainfall, over
100 inches per annum in the east, and possibly much more still in the mountains, is responsible for the existence of
numerous rivers, some of them of considerable size. An alluvial flat composed of fertile soil extends for 25 to 30 miles
along the centre of the north coast of the island, with a varying width of from 5 to ro miles. The depth of the sea
between the Solomons and New Guinea reaches over 2,000 fathoms, and the highest point of land being as
much as 10,000 feet in the island of Bougainville, gives therefore a range of 22,000 feet from the bed of the sea
to the summit of the island. The group contains at least 17 species of Bats, 6 of them peculiar to the islands,
the others being also found in the Duke of York group, though the latter islands are separated by over 100 miles of this
deep sea from the former.

Of the birds there are many species closely allied to those of New Guinea and its neighbouring islands ;
but there are no birds of Paradise yet discovered. Of the Parrots some of the species are peculiar to the Solomons, such
as the Cardinal Lory, Lorius Cardinalis ; the pigmy parrots of the genus Nasirerna, among them N. Aola, the
smallest known. Among the other special species is a Cockatoo Cacatua Ducorpsi, a Hornbill Rhstidocerus plicatus,
several species of large fruit Pigeons, CarpopHac#; Green and Ground Doves, many species, a Megapodius
or Mound Builder, M. Brenchlayi, many species of Kingfishers, Flycatchers, Herons and Raptorial birds. Among the
Reptiles are 17 Lizards, of which 7 are not found out of the Archipelago. The Lepidoptera of these islands other than
Ornithoptera are numerous. There is a considerable number of Papilios—each island having its own special
forms, including Pap. Orsippus of the Ulysses (blue and black) group, and also the Sarpedon, Codrus and Aigeus
groups. The Pieridze are not numerous in species or individuals ; Danaide are plentiful ; Euploeeas common in the
forests, and in the foliage fringing the seashore. Almost every island has its own species, as might be expected. The
genus Hypolinmas is well represented and has many mimics, so are the Nymphalide generally. There are very few
Satyridze, but among them are 3 or 4 species at least of the little butterflies belonging to the exquisitely beautiful genus
Argyronympha ; and 2 species of Xois, a genus peculiar to Fiji ! Lycena are plentiful, and Gela Isle is specially rich in
beautiful species—some of the less showy ones swarm in every situation. There are very few Hesperide, but moths
are very abundant. The Trobriand Islands, SS.-E. of the extreme south point of New Guinea, together with
several other groups of islets near at hand, and where O. Arwana and one or two other Ornithoptera are found, consist
a vast number of low, thickly wooded islands covered with a prolific under growth of trees and shrubs and
cocoa palms ; and are densely populated by natives who exquisitely carve and design their canoes, and make beautiful

* Oby Island with its islets has apparently never been inhabited, as it is supposed by the natives of other islands to be haunted. Fishermen for a few days each year
encamp there, but no one stays any longer than necessary,

130

ornaments. Indeed, they are in those respects born artists, and are a much finer and more advanced race
than the Papuans. These islands furnish a vast number of beautiful species of Lepidoptera, especially moths
of many families.

The headwaters of the Aroa River (in British N. Guinea) which debouche in the north of Redscar Bay,
are lined by extensive forests. This river is formed by the junction of two main branches, the Kabuna and
Veida. The latter reaches the mountains forming part of the Owen Stanley Range ; and the country at this point is
inhabited by a much more intelligent and energetic race than that of the coast. Mount Manaku to the east is over
6,000 feet in height. The Kabuna river runs through a mountainous country. The whole country eastwards is
filled with rugged mountains, in narrow parallal chains. About this district is the habitat of Sch. (Phalenosoma)
Chimera. Above this district up to 6,000 feet the vegetation consists chiefly of Cedars, Pines, Tree Ferns, Oaks, &c.
Many species of Birds of Paradise are found here. For interesting information respecting other parts of New Guinea
such as Geelvink Bay to Mac Cluer Gulf, Humboldt Bay and German New Guinea from Astrolabe Bay the reader will
find much that is valuable and instructive in the following works :—‘‘ P. E. Moolenburgh, Tijdschrift van het Nederl,
Aardijksk, Genootshaft No. 2;” “‘ Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en Volkenkund van Nederlandsche, Indié, 1902, Nos.
1, 2 (The man of war Ceram Officer’s report).”” The journal of the Berlin Geographical Society, No. 3, 1898, with
Dr. Lauterbach’s account of his successful exploration of the interior of German New Guinea in 1896. The Doctor
discovered and traced the course of the Ramu River—a district rich in plant and bird life. Also AE. Pratt’s ‘‘ Two
Years among N. Guinea Cannibals” (1906); R. Lovett’s ‘‘ Tamata;” the same author’s ‘‘ Life and adventures of a
Christian Hero (the Rev. James Chalmers) ’’; and Article and notes scattered through the later vols. of the Royal
Geographical Society’s Proceedings,”’ and “Australasia,” Vol. II. by F. H. H. Guillemand (in the Compendium of
Geography and Travel of Stanford (1894).

At Momos on the south coast of the island of Waigiou, east of Chabral Bay Guillemand of the Marchesa Expedi-
tion in 1889 saw multitudes of O. Poseidon or a variety of it dashing through the woods at a fearful pace. It was here
also that the smallest of the birds of Paradise, Diphyllodes Wilsont was met with.

The number of species or varieties of species of Troides thus far known to exist in New Guinea (British, German
and Dutch), not including the neighbouring islands, is 21. The number of Birds is 770 species, as against 500 in
Australia, of which 40 are Birds of Paradise, and at least 300 are peculiar to this continent. Upwards of 400 vascular
plants are also found in this immense region. Mr. Meek, by the latest of his letters, is on the track of yet another
Ornithoptera probably of the Genus Schoenbergia.

131

else @OsE © AetD HOH Ss

WHO HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT THE GENERA, SPECIES OR VARIETIES CONTAINED IN
THIS VOLUME, WITH THE DATES OF MENTION.

Aitken. P. Minor, 1887; Larve. 1890-7.
Aurivillius. Huippolytus, 1882; Helena, 1882.

Bates. Afacus, var. Thomsoni, 1875.

Bell. Larvz, 1890-7.

Boisduval. Amphrysus, AZacus, Haliphron, Minos, Pom-
peus, Rhadamanthus, 1836.

Butler, A. Amphrysus, 1869 ; Criton, 1884; Helena, 1864;
Miranda, 1869; Pompeus, 1869.

Clerck. Hippolytus, 1764; Helena, 1764.

Cramer. Amphrysus, 1782; Helena, 1779, 1782 ; Hippoly-
tus, 1775, 1779, 1782; Minor, 1779; Pom-
peus, 1775.

Cutter. JT. Brookeana, 1869.

Dannatt, W. Irregularis, var. of (?) 1897.

Davidson. Mznos, 1890.

Dewitz. Rhadamantus, 1882.

Distant. T. Brookeana, 1881; P. Cerberus, 1885; Miranda,

1887 ; Pompeus, 1871; Rujficollis, 1871.
Doherty. Naias, v. Sumbawana, 1891; Nereis, 1890.
Doubleday, E. £acus, Amphrysus, Darsius, Haliphron,
Pompeus, 1846.
Donovan. Pompeus, 1800.
Druce, H. Amphrysus, 1874; Flavicollis, 1873; Hippoly-
tus, 1874 ; Miranda, 1873.
Duncan, E. Marten. Amphrysus, 1896; Hippolytus, 1837.

Eschscholtz. Rhadamantus, 1821.
Elwes. A®acus, 1886-8 ; Pompeus, 1888.

Esper. Amphrysus, 1792; Helena, 1786; Minos, 1792;
Pompeus, 1785.

Fabricius. Amphrysus, 1787, 1793; Huippolytus. 17773
Helena, 1775, 1781, 1787, 1793; Minos, 1781;
Pompeus, 1793.

Fergusson. Minos 1891.

Felder. A£acus, 1860; Darsius, 1860; Huippolytus, 1864;
Helena, 1864 ; Magellanus, 1864, 1865.

Fickert. Brookeana, Cerberus, Darsius, Helena, Hippolytus,
Hephestus, Minos, Magellanus, Platent, Pom-
peus, Rhadamantus, Ruficollis, Trojana, 1889.

Forbes. Brookeana, 1885.

Frihstorfer. Carolus, 1897; Vandepolli, 1894; Neomiranda,
1903 ; Critonoides, 1903.

Amphrysus, Mimos, 1790.
Amphrysus, Hippolytus, 1890; Larve, 1824;
Pompeus, 1819.

Gosse, P. H. Amphrysus, Brookeana, Haliphron, Cerberus,
var. Heliconoides, Darsius, 1883.

Gray, G. R. Amphrysus, Darsius, AZacus, 1856 ; Pompeus.
1852, 1850; Rhadamantus, 1856.

Grose-Smith. Riedel, 1892.

Goeze. Helena, 1779, 1790; Hippolytus, 1779.

Guillemand. F. H. H. Poseidon, 1894.

Haase.

Gmelin.
Godart.

Magellanus, 1893.

Hagen. Brookeana, 1894; Cerberus, 1894; Honrathana,
1894 ; Sumatranus, 1895.

Hampton. Mznos, 1888.

Herbst. Azppolytus, 1784.

Hewitson. Brookeana, 1855; Helena, 1846; Hephaestus,
1890 ; Pompeus, 1846.

Holland, W. J. HAzppolytus, 1884 ; Larve, 1899.

Hopffer. Hephestus, 1874; Hippolytus, 1874.

Horsfield, T. Larve; diacus, Amphrysus, Darsius, Pom-
peus, 1857.

Honrath. Tvojana, 1886.

Houttuyn. Helena, 1767.

Hiibner. Amphrysus, Helena, Pompeus, 1816.

Jablonsky. Amphrysus, 1783 ; Helena, 1783.
Jacquin, (nec dru). Hzppolytus, 1785.

Kirby and Spence. Larve, 1858.

Kirby, W. F. Amphrysus, 1871, 1879, 1896; Brookeana,
1871; Criton, Cerberus, Darsius, 1871;
Doherty, 1895; Haliphron, 1871; Helena,
1871, 1896; Hippolytus, 1871; Magellanu s
1871, 1879, 1895, 1896; Minos, 1871 ; Mir-
anda, 1871, 1879, 1895; Pompeus, 1871, 1879,
1895 ; Riedeli, 1892; Trojana, 1895.

Kirsch. Riedeli, 1884.

Lathy. Dohertyi v. fasciculatus, 1899 ; Flavicollis, 1899.
Latreille. Larve and Pup, 1824.

Lauterbach, Dr. 1896.

Layard, E. L. Darsius, 1850.

Leech. lacus, Rhadamantus, 1893.

Linneus. Helena, 1764, 1767; Hippolytus, 1758, 1764,
1767.
Lucas. Rhadamantus, 1835.

Macleay, W. 8. Larve and Pupe, 1819-1821.

Manders. dtacus, 1890.

Martin. Honrathiana, 1892, 1893.

Merian. Pompeus, 1719 (local error).

Moolenburgh, P. E. 1902.

Moore, F. dvacus, 1903, 1905, 1865; Cerberus, v. Heli-
conoides, 1877; Minos, 1901-3; Pompeus,
1857, 1865.

Miller. Helena, 1767; Hippolytus 1774.

Niceville, de. acus, 1883; Pompeus, 1890, 1894.

Newman, E. Larve and Pupe, 1871.

Oberthtir. Aacus, 1874, Amphrysus, 1879 ; Criton, 1879
1880; Cuneifera, 1879; Darsius, Haliphron,
Helena, var. jupiter, var. rutilans, Magel-
lanus, Minos, Miranda, Papuanus, Pompeus,

Rhadamantus 1879.

Pagenstecher. O. Goliath (1904). Helena var. Holzi

1890; Hippolyius 1884.

132

Piepers and Snellen, Haliphron, 1878.
Pryer, Miranda 1887.

Reakirt, acus 1864; Rhadamantus 1846.
Ribbe, Cerberus 1892; Criton 1892; Haliphron, Helena,
FAiippolytus 1890; Larve and Pupz, 1890.

Rippon. All species (in ‘‘ Genera Insectorum”’) 1902 ;
Dohertyi 1893.

Rober. Bauermanni 1815; Criton, Larye and Pupze
1891; Helena 1891; Iris 1890; Plato,
Riedeli 1891 ; Staudinger 1888.

Rothschild. W. All species and varieties 1895;
Haliphron, Hephaestus 1892.

Semper. Cuneifera 1889; Magellanus ; Trojana 1801.

Snellen. Brookeana 1880, 1890; Dohertyi var. 1895;

Staudinger and Schatz. Nearly all species and varieties
1884, 1888, 1891, 1893, 1894.
Larve and Pupe 1827; Pompeus 1833.
Azacus, Cerberus 1893.

Swainson.
Swinhoe.

Tennent, E. Darsius 1861.
Trimen, R. Larve and Pupez 1861-66.

Vollenhoven. Amphrysus, 1865; Helena, 1860; Hippolytus,
1860 ; Pompeus, 1866.

Wallace, A. R. Amphrysus, Bouroensis, Brookeana, Cele-
bensis, Triton, 1865; Haliphron, 1866;
Helena, 1860; Papuensis, Plato, Pompeus,
1865 ; Magellanus, 1866 ; Rhadamantus, 1866.

Walker, F. Brookeana, Darsius, Magellanus, Miranda.
Pompeus 1887 ; Eleanor 1889.

Watson. MMacus, 1891 ; Pompeus, 1890.

Weymer. Cerberus, 1885.

Wood Mason and de Nicéville, Cerberus, Heliconoides,1881 ;
Minos, Pompeus, 1881.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

Frihstorfer. Ruficollis v. nigricollis 1902 ; Amphrysus, vat.

Gardineri, 1902.

Beccari.

Difficulty of capturing Ornithoptera, 1879-80.
Berge.

4Ernauta for Ornithoptera, 1842.

Dodd. O. Cassandra, Richmondia, ‘‘ Entomologist” p. 17
(1902).

Gibson, I. O. Cresus, 1876.
Grose-Smith. Sch. Titan, 1897.
Guillemand. O. Aruana, 1189.

Konliga. Priamus, 1881.
Oberthtir. Priamus, 1879.
Rothschild. Sch. Goliath 8 1904, var. Titan, 10904;

Chimera, 1905. A=th. Victorie, v. Rubianus,
1904; v. Isabella 1904.

Schneider, H. O. Richmondia, 1894, ‘‘Le Naturalist,”
S.2; n. 197, p. 121, with fig of Pupa and
Eggs.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Comptes Rendus, Paris Geographical Society (description
of New Guinea), 1898.

Guillemand. ‘‘ Voyage of the Marchesa,” Vol. xi., 1889.

A. Maass, on Sumatra and the Mentawai Islands of the
West Coast where the author collected 450
species of butterflies, 16 being new. ‘‘ Ber-
lin Geographical Society, Verhandlungen,”
1898.

P. and F. Sarasin, ‘Journal Royal Geographical Society,”
Vol. xxi, p. 454; Vol. xxil, p. 458. Con-
cerning Celebes.

Woodford. ‘ Naturalist among the Head Hunters.”
Webster, Cayley. ‘‘ The Wide World Magazine,” 1904
of 1905.

133

CLASSIFIED INDEX Of GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

Genus TROGONOPTERA, Rippon
T. Brookeana, Wallace
A v. Albescens, Rothschild
mn v. Eleanor, Walker
T. Trojana, Honrath
Genus POMPEOPTERA, Rippon
P. Hippolytus, Cramer ;
< v. Sulaensis Staudinger
i v. Cellularis, Rothschild
a v. Celebensis, Rothschild
. Minos, Cramer
. Darsius, Gray
. Vandepolli, Sellen
- v. Honrathiana
P. Haliphron, Botsduval
‘% v. bauermanni, Rober
‘ v. pallens, Oberthur
v. pistor, Rothschild
P. Naias, Doherty
v. Socrates, Staudinger
* v. Sumbawana
. Iris, Rober
. Staudingeri, Rober
. Plato, Wallace
. Criton, Felder :
¥ v. Felderi, Rothschild
i v. Oberthiivi1, Rothschild
. Critonoides, Friihstorfer
. Riedeli, Kzrsch
. Amphrysus, Cramer :
a v. Sumatranus, Hagen
. Cunerfera, Oberthur
. Palabuana, Fruhstorfer
. Rujicollis, Butler
. Flavicollis, Druce .
. Niasicus, Fruhstorfer

ag) (no). 'n9)

”?

ae) a0}. “Ag) ae) tae} Ing) Ine)

eh SES) SS SF 1S

. Vistava, Lathy

v. Olympia, Honrath
P. Helena, Clerck (type form)
v. Carolus, Friihstorfer
ab. Grose-Smithi, Rippon
. Papuanus
. Bouruensis, Wallace
. Celebensis, Rothschild
. Papuensis, Wallace
. Melpomona, Rippon
, leda, Staudinger

te)

ss SF Ss Ss Ss

. Gardineri (not known to the Author)

25, 44, 63

34

47

470, 48
47¢, 48, 64
48

50, 48
49, 48
128
128
128

48

15

17

18

63

128

63

45

46

58

134

Genus POMPEOPTERA, AZacus, Felder

Genus

Genus

Genus

P. AZacus, v. Formosanus, Rothschild
P. Nereis, Doherty
i v. Propinquus, Rotsohild
P. Cerberus, Felder .
Pe v. Pompeus, Cramer
be v. Heliconoides, Moore
. Hephestus, Felder
. Rhadamantus, Lucas
. Plateni, Staudinger
. Doherty, Rippon .
x v. Fasciculatus, Lathy
P. Miranda, Butler :
P. Neomiranda, ¢ Frihstorfer
a @ Lathy
P. Hycetus, ? Rippon
P. Andromache, Staudinger
43 v. Marapokensis, Puceatien
P. Magellanus, Felder ws

qe) auf ina} 5)

SUPPEEMENTARY SPECIES) ANID Waka ios:
AND) NOTES VON SPEQIES | IN Ol UID ED aM i iviOllen

SCHOENBERGIA.
Sch. Titan, ¢ Grose-Smith
Sch. Goliath, ¢ , Oberthiir
Sch. (Phalenosoma) Chimzra
Section Phalenosoma, Rippon
Schoenbergia Paradisea
P ab. Aurifiua, amaaenial
Sch. Meridionalis
ORNITHOPTERA.
O. Aruana, v. Obensis, Rippon (or Ney ?)
O. Priamus
O. Cassandra
O. Poseidon, v. pronomus
es from Kiriwini
ry v. brunnea, from Milne Bae
wa from Fergusson Island, and the Tesbaande
O. Pegasus } !
O. Urvilliana from Alu and Rete and era
O. Croesus
JETHEOPTERA.
Eth, Victoriz
ZE. Victoriz, v. Rubianus, Roiacuild
i v. Isabella, Rothschild
as v. regis, Rothschild

PAGE
35, 64

128
51

128
55
53)
56
77
57

65, 64
67, 72

Ih

72
70
120
128
61
73
128

75

PAGE

62, III, 114,
113,
sa

62,
62,

119,

62,

63,
63,

129
129
129
121
129
129
129

129
62
129
129
62
62
62
129
129
129

63
7,
118

63

GENERAL INDEX.

7Zacus, Pompeoptera
Amphrysus 2 ; . '
. 6 v. cuneifera (synonym cuneatus)
K if v. flavicollis
v. ruficollis

3 i v. olympia

v. palabuana
v. ruficollis

3 >, v. sumatranus
Antimachus, Drurya Wing scales of
Andromache, Pompeoptera

Aruana, Ornithoptera, var. obiensis
Brookeana, Trogonoptera ; ; : 5
Additional Bibliography and descriptions
Descriptions of local variations

” })

” 7

Carolus, v. of P. Helena
Cellularis, v. of P. Hippolytus
Cerberus, Pompeoptera
Chronological History of the Tribe Eee
Criton, Pompeoptera P
q 7 v. Feldert —
i “4 v. Oberthire
Critonoides _,,
Croesus, Ornithoptera
Darsius, Pompeoptera
Dedication
Dohertyi, Peaemsgarsel ,
AB Ms v. fasciculatus
Errata et Corrigenda
Felderi, v. of P. Criton
Flavicollis, v. of P. Amphrysus
Goliath, Schoenbergia v. Titan 2
Haliphron, Pompeoptera :
as * v. bauermannt
x He v. pallens
4 v. pistor
Heliconoides, v. of P. Cerberus
Helena, Pompeoptera
5 y v. Carolus
* 4 v. Celebensis
- 5s ab. Grose-Smitht
sy ie v. leda
= * v. Melpomona
" $3 v. papuanus
+ 7 v. papuensis
Hephestus is
‘Hippolytus :
” és v. Sulaensis

Recapitulation of the sahil setae of the Aphvivstcus Group

25,

55;

9,

135

136

Hippolytus, Pompeoptera v. Cellularis ' ; : : : } é 14
Honrathiana, v. of P. Vandepolli : : : : , : : eM.
Hycetus, Pompeoptera : ‘ ; . . : ; ; ‘ 61
Iris, ; : : : : : : 33
Isabella (or Vsabella) v. of Pe uheopiees vigeortie : : ; : ; : ee suite:
Larve and Pupz of the Ornithoptera ; : i : : j : 78
Leda, v. of P. Helena : : : : , . , ; ' 58
Magellanus, Pompeoptera . ; : ; ; : ‘ : 75
Melpomona, var. of P. Helena F A ; 5 : A : ‘ i 46
Meridionalis, Schoenbergia : ; : 2 5 : ; F 62
Minos, Pompeoptera : : : : . : : , é 30
‘ Miranda ‘3 s i : : ‘ : : ; d 70
a M v. Neomivanda, $ . : . : : f ; a MMnEZo
Naias, Pompeoptera ; F : . } : : " i 26
5 1 v. Socrates ‘ : f , : : ; , 63
Neomiranda, Pompeoptera - ‘ F : ; E ; : 120
Nereis, “A 5 : 3 : ; : : , ; 51
Oberthiint, v. of P. Criton : . E : ‘ ‘ : ‘ , 32
Pallens, var. of P. Haliphron . f 2 | ‘ bi ; ; 25
Pistor, v. of P. Haliphron ; : : ‘ : : : : 25, 44
Paradisea, Schoenbergia , d : : : ; : : 62
Papuanus, v. of P. Helena 4 ; : : : ; , , 63
Papuensis ss ; : : : : : ; i 45
Plateni, Pompeoptera ! : ‘ : : : ; . 65, 64
Plato, HF ; . : ’ J : : : 5 30
Pompeoptera, Genus ; ; : i : : : : , 7
Pompeus, Pompeoptera v. of CHa : ; < ; 3 ? : A 53
Poseidon, Ornithoptera var. : ‘ : ‘ : : : : 62
Preface ; : 4 : ! : , : : : ill
Pupe , 2 : : : ‘ : : : ; 78
Rhadamantus, Pompeoptera : 3 : j ; 2 : : : 57
Riedeli, Ae 5 ! A ! 2 : ‘ : 34
Rubianus, var. of AEth. Victorize é 3 5 : 5 ‘ , .- WEY,
Ruficollis, v. of P. Amphrysus : A ‘ : : ; : 50
Socrates, var. of P. Naias : ‘ : ‘ , , 3 ; Hy 63
Staudingeri, Pompeoptera ! ; : ; : : ‘ : 42
Sumatranus, var. of P. Amphrysus : : ‘ =f A765
Synopsis of the principal characters of the eid aT roesnonters and Dan aeonises : : : 81
Titan, Schoenbergia : : ; : , : : ‘ : 62
Tithonus, Me : ; : : : : : : , 62
Trogonoptera, Genus. : : ; : 5 : : . : I
Trojana, Trogonoptera E : : , : ; . ; ‘ 5, 6a
Urvilliana, Ornithoptera : ; : ; , : 5 63
Vandepolli, Pompeoptera : : ; ; ; ; ‘ : 19
., uM v. Honrathiana , s : t ’ : ' 2I
Victoriz, AEth. v. tsabella : : : ; : 3 ; : 118
» v. rubtanus , 3 ; : : : : 5. ene GIE7/

an Scales of the Ornithoptera : : : ; ; A : i 86
iy a of plate 58 : : ; ; i ; ; 88

a ; iy 519) : : : ; : : : 89

Ps ¥ of Drurya Antimachus ; : , ’ ; , gI

Zalmoxis ‘ : ‘ s ; : Q2

ee oP) ”

Index to the Synonyms of the Tribe TROIDES.

Amphimedon
Amphrisius, Genus

Amphrisus, Papilio Eques Trane

br Papilio
53 Troides
Antenor
Amphrysus

Aruana, Cee neere v. Goliath.

Aruanus
Arruanus
Arruana
Archideus
Astenous
Brookiana
Cuneatus
Cuneifer, Troides eee
D’Urvilliana
Durvilliana
Euphorion
Haliphron, Iris
Haliphron Naias, Troides
Helena Cerberus, Troides
» Hephestus
Heliacon :
F Onsen Pompeus
Heliconoides
Hephestus
Honrathianus
Mirandus
Nephereus
Oblongomaculatus
* papuensis
Panthous, Pap. Eques.
Panthous
Pachlioptera, Genus
Pompeus, v. hephaestus
Re ?, for Hycetus
as var. Minos
A Heliacon
MF for Cerberus
Pronomus
Remus

Rhadamanthus, var. Am Aussies

Rhadamanthus
Richmondius
Ritsemze

Voc I.
PAGE

Lay)

Vot. II.
PAGE

37, 15, 122

SOFA 753

SIH Ssh t//

15, 53

Q, II

138

Schoenbergi, Ornithoptera
Schoenbergia
Socrates
Troides 4
-f Haliphron Naias
4 Aruanus, ab. ruficollis
Trojanus

”

4 minos, Pap. Eques
Van de Polli and Van-de-Polli
Vordermanni :

_ Vistara, v. of P. Amphrysus (?)

For other Synonyms refer to Pages 93 to 109 of the present volume.

139
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Coloured Ornamental Titlepage, with figures of P. Amphrysus, v. flavicollis, Papilio [Ornithopterina] iphidamus,
and a Lycena. .

Portrait of the Author.
PLATE.
26. ‘Trogonoptera Brookeana, Figs. 1, 2, 3,3, 4, 2. var. Eleanor 2, Figs. 5, 6.
a7. JI. Trojana, Figs. 1, 2, ¢ ; Neuration 2a, Abdominal fold, upperside 2b, underside 2c ; Pattern of both surfaces of

T. Brookeana for comparison, Figs. 3, 3a.
28. T. Trojana, Figs. 1, 2, 2 ; Neuration 3, 4.

29. Pompeoptera Hippolytus, Figs.1,2 % ; 3,4 2.

30. * af var. cellularis, Figs 1,2 $ ; 3,4 % ; Neuration of ¢ 5, of ? 6, 7.

31. ss 5 var. sulaensis, Figs. 1, 2 ¢ ; 3,4 % Neuration of o 5, 6, of ¢ 7, 8.

32. P. Vandepolli, Figs. 1,2, % ; 3, 4, 2 antenna of ¢ magnified ; 1b abdominal marginal fold of 3 ; 1c subdorsal
of abdomen; 3a subdorsum of 2 abdomen ; 3b, 3c, neuration of 2 ; 1d, Ie, neuration of 3.

33. P. Vandepolli, var. Honrathiana, Figs. 1, 2, ¢ ; 2a, anal valves of ¢ ; 3, 4 2 ; 4a subdorsum of ? abdomen ;
5 P. Vandepolli ¢ ;6 2 ; 7 Posterior wing of ¢ above; 6 abnormal neuration of 2 A.R.;
normal of left wing N.L. ; 8a,b,c, legs of ? magnified ; g, 10 sections of antenna of ¢ magnified.
[Plain Plate].

34. Larva of P. Pompeus, Fig. 1 ; Pegasus, 2, 3; Poseidon, 4; Papuensis, 5,6; Pupa of O. Poseidon, Figs, 7, 13 ;
Pompeus 8 ; Amphrysis 9, 10 ; Poseidon v. fronomus, 11,12; Sch, Paradisea, 14 ; Front view of
the mouth of the Larva of Pompeus, 15. [Plain Plate].

35. P. Hepheestus Figs. 1, 2 ? ; outline of Felder’s type 2, 3; & 4, 5.

35a. P. Atacus, Figs. 1,2, 3 ; 3, 4a % (Felder’s type) ; 5 neuration ¢ ;6 neuration of ?.

Bor HP Riedeh; fies: 2 31-4) 2.

37. Map4. E. Malay Peninsula, E. Sumatra, W. and N. Borneo, and N. Java.

38. Map5. E, Borneo and Celebes.

39. Pompeoptera Plato, Figs. 1, 2, & ; 3,4, % ; 5,6, (Felder's type) ; 7,8. Neuration of type @.

40. 5 Criton Figs. 1,2 S ; 3, 4, % ;1a, Neuration of # ; 3a of ¢ (Felder’s types).
4l. 5 Critonoides, Figs.1,2 ? ; 3,4 % ; 5 Neuration of ? ; 6 of 3 ; P. Criton, var. Oberthiiri, 7, 2.
42. nt Criton, v. Felderi, Fig. 2 2 ; Critonoides, 1, ¢ ; P. Iris, 3, var. ? ; P. Naias, 4 ¢;5 2 ; neuration

of Naias,6 357 @.

43. Map6. N. Borneo from the equator, Palawan, and the Sulu Sea.

44. » 7 Burmah, Siam, Cochin China, Cambodia, and Andaman Islands.

45. Pompeoptera Papuensis, Fig.1 ¢,2 2. P. Melpomona, 3 3, 4 2; abdominal marginal fold of Papuensis, 1a ¢;
of Melpomona ¢ 3a.

46. P. Papuensis Fig. 1 3 ; neuration ¢ 1a; 2 2 ; 2a, neuration of 2. P. Melpomona, 3 #; neuration of 3 Bas
4 2; neuration of ¢, 4a.

47. P. Minos, Fig. 1,2 ¢ ; 3,4 2 ; Gneuration of # ; 5 of 2; and of P. Helena ¢ 7.

48. P. Helena, Fig. 1, % ; 3,4 2 ; var. Grose-Smithi, ¢ 2; var. Carolus ¢, 5; Neuration of ?, 6.

49. Map 8. Hindostan and Burma.

50. Mapg. From E, lon. 91° 50’ to 132; and N. Lat. 20° o! to S. lat. 10° o’. Also Andaman Islands ; Ceylon.

51. P. Ruficollis, Figs. 1, 2, ¢ ; anal-valves of $, 2a; var. flavicollis ¢,3; 2, 4, 5.

51a. P. Amphrysus, Figs. 1, 2, 3 ; 3,4, %; neuration of ¢,5; of 2, 6.

52. * var. Sumatranus, Figs. 1, 2, $3 3, 4, 2.

52a. r var. Cuneifera, Figs. 1, 2, $3; 3,4, 2%; 5, neuration of ¢; of 2, 6.

53. Map to. Geographical Distribution of the Genera of Troides or Ornithoptera.

54. Pompeoptera Nereis, Figs. 1, 2 & ; sexual pouch of 4, above, 3; below, 4; the same opened out, 5; var. of 3,
6; undersurface of abdomen, 7, ¢; 8,9, 2.

55. P, Rhadamantus, Figs. 1, 3, ¢; 5, %3 2, neuration of 3; 4, of 2.

56. P. Pompeus, Figs. 1, 2,33; 3, 4, 2% 31a, upperside, 2a, underside of 3 sexual pouch ; 2b, subdorsum of abdomen &
3a of ?; 5, neuration of #; 6of ¢.

¢

146

57+

58.
59-
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.

P. Cerberus, Figs. 1,2, 3, ¢, Darjiling; 4 ¢, U. Burmah; 6, Felder’s type 2; 8,9, ? vars. N. India; 10, ¢
Rangoon; 7, subdorsum of abdomen, 2; P. Pompeus 5, ¢ java va, 02,) 9) Java “teas Fe
right and left wings of the same example, showing asymmetry.

Wing Scales of Ornithoptera and their varied forms, greatly magnifled. Figs. 1 to 44. [Plain Plate].

Ibid. Figs. 1 to 40. [Plain Plate].

Pompeoptera Darsius, Figs. 1, 2, 3; 3, 4, 23 neuration of ¢, 5; of 2,6.

P. Dohertyi, var. fasciculatus, Figs. 1, 2, 3; 3,4, 2%.

Pr Platent, 2aesam, 2, 33) 3,04, 02.

Pompeoptera Dohertyi, Figs. 1, 2, 3; 3, 83 4,5, %; 6 subdorsum of abdomen, 3; TaGimure,

a 4 I, d, var. of Ist type; 4, ¢ of and type; 2, 3 % vars. of Ist type; 7, 9, 9 vars. of 2nd
type; 5, 8, 2 of 3rd type; 6, % var. of 2nd type; 10, 2 var. of and type; 11, & sexual pouch,
above ; underside 12; 13 neuration of ¢; 14 of 2. |Plain Plate.]

Re brs, eSiah, 2,63 : 3,.4,.8% 2a, neurationof o355,.0f 9%
P. Staudingeri, Figs. 1,2, $5 3, 4, 2 ; neuration of ¢ 2; of ¢ 3.
P. Neomiranda, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3 upper surface of posterior wing of ¢; 4, ¢ neuration.

?

: BP. Miranda; Figs. 1, 2, ¢; neuration 3, 4.

2s ‘ 27S le ame

Bid t Figs. 1, 2, 2 melanistic variety ; neuration, 3, 4.

. P. Andromache, Figs. 1, 2 & ; 3, Abdominal fold-pouch ¢ ; 3a, underside of the same; 4, 5, 2 ; 5a, abdominal

fold of 2 upper surface; 5b undersurface ; 5c legs of 2 ; 6 neuration of 2.
P. Magellanus, Figs. 1,2 & Opalescent colours; 1a, 2a Xanthochroic colours; 3, 4 Felder’s ? type; 5, 5a,
neuration of 3.
Neuration of O. Richmondia Figs.1a 3; 2, 2? 31 ¢; P. Plateni, 3, ? ;4 ¢. Trogonoptera Brookeana, 5,2 ;6 ¢.
[Plain Plate].
[Supplementary] Schoenbergia Titan, Figs. 1, 2 # ; 3, 4 neuration, 5, legs magnified 2-1ths.
w 4 »»- Ls. 1,2 2. <O..Poseidon, var, Hecubam er, 3
- Ornithoptera Obiensis, Figs. 1, 2, 3 ; 3, 3a, 4 ? ; 3b body of the 2 ; 5 neuration of ?,6o0f 3.
[Supplementary] A#theoptera Victorie, v. Isabella, Fig. 1; abdomen of Isabella 2; var. Rubianus, 3, 4 ¢ ;
5,6 23; 7 abdomen of ¢ ; 8 neuration of ¢.
[Supplementary] Schoenbergia (Phalenosoma) Chimeera, Figs. 1,2 ¢ ; Diagram of 3 seen obliquely 3; Head
magnified 2-1ths, 4 ; nat. size, 7 ; neuration, 6, 6 ; legs, magnified 2-1ths, 5.
[Supplementary} Schoenbergia (Phaleenosoma) Chimera, Figs. 1,2 2 ; 3 Diagram, oblique view ; legs magnified
2-iths, 4 ; Head magnified 2-1ths, 5.
Ornamental Tail-piece Plate ‘‘ GLoria IN ExcELsIs DEo!”

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM .

Robert H.F. Rippon. del. et lith 1889 .

ROGONO

M&N.Hanhart imp

Pri

ERA BROOKBEANA, Wallace. 7,2,6;3,49; 5.6.0; Var.

Lleamor LA Walter. 7, See tex .

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . ae.

Rooart HF Rispom del ec lich, 1892 . Hanhart imo.
TROGONOPTERA TROJANA; Honrath , figs. 12d; 2a newration ;
2b,upper, Ze under-side of abdominal told , 33a patterw of both surfaces of TRROOKEANA

4

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM

Robt. H. F. Rippon, de}. et Pinx., 1901.

TROGONOPTERA

TROJANA, Honrath,

IPM, ares

R. MonGan, Tinpr.

”
ts
ie
“sf
a
:
7” ¥

fag

ca Z

> a

»

ICOWNES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Pl. 27

Robert HF. Rippon delet lith . 1889 - M&N.Hanhart imp

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS .Gam,42,¢, 3,4 9

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM EAL Svar,

Robt, H, F. Erppon, del. et Pinxit, 1905.

R. MorGan, Impr,

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS, wv. Cexiuvaris, Rothschild, Figs. 7, 2, 3; 3, 4, 9; 5, Neuvation Ofte
6, 7 of aes

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Bese

Robt. H, F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1905.

POMPEOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS, vay. Suraensis, Staudinger, Pigs. 7, 2, g 3; 3, 4, 9, 5, 6, Neuvation of g 3 7, 8, of 9.

Rob! HE Rippon. del ef. hth. 1095, M&N.Hanhart ae
POMPEOPTERA VANDEPOLLI, | Snellen , Figs /,2.d; la, antenna of 8, nrag.;/b, codominal
folol or pouch of 5; lesSubdor sal fb abdomen ; 3,4. 0; Sa, Subodorsal ag abdomen ; 3b, 8c, neuwrator of 9 ;

ld, le, newratior of d .

TCONES OsNITHCETESRORUM | : H.33,

Fob: HF Rippon delet lith.. 1895. , Man Hanhavt imp

POMPE OPTERA VANDEPOLLI, var. HONRATHIANA , Mertin , 12,6; 2Za,d5an valves ,;3,¢0; Fa

do) 3)

phwbdursim: of abd.; 5,P Vandepolli, Snellen, b;69; /9 Postervor wing, above, 60.A.r. abnormal

newracion right wing; N.b.nurmet of lett w; 6,u,6,0, legs of o, mag. 9,910, Section mag. ofp antentne

dor i
| Ter rere >
rat eral

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Blast:

Rozv. H. F. Rrepon, del et lith. 1906.

LARVA of P. Pompeus, Fig. 1; of O. Pegasus, Figs. 2, 3; of O. Poseidon, Fig. 4; of P, Papuensis, Figs. 5,6; Pupa of O, Poseidon, Figs 7, 13;
of P. Pompeus, Fig. 8; of P. Amphrysus, Figs. 9, 10; of O. Poseidon, v. Pronomus, Figs. 11, 12; of Sch. Paradisea, Fig. 14.
Front view of the mouth of the Larva of P, Pompeus.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Pl. 35.

Robt. H. F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1907. BR. Morean, Imp

POMPEOPTERA HEPHAESTUS, Felder, Figs. 1, 2, 2 ; 3, outline of Felder’s type, 2 3 4,5, d.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. PS SrA

Robt. H. F, Rrppon, del. et Pinxit, 1907. R. Morean, Impr.

POMPEOPTERA ALACUS, Feldey, Figs. 1, 2, $; 3, 4,a2, (Felder’s type) ; 5, neuration of g;6of @.

tae

2

nn ie ee

42

ihn

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM

Rost. H. F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1906.

POMPEOPTERA RIEDELI, Kiysch ;

Wiles. i 2, G5 gp dly &

Pl. 36

R. Morgan, Impr.

a

E. MALAY PENINSULA, E. SUMATRA, W.

ONIS BORNEO

AND N. JAVA. P=. 37. Map 4.

105” 106°

LOVE 108°

ILO

Teele

II2

°

ANAMBA ISLES

Natuna

Isles
1

. Natuna Isles

K
Singafbre

&

A.

SINGARORE STRAIT

vj

.| Batung Super

Mt. Padahg
3200

ae
BO

Nj

| 8000 to 4000,

CARIMATA
STRAIT

SUNDA STRAIT

104

Krimon Java Isles

' LONGITUDE E. OF GREENWICH.

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS
Trogonoptera Brookeana nals.

”

P

9?

54 “3 var. Albescens.

Pompeoptera Vandepolli.
” 39

P. Amphrysus, type.

: vay. Sumatvanus.

vay. cunedfer.

var. vuficollis.

vay. flavicollis and ruficollis.

nav. palabuanus.

”?

SS s Saws ages

Tie AZ.

IN Tuts Map.

. Pompeus, type.
Miranda.
. Cerberus.

n
o. P. Helena, var. jupiter.
vary. Honvathiana. po Jes

5 vay. Flolzt.

I.

H SO DI DARYW YD

HH

Pontianak.

Names or LocaLitigs INDICATED BY NUMBERS.

Saribu Saratus Mountains, S.W. to N.E.

Dabon.
Bunguran Isle.
Subi Isle.
Buku Isle.
Sirbassen Isle.
Singkep Isle.
Linga Isle.
Bentam Isle.
Carimata Isle.

somegporeng pabbianinhns ate J Pf
: q Wen

ot hee Di

ri
ee

ee ee
tye

* *
ee hea

ae

mei

5 H
: H
@

.. 2

&

i

a

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

E. BornEo AND CELEBES.

a f
SULU ARCHIPELAGO

Darvel B.

Be

Sibuko B.

CELEBES

Talautse Is.
Tarakan

a f

Setanum R.

pian Is

Gu Rivers C. Kandi or Dako ae Jado

I. Mangka Lihat

ans Be
talo

3 4 Ampobahu Batu Duka
Pajarung Is. ~y

STRAIT oF }
MAKASSAR

Balabalagan or
Lit. Paternoster Is.

Bangaai Archipelago

‘i

Spermonde
Archipelago

FLOREG SEA

LONGITUDE E. OF GREENWICH.

Geographical distribution of the Genera Trogonoptera and Pompeoptera.

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS IN THIS MAP.
P. Dohertyi, type, and v. Fasciculatus.
P. Haliphron.

P. Bauermanni
P. Hippolytus, v. Cellularis

Hippolytus, v. Sulaensis.

Hippolytus, type form.
Hepheestus

. Helena, v. Leda.

OSS
See

rg solige

PL. 39.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM

R. Morgan, Impr,

Robt. H. F. Rrppon, del. et Pinxit, 1904.

; 7, 8, Neuvation of type 2.

a

5, 6, Felder’s type

POMPEOPTERA PLATO, Wattace, Figs. 7,

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . PL, 40:

~ Bob? HE-Rippon, del.et ith 1899.

Hanhart imp.

POM

PEOPTERA CRITON, Felder (Lelder’s types ), HOS. MO wo,

ly, Newrotron of 6; 3a, Neuratton of o.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Pl. 41

Rogt. H. F. Rrepon, del et lith. 1906.

POMPEOPTERA CRITONOIDES, Fruhstorfer, Figs. 1, 2 g 534 2; 5, 2 Neuration; 6, g Neuration.
POMPEOPTERA CRITON, var. Oberthiiri, Rothschild, 9, Fig. 7.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Pl. 42

Rozst. H. F, Rrron, del et lith. 1906.

POMPEOPTERA CRITON, ». Felderi, Rothschild, Fig.2 9; |P. CRITONOIDES, Frihstorfert, 9; P. IRIS, Robur,
3, 2 vavy.; P. NAIAS, Doherty, 4 3,5 2; 6 4,7 @ neuration.

a Trogonoptera Brookeana.

9

c 99

99
Trojana.

dad Pompeoptera flavicollis.

é bP

ruficollis.

v. eleanor.

f Pompeoptera Cerberus.

SS. WUD

Plateni.
Miranda.
Andromache.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERUM. Nortu Borneo from the Equator, PaLtawan IsLanp and the SuLu Sea. Map 6
jel 114° 115° TOM mace eins I1g° 120° To
Lanapakan
I ir? Ite Cuyos Is. I 7°
Karandogan Is
Du maren ‘
Green B. .
10° 10°
LAWAN
ISLAND |
{e) ats
9 ae On
| L,
Dd Sue Sis
& —f 90
Balabat”| a
1880f
DG
i) 9 Bat guey : R
Tf 1e)
7 7 7
{li
aruda
B a y E | Labuk Bay &
6° J KINA BAL
137005 2
G i a7 g Q 6
Go il a
He ; Sanda: ct,
Kimanis B. ks e a h =
Kalids B. . a TPaiPai
1G. sah iN gf egayna ; Hae
‘ “ iy
fo) ‘adas B. y he larvel B,
5 TG Fy : aa 5
‘a Mt. Dribulatip ca) a ‘
NI f ab 42008 7 : ~
ram Pt. a ; a <<
\ 9 1
4° Ae \e) 5
me : an i
t. Silungen
1500f ;
pasang |
Y ap Tarakan
a Be '
3 Au f e z 7 3
Sapula “
\ Mt. Apobayan ‘“
5000-6000f ’
“Mt. Botu |
fo) nf ‘3 [L “ | [e)
' 2 (oe ™ 2
? ¢ Mt Matei NN
OC /“~ 5000—6000f 4 rn Ay
riby Saratus é Vv a 8 Y i “=
os. P “ee i *
R. i 4 pcm Peeralben X
Ly eo mT LA E =
1° I=} || ©) 3y AWW sey Cy ‘—_— _ 6
' f i = a " i
“Se j yh.
é > y
0° ; — aia 0°
*
ast ea igi TI5~ 116° ina7* i ne T1Q° 120° TAI ©
LONGITUDE E. OF GREENWICH. RrABe
EXPLANATION OF LETTERS IN THIS MAP.

é

.

aye ae aden

Burman, Siam, CocuHin CHINA, AND CAMBODIA, AND ANDAMAN ISLANDS.

Map 7.

YUNNAN

Yunnan

Moulmein

\
\\ 0

av

Ps

NICOBAR
ISLANDS.

Engano I
em

i z all 7 ie) ie)
go° 95° 100° 105 110 115

LONGITUDE E. OF GREENWICH.

EXPLANATION OF LETTERS IN THIS MAP.

a TY. Brookeana. 1 P. Helena, v. Holz.
b T. Trojana. m P. Nereis.

c BP. Vandepolli. mp 12. Cereloeieuey,

d P. Vandepolhi, v. Honvathiana. ® IP, AACS.

e P. Naias. p P. Plateni.

f P. Amphrysus. vy P. Miranda.

g P. Amphrysus, v. palabuana. s P. Andromache.

i P. Amphrysus, v. sumatranus. t P. Minos.

z P. Amphrysus, vs. rujicollis and flavicollis. wu P. Amphrysus, v. Olympua.
j P. Cuneifera. v P. Pompeus, type.
k P. Helena, v. jupiter.

ICONE SS ORNITHOPTERORUM .

Rob? HE Rippon. deLet lith 1893.
POMPEOPTERA PAPUENSIS & Wallace / 9, Oberthiwr, 2, . POMPEOPTERA.
melpomonw 6, tuppon, 3; 9,4; wbdominal marguval powch of PAPUENSIS ¢, la

vova of MELPOMONA @, 3a

MA&N.Hanhart imp

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . PL , 46

Robert HF.Rippon del et lith 1897. ; Hanhart imp
POMPEOPTERA PAPUENSIS, figs /d;la neuration; 20;2a newratvor ;
PMELPOMONA, figs 36; 3a neuration ; 40 ;4a newration

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Pl. 47

Rost. H. F, Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

POMPEOPTERA MINOS, Cramer, Figs. 1,2, 3; 3,4, 2; Neuration of ¢, 6; of 2 5; Neuration of g of P,. HELENA Linnaeus, 7.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Pl, 48

Rozr. H. F. Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

POMPEOPTERA HELENA, Linnaeus, Figs. 1, 8; 3, 4, % 3 var. Grose-Smiti, Rippon, 3,2; 2. Cayvolus, Friihstorfer, ¢, 5;
Neuration of ¢, 6

Fae
stinger sth

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. HINDUSTAN anp W. BURMA. pr. 49. Map 8,

R i E
MaopyHs or GANGEs Riv.

4nd Brahmaputra

ARABIAN SEA

a

LANDAMAN® SLANDS

a?)
9"

BENGAL

eo

s Ss

Maldive; nds

i"
q

a a a

INE ss Ol AGN,

ae
Hagos ».— Archipelago
bat

@ >

LoNGITUDE E. oF GREENWICH.

Geographical distribution of the Genus POMPEOPTERA.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES IN THIS MAP.
5. Brahmaputra River.

1. Pompeoptera A¥Zacus.
2. BP. Darsius. 6. Lhassa.
P. Minos. 14. Sikkim.

Bio
4. P. Cerberus.

15. Nerbudda River.
16. Bhotan.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. ) Map 9. | Pt. 50.

Geographical Distribution of the Genera Trogonoptera and Pompeoptera (part), from Longitude 91° 50° to 132° o° E; and Latitude
20° o°N. to 10° 0° S. ; also of Ceylon and Andaman Isles.

100 __ IIo 120 f Fe 130

3 : q PO.

f |

|

|

{

{

|

f

__ Philippine
Islands

fg
Balabac 34: Pos
: ps

|

| Sh gy ¥

a —— sl CHINA SEA
|

7

JAVA SEA

Bali Lombo gSumb

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES IN THESE Maps.

1. Trogonoptera Brookeana.

2. T. Trojana; 30. Pompeoptera Plateni.

3. P. Hippolytus; 4. P. Hippolytus, ». Swlaensis (Sula)
5. rs v. Cellulans.

6. P. Vandepolli; 7. v. Honvathiana.

8. P. Haliphron; 9g. P. Naias.

to. P. Criton; 11. P. Critonoides.

12. Ornithoptera Obiensis.

13. Pompeoptera Plato; 14. P. Criton, v Felder.

15. P. Criton, v Oberthuri; 16. P. Iris (Isle of Letti),
17. P. Riedeli; 18. P. AXacus; 19. P. Minos.
20 BP. Staudinger (Babba Isle)
21. P. Haliphron, v. Pestor (Djampea Isle).
22. P. He'ena, v. Papuensis.

23. P. Amphrysus; 24. v. Swmatvanus; 25. v. Cunetfer.

>
|
:
|
:
|
be
Eien

26. re v. Flavicollis; 27. v. Ruficollis
28. P. Nereis; 29. P. Pompeus.
31. P. Dohertyi (Talautse Isles).
32. P. Miranda; 33. P. Andromache (N. Borneo).
34. P. Cerberus; 35. P Helena(type form) (Amboina)
36. P. Helena, v. Borouensis (Bouru Isle). [Ceram.
LONGITUDE E. of GREENWICH. 37. P. Helena v. Jupiter; 38. v. Leda (Salayer, Macassar)

39. P. Helena, v. Holz.

40. P. Hepheestus.

41. P. Magellanus (Babulanes Isles).

42. Ornithoptera Priamus. -

INDIAN OCEAN

43. Pompeoptera Darsius
A. P. Cerberus, v. Heliconordes.

LatRiRS S. or (Ci ae 44. P. Rhadamanthus (Manilla).

J

Brkgenit en paler Mem

oe

Pl. $7

ITHOPTERORUM ,

> ORN

[CONES

ee tp ie er. AF, eas EN De cae pore Pe
LIS, Butler 1,2,6, 2a, Anal vatve

OVOP TEE

(

p

OPTERA RUPRICO
33 var flavicotits, Druce

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Pl. 51a.

Robt. H. F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1902. ‘ R. Morean, Impr

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS, CRAMER, 1,2, 9; 3,4, 2; 5, Neuration of S$; »
6, Neuratton of @ -

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Pi. 52.

OO

Robt. H. F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1904. R. Morean, Impr.

POMPEGPTERA AMPHRYSUS ». Sumatranus, Hagen. Figs. 1,2, 3; 3,4, @

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

——

Impr.

R. MoRGAN

Robt. H. F. Rrpron, del. et Pinxit, 1903.

Il Hay GS Se Hh Ge hy INGE. Sf be F

6, Neuvation of @ .

POMPEOPTERA AMPHRYSUS, »v. CunziFeRA, Oberth

ov

of

O?

Bieydoqyruli9

450

‘HOIMNGAUD JO ‘A AACALIONOT

Cor

sOGit

36

O

I

{o)

O

6

(e)

‘9061 “UIT 9° [2p ‘Nodal “TX “H ““aoy

cL
ov

OI

qs

piere.
ano
ell

: ‘ 2103/doyj1010

=e

e190} 0010,

jeg

a cd

si0jdoadmog ~~

OF

doyq1a10

810}do0du10g

of

‘e10\doedui0g

OS ar

‘VYALIOHLINUO “6 SAGIOUL fo vaanayy ayg fo pavyD wornquasi joarygvaiory

Fie

‘WANOUALIOHLINUO SHNOOI

Senin sia Angina alls

t

+7

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM ,

Rob? HE-Rippon. del.eb lith 1892.

PONTO ar

PRA WN

G

ise

BRIS , Doherty.7. 2,3; 3, Sexual powch of 6, wbove; 4,tbid, below;

3, vbw, opened out ; 6,var,d;7,under side of abdomen, 88,9, 9.

M&N .Hanhart imp,

Ropert H. F. Rippon, del. et lith., 1907.

PoMPEOPTERA RHADAMANTUS, Lucas, Figs. 1, 3, ¢ ; 2, Neuration of $; 5, 2? ; 4, Neuration of 2.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM PLO.

_ yy

apse

Rob HE Rippon. del et lth. 1895. M&N.Hanhart imp.

POMPEOPTERA POMPEUS , Cramer, figs 12, 5 la upper side, 2a under side of & abdominal
fobol or “pouch ; 2b Siubdorsal of & abdlonvew ,; 3.4. 3a,jubadcorsatl of 9 wbdim.; 5, newratior of d; 6,0F 9

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. eles

Pa mee snap arreatems ere

Rost. H. F, Rrepron, del et lith. 1906.

POMPEOPTERA CERBERUS, Felder, Figs. 1, 2,3, & (Darjiling); 4, g, (U. Burmah); 6, Felder’s Type, 2; 8,9, @ vars, (N. India) ;
10, @ (Rangoon); 7, subdorsum of abdomen, 2. P. POMPEUS, Cramer, Fig. 5, 3 (Java); 11, 12, 9 (Java); 13, 14, 2, right and left
wing of the same example, showing assymetry.

Pl. 58

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

del. et lith. 1906.

Rost. H. F. Rrepon,

Figs 1 to 44.

Tue WING SCALES OF THE ORNITHOPTERA AND THEIR VaRIED Forms, GREATLY MAGNIFIED.

Pl. 59

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

Rost. H. Ff, Rrepon, del. ef lith. 1906.

Figs 7 to 40.

THe WinG SCALES OF THE ORNITHOPTERA AND THEIR VarizD Forms, GREATLY MAGNIFIED.

Pl. 60

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

R. Morean, Impr.

Robt. H. F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1907.

POMPEOPTERA DARSIUS, Celtis, UGS. ti, Dy, BS 4, 25; 5, Neuration of 9; 6 of 9.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. IAL {Sate

RoBerT H. F. Rrepon, del. et lith., 1907.

PomprorTera Douertyi, Rippon, var. fasciculatus. Rothschild, Figs. 1, 2, ¢ ; 3,4, 2.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERO!

RUM .

PL. G2

Robert HF.Rippon del.et lith 1890 .

POM

=)

eB, OUe We,

RA

PLAT

ENI Staudinger, 1,2, 6d; 3,459.

M&N.Hanharb imp

ORNITHOPTERORUM .

Yn a

ne a

Rob! HE Rippon. del et ith. 1893.

POMPROPTERA

OWS IEC IAL , Hippow. 7.

2

cS,

PIO?

M&N. Hanhart amp

G;38. vor, 45,9; 6, Sabdorsal of Abdomen, 6; 7 tbid of Q.

~
es
%
se

Roo" HF Rippon del es ith. 1893 . M&N Harhart any
POMPHOPTHRA DOHERTY! , Ripnow 1d vars.of Ist type, 4.0vars.of 2rol, by Pe }
4.3.9 vars.at Ist type,/9, 9 var. ot tad type 3,8; 0 var. of Sra type, 6; 9 var of Lnal type,

10, Abdominal marginal pouck: & EC upper side 1, umder stole, 12 Newratiow of 6, 13; of 0, JF

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Pl. 64 B.

Robt. H. F. Rrpron del. et Pinx., 1900. R. MorGan, Impr.

POMPEOPTERA IRIS, Rébur, Figs. 7, 2, 3, 4, 5.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. © Pl. 65

Rost. H. F. Rippon, del et lith. 1906. R. Mora@an, Imor.

POMPEOPTERA STAUDINGERI, Rédev; Figs. 1,2 3 3,4 9.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Plate 66.

Rost. H. F. Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

POMPEOPTERA NEOMIRANDA, Fruhstorfer, Figs. 1, 2 $ ; 3, upper surface of posterior wing, a different setting; 4, Neuration.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM IP, (GG Are

Robt. H. F. Rippon del. et Pinx., 1900. R. MorGan, Impr.

POMPEOPTERA MIRANDA, Butler, ¢. JEUGS «ls. Wy Beh, Zl.

co

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM IPs (6{5 1835

Robt. H. F. Ripron del. ei Pinz., 1900. i R. Moraan, Impr.

POMPEOPTERA MIRANDA, Butler, 2. Figs. 1, 2.

JICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Pioneer|

Robt. H. F. Rippon del. et Pinx., 1900. R. MorGan, impr.

POMPEOPTERA MIRANDA, @ Butler, dark var., Figs.1, 2, 3, 4.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Pl. 66d.

Robt. H. FE. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1902. R. Morean, Impr,

POMPEOPTERA ANDROMACHE, Staudg.7, 2, § ; 3, abdominal fold-pouch of § ; 3a, underside of the same; 4,5, 2;
5a, abdominal fold of 2 , upper surface ; 5b, underside of the same ; 5c, legs of 2 ; 6, Neuvation ay Do

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM .

M&N.Hanhart imp.’

Rob’ 1LE. Rippon del.et lith 1896

)

RA MAGELLANUS, Zelder, 2, 3 ( Opalescent colours’);

=
ky
Ly

ue

ud
Dy

POMP!

la, 2a,Xonbhochrotc cols; 3,4, Felders otype;5,5a, neuratior of do.

ICONES ORNITHOPT!

Roberb HF Rippon delet dith.

1890.

BRO RUM _

ORNITHOPTERA J
OMPEOPTE
ROGONO!]

‘Pp
T

RICHMONDIA , Gray, 1 lod, 2,5.

RA

SIL ATI INI

Staweinger, 3,5;4:,8,

el

BRA

BROOK!

BANA , Wallace, 5,5;6,8.

M&N.Hanhart imp

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM Supplementary Plate, E.

Rebt. H. F. Rippon, del. et Pinxit, 1904. R. Morean, Impr.

SCHOENBERGIA TITAN, H. Grosse-Smitu. Fics. 7, 2 3g, 3, 4, Neuvation.

~

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Supplementary Plate F

Rost. H. F.. Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

<NITHOPTERA POSEIDON, v. Hecuba, Roder. 2 Fig 3.

rr

SCHGENBERGIA TITAN, Grose-Smith, 9. Figs. 1, 2; O

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Supplementary Plate G. _

Rost. H. F. Rreron, del et lith. 1906.

ORNITHOPTERA .OBIENSIS, Rippon (or Ney ?) Figs. 1,2, 3 ; 3, 34,4, 2; 3b, Body of the 2 ; 5 Neuration of ? ; 6 and ofthe g.

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ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Supplementary Plate H.

Rost. H. F. Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

AETHEOPTERA VICTORIZ vy. Isabella 3, Rothschild, Fig. 1; Body of Isabella, 2; v. Rubianus, Rothschild, ISS, Bol, BS Bele, OF
7, Abdomen of ?; 8, Neuration of the g.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Supplementary Plate K.

Rost. H. F. Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

SCHOENBERGIA (PHALANOSOMA) CHIMA:RA, Rothschild, Figs. 1,2, ¢. Diagram of g seen very obliquely, showing the long
hairs of the thorax and base of wings, Fig. 3 ;.the head magnified 2ths, Fig. 4; and nat. size, 7; Neuration, 6, 6; the legs magnified 2ths, 5.

matte ie tee ~ ie ee

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

Supplementary Plate L.

Rost. H. fF. Rippon, del et lith. 1906.

SCHOENBERGIA (PHALA,NOSOMA) CHIMZERA, Rothschild, Figs. 1,2, 9 ; 3, lateral oblique view,
thorax and wing bases; 4, the legs magnified ?ths; 5, the head 2ths.

showing the long hairs of the

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| Nar meemhi! Aeon eae ete te nsencnts «Ha ge Meio

+4 4 ees , tease Melee ejhed tebynred tie oem iy

Pl. M.

NITHOPTERORUM

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BGAN,

BR. Mo

it, 1907.

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RIPPO:

Robt. H. F.

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102 Rippon (R. H. F.) Icones Ornithopterorum; a monograph of the papilionine tribe
Troides of Hiibner, or Ornithoptera (Bird-wing Butterflies) of Boisduval, with a portrait,
a hand-coloured frontispiece; 13 coloured maps on 12 leaves, 81 hand coloured and 13
plain plates, and text-figures (some hand coloured), 2 vols., folio, half red morocco,
1898-1906 “™Z635U £2800
A fine copy of this splendid work of which it is generally reckoned no more than 30
copies were produced. It was published by the author who hand-coloured each copy
himself to subscribers’ orders and is one of the rarest and most beautiful works on

butterflies.

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¢ Wesley /5¢

gt

Uae TM WAL 9A LGA 21 £4 [1465 } Was Ths: ¢ py!
~ 1117 RIPPON, R.H. F. Icones Ornithopterorum: A Monograph of the Papilione Tribe Troides ~
~~ of Hubner, or Ornithoptera of Boisduval. Portrait, Color Frontis, 93 Plates (82 hand colored by
_ the Author), and Maps and text-figures, some colored. 2 Volumes, Folio, half green levant. Pub-

lished by the Author. London, 1898-1906. $750.00
, | The Author supplied the work to subscribers’ orders, requiring several months for the coloring. He completed
i only 80 copies before his death. A VERY FINE COPY.

win

3 9088 01149 9