\

AW
WN S SS WS

UM

ROR

n

arate ike iiyy : ‘ volar) oaea
R. MORGAN, PRINTER, 65, WESTOW STREET, UPPER NORWOOD, S.E- —

DEDICATED TO THE Memory or THE Late J. O. WESTWOOD, Esg., M.A., F.L.S.,
Mem. Soc. ENToMoL. DE FRANCE;
ALSO MEMBER OF THE Nat. Hist. SocreTIEs oF Moscow, Mauritius,
ZOOL. AND ENToM. SociETIES oF Lonpon, &c., &c.;
Tue First Horz Proressor oF ZooLtocy, University Museum, Oxrorp.

ICONES ORNITHOPTHRORUM:

A Monograph of the Papilionine Tribe TROIDES of Hubner,

OR

QUENT ER ai O lai man gee.

PRD a Wale, BUTE REMIT ES) OF BOM DUVAL,

BY

ROW@mich sob .) KREPPON,

CORRESP. MEMBER OF TORONTO NAT. HIST. SOC., &c.

NWA@ ls ead

With 45 Coloured and Plain Plates and Maps by the Author.

“« The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein.” —Ps. cxi., 2.

“« Seigneur! tu es digne de recevoir la gloire, Vhonneur, et la puissance; car tu as créé toutes choses, et c’est par
ta volonté qu’elles subsistent et qu’elles ont été créées.”—A pocalypse, iv., 11.

“Cuan grandes son tus obras, oh Jehova! muy profundas son tus pensamientos.”—Salmos xcil., 6.
‘«‘ Bs sollen dir danken, Herr, alle deine werke und deine Heiligen dich loben !””—Ps. cxlv., ro.

“ Siehe, also gehet sein Thun; aber davon haben wir ein gering Wértlein vernommen? Wer will aber den
Donner seiner macht versteben ? ”—Hui0b xxvi., 14.

«< Lo, these are a part of His ways; but how little a portion is heard of Him? But the thunder of His power
who can understand ? ”— Fob xxvi., 14.

“‘ Con las obras de tus manos me regocijo.”—Salmo xcii., 5.

IUOIEILUSISUBID) ise WSUS, BROILERS
24, JASPER ROAD, UPPER NORWOOD, LONDON, S.E.

1898.

DEDICATION.

To the late John O. Westwood (First Hope Professor of Zoology at the University of Oxford), M.A., F.L.S.,
etc., etc., with many other distinctions and memberships of learned societies in all parts of the civilised world, which
were the natural results, fully merited, of the enormous amount of valuable work in many branches of Zoology and other
subjects, which he accomplished during a long and industrious life—to the memory of this great and faithful master of
Natural Science, I feel it an honour to dedicate this volume of my monograph.

Professor Westwood’s writings and drawings illustrative of every order of insects, in addition to his palzeographic
and other works, are well known and highly valued throughout the world of Zoological and Archzological Science. They
are so numerous that a list of them would fill a small volume ; and up to the period of his death he was as unwearied in
giving to the world the results df his investigations, as he had been in the earlier and middle portions of his long and
useful life. If he had produced only his great work ‘‘ An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects,” which
was published in two closely-printed volumes in 1839-40, the entomological world would have been laid under a deep debt
of gratitude to him; for the work was such a masterpiece of learning, as to constitute it a valuable encyclopedia in
itself of the subjects of which it treats. We need another man, gifted with Westwood’s abilities and enthusiasm, to sup-
plement his labours, by giving us two or three additional volumes, constructed on the same plan, in which should be in-
corporated the wonderful results of the investigations in Entomology of the many workers among all nations during the 50
years that have passed away since Professor Westwood wrote the last line of his great treatise. Such a work must be
undertaken sooner or later—the sooner the better. Even then, amongst so much that has been splendidly
accomplished by others, his contributions quite down to the year of his death will be found to be so numerous)
and so valuable, as to bring him into continual remembrance. His work will be his monument while Entomology
is studied ; and no words of mine, or of others, are needed to enhance his fame.

One of the rewards of those who strive to enrich the world with their talents, is that, while ‘their works do
follow them,” they also remain with us and continually remind us of what it is possible for an earnest worker in any
department of heaven-inspired labour to be to his day and generation, and to the generations that are to come.

And now, with the highest sense of the honour, I remind myself that Professor Westwood was one of
the earliest subscribers for a copy of this monograph; that he took great interest in its progress, as his letters to me
evidence ; and that he willingly accepted my dedication of it to him.

Therefore, whilst I regret that he was not spared to see its completion, I am glad of the privilege of dedicating
this First Volume to his memory, with the earnest hope that the beautiful Science which he adorned and advanced by
his gifted labours, may attract an ever-increasing number of equally gifted and devoted workers in the future of Zoologi-
cal investigation.

ROBERDL H. FP. RIPPON,
January, 1900.

(3)

yy :
Ht

PREFACE.

This Monograph is the result of the author’s desire to leave behind him some memorial of his life-long love for
the marvellous and varied works with which our God has so abundantly stored and adorned this beautiful world. He
was anxious to leave something which should be permanently useful to all those who cared to study at least one small
part of those creations which the author (while he fully accepts and rejoices in the teachings of Evolution) nevertheless
regards as the crystalised thoughts of our loving Creator. The author had no particular ambition in employing his
pen and pencil, to attain to more than this; feeling as he does that it is impossible for anyone to propose to himself
any worthier task than to try and make the world a little richer in some way, intellectually or spiritually, for his having
been an inhabitant of it. He hoped that (whilst he was very poorly equipped with financial resources) by doing the
whole work of this monograph with his own hands and brain, he would be able to make it pay its expenses, which he
was aware could not be small. As a matter of fact, even under these conditious the work thus far has cost very much
more than has been received for it, and the labour involved has been much greater than was expected, and these have
been two of the many difficulties which have tended to delay the completion of it for so much longer a period than
the author anticipated.

For several years preceding the commencement of this undertaking the author had contemplated monograph-
ing some special group of marine or land shells, or some particular family of butterflies or moths (for either of which he
could find plenty of materials in his own collection as the nuclei of a more extensive survey), and publishing it himself at as
small a price as possible. But as itis always so much easier to originate ideas than to carry them out, the author
was continually reminded by unhappy experience that such an undertaking, with his limited resources, could not be
entered upon with a light heart, even if it were to be attempted at all. However as the years passed, and he was unwilling
to delay indefinitely, he decided to forego the larger idea which he had in his mind, and which some conchological
friends were anxious he should enter upon, and by selecting some very small group of butterflies which had not been too
exhaustively worked up, to endeavour to produce as complete an illustrative monograph of that group as he was able,
limiting it to a definite and not excessive number of parts. The Ornithoptera seemed to afford just the subject for his
purpose. They were not very numerous in species, they were very magnificent in character (next to the morphos, the
most beautiful of butterflies), and no monogiaph of what was then called a genus existed. Several of the varieties had
only been described without figures, or figures of both sexes did not exist; these descriptions and figures were scattered
far and wide through the pages of Entomological literature, adorning such works as Cramer’s ‘‘ Papilio Exotica,”
Felder’s ‘‘ Reise Novare,” Westwood’s “ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” Doubleday and Hewitson’s ‘‘ Genera,” Gray’s
“ Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects of the British Museum,” Boisduval’s ‘ Species Géneral,” ‘‘ The Voyage of the Astrolabe,”
and the Transactions and Proceedings of Societies, British and Foreign. Many of the figures adorning these works
were magnificent, and all the descriptions most useful and instructive—albeit the very long latin diagnoses of Felder
were trying to the ordinary student. Buta great number of synonyms had unavoidably been created; slight new
varieties were continually being described as species, and there was much confusion with regard to the sexes, so that
some of the species did not always get their proper mates—a grave irregularity which it was most desirable should be
remedied at the earliest possible moment. To the ordinary student in any department of zoology it is ever most diff-
cult, if he have no big or costly library of his own, to obtain the information which he requires about his special subject
of investigation: often much time and labour have to be expended, and the results are still unsatisfactory. Monographs
have a very special raison d’étre. “They supply a very urgent need, if they are properly written ; and so it seemed to the
author that he could wisely employ his time and energies in the preparation of an illustrated monograph which
should, within the covers of one or two volumes, furnish to the student of the Ornithoptera a fairly exhaustive view
of the subject up to the date of completion, with illustrations of each form so accurate that it should be easy to
determine any species of the group with sufficient facility to render such a work welcome.

In the year 1884 the author spoke of his proposal to his friend the late Philip Henry Gosse, F.R.S., and the
well-known author of some delightful works on marine and land zoology, and whose paper ‘‘ On the Clasping-organs
Ancillary to Generation in certain groups of the Lepidoptera,”’ published in the Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., in April,
1883, included his investigations of this subject in 12 species of Ornithoptera.* The following extract from his letter
contains Mr. Gosse’s reply :

‘Sandhurst, Torquay, 11/1/84.

‘« My dear Friend, : . : ; . ) : : ; - : : : 2 : tn og
I rejoice with you in the acquisition of 2 Ornithopt. Brookeana. Your projected monograph of the genus will, I
am sure, if carried out, be very valuable. If I be alive and well at the time, I shall think it a privilege to be a subscriber.
Meanwhile, would it be of any use to you to have a number of examples of O. Remus, Haliphron, and Leda (Wall.), in
battered condition, for anatomical examination? I have several of each from Celebes, utterly worthless for the cabinet,
which I would gladly give you. . . . . “Yours, &c.,

‘““P, H. Gosse.”

*The species treated of are D. Zalmoxis, pages 269, 271, 272, 276, 278, 324, with figs. 25-28, Pl. XXXII. 0. Richmondia, pages 278, 281, 284, with fig. 5, Pl. XXVI.
O. Avuana, pages 271, 274, 275, 281, 282, with figs. 1-3, Pl. XXVI. 0. Pronomus, pages 281, 283, fig. 4, Pl. XXVI. T. Brookeana, pages 275, 281, 291, figs. 5-8, Pl, XXVII.
P, Remus, pages 277, 283, 293, 335, figs. 12-20, Pl. XXVIII. P. Haliphron, pages 270, 277, 281, 284, 335, figs. 6, 7, Pl. XXVI. P. Darsius, pages 281, 286, 287, figs. 8-11, Pl.
XXVI. P. Rhadamanthus, pages 269, 271, 281, 289, figs. 12-16, Pl. XXVI. P, Amphrysus, pages 276, 281, figs. 9-11, Pl. XXVII. P. Heliacon, pages 281, 290, figs. 1, 2, Pl. XXVII.
P. Heliaconoides, pages 281, 290, figs. 3, 4, Pl. XXVII. In addition to his own masterly treatment of this subject Mr. Gosse quotes from De Haan's Bijdvagen tot de Kennis des
Papilionidea, in the ‘ Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen (Trans. regarding the Nat. Hist. of the Dutch Over-the-Sea
Possessions,”) giving references to P. Amphrysus, which are illustrated in that paper by 3 figs.; and also from Dr. Burmeister's Lepid. d. l. Rep. Arg., p. 21.

It is almost needless to say the author availed himself of Mr. Gosse’s kindness. But nearly five years elapsed
before he commenced the monograph, when there seemed a prospect of his relieving himself of the responsibility of
being his own publisher, and devoting himself entirely to the production of the work. However, before the issue of the
first part he found it would be wise to be his own publisher, and altogether to take every responsibility upon himself,
Since then he has laboured unceasingly on this work, with many difficulties financial, of ill-health, and other
obstacles, to contend with—ever full of hope and determination—assured that He who had helped His servant thus far,
would give him in due time the joy of completing the work. It will be readily understood why he has had, and may
have for a while longer, to make such demands on the patience of his subscribers, when it is understood that in addition
to all the work needed in preparing the letter-press, and drawing the plates, the author colours with his own hands
every copy of every plate that is published, and personally delivers or sends the parts to each subscriber when ready
for them, But he trusts that whatever faults and shortcomings the work may exhibit, (and he is fully conscious of
many of them) it will still be regarded by every lover of exotic entomology, as much better to have been done than to
have been left undone—a conclusion which will render him grateful to God and man.

At the commencement of this monograph, the miaterials which would enable us to decide upon the true rank of
the Ornithoptera among the Papilionidz were unfortunately much more restricted than at the present time; and in the
future we may confidently anticipate an accumulation of still more valuable and instructive examples of the group,
which may modify or even completely alter our views on the subject; for there is no finality in entomology any more
than there is in other departments of science. But even at an early period of this work, a close study of the different
forms composing what was then called the Genus Ornithoptera convinced the Author that the position assigned to the
so called genus among the Papilionide, by nearly all authors, was the correct, or nearly correct one ; that these insects,
though in some respects it was difficult to say in what important characters they differed from the other Papilios, for
several good reasons were allowed to take precedence of them, asa distinct genus ; that the number of good, substantial
species was really very small—indeed, more restricted than even was at first suspected—despite the great number of
names that had been given to them; and that, while the number of local forms and varities was already large, it was
certain to become much larger, as new and especially insulated localities were explored. Now this is exactly what has
been taking place. The subsequent great increase of materials has not modified these impressions, though it
has greatly enlarged them, and given him a sense of the glory of the group, which may be compared with the feeling one
experiences when thinking of the even greater advance in discovery and knowledge, in Ornithology for example, of the
numerous species, and the astounding beauty and strangeness of form, of the Birds of Paradise. Indeed, as the author
has ventured to suggest in another place, seeing that the most glorious of all the Ornithoptera, those of the genera
Schoenbergia and A&theoptera, seem to inhabit geographical areas identical with or near the metropolis of these birds,
and are as beautiful in their way as the Birds of Paradise, these species of Ornithoptera may well be called the
BuTTERFLIES OF PARADISE.

For reasons recorded in their own proper place in this work, it was found necessary at first to divide the genus
Onithoptera into three sub-genera—later on to give these full generic rank, viz., ORNITHOPTERA (with its section
Priamoptera), TRoGoNOPTERA, at that time consisting of only one species, and PoMPEOPTERA. At the same time there
were two remarkable forms, one a ¢@ and the other a 2 (only one example of each) whose position in the group it was
difficult to understand. These were De Haan’s ¢ Tithonus and Gray’s ? Victorie. These were obviously distinct as
species from any of the Priamus group, whilst appearing to have a close affinity for it. The question then arose, is the ¢
Victore the mate of the & Tithonus, or do they each belong to distinct species? Ultimately the discovery of the gorgeous
and remarkably formed ¢ of Victorig and many more ? 2 by Mr. Woodford in the Solomon Islands, and, a little later
on, the description, by Mr. Salvin, of the allied form Regina, and the discovery of De Haan’s Tzthonus (both sexes) in the
island of Waigieu, enabled us to more properly study their affinities with the group to which they belong, with the
result that they fall into two distinct genera, one of which should immediately precede, and the other succeed, the
genus ORNITHOPTERA (or the Priamus group, as it was called). The addition of the tailed Sch. Paradisea to the
Ornithoptera supplied the genus for Tithonus. It is to be noted that all the members of the genus ORNITHOPTERA, in the
$ sex, were distinguished by the presence on the anterior wing of a pupeform sericeous brand; this character is also
found in AZrueopTerRA, while the form and colouration of the ¢ is quite distinct from those of the Priamus group,
and the ¢ is also quite unlike any? of the genus OrnirHoprera. On the contrary both Paradisea and Tithonus $ ¢
possess no stigmatic brand, their abdominal marginal fringe is very long, dense, and white or light sienna tone, and
their females are quite different in appearance from those of Victore and its congeners, and though somewhat like
those of Ornithoptera, are yet abundantly distinct from them. Victorie therefore became the type of ASTHEOPTERA and
Paradisea of the genus SCHOENBERGIA (or, as Pagenstecher suggested, but without characterising it, a subgenus).

The genera Troconoprera and Pomproprera are, in the ¢, possessed of an abdominal marginal fold or pouch,
concealing the androconia, and the ¢ ¢ of the red and black South and Central American Papilios, or as the Author
proposes to call them ORNITHOPTERINA, are possessed of a similar character in the same position.

In addition to these genera it was necessary to admit Drury’s Papilio Antimachus, and Hewitson’s P. Zalmoxts
(both West African species) to the ranks of the Ornithoptera, to place them undoubtedly before ScHOENBERGIA, and to
include them in the genus Drurya (created by Aurivillius in 1880) for the type 4 ntimachus. It was suggested to the author
that White’s Ridleyanus, also a W. African species, should come into the group, but as he has shewn, this papilio is by
no means related to the Ornithoptera. With regard to the Ornithopterina they will have to be separated into 2 genera
at least, which when properly studied will reveal some remarkable analogies to both ORNITHOPTERA and PoMPEOPTERA.

As we have therefore a number of genera included among the Ornithoptera, it appeared to be wise to regard
them as worthy of being associated together as a tribe, the Papilionine tribe TROIDES, a generic name given to

DSI

(0)

this group of butterflies in 1816 by Hubner, and adopted by Mr. Rothschild fin his very valuable and masterly
‘Review of the Papilionide of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa, (Novitates Zoologice, Vol. III., 1895) ”]
as the generic name of the whole of the Ornithoptera without distinction, therewith introducing a trinomial and
possibly quadrinomial nomenclature, which it is difficult to believe he will not, with his great knowledge, ultimately
modify, as being cumbersome and inconvenient to the ordinary student.

That the whole of the so-called species included in the author’s restricted genus Ornithoptera, or the old Priamus
Group, may well be regarded as geographical forms of the type species Priamus, it will be wise to admit; and this most
entomologists are agreed upon. ‘The superficial differences, 7.¢., those of pattern, are not too great, especially in the ¢
sex, and the external structural characters so far as they have been studied, do not appear to diverge in any important
degree throughout the multitude of named forms, from the type species.

It would appear that the whole of the Ornithoptera are in a very unstable condition, none of the forms appear to
be as approximately permanent in pattern and colour as Vanessa atalanta, V. Urtice, Danas Archippus, or even the
American Argynnidz. In both sexes it is almost impossible to find a specimen in which the markings are symmetrical
on both wings, on either surface; and still more difficult to find two examples which in size and markings are absolutely
alike ; while the intensity and quality of colour differ to a wonderful extent throughout the group. Of course all this
instability is intended to enable different members of the group to adapt themselves to the varied conditions of their
numerous island homes and continental environments, and to the changes which in the former at least are incessantly
taking place—changes which, while they may not be apparent to us, yet are capable of slowly but profoundly modifying
the morphological character of all animal and vegetable life.

The nominal species which appear to afford the most stable specific characters are—tst, the type form Priamus,
which is always large, very melanistic or fairly light in the ground colour of the ?, and with the anterior wing-cell
immaculate; but an occasional example will be met with where the cell has a small light patch in it ; whilst occasionally
the cell of other forms will possess only a rudimentary mark, or it may be altogether absent, notwithstanding that the
rule is for the cell in all those other forms to exhibit a more or less light patch. and, Richmondia, from the Richmond
River, Australia, which only differs from Cassandra in being the smallest of the genus Ornithoptera—its variations on
the under surface of the ¢ being as numerous as are those of Cassandra, and identical in patterns: in other words that
given a special variation of pattern in the larger species, the same pattern may be found in the smaller, a phenomenon
that is very suggestive. So that Richmondia is simply a geographical name for Cassandra, only justified by the small size
of all the specimens which inhabit the district of the Richmond River. It may be remarked, however, that some very
small ¢ example of other species have been met with that are not larger than the average Richmondia, while on the
other hand some abnormally large specimens of the 2 of Cassandra may be found in collections. 3rd, Cr@sus. The
colour of the ¢ ¢ of this species is very permanent in its character—generally, however, betraying a tendency to become
Jess red and more yellow and green in specimens that are bred. As everyone is aware the ? ¢ of the two forms Crasus
and Lydius are very distinct—the latter being quite abnormal and acrzoid, and permanently so, so far as our knowledge
of it goes. 4th, Uvvilliana is distinguished by the ¢ being apparently always blue, green blue, violet or lilac—though
the size and markings—but more especially the scaling of the posterior wings present many diversities extending from
the type form to the interesting geographical variety (C@lestis, Rothschild) from the Loutsiade Archipelago. In this
latter the light mark in the anterior wing-cell of the ¢ is very fairly uniform in shape and size in all the examples that
have been collected. The individuals of both sexes are also smaller than those from other localities, and the colour of
the # is very blue. Now the ¢ % of Urvilliana vary to a considerable extent, in depth of colour, from a very light
sienna brown to the darkest brown—the light markings present every degree of size, shape, and division that is found
in other so-called species of the Priamus group (notably in Poseidon) and they are nearly always large-sized insects ; so
that the differentiation from other species is always less in this sex than in the ¢—notably so in the case of the New
Britain example of Aruana and Urvilliana.

But while all these facts tend to unite the different forms of the genus Ornithoptera (as the author restricts the
genus) into one good species, there are other peculiarities of the ¢ ¢ which render the evidence of that unity over-
whelming. (a) The general pattern of all the ¢ ¢ throughout the group is really very uniform, especially on the
anterior wing, and so is the colour. We have in Priamus, Cassandra, and Richmondia black and green wings (more or
less golden green), with a varying extent of black or colour scaling common to all the species of the genus. The shape
and size of the green subcostal band, and of the inner and outer marginal green band are always similar—so much so
that a tyro, seeing only plain figures of the species is apt to suppose that they all belong to one species. In the three
species quoted, the median vein of the anterior wing is not indicated by green atoms or scales; but from, and including
Pegasus all the forms are more or less green scaled along this vein and its branches; in a few examples this green
scaling becomes so extensive as to encroach largely over the dark area of the wing, and to suggest the possibility
that some day examples with the upper wings entirely green may be discovered. In Cre@sus, this scaling is not present ;
but it re-appears in Urvilliana, in some examples. On the posterior wings there is generally a discal row of suborbicular
black spots, ranging in number from 5 to 1. In the three species named these are larger ; and never probably entirely
absent; but in all the other species from Pegasus to Cresus they are generally not so large, or only rudimentary ; and
in many examples are entirely absent. In Urvilliana they are sometimes small, varied in number, but generally large,
and often fused into the dark scaling of the lower wing. In all the forms this scaling, which is densest at the base of
the wings, is generally present, varying in the extent of its area, till it seems to attain its greatest development in some
of the examples of Uvvilliana. On the underside of the hind wings of all the species this row of black spots is always
present ; the spots are longer than above, more irregular in shape, and always either six or seven in number. Again,

(7)

on the lower wings of the ¢ ¢ we find in Priamus one, and sometimes more, small golden yellow submarginal inter-
nervular spots: these may be between any of the veins, or in any part of the submarginal area ; they may be found, one,
two, or more, in examples of most of the species, except Urvilliana; always very small, except in Cresus where they
are larger, vary from 2 to 4 or 5. In Cresus and Lydius also there are always 3 or 4 larger silky golden yellow spots or
marks in addition—the largest often occupying nearly the whole of the discoidal cell, and a great part of the costa. All
these spots and marks correspond to similar more extensive marks on the undersurface, and transmit the light through
the wing. When, however, the submarginal group only appears on the undersurface (as it generally does in full number
of spots) without the corresponding marks above, the light is not transmitted. But these spots may probably be
intended to serve a similar purpose to those semi-transparent spots of nude-membrane found in the genera Doleschallia
and Kallima, and the larger ones in the wings of the Heterocerous genera Atiacus, Antherea, &c. These spots and
marks are quite analogous to the golden yellow patches and spots on the secondary wings of the ¢ ¢ in the genus
ScHOENBERGIA, where they have attained their maximum development ; they also appear as square submarginal spots,
fairly large, in AZ THEOPTERA ; but in both genera they are sufficiently distinct from those of OrNITHOPTERA and of each
other, to show that the forms of each genus are rightly specialized. Another characteristic of the species of the genus
OrniTHopTera is this:—If the ¢ & of Priamus and allied species are examined obliquely against the light, the whole
of the green area of the wings—especially the anterior wing—will be seen to be shot with opalescence, golden orange,
yellow, and different shades of blue and violet, changing according to the obliquity of position from a pale dead salmon
tint to the violet, till no trace of green remains, causing the insect to resemble successively both Cresus and Urvilliana ;
and the fresher the specimens and the stronger the light, the more intense will these reflections be. On the contrary if
Cresus be subjected to the same positions of light the reflections will be green, so that the insect will appear like a
Poseidon or Aruana; Urvilliana only gives salmon or silvery, and slightly green reflections, but a var. exists (a perma-
nent var.) Bornemanni, which is really as green as a Pegasus, or a deeper green than a fresh example of Pegasus; it has
also the green scales along the median vein, and its reflections make it in a proper oblique position to resemble Cresus.
It is found in New Britain, and appears to unite Avuana with Urvilliana, and really might be mistaken for anything
rather than a var. of the species Urvilliana. The & of the species Schoenbergia Goliath has lately been discovered, and
named Supremus by Réber, and Elizabethe-Regine by a Hungarian entomologist. It is a combination of the characters
of Tithonus and Cresus! To those who would group together the forms of ScHoENBERGIA and AZ THEOPTERA it would
have been less surprising if it had exhibited a combination of the colour and pattern marks of Tithonus and Victoria.

Of the different named forms of the genera ScHoENBERGIA and AZtheoptera it is too early to decide upon the
number of species which may ultimately be admitted ; probably many more, at least of Schoenbergia, will be discovered ;
and probably ¢ ¢ with short tails and gradations of tail may turn up, and unite Tithonus with Paradisea—judging by
the discovery of the ¢ of Paradisea, v. Meridionalis, which is also tailed (and a remarkable tail it is!) and in many
ways so distinct from the type form as to justify a full specific rank being given to it. The most extraordinary forms
may yet reward those who explore the archipelagoes and the interior of New Guinea. At present the three forms of
ZEiheoptera bear, in both sexes, so close a resemblance to each other as to suggest that, while more varieties may be
discovered in the Solomon Archipelago, they will only, as Regine and Regis are, be local differentiations from the type

Victoria.

It therefore remains for the author to indicate the few changes in the classification of the Sub-family Papilionine
which are indirectly the result of the arrangement proposed on page (6). As the Papilionide are divided into the two
Sub-families Prermv# and Papitionin@ it will be convenient to regard the 2nd sub-family as being composed of a
number of tribes, of which Troides would be one. The ist of these should contain the genera Mesapia, Gray ;
Calinaga, Moore; Styx, Statidinger; and perhaps Hypermnesira, Ménetries,—a group whose neuration 1s most like
that of the Pierinz, in that it has only 3 branches to the median vein of the anterior wings.

The second tribe would comprise the genera Doritis, Fabricius; Parnassius, Latreille; Eurycus, Boisduval ;
Euryades, Felder; and Liihdorfia, Ersch,—in all of which, except in the first genus, however much they may differ
in appearance, at a special period, subsequent to their union with the males, the females exhibit a peculiarly secreted
waxy or corneous pouch on the anal segment of the abdomen, which appears to be the result of that union at the
time of coition, and the purpose of which is yet involved in obscurity. Mr. Elwes, who has closely studied the Parnassit
thinks that the last 4 of these genera should form a separate family, or perhaps he would mean sub-family,—a proposal
worthy of considerable respect. It will at any rate be doing them justice to give them the rank of a tribe in the

suggested arrangement.

The 3rd tribe would include the genera Serecinus, Westwood; Thais, Fabricius; and Armandia, Blanchard.
The 4th tribe would consist of the genera, Teinopalpus, Hope; and Leptociycus, Swainson.

The sth tribe would be our Trorves, though it would seem that some other genera intermediate between
Serecinus and Drurya are needed to more naturally link together the last 2 tribes. The foregoing are suggested, subject
to modification, when we get to know more of these genera, and become possessed of the numerous allied species
which probably yet remain to be discovered. At any rate the tribe TROIDES will have a secure position, though
new forms and even new genera may in the future be discovered and included.

(8)

The proposed classification would therefore stand thus :—

Famity PAPILIONIDZ:, LEAcu, 1819.
Sub-Family II., PAPILIONINAZ, Swainson, 1840.
Trine 1. [The Median Nervure of the anterior wing with 3 branches. |

Genera: i. Mesapia, Gray. Thibet ; ii. Calinaga, Moore, Sikkim ; iii. Styx, Statidinger, Peru; iv. Hypermnestra (?)
Mén., Turkestan.

Tripe 2. [The Median Nervure of the anterior wing with 4 branches; the ° with a waxy or corneus
secretion attached to the underside of the anal segment of the abdomen in all the genera but Doritis.|

Genera: i. Doritis, Fab., Europe and Asia Minor; ii. Parnassius, Latr., Mountainous districts of Europe, N.
and Central Asia, Japan, and California, &c.; and also in low and wooded districts ; ii. Eurycus, Boisd., Australia ;
iv. Euryades, Feld., Uruguay and Paraguay ; v. Liihdorfia, Ersch, Japan (tailed in both sexes).

Trise 3. [Tailed in both sexes, median nervure of ant. wing 4-branched. |

Genera: i. Sevecinus, Westw., N. China; ii. Aymandia, Blanch., Bhutan and Thibet (the 3 branches of the
median nervure of the posterior wing tailed, the first being the longest).

Trise 4. [The antenne strongly clubbed. Median vein as above].

Genera: i. Teinopalpus, Hope (the ¢ tailed in the usual manner of the tailed Papilios; the ¢ with a short tail from
the 2nd posterior median nervule, and a longer curved tail from the 2nd subcostal nervule) N. India; ii. Leptocircus,
Swainson, (with a very broad tail-like prolongation of the posterior wing) Indian region, Siam, Java, Celebes and

Philippines.

TriBE 5. Troides, Hubner. [Median Nervure of ant. wing 4-branched ; antenne stout, with the club or
apex more or less curved.

Group I. THe AcR&oID ORNITHOPTERA.
Genus 1: Drurya, Aurivillia. (The antennz well clubbed), West Africa.
Group I]. Tue True ORNITHOPTERA.

_ Genus 2: Schoenbergia, Pagenstecher. (The male of two sp. tailed.) New Guinea and Waigieu.

[The anal valves of the 3 ave divided dorsally and subdorsally: the whole annulus being very distinct im
form from the other abdominal articulations and pointed at the terminal ; the valves would evidently
open wide in the act of cottion, but the entire valve must be capable of considerable movement in a
downward direction at least ; the direction of the valve sutures 1s indicated by the triangulate black
mark, which decorates the annulus in all the geneva, but most obtrusive in SCHOENBERGIA and
FETHEOPTERA, and the least in PoMPEOPTERA. |

Genus 3: Ovnithoptera, Boisd. The ¢ golden green and black with a pupzform brand (the ¢ ¢ brown and
white, grey, or yellow), N.W. Australia, N.S. Wales, New Guinea, and Molucca Islands.

Section, Priamoptera. # ¢ violet, or orange red and black, 2 2 brown and white, or grey. New Britain, N.
Ireland and Solomon Islands, and Louisiade Islands. A green variety of the ¢ also occurs in New Britain.

Genus 4: theoptera, Rippon. The # & Golden green, yellow and black, with a pupe form stigma surrounded
by a slightly obscure opalescence, but often very intense in some examples; the posterior wing strongly excised at the
anal angle; the 2 2 brown, with white and yellow markings on both surfaces of the wings. Solomon Islands.

Genus 5: Tvogonoptera, Rippon. [The ¢ with an abdominal marginal fold or pouch for the Androconia.]
Borneo, Sumatra, Labuan, and Philippines.

Genus 6: Pompeoptera, Rippon. [The ¢ with a similar abdominal marginal pouch: species of both sexes
generally black and yellow, except P. Doherty, Rippon, in which the sexes are nearly unicolourous on both surfaces—
the ¢ black (with a little yellow), the @ brown.] In localities ranging from Ceylon, India and China to the Malay,
Philippine, Malacca, and other archipelagoes, N. Australia, and New Guinea.

(9)

Group III]. OrnitHoprerina, Rippon.

[The ¢ @ with an abdominal marginal pouch.] _ Prevailing colours: black and green, and red ; bronzy-blue,
green, black, white, and red; black, red, and white; and black, white, brown, and red; 2 2 of some species tailed.
Ree of possibly 2, 3, or 4 genera ;—Papilio Crassus, Cram. ; Pap, Sesostris, Cram.; P. Mylotes, Bates ; Pap. Polydamus,

inn.

Referring back, in the foregoing table, to Tribe 4, the genus Teimopalpus is made to take its place next but one
to the Acreoid Ornithoptera, the Ist genus of the Tribe Trorpns. Of this beautiful genus (only one species of which is
at present known) Doubleday, in his diurnal Lepidoptera, remarks that ‘there is little in its structure beyond its long
porrect palpi to separate it from Ornithoptera or Papilio, though some of its peculiarities indicate an approach to Thais,
a genus in which the palpi are more developed than in any other of the Papilionidze, with the exception of Teinopalpus.”
It may be added, however, that the whole form of the head in front of the eyes is more prolonged, being equal in length
to the distance from the outer extremity of the eyes to the commencement of the pronotum; but it terminates as a
point, z.¢., forms a cone covered with green hairs, the base of which may be considered to be either the front of the eyes
or the commencement of the pronotum., The palpi are partly covered by this cone, but in both sexes they project
beyond. In the Ornithoptera the palpi are quite concealed beneath the villose tuft which emerges only slightly beyond
the eyes. The abdomen in both sexes is unlike that of Ornithoptera in character; the anal valves of the ¢ bear little
or no resemblance to those of any of the Ornithoptera, and the red antenne are short and strongly clubbed, similar to
the black antennz of the Acreeoid Ornithoptera ; the legs also are altogether shorter in proportion to the size of the
insect than in the Ornithoptera. The antennz in their form and length, though not in colour, are most like those of
Thais, and the same may be said of the form of the front of the head and palpi of Thais when viewed in company with
Teinopalpus. But the body differs from Teinopalpus much more than it seems to differ from the AGArrstip# moths.

There is a species of Papilio, P. Antenor from Madagascar, which is remarkable in possessing antennz that like
those of Teinopalpus, are brick red, an unusual colour for Papilio, in which these organs are generally black; but they are
long, and gradually thickened towards their apex, being like those of the true Ornithoptera, though they often are
pointed straight forward, like those of many of the Nymphalide. There are several points of similarity with the
Ornithoptera in P, Antenor, suggesting that if it is not ultimately admitted into their ranks, it would have to be placed
very near them. The body or abdomen of Antenor is light coloured—an unusual character in the Papilios, but almost
entirely the rule among the Ornithoptera, though becoming less stringent in Pompeoptera, and when they reach the
Ornithopterina. The annulations of its light abdomen are well accentuated by the same delicate brick red as that of the
antenne and of the villose tuft between and in front of the eyes. The anal valves are almost exactly like those of
Ornithoptera in form and general structure; and the basal segment of the abdomen is black like the thorax, with the
2nd and 3rd annuli accentuated with black and brick red. In these respects, except in colour, the body quite resembles
those of the Ornithoptera. There are many points of similarity between the legs of Antenor and the Ornithoptera ; but
the 5th or terminal joint of the tarsus of the former is proportionally longer than in the Ornithoptera. Of
course, although the wings and wing patterns seem very dissimilar from those of the Troides tribe, there are some points
that are suggestive. Ultimately, it may be, Amtenor will have to be admitted into this tribe, as the type of a special
genus ; but at present it will be difficult to say where it should be placed. The author has much pleasure in acknow-
ledging his indebtedness to Dr. K. Jordan for first calling his attention to the structure of the ¢ valves of Auntenor,
while at the same time expressing his opinion that there were no characters in the genus Drurya that would justify the
author in admitting that genus among the Ornithoptera. Though this is contrary to the views of Statidinger, and other
of the Continental entomologists, and he still hopes that he has made no mistake, yet the author has the deepest regard
for any opinion expressed by Dr. Jordan on the Lepidotera, because of the immense knowledge, morphological and
otherwise, which he possesses, with the advantages of being the curator of probably that most wonderful accumulation
of entomological material in the world which has its home in the Hon. W. Rothschild’s Museum at Tring. But as
every arrangement and conclusion in zoology can, at the best, be only provisional, the author fully anticipates that in
the future, when the lepidoptera have been morphologically studied throughout all their families and genera, and their
life history entirely unfolded, the whole of our different systems of ciassification will have to go to the wall, and give
place to an arrangement that would surprise us all, if we were privileged to be living on earth at that time. Towards
this advance in knowledge Dr. Jordan will, if he is spared for a few years, be sure to contribute more largely than
perhaps any of us can at present foresee.

As it may be thought by some, though no one has suggested it, that the measurements of the legs, wings and
other parts of the species described in this work were useless and would be of no value, the author would here observe
that though at present there is little prospect of such measurements being of great use, even if carried out ona really exten-
sive plan, yet it would be unwise to assume that this will always be the case. The relative measurements of any of the
parts of the lepidoptera are not really trivial or useless, though at present they may seem so; every fact is important ;
and such measurements may in the future be the means of bringing us valuable knowledge, if systematically pursued by
students of this order of insects. In studying the characters of the Coleoptera, for example many species are created
and even genera formed almost entirely on a consideration of the relative lengths of the joints of the tarsi, or of the
articles of the antennz.

To return to the exterior form of the ¢ sexual apparatus, which in the Troides is generally very unlike that of
the other Papilionidz, with some few exceptions, it may be briefly stated that the valves are attached to the overlapping
edges of the 8th or terminal abdominal segment, and consist of a pair of broad plates of a generally ovoid or semi-ovate
shape, and the outline of the whole segment usually is more or less trigonal when viewed from above. They are
generally pointed at the end, more especially so in the genus Pompeoptera, where, in a state of rest the point of the

(10)

right valve sometimes slightly overlaps that of the left. These valves are united to the penultimate segment of the
abdomen by fully working joints. It is possible that, while this portion of the abdomen may generally be curved down-
ward for union with the ¢, it may be capable of moving in the upward direction also—especially as the ? % of some
of the tribe are known to woo the ¢ ¢, as the author has shown in another place. These valves are convex externally, and
concave internally: their purpose is to enclose the genitalia, &c. The valves are closed on the exterior with scales
similar to that of the body ; their free edges have generally a fringe of hair-like scales, which in some species are denser
than in others, and likewise longer: they serve to protect the genital cavity when the valves are closed, from dust or
any injurious matter which might otherwise drift in—the fringed edges are in close contact when the valves are at
rest; the edges are sometimes slightly grooved without, so that the fringed edges appear to be doubly efficient for their
purpose, by protecting a small portion outside the valves as well as in guarding the opening of them. The valves of
Aruana and Amphrysus are denesly fringed with these hair scales: Brookeana still more so. Of course as Philip H.
Gosse has shewn, there are many variations of form, and structure found even among the Ornithoptera, to say nothing
of the other Papilionines. He also suggested a better name for these organs than valves namely oudeos (a sheath or

scabbard),.

The larve of the tribe Trompes are large, heavy looking creatures, dark in colour generally; their segments
are armed with a number of thick, obtuse, sometimes rather sharp, fleshy protuberances, varying probably
from 3 to 6 on each segment; and each of the retractile nuchal tentacles is enclosed in an external sheath. In
fEtheoptera the fleshy protuberances are somewhat different in colour and shape from those of Pompeoptera ; but
more particulars on this subject will be given in the 2nd vol. of this work. Of larve that bear a close resemblance to
those of Troipes Papilio diphilus, Esp,, and P. Hector, Linnzus, may be cited. Of the chrysalids it may suffice to say
in this place that they appear to bear a very close resemblance to each other throughout the tribe, as the Pupa plate
in the 2nd vol. will show.

It may be interesting and instructive at this point to bring before our minds a brief description of what the zdeal
pattern of the genus Ormithoptera would be; and this will help us to understand how naturally the different so-called
species of this and other genera have been able to vary in pattern as they have, and what possibilities there
may yet be in store for them, as their environments slowly but surely become modified.

The ¢ anterior wings velvety black; a more or less broad subcostal band of green, extending from near the
apical angle to near the base of the wings; a narrow band of green along the inner margin from the base to the posterior
or anal angle, proceeding from thence up the posterior or hind margin nearly to the apex or anterior angle, but divided
more or less in the upper half of its course by the veinlets; all these green marks are softened into the black by green
atoms or scales; a brown discal pupiform stigma (entirely a ¢ character) ; the median vein and its branches absorbed
in the velvety black of the wing.

[Note: The median and other veins with a tendency to become green-scaled; and the green areas of the veins
may (and sometimes do) encroach, until perhaps at some future time nearly or quite all the upper wing may become
green; but the wing will never become all black. The green is dark originally, but becomes more golden; and
forms may be found yet where the golden tone will be so great as almost to eliminate the green in some lights at least ;
the green always shot with purple, opal, or fiery orange reflections, when viewed in the right position; the green may
and does become intense golden orange or lilac, blue or violet, (or yellow). The pupzform stigma may either be very
black, so as to be almost indistinguishable from the black (in which case it exhibits silvery reflections if viewed in the
proper position) ora rich red brown, and very prominent. |

The under surface of the anterior wing very dark brown; the discoidal cell with a blue-green spot or mark at
the lower portion of the distal end, which is of no great extent ; a discal broad transverse band of blue-green, extending
from the submedian nervure up the wing to between the 3rd and 4th subcostal nervules; this band is divided distinctly
into separate parts by the veins and veinlets and their black borderings, and so divided at its outer third by black
lunate marks between the veins as to separate the outer 4th and make them appear as if they were independent green
spots: these are always more golden green than the rest of the band. ;

[Note: This band may be so broken up as to become a double transverse row of green spots: it does especially
soin the Australian Cassandra and Richmondia ; or the black spots may become very small, asin some Aruanas ; the green
of the cell may become more extensive, and the entire area of the wing may possibly become quite green, or intensely
golden green, or greenish-blue, or golden-yellow green ; but an orange, blue, or red underside is a sunlikely to appear as
a blue rose or dahlia in the plant world.|

Posterior wings green; a discal row or band of variously shaped black spots parallel with the outer margin 4
or 5 in number; a submarginal black band from the anal angle to the base of the costa; base of the wing above the
precostal veins black; a scaling of black atoms from the base, which may spread over the whole wing.

[Note: The green colour can vary from an olive golden-yellow to blue-green, blue, purple, violet, and fiery
orange ; the black spots may be very large or very small, or obsolete, or rudimentary, or entirely absent, or vary from
o to 5; small golden silky submarginal spots may also be present between the black marginal border and the black
spots, in numbers varying from 1 to 4; the cell also, and the upper part of the disc, may have golden silky marks,
generally of a fairly large size, as in Cresus. The colour reflections of such wings will, when the wing is golden orange,

be green. }

Under surface of posterior wings green, but golden-green or yellow towards or at the outer margin and the costal

(11)

margin ; a discal band or row of variously-shaped black spots 7 in number, including the black patch of the anal angle ;

the margins all more or less broadly and irregularly black ; a row (between the discal spots and black margin) of golden

silky spots in the yellow or yellow-green, and a large cuneiform golden mark or cone with its apex pointed towards the

feet between ss subcostal and costal nervures ; the abdominal fold brown, or silvery grey ; the abdominal fringe hght
urnt-sienna red.

[Note: Even in the blue, violet, or orange forms of Cresus or Urvilliana, the underside will always be green, or a
strong greenish-blue, and the green may become so golden as to be virtually yellow in the proper light. ‘The black
spots and golden spots may vary from o to 7 each: may be very large, or very small ; the cell may become more or
less black. In some ancient forms the row of black disc spots may have been united to the black margin, so as to con-
stitute a broad black band occupying half the wing; or the whole wing may have been entirely green on this surface. |

The thorax and abdomen vary little from the ideal pattern and colour, which is nearly that of Priamus.

¢. Anterior wings light brown; the discoidal cell immaculate; a broad band or system of discal light spots
and marks, so arranged as to present the appearance of a double row of irregular-shaped spots or marks, whereof the 3
uppermost are the longest and largest, these occupy more or less of the whole middle of the disc; no marginal band ;
white fringe lunules.

[Note: This band may be broken up in every conceivable manner into large or small spots, varying in number
from 2 or 3 to 14, 15, or (rarely) 16; even in the acreoid ? of Lydius they are only 17; their form and size may be
an elongate-longitudinal. cuneiform, lunate, square, or rudimentary ; or the whole band may be absent, and the wing
quite brown all over; the cell may have one white mark or patch occupying only a small portion, or the greater part of
the cell, and it may be either sub-tetrahedral, oblique, or exceedingly irregular in shape; it may be divided into 2, 3, 4,
or 5 parts; any one of these parts may be absent, or 2, 3 or 4 of them may be obliterated in one specimen, and the
remaining divisions may be at any part of the ideal patch: the division may also be rudimentary, 7.e., composed of
minute scales, or half-and-half. An Orwithoptera may yet be found with the upper wing nearly entirely white: but this
is not very probable ; yet the cell of Lydius is almost entirely white.]

Under surface of anterior wing: the white discal band broken up in the same manner as above, but the inner
with marks or divisions are longer, larger, and more hastate; the cell immaculate; no marginal band.

[Exactly the same may be said of the marks in their variation, including Lydius, as above, except that the cell
mark is generally more irregularly shaped and rugged than on the upper surface.]

Posterior wings, dark brown; a broad discal band of independent hastate light marks, each with a suborbicular
black or brown spot, pupilled faintly with a smaller and blacker round spot; the portion of the light marks below the
brown spot warm brown, the margin of the wing darker.

(Note: This light band may be very much reduced, partly rudimentary, or obsolete; or extended so as to
occupy nearly the whole wing; it may be also continuous except for the veins; the black spots may be deep black;
very large or very small; and the marginal band black; the light band may be ochraceous below the orbicular spots, or
orange, and the band vary from white and cream-colour to ochraceous. |

Underside of posterior wings, subject to the same rules as above, and the pattern similar.
[The colour of all light marks may vary from creamy-yellow to a rich orange-yelllow. |
Thorax black with a green longitudinal mark ; abdomen ochraceous grey, orange beneath.

[Note. No great amount of variation is found in the colour and markings of the body. Except in the case of
Lydius, the discoidal cell is always entirely brown. The wings of all ? @ may be any depth of brown from light och-
raceous brown, to a very deep melanism above and below.|

At the end of this volume, in the article treating of the geographical distribution of the Ornithoptera, the author
has endeavoured to convey some idea of the physical conditions of the countries where the species are found. These
are naturally very brief andimperfect ; but it appeared to him that in all treatment of such a subject as the geographical
distribution of any group of creatures, the more completely the physical and other features of the countries are under-
stood, the more likely are many of the zoological problems of the animal world to be ultimately solved; while much
light may possibly be thrown upon the subject of which this work treats, even as concerns its more simple points
of enquiry.

While the author has in their proper places acknowledged his indebtedness to all who have lent him examples of
species for study or figuring in this work, he feels especially glad to again acknowledge the assistance he has received
by the use of the many splendid examples contained in the wonderful collections of the Hon. Walter Rothschild and
Mr. H. Grose-Smith—to which he has generally had access as freely as if they had been his own. The value of this
privilege may be estimated, when it is stated that Mr. Grose-Smith’s collection is a singularly rich one, in
Rhopalocera—that in the 1500 to 1800 drawers in which his lepidoptera are contained there are representatives of

(12)

almost all the Ornithoptera, and good series of many of them, almost every specimen being in the finest condition, Of
Mr. Rothschild’s collection, in his Tring museum, it is safe to say that in no other part of the world is there such a vast
collection of Lepidoptera, especially of the Eastern Papilionidz: that among the Ornithoptera is to be found nearly
every known form—and often in such immense series, and representing so many localities, that it may be considered
that in this museum alone the materials for any amount of research may be obtained. The Ornithoptera occupy several
big cabinets ; and the Papilionide are contained in one large and high room, arranged in 36 big cabinets of 40 drawers
each, or 1,440 drawers in all. But the remainder of the Rhopalocerous and Heterocerous Lepidoptera, which is then
only a small section of the contents of the Tring Museum, may be numbered by hundreds of thousands of specimens,
These and other collections are always receiving augmentation, and are rendered all the more useful by the almost
regal library, treating of so many of the Zoological and Biological subjects for which the museum is famous.

Finally, the author cannot refrain from expressing his deep admiration and joy in the contemplation of these and
the multitudinous works of our holy and glorious God and Creator. The lovely things treated of in this work are but
as the smallest portion of the great order to which they belong. A panoramic view of the butterfles and moths of this
world would be one long vision of beauty in form, variety of pattern, and delicacy or splendor of colour, illustrated by
tens of thousands of species ranging in size from a few millimetres in expanse, to ten or eleven or even more, inches ;
their patterns simple in the extreme, or so intricate and complex as to bewilder the eye ; so varied and wonderful in
colour as to include every imaginable tint from black or white to dazzling crimson, scarlet, blue, green, pearl, silver and
gold; with markings sometimes resplendent with apparently pure gold, silver, copper, or aluminium, and the colour and
flashing of all precious stones—prismatic, silky, velvety, diaphanous, quite transparent, intensely white, or intensely
black, or ivory-like ; with colour reflections in the most unexpected places; with changes of colour according to position
of so wonderful and startling a character as to be fairly amazing ; there are combinations of colour hardly dreamed of by
the artist, yet so beautifully harmonised as to create astonishment in any sensitive mind; these most wonderful keys of
colour, metallic texture, and brilliancy, are not confined to the larger forms, but are just as commonly met with amongst
the most minute ; and with all this glory an extraordinary variation of structure of the legs, palpi, and antenne, and of
imitation or mimicry in the shape of the body, characters, or pattern of wings, and simulation of the appearance of very
distantly related species, as well as of other objects and other orders of insects! Some or other of these glorious things are
to be found living in all climes and at all altitudes, from far within the Artic circle to the Equator, and from sea-level to
18,000 feet of mountain height! A truly royal Divine gift to the earth is this one order of animals alone! But the glory of it
all is that we only begin to dream of the wealth of creative wonders and beauties as we contemplate these. ‘here are
the Coleoptera, often with even greater glories than are to be found among the Lepidoptera, and a diversity of shape and
general structure almost absolutely inexhaustable ; with varieties of life habits that are endless—some graceful in the
extreme, others bizarre and almost monstrous in appearance, their horns, and armatures, and tusks, as strange in
structure as those of deer, elks, rhinoceri, elephants, or any of the African horned vertebrates—these characters being
generally confined, as in the vertebrates, to the male sex; some are covered with spikes, or look like thorns when at
rest; others have long antennz with brush-like appendages; some resemble winged seeds, or the flat seeds of certain
plants; or they are spherical, tortoise-shaped, hispid, cylindrical, and a multitude of shapes beside; their shining wing
cases (elytrae) are often more gorgeous and brilliant than gems or metals—some of the Lamillicornes look as if sculptured
in polished brass that is lighted by electric light—and many of the Phytophaga when alive are like spheres of sunlight, or
dazzling dewdrops in the early morning—as the author has seen them in the tropics ; some are apparently small nuggets
of gold, silver, copper, iron, or other metals (in the genus Chlamys), others are like gems—sapphires, rubies, emeralds ;
some, when viewed with the eye appear to be encrusted with emeralds, and under the microscope their wing cases look
in parts like mountains and valleys of precious stones, heighted in beauty by the art of the lapidary; some at night have
points behind the eyes blazing with phosphorescent light ; others, as they fly, look like a waving mass of fire-flakes,—
as the author has seen them among the dark, feathery palm trees on a moonlight night in New Granada; and yet
others seem to emit fire from every joint of the armour encasing the under side of their bodies. Beetles are so subject
to mimicry among themselves, and mimicry of other objects and orders of insects, that we continually meet with the
strangest examples of this phenomenon. Some are so small as to be scarcely visible to the eye; others so large that
a pair of them would require to be accommodated with a fairly good-sized box ; they are found in every land, and every
position in and out of water: active in darkness and light—in manure, in flowers, in forests and on plains, under stones,
in caves (and therefore blind), under the bark of trees, in the heart of timber, in ants’ nests (and then shaped like ants) ;
mimicking spiders in form, and probably with some of their habits ; like long bits of stick among dead branches ; flying
in the air in clouds, or so few in individuals as to always remain rare; so numerous in species that more than 120,000
must have been described, besides thousands of species yet to be named, and multitudes of new species coming every
year from various countries.

And so we may pass on from order to order of insect life, among the Orthoptera with their multitudinous strange
forms of Hemipterous (or bug life), with species as gorgeous in colour and wonderful in shape as beetles; of locusts,
often with huge upper gauzy and decorated wings, and splendidly coloured under wings, which in a state of rest are
folded like the leaves of a fan, and concealed beneath the upper ones; or the many species of Mantis, with their
hypocritical-looking attitude; or the walking-stick insects, some of them 24 inches long, and most like a lot of brown, or
mossy, or lichenous twigs arranged in the form of an insect, and the other curious manifestations of the Phasmide, or
phantom-like insects, or the still more remarkable leaf insects, of which there are many species. All through this great order
we meet with wonder upon wonder! and so we do in every other order, whether as regards form, function, size, or colour.

But should we depart from the insect world and review either the other Arthropods, or indeed any of the Invertebrate
orders ranging from spiders through the almost endless armies of other creatures, down to the diaphanous Medusz of the
ocean we shall experience the same overwhelming sense of the vast array of creatures often strange and beautiful in colour
and decoration with which this earth is peopled. We should review the spider tribes, with species most tiny and species as

(13)

large as birds; ferocious in aspect, or gorgeous in colour and markings, some banded with pearl or silver ; or with delicate
patterns traced on their bodies in gold, crimson, or scarlet on a green or a brown ground. There would be the Mollusca
with their glorious shells—painted in all tints of colour—adorned with wonderful surface designs moulded in classic
shapes, with many of them strangely spined, such as are some of the Muricide, Cardiums, Veneride, Chamas, or Spondyle ;
the cylindric and pupzeform clawsilias and other genera, the lovely Bulimi and Helices, the rich Volutes, Cones, and Cyprias,
the gorgeous Tvoche, Haliotide, and Telling, and the numerous Unios with their pearly or silvery interiors! Then
descending lower still to the world of semi-invisible creatures, such as the Radiolaria, Polycsystina, Diatoms, and khizopods,
to say nothing of others lower down still, so small, yet so complex and beautiful in their siliclous homes.and shells, or
so simple in their organisation, till we seem to be entering within the portals of the infinitely little,—where species even
of the Radiolaria, more astounding in form and complex sculpture than anything among the higher groups of creatures
come to our notice in such multitudes of species that Haekel describes in one of the 48 huge vols. of the Challenger
Report between 4,000 and 5,000 of them, not half of those known to exist—with the additional wonder that however
complex the sculpturing and pattern of each species is, it is all executed within the space of a minute point that seems
to have no dimension at all !

We may truly and reverently say that all God’s works are fearfully and wonderfully made! and we may add that
God sends out all His creatures well and beautifully dressed, and also efficiently armed for the warfare of its life. This
is exemplified through all the Vertebrate and Invertebrate creatures of this globe, from the fearful beauty of the Reptilia,
and the graceful beauty of the countless species of Rodents and Birds, till we reach those magnificent members of the
ereat Cat family—the tigers, leopards, and other big beasts of prey. No living mind can sum up all the Creator’s works
which people and adorn the beautiful world in which we live. Ages of investigation are needed for such a task as this,
and then perchance new creations would be in progress.

Yes, and then? and then ?—there is infinity—space with its worlds and suns visible to the telescopic and
photographic eyes, to be counted by millions without limit—system beyond system, universe beyond universe, above,
below us, and in every direction of space, east, west, north, or south, stretching away on the pathways of infinitude for
ever and for ever, without beginning or end! But is this all? No! a thousand times, no! For then even, we may
be sure that while this is only the visible or material universe, there is an unseen—a spiritual universe, which is still
more vast, more wonderful, more complex, and more glorious! Aye, and a boundless universe of Intelligence more won-
derful and beautiful than all; while every being, every mind, every force, and every manifestation is subject for ever and
ever to the ineffably holy, wise, lovely, and awful power and will of the Triune Love—the being whom we call God, who
is the author of all, and who reigns over all.

And here we must rest, with the joy in our adoring hearts expressed by those words of the Psalmist David:
“Many, O Lord my God, are Thy wonderful works which Thou hast made, and Thy thoughts which are to us-ward ;
they cannot be reckoned up in order unto Thee: if I would declare and speak of them, they are more than can be
numbered.”* Yet ‘‘ We will speak of the glorious honour of Thy Majesty, and of Thy wondrous work.”+ And “ All
Thy works shall praise Thee, O Lord; and Thy saints shall bless Thee.” {

*Psalm xl., 5. {Psalm cxlv., 5. tPs. exlv., 10. David, or the Author of the 148th, 149th, and rgoth Psalms might well call upon everything in creation to praise
the Lord! The sublime words of these ancient Israelitish Hymns come to us now as the fitting expression of a mind overwhelmed with the contemplation of the radiant glory
of the King of Kings in the endless manifestations of His thoughts in Nature, History, and Providence!

(14)

EXPLANATION OF THE EXTERNAL ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS OF THE

ORNITHOPTERA

Fic. I. NeuraTion oF WINGS. 2.

A. Primary, Superior, Anterior or Upper Wing.*

C., or A. M.— The Costa, ov anterior margin.

cn. Costal nervure.

sc. Subcostal nevvure.

Sc. N. I, 2, 3, 4, 5. Subcostal nevvules. [The median nervure is
4-branched in the true Papilionida, which include all the
genera from Mesapia to Leptocirvcus ; but this arrangement
is not met with even in its sub-family Pierine.

d. 1, 2. Discoidal nevvules. [The 2nd discoidal nervule should really
be considered as the 1st median nervule; in which case
the 1st median n. would be counted as the 2nd, and so
forth.]

m. Median Nervuve.

mn. I, 2, 3. Median nervules.

sm. Submedian nevvure.

i. Internal nervure.

de. n., 1, 2, 3. Disco-cellular nervules.

im. n. Iuterno-median nervule.

pe. c. Discoidal cell.

B. The base of the wing.

A. or aa. The apex, ov anteriov angle.

P. or H.M.—The posterior ov hind margin.

P. or AA. Posterior ov anal angle.

I. or 1. M. Interior or inney margin.

Ps-n. I, 2, 3, 4. Pseudoneura.

Sm, f. or Sm. p. Submedian fold ov Pseudoneurus.

w. f. Wing folds.

B. Secondary, Posterior, Inferior, or Hing Wings.+

cn. Costal nervure.

s.c. Subcostal nervvure.

sc. I, 2. Subcostal nevvules.

de. n. 1, 2. Discocellular nervules.
m. Median nervure.

d. Discoidal nervule.

mn. 1, 2, 3. Median nervules.

sm. Submedian nevvure.

p. Precostal nervure.

A. or AA.—A Pex or anterior angle.

c. Or A.M.—Costa, ov anterioy margin.
pce. Discoidal cell.

Pp. or H. M. Postertov, ov hind margin.
A.M. or 1.M. Abdominal or inner margin.
An. a. Anal Angle.

AF. Abdominal fold.

B. Base of wing.

Ps. n. I, 2. Pseudoneura.

Fic. I]. Tut TuHorax oF THE 9.

RI. Prothovax ; 1a. Patagia or Tippets.

R. 2. Mesothovax. 2a. Tegule, Ptevygodes, or Pavapteva; Vit., green
longitudinal vitta; Sc. Scutellum.

R. 3. Metathovax; pr., the Prescutum; sct., the Scutum; sc., the
Scutellum.

Fic. II]. Tue Tuorax of THE 3.

R. 2. Mesothovax ; Vit., green longitudinal vitta ; sc., the Scutellum.
R. 3. pr., the Prescutum ; sc., Scutum; sct., Scutellum.

ONS Pie sere oly

Fig. IV. THe ABpoMEN. @°.

S. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (on right-hand side of fig.), segments ov annula-
lations; on left-hand side of fig.1? 2? 32 4? 5? 6? 7?
8? the same by a questionable notation; 6 f., segmental
fold, or false segment.

Fic. V. THe Aspomen. @.

S. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, segments or annulations ; on left-hand side,
1? 2? 3? 42? 5? 6? 7? 8? g? the same by a doubtful
notation.

AV. Anal valve ; ce. caudal or anal extvemity.

Fic. VI. av. Anal valves of the 3 magnified.
Fic. VII. Caudal extremity of the 2 magnified.

Fig. VIII. The abdomen of the 3 : lateral view, with the annulations num-
bered by two notations as above.

Fic. IX. The abdomen of the ? treated in the same manner; ce., anal ex-
tremity, and t., anal tuft.

Fic. X. THE Heap, g; e., the eye; ant., antenne; \.p., labial palpi.

Fig. XI. The head, 3, lateral view; ant., antenne; l.p., labial palpi;
e., the eye, with posterior light margin.

Fic. XII. Front view of head of the ¢ .

Fic. XIII. Toe HaustTettum, Ant 1A, ov SpiriTRomPE, of the g.
BA. Folded. Ba.t. Unfolded. 3a.2. Magnified section (when closed).

Fic. XIV. Labial palpus of 3 greatly magnified.

Fic. XV. a. Prothovacic section of thorax (3) lateral extension; A.t., shew-
ing the groove in which the femur of the anterior leg vests;
A.2., dorsal extension of prothovax (synonymous with the collar
[see fig. 2. R1.]) Fig. 15. B., mesothovacic section ; B.1., groove
im which the femur of the 2nd pair of legs vests ; B.2., spivacle, or
breathing organ, generally covered with a scarlet tuft of hairs ;
B.3., dorsal portion of metathovacic ; B.4., veins of anterior wing.
Fig. 15. c. Mesothoracic section; C.1., groove for femur; C.2.,
base of wing ; C.3., outline with veins of posterior wing.

Joes AOS UB Ibe *M

x. 1st or Prothovacic leg. a. The coxa; b. Trochantey; c. Femur;
d. Tibia; e. Spur on tibia (only found on ist pair of legs);
f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Lavsi; g. Ungues or claws.

xx, 2nd or Mesothoracic leg. [Sections numbered in same manner.]

xxx. 3rd or Metathovacic leg. [Sections numbered in same manner. ]
Each fig. shows the attachment of the leg to its respective
Thoracic section.

xxxxa. A greatly magnified figure of tarsi, f. 4, £. 5, with front view of
ungues or claws (g). xxxxb. Lateral view of ungues (g).

Fic. XVII. teg. u. s. Underside of the Tegula ov Paraptera of the 3.

* There are 19 veins on this wing: viz., 5 nervures, and 14 nervules or branches
of these.

+ There are 13 veins on this wing, viz., 5 nervures, and 8 nervules or branches of
these.

Vol. I.

ii.

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE FOREGOING FIGURES.

Fig. 1.—On comparison a considerable difference ob-
tains in the outlines and character of the neuration of the
different genera of the great family of Papilionide.
In our Fig. of Ornithoptera, drawn from the ? as being
the most useful for the purpose, attention may be
called to the 3 accepted branches of the median
vein on the anterior wing,—their direction being normal
in the 2, while in the ¢, as shown in another place, they
are considerably distorted or diverted in their course by
passing through the disturbing medium of the stigma or
sexual brand. This effect is necessarily produced on
both surfaces, because the brand is impressed on the two
membranes of the wing: and throughout the whole of the
species or forms of the true genus ORNITHOPTERA among the
3 éthere is no exception to this rule. It willalso be ob-
served that the wing outlines of the female ORNITHOPTERA
differ from those of the males so considerably in every
species that if we were only just made acquainted
with them, and each sex had been taken in a different
district orisland, we might have been disposed prima facie
to regard them as members of two distinct genera. It
may be observed that the males are always closely related
in appearance and splendour, as if they were only local
forms of one species, with the single exception of the
Australian Richmondia, from the Richmond River: [even
this species is as splendid as any of the others, but it is
much smaller—appearing more like a dwarfed form of
O. Cassandra;| and that the females also are
generally much alike in dull colouring and mark-
ing, as well as size and outline, with one exception (that
of Lydius) though varying so infinitely in minute details,
that they also might well be regarded as local variations
of a single form, The two sexes of the PoMPEOPTERA, on
the other hand, generally bear a close resemblance to each
other both in outline and colouring, and even, with a few
exceptions, in size,—the most notable being P. Dohertyt ;
there is no disturbance of the veinlets of the # anterior
wings, because the stigma is absent, and an abdominal
marginal pouch, filled with Azdroconia, takes its place.
By a natural gradation the South aud Central American
red and black, and green and black Papilios (or as I pre-
fer to consider them, OrnrrHopTertina, follow with a
similar outline of upper, and sometimes a tailed posterior
wing; but inno known case is the hind wing of ORNI-
THOPTERA, TROGONOPTERA, Or POMPEOPTERA, thus pro-
longed. In TroconopTErRA, like PoMPEOPTERA, the form
and appearance of the sexes are very similar, and the 3
proves its close relationship to Pompeoptera by the
abdominal fold or pouch, with its contents. The outline
of the genus is not unlike that of Druryia, which we
consider as the head of the group of the Ornithoptera,
though the anterior wings of D. antimachusare more concave,
we might say, almost falcate. DRuRyIA (including the
West African O. Zalmoxis), appears to differ but little in
the wing outline of the sexes, except in size; and being
Acrzeoid in superficial appearance, recalls to our attention

the Asiatic Papilios of the Disszmilis group. But the
most remarkable of all Ornithoptera, not excepting even
the A2THEOPTERA, is the genus ScHOENBERGIA. Here
we have a tailed hind wing, almost suggestive of that of
the genus Leptocircus (of Swainson), with a curious
arrangement of the neuration to strengthen the modified
parts, and a disproportion between the size and form of
the anterior and posterior wings,—the body also being
modelled on a modified plan. In an examination of the
true Papilionidz we meet with several interesting resem-
blances to the neuration of the s Schoenbergia. The
females of the latter genus are outlined like those of
OrNITHOPTERA, and the neuration is closely like that of
the ¢ A=theoptera; the general appearance is something
like that of OrwirHopTeRA, though darker and in an inde-
finable way considerably distinct ; but it is very closely like
the alleged ? of Sch. Tithonus,—while the general appear-
ance of each, is unlike that of the species of Attheoptera.
Lastly the males of A) THEOPTERA possess a stigma or sexual
brand, the 3 median veinlets are very close together and
low down on the wing—are modified in direction by pass-
ing through the stigmatic surfaces—and the excised
outline of the posterior wing is absolutely abnormal and
curious; added to this the splendour of the insect is
greater than that of any other known species or genus of
Lepidoptera, not excepting even those of Morpho, Callithea,
Agrias, or Urania. A review of other sections of the
PAPILIONIN#, with respect to their outlines and neuration,
including the genera TEINOPALPUS, SERICINUS, ARMANDIA,
Tuars, Euryapes, Eurycus and Lueaporria would yield
much interesting and instructive material for comparison
with the Ornithoptera. In all these genera it may be
noticed that the precostal nervure is bifid, though the size
and shape differ much in each genus; while in the genera
Doritis and HypermnestrA this is not the case—a fact
which seems to ally the latter to the sub-family Prerina,
though the median veins of the anterior wings are four-
branched as in Ornithoptera and Papilio.

Fig. 2—The Tegule or Paraptera are affixed at the
base of the anterior wings on the upper side of the _meso-
thorax, or second section of the thorax. In the Ornithop-
tera they are large and usually covered with black hairs ;
but in some Lepidoptera they are often of different colours
from the rest of the Mesonotum, or with spots of two
different colours as the case may be, as in the Heliconia,
Danaine, some of the Papilionina, and the Arctiidz
among the moths,—the American arctiide for example.
In some genera they are obscure in outline, as in Par-
nassius, some of the Geometride, and in other families;
while they are very prominent and recognisable in the
Arctiide, the big Bombyces, some of the Geometride,
and many butterflies; but their most obtrusive develop-
ment is met with among the Noctuidz, notably in the
genus Plusia, where they raise the thorax into an absolute
ridge near the head ; and, as Westwood points out, in the

genus Cucullia ‘they are very large, and push forward
the thorax, so as to forma sort of hood over the head.”
I may, however, add that in the latter case this elevation
is really the result of the large size of the patagia or
tippets which are placed at the sides of the pronotum, and
are more prominent than in any other genus which I can
call to mind at the present moment. In the genus
Xylina the paraptera are elongated, and give the sides of the
thorax an elevated appearance, with the centre depressed.
But perhaps the most lovely and interesting modification
of this character is to be met with in the European Angle-
shades moth, Phlogophora meticulosa, where the Paraptera
fold gracefully down the sides of the mesonotum in the
usual way, with a triangular elevated mass of hairy scales
with two preater lateral prominences, and a smaller one
below on the metanotum. The patagia cover nearly the
whole of the pronotum above, have a small central promi-
nence, and are ornamented with delicate curved lines
to look as if there were 6 patagia instead of two.
These wing covers if viewed from their under surface (see
fiz. 17), appear to be very convex, and on the underside
evidently possess a complex organism if we may judge by
the multitudinous divisions of the thin membrane, and
the cellular appearance under this membrane. It is
evidently a highly organised scale, adhering to the base
of the wing only by a very small portion of its surface ; is
thick and somewhat corneus, probably with more than
one thin membrane beneath, or even several lamine, and
always clothed above with long hairs, which extend beyond
the outline of the paraptera itself, often to a 5th or 4th of
its length, The form of these organs is pretty constant
in the Ornithoptera; but varies very much throughout
the Lepidoptera; their office seems to be to cover the
muscles and veins at the base of the wings, for decoration,
and probably as a protection in some way to the breath-
ing organs. The shape of this scale does not appear to
differ materially in the two sexes.

We are indebted for the different names applied to
these organs to the following authors: Pterygodes,
Latreille; Paraptera, MacLeay ; tegule, Kirby and Spence.

Fig. 4.—There would seem to be some uncertainty in
the way different authors regard the number of the seg-
ments of the body orabdomen. In this fig. it will be seen
that on the right side I reckon 7 segments, including the
caudal or anal extremity. No. ‘‘6” and ‘‘6f.” in the fig. only
represent one segment, as ‘‘6f” is only a prominent fold o
that segment. On the left hand side of the figure a small
section at the base of the meta-thorax is hypothetically
numbered ‘‘1?” and so on with the others down to “8?”
but a careful examination of the part with the microscope
appears to make it a continuation of the meta-thorax,
coming just below the scutellum; though it probably is only
a folded portion of what on the right side I call the rst
segment. In fig. 5, representing the ¢ abdomen, there are
8 annulations, including the anal segment: on the left
hand side, they are numbered from ‘“‘r?” to ‘*g?”. Here,
by a reference to figs. 8 and g, No. “1?” in each case
appears to be a distinct segment; but it is by no means
certain that they may not be a small portion of the meta-
thorax. One thing is evident, the abdomen of the ¢ of
ORNITHOPTERA consists apparently of one more segment
than that of the 2.

Figs. to and 11.—The shape of the parts of the face
below the villose tuft of the head appears to differ some-
what in the two sexes; but the labial palpi are similar in
form, though very different in the relative length of the

iil.

joints from those of other genera, especially in that of
Drurvyia, Papitio, and Srrecinus. The Palpi are very
short, and are entirely, or nearly entirely concealed by
the dense mass of hairs, which partially also conceals the
spiritrompe when in a state of rest.

Fig. 13.—The slender proboscis called by Latreille
Spiritrompe, or Spirignatha, (the latter name corrected by
Westwood to Speirignatha), Antilla by Kirby and Spence,
Liagua by Fabricius ; and Haustellum by general authors
is composed of two separate pieces, the analogues of the
maxilla or lower jaws of other orders of insects. These
two sub-cylindrical tubes vary greatly in length in the
different genera of the order. The junction of the two
is effected by a series of minute ducts (inoscula) or hooks
which link them together, thereby forming an intermediate
or central tube, through which the juices of flowers or
carrion, and the moisture of way-side pools, or the dew
on vegetation is conveyed to the mouth. It has been
supposed that the lateral tubes are for the reception
of air, but this cannot be established. At the
base of these a pair of relatively minute palpi is to be
found (Fig. xiv.), which in the Papilionidz are generally
hidden beneath the hairy scales round the mouth. These
spiral maxillz are defended by a pair of longer palpi clothed
with scales, which are situated on the lower lip. This
beautiful organ is intended for the extraction of the nectar
from the bottoms of flowers; and, when at rest, is spirally
folded up, and nearly hidden. Its greatest development
in length is probably among the Sphinx or Hawk moths.
The magnified section (Fig. 13, Ba.2) will give some idea
of its structural beauty.

Figs. 15a, 15b, 15c.—Are an endeavour to give the true
shape of each section of the thorax as seen laterally. It
may be mentioned that the Protheracic and Metathoracic
sections are moveable, the mesothoracic being much the
largest, and morerigid. It is possible to move the Pro-
thorax as easily as the femur of the anterior leg—indeed
in general appearance it is not unlike the femur, only
rather broader. In each section the femur sinks into a
groove when at rest, and inits normal position. The
anterior wings are affixed at their base to the mesothorax,
and beneath them in the space (B 2), is generally a mass
of coccineus hairs, beneath which evidently are the spir-
icles or openings of the organs of respiration, which as we
know, ramify through the whole of the organisation on a
dendritic plan. The posterior wings are also attached at
their base to the metathoracic section (Fig. 15c). As in
all insects each pair of legs is affixed to its respective sec-
tion of the thorax ; the first and second pair being nearer
together, and the third pair further removed.

Fig. 16.—Represents the legs of the typical Ornithoptera.
Very slight differences may occur between those of the
dg and ?; somewhat greater obtain between those of diff-
erent genera, as may be observed by reference to other
plates in this work, especially in the character and
relative lengths of the tarsi of the anterior legs. The
ungues or tarsal claws are in Drury1a longer than in
ORNITHOPTERA, or something like those of Papitio, though
more like OrNITHOPTERA in the form of the base. But
as a matter of fact the form of the ungues varies consider-

*This segment of the thorax is usually the largest and most highly developed as
well as complex of the three in all orders of the Insecta; but it attains its greatest
size in the order of the Diptera, where it forms the principal part of the thorax. The
reason for this can be readily understood when we consider that to the mesothorax
are attached the 2nd pair of legs, and the pair of anterior wings.

iv.

ably throughout all the genera of the Papilioninz, and
indeed throughout the whole order. The legs, consisting
of the 5 chief divisions, are each united to the sternum of
their respective Thoracic segment by the coxa, which
articulates with the sternum, the form being variable in the
different insects, and even among the various divisions
of the lepidoptera. The tibia, which is generally equal to
the length of the femur, is often, but not always, armed
with a pair of spines or spurs, at its junction with the tar-
sus. In the Ornithoptera these appendages are some-
times absent from the anterior legs, which, however,
always possess a thickened spine, or hollow cone midway
affixed to its underside. All the divisions of the tarsus
at their articulation possess a pair of spines slightly longer

than the numerous spiny hairs that fringe the entire
length of the tarsus, and more sparingly (in rows), of the
tibia. The divisions of the leg may be reckoned as ten
in number, including the ungues (see fig. 16, xxx, A—G).

Fig. 17.—The antenne generally possess from 44 or
46 to 50 and 52 articulations, ranging from the scapus
(or the 1st and most conspicuous joint, which is implanted
in its torulus, a cavity of the head between the eyes, and
close to the eye) to the more thickened apex. But in
ORNITHOPTERA, as in the diurnal and many of the heter-
ocerous lepidoptera these articulations are not flexible;
though the antenne are always more or less curved, espe-
cially outside of the Nymphalide.

i erour 7

ACRAROID ORNITHOPTERA.

iv*.

Genus DRURYA.

Drurya, (described as a Section of Papilio) Aurivillius, “ Fjarilar fran Gaboon,” in the Ent. Tidskrift, p. 44. (Stockholm, 1880).
5 Fickert, (characters noticed) Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. iv., p. 692.
S Staudinger and Schatz, Exotic Schmetterlinge: Die Fam. und. Gatt. der Tagfalter, text, p. 22., p. 40. Theil 2 (1892).

$. Antennz of moderate length, and rather more
obtuse at their summit than in Papilio.

Anterior wings: costa much elongated, and sufficiently
convex or arched in Antimachus—less long and a little
more convex in Zalmoxis ; exterior margin strongly con-
cave from the terminal of the ist discoidal branch; the
apical angle much rounded and very obtuse; interior
margin nearly a straight line, and incurved towards the
base in Antimachus ; very concave, and less incurved at
the base in Zalmoxis ; anal angle slightly rounded. The
costal vein is stout and strong: the subcostal from the base
is so close to the costal as to appear united with it; and the
tst and 2nd branches of the latter are equally close
together nearly along their entire length; the 3rd
branch curves downwards at the apical angle: the 4th
and 5th branches bifurcate at a considerable distance
from the tst discocellular nervule ; all the branches of the
median vein are equi-distant from each other, the first 3
curved irregularly downward at the margin, and the 4th
upward ; the median nervure is fairly stout and strong,
especially in Zalmoxis ; the submedian nervure is stout,
and very concave for a short distance from the base, then
more straight to the posterior angle (the convex curvature
of the corresponding portion of the interior margin
strongly emphasizes the width of space thereby obtained
between the vein and the margin in Antimachus.) The
interno-median nervure is stout and long, and united as
a branch to the submedian |in some Papilios the two
appear to be absolutely independent except at the
extreme base; the pseudoneura are obscure, but their
position will be seen by reference to Plate II, fig. 5,
and PI. III, fig. 3]; discoidal cell long and narrow.

Posterior wings small in proportion to the anterior in
Antimachus (but normal in Zalmoxis) ; rounded, with the
costal margin entirely straight—the basal portion with
so strong a curvature as to render the wing above the
precostal nervure extremely convex in Antimachus—less
straight in Zalmoxis ; from the apical to the anal angles
the hind margin is rounded, and more or less strongly
denticulated in Antimachus; in Zalmoxis there is a
gradual curvature from the costal margin to the anal
angle (the apical being lost), and the hind margin is only
slightly scolloped; the inner margin in each species has
the normal, almost straight line; all the veins well ex-
pressed—the subcostal, median, and submedian nervures

fairly robust, especially in <Antimachus,—the distance
between each nervule being generally nearly equal. The
bifid precostal nervure encloses an almost diagonal cell
greater than in most of the Ornithoptera, and greatest in
Zalimoxis; the discoidal cell shorter, broader, and more
unequal in width than on the upper wing, especially in
Zalmoxis, as the and division of the subcostal vein is
strongly incurved just beyond its 1st branch; the pseu-
doneurus is very strongly expressed in Zalmoxis, and
starts as a short stem at the base of the cell, then
branches off, the and and 3rd branches to the entire length
of the cell, the rst being only a few millimetres long; in
Antimachus the pseudoneurus runs from the base of the
cell nearly half way, when it branches off,—the first
branch short, and terminating nearly midway of the 2nd
division of the subcostal nervures,—the 2nd reaching the
and discocellular nervule, with a short (or 3rd) branchlet
in some specimens near to the end of the cell.

Head broader in Zalmoxis than in Antimachus, palpi
very short, and hidden by the rather long pointed, and
prominent tuft of hairs in Amtimachus—less pointed and
obtrusive in Zalmoxis ; haustellum partially concealed by
tuft of hairs in Antimachus, less so in Zalmoxis ; eyes rather
smaller in Antimachus than in other genera; thorax about
normal in size and form; legs, with their femora more
equal in length than in some genera.

Abdomen long and graceful in Antimachus, shorter
and rather stouter in Zalmoxis; anal valves smaller in
proportion than in other Genera.

2. [Antimachus| Considerably smaller than the ¢.
Anterior wings with costa slightly straighter than in the
3, and posterior margin less concave; in all other re-
spects the same as in the &. Posterior wings similar in
character to those of the ¢. Head and thorax similar
to #. Abdomen shorter, more robust, less graceful; anal
segment obtuse, and anal tuft inconsiderable.

Type of the Genus, O. Antimachus. [It may be
necessary some day to regard Zalmoxis as the type ofa
subgenus. |

The general appearance of both sexes, but especially
of the 2 of Amtimachus, is that of an abnormally large
Acrea.

Vol, I.

DRURYA ANTIMACHUS.

Papilio Antimachus d\, Drury, Ilustr. Exot. Ent., ITI. t. 1 (1782).

Esper, Ausl. Schm., t. 22, f, 2 (1785-98).

Fabricius, Entom, Syst. Tome III., part 1, p. 12, n. 31 (1793).

Godt. Ency. Méth. IX., p. 28, n. 8 (1819).

Donovan, Nat. Rep. III,, t. 100, ror (1825).

Boisduval, Sp. Gén. p. 188, n, 1 (1836).

Westwood, Edition of Drury’s ‘Ill. Exot. Ent.’' Vol, ITI., page 1, plate I. (1837).

Chenu, Ency. d’Hist. Nat. Papillons, I., p. 38, pl. 15 (1855-6 ?).

W. F. Kirby, Syn, Cat. Diur. Lep., p. 530, (1871).

Rutherford, Ent. Monthly Mag. Vol. XV. p. 5; and Ent. Monthly Mag, V. 3 (New Series), p. 162 (1892).
W. F. Kirby, Text Book of Ent. p. 160, pl. 53 (from Chenu), 1st Edit. (1885); 2nd Edit. (1892).

,
Drurya Antimachus, 3°. Aurivillius, Fjirilar fran Gaboon, p. 44 (in the Ent. Tidskrift), (1880).

” ”

” ”

Staudinger and Schatz, Exotische Schm., pl. XIII. (1888). Also Schatz, Die Fam. und Gatt. der Tagfalter, p. 22 and p. 40, Pl. II., fig. 1, a, b, (1892).
Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Orn., p. 692, also p. 755.

Drurya Antimachus . Watkins, (brief description by) Ent. Mon. Mag. V. 3, (N. S.) p. 162; and Pl. V., with neuration of Ant. Wing (internal nervure omitted), and figs. of

3 and @ Anal Terminals (1892).

This magnificent species, so singularly acraeoid in its
appearance, especially in the ?, is evidently entitled to
stand at the head of the Ornithoptera, and with Zalmoxis
to which it is very closely allied, must represent the Ist
of the three great groups of the Ornithoptera, the 2nd
containing all the genera and species hitherto acknow-
ledged to be Ornithoptera, and the 3rd including the
whole of the rich series of the red and black papilios of
South and Central America, which should be called
OrnitHopTertna. In Kirby’s Syn. Cat. Lep. Antiumachus
is placed directly after Brookiana, and before P. Ridleyanus,
White; and it had till recently been regarded as occu-
pying its proper position as a link between the Orni-
thoptera and Papilios. But a careful consideration of
the characters of the Genera Pompeoptera and Drurya
should convince us that they are not nearly related, while
Drurya has little incommon with the Ornithopterina ; and if
D. Antimachus is to be regarded as a true Papilio, it ought
to be placed after the Ornithopterina and not before them.
But in such a supposititious arrangement it would be
found that the abdomen was unlike those of Papilio in
character and colour, though it absolutely agrees in the
latter particular with the genus Ornithoptera. Indeed,
as may be seen by reference to the generic diagnosis at
the head of this article, the anal valvesof the ¢ are much
more like those of Ornithoptera than of Papilio, though
they differ in size and shape from each. The yellow
colour of the abdomen, which is found in the true Orni-
thoptera, is never met with so entirely in Papilio. But
more important still, while all the true Ornithoptera in
the @ sex, with the exception of those in the Genus
ScHOENBERGIA, are furnished with a stigmatic brand, or
an abdominal fold or pouch containing androconia—
(the latter character being contiuned through the Or-
nithopterina,) in Drurya these characters are not
found, and it seems impossible to discover any
traces of the so-called scent glands. The latter
facts, if taken alone, would give these genera a place
among some of the more advanced Papilios, but, con-
sidered with the characters mentioned above, they at
once fall into their true position as placed in this work. It
may be remarked here that some of the true Papilios,
such as Ulysses and others, possess a male brand on the
anterior wings, which is most like that of the genus
Ornithoptera, though very different in shape; while

a curious patch of a similar nature is found near the base,
on the subcosta of the posterior wings of several of the
Pierine ; anda costal fold containing androconia on the
anterior wings of several of the Hesperiidz, and also in
the same position in some Lycenide.

So evidently did Antimachus seem to demand for itself
a position distinct from Papilio that Aurivillius, in 1880,
made it the type of a new genus dedicated to the memory
of its original describer, Drury, and it soon found its
position almost or quite at the head of the Papilionine,
all the Genera from Tienopalpus to Leptocircus being
placed after, instead of before, the Ornithoptera and
Papilios—the wisdom of this sweeping change being justly
subject to criticism.

This species was first described by Drury from a single
example of the é, brought from Sierra Leone by Mr.
Smeathman in 1775. It appears that Drury’s Insects
were sold in 1805, and it was then that Macleay pur-
chased the specimen (at that time absolutely unique),
which is supposed to have subsequently found its way to
the Sidney Museum in Australia. In 1864 a second
specimen was brought to England, having been taken by
Miss Dibbol, a missionary at Creek Town, Old Calabar.
A few years later Mr. Rogers (who was collecting for the
late W. C. Hewitson on the Gaboon), took a specimen
of the ¢, after 3 days’ watching for it, and a little later on
a second example. These are in the Hewitson Collection,
now in the British Museum. About the same time Mr.
Chapman of Glasgow, found a fine specimen among the
contents of a couple of boxes brought home by his friend
the captain ofan African trading vessel, from the Gaboon.
The expanse of this example was 9yo inches. A
smaller specimen, 8$ths inches, was next taken by the
Rev. T. W. Thompson, of the Baptist Mission Settle-
ment at Ambas Bay, North of the Cameroons, and
another North of Sherboro’ River; these are in the
Horniman Museum. Not longafter Mr H. Grose-Smith’s
examples came from the Gaboon. Since that time
numerous examples of the ¢ have arrived from the Congo ;
and in the Museum of the Hon. W. Rothschild isa full
drawer, containing a perfectly magnificent series of
the d, in splendid condition, and a fine example of the ¢.
From the latter, and two of the noblest of the ¢ #1 have

drawn the figs, in the plates devoted to this species, and
have newly and fully characterised the Genus.

The following is Drury’s description of this species so
far as the # is concerned: to which I add some notes in
brackets.

“ Antenne brown, and knobbed at their extremity.
Head black, with 8 light spots on the top, almost white.

“Thorax black, with 4 white spots at the roots of the
superior wings.”

[The first 2 spots of the head are in front of the eyes
over the palpi, and are light orange in some examples ;
the 2nd pair, buff white, are on the forule at the base of
the antenne; the 3rd and 4th pairs are on the pronotal
collar; of the 4 on the mesothorax, two are situated at
the summit of the tegule. All these are usually buff
white. |

“Abdomen black next the body and at the top, but
clay-coloured on the sides and extremity.

““ Upper wings black next the body, but at the extre-
mities more of a brown colour, with 18 different shaped
marks and spots; some being angular, others oval, like
crescents, &c.; those next the body are of a dark orange,
the others of a yellow clay colour, some being so faint as
to be hardly discernible.”

[We may describe these markings in another way.
Within the cell which is a dark orange red, are two broad
transverse fascia, one of which is sometimes quite sur-
rounded by the orange red; these are at the distal end;
immediately outside of the median vein are 4 marks of the
same colour, one very small, the others large and variously
formed; close outside the ist and and discocellular
nervules are two moderately-sized lighter marks, the
lowest being the longest; between the 2nd and 3rd sub-
costal branches is a light space; a rather large light
coloured mark between the 3rd and 4th; a large suboval
light orange mark between the 5th and Ist discoidal.-,
and another between the 1st and 2nd discoidal nervules,
followed by 4 large variously shaped arrow-headed or
sub-crescentic orange marks in the other veinal spaces
till the inner marginal area is reached, which contains
two long bars of orange only narrowly separated from
each other—the one nearest the base being the broadest
and longest; outside this band of marks are 8 narrow
streaks of pale orange, of various lengths, situated on the
disc from the 3rd subcostal to the 2nd discoidal nervules ;
these are really separated by the folds and nervules of
the wing. In some examples they are very faint, in others
quite absent. [See Plate II., fig. 1, and pl. III, fig. 1.
The hind margin has also 4 light fringe lunules. |

“The inferior wings are a little dentated, the inner
scollops being edged with clay-coloured (buff) crescents ;
these wings next the body are of a dark orange; the
remainder clay colour, with a broad black border running
round each wing, from the upper corner to the abdominal
ones; the inner sides being deeply indented, and the
outer ones scolloped, with 8 roundish black spots near
the middle of each wing, one of which is supposed to be
hid in the figure.”

[Of these spots 7 are on the disc, and one within the
cell close to the discocellular nervules, and extending

ve,

slightly outside of them ; the size of all these spots varies
much in different examples, those on the subcostal and
abdominal margins, and within the cell being generally
the largest—the two nearest the abdomen also more or
less densely darkened by long dark brown hairs, which
flow from the base over the cell and the inner portions of
the wing: the subcostal space from the base to the black
spot is always more or less darkened by black scales and
black hairs.]

‘Underside. Eyes dark brown; head black, with 2
white spots in the front. It has no palpi, [the palpi are
very small and hidden, see pl. III, fig. 4.) The breast
and sides black, spotted with yellow. [There are about
18 of these spots, some of them partially hidden by the
legs.] Abdomen clay colour,” [The abdomen is buff
yellow, with .a dorsal longitudinal dark stripe.| ‘ The
middle of superior wings has a black patch, on which
are 3 orange coloured spots, answering to 3 on the upper
side ; a long angular dark orange mark joins the anterior
edge next the body, close to which are 2 roundish black
spots. The extreme points of these wings are of a dark
greyish ash colour, the ribs being black.”

[The basal half of the discoidal cell is orange red,
followed by a light ochraceous-grey and a pale buff area,
on which are 2 black marks, answering nearly to those on
the upper surface; the 4 pale ochraceous-grey marks
outside the median vein answer to those above; the 4
light buff marks outside the 1st and gnd discocellular
nervules answer to 4 above, but are larger, and separated
by less black; the lighter areas above these correspond
with those above; the 3 orange and buff submarginal
marks correspond with those on the upper surface, but
are larger, reaching nearly to the fringe lunules, but
with very little black between them; all the remainder
of the wing on its upper portion is a dark graduated buff,
with the fold-rays and veins very broad and dark; the
costa from the base is buff yellow; the inner marginal
light orange marks are similar in position to those above,
and the wing has at least 5 fairly distinct fringe lunules
or crescents. The ochraceous grey areas are dusted
with dark scales. |

‘The inferior wings are clay [buff] coloured, with 8
black spots, answering to those on the upper side; the
black border being narrower on this side, and the inner
edge much deeper indented. All the wings are dentated.”

[There are 6 large marginal lunules, and the inner
dentations of the border are long and graceful. (See
pl. Il., fig 2). The Pseudoneura in the cell are well
exhibited in black, as are the precostal, and basal portions
of the veins. On the upper side of the anterior wings
the folds are prominent with dark rays seen throughout
the almost semi-diaphanous membranes. |

The Coxa, trochanter and femur of the legs are orange
yellow, the tibia and tarsus black.

It should be borne in mind that the descriptions are
only strictly accurate for Drury’s examples and the figs.
on my plate II. A reference to the 2nd plate will show
a great difference; and every example varies in many
particulars from all others. Hab. of ¢ in Pl. II, Ogowe
River, W. Africa; of ¢ in Pl. III, Bopoto, Congo River
W. Africa.

Costa of & figured on Pl. Il, 117 mms. (or 8gths

e
vi.

inches for the entire expanse of the wings including the
width of the thorax.) Greatest width of anterior wing 40,
least width g at the base, and 29 mms. at 2-3rds of the
wing length from the base; length of hind wing 57, and
width 40 mms.; length of thorax with head 21, of
abdomen 33, and of antennz 23 mms.

Ist pair: fem Really rei oy i ;

Length an ur iz; tibia 9; tarsi, 9 mms

of legs 5 ea ” T3537. 25 ay Ko) of
3rd ” ” te my abet pe LO %

Articulations of Antenne about 4o.

Length of costa of example figured on Pl. III.,
104 mms.

In the museum of The Hon. W. Rothschild.

Drury’s figure of this species was drawn by Moses
Harris; but a more successful one had previously been
made from the same example by Donovan's artist, Jones.
From these all the drawings in the works quoted at the
head of this article were copied.

@. The following descriptive note by Mr. W. Watkins
was published in the Ent. Monthly Magazine in 1892:

‘“‘ Fore wings rounded on outer margin instead of con-
cave. Also much less clothed with scales, and approach
a semi-diaphanous condition. Anal segment exactly the
same as in Ornithoptera, the ¢’s having a horny clasp-
ing terminal, whilst the ? is simple and thickly pubescent.
In the collection, with a dark ¢ taken at the same time,

of Herbert J. Adams, F.E.S., England, ‘‘ Hab. Gaboon.”

In the example which I have figured on Plate II. of
this work the ? is much smaller than the ¢, though I
have seena ¢ nearly as small; the posterior margin is
somewhat concave ; on the upper surface the pattern of the
posterior wing is nearly a repetition of that in the ¢ ; the

marks and colours of the anterior wing are relatively in the
same position, and of the same colour, though generally
differing more or less in shape; the wing is also almost
semi-diaphanous, giving it a slightly greasy appearance
in some positions of light; the markings on the under-
side correspond generally with those of the upper surface,
and are a smaller rendering of the ¢ pattern; the costa
is buff yellow partly from the base, but of a redder
tint than in the #. The abdomen also is slightly
redder buff, but with a similar dorsal dark longitudinal
stripe. The colours, number of spots and other details
of the thorax and head similar to those of the ¢. For
the true structure of the anal segments see Pl. III.,
and also the diagnosis of the genus.

Length of Costa, 72 mms; of thorax with head,
T5 mms.; of abdomen, 26 mms. ; of antenne, 22 mms. ;
the legs, all but one mesothoracic, are missing, of that the
femur is 11, the tibia 21, and the tarsi 8 mms. Number
of antennal articulationsabout 40. Hab. uncertain, asthere
is no label attached to the specimen. The superficial
appearance of this insect on both surfaces is absolutely
that of a large Acrza.

In the museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, whom
I heartily thank for the pleasure of figuring this female
and the two splendid examples of the ¢.

Of the flight of Antimachus Henry Smeathman says
‘this species flies in the heat of the day with amazing
rapidity, seldom descending to within 8 feet of the
ground. It glances from the prominent branches of one
tree to those of another, as swift as a swallow, and turns
its head about instantly to the glade or path, and will not
suffer any person to approach within a striking distance
of it, but darts away on the least motion of the body. At
length, if the Naturalist is patient it becomes more care-
less.” Mr. Rogers and others give a similar testimony:
Rogers’s first specimen cost him 3 days of patient watching
before he effected its capture.

DRURYA ZALMOXIS.

Papilio Zalmoxis, Hewitson, ‘Ill. of New Species of Exotic Butterflies,’ Vol. III., p. 6, pl. 1, £. 18 (1862).

” ”

W. EF. Kirby, “Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid., p. 564 (1871).”

A. R. Wallace, Address delivered 1o the Biological Section of the British Association, Glasgow, 1876, page 3.
W. F. Kirby, ‘Cat. of Coll. of Diurn. Lepid., formed by the late W. C. Hewitson, p. 13 (1879).

Staiidinger and Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge, Vol. II., PL 7 (1888).

Ornithoptera Zalmoxis, Fickert, '' Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Ornithoptera,"’ p. 754 (1889).

” 3”

@, Staiidinger, “ Iris, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschrift,” Band 5, p. 268 (1892).

s) W. F. Kirby, “Nature,” Vol. 51, p. 258, col. x (1895).
Papilio Zalmoxis, W. F. Kirby, '‘ Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera,’ V. 2, p. 268 (1896).

The first example of this species was received in 1861
from Old Calabar, by Mr. S. Stevens, as Mr. Hewitson
tells us ; and the specimen was in such a state of decom-
position that the body, except the outer covering of the
abdomen, was completely gone. The rich colour natural
to the wings had also suffered a great change, so that at
the time it could only be surmised from an examination
of the unique example, that the true tints had greatly
faded into the olive-blue green of Mr. Hewitson’s figure.
Of course, as usual, this specimen wasa ¢. It isalways
most difficult to obtain the 2 2 of any of the Lepidoptera :
hence, even at the present time there are multitudes of
species of butterflies and moths of which we only possess
the males. A large number of examples of this fine
Acrzoid-looking Papilio came to hand during subsequent
years, but the discovery of the female has been a com-
paratively recent achievement, and it is still very rarely
found in collections.

At a time when so little was known of the Ornithoptera,
it was avery natural thing to describe Zalmoxis as a
Papilio; although the fact that no true Papilio had
hitherto been found with a yellow abdomen, might have
suggested a closer affinity to the Ornithoptera than to the
Papilios. And we find it in Kirby’s catalogue placed
away almost at the end of the Papilios among some
species of African and American things with which it
seems to me to have no relationship. But of late years
Staiidinger and Schatz, and Fickert and others began
to suspect its true relationship with the Ornithoptera,
and Statidinger placed it in the genus Ornithoptera as
that genus was at the time by him regarded.

But whilst it seems impossible to consider this species
as belonging to any other group than that of the Ornithop-
tera, I have felt justified, for reasons given in the
diagnosis of the genus Drurya, to place it provisionally
as a member of that genus, being unwilling to make a
new genus for its reception, as may some day be found
necessary. Its true position is therefore assigned to the
head of the Ornithoptera instead of the end of the
Papilios.

The fig. in Hewitson’s work gives but a faint idea of
the wonderful beauty of this species, either in colour or
details; the thorax, head, and base of the wings, and the
outer margin of the hind wings being in themsevles a
feast of quiet loveliness, while the play of colour on the
surface of the wing, as the insect is turned about, is quite
as interesting as in any example of the Ornithoptera.

Preliminary to a fuller description of this species and
its varieties, I will quote in full Mr. Hewitson’s diagnosis
—made from the unique example then known to him,
which as the type form is now in the British Museum,

Vil.

‘‘Upperside dull green; with the margins, the ner-
vures, and rays between the nervures, black. Anterior
wing with the apex broadly black. Posterior wing with
the outer margin broadly black, with a sub-marginal
band of 12 green spots in pairs ; the abdomen orange.”

«Underside with the nervures and rays between them,
black. Anterior wing, grey-white, with the apex broadly
rufous-brown. Posterior wing rufous-brown ; the base,
orange : with the nervures upon it very black: the cell,
which is traversed longitudinally by two black lines, and
a portion of the abdominal margin, white; the outer
margin with a narrow border of black; the sub-marginal
spots as above, but white. Expan., 6; inches. Hab.
Calabar.”

Mr. Hewitson’s figure and description did not so
greatly misrepresent the appearance of the species in its
pristine perfection as one might at first suppose by view-
ing a small series of the insect, as may be understood by
a reference to plate iii, fig. 3 ¢ of this work, which is an
accurate representation of a var. in my own collection.
I have seen several other examples which are coloured in
a similar manner, and it is difficult to imagine that this
is due to damp or any other deteriorating cause. This
var. came from the Gaboon, but what part of that
district | am unable to say.

The olive-green blue of the primaries is suffused to-
wards the base of the wings with a subdued golden sheen :
is very brilliant, and extends also to the sub-marginal
band of 12 blue-green spots—when viewed opposite the
light is much more brilliant than I have represented it in
my figure.

But the general appearance of the colour in the shade
or a subdued light, is more that of some of those species
of Romaleosoma or Euryphene which are found at Old
Calabar and in West Africa. In this fact there may bea
special purpose of utility, even if such example had a
tendency to discolour while living, which might possibly
be the case. The discoidal cell of the secondaries has
no trace of the 2 longitudinal black lines which area
prominent feature of the undersurface mentioned by
Hewitson, though in some examples of the normal blue
forms these lines are repeated on the upper surface as
dotted faintly-black curved longitudinal marks ; the base
of all the wings, and along (inside) the abdominal fold or
gutter (as Westwood called it) is furnished with long light
silky hairs, as is also the thorax and base of the
abdomen. The amount of black at the apex of the
Primaries is greater and broader than we generally find
in the bluer examples, and the submarginal black band
of the hind wings is also much broader; the white spots

on the head and pronotum are generally from 14 to 16 in
number, thereby more fully expressing the acreoid or
danaoid appearance of the species; an elongated triangu-
late black mark occupies 2 of the abdominal articulations
from the base.

The undersurface of the Primaries with nervures and
rays dark brown; the pseudoneura of the discoidal cell
are fairly prominent—the lower 3 united towards the base
asa branch, the upper is independent—a large area of the
wing is ochraceous grey-white ; the costa is brown; and
there is a large rufous or red-brown apical area ; the pos-
terior wings with the base brick-red, extending a little way
into the cell; the disc is brick-red, shading upwards into
rufous brown; the cell is grey-white, subdued by rufous
scales, and the contiguous portions of the disc are treated
in the same manner ; the rufous brown submarginal band
has 7 pairs of white spots: the apical pair coalescing ;
the precostal nervure is broadly black—the upper branch-
let being immersed in a black club-shaped mark; in the
cell the pseudoneura form 2 longitudinal curved black
lines, branching from a basal short black line, by which
the cell is completely divided into 4 parts.

The thorax has a considerable number of white spots
on each side from the head to the base of the abdomen,
arranged between all the legs, which are themselves
striped with white on the femora, and spotted on the
trochanters: there is also a white spot at the base of the
wing, and on the base of the anterior wing costa. The
abdomen is orange, with lateral and subdorsal black
spots and quadrate marks, generally with a white spot in
the centre of them; the anal segment is the same colour
as the rest of the abdomen. Expanse of the costa, 73
mms. Hab. Gaboon.

¢. Inthe Horniman Museum. Wings steely blue ;
very silky, greenish or purplish in some lights; the
Secondary submarginal band of twin spots are 12 in
number, with 2 minute spots at the anal angle: all steely
blue, but growing silvery white at the apex of the wing.
The Primaries with the veins all deep black: the black
rays irrorated on each side with black scales—the lower
rays very short, and merging into a black irregular mark.
The subcostal band is black, with a delicate ray of
greenish-gray scales; the apical black area less than in
the preceding example, which appears to be the normal
characteristic. The secondaries with the submarginal
black band narrower than in the last example, and blended
into the blue by blue atoms between the veins and rays.

Under surface. Primaries grey bluish-white, showing
in a strong light a warm blush towards the outer margin ;
a short dark line obliquely from the distal end of the cell ;
base of the wings clouded with black atoms; the sub-
median fold is black at the base, and along its whole
length is placed a little below the black submedian ray :
the costa is black, and apical area fuscous brown. The
posterior wings differ very little from the preceding
example, except that the brick-red area from the base is
rather more extensive.

Length of costa, 79 mms.; greatest width of Primary
wing, 46 mms.; length of secondary wing, 50 mms. ;
width, 36 mms. [The third subcostal nervure begins at
the apex of the 1st discocellular nervule.] Length of
antennz or abdomen, 25 mms. ; of thorax with the head,
II mms.; eyes and villose tuft prominent. [The antenne

Vili.

|

|

are shorter in proportion to the wing, than in most of the
Ornithoptera. |

of legs and ” ” I2; 1) 12; ” I2 ”
3rd ” 7 10; ES » [2 ,,
Hab. Isubu.

[I am indebted to Mr. F. Horniman for the loan of
this example.] See Pl. IIa, figs. 1, 2, and 2a.

$. In the author’s museum. Wingsa slightly greener
blue, but very blue towards the apex : apical area of black,
less extensive than in the preceding ; the secondary wings
with the black submarginal band interrupted by green-
blue atoms, which make the blue of the wing nearly
continuous with the blue submarginal twin spots, and give
nearly all the black rays the aspect of an oval black mark
on the lower part of the ray. On the underside the cell
of the posterior wing is whiter than usual, but otherwise
there is no important difference. Length of costa, 80
mms. Hab. Congo.

3. Inthe author’s museum. The submarginal row of
twin spots on the posterior wing much smaller and
orbicular. Underside, with the base, and the whole of the
cell clouded with dark atoms; the cell of the posterior
wing is unclouded grey, but the fuscous brown of both
wings is darker. Length of costa, 80 mms, Hab,
Calabar.

There are 6 ¢ # at present in the British Museum,
excluding the Hewitsonian type. ¢. The browns
of the under surface chestnut brown ; the posterior wing
submarginal band is reddish black, the light twin spots
well expressed. Hab. Cabinda, N. of the Congo.

$. British Museum, upper side of wing very greenish
blue. Hab. Old Calabar.

$. Ibid. Upper side of wings lighter green-blue; under
surface of the hind wings nearly entirely suffused brownish-

red. Hab. Cabinda.

3. Ibid. Very violet-blue on upper wings; the inter-
nervular rays not so stout as on the lower wings. Hab.
Calabar.

Examples from the Cameroons do not differ materially.

The British Museum does not possess a & of this
species, although the Godman and Salvin series is now
amalgamated with the national collection. Prior to the
late Mr. Hewitson’s death, he became possessed of other
examples of this species, and consequently the Hewitsonian
collection in the British Museum contains 5 specimens,
including the type, which are all males.

Apropos of the colour resemblance of this species to some
of those of the genera Romaleosoma and Euryphene (notably
R. ravola, Hew., R. cutteri, Hew., R. ruspina, Hewit., and
R. luperca, Hew., all from Old Calabar; R. Zampa,
Westw., from Sierra Leone; R. rezia, Hew., from the
Gaboon ; E. carshena, Hew., and E. phranza, Hew., from
Old Calabar; E. lesbonax, Hew., from the Niger; E. eliensis,
Hew., from the Gaboon, with several others) we find
several species of the Nereus group of Papilios assuming

more or less, the biue-green key of colour so peculiar
to many of the species of the above-named genera.
This peculiar colour-plan seems to be confined to the
African continent, and chiefly to the western parts of it.

Since writing the foregoing, and by the kindness of the
Hon. Walter Rothschild, I have been able to present, on
Plate IIIs, figures of the ? of Zalmoxis, by which it will
be seen that the insect so closely resembles the examples
of the ¢, that if a number of specimens of the two sexes
were mixed together in a box, it would be very difficult,
if not impossible, to separate them except by an
examination of each anal segment. The peculiar colour
of the wings on the upper surface, the width of the black
border of the posterior wings, the light hairy gradation
from white to blue-green of the inner margin and base of
the same wings, the depth and prominence of the black
veins, the shape and arrangement of the black inter-
nervular rays, and the black of the anterior wing costa,
are absolutely identical with those of the average male;
the same may be said of the marginal blue-green spots
of the hind wings. Of the undersides of the wings the
same may be observed. The lilacine white of the anterior
wings may be a little deeper than in the ¢ 3 figured on
Pl. [IIa., but then no two of the ¢ 3 present the same
depth of tint. The brownish-red of the hind legs is
perhaps more graduated from the ochraceous brown to
the brick-red than in most males, and these may be
slightly less white, and that confined to the discoidal
cell; the abdominal margin may also be more ochraceous
white than usual; but I have no doubt that if we were
to examine a large number of examples of the two sexes
we should find that there would be no appreciable differ-
ence between a series of each sex. The head, thorax,
and abdomen do not differ in any respect from the ¢ form
except, of course, in the sexual character of the anal seg-
ment. It should be remarked here that by holding the insect
opposite the light in such a position that the eye can
view it on a level with the edge of the wings, the wing
nearest to the eye is seen to assume a delicate light
golden-pearly tone—the blue-green, or green-blue, having
entirely disappeared—though it may be seen on the other
wing.

vili.*

The example from which the figure is drawn is rather
larger than that of the ¢ of fig. 1 in Pl. IIlIa., as the
following measurement will show :—

Length of costa, 81 mms.; greatest width of primary
wing, 54 mms.; length of secondary wing, 53 mms. ;
width, 40 mms.; [the 3rd subcostal nervure begins just
below the apex of the 1st discocellular nervule.| Length
of the antennz or abdomen, 25 mms.; of thorax with
head, 21 mms. [By an error on the previous page,
(column 1, the last line), the length of the thorax and head
of the # is given as 11 mms.; it should however be
2I mms.|

The trochanters and femora of the legs in this sex are
well defined with white ; the whole of the thorax on the
undersides is also jewelled with white spots asin the ¢;
the upper portion of the thorax and head also closely
resemble the ¢;—or with the same plan of markings so
characteristic of the Danainj/ and Acra@mina@, and of the
Papilionines, Eresias, Lyceenide and Erycinide which in
any degree mimic those protected families.

Ist pair: femur, I1; tibia, 9g; tarsi, II mms,
PUG ee E25 age A ind 2,
3rd ”) : ? Il; ” Il; 7 12 9

Length of

legs.

Hab. The label of this example has Bopoto printed on
it. The correct name must be Ufpoto, on the Great
Congo, in 21° 55’ E. long., and 2° 15’ N. lat.

In the museum of Hon. W. Rothschild, and of Dr.
Statidinger. The colours of the different examples of this
species vary sufficiently to enable the Belgian Entomolo-
gists to divide the species into 3 varieties, viz., the normal,
the green, and the grey varieties. [See page 73 of this
vol. A list of localities where the species has been taken
(as sent to me by Herr Wenig, director of the Musée
Royal d’Historie de Belgique, Brussels) is also given on
page 73 of this vol. Asso much of the Congo district is
within the Belgian jurisdiction, our Belgian Entomologi-
cal brethren have had exceptionally good opportunities of
collecting large series of this species, and also of D.
Antimachus.

Genus SCHOENBERGIA.

Ornithopthera, Pagenstecher, Beitrage zur Lepidopteren: Fauna des Malayischen Archipels. Jahr-biichen der Nassauischen Vereins fiir Naturkunde, 1893, p. 53.
Schoenbergia (Sub-genus), Pagenstecher, in the same paper.

¢. Primaries subtriangular, or perhaps almost quad-
rilateral, —the base being the shortest side, though much
larger than in Ornithoptera or the other genera: a fairly
close definition of its form would be sub-scalene-triangular.
Costa only moderately arcuate; hind posterior margin
somewhat irregularly curved, with a small convexity at
the middle where the 1st and 2nd median nervules ter-
minate, then curving slightly inwards between the ter-
minals of the 3rd median and submedian nervules; the
anterior margin nearly straight; with no stigmatic brand,
as in ORNITHOPTERA and ATHEOPTERA. Secondaries
smaller in proportion than the primaries ; costa sufficiently
arcuate, and only a little more than half the length of the
interior margin of the primaries ; the posterior margin ex-
tends nearly in a straight line till it reaches the caudal pro-
longation or tail of the wing, which curves outwardly,
and is very narrow, finally terminating with a fine point ;
the tail is nearly as long as the rest of the posterior
margin.

The neuration of the posterior wings differs in
important respects from that of other genera; the costal
nervure is normal; the discoidal cell, which is enclosed
by the subcostal nervure, discocellular nervules, and
median nervure (which generally may be said to have 7
divisions, not including the basal portion from which the
costal and subcostal branch off) has in this species only
6; the 1st median nervule, about 2 mms. from its starting
point, separates into two branches, thereby uniting as its
branch the 2nd median nervule; the 3rd median neryule
runs down to the end of the caudal prolongation or tail ;
the submedian vein is fairly normal; the branches of the
costal and median veins are very short by comparison, all
these arrangements being obviously for the purpose of
strengthening the wing; the discoidal cell of each wing is
broad, that of the anterior wing being slightly the widest ;
the posterior wing cell is not much less than 5-7ths of the
whole length from the base to the posterior margin ;
to a median line, which nearly equally divides the
abdominal margin, is attached a dense row of creamy
white long hairs, which in a state of rest would almost
entirely envelop the lateral and subdorsal parts of the
abdomen. The fseudoneura of the anterior wings are
sufficiently distinct, especially the and, 3rd, and 4th, all
of which run fairly parallel, and branch off all of them
from the basal stem at short distances, one above
another, the 1st terminating where the znd subcostal
branch begins, the 2nd at the base of the ist discoidal,
the 3rd midway of the 2nd discoidal and the 1st median
branches, and the 4th nearly midway of the 1st and and
median branches; a dark pseudoneurus or fold runs about
midway of the 3rd median branch and the submedian
nervure; only very faint traces can be seen of the
pseudoneura in the cell of the secondary wings: they are
2in number apparently, the 1st united with the 2nd at
the base curves outward along the middle of the cell, the
ist and shortest curves inwardly.

Head: eyes prominent, very uniform, with very
white lunules; palpi very short, hidden by a very

short villose tuft; haustellum only moderately long ;
antenne long and not very robust, about half the
the length of the costa of the upper wing; thorax with no
red collar; the usual longitudinal green median striga of
Ornithoptera in this genus replaced by a mark that is
very broad at its base, and narrow at its apex, hastate
in form, with a black excised basal posterior, giving it the
character of a golden green corset; the sternum with a
small red patch between the 3rd and and pairs of legs
near the base of wing; abdomen beautifully curved on
each side, and becoming broader till it reaches the pen-
ultimate segment which is broadest, from which the anal
valvular segment curves again to a nearly obtuse point; a
pale grey divided dorsal stripe extend from the and to the
6th segments, broad at the top, narrow at the bottom,
with 5 lateral black dots.

Legs only moderately robust, the femora pale golden
yellow, with dark front margins. Some of the nervules of
the lower wings have a tendency to wrinkle, and throw off
fold branchlets as if passing through a disturbing area:
this may or may not be accidental.

¢. Anterior wings rather larger and longer in propor-
tion than the posterior; costa of anterior wing more
arcuate than in the ¢,; posterior margin curved out-
wardly from the anterior angles, then distinctly concave
from the terminals of the rst discoidal to the 2nd median
nervules; the interior margin more strongly curved; the
veins all fairly prominent above and below the wings.
Posterior wings nearly straight along the costa, and curved
at the anterior angle; posterior margin only slightly
lunate between the veinlets, with white marginal fringe
lunules; interior margin with a fairly normal curvature.
The pseudoneura in the cell of the anterior wings arranged in
the same way as in the true Ornithoptera—the 2nd disco-
cellular nervules being more than usually distorted by
the fold which runs to the hind margin and particu-
larly within the cell. The whole appearance of the wings
differs undefinably from those of the genus ORNITHOPTERA,
though suggesting that genus strongly.

Head: eyes prominent, labial palpi very short, and
hidden by a very short villose tuft; antennz nearly 2-3ds
shorter than the costal length, and only moderately robust.

Thorax robust witha large portion of the sternum clothed
with crimson scarlet, the legs having their femora
pale yellow, edged outwardly with black. Abdomen
broad, and broadest at the penultimate segment.

3. The characteristic exceptions in S. tithonus, of de
Haan, on the upper wings are that they are not so large
proportionately with the lower wings, that the interior
margin is not quite so straight a line, or so short relatively
to the costa of the lower wing, that the outline of the
exterior margin is somewhat concave instead of convex
in the middle, that the median vein branches of the
lower wings are not so short, and are normal in arrange-
ment, and that there is no caudal prolongation to the

xX.

wing. Otherwise, on the upper wings at least, the pattern
is arranged pretty much after the same plan. There are
some important differences in the thorax and dorsal
portion of the abdomen, though the latter is probably
only a specific difference. Antenne not so stout as in
ORNITHOPTERA; an inner curvature is found near their

apex, somewhat different from what is seen in other
Ornithoptera, especially in the @.

The femora of the legs in both sexes are broader and
flatter than in the other genera; and the length of tarsal
joints longer in proportion than in ASTHEOPTERA.

SCHOENBERGIA PARADISEA.

Ornithoptera Paradisea, Staudinger, Entomologische Nachrichten 1893. s. 177.

” ”

Iris, Jan. 1894, p. 350, Band 6, Pl. 6, f. 1.

Ornithoptera Schoenbergi, Pagenstecher, Jahrbiichen der Nassauischen Vereins fiir Naturkunde, 1893, s. 29 pp., Taf, II., n. III. (4), s. 83 pp., Taf. 1V. @ Anfang, October ?
1893. ‘! Beitrage Zur Lepidopteren—Fauna der Malayischer Archipels.”

A “a Page. Description, p. 30, Pl. 2,3, di 4, ?.

QO. (Schoenbergia) Paradisea, Pagenstecher. (Treated as a subgenus.)

Since the discovery of the ¢ of A. Victorie by Mr.
Woodford a few years ago, no Ornithoptera, and perhaps
no butterfly known to science is at once so beautiful and
so interesting as the ¢ of this extraordinary and glorious
species. Hitherto no Ornithoptera had been found with
a caudal prolongation of the hind wings—although there
was no reason why such a form might not exist, and it
was what an observing and reflecting Entomologist might
have expected, for seeing that so large a number of the
Papilionine are tailed, and that the same, or at least
very closely allied, species in many cases are tailed
or without tails according as they are found on the
continent ora small island, or according as they are more
east or west of each other, (and that we have dimorphic
and polymorphic forms belonging to the same species and
in the same locality exhibiting these differences) : we say
then that it is not so remarkable that the Ornithoptera
should furnish us with an example of this phenomenon.
Probably other tailed forms will yet come from the
interior of New Guinea, or from some of the Solomon,
New Hebridean, or Malayan islets. As we shall yet
have to regard the Papilionine belonging to the red and
black, and green and black, groups of South and Central
America, as a second division of the Ornithoptera, which
I propose to call Ornithopterine or Ornithopterima and as
these are generally understood to come in our classification
immediately after the Ornithoptera—we at once see that
tailed forms are not such rare phenomena as at first might
be supposed, for the % % of some of the Ornithopterina
ave tailed.

In the present case it is the ¢ that possesses the
caudal prolongation of wing; but-I am inclined to think
that the ? 2 of this, and of the genera ORNITHOPTERA
and AZTHEOPTERA are intended to resemble in some
degree some other species of butterflies, or of moths, or

possibly even of Birds, for the purpose of protection. In.

my diagnosis of the Genus Schoenbergia (for I have felt
justified in raising Pagenstecher’s subgenus to full generic
rank) the more important structural characters are given.
The following are therefore the decorative and other

characters of this species :—

3. Anterior wings deep velvety black, in which the
veins, except the median, are not so conspicuous, A

subcostal green stripe extends from the base to a little
over half way of the costa, separated, but narrowly, from
a very broad golden green subcostal patch or band
which extends from near the base within the discoidal
cell, gradually broadening till it reaches to within 16
mms. of the apical angle, where it curves above and below
gradually to 2 mms. of the apex; the whole patch or
band is graduated off, more especially within the cell, by
golden yellow atoms; portions of the subcostal nervure,
the 3rd, 4th, and 5th subcostal nervules, with the first
discocellular nervule, visible in the green—the subcostal
vein and its 4th branch being especially defined in black;
a large discal patch of golden-yellowish-green begins
narrowly at the base, filling all the space between the 3rd
median branch and the submedian nervure to within 6
mms. of the outer margin,—also less and less of the spaces
bounded by the 3rd median and the and discoidal
branches—receding from the median and outer margin
more and more till it almost becomes a point—each
division being curved inwardly from the outer margin and
irregularly from the side of the median nervure, with
much beautiful graduation by green atoms on the black,
and black atoms scattered on the green; a golden yellow
band beginning at the base in union with the above patch
includes the precostal nervure and extends nearly 2-3rds
of that part of the wing till it becomes a mere point,
ending with a few green atoms—its broadest about 2°5
mms.; on the black which divides it from the discal
green patch are scattered a few golden green atoms. The
anterior wing is nearly subtriangulate, or more correctly,
subscalene-triangular, the outline of the wing being a
close suggestion of the outline of the shell of the
molluscous genus Pinna, especially one of the Japanese
species—being very narrow at the base and broad at the
outer margin; the outer margin curves somewhat irre-
gularly, being a little convex in the middle where the Ist
and and median branches terminate, curving inwardly
and prominently between the terminals of the 3rd and
4th median branches, and the submedian vein ; the outer
margin without white lunules ; the anterior margin nearly
straight.

Posterior wings smaller in proportion than the anterior,
the costa sufficiently arched, and only a little more than
half the length of the interior margin of the upper wing,

giving it avery unusual appearance. The hind margin
extends down nearly in a straight line till it reaches the
tails which curve outwardly, are very narrow till they
reach a fine point, and nearly as long as the rest of the
outer margin; the abdominal margin is very beautifully
formed, sharply divided by a median fold and at its
junction with the tail by a sharp dentation, as if a small
triangular piece had been excised to more conveniently
allow the marginal section to lie over on to the rest of the
wing if needful, as it probably does sometimes; the
abdominal margin is not furnished with a pouch or recep-
tacle for androconia like the ¢ members of the PomMPEOPTERA
as might have been anticipated, but it possesses a most
remarkably broad and elegant creamy-white fringe attached
to the median fold on the under surface; the whole of
the wing, which includes the greater part of the discoidal
cell isa rich silky golden, semi-diaphanous, texture divided
by the subcostal nervure and its 1st branch andthe and
discocellular nervule—the gold extending longitudinally
towards the base of the caudal prolongations or tails where
it tapers off toa point; a submarginal band of golden
green extends down the entire wing, and 1-3rd within
the narrow tail, where it unites with a second narrow
green band which extends to the base, occupying that
part of the cell not filled by the silky gold, and also a
small scalene-triangular discal spot on the black outside
the 2nd discocellular nervule ; a small golden spot in the
green outside the 2nd subcostal branch; the inner mar-
ginal portion of the wing and abdominal fold are a deep
velvety-black. The posterior margin is narrowly black
from the costa and both sides of the tail; at the inner
margin of the tail are a few golden green atoms; a faint
line of grey atoms between the 2nd and 3rd subcostal
nervules.

Undersides of anterior wings with the discoidal cell
and nearly all the discal area golden green or golden
yellow, a lighter green at the base of the cell, darker at
the farthest from the base, extending more or less out-
side the cell till it becomes entirely golden yellow ; costa
brownish black ; outer margin brown black—narrowly to
the 3rd discoidal nervule, when it broadens irregularly
till the black extends, and indents into the spaces
bounded by the 1st discoidal and 4th and 5th sub-
costal nervules encroaching in two places con-
siderably into the disc; the veins are all strongly
black, delicate in structure, and broadly margined with
velvety black; the golden green nearest the apex is dusted
with black atoms, and the black next below by golden
green atoms; the inner margin is narrowly black half-way,
then broadly black on the area containing the interno-
median vein to the base.

Underside of the secondary wings with a similar por-
tion corresponding to that on the upperside golden silky,
with alsoa small spot of the same colour corresponding
to that above—the veins being a darker yellow and well
expressed. The remainder of the wing is golden green
down to 2-3rds of the tail, with veins of the same colour ;
no black in the costa, and only a narrow black outer and
inner marginal line, broadest at the inner side of the tail
with 1-3rd of the tail entirely black; abdominal margin
or fold, through which the submedian veins runs, and to
the median line of which the fringe is attached, a delicate
pearly silver grey; the bifid precostal nervure is black
with a faint outward curved line of dark atoms above it.

¢. Anterior wings, upper surface, smoky brownish
black, with a slightly opalescent greyish sheen; very

2

XI."

opalescent along the inner margin and towards the hind
marein when viewed obliquely opposite the lizht; an
irrecular large bidentate tetrahedronal patch of white
within the discoidal cell, occupying a position not quite
midway of the entire wing length, being situated nearer
to the base than to the apex; there are 8 submarginal
white spots, and 2 discal; the 1st (within the 3rd and
4th subcostal branches) oblong: the 2nd (within the ath
and 5th subcostal branches) accuminate; the 3rd (within
the 5th subcostal and rst discocellular) oblong, sinuate
within and dentate without; the 4th (within the ist and
2nd discocellular branches) accuminate and shorter: the
5th (within the 2nd discoidal and 1st median branches)
obtuse cuneiform: the 6th (between the ist and 2nd
median) small, suborbicular: the 7th (between the 2nd
and 3rd median) rather larger, pointed towards the hind
margin: the 8th (below the 3rd median) is suboval and
small; a short discal oblong grey white mark within the
7th submarginal spot, and a spot of grey-white atoms
nearly close to the median vein, between the 1st and 2nd
branches; all the white marks are modified into grey
white more or less by grey atoms or scales,

Posterior wings above, smoky brownish-black, with a
slightly greyish sheen ; a discal band of ochreous greyish
white, very narrow at the costa-——and so broad towards the
inner margin as almost to fill up the entire space between
four of the nervules—extends from the anterior to
the anal angle, and contains suborbicular black spots, the
Ist and 4th being the largest, and the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th
the smallest ; below, these, as wellas in the two divisions
of the white band above the spaces, are olive yellow-brown
—the greyish part of the white, and the olive tone of the
yellow brown being caused by the beautiful graduation of
the grey and darker scales with which the band is more
or less dusted; this band is strongly lunulate without,
and irregularly sinuate nearest the cell; the submarginal
portion of the wing broadly brown black, with white
fringe lunules; the precostal nervure prominent on a
slightly shining surface.

Posterior wings, under surface, a rich warm dark brown
or black, the veins all standing well in relief; the white
markings similar in number, position, and shape as above,
except that the two discal nearest the cell are larger, and
the 8th is longer and less ovoid, and a small or gth white
submarginal spot is found below the submedian pseudo-
neurus or fold; none of the light markings are modified
by dark atoms ; the outer-margin with white fringe lunules.

Posterior wings, under surface, more intensely dark-
brownish black ; all the veins (which are not robust) stand-
ing in prominent relief; the discal band occupies exactly
the same area as above, the 5 black spots being also of
the same size; the space above the latter a delicate
creamy-white, below a pure pale lemon yellow—the two
divisions above the spots of the same yellow; the lunula-
tions towards the posterior margin rather more sinuate
than above, and softened into the black by black atoms ;
the outer margin broad black as above, with creamy
white fringe lunules; the space within the precostal ceil
is white.

Head: Eyes very dark brown and prominent, with light
red margin. Thorax velvety black, without a green longitu-
dinal striga; sternum: prothorax black, meso- and
metathorax crimson ; legs black, except the femora, which
are pale yellow and black. Abdomen, Ist segment dark
brown, with crimson scarlet hairs on either side; and
segment greenish grey with black scales and a central

Xi.

dark mark; the rest of the abdomen ochraceous yellow-
white, shading off into lemon yellow, more ochreous
towards the anal segment; subdorsal a rich orange
yellow, with the articulations strongly defined by black
and almost obsolete lateral black dots. The fringe of
the anal valves and last subdorsal articulation fairly long
and thick, and golden orange.

When viewed very obliquely against the light the whole
of the green and golden-green of the ¢ anterior wings
and the green of the posterior is seen as a rich fiery red
orange, as intense as in O. Lydius of Felder.

3. Length of costa of primaries 74 mms.; of outer
margin 55 and of interior margin 35 mms.; of second-
aries, costa 22 mms.; of outer margin to extreme end of
tail 47 mms.; greatest width of wing 23 mms.; greatest
width of fringe 7 mms.; length of abdomen 38 mms. ; of
antenne 37 mms.; of thorax with the head 22 mms.;
articulations of antennze about 50.

Ist pair—femur, 12; tibia, 10; tarsi, 14 mms.
and ,, i AS it AG Ep eye
3rd ,, in Ses, Or G,

Length

of legs.

g@. Length of costa of primaries 92 mms.; of hind
margin 64 mms.; of inner margin 47 mms.; costa of
secondaries 35 mms.; abdominal margin 55 mms.;
length of wing 61 and width 37 mms.; of abdomen or
antenne 33 mms.; thorax with head 20 mms.; antennze
with 58 articulations.

1st pair—femur, 12; tibia, 9; tarsi, 12 mms.
Length d : :
of legs 2nd ;, ” 13; ” 14; ” 15 ”

sale otclay » 12; 5, 43 4 20 45

For a sketch of the anterior leg see the figure in the plate
illustrating this article. (PI. IV., fig. 5.]

In Staudinger’s figures of S. Paradisea, ¢, the 4th
discocellular nervule is a broader black than in my types ;
the black abdominal margin is also a little broader On
the under surface of the 2nd discoidal nervule is a
black mark across the veins which passes a little into the
cell; also a little more black in the divisions in the upper
part of the cell.

Habitat: Sattleberg or Saddleberg,* Finistere Moun-
tains, German New Guinea. ‘‘ Finisterre-Gebirge nach
Konstantinhafen brachte—S. German New Guinea.”—
Discovered by Herr Kubary.

An example of the ¢, rather smaller than the one
figured in this work, is in the possession of the Hon.
Walter Rothschild, to whom I am indebted for the plea-
sure of describing and figuring this most wonderful species.
As will be seen by the bibliography at the head of this
article the species was previously described and figured
by Staudinger and Pachenstecher in their respective
journals.

* Saddle-shaped Mountain.

SCHOENBERGIA TITHONUS.

Ornithoptera Tithonus, g¢ De Haan, Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Beziltingen.—p. 18, t. x, f. 1, (1841).
QO. Tithonus, do E. Doubleday, Genera of Diurn. Lepid. p. 4, n. 4 (1846).
Papilio Tithonus, ¢ Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins., Brit. Mus., I. p, 5, n, 8 (1852); Gray, List. Lep. Ins. B. M, I. p. 3, n. 8 (1856).
Ornithoptera Tithonus, ¢. Vollenhoven, Tijdsch. v. Ent. IIL., p. 71, n. 3 (1860).
Papilio Tithonus, g\ Felder, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien., p. 290, n. 6, and p. 331, n. 4 (1864).

” »

o W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 518 (1871).

Ornithoptera Tithonus, Butler, Lepidoptera of the South Sea Islands; Proc. Zool, Soc., 1874, p. 289.

” 33

” ”

” ”

@ , Oberthiir, Annales de la Sociéte Entomologique de France, Bulletin, p. cxxii. (1885),
, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Entomologie, r2th livr., p. 1, n. 1, t. 3, f. ro (1888).
& and 2 Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeich. der Gatt. Orn. p. 720; f t. xx, £6; @ t. xxi, f. 1 (1889).

Troides Tithonus, Walter Rothschild, Novitates Zoologica: (Rev. of Pap. of E. Hemisph., exclusive of Africa), Vol. ITI., p. 195, n. 4 (1895).
Aitheoptera ? Tithonus, W. F. Kirby, Nature, Vol. 51, p, 256 (1895).

Schoenbergia ”

For a period of 44 years the only representative of this
species known in Europe was the type specimen of the 3
in the museum at Leyden. What the 2 could be like
was a question, the answer to which was a long time
delayed. Accomplished Entomological specialists, like
the late Prof. J. O. Westwood of Oxford, and others,
were for a long time inclined to regard the type ? of
Victorieé in the British Museum as the missing sex of
Tithonus, but there were difficulties in the structure of
the two insects which rendered that idea somewhat
untenable ; and so for several years our desiderata were
the 2 of Tithonus, and the # of Victorieg. Until the
g¢ & of these species could be carefully compared with
each other, it was impossible to suppose that they be-
longed to two distinct genera, possibly only distantly
related to each other, a conclusion from which we cannot
escape, now that the two sexes of each species are known.
The ¢ of Victorie was discovered by Mr. Woodford in
1886, the ? in 1855 or 1856; the & of Tithonus in 1840,
and the 2 in 1885. When the 3 of Victorie@ was dis-
covered a considerable number of 2 ¢, differing very little
from the type, were also obtained, and it became certain
that if Oberthtr’s ? Tithonus, described by him in the
“Annales de la Sociéte Entomologique de France,” were
not the ? of that sex, it had yet to be sought for. 1am by
no means quite sure that the few examples now known
may not be vars. of the ? Paradisea or of some other tailed
species of the genus SCHOENBERGIA yet to be discovered—
though there are certainly some conspicuous differences
between the ? @ of the two species. What these differ-
ences are will be seen later on. Meanwhile I give below
De Haan’s original description of the ¢@, with, I trust, a
fairly literal translation of it for the benefit of English
students; to be followed with some notes on some of
the examples which have since reached Europe.

3. ‘‘De bovenvleugels zijn swart, met drie groen-gele
banden ; de ondervleugels ovaal, groen, met een goudgeel
middelvlak en eenen zwarten buitenrand.

‘t Deze prachtige vlinder heeft 74 vlugt. de bovenvleugels
hebben op eenen donker zwarten grond drie banden,
welke zich van de basis tot bij den buitenrand uitstrekken ;
de bovenste band loopt langs de binnenrandader, is
boogvormig, zeer smal tot op het midden en loopt verder
boven gemelde ader breeder uit; de middelste heeft den
vorm eener §, strekt zich over de middelcel en over de
ruimt tusschen de Vierde en zesde ader uit en eindigt

Rippon, Nature, Vol. 51, p. 343 (1895).

nabij den buitenrand in eene omgebogene punt. Dederde
band loopt langs den onderrand langzamerhaud smaller
toe en is korter dan de twee vorige. De ondervleugels
zijn ovaal smaller dan van Priamus. Een goudgele band
strekt zich over de geheele lengte uit, maar is tusschen
het einde van de middelcel en den buitenrand afgebroken ;
dezelve neemt een groot gedeelte van de middelcel, langs
de onderrandader en twee derde gedeelten der vakken
tusschen de eerste en vierde ader in, alwaar hij drie
bogten vormt, in welke even zoo vele zwarte vlekken
liggen. Het afgezonderde gedeelte bestaat uit twee
vlekken tusschen de vifde en zevende ader, van welke de
binnenste eens zoo lang is de vorige. Een grasgroen veld
sluit zich tegen den goudgelen band aan, bevat het
onderste gedeelte der, middelcel, de binnenste heeft
tusschen de 4de, 5de, en 6de aders en vormt den geheelen
buitenrand van het middelvlak. De binnenrand is breed
omgeslagen, breed zwart gezoomd, van buiten grijs en
gedeeltelijt met digte, lange, vleeschkleurige haren bedekt
die zich over het achterlijt uitstrekken. De buitenrand
heeft eenen smallen zwarten zoom en is golvend
uitgesneden. De vleugeltop is stomp; de anaalhoek
uitgesneden, de onderzijde der bovenyleugels is voor het
grootste gedeelte groenachtig geel, met uitzondering van
den geheelen rand, van eenen breeden, schuinen dwars-
band over het midden en van drie zwarte vlekken langs
den buitenrand tusschen de vierde en zesde ader, die
gezamentlyk zwart zijn. Op de ondervleugels ziet men
hetzelfde goudgels veld als op de bovenzijd; overigens
zijn dezelve geheel grasgroen, met eenen zwarten band
onder de middelader, welke zich tot de helft der vleugels
uitstrekt, met eenen licht gelen anaalhoek, eene zwarte
vlek aan den top der middelcel en vier vlekken van
dezelfde kleur tusschen de eerste en de zesde ader; de
buitenrand heeft eenen smallen zwarten zoom. De borst
is geheel zwart. Het achterlijf geel met twee zwart
vlekken op de boven zijde van iedere geleding.”

The upper wing is black, with 3 greenish-yellow bands ;
the under wing is ovoid and green, with a gold-coloured
central space, and a black outer margin. This splendid
butterfly has an expanse of 74 inches. The primaries
have, on the upper side, a deep black ground, upon
which are the 3 yellow bands (or marks) each of which
extends from the base almost to the margin of the wings ;
the uppermost band runs its course within the inner edge
of the vein, and is narrow and curved; the centre band
runs its course from the above-mentioned vein, and

xiv

becomes more ample after leaving the discoidal cell—ex-
tending over the 4th and 5th veins, almost describing the
figure of an §, finally turning up to a point near to the
outer margin, the 3rd band runs along by the under
(inner) margin, gradually diminishing in breadth to its
termination, and is shorter than the two former. The
under wing is oval, smaller than that of O, Priamus; a
golden-yellow band extends over the entire length from
the base, but between the extremity of the discoidal cell
and the outer margin is abruptly broken off; as is a by
no means large part of the cell along its lower portion ;
about 2-3rds of the space between the first and fourth
veins are occupied by 3 sinuate figures, containing also
3 equal sized black spots; the separated portions consist
of 2 sordid spots between the 5th and 7th veins, of which
the uppermost is not so large as the lower ; a green ground
is close to the golden-yellow band, comprising the lower
portion of the cell, the lower half between the 4th, 5th,
and 6th veins, and from thence entirely to the outer
margin from the middle patch ; the inner (interior) margin
is broad, and (strongly curved) with a wide dark edge,
outwardly grayish, and partly turned around (omgeslagen)
clothed with dense flesh-coloured hairs that reach over
the abdomen. The outer margin with a small curved
portion of the edge, black. The apical angle of the wing
is obtuse, and the anal angle curved outwardly.

The under surface of the wing, with the exception of the
large black portion is greenish yellow; the whole black
mark from the base becomes suddenly a large sloping
oblique (or transverse) band over the centre of the wing,
followed by 3 black spots, between the 4th, 5th, and 6th
veins, parallel to the outer margin, which itself is alto-
gether black. The under side of the hinder wing is almost
entirely of the same golden yellow as upon the upper
surface—the rest of the wing space being quite green,
with a black band under the median vein, which extends
itself along half the wing (from the base) followed by a
light yellow mark to the anal angle; a single black spot
occurs on the end of the cell, and 4 sordid spots of the
same colour between the rst and 6th *veins; the outer
margin with a narrowing black edge.

The thorax is entirely black; the abdomen rich yellow,
with two black dots on the upper side of each articulation,

It may be observed, in comparing de Haan’s fig. of the
type ¢ of this species with the ¢ of S. Paradzsea that,
as I have pointed out in the diagnosis of the genus (page
ix.) though there are important differences between
the two species, one feels fully justified in including them
both in the same genus; but while this is the case the
divergences are much greater between their males and the
3 of ZZ Victorie, and such as to sufficiently prove that
they are not congeneric with Victorie.

(a.) The costa of the anterior wing of Paradisea is
almost a straight line, only curving very sensibly towards
the apex ; in Tithonus the costal arch is very strongly pro-
nounced ; the apex in Paradisea is rather sharply pointed,
in Tithonus the respective curves of the costa, apex and
posterior margin graduate almost insensibly into each
other, giving the wing almost a subcostal outline instead of

* The Dutch Entomologists of De Haan's time used a different nomenclature for
the veins of the wings, than that now adopted. ‘Thus, the costal nervure of the lower
wing would be the rst vein; the 1st and 2nd subcostal branches would be the 2nd
and 3rd veins; the discoidal nervule the 4th; the rst, 2nd, and 3rd median branches
the 5th, 6th and 7th; and the submedian nervure the 8th vein; the subcostal nervure
was called the upper middle vein; and the median nervure the lower middle vein ;
a similar arrangement applies to the upper wing.

the singularly obvious triangulate outline of Paradisea ;
the posterior margin of Paradzsea is conspicuously conyex,
of Tithonus concave.*

(o.) The neuration of the Tithonus anterior wings bears
a closer superficial resemblance to that of the 2 of
Paradisea than to its ¢; anda yet closer resemblance to
the corresponding wing of 4. Victorie; but the arrange-
ment of the median nervules in Victoriz, the singularly
curved discoidal nervules, the direction of the Ist and
2nd discocellular nervules, and the ample cell are not
repeated in Paradisea, and as far as the cell is concerned
only slightly in Tithonus. Asa set-off to these facts we
find the 4th and 5th subcostal veins branching off at a
great distance from the end of the cell in Paradisea ¢ and
@,and Victorie ¢ and ¢, but at a very short distance
from the same point in the 3s of Tithonus. The 3rd
subcostal vein commences at the apex of the cell, as in
Paradisea: in Priamus a little beyond (but this distance
varies a little in the genus Ornithoptera), in Victorie and
its allies also a little beyond, and sometimes exactly at
the apex of the cell. On the posterior wing of the latter
the neuration resembles that of Victorie more closely than
of Paradisea, the outline of the wing is more like that of
Victorig; but the anal angle and abdominal fold are
obviously related to those of Paradisea.

(c.) The anterior wings of Victorie and Paradisea are
formatively more alike than are either to Tithonus.

(d.) But it is when we observe that neither Paradisea
nor Jithonws possesses a stigmatic brand, or even an
abdominal fold, as do the males of the other genera of the
Ornithoptera (DruryA excepted)—that the colours of the
two species are most like each other, and least like those
of AZETHEOPTERA,—that the ¢ of Paradisea is tailed,—that
the abdominal fringe is white and long in Paradisea,
and long and light sienna-brown in Tithonus; and
very unlike that of any other genus,—that the abdo-
men is different in shape and arrangement of markings,
though in the former case most like that of Victorie,—
that the shape of the head and eyes of Paradisea differs
from that of any other Ornithoptera, being much like the
head and eyes of a dipterous insect,—and that the form
of the legs, and colour of the femora differ also, we at
once find the amplest justification in placing Tithonus
and Paradisea provisionally in the same genus, and re-
garding them as only distinctly related to the genus
/ETHEOPTERA. Then as regards the females, though
they are unlike those of Victorig, there is a strong resem-
blance to those of the genus OrniTHopTerRa, but a still
closer resemblance to those of the different members of
their own genus. We should not feel justified in placing
the females of Paradisea, Tithonus, or of Oberthiir’s Goliath
in the genus Ornithoptera, though they appear to be
closely related. It is difficult to fully define the differences
which distinguish the two sets of species, but we may call
attention to the light-coloured femora, and the white
colouring of the precostal cell—a character not met with
in the females of ORNITHOPTERA or indeed of the other
genera, except Drurya where the femora are yellow as in
the ¢ of Paradisea.

* The outline of the anterior wings of Payadisea remind us of those of the beautiful
chalcosiid moths of the genus Histia, which are generally very triangulate, and
narrow in comparison with their posterior wings, while the latter in some examples
or species of the genus are more closely represented by the form of the hind wings
of Tithonus. It may be mentioned that Histia is Papilionoid in appearance.

All things considered then we are justified in placing
the members constituting the genus SCHOENBERGIA im-
mediately preceding ORNITHOPTERA.

I now proceed to describe the beautiful examples from
which I have drawn the plate.

$. Primaries with costa rather more arche1 than in
Paradisea, the posterior margin slightly concave, without
dentations, inner margin gracefully curved ; wing velvety
black ; with 3 very irregular-formed golden-green bands :—
the rst, under the subcostal nervure commences at the
base as a fine line of green atoms, widening as it advances
towards the apical angle till it becomes a broad patch,
occupying most of the area bounded by the 2nd and 5th
subcostal nervules: the 2nd begins within the discoidal
cell narrowly at a junction with the base of the 1st median
branch, and broadens somewhat along the median nervure,
forming a junction with the large irregular-shaped discal
patch, from which it is only divided by the median
nervure, the submarginal portion terminating in a thin
transverse streak at the 2nd discoidal nervule; the discal
area thus occupied includes nearly half the space between
the 3 median nervules and the submedian nervure, the
upper portion being slightly excised by the black; the
3rd green band runs from the base along the interior
margin about 2-3rds between the margin and the subcostal
nervure, but becomes narrower as it approaches the anal
angle; midway of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th subcostal inter-
nervular green spaces are 2 small elongate golden spots,
the upper one much the largest ; the edges of all the green
bands are softened by golden-green atoms, and all the 3
green bands become gradually more golden towards the
hind margin. On the under surface the greater portion
of the wing area is golden green, with a narrow black hind
margin; the costal and subcostal space is brownish black,
as is the inner margin as far as the submedian nervule,
the black forming a curve or arch from the base to a sub-
marginal black spot with which it coalesces; there is also
a submarginal row of 4 other black spots in the green ;
the green occupies the greater part of the cell to nearly
5-6ths from the base, and is encroached upon in the upper
part of the cell in a curved line by the black; a large
black transverse patch, strongly indented on both sides
occupies the distal end of the cell, and more or less space
outside from the 4th subcostal to the 1st median nervules;
a small green spot is close to the median vein between
the 2nd discoidal and 1st median branches ; a longitudinal
green apical mark almost united by green atoms with the
discal green area, a 2nd smaller submarginal is between
the 4th and 5th subcostal branches; an elongated golden
spot also in the green between the same nervules, and a thin
golden stripe between the next nervule below. The veins are
all well expressed in the green ; but on the upper surface
they are practically invisible in the black, though obtrusive
on the green, so far as the median vein is concerned.

Secondaries, smaller in proportion than the primaries ;
suboval in form, the curvatures of all the margins being
exquisitely graceful; the abdominal margin is sharply
divided by the median fold, and excised as in Paradisea,
the silky buff fold curved over on to the black in the most
delicate and graceful manner, with very long buff-coloured
hairs, nearly as extensive as in Paradisea; the wing is
silky golden 3-4ths of the cell from the base, with a
narrow margin of green; the greater portion of the disc
from the subcostal to near the rst median nervules the
same silky golden, as is also a broad subanal patch
between the and discoidal and 2nd median branches; a

XV.

submarginal band commences at the anal angle, pro-
ceeding to the apical, and encroaching by deep convex
lunations into the golden between the submedian vein and
Ist subcostal branch, also between the 1st and 2nd, and
the 2nd and discoidal nervules, each lunation containing
an orbicular black spot, whereof the upper one is the
largest; the posterior margin is narrowly black, as is also
the whole of the submedian space, with a congeries of
golden green atoms midway near the median vein; all
the black with its edges softened into the golden green by
atoms of golden green. Undersurface similar to above
except that the 3 discal suborbicular black spots are
rather larger; and there is an ovoid black spot on the
green at the end of the cell, a cuneiform black spot
between the discoidal branch and the 1st median, and
a black stripe between the Ist and 2nd median
netvules; the submedian space is green, with a short
black stripe from the base nearly to where the 3rd median
branch begins, and the costal margin black, with a stripe
of green atoms extending from half way to the apical
angle; the underside of the abdominal fold is greyish-
buff and silky, with a dense fringe of light-sienna hairs,
lighter at near the anal angle, which nearly encloses the
abdomen when the insect is in a state of rest; the
nervules all very delicate and most gracefully curved, the
distance between the and and 3rd median branches being
very narrow; the posterior margin forms a very narrow
black line; base of the wing black, but the precostal cell
is yellow on both surfaces.

Head, antennz, thorax and legs velvety black; eyes
brown black; thorax with pectoral red spots; femora
probably black instead of yellow as in Paradisea ; abdomen
very silky golden yellow, with a silky bottle-green dorsal
stripe, suffused in the yellow from the 2nd to the 6th
segment; the basal or ist segment, black, with a central
yellow silky spot; subdorsum pale yellow, with large
lateral black dots; anal valves golden yellow, with the
usual arial black mark.

Thorax with head, to mms. ; antenne or abdomen 16
mms. ; costa 74 mms. ; posterior margin 50, and interior
margin 36 mms.; width of wing 40 mms.; width of hind
wing (not including the abdominal fringe) 24 mms. ;
length 51 mms. Legs too imperfect for measurement.

Hab. : Waigeu, or Waigiou.

@. Form, (outline) and colour of the wings similar to
those of Paradisea. Primaries in colour and markings re-
semble Paradisea,except that the white discocellular patch is
larger and squarer, though of irregularly indented outline,
—the rest of the white markings are larger or longer
than in Paradisea, and instead of 2 small discal white
marks (as in Paradisea) there are 4 in the internervular
spaces between the 2nd discoidal branch, and the sub-
median fold (or sinus), the 1st and 4th being small, and
the and and 3rd much larger,—the submarginal band of
spots and markings are g in number instead of 8
as in Paradisea, and the lower 5 are lunate,—a white
streak is between the 2nd and 3rd subcostal branches,
all the white marks are colder in tint than those of
Paradisea, and the marginal ends are modified in tone
by myriads of dark scales—whereby the lunate spots
are thus made grey. Undersurface almost entirely
as aboye except, that the white markings are somewhat
creamy in tint, and are not dusted with dark atoms, and
the black parts of the wings are warm sepia in tone.

XV1.

Secondaries resemble those of Paradisea except that the
discal area of grey white is 1-4th larger, and encroaches
a little way within the discoidal cell, the outline of its
upper part being very irregular in curvature and excision,
—the narrow portion between the 1st and and submedian
branches suggesting an inverted cornucopcea,—the short
discoidal nervules are very black and distinct, all the
other veins running through the black only faintly visible,
except towards the posterior margin ; in the grey area are
5 suborbicular black spots. all of them large, but the 1st
and 5th are ovoid and larger than the other 3; just above
these the grey begins to be dusted with dark scales, and
below them densely with black scales and atoms on a
brown-ochreous ground, rather yellower on the cornu-
copeeoid division; there are 2 small yellowish subapical
spots, the lowest nearly united with the cornucopcid
mark, the other close to the costa above it. The under-
surface almost entirely the same as above, except that
the light discal area has no dark dustings, or only at the
edges of the black marginal band, and below the sub-
orbicular black spots the spaces are pale chrome yellow;
there is an irregular-shaped spot of yellow atoms at the
apical angle ; all the veins are prominently seen on the
black, which is not the case on the upper surface; the
precostal cell is yellow (in Paradisea it is white). The
white marginal fringe lunules very obscure.

Head, antenne and thorax black; eyes dark castaneous.
Thorax with large pectoral red spots except near Ist
pair of legs; dorsum of abdomen grey, and subdorsum
yellow; the dorsum with lateral rows of minute black
twin dots, subdorsum with the usual lateral row of black
dots; the articulations well expressed by black, the
penultimate segment orange yellow, as is also the anal
fringe.

Head, with thorax, Io mms.; antennz or abdomen, 32
mms.; costa, 93 mms.; posterior margin, 61 mms. ; in-

terior margin, 39 mms.; width of wing, 52 mms. ; width
of secondaries, 40, and length 63 mms.

Ist pair: femur, 11; tibia, 9; tarsi, II mms.
Ieegsi2nds 70 Uy faa) Syne ee elo
3rd ? : ” eS ”? I3; ? age) ”?

_ Articulations of antenna, 54.

The femora appear not to be white as in Paradisea.
The form of the protarsus and short length of the other
4 tarsi are exactly asin the ¢ of Paradisea.

Hab.: Waigeu or Waigiou.

I am indebted to the liberality of Mr. H. Grose-SmiTu
for the loan of the two examples of this superb species
from which my figures are drawn.

The neuration of the ? of this species is somewhat like
that of O. Priamus and some of its allies, but in both
sexes the position and starting points of each subcostal
nervule differs a little from those of Priamus, and also
from those of Paradisea, though I have no doubt of its
congeneric relation to the latter.

I would suggest that the absence of the stigmatic brand
in this genus is in some way compensated for by the
presence of the abnormally long abdominal fringe in the
$. Icould give reasons for this, if it were necessary, but
reserve them for the present.

The Hon. W. Rothschild points out in his Novitates
Zoologice, vol. II., p. 196, that inthe @ ‘‘ the number and
size of the white spots of the fine wings are inconstant ;
the markings on the disc behind the cell are especially
liable to obliteration. The white, internervular, marginal
fringe is often much reduced.”

SCHOENBERGIA GOLIATH.

Ornithoptera Aruana, var. Goliath, Oberthtir; Etudes d'Entomologie, Livraison, xiie-, p, 2 (1888).
Ornithoytera Goliath, Oberthiir; Etudes d’Entomologie, XIX. Livraison, Pl. 4 (1894).
Troides Priamuz Poseidon (ab. i.), Goliath, Rothschild; ‘‘ Novitates Zoologicze,"" Vol. II., p. 190 (1895).

Although I regret that I have not had the opportunity
of making a personal examination of the one example of
this species at present known, which graces and enriches
the collection of M. Charles Oberthtr of Rénnes, and am
therefore unable to form so strong an opinion of its
specific value and position as I otherwise might feel justi-
fied in doing; yet, through the courtesy of M. Oberthir,
who, while fearing to entrust his priceless treasure to the
possibilities of the post, very kindly sent me a good
photographic representation of it, natural size, with some
useful remarks, and later on a very exact lithograhic figure
(of the two surfaces) for my guidance, I am furnished
with sufficient materials to guide me in an appreciation
of its generic and specific value.

By the aid of these and the coloured plates in his
Etudes d’ Entomologie, [XIX®. Livraison, Pl. iv.] and the
accompaning text, I have ventured to draw my own plate,
and to provisionally place this grand form in the position
which it seems to me that it should occupy among the
Ornithoptera.

M. Oberthtir refers to the abnormal character of the
supposititious var. of O. Aruana or O. Pegasus from
Amberbaki, which Herr von Kirsch figured and described
in the ‘“‘ Mittheilungen aus dem k. zool. Miis. zu Dresden,
1877: (Beitrag zur kentniss der Lepid.—Fauna von N.
Guinea)” and of the interesting fact that he had himself
received two examples which were so like it, and there-
fore sufficiently demonstrated its constancy of reproduction
to justify him in describing them all as examples of a var.
of Avuana, under the name of Kirschi. As these are all
females, they may ultimately prove to belong to some
species of which as yet the ¢ has not been discovered, or
that some species of Ornithoptera is subject to dimor-
phism, which is highly probable. Oberthtir then goes
on to introduce a unique insect which he had subsequently
received, a 2, remarkable for its immense size, and ap-
pearing to be an aberration of O. Aruana also, which he
appropriately names O. Goliath, thereby placing Kirscht
and Goliath close together as vars. of Aruana or Pegasus.

But a first careful observation of M. Oberthtr’s photo-
graph, strongly inclined me to regard Goliath as the &
of a species considerably removed from either of the
examples of Kirschi, and a subsequent study of the
photograph and M. Oberthiir’s plate has convinced me
that we have here a species of which the ¢ has yet to be
discovered, and which must, for the present, be placed in
the genus ScHOENBERGIA after Sch. Tithonus. The
reasons for this proposal are given below.

Mr. Rothschild, after his examination of the photo-
eraph, in a letter to me, pronounced the form to be an
aberration of O. Priamus; but since then, in his paper on

XVil.

the Eastern Papilionide (‘ Novitates Zoologice”’) he
has catalogued it as a var. of O. Poseidon, just after the
var. Kirscht.

The following is M. Oberthitir’s diagnosis :—

g. ‘Les ailes supérieures de ce Papillon immense
sont presque entierement noires, les taches blanche or-
dinaires étant tres reduites. Au contraire, les inférieure
sont largement envahies le long du bord extérieur par un
seule grande tache confluente blanc jaunatre, sanpoudrée
d’atomes noiratres et au milieu marquée de quatre points
noirs ronds.

“‘ Les yeux sont soulignés par un bordure de poils d’un
blanc pur, ce qui donne un aspect étrange 4 la téte de
LOrnithoptera Goliath.”

@. The anterior wings of this immense butterfly are
almost entirely black; the ordinary light bands are very
much reduced in length. On the contrary, the posterior
wings are largely invaded from the outer marginal band
by one very large confluent discal area of yellowish-white
(only divided by the veins), and powdered nearly all over
by blackish atoms, and marked in the middle by 4 sub-
orbicular black spots (the first of which is the largest).
The eyes are underlined by a border of purewhite hairs,
which give a strange aspect to the head of O. Goliath.

To this description, I may add the following remarks,
based upon the study of the photograph and M. Oberthiir’s
coloured plate :— ,

The wings appear to be a very dark warm brown on
both surfaces; the light spots or marks on each of the
anterior wings are 12 in number—namely, the moderate
sized discocellular transverse spot, which is almost
straight on the side nearest the base, and so strongly
dentate as to be nearly divided into three sections by the
pseudoneura on the distal side of the cell: the 4 subapical
marks are dentiform and very short; one suborbicular
spot on the disc and six submarginal spots are small—
the lowest a mere light streak: all these are ochraceous
grey or white; on the under surface these spots occupy
relatively the same positions, but are slightly larger in
size, and not quite alike in form, while in addition there
are two other light marks on the disc—one cuneiform
mark of moderate length between the 1st and and dis-
coidal nervules, and one almost obsolete spot between the
Ist and 2nd median nervules: all these are ochraceous
yellow-white. The large confluent light band on the
upper and under surfaces of the posterior wings are
almost exactly similar in extent and outline, rather yel-
lower on the underside. The abdomen is ochraceous
white ; the thorax dark brownish-black, and very velvety,

XVill.

with pectoral red spots as usual; the head broad, the
yes warm dark brown, with broadley light borders ren-
dering them very prominent, just as in the two sexes of
Paradisea ; but the precostal cell is not light coloured as
in Paradisea and Tithonus. The abdomen in shape and
relative length more closely resembles those of the above
species than that of O. Priamus, and is rather auburn in
colour. Altogether, if we may judge by this one ?, we
have a species transitional between the two genera
SCHG@NBERGIA and OrniTHorTeRA. But I am unable to
recognise any Close relationship to O. Pegasus or O. Aruana,
or the fine vars., one of which Mr. Oberthiir described
under the name Kirschi. A comparison of the three
forms in the plates originally published will justify my
contention.

The length of the costa of the anterior wing in a right
line is 125 mms.; of the posterior margin, 85 mms.; of
the interior margin, 69 mms.; of the base, 8 mms. SSO
marginal linear extent, (allowing for the curvature of the
costa, which adds 8 mms. more to its real length), of 295
mms.! or over 12°75 inches. The length of the costa of the
posterior wing is 71 mms.; of the posterior margin, 58
mms.; of the interior or abdominal margin, 69 mms. ;
and of the base, 6 mms., all of course subject to a very
great augmentation if the linear value of the curves were

taken into account; the greatest width is 60 and the greatest
length of the wing 87 mms. The costa of the anterior
wing of this species is therefore 22 mms., or about 7-8ths
of an inch longer than that of the largest ¢ example of
O. Priamus figured on plate 1a of this work, and nearly
as much longer than the costa of D. Antimachus to be
found on Pl. II. The length of the abdomen is 41 mms. ;
the antenne are of the same length; the thorax with the
head 27 mms.

Habitat: New Guinea, the home also of Paradisea.

The position assigned to this form, which is at present
the only example known, can at the best be only provi-
sional. A discovery of other ? ?, or still better of the @
may completely falsify all our conjectures, and even give
us a male unlike either Pavadisea, Tithonus, or Victorie,
although I can hardly anticipate that it will resemble
Priamus.

This example of M. Oberthur’s is very ragged at the
outer margin of the wings, and it is impossible to say
whether it has any light fringe lunules or not. Mr.
Oberthur in a letter informs me that the femora of the
legs are not white as are those of Paradisea; but neither
are they in either sex of Tithonus.

xix,

ADDENDA TO PAGE xii.

The following beautiful varieties of the @ of Schoen-
bergia Paradisia have been discovered since my Plate IV.
was published. The types of these varieties are in the
exceptionally rich museum of Mr. Rothschild, at Tring,

who described them. Figures of these varieties will be
found on Pl. IVa of this work. All these figures are
drawn from Mr. Rothschild’s types.

1, Schoenbergia Paradisea, V. Meridionalis.
Troides Paradiseus Meridionalis, Rothschild. ‘' Novitates Zoologicz."

@ Primary wings intensely black-brown and velvety.
The disco-cellular mark intensely white, with a faint bluish
tinge, occupying rather more than 1-4th of the cell—the
inner edge nearly straight, though slightly undulate, the
outer edge with a deep indentation by the black of the
wing; not graduated by dark-brown atoms as in the
normal form in Pl. IV. The outer marginal band of
spots—whereof the first 3 are large and only narrowly
divided by the 4th and 5th subcostal nervules: the next
two smaller, wedge-shaped, and farther apart, entirely
subdued by atoms or scaling: the 6th and 7th still
smaller, and the 8th and gth smallest of all—these are
all subdued by the atoms; two large discal bluish-white
marks between the 1st and 3rd median nervules, anda
small, narrow, elongated white mark just below the 3rd
median nervule; a faint clouding of bluish-white atoms
in the cell, extending from the base to the white discocellu-
lar patch, on the upper part of itsarea. Secondary wings
deep velvety brown-black; a discal area of bluish-white and
vivid golden-yellow, very narrow at the costa, but so
broad towards the inner margin as to almost fill up the
entire space between 4 of the nervules and the lower 4th
of the cell, extends from the anterior to the anal angle,
and contains 5 suborbicular black spots—the 5th on the

abdominal margin being the largest—and confluent with
a black streak without the submedian nervure. All the
light space above the black spots is white, almost untouched
by dark atoms; below them the yellow band is so
subdued by a dense scaling of brown atoms, except on
the two upper divisions, as to present almost a dull olive
green tint. The black marginal border is rather broader
than in the normal form. Under-surface similar to the
upper, except in the presence of a white narrow scaling
between the 1st and 2nd, and two narrow white patches
of scaling between the 2nd and 3rd subcostal nervules,
and that the yellow and white portions of the secondary
wings are very pure in colour.

The abdomen is greenish-yellow above—more golden-
yellow below.

Length of Costa, 79 mms.; greatest width of wing, 56
mms.; width of hind wing, 31 mms.; length, 51 mms.
Length of abdomen or antennz, 32, and of thorax with
head, 18 mms.

Hab. Mailu, British New Guinea.

2. Sch. Paradisea, V. Flavescens.

Troides Paradiseus Flavescens, Rothschild.

¢. Anterior wings very dark velvety black, with a
faint purplish blush viewed obliquely ; the discocellular
white patch occupies less than 1-5th of the cell, and is
very irregular in shape, slightly scaled at the outer edge,
and graduated to the black bya slight clouding of grey
atoms on the upper inner part of the cell; all the 9
submarginal light marks, except the upper three (and
these partially), are subdued by grey atoms or scales
more like those of the type form, as are the 2 discal small
white spots. Posterior wings velvety black; the light
area not quite so extensive in proportion as the previous
variety, and nearer in outline to the type form; the light
area does not invade the cell: it is creamy white, with
the veins running through it very yellow; the 5 black
discal spots are much larger than in the type form—4 of
them being almost leaf-shaped—the 5th confluent with
the black of the abdominal margin; the area below these
spots is a rich golden-yellow, which also extends a little
way above their apices, and to the apical angle of the
wing, and is densely scaled with brown atoms except in
the separate yellow spot near the apical angle. The
black margin of the wing is about the same in width as
in the type firm. The under surface of both wings the
same in colour, and almost the same in the shape of the
markings, except that the colour is more rich and pure
from the absence of scaling,—and the white is more

creamy in tone than in the previous variety. The mar-
ginal fringe lunules of the hind wings are formed by yellow
atoms: of the fore-wings they are white as above.

Abdomen yellowish-white above ; subdorsum deep
greenish golden-yellow, with the articulations well ex-
pressed in black.

The costa of the anterior wing of this beautiful variety
is much more rounded at the apical angle than in the
type form.

Length of costa g5 mms.; greatest width of anterior
wing 38; width of posterior wing 43, and length 63 mms.
Length of abdomen 40; of thorax with head 21; of
antenne 35 mms,

Hab. Etna Bay, New Guinea. Etna or Kiruru Bay,
as the native name is, is situated on the south coast of
the Onin province of Dutch New Guinea, in 134° 30'
East longitude, and about 5° S. latitude; and runs like
a narrow creek into the land in an eastward direction
probably about 15 miles from the mouth of the bay.
On the eastern side of this bay is Mount Lakahia, nearly
4,000 feet high—itself the most western member of the
Charles Louis Range of Mountains.

XX.

3. Sch. Paradisea, var. Puactata, Hagen.

@. Anterior wing reddish brown; discoidal cell with
the usual white mark, separated into too small elemen-
tary spots—the upper one being the largest, though only
1-6th the length of the cell, and slightly divided above, the
lowest spot much smaller, at some little distance below the
other, and little more than an aggregation of atoms; of the
usual submarginal band of white marks the 4 uppermost
are not as large and long as usual, the fourth being quite
cuneiform, and all subdued somewhat by brown scales:
the 5th isa mere nebulous speck: the 6th entirely absent:
the 7th a smell grey triangulate spot, and the 8th absent ;
there are also 2 discal nebulous spots between the Ist
and 3rd median nervules, the lowest elongate and most
distinct. Posterior wings reddish brown; the light area
nearly the same in outline and extent as in the type form,
creamy-white nearly entirely subdued by grey scales,
which are denser and redder below the 5 suborbicular
brown-black spots, so as to constitute a slightly warm
grey band; the marginal brown border is rather broader
than inthe type form. Under surface of the anterior
wings similar to above except that all the white marks are
cream coloured, and more distinct, the two discal marks are
much larger than above, and in addition to the first four
marks of the submarginal band the lower four are present
as small irregular cuneiform spots; the outer marginal
fringe-lunules ineet so as to constitute a creamy-white
fringe, and the brown of the wing 1s of a lighter and warmer
tint than above—the veins standing greatly in relief. The
posterior wing has the dark area as dark or darker than

above, and the light area is pure reddish-white above,
and light creamy-yellow below the orbicular spots.

The costa of the anterior wing at the apical angle is
so rounded as to almost unite with the very abnormally
rounded outline of the outer margin, presenting quite a
distinct appearance from that of the type form.

The abdomen is a warm reddish-ochraceous white
above—the dorsum being ochraceous-yellow; the legs
with the femur the colour of the abdominal dorsum.

Length of costa 82 mms.; width of the anterior wing
about 57 mms.; of posterior wing 36 mms.; and length
61 mms. Length of abdomen 34; of thorax with head
21; and of antenne 3I mms.

This variety is a very remarkable one, both in its
colour and outline; and may possibly ultimately prove
to belong to a different, though closely allied species.

Hab. Erima. Taken by Dr. Hagen.

Erima, a little port of the Astrolabe plain, is situated

on the N.E. of German New Guineain Astrolabe Bay, in
about 5° to’ or 12’ S. lat., and about 145° 45’ E. longitude.

The type is in the Tring Museum,

ADDENDUM

TO PAGE xvi.

Schoenbergia Tithonus, De Haan type form (?), Rothschild,

3. There is very little difference between the example
figured on Pl. VI, and that on Pl. V, except in size. Of

course the golden-yellow colour on the primary wings, if |

viewed in a very sunny light, is of astounding brilliance,
heightened by the emerald green that shades into it from
the base, and the intense velvety black, while the purely
ochraceous golden marks of the secondary wings becomes
intensely rich when viewed obliquely opposite the light ;
between the Ist and 2nd median nervules is a small
elongate patch of black scales, and in the cell of the
secondary wings at the distal end, is a similar nearly
obsolete spot of black scales, which are not found in the
figure on Pl. V. The under surface is almost absolutely
like that on Pl. V, except that a slightly larger area of the
cell of the front wings is occupied by the yellow and
green.

Length of the Costa 72 mms. ; width of primary wing
56; width of secondary wing 34; length 59 mms.; length
of abdomen 41; of thorax with head 25; and of antennz
36 mms.

Habitat. Kapaur, Low Country, New Guinea.

¢. Primary wings. The white mark in the cell is
smaller in proportion and more dentate on the distal side
than in the example on PI. V.; the other white marks of the
wing differ little from those of Pl. V. On the secondaries
the light area is creamy white, and the yellow spaces
below the orbicular black spots are a purer ochre subdued

by brown scales than in the fig. on Pl. V.: and the 4th
spot from the apical angle is absent, or only faintly
indicated on the right wing by two or three black scales ;
the light area also occupies 1-3rd of the cell instead of
1-7th as in the fig. on Pl. V. The under surface does not
differ except in the increased brilliancy of the yellow on
the posterior wing, and its freedom from scales. The
dark part of the wings on both surfaces are brown-black
with a greyish sheen.

The abdomen brownish yellow on the dorsum, and
brownish orange beneath, instead of white and yellow as
on Pl. V.

Length of costa 93 mms.; width of anterior wing 60;
width of posterior wing 37; and length of wing 65 mms.
Length of abdomen 35 mms.; of thorax with head 20;
and of antennz 33 mms.

Hab. The low country of Kapaur in Dutch New
Guinea. Collected by Doherty. See figs. 1,2¢,3,42,
Pl. VI.

In the Museum of the Hon. W. Rothschild at Tring.

The fact that examples from Waigeu and New Guinea
do not materially differ in pattern would seem to indicate
that this species is pretty constant in its facies—perhaps
perhaps more so than is Sch. Paradisea.

XXL

SCHOENBERGIA MERIDIONALIS.

Troides Meridionalis, Rothschild.

Since the article on page xix descriptive of Mr. Roth-
schild’s Troides Paradiseus v. Meridionalis was printed,
a marvellous # form closely allied to Paradisea came to
hand—a unique example of certainly the most extraor-
dinary Ornithoptera or even Papilio that has yet been
discovered. This butterfly was accompanied by another
specimen or two of the supposed variety Meridionalis
described on page xix.; and there could be no doubt that
here were the two sexes of an entirely new species, whereby
the ¢ would have to be raised from the rank of a
variety of Pavadisea to that of the consort of the new form,
which will for the future be called Schoenbergia Meridionalts.
It is highly probable that distinctive ¢ ¢ of one or both
of the other 2 varieties of Paradisea described on pages
xix. and xx. may yet be found; but however peculiar
their forms may be, they are sure to be allied to the type
form of Paradisea. We need never to be surprised if new
and wonderful butterflies yet are discovered in New
Guinea, and its adjacent islands. It isa land of surprises
in Zoological revelations. As will be seen by reference
to the figures on Plate IVs, the most novel character of
this insect is the peculiar and graceful form of the tail,
which is quite unlike that of any other known butterfly
or moth, and seems to suggest to us on a small scale one
of the singularly graceful and delicate wiry plumes which
adorn certain Birds of Paradise.

. Anterior wings sub-scalene-triangulate; the pos-
terior margin irregular in outline, proceeding convexly
from the apex to near the end of the 2nd discoidal nervule,
from whence it is slightly concave to midway of the Ist
and gnd median nervules, then convex to nearly midway
of between the 3rd median branch and the submedian
fold, from whence it is again concave to the posterior
angle; the interior margin is nearly straight from the
posterior angle to the base of the wing. The costa is
strongly arcuate; the positions of the veins about the
same as in Paradisea. Wings deep velvety black and
golden green, the veins passing through black areas are
invisible, those in the green are black and deep emerald
green ; a thin green costal line extends from near the base
to not quite half the length of the costa; a golden green
band, broad at the commencement near the apex, and
gradually narrowing to a fine line to within about 5 mms.
of the base—this band is broadly intersected by black so
as to forma small green patch united faintly by green
atoms to its band, and this band encloses the greater part
of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th subcostal nervules and part of
their parent stem, and a part of the band terminates within
the discoidal cell; a broad area of golden green occupies
the disc from the submedian nervule to the 2nd median
branch, from thence as it proceeds up the wing becoming
more restricted in width till it becomes narrow and irregu-
lar, is interrupted by the black and loosely united to the
subcostal green band; a narrow, curved portion of this
green area also encroaches within the cell over the median
nervure—thereby causing the black to assume the form of
a broad band almost in the middle of the wing extending
from the base, through the cell, broadest towards the
outer margin, and united with the black of the outer
margin by the narrow line of black which divides the green
costal band from the discal green area; the posterior

margin is broadly black from the apex to the anal angle,
thence continuing 3-4th along the interior margin, but
interrupted at 2-3rds of its length by a small golden green
patch ; the remainder of the inner margin to the base is
a continuation of the discal green; all the black parts are
softened into the green by black atoms or scales ; the outer-
marginal fringe is a faint golden green.

Summarised, the wing area may be described as con-
sisting—(a) of a moderately narrow black subcosta,
(containing a short green line) this black continuing down
the submargin, and along 3-4th of the sub-interior margin,
interrupted by one small green patch on that inner mar-
gin; (0) a green subcostal band, rather broken up at near
the apex, where it is broadest, and diminishing to a thin
line at near the apex; (c) a broad band of black nearly
occupying the middle of the wing and slightly united to
the submarginal band of black; (d) a discal area of golden
green, from the base, slightly within the cell, and almost
united submarginally with the subcostal band; the outer
marginal fringe green.

Posterior wings: long and narrow; costa moderately
arcuate; only 4-7ths of the length of the interior margin
of the upper wing; the posterior margin strongly incurved,
or concave nearly to the commencement of its caudle
prolongation, proceeding the rest of the way to the
anal angle beyond the tail as a more or less straight line ;
the abdominal margin somewhat convexly curved; the
tail isa threadlike prolongation of the 3rd median nervule,
with a small twisted leaf-like spatule, followed by a short
hair-like point: the leaf-like spatule has the nervule
passing through it like the midrib of a leaf. Colour of
the costa, the base, the posterior margin (very narrowly),
and a part of the abdominal margin to the submedian
nervule golden emerald green—but the green only appears
on the abdominal margin as stripes of green from the base
continued by atoms within a longitudinal band of brown-
ish black; a thin line of golden green is seen also outside
the black, proceeding inward from the anal angle. All
the veins are conspicuously a rich emerald green, faintly °
black near the outer margin, all narrowly bordered by
emerald green; the precostal nervure and base partly
black and partly green; the rest of the wing, z.e., the
cell, and the disc, are a semi-diaphanous silky yellow of
intense brilliance—forming altogether by the intervention
of the veins and 8 silky yellow divisions, large and small ;
the thread-like tail is bronze black faintly edged with
green on one side; and the leaf-lke spatula is emerald
ereen bordered with the brown black, and slightly dusted
with black atoms. Theneuration is arranged on a similar
plan to that of Paradisea, only more exaggerated.

Under surface of the anterior wings: The upper half
of the disc deep brown black, with a band of golden
emerald green irregularly occupying portions of the inter-
nervular spaces from the subcostal nervule to the Ist
median nervule. This green area comprises 7 divisions
or patches—the first being a thin subcostal line, the 2nd
extending from the upper side of the cell half-way to the
apex: the 3rd from the cell more than 1-3rd towards
the apex, followed after a black interval by a narrow stripe

XXIl.

of green atoms: the 4th between the 4th and sth sub-
costal branches more than 1-3rd towards the outer margin,
and pointed at its apex, followed by a few bright green
atoms on the black: the fifth along the greater midway
portion between the cell and outer margin: the 6th and
7th are small submarginal adnervular patches; the other
half the wing is bright golden green, including the greater
part of the discoidal cell—the median vein, and its 2nd
and 3rd branches being broadly bordered with black, and
the submedian nervure also black, but not bordered with
black; the outer and inner margins are narrowly black
except at the upper half of the wing where it graduates
into the general black area. Under-surface of the posterior
wings as above, except that all the colours are, if possible
more delicately bright, and that there is no black on the
wing, except the faintly visible black nervules; and that
the submedian and inner-marginal areas are pearly
silvery grey, divided by a greenish line; a creamy-white
fringe of very long hairs is attached to the sub-median
fold, which when the insect is resting, covers on each side
nearly the whole of the abdomen; the tail spatula is
green, as above.

Head black; eyes, dark brown and prominent, under-
lined prominently with white; antennz, black and long.

Thorax: above velvety black, with a central golden
green corset-like divided patch, more beautifully formed
than even in Paradisea; below this patch is a pair of
triangulate green marks, their broadest above; the
sternum with a small red patch near the base between
the rst and 2nd pairs of legs—with a slight patch of
yellow hairs next the red, and towards the abdomen; the
remainder of the thorax dark brown; the legs are ivory-
black, the tibiz especially being polished. The femora
are normal in shape; the tibize are very broad, especially
of the 3rd pair of legs, and strongly remind one of the
tibiae of some Hymenoptera; the tarsi are quite thread-
like. Abdomen: golden lemon yellow, very delicate and
bright ; dorsum with a silvery grey longitudinal depression
down the middle; the anal segment with the black sub-
triangulate mark over the valves rather more prominent
than in Paradisea ; the usual subdorsal black dots. The
anal segment and valves resemble those of Paradisea.

Length of costa 59, of posterior margin 48, and of in-
terior margin, 29 mms.; of posterior wing—costa 19, of
posterior margin to the base of the tail 30, of the re-
mainder of posterior margin to the anal angle 43, and of
the inner margin 16 mms.; of the tail to the spatula Io
mms.; spatula 3 long, 2 wide; thread-like point of
spatula 3 mms., or 16 mms. in all as the length of the
tail; greatest width of the hind wing 15, least width,

5 mms.

Abdomen: length 30 mms.; greatest width 9; least
width 5 mms.

Thorax and head, 20 mms.; antennz 32 mms.

st pair, femur 10; tibia, 8; tarsus 13 mms.

Legs 4
incase the 2n ” ” Il; » 12; je Se
troclianters. 3rd ” ” Il; » (Il; ” T5 ”
Hab. Mailu, British New Guinea. (Meek), In the

Rothschild Tring Museum.

Points oF DIFFERENCE FROM Pavadisea.

(a) Outline of anterior wing : Paradisea outer margin con-
vex; Meridionalis irregularly concave and convex.

(>) Outline of posterior wing: Pavadisea outer margin
begins convex, but towards the tail is more con-
cave; Meridionalis very concave, and a straighter
portion on the right side of tail.

(c) Caudal prolongation of Paradisea long, narrow, and
curved, but otherwise very Papilionine; Mevidionalis
thread-like, curved and flexible, with a green leaf-
like spatula.

(d) Posterior wing: outer marginal thin black border in
Paradisea ; green border in Meridionalis.

(¢) Abdominal margin: fold and area to the median vein
black above in Paradisea; black and green in
Meridionalis.

(f) Thorax: corset-like green mark different in shape in
Meridionalis from that of Paradisea; and with a
pair of triangulate green marks below it in the
former.

(g) Abdomen: with black dorsal stripe, divided by white
in Victorie ; a dorsal silver-grey longitudinal de-
pression in Meridionalis.

(h) Legs: the femora yellow in Paradisea; black in
Mervidionalis ; tibia, normal and black in Paradisea ;
ivory-like and very broad in Meridionalis ; tarsi,
sufficiently stout in Paradisea; thin and almost
thread-like in Meridionalis.

(:) The pectoral red patch only on the thorax of Paradisea;
a yellow patch of hair-like scales follows the red in
Meridionalis.

This species is less closely related to Tithonus than
Paradisea.

SCHOENBERGIA TITHONUS.

3. V. Waigeuensis. An example in the Tring Museum,
with the discal spots of black on the posterior wings
smaller than in the type form, the Ist spot being the
largest. Also on the underside of the anterior wing the
black internervular spots are very small; and all the pos-
terior wing spots are smaller than in the type form. The
cell in another example on the lower wing with a greater
space occupied by the golden yellow.

[I must here ask the reader to refer to page xx., and in
the ‘‘ Addendum to page xvi., Schoenbergia Tithonus,
De Haan type form (?) Rothschild”’| to delete the ‘*(?) ”
from his mind, as I find I misunderstood what Mr.
Rothschild said about the locality from which he received.
this insect. The facts are that the Kapaur examples
represent the typical Tithonus and the Waigeu specimen
from which my Pl. V. was drawn, is a variety, (V.
Waigeuensis). Mr. Rothschild assures me in a letter that
Kapaur, on the mainland of New Guinea, is the exact
spot where Solomon Muellen caught the type, now in
the Leyden Museum.

t+ isis

Genus.

Gre Nol WD IRE@sPaly Ea,

Troides, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. 87 (1816).
Ornithoptera, Boisd, Faune de l'océanie, t. 4 f. 1 (1832).
a [Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 33 (1832)].
Amphrisius, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2nd Ser. t, 98 (1833).
Ornithopterus, Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Insects, V. IL., p. 348 (1840).
Ornithopiera, Sp. Gen. I. p. 173 (1836).
cr Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D, L,, p. 5 (1846).
a Chenu, Encycl. d'Hist. Nat.; Pap. Diur. p. 33 (1856 ?).
Papilio (Ornithoptera), G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. (1852).
Pachlioptera (part), Reak. Proc. Ent, Soc. Philad. III., p. 504 (1864).
Ornithoptera, Wallace, Trans, Linn. Soc. Vol. XXV. (1866).
Papilio, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lep. p. 517 (1871).
Ornithoptera (Subgenus), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, text, Vol. I. p. 32 (1887).
+ Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gatt. Ornith, (1889).

Although the differences which obtain between the
Linnean Genus Papilio in its entirety, and Boisduval’s
Ornithoptera are not really very numerous (being by some
regarded as most important in the larvae), and have been
by many authors deemed hardly important enough to
justify their separation; yet the general and uniform
divergence in superficial appearance, together with a
special characterin the ¢ ¢ which we shall have to notice
later on, the peculiar colouration, and the remarkable
shape of the hind wings of the # in one division of the
Genus, together with its almost unique splendour, and
the gigantic size of its ¢?—added to the fact that anyone
could at a glance separate examples of either sex of the
two genera, quite justified Hubner and Boisduval in
removing the latter from its original position and giving
it a new generic distinction.

Whether Ornithoptera should be regarded as a Genus
or a Subgenus is a reasonable question, which can only
be settled finally, when we know much more than at
present of its internal characters, and the life history and
variations of its larve. The structural characters of the
wings and bodies differ but little from those of Papilio.
Indeed Mr. Distant only allows it the lower rank; and
while there is much to be said for his view of the case, it
will be necessary to point out presently a special charac-
ter, generally ignored, which we think ought to be taken
into account in any diagnosis: this character is confined
to the $s of the Priamus group, and as far as I can
ascertain is not found in any others of the PaprLioniIpz&
unless in a very restricted sense. It disappears in the
Pompeus group, from the upper wings, and in a new and
more complicated form becomes a feature of the ¢
abdominal fold. In this position it is found also among
a multitude of the true Papilios, most especially the 3 é
of the black and red South and Central American group.
In the latter the general shape of the wings of both ¢ 3
and 22 is even more suggestive of the Ornithoptera,
than in an analogous case between the Asiatic Neptis and
some of the American Evesias.

With regard to the rank of the Ormithoptera it is only their
grandeur perhaps which may dispose us to give them
their position at the head of the Papilios. If the Pierine
are to remain as the rst sub-family of the Papilionide,
Ornithoptera might well take some other and even lower
place in the 2nd sub-family ; and in any case it seems to
me that the Red and Black groups of Papilios and their

green allies should follow immediately after, asa genus
or subgenus to which the name Ornithoplerinus or Orm-
thopterina might be applied. We should then have two
species of Papilio, which probably are closely related to
Ornithoptera, namely P. Zalmoxis, Hewit, and D. Anti-
machus, Drury, both W. African forms, to find the true
position of.

It has been suggested to me by Mr. Jenner Weir, whose
knowledge is very extensive, that inasmuch as Hubner’s
name Tyoides is older than Boisduval’s Ormithoptera the
former should be accepted in place of the latter. But,
although Tyoides is a post-Linnzan name, it seems unwise
to bring back an almost forgotten name, as a substitute
for one so universally accepted, and so much more appro-
priate to the character of the insects.

The diagnosis of the Genus by Boisduval being so
brief, must be my justification for adopting that of
Doubleday and Hewitson.

‘Head large. Eyes large and round. Maxille of
moderate length. Labial Papi closely pressed to the
forehead, short, obscurely triarticulate, covered with long
hairs, the basal and apical joints very small, especially
the former, which is barely discernible.

“Antenne very long [same length as abdomen],
eradually clavate; the club arched, slightly tapering
towards the apex [see Pt. Ia., fig.5|. Thorax very stout,
the prothorax very distinctly developed.

‘« Anterior wings powerful, elongate, triangulate ; upper
disco-cellular nervule about equal in length to the space
between the two discoidal nervules; 3rd median nervule
mostly thrown off exactly opposite the end of the cell
[this varies in the different species from 1 to 2 mm. from
the supposed normal position]; median and submedian
nervures connected by a baseo-median nervule [generally
of about 3 or 4 mm. in length]. Posterior wings small
in proportion to anterior, sub-triangulate, the costa slightly
rounded ; the outer margin rounded, dentate; precostal
nervure 2 branched, the inner branch bent downwards
and united to the costal nervure.

‘Legs strong, elongate. Anterior tibiz with a very
stout spur. Tarsi with the rst joint about equal in length
to the rest combined; 4th joint shortest; and, 3rd, and
5th nearly equal. Claws, simple, strong.

Vot. I.

‘Abdomen elongate, stout, the last segment always
furnished in the ¢ & with 2 very large valves. [‘‘ These,”
Wallace tells us, ‘‘ are very large, ovate (or semi-ovate),
coriaceous (or leathery), and not hairy;’ and, as
Gosse points out, externally convex, internally concave ;
in some species, such as Arruana, being densely fringed
with hair scales; but he considers that (for reasons |
shall give in another section of this work) Ornithoptera
is a good genus. The anal termination of the 2? is
generally a dense tuft of hair scales, varying much in
the different species, and even individuals. These
entirely hide the vulva, or act as a dense fringe when it is
permitted to be visible, and-extend entirely up the suture
beneath to the next segment of the abdomen. They are
generally darker, or, more ochreous in colour than in the
other abdominal parts. |

‘Larva tuberculate; the tentacula contained in a fixed
bifid sheath.

‘‘ Pupa stout, slightly arched, tuberculate; head bifid.”

‘In the larva state they differ from Papilio in having
an external forked sheath for the prothoracic tentacula.
The perfect insects have the prothorax more developed ;
the abdomen larger, longer and very deeply grooved
below; and the valves of the last segment far larger
than in any species of Papilio. The larvae resemble those
of some Thais and Papillons in being tuberculated. The
Pupa not surrounded by a transverse band, but sustained
by a silken thread on each side, attached to a small
lateral tubercle [Boisd. sp. Gen. i. 173]. Wallace
remarks in reference to this, that his own observations on
O. Poseidon show that the larva has no ‘ external sheath ”’
to the thoracic tentacles, and that the suspending thread
passes round the pupa, and is not ‘ fastened on each side
toa silky tubercle.”” Drawings of these will be given in
their proper place.

To the foregoing the following facts may be added :-—

1st. [The baseo-median nervule connecting the median
and submedian nervures of upper wing, makes its appear-
ance in an earlier family of the Diurnea, the Morphos,
where in the Genus Morpho it may be found, almost
hidden by scales; and that portion of it which joins the
median nervure is bifid, each point united to the nervure
by a swollen fraction of the membrane of the wing, the
form of the whole being somewhat Y shaped. In Caligo
it appears to be absent, the corresponding part of the
submedian nervure curving up close to the median instead.
I find no trace of such characters in other families of the
Diurnea, though this is no evidence that they do not exist.

2nd. The Precostal nervure is bifid in Ornithoptera,
and is found nearly of the same shape and bifid in the
Genus Caligo, but not in Morpho. It does not appear in
the sub-family Pierine.

3rd. The spur on the middle of anterior tibiz of front
legs is stout and of equal width 3-4ths of its length, the
remaining 4th being very sharply pointed. This spur is

hollow. It exists in the ¢ and 2 of all the sub-family
Papilionme. It can also be found more or less obscurely

present in the Hesperiude, of which in one species, Ismene
jupiter, Fab., it is very prominent,and extends to nearly the
whole length of the tibia. It can be traced among the
Heterocerous Lepidoptera in Castuia, Urania,the Sphingide,

and even in Arctia. Possibly it may be found in the
majority of the lepidoptera, though often very rudimentary.
In some a pair of very fine spurs take the place of the
single one. These appear to be generally larger than
their congener in Papilio.

4th. The great distinguishing superficial character of
the Ornithoptera is really the singular sericeous patch on
the Primary Wings of the ¢. ‘This is only seen on the
upper-side, and is a long pupeeform mark, covered with
scales of a different colour and character from those of
the rest of the wing, extending from the 1st median ner-
vule almost to the sub-median, and in width generally
occupying about 2-5ths of the space between the median
nervure and the Posterior margin of the wing. The
shape of the patch slightly differs in each species, and
indeed in the different specimens of the same species: a
significant fact, as we shall see hereafter. This patch
only appears in the Priamus group, that is to say, in the
typical Ornithoptera and my section Priamoptera. Its
effect is to bend or distort the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd median
nervules midway: the first bending downwards, the
other two upwards, this arrangement being constant in all
the species. A slightly resembling character may be
found in a similar position in some of the Papilios, notably
P, Ulyssis ; but it is absent in the subgenera Pompeoptera,
Trogonoptera, and A=theoptera, which | propose for the other
groups of the genus, being replaced in two of them
by an analogous character in the abdominal folds of the
Posterior wings. In Caligo automedon, Cram,., and
C. @sacus, Herr Schaff, an analogous elongate-ovate
patch is situated close to the submedian nervure, occupy-
ing half the space between it and the 3rd median neryule
close on the edge of the abdominal fold, its length being
nearly 1-5th of the length of the wing in @sacus, 1-7th
nearly in automedon, and 1-4thin another sp. The colour of
these is a sordid brown ochre till the pulyilli-like scales
are worn off, as they generally appear to be when the
insect has been long on the wing; and naples yellow
beneath. Portions of the abdominal fold above and below
in one species are of a shining creamy texture, as if
irregularly changed by some fluid. The object or purpose
of these ¢ marks is a study in itself. They are found as
supposed scent-organs by Mr. Frederick Moore in many
of the Eupleeas. In the Pompeus, and Brookeana groups
the abdominal fold of the ¢ contains a quantity of brownish
or ochreous cottony material. Generally each fibre is longer
and finer in texture than that mentioned on Caligo. It is
quite concealed within the fold, and though attached to the
inner surface, is arranged apparently in tufts or bundles,
with the slightest adhesion, and quite invisible from the
outside. Indeed it would be possible to possess long
series of these insects, and never to discover the existence
of this material, especially in such an insect as Brookeana.
So closely is it packed, and so light and delicate are the
constituent parts that when pulled out with a needle, it
may be piled up to an extraordinary height upon the
wing, so as to seem impossible that the fold could have
contained such a mass. It is even more abundant in the
3 3 of some of the Black and Red Papilios of S. America,
evidencing their close relationship to the Pompeoptera.
These peculiar characters are not entirely absent from
the Heterocerous Lepidoptera ; for, in one of the noctuid
moths of the family of Evebiide in the author’s museum,
a peculiar fold or pouch is situated beneath the anterior
wing, close to the submedian nervure and inner margin,
just where the wing closes over the costa of the lower
wing: this is filled with a mass of long pulvilli-like
material,

4

5. The abdominal margin of the ¢ is fringed with long
sienna brown hairs (often 11 mm. in length), which either
fold over and across the abdomen, or laterally and nearly
beneath it. In the ¢ these are not so long, and are
darker. The breast of the two sexes of the typical
Ornithoptera are ornamented with crimson scarlet spots
or patches. The abdominal fold of the ¢ is always
simple, and yery hairy above; the portions of wing
within the cell of secondaries and from thence to the
fold is also turnished with long hairs over the brown sur-
face, while the posterior margin of the Primaries is
generally strongly fringed, especially nearest the base,

The markings on both surfaces of the wings of each
sex are often very asymmetrical, especially in the ?, and
very variable in form and number; and while in the ? ?
no two specimens of the same species can be found
exactly alike, it is difficult to meet with a specimen in
which the markings are exactly alike on both wings, or, in
some cases, the same innumber. The spots on under sur-
faces of the hind wings in the # are also remarkably irre-
gular on the two sides. The species of the typical group,
with certain well marked exceptions, very closely resemble
each other, except in size, in each sex ; and we think it
would be possible to find only one or two true species, as
actually existing, if we could get together a sufficiently
extensive series of each local form for comparison. Even
the size of the examples of a species varies so much that
a 2 of O. Richmondia may be found as large asa ? of
O. Cassandra; ora ? Cassandra assmallasa % Richmondia.

The browns and whites, or greys of the 2 2 vary greatly
in intensity from very light to very dark shades, and these
also change with every alteration of position in light.
The greens of the ¢ ¢ in each species vary in intensity
from blue-green and emerald to a golden green and
golden-green yellow; both blacks and greens are always
shot with opalescent colours or reflections, ranging from
purple to orange and copper, so that the ¢ of nearly every
species, viewed very obliquely against the light looks
absolutely like Priamoptera Cresus.

The abdomen of each ¢ is of the richest yellow, with
a longitudinal dorsal stripe of the same colour, but
faintly orange, extending from the thorax to the anal
segment. This is always easily discernible, and in each
segment appears as if enclosed in sub-parallel lines of

lesser brilliancy, the lower part of each segment being
somewhat broader than the upper—broadest half way up
the abdomen, tapering off at the anal segment. The
anal segment is also generally decorated with a triangulate
spot of black, broadest at the top, and marking out the
sutures of the anal valves; five or six black lateral dots
are found on the abdomen, and sometimes more or less
pale black cloudings. In the 2% the abdomen is, of
course, stouter, but not so long in proportion to the hind
wings, generally an ochreous grey, with a dorsal black, or
brownish longitudinal stripe or band; or in some species
a deep grey black with darker and broader stripe, and
always lateral dots midway between each segment; the
subdorsal parts very yellow, the segments strongly accen-
tuated with jet black; the anal valves with ochreous brown
or orange scales.

The thorax stout; in the ¢% densely clothed with
velvety black hairs, the ? ? with dark brown, the outlines
of the teeule more or less visible, according to the con-
dition of the specimen. A rich shining metallic green
ray in the middle of the thorax, varying in length in the
different species, and about 1-4th its width ; in the ? this
mark is narrower, not so long, often scarcely visible, and
greenish yellow or greenish grey according to the species.

The length of the discoidal cell of the Primaries in the
males is generally much more than half that of the wing—
in the females nearly half the length ; of the secondaries
of the males 2-3rds, and in the females slightly less than
half the length of the wings. The Pseudoneura or false
nervures* which occupy the cell, are not so prominent as
in the Pompeus group, and the arrangement slightly
varies, the upper or ist branch being rather shorter than
in Ponrpeoptera.

The legs are relatively unequal in length: the length of
the tibia of the first pair is about 1-3rd less than of the
and and 3rd pairs, which are approximately equal: the
Tarsi are also proportionally shorter; but as species and
even individuals vary in the length of the parts of each
pair of legs to a measureable extent, this subject will be
treated of in its proper place. The ungues or claws are
simple, as in all the Papilionide. The haustellum or
spiritrompe is of a moderate length, rather larger and
more prominent than in the Nymphalidae, and not hidden
as it is in the latter by their large palpi.

* These are a system of lines, generally situated within the discoidal cells of the
wings of most of the lepidoptera, sometimes beyond the cells, appearing in some
genera as if they were actually branches of the trueneuration of the insect. Insome
genera they seem to be caused by simple folds or indentations of the membrane,
though they are really visible on both surfaces ; but in others, they are very strongly
impressed, and still further accentuated by black scales along their entire length, often
very broadly, so that the eye is almost brought to believe that they are real veins.
Examples of this are found in the species of the Pompeus group of Ornithoptera. As
these are all arranged according to definite laws, so that their position and special
number is always constant in each family or genus, we thus obtain a series
of subordinate characters of considerable importance, I think, which have been too
much overlooked. I propose to call these Pseudoneuva or false veins. Their number
in the cells of the Ornithoptera and Papilionida is generally 4. These commence
from a common stem at a point close to the base, and are almost arranged in pairs.
Qne pair branches off at a 4th of the cell length from the base; these are of unequal
length, the lowest curving towards the median and terminating at its juncture
with the 2nd median nervures; the next terminates close to the 2nd discoidal
nervule; the other pair sends one branch straight up the middle of the cell to curve
suddenly to its terminal point at the commencement of the rst discoidal nervule;
the upper one is shorter (or the samelength as the lowest), with its terminal point at
the starting of the costal neryure; the two middle branches are of equal length, i.e.
the whole length of the cell, The rst and 4th are also equal, but only 2-3rds the
length of the cell, Nearly midway between the ist and 2nd discoidal neryules a new
branch generally commences, bifurcating 4 or 5 mm. from the znd branch, and
passing across the znd discocellular nervul>, so as to bend it, extends from 1-3rd to
half the length to the posterior margin of the wing. A strong false vein or fold again
originates nearly at the base from the submedian nervure, and runs on midway
between that and the median almost or quite to the hind margin of the wing. This
is only on the Primary wing: the arrangements of direction in the cell of the pos-

terior wing is a little different. These discal Pseudoneura may be numbered
I, 2, 3, and 4, commencing from the top of the cell.

There are in addition to these the folds of the wing half-way between each nervule,
commencing from the posterior margin and running inwards. These are often very
strongly pronounced, and may possibly be intended to give flexibility to the wing :
this arrangement however is not often found on the posterior wings. In the earlier
families of butterflies, the Heliconide, and the Nymphalide the Pseudoneura are not so
numerous or complex in the cells, two being the general number as far as I can trace
them, though the hind marginal folds are always present. In the Jihowmias they
undoubtedly exist, but are very difficult to see. They are less numerous in the
Bombycide and some other moths, though often curiously arranged, and made to
appear as branches of real nervures. Having examined several o1 the Hymenoptera
in my museum, especially examples of the huge Xycolopide, or Carpenter Bees, and
some of the Tabanide of the Dipterous order I find strong indications of a similar
system, often of a very beautiful character.

Were it not that other orders than the Lepidoptera therefore possess these inter-
esting arrangements, one would be disposed to view them as the remains of what in
far distant ancestors were real veins, and of a rank nearly that of the simple ocelli to
be found at the crown of the heads of most orders of insects, especially as in Papilio
they became so suggestive of the more complex neuration of the moths, from which
probably some of the diurnea have descended. But as it seems evident that in the
Hymenoptera and Diptera the object to be attained is flexibility of wing, we must
assume the same for them in the lepidoptera, a function somewhat similar to that
served by the lines inside the human hand, and on the under parts of the human foot.
There is one other possibility ; a useful contrivance for facilitating the foldings of the
wings in the chrysalis, though the latter is hardly probable. A careful examination
of all the orders of insects, and family and by family in each order, would throw much
light upon this subject.

This Genus may be usefully divided into 3 subgeneras
and one section: the section will be part of the typical
Genus Ovnithoplera; will contain the golden and purple
species, such as Cresus and Urvilliana—insects very dis-
tinct in personal appearance from the green forms, but
not sufficiently distinct to give them subgeneric value,
This will be designated, section PriaAMopTERA ; the
three subgenera are amply distinct from the typical
Ornithoptera, and will be named, Pomproprera (its
type O. Pompeus) ; TRoGoNopTERA (its type, O. Brookeana) ;
and A. THEOPTERA (type O. Victorie). The characters of
each will be given in their respective places.

In the section PrraMopTERa, O. Cresus will be the type,
as the difference in colour from Ornithoptera on the under
surface is much greater than in the case of Urvilliana.
The latter is nearly normal with the Generic forms,
while the colour of the former is nearly as golden below
as above. Possibly, however, they are both local vars.
of O. Priamus.

The type of ORNITHOPTERA will be, as 1t has ever been,
O. Priamus, Linn.

ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS.

} Papilio Priamus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. X. 458. n. x (1758).*

+ AA «w Mus. Ulr, p. 182 (1764).
+ ay » Syst. Nat. I. 2. p. 744 n. 1 (1767).
t Fs Clerck, Icones, t. 17 £. x (1764).
Sy Houttuyn, Naturl. Hist. I. rr. p. 188 n. x (1767).
‘5 Miiller, Naturs. V. 1. p. 565. n. 1 (1774)
+ hd Cramer, Pap. Ex. I. t. 23. A.B, (1775).
ay Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 446. n. 16 (1775).
5 » ‘Spec. Ins, p, 6. n. 21 (1781).
oy Jablonski, Naturs. Schmett. I. p. 195. n. 1. t. 1. £. 1, 2 (1783).
3 Esper., Austr. Schmett. p. rr. t. x, f. 1 (1784).
Hy Fabr., Mant. Ins. II. p. 3 n. 28 (22). (1787).
= Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I. 5. p. 2230. n. r (1790).
ef Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 11. n. 32 (1793).
7 Donovan Ins. India. t. 3 (1800).
Me Thunberg, Mus. Nat. Ups. XXIII. p. 9 (1804).
3 Turton, Syst. of Nat. III.: p. ro. 2. tab. 65 (1806).
35 Shaw, Gen. Zool. VI. p.'207, t. 65 (1806).

+P. Priamus d', Godt. Enc, Méth. IX. p. 22. n. 1 (1819)

Troides Priamus 3‘, Hubn. Verz. p. 88. n. grg (1816).
Ornithoptera Priamus 3, Boisdv. Voyag. Astrol. Lep. p. 33. n. 1 (1832).{

t ” ” 3 , ”

9 ”

” ”

Sp. Gén. I. p. 173. n. 1 (1836).

é , Duncan, Foreign Butterflies, p. 89. t. x. f. 1 (1837).

&, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. p. 420. n, 1 (1842).

3, Felder, Ver. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien. XIV. p. 290. n. 8. 332. n. 7 (1864). tt

3, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. XXV. p. 35 (1865).

é&, Chenu, Enc. D’ Hist. Nat. Papillons Diurn. p. 3. f. 108 (by Lucas) (1856 ?).

W. F. Kirby: ‘‘ Notes on the Butt. descr. by Linnzus,”’ in W. Ent. Soc. p. 134 (1870).

Pap. Priamus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lepid. p. 517 (1871).
Q. Priamus, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhiltnisse der Gatt. Orn. p. 702 (1888).
+ Ornithoptera Priamus ¢, 2, A. Sidney Olliff, Austr. Butterflies, J . fig. p. 38** (1889).

[Many of these not marked with a + refer to vars. now called species. ]

This is undoubtedly the type form of the whole genus,
possibly the earliest known to authors; and though the
figs. in the ‘‘Amcen. Academ.” are so absurd, there can
be little doubt that the insect was not far from the artist when
they were drawn. At any rate they will do as well for
this as for any species or var., which perhaps is not a great
recommendation, though it is the best comfort that can
be offered. The very close resemblance between the
males of the typical groups of the genus may render it
possible that Linnzeus’ artist had seen some other of the
many slightly different forms; but it is not probable.
Since the time of the great Father of Entomology, such a
multitude of examples and variations have been brought

before us, that the difficulty of deciding on the specific
or varietal value of these has rather increased than
diminished, although the tendency must be to more than
ever regard them all as local forms of one species—some
of these again being ranked as varieties of those local
forms. The females, though they vary from each other
much more than do their males, considering how won-
derfully these variations pass almost imperceptably into
each other, rather strengthen this theory than otherwise.

But however we may view the case, there can
be little hesitation in regarding the species of either
sex of the typical Priamus as being fairly easy to recog-

* Linn. Pandora Insectorum, V. 5, 2nd Edit. 1788. Ameenitates Academicz,
t. 3, fig. 231-1-2, are 2 black figs. of an insect with pointed wings, suggestive of this
species, but quite fanciful in neuration and detail; evidently evolved from the artists
jnner consciousness. In Edit. 1., Vol. 5, p. 3, fig. 203 (date 1758), these made their
first appearance. The author has not seen this edition. :

+ A @ var. figured on Pl. 4 of the Ent., figs. 1 and 2, from Amboina and Rawak ;
anda 9 var. from Celebes is nearly like that described by Boisduval, only the spots
are larger and whiter, and there is a large transverse white quadrate spot in the
discoidal cell. This should sertairly be the % of O. Pronomus.

tt Really the var. Oceanus.

** The dg only is really Priamus.

nise. The males are generally so much larger than their
relations from other countries, with a distinct style of
colouration and opalescent reflections, and their females
are so nearly uniform in the absence of any white spot in
the cell of the upper wing on either surface, or if one be
present, in its being very small and central, that we seem
to knowit at once as Priamus, even if we are not informed
its locality; and we never seem to obtain any specimens
that are closely like it from anywhere out of Sumatra and
Ceram.

The following from Linnzeus will supply us with the
earliest description of this species :

« Alis denticulatis tomentosis supra viridibus: institis
atris; posticis maculis sex nigra. Vincent Mus. Io.
Papilio amboinensis viridi et nigro-holosericeus insignis.
Mus. petrop. 664. Papilio Atlas Amboinensis alis
superioribus holoserice nigris: institis viridibus. Hab.
Amboina.

“Papilionum omnium Princeps augustissimus, totus
holosericeus, ut dubitem pulchrius quidquam a natura in
insectes productum.”

[What would he have said had he seen the & of
42. Victoria ?).

“ Corpus I: mz magnitudinis, Caput et Pedes nigra.
Thoracis latera lineis transversis coccineis. Abdomen
flavissimum. Antennas non vidi.

‘‘ Ales primores supra virides margine nigra: macula
nigra ovato-oblonga magna disci; subtus nigricantes:
macula viridis parva duplicata in disco; macula viridis
magna disci, versus marginem posticum, in qua Puncta 6
nigra oblonga.

“‘Secundariz supra virides margine nigro: Macule 4
nigra versus marginem posticum; macula fulva major,
testa ab alis primoribus. Subtus virides margine nigro-
dentato; macule 6 nigre, rotundate intra marginem ;
macula fulva magis oblonga, ante primores; margo
interior niger, lana ferruginea longissima.”

Body of the first magnitude; head and feet black;
sides of thorax with transverse scarlet marks. Abdomen
intensely yellow, (Linnzeus had not then seen the antennz)
Upper surface of the Primaries green bounded by black,
with large black oval oblong spots, separated (beneath
the disc). [This is the ¢ sericeous patch.} Under sur-
face darkish, with a small twin spot in the discoidal cell
(separated spot); large green divided patches towards
the hind margin, in which are six oblong black marks.
Secondaries: Upper surface green, with a black border ;
4 black spots towards the hind margin, and a reddish
yellow spot on the upper part of the wing. Under sur-
face green with a denticulated black border, 6 black spots
somewhat rounded within the border; and a large tawny
yellow spot before the first of these; interior margin
black, fringed with long ferruginous hairs.

The remarks and description of the species in the
Encyclopédie Méthodique will be a fitting addition to the
above.

‘This Papilio to which Linnzus applied the epithet of
Auguste, is, by reason of its beauty one of the first rank
among those of the genus of which it forms a part. It is
of a large size. The Primary wings are oval oblong,
entirely of a heavy or dead velvety black on the upper
surface, with two longitudinal bands of a golden green,

curved, narrow, contracting at each end. The anterior
band extends along the side of the anterior margin to the
top of the wing; the other extends the whole length of
the opposite and the greater part of the exterior margins.
Not far from the inner side of the latter, and equi-distant
from the base and the extremity, one sees another
brownish patch, large, disposed longitudinally, The
under wings are rounded, dentated in an obtuse
manner, of a golden green above, with the posterior
margin of a velvety black, and preceded by a range of 4
orbicular spots of the same colour ; independently of these
it has 3 more spots of a shining orange yellow outside, of
which the largest is situated towards the base, and the re-
maining two near to each other, at a short distance from the
top of the anterior angle. The under surfaces of the
anterior wings are black, with the spots of a golden green
as above. ‘These are 7 in number, namely, 1 irregular in
the middle of the cell, and 6 much longer, arranged
parallel with the posterior margin in a band which is
divided by a black ray, transversely interrupted; near the
top (of the wing) are 2 green longitudinal rays, of which
the upper one is the longest. The under sides of
the Secondaries do not differ from the upper, except
that the black orbicular spots are larger, and number
7. The interior margin of these same wings is
blackish in part, the other part being furnished between
with silky brown hairs. The thorax is of a dead velvety
black, with a green ray (longitudinal stripe) ; the two sides
of the abdomen are of a beautiful yellow; the breast is
black, with cinnabar red spots on each side; the head,
antennee and feet are black.” Hab. Amboyna.

_As the describer had not seen a ¢ of this species, he
gives us no description; and even his ¢ appears as if it
might have belonged to some other species.

There should beno difficulty in separating the type species
from any of its congeners. It is nearly always several
mms. larger in expanse than any of them—though small
specimens may be met with; but the markings, colour,
and general appearance in either sex are usually more
neatly constant. The greens of the ¢ are deeper, with
more rich copperery reflections when in good condition,
and the discoidal cell of the 2 is usually without a spot ;
or if there be one it is very small,—this applies to both
surfaces of the Primaries; the ground colour of the 2 is
also either very dark brown, almost black, or very light ;
an example of the latter is given in Pl. 10, figs. 3 and 4.

Donovan, in his Nat. Hist. of Insects, edited by Pro-
fessor J. O. Westwood, has a fig. of the ¢ of Priamus
settling on a Mumosa Grandiflora. The markings are very
diagramatically and neatly drawn, without much charac-
teristic detail, though with great power. Of course the
underside only is shown. It was from a specimen
originally collected by one of the Dutch Governors of
Amboyna. The expanse was 84 inches.

The 2 var. figured in the Voyage of the Astrolabe,
Ent. pl. 4, figs. 1 and 2 as from Celebesis not Przanws at
all, but the 2 of Pronomus, as may be seen from the
presence of the large transverse subquadrate spot of white
in the upper discoidal cell.

On Plate 1a of this monograph will be found four figures
of the ¢ O. Priamus to which I would add the following
information :—

Primaries. Costal green band, which changes a little
in shape or width in different examples, as is the case

in all the species, prolonged nearly to the apex, and
more pointed than in O. Cassandra; divided at the base
by a broad black line (an exaggeration of the nervure),
though not so much as in Cassandra. In the latter and
in Richmondia it sometimes broadens out, and even divides

almost into a separate patch at the apex.

Secondaries. With 4 black spots on the upper, and 6
on the under surfaces. On the upper, between the rst
and 2nd subcostal neryules and below the black spot is a
minute golden yellow dot, similar to a large spot on the
under surface between the costal and subcostal nervures.
The corresponding position of a large black spot, which
is immediately near this latter, is on the upper side of the
wing green, but the yellow patch is repeated, though
hidden by the Primary wing in its set position. The 4
spots on the upper side are smaller and more regular in
form (sub-oval) than the 6 on the under side. A thin
longitudinal ray of black atoms is situated between the
submedian nervure and the 3rd median nervule, and from
this point upwards the green becomes more golden,
extending laterally to within the cell. The black outer
border is broader on the underside than in the upper.
Between the 2nd subcostal and discoidal nervules it sends
up a tooth-like broad patch that coalesces on one wing
with the black spot; and in the nervules below it is not
so prolonged or scalloped; the lower branch of the pre-
costal nervure, median nervure and its branches are
nevertheless covered with golden scales or atoms, in the
former making it very prominent in the dense black; the
costal, subcostal, and branches are more or less densely and
broadly black, causing them to appear of double or treble
thickness ; the abdominal fringe is of alight burnt Sienna
colour, more like human hair. On the under sides of the
wings, all the greens when viewed obliquely, appear of a
rich shot purple and gold, impossible to represent with
the brush. The upper sides are very opalescent in certain
lights, coppery in parts, a very warm green opposite the
light, absolutely like Priamoptera Crasus in a very
oblique position, and of indescribable beauty.

Thorax. The red on the sides does not occupy so
much space as in some sps., and, as in the case of Cassandra,
is only faintly indicated behind the 3rd pair of legs.

The length of the central green ray on the upper side
of the thorax isgmm. Abdomen, brilliant greenish lemon
yellow; 1st segment black except for a raised subtrian-
gular yellow spot above, in the upper portion of which
may be discerned 2 black specks, placed like eyes; the
anal segment (or anal valves) with a triangulate black
spot, flanked on the upper part by dark spots ; subdorsal
slightly more ochreous yellow, and with minute lateral
dots on each segment. Abdominal fold, light pearly
brown. Eyes, dark brown.

Primaries: length of costa 90 mm.; width 45 mm.
Secondaries: length 55 mm. ; width (including abdominal
fold) 39 mm. Width of abdominal fringe 7 mm. ; length
of the fringe-hairs 7 mm. The abdominal fold extends
from near the base to the end of the anal angle. Length
of the thorax and head 23 mm.; width 13 mm. Of
antenne and abdomen respectively 36 mm.

Length of Legs:
rst pair: femur and tibia 15 mm. each ; tarsi 11 mm.
SAG ee mg a, hy 15mm.each; ,, I7 mm.
3rd_,, : femur 14 mm.; tibia 17; tarsi 20 mm.

Hab. Amboyna. In the collection of Mr, Oliver Janson.

On the Plate 1d will be found two figures of the 3
(figs. I, 2).

Primaries :—Upper surface dark silky warm brown,
darker at the hind margin outside the white spots, also
at the base; the whole in certain lights slightly coppery ;
the Pseudoneura faintly distinct; the discocellular nervules,
with the adjacent sections of the median and subcostal
nervures and nervules silky black; the rest of the neura-
tion the normal colour of the wings, though prominently
shown; spots and marks a soft faded white, the lower
ones darkened by brown scales of great beauty of form ;
the space above and below the internal nervure with darker
brown hairy scales.

Secondaries, a darker smoky silky brown, a little lighter
within the cell. Neuration only slightly blacker. Ab-
dominal fold and almost the whole of the upper part of
the wings with long silky brown hairs; the light accumi-
nate marks rendered very brown by the brown scales on
the portions above the central black spots, and very dark
warm brown beneath them by the density of these scales.
The spots enclosed by the accuminate patches have a
central darker brown spot in each, seen best incertain lights.
Under sides rather lighter in corresponding dark, and
darker in corresponding light parts. White markings of
upper wings pure, not modified by brown scales ; on lower
wings soft ochreous white, with some delicate lemon yellow
suffusion on upper marks; marks below the central black
spots with brown scales grouped from the border upwards;
the brown black spots with centres darkest ; a few silky
golden brown hairs within the cell and submedian nervure.

Thorax with much red beginning at Pro- and ending
at Meta-thorax, also following the lines of the femur of
two hind legs, with a spot on the front extending nearly
to the pronotum, and encroaching of the base of the
wings; above very hairy, dark brown, almost black, with
greenish grey central stripe.

Eyes dark brown. Abdomen yellow ochreous, dorsal
part soft greyish ochreous white; anal valves more ochreous,
under side with brown-ochre scales; subdorsal primrose
yellow; articulations well accentuated by deep lateral
black dots.

Length of costa 160 mm. ; breadth 54mm. Secondary:
length 70, breadth 48 mm. Antennz and abdomen 37
mm. each; thorax and head 27 mm.; width of thorax
13 and of abdomen 13 mm.; of discoidal cell 17 (in the
$¢ 15) mm.; the 4th division of the subcostal nervure 7
(in the ¢ 4) mm.; length of the and, 3rd, and 4th division
of the same 21 (in the ¢ 18) mm.; and of the rst, 34 (in
the # 33) mm., or a total of 55 inthe ¢ and 51 in the 3;
articulation of the antennz 58 or 60 in the 2, 48 in the é.

Hab. Amboyna. In the Coll. of Mr. Oliver Janson.

In figures 3 and 4 of Pl. 1a, a var. of the ¢ is given in
which the oval oblong black spots on the upper surface
of the Secondaries are larger than in the preceding ; there
is no yellow dot beyond the upper or first black spot:
the border is more regularly scalloped inward with black :
and the costal band of the Primaries is of a more equal
width to its whole extent, while the green is a brighter
golden on all the wings. Several differences may be also
observed on the under surfaces, and notably the bluer

efflorescence of the greens, especially in the lower cell and
beneath. The form of the upper discoidal green patch is
more compact, and there are 2 golden yellow dots on the
upper parts of the Secondaries midway of the black spots
and the border. Length of costa 95 mm.

Hab. Amboyna. In the Museum of Mr. F. Horniman.

Fig. 5 of the same plate gives a front view of the head
of the ¢ much enlarged, with the haustellum as it
appeared rolled up. The latter, in another plate will be
characteristically drawn. Figs. 1a and 30, represent the
exact shape of the sericeous brown patch of each specimen.

Plate 10, figs. 3, 4 exhibit portraits of a much lighter
var. of the 2 of this species, with the abdomen more
green, and the Thoracic stripe olive green. The
Pseudoneura are more strongly marked; the oval oblong
spots within the white marks of the Secondaries above
are lighter, with darker and well defined centres: the
outer borders on both surfaces darker, on the under side
reflecting white efflorescence. The white on the under
side of the same wings much purer; the base of all the
wings less dark on both surfaces, and the brown of the
thorax on under side lighter. The shape of the spots on
the upper wings differ also considerably.

Length of costa 104 mm.
Amboina.

Hab. supposed to be
In the Museum of Mr. F. Horniman.

A ¢ in the Hewitson Coll. is, on the underside of the
Secondaries between all the nervules dusted with rich
umber or ferruginous atoms, most densely between the
costal nervure and ist sub-costal nervule, and the 2nd
sub-costal and the discoidal nervules. The cell is only
slightly affected. Onthe Primaries, under side, the Ist
and 3rd green patches are also dusted, graduating down-
wards into a rich golden green. This is altogether a
remarkable variety. The upper side does not differ from

the ordinary appearance. Hab.

Amboina and Ceram.

Length of costa 93 mm.

The corresponding ¢ is of a warm umber brown, very
rich in tone: the spots on the upper side not very large,
and differ very little from those on the wings of Brit. Mus.
specimens, except that the white outer marginal spots
on the Primaries form an uninterrupted curved line, and
the white mark between the rst and 2nd discoidal nervules
is divided equally by brown into 2 quadrade spots; and a
faint indication of a white atomic ray is on the upper side
of the discoidal cell, following the direction of the central
of the Pseudoneura. The abdomen is ochreous drab white.

Length of costa 105 mm. Hab. as of ¢.

Cramer figures a ¢ with the 4 black spots; and with 2
golden dots, and a large golden of Costa coloured Indian
red. The same beneath. On the thorax are 3 green spots
triangularly placed, (a mistaken idea of the shape of the
central stripe). The colouring is very dead and unnatural.
The costal band of Primary is not very particular to exact
form, neither are the original bands of green. However
there is little doubt that his fig. represents the typical
form of the ¢ Priamus.

@. Hab. Ceram. In Brit. Museum. Dioiscoidal cell
with a small white spot two-thirds from the base; re-
peated on the under side, rather larger. All the wings
are lighter than in the Amboyna specimens. Length of
costa 98 mm. An Amboina specimen has a costal length
of 108 mm; and a 4, locality not given, 86 mm.: a
Ceram specimen has the same expanse.

The largest 2? I have known hada costal length of
II2mm.; or an expanse of g}inches for the whole insect.

The ¢ figured in Dr. Fickert’s paper contains a small
wedge-shaped white spot in the cell of the upper wings,
repeated on the under side.

QO; GASSA ND RAs

Ornithoptera, Cassandra, Scott, Trans. Ent. Soc, New South Wales, I. p. 131. t, 10 (1866); II. p. 49 (1869).

Scott, p. 517.;

” ”

Papilio Cassandra, Builey, in Brenchley’s Cruise of the Curagoa, p. 474, t. 50. (1873).

»” ”

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lepid. p. 517. (1871) Supplement, p. 809, (1877).

0. Cassandra, Dr. Fickert, Ueber die Zeich. der Gatt. Orn. (in Zoologischen Jahrbichen p. 7or. (1888).
49 Mentioned by Sidney Olliff, Austr. Butt. p. 39. (1889).

The females of this species are probably more variable
than those of any of the other forms of Ornithoptera, or
its section Priamoptera, especially on the superior wings.
The size of the specimens also greatly differs, some being
quite as small as those of O. Richmondia, and closely
assimilating in appearance. Indeed it is almost impossi-
ble to divest ourselves of the idea that Richmondia is a
smaller local Australian form of Cassandra. The
disparity in size obtains much more between the males of
the species, the amount of colour and mark variation
being greatest in the ¢ of Richmondia, as it is greatest
apparently in the 2 of Cassandra. The disposition of
the markings on the fore wings of the ? of Cassandra is
generally the same in all the specimens, though differing
so much in size and form; a considerable amount of
assymmetry also obtains.

The colours of the ? are generally very sombre, in some
specimens almost black; consequently there is no diffi-
culty in distinguishing them from the females of other
species. The nearest approach in depth of tint is in the
22 of P. Cresus, where there is the same tendency
towards the diminution of the spots in some examples.

As will be seen above a 2 was first described by Scott
in 1866, and a figure given, in the New South Wales
Ent. Society’s Transactions. In consequence of the great
amount of variation between the individuals of this sex,
it was found advisable to re-describe it, in 1869, in a
succeeding vol. of the same work, when the ¢ also was
fully described. In accordance with my plan, I herewith
present these descriptions, first of all.

‘© 3. 74k lines largest, 674 smallest, of g specimens.

‘Superior wings: Upper surface deep velvety black,
relieved by 2 broad irregular curved bands of rich satiny
green, which spring from the base; the one runs under
the costa towards the anterior angle; the other, along the
inner margin and the outer margin, as far as the discoidal
nervule: immediately over the latter is placed a large
brownish patch, disposed longitudinally. Under surface,
black, with a central spot, and a large macular band,
formed in contiguous wedge-shaped spots, placed between
the nervules, of gilded green. The wedge-shaped spots
are distinctly separated into 2 divisions by a broad black
band. There are, also, 2 irregular greenish streaks
towards the centre angle, the inner one being short,
almost macular.

‘Inferior wings. Upper surface bright silky green, with
the entire marginal border and 4, sometimes, 5 large oval
spots, disposed between the costal nervure and the first,
or second median nervure, one in each space, velvet
black; between these spots and the posterior border are
2, or 3, minute golden green orange specks, which, how-

ever, are not seen in some of the specimens. The
tendency to change also exists in the large quadrate
golden coloured space at the immediate basal portion of
the anterior margin, shown by some, while in others it is
much lessened, or nearly obsolete. Long, fine, closely-
set dark brown hairs spring from immediately underneath
the inner margin, and rising upwards partially envelops
the upper portion of the abdomen. The outlines of the
nervures are easily traceable by narrow, but distinct lines
of black. Under surface corresponds to the upper, but
the green is of a more golden hue; the black dots, here 7
in number, become larger and less oval, and the nervures
are broadly picked out with black.

‘‘ Head and thorax deep black, the latter bearing above
a central line of satiny green, and below crimson spots
on either side. Abdomen bright golden yellow.”

@. Length 72 inches expanse. Upper surface of rich
black brown, relieved by markings, but in a lesser degree
than any of its congeners.

‘Primary: With various patches and spots of impure
white, principally running obliquely; 3 are placed in the
discoidal cell, 1 on the disc immediately under, between
the 2nd and 3rd median nervules; another, large and
distinct, in each of the spaces between the 3rd, 4th, and
5th subcostal nervures; 2 in each space between the 5th
subcostal, and 1st and 2nd discoidal nervules ; and a few
small and indistinct spots running parallel to the outer
margin. Secondaries possess 3 wedge-shaped markings
of dusky white, becoming dull ochraceus towards their
outer margins, and bearing in their centres large some-
what heart-shaped spots of dark brown which unite in the
disc with the median nervules. The sub-quadrate patch
of the anal angle, and a small triangular shaped one
between the 2nd sub-costal and discoidal nervules, are of
a dull ochraceus colour, whereas those situated near the
anterior angle and between the 1st and 2nd subcostal
nervules are of brighter yellow. The antenne, head,
neck, and thorax are dark black brown, the latter bearing
a short central longitudinal band of metallic green, while
the pro-thorax on each side is edged with crimson. The
abdomen dark black brown, becoming greenish at the top.

‘¢ Under surface similarly marked to the upper, but the
white is purer, and a bright yellow replaces the ochroeus
tint: the margins of the large wedge-shaped patches are
also here entire. Each side of the thorax is clothed with
hairs of a bright carmine, and the abdomen broadly
barred with yellow. Port Denison.”

[The figure generally agrees closely with one of the
specimens in the British Museum.|

“Differs from Richmondia $¢ showing
on upper surface of anterior wing more distinctly the inner
marginal green border, and on the under surface a much
smaller green discoidal marking; by the ? possessing the
tear-shaped marking more occupied by the dark brown
spots within them, by the more general sombre appear-
ance, and by the green stripe on the thorax.”

I herewith devote a plate each to the ¢ and % of this
species. In the pl. of ¢¢, fig. 3 represents a variety
singularly resembling a specimen of O. Richmondia in the
shape of the subcostal band, and in the appearance of
both surfaces of the hind wings, even to the presence of
the golden yellow spots, in each 3 in number on the upper
portions; fig. 7 represents the subcostal band of the
specimen of Richmondia, referred to, which is in the col-
lection of Dr. F. Walker. The greens of this Cassandra
are all very warm olive, or golden emerald, brightest on
the Secondaries. The latter are a rich blue green against
the light. The under surfaces are a light green lemon and
golden yellow. The black of the upper surface is jet
black; of under surface very dark brown ; a silky greenish
obliquely, and opposite the light. Thorax equally black,
with a golden green central longitudinal stripe or ray.
The fringe of the abdominal fold dark umber; a green
undulated band on the posterior margin extends to the
subcostal band; and is broad. Secondaries with 4 rather
small black spots with golden spots between 3 of them
and the marginal black border, and an extra one inside
the costal nervure. The corresponding golden spot on
under surface, fills up nearly the whole of the space from
the base to the first large black oval oblong spot. (Con-
sequently differing from that in fig. 6 which is very small,
and from fig. 2 where the whole space nearly is filled with
black, containing a small golden green spot, longitudinal,
pyriform, from the precostal nervure, followed by green
atoms sprinkled over the black.) Sides of thorax with
less red than inother specimens. The Prismatic relation-
ship is with P. Cresus. The length of the costa 74 mm.,
of abdomen and antennz 28 mm.

é. The sexual patch of Primary wing in this specimen
is of a warm brown velvet. The costal green band is of
the normal Priamus form, and the green irregular band
extends from the base of the inner, to 2-3rds of posterior,
margins ; the subcostal to the discocellular nervures are
broadly black. Of the black spots on Secondaries only 3 are
visible, the 2nd and 3rd being smallest. Under surfaces
very dark brown. A very small irregular-shaped spot in
the cell of Primary wing, green blue; green spots and
markings ranging from blue green to golden green. The
hind wing has a very greenish golden inner border
with still more golden centres between the nervules. One
small gold spot in green of costal and subcostal nervures,
as mentioned above. Eyes dark brown. Red of thorax
not extending down by the legs as in some species. Eyes
margined with white beneath. Articulations of antenne 48.
Prismatic reflections of Cresus and Urvilliana.

Length of costa 78, width of upper wing 45 mm.: of
hind wing, length 48, width 48 mm.; of antenne 32;
thorax and head 11; width of thorax 11; of abdomen 10;
and length of thoracic stripe 8 mm.

Ist pair: femur 12, tibia 19, tarsi 19 mm.
and II 12 15
Legs 1) re) , ”) H] Lp} 7
iS rd be) ” Il, ) 13; ” 15 th)
(See figs. 5 and 6 in plate 2a),

3. Secondaries with 4 large sub-oval spots of black,
the lowest cuneiform or wedge-shaped. Space above and
below the costal nervure black; the nervures black, with
black atoms much sprinked on each side, and on green
from the base of the wing. On under surfaces of wing, all
the black spots are very large, and unite with the black
bordering the nervures and nervules, which at the former
is very broad. The green irregular-shaped spot of dis-
coidal cell in upper wings slightly larger than in fig. 6 ;
and the longitudinal small stripe or mark generally found
between the 4th and 5th subcostal nervules is quite absent.
Length of the costa 75 mm. (See figs. 1,2.) The green
patch in discoidal cell of fig. 4 will be seen to be much
larger than in any other, and almost rectangular: while
a few green atoms are sprinked at the base of the cell.
All the examples figured in this plate are from the collec-
tion of Mr. Oliver Janson; but the real localities 1 am
unable to give at present. The figs. 1a, 3a, and 5a,
represent the varying form of the ¢ sericeous patch.

The figures given below exactly represent a
variety in the author’s museum, viz., 7 ¢, lower surface
of secondary; 7a, upper surface of same wing; 7), upper
surface of Primary wing; and 7c, form of sericeous patch.

Locality N. S. Wales.

Figs. 8, and 8a, also represent slightly modified forms of
costal band and ¢ ser. patch of another example in the
same collection.

$. Secondaries with 4 black spots on upper side, the
ist large and confluent with the black of the costa.
Abdomen orange yellow, with lateral cloudy spots, besides
subdorsal dots. Resembles a large Richmondia. The
green marginal band of the Primary wings of this and
another example from the same locality much indented
or scalloped; in the latter the hind-wing spots are 5, the
5th, or costal being covered by the upper wing. Hab,
Queensland. In Brit. Museum.

¢. With only 3 black spots on hind wings, the 3rd
very small. The body less orange yellow. Under sides
of wings like a large Richmondia; opposite the light very
yellow green; against the light dark blue green. A very
distinct variety. Length of costa 77 mm. Hab. Cape
York. In Brit. Museum.

@. On the Plate 2b devoted to the 2 ¢ of this species,
figs. I, 2, represent a fairly abnormal example from the
Coll. in Mr. F. Horniman’s Museum. Hab. unknown.
The colour of the wings is much warmer than in some
specimens, both in the browns and yellows: while the
white marks are much darker than usual on the upper
sides of the Primaries. The abdomen appears to be
unclouded, dorsally and laterally. The shape of the white
mark in the upper discoidal cell, is large, continuous, and
approaches more the outline of that ina ? Avruana, or of
a Pronomus. Length of costa 94; width of front
wing 54 mm.; length of hind wing 67, width 45 mm. ;
length of abdomen or antenne 35 mm.; of thorax with
head 22 mm.; width of thorax 12 mm.

Ist pair: femur 13, tibia 9, tarsi 13 mm.
Length of legs;and_,, a0 ES Se hie, 2" ass:
3rd te) 22 12, 7 12, ”7 18 7

In figs. 3 and 4, the sordid appearance of the white
marks on the upper surface of the Primaries is produced
by a multitude of dark atoms scattered on the grey, and
graduated from the outer margin till they are lost. On the
under sides these atoms are not present, and the marks
are nearly pure white. On the Secondaries the accumi-
nate marks are a dull speckled ochre below the enclosed
black spots, and white specked with dark atoms above ;
the under surfaces are purer white, anda rich yellow,
without atoms. The Primaries are slighly shot with
green, and the whole ground work of the wings is of the
darkest black brown. The white discoidal mark is, one
half above partly divided, lower part again divided entirely
into 2 small longitudinal nearly parallel spots. A differ-
ence may be also observed between the marks of the
superior wings of figs.3 andi. Those on the upper surfaces
of the wings of the former being so much the longest and
most perfect. The thorax is very villose, with the central
ray golden green, instead greenish golden as in fig. 1.
The red on sides of breast reaches half-way to the upper
part of the pronotum; the eyes margined with white ;
abdomen sordid white with rufous suffusion towards the
anal valves, which are a darker, or brownish rufous ;
dorsal pale smoky brown stripe; subdorsal warm lemon
yellow ; and the subdorsal segments strongly accentuated
with black. Thorax warm brown, legs black; eyes very
dark brown. Length of costa same as in fig. 1.

In the author’s museum. Hab. N. S. Wales.

?. Upper sides of all the wings very black brown with
faint reflections of brown olive mostly on the Primaries.
The patch in the disc. cell like that in fig. 1; remaining
marks nearly in shape and relative size like those in fig. 3.
The yellow of the under wing near the costa very rich ;
the spots enclosed by white on the under wings larger in
proportion than those in either of the figs. of my plate;
abdomen very smoky brown except the last 2 segments,
where the sides are suffused with yellow scales. The
under side only differs in colour intensity, which is greater
in the yellow, and slightly less in the black. Length of
costa 83, width of upper wing 44, length of hind wing
54, width 37 mm.; of antennz 30 mm.

Hab. Cammerunga,
Capt. Bourke, R.N.

In the Coll. of

Queensland.

A ¢ in the British Museum from Cape York, has very
dark Primaries. There is also in the same collection a
large dark variety from Lizard Island, sparsely marked,
especially on the upper wings, which appears to be a
local form intermediate between Cassandra and Rich-
mondia, with a likeness io the ? of P. Cresus, which we
must deal with later on.

I give, for comparison of the shapes assumed by the
upper discocellular spots the following figs. :—Fig. 1. In
the collection of a friend, Hab. Queensland. Fig. 4.
Represents the subdorsal part of the abdomen of this 2.

Fig. 2. In the author’s museum. Hab. Queensland.
The spot here is continuous, and large. Fig. 3, locality
unknown. In Coll. of a friend, whose name I am not at
liberty to quote.

Figs. 5 and 5a, in author’s collection. Hab. unknown.

—————— =

Figs. 6 and 6a, also in the author’s collection. Hab.
Qaeensland. It will be therefore seen that we here have
a very representative series by which to enable us to re-
cognise the species.

me if

|
|
|
|
i

It may be added that the depth and extent of the black
cloudings on the abdomen of different examples varies
greatly, as does the character of the yellow, or from a rich
lemon to orange.

Mr. Butler, in ‘‘ The Cruise of the Curagoa among the
S. Sea Islands,” p. 474, describes and figures a 3, giving
an indication in chromolithography of the brilliant play of
golden orange reflection on the green; but the printer
has exaggerated them, and they are not sufficiently
natural. The sericeous patch is too prominent also.
The locality of the specimen was Queensland. It is now
in the Coll. of the Brit. Museum.

Localities of specimens examined by Dr. Fickert were
Port Denison, Bowen, and Herbert River, Middle
Australia.

12

NOTE.—A additional Bibliographical References to the foregoing species O. PR1AMUS and O. CASSANDRA.

ik (On PIANOS:

Vincentius, Mus. p. ro (1710).

Musei, imp. Petr., Vol. I., p. 664, n. 9, (1742). ,

Aubenton, Planch. Enlum. t. 45 (g), (1745). : All quote Amboina as the habitat.
Seba, Thes IV, p. 54, t. 44, f. 22, 23, ( 2 ) (1765). |

g Papilio Eques Priamus, Linn., Amoen. Acad. V., t. 3, f. 203, (1758).
” op m; Linn , Syst. ed. xii., p. 744, n. I, (1767).
” iD - Beckm., Anfangsgr. p. 105, n. I, (1767).
” 9 Goeze, Ent. Beytr. III., 1, p. 28, n. 1, (1779).
#9 Hf a Blumenb., Handb. p. 356, n. 1, (1782).
” ,, panthous, Linn., Syst., Nat., ed. x., p. 461, n. 16, (1758).
” ” a Clerck, Icones Ins. II., t. 19, (1764).
bs Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 195, n. 14 (1764).
39 ‘5 n Houttuyn, Naturl. Hist. I., 11, p. 199, n. 16, (1767).
Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii., p. 748, n. 17, (1767).
” A Miiller, Naturs. V. 1, p. 571, n. 17, (1774).
” es Hf Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 448, n. 25, (1775).
\ Cramer, Pap. Exot. I1., p. 39, t. 123, f. A.; t. 124, f. A. (1777).
” % 9 Goeze, Ent. Beytr. HII. 1, p. 37, 0. 17, (1779).
Fabricius, Spec. Ins, II., p. 9, n. 36, (178r).
Jablonsky, Naturs. Schmett. I., p. 207, n. 8, t. 5, f. 1, 2, (1783).
Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 45, n. 17, t. To, (1786).
Gmelin, Svst. Nat. I., 5, p. 2233, 0. 17, (1790).
A - ¥ Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 18, n. 56, (1793).
g Papilio Priamus, Donovan, Ins. of India, t. 16, (1800).
3 9 Troides Priamus, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. II., t. 116, 117, (¢@), (1816).
9 Papilio panthous, Godart, Enc. Méth. IX. p. 25, n.2, (£819).
Papilio Priamus, Thon, Ent. Arch. p. 124 (1828). Ibid, Naturg. Schmett., p. 16, tea, t. i; bo 2yt 35 ta gyi 2, 30g Catssz)s
» a Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I., p. 2, n. 1, (1852) ; Ibid, List. Lep. Inst. Brit. Mus. I., p. 2, n. 1, (1856).
@ Ornithoptera Priamus, Doubleday, Westwood, and Hewitson, Gen Diurn. Lep. L., p. 4, n. 1, (1846).
2 Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. v. Ent. IIL, p. 70, n. I, (z860).
ie) Koch, Indo-Austr. Lep.-Fauna, p. 35, (1865).
co) A Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lepid., descr. by Fabricius, p. 234, n. 1, (1869).
Q i y Kirsch, Mitth. Mus. Dresden, I., p rio, sub., n. 1, (1877).
z
2
2
2
®

+0 +0 -© 10 +0 +0 O 10 10 10 0 1 OH AAYAA

3
3

on

Oberthiir, Et. d’Ent. IV., p. 27, n. 1, (1879).
Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XTX., 5, p. 8. n. 1, (g) and p. 19, n. 14, (2) (1882). (Recensio Lep. Mus. Ulr.)
Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., p. 201, (1884).
Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Sitz.-Ber., p. 11, (1886).
Ribbe, Iris II., p. 207, n. 1, (1890).
in s Kirby, Nature, Vol. 51, p. 244, 245, 1895).
B® Troides Priamus, Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice, V. II., p. 183; also (types g 2), P- 185, (1895).

”

Qs aQ OY GB A Qa ay aq a PP

Habitats: Amboina, (Southern Moluccas), Ceram, (Ceylon, India: local errors).
ce of the posterior wings of the g varies from 2 to 6 in a series of 14 examples in the Museum of the

|The number of black suborbicular spots on the upper surfa
See ‘ Nov. Zool.,”’ Vol. II., pp. 185-6.] The colour of the 9 also varies from a light

Hon. W. Rothschild ; and the length of the costa of the primaries from 70 to 95 mms.

brown, to a very dark, almost black-brown.

26 ©, CASSANDRA

oe Ornithoptera Priamus, vy. Cassandra, Semper, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, Heft. 14, p. 41, sub n. 128, (1878).

Mr. Rothschild, ‘‘ Nov. Zool.,”’ Vol. II., p. 186, places O. Cassandva g 2 asa synonym of O. Euphorvion (Gray). It will be seen in another part of this work that I have

to regard O. Euphorion, as a var. of 0. Pronomus Gray).

Habitats: Queensland, Rockhampton ; examples are also in my collection, and that of Captain E. Bourke, late R.N., taken by him on Thursday Island. The species

appears to be fairly common in that locality.

Corrections of typographical errors or omissions on Pp. 4 of this Vol. :—
Pap. Priamus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x., p. 458, n. 9, (1758).
” » ” Mus. Ulr., p. 182, n. 1, (1764).
Cramer, Pap. Ex. L., p. 35, t. 23, f. a. n. (1775):
Godt. Enc. Méth. IX., p. 25, n. 1, t. 2, f. 4, (1819).

ORNITHOPTERA RICHMONDIA.

Papilio Richmondia, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins, B.M.I., p, 2 n, 2. f. 1, 2. (1852)

Ornithoptera Richmondia, Staudinger, Exotische Schmetterlinge, Taf. E.

0. Priamus, L., var. Richmondia, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gat. Orn., p, 702 (1889):

Pap. Priamus, var. P. Richmondia, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat, of Diurn. Lepid., p. 517. (1871).

Tuts is the smallest of the Ornithoptera at present
known to science; and though in many respects it bears
a resemblance to O. Priamus and one or two others of that
genus, it would scarcely be mistaken for either of them,
at least as regards the ¢. In size alone it differs very
materially, the largest example being somewhat inferior to
the smallest example of Priamus. The ¢ would have a
better chance of being mistaken for the type species.
The ¢ is especially variable on both surfaces, whether in
colour or markings, it being almost impossible to find two
examples in a long series which are very closely alike; a
considerable difference in size also obtains. The variation
in the ¢ appears to be restrained within more strict limits.

In the plate is a series of figures illustrative of the
range of variation, which though not by any means
exhaustive, will convey a very fair idea of this interesting
fact. Before, however, more fully referring to them, it
will be best to quote Gray’s description of the two sexes
almost im extenso.

‘« g Primaries similar to those of Priamus in colour and
markings, except that the irregular green band extending
from the base along the inner margin, and continued up
the outer margin towards the anterior angle, only reaches
a little beyond the 1st median nervule. In all the other
species it reaches the 5th subcostal nervule.”

[In a specimen in my collection (see fig. 3b in the
Plate) this band really extends up the wing till it almost
forms a junction with the apical end of the costal green

band].

‘‘ Secondaries similar; but the round black spots are
4 or 5 in number, commencing in the space between
the costal nervure and the first subcostal nervule, the Ist
and 2nd being without the small golden spot which is
found in Priamus.”

[A reference to the plate will show that this latter
distinction does not always hold good, though it may be
accepted as the rule; for while these golden spots are
absent also from the corresponding positions in figs. 1a,
30, ad", ec, and g/, they are to be found well indicated in c,
where every black spot has its golden companion and in
f where the rst, 3rd, and 4th spots are similiarly attended. |

‘“« Underside of primaries like that of Priamus in form of
markings, but with a bluish tinge, and the spots between
the nervules more distinctly separated into two parts in
each space by a broader band of black that runs from the
5th subcostal to the rst discoidal nervules. Underside of
secondaries like that of Prianus in general appearance,
but the greater part of the surface is of bluish green—;” [As
also in O. Pronomus and O. Cassandra; but in fig. c/ of plate
will be found a variety with the green like that of the under-
side of the corresponding wing of O. Avruana] ‘ the base,

and around the nervure inwardly of the discoidal cell, black;
the spot between the costal and 1st subcostal nervule is
of an irregular form, and of a king’s yellow; this colour
extends around the outer margin between the black spots
and the margin; the space between the 3rd median
nervule and the submedian nervure is mostly bluish green,
but posteriorly yellow, with the base and a spot near the
outer margin black; the inner margin brown.”

“9 Primaries similar in markings to those of ?
Priamus, but less in size, and covered by numerous
minute black scales, which give them an obscure appear-
ance.” [These scales are equally or even more strongly
scattered over the white and ochraceous markings of
O. Cassandra, less so in P. Urvilliana, and still less, or
only in those of the hind wings of O. Arruana.|
‘Secondaries similar, except that the large spots,
which are of the same tear-shaped form, between the
nervules along the outer margin touch the nervules on
each side; and the 4 between the 2nd subcostal and the
3rd median nervules are similar to one another in having
a black sublunate spot in the middle of each, which is
sometimes connected with the outer margin. The two
spaces between the costal nervure and the 2nd costal
nervule are marked with 2 irregular spots each, the one
nearest the margin being ochraceous. The anal angle
has a subquadrate spot of ochre colour.—”’ [Although Gray
makes no mention of the ochraceous colour of the outer
portions of these ‘‘ tear-shaped” spots, probably they are
obscurely visible in his specimen. In the 3 examples
before me this colour is distinct enough, especially in the
one figured (5 2), also in O. Cassandra ?. As these
acuminate grey marks are less densely clothed with scales
than the other parts of the wings, especially on the upper
side, probably this ochraceous appearance is the result of
the yellow of the under surface appearing through ; it
certainly is so in some specimens of this species and of
Cassandra ; but in others it is caused by the yellow scales
on the upper surface, mingled with and subdued by the
larger black scales, which produces the grey appearance
of the markings, or more properly the divided band. |

“__ The under surface of all the wings similar in
markings to the upper side, but the white colour is not so
obscured by minute black specks; each large tear-shaped
spot in the secondary wings with the outer portion yellow.
The spot between the 1st and 2nd subcostal nervules and
the one at the anal angle partake more of the tear shape
than those of the upper side, and it contains a brown
spot, somewhat like the other in form.”

. ‘*The spots on the sides of the discoidal cell, on
the under surface of primaries are like those of Cassandra.
Head, breast and legs like those of Prianus. The abdo-
men yellow, and the sides black. . ‘‘ Head, breast and
legs like those of Priamus.” FIcKERT.

T4

To these descriptions may be added :—

3. The abdomen is of the most vivid lemon yellow, with
a slightly orange dorsal centre extending to the beginning
of the anal segment, which has a triangulate band of deep
softened black, broadest in the middle, as in most of the
$ S of the genus Ornithoptera; the sides of the abdomen are
are clouded with black more or less dense; in some
specimens this clouding is interrupted by the articulations
of yellow, while the subdorsal articulations are well defined
in black. ‘The thorax has the green central longitudinal
stripe peculiar to this genus, all other parts as well as the
head being entirely velvety black; the eyes are reddish-
brown.

There are two well-defined types of colour and under-
surface markings in the ¢ 4 of this species. One is deep
bluish-green, the other a warmer green, more like that of
the ¢ Arruana. In one type there is always a suboyal
black spot, sometimes small, or little more than a few
black scales, in other examples large, situated between
the submedian nervure and the 3rd median nervule which
is very much independent of the black atoms which extend
from the inner side of the submedian nervure; in the
other type it coalesces with them so as to form a
black patch which fills up the greater part of the space to
the yellow band; [see jigures| in such cases the base
is broadly black also. ‘The costal yellow spot or patch
on the under side varies in size, and is often followed bya
second after the black spot, which seems sometimes to
separate what would otherwise be a continuous yellow
mark. The same then obtains on the upper side, but the
black spot is absent, its place being taken by the general
green of the wing which naturally nearly divides the
yellow. Viewed against the light in a certain position the
upper side of this species has the colour reflections like
the ground colours of P. Cresus—the costal band of
green looking exactly like the latter when viewed in the
same position, the reflections on the under wings being
rather more coppery, or like those of O. Priamus, and the
hastate green markings of T. Brookeana. The costal green
band is long and rather plumose-shaped, and varies in
form and colour in almost every specimen. In the plate
are given 7 examples of variation, all from my own col-
lection. Inone specimen in the Museum of Dr. F. Walker
the apical end is 6 mm. broad from the 4th and 5th sub-
costal nervules, about 7 mm. of the length being divided
by nearly 3 mm. breadth of black. The green normally
reaches to within 3 mm. of the anterior angle; but one
example in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s museum runs nearly
to the fringe. In a specimen of the Hewitson collection
the outline copies very closely that of Pramus. In the

late will be found sketches of the male (or sericeous)
patch (a/, b/, d’) to show variation. The specimen from
Dr. Walker’s collection, quoted above, has a much larger and
more prominent patch, differing also from these in outline;
the Hewitson example is very prominent in colour also.
On a wing denuded by the Waterhouse process this
sericeous patch does not show so much as in other species,
but very little importance can be attached to this fact
without examining a good series of the same species so
prepared. In some specimens the spots of the wings are
assymetrical, though not to the same extent as in

“Etheoptera Victorie 2; the costal green band or stripe is
also occasionally assymetrical for the two wings. I have
given a diagram of a curiously waved neuration in a speci-
men in my own collection, where all the veins of the
forewing are waved or bent just as the 3 median nervules
always are in this genus. The length of the costa in the
largest British Museum example is 60 mm.—the exact size
of my largest; width of upper wing 40 mm.; length of
hind wing 35, and width 27 mm. Length of antenna and

of abdomen 24, and of thorax with head 17 mm.

Length of legs (1st pair—femur 9; tibia 7; tarsi 10 mm.
and ,, ) O85) OS" 3 aan
3rd, fn 2 ty eOSs | ay eR Buta

Length of costa of smallest specimen in British Museum

53, and of my smallest 51 mm.

@. The variations in the markings and colours are not
nearly so great asin the ¢. The white markings within
the discoidal cell, however, change in form and extent in
different examples, sometimes being like that in figure 6D
of the plate; occasionally divided into two or three spots ;
sometimes the two lower divisions of the spot are obso-
lete, the upper division only remaining, and being very

small. The size, position, and forms of the markings are
generally repeated faithfully on the under side, with an
occasional assymetry. The abdomen is greenish-black
above (the black being composed of a multitude of
scattered atoms, the central dorsal portions being some-
times of a dark brown; the latter portions yellowish,
with heavy black spots in some examples, and smaller
dots or spots close to the articulations; the extreme sub-
dorsal is yellow, the articulations well defined in black.
The thorax is black; the collar red and divided; eyes
red brown; the red breast spots are found on the meta-,
meso-, and prothorax, the mesothoracic spot being much
the largest.

Length of costa in the largest British Museum specimen
77; of my smallest 66 mm. Length of costa of fig. 5
in the plate 70, width of wing 37 mm.; length of hind wing
50, width 31 mm.; length of abdomen 29 mm (I regret
that I have inadvertently drawn the antenne 5 or 6 mm.
too short) ; length of thorax and head 22 mm.

Length of legs (1st pair—femora 9; tibia 7; tarsi Io mm.
and ” ”? 9; 5, IO; ,, Ifmm.
3rd _,, 7 OF 7 80S 4, Em

The ¢¢ of this species are suggestive of its being a
local variety of O. Cassandra; but the 2 ? leave quite a
different impression, as will be shown in the descriptions
and iconography of that form; but the two sexes almost
compel us to regard it as merely a small-sized local race of
Priamus.

The types of this species are in the British Museum.

The figures of the Plate are all drawn from specimens
in the author’s museum.

ORNITHOPTERA PEGASUS.

Ornithoptera Pegasus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. I. p. 6. n. 4. t. 2, a, b, (1865).
0. Priamus, var. Pegasus, Dr. C. Fickert, Zool. Jahrbiichern, p. 707.
” var. K, Pegasus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur, Lepid. p. 518. (1871).
0. Pegasus, (vars.) Th. Kirsch, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lepidopteren-Fauna von Neu-Guinea, in: “ Mittheilungen aus dem K. Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden.”
Zweites Heft, Taf, V. fig. 1 2; fig. 2, 2. (Dresden 1877.) text, pp. 108, Tog.
0. Pegasus, (on Kirsch’s vars.) Oberthiir, Etudes d’ Entomologie (Cat, Raisonne de Pap. de la Coll. de Ch. Oberthiir) pp. 27, 28.
0. Pegasus, Staudinger, Exotische Schmetterlinge text., p. 3. No figure. (1888.)

¢. Costa of the superior wings arched. Upper side
velvety black, but with a considerable admixture of red-
dish brown, especially towards the posterior margin. The
subcostal band commences, as usual, near the base of the
wing, where it is divided by the subcostal nervure and
extends to within 4 mms. of the apex. Its greatest width
is 7 mms. at a point nearly close to the rst discocellular
nervule, but within the cell; its least width is 2 mms.
near the base, and near the apex, where it insensibly
diminishes to a point; within this area are included the
greater part of the costal and subcostal nervures, the rst
and 2nd subcostal nervules, and a brief portion of the 3rd,
also 1-3rd of the 1st discocellular nervule; its greatest
width within the discoidal cell is about 2-7ths, and its
least not more than 1 mm.; this band (ribbon, Felder
terms it) is graduated in its curve through the whole
length from base to angle of its lower side except on each
side of the discocellular nervule, where it becomes slightly
broader, or encroaches a little on the area of the black ;
the greatest breadth of black above this band is at a point
3-4th of the length of the costa from the apex, where it is 4
mms. wide, the subcostal nervules being distinctly visible
in the black; the 4th subcostal nervule runs broadly
through the green from the direction of the anterior
angle ; the white band is of a rich vegetable green and is
softened along its outline by green atoms encroaching
slightly on the black; a thin ray of black atoms is seen
along the green above the 4th subcostal nervure ; a band
of the same green commences at the base of the interior
margin, extends nearly to the anterior angle, and without
interruption continues up the posterior margin of the
wing till it reaches the 5th subcostal nervule and is only
represented by a small green spot. This band is more
or less broad—broadest between the 3rd median nervule
and the submedian nervure—and is distinctly divided into
green spots by the wing folds between the 1st median and Ist
submedian nervules; the outer edges of this band up the
posterior margin are slightly indented by green atoms
on the narrow black margin: the inner edges are also
softened by the green atoms; the internal nervure appears
well accentuated in the green ; the medianand submedian
nervures are strongly dusted with green atoms, chiefly
from a short distance from the base on the median
nervure to where its first branch commences, the 3 median
nervules being dusted in the same manner to within a
millimetre of the sexual brand, nearly asin Aruana, Pro-
nomus, and Eumeus: the sericeous patch, or sexual brand
is more than usually pupzeform, and of a light velvety
reddish brown. The whole of the green on the upper
wings is shot with more or less brilliant coppery or salmon
coloured reflections ; viewed obliquely against the light the
velvety black also partakes of the same, thereby giving
it quite a ferruginous appearance.

The Secondaries are a rich vegetable green, with a

cupreus tint when viewed obliquely against the light. The
green when seen in the normal attitude is quite of a
mossy tone—viewed opposite the light it is very silky and
somewhat golden. The irregular ferruginous cloudings
found on the type are, no doubt, caused originally by damp.
The apex and outer margin are narrowly black, and part
of the costa from the base within the subcostal nervure to
the commencement of its 1st branch is black, including
the interno-median nervule; the abdominal margin out-
side the submedian nervure is velvety black; a small
black spot is situated between the 1st and 2nd subcostal
nervules, and the 2nd subcostal and discoidal nervules ;
the whole of the green of the cell and to some distance
without is dusted and darkened with black atoms.
Underside of Primaries vegetable green, with cupreus
reflections, strongly diluted outside the cell by ferruginous
dark atoms, except in a portion within the 2nd median
branch and the submedian vein, which is more of a green
verditer; the space within the cell is divided almost
equally into green and black—the narrowest portion of the
green at the base, the broadest at rear the discocellular
nervules, giving it somewhat of a claviform appearance ;
all the nervures and their branches are separated from
the green by narrow black margins on each side; the
costa is black; between the 3rd and 4th, and 4th and 5th
subcostal nervules most of the space is black, with patches
of green atoms, terminating in long narrow rays of green
scarcely visible atoms nearly to the hind margin; 5 discal
black spots occur in the space within the ist discoidal
nervule and the submedian nervure, these are somewhat
lunulate, they are all fairly small, and vary slightly in
size and shape; the posterior and inner margin are black ;
the submedian psewdoneurus is prominently black half its
entire length. Underside of Secondaries vegetable green,
with cupreus or salmon coloured reflections, and diluted
without the cell by ferruginous atoms; all the veins
are strongly accentuated, the median vein being a golden
yellow from the base; a patch of golden yellow between
the 3rd median nervule and the submedian nervure,
extending from the anal angle half way towards the base ;
6 discal black orbicular spots within the veins midway
between the cell and the margin, of a medium size, the
first 3 from above being the largest (a minute yellow spot
outside the lowest of these), the lower 3 the smallest ; the
posterior and anterior margins and the base, including
the precostal nervure, black; the abdominal margin
glossy fulvescent; the abdominal fringe with long hairs
of a rich burnt sienna colour.

Head black; eyes deep castaneous brown, margined
with ochreus white; haustellum shiny black. Thorax
velvety black, with a central longitudinal green mark
above; beneath black with the usual lateral crimson or
coccineus spots.

16

Abdomen brown ochreous yellow, with the usual black
trigonal mark ; and the lateral black dots very obscure.

Length of antenne 34 mms. ; number of articulations 48;
length of Thorax with the head 21 mms., width 11
mms. ; length of Abdomen about 34 mms.

Ist pair, femur 13; tibia 10; tarsi 15 “ams.
Length aE * ee Gk ey. eer
3rd 7? ) 12, ) 15; ” 19 7

Expanse of Costa 81 mms. ; width of upper wing 43
mms. ; length of lower wing 45 mms.; width 39 mms.

¢. Primaries: costa moderately arched; external
margin slightly concave ; interior margin nearly straight.
Upper surface of wing obscure fuscus brown; fringe
lunules ochreous-whitish, and very slightly expressed ;
all the marks and spots greyish-white, dusted with dark
grey atoms; within the discoidal cell a large oblique,
irregular, tetragonal patch more or less excised on its
outer and inner edges; 8 discal longitudinal white marks
between the veins—the first, within the 3rd and ath
subcostal branches, short; the second, between the 4th
and 5th subcostal branches, short ; the third, between the
5th subcostal and rst discoidal branches, twice as long:
all of them hastate; the fourth very small, cuneiform,
and midway between the cell and hind margin ; separated
from this, and towards the hind margin is a larger sub-
cuneate spot: between the 5th subcostal and Ist discoidal
nervules a minute nearly obsolete white spot, almost close
to the median nervure, and a submarginal suborbicular
small spot: between the 1st and 2nd discoidal branches
a long tetragonal mark, its outer end more or less deeply
excavated to about half its length, with a suborbicular
white submarginal spot: between the 2nd and 3rd median
branches a longitudinal nearly equilateral mark, with
curved apex and deeply sinnate base, and a small sub-
marginal rhomboidal spot: between the 3rd median
nervule and the submedian psewdoneurus a somewhat
shorter hastate mark, and a minute submarginal white
dot, with an oblique, larger, twin spot outside the pseudo-
neurus. Under surface of Primaries with wing colour a
rich light fuscus brown; the white spots the same in
number and position as above (slighly ochraceous grey,
without atoms), and nearly the same in size and shape,
except that between the ist and 2nd median branches
there are three spots instead of two—the one nearest to
the cell being rather large and irregular in shape, a cunei-
form mark midway between it, and a small submarginal
rhomboidal spot, and that the mark between the 2nd and
3rd median branches is not excavated as above; the
longitudinal hastate mark between the 5th subcostal and
Ist discoidal nervules a brown irregular-shaped spot,
differing from that on the opposite wing.

Secondaries : upperside obscure fuscus brown (posterior
margin moderately scalloped; abdominal margin nearly
straight; costa considerably curved, especially towards
the apex ; fringe lunules well defined, and fuscus-yellow) ;
a subcostal spot not far from the apex fuscus-yellow; the
2nd subapical mark within the subcostal branch irregular
in form within and without, and more or less excavated,
of a sordid ochraceous white, with dense fuscus atoms;
the remaining large area of wing outside the cell, from
the 2nd subcostal nervule to the submedian vein is a
sordid ochraceous white, with graduated fuscus atoms,
becoming denser towards the hind margin, till they are

nearly confluent; strongly sinuate or dentate below
between the rst and 2nd subcostal nervules the whitish
area only extends to within 5 mms. of the cell, and the
curved outline narrows to the apex of the mark, which is
rounded off; the area between the 2nd and 3rd branches
is also separated from the median nervure by an oblique
area of brown 6 mms. in depth; that between the 3rd
median branch and the submedian neryure begins about
half way from the base of the wing, and below its enclosed
spot is clouded with brown striz and atoms, with whitish
atoms a little way above and on the enclosed brown spot ;
this large whitish area also encloses five obtuse oblong
brown spots, sinuate at their base; the marginal border
rather broad, and of the same fuscus brown as the other
parts of the wing; the interior margin of the upper wing
with a rather dense fringe of fuscus hairs, and the greater
portion of the brown area from the base within the cell,
towards and in the abdominal margin, is also clothed with
similar and longer hairs.

The under surface of the secondary wings with all the
markings corresponding with those above, with the addi-
tion of a congeries of yellow atoms, and a moderately
large cuneiform mark of the same colour within the
subcostal nervure, and a small congeries of whitish atoms
just within the lower part of the cell; the brown of the
wing is a redder and richer fuscus; the whitish areas are
a graduated pure reddish ochreous, and without the fuscus
atoms of the upper side. The pseudoneura of the Primary
wing moderately visible.

Head dark fuscus brown; eyes deep castaneous brown,
margined with ochreous white, as in the ¢; haustellum
piceous black; antennze black.

Thorax fuscus brown, and very hairy, with a central
longitudinal green mark; beneath brown, with large
crimson scarlet breast-spots.

Abdomen : dorsal, greyish ochreous white, most grey
on the first 3 segments ; subdorsal, deep reddish ochreous,
with lateral black dots, and the segments well expressed
by black ; anal segment very brown fuscus; and tuft light
brown.

Expanse of costa 93 mms.; width of wing 54 mms.;
length of secondary wing 61, and width 44 mms.; length
of antennz or abdomen 4r mms.; nuniber of articula-
tions of antennz about 58; length of thorax with head 22,
and width 10 mms. The legs of the type are in too
imperfect a condition to be measured.

Hab. New Guinea, Western Coast [Exp. Atna], Nor-
thern Coast ; Dorey (Wallace).

Figs. 1, 2, ¢ and 4, 5 ¢ in my plate fully represent
Felder’s types, which I have re-drawn and re-described,
with the earnest hope that this addition to the valuable
labours of the Felders may prove useful to the students
of this beautiful species.

Fig. 3 @, represents a var. in the collection of Messrs.
Godman and Salvin. The differences in colour and
general appearance from the types are not important.
The upper surface presented nothing worthy of particular
notice, but a comparison of the under surface with the
type will reveal some interesting variations in the marking.
I am indebted to the owners for the privilege of making

[O. PEGAsus, p. 2.]

the sketch from their specimen, and satisfying myself, at
any rate till we obtain more examples, of the distinctly
specific value of this form.

The nearest affinity of this species is with O. Aruana,
the underside markings of which in the ¢ singularly
resemble some examples of that species; but both in the
g and ¢, the form is certainly more robust, and not quite
as graceful in outline; while the colour of the grecn is
absolutely unlike the green of any other species, being a
deep mossy or vegetable green, The dark parts of
the insect also, as well as the greens on the under
surface are remarkable for their curiously strong ferru-
ginous appearance—a characteristic which may be
observed in probably all the examples with which we are
at present acquainted. I have satisfied myself that this
is not the result of damp, as at first I had supposed. The
@ also greatly differs, especially in colour, from examples
of Aruana.

I am indebted to the kindness of the Hon. Walter
Rothschild for the privilege of making the Felder types
of this species the subjects of my figs. and re-descriptions.

Felder, in Wien. Ent. Mon. III., p. 264, ”. 12. (1859),
and Lepidopterologische Fragmente, p. 9 (1859), describes a
variety under the name of O. Archideus, which must
evidently be included with Pegasus. The following is his
diagnosis :-—

“3. Ale sericeo-virides cupreo plus minusve mucantes,
auguste nigro-marginate, antice supra costa fasciaque lata ;
discali, longitudinali nigris, hac postice spatium velutino-
brunneum includente, venis medianis virescentihus subtus
nigre@, spatio cellulari, maculisque octo elongatis, exterioribus,
virescentibus, inferioribus quinque macular nigras includentibus.

“ Ale postice sepius supra maculis bins exterioribus, nigris,
subtus margine interno flava vel cupreo tincto, sepius oninino
cupreo suffuse, maculis, exterioribus sex nigris.

“ Thorax niger, supra medio virescens, subtus adlatera rufo
villosus. Abdonun stringue flavum, punctus quinque laterali-
bus nigris.”

g. Wings silky green, with more or less of coppery
reflections; the margins are all narrowly black; the
primary wing has a broad subcostal band on the upper
surface; the cell is long, and the greater portion black,
the dark area exterior to the cell appears as if suffused
with brown (the sexual brand is a warm velvety brown) ;
the median nervure and its branches sprinkled with green ;
the under surface of the wing is black, including part of
the discocellular area (as above)—the lower part lon-

17

1

gitudinally green; outside the cell the disc is divided by
the veins into 8 elongated green spaces (of which the two
uppermost are the shortest), including 5 inferior black
spots. [In the type, vide ante, there are 6.} Hind wings
on the upper surface sometimes with a couple of black
spots outside the cell; the under surface of the wing with
the interior margin yellow, tinged with copper colour, and
sometimes entirely suffused with the same colour; the
discal or outer marginal spots are six in number and are

black,

Thorax black, with a green longitudinal central maik,
the sides beneath are red and hairy; abdomen, on eitler
side yellow, with 5 lateral black dots.

No Habitat is indicated by Felder. The original of
this description is in Mr. Rothschild’s collection.

As may be observed in the bibliography at the head of
this article, Herr Kirsch describes two remarkable forms,
which he considers to be varieties of this species from
New Guinea. The first of these, see ‘t Mittheilungen aus
dem Kenntniss Zoologischen Mus. zu Dresden, von
Dr. A. B. Meyer (Beitrag zu Kenntniss der Lepidopteren
fauna von New Guinea, von Th. Kirsch.)” Taf. V. fig.
1; is a 2 from Rubi und Waweji. The discocellular
mark is golden yellow, edged with an emerald green tinge,
all the other marks on the fore wings are white; on the
hind wings the discal light marks enclosing the central
black spots are golden yellow above the black spots, and
brown-white below; the abdomen fuscus brown and bluish.
Expanse of costa g2 mms. The second var. fig. 2, also a
2, from Myson, New Guinea, has no discoidal mark on
the upper wings ; all the discal spots are white ; the discal
light spaces of the hind wings are a grey-white, with a
faint rufus yellow, enclosing only small black dots, instead
of the usual large dark spots; the abdomen is light
coloured, with reddish anal segment. Expanse of costa
103 mms.

In the Dresden Museum.

In reference to these M. Ch. Oberthitir tells us that he
possesses a specimen nearly like them, but the white spots
of the upper wings are more obscure. ‘This example was
taken at Amberbaki in 1877 by M. Laglaize.

As these forms are probably representatives of one or
more distinct species, I shall defer, until 1 can figure them,
the fuller description which they merit. According to the
courteous and kind communication of M. Ch. Oberthtr
received by me, I learn that his magnificent collection
contains 10 ¢ and 4 $ examples, and, in addition, 2
examples of the var. of @ described by Kirsch.

[O. PEGasus, p. 3.]

ORNITHOPTERA POSEIDON.

/ Ornithoptera Poseidon, Doubleday, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, Vol. xix., p. 173 (1847).

» 9

” ”

Doubleday and Hewitson, Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, p. 43 (1846).
Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, t. 11 (1848).

$ Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. t. 14 (1848).

Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. xxv., p. 35 (1866).

Papilio Priamus, Var., O. Poseidon, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lepid. p, 518 (1871).
Ornithoptera Priamus, Var., Poseidon, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Ornith., p. 709.
0. Poseidon, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874 (Lep. of South Sea Islands), p. 288.

Godman and Salvin, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878 (Butterflies of New Guinea), p. 647.

Var. Pronomus,

3 Papilio Priamus 3, Lucas, Lepidoptera Exotica, t. 1 (1835).

Ornithoptera Pronomus, Wall., Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. 25, p. 32 (1866).

Pap. Priamus, Var. P. Pronomus, W. F, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur, Lepid., p. 517 (1871).

Ornithoptera Pronomus, Godman and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 470 (Butterflies of Duke of York Island).
0. Priamus, Var. Pronomus, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeich. der Gatt. Orn., p. 706.

0. Pronomus, G. F. Matthews, Entomologist, p. 84, Vol. xix.

Sa we

” ”

%

Var. ARCHIDEUs.

0. Priamus, Var. A

Ornithoptera Archideus, G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., i., p. 3, n. 4 (1852).
re Priamus ? , Boisduval, Voy. d'l Astrolabe, t. 4, f. 1, 2.
Spec. Gen. Lepid.i., p. 174.
Archideus, Wall., Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. xxv., p. 32 (1866).
P. Priamus, Var. Archideus, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid., p. 518 (1871).
Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Ornith., p. 709.

VaR
EvuPHORION.

A careful comparative examination of the different
forms comprised under the specific names of Posetdon,
Pronomus, Archideus,and Euphorion can only bring us to
emphatically endorse the opinion of Mr. A. R. Wallace
that these are all variants of one species which may be
called Poseidon of Doubleday. Mr. Wallace included in
this group the Aru Island species, with all the numerous
specimens taken by him in New Guinea and the adjacent
islands. Though we may not be prepared to go as far
as that, we may, at least, admit that Aruana, Pegasus,
and Eumeus are very closely allied to the others, while
they constitute a sub-group, having most of their charac-
ters in common, and that the important differences
between each of the latter are almost entirely confined to
their colours; and though it often is the case that colour
variation has little or no specific value, we think it isa
noteworthy consideration in the Aruana group.

It seems obvious that with Poseidon at the head, we
have in the four forms named above a group of variations
of one species, Archideus being the type, with any num-
ber of intermediate and slight differences linking all four
together —forming a transitive from the Australian Rich-
mondia to the Aru Island sub-groups. Just in the same
way we see the Bornean Amphrysus varying under the
names of Rujficollis and Flavicollis, itself probably having
branched off from Pompeus or Heliacon ; similarly there is
the case of Dohertyi, Iris, and perhaps Plateni and some
others, all of which are closely related.

I, therefore, shall feel justified in assuming that Poseidon
is a legitimate species, and that Pronomus, Archideus, and
Evphorion are varieties of that species, and as such they
will be regarded in this article, though I venture to give

| Ornithoptera Pronomus, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., |. c. p. 2, n. 3, t. 1, f. 1, 2 (1852).

18

Ornithoptera Euphorion, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus.,i., p. 4, n. 6, t. 2, f. 3 (1852).
” Priamus ? , E. Doubleday, List of Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i., pt. 1.
” Euphorion, Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. xxv., p. 32.
Papilio Priamus, Var. c. Euphorion, W. F. Kirby, Syn, Cat. Diurn, Lep., p. 517
Ornithoptera Priamus, Var. Euphorion, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn. der Gatt. Ornith., p. 703.

the original descriptions by which the authors made them
into distinct species.

O. POSEIDON.

‘““ g, This species differs from O. Pronomus by the rich
green colour narrowly extending along both sides of the
median nervure, and partly or entirely along the course of
the nervules of the primary wings towards the outer
margin; and there is not any black spot in the buffy
yellow space at the anal angle beneath the secondary
wings. The markings beneath the primary wings, and
almost the entire surface beneath the secondary wings,
are of a yellowish green, with some golden yellow between
the row of black spots and the outer margin; the latter
is bordered very narrowly with black.” [At the time
when this description was written the ¢ had not been
recorded from Darnley Island.]

The type is in the British Museum.
Habitat, Darnley Island.

See E. Doubleday, Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, vol, xvi., p. 173.

“« g, Above, anterior wings with the entire limb deep
velvety black, the disc occupied by a broad fascia of the
same colour united to the black margin below the apex,
divided by the median vein and branches, which are
golden green; the inner side more fuscous and opaque ;
the space between this and the costal and inner margins
occupied by two stripes of bright golden—or satiny—

green, shading to bright coppery. The anterior of these
is narrow at the base and becomes gradually wider until
near the apex of the wing, where it suddenly narrows;
the lower follows a direction parallel to the inner margin
until near the anal angle, gradually widening to this
point, where it is bent abruptly upwards, and extends
parallel to the outer margin more than half its length,
Hind wings small subtriangular, the anterior and outer
margins rounded ; satiny green with coppery reflections,
the limb narrowly black, the outer margin with one or
more spots between the veins ; anal margin black, deeply
fringed with orange hairs.

‘« Below, the fore wings have the limb black, broadest
on the costa towards the apex, bearing a green spot and
two green streaks; the disc green, divided by black veins,
and bearing a subcontinuous row of five black spots
between the middle and outer margin.

‘Hind wings golden green—the golden colour pre-
dominating—externally, the anterior and outer margins
black with a row of six black spots beyond the middle of
the wing, the central spots sometimes preceded by an
orange dash ; the anal angle broadly golden yellow.

‘Head and thorax black, the latter with a long golden
vitta above, and a blood-coloured patch on each side
beneath the base of the wings. Abdomen golden yellow.

“The @ flies high and abundantly in Darnley Island,
among the cocoanut groves.”

« @ Wings black brown ; anterior with a rather broad
oblique very pale buff bar across the discoidal cell, near
its extremity, beneath which are three other irregular
spots of the same colour; followed by nine submarginal
spots of the same colour, the four anterior of which are
elongated; the hind wings marked beyond the middle
with a large dirty whitish buff patch, divided by the veins,
extending to the anal angle, and bearing four smaller
dark brown spots. The wings on the underside are
coloured as above, the colour of the pale marking of the
hind wings being clearer, with a yellow shade beyond the
dark spots. The thorax has a short, brilliant green dash
on the upper side, and the sides beneath the wings are
brilliant crimson. Abdomen, above, dirty buff; beneath,
golden yellow with black dots.

“Habitat, Cape York, N.E. New Holland, Darnley
Island, Torres Straits.”

See Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, page
23, plate 11.

De Haan, ‘‘ de Verscheidenheid van Priamus, afgebeeld
in de Reis van Freycinet,”* thus characterises a species
which is either Posezdon or Pronomus :—

« Kleiner den Priamus, heeft zij 6' vlugt. Op de boven-
vleugels de bruine vlek onder de middelader langer,
beginnende reeds aan de Vierde ader. De middelader is
groen gezoomd. De ondervleugels hebben op het groene
veld geene zwarte punten. Aan de onderzijd toonen de
bovenvleugels en de middelcel eene groen vlek, welke
derselver half lengte bereikt, en de groen vlekken tusschen
de eerste de aders zijn door eenen breederen zwarten

* The varieties of Priamus, from figures in the '' Voyage of de Freycinet,” pl. 83,
fig. 3, page 183.

1g

band van elkander afgezonderd. De analhoek der tweede
vleugels is geel, met eene Kleine zwarte vlek ; het middel-
vlak is geelachtig groen; de goudgele randylekken
tusschen de eerste aders ontbreken; de zes zwarte
vlekken zijn Kleiner.”

“This species is smaller than Priamus, and has an
expansion of wings of six inches; the upper wings with a
brown spot under the middle vein longer, and beginning
at the fourth vein (or branch); the middle vein is sprinkled
with green; the under wings have no black spots in the
grass-ereen area; on the under surface the front wings
have the middle cell showing a green spot, which extends
half its length, and the green spots between the veins are
separated from each other by a wider black band; the
anal angle of the second (lower) wing is yellow, with a
small black spot; the central spot is yellowish-green ;
the golden yellow marginal spots between the first veins
are missing; the six black spots are smaller.

Wallace (Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. xxv., page 36) notes
some Ornithoptera from Dorey, Salwatty, on the south-
west coast of New Guinea, taken by himself, as var. b. of
Poseidon, and remarks: ‘‘ these agree very closely with
O. Poseidon as figured by Westwood; they differ indi-
vidually in the same manner as the last, and also in the
length of the lower discocellular nervure on the under
wings. They have generally no golden spots beneath the
wings. ‘They vary also in the outline of the under wings,
the outer and anal angles being more acute in some speci-
mens than in others. Some have the under wings of a
uniform green entirely without spots, while others have a
range of black spots more or less fully developed.”

Mr. Sidney Olliff, of the Australian Museum, in his
interesting little Entomological pamphlet on Australian
butterflies, p. 39, says ‘‘ At Darnley Island, when in the
Chevert, Mr. W. Macleay obtained the larva of the form
of O. Priamus known as O. Poseidon, and I find that
agrees in every particular with the caterpillar of the form
O. Pronomus, recently described by Mr. Matthew, from
Thursday Island. Indeed there appears to be very little
difference, except in minute points of colour, between
these larvee and that of the very distinct species O.
Urvilliana from the Duke of York Islands.”

To this it may be said that the close similarity or
apparent identity of two or more caterpillars may not
always be found to prove that they will all produce the
same species, though we generally assume that they will;
for example, the larve of the European geometer moth
Abraxas glossulariata, so common in many parts of
England, varies only a little in colour and markings
among a large number of examples, but the imagos or
perfect insects are subject to a very considerable variation
in depth of colour and arrangements of the markings of
the wings, so that we rarely find two examples that are
absolutely alike; and occasionally the amount of differ-
entiation is so great that if they were brought from a
distant country, and their life history unknown the extreme
varieties would be accommodated with a distinct specific
name. And again, ad contra, there are considerable
differences between the larve of the Noctuid species
Acronycta psi and A. tridens, while it is really difficult, if
not impossible, to separate the species from a long series
of the perfect insects, though some people think they can
do so.

The 2 2 of Poisedon and its allies vary so much more

than even the ¢ 4, that in the same locality it is rare
to find two specimens which are absolutely alike, and
this applies to all the forms; but there are some special
schemes of variation in the white markings of the under
wings which suggest the idea of double races for the
varieties, to which attention will be called further on; and
also the under wings of the species now under considera-
tion are easily distinguished from those of the varieties,
though Tam unable to believe in a specific difference
between them.

The specimens of Poseidon in the British Museum are
of a much warmer green than those of Pronomus, but in
other respects there are no differences except that the
black spots on the secondary wings are very small (or
smaller than in Pronomus). “The wings of Prononius are a
bluer green.

&. In the Hewitson collection (Brit. Mus.), a rather
larger example than others in the museum, the hind
wings with slightly smaller and more accuminate black
spots in the discal white area, the three lowest are separ-
ate from, and the highest or first is united with the other
submarginal black by a long indentation of the same
colour. The shape of the white marks on the secondary
wings are very different from those of the Brit. Museum
specimens: the primary wings only exhibit the usual
trifling differences ; the white area divisions of the disc on
the secondaries are almost uniformly hastate nearest the
cell between the veins; in a British Museum example
they are strongly accuminate. The white fascia of the
discoidal cell of the primary wing is also rather broader
and more obliquely placed.

Hewitson’s specimens of this species are bracketed
with Avuana of Felder, that is a pair of cach species in
one group.

O. PRONOMUS.

‘“@. In general appearance it is like that of the
P. Priamus, but is rather smaller, and the primary wings
(besides the prominent bands of rich green) have the
outer side of the median nervure and more or less of the
base of the median nervule ornamented with the same
rich green. The secondary wings have the outer margin
much narrower thanin P. Priamus, but with three rounded
black spots, one on each space between the costal nervure
and the discoidal nervule; the spot that is situated
between the 2nd subcostal and discoidal nervules is
sometimes very small; beneath each of these spots is,
in some specimens, a small golden spot.

‘The under surface of the primary wings is marked
very similarly to that of P. Priamus, Lut the golden green
partakes of a bluish tinge throughout its surface. The
under surface of the secondary wings is also similarly
marked, but the general surface is bluish, with the mar-
ginal portion golden green; the golden spot above the
blue spot between the costal nervure and the rst subcostal
nervule is of a more lengthened form, though it is some-
times very small; the golden spot below the 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th black spots is not so prominently marked as in
Priamus ; the outer black margin is very narrow, and the
anal angle is buffy yellow, with a black heart-shaped spot,
while in P. Priamus this space is black, with a small
buffy yellow mark.”

29

‘“@, This sex agrees better with the figure given in the
Voyage d'l Astrolabe, t, 4, than with any figure that
represents the ? of P. Priamus; but it differs from it by
the marking in the discoidal cell of the primary wings
being more diffused towards the discocellular nervules ;
the other white markings are similar in position and
form, but in some cases they are rather larger. The
secondary wings are also like the above-mentioned
figures; the four large buffy white spots between the
nervules retain somewhat of the tear-shaped form, espe-
cially that occupying the two spaces between the 2nd
subcostal and the rst median nervules; but none of the
spots advance to the discocellular nervules, nor to the
median nervure, nor is there any white spot within the
discoidal cell, as is represented in that figure, though
they possess the black spot in the middle of each; the
anal angle is buffy white, showing the black spot that
exists on the under surface; and at the anterior angle
there are two buffy-white spots.

‘“The under surface of the primary wings is like the
upper; but the mark in the discoidal cell is not so diffused.
The under surface of the secondary wings is also like the
upper side; but the two spots at the anterior angle, and
the outer portion of the space between the nervules are a
rich yellow; and the space at the anal angle is equally
as prominent as the others.” [In the collection of the
British Museum.]

Habitat, Cape York, N. Australia.

[See Gray’s Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects
in the British Museum.]

The following notes on examples in the British Museum
and Hewitson collections may be useful.

3. On the secondary wings are three black discal
spots, and outside the two lowest are two golden spots
nearest the margin; of the 3 black spots the upper one
is rectangular, and the two below are quadrate in form.
[British Museum Coll.]

3. This specimen is labelled Archideus. The anterior
wings green, with subcostal and marginal bands very
narrow—commencing at the base of the interior margin,
and being quite continuous along that and the exterior
margin to within a little of the apex; with a green atomic
line half-way along the median nervure from the base;
also with the three median nervules, except where inter-
rupted by the sexual brand, with similar green lines; part
of the submedian nervules also treated in the same
manner. Secondaries with four black spots: the lowest
one being very small and rudimentary ; the black margin
very narrow and sinuate.

This example has somewhat the appearance of Rich-
mondia, especially on the under surface.

Length of costa 69 mms. [British Museum Coll.]

@. With the submarginal light area of the secondary
wings a little more buff-coloured than in the type, and

the discoidal-cellular white fascia of the primaries nar-
rower than in other examples. [British Museum Coll.]

@. A small example, with a very small white spot
within the discoidal cell at its distal end above and
below, close to the nervures. [Hewitson Collection.]

Comparative lengths of the costa of 3 examples of the
® in the British Museum, 82 mms.; 89 mms.; and
100 mms.

?. Primaries with the central patch in the discoidal
cell more quadrate and more irregular in the form of the
excision at the distal end, than in the type. [Brit. Mus.
Coll. |

¢. The white patch within the discoidal cell is about
half the size of that of the type, and finer in colour; its
basal side lunate, the distal side dentate, with white atoms
projecting on either side. The light discal area of the
secondaries is not quite continuous. The first or upper
division contains two black spots of unequal shape, one
below the other; the upper parts or points of the light
area (2.e., between four of the nervules) are somewhat
hastate in form; the central black orbicular spots are
small. [British Museum Coll.]

QO. ARCHIDEUS.

Gray, in the ‘‘ Cat. Lep. Ins. B. Mus.” speaking of his
female Archideus, says: ‘‘ This species agrees in many
particulars with the ? of O. Pronomus, but the white of
the secondary wings reaches to the discocellular nervules
and a portion of the median nervures, and it also occupies
a small space within the discoidal cell, while the black
spots between the nervules are of a larger size.”’

Wallace, referring to the same ? form from Waigiou,
“Trans. Linn. Soc.” Vol. XXV., p. 32, observes: ‘* This
agrees wlth the last’’ (Poseidon). ‘‘ The 3 is a more
delicate green than any of the others, with less of that
colour on the median veins. On the underside there are
no golden spots. The whole surface has a golden tinge,
and the central portion of the lower wings is tinged with
amber brown.” And Wallace goes on to say that the
% @ of the above vary considerably, much more than
the ¢ ¢ do. That it was seldom that even in the same
locality two were found alike in pattern. But this may
generally be asserted of any of the species of the genus
Ornithoptera.| In some examples more than half of the
discoidal cell is occupied by a whitish patch, while in
others there are only a few small spots. [These will be
seen to be fragments of the general large patch broken
up by the pseudoneura till sometimes they become almost
obsolete.] ‘‘One specimen from Salwatty, almost ex-
actly agrees with that figured by Westwood (Cat. of
Oriental Entomology, Pl. 14) as from Cape York. One
Waigiou specimen is the same as Archideus, G. R. Gray,
figured by Boisduval (Voyage de’l Astrolabe t. 4, f. 12);
and another from New Guinea differs very little from
Euphorion, G. R. Gray (B. M. Cat. Lep., pls. 1, 2, fig.
3) from North Australia.”” From which Mr. Wallace draws
the inference, which a close study of a large number of
the different forms enables us also to accept, ‘that a
variable form (or species) is spread over an extensive
area, and kept variable by continual intercrossing of indi-
viduals, which would otherwise segregate into distinct
and sharply defined races.” This variability, however, is
not a unique characteristic of the species under considera-
tion, for the ¢ ¢ of O. Urvilliana, and in a lesser degree,
of Aruana, are nearly as unstable in pattern—the
latter being so much more restricted in area notwith-
standing.

720

O. EUPHORION.

The ¢? was alone described by Gray, as from N. West
Australia; and has been generally supposed to be a
variety of O. Cassandra, which probably it is, Mr.
Walter W. Froggatt, the Government Entomologist for
New South Wales, in his letter to me, kindly mentions
Miskin’s opinion that Euphorion, Gray, is a synonym of
O. Cassandra, ‘which is the common species from Mackay
to Cooktown, in Queensland.” He informs me that he
has taken a good many on the Russell River, near Cairns,
North Queensland. At any rate a ¢ labelled Euphorion,
now before me, from the collection of Mr. Henry Grose-
Smith, is certainly so like the ¢ of Cassandra on the
lower-side, that if I were to cnly examine that surface I
should not hesitate to regard it as belonging to that
species, but the upper surface of the primaries has the
median vein and its branches well defined with green
atoms, a feature so characteristic of the different ¢
varieties of Poseidon ; whereby we obtain a strong hint of
the close relationship between Pose:don and Cassandra.

The following is Gray’s diagnosis of Euphorion :—
“9. In size and general appearance it approaches very
near the 2 of O, Pronomus ; but the band in the discoidal
cell of the primary wings contains a small spot which is
also the case with the white between the 4th and 5th
subcostal nervules; and the one between the 5th sub-
costal and discoidal nervules is divided into two unequal
parts; the spots near the median nervure, between the
Ist, 2nd and 3rd median nervules are smaller; the tear-
shaped spots on the secondary wings are of a less size,
and more distinctly formed, while the dark fuscous spot
in the middle of each is much larger than those of any
other species known ; the spot in each space between the
costal nervure and the 2nd subcostal nervure is ochraceous;
as is also the space at the anal angle. The white spots
of the upper surface are all speckled with minute black
specks, and so is the ochraceous spot between the ist
and 2nd subcostal nervures. The markings on the under
surface of all the wings are similar to those on the upper
side, both in shape and colour. Several specimens of
this butterfly were brought from the interior of the
northern portions of Australia by the late Allan Cunning-
ham, and they were all of the same sex.”

The type ? of Euphorion is in the British Museum, and
was taken at Port Denison. It is not quite symmetrical
in pattern: the left wing has one wavy oval dot that is
not found on the right wing. The discocellular patch is
large, and somewhat irregular in outline towards the dis-
cocellular nervules—rather sinuate towards the base. A
second example from Queensland, has the cellular patch
transversely narrower, and dentate towards the discocel-
lular nervules: all the other light marks are small or
broken up, especially the 3rd long discal mark which is
almost X-shaped. A third example (ex-coll. Druce,
ex-Godman et Salvin) has the cell mark transversely, very
irregular, narrow and wavy; and the discal area of the
posterior wings is sordid white and sordid yellow. A ¢
with one golden adnervular spot on the posterior wing,
and a second example with only one golden apical spot.
Hab. Queensland. Other ? examples of this form are
very dark—the cell mark generally very oblique, narrow,
often more or less divided—sometimes with the upper
portions of the mark left, or the lower ones only very
small: the stray white marks of the wings generally small
or mere dots, except the 3 or 4 on the upper part of the

Vol. I.

wing—sometimes nearly or quite absent. One example
from Lizard Island has all the wings nearly melanistic.
The anterior wing has really only 6 marks, and the
posterior wing only 3 accuminate marks almost obsolete,
ae sordid yellow submarginal patches. Hab. Queens-
and.

The other examples of the type form Poseidon in the
British Museum may be thus tabulated :

A. Very large bold marks in the cell, and on the
wing generally: the cell spots are well dusted with
atoms. The posterior wings bright grey-white, with nearly
equal sized subconical spots, and greyish-yellow beneath,
or warm creamy ochraceous-white on all the wings.

Ad. The median green line of the anterior wing only
moderately broad.

A. Near Kirschi—vyery dark, with bright white marks
on anterior wing: the cell mark not quite as broad and
regular as usual. Hind wings a very rich golden yellow,
subdued by grey dustings below the 4 large subconical
black spots; the apical spot is of the same yellow, as are
the fringe lunules and the abdomen. Hab. Waigiou,
Dr. Platen.

Two ¢ ? from Salwatty are lighter. The examples from
the Entrecasteaux Islands have the white marks of the
general size, but more subdued by the grey atoms; in
one example the anterior wing-spots are almost obsolete.

A ¢# from New Guinea is larger than the Australian
@ 2, with a broader median green vein line on the
anterior wing than usual.

A from the same locality with the hind wing yellow,
like Kirscht.

Two ¢ ¢ from Dorey with the posterior wings above
white and reddish-yellow: the cell marks of the anterior
wings strongly excised towards the base.

The examples of the ¢ ? from the Arfak Mountains of
New Guinea are very large: the ¢ 3 are more like those
of Aruana; but one from Waigiou on the under surface
resembles Cassandra.

There are also 5 females with their anterior cell-spots
large and more or less excised; one is more square and
dusted with grey atoms.

The ¢ ¢ from Duke of York Island are very large, and
very golden green on the under surface of the posterior
wings: the green subcostal band is narrow, and regular
in breadth; the submarginal green band is broad and
undivided by the veinlets, in one example nearly to the
apex.

Of 2 ? $ from Torres Straits, one example must be
referred to Aruana. One ¢ from the same locality with
2 obliquely-placed elongated black spots on the hind
wing subdued by atoms; the other examples with 3 orbi-
cular discal black spots.

A from Wokau (Aru Islands) with the anterior cell-
mark occupying nearly the whole area—being very large,
and continued by bluish-grey atoms towards the base.

The & var. Oceanus, Felder, from the Aru Islands, is
bluish-green, with only one black discal oval mark.

The females of Archideus are generally very large, and
warm reddish-brown in colour on all the wings—becoming
very light reddish-brown towards the apex of the anterior
wings :—still lighter on the same portion of the under
surface—though the rest of the wing area on the under

22

surface is darker brown towards the base; the posterior
wings on the same surface are almost equally light rufous-
brown from the base, and the darker parts are normally
dark brown on the submarginal areas. The result is that
on the under surface the veins all stand up very con-
spicuously on all the wings, but are barely visible on the
upper surface, except in the light or reddish-grey discal
area of the posterior wings—the grey being densely sub-
dued by the rufous-brown scales. The discocellular patch
is very large—and transversely straight on the basal side,
as in most of the forms of O. Poseidon; all the other
marks are large or prominent, and are all intensely sub-
dued by the rufous-brown atoms or scales. The size,
shape and number of the marks on the underside are the
same, but warm creamy-grey, with little or no scaling;
on the posterior wings the discal light area is of the same
tint, but the apical mark, the next below, and all the
spaces below the discal black subconical spots are a
delicate ochraceous orange, sparsely scaled :—in some
examples this orange is not dusted or scaled. Two
examples before me from Waigiou, one in the coll. of
Mr. H. Grose-Smith, and the other in my own, answer
exactly to this description.

A ¢? of Poseidon in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection
from Waigiou (Wallace) is very dark brown on the upper
side—the veinlets scarcely visible ; the discocellular mark
is transversely long, rather narrow, and nearly straight on
both sides; all the other marks are very pure in their
creamy-grey tone, and very prominent; the hind wing
has a small light spot at the end of the cell, and the
discal light area is delicately graduated by the rufous-
brown scales till, below the discal black spots, it is an
equally-toned greyish rufous-brown. ‘The marks on the
underside are similar—but the light discal area of the
hind wings is delicately suffused with lemon-orange.

Another ? in the same collection from Stevensort
Interior, one of Wallace’s. specimens, and one from Cape
York, in the Hope Museum at Oxford, are similar in
pattern: but the anterior cell-marks are broader, more
irregular in outline, and more or less scaled; and there is
no posterior white cell spot.

Messrs. Godman and Salvin, ‘‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.” 1878,
p-. 647, in their article on Butterflies from New Guinea
(collected by Dr. Comrie, remark :—‘‘ Some of the ? ¢ of
Poseidon from Possession Bay, have the primaries spotless
brown; others show a trace of the light-coloured spot
near the end of the cell. The specimens from
d’Entrecasteaux Islands are strongly marked, indeed as
much so as a & example of O. Aruana. The one ¢
seems to agree with the typical species of Aruana, the
apical angle of the secondaries being perhaps rather less
acute; but the difference is very slight. Comparing this
with Montrouzier’s description of his O. Boisduvalit, from
Woodlark Island (no great distance from Dr. Comrie’s
locality) we find it agree in every respect.” These there-
fore are evidently examples of Rothschild’s aberration

Brunneus.

VAR. BRUNNEUS.

Troides Priamus Poseidon, ¢ ab, brunneus, Walter Rothschild, ‘ Novitates
Zoologicz,” Vol. II., p. 189 (1895).

¢, Anterior wings entirely spotless dark brown above,

with a slight very faint clouding of the portion ol

the disc around the 3 median nervules; the veins

fairly well shown; but the median nervure from the

base, and also the submedian for a short distance,
are rather swollen; the fringe lunules rudimentary
and white. Posterior wings dark brown, or bronze black,
lightened from the base by paler brown hairs; the grey
discal area consists of 4 internervular accuminate marks,
separated by or containing the conical dark marks which
coalesce with the dark veinal portions—thereby dividing
three of them into two separate parts—the upper part of
one being reduced to a small speck; the lower portions of
all are subdued to a dark warm grey-brown by scaling,
and the outlines of all are softened into the dark by grey
scales ; these, together with a subapical mark and a fifth
division of the light discal area at the anal angle, consti-
tute a discal band of grey marks, or a light discal area
narrower and of a different character from the general
light area of the other vars. of Poseidon. Under surface
of the primaries with one half the cell and the middle
portion of the disc a lighter brown than above; with 2
faint light marks, the first and faintest between the 1st and
and, and the second and lightest between the 2nd and
3rd median nervules; below the 3rd median nervule and
the submedian fold is a small grey speck. Posterior
Wings similar in markings to above, except that they are
purer in tint, grey or light orange, and more decided in
outline, and altogether constitute an ideal discal band of
light marks, 7 in number, extending from the subcostal
to the anal angle—the lower 5 enclosing large conical
black spots. Length of costa of anterior wing, 95 mms.

The abdomen greenish-grey above, except the penulti-
mate and anal segments, which are ochraceous; beneath
brownish golden-yellow; the lateral black dots well
shewn; thorax velvety brownish-black, with a slight
indication of the usual green longitudinal stigma; on the
underside the pectoral red patches in which the 2nd and
3rd pairs of legs are imbedded are sufficiently prominent.

In the collection of the University Museum, Hope De-
partment, Oxford.

Hab. not stated.

?. In Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection. Anterior
wings rather lighter brown; with r small rudimentary
light cell spot—(z.c. the lower fragment of the general
cell spot of Poseidon) ; and 8 or g irregular-shaped frag-
ments of the general discal and submarginal marks; the
fringe lunules a little more prominent, and ochraceous.
Posterior wings with the pattern similar in character to
the Oxford example, but greyer, more regular in outline,
and approaching the character of the general Poseidon
form. Underside of all the wings more nearly like that
of the Oxford example, save that the cell mark is rather
larger, and most of the anterior wing-marks and dots are
more or less rudimentarily present. Abdomen grey above
and orange beneath. Length of costa of anterior wing,
1oz2 mms. Hab. Stevensort Interior.

The anterior wings of this form are rather more acute
at the apical angle than in Poseidon ; and in the Archideus
form they are still more acute or pointed—the latter being
also rather longer in proportion to the hind wings than
in Brunneus or Poseidon.

Mr. Rothschild’s diagnosis of this variety is as follows :—
“White markings on upperside of fore wings entirely
obliterated, except a point-like spot between the lower
median nervules,” and, he says, ‘this remarkable aber-
ration has been found by Mr. A. S. Meek, on Fergusson

23

Island, D’Entrecasteaux Islands ; among some hundreds
from that locality there are all intergradations between
this aberration and 2-ab., Avchideus (Gray).”

There appears to be no distinctly variable 3 belonging
to this variety. Probably the plastic character of the 3
is absolutely necessary to ensure its safety in its special
environment.

We may safely say of the species Poseidon and its
many varieties or local forms, whether we agree with or
differ from the decision of Mr. Rothschild as to the named
forms to be included as varieties or aberrations, that
among its females we are never likely to meet with two
examples which are exactly alike; and, according to
Mr. Rothschild, after an examination of a large number
of individuals, say from any special locality such as
Waigiou or German New Guinea, all the local forms
which he enumerates, were found together; whilst he tells
us that only a small proportion of the specimens from the
Aru Islands represent the typical Avuana, from Waigiou
the typical Archideus, or from Cape York the typical
Pronomus.

_Among the genuine or hypothetical vars. and aberra-
tions the following are included :—

Euphorion Gray, Pronomus Gray, Archideus Felder,
Cronius Felder, Triton Felder, Oceanus Felder, Brunneus
Rothschild, Pegasus Felder, Kirschi Oberthiir, Aruana
Felder, (its var. Valentina Viellot), Hecuba Rober, Eumeus
Rippon, Goliath Oberthiir, and, to be consistent, Cassandra
Scott (which Mr. Rothschild affirms is one of the numer-
ous individual aberrations of Euphorion. Several of these
varieties (or so-called species) are, I admit, based upon
characters which may be found to re-appear in some of the
other named varieties on examining a long series—characters
which are of small value; but, as far as the series of forms
ranging from Priamus to Urvillianus are concerned, with
one or two exceptions, it is not easy to say off-hand of
one particular example of the 2, and often of the 3, why
we should give it one name more than another. We have
a similar difficulty to encounter with many of the named
forms of the Genus Pompeoptera, and also with many of
the South and Central American Ornithopterina.

It would, of course, be easy to include the whole of
the members of the Genus Ornithoptera in one great
plastic or variable species; and as a matter of fact this is
what is tacitly done by most authors. I would however
venture to slightly modify this wholesale treatment of the
genus, and propose the following arrangements in the
absence of a fuller knowledge of the life history of the
different forms :—

I. Species Priamus, Linn.; S. Moluccas: Amboina,
Ceram.

2. Species Richmondia, Gray; New South Wales:
Rockhampton, Richmond River. [This may be only a
subspecies of Priamus.|

3. Species Cassandra, Scott, Euphorion of Rothschild ;
N. Australia: Queensland. [This is either a sub-species
of Priamus, or a large local variety of Richmondia.] In
Richmondia and Cassandra the white patch of the cell of
the anterior wings varies in size from some almost obsolete
minute spots toa patch occupying a large part of the
cell; but in Priamus there is no cell patch at all.

_ 4. Species Poseidon (Doubleday); Darnley Islands,
includes vars. :—
a. LEuphorion(?)
6. Pronomus; Cape York, Australia, and Thursday
Island.
c. Archideus ; New Guinea, Waigiou.

d. Cronius; New Guinea. Upper surface of posterior
wings without black or yellow marks.

ée. Triton; Rawak.
f. Oceanus ; Felder gives no locality.
&

Brunneus ; d’Entrecasteaux Islands (a locality where

many lovely new butterflies were obtained by
Mr. Meek).

h. Pegasus ; New Guinea, Dorey, Humboldt Bay.
t. Kirsch (a var. of Pegasus) ; New Guinea.

j. Aruana; Aru Islands.
k

- Valentina; Port Moresby (based on dwarfed speci-
mens of Aruana.

1. Hecuba, Key Island.

m. Botsduvali ; Woodlark Island. Like Poseidon. Mr.
Rothschild gives in addition a notice of speci-
mens of some of these forms received by him
from the Islands of Torres Strait, the Louisiade
Archipelago and d’Entrecasteaux Islands.*

5. Species Cresus, Wallace ; Batjan (or Batchian).

*In the ¢ ¢ of most of these forms the median nervure of the forewing is more
or less accentuated with green scales, as are also the median nervules as far as the
sexual stigma or brand. Occasionally some of the other nervures are also thus
distinguished slightly. This is not the case with Priamus, Richmondia, or Cassandra,

6. Species Lydius, Felder ; Ternate, Halmahera,Gilolo.
Important differences from the male of Cresus, and an
entirely different pattern of female, are sufficient reasons
for regarding this as a distinct species, at any rate till
we find that the species is dimorphic, which, as I have
said elsewhere, is probable.

7. Species Urvilliana, Guérin; New Ireland, Duke of
York Island, Solomon Islands.

a. Bornemanni, Pagenstecher; New Britan, green var.

b. Eumeus, Rippon; (no locality). A transitional
variety between Poseidon and Urvilliana.

In these 7 species of the genus Ornithoptera, I do not
include Oberthiir’s Goliath, which as I have shown else-
where belongs to the genus SCHOENBERGIA.

A variety of Poseidon in the Tring Museum is mentioned
by Mr. Rothschild as having the median vein of the male
forewing without green scales.

My Eumeus has blue-green scales on its median vein—
thereby suggesting its close relationship with Poseidon.

A var. of Brunneus 2, in the coll. of the Hon. W. Roth-
schild, has the white patch of the cell of the anterior wings
obliterated, but the discal markings are present.

Another var. has the white patch of the anterior wing
cell, occupying nearly the whole area of the cell.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TO POSEIDON.

Papilio Priamus, var., Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de l'Uran, p. 551, t. 83, f. 3 (1815) Rawak., ¢.

» Thon, Ent. Archiv., p. 125 (1828). ¢.

Papilio Pronomus, Felder, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien., p. 290, n. 11 (1864). 9 ¢.
Papilio Poseidon, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., I. p. 3, n. 5 (1852). ¢.
i “i » List Lep. Ins. B.M. I. p, 3, n. 5 (7856). ¢.

” ”

Felder, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien., p. 290, n. r7, and p. 333, n. 13 (1864). ¢.

Ornithoptera Archidzus, Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 264, n. 12 (1859). ¢.
0. Poseidon, Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. v. Ent. III., p. 70, n. 2, and p: 89 \1860). ¢ 2.

i Ribbe, Iris III. p. 41 (1890) ¢ ¢.

. Tryon, Report of the Administration of British New Guinea, II., App. v. p. 112 (1892).
Papilio Triton, Felder, Verh., z. b. Ges. Wien., p. 290, n. 16, and p. 332, n. 12 (1864). Rawak ¢.
Ornithoptera Pronomus, Koch, Indo-Austral. Lep. Fauna, p 37 (1865).

Mathew, Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond. p. 168 (1888).

0. Priamus, Var. Pronomus, Semper, Journ, Mus., Godeffroy, Heft. 14, p. 41, sub. n. 128 (1878). 3 2.
O. Priamus, Var. Hecuba, Réber, Tijdschr. v Ent. XXXIV. p. 263 (1891) ¢. Key Island.

Troides Priamus Poseidon, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. Vol. II., p. 188, et seq. (includes Cronius, Triton, Eumzus, Archideus, Kirschi, Pegasus, Aruana, Hecuba, Valentina,
Goliath, Brunneus, and Aberrations). (1895).

ADDENDA TO

PROCEEDING PAGES.

ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS.

$ %. The number of the black subdiscal spots on the
posterior wing varies in this type species, and appears to
set the fashion in this particular to all its derivative
forms, including even Urvilliana. Ina series in the Tring
Museum, 8 examples had 4 spots each; 3 were orna-
mented with 5 each, and 1 example had only 2 small
spots. The number of spots on the undersurface of the
wing also varies, but is generally 6 or 7. It would appear
from my examination of a considerable number of
examples, that the more numerous these spots are, the
larger is their size; where there are only about 2 on the
wing they became very small or rudimentary.

In the Tring Museum there are 11 specimens from
Amboina and 3 from Ceram. The size of the species is
also subject to considerable variation, though not so
much as in others of its derivative species. There is one
example at Tring nearly the size of a Richmondia, and
another smaller. But this is really the largest of the
species as far as the ¢ is concerned.

@ %. Vary very much in depth of colour: some being
very melanistic, others very light; often it is the lower
wing that is melanistic, and the upper wing that is
lightest: but every gradation between the two extremes
may be met with, There is alsoa similar gradation in
the size and distinctiveness of the markings, for in some
even the darker marks are often greatly subdued in tone.
There are 1m examples from Amboina in the Tring
Museum.

The rule is that the anterior wing discoidal cell of the
2 isimmaculate ; but I have seen 2 or 3 examples where
a small spot occurs. There is one in the Brit. Museum,
ex Godman et Salvin coll. It is from Ceram. In the
same collection there are 4 ¢ ¢ and 4 2 2, three of the
latter very dark, and one red-brown. The Staudinger
collection contains 6 3 ¢ and 6 2 £, from Amboina and
Saparua, also the Pupa; the Nat. Hist. Museum 4
examples of each sex. In the Hope Museum, Oxford,
are2 dd and 3 2? ?.

O. CASSANDRA, (EUPHORION, or Gray).

gd. The subdiscal spots on the posterior wing, 4, 5,
or 6, the anterior spot often very large; the golden yellow
submarginal spots (on the yellow band of the undersur-
face) vary from o to 5, and the same above.

In the Staudinger Coll. 6 ¢ 3,5 2 2; at Vienna 3
$o,1 2; at Tring 41 oo, 25 2 &, also larva and

pupa.

@ ?. The anterior wing cell-spot very variable. In
some the light cell-mark is moderately small, and nearest
the costa; in two examples the spot is ideally divided
into 5 parts, the middle part absent; in one the mark
occupies I-6th of the cell, and is homogenous; in one the

25

mark is divided into 4 small parts, and the specimen is
large ; in a number of others there is every gradation of
size, some being very large, others very small. The
marks on the posterior wings are also nearly obsolete.
Length of costa varies from 71 to 95 mms.

5 é¢ & from Queensland and 1 from Cape York; also
I ? including the type from N. W. Australia, and 1 from
Cape York, are in the British Museum.

One of these examples of the ¢ is from Lizard Island:
the wings are very melanistic,—the anterior wings with
only 6 light marks, and the hind wings only have 3 accu-
minate marks, which are almost obsolete, and 3 sordid
yellow spots. In the Brit. Museum series the anterior
cell mark is generally oblique, narrow, often more or less
divided, sometimes only the upper divisions appearing,
sometimes only the lower: and the other white marks of
the wing are generally small, even reduced to mere dots.

In the Dublin Museum are ¢,1 2, from the Cairns
district of Queensland.

O. RICHMONDIA.

There is really little or no important difference between
this and Cassandra, except in size, and the two can only
be regarded as local forms—the size being determined by
some distinct quality of the food plant peculiar to each
locality. In every respect the scales possess the same
varying tones of colour and character of markings, toa
remarkable degree in each form, so that the descriptions
of any number of specimens of one would exactly fit those
of the other, except in size—and even here there is often
an approach to each other.

Of Richmondia, from Richmond River, N. S. Wales,
the Tring Museum possesses 10 ¢,8 2, and the larva
and pupa. My own collection 7 #, 5 $; Vienna
Museum 3 ¢, I 23; Staudinger coll. 7 6, 4 ?; Brit.
Museum I ¢,1 ¢% from Moreton Bay, 5 # Queensland,
1 &¢ Richmond River, 3 ¢ ibid loc., 1 example of
desquamated # wings; in the Dublin Museum1 ¢,1 2.

In a very courteous letter sent to me by Mr. Walter W.
Froggatt, the Government Entomologist of N.S. Wales,
he remarks: ‘this species is common on the northern
Rivers of N.S. Wales and southern Queensland (Ma-
rochy River is its northern limit), but it does not come
very far south below the Clarence River. The specimens
sent were taken about 6 milesfrom Lismore. O. Cassandra,
Scott, is the common species from Mackay to Cooktown
in Queensland. I have taken a good many on the Russell
River near Cairns, N. Queensland. I have bred
them from laryz obtained in the same district. The
larva is of a rich black velvety colour, slightly spined with
fleshy tubercules on the sides, and a rich crimson blotch
on either side of the thorax.”

©. PEGASUS,

QO. Pegasus, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool., p. 331, n. 1 (1894). Humboldt Bay, ¢ ¢.

var., Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat., p. 63, n. 1, t. 3, f. 1 (1894).
& New Guinea.

” Rothschild, Nov. Zool., Vol. II., p. 189 (1895).

”

In the Staudinger coll., from German New Guinea 63,
8 ?; from Molne Bay, S. New Guinea, 2 3, 3 ?; Pupa
from Laro and Obae. By most authors Pegasus is con-
sidered to be a form of Poseidon ; and it is really impossible
to object to this arrangement.
was probably discoloured, and so misled us all in esti-
mating its specific value. Many examples of the ¢ have
since come that do not appear to differ from those of
Aruana or Poseidon. There isi & in the Brit. Museum,
ex Godman et Salvin coll., resembling Felder’s type; but
the late Mr. Salvin told me he did not believe in it.

O. POSEIDON

(INCLUDING ITS MANY SYNONYMS).

In the Tring Museum: from N. Guinea 52 3, 46 2;
Waigeu 8 ¢,12 2; Salwatty, Mysol, Key Islands, Aru
Islands, 12 6,9 2; Islands of Torres Straits and Cape
York 7 3, 6 2; Louisiade Archipelago and D’Entre-
casteaux Islands, many examples.

Var. Brunneus, with the marks of the anterior wings
obliterated, except a point-like spot between the lower

The type form of Felder |

26

median nervules. <A 2 is also in this collection, with
the anterior cell mark graduated into the ¢ quality of
green—a singularly abnormal aberration. In the Vienna
Museum 2 8, 1 2, New Guinea; 1 ¢, Banda Island.
In the Staudinger coll.,1 ¢, 1 2, Cape York; 5 d,4
¢, Aru (Aruana?) var. 2 6,2 2. Toeal Key, 3 ¢,4
¢; Great Key Island, 1 ¢,1 2; Koor Island, near Key
Island, a var. 2 ¢,2 2; Waigeu, v. Cronus, 1 ¢; 1 4,
locality unknown. In the Brit. Musewm, Duke of York
Island, 2 # (very golden green hind wings on the under-
surface). New Britain1 ¢; Duke of York Island 2 ¢;
Torres Straits 3 ¢ (with yellow subcostal mark on the
hind wing), 2 2; (the lighter resembles a 2 Urvilliana).
The median veins of the s anterior wings vary greatly in
the intensity and extent of the green scales which accen-
tuate them; 1 pupa; Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 1,
2 2; 1 desquamated ¢; Cape York, 6 ¢ (in 2 examples
there are no green scales on the anterior wing median
vein. Cape York 1 Pupa; Cape York, 2 2, Australia,
1 %; Wokau (Aru Islands) 2 ¢,1 ? (the anterior cell
marks nearly fill its whole area) ; 1 Pupa, Aru (Wallace),
1 & labelled Oceanus, (fide Butler), 4 ¢; Aru Islands,
3 2%, belong probably to Urvilliana,1 2 is the normal
Aruana.

A & Poseidon from the Arfak Mountains of N. Guinea
has the anterior wing cell mark very large and indented
towards the base; in 5 2 examples the cell spots are all
more or less incised; in 1 ¢ from the Duke of York
Island, the green subcostal band is narrow and regular in
width, and the submarginal green band is broad, and
only dimly divided by the veins, and reaches nearly to the
apex.

For reference to other forms refer to p. 22 of this vol.

ORNITHOPTERA ARUANA.

Ornithoptera Aruana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon, III., p. 391. n. 32. (1859).

” ” ”

Lepidopterologische Fragmente. p. 24. (1859).

A Fe Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. XXV., p. 36. (1865).
Papilio Aruanus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. I. p. 3. n. 1. t. 1. (1865).
0. Aruana, Salvin and Godman, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 147.
P, Arruana, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lepid, p. 517. (1871).
0. Aruana, P. H Gosse, Clasp. Organs in Certain Lepidoptera, Trans. Linn, Soc. Vol. II., 2nd. Ser. p. 282. pl. xxvi., figs. 1-3. (1883),
fy Fickert, Ueber die Zeich. der Gatt, Orn. t. 705. figs. 3, 4. Taf. xx. (1889).
[Mentioned also by Dr. F. Walker, in his Paper on Oriental Entomology, pt. ii., p. rz. (1889).]

Mr, A. R. Wallace, ‘ Papilionide of the Malayan
Region,” in vol. 25 of the Trans. Linn. Soc., tells us that the
numerous specimens of Ornithoptera which he obtained
in the various parts of New Guinea and the adjacent
islands exhibited so much instability of form, colouring,
and even of neuration, no two individuals being exactly
alike, that he felt compelled to include them all in one
variable species; and he also considered that Pronomus,
Gray, from Cape York, EupHorton, Gray, from W.
Australia, ARcHIDEUs, Gray, from N. W. Australia, and
Borspuvati, Montrouzier, trom Woodlark Island, should
all come into the same category. It is very difficult to
think that he was wrong.

Consequently he refers to the form which he discovered
in the Aru Islands, [the home of the King Bird of Para-
dise (Paradisea regia), the Black Cockatoo (Microglossum
aterrimum), the Racquet-tailed Kingfisher (Tanysiptera
hydrocharis), the Paradisea apoda, the Spectre Butterfly
(Hestia durvillei), the Pale Peacock Butterfly (Drusilla
catops), the magnificent and rare Clear-wing Moth (Cocytia
duyvillet), and multitudes of ravishingly beautiful things
besides,| as ‘O. Poseidon, var. a (Wall), (O. Aruana,
Feld),” and remarks that ‘individuals from this
locality differ in the arrangement of the nervures; in
some the 3rd subcostal nervure of the upper wings
branches from the same point with the upper discocellular,
in others considerably beyond it; the points from which
the subcostal nervures branch also vary. The amount of
green colour on the median nervure and its branches
varies. In some specimens there is a spot at the anal
angle of lower wings beneath, agreeing with O. Pronomus,
G. R. Gray; but this is generally wanting.” But the
var. was considered as of sufficient distinctness to merit
a specific description by Felder, under the name of
Arruana (Aruana it should have been), the most important
features of which I give below.

3. Wings silky green; narrowly bordered with black.
Anterior wings above with a broad costal longitudinal
discal band or stripe; a patch of velvety fuscus, sur-
rounded by black; the median vein sparingly scattered
over with green atoms, Under sides, tawny black; within
the cell an elongated patch of green, a subcostal stripe,
and without 7 widely separately greenish patches. Pos-
terior wings, over the discoidal cell sprinkled with blackish
atoms; with a coppery golden spot on the costa (which
also appears on the under side), and 6 large black
submarginal spots. Under sides, diluted green; the base
and 7 large spots opposite very black; the subcostal and
discoidal veins are also margined with black; anal angle
yellow. Thorax black and hairy, with a green centre
above, and red on the sides beneath.

13

“TI

Abdomen yellow: the anal spot, and the lateral dots
are black. 2%. Wings on both sides tawny black. The
anterior with a subquadrate oblique cellular patch, and 8
exterior elongated separated marks; the upper ones ashy
white, the lower of a more sordid colour.

Posterior wings above, with greyish yellowish nervules ;
a small costal, with an apical sinuated spot sordid ashy
white, and 5 other posterior, large, elongated marks,
unconnected with the cell ashy white; outside tawny
smoky ; the first cut off, and including a big yellow spot ;
each in the following group sinuated at the outer end,
ornamented in the centre with a small orbicular tawny
spot, the interior marginal one being rather narrow, and
embracing a somewhat rounded spot. Under side, with
fringed spots, the twin trigonal spots corresponding with
those on the upper surface, becoming yellow, and the 5
elongated patches belonging to the superior white group
somewhat diluted with, and on the contrary, on the outer
parts suffused with, a yellowish colour.

Thorax, tawny black; beneath on each side red.

Abdomen ashy white, with basal twin spots red; under
side yellow; the ventral (or anal) spot, and 5 lateral (or
side) spots black.

Hab. Islands of Aru.

In examining different specimens of this species we meet
with many important deviations from the type, in both
sexes; but first it will be best to specify those which are
presented in the examples from which our plate is drawn.

é Primaries. The green of the upper surface is a very
rich warm, inclining to golden. The posterior and ex-
terior marginal green bands are absolutely continuous with
each other, narrowest towards the base, broadest beyond
the anal angle, and narrow again at its termination within
g mm. of the terminal point of the costal band. The
upper edges of these two bands (or sections of one band
as they really are) are fairly straight ; not so irregular or
so sinuated as in other species (except Pvonomus). The
green atoms are often numerous and broadly placed
along the under side of the median nervure, beginning at
g or 10 mm. from the base, and extending the whole of
the rest of the length; they are also broadly made to
define the entire length of the 1st to its junction with the
ereen band of the exterior margin, and likewise the 2nd and
3rd to where they enter the sericeous brown patch, also
the 2nd discoidal nervule, and the submedian nervure a
short distance along from the base, to be absent for an
equal succeeding distance, again to follow the remaining

portion into the posterior margin. A few scattered green
atoms are also seen along the upper part of the median
nervure, and here and there in the black of the cell. The
character of the warm green,.the rich velvety black, and
sericeous brown patch is very pure. The under sides
have the green discocellular elongated patch, extending
nearly the entire length of the cell. The lower part
nearly straight with the median nervure ata short distance
from it, beginning as a narrow stripe at the base, rageedly
but equally widening till at its head near the discocellular
nervure it is as broad as half the cell at that point;
between 8 of the nervules, the greater portion of each
space is occupied with the green markings, the first 6
from below being entirely solid or nearly solid green of a
whitish golden tint, and the two upper or subcostal ones
being partly solid and partly composed of sprinkled green
atoms. ‘The first 5 marks also each contain a black spot
of variable form, not quite dividing them as in some
specimens (and species), the 5th very small, the 3 below
more or less lunate or ovate, the lowest nearly transverse
over 2-3rds of the mark, and sharply bidentate.

Secondaries, a richer warm green, nearly golden, of
great purity, or quite golden opposite the light—the green
extending irregularly along the space within the costal
and subcostal neryures, appearing almost like 3 patches
of colour on the black, with a trace of the golden yellow
spots in two of them—.e. those beyond the anterior angle,
The subcostal nervure and 1st nervule are black, and
half of the median nervure extending from the base is of
the same colour; black atoms and hairs are sprinkled
thickly on the green within the cell to half its
length from the base; 3 black spots, the lowest
very rudimentary, and within the ist and and, ner-
vules, and the discoidal and Ist median nervules;
the 1st is oval oblong, the 2nd orbicular, and the 3rd
only composed of a few black atoms or scales; outside
of the first two are minute golden spots, the first only
faintly seen on one wing. The black exterior margin is
very narrow. The abdominal fold is a silky light brown,
the long: cilia or hairs silky brownish yellow. Under side,
the green more golden, with greater intensity round the
exterior margin, each division of which contains central
specks or suffusions of golden yellow, with a slight indica-
tion of 2 golden streaks between the subcostal and costal
nervures. The base, the subcostal nervure and nervule,
the interior and outer margins, and the 6 submarginal
spots are black as usual, and of very variable size ; some
green atoms form a streak above the costal nervure ; and
the space from the anal angle half-way up between the
submedian nervure and 3rd median nervule is a rich
golden yellow. Thorax with a green central ray nearly
3-5ths of its length. Abdomen very rich golden yellow:
the lateral black spots very small; and triangulate anal
mark black.

Length of costa 77, width of front wing 37, length of
hind wing 42, width 32 mm. Length of antenne and
abdomen 33 mm.; of thorax with head 20 mm.

tst Pair: femur 12; tibia g; tarsi 15 mm.
andj, See Ldeatibe ata dee oA
he) 3rd, my kG aye EAS 5 ES AS
This includes the trochanters.

Length of
legs

Colour of the upper surface of wings when seen very
obliquely against the light, entirely like a specimen of
P. Cresus (see Pl. IX., figs. 1, 1a, 10, 2).

Hab. Aru Islands. In the collection of Dr, F. Walker.
Specimens in the Horniman, and in the author’s museums
do not very materially differ in any respect from the above.

®. Colour of wings smoky brown, darkest at the base
and in the upper discoidal cell to the white discal patch ;
much lighter without with the exception of a faintly seen
curved marginal border. Lower wings much darker,
smoky or tawny brown, lighter within the cell, over which
and on the abdominal fold are long hairs of the same
colour. All the spots and patches of each wing ashy-
white, The discocellular patch on Primaries the whole
breadth of the cell, very large, transverse, subquadrate,
clouded on the inner, and 1-3rd divided by brown at the
outer edges. The exterior marks, which are generally
elongate, 8 in number, with the lower one separated by
the brown, are here almost or quite obsolete within 2 sets
of the veins, viz., between the submedian nervure and 3rd
median nervule, and ist median and and discoidal
nervules, only 2 submarginal whitish dots being visible in
the latter, a small semi-orbicular spot on the next above,
3 elongate spots within the subcostal nervules, the 3rd of
them nearly divided in the middle by a rectangular spot ;
and 2 within the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd median nervules of only
moderate length, and submarginal dot beyond.

Secondaries, with a small subcostal trigonate spot ;
part of an accuminate spot in the next subcostal space,
with a submarginal trigonal larger spot, the 3 long accu-
minate marks which follow below being perfect, ashy-white,
enclosing suboval brown spots, sinuated at nearest the
exterior margin—the submarginal spots and portions
being covered with ochreous brown, and the ashy-white
above more or less impure near the nervule. The ashy-
white patch on the interior margin also sordid.

Under sides of all the wings a lighter tawny brown than
above, and a more clouded deeper brown in the darker
parts. The ashy-white markings are purer and more
silky, like the rest of the wings, nearly identical in shape and
number with those on the upper sides; but the subcostal
spots are pale yellow, the submarginal parts of the others
being also more strongly suffused with the same.

Thorax same colour as darkest part of wings, with a
pale green central ray above, very short, and the red of
the sides beneath covering the whole space between the
and and 3rd pairs of legs to the base of the abdomen ;
but not appearing on the metathorax at all.

Abdomen, greenish ashy-grey, becoming ochreous at the
last 2and anal segments; the anal point ochreous brown.
Subdorsal yellow to brown ochre, segments outlined
strongly with dark brown: lateral dots dark brown. Eyes
dark chesnut. Antennz and legs, black.

Length of costa 100, width of upper wings 51, length of
lower wing 66, width 42 mm.; of abdomen and antennz

34; of thorax with head 22 mm. ;

(1st Pair: femur 13; tibia g; tarsi 12 mm.

of legs,and _,, We | oP Rhy A pa

a, 3rd, pe ele bo std aye BOs
This includes the trochanters.

Hab. Aru Islands. In the coll. of Dr. F. Walker.

See Plate IX., figs. 4,5. [The brown spot between
the 2nd discoidal and 1st median nervules being asym-
metrical for the 2 wings; the forms are given in figs.
5a, 50, of the same plate.|

Ina ¢ inthe author’s collection the superior cellular
patch is nearly as if the upper half had been cut away in
an oblique direction, only the faintest indication of it in
white being left on the brown. The other white marks of
the wing are all larger and more prominent, every neural
space containing one or two.

Plate X., fig. 3, represents a var. of the @ in
the British Museum, in which the discoidal patch is so
large as to suggest that it might belong to O. Cromius.
The best portion of the patch is creamy white subdued
by grey atoms, the clouded part with grey atoms ona
smoky brown. The submarginal parts of the patches of
the inferior wings are suffused with a golden olive
yellow; the intra-submedian space contains a black spot
covered with grey scales; the central thoracic stripe is
emerald green ; the abdomen grey yellow, with an orange-
lemon beneath. Length of costa 100 mm.

Hab. Wokau, Aru Islands.

Fig. 1, Pl. X., is also of a 2? in Brit. Mus. 5 mm.
greater in costal length, with asharply serrated subquadrate
discocellular patch, and considerable variation in the
other markings of the upper wing. Hab. Aru Islands.
A much smaller 2 in the same collection appears as
fig. 2in which the elongated marks outside the cell are
very important and large, and in the space bounded by
tst and 2nd median nervules, in addition to the elongated
irregular-edged mark, are two small submarginal spots, one
within and nearest to the larger mark. These are all grey
on a brown ground. ‘The whites of the inferior wings are
all ochreous grey; and this individual also suggests a
close resemblance to O. Cronius. Its Habitat is the
Aru Islands, but which of them is not indicated.

é. In Brit. Mus. Green on median vein only faintly
seen; 3 black spots on the under wings. The costal
band of the Primaries seen against the light is a purple
green, suggesting the colour of P. Urvilliana;, the general
green is bluish. Opposite the light, it isa warm yellow
emerald, almost golden in the centre of the secondaries.
On the under sides silvery bluish green ; hind wings warm
silvery green; markings nearly the same as those in our

figure. The black of the costa is shot with a silvery
purple gloss. Length of costa 78 mm. Hab. Wokau,
Aru Island.

29

3. In Brit. Museum. Greens, dark vegetable; against
the light very dark olive, opposite light only emerald
green with a slight warmth ; salmon-coloured reflections
even on the black. Spots of Secondaries 3 ; on the under
side 6. In the cell of the upper wing on the under surface
all but a broadish mark nearest the costa, 2-3rds of length
ereen; colour of under sides against the light not a very
warm yellow.

Pl. X., fig. 5. Green on upper side of the Primaries
only on the median nervure, and slightly down the
nervules. Length of costa 88mm. Hab. Aru Island.

$. Brit. Mus. A much warmer golden green; 4 spots
on the lower wings, the lowest only faintly produced by
atoms; on the under side 7 black spots, the 7th in
ochreous yellow. (The under side very golden green.)
Other markings, except in one respect like those of our
fig. on Pl. IX. The same Habitat.

3. In the Hewitson coll. With 2 spots only on the
hind wings. The green is beautifully dusted with black
atoms, growing denser at the base. This and another
example are placed together as vars. poseidon, and
aruanus of PRIAMUS—the latter from New Guinea, or
Waigiou. Length of costa 77mm. All the greens are
very golden. The & is of the ordinary type, with a costal
length of 102 mm.

In the ¢ figured by Dr. Fickert in his paper (fig. 3,
Pl. xx.), the discocellular green mark on the under surface
of the anterior wing extends the entire length of the cell,
all but a fraction, with a width generally more than half
that of the cell; and the costal length of the wing is
83 mm.

It will not be difficult in another part of this work to
show that aruana, poseidon, and pronomus are only local
varieties of a sub species of Priamus, and that, at any rate,
the two former are identical in specific value.

Pl. 9, figs. 5, 6, represent varieties, one in the British
Museum, and one in the author’s collection. PI. 9, figs.
3a, 30, give the exact shape of the costal band and the
sexual patch of a variety in the author’s collection.
Pl. 10, fig. 12, the shape of the abdominal fold of the ¢,
and fig. 13 of the ¢ drawn flat, or only partially closed.

ORNITHOPTERA EUMAZUS.

Ornithoptera Eumzus, sp. noy. R. H. F. Rippon, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, August, 1892, p. 193.

3, Wings silky green-blue (nearly peacock-blue), espe-
cially the primaries, in some lights a blue-green; nar-
rowly bordered with black. Primaries on the upper
surface with a broad, costal, longitudinal, discal band of
nearly uniform width extending from the base to within
a few millimetres of the apex, slightly narrower at each
extremity, strongly divided from the base by the costal
and subcostal nervures, and again nearly midway by
the subcostal nervure and its first branch nearest the
costal ; this band broadens slightly and irregularly where
it meets the first or upper discocellular nervule; the
sexual transverse velvety patch extends from the first
median nervule to midway of the space bounded by the
median and subcostal nervures, is not separated from the
green-blue by black, and is of a rich dark fuscous; the
median nervure nearly to the base strongly accentuated
by green-blue atoms, its three branches and the third
or lower discocellular nervule being also dusted in the
same manner, the atoms of the first median branch
extending into the coloured border; all the remaining
nervures and their branches are indicated faintly by
these atoms; a green-blue marginal band extends from
the base of the posterior to four fifths of the exterior
margin, narrowest at the base and towards the anterior
angle, where it becomes divided by the marginal folds
into two or three elegantly curved patches, decreasing in
size towards the outer angle, following the outline of
the margin of the wing; all the remainder of the wing
a deep velvety blue-black.

Underside a rich black, becoming very tawny black
towards the exterior margin, the neuration standing well
in relief in either black or tawny black; within the
discoidal cell an elongated patch of bluish green two
thirds of its width near the discocellular nervules and
very narrow at the base; a slight irregular margin of the
same colour also at the upper part of the cell close upon
the subcostal nervure; a few atoms also are so arranged
as to suggest that the tendency was for the whole cell to
be filled with green ; without the cell the disk contains six
green patches, widely separated by the nervules, and two
costal patches, bounded by the third and fifth subcostal
branches, the uppermost being the largest, and each
of them being rather a congeries of more or less densely
sprinkled atoms than a continuous patch of green; the
first four of these, starting from the posterior portion
of the wing, are divided nearest to the outer margin by a
more or less sublunate black spot; the fifth contains a
triangulate, indented, and the sixth an elongate mark ;
all the green patches are well separated from the
neuration by black, and from the exterior margin of the
wing by tawny black.

Secondaries: a silky green-blue extending over the
wing till just within the second subcostal nervure, when
the colour abruptly becomes a rich green, somewhat like
that of O. aruana (Felder) ; this fills the remaining space
of wing to the anterior margin, but is not found within
the discoidal cell; the green and green-blue are delicately

dusted and gradated by black atoms outwards from the
base and downwards; three black submarginal ovoid
spots, the first within the first and second subcostal
nervules twice the length of the third and less distinct,
being dusted with green atoms; the outer margin of the
wing narrowly black, the median and subcostal nervure
and first subcostal branch black and well-defined in the
green; the space within the precostal nervure to the base
brown-black. Underside rich golden-green, as in aruana ;
the space from the anal angle within the submedian
nervure and third median nervule halfway up golden-
yellow, base black ; six large submarginal black spots, the
upper one quadrate, the others more or less suboval ;
anterior margin partly filled with green, and space on
each side of precostal nervure with green atoms; exterior
black margin slightly broader than on the upperside,
indented inwardly within the first and second subcostal
and second subcostal and discoidal branches; the sub-
costal nervure and its first branch well defined by black.

Head.—Eyes pearly light brown, margined with white ;
space between deep black; antennez light smoky brown.
Articulations of antennze 54 each.

Thorax.—Velvety black, with a very obtrusive longitu-
dinal green-blue stripe ; beneath lateral red patches and
tawny black. Legs black.

Abdomen.—Golden yellow and ferruginous brown, the
latter perhaps intensified by fading; anal segment with
the usual trisinuate black mark and a minute tawny
curved spot on each valve divested of scales; lateral
black dots six in number.

Length of costa 80 millim.; antenne and abdomen
each 33 millim.; head and thorax about 20 or 22 millim.

Hab. Aru Islands.

On the underside this form does not present any
features sufficiently distinct to distinguish it from aruana;
the upper surfaces, however, are remarkably different in
colour from that species, though the arrangement of the
markings is nearly the same. The rich golden-green of
aruana is replaced in this species by the brilliant green-
blue, and the singular patch of vegetable- or arwana-green
on the posterior wing, as described above. By contrast
with the green-blue this colour seems most like that of
pegasus (Felder), while the gradations of colour and
opalescent tints in certain lights link it with Urvilhana
and cresus on the one hand and priamus and pronomus
on the other. Possibly it is only a remarkable transi-
tional variety of arwana, but at present it is sufficiently
distinct to merit a distinguishing name; and it goes far
towards enabling us to link together the whole of the
members of the Priamus-group and regard them as local
forms of the typical species priamus.

A comparison with the greener varieties of wrvilliana
gives a very close resemblance between the colours of the
costal longitudinal bands of ewmeus and urvilliana, if
placed side by side inthe same light. The silvery opales-
cent sheen of the two species, viewed obliquely, is also
very similar. In the order of colour transition we should
have the following arrangement: fegasus, aruana,
eumeus, urvilliana (greener-blue form), wrvilliana ‘ourple-
blue and violet forms), cr@sus, and lydius. Probably
the aruana form, considered biologically, is the oldest in
time; but this is a question to be considered by
Prof. Weismann. Of course this arrangement appears to
dethrone Priamus from its position as the type species of
the group; but this result would often follow, if we
only knew the life-history of many other families and
genera of insects. It may be useful in this place to record
the following results, when the species named above are
viewed from a table placed opposite the light. If eumceus
and the greener form of urvilliana are seen side by side,
the costal discal band of ewmeus will be exactly the
coleur of that of urvilliana viewed in the normal position
and light, but the colour of the remainder of the hind
wings will be identical with that of pegasus; the hind
wings of urvilliana will, however, have changed very
little. In the same position and light all the wings of the
violet form of urvilliana will be of a uniform sordid silver
srey ; of pegasus the upper wings will be a deep copper
red, and the lower a coppery black green ; of lydius a light
orange and very warm olive green; of cresus an uniform
orange green ; of aruana, the costal band a warm copper,
the rest of the wings a green approaching that of pegasus,
with a suffusion of the copper tint. The black areas of
each species are generally shot with either silvery or
coppery sheen. Of the other forms such as Priamus and
its allies I will speak in another section of this work.

@. Wings on both surfaces tawny brown, richer on the
underside. Primaries with a subquadrate oblique patch
within the discoidal cell sordid white, the pseudoneura
quite visible ; without the cell are eight elongate separated
marks of the same colour, the first within the third and
fourth subcostal branches ill-defined in outline, short and
acuminate, the second shorter and broader, the third a
long hastate mark filling one half the space between the
nervules and containing a cuneiform spot; the fourth is
shorter, with a larger cuneiform spot; the fifth consists of
three white spots of different forms, widely separated by
the brown; the sixth is divided into two of unequal size ;
the seventh is divided into a long hastate and an irregu-
lar-shaped small mark; the eigth is twin-spotted, with a
faint spot higher up; the exterior margin with small
whitish scalloped spots. The sordid-colour is caused by
the white being all covered with grey scales. Secon-
daries with the submargial band white and very broad,
occupying the greater part of the disk between the

31

nervules ; four divisions,—-or those bounded by the second
subcostal and the third median branches,—containing
midway a moderately-sized orbicular tawny-brown spot,
the upper one being the largest; each of these divisions
is sinuate at the outer end, the indentations being most
numerous in the upper two, and all are pointed or acu-
minate at the ends nearest the cell. Between the first
and second subcostal nervules is a separated sinuate spot
or a portion of the white band cut off by the brown of the
wing ; below the black orbicular spots the white becomes
more tawny, and between each of the divisions are indi-
cations in ochre of the trigonal yellow marks of the
underside; the lunations of the outer margin tawny
yellow-white.

The undersides of the primaries differ little from the
upper; the same may be said for the secondaries, except
that between the costal nervure and the first subcostal
branch is a small dark yellow irregular-shaped spot; a
small orbicular black spot in the white between the sub-
median nervure and the third median branch, and the
white beneath all the black orbicular spots contains a
yellow acuminate mark filling most of the space from the
spot to the sinuate border, the lunations of the exterior
margin being also yellow; neuration well defined above
the black.

Head.—Eyes dark brown, margined with tawny white ;
antennze dark brown ; articulations 54 each.

Thorax.—Above tawny brown, with a narrow green-
ochreous longitudinal stripe; beneath, lateral crimson-
scarlet spots occupying much of the space above and on
each side of the legs, the remainder tawny brown.

Abdomen.—Above greenish-ochreous white ; subdorsal
brownish ochreous-yellow, with strong black articulations
and five lateral black dots.

Length of costa 102 millim.; antenne and abdomen
each 37 millim.; head and thorax 25 millim.; measure-
ment of the legs cannot be given, as they are imperfectly
represented in the specimens from which the species is
described.

From the foregoing it would appear that the pattern is
of the same type and well within the limits of the varia-
tions in the species avwana; and this insect might easily be
taken as a female var. of that species. In the case of the
male it would be impossible to make a mistake.

Hab. Aru Islands.
I am indebted to the Hon. L. Walter Rothschild for

the pleasure of describing and figuring this beautiful new
species, from his superb collection.

Genus ORNITHOPTERA, Bolspuvat.

Section PRIAMOPTERA, Rippon.

The general characters of this section in the #¢ differ
little, if at all, from those of the other ORNITHOPTERA. In
colour however we have a striking change, which
renders them very prominent even among the members
of so splendid a genus. This difference extends to every
part of the insect. The silky black is nearly the most
intense black to be found in nature.* The abdomen is
more intensely lemon yellow, or orange lemon, than in the
green forms ; indeed they have a brilliancy of colour that
is perfectly indescribable, whether by the pen or brush.
The abdominal fringe is always very prominent, and looks
remarkably like the fur of some vertebrates, or even the
lighter varieties of human hair. The colour surfaces of
the wings above are either purple, violet, blue or blue and
violet, or greenish violet, orange chrome or lemon, or
golden orange, and copper tints; indeed there is every
possible gradation to be met with in the examination of
a large number of examples of the 3 species at present
described. Urvilliana belongs to the purple—lydius and
cresus to the orange, series. O.ewmceus evidently takes
the place of a transition species from ORNITHOPTERA
to PriamopTerRa, thereby linking the two together by
means of itself and avuana. On the under surfaces, while
the general pattern is always similar to that of Orni-
thoptera, the warm golden greens are replaced by much
blue or purple blue on all the wings in the vars. of
urvilliana: in lydius and cresus by a more orange green,
or orange without the green tinge. A peculiar feature
also in lydius is the large surface of pure orange or lemon

*The most intense and absolute black (that is a black that seems to absorb all the
rays of light) is found on the blossom of the papilionaceous flower of the broad bean,
Faber vulgaris, Lindley; one of the edible leguminose. ‘The white of the same flower
is also the purest to be found in nature.

yellow on the upper parts of the hind wings in lydius, and
is a lesser degree in cresus.. These are the same on both
surfaces, are not diluted by other coloured scales of black,
orange, or copper, and are almost semi-transparent.
Minute spots or dots of a similar character and texture
are found on nearly all the species of Ornithoptera, but
sparingly and unobtrusively ; in Prramoprera they attain
their maximum. The thoracic longitudinal stripe in
lydius is quite of a metallic appearance.

The 2 @ of the purple species urvilliana, though they
vary much in marking, are all remarkably light in colour—
the smoky brown often causing them to look as if they
were faded; but with the one exception at present known
they have a general resemblance to the ?? of other
species. That exception is in /ydius, where a sordid
white on the primaries and sordid yellow on the secon-
daries occupy most of the area of the wings, and gives
the appearance of a huge acreoid or danaoid insect. This
arrangement is the same on the under surfaces. The
form of the upper wings differs also considerably from that
of its congeners. Such an abnormal character suggests
to us the possibility of /ydius being a Dimorphic species,
probably with another 2 of the ordinary type of pattern,
and if so it might ultimately be found that cresus is
favoured in the same way. The abdominal fringe is
always shorter, and an abundance of long hairy scales
is always found on the upper parts of the hind wings, as
in ORNITHOPTERA proper.

The type of this section is O. lydius, Felder, a descrip-
tion of which will be found on the next page.

O; (PRIAMOPPERA) CRGASUS.

Ornithoptera Croesus, Wallace, Proc. Ent. Soc. Ser, II. vol. V. p. 70 (1859).

0. Croesus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1859), p. 424, t. 68, 69.

, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. III. p. 390, n. 31. t. 6 f. I. (1859).

O. Croesus, local form, @. Wall. Trans. Linn, Soc. XXV. p. 37. n. 3. (1865).

QO. Priamus, var. m. Cvesus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lepid. p. 518 (1871).

O. Priamus, var. Crasus, g’ Staudinger und Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge, Band 1. t. 1. f. 3. Band 2. p. 3. (1888).
0. Croesus, Oberthiir, Etudes d’Entom. (Cat. Raissone de Papilionidz de la Coll, de Ch. Oberthiir,) p. 30.

Q. Priamus, var. Cresus, Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gattung Ornithoptera (Zoologisch, Jabiichern.) p. 709, (1889).

This glorious species was taken by Mr. A. R. Wallace,
in the forests of Batchian, early in the year 1859. His
description of its discovery and capture (Malay Archt-
pelago, Vol. II. pp. 50-51) is most interesting. He tells
us that during his very first walk into the forest he saw,
sitting on a leaf out of reach, a specimen of this insect.
It was the ¢. He was at once anxious to secure it, and
find its ¢ which was sure to be of great beauty. Two
months passed by, during which he only saw it once again,
and soon after the ¢, flying high in the air at the mining
village. One day about the beginning of January he saw
one hovering over a species of Mussenda (a shrub with
large white leafy bracts and yellow flowers). On the two
following days he succeeded in capturing first a ¢, and
then a ¢. On taking the ¢ from the net, he nearly
fainted with excitement and pleasure—so great was its
beauty. For some time after that he obtained (on clearing
the space round this shrub) an average of one specimen a
day —more than half being ¢ ¢ ; and more than half of the
remainder in very bad condition. Ina better locality he
obtained more than a hundred of both sexes, including
about 20 very fine males, though only 5 or 6 were
absolutely perfect. His native collector caught these
chiefly in the bed of a large rocky stream descending from
the mountains to the sea, about a mile below the village.

Since then, of course, a fair number of specimens have
been brought to Europe from other localities—some of
them bred (of which more later on).

The name Cresus was proposed by its discoverer in his
letter Jan. 28th, 1859, published in the Proc. Ent. Soc.
for that year; but was little more than a MS name till
in the same year Gray described the ¢ and gave figs. of
the two sexes, at the same time adopting Mr. Wallace’s
nomenclature, with the intimation that otherwise he would
have dedicated it to its discover. In the same year also
Felder gave Latin descriptions of the ¢ and ? in the
Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift (Lepidopterologische
Fragmente, pp. 23-24) with a colored plate of the g. At
the time of its discovery and till more was known of it,
Professor Westwood thought that the # was perhaps
that of Tithonus (of De Haan) figured by the latter in the

first plate of his ‘‘ Insects of the Dutch Settlements,” the
unique specimen of which was in the Leyden Museum ;
and that the @ would prove to be the O. Victoria of
G. R. Gray, figured in the Proc, Linn. Soc., from a spec-
imen in the Brit. Museum, and taken in one of the islands
of E. Archipelago. But the publication of descriptions
and figures soon proved conclusively that a new and won-
derful variety of the priamus group had been revealed.
It may be here remarked that the 3 of Felders’ Pegasus is
shot intensely with the Cr@sus reflections, though in every
other respect it differs; and that the ¢ of pegasus on the
upper side bears a resemblance to the ¢ of Cresus.

From Gray’s and Felder’s descriptions I venture to
compile, with additional remarks, what, I trust, will fully
portray the superficial characters of this species.

“g, Primaries deep black, with the anterior band
widening towards the middle, and of a golden orange
colour, this colour also represented by an abbreviated
band at base of inner margin, and by a few scattered
specks on inner and outer margins.” [The black colour
is a warm sepia graduating from the outer margin to a
deep velvety black at the base.] ‘‘ Secondaries of a dull
orange colour, with some spots of King’s yellow; this
difference of colour is occasioned by the semi-transparency
of the more decided spots of the under surface of the
wings when the insect is held against the light ; the base,
subcostal, and median nervures, first subcostal nervures,
and the narrow edge of the outer margin are deep black.
A black spot is sometimes found between the 2nd and Ist
discoidal nervules. Underside of primaries most like
that of O. Richmondia in form of markings, but they are
ofa rich golden green. Underside of secondaries also
closely approaches that of O. Richmondia, but it is of
golden green, with a lengthened spot of rich King’s yellow
above the black spot between the costal nervure and the
first nervule, and a small spot below the black spot; the
same kind of yellow spot above and below the black spot
in each space between the 1st and 2nd nervules and the
and and tst discoidal nervules ; the next two black spots
with a yellow spot beneath each; in the discoidal cell is

placed a lengthened spot of King’s yellow. The anal angle
King’s yellow, without any black spot such as is found in
the other species, the base, nervures, and narrow margin,
deep black.’”’ {These semi-transparent yellow spots, which
render the insect so remarkable, are occasionally to be
found on the lower wings of Richmondia, and even near
the costa of lower wings of Priamus; possibly also in
pronomus (under-side) ; and slightly indicated in Aruana.
I shall refer to them again in section 7 of this work.]
‘‘ Thorax black and hairy ; above greenish in the centre,
beneath with a lateral red spot.” [The green mark in
the middle of upper side of thorax is of a rich shining
metallic green resembling the colour found on the elytrze
of a gorgeous species of beetle belonging to the Rhyn-
copherous genus cyphus, and extends to nearly 3-4ths of
the length of the thorax, the upper part occupying nearly
the entire space between the tegule. Its greatest width
is a third of that of the thorax.] ‘Abdomen yellow,
with diffused lateral black spots.” [These spots are
nearly subdorsal] .

The differences between the ¢ of this species and of
Priamus, which are noted by Gray, will also be referred
to in section 7 of this work.

@. Wings on both sides obscure fuscus. Fringe spots
coarsely white. Front wings with 2 anterior minute spots
in the cell (under the striga somewhat longitudinal) with
2 others (above elongate) and 6 others exterior unequal
(in shape). These are ashy-white, broadly interrupted ;
below more distinct and spreading. Hind wings aLove
with an anal dirty yellow spot, and 4 other exterior spots
pointed, triangular, and curved inward (sinuate) ; within,
ashy white, outside with 5 apical of the same colour, and
6 costal, yellowish, adjoining each other. Undersides with
the spots more distinct in colour, yellow without, whitish
within. The anal with an asy lunule. Internal margin
joined. Thorax, above reddish black; spot above, yel-
lowish. Below, sides entirely red (rufo) hairy; abdomen
yellowish, blackish at the base; above, the back ashy,
below, with 5 lateral dots; spots black in the middle, and
other two basal spots red.

The type @ therefore differs in several particulars from
the specimen from which my fig. was drawn, but, as might
have been anticipated, not so much in the ¢. The
central longitudinal mark on the thorax of ¢ is a brilliant
green (but not quite so intense as in the ¢—the yellow
somewhat prevailing over the green. The acuminate
patches between the nervules of lower wings are a reddish
yellow (slightly suggesting the tints of the g, the upper
parts of these of a sordid reddish yellow, instead of ashy
sordid white. The anal patches are also of the same
colour, as are the lunules of the outer margin between the
dentations. Only one ashy white spot is found in the
discoidal cell of upper wings, nearest to the 2nd branch
of the median vein. The ashy spots are rather more
prominent; the abdomen is yellower, with brownish
cloudings above; the underside of front wings with
markings almost identical in shape, size, and colour. The
under surface of hind wings more like that of the type;
the anal lunule being yellowish instead of ashy.

The vermilion on sides of thorax covers almost the
whole surface to the trochanters, and the abdomen ranges
from brownish red to greenish yellow. A second ¢
in the Rey. Dr. F. A. Walker’s coll. is rather darker, with

3+

smaller spots on the upper wings, but 2 or 3 spots within
the discoidal cell, that is to say it approaches the type
more nearly in character. A ¢ in the Brit. Mus. has the
upper portion of the yellow on the secondaries brighter
than in the type, while the general colour of the wings is
also paler.

Ina ¢ inthe Brit. Mus. the orange band of Primaries
is of a deeper red than in that of the fig. In two others
in the Hewitson collection, the orange is yellower, and
the underwings more opalescent, ranging from yellow
orange to green; the King’s-yellow semi-diaphanous
spots of secondaries are only 2 in one specimen, and 5 in
the other, with an acuminate trigonal sinuate mark above
the round black spot below the discocellular nerve—there
being 3 others of the latter spots ; the black hind marginal
borders are much narrower on the under wing. The
median nerves are very black in one specimen ; the semi-
diaphanous spots absent from lower wings round the hind
margin, replaced by one largish black spot (fanked by 2
nearly obsolete black dots) nearest the costa. The black
of Primaries is really a very black orange brown. The
orange is deeper than in the type, and the black appears to
be shot with velvety purple in certain lights. The dimen-
sions of this latter specimen are; costa 86; abdomen and
antenne 36; breadth of upper wing 44; length of lower
wing 34, and greatest breadth of orange subcostal band
17 millimetres. Hab. Ternate.

g. In Mr. Oliver Janson’s coll. much more lemon
yellow in sub-costal band than in Wallace’s specimen’s ;
the semi-diaphanous spots on lower wings are the same
in number but paler, and more like the ground colour, and
the yellow mark within the cell is longer than in that of
the figure. This isa bred specimen from Batchian. It
seems that specimens which have been bred from larve
conveyed to Java and Amboyna become much lighter than
those taken on the wing by Wallace. Probably the
slight change of the food plant and geographical environ-
ment may account for this. It is an interesting fact, to
which it may be necessary again to refer in some other
place.

3. In Hewitson coll. very red; the green reflections
not so intense as in other examples; the under wings very
deep copper red ; subcostal band much broader and more
excavated from lower part nearest the anterior angle; the
4th subcostal nervule not black, while in the first specimen
of his series it almost becomes a black band of atoms,
much denser towards the middle; on hind wings only 3
semi-diaphanous spots, t.e. within the cell, on the costa,
and between 2nd and 3rd subcostal nervules. On the
under surface these forma continuous patch, only divided
by the nervules (or veinlets as they would be most properly
called) ; on the under surface of superior wing the green
band extends over the lower half of the cell, with a
distinct trace at the edge of the upper half. [Wallace’s
type has only a small blotch slightly suggestive of the
shape of a terebratulid shell of the Brachyopodous
Mollusca}. Hab. probably Batchian.

g. Contrast with the above a var. in Mr. Walter
Dannatt’s collection. Colour of subcostal band lemon
orange; of hind wings the same. Lower half of posterior
margin of Primaries with a broadish set of spots nearly
forming a band, composed of lemon-orange atoms situated
within the 2nd discoidal, and the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd median

nervules (and divided by them), and extending to the
submedian, becoming fewer and more scattered, and
directed nearer towards the sexual velvet patch; a few
scales also above the 2nd discoidal nervule; the lemon
orange band broadest at the deepest part of discoidal cell
(9 mm) ; the whole discocellular portion of band somewhat
resembling the pine pattern of an Indian shawl; the base is
also broader without the cell (to mm.) ; much more (and
more uniformly) executed or rather scalloped, and
broader at its termination near the anterior angle. Behind
the band at broadest and outside the cell is a small group
of lemon orange atoms; parallel with the submedian
nervule is a line of atoms; and the orange band within
the interior margin is broader than that in the plate, the
internal nervules strongly dividing it half way ; the semi-
diaph. spots on the secondaries within disco. cell and
below costal and sub-costal nervure larger and more
definite in form than in the plate ; the spot between first
and second subcostal nervules nearly fills the white space
and is sinuate. Between the discoidal and first median
and first and second median nervules, no spots; a small
black spot between second subcostal and discoidalnervules ;
on the left wing is a trace of the second black dot nearly
as large between discoidal and median nervules; but not
on the right wing. On the upper wing the band from first
disco-cellular nervule becomes more green till it reaches
the anterior angle; the border of black on anterior margin
also broader at midway from same point towards the apex.
Abdomen rich lemon with lateral greenish shades, and
brownish dark cloudy streaks in the centre between each
segment. The black of wings very deep, undersides differ
little from the fig., except that the colour of the green is
more golden, and an extra atomic spot occurs between the
third and fourth subcostal nervules, and a marginal spot of
green atoms, the latter large and triangulate. Length of
costa, 84; of hind wing, 41 ; and of abdomen and antenne,
34 mm.; Hab. ? Received from Dr. Staudinger ; and
probably bred in Amboyna.

g. In the one described by Dr. Fickert he points out an
asymmetrical difference in the number of spots of the hind
wings—the discal black spots on right wing being seven ;
and six on the left. Weshall see later on that both ¢ ¢
and? 2 of mostof the species are occasionally asymmetrical,
and of course this feature occurs throughout nearly the
whole of the diurnal lepidoptera more often than might be
supposed, without close examination.

$. Inthe museum of Messrs. Godman and Salvin is a var.
of extraordinary beauty and interest collected in Batchian
by Dr. Plater (colored figs. of which will be found in the and
plate devoted to this species), in which the brilliant lemon
orange is so intensely shot with a warm green identical with
that found on the 3 of O.(Atheoptera) Tithonus of de Haan,
so much so that when viewed obliquely against the light the
whole of the yellow except the golden marks of the lower
wings, isa rich warm green, being most intense on the sub-
costal band, and causing it to be a more gloriously green
insect than O. Aruana. It is remarkable that the yellow
of tithonus is shot in the same way, though not with quite
the same intensity. Viewed opposite the light the orange
is incomparably fiery in its tone; the median nervure is
broadly black with atoms ; the thoracic longitudinal stripe
is bluish metallic green. On the under surfaces, the green
is of the same character as above ; but the markings are
smaller and more elegant, as may be seen by reference to
the figures in the plate.

See the same plate for variations of the ? in this
collection.

MEASUREMENTS.

3, In Mr, Horniman’s coll. ; (original of my fig.) length of
costa 85 ; of lower wing 48; of antennz and abdomen 35 ;
of thorax 16; of collar 8; and of head 4mm. Width of
upper wing 43 ; of lower wing 36 ; of abdomen 5 ; of thorax
11; of collar 6; and of head 9 mm.

$. Felder’s fig., length of costa 83; hind wing 42 or
43; antennz 35 mm. (the abdomen is drawn too long).
Breadth of upper wings about 41; lower wings about 36
mm.

$. Typein Brit. Mus. ;: length of costa 85 ; antenne and
abdomen 32 ; thorax (including collar and head 26 ; width
of lower wings 31 mm.

@. Type in Brit. Museum]; length of costa 95 ; antennz
and abdomen 34 ; thorax with head 24 ; width of abdomen
IZ mm.

@. In Hewitson coll.: length of costa 96; underwing
63; width of upper wings 48; of lower wings 41 mm.

@. Dr. Fickert describes the expanse of wings in his
specimen as 185mm. _ [That doubtless includes the width
of thorax.| Hab. Batchian.

@ In collection of Dr Francis A. Walker, the origina.
of my figs. ; length of costa 108; hind wings 71 ; abdomen
and antennz 35; thorax 18; collar3; head 3 ; width of upper
wings 55; lower wings 46 ; abdomen at widest 17 ; thorax
13; head 10; and collar 8mm.

g Figs. on Plate. Length of legs—

Ist pair; femur 12, tibia 10, tarsi 16 mm.
and 19 2? Il, 7? T3, ”? ime) 7
3rd 7 ?) IO, ” 15, ” ai ”?

2, Figs. on Plate. Length of legs—

Ist pair; femur 14, tibia 12, tarsi 14 mm.
and ” ” I3; 9 13; LP 17 9
3rd 7 9 I4, Ph] 15, ” 20 ”)

These do not include the?trochanters or coxze which
average a little over a millimetre each.

No. of joints of the antennze of both sexes from 58 to 64.

The cilia from the abdominal fold are so long in the g
that when the body is set below the interior margin, they
meet across the widest part.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. J. Horniman,
F.R.G.S,, &c., for the opportunity of drawing the two
figs. of the ¢ of this species from a fine specimen in his
wonderful museum; and I take this opportunity of
strongly commending the liberalty with which he renders
his treasures of use to the general public. I hope the
time will come when multitudes of private local museums
will be made by their owners a scource of instruction and
delight to the people, as well as to the specialist. Mr.
Horniman most worthily pioneers such a movement,
which I am sure there is a growing disposition amongst
many others to join in. I may be pardoned for saying
so much, as the need of such a public benefit has been
on my mind for many years.

I am also under great obligation to Dr. A. Francis
Walker, F.Z.S., &c., for the privilege making one of his
two examples of the 2 of this beautiful species the subject
of my figs. He will please to accept my thanks for his
kindness in the loan of the specimen, and for the knowledge
gained by an examination of the fourexamples of the ¢ in
his very fine museum.

Also to Messrs, Goodman and Salvin for liberal access
to their noble collection of diurnal Lepidoptera.

Mr. Wallace, in Trans. Linn. Society,vol.xxy.p.37,briefly
describes a local form ‘‘a” of the ¢ from: Ternate, which
is probably the same as I have described above from
Hewitson’s coll.; also of a 2 from Gilolo or Djilolo in
which ‘the white markings on all the wings are so
large as almost to fill up all the spaces between the veins,
the lower part of the discoidal cell in both upper and
under wings being occupied with a whitish patch ; ’ and he

36

adds ‘this well marked local form is no doubt peculiar to
Gl olo and the small adjacent islands, as the original is to
Batchian.” The ¢ is undoubtedly a transitional form
between Cresus and Felder’s Lydius; but it may be
possible to show hereafter that the 2 belongs to some
distinct species.

As such a remarkable difference obtains between the
numerous specimens of this species now in our collections,
as regards the depth and intensity of the orange colour
of the ¢ 4, 1.e. from the lightest yellow with a red tint, to
the deep orange of Hewitson’s specimens, it is not im-
probable that ultimately, as we obtain more material from
the localities of this and the following species, we shall
have to consider them as only meriting the single name
of Cresus. At present, as will be seen in the next article,
the ? of Lydius is so abnormal in appearance as to con-
siderably stand in the way, at least till the species is found
to be dimorphic.

O. (PRIAMOPTERA) LYDIUS.

Papilio Lydius, Felder Reise, Nov. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 5. t. 3 a, b. 1865 *
* [Date of the 2 figs. in this work, 1864.]

Ornithoptera Priamus, var. lydius, Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gatt. Ornith. p. 711. taff. xx, f. 5. 9 thefig. is veduced, and uncoloured. |

0. Lydius, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Entom. (Cat. Raisonne de Papilionidz de la Coll. de Ch. Oberthiir]. p. 30,

Papilio Priamus, v. Lydius, W. F. Kirby Syn. Cat. of Diurnal Lepidoptera p. 518. 1871.

QO. Priamus, var. Lydivs, Staudinger und Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge,

Band 2z, p. 4 (1888).

When Mr. Wallace discovered P. Cresus it might well
have been thought that the ne plus ultra of splendour in
the forms of the Ornithoptera had been at last reached.
An insect that must have flashed in the sunshine like a
living flame at one moment and a brillant emerald at
another, could not expect to be surpassed in glory of
colour! But Nature has always surprises in store for her
lovers, however much they may think they know of her,
In other words we may always be certain that however
wonderful may be the revelations of the Creator’s mind,
there are ever greater held in store for us! All we have to
do is to be ready to receive them, and reverently and
gratefully to adore the revealer.

The species now claiming our attention is remarkable
for the fact that its splendour is more intense and wonder-
ful, the amount of contrast between the glowing orange
and the sunny lemon is greater, and the colour interfer-
ence is more developed in the male than in the
corresponding sex of Crasus; while the female is quite

unlike any other ? of the Priamus group, so much so
that below we shall have to suggest a special explanation
of the phenomenon. We may readily differ in our
opinion as to whether Lydis is a var. of Cr@sus, or
the reverse. One thing is certain, that they are very
closely allied: being only local forms derived from
some common ancestor, the ? of the present species
having been considerably modified in pattern to meet
some necessity of its environment.

As the original description of this species by Felder is
in Latin, and I have, through the generosity of the Hon.
W. Rothschild, the privilege of re-figuring Lydius from
Felder’s types, I thought it would be more useful to
redescribe the species, for the benefit of English students
who might not wish to wade through a long and masterly
description in Latin and German. This must be my
apology for going over ground that has already been
trodden by so able and profound an Entomologist as
Herr Rudolf Felder.

3. Upper wings arched and somewhat acute at the
angle. Lower wings somewhat abbreviated, the apical
angle slightly projecting. Upper wings with only the
slightest indication of white lunules *; velvety black,
diluted with fuscus, more especially towards the margin,
where it graduates into a very perceptible red-brown; the
subcostal longitudinal band fiery red (deep glowing
orange) shot with golden green, when seen obliquely against
the light. Opposite the light the scarlet orange is
intensely brilliant. This band is unusually broad, as in
Cresus, commences within the discoidal cell at a short
distance from the base, where it is at its narrowest, then
broadening till it is more than 2-3rds the width of the cell ;
from thence it extends outside the cell nearly to the apex
of the wing. Within this area are included a part of the
1st and 2nd subcostal branches, as a thin line of colour,
between the 2nd and 3rd the colour extends 16 mm.
towards the apex, between the 3rd and 4th to within
4mm. of the apex, between the 4th and 5th, decreasing in
length posteriorly, and between the 5th and rst discoidal
nervule a still shorter, irregular tetragon, the lower edges
of the divisions terminating with fiery atoms, forming
within the rst and 2nd discoidal nervules a small spot of
atoms; as the black runs in prominently at the first
discocellular nervule wedge-shaped, and is generally
irregular in its impingement on the red band along its
whole outer length, it gives the edge of the band an
irregularly ragged appearance, though above it follows
the curve of the costa accurately. The sexual sericeous
patch or brand is pupzeform, and light fuscus—the head
towards the base, and the tail curved up in the direction
of the apex of the wing and extends from the submedian
nervure to nearly the 1st median branch, running
counterminous with the median nervure at nearly midway
between it and the outer and interior margins; a small
patch of fiery orange and lemon at the base on the
interior margin is partly divided by the branch of the
submedian nervure, and is longer, formed by atoms of
colour.

Posterior wing fiery orange, subdued by scattered
black atoms; within the discoidal cell a subtriangulate
patch of golden yellow, immaculate, occupying 3-5ths
of the cell, and not quite close to the nervures; a
smaller patch between the costal and subcostal nervures ;
a hastate patch between the rst and gnd_ subcostal
branches, the 3 forming a large almost homogeneous patch,
divided by the subcostal vein and its branches—the veins
being black edged with the fiery orange; between the
costal nervure and its top branch following the golden
patch is a cuneiform black spot pointing outwards,
followed by a golden yellow sublunate spot; between the
tst and 2nd subcostal branches is an orbicular black spot
just below the hastate golden patch, followed by a sub-
lunate gold spot; also a suborbicular or ovate black spot
between the 2nd subcostal branch and the discoidal
nervure; anda faint atomic spot between that and the
Ist median branch; exterior marginal border black,
irregularly curved with golden atoms at their inner edge ;
interior margin and anal angle black; abdominal fold
brown black, its underside a light lucent brown, fringed
with very long brownish ochreous hairs; the median

* Jn closely examining the fringe of the wings witha lens, I find that the
under sides of the type have been cleverly patched (the specimen, when captured,
was evidently not in its pristine perfection) and the edges of the wings have apparently
been slightly trimmed with a scissors, thereby destroying the slight lunulations, and
making the margin quite straight But there is a faint indication of white in those
places where the lunules would be; and, as a matter of fact, they are to be found
slightly represented in the margin of every perfect specimen of any species of Orni-
thoptera, as far as I have been able to judge,

nervure well expressed in black with golden orange atoms
all the branches being sufficiently distinct.

Underside: Primaries black brown, more golden fulvus
towards the exterior margin ; a green patch extends along
the whole length of the discoidal cell, and only narrowly
separated from the median nervure and 3rd discocellular
nervule by black, the subcostal or upper side of this patch is
irregular in outline, at the base broad and uniting with a
thin streak of green atoms which extends 1-3rd along the
costal nervure ; it is then straight and increases in breadth
to beyond the middle of the cell, when it abruptly rises,
proceeds on in equal though increased breadth about
6mm., to be again depressed a short distance, finally
rising to a point at 3mms. from the 2nd discocellular
nervule, and irregularly curving down to the lower margin
of the patch near the 3rd; this patch is golden green from
the base, becoming bluish green as it nears the
discocellular nervules, and contains an elongate golden
spot within its upper edge nearly midway of its length ;
between the 3rd and 4th subcostal nervules are 2 rather
long patches of green and bluish green, the inner one
nearer to the costal nervure tetragonal, the outer one
rather longer and hastate in form; a punctiform spot
between the 4th and 5th subcostal nervules nearest to the
base of these veins, with a slight indication in green blue
atoms of a longitudinal streak near the outer margin;
between the 5th subcostal branch and the 1st discoidal
nervule commences a broad band of blue and golden
green extending down the wing to the submedian nervure,
but more or less separated by black on each side of the
nervules, and also from the discocellular nervules and the
median branch, being thus divided into 11 patches of
varying size and form, the inter marginal black border
being nearly equal in width from the anal to the anterior
angles, and from 3 to 5 mms. in breadth; the rst of these
between the 5th subcostal and tst discoidal nervules
occupies the whole width to within a short distance of the
tst discocellular nervule, and is interrupted beneath by a
long irregular oblique spot of black; between the 1st and
2nd discoidal branches, the green is as broad as the
enclosed space, and is divided almost midway by a large
hastate black patch; between the and discoidal and the
Ist median nervules the green is also nearly equal in
breadth with the enclosed space, separated by a rather
less broad lunate black patch, the lower division of the
green containing a black indentation from the dark patch ;
between the rst and 2nd median branches the green is so
much more separated from the nervules and nervure by
the black, and so definitely divided into two parts, the
inner one nearly three times as large as the outer, as to
become independent patches or spots—the inner being
rectangular, slightly curved at the apex, the outer sub-
quadrate, but slightly curved at the apex; between the
2gnd and 3rd median nervules the inner green patch is
separated still more by black from the veins, 1s irregularly
rectangular, slightly crescentic at its base, and divided
broadly from the lower patch which is subquadrate ;
between the 3rd median nervule and sub-median nervure
the greater portion of the space is occupied by the golden
green, divided nearest to the outer margin by black, the
lower part of the largest division being sharply dentated,
the upper part of the smallest also dentated, so that the
black between takes a zigzag form—a few scattered green
atoms uniting the two divisions of the green at the point
nearest the sub-median branch ; a long brown line runs
from the base of the interno-median nervule 2-3rds
through the larger division of the green patch terminating
in an elongated club-shaped spot at about 3-4ths of its

Priamopiera, Lydius, p. 2.

extent ; the posterior margin is black from the anal angle
to the base.

Posterior wing diluted golden green, outer portion
with a waved fuscus black border, narrow, but
narrowest towards the anal angle; between the costal
nervure and ist sub-costal, and 1st and 2nd, and the
greater part of the discoidal cell, with a small spot outside
the 2nd discocellular nervule, a brassy or golden yellow ;
a narrow margin of green follows the golden area in the
cell, this again is separated from the median and
discoidal nervures to the 3rd median branch at their
junction with the median nervure, by black; the space
bounded by the remaining nervures and nervules are
golden green in the first four, and golden green and
golden yellow in the last—or within the 3rd median nervule
and submedian nervure; the whole of the intervenal
spaces also contain fuscus black spots and marks in the
following order :—A large sublunate spot between the
costal nervure and Ist subcostal, followed by a crescentic
golden spot, surrounded by green towards the outer
margin, a large subcuneate black spot followed by a
narrow subcrescentic golden spot, surrounded by golden
green between the Ist and 2nd subcostal nervules, a
smaller decrescentic black spot within with golden
green between the 2nd subcostal and discoidal nervure ;
a narrow oblate black spot surrounded in the green space
between the discoidal nervure and 1st median nervule, a
decrescentic black spot in each of the two succeeding
intervenal green spaces, a large vitteeform clavate black
mark between the 3rd median nervule and the submedian
nervure extending nearly from the base to within a short
distance of the anal angle. The golden green increases
in width towards the base, diminishing towards the
outer margin, where it is lost in the golden yellow that
then extends to the anal angle, the green of the latter 3
intervenal spaces is broadly framed with fuscus black
along the median nervure as it is within the cell, and on
each side of the 3 median nervules, being most prominent
down the 2nd branch and reaching to the narrow outer
marginal border, where a portion of the vein is picked out
in yellow ; the abdominal fold which if flattened out would
be of considerable breadth, has the row of long reddish-
ochreous hairs in a line down the middle of it, and is of a
lucent brown as stated before.

Head: eyes very dark brown, large and prominent ;
antenna velvety black ; 37 millims. in length.

Thorax and prothorax, a rich fuscus black ; the central
longitudinal stripe metallic silvery green; breast with
coral red or crimson spots, and deep black beneath.

Abdomen, a rich pure orange lemon yellow; in each of
the 4th and 5th segments are lateral faint black spots
formed by atoms and the usual trigonal, sinuate black
mark above the anal valves ; there are also traces of the
lateral subdorsal black dots usually found in this group ;
the subdorsal yellow is much subdued by black atoms
and scales, and a tuft of shot ochreous pulvilli close upon
the meta-thorax.

Length of costa, 85 mms.; width of primary wing, 42
mms.; length of secondary wing, 45 and width 47 mms. ;
of thorax and head 22, of abdomen, 37 mms.

Went st pair femur 11, tibia 8, tarsi 13 mms.) including
Witeee and ” ” LZ) x9 LOp on LA the tro-
©” (ard ED, 4. Layer fo. ae eomatirers.

First taken by M. Lorquin.

ed 7?

Hab. Halmaheira, Gilolo.

Primary wings subtriangular, sufficiently narrow,
the costa very slightly arched, external margin nearly
straight, interior margin only slightly curved. Posterior
wings sufficiently shorter, scalloped; abdominal margin
the normal shape of the ? & of the genus.

All the wings on the upper surface fuscus black;
the spots and markings of the primaries are sordid greyish
white, caused by the grey white being equally and thickly
powdered with fuscus black atoms; the light portions of
the secondaries are a reddish fuscus grey, all except the
discoidal cell which is whiter—this red or ferruginous tint
somewhat intensifies towards the posterior margin, even
on the fuscus black border. Primaries: discordal cell
almost entirely occupied by the sordid white, narrowly
separated from the veins by the black, still more from the
base towards which it graduates so as to give the white
area a subpyriform appearance, with the upper pseudoneurus
well defined in black, and slight traces of the and, also a
small crescentic indentation at the point close to the and
discoidal nervule, where the fold runs across the nervule ;
in the triangular space between the 2nd and 3rd subcostal
nervules and running a short distance, white; between
the 3rd and 4th an elongate white patch interrupted
irregularly by black extends exactly half-way to the apex,
or rather the posterior margin—the 2nd outer division of
this patch being nearly tetragonal; between the 4th and
5th, one small spot close to the base of the nervules, and
an exterior patch irregularly prolonged outwardly into two
faint striga; between the 5th subcostal and the Ist
discoidal nervules are two white marks, the inner one
subrectangular, curved at the apex and strongly and
deeply crescentic at its base, the outer one large and
cuneiform, sinuate at its base—with a considerable space
between the two ; in each of the 3 spaces bounded by
the 1st discoidal and the znd median nervules are similar
long rectangular white marks indented or sinuated at
their base, and smaller outer white marks varying in size
and more or less cuneiform and bisinuate at their base;
between the 2nd and 3rd median nervules, an elongate
rectangular or tetragonal mark, crescentic at the base, and
an irregular, bisinuate small mark below; between the 3rd
median and submedian nervure, the mark is nearly the
width of the space at its base, is bisinuate, and divided
visibly by the submedian fold, the upper division extending
narrowly parralel with the median vein at a short distance
from it to exactly half the distance from the base of the
wing ; the portion below the fold is only about 2-3rds the
length of the upper, narrower, and accuminate, giving the
whole mark a subtetragonal outline ; the white marginal
mark is subfusiform and indented.

Secondaries: discoidal cell nearly occupied by white;
z.e. to within 1-3rd of the base; posterior margin of wings
with an irregular vitteeform border of black, sinuated or
deeply indented ; the space between the veins is sordid
ferruginous white, and may be considered to contain 6
black spots sinuate below and accuminate above, the Ist
(Felder would regard it as the 2nd) between the Ist and
2nd subcostal nervules being of irregular form, and the
6th between the 3rd median nervule and the submedian
nervure being the longest and most accuminate ; below
these the ferruginous grey is more orange, and more
densely sprinkled with fuscus; between the costal nervure
and ist subcostal branch the space is black, with an
elongate sordid ferruginous white mark extending midway
nearly to the precostal nervure, and an irregular marginal
spot near to the anterior angle.

All the wings with whitish fringe crescents.

Wings beneath: primaries with very fine rich fuscus
brown and ochreous sordid white. Secondaries: the
brown narrower in colour than aboye, the white strongly
saturated with ochre, graduated to an ochreous orange
below the black spots. All the light markings the same
as on the upper surface, except the large black spot
between the submedian nervure and 3rd median nervule,
which is strongly dentated below. The yellow below the
black spots in each case forms a distinct accuminate area.
The veins of all the wings above and below are strongly
accentuated in black. A few lemon-coloured atoms are
scattered in the brown on each side of the subcostal
nervure of the lower wing.

Head : eyes dark pearly brown, with ochreous border ;
antenne, smoky dark brown. Thorax: a rich fuscus
brown, with pale green longitudinal central stripe, faintly
visible ; beneath, posterior half, laterally crimson scarlet,
anterior half fuscus black.

Abdomen: sulphur grey ; laterally with lemon atoms—
the last two segments yellow; an ochreous anal tuft ;
last segment with a dorsal patch of ferruginous hairs ;
dorsal portion of abdomen, fuscus brown ; a longitudinal
brown dorsal mark on the anal segment ; subdorsal rich
orange yellow, with lateral black dots, and deep black
segmental lines.

Legs black.

Length of costa, 98 mms. ; width of primary, 53 mms. ;
length of secondary, 63, and width, 52 mms.; length of
abdomen and antennz respectively 35 mms.; of thorax,
including the head, 24 mms. The legs of the type were
too imperfect to be measured.

Hab. Halmaheira, Gilolo. Discovered by M. Lorquin.

g¢ In the Museum of Messrs. Godman and Salvin :—
On the costa of the primaries is a thin faint line of orange
atoms over the black; the black of these wings has less
fuscus than in the type; a slight yellow streak appears on
the subcostal orange band not far from the apex, this is
seen on both surfaces of the wing; the band also is wider
and more elegantly formed than in the type, occupying
nearly the whole of the cell, slightly more obtuse towards
the apex, nearer to the costal margin, and extending over
rather more of the disc from the costa to the space
enclosed by the first and second discoidal nervules ; in
addition, a cuneiform spot of the orange is found in the
next space close to the third discocellular nervure. The
pupzform sexual brand or patch is rather narrower and
more delicately outlined. The secondaries with the brassy
or golden yellow within and without the cell witha slightly
greenish tinge; the four discal spots are smaller and
more wedged shape than in the type, and there is an
absence of the two brassy yellow marginal spots between
the costal nervure and second subcostal nervules; the
black of the posterior margin is also narrower; on the
abdomen the black mark on the anal segment is larger
than that of the type; but the neuration of the upper
wing does not occupy relatively the same place, each vein
being slightly nearer the direction of the costa. [See
Fig. 1, in plate following the colored plate of this species.]

Underside, the area of the green in the cell is less; the
markings of the disc are generally of a different form; a

peculiar wedge-shaped yellow mark within the green
atoms is found on the space between the third and fourth
subcostal nervules; the claviform line on the submedian
fold is nearly obsolete; the outline of the brassy yellow
between the costal nervure and first subcostal branch, is
on the hind wing visible from the upper surface, and
thereby produces a contrast in the density of the yellow
patch; the green of the cell comes close to the veins, and
the discal black spots are smaller; the black margin is
very narrow. [See Fig. 2, in plate named above.|]

2. In the same collection, the sordid white of the
discoidal cell extends to the base, is separated from the
median nervure and discocellular nervules by black, which
unites above with an elongate irregular patch of the same
colour, following the course of the first and second pseu-
doneura. Thespace occupied by two white marks between
the third and fourth subcostal nervules in the type, is here
filled in entirely with white; the lower division of the
white area between the third median branch and the
submedian nervure extends nearer to the base; and a
clouding of white atoms is found in the interior margin.
The black border of the secondaries is regular in its
sinuation, and quite symmetrical on the two wings; the
colour of the hind wings is graduated to a deep fuscus
over the lighter parts, and little or no yellow is seen
except in the spaces immediately near the costa, The
sordid grey of the upper wings is beautifully dark, regular,
and dusted with atoms. Other differences will be seen
by reference to Fig. 3, in same plate. Length of costa
of @ 105 mms.; with the primary wing 51 mms.; length
of secondaries 64, and width 43 mms.; length of abdomen
and antennz 35, and the thorax with the head 25 mms.

Ist pair, femur 13, tibia 11, tarsi 17 mms.
Legsj2nd ,, 4, 13, 9 14, » I9 4,
3rd 7 7 I4, 17 16, ie

Hab. Gilolo.

The ¢ of this species is very remarkable. On the
upper wings, although the whole common plan of the
markings appears to be the same as that of other females
of the genus, these are so extended and modified in shape
as to suggest a danaoid pattern. ‘The hind wings are also
by the simplest means, 7.¢. occupying nearly the whole of
the discoidal and discal space with lighter colour—only
retaining and increasing the number of black spots, made
to look quite acreord. The insect, therefore, bears
unmistakable evidence of its being intended as a mimic
of some danaoid or acreoid species, probably as a means
of protection.

This, therefore, suggests to us the possibility of the
species being dimorphic in the 2 sex, as is the case with
so many of the Papilionide. The normal type ? may
already be in our collections without our knowing it or
may yet be discovered. It is not unreasonable to infer
that in Batchian an acreoid ? form of cresus may exist,
and ultimately be found. But the present non-existence
of such forms in either locality might only mean that they
did once exist, but have since disappeared in the struggle
for existence. That there is a tendency towards the
mimicry of the danaide by the ¢ ¢ of the Ornithoptera
especially when we reach the subgenus A‘theoptera, we
shall be able possibly to demonstrate later on.

M. Wallace’s 2 from Gilolo which he describes in the
Linn. Trans.Soc.,vol. xxv., p.37 (see the article on P.cresus)

is a close ally of the 2 of lydius, probably only a variety
of it.

If we compare the é 3 of the two species cresus andlydius,
we find that the secondary wings of the former are
generally without black spots, or that they never are more
than two in number, one of them being almost obselete ;
in the type of lydius there are four well-marked black
spots. The orange colour of all the wings is lighter, and
more shot with green, though intermediate gradations of
colour are met with in the various specimens of cresus till
we reach the gorgeous colouring of lydius; the very red
variety of the s in the Hewitson collection which I
describe in the article on cresus, if not an example of lydius
is certainly a close link between the two species. The
semi-diaphanous or brassy lemon mark on the lower
wings of lydius within the cell and outside, occupies a very
extensive area, but a relatively small one in cresus, being
generally broken up into small marks and spots—very
small in an example in my collection; but in cresus there
are more marginal brassy spots, four in my example.
The orange of the lower wing of lydius is more
dusted with black atoms, and the median and other veins
are more strongly accentuated than in cresus. The costal
longitudinal band of the upper wing is narrower in lydius

AQ

than in cresus: in the cell of cresus it becomes quite
pytiform. On the under surface of the primaries of lydius,
the green occupies the greater portion of the cell; in
specimens of cvesus, it is only a comparatively small spot,
of course, varying in different examples. In Jydius the
green discal spots of the upper wings are graduated to
blue towards the outer margin; in cresus they are golden
green. In lydius between the 3rd median branch, and
submedian vein there is an elongated black mark; in
cresus this is absent, but there are sometimes indications
of this mark in atoms, and probably in a number of
individuals would be found some with or without the
mark, as I have shown in the plate of Richmondia.

It is to be observed that the colour bands always found
on the posterior and exterior margins of the Primaries of
the Priamus group (least developed in O Richmondia) are
entirely absent from cresus and lydius, with the exception
of the orange mark at the posterior base of the wings.

The types are in the Felder collection, now in the museum
of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. The species is also in
the museums of Messrs. Godman & Salvin, M. Ch.
Oberthir, of Rennes, &c., but at present is a comparatively
rare insect.

O. PRIAMOPTERA URVILLIANA.

Papilio Uryilllana, Guévin, Voyage de la Coquille, t. 13. f, 1, 2. (1829).

Ornithoptera Urvilliana, Boisduval, Species Général I. p, 175. n. 2. t. 17. f. 1. (1836).

(Suites & Buffon. Lepidopléves).

0. Ury., d'Orbigny, Dict. d'Histoive Naturelle, Atlas, Zool. II. Lepid. t, 1. (1849).
0. Urv., Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. of Diurnal Lepidoptera, 1, p. 42, (1846).
0, d'Urvilliana, Chenue, Encyclopédie d'Histoive Naturelle, p. 34 (1857 ?).
0. Urvilliana, Salvin and Godman; Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 147 (1877).
Pap. Priamus, var. h. P. Urvilliana, Kivby, Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera, p. 517, (1871).
O. Priamus, (v. Urvilliana) Dy. C. Fickert, Ueber de Zeichnungsverhalinisse dey Gattung Ovnithoptera, p. 712 (1889).
0. Urvilliana, Obverthity, Etudes d'Entomologie (Cat. Raisonne de Pap. de la Coll. de Ch. Oberthiiv), p. 29.

The ¢ of this species was first named by Guérin and
figured and briefly described by M. Lesson in the ‘‘ Voyage
of the Coquille” in 1829. The type is in the Paris
Museum.

In Boisduval’s ‘‘ Suites 4 Buffon” is a figure of the ¢ of
which only one side is fully drawn—the other being
merely in outline.

Chenue, on page 34 of the vol. devoted to Papilionide,
gives a woodcut of the under surface, with a description
copied from Boisduval.

Lesson gives a short diagnosis:

3 “ Alis holosericeis supra cyano-violaceis, limbo nigro ;
anticis fascia longitudinali latissema posticis maculis submar-
ginalibus nigris, hs dentatis.”

Wing, velvety ; above, with violet-blue, which is lost in
the black border (i.e. fringed with black atoms at the edges
of the general black ground). Anterior wing with broadish
longitudinal band near the outer margin. Posterior
wing with submarginal black spots, and dentated (or
scalloped).

Boisduval’s description is longer: ‘‘ Tazlle et port de
Priamus /e vert des ailes supérieures remplace par du bleu-
violet trés brilliant. Atles inférieures dun noir de velours,
ayant les nervures et la partie comprise entre la cellule discoidale
et le bord interne ainst que la bordure postérieure, dun blue-
violet trés brilliant ; cing taches noires, ovales-oblongues sur la
partie blue bord abdominal d'un jaune doré, garni de poils de
la méme coleur. Dessous des ailes supérieures ayant a peu
pres la méme dessin que dans Priamus ; les taches violettes a
veflet d'un jaune doré. Dessous des inferieures d'un jaune
doré, arefiet bleu ou un peu verdatre sur le milieu ; sept taches
noires disposées comme dans priamus, mais plus petites que
celles du dessus; une petite tache d’un jaune orange, peu
marquée, entre la base et la tache noire orbiculatre las plus
externe. Thorax noire, marquée d'un raie médaine violette.
Téte et antennes noires. Abdomen entirement d'un beau jaune.
Cotes de la poitrine marques d'un peu de rouge.”

Form and general appearance of priamus. The green
of the upper wings replaced by a very brilliant blue-
violet. Lower wings velvety-black, having the ner-
vures and the space within the discoidal cell, the
inner and the hind margin also of a brilliant blue-
violet ; five oblong oval black spots upon the blue.

The abdominal of a yellowish gloss, garnished with
hairs of the same colour. Underside of superior wings
having nearly the same pattern as in priamus. The violet
spots reflecting a golden green. Underside of inferior
wings of a golden-yellow, reflecting a slightly greenish-blue
above the middle; the black orbicular spots arranged as
in priamus, but smaller than those on the upper surface. A
small faint spot of orange yellow between the base and the
outer black spot. Thorax black, with a central ray of
violet. Head and antenne black. Abdomen entirely of
a beautiful yellow. Sides of the breast with a little red.

The only two specimens known for many years, one of
which became the type of the species, were taken at Port
Praslin, New Ireland, by M. Durville, who, in the notes
which he wrote during his leisure times at Port Praslin,
says that ‘‘these butterflies fly slowly at the tops of the
trees, on the leaves of which they rest.” The author also
considered this insect to be a var. of Priamus [p. 273,
Vol. I1., Zoologie.|

In the!fig. published in the ‘‘ Voyage of the Coquille”
the eyes are blue-violet. This is a mistake—the colour
being more nearly a dark madder brown. The differences
between the type and the specimen from which my fig.
was drawn are, that on the upper surface of the hind wings
four of the orbicular spots are larger than in mine, reaching
to the discocellular nervules, though starting from the same
point; the fifth extends half-way down the space bounded
by the sub-costal and costal nervures ; the space included
in the discoidal cell is quite black, and is not graduated
by black atoms; and between the first and second and
third median nervules is a blue lunular excavation in the
black border. Length of the costa in his insect 85
millimetres; of hind wing 47; of antenne 35; breadth of
fore wing 44; of hind wing 37 mms.

Dr. C. Fickert describes this species briefly—the most
notable part of his description being: ‘‘ Die Vorderfliigel
zeigen unten die Zeichnungsverhaltinisse von euphorion, nur
sind die Flecken blau statt griin.’” The fore-wings on
the underside exhibit the markings of euphorion; only the
spots are blue instead of green. He also speaks of the
head and breast as having the same appearance as those
of cassandra. ‘Kopf, Brust u.s.w. wie bet cassandra.”
His specimen was from New Mecklenburg,

In one ¢ in the Brit. Museum there are traces of scarlet
scales on the upper surface of the superior wings within
the pre-costal nervure; and the colour patch containing

é

the internal nervure is of a bluish-green with black atoms.
The spots on the lower wing are only four in number,
nearly oval, and almost of uniform size. The hind-
marginal border extends only half way from the anal angle,
the remaining half being only faintly indicated towards
the apex of the wings.

The median and sub-costal nervures are deep-black, as
is also the sub-median. All the rest are only faintly seen
in the blue. Length of costa 84; antenna and abdomen
(allowing always for the anal curve) 35; thorax 15; head
(width) 7, (length) 4 mms.; articulations of antenne,
including basal joint, 42 in number.

This very nearly agrees with the original of my figs. in
colour and markings, except that the blue patch within the
discoidal cell of the under surface is more extensive, and
the blue band on the hind margin of the upper surface of
the superior wing is more complete, 7.c., not so strongly
divided by the nervures, and extends from the anal nearly
to the anterior angle. The locality of this specimen was
New Ireland.

From the time of the discovery of this species till 1877,
M. Durville’s specimens were the only ones known, till
the Rev. Mr. Brown, a Wesleyan Missionary, sent a series
of both sexes to the collection of Messrs. Godman and
Salvin, thereby giving us an opportunity of knowing what
the @ was like. In their paper, in Proc. Zool. Soc.,
Godman and Salvin say that ‘‘the s’s present a slight
amount of variation inter se., one having the characteristic
blue markings rather purer than the other, in which a
slightly greener tint prevails.” This has been the case
with many of the specimens which have reached us since:
as might be expected they only indicate local variation.
The wonder is that this variation is not greater. In
addition to the colours which the ¢ presents on its
different surfaces, many beautiful opalescent and other
tints can be seen by looking at it from different directions,
and in different degrees of light. These, as I hope to
show in another section of this work, have a very im-
portant meaning. On the ¢ from which my figs. were
drawn, in certain positions the entire violet-blue band
along the costa presents tints ranging from fiery-salmon to
richest emerald green; the blue scales on the lower wings
become a delicate fawn colour; the extremely delicate
velvet-black of the upper wings is shot with opalescent
violet-green ; the ¢ sexual sericeous patch of velvet-brown
on the upper wings ranges from sooty black to a very
warm-red velvet brown. The underside is opalescent on
all the wings, viewed obliquely: the green of the lower
wings becomes a fawn-greenish blue, or delicate purple-
salmon, and the blue on the upper wings is a fiery-salmon.
These are highly suggestive of the colours of O. Cresus.

The following are the measurements of the costa in
three specimens belonging to Mr. Janson; 88, 86, and 89
mms. respectively.

¢, Godman and Salvin, in their paper, gave a short
description; the @ ‘resembles that of O. Priamus itself,
being of a sordid brown colour, the lighter markings Leing
also dingy and not well defined as in O. Aruana. In
form and position their marks correspond to those of the
¢ O. Priamus. The anal angle is however more pro-
duced, a characteristic also shown in the ¢.” Proc. Zool.
Soc. p. 148, 1877.

The depth of the brown on the wings varies greatly in

4

2
a

different examples. In some it is very dark, in others ex-
tremely light. The white markings of the lower wings are
often so dingy as almost to merge into the brown—this
effect being caused by the brown scales which are spread
over them, and graduated in number from the base of the
marks. [he white spots on the upper wings are generally
much lighter, and sometimes faintly fawn-tinted, while this
tint is more strongly indicated on those of the lower wings.
The abdomen is of a burnt sienna yellow, tinged with
green towards the thorax, with dorsal triangular cloudings
on four of the segments, and small orange-black lateral
dots seven or eight in number. On the underside of the
wings the white markings are much more strongly tinted
with burnt sienna-yellow, especially the outer half of those
on the hind wings: all the large semi-orbicular and conical
spots enclosed by these are very black, the hind marginal
border of the hind wings being nearly as intense ; those of
the superior wings are faintly seen through on the upper sur-
face. The veins of the wings on both surfaces are rich
brown-black, The under-side of the abdomen is orange-
yellow, reddish at the anal extremity, with heavier black
dots, and black on the subdorsal articulations; the sides
of the breast with a rich vermilion patch occupying all but
the lower part near the trochanters; legs and tarsi black;
eyes warm brown; antennze black. Viewed obliquely, and
in different positions, all the browns are velvety purple-
brown; opposite the light a ruddy ochreous brown with
greenish tints in parts.

A specimen in Mr. Dannatt’s collection is much lighter
in colour. The upper wings are white brown, with a faint
green tinge; lower wings white brown with ruddy tinge ;
underside of upper wings slightly darker with ruddy tinge,
but changing like shot silk as the insect is moved about ;
lower wings light reddish ochreous-brown except on the
spots and band. Expanse of costa Io4 mms,

Four ¢ 2 In Mr. Janson’s collection, expanse of costa
87, 97, 105, 106 mms, respectively.

° In Brit. Mus. Length of costa 100; length of
antennz and abdomen 44; of thorax 15; of collar 4; and
of head 3 mms. Width of head 7 mms., divided by the
eyes into three nearly equal parts. Width of collar 7
mms. ; probable width of thorax 11 mms,

The ground colour of this specimen on the upper side is
much paler than in my fig., especially of the superior wings.
The spots within the white of the inferior wings are much

smaller. Length of legs: first pair; femur, 13; tibia, 9;
tarsi,Ig mms. Second pair; femur, 14; tibia, 16; tarsi,
18mms. Third pair; femur, 11; tibia, 15; tarsi, 20 mms.

Specimens from which the plate was drawn—Habitat,
3 New Ireland; ? Solomon Islands, (but which of them
I could not learn).

The number of articulations in the antenne of Mr.
Crowley’s # are 46; of his ? 56; of Mr. W. Dannatt’s
@ 50, though it is a larger specimen,—the length of the
costa of the former being gg, and of the latter 104 mms.

The abdominal fold of the ¢ is more open and simple
than in the ¢ & of the Pompeoptera ; and does not enclose
a cottony deposit. [The sexual brand, or sericeous
pupzeform transverse patch take the place and function of
the latter in the true Ornithoptera, probably.) The fold
of the ? is almost obsolete, or only presenting a concave
depression.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Philip Crowley,
of Croydon, for the opportunity of figuring this species
from his splendid collection.

In the Colls. of Brit. Museum; Messrs. Godman and
Salvin (where the type ¢ is) ; Hon. Walter Rothschild ;

Le

M. Ch. Oberthiir, of Rénnes; the Author; Mr. Crowley ;
Rey. Dr. Francis A. Walker; Paris Museum, where the
type ¢ is, Mr. C. J. Lambert, of Exeter, and many others.

Most of the collections are enriched with a good series
of each sex.

O. (PRIAMOPTERA)

URVILLIANIA, Var.

A ¢ example of this species from Duke of York’s
Island, belonging to the Hon. Walter Rothschild’s col-
lection, is on the upper surface of a rich green blue, or
czrulean blue, set against the general discal black, the
latter being so intense by contrast as to produce a most
vivid effect of darkness to the eye, unrelieved by the light
sheen that is usually found on the black portions of many
of the Ornithoptera. When viewed opposite the light
the blue becomes very richly tinted at the edges with
green, and the general appearance begins to suggest a
close alliance with O. Eumeus, Rippon; but if it be
examined against the light the lower wings become almost
purple blue, and the subcostal banda light dead czrulean
blue: more obliquely the lower wings and the marginal band
of the upper are violet, shot with a silvery opalescence,
and the subcostal banda pale dead lilac, with a sunny
opalescence. In some lights portions of the blue are of an
indescribable beauty, all of which, in every position,
heightens the glory of the golden yellow abdomen; the
sexual brand isa very dark smoky brown, scarcely dis-
tinguishable in some positions from the black; a couple
of orbicular black discal spots are found on the lower
wings between the first and second subcostal, and second
and discoidal branches ; as usual also the interior of the
discoidal cell from the base, and outward, is nearly black—
the blue scattered in atoms on the black, rather than the
black on the blue; the thoracic longitudinal mark is
beautifully formed, and of the splendid metallic blue green
I have mentioned before as found in the coleopterus
genera Eupholus and Cyphus, and also on the Pyrennean
Lamillicorne, Hoplia cerulea. 1 shall give a plate for
the portraiture of this variety, though it is hopeless by any
art, however consummate, to worthily depict its marvel-
lous loveliness. The black of the Primaries, on the under
surface, is nearly as intense in some lights as above; the
small discoidal blue patch, and all the blue discal marks
are of the same colour as above, except the long subcostal
streak, which is golden green—the blue marks are slightly
tinted green at their outer edge. The secondaries have
the usual 6 submarginal black spots; the discoidal cell
and 5 of the spaces between the branches are blue as far
as the spots, the two upper spaces are green suffused with
blue, and all the spaces between the spots and the black
border are golden green. The abdominal marginal fringe
consists of long hairs somewhat like the light fur of some
vertebrate animal.

Length of costa 84 mms.; of antennz or abdomen
32 mms.

A % accompanying the above var. is a very light soft
satiny brown colour on the Primaries, except at the outer
margin, the apex, and a Jittle within the submarginal
white marks; the same may be said of the secondaries,
except that darker brown is graduated upwards and towards

the base till it is lost in the satiny light brown of the cell :
here, however, this light brown is seen through a
mass of long delicate hairs which extend from the base
and cover 2-3rds of the wing. [It is only in certain
positions that these hairs can be seen, and then it is found
that they stand up 3 or 4 mms. above the surface of the
wing.] The white marks of the wings a sordidsubdued white,
very indistinct in the cell of the upper wing; in the space
between the 2nd and 3rd median nervules, above the
submarginal white wedge-shaped mark, is a peculiar semi-
obsolete clouded mark, somewhat lke a small cirro-
cumulus cloud,

The thorax is a direct contrast with the wings, being
black and pilose, with the structure and arrangements of the
hairs well defined; this black extends from the base of
the wings along part of the costa, and helps to accentuate
the neuration, which is very strongly and boldly exhibited
on all the wings—though the submedian arid internal
nervures are of the general satiny light brown of the wings,

On the underside the primaries have the dark satiny
browns irregularly mixed; the light markings very white
grey; the discocellular mark much larger than on the
upper surface; the fringe lunules are ochreous white.
The secondaries very light satiny brown ; marginal border
rich dark brown; the sub-n-arginal spots of the same
colour; the acuminate marks greyish fuscus white, the
two upper ones yellower ; fringe lunules of the same tint.
The abdomen is very robust (probably because the insect
was captured before she could deposit her Ova) ; light
grey above, a little fuscus on the last three segments, with
an interrupted smoky brown dorsal stripe. Subdorsal,
yellow, with large black lateral dots, and the segments
strongly defined subdorsally by black; the anal segments
and tuft are deeply red ochreous.

Length of costa 110 mms.; of abdomen 4? mms. ;
greatest width of abdomen 15 mms.

Hab. Duke of York Island.

In the museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, to whom
I am much indebted for the privilege of describing it,
and figuring these varieties.

A & in my own museum is midway in colour between
the above # and the normal type figured in my first plate
from Mr. Crowley’s collection, but is richly violet in one
position, with a pale greenish czrulean subcostal band ;
there are four suborbicular discal spots on the lower wing.
The black outer margin is very narrow on all the wings;
the abdominal fringe a more burnt sienna colour than usual.
On the under surface of the Primaries the marks are green
blue, except the two upper ones, which are rich golden green

followed inwardly by green atoms. The secondaries are
golden, subdued through half the cell and lower half of
wing by cerulean blue, and between the 3rd median
branch, and sub-median nervure by rosy atoms on the
blue green; a longitudinal golden mark occurs in the
green below the costal nervure. The sub-marginal black
spots are 7 in number, and vary in form as usual.

Length of costa 84 mms.; of abdomen or antennz 35
mms. respectively.

Hab. unknown ; but probably Duke of York Island.

The appearance of the accompanying ? will be best
shown by the plain figure which may be found in the
plate devoted to these varieties.

$.In the museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild,
this very striking variety is quite a delicate light violet
on all the wings, but deepest and richest in the band
running up the exterior margin; but this colour is greatly
modified in parts by grey greenish atoms,which,on the lower
wings, and the posterior angle of the upper wings gives it
a slightly greenish-brown appearance, which is especially
noticeable in the discoidal cell of the secondaries, where
the black atoms tend to reveal it more fully. In parts
where these atoms do not appear the violet colour is
singularly beautiful, and is most intense when seen oppo-
site the light. When viewed against the light the whole
of the wings look leaden in colour, and smoky on the
black, with golden reflections : the sericeous sexual patch,
or brand, appearing quite a brown-red by comparison,

though its normal tint is smoky brown. There are two
almost obsolete black discal spots on the secondaries ; the
thoracic stripe is also violet and green.

The shape and size of the sexual brand differ con-
siderably from those of other species, being more ragged
in outline at the lower edges, longer than in some species,
with the point towards the hind margin often nearly
separated from the main pupeform mark, and generally
appearing as a small head. [See the and Plate illustrat-
ing this species. |

The underside of the variety before us strongly sug-
gests the under surface and markings of O. Pegasus—the
green of the lower wings being a combination of vegetable
green, golden green, blue green, and violet green, with
lemon-coloured streaks at the anal angle, and one or two
outer marginal spots; the black suborbicular spots of the
hind wings are 6 in number, and much like those of
Pegasus. The colours of the upper wing on the same
surface, are quite subdued peacock-blues and greens.
The abdominal marginal fringe consists of long light
burnt-sienna hairs.

I may here remark that this fringe of hairs is peculiar
to the true Ornithoptera and Pompeoptera: those of the
Pompeoptera and AZtheoptera subgenera differing con-
siderably in length and in other respects.

Length of costa 72 mms.

Hab. Probably Duke of York Island.

45

ORNITHOPTERA EUMAZUS.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ADDITIONAL TO THOSE ON PAGE 30.

Troides Priamus Poseidon, ab. (c 2) ¢ Eumzus, W. Rothschild, Nov., Zool., Vol. II., p. 189 (1895).
» Eumeus, W. F. Kirby, Nature, Vol. LI., p. 256, col. 1 (1895).

O. (PRIAMOPTERA) CRCESUS.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ADDITIONAL TO THOSE PRINTED ON PAGE 33.

Ornithoptera Creesus, Koch, Indo-Austr. Lep. Fauna, p. 38 (1865). ¢ ¢.

” ”

Ribbe, Iris III., p. 42, t. 1. f. 1-3 (x890). Batjan (or Batchian) ; Life History of the species

Troides Croesus, W. F. Kirby, Nature, Vol. 51, p. 256, col. 2 (1895).

” ”

$.—In British Museum, ex. Godman and Salvin col-
lection, very light orange ; viewed obliquely, emerald or
olive green. Underside of the hind wings very emerald
green, with golden orange marks. Hab. Batchian. ¢
very red orange; underside of hind wings much lighter
green; the darks are dark brown, very like Lydius. ¢% ¢.
The cell marks very varied, one with three divisions, one
with four, and one with the mark very irregular and
sinuate in form. Hab. Batchian (or Batjan: the correct
Dutch spelling). Wallace’s example.

$.—In the museum of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, a bred
specimen (from Staudinger) is smaller than are the Wal-
lace specimens; and the orange areas are very light
golden lemon ; on the posterior wings the area of the disc
outside the golden orange patches, and around that of the
cell has a delicate greenish tint, as intensely golden
emerald green when viewed obliquely as in O. Aruana.
Opposite the light the two wings become very richly

W. Rothschild, Novitates Zoologice, Vol. II., p. 192, n. 2 (1895).
W. F. Kirby, Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera, Vol. II., p. 255 (1896).

orange; the dark portion of the wings are warm dark
brown towards the outer margin, and enclose the light
red-brown velvety stigma ; the longitudinal thoracic mark
is a metallic emerald green. The under surface of the
wings closely reminds one of that of O. Cassandra save for
the broad, subcostal band, and the interior marginal area
of orange green almost enclosing the internal nervure from
the base; there is no other trace of orange on the wing.
In the Wallacean specimens a faint submarginal band of
orange atoms is often found extending from the inner
margin and running parallel with part of the outer margin.

The bred specimens of the Sof this species appear to
be always smaller and less deep orange than are those
that have been captured in their own habitat. [See
ed taut

Length of the costa of this example, 75 mms. ; of the
costa of fig. 2, pl. 13,83 mms. The latter is from Batjan.

O. (PRIAMOPTERA) LYDIUS.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ADDITIONAL TO THOSE PRINTED ON PAGE 36.

Troides Lydius, W. F. Kirby, Nature, Vol. 51, p. 256, col. 2 (1895).

” 9
9 +)

W. Rothschild, Novit. Zool., Vol. II., p. 194, n. 3 (1895).
W. F. Kirby, Handbook to the order Lepidoptera, Vol. II., p. 256 (1896).

O. (PRIAMOPTERA)

46

URVILLIANA.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ADDITIONAL TO THOSE PRINTED ON PAGE 41.

Ornithoptera Urvilliana, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I., p. 4, No. 7 (1852).

Butler, ‘* Lep. of the South Sea Islands,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1874), p. 288. [Also ibid. (1879), p. 159.]

B Priamus, v. Urvilliana, Statidinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmet. I., p. 4 (1884). ¢ .

7 Duvilliana, Woodford, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Woodford, p.

(1888). 3.

Urvilliana, Mathew, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., p. 169 (1888).

” ”

Pagenstecher, Jahrbuch Nass. Ver. Nat., p. 67, n. 3 (1894).

re Pegasus, v. Bornemanni, Pagenstecher, Jahr. Nass. Ver. Nat., p. 65, t. 2, f.2 (3) (1894). New Britain.
4 Urvilliana, C. Ribbe, Figures and Descriptions, Iris, July 15 (1895).
Troides Priamus Urvillianus, W. Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicz, V. II., p. 191 (1895). [Also ab. loc. bornemanni, p. 191.]
Troides Urvillianus, W. F. Kirby, Nature, Vol. 51, p. 256, coll. r (1895).

ot ” ”

Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera, Vol. II., p. 255 (1896).

While the local variations of this species may be
broadly divided into distinctly recognised types of colour,
as blue and blue green; if a long series of the # are
brought together from the different localities in which
they were found, a multitude of connecting graduations
of tint will be presented, ranging from extreme violet
to extreme green blue. The undersides will also present
a number of variations of tint on both wings. The
amount of variation in the number, size, or shape of the
spots, or the extent of black dusting of the upper surface
of the hind wings, will differ in each example. Whether
the extreme manifestants of these colours are ever to be
found flying together in company it is not yet possible,
though it would be interesting, to know. As our know-
ledge at present stands the green forms are chiefly con-
fined to New Britain and New Ireland ; the blue forms in-
habit certain of the Solcmon Islands, the New Hebrides
(?), and New Guinea. The females vary very much in
depth of colour (from light to dark), and number, shape,
and size of markings: this is especially the case with
respect to the discocellular patch of the upper wing—
it being very large in some, and almost obsolete in others.

[See Pl. 17, figs. 5, 6, 7-]

I may mention also that in New Britain the ? 2 of O,
Aruana are difficult to separate from those of Urvilliana,
if a series of the two are mingled together, one of the chief
distinctions being the yellower tone of the under-surfaces

of O. Aruana,

On Pl. 17, figs. 2, 3, are portraits of a tolerably
extreme green blue example of the ¢, which comes pretty
near the var Bornemanni of Pagenstecher, which I had the
privilege of figuring from the museum of Dr. Francis
Walker. It has the typical markings on the hind wings:
its vivid blue green is so intense, uniform, and silky when
viewed opposite the light, as to suggest a close affinity
with O. Eumeus, the hind wings exhibiting the greatest
amount of golden tint; against the light the hind wings
are greenish violet, the outer-marginal band of the front
wings opalescent violet, and the subcostal band a dead
undefined green. The amount of black on the hind
wings also causes them to appear, when viewed obliquely
in any direction, almost entirely and intensely velvety
black. The markings of the underside are most nearly
like those of O. Priamus. Length of the costa, in a
direct line, 81 mms.

8. Inthe collection of the British Museum (ex God-
man and Salvin collection), primaries a rich violet. The
submarginal terminals of the veins and folds are so

strongly expressed and arranged, that the submarginal
band, instead of being continuous as in many other
examples, is caused to appear as a band of strongly
lunate blue spots. This specimen, with an accompaning
?, is labelled New Hebrides ?

$. Brit. Mus., ex Godman and Salvin coll. Centre
of hind wings light blue on the undersides. Habitat,
Florida Island, Solomon group. 6¢ d¢and3 2 ? collected
by Mr. Woodford from this locality are in the collection.

é. Brit. Mus., ex G.and S. coll. Rather lightish
blue; the submarginal row of black spots on the under-
surfaces very large and varied. ¢, large and light in
colour. Hab. Aola, Guadalcanar: Solomon Islands.

¢. Brit. Mus., ex G. and S. coll. The blue delicate
in tone; the spots medium size; the wings not so in-
tensely dusted with black atoms. Hab. Fauro Island:
Solomon Group (Woodford).

?. The discocellular mark of the primary wings
almost obsolete. @, with the same mark rather obscure,
the wings are also very melanistic on the upper surface.
Hab. Fauro Island: Solomon Group (Woodford).

@. Small example, light brown; marks very light, and
larger than in the preceding. Hab. Fauro Island: Solo-
man Group (Woodford).

$. Same collection. Colour ranging from violet to
green, according to the light. Underside of primaries
blue, of secondaries golden green and blue green; the
black spots all large. Hab. New Ireland.

Secondaries with four small orbicular
Hab. New Ireland.

é. Brit. Mus.
spots, the fourth almost obsolete.

é. Brit. Mus. ex G, and S. coll. (twod dand six
@ 2), var. Bornemanni, Pagenst. The costal band of the
primaries is golden green from the base to the blue
green at the apex ; secondaries, greenish blue ; the spots
are medium size ; the cell black: between the veins much
dusted with black atoms—the cell slightly dusted with green
atoms; some blue atoms on the black borders; under-
surface of secondaries golden greenish ; of primaries, gol-
den greenish-blue. @ %with large discocellular marks.
Hab. New Britain.

For other varieties see Plates 18 and Ig,

Oe

Genus, AXTHEOPTERA, MIHL«

é. Primary wings subtriangular, also long and narrow by
comparison with the secondaries ; anal angle impercepti-
ble or non-existent--the posterior and interior margins
being united by a continuous curve to the apex; costa
only slightly arched from the base to within a short
distance from the apex where the curvature is much
greater; secondaries narrow and elongated as in some
true Papilios; inner margin deeply incised to nearly a
third of the wing length—thereby greatly shortening the
submedian nervure—the abdominal fold extending from
the anal angle to the base; along this vein on the under-
side proceeds the line of inner marginal ciliz which are
fairly long and very prominent; the median nervure of
the primaries stout and prominent, as is also the internal
nervure; the other veins of both wings are: delicate in
structure, though much emphasized on the under surface
in parts by black; the three median branches of the
primaries very close together, and somewhat bent in
passing through the area of the stigmatic brand; the
submedian nervure is also much curved or bent; the 2nd
discocellular nervule is much curved, and bent somewhat
before its junction with the Ist, it is also nearly twice
the length of the 1st; the discoidal cell very broad and
peculiar in form, occupying nearly 2-3rds of the width
of the wing, and nearly one-half its length: the cell
of the secondaries long and much narrower—the 2nd
division of the subcostal nervure bent inward in its course.
The pseudoneura of the primaries as usual are four in
number, the 1st branching from the 4th, ata short distance
from the base of the cell, the 3rd a little above, and the
2nd a little above the 3rd and proceeding direct to the
bent portion of the 2nd discocellular nervule: the 3rd and
4th within one-third of the distal portion of the cell
proceed in a somewhat sinuous course, one towards the
and discoidal nervule, and the other to midway of the ist
and 2nd median branches; the two pseudoneura of the
secondary cell branch off from the main stem at a
short distance from the pre-costal nervure, the 1st termi-
nating at the 1st discocellular nervule, and the second on
the 3rd division of the median nervule: all these can be
easily seen.

Head, eyes, and thorax black, the palpi hidden by
a dense tuft of velvety hairs; thorax very pilose ;

antenne and legs black. Thorax without any green
longitudinal striga. Abdomen long and sufficiently broad,
anal segment subtriangulate and broader at its apex than
the other segments. The anal valves most nearly resem-
ble in outline on their underside those of the genus
Pompeoptera. Haustellum quite long: and the femora and
trochanters of the legs spring from amidst dense masses
of black hairs.

The sericeous stigmatic mark or ¢ brand in the
primaries is pupeform, narrow, and larger than in Prianwus
and its allies, is situated closer to the interior margin than
in Priamus, is intensely bluish black, and thrown more
into relief by the pearly opalescent character of the black
within the cell, and outside the median branches,
and above and below the stigma, an arrangement evidently
intended to render the latter more conspicuous, as well
as to intensify the beauty of the insect.

@. Primaries subtriangular ; evenly arched at the
costa ; posterior margin somewhat incurved midway from
the anterior angle; interior margin nearly straight, but
at the anal angle curving into the posterior margin; dis-
coidal cell large, nearly half the length of the costa and very
Lroad at the distal end; the three discocellular nervules
of equal length; nervures and nervules only moderately
robust for so large an insect; pseudonewra arranged as in
$, but more obscure; secondaries rather narrow and
long; costa rather straight along its course, though
slightly incurved 2-3rds from the base; posterior margin
from the apex equally lunate ; abdominal margin nearly
straight ; discoidal cell narrow, and something less than
one-half of length of wing; veins moderately robust as
above—the median being fairly stout.

Head: eyes very prominent and dark; palpi rather
larger than usual, but concealed by the pilose tuft ;
antenne black. Thorax black, without central striga,
and pilose; also black beneath; legs long and not very
stout; abdomen long and moderately narrow—the anal
segment being the narrowest. Type of the genus, Orni-
thoptera Victoria.

*Since writing the diagnosis of the Genus ORNITHOPTERA, I have decided, for what I believe to be good reasons, to raise AlTHEOPTERA, TROGONOPTERA, and
PomPeorTerA to full generic rank. Priamoptera will remain a section of ORNITHOPTERA.

ZO ReO Pia Vale ei ras.

Ornithoptera, Victoriz, Gray, 2 , Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., (1856), p. 7, t. 39.

With the exception of Schoenbergia Paradisea of Pagen-
stecher and of the author, this species is one of the most
remarkable and beautiful of all the glorious group of the
Ornithoptera—the ¢ being most conspicuous by its long
narrow upper, and the curiously incised hind, wing,
as wellas in the arrangement of the veins of the primaries,
and of the sericeous ¢ sexual brand or stigma. During
the years extending from 1856, (when Gray described the
2 ,) to 1887, the only example known to us was the single
type % in the British Museum. Up to the latter year
no one knew what the ¢ was like, and no surprise would
have been caused if it had been found to be De Hann’s
remarkable species O. Tithonus, of which only one ¢& (the
type) at that time was known to exist in the Leyden
Museum. As will be observed in another part of this
work, the latter species is not really related to Victorie,
and must form a part of the genus of which Paradisea is the
type. The unique example in the British \iuseum known
to. Gray was not in the most perfect condition, having
been killed by a charge of small shot, because of the
impossibility of getting it in any other way, as Macgillivray
explained, its flight being so elevated and rapid. John
Macgillivray, the discoverer of the ? sailed in H.M. ss.
Rattlesnake and Herald. The former vessel did not
touch at any of the Solomon Islands, but the Herald was
there in 1854-5. Mr. Salvin, having examined the chart
prepared by Captain Denham of the route pursued by
the Herald, found that the vessel touched at Wanderer
Bay on the South coast of Guadalcanar, and at Makerer
on the South coast of San Cristoval, but did not visit the
Island of Maleita ; therefore, as no Ornithoptera had been
found at San Cristoval, he came to the conclusion that
it was a practical certainty that the type ¢ of Victorie
had been found at Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanar. Since
then the North side of the island has been visited by
Mr. Woodford, who also collected in some other localities
of the Solomon group, including the Island of Maleita,
and collected a considerable series of the ¢ ¢ and a still
larger number of ¢ 2 of this species in that locality, and
also at Florida Island; but his first series of the
ZEtheoptera were taken at Wanderer Bay, Maleita, and
these proved to be, as Mr. Salvin found, specifically
distinct from Viclorie—though the ? ? did not appear
to differ so much from those of Guadalcanar.

@. Described by G. R. Gray: ‘‘ General colour glossy
bronze black, with the two outer rows of irregular-sized
spots of pure white, while those at the base of the fore
wings are rich king-yellow, but partly pure white outerly ;
the anterior margin of the secondary wings narrowly
bordered with king-yellow. The under surface like the

48

W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lepid, p. 518. (1872).

Butler, Lepidoptera of the South Sea Islands, Proc. Zool. Lond. (1874), p. 289.
H. Grose-Smith, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 445. (1887).

H. Grose-Smith, Rhopalocera Exotica Pl. 1, p. r.
Q. Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1888), p. 116, p, 4.

Dr. C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichn, der Gatt. Ornithoptera, p. 722, & fig. 2, taf. 21; @ fig. 3, taf. 2x.

[This is the f' of Z. Regine.]

upper; but the anterior margin of the secondary wings
broadly bordered, and some of the spots tinged with rich
king-yellow. The head and thorax pure black; the body
ochraceous yellow above, and black along the middle
beneath.”

d. Described by Salvin. ‘Similar to O. Regine, but
wings of # broader; the sub-apical spot of the primaries
smaller and divided into 3 parts by the nervules, and the
green of the base of the wings more restricted.
The secondaries are almost suffused with the green, except
the inner and outer margins; on the distal half are a few
black scales, where, in Regine, the wings are chiefly black ;
beneath, the discal green portions of the primaries are
broken up bya series of broad black lunules, of which
there are only two in Regine, and there is a black spot
between the sub-costal and its 4th branch.”

‘t Cell of the Primaries wide towards its distal end, the
middle upper discocellular nervules very long; lower
discocellular also long, but ranged in line with the sections
of the median as in true Papilios; the 2nd and 3rd sec-
tions of the median, especially the latter, were very short,
so that the short median branches and the median itself,
beyond the cell, lay very close together. The cell of the
secondaries was very long and narrow, though normal
in the 9:.”

Mr. Salvin’s description which follows evidently applies
to Regine though intended at the time for Victoria.

‘‘ Wings deep black; primaries, except the costa, have
a large patch of golden green, the outer margin of which
is irregular and ill-defined, and reaches to within a quar-
ter of an inch of the end of the cell; towards the apex is
a large sub-triangular golden patch; parallel to the inner
margin and near the anal angle is an elongated stigma,
similar to that of Priamus and its allies. Secondaries,
almost from costal margin to beyond the cell, are rich
golden green; the distal part of the cell is black, though
the nervures closing it are very green; there are also 3
contiguous sub-marginal golden-green spots, whereof the
2 nearest the anal angle havea large central patch of
golden yellow. Beneath, the wings are shining golden
green, with nervures, margins, and a large sub-triangular
patch over the end of the cell of the primaries, a series of
sub-marginal spots at the end of each secondary nervure,
and 2 lunate spots on either side of the lower radial of
the primaries black.

“ Antenne and prothorax black; abdomen ochraceous

grey, with a double row of spots on either side, and a
central median line black.

‘Primaries narrow, with hardly any perceptible anal
angle, the outer and inner margins meeting in a continu-
ous regular curve. The Secondaries are elongated and
narrow, and the inner margin deeply incised; the
elongated hairs of the inner margin are pale yellow,

‘Larva (half grown) dark brown; spines carmine ;
urticating process pale yellow. The head bears 4 spines
(2 long and 2 short). The 1st and 2nd segments 8 each,
the 3rd to the 5th 6 each, the 6th to the 11th 4 each, the
12th 2 [Woodford’s notes] .”

In addition to these descriptions, I add the following
notes descriptive of examples in Mr. H, Grose-Smith’s
museum, figures of which will be found on the plates
devoted to this species.

3. The subapical patch of the primaries smaller than
usual, and divided by 2 stout black nervules, golden
opposite the light, a rich deep green obliquely against the
light. The green of all the wings a deeper suffused green,
especially towards the outer and anterior margins of the
secondaries. A sub-marginal green-golden band in the
secondaries extending from the anal angle to the Ist
subcostal nervule, and divided by the intervening ner-
vules into 5 confluent patches, of which the 3 central
contain golden spots. Length of costa70 mms. Plate
aia, figs. I, 2.

@. Marks in the discoidal cell of the primaries occupy
not quite half its area, and broadly divided by the black
of the wings. The basal half is a rich yellow, somewhat
indented, and rendered irregular in outline by yellow
atoms; the central cellular half is creamy white, irregu-
larly indented, not quite reaching the subcostal nervure ;
all the other marks of each wing about the same as in
other examples, except the subcostal hastate yellow
patch, which extends only half way from the anterior
angle towards the base, and contains a large sub-orbicular
black spot. Underside of secondaries with the precostal
or internal cell, the greater portion of the costal margin,
and a small area of the discoidal cell at the base, yellow;
no discal white spot in the space between the 1st and and
branches of the median vein of the upper wing on either
surface, where there usually is a rather large mark; and
on each surface of the same wing is a small white discal
spot outside the 3rd median branch, where usually no
spot is found; 3 other small white spots on the upper
parts of the upper surface of the primaries, one in each
neural space. Length of costa ior mms, [Plate 22a,
Figs. 1, 2.]

$. Primaries intensely black; basal portion of wing to
2-3rds of the cell a rich veronese green; secondaries with
the same quality of green—golden green of wonderful
intensity if viewed opposite the light, but obliquely
against the light shot with purple reflections, and fiery
orange on the under wing. The subapical patch intensely
golden when viewed opposite the light, and shaded into
golden or veronese green in other positions and lights, much
larger too than in the ¢ cited above; the green outside the
internal nervure becomes in some lights nearly as golden
as the subapical patch. The discal portion of the lower
wings with groups of black atoms, whereof the most
extensive is situated between the 3rd and 2nd median
branches, causing the lower part of this space to be

4 G

almost entirely black and to unite with the black of the
exterior margin; the submarginal golden-green band of
the lower wings extends over the same space as in the ¢
cited above, but two of the enclosed quadrate spots are
larger, and the third is very small; abdominal fold lucent
grey-brown.

Abdomen, brownish ochraceous white with yellow anal
segment, and streaky spots on each side of 3 of the upper
segments; 3 segments near the base of abdomen darker
than the rest of the body. Underside of wings golden
green, intensely golden in some lights, like a rich silk.

Length of costa 76 mms. [Pl. 21a, Figs. 3, 4.]

@ . The white patch of the discoidal cell of the primaries
occupies rather more than 2-3rds of the cell from the
base, is suffused with yellow at and from the base,
graduating into the creamy white, and contains a moder-
ately long cuneiform black mark midway, nearly close to
the subcostal nervure; on the under surface this latter
mark is absent, the light patch is almost entirely yellow,
and contains a few black spots; the space on the upper
surface bounded by the internal and part of the submedian
nervures from the base is yellow, with yellow atoms below
the internal, and a line above the submedian touching
the median nervure, of the same colour; these marks
absent on the under surface. Secondaries above with
the anterior margin to the base and within the
precostal, and a small basal portion of the cell yellow,
the cell modified by black atoms: beneath a corre-
sponding area of the same pure colour, producing a very
broad and conspicuous mass of yellow, with the whole of
the remainder of the base of the wing sprinkled with yellow
atoms ; the white spots and marks of all the wings of the
upper surface are rendered ochraceous yellow on the under-
side of the primaries, and nearly entirely yellow or
partially tinged on the secondaries. Some lines of yellow
atoms also along the anterior veins of the primaries.

Thorax, head, and antenne black; abdomen grey
ochraceous white, beneath yellow, with black subdorsal.

Length cf costa 100 mms.; of posterior margin 73
mms.; of anterior margin 51 mms.; width of wing 55
mms.; of hind wing, costa 67 mms.; length of wing 75
and width 47 mms. Length of abdomen 41 mms.; of
antenne 37 mms.; of thorax with head 26 mms.

Length { eat ea 12:5 tibia, IT; tarsi, 12 mms,
of le Ss 2n ” 2” 15; Bl 14; ” Ig ”
( 3r ” te) I4; ”) I J ”) IQ )

See plate 22a, fig. 3, and pl. 22b, fig. 1.

@. Wings greyish brown, white marks somewhat warm
ashy-white; very little pale yellow in the primary
discoidal cell; the same on the subcostal patch near the
base; yellow of the subcostal mark of the secondaries
very pale; under surface the same, but with more and
intense yellow in the cell; a spot between 2nd and 3rd
subcostal nervules formed by yellow atoms, also a few
atoms of the same colour between the 1st and and. Hind
wing with a yellow patch of scales on the brown at the
base, and around the precostal and base of the median
nervure in the cell; a yellow mark between the costal and
subcostal, next below partially yellow, next 3 white, the
next pale yellow, and the abdominal margin more yellow—

the lowest part being pointed, with yellow scales on the
brown.

Abdomen ashy-grey white, laterally pale yellow, anal
tuft reddish ochraceous brown [the brown of the under
surface of the wings is warm silky rufous].

Length of costa 72 mms. [See plate 22a, figs. 4, 5.]

$. The black area of the primaries within the discoidal
cell, outside the median for a short and varying distance,
and around the stigmatic brand, is very lucent, and ac-
cording as the light is directed upon it exhibits the
richest tints of opalescent blue-green, purple, salmon, and
violet, a scheme of unobtrusive beauty rarely to be equalled
among the lepidoptera ;* the black atoms in the discal
spaces of the secondaries, the lower part of the cell, and
the abdominal margin are more densely applied, so that
the abdominal margin is almost quite black; only 4
contiguous green-golden submarginal spots, three with
golden centres. On the under surfaces all the wings are
intensely silky greenish golden viewed opposite the light,
with 3 submarginal brownish golden spots on the secon-
daries, and the abdominal marginal area a glowing golden
yellow undiluted by green.

[See Pl. 21b, figs. 1, 2.]

Length of costa 77 mms.

Habitat of all the above, Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands.

I am indebted to Mr. Henry Grose-Smith, the possessor
of a magnificent collection of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera
rich in novelties, which he is constantly communicating
to the world in his valuable ‘‘ Rhopalocera Exotica,” for
the free use of the examples from which all these and
other drawings and descriptions have been made, and I
have much pleasure in specially dedicating these plates
to him, as a slight acknowledgment of his kindness in
trusting such valuable treasures away from his cabinet,
for the assistance of a brother worker and the good of
science.

The type of the ? of this species, which is in the
British Museum, although the wings are considerably
perforated, in consequence of its having been shot, as the
only means of securing the insect, is nevertheless in a
sufficiently good condition for reference or study. While
there are very few important differences between the
markings of this and other examples since captured, we
may regard it as the best of typical representatives in those
markings. The light discocellular patch of the upper
wings, which varies so much in the different examples of
the species and also those of Regine, may be considered
normal in design, as it commences at the base and extends
uninterruptedly along fully 2-3rds of the length of the
cell, is rather yellow at the basal end, becoming more
buff white as it nears the distal end, and is excised almost
into an arch from the median nervure obliquely transverse.

50

In a series of examples studied together we should
observe as many variations from the completeness and
extent of this patch as there were specimens, For
example :—

(a). The light area is yellower from the base, with no
lower excision, and only a small cuneiform spot above.

[Pl. 22b, fig. 1.]

(b). On the underside the discoidal patch is considera-
bly excised above, and a number of yellow atoms are
sprinkled over the remaining black area of the cell.
[Pl. 22a, fig. 3.]

(c). The patch on the upper side of the wing in the cell
is divided broadly and transversely by black—the outer
portion is the least extensive, and does not quite reach
to the subcostal nervure, while the basal portion is a rich
yellow, and is bounded above and below by the subcostal
and median nervures—a few yellow atoms tending to link
the two patches. ([PI. 22a, fig. 1.]

(d). The discocellular patch divided obliquely trans-
verse, being only faintly united at the top by thin lines
of yellow atoms; a part of the basal yellow area obliquely
removed by the encroachment of the black; the outer
white portion irregular in outline, and nearly separated
about midway. [PI. 22c, fig. 1.]

(ce). Light patch of the cell reaching nearly 4-5ths of its
length from the base—the basal portion long, and narrow-
ing to a point near the 2nd or outer division which is
obliquely transverse, irregular in outline, and much larger
in proportion ; it is also quite white, as are all the mark-
ings of the upper wing, except slightly at the base, where
it is yellowish. In the author’s museum. [See pl. 22c,
fig. 2.]

(f). The discocellular patch 2-3rds of length of cell—
the basal portion much smaller, and separated from the
discal part by a dark area about 1-4th the length of the
cell—the distal marks being very narrow, obliquely trans-
verse, and irregularly sinuate on both sides; also white.
[Author’s coll. Pl. 22c, fig. 3.}

(g). A similar arrangement—the basal and distal divi-
sions being nearer together, and each slightly larger.
[Pl. 22c, fig. 4 In the author’s coll,]

All these observations except ‘‘())” refer to the upper
surface of the primary wings.

On the under surface of the secondaries the following
variations may be observed.

(a). The anterior margin and subcostal area with the
base of the discoidal cell entirely yellow. [PI. 22a, fig. 3.]

*Tt may be unscientific, but I cannot refrain in this place from expressing my
admiration for the evidence which such a beautiful arrangement affords the reveren-
tial student of the existence and immanent activity of a Divine intelligence in the
order of creation. If the stigmatic brand is to be rendered conspicuous, seeing that
its colour is only slightly blacker than the blackest portion of the wing, and that it
is black placed on black of nearly the same intensity, it will be evident that some
method must be adopted in order that it may not be lost to sight; hence a Divine
wisdom and skill has adopted the method described in the text, and with that love
of beauty which the Divine artist incessantly manifests, a wonderful loveliness is
allied to the plan of utility, and two purposes served by the same means. I fully
and unreservedly accept the laws of evolution as the chief methods by which the
wonders of the universe have been brought to their present glory, but in the working
of these we may be certain that the mind of our God, Creator, and Father is the

only efficient cause, and that every result in creation has its origin in the infinite
depths of His will. How then can we help trusting and loving Him, and admiring
His works? It is easy to a rightly-constituted mind to find Teleology and Evolution
quite in harmony with each other; and while we shall ultimately be satisfied that
the dominion of Jaw extends throughout all the realms of the Cosmos, and the
mental and the spiritual infinitudes from eternity to eternity, we shall |now that in
Him we have the law-giver, and the executor of that law, Referring again to the
deyice of the stigmatic brand, some examples of O. (Priamoptera) Urvilliana have
arrived in England in which the stigmatic brand is rendered more conspicuous by
its being semi-diaphanous, so that when in flight the light is transmitted through
the wing from the bright colour of the underside, and the stigmatic brand therefore
glows with a soft transmitted light! A specimen is in Mr. Rothschild’s collection

(6). The anterior margin from the base and the base of
of the cell, all yellow, the subcostal yellow area is separ-
ated by a black space equal to nearly 1-3rd of the interior
marginal length—the outer yellow division being sharply
accuminate towards the apical end, and enclosing a large
black spot. [Pl. 22a, fig. 2.]

(c). Character of the discocellular patch similar, but
the outer division does not enclose a black spot. [Pl.

Pon. dies. |

(@). The yellow area comprises the basal part of the
anterior margin, the subcostal space almost to the
median nervure and its 1st branch nearly to the apical
angle, and a small basal portion of the cell, but the
subcostal yellow is nearly divided by a very consider-

51

able subarcuate area; and the cell of the under surface
of the upper wings contains one small basal yellow
mark, and 3 variously outlined marks on the distal
end, the superior one being broadly separated from the
two larger or inferior. [Pl. 22c, fig.5. In the museum of the
author. |

(e). Anterior, basal, and subcostal yellow mark on
lower wings similarin extent but more irregular in outline,
the black separating space complete, but not arched.
[Pl. 22c, fig. 6. In museum of the author.]

(f.) In the British Museum type of the ? on the
underside of the secondaries with a large black spot
nearest to the precostal nervure. Length of costa of
primaries 120 mms.

VICTORIZ, page 4.

AZ THEOPTERA REGINA.

Ornithoptera Victoriz, 3, Salvin and Godman, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, page 190.

”

”

”

”

3d, H. Grose-Smith, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist,, 1887, Vol. xix, p. 4455
3d, H. Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot., Ornithoptera, pl.i., dg’ and 2 (nec G. R. Gray).

Ornithoptera Regine, d and ?, O, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1888, Vol. xx., p. 117.

” ”

It seemed, primd facie, unadvisable to give a distinct
specific name to the Maleita form of what was previously
regarded as only a variety of Victorie ; for although the
subapical triangulate or golden patch of the primary
wing is much larger than in its cousin from Guadalcanar,
the other differences were apparently so slight that it was
difficult to regard the two forms as specifically distinct.
But a close study of the two species by the aid of careful
detail drawings, and of a fine pair of Regine recently
acquired by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, and kindly placed
at my service, convinces me that Mr. Salvin was quite
right in raising this form to specific rank. Itis, of course,
to be regretted that we are not able to avail ourselves of
more material to work with.

In the present case it would be interesting and instruc-
tive to have an opportunity of studying and comparing a
large series of the males of Reginze with those of Victoria,
especially as there are considerable differences between
the type and the example in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collec-
tion; and a comparison of the latter with that from Fiji
exhibits still further differences, especially in the size and
character of the sub-apical golden patch, and in the
golden marks on the secondaries of the 3, as will be
evident by a reference to the figures given in the plates
illustrating this article, and in observations later on.

The discovery of this species in the Fiji Islands is a
remarkable fact, as it is difficult to understand why such
a prominent and beautiful species should so long have
remained undetected, or unnoticed, even by ordinary
persons, especially as the chief Islands, at any rate,
have been partially examined by several great Naturalists,
and should be fairly well known to Europeans by this
time. Berthold Seemann, the illustrious author of the
Flora Vitiensis, might have seen this species in flight
if it had only appeared occasionally; and although
his interest would be almost exclusively occupied
with the flora, we may suppose that such an observer
would, if he had seen it, have made some reference to so
splendid an insect. Dr. Greeffe, of Switzerland, as a
Zoological collector, should also have noticed it if it were
only ordinarily scarce ; however, as these insects fly high
and are perhaps very local, chiefly confined to the dense
forests where it is difficult to penetrate, a long time might
elapse before it would be seen even by accident. In
Seemann’s time a great part of Viti, the most impor-
tant island of the group, remained unknown to naturalists :
little more than the coasts of the larger islands had
been skimmed, and the interior of Viti Levu, and its
numerous peaks and mountain ridges still offered a rich
field for discovery. Many of these points were at the

L
~~

{

Dr, C. Fickert, Ueber die Zeichnungsverhaltnisse der Gattung Ornithoptera, p. 723, @ T. xxi., £ 4.

time inaccessible, owing to the savage nature of the
inhabitants. Even now such work would entail consider-
able fatigue and expense; and it might then bea long
time before this species would be met with, if, as is
probable, it were very local in its habits.

The circumstances under which Mr. Rothschild acquired
possession of his Fijian examples seem to leave no doubt
that they came from the locality indicated, especially as
some years ago, at the sale of the Matthew’s Collection,
Mr. Rothschild tells me he noticed a @ of this species,
a worn specimen, with a Fiji label on it, which at the
time he regarded as a mistake.

The great distance between the Fijian and Solomon
or Vitian groups of islands is of the deepest interest. The
Solomon Islands extend from N.W. to S.E., between 5°
and 10° 50’ of south longitudes, and between 154° 35’
and 162° 25’ of east longitudes—the Fiji Islands between
19° 47' and 15° 47’ south latitudes, and 180° 81’
west and 176° 50’ east longitudes, a very important
difference of geographical position. We should much
more readily have expected this species to be found
in some of the New Hebrides group, as they are in
a fairly direct line from the Solomons curving west-
ward; and though the nearly central islet of the group,
Efat, is almost exactly in the same latitude as Viti Levu
of the Fijis, it is much nearer to Maleita, the apparent
metropolis of Regine, than is Fiji, by several degrees of
longitude ; moreover, a small group of islands, the Santa
Cruz cluster, and many other small islets intervene
in a direct line S.W., between the two localities.
The specimens therefore were unlikely to be carried
over so great a distance by winds, though they might
have come in such a manner from the New Hebrides, if
they inhabit that group. Possibly they may yet be found
in those islands, or in some of the small islets extending
S. Eastwards from Santa Cruz.

TheViti group, occupying a superficial area 8 times larger
than that of the Ionian Islands, according to the calcu-
lations of Dr. Petermann, consists of over 230 members
large and small—Vanua, Levu, Viti Levu, Kadavu, and
Taviuni being the largest, and Rabe, Koro, Ovalau
Vatoa and others belonging to the secondary group, in
addition to two or three constellations of still smaller islets.
There is very little level or low lying ground in these
islands—it is nearly all undulated: the larger are
hilly, and the largest have peaks 4,000 feet high. Seemann
tells us that ‘the weather side of the islands teem witha
dense mass of vegetation, huge trees, innumerable creep-
ers, and epiphytal plants ;” that ‘“‘hardly ever a break

ao

occurs in the green mantle spread over hill and dale
except where effected by artificial means, Rain and
moisture are plentiful, adding ever fresh vigour to, and
keeping up the exuberant growth of trees, shrubs, and
herbs.”

In such a country we can understand then how even
such fine insects as the ¢ and 2 of A. Regina cou'd for
a long period be concealed from the most observant
naturalist.”

As Woodford tells us that Véctorie, and Urvilliana
are very fond of frequenting the sweet smelling
flowers of cerbera odollam* (closely allied to the Oleander,
and similar in aspect), and common on the sea
shores of India, Ceylon, Malayana, and N. Australia,
throughout Polynesia, and as far east as Pitcairn Island ;
and as the plant is common in the Solomon Islands, and
at least 7 species are found in the Fiji group, it is a
wonder that Regine, even if living in the interior, had not
yet been attracted to the neighbourhood of these plants.

The following are Salvin’s diagnoses of this species :—

“3, Wings deep black ; primaries, except the costa,
have a large patch of golden green, the outer margin
of which is irregular and ill-defined, and reaches to within a
quarter of an inch of theend of the cell; towards the apex
is a large subtriangular golden patch ; parallel to the inner
margin and near the anal angle is an elongated stigma
similar to that of O. Priamus and its allies. The second-
aries, almost from the costal margin to beyond the cell,
are rich golden green, the distal part of the cell being
black, though the nervures closing itaregreen. There are
three contiguous submarginal golden green spots, whereof
the two nearest the anal angle have a large central patch
of golden yellow. Beneath, the wings are shining golden
green, with the nervures, margins, a large subtriangular
patch over the end of the cell of the primaries, a series
of submarginal spots at the end of each secondary nervure,
and two lunate spots on either side of the lower radial
of the primaries black.

‘The antenne and prothorax are black; the abdomen
ochraceous grey, with a double row of spots on either
side, and a ventral median line black.

‘“‘ The primaries are narrow, with hardly any perceptible
anal angle, the outer and inner margins meeting in a
continuous regular curve. The secondaries are elongated
and narrow, and the inner margin deeply incised ; the elon-
gated hairs of the inner margin are pale yellow.

“9, Like that of Victorig. “The submarginal spots
on both wings, especially those of the secondaries, being
apparently rather larger, rounder, and not so lunate.”

Habitat: Maleita, Solomon Islands.

The examples of this form appear to have preceded
those of Victorig in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collec-

*According to Berthold Seemann the genus Cerbera, Linn., is synonymous with
Thevetia, and what is now called Cerbeva ought to be named Odollam, Rheede. The
species placed by modern authors under Cerbera have nothing in common with the
two typical species of that genus. The genus Cerbera is placed by Seemann fourth
jn the order Arocyne@ All the genera of Polynesian Apocynez, except one,
Bicorona, are found in the Viti Islands. The seeds of this species will bear a long
immersion in sea water, being very tenacious of the vital principle ; and is supposed
to be one of the earliest settlers on Coral islands.

tion, and as may be seen were regarded by those gentlemen
and by Mr. H. Grose-Smith as representatives of Victoria.

3. In coll. of Mr. H. Grose-Smith; also figured by
him in his Rhopalocera Exotica, pl. 1.* A reference to my
figure will give accurate information of the superficial
appearance of this remarkable insect. The subapical
green patch is nearly 2-3rds larger than in any example
of 4. Victorig, and is almost or quite connected with the
larger area of green which extends from the base to within
nearly 4-5ths of the cell, and all the space below the
median vein inside the stigmatic brand to the inner
margin, by a line of green atom, between the 3rd and 4th
subcostal nervules, In the secondaries the black atoms
commence at about halfway from the base within the
discoidal cell, becoming denser till as they reach the end
of the cell the black 1s almost solid; the nearly uniform
black of the disc is separated from the black of the cell by
the broad green through which the veins proceed, and
also by the three median branches which are margined
with green; a number of scattered green atoms are seen
in this black; the contiguous submarginal golden green
spots are 3 in number, they are 4 in Vicforig (see fig. 1,
pl. 21a), are smaller than in Victorie, and the two nearest
the anal angle with proportionately smaller golden centres.
On the under surface of the secondaries, the area of the
abdominal margin within the submedian neryure is a fiery
golden green.

I have also thought it wise to add below a description
of the interesting pair from Fyi in the museum of the
Hon. Walter Rothschild.

3. Primaries with the subapical green mark not quite
so large as in Salvin and Godman, and H. Grose-Smith’s
examples, but much larger than in Victorie; viewed
obliquely against the light a deep golden green, opposite
the light intensely golden, with congeries of green atoms
below it; the other large green patch from the base
occupies 5-6ths of the cell, and is bluish green; very
golden in some lights, especially just above and below
the submedian nervure. Secondaries: the green area is
a rich blue green, but golden opposite the light, and
occupies the spaces between the costal and discoidal
veins and the two branches of the latter, filling the whole
of the cell, and encroaching on all parts of the disc without,
but dusted with black atoms so intensely at the distal
end of the cell as to graduate almost to a dense black;
beyond this the disc is quite black, with 3 submarginal
golden green marks, each enclosing a golden lemon spot—
of these the 1st from the anal angle is sub-diagonal, with
a quadrate gold spot, the 2nd is lenticular, with a large
golden ovoid centre, and the 3rd diagonal with a minute
golden spot; all these marks are more sharply divided
from the black than in any other examples of the two
species I have seen.

Head and thorax black; eyes brown black; abdomen
ochraceous grey—the lower segments pale yellow; sub-
dorsal: anal tuft brown ochre; the penultimate segment
of the abdomen cushioned with brown lemon scales.

Expanse of costa of primaries 76 mms., hind margin
51, inner margin 33, and width of wing 31 mms.; of
secondaries costa 40, width of wing 30, and length 56 mms.
Length of abdomen 35, of thorax with head 19 mms.

*Under the name of Vittoriz.

¢. All the white markings of the upper surface of the
wings much larger and bolder than in Victoria, or in either
the examples of this species named above; also much
more creamy coloured, or with more yellow as the case
may be; the corresponding dots of white in Mr. Grose-
Smith’s example are replaced in this with large marks.
Under surfaces with more yellow; the white occupies
more of the cell of the primaries than in the Godman-
Salvin example and type.

Abdomen : anal tuft deep ochraceous brown, the penul-
timate segment on the underside cushioned with brown
lemon, or golden brown scales.

Primaries: length of costa 107, hind margin 70, interior
margin 58, greatest width of wing 58 mms. ; secondaries,
width of wing 45, length 80 mms.; of abdomen or
antennze 39, of thorax with head 31 mms. ; length of costa
Somms; of ? 104 mms. The legs of both sexes were
absent from the specimens.

Hab. Fiji Islands.
$. In Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection.

The legs of the ¢ are imperfect.

Length of legs Ist pair, femur 15; tibia ; tarsi
and ,, = ~=153 » 15; » Tg9mms.
of the ¢ : :
3rd ” 7) 14; ? I4 ? Pl

Habitat: North West Bay, Maleita, Solomon Islands.

Mr. Salvin points out that the differences obtaining
between the males of the two species, such as they are,
go to prove that the productions of Guadalcanar and
Maleita are modifications of one another. It will be seen
by reference toa map which will be found in another part
of this work that the two islands are almost parallel to each
other, Guadalcanar being the most westward. The
Fiji examples, contrary to what might have been antici-
pated exhibit a smaller amount of modification.

Larva of 42. Regine probably like that of 42. Victoria,
Ova nearly spherical, surface finely rugose, like that of
an orange; diameter 4 mms. (Salvin).

The type of each sex is in the museum of Messrs.
Godman and Salvin; the co-types in that of Mr. H.
Grose-Smith ; and the Fiji co-types in the museum of the
Hon. Walter Rothschild. 1 gladly acknowledge my
indebtedness to those gentlemen for the opportunity of
examining and figuring these specimens; and to the two
latter for the loan of such examples as I needed with the
same unrestricted custodianship as if they were my own.
Also rt ¢ and 3 ? in the collection of M. Oberthir, of
Rennes, France.

54

The caudal, or anal extremity, in its outline both dorsal
and subdorsal differs very considerably in the species of
this genus from its counterparts in the other genera of the
Ornithoptera. Here we have a member which, when
considered geometrically, would represent very nearly an
equilateral triangle with the point of each angle cut off
and curved. ‘The left and right points are emphasized
by an elongated black mark; the central portion above
from the articulation is a black subtriangulate mark
extending half way down, flowing into a narrow line of
black, which again broadens slightly as it continues round
under, and strongly marks out the exterior structure of
the anal valves. The measurement of these beautifully
formed valves would, if folded back and rendered flat, be
as much as 18 mms., or nearly 3-4ths of an inch in width ;
as the width of the anal segment above it, if treated in the
same manner would only be about 14 mms., it will be seen
that its width is much greater—in fact greater than any
other portion of the abdomen. The whole form of the
abdomen then is quite different from that of the ? of this
species. It goes without saying also that the same obser-
vations apply to the body of 4. Victorie, the type of the
genus. In the genus TRoGoNopTERaA the abdomen appears
to commence at its junction with the metathorax, with a
breadth nearly equal to what it will be when the caudal
extremity is reached, the intermediate articulations varying
little, or only being slightly narrower midway—the valves
being somewhat carinated, small, and nearly circular,
and without any visible distinction from the rest of the
body: the whole abdomen also is very dark, as may be
seen by reference to the plates devoted to the species of
that genus.

In the genus PomMpEopTeRA we have the anal valves
with the dorsal side cut away obliquely, with strongly
projecting terminal points, so that they cross each other
when in situ; the caudal extremity is smaller and less
strongly marked off from the anal segment above it, into
which it seems to graduate, and the whole width of the
body along its entire length varies little: the body and
caudal extremity are also light coloured, or yellow and
pure white. This observation applies slightly to the
amphrysus group, for in other species of the genus some
are black or dark coloured as in TRoGonoprera, while a
series of gradations in the remaining species closely links
them with that genus. In ORNITHOPTERA, the caudal
extremity is much larger, though not so large relatively
as in A-THEOPTERA, generally an uniform rich yellow—
but not quite so brilliant as the rest of the body; it is
rotundo-triangular in outline, with the extremities of the
angles cut off similarly to those of ASTHEOPTERA ; but it is
not nearly so prominently distinguished at its basal part
for size as in that genus.

The special form and character of the caudal extremity
of the Acreoid Ornithoptera, D. Antimachus and Zalmoxts
will be treated of in the section devoted to that genus.

55

ADDENDA TO PRECEDING PAGES.

[From Pages 28 to 46.|

O.

ARUANA.

0, Priamus, V. Arruana, Oberthir, ‘Ann. Mus. Civ., Genova XV.," p. 46, f. n. 1, (1880) ¢ ¢.
+, Ribbe, '‘Iris III.,” p. 39, (1890) Aru Islands (Larva and Pupe), ¢ ¢.

3 V. Arruanus, Oberthiir, Et. d’ Ent.” IV., p. 27, sub. n. 1, (1879) N. Guinea and Aru Islands.
Ornithoptera Arruana, var. Valentina, Vuillot, ‘Bull. Soc. Ent., France,” p. 124, (1892) Port Moresby.

of.
oe.

1 2. Anterior wing cell, with the light mark very large
and pure; all other marks also large. The spots and
marks of the under surface always vary very much in size.

The following are contained in the Tring Museum :—
One ¢ with only 1 black subdiscal spot; 2 ¢ with 4; 4 ¢
with 5; 1 ¢ with 3 brown spots, three of them with yellow
centres ; under surface of ant. wing with 2-3rds of the cell
green ; a green stripe parallel with the subcostal nervure,
and 3-4ths its length; the disc nearly entirely green,
except a slight black patch between the 4th and 5th sub-
costal branches; veins only expressed in black; outer
margin narrowly black. Posterior wing green, with the
veins feebly shown; the golden mark between the costal
and subcostal veins ovate elongate; 4 pale golden-yellow
submarginal spots, each smaller than the one above; the
submedian space ochraceous golden; and 2 small black
spots between the Ist and 3rd veins from the costa.
Hab. Aru (Webster). In the Vienna Museum there are
1 ¢,1 2. In the British Museum, 1 ¢ with the green
as deep as in the early arrivals of Pegasus. From Alu
Island; 1 ¢ with no label; 6 ? —two of these from Duke
of York Island ; 3 2, one of them (Wallace’s specimen),
varies much in intensity of golden green on the under side ;

1 ? large example, probably from Duke of York Island.

O. EUMAUS.

In the Staiidinger Coll., 1 ¢, Waigeu; In the Tring
Museum, 3 6,1 ¢.

O. (P.) CRGSUS.

@. One with the ant. cell mark divided into 4 narrow
elongate stripes, whereof the lowest is the largest; one
specimen with 3 ditto; 1 with only r narrow division left ;
I with the spot ideally divided into 5 parts, the Ist is the
largest, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th are missing, the 5th very
small; 1 with no cell mark, the submarginal spots are
very small, only 1 small discal mark—the rest being
nearly obsolete; 5 examples with the cell marks very
irregular in shape, no two alike. In the Tring Museum.

é. Posterior wing : the golden silky cell spots long in ro
examples; short and narrow, or almost rudimentary, in 5; 7
examples with no black spot ; 3 with 1; 2 with 3, the centre
one only defined ; 1 with 5, nearly equal in size; 2 bord-
ered with a deep green, and the subdiscal golden silky
spots well shown ; 9 examples in which the anterior wings
have no orange discal spots, and 4 with a vein-divided
atomic red discal spot. In Tring Museum, which con-
tains 13 or more ¢ 6, and more thang ? 2. Many
of the 2 2 are very rich in colour. In the Staudinger
Coll., there are 10 ¢ ¢, 8 2 ?,and pupa. In the Vienna
Museum, 3 ¢¢,3 22. In Brit. Mus,5 93,5 2 2,

I pupa. Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection contains a fine
series :—indeed this species is now well represented in all
important collections.

O. (P.) LYDIUS.

In Tring Museum, 2 ¢,3 %. Brit. Mus.,1 ¢,1 ¢%.
In Dr. Staiidinger’s Coll., 6 ¢, 5 ¢. In the Vienna
Museum, 1 ¢,1 2.

O. (P.) URVILLIANA.

The series in the Tring Museum contains the follow-
ing:— From New Britain 6 ¢, 4 2; from New
Ireland 8 ¢, 3 2; from Duke of York Island
28,1 2: from Solomon Islands 11 ¢, 15 ? ; also
larva and pupa. (This list includes the green var.
Bornemanni, of Pagenstecher.) Captain Webster (quoted
by Mr. Rothschild) says that when the # emerges from
the pupa it is green, and gradually assumes the peculiar
blue colour; when it is killed too soon after emergence, it
assumes the peculiar bluish green or greenish blue which
is mentioned by Pagenstecher, a fact that is very sugges-
tive. I noticed that when I relaxed, for setting, a very
rich ¢ Croesus, after having been some hours in the relax-
ing dish, the upper sides of all the wings were absolutely
bright sage green.

In the British Museum, t ¢, New Hebrides (H.M.S.
Ship Dart); I 4,1 %, dark form, Guadalcanar; 2 ¢,
greenish-violet blue, and 3 ? with large anterior wing
spots, very light, Aola, Guadalcanar; 1 2, violet, Florida
Isle, Solomons, 1 2, with large light cell spot; 5 4,
Alu Island, near Shortland Isle, Solomon Group, 3 with
a green tinge, 1 violet blue; 3 2, one with the ant. wing
cell spot indicated by 3 small nebulous blotches on the
right wing—the left wing being immaculate; 1 ¢? from
Fauro Island, Solomon Group ; 2 ? examples of melan-
ism: the ant. wing cell of one with only very faint hght
division marks; in the other almost obslete, as are all the
light marks; 1 ¢ from Savo Island, Solomon Group,
greenish in tint; 5 & New Ireland, brown, blue and
violet; « &, New Ireland, with slightly greenish black
subdiscal spots on the secondaries; 2 ?, one with the
ant. wing cell immaculate; 1 ¢, New Ireland, very green
blue, especially the costal band; 4 2 2 very light brown.

In New Britain a number of specimens remain green
after emergence from Pupa, and have the appearance of
Poseidon ; the band along the inner margin of the anterior
wings is more or less obsolete. The median vein of the
same wings is covered with a few green scales only, or is
quite black, or has much sparser green scaling on the
upper surface of the posterior wing. In the Statidinger

Coll. thereare 3 3 , 3 ? andthe Pupa from Shortland Islands,
also the green var. Bornemanni, New Britain, 3%, 32.
In the Vienna Museum 16,12 labelled Urvillianus and
1 Pupa; also 1 ¢, 12 Bornemanni. In my own collec-
tion, 4¢,82 of Urvilliana from Duke of York Island and
Aru Island.

VAR. BORNEMANNI.

O. Pegasus, v. Bornemanni, Pagenstecher, ‘Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat.’ p, 65, t. ,
f. 2, (¢), (1894) N. Britain.
Troides Priamus Urvillianus, ab. loc. Bornemanni, Rothschild, “ Novitates Zool.,
V. IL," p. rox, (1895).

é. In the Rothschild Collection. Anterior wings
deep velvet black ; the median vein and branches sparsely
dusted with green scales; subcostal band and broad
submarginal band a dark rich bluish green, beautifully
graduated into the black. Posterior wings, the same rich
green, dusted from the base with black scales, most
densely at their starting point, till they become faint on
the discal area; with 3 moderate sized orbicular inter-
nervular black spots, and a 4th, the lowest, almost
obsolete. Viewed in a slightly oblique position against
or opposite the light very blue green; in a line with the
eyes and opposite the light, a rich fiery copper-red. All the
green of the under surface of both wings a slightly warmer
blue green; the dark ground, and black spots of the hind
wings (7) nearly as black as above: also shot with
coppery reflections ; the submedian area from the anal
angle half way to the base, orange. Thorax, deep velvety
black ; longitudinal mark, dark green; abdomen, orange
yellow; abdominal fringe, long and burnt sienna red.
Length of costa, 80 mms.

Hab. New Britain (Cotton and Webster). Also
from Mioko Island (Coral Island), New Lauenburg,
Duke of York Group, according to Herr C. Ribbe. [See
Pl. 18in this Vol. A @ is also figured in this plate, from
the same locality, which is probably the consort of this
variety. Asa contrast to the above, I give 2 figures of an
intensely blue form of Urvilliana on the same plate]. New
Hanover (Webster), in the Tring Museum.

VAR. CG@ALESTIS.

Pap. Urvilliana Gcelestis, Rothschild, ‘‘ Nov. Zool. V.” p. 216, n. 1, (£898).

$. Anterior wings intensely velvety-black—the veins,
except the median nervure, almost untraceable in any
light; the pupzform brand very regular in outline, and
a very subdued dark ruddy brown, but almost in-
visible when viewed obliquely opposite the light; the
subcostal band verdatre blue, with a slightly violet tinge
at the base of the right wing (if viewed on a table, with
the light coming from the left side, and the insect a little
to the left of the observer) the posterior and interior
marginal bands warm violet blue with salmon-coloured
reflections ; the left wing with the subcostal band rosy
violet ; the posterior and interior bands green verdatre
blue ; posterior right wing (in the same position for light)
violet blue; left wing green verdatre blue; the discoidal
cells black, and graduated from the distal end by blue
irrorations ; a discal band of 5 submarginal black spots,

56

whereof that nearest the anal angle is almost obsolete ;
all these spots are graduated, and appear to be separated
from a ground-work of black that fills up all the inter-
nervular spaces of the disc above the spots by a dense
irroration of blue atoms, as in the cell; the submedian
area is scaled in the same manner; the black marginal
band is black, and encroached upon by the blue atoms ;
and the space above to the black spots is blue without
irroration.

The head and thorax are densely velvety-black; the
eyes deep castaneous, with delicate golden white outline ;
the thoracic longitudinal mark greenish-bluish, with violet
reflections, metallic in appearance, and very obtrusive ;
the abdomen is golden orange yellow, with the usual
triangular black anal mark; the annuli only faintly ex-
pressed, in consequence of the uniform purity of the
abdomen.

Undersurface: Anterior wings very black, though a
warm brown towards the outer margin; all the spots and
marks a rich (slightly greenish) blue opposite—and violet
blue against—the light. Posterior wings: the discoidal
cell and lower area of the disc blue to blue green: the
other internervular spaces above the submarginal band of
7 black spots, green: between the spots and the narrow
partially indented black marginal border, green-golden,
with a faint suggestion of golden central spots; a small
faint golden spot above the black spot just below the
subcostal nervure ; the abdominal fringe rather long and
yellowish-brown. Length of costa, 70 mms.; width of
wing, 50 mms.; width of posterior wing, 31 mms. ;
length, 37 mms. ; length of abdomen, 31, of thorax with
head 21, and of antenne 32 mms.

Hab. St. Aignan or Misima (the native name) one
of the Islands of The Louisiade Archipelago, situ-
ated east of the most southern part of New Guinea, in
about 132° 45’ East longitude, and about 10° 35’ S. lati-
tude. Collected by Mr. Meek—from August to
November, 1897.

Drawn and described from Mr. Rothschild’s type. [See
Pl. rg, figs. 1, 2].

¢. All the wings smoky brown; the lower wings in
some lights are seen to be from the base densely hirsute
over the brown of the wing; the light marks all rendered
very sordid by dark scales; the discal light area of the
posterior wings are as usual somewhat ochraceous below
the band of black spots; the light fringe lunules are well
expressed, the light mark in the anterior wing cell is
somewhat different in shape from the usual type, but not
sufficiently so to be important. The under surface of all
the wings very pure light brown—darker brown towards
the outer margin of the anterior wings, and quite black on
the outer margin of the posterior wings.

The light marks of all the wings the same in number
and shape as above, but pure ochraceous or creamy-
white on the anterior wings—the same on the posterior,
but lemon yellow below the sub-orbicular discal black
spots—these spots are likewise rather larger below than
above; the black spot on the inner margin of the left
hind wing is more than twice as large as the correspond-
ing spot on the right wing; on the upper side this larger
spot is absent or is fused into the general brown of the disc
(on the right wing as it then becomes), but is as promi-
nent as on the under surface, or what is now the left

wing. The abdomen dark-greyish ochraceous white, with
a longitudinal dark discal stripe from the Ist to the 4th
annulus ; subdorsum golden yellow, with the usual lateral
black dots, and other darker characters; thorax velvety
black—the pale greenish golden longitudinal mark very
narrow: the pectoral red patches below are extensive, so
that nearly the whole underside is clothed with this
hirsute red; the eyes deep castaneous brown, underlined
as usual,

Length of costa, 77 mms.; greatest width of wing, 54
mms. }; width of posterior wing, 34 mms.; length of wing,
51 or 52 mms ; length of abdomen or antenne, 32, and
of thorax with head, 20 mms.

Hab. St. Aignan. Collected by Mr. Meek. Drawn
and described from Mr. Rothschild’s type. [See Pl. 19,

figs. 3, 4].

I have specially described these two examples for the
sake of comparison with other varieties of URVILLIANA.
The student can then form his opinion as to whether this
form is sufficiently differentiated from other local examples
to merit a distinctive name, or whether its only title to
special consideration is its smaller size—the view I am
myself compelled to take. It is interesting as having been
taken in this locality, but I see no reason why it should
not occur in the Louisiade Archipelago, and in other
islands intermediate from New Britain and the Solomon’s
also. I here call attention to the fact that on the upper
surface of the posterior wings of the ?, the discal dark
spots in the light area, if viewed in a slightly oblique
position against the light will be seen to be pupillated
each with a blacker orbicle. This feature occasionally
occurs in examples of other species.

I have, since writing the foregoing, seen a number of
? specimens, and find an universal stability in the size
and shape of the markings of the ant. wing, and in the
other light marks also, which I consider fully justifies Mr.
Rothschild in giving it a variety name.

fE. VICTORIA.

Ornithoptera Victoriz, Haase, ‘' Untersuch iib, Mim.” p. 24, 1893, 3 ?.

Troides Victoriz, Rothschild, ‘‘ Entomologist,’' XXVIII., p. 78 (1895), ¢ 3,
Guadalcanar.

“Novitates Zoologicz," Vol. II., p. 196, n. 6, p. 197.

” rT)

In the Tring Museum 6 ¢, 8 2, Larva and pupa,
Guadalcanar. In the Brit. Museum 3 ¢, Guadalcanar.
Under surface of one example (posterior wing) with square
golden silky submarginal spots; 10 ?, same locality; 1
@ from Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanar (the type). I 3,
Florida Island, with the darker marks smaller than usual.

In the author’s museum 5 ¢?, Guadalcanar. Dr.
Staudinger’s Coll. 1¢, 22 same locality. Mr. Crowley’s
Golly; f(r) i,

This species has also been taken in Shortland Island,
Bougainville Island; and the ¢ was seen in the Rubiana

Lagoon by Woodford.

by

fi. REGINA.

Troides Victoris Reginw, Rothschild, '' Entomologist,” XXVIII, p. 78 (1895).

In the Tring Museum 1 ¢, 3 ?; British Museumi ¢
ex. G. et Salv. Coll. (the type) ; in the collection of Mr,
H. Grose-Smith, ¢; in Staudinger’s Coll. 3 ?.

/&. REGIS.

Troides Victoris: Regis, Rothschild, ‘ Ent. XXVIII.” p. 78,
Nov. Zool. II., p. 197.

a” ”

$. Ant. wing a rich brown black. The apical patch
of the anterior wing almost entirely intense golden orange,
slightly shading into green at nearest the margin; this
patch is rather larger than in the type Vzctorze, and draws
nearer to the green area of the wing than in either Victorie
or Regine; the silky green area from the base occupies
rather less than 1-3rd of the wing length, and does not
extend upwards above the costal nervure, very golden in
the sunlight; part of the cell and disc around the stigmatic
brand (which is a light warm brown) is shot with purple,
orange red, and opal, which can only be seen glowing
over the black when the insect is viewed in the right
position for light : when the sunshine falls upon the wings
parts of the more elevated surfaces then glow like fire.

Posterior wings a rich bluish green, shading according
to the position of the insect into a vivid golden green ;
this area of green is continuous from the base over the
greater part of the wing; the costal margin is narrowl
velvet black; ihe posterior margin has an indented fairly
broad band of black, which is continued to the anal angle,
and also fills all but a marrow space from the abdominal
margin to the median nervure (the green of the wing fills
that narrow space) ; a broad indented golden orange sub-
marginal band contains on the 2 lower internervular spaces
a spot of silky golden orange; the green space between
the discoidal and 1st median nervules is slightly dusted with
black scales; between the 1st and 2nd median nervules
heavily dusted, so as to appear nearly solid black in the
centre, and between the 2nd and 3rd as heavily up 2-3rds
of the space from the golden orange band; when viewed
opposite the light the orange band is flaming in intensity,
against the light it is a dull blue green.

Underside. Anterior wings, silky brownish black; the
greater portion of the discoidal cell, all between the
median nervure and where the stigma would be, is a fiery
golden orange, as also a transverse, broad and scalioped
or indented band which is a continuous part of this golden
area right up to the 3rd subcostal nervule; there are also
4 subdiscal internervular greenish orange marks, the first
being nearly square and large, the others small or rudi-
mentary. Posterior wings intense glowing golden orange,
varying in brilliancy with every change of light, redder
towards the outer and abdominal margins. Viewed against
the light the whole of the silky orange of both wings
becomes golden russet green; but opposite the light it
seems almost on fire; the costal margin narrowly velvet
black; the 4 submarginal black spots or marks on the
ends of the nervules are much larger than in Victori@, and
a small, deep, golden orange spot is placed between each

of them; between the 2nd subcostal and the 1st median
nervules are 2 discal rudimentary black spots ; the median
and subcostal nervures are black, and all the veins are
very conspicuous; the marginal fringe is black.

Thorax, head, and antennae as in Victoria ; legs also ; the
abdomen a very rich delicate pinky buff colour; witha
delicate dorsal pink series of markings on 4 of the
segments; and lateral black spots; the texture of the
abdominal is almost velvety. The base of the abdomen is
black; abdomen fringe of hairs short, and burnt sienna in
tint.

Length of costa 79, width of wing 34 mms.; greatest
length of the hind wing 60, greatest width 32 mms. ;
length of abdomen 38, of antennze 36, and of thorax with
the head 23 mms.

Hab. Bongainville, Solomon Islands. (Ribbe.) Drawn
and described from the type. In the Tring Museum.

é. Insame collection. On the underside of wings in
a proper light are suffused with russet pink, especially the
posterior wing with submarginal large black square spots.

Hab. Aru Island and Shortland Island, Solomon
Archipelago.

g. Anterior wing: apical golden patch large and shot
with green, with a fairly large black rudimentary black spot
between the 4th and 5th subcostal branches; green area
from the base not very extensive, and shades into bluish
from golden with change of light. Underside of all wings
golden green.

g. Anterior wing: apical golden patch longer than in

58

the type. Posterior wings, the black dustings or scaling
is extensive in the internervular spaces.

Hab. Bougainville. In Tring Museum.

Mr. Rothschild’s diagnosis of the type is: ‘* Sub-apical
patch of f. w. very long, consisting of 2 large spots and a
narrow streak or small spot behind the 5th subcostal
nervule. The green area of h. w. asin Victorie or Regine;
anterior submarginal yellow spot is obliterated in the
type specimen.”

g. ‘Submarginal spots of either wing much smaller
than in Victorie, partly obliterated [one white spot on
each wing is obliterated on both surfaces]; discal spots
and those at the base of fore and hind wings also smaller
than in the sub-species: in one @ a small black spot
within the first (costal) marking of the discal row of black
spots of the hind wings.”

The basal spots above and below of both wings, the
subcostal mark, (with central black spot) and divided
rudimentary sub-anal mark, are all yellow on all the
wings; the anterior cell mark is divided, and not large—
most divided on the under surface, more or less suffused
with yellow. Length of costa 91 mms.

Hab. Bougainville Island. (C. Ribbe, 1894) 3 ¢,1 %;
Alu, 1 ¢, Webster. In Tring Museum.

The apparently constant facies of the ¢ ¢ of this form
render it deserving of a name. The % seems to be a
lighter brown than in the other forms.

In the Vienna Museums ¢,1 %. Inthe Staudinger
Coll. 1 ¢,1 ¢. Bougainville.

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA DRURYA, SCHOENBERGIA
ORNITHOPTERA AND AXTHEOPTERA CONTAINED IN THIS ist VOL.

A.—ANTERIOR WINGS.

1. Costa of anterior wings 2} times the length of the interior margin. Dvrurya Antimachus 3 , Schoenbergia Paradisea 8 .
ta. Costa of anterior wings nearly 2 times the length of the interior margin. D. Antimachus 2, D. Zalmoxts 3.

2. Outer margin of anterior wings strongly concave. D. Antimachus % ¢.
2a. Outer margin of anterior wings less concave. D. Zalmoxis.
2b. Outer margin of anterior wings sub-convex. Schoenbergia Paradisea ¢.

3. Anterior wings elongate and triangulate. The 3 of Ornithoptera Priamus, Cassandra, Richmondia, Pegasus, Poseidon,
Avuana, Eumeus, Cresus, Lydius, and Urvilhana.

3a. Anterior wings long and narrow by comparison with the posterior wings. The ¢ of 4theoptera Victoria, Regine,
and Regia.

4. The 3rd subcostal nervure emitted close to the apex of the discoidal cell of the anterior wing. D. Antimachus,
Zalmoxis, Schoenbergia Paradisea, (and, occasionally) A’theoptera Regine 3 $ 2 @.

4a. The 3rd subcostal nervure emitted at 3 mm. below the apex of the cell, Sch. Tithonus 6; at 2mm. ?; at 4 mm.,
Sch. Goliath 2; at 5 mm., O. Priamus ¢; at 6 mm. O. Priamus 2; at 4 mm. O. Cassandra 3; at 5 mm.
the 2; at 2 mm. O. Richmondia , at 3 %; at 7 or 8 mm., O. Pegasus, and Poseidon ¢ 2; at 4 or 5 mm.,
Aruana $ @,at 7 mm. druana var. 2, Eumeus and Cresus ?; at 6 mm., Eumeus and Cresus 3; also at
3mm. Cresus 3; at 6 mm., Lydius 3 2, Urvilliana 3 2; at 5 or 3 mm., &. Victorie and Regine 3; at 8,
g, or 10 mm. Victorie and Regine ¢; and at 2 mm. above the apex of the cell Victoria 3 °¢.

4b. The 4th and 5th subcostal nervures emitted at g or 10 mm. above the apex of the cell, D. Antimachus ¢ ,
at 8 @; at 6 mm. D. Zalmoxis; at 12 mm., Sch. Paradisea $ 2; at 4 mm., Tithonus 3, at 6 2; at 11
mm., Goliath; at 4 mm. O. Priamus 8 2; at 3, 4, or 5 mm. Cassandra 3, at 5 to 7 mm. Cassandra? ;
at 2mm., Richmondia $ 2; at 1 mm. Pegasus 3, at 3, 2; also at 3 ¢, and at 6 2 var. Brunnea) ; also at 4
Pegasus SomateseOueOl es ae OTM, Aruana 3, at 6or ee tsa LOM iCLyS On ais Oe Son cute 2 mm., Cresus
$, and Lydius $ 2, also at 4 Lydius 2; at 2or3 mm. Uroilliana $ 2; at3,7,or9gmm., 4. Victorie 3; at 9
or 12, Regime 3; at r1, 14, or 18, 4. Victorie 3; at 13 and 14, Regine 2°.

5. Anterior wings rounded. Sch. Paradisea, Tithonus, and Goliath & ¢.
5a. Outer and inner margin united by a continuous curve to the base, 4*. Victoria, Regine and Regia 3 3.
5. Inner margin of wing straight, Sch. Paradisea, and Tithonus 3 3.

6. Anterior wings of the 2 more arcuate (and pointed at the apex) than the ¢. O. Aruana, Eumeus, Cresus, and
Urvilliana.

6a. Anterior wings straighter at the costa, and less pointed at the apex. O.Lydius and other species of this genus.

7. Anterior wings with no sexual stigmatic or pupeeform brand in the ¢. The genera Druryia and ScHOENBERGIA.
7a. With a large pupeform stigma. Genus ORNITHOPTERA (and section Priamoptera).
76. With a long, narrow pupzform stigma. Genus ASTHEOPTERA.

8. Discoidal cell long and narrow. D. Antimachus and Zalmoxis $ ?: long and conical Sch. Paradisea 3 2.
8a. Cell proportionately large. Genus ORNITHOPTERA.

8b. Cell very broad at the distal end, and diminishing to a point at the base. Genus ORNITHOPTERA ¢ ¢: in
the ¢ ? broad, and half the wing length.

g. Basal cell long, and nearly cuneiform. D. Antimachus 3 ?.
ga. Basal cell very narrow. Sch. Paradisea, Tithonus 3 &.
gb. Basal cell tetrahedronal. Sch. Goliath.

gc. Basal cell moderately long and narrow: sometimes tetrahedronal or cuneiform. Genus ORNITHOPTERA.

10. Pseudoneura 4 in number, the 3rd and 4th branching halfway from the base. Awtimachus and Tithonus # ¢.
toa. The 3rd branching at 1-4th from the base. Zalmoxis 3.

rob, Pseudoneura 4 in number. All branch off from a basal stem ata short distance, and running fairly parallel.
Paradisea 8; in the ? arranged in the same way as in the genus ORNITHOPTERA.

toc. Pseudoneura 4 in number: arranged, or branching from each other, differently in different species.
ORNITHOPTERA ¢ 2.

tod. Pseudoneura 4 in number: Ist branch shorter than in the Genera Pomprorprera and A2THEOPTERA ¢.

59

on

60

toe. Apparently 3 or 4, the 2nd branching at a quarter, or lesser distance from the base. Genus
AL THEOPTERA 2 2.

B.—POSTERIOR WINGS.

. Costa of posterior wings nearly straight. Genus AlrHroprera 3 3.

- Inner margin of wing at the anal angle deeply incised, Genus AETHEOPTERA & 3; much less incised, but more

abruptly, Genus SCHOENBERGIA ¢ 3.

Without an abdominal fringe. Genus Drurya 3 °.
3a. With a short abdominal fringe. Genera SCHOENBERGIA, ORNITHOPTERA, and AZTHROPTERA 2 2.
36. With moderately long fringe, the ¢ 3 of the same Genera.
3e. With very long white or brownish-white hairy fringe. Genus ScHornBEeRGia 3 3.

Discoidal cell elongate and rather narrow (wider midway). D.Antimachus 3°.
4a. Cell irregular in shape. D. Zalmoxis.
4b. Cell broad #, narrower 2. Sch. Paradisea and Tithonus.
4c. Cell very broad at distal end. Tithonus 3.

4d. Cell proportionately large. Goliath 2? , and Genus OrnITHOPTERA : sometimes the ¢ and sometimes the
2 being the broadest.

4e. Cell narrow, and nearly 3-4ths of the wing length. Genus AitHeoptera 3 ¢: less than half the length
of wing and less narrow ? ?.

. Pseudoneura strongly expressed, with 3 branches. Genus Drurya.

5a. Invisible in Genus SCHOENBERGIA & 2, inORNITHOPTERA & ? 3 in number.
50. Pseudoneura 2, the first branching midway of the cell. Genus A2THEOPTERA.

. Posterior wings rounded. D. Zalmoxis ¢ 2.

6a. Length of wings 24 times their width. Sch. Paradisea 3; length 24 times their width Tithonus 3.
6b. Length of wings nearly 2 times their width. 4. Victorie and Regine $ 3.

. With strongly curved narrow caudal prolongation or tail. Sch. Paradisea 3.

. Wings broad. D. Antimachus 3% 2.

AA.—ANTERIOR WINGS.

. The males and females resemble each other in colours and pattern. D. Antimachus and Zalmoxis.

1a. The sexes unlike in pattern and form in the genera ScHOENBERGIA, ORNITHOPTERA and AZTHEOPTERA.

BB.—POSTERIOR WINGS.

. The males and females resemble each other in colours and pattern. D. Antimachus and Zalmoxis.

Ia. Sexes unlike in pattern and form in the genera SCHOENBERGIA, ORNITHOPTERA and AZTHEOPTERA.

Cc.

. Females smaller than the males. Genus Drurvya.

Ia. % @ larger than the ¢ ¢. The genera ScHoENBERGIA and ORNITHOPTERA.
1d. @ @ much largerthan the ¢ ¢. Genus AZTHEOPTERA.

D.—MALES, COLOURATION.

. Wings on the upper surface with brick-red and black colours: under surface yellow, black and grey. D. Antimachus.

ta. Wings blue-green, or olive-green blue and black above ; grey-white, red-brown, brick-red, and black and white
beneath. D. Zalmoxis.

1b, Golden-green, golden-yellow and black on both surfaces, Genera ScHOENBERGIA and ASTHEOPTERA ; on the
under surface the emerald green is suffused with gold in the genus AJTHEOPTERA.

1c. Golden-green and black on all the wings. O. Priamus, Cassandra, Richmondia (varied in tone), Pegasus (darker
green), Poseidon, Aruana (lighter warm silky green).

1d. Golden scarlet, scarlet shot with green, golden yellow or orange, and brown above, and golden dark and
green below. O. Crasus and Lydius.

ie. Green-blue and black. O. Eumeus.
tf. Dark violet-blue and black, greenish-blue or violet, dark lilac-blue and black: Urvilliana.

ret ee

6r

ig. Under-surface blue-green, golden-green, gold marginal spots, and black. Urvilliana.
th. Sometimes golden-yellow, or brown-black with russet-brown yellow on under-surface. O. Pegasus.
12. Under-surfaces dark golden-green and dark-brown. Poseidon, Eumeus.
17. Under-surfaces light golden-green and dark brown. Avruana.

1k. Under-surfaces bluish-green or bluish golden-green, and gold and black sub-marginal
and discal spots. Priamus, Cassandra, Richmondia.

DN.—FEMALE COLOURATION.

2. Wings above with brown or warm-brown, white and grey, or ochraceous markings, and all bearing a strong family
resemblance, except Lydius, which is Acreoid. The Genera ScHoENBERGIA and ORNITHOPTERA.

2a. Wings on the under-surface with orange, or brown orange, or lemon-yellow posterior submarginal patches.
Sch. Paradisea and Tithonus, O. Cassandra, Richmondia, Pegasus, Poseidon, Eumceus, Cresus, Lydwus.

2b. Under-surface of posterior wings with greenish-yellow submarginal marks. Sch. Goliah, O. Priamus, Pegasus,
v. Brunnea, Poseidon, Aruana, Urvilliana, 42th. Victorie and Regine.

3. Anterior wings with the cell immaculate. O. Priamus and Pegasus, var. Brunnea.

34. Cell of anterior wing with white patch (small, or broken up), Cassandra ; large, Richmondia, Pegasus, Poseidon,
Eumeus ; very large, Arwana; reduced to a mere spot, or small, or divided, Cresus ; very large, small, divided,
or almost obsolete, Urvilliana ; small and divided, Goliath.

30. White filling the whole cell. Lydius.
3c. White cell patch large and nearly square. Tithonus.
3d. Large and irregular in form. Paradisea.
3e. Cell with 2 black marks on red. Antimachus $ ¢.

3f. Cell with one or two large white marks, always commencing at the base, sometimes occupying 3-4ths
of the cell area. AZ. Victorie and Regine.

DDD.—MALE COLOURATION AND PATTERNS.

1. Anterior wings with subcostal band of green, red, or blue moderately narrow. O. Priamus, Cassandra, Richmondia,
Pegasus, Poseidon, and Aruana.

1a. The subcostal band united with a green discocellular patch. Pegasus var.
1b. Subcostal band rather broader. Eumeus, Lydius.
1c. Subcostal band very broad. Cresus.
td. Subcostal band very narrow. Urvilliana.

bo

. Anterior wings with moderately large greenish-golden subapical patch, divided by 2 nervures. . Victoric.
2a. With the patch much larger. AZ. Regine.

3. Posterior wings generally with 4 visible black discal spots on upper surface, 6 below. O. Priamus.
3a. With 3 or 4 above and 6 beneath. Cassandra.
36. With 3, 4, 5 or 6 above and 6 beneath. Richmondta.
3c. With no spots, or 2 nearly obsolete spots above, and 6 below. Pegasus.
3d. With small spots above, and 6 or 7 below. Poseidon.
3e. With 3 spots above and 6 below. Avruana.
3f. With 2 spots above and 6 below. Eumeus.
3g. With large spots beneath. Cresus.
3h. With 4 spots above and 6 below. Lydius.

31, With 4 large spots above, and 6 below ; 2 very small above. and 6 small below ; or 4 elongate
above, and 7 beneath. Urvilliana.

37. With 2 or 4 atomic black spots above, and 5 elongate spots on the terminals of the veins
beneath. A. Victoria.

3k. Without spots above, and 5 beneath. Regine.

4. Posterior wings with 3 silky-golden submarginal spots on both surfaces. Victoria, Regine.
4a. With a submarginal row of gold spots on the under surface of wings. Urvilliana.

4b. With 2 spots anda large golden patch divided by the veins on upper surface, Lydius ; under surface with
3 spots and a large patch, and golden mark at anal angle. Lydius.

4c. With 6 or 8 golden marks above, and 8 or g below. Cresus.
4d. With one or two golden dots above, and 6 faint golden spots below. Avuana.
4e. With 6 golden spots below. Poseidon.

62

4f. Without golden spots, or with 2 above, and 4, 5 or 6 below. Richmondia.
4g. With 1 to 3 above, and 1 to 7 below. Cassandra.
4h. With 1, or without above, and 2 or 3 below. Priamus.
41. With a large area of golden-silky yellow on both surfaces,and a small golden dot. Sch. Paradisea.
47. With a large area and 3 additional large golden patches on both surfaces. Tuthonus.

E.—THE ABDOMEN.

1. Light creamy-yellow, with red-brown dorsal longitudinal stripe and brown-red anal segment. D. Antimachus 3 ¢.

ibs

1a. Light orange-yellow: brown-red dorsal stripe extending only from base 2 segments length: with lateral and
subdorsal rows of black spots with white centres. D. Zalmoxis 3 ¢.
1b. Rich golden lemon-yellow, with long dorsal black stripe, wide at summit, and narrowing towards the anal
end, divided longitudinally by white lineations, with lateral black dots. Sch. Pavadisea ¢.

tc. Creamy grey-white, yellower at the sides, with black dots ; subdorsum yellow, with the annulations strongly
expressed in black: scarlet and black at the base: anal tuft brownish-ochre. Paradisea ¢. With no
basal scarlet. Tvzthonus ¢.
td. Golden yellow above and below, with light greenish dorsal stripe, lateral large elongate black spots :
anal segment triangulate, and divided above by black: curved black marks at the base also. Tzthonus 3 .
te. Reddish grey-white: basal segment brown; lateral black dots. Goliath ¢.
tf. Golden yellow, with faint orange dorsal stripe, lateral black dots, and anal segment with the
triangulate black dividing mark. O. Priamus &, Cassandra 3.
1g. Light ochraceous grey, or reddish grey (according to whether the wings are melanistic or light
red-brown) with lateral black dots, and subdorsal portions of segments strongly defined by black.
O. Priamus %, anal tuft orange brown Cassandra ? .
th. Lemon yellow with pale orange dorsal stripe: brown at the sides, and anal segment normal.
Richmondia 8.
wt. Dark grey, yellow at the side with dorsal and lateral row of ovate black spots. Richmondia ¢ .
1j. Reddish golden yellow, or golden yellow with reddish dorsal blotches. Pegasus 3.
tk. Greenish grey, creamy towards the anal end, with basal brown, and 3 central dorsal
brown spots; anal tuft brown ochre. Pegasus ?.
1. Golden yellow, with normal anal segment. Poseidon 3, Aruana 3, Croesus 3, Lydius
3, Urvilliana 3.
1m, Golden grey: anal tuft brown ochre, Posezdon 2: with greenish-grey at the sides,
and subdorsal orange and black, Aruana 2. WRedder towards the anus, Eumeus ¢ .
in. Golden yellow with light brown orange marks. Eumeus ¢.
to. Reddish golden, with lemon yellow dorsal stripe or band of triangles, and
brownish lateral marks. Cresus 3. Golden yellow and lateral marks only.
Cresus 3.
1p. Reddish grey, greenish towards the base, with faint orange brown triangulate
dorsal marks. Cresus 2.
1g. Ochraceous creamy-yellow, dotted with brown: the 3 segments from the
base warm brown, dotted with light grey atoms: the remaining segments
with dorsal and 2 lateral brown stripes: subdorsum yellow, strongly
divided by black; lateral black dots: anal tuft reddish brown. Lydius 2 .
ir. Greenish golden-grey: subdorsum yellower: anal tuft red ochre.
Urvilliana °; darker greenish and reddish-grey, with dorsal brownish
longitudinal stripe, Urviliana var. ¢ -
1s. Stony grey and golden yellow with lateral black spots or marks, or
stony reddish grey, with yellower anal segment. 4th. Victorie, Regine,
and Regia 3.
tt. Stony-grey, yellower at the sides: lateral black dots: subdorsum
golden yellow, and prominent black with each articulation ; black
at the base. Victoria, Regine ¢.

F.—THE THORAX.
Thorax and pronotum black, with white dots above ; pectoral creamy-white dots. D. Antimachus 3 ?.
ta. Black with white dots, and bluish-green hairs: pectoral white dots. Zalmoxis 3 2.
1b. Black, with broad greenish-yellow triangulate longitudinal dorsal marks, and with pectoral red mark.
Sch. Paradisea 3. | |
1c. Entirely black dorsum, with pectoral red patch. Paradisea 2, Tithonus 3 ¢, Lydms ¢.
id. Black, with green, or bluish, or opal-like longitudinal dorsal mark, and large pectoral red patch.
The genus A! THEOPTERA.

63
1d. Black with green or bluish, or opal-like longitudinal dorsal mark, and large pectoral red patch. Goliath ¢ ,
and all the species of the Genus Ornithoptera ¢ 2 except those named below. (The pectoral red
patches vary in extent from the whole length of the thorax to only a small portion, according
to the species.)

te. With double red pronotal collar.

Richmondia 2, Poseidon 2, Urvillianav. ¢.
1f. Black, with no pectoral red patch. The Genus ASTHEOPTERA ¢ 2.

G.—HEAD,

1. Eyes prominent, brown: villose tuft with white dots, palpi slightly porrected. D. Antimachus 3 2, Zalmoxis 3 2.
Ia. Eyes large, nitid black, strongly underlined with white. Sch. Paradisea 3, Goliath ¢.
1b, Eyes only faintly underlined with white; palpi not porrect, and concealed by brief villose tuft. Paradisea 2,
Tithonus 3 2.

Ic. Eyes light or dark castaneous brown; only faintly underlined with white: palpi concealed: villose tuft
short. All the species of the Genus ORNITHOPTERA ¢ ? except Lydius ?, where the eyes are not
underlined.

1d. Eyes very faintly underlined. Genus A.THEOPTERA.

H.—ANTENNAE,
1. Antennz 2-3rds the length of the abdomen; strongly clubbed. Antimachus 3 @.

1a, Antennz very thin, as long as the abdomen, but gradually thickened at the club. Zalmoxis 3 2.
1b, As long as the abdomen: straight to the club, somewhat like a Nymphalidous antenna. Paradisea 3 2,
Tithonus $ 2.

tc. Curved a little: club not robust. Goliath ¢.

1d, Curved, with stout club; about the length of the abdomen.

Genus ORNITHOPTERA ¢ ?.
te. Length of abdomen ; not curved so much as in OrniTHOPTERA; club fairly straight and thick. Genus
ALTHEOPTERA ¢ 2.

I.—THE LEGS.
1, Femora and trochanters creamy yellow, 3; blackish yellow, ¢

D. Antimachus.
1a. Femora and trochanters black and slightly cream colour. D.Zalmoxis ¢ and ¢.

1b. Femora light yellow, trochanters dark. Sch. Paradisea, ¢ and ?.

1c. Femora and trochanters black. Sch. Tithonus, and 2; Sch. Goliath ¢?.
1d. Femora and trochanters dark-brown.

All the species of the Genus OrNITHOPTERA and its section
Priamoptera. The femora are usually deeply embedded in the black and red hairy scales, which clothe
the sides of the thorax, when in a state of rest.
1é. Femora and trochanters very black. Z. Victorie, Regine, and Regis, ¢ and ¢&.

2. Femora of Prothoracic (or rst) and Metathoracic (or 3rd) pairs of legs generally equal in length, the Mesothoracic
(or 2nd) pair longer; Antimachus 4 2, Zalmoxis 3 ¢, Paradisea 3 2, Cresus 2, Lydius 3.

2a. Femora of unequal length. Tithonus 3 ¢, Priamus 2, Urvilliana & 2, Poseidon and vars. 3 %, Aruana & @,
Eumeus $ 2, Cresus 3, Lydius ?.

2b. Femora of ist and 2nd pairs longer than the 3rd. Priamus 3, Cassandra 2, Richmondia 3, Regine 3°.

ac. Femora of and and 3rd pairs equal lengths; 1st pair shorter. Cassandra 3, Pegasus 3 2, Victovie a.
2d. All 3 pairs equal in length. Richmondia 2, Victorie ¢.

3. Tipta, All 3 pairs unequal in length.

Antimachus 8 ?, Zalmoxis 3, Pavradisea 3, Tithonus ¢ ?, Priamus 2,
Cassandra 3 2, Aruana 3, Eumeus 2, Cresus 3 2, Lydius 3 2, Urvilliana 3 ¢, Victoria ?.
3a. The 2nd and 3rd pairs longer than the rst.

Paradisea 2, Richmondia ?, Pegasus 3, Aruana 2, Kumeus @.
3b. The rst and 3rd pairs equal in length ; the 3rd pair longer. Priamus 3, Richmondia 3, Regine ¢?.

3c. The 1st and 3rd pairs equal in length; the 2nd pair longer. Pegasus 2, Brunneus 2, Poseidon and vars
$2, Victonie o.

3 2, Poseidon and vars. 2, Eumeus 3, Lydius 2, Victorie 2, Regine 2.
4a. First pair longest ; the 2nd and 3rd pairs equal in length. Zalmoxis 3.

4. Tarst. The 2nd and 3rd pairs equal in length; 1st pair shorter. Priamus 2 , Cassandra , Richmondia & 2 , Pegasus
4b. First and 2nd pairs equal in length ; the 3rd shorter.

Urvilliana ¢ .
4c. The 3 pairs unequal in length, but the 2nd pair the longest. Paradisea # 2, Tithonus % 2.

4d. Unequal in length, but the 3rd pair the longest. Priamus 3, Cassandra %, Aruana 3 2%, Cresus 3 ;
Victoria 3, Lydius 3.

4e. Unequal in length, but the rst pair the longest. Urvilliana 3,
4f. Equal in length. Poseidon 3. Brunneus 2, Eumeus 2.

64

5. Anterior leg: with the 1st tarsus nearly equalling the total length of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th tarsi; the latter 3 of
of equal lengths; the 5th tarsus (without the ungues or tarsal claws) nearly the united length of the 2nd and 3rd.
D. Antimachus 8.

5a. First tarsus nearly the total length of the other 4 tarsi; tibia about 2-5ths the total length of the first 4 tarsi;
femur nearly 1-3rd the total length of the tibia and tarsi. D. Antimachus ?.
56. Ant. leg: with 1st tarsus the total length of the other 4 tarsi (including the ungues). D. Zalmoxis 3.
506. Ant. leg: with the Ist tarsus the united length of the other 4 tarsi (not including the ungues).
Sch. Paradisea 3.
50bb. Tibia equals the total length of first 3 tarsi; the first tarsus as long as the united and, 3rd, and 4th
tarsi; length of the last tarsi unequal, the 5th being the longest ; the femur half the united lengths of
the tibia and tarsi. Sch. Paradisea.
5c. Ant. legs: rst tarsus equals 3-4ths of the total length of the other 4 tarsi (including the unques) ; the
4 short tarsi of different lengths—the znd and 5th being the longest, and the 4th the shortest; the
tibia is half the length of the 5 tarsi. Genus ORNITHOPTERA 3 ¢.
5cc. Ant. lex: with the tibia nearly equaling the total length of the 5 tarsi; the 2nd to the 5th tarsi
unequal in length—the znd and 5th longest, the 4th shortest. ORNITHOPTERA 2 2.
5d. Ant. leg: with the 1st tarsus equal to total length of the other 4 tarsi; the and, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
of different lengths—the 2nd and 5th longest, the 4th shortest. Section PRIAMOPTERA 3 3.
5dd. Ant. leg: tibia equals the total length of the ist 4 tarsi; the Ist tarsus equals the total length
of the other 4 tarsi; the 4 short tarsi are of different lengths—the 2nd and 5th longest, the 4th
shortest ; the femur is half the total length of the whole leg. Section PRIAMOPTERA $ 2,
5c. Ant. legs: femur equals half the total length of the tibia and tarsi; the 1st tarsus equals the
total length of the other 4 tarsi (without the ungues). ATHEOPTERA ¢ ¢.
5d. Tibia equal to total length of first 4 tarsi; Ist tarsus equals total length of the other 4 (with
the ungues). AL THEOPTERA 2.

6. Mesothoracic or middle leg: 1st tarsus equals in length the and, 3rd, and 4th tarsi; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of equal
length ; the 5th (with the ungues) nearly 3-4ths the length of the 1st. D. Antimachus 3.
6a. ist tarsus in length asin the 3; the and, 3rd, and 4th of equal length; the 5th about half the length of the rst
(with the tarsal claws). D. Antimachus ¢.
6b. Mesothoracic leg: tibia equals total lengths of the first 4 tarsi; 1st tarsus equal to and and 3rd; the 4th and
5th equal the 2nd and 3rd; femur 1-3rd the total length of tibia and tarsi. Sch. Paradisea 3.
6b. Tibia equals length of rst and and tarsi; Ist tarsus equals total length of the and, 3rd, and 4th tarsi;
femur 1-3rd the total length of the tibia and tarsi. Sch. Paradisea ¢ .
6c. Mesothoracic leg: the tibia equals the first 4 tarsi in length; length of tarsi unequal—the 2nd and 5th
are the longest, and of equal length. ORNITHOPTERA ¢ ¢.
6cc. Tibia nearly equals the total length of the 5 tarsi; the first tarsus equals the total length of the and,
3rd, and 4th tarsi; the last 4 unequal in length—the 2nd and 5th being the longest, and the 4th the
shortest. ORNITHOPTERA ¢ ?.

6d. Mesothoracic leg: tibia equals the first 4 tarsi in length; the rst tarsus as long as the total of the
and, 3rd and 4th tarsi; the 4 short tarsi of different lengths ; the femur half the total length of the

tibia and tarsi. Section PRIAMOPTERA ¢ ¢.
6dd. The rst tarsus half the total length of the other 4; the and and 3rd tarsi longest ; the 4th shortest.

PRIAMOPTERA ? ?.
6e. Mesothoracic leg: length of tibia equals the total length of the 5 tarsi; 1st tarsus equals the
total length of the other 4. ATHEOPTERA 3 ¢.
6f. Tibia equals length of the rst, and and 3rd tarsi; 1st tarsus equals total lengths of the other 4.
AL THEOPTERA 2 2.

7. PosTERIOR Lec. First tarsus slightly exceeds twice the length of the and; the 3rd and 4th equal to each other, but
each a trifle longer than the 2nd; the 5th (without the ungues) about equal to the and. D. Antimachus 3.

7a. Posterior leg: tibia equals the length of first 3 tarsi; the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsi of equal lengths; the femur
equals half the total lengths of the tibia and to the penultimate (or 4th) tarsus. D. Antimachus ¢

7b. Posterior leg: tibia equals total length of the 5 tarsi ; Ist tarsus equals total lengths of and, 3rd and 4th tarsi;
the last 4 tarsi of nearly equal lengths. D. Zalmoxis ¢.
_ Posterior lex: ist tarsus equals total length of 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsi; tibia equals 1st, 2nd and 3rd
es a the last 4 tarsi nearly of equal lengths; femur about 1-3rd the united lengths of the tibia and
tarsi. Sch. Paradisea 3.

. The first tarsus equals the total lengths of the and, 3rd and Ath tarsi ; tibia equals the ist and and
be caret ; ihe and ane 3rd_ nearly bay in length; femur about 1-3rd the united lengths of the tibia and

tarsi. Sch. Paredisea 2.

65

7d. Posterior leg: tibia equals the total lengths of tarsi 1 to 4; tarsi 2 to 5 unequal in length—the and
and 5th longest, the 4th shortest. ORNITHOPTERA ¢.
7ad. Tibia equals the length of the first 4 tarsi; the rst tarsus as long as the other 4; the 2nd and 5th
a g 4) g 5 5
the longest, the 4th shortest. ORNITHOPTERA ?.
7é. Posterior leg: the tibia equals total length of the first 4 tarsi; the 1st tarsus nearly half the total
length of the 2nd to the 5th. Section PRIAMOPTERA ¢.
7ee. Libia equals the total length of the first 3 tarsi; and the Ist tarsus equals the total length of
the other 4. PRIAMOPTERA &.
7f. Posterior leg: tibia equals total lengths of first 3 tarsi; the 1st tarsus as long as the other 4;
the last 4 tarsi nearly of equal length. A%THEOPTERA 3.

7. Tibia equals total lengths of first 3 tarsi; the first tarsus equals in length the other 4;
the and, 3rd, and 5th tarsi are nearly of uniform length, the 4th shortest. AUTHEOPTERA ?..*

8. A pair of sharp curved spines at the termination of the tibia of the and and 3rd pair of legs, throughout the group.

g. The base of the tarsal claws (or ungues) is bulbose, the bifid claws rather long, and graduated to a sharp point;
fixed to a raised platform at the extremity of the 5th tarsus. ([Pl. III. of this vol. fig. 5¢.] D. Antimacuus 3.
ga. Ihe bulbose base of the tarsal claws more depressed, not resting on a raised portion of the 5th tarsus, but
inserted in a slight concave depression at the termination of the tarsus ; the bifid claws are not so graduated to
their points, but are slightly swollen midway of their length. [See Pl. I., figs. xxxxa and xxxxb.]| Genus
ORNITHOPTERA.

*The above measurements may seem unnecessary at present, especially as they only apply to part of a limited group of insects—very little in this way having been
done with Lepidoptera; but all the same I present them, feeling sure that even the most apparently unimportant details of insect measurement may some day prove to be
useful, when the subject comes to be more fully studied. As in the human form there is a beautiful series of mathematical and geometrical proportions observed between the
dimensions of its different parts and members, so in insect forms we shall be able to discover many beautiful illustrations of these anatomical laws of proportion, which may
ultimately prove instructive, even in deciding upon the limits of genera and species. In the study of the Coleoptera this has long been recognised. I may here observe that the
above measurements, in each esse, are fairly representative of all the species of each genus, as far as I can judge; but that there are occasionally slight exceptions to be met
with. The general Synopsis of the Geneva TROGONOPTERA and PomMPgoPTERA will be given in the second vol. of this work.

66

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRIBE TROIDES OF HUBNER, OR
ORNITHOPTERA OF BOISDUVAL.

PART I.

When, in 1890, this Monograph was commenced, with two exceptions the whole of the species of this tribe then
known and accepted were included by Authors in the genus to which Boisduval had long before given the name
Ornithoptera. But for a considerable time the students of these wonderful insects had become accustomed to recognise
three distinct types of form, under two of which a fairly large number of species or sub-species naturally grouped
themselves. Hence the custom, which, for convenience sake, was established, of calling them the Priamus, the
Brookeanus, and the Pompeus groups. But these group names after all were only the adopted designations, each of a
set of forms wearing a certain livery, or adorned with a style of colouration and pattern, common to all, or nearly all,
the members of that coterie, whatever their specific distinctions might happen to be. The larger idea of some special
structure or character existing, of sufficient importance to justify such a separation into groups, which might ultimately
be recognised as subgenera or genera, does not appear to have been taken much into account. It had, for so long a
time, been considered that even the separation of the Ornithoptera from the huge Genus Papilio, was because in
personal appearance they so unmistakeably differed from the other members of that genus, rather than in any important
structural or anatomical characters. A similar plan has long been accepted in the systematic arrangement of the
Papilios, which it was found necessary to divide into a larger or smaller number of groups, according to the views of
different Authors, with group names,—though the more advanced students have since become convinced that Papilio
must be admitted to be composed of a considerable set of genera or subgenera, which may be created just as reasonably
as many of the genera that are made in other families of Diurnal or Heterocerous Lepidoptera.

For a time this triad of Ornithopterous groups was found very convenient. We all knew that the Priamus group
contained only black, green and yellow; violet, black, green and yellow; or orange, black and green insects, all the
males of which bore a close resemblance or family likeness to O. Priamus in pattern and outline, and generally in
colour ;—that the BrookEanus Group meant any species with the facies of O. Brookeana ;—and that the black and
yellow forms, though often differing in size and pattern from O. Pompeus, were nevertheless unmistakably members of
the Pomreus Group. In the case of the Priamus Group it was the opinion of the best entomologists that nearly all
the described species were little more than local varieties of the species Priamus, just as a good many of the black and
yellow forms could only be regarded as local forms or varieties of O. Pompeus. here remained, however, one insect, a
female, quite unique, O. Victorig, and a second unique, a male, O. Tithonus, which did not fit into either of these groups,
and whether the Victorie 2 was the mate of the ¢ Tithonus, or of another species, it was for many years impossible to
say ; at any rate neither of these curious insects would fit into either of the groups named above. It is shown in the
body of this work that they each represented a distinct genus—one preceeding and the other succeeding the Genus
Ornithoptera,—and were representatives of a different geographical] realm.

Latterly, and some little time before the commencement of this Monograph, one or two species of African Papilios
were suspected to belong to the Ornithoptera, although, in personal appearance, they seemed, prima facie, only to come
into some position well removed from this tribe ; these were Hewitson’s P. Zalmoxis and White’s P. Ridleyanus. Later
on a suggestion arose that Drury’s P. Antimachus might also be an Ornithoptera, as will be seen in the body of this
work. But while I am obliged to include Zalmoxis and Antimachus, 1 am compelled to reject Ridleyanus.

But since the commencement of this work, a very important series of insects belonging to the Ornithoptera have
been discovered—many of them in entirely new localities, some of which indeed had never before been explored for the
collection of zoological specimens, so far as we are aware ; the results being that it has been necessary to establish two
new genera for the reception of some of them; that we have obtained a larger idea of the variety and wonderful
magnificence of these and other insects ; and that the geographical area which the different forms inhabit has been
enormously extended—a striking contrast to the knowledge of these insects possessed by our predecessors at the end
of the last, and beginning of the present, century! At that time the Island of Ceram in the Moluccas was known to
contain 2 or 3 species, O. Priamus (type form) and P. Hippolyius, &c. for example ; Java was known as the metropolis of
P. Pompeus and one or two more species of that genus, and a fictitious species Pap. Pseudopandarus* had been described
by Esper as coming from India. With perhaps one or two exceptions this then was the extent of the specific and
geographical knowledge of this tribe of butterflies possessed by the great entomologists of that day.

Now, there is a whole series of species of Papilionide inhabiting South and Central America, and some of the
West Indian Islands, which are generally arranged just after the Ornithoptera, though hitherto they have been regarded
as true Papilios; but a careful and comparative examination of these alongside of the Ornithoptera will enable us to
understand that they should be included among the latter, either as a sub-tribe, or at any rate a big genus of that tribe—
though I shall have to show at the end of the 2nd Vol. of this work that they belong to at least 2 genera.

*Esper, ' Ausl. Schmett,” t. 40, f. 1 (t785—1798); quoted also as Pap. Pandavus, Jabl. “ Naturs. Schmett.’' L., t. 6, f. x (1783); ‘Godt. Enc. Mcth.” IX., p.27, n. 5 (1819) ; Conf,
Boisd. Sp. Gén. I., p. 181 (1836), India ?

67

These are the insects for which I have proposed the general name of Ornithopterina—a group I shall endeavour to
properly characterise in that place.

Admitting therefore these foregoing considerations, we have at the present time a vast geographical area of the
globe—including portions of four continents, where Ornithoptera may be found.

A broad geographical outline then gives us the following general results, leaving the details to be considered
later on :—

I. The genus Drurya ranges over a large portion of West Africa, from Old Calabar to some locality far up the
Congo River, and other districts.

2. The genus ScHoenperata has its home in German New Guinea, and the Island of Waigeu.

3. The genus OrniTHoprera inhabits many parts of Australia, the Molucca, Papuan, and Solomon Archipelagos,
and at least portions of New Guinea, both British and German.

4. The genus A‘rHEopTERa has its metropolis in the Solomon Islands.
5. The genus Troconoprera inhabits Borneo and Sumatra, and one of the Philippine Islands.

6. The genus Pompgus ranges over India and up nearly into Thibet, Ceylon, Java, a large proportion of the
East Indian and Papuan Archipelagos, the Philippines, and New Guinea.

7. The Ornithopterina may be found in S. America, from Brazil to Panama; and in Central America almost
into Mexico, besides some of the West Indian Islands—Jamaica and Haiti, for example.

Thus it willappear that with the exception of Africa and the New World, this tribe is confined to Oriental
Countries. None of its members inhabit Europe, the four or five species of Papilionidze that inhabit this Continent
are very far removed from the Ornithoptera, and two of these are Asiatic; but none are known in China or Japan, so far
as I am aware, while in Asia they are probably not to be found so far N. West of India as Afghanistan.

Having given this general view, it now becomes a duty to enter with more detail into the geographical distribution
of the first four genera, which are contained in this vol., leaving the remaining part of the subject to its appropriate
place in the 2nd vol., when it will be supplemented by special tables, which will enable us to understand at a glance
the range of each species or variety of the tribe.

1. THE GENUS DRURYA.

The geographical area over which this genus is found, is, broadly speaking, immense, as may be seen by reference
to Map 1; and as regards the type species D. Antimachus it is very unlikely that we yet know the full extent of its
territory; for as the interior of West and S.-West Africa become more fully and zoologically explored, probably a vast
number of unsuspected localities may be established for it. Judging from some indications afforded in the chrono-
logical history of its discovery, this species would appear to be rather a wandering or agressive one—gradually extend-
ing its territory as fast as the discovery of the necessary conditions renders this possible. And this is all the more
possible and probable inasmuch as it has for some good and imaginable reason in the past of its history been caused
to assume an Acreoid livery; for, though the Acreea which originally it superficially copied has probably long been
extinct, and the Ornithoptera is no longer able to benefit by its association with an insect of higher family rank, yet its
swift flight, and very prominent appearance of being an inedible species may be very potent factors in enabling it to
live and gradually extend its area with little or no persecution. This would be rendered even more easy, as both sexes
of the species wear the same protective adornments and wing-forms.

The first example which came to England in 1775 was brought from Sierra Leone, or from a North Latitude
of 8° 29' or so, and a West Longitude of 13° 15’. It may be that the insect (a #) was not taken in any of the swamps
or mountainous localities near the settlement, but at some locality a good way inland ; and this would account for such
a fine and attractive insect not again appearing for so many years.

The next place where it was found was Creek Town, Old Calabar, in the Bight of Biafra, about 52 miles N. by
W. of Fernando Po in 5° N. lat., and 7° 30’ E. long. ; after this again, in the Gaboon, nearly five degrees further South,
in about 9° 30’ of E. longitude; then at Ambas Bay, North of the Cameroons; and then again at the North of
Sherboro’ River, no great distance from where it had first been discovered. Ina little over 1° 45’ or 50'S. of the Gaboon
begins the Ogowai (or Egowe) River, in the French Congo district, and about 3° E. of its mouth the species has been
found more plentifully. It was takenalso by Mr. William Bonny on the journey with Stanley from Yambuya on the
Aruwimi River, through the Great Forest of Central Africa; a district in which the Butterflies appear to consist for the
most part of species common to the West Coast—very few peculiar to the East Coast being met with. The Aruwimi
River is one of the more important tributaries of the Congo. It empties itself into that great river at Basoko, in about
22° 40' E. long., and 1° 18’ N. lat. Yambuya, where the species was taken, is situated in 25° 6’ E. long., and 1° 12’ N.

68

lat. approximately. The Aruwimi runsa little more than 7° East to the Blue Mountains which feed Lake Albert Nyanza,
about midway of its length curving to 2° of N. lat., or 3-4ths of a degree farther north; and reaching its source a little
more north of these Mountains, or 1° 35’ S.W. of Stanley Falls. Probably Antimachus may be found over the whole
of thisimmense distance. Examples are in the Tring Museum from Bopoto (or should it not be Upoto ?) on the Congo,
In 21° 30’ E. long., and 2° 8’ N. lat.—33 degrees N.W. of Yambuyo; and it has been received by Dr, Statidinger, from
Stanley Falls.

These facts therefore give the species roundly and approximately a range of 93° of N. latitude, by 1° of S. latitude ;
and 13° W. longitude by 11° E. longitude. How far inland at or from any of these points N., W., or East it pushes its
territory it is not possible at present to decide, but it must be for long distances. Possibly the species is common over
the whole of these districts, and beyond.

The other species of this genus at present known, D. Zalmoxis, is found plentifully at Old Calabar in the Camer-
oons, in the Gaboon, at Kabinda (or Kabenda) a very little North of the mouth of the Congo, and also among other
places at Isubu, in the Cameroon district. In Angola, South of the Congo (lat. 8° 20" to 9° 30’ S., and long. 14° to 19°
E.) this species was taken some years ago by the late Mr. and Mrs. Monteiro; some of the examples being very deep
in colour. It also appears to range along the N. and S. banks of the Congo to a considerable distance ; to be fairly
common at Stanley Falls; and it has likewise been found on the mountainous Island of Fernando Po, half a degree
West of Cameroons River—an Island whose highest point is 9,350 feet. Probably these mountains were a part of the
Cameroons range before the island was separated from the mainland—the highest point of the latter being still greater,
or of an altitude of 12,992 feet.

It is not unlikely that both species of the genus also inhabit tracts of country on the banks of the Niger.

Old Calabar River which empties itself into the Bight or Bay of Biafra is the largest river on the coast of Upper
Guinea. It forms an estuary, with a width of g miles, abounding in shallows and sandbanks on small lowislands. From
this point the river is very winding, and the shores on either side for a good distance from the river banks consist chiefly
of swampy and intensly unhealthy ground—which is rarely above the level of the river, where mangroves and other swampy
vegetation flourishes. The right, or north bank is intersected by many creeks, by which communication exists with
several of the rivers and streams that flow into the Gulf of Guinea between the Old and New Calabar districts and
Benin, forming the great delta of the Quorra or Niger,* or extending N.W. and Northward more than 3} degrees from
old Calabar. To the eastward of Calabar is the high land of the Cameroons, starting with a peak nearly 13,000 feet high,
in lat. 4° 13’ N., and long. 9° 10’ E., and uniting with the mountain range that marks the coast northwards. All the
parts of the coast of New Calabar for 40 or 50 miles inland, are as swampy and primitive in character as that of Old
Calabar. As I have shown in another place a peculiar feature of the Lepidopterous fauna of this coast and for a long way
inland, is the prevalence of blue green, olive green, steel-blue with brick red or violet crimson, insects of several families,
and the very considerable number of species, especially of Romaleosoma and Papilio that have been
discovered in these swampy wildernesses, and in all this part of West Africa, including Ashanti. The coast all the way
from Old Calabar River to Betika ba Massongo is so broken up as to give it somewhat of the appearance on a small
scale of the fjords of Norway or Scotland, or those on the West side of S. America from the Chonos Archipelago to near
Cape Horn. Again, from Ambas Bay to Melimba Town at the mouth of the Sannaga River, a similar character of
coast, though not quite so broken up, is met with. Duke Town (Atakpa) is situated on the east bank of this fjord—
like Old Calabar River, a little over one degree north of its mouth; and Creek Town (Okuritungko)—practically the
metropolis of the district—a few miles farther in north. A number of other rivers and their branches extend into the
country along this coast Northward and North-eastward from Old Calabar to the Cameroons.

Sierra Leone, from whence the first example of this species was brought must be understood as an extensive
British province, and not merely the peninsula, with Free Town as its capital, that was a few years ago thought of
when the district was mentioned. Indeed, if the latter area were only taken into account, it would be almost impossi-
ble to understand how so grand an insect as D. Antimachus, to say nothing of other fine things, could for so longa
time have escaped the notice of Nature’s Observers. But the whole province measures about 170 miles from Free
Town ina straight line eastward to Kono; and about 215 miles in a bee line from the mouth of the Sulymah River
northward to Falaba. Two branches of the Joliba or Niger seem to reach their source at Temba and Kumba, about
50 or 55 miles S. West of these places, while the Rockelle River which empties itself into the sea near Free Town,
under the name of the Sierra Leone River, also commences a little north of Temba in British territory.

Free Town is built on the north shore of the Sierra Leone (or Leona) peninsula, and the 25 miles of this district
consist chiefly of a range of conical mountains, from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height, surrounded by a belt of level ground
from 1 to 5 miles broad. Originally the Sierra Leone coast was considered by geographers to extend from Cape Verga
145 miles farther north, now a part of French territory. But it practically extends from Yellaboi Island, north
of Free Town, toa trifle beyond Sulymah, taking Sherboro Island (another locality of Amtimachus) half-way in its course.
At Cape Verga, itself high ground, a moderately-elevated tract of hill country begins, extending N. by East and then
eastward till it reaches the mountain ranges which surround the table land of Foota Jallon, near 11° W. longitude.
Along this course the land never rises much more than 1,000 feet, and is much broken by ravines and narrow valleys,
especially to the west. A second and continuous range commences east of this point, trending West and East till it

*One of the native names of the Joliba.

69

meets a third range, running north and south (between ro° and 9° N. lat., and 10° and g° W. long.), extending to the
sources of the Joliba.

From Cape Verga to Alligator Point the coast is generally flat and low, formed into numerous islands by the
many branches into which the river Pongas divides before reaching the sea. The coast rises soon after at Tumbo Point,
south of Alligator Point, until it attains an elevation of 2,910 feet at Mount Kakulimah, and Mount Soomba 1,705 feet.
From thence for a hundred miles due south to Sierra Leone it is once more very low and flat, and consists of numerous
islands. Between Sierra Leone and Yawry Bay it is again high and rocky; but the eastern shores of the latter bay,
and those extending to Sherboro Island are once more low, flat, and subject to change. The greater part of this long
coast is chiefly a mangrove swamp—so unhealthy at one time that Tulloch, in his ‘‘ Report on the Health of our Troops,”
informs us that from the impenetrable fog, the immense rainfall from May or June to October or November, fevers of
every type, dysentery, liver complaints, and other diseases raged (a few years ago) to such an extent that from half to
three-fourths of our troops perished annually. This was from 1819 to 1836. Since then, however, matters have greatly
improved, as happily is the case all along the West Coast of Africa, though this is still not saying much. With the
exception of Kakulimah and the Soomba Mountains the western portion of Sierra Leone is a low plain extending more
than too miles inland. This plain is very level, except in a few places, and during the rainy season is converted in
many parts into swamps; when the waters have retired these tracts are covered mostly by tall, grassy jungle 8 or 10
feet high. In other parts are extensive meadows and intermittent forest growths. Insect life is pretty abundant in
these districts; and on the sides of the mountain ranges, and in the more arboreal localities, both Antimachus and
Zalmoxis should abound.

An almost continuous range of mountains runs South and North across the country between 11° and 12° W.
long, but they 2re pierced by the rivers that originate further east, and in an east and west direction have hewn out
large and wide valleys. These valleys are exceedingly fertile; the base of many of the hills are clothed with trees,
mostly of a few kinds; and the higher slopes of the hills to their summits with evergreen groves and palm trees.
The valleys being watered by numerous rivulets which are continually bringing down fresh soil from the hills, are
exceedingly fertile, and the whole region is capable of supplying most of the needs of man and of his domesticated animals.
The remainder or more eastern part of the country for about 80 or go miles east and west, is more level, with undulating
surface, in parts broken by deep ravines and numerous rivulets which form a series of what may be called cations, as
they are sunken considerably below the general level. All the valleys and lower depressions (the elevation never
exceeds 300 feet above sea level) are remarkable for fertility—caused by the vegetable soil being very rich with an
admixture of iron-clay and sand. The heat of the country is great all the year round, being generally over 80° Fahr.,
but greatest just before the setting in of the rainy season—though the heat of the hilly country is at least 5° less. Wild
animals and insects abound, as might be expected.

The province of Angola, where Zalmoxis has been taken, is a large tract of country extending longitudinally
southward from the Congo country almost to Mossamedes on the 16th parallel of S. latitude; and from about 14° to
19° of E. longitude; in one part nearly to the bank of the Zambesi. Within its area (which is not as exactly certain
as could be desired, though it must be at least 18,000 to 20,000 square miles) are included Loanda, of which the coast
town St. Paulo de Loanda is the capital, Benguella or Benguela, Lovale and the Lobale river districts, Amboella, and
part of Mossamedes. It will be seen, by reference toa map, that all the western part of the country for about 5 degrees
of longitude is exceedingly mountainous; and that the whole of the country is well drained by a multitude of important
rivers, and their branches especially as we advance eastwards, where the country becomes lower or flatter. The land
appears to be encroaching on the sea, especially along the coast of Loanda. The Isle of Loanda and Cape Palmareinho
are supposed to have been formed in this way. The land thus gained is entirely of an alluvial and level character.
The vegetation of the country is on a scale of magnificence quite equal to the grandest of tropical countries ; the animal
life is as varied and abundant as in any part of Africa;—most of the larger creatures, many species of monkeys, an
immense number of species of birds,—including many parrots,—lizards, two or three species of crocodiles, and an endless
list of insects of all orders are among the denizens of the land. The waters, both inland, and on the coast litoral, are
also rich in fish and crustacea. The rivers often swarm with fish, many of which, like the birds and insects are of
glorious beauty. It will be understood that the variety of vegetation must therefore be equally great and interesting.
As the physical geography of this country in many respects greatly resembles that of the Congo States, it is quite likely
that the two species of the genus Drurya range over the whole country. Antimachus, by its rapid and high flight being
less likely to be often seen than is Zalmoxis.

2. THE GENUS SCHOENBERGIA.

The three species of this Genus are geographically removed some considerable distance from each other, if we
are to judge from the material that has thus far come to hand. German New Guinea, the home of Sch. Paridisea is
more than 1,200 miles south-east of the island of Waigeu, the home of Sch. Tithonus; an island which Wallace visited, and
in which he spent several months collecting—an island which, though he did not obtain such fine collections as in other
districts he explored, nevertheless supplied him with the beautiful Red Bird of Paradise (Paradisea rubra) and ‘‘ the
lovely little dove among the birds (Pilonopus pulchellus) ;” the rare New Guinea Kite (Henicopernis longicauda) ; a large

790

new goatsucker (Podargus superciliavis); and a ground pigeon with a long and powerful bill (Henicophaps albifrons) ;
besides one Ornithoptera and several singularly beautiful Ericinidze (Sospita and Taxila), a number of Lyceenide of a
gorgeous character, and the beautiful Pieris (Thyca aruna) of Hewitson.

It may be said that comparatively little is yet known of the physiographical and zoographical character of the
great island of New Guinea. Up to the present time, though some important work has been done by explorers and
naturalists in the island, very little more than the fringe or coast districts have really been properly examined ; and this
applies more especially to the S. Eastern peninsula-like tract of land, extending say from East Cape and Samarai to
Holnicote Bay on the Eastern or N. Eastern side, and to the mouth of the Fly River and a comparatively short distance
on the Western or S. Western side on British territory. After that, with the exception of a very small portion of
German New Guinea round about the Finisterre Mountains, and a slightly larger part of the North-western or Dutch
portion of the island, the map of the country presents about as blank an appearance as a map of the interior of Africa
did less than one hundred years ago; for Terra Incogni!a may well be written therein. If so, what a prospect is thereby
opened up to us yet of wonderful discoveries in animal and vegetable life! a prospect which appears by no means too
hopeful, if we are to judge by the truly marvellous and glorious discoveries that are continually being made, with each
extension of an intelligent and enthusiastic investigation of its products.

The Finisterre Mountains, among which Sattleberg Mountain is situated, are an important group, the highest of
which is 11,391 feet high. Their position is about 145° 9’ to 147° ro’ East long., and 5° 6’ to 6° 3’ South lat. On the
Western and Southern sides of these mountains, a small river extends from the coast near Constantine Harbour, in
the German Astrolabe Bay,* with a sinuous course, up a rather narrow valley to the foot of this mountain range—a
distance probably, allowing for its windings, of about 70 or 75 miles. The name of this river is the Kabenau. The
Finisterre Mountains are united at their north-western point—following the windings of the Kabenau, with a narrow
range running parallel to the Maclay coast till they meet the Cromwell Hills (1,710 feet high); these in their turn are
succeeded by the Rawlinson Range, which look out over the Huon Gulf, whose waters wash the southern shore of
Kaiser Wilhelm’s land. A small stream which divides the Rawlinson Range from Kraetke Mountains (9,843 to 11,403
feet high) runs down and empties itself into the Gulf near Port Parsee. ‘his is the Markham River. Four other
mountain ranges follow, trending westward and northward, the Zoller, Otto, Bismark, and Kuper Ranges (the last 1,969
feet high) ; all these are crowded together, with several narrow valleys, into an amphitheatre-like space of about 165 by
110 miles roughly considered—a very respectable group of mountains nevertheless; and already proved to contain
some wonderful lepidoptera and other glorious things. This space is probably the best surveyed of the German part
of the island.

On the southern side of the Island, in the British possessions, from a point a little west of the Bismark
Mountains to the extreme south and east of the island, the whole coast is mountainous, range following range down to
East Cape and China Straits, arranged in the following order:—From N. West to S. and S.-East — The
Albert Victor Mountains, where the Jubilee River has its source; the Albert Range; Mount Yule (10,046 feet high) ;
Mount Victoria (13,121 feet high) ; Mount Nisbet; Mount Obree (10,246 feet); Mount Brown (7,947 feet high) ; Mount
Clarence (6,330 feet high); Mount Suckling, east of the latter (11,226 feet high); Mount Thompson (5,901 feet
high) ; and Mount Samarai (4,478 feet high). These may be regarded as really one extensive range, unbroken in their
course, but having special names given to their higher peaks ; and altogether they constitute the backbone of the great
Peninsula, running down nearly midway, though rather more westward than eastward, for the greater part of its course.
The approximate length of this mountain system would be (not reckoning its sinuations) about 560 miles. The exten-
sive portions of the island north-west, and south-west of this range, within British territory, and for 408 miles and more
to west and north in Dutch territory would appear to be flat land, pierced for nearly 260 milesin one part by the
Charles Louis Mountains; but this is only because the country has not yet been sufficiently explored to enable
geographers to better understand its physical condition. But we shall have more to say about this part of the
island in the and vol. of this work. Probably the Great Victor Emmanuel Range of Mountains, which in the German
territory commences about 40 miles from the east coast opposite Vulkan island, and stretches away almost in a straight
line Westwards to some distance within the Dutch line, will be found, when the country is better known, to unite with
the Charles Louis Mountains advancing from Kapia, West to East (all in Dutch territory, with peaks whose heights
are respectively 9,515, 11,912, 13,786, and 16,733 feet), and so to form a natural boundary line, dividing two zoological
provinces. The north and north-west portions of the island, Tana Beran, and Onin (themselves almost separated into
distinct islands, the first by the McChiver inlet, and the second by a narrow channel running northward from this inlet
to Kamraub), and the more eastern part of the country towards Kapia, are better known—though only compara-
tively : and it is a rich zoological district, in which Lepidoptera (and Ornithoptera) are by no means poorly represented.
In the Arfak Mountains and at Amberbaken, on the north-east coast, some good work done, leads us to hope for still
better things in the future. These districts are all very mountainous—the highest point yet ascertained being in the
Arfak range, 9,521 feet. Beyond the western and north-western end of New Guinea the sea is rich in islands of great
zoological importance, even to our particular portion of the subject—several of which Wallace visited and collected in,
such as Wacieu, Salawatti, Mysol, &c. Beyond the south-eastern end of New Guinea and almost parallel with the
eastern coast for 100 miles, are numerous islands and islets, the most important being Fergusson (or Moratau) a moun-
tainous island (5,906 feet high at its highest). The D’Entrecasteau Archipelago (from whence have been brought some
of the most beautiful butterflies, especially among the Lycznidz, that have yet been discovered), and a multitude of
islets and rocks crowd the sea as far S,W. as the Louisiade Archipelago.

*There are two Bays of this name—the English Astrolabe Bay being on the Southern side of the Island, near Port. Moresby.

71

But of the three political divisions of New Guinea, the Dutch portion is, taking all things into consideration, the
most important and valuable part of the island—at any rate so far as its coast lines are concerned. A glance at a good
map will show that the more north-western and south-western coasts are indented and worn into greater or lesser Bays,
right up on the south side, almost from the two or three degrees of the Dutch boundary line, or in longitude 135° East
to about E. long. 131°; and on the north side from E. long. 137° 30’ to 134°. The McCluer inlet on the western side,
pierces the land nearly through to Geelvink Bay on the eastern side (for only about ten miles intervene between
them). Geelvink Bay represents a huge excision of coast of the most remarkable character—the two extreme points of
which are quite 230 miles apart: the land having been cut out to the extent of quite 170 miles. Within this Bay is an
enormous coast line of between 400 and 500 miles, with many smaller Bays and Harbours, and a number of islands, such
as Jobi, and outside the Bay the Schouten Islands. The eastern point of the Bay is also cut up by the big river Ambernoh
and its branches into at least 8 islands, that are otherwise really a part of the main land. On the western side, besides
the McCluer inlet there is a considerable number of Bays and Harbours—many of which must be of great value.

Some important rivers also drain the extensive south-west of the island; whilst Batanta and Waigeu appear at
some time in the past to have been separated from the mainland. The Mountain Ranges, so far as they have been
explored, are generally clothed with dense tropical vegetation: the Arfak and Charles Louis Mountains reach the limit

of perpetual snow.*

All these parts of this island are subject to great rainfalls through a considerable part of the year; and explorers
speak of the forests and vegetation as being continually saturated with moisture, which sends up clouds of steamy mist,
just as one may see it doing in the rainy season on the New Granadian Coast of South America. The country, how-
ever, is probably not more debilitating than in British New Guinea, where, with the exception of the district of the
Owen Stanley Mountains, the extensive flat portions of the land are very unhealthy.t

With the exception of the Gulf of Papua, British New Guinea is not so favoured in its coast lines: its Harbours
appear to be distinctly inferior in value to those of the Dutch division of the island; and the coast is said also to be
greatly encumbered with coral reefs. But with the exception of Astrolabe Bay, Humboldt Bay, and Huan Gulf,
German New Guinea possesses a coast line which seems less valuable than either of the two other political divisions
of the island.

The four important islands at the south-west and western extremity of New Guinea, together with a number of
smaller ones, give us an idea of the much greater extent of this country in the remote part; for they take us nearly 100
miles farther to the north-west (or the W. of Mysol), and quite as much farther north (or the N. coast of Waigieu). The
principal islands thus included are also Salawatti, Batanta, Koffian, Gamu (a satellite of Waigieu), and perhaps Popa,
about the same distance from Salawatti as Mysol is. The shallowness of the seas separating these portions of land,
and the similarity of their fauna and flora in general character fairly justify this conclusion, In all these districts the
Fauna are very rich and remarkable for their beauty—much richer than Wallace, in his time supposed them to be; for later
explorers and naturalists have been able, not only among the Birds of Paradise, and Pigeons, but among other families
of birds, and among all orders of insects, especially Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, to add very largely to our knowledge
of their productions—almost beyond the dreams of the greatest enthusiast. The island of Batanta is very lofty; but
the isle of Jobi in Geelvink Bay, which resembles it in shape, though it is 2} times as long, possesses mountains of 2,000
and 2,500 feet in altitude. Batanta is well clothed with dense forest ; and is a locality for the King Bird of Paradise
and a large species of Cassowary. As the south coast of Batanta is so densely clothed with jungle, insects are few;
and no Ornithoptera appear to have been taken there. The northern part, however, yields Wilson’s Bird of Paradise,
as does Waigieu also; and the Red Bird of Paradise. At Momos, on the south coast of Waigieu, Ornithoptera ofa
species belonging to the green groups are plentiful, but very difficult to capture, owing to the rapid pace at which they
dash through the woods, and the density of the vegetation by which the collector is hampered. The Pigeons and
Parrots of this district, as in other parts of New Guinea are very numerous.

Momos is situated to the east of Chabral Bay, a narrow gulf running into this part of the island of Waigieu so
far (about 26 miles) as to cut the island nearly in two—somewhat in the same manner as the McCluer inlet nearly
divides the Arfak, or N. Western portion of New Guinea from the remaining parts of the Dutch territory—for the two
parts of the island are only united by about 3% miles of land. Just within the entrance to this gulf or inlet is a large
number of rocks and islets extending for a couple of miles. Towards its northern extremity is another similar group.
These all rise from the calm water perpendicularly within coralline cliffs, and are mostly clad with dense jungle; and the
whole district is singularly rich and varied in its splendid fern and other vegetation.

The islands of Batanta and Waigieu, though many miles farther apart than are Batanta and Salawatti, never-
theless appear to possess a fauna almost common to each ; while that of Salawatti does not furnish many of the forms
found on the other islands—although Batanta is only about 2 miles, at its nearest point from Salawatti, and 25 miles
from the nearest point of Waigieu. The sea which separates Batanta from Salawatti is deep; but shallow between the
former and its more distant neighbour Waigieu. The geological reasons therefore for such unexpected zoological
differences in the islands are obvious.

*No other Mountains in tropical Asia attain this limit,

+The coast settlements of Dutch New Guinea, which are few, rust however be very difficult for Europeans to live in. The Dutch established a settlement at Triton Bay,
on the south side of the island in 1328; but found it necessary to abandon it after seven years of trial,

72

Until recently Waigieu was considered to be the home of Sch. Tithonus; and the examples of the 2 which
reached England were believed to be the representatives of De Haan’s type %, andthe ¢ to be their proper mates.
These forms are figured in my Pl. V. of this work; but since that plate was published Mr. Doherty discovered the
species at Kapaur in New Guinea, on the western coast of the province of Onin, at least 340 miles south-east of Waigieu
as the crow flies, and separated from its first habitat by two islands, the whole of the Arfak part of New Guinea, and
the McCluer inlet. The females of this form of Tithonus Mr. Rothschild considers to be true representatives of the
original type %: so that the two sexes of the Kapaur examples must be considered distinct from the Waigieu examples ;
and that at any rate the Waigieu females belong to a different though closely allied species. This new form he has
called T. Tithonus tithonus. Be this opinion correct or not, the discovery of the species in such a new locality opens
up very interesting possibilities for the future. These splendid vars. of Tithonus will be found figured on Pl. VIa of this
work, and a description of them in its proper place. A variety of the ¢ Sch. Paradisea has been taken at Etna Bay,
on the north-west coast of Dutch New Guinea, and a little south-east of Triton Bay, or near the foot of the Charles
Louis Mountains, or about 150 miles S.S.-East of Kapaur. This fine variety is named flavescens by Mr. Rothschild ;
and will be found figured in Pl. Va. A second var. Scu. Parapisna, v. Meridtonalis, Rothschild, is found at Mailu,
British New Guinea. This form is much smaller than the last named, and differs much in the extent and shape of the
light markings of the primary wings, and the light area of the secondaries ; but the general colour is similar to that of
flavescens. A third var. of the ? from Erima on the German east coast of New Guinea, in Astrolabe Bay, north of
Constantine Harbour is called by Mr. Rothschild, v. punctaia. This form may well prove ultimately to be the @ ofa
very distinct species of Schoenbergia, as it differs in many respects from any of the other forms—both in outline of
wings, the markings of the primary wings, and the general colour, both of the body and wings: the dark portions of the
latter being a warm red-brown on both surfaces—instead of the intensely black-brown of the other varieties ; and the
body and the light markings an ochraceous creamy-white, instead of the vivid whiteness of the wing marks of those
varieties. [See Pl. Va. and descriptions.] These splendid forms therefore give promise of the probability that many
new and fine vars. and species of the Genus Schoenbergia will yet be discovered, when New Guinea is more fully
explored ; and that the great island will prove as famous for, and rich in this most superb of all groups of butterflies
(a group that may well be called THz Butrerries or Parapiss) as it is in that most wonderful of all groups of birds,
the Paradiseide, or Birps OF PARADISE.

Note.—When writing the portion of this article on the genus Drurya I overlooked the contents of an interesting
letter containing valuable information on the localities in which the two species of that genus have been taken on the
Congo and in other parts of West Africa, most obligingly sent me in 1898 by Herr Wenig, director of the Musée Royal
d’Histoire de Belgique, at Brussels, and which for many months I had unfortunately mislaid; but I now take this
opportunity of printing the list of these localities in this place, rather than in a special appendix, to which I add
the latitude and longtitude of each place approximately only—though the determinations will not be far out, I think. |
will also take this opportunity to thank Herr Wenig for the trouble he so courteously took to send me the information
which I required on this point.

t. Locatitres ror D. Antimachus, ¢.

The river Kassai and its tributaries, 20° E. long., 12° 40’ S. lat. (Taken by M. Thys.)

Stanley Falls, 20° 26’ E. long., 1° N. lat. (Clement de St. Nearey.)

Popokalaka. (M. Lerman.) Not yet included in the latest maps.

River Mongalla, a branch of the Congo, 21° E. long., 2° 30’ N. lat. (M. Waelbroeck.)

Ibembo, on the north bank of the Congo, 22° 4o’ E. long., and 2°N. lat. (MM. F. Duviries and G, Desmet.)
Bangala, 18° 30’ E. long., and 1° 45’ N. lat. (M. Duviries.)

Bumba, 22°18' E. long., 2° 14’ N. lat. (M. Keyres.)

Upoto, 21° 55’ E. long., and 2° 15’ N. lat.; on the great Congo. (M. Wilwerth.)

Abon, Mombazi river, 31° E. long., and 4° 4o’ S. lat. (M. Valeriola.) This point is about 1 degree S. of Lake
Taganyika.

Luluaberg. 21° 4o' E. long., 5° 50’ S. lat., situated on a portion of the Lulua River, and in a hilly district of the
maximum altitude of 1815 feet. (M. Ch. Haas.)

A-Madi, 27° E. long., and 3° 28’ N. lat. (M. Walhousen.)
Zengo Rapids, Mokoanghai, 19° 20’ E. long., and 4° 18’ N. lat. (M. Tilkens.)

Imlu Iboko. (M. Brunfaut.) Not yet included in the latest maps.

73
Banzyville, Congo river, 21° 30’ E. long., and 4° 18’ N. lat. (M. Herman.)

Mompeno, on excrements found on the banks of rivers July ist, roth, 15th, 20th, 30th, August rst, and 16th,
1895. (M. Rosen.)

Kassai, 20° o’ E. long. (on the banks of this river) and 11° 15’ South East. (M. Boulenger.)

Umangi, on the north bank of the Congo, close to Upoto, in 21° 37’ E. long., and 2° 7’ N. lat. (M. E. Wilwerth.)
September and November, 1896.

Boko, 15° 5’ E. long. and 5° 12’ N. lat. (M. Moreels.)
Irenga, 33° 20’ E. long., 4° go’ N. lat. (M. de Weire.)

On the Maringa River (a branch of the Lulonga River, itself an arm of the Congo), situated about 1° 35’ south
of the Congo in 22° E. long., and 0° 15’ N. lat. (M. Mairesse.)

Kassai. (M. Boulange.)
Haut Maringa. (M. Mairesse.)

Drurya Zalmoxis.
Kassai. (M. Thys.)

Bumba, 22° 30’ E. long., 2° 10’ N. lat.; north bank of the Congo. (M. de Keyres.)
Gabon, 4° 36’ E. long., 0° 30’ N. lat. (M. T. Carradot.)
Abon, Mombasi River. (M. de Valeriola.)
Bassan Kussu, south bank of the Congo, 19° 45’ E. long., 1° 10’ N. Jat. (M. Cambier.)
Luluaberg. (M. Ch. Haas.)
Ibembo. (M. Desmet.)
Bangasso, 23° 32’ E. long., 4° 50’ N. lat. (M. Herman.)
Imlu Iboko. (M. Brunfaut.)
A-Madi. (M. Walhousen.)
Banzyville. (M. G. Herman.)
Zengo, Mokoanghay. (M. Tilkens.)
Mompeno (on excrements on the banks of the rivers, June 23, July 1, 10, 17, 30, August 10, 1895).
Bena Bendi, 20° 41' E. long., 4° 15’ S. lat. (M. Cloetens.)
Boko. (M. Moreels.)
Irenge. (M. de Weire.)
Haut Maringa. (M. Mariesse.)
GREEN Variety oF Zalmoxis.
Mongalla. (M. Waelbroeck.)
Gray VARIETY oF Zalmoxis.
Bangala. (M. Verhas.)
Kassai. (M. Boulenger.)
Umangi. (M. Wilwerth), September and November, 1896.

74

_ Whilst the foregoing latitudes and longitudes are not measured to a second, I believe they are generally within
a mile or less than a mile of the localities named. One or two places are not yet to be found in the latest maps, and
therefore the exact position could not be given,

THE GENUS ORNITHOPTERA.

At the head of the genus Ornithoptera is the type species, O. Priamus—a grand form from which all the numerous,
so-called species, varieties and aberrations, included within the black and green groups, and also the black and violet,
and black and yellow-red forms have probably been originated. If this is really the original type form, it would seem to
have steadily maintained its position in a comparatively limited region, while its offshots have gradually spread in every
direction over an immense extent of the Eastern world—including portions of New Guinea and Australia and New
Britain. But Priamus (type) has not, so far as I can trace, been taken in any locality beyond what may be called the
Ceram Archipelago, including the Ceram Laut Islands, and I possess a specimen of the ¢ said to have been taken in
the fairly large island of Buru or Bouru, as Wallace spells it, which is situated at some distance to the west of Ceram.

At present therefore we have these localities recorded for Priamus, viz.: Amboyna, Ceram, Ceram Laut, Buru,
and Saparua; but as regards the largest island there appears to be no definite information as to the exact districts of
Ceram where the examples of the insect have been taken, which is much to be regretted. However, such information
may yet be obtained: in which case it will be included in one of the appendices to the 2nd vol. of this work.

Amboina (or Amboyna as it is often spelled), which the Malays call the island of Ambun, is the locality from
which the majority of the specimens have been brought. It is a small island about 32 miles long and 10 miles broad,
situated in S. lat. 3° 40’ and between 128° and 129° E. longitude. It lies south-west of the large island of Ceram, and
east of the island of Buru. It is so near to Ceram as to be, at its nearest point, not more than 4 or 5 miles from the
opposite coast; and there is little doubt that originally Ceram, Amboina, with the intervening islands, and Buru were
all connected. Like so many of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, it is very irregular in shape for so small a mass
of land—being indented by a bay so deep that the island is almost divided into two portions, which at the head of this
bay are only united by a narrow isthmus. These portions are unequal in area—that to the north-west, which is called
Hitoe, comprising fully 2-3rds of the island. Leytimer is the name of the remaining third. Within the strait between
Amboina and Ceram, cr to the north of Amboina, are 3 small islands, Saparua or Saparoua, where Priamus has been
taken, Oma and Harocha. The Bay of Amboyna is 15 miles long from its entrance, but while its breadth varies
considerably, it is in some parts not more than a mile across. Like Buru and Ceram it is a very mountainous and
wooded country, and is drained by several small rivers, which during the season of excessive rainfall, are so swollen as
to form mighty torrents, which overflow their banks, and sweep everything away that is met with in their furious
progress. In the dry season these rivers become so shallow as to be not more than 2 or 3 feet deep. The most
important of these streams originate in the mountains of Leytimor on the eastern part of the island. The arboreal
wealth of the island is so great that Rumphius, the great naturalist, was able to account for over 400 different species—
but very little of this timber is of much value for the more useful purposes. The trees and underwood, in their possession
of the rich, loamy red soil of the island, are only limited by the numerous clove plantations cultivated by the Dutch
Government and private enterprise. Formerly the Government took the entire responsibility and profit of this cultiva-
tion, making the growth of the clove a monopoly even for the island ; compelling the inhabitants of the other islands of
the Moluccas to destroy every plant under heavy penalties, in order that this unwise and tyrannical monopoly for Amboina
should be secured. At the present time, however, both the Government and private speculators cultivate this valuable
spice plant in several of the neighbouring islands, as well as in Java. Amboyna is fairly healthy, notwithstanding the
heavy rainfall—the temperature being so equable as to average only from 72° to 82° fahr.

Amboyna produces all the vegetables and fruits common to the Eastern Archipelago ; in its woods deer and wild
hogs abound. Its coasts are rich in shells, many of them large in size, splendid in colour, and beautiful inform. The seas
are also famous for their zoological wealth generally ; sponges, corals, actiniz, and fishes of unimaginable colour, form,
and dimensions, abounding. Dr. Bleeker has recorded 780 species of fishes as having been discovered in and around
the island. On land the most remarkable of the bird fauna is the great Black Cockatoo, Microglossus aterrimus of Gmelin.
By means of the island of Saparua continuous line of locality to Ceram is assured for O. Priamus. No doubt the
species may some day be taken, if it has not been before, in the neighbouring islets of Oma and Haroche. It is
impossible to say how far this species ranges over Ceram—as our specimens are not carefully labelled with their proper
localities. Ceram is a mountainous country—for a great chain forms its vertebra, running through the centre of the
island from east to west, a length of about 185 miles, its highest point being more than 7,000 feet above sea level. This
mountain chain might prove a barrier to the existence of Priamus on some parts of Ceram, The average width of the
island is about 30 miles. Whilst Amboyna produces three species of Ornithoptera, besides many of the noblest
butterflies and beetles in the world, Ceram is apparently much less rich in these forms of animal life, according to the
experience of Mr. Wallace—though many fine things must have been taken in the island; and only a very small
proportion of its insect fauna can yet have been discovered.

Ceram is the largest of the Molucca islands with one exception (that of Gilolo) ; though not so strangely irregular
in shape as the latter. Its average breadth is about 30 miles; and were it not for the peninsula of Hoewamochil, or
little Ceram—its form would present very little novelty from that of any ordinary island. This peninsula is united at
its western extremity by a narrow, irregularly-curved isthmus, called the Pass of Tamoeno, There is little doubt that
Amboina was once a continuation of this neck of land. A group of 3 small islets flanks this land on the west. At the
east end of the island is the cluster called-the Ceram Laut Islands. The soil in the valley is as usual very fertile; and
the peninsula at one time was abundant in its production of cloves and nutmegs, which were destroyed by the Dutch in
1657. The island also is famous for its forests of the Sago Palm.

75

According to Ribbe, in the Iris for 1889, p. 197, Ceram is rich in species of Ornithoptera and Papilios: there
are, he says, 10 species of Ornithoptera and 58 of Papilios to be found 1n Great Ceram, the former includes several
of the genus Pompeoptera. It is an island rich in Coleoptera, among them being many fine Longicornia. To the north of
Ceram, with a slight inclination to the west, and situated due west of one of the arms of Gilolo, is the island of Batian,
or as it is variously spelled Batjan, and Batchian, the northern end of which reaches almost to the equatorial line.
The length of the island from N.-West to S.-East is about 50 miles, with a width at its widest part of probably from 18
to 20 miles. Two small islands, Mandioli and Kasiruta with several islets flank Batjan on the west, and are con-
tinued by a line of islets as far Ternate, flanking the northern arm of Gilolo. Within this row of islets are Tawah,
Makjan, and Tidore—all of them good hunting grounds for insects and birds; about 15 miles across the strait from
Makjan is the island of Kaiéa, a country so wonderfully rich in insects as to have fairly amazed and delighted Wallace.
The landing place on this island he tells us “is a beach of hard coralline rock, with rugged cliffs of the same, resembling
those of the Ké Island,” accompanied by a brilliancy and luxuriance of the vegetation like what he had observed in the
latter islands. The land in the part of the island where he stayed is gradually sinking ; but when he reached an eleva-
tion of 200 feet on the forest clad line above the village where he stayed, the coralline rock was succeeded by a hard
crystalline rock—a kind of metamorphic sandstone,—indicative of a recent elevation of more than 200 feet, which had
still more recently changed into a movement of subsidence. This is not to be wondered at, for all these districts must
be in a very unstable condition—judging by the almost universal evidences of volcanic action, and the terrible volcanic
explosions that seem to occur at long intervals. Ina new clearing beyond the swamp near the village—the insect life
was extraordinary, Mr. Wallace never visited a place so rich in beetles—a dozen species of large Buprestide, green
rose-chafers (Lomaptera), and long-horned beetles (A nthribide) were so abundant that they rose up in swarms as he walked
along, filling the air with a buzzing hum. Several fine Longicornes were equally common. In three days at this spot
he took about 100 species, among which were 42 species of Longicornes. Butterflies and Birds were not, however, so
numerous. Of Birds a great red parrot Elecius Grandis, a Crow, a Megapodius, or mound-builder, and the Racquet-
tailed Kingfisher were the principal species met with.

To return to Batjan: the capital (the village or town) is built on the head of a wide and deep
bay: a range of mountains forms the backbone of the island—the southern portion of this range being fine
and lofty. The northern and southern parts of the island are connected by a rather narrow isthmus; but
the northern part of the island is the broadest. The geological formation of the rocks, as far as Wallace could see
the coast was either in thin layers of sandstone, or a pebbly conglomerate—sometimes a little coralline limestone, but no
volcanic rocks. The forest was much more dense in its luxuriance and loftiness than those of Ternate and Gilolo,
where dry and porous lavas and raised coral reefs abound. Gigantic tree-ferns are abundant in the forest, and the
variety of vegetation is very great. In this forest are to be found the extraordinary Bird of Paradise, Semiopiera
Wallacei, Gray, or Wallace’s Standard Wing ; a green parrot with a red bill and head, Geoffryus Cyanicollis; two handsome
fruit pigeons with metallic green, ashy, and rufous plumage; the deep-blue Roller, Ewrystomus azureus ; the Golden-
capped Sunbird, Nectarinea Auriceps, and a Racquet-tailed Kingfisher, Tanysiptera isis. Among butterflies is
a species of Papilio, closely allied to the magnificent blue and black P. Ulysses but with the blue still more intense,
and a row of blue stripes around the margin of the posterior wings to accentuate the veinlets; also a lovely
and delicate Lycaena (Damis Sebe of Boisduval), with wings of rich metallic blue and white, and many handsome species of
Papilios, Pieridz, and Euploeas. Coleoptera are abundant, among them some fine Longicornes. The interior of
Batjan, which has no indigenous people, is altogether uninhabited ; and only a few small villages were built along the
coast. In this forest Wallace first saw the % of Cresus, and two months later the ¢. This species flies at a great
height, and is very wild and swift in its movement; but being attracted to the yellow flowers of a shrub, a species of
Mussenda, he at length succeeded in taking it, as described at page 33 of this vol.

Since then Cresus has been discovered in Ternate, Djilolo, and (bred) in Amboina. Besides this wonderful species
the allied form Lydius with its curiously abnormal ? occurs in Djilolo or Gilolo, and perhaps in Batjan; likewise several
species of Lyceenidz, the fine Papilio Wallacet, of Hewitson—a lovely insect closely allied to the Agamemnon group of
swallow-tailed butterflies—an Aru Island species also occurs. But altogether by comparison with other localities
the forests of Batjan are rather poor in species and individuals of bird and insect life, though Wallace met with one
or two species in almost every class or order conspicuous for their extreme beauty or singularity of form.

But, taking a long leap for the present to continental Australia, which also may be called the largest island in the
world, we shall meet with a greater abundance of Ornithoptera, especially at the northern portion of this immense
country—while right on into New Guinea, the next largest tract of insulated land on earth, we have a whole province of
beautiful Ornithopterous forms, as magnificent and remarkable, or more so, as any to be found in the Moluccas, even
including Priamus and Cre@sus. Two species or forms of Ornithoptera are inhabitants of the former country—
which are closely,—very closely, allied ; these are O. Richmondia and O. Cassandra.

The first of these inhabits the district through which the Richmond River flows—a river which takes its origin among
the Macpherson Range of mountains somewhere near Mount Lindsay (which is 3,500 feet high) and in its winding and
erratic coutse, and by means of its branches, travels to Lismore, and also flows into the sea at Ballina. Mount Lindsay
is situated about 153° E. long., and about 27° 20’ S. lat.; the Richmond River descends as low as 29° 8' lat., but finally
empties itself into the ocean at about 27° 50’ S. lat. The whole of the coast-land from the Clarence River to the
Macpherson Range is exceedingly mountainous. In this portion of New South Wales O. Richmondia is very plentiful :
it is common on all the northern rivers of N. S. Wales till we reach Clarence River, nearly 2-3rds of a degree farther
south, below which it is not found very far. At Lismore it is common. It extends also into southern Queensland, but
how far it is not easy to say. Altogether however it appears to have a wide range in mountainous and also more level
country. The Cassandra (or Euphorion form, as it is called by Miskin) is the common species of Queensland,

"6

inhabiting a tract of territory from Mackay and the Pioneer River on the East Coast of Australia (about 2r° 15’ S. lat.,
and 149° 15' E. longitude), to Cooktown, near the Norma River, (in about 15° 20’ S. lat., and 143° 15’ E. long.) or within
a line of coast at least of 380 miles from north to south. It has been taken plentifully at Cairns on the Russell River,
about 68 miles north of Cooktown; at Port Denison 200 miles N.E. of Cairns; on the Border River, 60 or 70 miles
inland in a westerly direction; and on the Herbert River which empties itself into the sea at the head of Halifax Bay.
It has been received from parts of N.S. Wales as well as Queensland—and its northern limit is the Maroochy River.
But we may safely assume that its range would extend inland west to many degrees of longitude, probably through the
whole of Queensland. Specimens which come to us from such a large territory, of which the coast is the most thickly
populated, naturally will have been chiefly taken in tracts of land most accessible.

The third species of Ornithoptera found in Australia is confined to the more extreme northern part of the
Continent, where the climate and vegetation become more tropical in character. This is O, Poseidon, of which its var.
Pronomus is found at Cape York and Thursday Island, and the type form Poseidon on Darnley Island, between
N. Australia and New Guinea. On the Cape York Peninsula, under its name of Pronomus, it will probably range over
at least 4 degrees of latitude, but it has not been found on the opposite or west side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, or North
Australia, so faras lam aware, Euphorion or Cassandra has, however, on the authority of Gray, been brought from the
N.W. coast and N. of the Continent. Thursday Island is a small but important islet about 18 or 20 miles N. N.-West
of the most northern point of the Australian continent—Cape York. Prince of Wales Island, comes, with Horn islet
between Thursday Island and the mainland, and the sea beyond to New Guinea is fairly dotted with islets and specks
of land—many of which may be stages in the distribution of such a varying but strong species as Poseidon. When the
two masses of land were joined, as they must have been long before those land specks were formed, probably Poseidon was
dominant over a large part of Australia and New Guinea, but the present local forms did not exist. Under a variety of
names, the males only slightly differing from each other as a rule, but the females presenting every gradation of variation,
O. Poseidon has an immense geographical range; for we meet with important local forms in the most widely separated
regions. The var. Pegasus, Kirsch, is found at Humboldt Bay in New Guinea, just within the Dutch territory, in 2° 37’
S. lat., and 140° 45’ E. longitude; in the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and Possession Bay; In Kei or Evar Island—a
long narrow line of insulated land, extending from N.E. to S.W., and situated about 72 miles S.S.E. of the south coast
of New Guinea in about 5° 18’ to 6° 3’ S. lat., and 132° 18’ to 132° 50’ E. long., or thereabout. Great Kei Island or
Nuhu Yut is not more than 7 miles wide, and about 50 miles long: it is flanked on its lower western side by Little Kei
Island, and a group of still more westerly specks, such as Kei Tenimber Island, where 1 think Poseidon has been taken,
Tual, and Nubu Roa, &c. The variety Hecuba, Rober, inhabits Kei Island.

From 75 to 80 miles east of this group are the Aru Islands, where, especially on Wokam, we obtain Avuana and
the green Bornemanni var. of Urvilliana ; the Aruana var. Valentina of Vuillot occurs at Port Moresby, on the western
side of Brit. New Guinea and again in New Britain. Varietal forms of Poseidon are also found in Waigeu (the Kirscht
representatives of Pegasus) ; it is also obtained from Salawatti; from the Arfak Mountains of New Guinea; from Duke
of York Island; from Torres Straits, sometimes like Avuana; from the Aru Islands under Felder’s name of Oceanus ;
from Stevensort in New Guinea; from Fergusson Island (the Archideus of Gray) ; from Aru under the name Eumeus ;
in New Guinea under the name of Cromius ; from Rawak under the name of Triton; from Woodlark Island under the
name of Boisduvalt; and others from the Louisiade Archipelago and D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and Kiriwina in the
Trobriand Archipelago, East of southern New Guinea. It may be that many more localities might be cited for this
very variable species ; but I will leave that to the final geographical table at the end of the and vol. of this monograph.

Ornithoptera Urvilliana has a fairly extensive range: being found in New Britain, New Ireland, (Port Praslin),
New Guinea, the Solomon Islands (Aola, Fauro, Guadalcanar, &c.), and [under the variety name of Celestis, des-
cribed by Mr. Rothschild in his ‘‘ Novitates Zoologicz,” Vol. V., p. 216, n. 1 (1898), as a subspecies], at St.
Aignan (or Misomay) Island, the most south-western of the Louisiade Archipelago. In these localities the green
tinted, or distinctly green forms are found chiefly in the islands of the Bismark Archipelago, where the ¢ @ at least are
difficult to separate from those of Avuana; and the blue and violet in the Louisiade Archipelago, where they are distinctly
smaller than the type, and in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. Thus in this brief and necessarily imperfect review of
the distribution of the forms of the Genus Ornithoptera, as I have restricted it, we may, if we please, feel quite justified
in regarding Ornithoptera as really one species with a number of named varieties, (yet probably to be cousiderably
augmented), which has spread over an enormous extent of the East, from the Molucca Islands to New Guinea, thence
eastward and south-eastward to the Solomon Islands, north-eastward to the Bismark Archipelago ; and north, right
away to the very heart of Australia; but the strongest fact is that the western, and ultra eastern forms really most
closely resemble each other, viz., the type form Priamus of Amboina and the Richmondia form of Australia.

This suggests therefore that the least amount of variation from the original type took place during the southern
spread of the species, while the tendency was for the species to become smaller as it progressed in its southern migra-
tions ; at the same time as it progressed north and eastward an extraordinary amount of variation was accomplished—
the full extent of which we are not yet fully acquainted with. A further indication of this fact is that neither Priamus of
Amboina, nor Cassandra (Ewphorion), or Richmondia of Australia vary to any extent in their own localities ; while of the
branching streams the endless amount of instability has been the cause of so many species having been founded.

77
THE GENUS ASTHEOPTERA.

All the species or varieties of this genus appear to be confined to the Solomon Archipelago—an extensive group
of islands extending from N.W. to S.E. between 5° and 10° 50’ of south latitudes and 154° 35’ and 162° 25! of east
longitude, that is nearly 600 miles long, and about 130 miles wide at its greatest breadth. The most northern island of
this group is Buka Island, with a mountain 1312 feet high, and a number of small islets on its west side; the next is
Bougainville Isle, about 100 miles long and about 35 or 40 wide. Bougainville possesses two mountain ranges of an
extensive character, the Emperor and Crown Prince Range, rising to 7743 feet; next comes the small Shortland
Islet, and the Fauro group in Bougainville Straits, after which the Archipelago consists of two lines of islands running
parallel on their way south-east, with a wide sea channel between them. ‘The south-western line consists of 6 fair sized
islands, including Lavella, Marovo or New Georgia, Guadalcanar or Gela, 75 long and 60 wide, with mountains 8005
and 5151 feet high, and San Cristoval (or Bauro, Aurossi) with a number of islets still further S.E. New Georgia is
flanked on its western side with several curiously-shaped islands such as Montgomery, Rendowa, Wana Wana,—and
more N.W.,—Gizo, Novoro, Bagga and Ronongo Islands. On the N.E. side there are three very important islands—
Choiseul, 80 miles long, and about 74 wide, greatest height 1640 feet, followed by an archipelago of low islets; then
Isabel (or Bogotu) Island about 102 miles long and 15 wide, with mountains of 2428 and 2050 feet high; then Florida
group and the Island of Malaita or Malanta, which with its separated tract at the S.E. end measures about 100 miles in
length, but not more than 20 miles in width. Its highest mountains rise to 4265 feet. Guadalcanar and Bougainville
therefore own the highest points of land in the group. At present these islands are not very safe to penetrate, in
consequence of the hostility of the natives, some of whom are alleged to be cannibals. When, however, they have been
more fully explored, no doubt many new and splendid things will be discovered. As it is many of the butterflies are

of great beauty ; and at the head of these are the forms of Atheoptera Victoria.

Victorie the type form occurs at Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanar, and on the north side of the island; Regine
inhabits the island of Maleita, N.W. Bay, and Regis is found in Bougainville Island. Victorie also inhabits the Short-
land Islets, the Rubiana Lagoon islets, and possibly New Georgia.

Additional information will probably be given in the conclusion of the Geographical Distribution Section, in

Vol. II.

Localities where the species and varieties treated of in
this Vol. have been taken.

I. Genus DruryYa.

D. Antimachus

D. Zalmoxis....

2. Genus SCHG@:NBERGIA.

Sch. Paradisea

var. Flavescens....

var. Punctata ....
Sch. Meridionalis....

SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING.

Sch. Tithonus, type
var. Waiguensis
Sch. Goliath

3. Genus ORNITHOPTERA ....

Sierra Leone. O. Priamus ....
Old Calabar.
The Gaboon.
Ambas Bay.
Sherboro’ River.
Egowe River
(French Congo).
Yambuya (Aruwimi River).
Upoto (Congo).
Stanley Falls.
[Also for other localities,
see pp. 72, 73.]
Calabar.
Angola.
St. Paulo de Loanda.
[Also see page 73 for other
localities. |

O. Cassandra

O. Richmondia

Sattleberg, (Finisterre O. Pegasus ....
Mountains, German New
Guinea).

Etna Bay, (Dutch New
Guinea).

Erima, Astrolabe Bay.
Mailu, British N. Guinea.

Kapaur, Dutch N. Guinea.
Island of Waigeu.
Kapaur, New Guinea.

Amboina.

Ceram.

Ceram Laut.

Buru ? or Bouru.

Saparua.

Queensland, from Mackay
to Cooktown.

Cairns.

Port Denison.

Border River.

Herbert River.

Maroochy River.

Bowen (mid-Australia).

Rockhampton.

Richmond River.

From Clarence River to the
Macpherson Range.

On all the Northern Rivers
to Clarence River.

Lismore.

Southern Queensland.

Western Coast of N.Guinea.

Northern Coast of N. Guinea

Humboldt Bay, Dutch N.
Guinea.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

Possession Bay.

Kei Island.

var. Kirscht

O. Poseidon ....

var. Pronomus

var. Archideus....

var. Euphorion....

Fergusson Island.
Island of Dorey.
Amberbaki, N. Guinea.
Mysol.

Salwatti, or Salawattz.
Darnley Island.

Cape York, N. Australia.
Torres Straits.

Cape York.

Thursday Island.

Kei Tenimber Island ?
D’Entrecasteaux Islands.
Dorey.

Arfak Mountains.
Torres Straits.

Duke of York Island.
Wokau.

Salwatti or Salawatit.
Waigeu.

New Guinea.

N.W. Australia.

Russell River, near Cairns.

Port Denison.
Queensland.

Hypothetical var. Cronius New Guinea.

?

var. Brunneus ....

Rawak.

», Boisduvalt Woodlark Island

Kei Island.

Oceanus Aru Islands.

Stevensort, or Stephensort.
Fergusson Island.

78

O. Aruana ....

Hypothetical var. Valentina
OL EIN US ie sl ecca Wee
O (Priamoptera) Cresus

O. (Priamoptera) Lydius

O. (Priamoptera) Urvilli-
ana (green forms) ....

var. Bornemannt
(blue forms)

_ var. Celestis

4. Genus A THEOPTERA
BOR VIMO.
fe, Regine ....
4. Regis

Wokau.

Aru Islands.

The Louisiade Archipelago.
D’Entrecasteaux Islands.
Kiriwina Island.
(Trobriand Archipelago.)
Port Moresby

Aru Islands.

Batjan.

Amboina ?

Halmaheira.

Djilolo, or Gilolo.

Duke of York Island.

New Ireland.

New Britain.

Solomon Islands.

New Hanover.

Florida Isle, Aola, Guadal-
canar, Fauro Isle, (of the
Solomon group).

New Guinea.

Louisiade Archipelago.

St. Aignan (Mzsomay Island).

Solomon Islands.
Guadalcanar.
Maleita (nec Fiji).
Bougainville.

Leese Gab:

79

SU! SG sae

WHO HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT THE GENERA, SPECIES, OR VARIETIES CONTAINED IN
THIS VOLUME, WITH THE DATES OF MENTION :—

Aurivillius. Genus DRURYA; D. Antimachus, 1880.
O. Priamus, 1882.
Aubenton. Priamus, 1745.

Beckmann. Priamus, 1767.

Blanchard. O. Priamus, 1841.

Blumenbach. Priamus, 1782.

Boisduval. Genus ORNITHOPTERA, 1832; O. Priamus,
1836; P. Antimachus, 1836; Archideus, 1832,
1836; Urvilliana, 1836.

Butler. O. Priamus, 1869 ; O. Cassandra, 1873 ; O. Tithonus,

1874; Poseidon, 1874; Victorie, 1874;
Urvilliana, 1874, 1879.
Chenu. O. Priamus, 1856? Antimachus, 1835 or 6.

Urvilliana, 1857?
Clerck. O. Priamus, 1764

Cramer. O. Priamus, 1775, 1777.
De Haan. P. Tithonus, 1841.
Distant. Swb-genus ORNITHOPTERA, 1887.

Donovan. P. Antimachus, 1785; O Priamus, 1800.
D’Orbigny. O. Urvilliana, 1849.

Doubleday, E. O. Priamus, 1846; O. Tithonus, 1846.
Drury P. Antimachus, 1782.

Duncan. O. Priamus, 1837.

Esper. Antimachus, 1785, 1798; O. Priamus, 1784, 1786.

Fabricius. Priamus, 1775, 1781, 1787, 1793 ; Antimachus,
1793.

Felder. O.Priamus, 1864 ; Pegasus, 1865; Tithonus, 1864;
Pronomus, Triton, 1864; Archideus, 1859;
Aruana, 1859, 1865; Cresus, 1859; Lydias,
1864, 1865.

Fickert, C. O.Priamus ; Cassandra; Richmondia; Pegasus ;
Antimachus ; Tithonus ; Poseidon ; Pronomus ;
Archideus; Euphorion; Cresus; Lydius ;
Uruilliana ; Victonre ; Regine ; Zalmoxis,
1888 or 1889.

Gaimard et Quoy. Poseidon, 1815.

Godart. Antimachus, 1819; Priamus, 1819.

Godman et Salvin. Aruana,1877; Poseidon,1878; Pronomus ;
Urvilliana, 1877.

Goeze. Prianws, 1779.

Gmelen. Priamus, 1790.

Gosse, P. H. O. Aruana; Pronomus ; Richmondia, 1889.

Gray, G. R. Priamus; Richmondia ; Tithonus, 1852, 1856 ;
Pronomus; Archideus; Euphorion, 1852;
Cresus, 1859; Urvilliana, 1852; Victoria,
1856.

Grose-Smith, H. Victorie ; Regine, 1887.

Guérin. Urvilliana, 1829.

Haan, de. O. Tithonus, 1841.
Hagen. Schoenbergia Paradisea, v. Punctata, 1899.
Haase. 2. Victorie, 1893.

Hewitson, W. C. Zalmoxis, 1862; O. Priamus, 1846;
Poseidon, 1846.

Honrath. O. Priamus, 1886.

Houttuyn. O. Priamus, 1767.

Hubner, TROIDES, 1816; O. Priamus, 1816.

Jablonski. Priamus, 1783.

Kirby, W. F. Antimachus, 1885, 1892; Zalmoxis, 1896;
Priamus, 1870, 1871, 1877, 1895; Tithonus,
1895; Eumeus, 1895; Cresus, 1895, 1896;
Lydius, 1895, 1886; Urvilliana, 1895, 1896.

Kirsch. Priamus, 1877; Pegasus vars., 1865.

Koch. Priamus, 1865; Pronomus, 1865 ; Cresus, 1865.

Linnzus.
Lucas.

O. Priamus, 1758, 1764, 1767, 1779.
Pronomus, 1835.

Mathews. Pronomus, 1888; Urvilliana, 1888.
Montrouzier. O. Boisduvali, 1856.

Muller. O. Priamus, 1774.

Musei. O. Priamus, 1742.

Oberthir, C. Priamus, 1879; Pegasus, 1888; Tithonus,
1885, 1888; Goliath, 1888, 1894; Cresus,.
1888; Lydius, 1888; Urvilliana, 1888 ;
Aruana, 1879, 1880.

Olliff, Sidney. Prianws, 1889 ; Cassandra, 1889.

Priamus, 1874; Sub-genus SCHOENBERGIA,
1893; Paradisea, 1893; Urvilliana, 1894 ;
Bornemannt, 1894.

Pagenstecher.

Quoy et Gaimard. Poseidon, 1815.

Reakirt.
Ribbe.

PACHLIOPTERA, 1864.
O. Priamus, 1870; O. Poseidon, 1890; Urvilliana,
1895 ; Aruana, 1890.
Rippon, R.H.F. Sch. Tithonus, 1895; O. Eumeus, 1892.
Rober. O. Hecuba, 1891; Cresus, 1895; Lydws, 1895;
Urvilliana and Bornemanni, 1895 ; Celestes,
1808.
Rothschild, Walter. All species, 1895. Troides Para-
disea v. Flavescens, v. Meridionalis; Meridion-
alis sp. 1899; Tzthonus, 1895 ; Goltath, 1895 ;
Cronius, Triton, Eumeus, Archideus, Kirscht,
Pegasus, Aruana, Valentina, Brunneus, and
Aberrations, 1895; Victoria, 1895; Regine,
1895; fegis, 1895.
D. Antimachus, 1892.

Rutherford.

Salvin et Godman. Poseidon, 1878; O. Aruana, 1877;
O. Urvilliana, 1877; Regine, 1887.

O. Victoria, 1888; O. Regine, 1888.

O. Cassandra, 1869.

Salvin.
Scott.

Seba. O. Priamus, 1765.
Semper. O. Cassandra, 1878; Pronomus, 1878.
Shaw. O. Priamus, 1806.

Statidinger et Schatz. O.Richmondia, Pegasus, 1828; Genus,
DRURYA, 1892; D. Antimachus, 1888,
1892; D. Zalmoxis, 1888, 1892; Paradisea,
1893, 1894; Crasus, 1888; Lydius, 1888;
Urvilliana, 1884.

Swainson. Genus, AMPHRYSIUS, 1833.

Thon. O. Priamus, 1888, 1837; Poseidon, 1828.

Thunberg. O. Priamus, 1804.

Tryon. O. Poseidon, 1892.

80

Turton. O. Priamus, 1806.

Vincentius.
Vollenhoven.

Priamus, 1719.
Priamus, 1860 ; Tithonus, 1860; O. Poseidon,

1860.

Vuillot. O. Valentina, 1892.

Wallace, A. R. O. Priamus, 1865; Zalmoxis, 1876;
Poseidon, 1866; O. Cresus, 1859, 1865.

Walker, Dr. F. O. Aruaua, 1889.

Watkins, W. D: Antimachus, 1892.

Westwood, J. O. ORNITHOPTERUS, 1840 (not
characterized); Antimachus, 1837; Pronomus,
1866 ; Archideus, 1866 ; Euphorion, 1866 ; O.
Aruana, 1865; O. Priamus, 1846; Posezdon,
1848.

Woodford. O. Urvilliana, 1888.

CLASSIFIED INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Group I. THE Acr

Ist Genus, DRURYA, Aurivillius
Drurya Antimachus, Drury
» Zalmoxis, Hewitson

Group IJ. Tue T

and Genus, SCHOENBERGIA, Pagenstecher
Schoenbergia Paradisea, Staiidinger

* var., Meridionalis, Rothsch
Meridionalis, Rothschild

OID ORNITHOPTERA.

RUE ORNITHOPTERA.

ald

Paradisea, var., flavescens, Rothschild

s var , punctata, Hagen
Tithonus, De Haan
- var., Waigeuensis

? 19

Goliath, Oberthiir

3rd Genus, ORNITHOPTERA, Boisduval .
Ornithoptera Priamus, Linneus

Cassandra, Scott
Richmondia, Gray
Pegasus, Felder
Poseidon, Doubleday
Fi var., Pronomus, Gray
3 var., Archideus, Gray
33 var., Euphorion, Gray
+ var., Brunneus, Rothschild
Aruana, Felder
Eumzus, Rippon

9 9

Section PRIAMOPTERA, Rippon '
Ornithoptera (Priamoptera) Croesus, Wallace

ue) 99 ”

ae Lydius, Felder

ha Urvilliana, Guévin

” ” ” var.

” ” ” vats. ° .
- ‘ », var. Celestis, Rothschild

4th Genus, AETHEOPTERA, Rippon
Etheoptera Victorie, Gray :

2?

a

Regine, Salvin and Godman
Regis, Rothschild

81

36,

“ nd
hie

en

re ea

mus

aalbiall

ie

GENERAL

FETHEOPTERA. Genus . : ‘
fEtheoptera Victoriz
bs Regis
Pe Reginz
Additional Bibliography to O. Dasiiton A
‘, ‘ to O. Priamus and coupe
Archideus. Ornithoptera var.
Aruana. Ornithoptera
Boisduvali. Ornithoptera var.
Bornemanni. Ornithoptera var.
Brunneus. O. Poseidon var. .
Cassandra. Ornithoptera
Classification of the Tribe TROIDES :
Croesus. O. (Priamoptera)
Cronius. Ornithoptera var.
Celestis. O. (Priamoptera) Urvilliana, var.
Dedication -
Drurya Antimachus

INDEX.

2

es ” chronology of its discovery and accumulation of specimens

“a ‘ geographical distribution
” si additional localities

>» Genus

» Zalmoxis ¢

5A A, g

$s x colour resemblance to Romaleosoma and Euryphene genera .

Be ® , additional localities
_Eumzus. Ornithoptera
Euphorion. Ornithoptera, var.

Explanation of the External Anatomical Chaaclees m the Olnifioptes: on » Plate K.

Genus A‘theoptera. Geographical Distribution of
,, Drurya. Geographical Distribution of
, Ornithoptera. Geographical Distribution of

Genus Schoenbergia. Geographical Distribution of
Geographical Distribution of the Tribe TROIDES. Part 1
Ideal pattern of the Genus Ornithoptera
Larve of the Tribe Troides
List of Authors quoted
Localities, Summary of
Lydius. O. (Priamoptera)
Kirschi. Ornithoptera Poseidon, var.
Observations on the figures contained on Plate I.
Oceanus. Ornithoptera (hypothetical variety of Poseidon)
Ornithoptera Aruana ;

Pn Cassandra

* Diagrams of

or Eumzus

1) Genus

A Pegasus

He ee eave irsclii

83

PAGE

47
48,57

Sy

52,57

24,

I2

23, 24.

24, 27,55

: 24
24, 46, 56
22, 24
O3923,.25
(9)

24, 33, 45,55
24,

56

(3)

ae 7h)
= 24,257 59

23,24 |

i
77

67

74

69

66

(x1)

106

79

Ue

24, 36, 44, 45,55
ee a mad

: ii,

- 23,24
- 24,27, 55

8, 23, 75

5 Oh TO, IIe

24, 25, 30, 45, 55
I, 74

15, 23, 75

9 Why B35 Al

PAGE

Ornithoptera Poseidon 18, 24
sf os var. Uvpiiee , s Dien

a 5 var. Brunneus 2 22

" A var. Pronomus 2OP2e 24

a 6 Priamus 4, 23, 75

Ai Richmondia Tey

5 (Priamoptera) Croesus 24, 33, 45, 55
Capea ) Lydius 24, 36, 44, 45) 55

5 ( i ) Urvilliana 24, 41, 46, 55

Ky ( hy ) a var. : 2 44

‘ ( 7 ) % var. Celestis 56
Pegasus. Ornithoptera 15, 23, 24, 75
Poseidon. Ornithoptera 18, 24
Preface (4)
Priamus. Ormichoptess 4, 12, 23, 75
PRIAMOPTERA. Section of Crianer : 32
Pronomus. O. Poseidon, var. 2022024
Pseudoneura, or false veins. Foot note ‘ 3
Richmondia. Ornithoptera T2287
Schoenbergia. Genus ‘ : : iB:
5 ,, Geographical Distribution of 69, 72

3 Goliath ‘ 3 ’ s a xvas

fs Meridionalis é : xd

= a Points of difference from Paradisea XXii.

x Paradisea ¢ : : 4 : Xe

> nr 95 a b lo

se st var. flavescens 2 BIDS | WP)

x ss var. meridionalis ea 9/2

ne * var. punctata ? FOX WL

ms Tithonus 3 Ilo, LORS (O10)

3 i History of xlll., 72

ye a Type Forms . sox

e « var. Waigeuensis xxi:

b Goliath . XV1l., 23
Synopsis of the Principal Characters of 0s Gente DrRurRYA, SaABny note Rene mae and aan eae ae 59
Triton. Ornithoptera (Hypothetical v. of Poseidon) 23, 24
TROIDES (9)
Tribe TROIDES, CEcanion a : F (9)
Urvilliana. O. (Priamoptera) 24, 41, 46, 55
Ms i var. : 43

KA he var. Celestis g 56
Valentina. Ornithoptera (hypothetical var. of Aruana 24

84

Plate

)

”)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

I.—External Anatomical Characters of the true Ornithoptera, figs. 1 to 17.
Il.—Drurya Antimachus, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, 4, 23 5, neuration of 3.

ie 0 i Figs. 1, 2, ¢; neuration of 2; 4, magnified fig. of head of 3; 5a, spurs at the base
of the tibia of the mesothoracic leg, lateral view ; 50, the tarsi, &c., seen from beneath ; 5¢, lateral view
of the ungues of the #; 6a, anterior leg; 68, secondary leg; 7, anal valves, &c., of 3; 8, caudal
extremity of ?.

I1Ja.—Drurya Zalmoxis. Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, 4, % var.; 2a, neuration of 3; 2b, prothoracic leg.
IIIp.— 3 Fe INES lee oer eeeeCuration 3) 7,
IIIc.—1st Map, illustrative of the Geographical Distribution of the Geuus Drurva. 2> srr Cert Cedeagt

IV.—Schoenbergia Paradisea, Figs. 1, 2 3; 1a, neuration of $; 3,4, %; 30, 3¢, neuration of 2; 3, 3c, neuration
of ?; 16, abdominal margin of ¢; 5, anterior lee of. 2

1Va.— ss rs Figs. 1, 1a, 2 var. flavescens, 2; 3, 4, var. (species) meridionalis 25 5, 54, 6, var.
punctata, ¢.

IVs.— zn Meridionalis, Figs. 1,2 3; 3, 4, neuration ; 5, caudal prolongation of hind wing ; 6 and 7,

diagram figs. of ? vars. of Sch. Goliath ; 6, legs of Sch. Meridionalis.
Vi— o Tithonus, var. Waigieunsis, (originally regarded as the type form). Figs. 1,2, 8; 4, &,

neuration ; 3a, abdominal fold of ¢; 4, 5, 2; 6, 6a, neuration of 2? .,

VI.— y Tithonus (type form), Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, As DER

VII.— “4 Goliath, Figs. 1, 2,3, 4, ? (includes neuration).

1a.—Ornithoptera Priamus, Figs. 1, 2 3; 1a, sericeous patch; 3, 4 ¢ var.; 3b, sericeous patch; 5, head of
Gen. Ornithoptera seen from the front.

16.— ” ” Figs. 1,2 2; 3,4 2 var. [ Ayaaity Bt, deel Markit aon et
2a.— ss Cassandra, Figs. 1, 2 #; 1a, sericeous patch; 3, 4 & var. ; 3b, &, sericeous patch; 5, 6,3,
var.; 5c, sericeous patch; 7, costal band of O. Richmondia, 3.
2b0.— ” ” Figs. WZ z 5 3, 4 2 var. fe velit Ay Mad ERY ¢ é J
3.—Second Map, illustrative of the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Ornithoptera. /2 Aw
4.—Ornithoptera Richmondia, Figs. 1a, 2 ¢; 3b, 4 ¢ vars.; BO Ob, 2 varie (a, als bb's ccm Gite sd),
Cee sec eee peta eietuatan soy g*; refer to text).

5.— od Pegasus, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, ¢ var.; 4,5, 2; 6, subcostal band of 3; 7, sexual brand of ¢.
— 4 5 var., Figs. 1,2, $3; 3, 4, 2; 5, abnormal var. of ¢.
6a hi, sh var., Figs. 1, 2, 23 3a, 6, neuration of ¢.
7— if Poseidon, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, 4, var. Pronomus, 3; 5,6, 2; 7, stigmatic brand of ¢.
a ‘, is var. Archideus, 2, Figs. 1, 1a; a second example, 2, 2a.
pk é, = Figs. 1, 2, 2; 3, 4, var. Pronomus ¢; 5, 6, upper and underside diagram of
Pronomus °; 5, 6, neuration of Poseidon ¢; 7, neuration of Poseidon @ anterior
wing.
Sa— = be a: Figs. 1, 2, var. Brunnea, 2; 3, var. Pronomus, °; 4, normal var., 2.
9.— 4 Aruana, Figs. 1, 1a, 10, 2, 3; 3a, 3b, 3, costal band and stigmatic brand; 4, 5, 2; 5a, 50,

illustrating asymmetry of wings; 6, var., 2.

toe 4 cP Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, % vars.; 5, O. Cassandra, $ var. ; 7, 8, 2 vars. ; 9, 10, 11, O. Priamus,
2; 12,abdominal fold of O Aruana; O. Aruana drawn flat; 14, abdominal fold of
O. Priamus ; 4, Pompeoptera flavicollis var., ? , for comparison.

85

Plate 11.—Ornithoptera Eumeus, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, costal band of 4; 4, sericeous sexual patch of 4; 5,6, 2.

12.— a (Priamoptera) Croesus, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, 4, 2.

Ti soe 54 AF 5 Figs. 1, 1a, ¢; 10, subcostal band; 1c, golden marks of h. wing; 1d,
neuration of fore wing; 2, a bred example of the ¢; 2a, colour of
reflections on ¢; 2b, golden marks of hind wing, ¢; 3, under-
surface of ¢ var.; 4, subcostal band of Lydius, ¢.

14.— 5 (Priamoptera) Lydius, Figs. 1, 2, ¢; 3, subcostal band of ¢; 4, sexual brand of ¢; 5, sub-

dorsum of # abdomen; 6, 7, 2; 8, subdorsum of ? abdomen; Q, left
secondary wing.

15.— Me +3 Urvilltana, Piss, 1592 gies ede
16.— i 4. ” Figs. 1, 2, ¢ var.; 2a, 3, 4, forms cf the ¢ stigmatic brand; 5, 6,
2 vars.
17.— . s rm Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, vars. of the 3; 5, 6, 7, vars. of the 2; 8, subcostal
view of the @? abdomen.
18.— i a 4 var. Celestis, ¥, 2, $5 3,4, 2.
19.— a me oF Green var. Bornemanni, 1, 8; 2, 2; blue var., 3, ¢.

19a.—Third Map, illustrative of the Geographical Distribution of the Genera ScHoENBERGIA and A! THEOPTERA.
20 or 24.—A®theoptera Victoriz, v. Regis, Figs. 1, 3, ¢; 2, 2 (to follow Pl. 230.)

21a.— . A (type forms), Figs. 1, 2,¢; 3,4,¢4; 4a, underside of anal valve ; 40, sexual brand ;
4c, neuration of 3.

21b,— ss AB. Regine, Figs. 1, 2, ; 3,4, ¢; 5, neuration of #; 6, sexual brand of 4; 7, dis-

coidal cells of Pompzoprera, ¢; 8, discoidal cell of O. Richmondia, 3; 7a, of

secondary wing; 8, discoidal cells of ORNITHOPTERA, 3 ; Q, also of TROGONOPTERA, 3.

220 ms Victoriz, Figs. 1, 2, $; 3, underside of var. 2; 4, 5, upper and underside of small ? var. ;
6, underside of anal segment of 2.
23a.— =f Regine, Figs. 1, 2,5; 3, neuration of 2; 4, anterior leg of 2; 5, neuration of 4. Victoria, ? .
23b.— M4 m4 Figs. I, 2, 03 3,4, 2% vars.
A.—Figs. 1, ¢, 2, 2, neuration of O. (P.) Uruilliana; 5, &, 6, %, of O. (P.) Cresus; 3, 3,4, 2%, of Pompeoptera
Hippolytus.

B.—Figs. 1, #, 2, %, neuration of O. Priamus; 3, ¢, of O. Aruana (from wings denuded by the Waterhouse
process); 4, 2, 5, ¢,0f O. Cassandra; 6, %, of P. flavicolhs; 7, ¢, of PR: flavicollis; 8) 8a, ¢, of PF:
ruficollis.

D.—Figs. 1, ¢, 2, 2, neuration of O. Eumeus; 5, $, 11, ®, oni. Pegasus; 35-5 , 4) 124,000. (Ee ayaiis ans
8, 2%, of Pompeoptera Nereis; 9, 9a, 3, of P. Melpomona; 9b, 3, abnormal neuration of left hind wing;
10, 2, neuration of ¢.

86

Fg 88 Fig 15,

Robt HF Rippon del et hth. 1894 F M&N-Hanhart imp
fraternal Anatormmcatl Characters of the true ORNITHOPTHRA.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. PLA

Rob’ HF Rippon. del.et hth 1894, Hauhart inp
DRURYIA ANTIMACHUS, Drury and Auriv. 12,5; 3,49.
5, Newratior of 3B.

IZGONES ORNITHOPTHBRORUM. IPE, duu

Rob* HE Rippon del et lth 1894. Mé& NHanhart imp
12. DRURYA ANTIMACHUS & var Drury, Aurty; BMeuratian of 9; 4 lMag fig. of head, 3; 3a spurs a base of
tibia of Mesothoracic leg; lateral view; 5b the tarsv &c seem trom beneatly; 5c Laterab view of urigues of J;
6a Antercor leg, 60 Secondary leg, Anal valves &o of 8, SP Caudat extremity of9

t

H All en)

ae
a)

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Pi, 1,

Rob! HE Rippon del ob lith 1896 . MXN. Hanharb imp.
DRURYA ZALMOXIS Hew, 1 2,4;3,40 Van; 2w neuration; 26. prothoracte leg.

A el

Ps y
ee ae
i oe ee

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. ly OLS

Robert HF Rippon, del et. ith 1899 | Hanhart imp.

DRURYA ZALMOXIS, Hew. Figs. J, 23,9 .

tates aaah

20° 10° On TO" 20°
| A SRI | A cP ON a I TLS al Pe)
= ie
art yh Jae,
Y Ps ranches of the Niger Riv qi
i = is ? \
ies 0° nets
| ? ae
i I hex Fd
ae aS ct
Sierra Leone. 4 c Jorma
| Sherboro Rivo.d ~};.~
“| Monrovia
=a fe a
; \ gee@ld,Calabar
im K. George Town Gt, Bassam C.(@.Castle Cape Formosa %, Duke Town
pee i oO Biafra
Fernan ‘oN 6d
| GULF OF GUINEA Congo /“Hiver,
| of | f ; R. Gabun RP ae| a & !
2 5

Cape Lopez

EY

“

: 4, po
teaneia . Gongo‘River
4

om
LOWER GUINEA?

y Mayumbo J

»
ASS URILN cAUIUNY WIN H.C
L
Quicombo / é a
2 >»)
Ha Oo Cc E ACN H Benguela
! fa: af Mossamedes
|
\
tH :
y f 4 Ovampo
20° \ Land.
he Poe SET Wh oer see a LETT
Ba ‘
| { \ DaAmMARA LAND
rj om Namaqua
| | | TI fae bi | [fiat ]
20 10° o° 10°
IVC RELEASE gl fd.

WEST LONGITUDE.

MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH.

Geographical Distribution of Species of the Genus DRURYA of Aurwillius.

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS IN

a.
b.
6.

a.

Drurya Zalmoxis.
5 green var.
Hp gray var.
Antimachus.

EAS’ LONGITUDE.

NTS SUA st

SECTION [.

‘snyOeUullyUuYy te “p
‘rea Keis es oa)
"eA W901 «f q
‘sixowyez eAiniq ‘v

“EDWIN, GINBIE INO SRehGNEIEGIIL GUSNl, GIO) INOINL NINO TD <EI
‘SH'IIN HSIIONG
| | | | |
008 006 001 0g 00T ‘HOIMNGYYD JO ISVA AAALIONOT
g of ez 82 12 9% SZ 4 id TZ 0% 61 8I LI oT at oI et at tt
| | | | | | | |
bTi— VIOONY =
D
ST
vVIaNoONag eljensuog
6L 9 }
p ART reeset VUNIND WAMOTR,
IT JOATY esse yy » = |
9
“SIT 23. iqeut
q |
Ol
4 —_~__ ewessty
| Sy epuro'y
v) VANYOT ae ap [Neg 3S
6)— | v
JOATY Tesseyy |
i. ly Ro
| D
8} WOGONIM | VANVOT oqtuasstyy
ODNOSVa e WIOpsuly | » VANIND WAMOT
soquie x |
LL RENIN os8uoi0ssn yy
ODNOD rl
| oloimy ues
sb ODNOD IMSATN cucueg
| IPeyeW ? ehurqey
Y P IBALY O8UO
SG ——
ald
| [= 10RD Nid, mt /
s\— we
| HONAY® rk

MOLVNOA AHL AO HINOS ‘ODNOD HONAYA

‘S NOILOGS

‘Bioqeniny ‘+ ‘snyoeUnUuy ‘s p
‘oyog ‘2 ‘assny uvsseq °*€ ‘rea Avis ss oy
‘Ipueg eusq ‘9 ‘uoqy ‘% "Iva u90I8 q
‘ossesueg °S ‘equing ‘I ‘sixouezy eAINIq ‘v
STVYAWNOAN AG GHLVOIGNI SHILITVOOT AO SHNVN ‘dVW SIHL NI SYALLEAT AHL AO NOILVNVTdxX4H
is fe ge ie Of gg Be Z__s eau ie Bea 91 =
= | (eae | Is
Zz Tyseys | essoieg ) ; ta
amserey : a ll R
k aq Z Mal) Vores ae Gt eh ome
ezue ra
Hi N or0100d J, eet oP pes Kt
oy 1IO}OI sje el
A Be es ; Al
3) zee nue = ae fo)
Mey foivooa af aS we
3 ae Ss = nm
ora nF SY
de anny a et ‘ estese mas
VaNyon ezue il ie JOAN TULA, Lam YX “Rh
P Was ae \ Zz
Za = f rs eee ook Hs. , i
Cs = = ee eset D seh P Va
TnysS = AL OLOd() eyesuo é eOye eA
a Bing SeOS ee x ? 9 "A 2 Fé _l¢
Na a p 7
eIeyyy ‘HONIAOUG 1avi i
Plea é v4) ? Prick eek =a y b
vine QALY NO a cite
t HACGCNY 3 OW
Die Stee alee
YO Wy ?
J
9
VONVSVG
L
L- TOATY
A rsueq(
8
‘SHIN HSITONG
| | | | | | 6
00g «=—OST:—“<(ié‘T:C(<té‘i TSC og
gE )'€ TWIG XO 1 avy ‘ODNOD ISVa-HLNOS GNV HLUON Een ES

Fone

Med
i

[CONES QRNITHOPTERORUM.

Pl, lV

Robb HE Hippsn delet hth 1894

SIGISFOMSENUEHESNG, WAS ik
b

+ 7 / :, 4 ¢ y, p ot
RADISEA, Pagenstecher, and Staudgr, 44,46 1% Neuration
ee Besa, Mewpaccom: GF Gs “7% Abdominal margtn of

Re thitee 4,

4
}
é
z
4
;
§

IGCONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . IPM WEF

Tob’ H F Rippon del.et lith.,1899 Hanhart imp
Pp
SCHOERNBERGIA PARADISEA , Pagenstecher & Statidar, 1la,2, var
) G GP tf,
tlavescens,o.W Rothschild ; 3, 4, var. meridionalis, 0. WRothsch, 5,5a,6.var. Punctata, Hagen.o.

ae

t AF
; abi sae
Ga se ip

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . PL. WB.

i.

NS

“nobert HF Rippon, del et ith. 1899. Hanhart imp
SCHOENBERGIA MERIDIONALIS, Rothsch . fgs,)2,2a,b,c,ah.
OCH, GOLIATH. Obert, 3,4 vars. Os

Bisons
aa

aint Ce

ae

Wont sS ORNITHOPTIE ROR . : ay

Rob! HE Rippon delet lith 195 . M&N. Hanhavt imp

SCHOENBERGIA TITHONUS ,De Haan,1,2,6; 30 neuration ; 3a abd. told of d; %5,p;6,6a,neurattorr .

al

,

9
o

ra
we FA

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . TL VAL.

Rob! H F. Rippon delet lith 1899 . Hanhart imp

SCHOENBERGIA TITHONUS, De Zaan, ( tithonws, type tormy ? Rothschild a Aen

ie

3, 4,9, (type formy ? Rothschild ).

IGONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . PL VIL

Sitters

4, Pappor del et lith 1658 M&N,Hanhar> imp
SCHOENBERGIA GOLIATH 9, Oberthir Figs. 1,2,3,4.

ICONE'S ORNITHOPTERORUM .

Robert HF. Rippon: del! eb lith

Sy Jad

D OF Gew,. ORNITHOPT

BRA. ,

Seer trove the fronw .

PAL Alva.

M&N.Hanharb imp.

12,ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS,¢ Jinm. (ad Sericeous patch). 3,4:,6 var (8 b. Sertceows patch ).

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM .

Ela ae

Robert HF. Rippon del et lith (1890) M&N Hanhart in

We, ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS 9 Lint, 3,4, Var, 9.

6

S ORNITHOPTERORUM.

tb

ICON

imp,

M&N.Hanhart

(1890)

pen del et lith

Ri

Robert HF

2, ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS 0, Linn; 3,4, Var. o-

=
ne

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM .

Robert }.F'. Rippon del.et lith ,

1,2, ORNITHOPTERA CASSANDRA ,4é,
(36,6 Ser patch NBS Ores CE. 8 Ser patch ) ;

3

M&N.Hanhart imp

Seotté.; 1a, (& Sertceows patel), 3,4,8 var;
7,Costal band of var.

of O.RICHMONDIA ,¢.

ICONES ORNITHO!

‘Robert HE Rippon del et Lith (189

PTERORUM .

)

1,2. ORNITHOPTERA CASSANDRA 9, Seott; 3,4, Var, o.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Ea

Rakert ji F Rippon delet Tith (1x90) M&N, Hanhart iimp.
12 ORNITHOPTERA CASSANDRA Q, Seott; 3.4, Var. 9.

SCION i.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

Motucca IsLanpbs.

ca Passage

ula Besi
PITT PASSAGE.

Manipur

CERAM
ay: ae
thal “ay
CBSE coc

‘ 4 Saparua

Amboina

m
} ram Laut

5

MOLUCKCA
SEA

Strait

LONGITUDE EH. FROM GREENWICH.

Geographical Distribution of the Genus Ornithoptera; see also Map 3, Pl. 19a, for the range of
the Genus from N.W. New Guinea to the Bismark Archipelago and Solomon Islands.

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS IN THIS Map. Names oF Locatities INDICATED BY NUMBERS.

a. Schoenbergia Tithonus, var. Waiguensis. 1. Halmaheira.
b. Ornithoptera Priamus. a, Rennie,

Gs ry Pegasus, v. Kurscht. ;

d. B (Priamoptera) Crcesus. 3- Rubi.

¢. Bp “n Lydius. 4. Waweji.

f ” Eumeus. ; 5. Banda I.

g. an Poseidon.

SECTION 2. NORTH AND SOUTH-EAST AUSTRALIA. MApP 2, Pu. 3.

i Cn a mes Ome Ds eceetneeG ey ve) 89) 150 4. 2 S. # 155° 6 7 8 9 I60

O. Pogeidon v. and

Eupharion ! A
e : ( Bowe
Be Selwin | : Port Denison
Range ipneer Riv. a

QUEENSLAND

RICHMONDIA ranges over;
‘Southern Queensland.

as
+ Moreton Bay
MacpHerson

fy
(
1 b {
All Northern|River nisin er
ie f ¢

from Macpherson ¥ ¢

=e C ee
ange-to Claren¢e River, Nuala
7

GQ. RIcHMONDIA.

30 : 4,

?

= ;
AUS DRALETA Darling River y Port Macquarie
- a
- “aay 8 |
Ae

iy :
a ne ee myc nm Saou 2 2 set tea GF Bg

LONGITUDE E. OF GREENWICH.

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS IN THIS Map. Names oF Locauitigs INDICATED By NuMBERS.

Darnley Island, Torres Straits.
Cammerunga, Queensland. 10. Port Stephens.
Maroochy River. 11. Solitary Islands.

| 9 Investigator River.
|

Keppel Bay. | 12. Moreton Bay.
|

a. Ornithoptera Cassandra (or Euphorion).
b i Richmondia.

Ge " Poseidon.

d. 5p P var. Pronomus.

é. * Mi var. Euphorion. Norman River. 13. Cape Moreton.
ife Albert River. 14. Manor River.
Michell River. 15. Burnet R.

g.

Flinders River. 16. Cape Tribulation.

a Aruana, (Hypothetical var.
Valentina.
Ornithoptera (Priamoptera) Croesus.

OY DNEW DH

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Pl

Robert H.-F. Rippon delet lith.1889 M&N.Hanhart imp
ORNITHOPTER A) RICHMONDIA, G WY MW, 2,8; 36, 4,54, 60 6b,0 var
(08430,6; CC. OM, UA; BAe LLTS GG: Gi LUCLEL 00 ent).

U

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. Pal

Re
~

a ee re mee a

3 Sat oe

\

ape ge Ti -

Rub? HE Rippon .del.eb lth. 1893. MAN. Hanhary imp,
ORNITEOP TS PEGASUS Félder.é7, 2; var 6, 8;'90,4,5 Swheostav
band of d; 6; Sexwal brand 6.7.

I

CONES ORNITHOPTERORUM

PLS.

Rob'H F' Rippon delet ith. 1894.

Hanhart hap.

ru

ORNITHOPT

ey)

/

Wee NOE hy TO (

(af

Oce

ge AIGA IOS), Jobs waerey Th, 22) hy coh Sh 9; Abnormal
A LP PETAL Xe ip }

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. PL. 6a

RHF Rippon delet lith. 1898 . M&N. Hanhart imp.
ORNITHOPTERA PEGASUS , Feld. Var.o, Figs. 12; Newratiow, 3a,6 .

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM., Wied hy

Robert HLF. Rippon,del.et. lith 1893. Hanhart. imp.

ORNITHOPTERA POSEIDON , Dowel, Fugs 126; var PRONOMUS ,
Gray 63,40 5,6, Stigmatie bramwal of Poserdon d,/.

=

a arn Pe
eee yi
Pee eet

ae ei

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. PL, 74

Reb? H.F Rippon,del.et lith 1899,
ORNITHOPTERA TEACH SH ERKIONOHNE 9, Var, Arcehidews Figs. land la , @ second. exarnyple, fig. es

Hanhart imp.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Tei gS

NRO SLR
Sere tse,
PCa

trea,

Robert HERippon,del.et. lith 1898 Hanhart imp
ORNITHOPTERA POSEIDON & Dozwbi, Pegs 1,2; var PRONOMUS, Q;
Gray 3,4 upper and underside diagra. iv at PRONOMUS,0 5,6,
Newration of Posetdon,o, ant. Wing, 7.

T

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM .

RHF Rippon, del.et lith, 1898

ORNITHOPTEI

RA |

POSEIDON »Doubld.9, runrwed, hotlyschila , Figs. l.2;

Var. promomus 9, Cray 3;rLornvat l Var. oF

PL 8m.

M&N.Hanhart imp.

ICONES O!}

RNITHOPTERORUM

ORNITHOPTERA A

aa

RUANA , Felder, /, 40,182

A 9

oO; 78

swe

AP te
Op kaAZ:,

AN

NL

Hanhart

near:

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM

\ Vv
. Wid deueres es

Robert HF Rippon delet hth1891.

O ARRUANA feid. 9 vars; 123,06, dren: 5,0. CASSANDRA , Scoté,9 rears 2 & O.PRIAM OS, Lizwz79)

PL/A.

oO —/

ABDOMINAL FOLD OF OARRUANAS 2. ABDOMINAL FOLD OF O.ARRUANA d Drenz flat, 7S,

ABDOMINAL FOLD OF OO. PRIAMUS ¢/# POMP]

POPTRE RA fla ricollis, Drice over #

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . iy

Rob? HF.Rippon. del.et lith , 1832. M&N.Hanhart imp,

ORNITHOPTERA BUMAUS , Rippon. 7, 2,8; 3,Costal band of d; 4, Serveeows Sexwal patch of 8;5,6,9.

ICONES ORNITHOPTI

Reoere HAS Ripoon delet ith i889 .

BRORUM .

ORNITHOPTERA. (E

Dp

RIAMUSPTEI

RA) Cl

RCE SUS, Wallace4,2,8.8 Fo.

M&N .Hanhart imp.

Ail, WS

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM

R.HF-Rippon del et lith. 1897. M&N.Hanhart imp.
O.CPRIAMOPTERA) CROESUS ¢&, Wall, Figs / la; subcostal bard, /b; Colder marks
of h.w; lo; neuratror of fw. lo; thed example, 2; colour reflections, 2a;Colden marks

of hw, 2b; Und. surface of J, 3; subcostal band of 1YD1US ,4.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Pl

Rob? HF-Rippon del.et lth 1892. M&N. Hanhart imp
O(PRIAMOPTERA) LYDIUS, Felder. 1,2.0; 8, Swhcostal band of 6, 4, Sexwal brand of & ;
5, Subdorsal of 6, abdomen, 6,79; 8 Subdorsal of 9,abdomen; 9, lett secondary wing ,

TED CET eos
PTRRORUM Dy

Robert HE Rippon del.et ith 1889 M&N.Hanhant int

ORNITHOPTERA (PRIAMUSPTERA ) URVILLIANA GULL AS 873A, oO

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . eye aeons

Rob” HF Rippon del et hith.1896 . MEN Hanhard imp.

O.( PRIAMO

PTE

RA) URVILLIANA Gwen, 1,2,4;3,4, 2a,3,4, forms of the 3 stigmatre brand, 5,6, 9 vars

ICONES ORNITHOPTRRORUM . rel line

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM .

PLAS

tonnes,
MR
ay

ce et TO a ge

—

nets
em eapiee

Rober. HF Rippon delet ith 1899.

O,(PRIAMOPTERA) URVILLIANA 12,d blwe forny;3,% var borremanni, db Pagenstt .

59;6,7,6,9 9.vans. of cell. marks .

Hanhart inip .

aerate
Ol eh

ICONES ORNITHOPT

BRO

Robert HF Rippon del.et lith .|89°.

O. (PRIAMOP'

RUM .

GD A)
pleat

URVILLIANA var COALESTIS ,Rothschila PUY LA O5 5 FO.

PL, .19

~

Hanhart imp

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM.

Tana Berou

We

135
5

no é
ad Oe os
{Mt A
1 Lod Pin A
ue HEM LAND, we
13 a
14)
15! —_ . é
Ommal Pez 5 lg 6
130 135

100 150 ENGLISH MILES.

Map of the Geographical Distribution of Species of the Genera Schoenbergia, AStheoptera, and part of Ornithoptera.

4

ica)

Ww

i)
Se

d

WResve vera

Torres

}

a ee a 2
140

enn MAN
“te LERRITOR

Peninsula —

ee

Straits

‘a

\
‘

QUEENSLAND

Re ns re

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS IN THIS MAP.

a Schoenbergia Paradisea.
b Schoenbergia Paradisea, v. flavescens.

x ~ as. => aq “As Ao

9
Meridionalis.

Tithonus

Gotaune

v. punciata.

, type.
v. Waiguensis.

Ornithoptera Poseidon, v. pronomus.

v. euphorion.
v. brunneus.
v. Botsduvalla.
. Hecuba.

. Oceanus,

Se) at

n Ornithoptera Poseidon, v. Triton.

0 7) +B)

p He Aruana.

gq % Eumeus.

r ry Pegasus.

s A fi v. Kirsch.

t a (Priamoptera) Urvilliana
9) bP 39

v 99 bed ”

w /Etheoptera Victorie.

# 9 Regine.

y ” Regis.

v. Arvchideus.

, (Green Forms).
(Blue Forms).
v. Calestis.

os @

v2

rs
i
I)

a

OO OY DAWN H

Map 3; PLatE ig.

BISMARCK

ARCHIPELAGO

v4

GA ORpemenaas es S GEA

(ce eae

245 oot eas pone yaaa eae Sore |
| | :
ell
| | HL
tad te OE Ee q

1 Po
1

TA

ee :

150

NAMES OF

. Waigeu Island.
. Amberbaken.
. Arfak Mountains.

Jobi I.
Cape D’Urville.

- Papua Talanjang.
. Stephansort.
- Maclay Coast.

Erima.

- Astrolabe Bay, South side of the

Island.

aeeont Moresby.
. Possession Bay.

Mailu.

. Fly River.

Strickland River.

LOCALITIES INDICATED BY

Toe
7
18.
. Kei Islands.

. Aru Isles.

. Thursday I.

. Ferguson I.

. Trobriand Isles.

. Kiriwina I.

. D’Entrecasteaux Isles.
. Rossel I.

. St. Aignan I.

. Louisiade Isles.

. New Hanover I.

. New Ireland I.

. Duke of York I.

, F955

12

13
7
ae ||
160 |

Donaldson Mountains.
Kapaur.
Etna Bay.

LONGITUDE E. OF GREENWICH.

NUMERALS.

32. Bougairville I.
33. Fauro I.

34. Choseul I.

35. Shortland I.

| 36. New Georgia I.
| 37. Isabelle I.

38. Savo I.

39. Guadalcanar I.
40. Malaita I.

41. Aola.

42. San Cristovall.
43. Geelvink Bay.

Students can at any time make addi-
tions to this Map, as more information
comes to hand.

fe sid
eer:

;
4

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . PIL, AO),

Robert HE Rippon del.ct lith 1899. Hanbarb imp.
A THEOPTERA REGIS, Lotluschild, ligs.1 2. G39

ICONES ORNITHOPTE RORUM PL. Alka

Robs HL Rippon olel eb lith 1894. M&N.Hanharb imp

ASTHEOPTERA VICTORIA. , Goodman and Salvin, 6, figs.,2,3,4, 0;

4a, underside ofanal valve, 4b. secual brand ; 4c,b. Newration -

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. PLZ

/

Robs iil" Rippon del et ith 1854
ASIABOPTERA VICTORIA, ¢ Figs 7& 2,

ETHEOPTERA REGINAD Salve 6 Pugs 3,4. Newration &

M.&.N Hani! 1mm;

ak brameé of 3,6,

Lirscoudal cells of POMPEOPTHRA éfid 7 Diese. cell of O RICHMONDIA ¢ Secondary Wing, ray IES

esc,cels of ORMNITAOPTERA ¢ Ig 6 Vise, cell of \ROGONOPTERA 8, Fra 9.

ice rer transis

AXTHROPTERA VICTORIA, Gray. iys 12,0;3. underside .

of variety; 4.5, % upper and under surtece of small var; underside ofanal valre.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM ies sig

we ,

e
e >

Rob? H F-Rippon delet lth 1894, Mé&NHanhart imp

AITHROPTERA REGINA, Salvin, 9 Figs 1,4; Neuratron of 9

EM
Anterir lee ato, Fig 4 Neuranon of 45,.VICTORIAA 9, Gray

SS

re Yd ieetlk
nets Pag A

Rob? HE Fippon del et ith 1834;

ICONES ORNITHOPT!

ERORUM .

Ei WE deal seh

ee

AA

BGINAL, Salven,

Mé& N.Hanhart imp

s
5
a

q

=

&

ICONES ORNITHOPT!

Robert HE. Rippon del et lith 1889.

ERORUM .

ORNITHOPTE (P
O. POMPEUSPTE
©. (PRIAMUS!

PRIAMUSPTERA) URVILLIANA 7,8 2,9.
RA) HIPPOLYTUS,3,6. Zo.

PYHRA) CRO SUS,3,¢ 6,9.

ry

JA

MkN.Hanhart imo,

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM. : Jel

anes aalsep Rippon. delethth 1891. M & N. Hanhart amp 5
O.PRIAMUS Lim $7, 92.0. ARRUANA, feld S 3.( from wings denuded by the Waterholise process.)
40,0,CAS SANDRA Scott.d5,9 6, P flarvcoltis,Druce.3/, Ob, Fa.

ICONES ORNITHOPTERORUM . Heh!

Rob’ HE Rippon, del et lith 1892. i M&N,.Hanhart imp
ORNMNITHOPTERA BUMAUS , Fuppow. 18,29; 0. Pegasus Felder, 5,8, 9; Priamoptera lydius, Felder,
3,8, Fo; Pompeopteran Neves, Doherty,/ 8,89 ;Pomyp eoptera Melporrona, uppow. 99a 6; 9b. cbnormatl neuration of lett hind wrwvg,d; 109.

Dir eeliQOns on@ The SUBSCRIBERS, OR THE BINDERS,

IN COLLATING THE ist VOL. OF THIS WORK.

First separate all plates (including Neuration Plate ‘““B”) and all letter-press which treats of the Genera
Txogonoptera and Pompeoptera from the Plates and Text belonging to the Genera Drurya, Schoenbergia, Ornithoptera, and
ZEtheoptera. The latter belong to Vol. I., the former to Vol. II., which at this time is in process of publication. This
having been done, eliminate all the cancelled pages, as well as those wunumbered, and substitute the numbered pages
that have been forwarded to the subscribers since they were first published. [If any copies exist for which duplicate num-
bered pages have not been sent, by applying to the author, 24, Jasper Road, Upper Norwood, S.E. London, he will gladly
send these desiderata. |

The Text and Plates of this Vol. can then be arranged as follows :—

Title Page! Dedication and Preface, or pages (3) to (14). These figures are placed at the foot of the pages in
brackets..

_ Explanation of .Characters on PI. ee pages i to iv; Pl. 1; Group I; pages iv* to vi; Plates II, III;
pages vii to viii*; Plates IIIa} IIIs, Plate IIIc, or rst Map’; pages ix-xii} Plates IV, [Va, 1Vs; pages xili to xvi;°
Plates V, VI¥ pages xvii, xvill 3/Pl. VIIK pages xix to xxii. end, Ree- OK.

his ais os y oe 4
, Genus Ornithoptera, pages 1 to 4, Plates 1a, 1b; pages 5 to 8; Plates 2a, 2b; Plate 3, or and Map; pages 9 to
14; Pl. 4.¢ For O. Richmondia ; pages 15, 169 Plates 5; 6,“and 6a, (all O. Pegasus); pages 17 to 20% Plates 7, 7a, 8,
8a, (all O. Poseidon and vars:\; pages 21 to 284 Plates 9; 10,“(0. Aruana)’; pages 29; 303 Plate 11, Eumeus; pages 31
to 34; Plates 12, 13, (Cresus) ; pages 35 to'4oyPl. a4 (Lydius) ypages 41 to 44)/Plates 15; 16,'17;'18, 19 (all Urvdliana
and vars.); Plate 19a, or 3rd Map ;“pages 45 to 50; Plates 21a/ 21);'22a, 23a, 230,/and 20*or 24; pages 51 to 80
(Victoriz and allies) ; Index, page 81; General Index, pages 83, 84. Plates A, C, D.

[N.B.—The Plates may be placed at the end of the Vol. if preferred. ]

.

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA FOR LHE TEXT,
Page i., col. 1, line 28 from the bottom, for hing wings read hind wings.

Page xv., col. 2, 4th paragraph from the top, for ‘“‘ Hab. Waigeu, or Waigiou,” read ‘‘ Kapaur, New Guinea.”
The same on p. xvi., 2nd col., 3rd paragraph.

Page xix., 2nd headline, for 1. Schoenbergia Paradisea v. Meridionulis read Schoenbergia Meridionalis.
Page xx., 2nd headline, delete the ? after the words ‘‘ type form.”

Page 4. In the bibliography under the heading of O. Priamus some omissions and corrections will be found on
page 12.

Page 4, col. 1, 1st line, for ‘‘ divided into 4 subgenera ” read “ divided into 4 genera.”
Page 14. After the penultimate paragraph of col. 2, add ‘‘ Hab. Richmond River, N. S. Wales.”
Page 43, headline for “ Urvillianza, var.” read ‘‘ Urvilliana, var.”

Page 54, col. 1, 4th paragraph from the top, for ‘‘ Fiji Islands” read “ Solomon Islands,’’ as this specimen has
been proved since the article was written not to have been taken in the Fiji Islands.

Page 72, line 7, after headline 1. Locarirres for D. Antimachus, for ‘‘ Bumba 22° 18’ E. long., 2° 14’ N. Dastsye
read ‘‘ Bumba, 22° 30’ E. long., 2° 10’ N. lat.”

Page 73, line 16 from headline Drurya Zalmoxis, for ‘‘ Irenge”’ read ‘‘ Irenga.”

Page 74, 5th line of the 5th paragraph from the top, the statement ‘‘on land the most remarkable of the Bird
fauna is the Great Black Cockatoo” is incorrect. This species is only found in New Guinea, Aru Island and Cape
York Peninsula.

(1)

428 akan

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA FORK THE PLATES.

Pl. IV., after Scu. Parapisea for ‘‘ Pagenstecher and Rippon” read Pagenstecher and Statidinger, in any copy where
the correction has not been already made.

Pl. V., after ScHomnNBERGIA TirHonus, De Haan, add ‘‘v. Waigeuensis, Rothschild.”
Pl. VI., delete the ? after ‘‘ Tithonus, type form,” both for the + and the ¢.

Pl. 1d, for ‘« O. (Priamoptera) Priamus” or on Pl. 26, ‘‘O. (Priamoptera) Cassandra” if found in any copy, read
‘‘Ornithoptera Priamus,” and ‘‘ Ornithoptera Cassandra.”

Pl. 4, for ‘O. (PRIAMOPTERA) RicHmMonp1A”’ read ‘‘ ORNITHOPTERA Ricumonpia” if found uncorrected in any
copy.

Pl. 9, for ‘O. Arvuana” read ‘‘O. Aruana,” the same on PI. 10 where the species is mentioned.
Pl. 12, for “ O. (PRIAMUSPTERA) Cresus” read ‘‘O. (PRIAMOPTERA) Crasus ” if found uncorrected in any copy.

Pl. 15, for ‘‘O. (PRraMuspTERA) Urvitiiana ” read ‘‘O. (PRIAMoPTERA) UrviLi1ana”’ if found uncorrected in any
copy.

Plates 18, 19, 20. The date of these plates is 1899—the date having been overlooked in the proofs.

Pl. A, read “‘O. (PriamopTera) UrviLiiana” for ‘‘O. (PRIAMUSPTERA) URVILLIANA;” ‘‘ PRIAMOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS”’
for ‘‘O. (PompruspteRA) H1ippotyrtus,” and ‘O. (Priamoptera) Croesus” for ‘‘O. (PRIAMUSPTERA) Crassus,” if found
uncorrected in any copy of this work.

Pl. C, for ‘‘O. ArruaNA” read ‘‘O. ARUANA.”

Pl. D, “‘ Priamoptera Lydius” should be O. (Priamoptera) Lydzus.

If any other corrections are found to be needed, they will appear in the 2nd Vol. of this work.

It is a pleasure, in this place, to thank my Printer, Mr. Morgan (Westow Street, Upper Norwood), for the great
care he has taken in the printing of the letter-press of this work, and for the zealous way in which he and his compositors
have striven to serve me in the reproduction of what is necessarily difficult ‘‘copy.” Mr. Morgan might safely be
entrusted with the printing of any scientific work.

(2)

AIL

1149 9704