Sor ik Kaainasa tess en ta bao ee ee ro. - ; z “ . - Me j ¥ ; + y 2 5 ij 7 ~ < i HINTS ON REPAIRING Books| How an Aeulbir Cok Easily. Keep Hii Volumes, Old and New, in the Best ol Condition fh. H.W. T. P.is Wee aving ly] taken book-binding up as and remembering my lass futile attemps at , L feel that there booklovers who would hints as to the right way to set to work when a and its cover show signs of parting eompany, or the “plates'’ come out. IT am only going to such simple repairs as can homa without any elaborate As for Boing in binding, as T have Story: T can as a hobby, further information To take everyone hob or ‘ rormer more “mending up’ book: may be many be glad of a few book speak here of he at apparatus. for done thoroughly dane, that confidentiy and shall book- is another recommend it sive| be glad to if desired, simplest matter first; the plates’ (illus- trations on special paper, not included in the text) have a tiresome habit of com- ing loose, especially those on highly- @lazed paper, as the glazed surface comes away on to the sheet to which it pasted. These plates ought always “eusrded, is tarmed, i. erly included in the sewing of but this is seldom done expensive books, the belng quicker! A prevention is ‘better will first describe how be treated in order to preye from coming out. Send carefully up to the potnt pasted on, look to &s that Straight, then orease it gently the thumb-nail, he effect of this will'! that in turning the leaves the book the plate will f-ll back naturally instead of dragging the leaf with it, which so often c&uses it to come loose, To refasten plates which have come louse, take three ’or four atia time, lay ! irds on 4 plece of | I the knows how is to @&, prop- the book, except pasting-on be as it now in inethad than cure, I a new book should t the plates the plate’! where it is | the ; hack erease with 1g) be of ‘ them face downw waste paper, with the edges to be pasted away from Let the bottom project nearly one-quarter of an inch § beyond the next, and on, 86 that each has a strip of that width exposed, | Lay 4 straight piece Waste paper on | the top of the last one; now by pasting all | over you will have a pasted strip at the back t of each. Insert them in their proper places in the book, careful that they right to the then shut up the book, When dry they should be “broken back’ described oye We will now take the which is wholly or partially out (This will apply to ordinary books, not to leather bindings, mand more expert treatnrent,) happens when the book itself is does not require re-sewing; a description of the sewing process must he reserved for a future paper, or a on binding’ may he | consulted. The first he entirely removed from The cover, slitting up the flimsy canyas stuff which will showing at the joint, but being Lo out the tapes (if any) on which the is sewn; the must be simply lifted aw from the board, Now all the lining of can- re Vas and paper, must be remoyed from the back. This will often peel off quite easily ; if it gives trouble the book should be put the press, the back well 4amped with water or thin and the lining scraped off with a knife. Next tear off the old “end -the single sheets, sometimes eolored, rinally one piere With the sheet pasted the board Take two folded naper the siz ‘ you, one : t ot being £0 bac as | | book “over. | sed of a of its ecloth- which This often sound, and case de- hook book must hy probably be Gurefol pot book paste, paper papers” which formed down on of white boolt or slightly larger (they cal down afterwards), them el back as for Ing plates, and_atlach them to the boolr, oris ) sheets tive or colored oF be. tvlinmed paste the desoribed ra pubbing down with a toothbrush handle. Sheets of note paper make very good end # papers for small books. Now tuke a piece of strong calico, or | holland, such as curtains are made of, large enough to cover the back and project about » one inch on each side; glue the back of the book, and attach the calico, rubhing down with the. toothbrush handle, Take a plece of brown or other stout paper, cut it to the y width of the back, glue the back again over the calico, put on the paper and rub down s When dry, trim off the calico and paper at the head and tail of the hook, and this part of the work is finished, Now the cover must be seen to. Wirst remove all the canvas remaining on the boards, also the paper lining from the bac unless this is quita good, Take a fresh strip of paper, glue the back of the cover and ajtach the paper, pass- ing it undér the turnover of the eloth at head and tail. If the cloth is torn at the back, a piece of calico may be put on instead of this paper, extending over the boards for one-half inch or so; rub it well down at the edges of the boards. Before doing this, however, the book must put in the case to try if there is room to allow for this lining without making the tight. Instead of the calico, Whatman’s banknote paper may be used, this heing very thin and strong, and exceedingly useful for mend- is before. k, be ease too ing. If the outer corners of the boards are bent bruised, put a little paste on them hammer them care/vlly into shape a ptone flatiron; when dry they will be quite hard and stiff. Now put the book into the cover, and don't forget to see it is the right way tip! (1 once saw a leather-bound bool with g@ilt tooling and title, “finished” up- side down.) See that it is straight, with the cover projecting equally all round; lay it down on the table, the. turn pac the upper board. Paste all over the end- paper, first putting a waste piece under- neath, to protect the book; lay the tapes and eplico joint on the pasted paper and paste again over the calico. that the book has not shifted proper position, then carefully bring over thé top board on to the pasted paper, and press down sligt.tly. Lift it t n with the paper attached; lay it on the edge of the table that the board rests, firmly on the table, axd press we2l down (not rub) with the palm of the hand. ii may mist a pre sheets other same tially be pres Fut p wooden or and on or rob down; Now from its sce =0 content to wait, the book be left at this stage until dry; 3t not be closed while damp witho it sing tin being inserted, or the first of the book will be cockled, The end-paper is then treated in the way; when both are dry (or par- aq) the book should, if possible, sed, or put under a heayy weight. assing tins inside the boards, and hoards outside, leaving the baci exposed, and screw uD the press. Materials—The only special apparatus required is press of some sort; even this may he dispensed with, The real thing is bookbinder’s “laying press;” a carpenter's vise would answer, or the may he screwed up between the of a dining table. glue pot not an expensive a substitute, however, a jam pot may be used. Break the pieces and it in water overnight; it will then melt when polls. Add water to the glue it should be fairly thin. Puste be bought. “Stieckph: 1 may be made as follows: ounces flour to a smooth paste, with a little cold water; add a pint, a saltspoon- ful of powdered alum, and one drachm Boil ten minutes, con- then pour into a stone keep for a considerable you are book leaves Glue— item; as and a sallcepan glue into small is Soak ter essary may sence of cloves. stirring, will ant ly This Pressing Tins are plates which may pa cut out of the sides of a biscuit box: about 10 in. by 7 in. will be a useful ee for ordinary hooks. ¥ Those who go in for sewing will re« qulre a. press, for illustrations of which as well as description of the sewing: pro- cess, I must refer them to the books mentioned below. The heayy cumbersome presses used In the trade cost about 7s.; a substitute fees Re may be made for a few pence as follows: Tistead of a screw upright make plain up- rights with a fixed crossbar of flat wood at the top. Procure at an ironmongar's thres wire fence strainers, fitted with thumb | Screws. 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LAr he ; Kl CALLe et. iS Ky L412 As ¥ io, ar) to coe Bie UA Ras tinip fa ¥ etl A. vy) , - 4 oF i Sy A rs Ktr/ ‘Oaks LAAQE {A A prJ Ve, , ‘ih 40 Aaa AAA Ya Char -tm~ O-s Za Cif — at fe a es f y) ; retin, Oe hUrurmtm: EV ty Lap Thy reerel. uF Be ie a" : ' / rh 2 I ee: b 4 LAT KATIE Sa a a Oh ht AL Ae, M-d_Ray vy LAA MAP? SASS. (MSA or TO, Mr hy Lt Mra » pr? of Ley yre41/ Og h ALLA A A DA. Lv AAAL an fore WE q p-jf@— ul re iL f,, ff — PAAR MK QA, { TIA, thd PS ee RRL It Ca , + ; ; /f) R 4 Afo ft tw -vAVL4 Aho arty tT Av -Hvre nt Wty ftrtr va C D4 PAN f Af Koy , fa oS Y—\} - 3 ie Y TR Tf tTh Nad. VU | ;—, a NA : f, Z a < A ‘ oO LAA e (Cer AAT OED : . The writer commenced taking notes on what species of birds were in song at Raleigh, N. C., during the last week of June, 1908, and this paper gives the results obtained up to the erid of April, 1909. i On the Number of Species of Birds that can be Observed in One Day at Raleigh, N. C.: C. 8. BRIMLEY. ; This paper enumerates the total number of spe- cies observed in each month at Raleigh, N. C., from November, 1908, to April, 1909, inclusive, _ and also gives the greatest number observed, in any one day in each of the months, with a full list of the species observed on the best days in November, January, March and April. Geology and the Lumber Market: Cottier Coss, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N, C. Studies in Soil Bacteriology, III.: Concerning Methods for Determination of Nitrifying and Ammonifying Powers; F, L. Stevens and W. A. WITHERS, assisted by J. C. Tempre,.W. A. SYME, J. K. Prummer and P, L. GAtney, North Caro- lina Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C, Observations on Bird Life of Great Lake, Craven County, North Carolina: H. H. Brrmiry, Cura- tor State Museum, Raleigh, N. C. (Read by title.) Senses of Insects: FRANKLIN SHERMAN, JR., En- tomologist, Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C. : This paper merely reviews the well-understood facts in regard to the senses of insects, the organs of special sense, their location, ete. No claim is made for originality in the matter presented. The antenne are declared to be the most impor- tant organs of special sense, as they serve as organs of both touch and smell, and apparently in some cases (mosquitoes of the genus Culea) as organs of hearing also. Methods of Reproduction among Insects: Z. P. Metcaur, Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N.C. Some Unrecognized Factors Affecting the Poten- tial Difference Developed in an Induction Coil: C. W. Epwarps, Trinity College, Durham, N. C. (Read by title.) ° Oral Gestation among Teleostean Fishes: E. W.. Guperr, State Normal College, Greensboro, N. OC. Oral gestation is not uncommonly practised by siluroid and cichlid fishes. Many marine, estuarine and fresh-water catfishes of Central and South America, India and Australia carry their eggs With one possible and young in their mouths. exception, it is always the male who thus incu- bates the eggs. Among the cichlids of South America, Africa and Syria this habit is very prevalent. In these fishes it is generally the females who thus care for their progeny. Scattering cases of this habit among other teleosts are occasionally met with, especially among species belonging to the genera Apogon and Cheilodipterus, It seems probable that fur- ther research among these latter forms will extend our knowledge of this curious habit which is in- variably associated with unusually large size of the eggs. The writer has been engaged for fifteen months in working up the literature of this extraordinary habit in fishes, This work is being done for the Bureau of Fisheries, and will be issued in its publications. The Linear Classification of the Cubie Surface: ARCHIBALD HENDERSON, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. The speaker considered the twenty-one different types of the cubic surface (neglecting the two serolls) reduced to canonical form with reference to the straight lines lying wholly upon the sur- face. By proper choice of constants, he succeeded in representing, in each case, the lines in position with reference to the fundamental tetrahedron, He exhibited diagrams, in color, of the lines, with proper reference to each other and to the funda- mental tetrahedron, for all twenty-one types of the cubie surface. The Terminal Bud of the Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua: E, W. Guperr, State Normal Col- lege,.Greensboro, N. C, This tree has on the ends of its lateral branches terminal buds of two kinds. One is of ordinary size and contains only leayes and an embryonic branch. The other kind is very large and, swollen. Dissection or subsequent dévelopment on the tree shows that this contains a cone made up of the familiar sweet gum. balls—it is seemingly a terminal bud devoted solely to the production of flowers. Later, the lowest ball (sometimes the two lowermost) develops an extraordinarily long pedicel, and the stem bearing the cone breaks off just above the point of attachment of this pedicel leaving but one ball of the six or eight to come to maturity. About this time a very small leaf bud makes its appearance just below the base of the cone and this lateral bud later becomes the terminal bud which by its growth elongates the branch. A 4 A CALA “Fe Ay (Z anudKory Te ¢ eit. {Ag cd AL_3 7 é 4 od Wy TM. oY Zinuiat AA 5 pL. hoa, Let IT aR A ~ A) ov om © oo wee AC AA Lg ce ON ay ra ya 1 r CtAL wT O tA k Lapel ‘t fp Ah A Ai0 ' *. S 1 \. 7 oa Weth¢ J r p JAA f 4 4 om Yh fA oar ae A f ao) Mi {_’ f¥ _fA_/f & ‘. A_f A {A Lode Firnytre — f'p yj p™ DB) fi_y {A ; . D as ft st arts tf } A f) { A : a ¥e, Social Science: The Work of the Woman’s ‘Asso- ciation for the Betterment of Schools: Mrs. Cuartes D, McIver, Field Secretary Woman’s Betterment Association of North Carolina, Greensboro, N. C. Notes on the Petrography of the Granites of Chapel Hill, N..O0.: H. N. Eaton, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C, Some Results of Municipal Milk Inspection in Raleigh, N. O.: ¥, L. Stevens, North Carolina Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C. . / 005 E. W. Guperr, ( C Cw }: Secretary { { THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB TuE meeting of May 26, 1909, was held at the museum of the New York Botanical Garden and’ was called to order at 3:30 p.m. by President Rusby. Thirty-four persons were present. After the reading and approval of the minutes of the preceding meeting, the scientific program was pre- sented, the first contribution being made by the president, Dr. H. H. Rusby, who spoke of “ The Harliest Spring Flowers in the Vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina.” The speaker’s remarks were based on observa- tions made between March 16 and March 23, 1909, at Summerville, which is about twenty-two miles northwest of Charleston. By a careful compar- ison of the state of vegetation there in March with that of New York and vicinity in May, it was concluded that there was a difference of eight or nine weeks this year in the progress of the season, though it is probable that in an ordinary year the | difference would be about seven or eight weeks. ' Summerville is noted for the existence there of Dr. Shepard’s tea-gardens, the only tea plantation conducted on a commercial scale in this country. There are now about 100 acres of plantation in productive operation there, from which 12,000 to 15,000 pounds of tea are. sold annually. Success has been obtained through an extensive series of experiments with all the known varieties of the tea plant. No attempt is made to compete with | the Orient in the cheaper grades: of tea, but in the ‘ more highly prized grades the Summerville prod- uct is already taking a leading rank. The plants collected at Summerville by Dr. Rusby were then discussed and exhibited in groups, arranged according to habitat and time of flowering. Dr. Britton in discussing Dr. Rusby’s paper re- ferred to the popular belief among the fruit- growers of Delaware that the spring advances northward at the rate-of thirteen miles a day— a belief that would seem to be supported by Dr. Rusby’s observation that there is a difference of seven or eight weeks,in the progress of the season between Summerville, 8. C., and New York. * The second paper on the scientific program was by Dr. J, A. Shafer on “ Botanizing in Cuba.” Dr. Shafer was in northern Cuba from January 22 to May 6 of the present year in the interests of the New York Botanical Garden. He gave a popular account of his collecting experiences there and of the general floral features of the regions visited. Headquarters were established at La Gloria, Nuevitas and Holguin, and shorter visits - were made to Gibara, Cacocum, Alto Cedro, Paso Estancia and Antilla. One of the objects of the expedition was to ascertain whether the flora of northern Cuba had any relation to that of the adjoining Bahamas, which islands have been the subject of extensive floristic investigations by Dr. Britton and others; but on the northern mainland of Cuba one notes little relationship, Cayo Guajaba, one of the chain of outlying northern islands, none of which seems to have been visited by botanists heretofore, probably on account of the difficulty of access, was examined at several points and was found to possess a very different flora from that of the mainland south of it, many of the species being Bahamian. North of Nuevitas, the railroad to Camagiiey passes through many miles of rather barren palm- covered savannas, through which an occasional stréam passes, whose winding course can readily be made out by a fringe of green trees, overtopped by the graceful heads of the royal palm, From Camagiiey to Holguin, a distance of about one hundred and fifty miles, one passes alternately through stretches of dry savannas, rich dense woods and fertile pastures. Paso Estancia, towards Santiago, on the Cauto River, was made the last place from which ex- tensive explorations were carried on, The river, which is the largest in Cuba, here passes between high bluffs made up of stratified limestone and clay or sand, It has many turns, with gravelly bars and sandy or muddy banks, and many things can be found there. The surrounding country is a dense forest, with a great variety of species. After a discussion of Dr. Shafer’s paper by Dr. and Mrs. Britton, Dr, Rusby and others, :adjourn- ment followed. 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KALE va , ] i / f/ , / ’ - y p fn f- r —_— L ' 72) tA /6! /p f of fd 1 Lh, ,RUY o./ WY O- pata a7 ld: 40 ADA, Mount Mansfield, Stowe, Vt. O more delightful resort in the New England States, nor one of more interesting and attractive features can be found than this, the highest peak of the Green Mountain Range, towering as it does 4,457 feet above the level of the sea. There are three routes by which you can reach the summit of Mt. Mansfield, One via Stowe on the east side, one via Underhill on the west side of the mountain and one via Jeffersonville. Round trip tickets at greatly reduced rates for sale at nearly all princi- pal points for Stowe, which may be reached either by the Central Vermont or St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain railroads. If by the former, you will leave it at Waterbury and take the electric cars for Stowe, passing through some of the finest and grandest scenery in New Hngland. If you go by the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain railroad, you will leave it at Morrisville, Vt., station, eight miles from Stowe, or at Jeffersonville, thirteen miles, by anew and easy road through Smuggler’s Notch from the foot of the moun- tain on the east side. The St. J. and L. C. road passes to and from Portland, White Mountains, Morrisville, St. Johnsbury, Burlington and Ogdensburg. Stages from Stowe connect with trains at Morrisville morning and afternoon. Tourists haying choice of routes, will have a better variety of views to and from this charming region by taking one route to reach Stowe and another on their return, Parties wishing to visit Stowe or the mountain from Morrisville by private conveyance should communicate or apply to the large livery estab- lishment of TH. Il. Hardy, Morrisville, or should they wish to remain over at Morrisville, they will find the Hotel Randall a perfect hotel in every respect. The Green Mountain Inn at Stowe, M. C. Loyejoy proprietor, is a place where travelers can rest, assured of getting the best of care and atten- tion before making the ascent of the mountain. Visitors will find the Melendy House at Jeffersonville a pleasant hotel, well kept by I. H. Melendy, From Stowe to the Summit House is ten miles over a good carriage road and it is directly after leaving the village that the finest view is had of old Mt. Mansfield in all its hoary grandeur. The mountain appears of peculiar shape. By an exercise of the imagination, the outline of its summits can be made to resemble the human face, turned upward to the sky. The north peak resembles the Chin, the middle the Nose, and the southern the Forehead. The Chin, the highest summit is 4,457 feet above the sea level, and is the highest of the whole Green Mountain range. It is 3,909 feet above the village of Stowe and 340 feet above the middle peak, or the Nose, which is 160 feet above the southern peak, the Forehead. From Underhill to the Summit of Mt. Mansfield is seven miles, and is by far the least expensive as well as the quickest way of reaching the Summit. Leaving the main line of the Central Vermont at Essex Junction, a short ride on the Burlington and Lamoille railroad of twelve miles brings the tourist to Underhill, where Mr. Lincoln, proprietor of the Custer House at Underhill, has liyery in waiting at the station to convey passengers in any numbers to the Half-Way House, a distance of five and one-half miles. From the Half-Way Ilouse to the Summit is one and one-half miles over a good mountain trail or path. The Summit House. The main part of the house, which contains the reception room and office, as well as the sleeping rooms, is 30 by 50 feet, with an ell 24 by 40 feet, which contains the dining room, while the kitchen is still further in the rear. The house is neatly and thoroughly finished and furnished, and is quite as comfortable, if not more so, than many larger hotels nearer sea level. This popular house is very finely situated near the summit of the mountain and commands a fine view of the valley of the Lamoille, towards the north the wooded side of Mt. Mansfield being visible to its very base, with no intervening summit to obstruct the vision, the scene being closed in on the east by the White Mountain range, Directly over the Summit House towers the Nose. Itsascent is made by a rough path on the western side, much resembling a flight of stairs. The northern side presents a steep and precipitous descent, down which you may look from the summit at least 500 feet. It is but a short walk from the hotel to the Nose. To ascend the Chin requires more time, though the journey is less fatiguing. It is distant a mile and a half from the Summit House. As it is some 300 feet higher than the Nose it consequently commands a more extended view. The scene that is spread out before the eye on either of the summits is gorgeous and beautiful in the extreme. The view for a hundred miles in any direction is nearly unobstructed. From the Chin you may also look down into Smuggler’s Notch and even descend into it, if you have the time and necessary pluck. At the base of the Chin on the north side is a charm- ing little pond called ‘“‘Lake of the Clouds.’’ Also to the right of the path leading to the Chin is Ice Cave, Rock of Terror, ete. To make this execur- sion to the Chin, without being hurried, a night should be spent on the mountain. Persons recovering from a long sickness, or who are in poor health, will soon be restored by a short sojourn at the Summit House. Nearly the entire top of the mountain is covered by the fir balsam, which impregnates the atmosphere with its resinous or(lors. Wear loose-fitting garments and thick boots ; if to remain over night, a thick shawl, overcoat, rubbers, water-proof. In fact, dress for comfort and not for show. . The rates for board at the Summit House have been reduced from $4.00 to $2.00 a day. Meals, 50 cents. Lodging, 50 cents. A limited number of weekly boarders taken at $12.00 a week. Toll on Mountain Road from East or Stowe Side. Saddle horses, 25 cts.; single teams, 50 cts.; two horse teams, $1.00 ; four horse teams, $1.50; six horse teams $2.00; stage fare (round trip), $1.50. Svante Rarrs.—Use of barn and feed, 50 ets.; use of barn, 25 ets, per horse. For any other information required, please address W. M. ADAMS, Stowe, Vt. 12 / BINGHAM FALLS, BELOW NUTCH DOWN THE MOUNTAIN FROM SUMMIT HOUSE. CHASM, MOSGLEN FALLS. MT. MANSFIEI.D FROM VALLEY, WE, VT. TA_ PX Nr Ad \p3| Pee fe WM LUX ROLLE C A. LD * Sau L bop, Lor. 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