MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM VOLUME 41 PART 3 BRISBANE 1 NOVEMBER 1997 THE MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD J.M. THOMSON Thomson, J.M. 1997 10 21: The Mugilidae of the World. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41(3): 457-562. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Of the 280 specific names applied to Mugilidae 62 are accepted as valid, with 18 classified as species inquerenda. 14 of the 40 defined genera are recognised. Only one new species, Liza mandapamensis is described. Mugilidae, review, taxonomy. J. M. Thomson, 15 Marieville Esplanade, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia; received 16 February 1996. 280 specific names have been bestowed on mullets of the Family Mugilidae. Many of these have been recognised as synonyms in regional re- views over the past 120 years by Day (1876) and Pillay (1962) for India, Jordan & Swain (1884) for the Americas, Athanassopoulos (1919) and Popov (1930) for Europe, Weber & de Beaufort (1922) for Indonesia, Fowler (1928a, 1931, 1934) for Oceania, Borcea (1934) for the Black Sea, Roxas (1934) for the Philippines, Smith (1935) for South Africa, Fowler (1936), Cadenat (1954) and Poll (1959) for west Africa, Thomson (1954) for Australia and Trewavas & Ingham (1972) for the NE Atlantic and the Mediterra- nean. Reviews ofthe genera of mullets have been offered by Jordan & Evermann (1917), Mohr (1927), Popov (1931), Schultz (1946), Smith (1948) and Thomson (1954). However there has been no published review of the genera and spe- cies of the Mugilidae as a whole since Günther (1861b). Susan Ingham completed a review in 1952 which remains unpublished. I was unaware of this when I commenced this review in 1972, and although Dr Trewavas drew Ingham's manu- script to my attention I deliberately did not refer to it until I had made my own judgments. Apart from the status of Valamugil our conclusions are very similar, though often based on different cri- teria, and I acknowledge that Ingham's review was completed before | had commenced this work. I have adopted her system of counting gill rakers and added the counts ofrakers on the lower arm, but otherwise features listed are those which I adopted from the literature or had eluci- dated myself. Involvement in University admini- stration and some government committees prevented my earlier completion of the review. DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS Mugilid species are remarkably uniform in ex- ternal form and scarcely less so in internal anat- omy. The main evolutionary diversification has occurred in the mouth and associated anatomy as demonstrated by Schultz (1946). Apart from such commonly used attributes as the counts of scales, fin spines and fin rays and the measurement of body proportions, the features of diagnostic value include the structure ofthe scales, the relative po- sition of the nostrils, the number and form of the gill rakers, the form of the preorbital, the relative length of the paired fins and of their axillary scales and the position of origin of the various fins, the presence or absence of the ‘adipose eye- lid' and the degree of its intrusion over the eye, as well as the number of pyloric caeca and the rela- tive length of the intestine. Jaws. Jaw structure is basically percoid, distin- guished by the premaxillary having short pedi- cels and a shaft which, in the Agonostominae, is widest at its midlength and pointed at its distal end, whereas in the Mugilinae the shaft is broad- est at the blade-like distal end. Within the Mugili- nae the edge of the premaxillae remains more or less parallel with the line of the mouth gape in some genera, but in others it curves down behind the corner of the mouth. The maxilla lies behind the premaxilla and at its upper end attaches to the ethmoid by a liga- ment. The degree of protrusibility ofthe mouth is largely governed by the degree of mobility ofthe maxillae, for they are locked to the premaxillary pedicels via the maxillary processes which also fuse in the midline. When the mouth is closed the premaxillary pedicels retreat under the nasal- bones. A tendon from the superficial portion ofthe ad- ductor mandibulae is inserted on a flange on the anterior face ofthe maxillary shaft. The curvature of the maxillary is sufficient to allow the tendon to pass transversely upwards to the anterior face ofthe shaft in the Agonostominae and most ofthe Mugilinae but in Chelon, Liza, Oedalechilus and ASR Crenimugil where the mouth gape is short and the endon almost horizontal, the maxilla has devel- oped an outward curve over the lower fifth of its length to provide an unimpeded line of action far the tendon. In these genera the end of the pre- maxilla also curves behind the mouth corner. In Agonostominae the shaft of the maxilla isal- most straight, bending slightly, rather than curv- ing, at the level of the Nange. In Mugilinae the line of the maxillary shaft is almost straight when viewed laterally and curves slightly and gradil- ally in anterior view. In Chelan, Liza, Oedaleehi- lus and Crenimugil the maxillary shaft curves in2 lanes in its lowermost \4, hut outwards and backwards from the initial outward curve at the flange. Maxillae of Felamugil atid Mvxus differ trom these general types. That of Myxus is broad, curving backwards but scarcely outwards, It is thus intermediate between Agonostominae and the Mugil group. However, the premaxilla of Mvyxus is typical of Agonostominae. The maxilla of lalamugil indicates a transition between the Mugil and Liza groups of Mugilinae, with the maxilla curving down behind the mouth in one plane only, rather than the S-shape typical of Liza and its relatives. Two conditions have been con- fused in the literature under the general descrip- tion of "maxilla visible below and behind the corner of the mouth when the mouth is closed', What are visible are pads of tissue, the maxilla being submerged in the pad to varying depths. In most species to which the deseription has been applied there are 2 pads lying close together. The posterior, and usually larger pad, i$ that over the end of the maxilla. In front of it is another pad which overlies the end of the tendon to the corner ofthe mouth, In Valamugil only the pad over the tendon is visible. In some species, notably of 1 engeli, this pad is often hidden bv a cutaneous fap growing from behind the base of the lip. The lower jaw presents 2 features of generic significance, In more primitive genera the coro- noid process of the dentary bone is massive and mounts from the general shaft ofthe dentary well in front of the mouth corner. In other genera this process is slender and rises from the shaft behind the mouth commer. In Cesiracuy the dentary is ex- tended posteriorly and ventrally to form a deeply undercut flange which is covered by a fleshy lobe. The other diagnostic feature of the lower jaw is the degree of development of the symphys- ial knob, In the Agonestominae there is either no central knob rising above the lower lip (4gona- stomus spp.) or there is only a broad low mound. Among the Mugilinae, Chaenonmugil has only a low mound, bul sn all other genera there 15 a high MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM symphysial knob with almost vertical sites, sometimes divided into lateral halves by a dis- tinet erouve. Lips. Skin covering the edges of the jaws are de- scribed as lips. The whole of the upper lip of Mugilidae is delimited by a groove, butthe analo- gous groove behind the lower lip is incomplete and its relative length is a useful diagnostic char- acter, The upper lip covers the anterior part of the daly Wheat In the majority of mullet the upper ip is highest medially. narrowing, gradually to the corners of the mouth. But in a few species, e.g, Mugil thaburni, and Crenimugil and Oedalechilus spp., lip height is very little differ- ent, ifat all, laterally. Ir M. bananensis the lip in- creases markedly in height at the lateral ends. The description ‘thick’ has been used in two different senses in the literature when describing the lip. It has been used to describe either the dis- lance from front to rear or the vertical spread al the lip. T use the term to describe the relative dis- tance the upper lip projects in front of the anterior edge of the head. The vertical spread is called lip height. In some species the mandibulary angle changes from acute to obtuse with age (Thomson, 1954), As the head broadens the shape of the up- per lip may change but this is marked only in Fa- lamugil sehelt and its close relatives, In Chelon, Crenimugil and Oedalechilus the lower part of the upper lip is raised into papillae whose ultimate shape is of specific significance, They are epidermal structures without any con- nection to the teeth. In young specimens of most species of these genera and in adult Chelon labhra- sus small setiform teeth are present as well as (he papillae. The papillae are not evident in young fry until à length of about 60mm SL and there ap- pears to be considerable variation in the length at which they become visible (Trewavas & Ingham, 1972). The lower lips of Agonostominae and of Crenimugil and Oedalechilus ate thick and deep. The rest of the Mugilinae have thin chisel-shaped lower lips which project almost horizontally for- ward. Like the upper lips, the lower lips of Creni- mugil, Chelon and Oedalechilus are ornamented either with papillae or crenulations, The lower lip is permanently folded down in C'estraeus spp. The lip of Mugil tioburni has also been described as folded down, but of the 14 specimens available for study only one had the lower lip completely folded: in 4 the lip was not curled down at all and in the remainder sections of varymg length on one or both sides were curled, Occasional indi- viduals of other species have been observed with lips curled down, including Mugil curema, M. MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD curvideny and juvenile M, cephalus, Probably mullet with thin-edged lower lips may be able to curl the lower lip voluntarily during life and ap- pearance after death or fixing depends upon mus- cular contraction, Generally the lower lip is entire, ie, rhe anterior edge continues in the same plane across the symphysial region. In several genera the external edge of the lip curves up around an external groove under the symphysis. Such a lip is notentire' The lower lip of Liza and ofa few other species have a row orrows ol papil- lae near the base of the lip. Prearbital. In the Agonostominae the preorbital is almost quadrangular; in Mugilinae roughly tri- angular. The external surface of the preorbital is flat in Agonostomus, Joturus, Cestraeus and Chaenomugil, In other genera a ridge, originating ut the base of the posteriormost serra of its lower edge runs roughly parallel with the front edge of the preorbital, forming a scoop-shaped trough along the anterior portion of the preorbital. In life this trough is filled with either flesh or adipose tissue, The topographical anterior edge of the preorbital is regarded as the ventral edge by those concerned with the homologies of bones and the topographical ventral edge is the posterior, To avoid confusion the term ‘front edge' is used here for the edge nearest the upper lip and ‘lower edge’ for thal extending between lip and eye. This ter- minology is notapt in the case of aged specimens of Joturus where, because of differential growth of the front edge the point that is normally the rearmost on the lower edge comes to lie in front of the original anterjor corner and the normal lower edge comes to lie over the hindmost part of the front edze. The lower edge of the preorbital is ser- rate in all but a few species. In a few the serrae have become sharp spines. In most species the front edge also is serrate, but remains smooth in some. In genera with maxillae that do not bend down behind the mouth corner, the front edge of the preorbital is either straight or gently curving, In those genera where the maxilla bends down behind the mouth corner the front edge of the pre- orbital is notched to accommodate the mouth cor- ner. In most species this notch persists, but in some it tends to fill with age. In more primitive species the preorbital is broad and fills the space between the lip and eve; but in more advanced species the preorbital is narrow; in some it fills only part of the space between eye and lip. Nostrils. The nostrils lie in characteristic posi- Ims. in each species. In some, the nostrils are 459 nearer each other than the posterior is to the eve or the anterior to the lip; in others one or both may oe closer to the appropriate feature than to the other nostril. The posterior nostril usually reaches just about the level of the upper rim of the eve, but in a few species is higher. There is one species, Rhi- nomugil squamipinnis (Swainson), in which the posterior nostril is displaced to the level of the lower halt of the eve. Teeth, Mullet teeth are small and usually de- scribed as either ciliate or setiform. In Agona- stominae teeth are sessile, of normal teleost type, though small, borne directly on the premaxilla and dentary in bands of varying width. In form they are either incisor-like or are wide-fronted, fattened antero-posteriorly, and are often multi- cuspid. In the Mugilinae the teeth are minute and labial, situated at the extreme edge of the lips, on the distal ends of flexible strands in the lip tissue which proximally join to the dentary orto the pre- maxilla. They vary from setiform or ciliiform to flattened teeth, sometimes with multiple cusps, Ciliiform teeth are differentiated from sctifonn teeth by being finer and lacking the dark core typical of setiform teeth, Scales, Both cycloid and ctenoid scales are found in Mugilidae. Some variation in attribution oc- curs in the literature. Jacot (1920) , Kesteven (1942) and Thomon (1954) described the scales uf Mugil cephalus às ctenoid, Schultz (1946) and Smith (1949) called them cycloid. On most scales of M. cephalus and related species, a row or twa of weak ctenii mark the posterior margin of the scale. But the ctenii laid down earlier do not proj- ect; their former site being indicated by a paltern- ing of the surface of the posterior quadrant which has been interpreted either as (he ctenii sub- merged in the tissue of the scale or as their bases after the points have sloughed or have been worn off. This type of scale is distinguished as pive- ment ctenoid'. Two types of scale have been described as. ey- cloid' in mugilids. One type has a firm rounded posterior edge and is commonly found on the flanks af certain species of Liza and Mugil, Juve- niles of Fe/emugil and Crenimugil have similar scales but in late juveniles and adults the scales develop a flexible membranous margin posteri- orly which can be seen lo be fimbriate in well- preserved scales. A proportion of scales are provided with pits or grooves known as mucus canals, These first be- t60 come apparent as almost circular depressions in fish about 40mm in length. This simple condition is retained in the scales of adult Agonostominae. In Murus Spp. and in less specialised Liza, such as L. abu, a short canal runs forward from the origi- nal pil. In other genera and in more specialised Liza the canal may be much longer but does not penetrate the segment of the scales posterior to the nucleus to any extent except in 'alamugil where in some speeies it reaches the posterior edge of the membranous margin. In some species ascale may have Y-shaped, T-shaped, double or even triple canals, This has been taker further in Liza saliens and L. dumerili where the dorsal scales on the head and on the back, anterior to the first dorsal fin have 2 canals in early juveniles, but by the time the fish is adult the scales are mul- ticanaliculate, having between 7 and 10 canals. Immediately above the insertion of the pectoral fin some species have an axillary process, usually referred to as the axillary scale, although >one scale may be involved in its structure. The axil- lary scale is lacking in the Agonostominae, It is strongly developed in Mugil, Valamugil and Crenimugil; same species of Liza have a moder- ate pectoral axillary scale hut inmost Liza species it is reduced to a misshapen rudiment or is com- pletely lacking. Intestine. In Agonustominae the intestine is rela- tively short, lying in only 3 loops in the abdomi- nal cavity and measuring 1.5-2.0 times standard length of the fish. In more primitive Mugilinae, such as Myxus, the coiling bas increased and the relative length is 1.5-5 times standard length. In Mugil the intestine is elaborately coiled and 1s 3-5 times standard length. The intestine is even longer in other mugiline genera attaming 6-7 times the standard length in Chelon labrosus. Slamach, The stomach is a simple Usshaped sac with uniformly thin walls in the Agonostaminae other than A/drichetta, 1n typical Mugilinae the stomach is divisible into a thin-walled cardiac crop and a very thick-walled biconical pyloric gizzard. In this respect Myxus elongatus, M. pe- tardi and Aldrichetta forsteri are intermediate, having weakly developed gizzards. Pyloric cueca, The primitive number of 2 pyloric cacca is found throughout the Agonostominac and in Mugil, Rhinomugil, Sicamugil, Chaeno- mugil and Myxus (except for Myxus capensis). In other genera the number of caeca varies (2-22), though more usually 5-9. Daget & Itis (1963) re ported a quite wide variation in the number of py- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM loric caeca within the lew species they examined, but in my experience, including the species ex- amined by those authors, the number has been fairly constant within a species. JUVENILE MULLET. The characters used in keys and detailed descriptions can be used confi- dently only with adult mullet and with juveniles whose length is greater than 60mm SL. Even at this length some characters, such as the extension of the adipose tissue over the eye in some species has not reached the adult state, At about 60mm SL a degree of metamorphosis takes place in- volving not only the transformation of the third supporting element of the anal fin to a spine in the Mugilinae and a few Agonostominae, but also in a considerable rearrangement of the mouth parts. Inthe young (Querimana) stages the mouth gape is steeply inclined but later becomes less steep and almost horizontal in some genera. The nos- trils are usually above the level of the eye in young mullet but descend below the level of the upper rim of the eye in most species at metamor- phosis. The dorsal fins are more crowded in young mullet, the tip of the recumbent first dorsal spine almost touching the origin of the second orsal fin and the tip of the second dorsal fin al- most reaching the base of the caudal fin, Except for species with a unique attribute, such as an un- usually great fin-ray count, it is extremely diffi- cult to distinguish the species of small mullet. METHODS Most of the measurements are standard in svs- tematic studies, but due to peculiarities of mullet some non-standard measurement have been in- troduced and to facilitate presentation some non- standard abbreviations have been used. Scales, The number of scales in the lateral series (LI) has been counted from the scale immediately above the insertion of the pectoral fin (i.e. just be- hind the head) to the caudal flexure. The 5-8 scales of intermediate size between the flexure and the very small scales covering the caudal fin have not been counted. The transverse scale count (tr) is the number of scales between the ori- gin of the first dorsal fin and the origin of the pel- vic fin, (Some authors have made their lateral count from the base of the second dorsal fin to the base of the anal fin.) The peduncle scale count (ped.) is the number of scales between the mid- dorsal and mid-ventral lines down one side of the vaudal peduncle, but amitting any median scales if present. MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Body proportions. All length measurements were taken between parallels except for the estimation of the position of the origin of the first dorsal fin with respect to the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal fin for which dividers were used to hasten the procedure, Dividers were also used to measure the interorbital, width of the head, body depth, depth of the caudal peduncle, height of the upper lip, length of the lower lip groove and posi- tion of the nostrils as well as lengths of the axil- lary scales of the pectoral and pelvic fins. The standard length (SL) was measured from the tip of the snout (which was taken to be the anterior- most point on the upper lip in those species where the lip is terminal) to the caudal flexure which is distinguishable by flexing the tail, even in those species where it is not readily apparent by inspec- tion. Caudal flexure was also taken as the caudal base for determining relative position of the ori- gin of the first dorsal fin. Mouth gape. The mouth gape was recorded as the ratio of mouth width to mouth length (MW/ML). Distances were measured between parallels, mouth width from mouth corner to mouth corner, length from the anterior tip ofthe lip to the poste- rior corner of the mouth opening. A number of other authors, notably Trewavas & Ingham (1972) have measured mouth length to the end of the maxilla. The actual gape is preferable because the extension of the jaw behind the mouth corner is very variable, being very short in some species and up to 1/3 jaw length in others. Gill rakers. The system of categorisation devised by Ingham was based on the number of rakers on the lower arm ofthe gill arch, coupled with calcu- lations of the length of the raker at or nearest to the ceratobrachial joint relative to both the long- est ofthe gill filaments andto the length ofthe gill arch. I have added the count of the rakers on the upper gill arch and in some instances extended the range of counts on the lower arch. The gillrakers are counted on the first gill arch because the rakers are longer and hence more dis- cernible than on the other arches and they lack the spicules which serve to interlock the rakers with those of the other arches. Six categories of rakers can be distinguished among Mugilidae. In defin- ing the types the following terminology has been adopted from Ingham's unpublished manuscript. Short: the longest rakers are only 1/2 the length of the longest gill filaments and c.1/4 the length of the lower arm of the gill arch. Long: the longest rakers are distinctly 71/2 length of the gill filaments, but markedly < twice 461 the length of the filaments and c.1/3 length of the lower arm of the gill arch; Very long: the longest rakers are at least twice as long as the longest gill filaments and c.1/2 length of the lower arm of the gill arch. Type 1: fringes short, coarse and widely spaced; rakers short and coarse. This type of raker resembles the condition in Atherinidae and gen- eralised percoids. Type 2: fringes long and close-set; rakers short and close-set; Type 3: fringes long, coarse and wide-set; rakers short or long; Type 4: fringes long, coarse, close-set; rakers short or long; Type 5: fringes long, fine and close-set, of a feathery appearance; rakers long; Type 6: fringes very long and close-set; rakers very long. ABBREVIATIONS. For convenience and brev- ity certain abbreviations have been used in the de- scriptions of genera and particularly of species. A = anal fin; the number of spines are indicated by Roman numerals and the number of branched rays by Arabic. D; = first dorsal fin: Roman nu- merals indicate the number of spines. D» = sec- ond dorsal fin; the small Roman numerals indicate the number of unbranched rays, the Ara- bic numerals, the number of branched rays. D Sc = the number of scales between the operculum and the vertical from the origin of the first dorsal fin. D2 Sc = the number of scales between the operculum and the vertical from the origin of the second dorsal fin. Ll=the number of scales in the longitudinal se- ries, counted from the scale immediately above the insertion of the pectoral fin (this is usually the scale immediately above the edge of the opercu- lum) to the caudal flexure. ML = length of the mouth gape measured from the snout tip to the line joining the two corners of the mouth gape. MW = width of the mouth measured in a direct line from mouth corner to mouth corner. P = Pectoral fin; the accompanying number in- dicates the number of rays in the fin. pect. sc. = the scale in the longitudinal series reached by the tip of the pectoral fin when laid back, ped. = the number of vertical rows of scales down one side of the caudal peduncle, excluding any median scales. SL = standard length, measured between verti- cals from the snout tip and the caudal flexure, sp.1, sp.2, sp.3, sp.4 = the first to fourth spines ‘in the first dorsal fin. ir = the number of scales in a transverse series counted from the origin of the first dorsal fin to the insertion of the pelvic fin. LOCATION OF SPECIMENS. The museum collection in which each specimen is preserved is indicated by the following abbreviations: AM = Australian Museum, Sydney; BMNH = British Museum (Natural History), London; BPBM = Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii; IM = Indian Museum, Calcutta; LA = Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-mer; MNHN = Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: NM = Natal Museum, Durban; NHM = Naturhistorisches Museum, Vi- enna; QM = Queensland Museum, Brisbane: RMNH - Rijksmuseum van naturlijke Historie. Leyden; SAM - South African Museum, Cape Town; USNM = United States National Museum, Washington; WAM = Western Australian Mu- seum, Perth; ZIZM = Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg. DATA RECORDED. Synonymies include only those references in which sufficient description is included to be reasonably confident that the specimens were correctly attributed. A few refer- ences are included in the synonymies because they provide novel combinations of generic and trivial names. Counts of the caudal rays are not given because examination of young fishes con- sistently gave higher counts than are recorded in the literature. In post-juvenile mullet the small outer caudal rays are almost impossible to detect without tedious dissection. The biometrical data for the species are presented in tables as appendi- ces. I find it a far more useful tool for comparing characteristics than embedding them in the de- scriptive text. The lengths recorded for museum specimens are mm SL. SYSTEMATICS Two editions of Valenciennes, 1836 were pub- lished with differing pagination. Pagination of the 2nd edition is shown throughout in brackets, MUGILIFORMES Family MUGILIDAE DIAGNOSIS. Pelvic bones connected to the postcleithra by a ligament; vertebrae 24 (rare variants to 26); 2 separate dorsal fins, the anterior with 4 spines, the posterior with | unbranched ray {often called a spine) and 6-10, usually 8, branched rays; anal fins with.2 or 3 spines and 8- 12 rays; pelvic fin with a spine and 5 rays; teeth either sessile or lahial. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM REMARKS. Jordan & Evermann (1896) distin- guished the Mugilinae and Agonostominac. Their criteria, based on the American species, were the presence or absence of sessile teeth, the degree of complexity of the stomach and the shape of the lower jaw, Only the first of these holds on a world wide basis, but the subfamily distinction is realistic as a more detailed exami- nation reveals anumber of consistent differences. Subfamily AGONOSTOMINAE |. Teeth sessile, inside the lip: 2. superior pha- ryngeals covered with small teeth; 3. vill rakers short; 4. preorbital flat, without a ridge; 5. same genera (Agonostomus and Joturus) with only 2 anal spines, followed by an unbranched ray in the adults; the unbranched ray becoming a spine in the adults of other genera; 6. interorbital con- vexly arched, head narrow; 7. stomach U-shaped with uniformly thin walls; 8. intestine relatively short, «2.6 times SL: 9. symphysial knob either absent or a broad low mound. GENERA. There are 32 nominal genera of Mugi- lidae (excluding fossil forms) (Table 1). Only 14 genera are here recognised as valid. KEY TO THE GENERA OF AGONOSTOMINAE 1. Snout overhanging upper lip Upper lip not overhung by snout J(1). 2 anal spies in adults; interorbital high, convex de inc ey e e-- -~ = ah A gostimi 3 anal spines in adult; intérorbital low inest [lt 6.72 acm Gc we iu Ie 3 3(2). Free-ending fleshy lobes berween lower jaws No such fleshy lobes Agonostomus Bennett, 1831 Agonostomus Bennett, 1831: 166 TYPE SPECIES. Agonastomus telfairii Bennett, 1831, Dajaus Valenciennes, 1836: 164(116), pl. 316. Type species: Mugil monticola Bancroft, 1836, Nestis Valenciennes, 1836: 167(117), pl. 317. Type species: Nestis cyprinoides Valenciennes, 1836 by subsequent dës- ignation of Jordan 1919: 185. Neomnei! Vaillant, 1894: 72; type species: Neomugil digueti Vaillant, 1894. DISTRIBUTION. W Indian Ocean. Central Amenca, Carib- bean. DIAGNOSIS. Interarbital high, convex. less so in early juveniles, Mouth gape oblique. less so in large fish; mid-gape at mid-eye level in small MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD TABLE 1. The nominal genera of Mugilidae and their generic identity. Nominal genus 1. Mugil 2. Chelon Artedi 1793 Author Date Linnaeus 1758 463 Type Species Assigned Genus M. cephalus Linnaeus M. chelo Cuvier 3, Cephalus 4. Agonostomus 5. Cestraeus Lacépéde 1800 M. cephalus Linnaeus Bennett 1831 A.telfairti Bennett 6. Dajaus Valenciennes 1836 Valenciennes 1836 Valenciennes 1836 N. cyprinoides Valenciennes Agonostmus C. plicatilis Valenciennes M. monticola Bancroft Cestraeus Agonostomus Gistel 1848 Agonostomus M. cephalus Linnaeus M. cephalus Linnaeus 9. Ello Gistel 1848 10. Joturus Poey 1860 11. Myxus 12. Chaenomugil 13. Rhinomugil Günther 1861b Gill 1863 Gill 1863 J. pichardi Poe Myxus elongatus Günther Mugil proboscideus Günther M. corsula Hamilton Buchanan 14. Gonostmyxus 15. Neomyxus MacDonald 1869 Steindachner 1878 Mugil Mugil Joturus Chaenomugil Rhinomugil 16. Querimana 17. Aeschrichthys Macleay 1884a Jordan & Gilbert 1883b A. goldiei Macleay 18. Liza 19. Trachystoma 20. Neomugil Ogilby 1888 Vaillant 1894 21. Oedalechilus Fowler 1903 22. Squalomugil 23. Xenorhynchichthys Ogilby 1908 24. Ellochelon Whitley 1930 Jordan & Swain 1884 N. digueti Vaillant Mugil labeo Cuvier G. loa-loa MacDonald Cestraeus Myxus sclateri MacDonald Chaenomugil Myxus harengus Giinther Mugil Cestraeus — | Mugil capito Cuvier Liza T. multidens Ogilb Myxus Agonostomus Oedalechilus M. nasutus De Vis Rhinomugil Joturus stipes Jordan & Gilbert Mugil vaigiensis Q & G Joturus Liza 25. Protomugil Popov 1930 Mugil saliens Risso Liza 26. Sicamugil _ Fowler 1939b Mugil hamiltoni Day Sicamugil 27. Gracilimugil Whitley 1941 Mugil ramsayi Macleay — Liza 28. Moolgarda Whitley 1945 Moolgarda pura Whitley 29. Planiliza Whitley 1945 Moolgarda ordensis Whitley Liza 30. Aldrichetta Whitley 1945 Agonostomus forsteri Val. Aldrichetta 31. Xenomugil _ Schultz 1946 Mugil thoburni Jordan & Starks Mugil 32. Crenimugil 33. Heteromugil 34. Oxymugil Schultz 1946 Schultz 1946 Whitley 1948 Mugil crenilabis Forsskal Crenimugil Mugil tricuspidens Smith Mugil acutus Valenciennes Liza 35. Pteromugil Smith 1948 Mugil diadema Gilchrist & Thompson Liza 36. Strializa Smith 1948 Mugil canaliculatus Smith Liza [37. Valamugil Smith 1948 Mugil sehili Smith Valamugil 38. Plicomugil Schultz 1953 Mugil labrosus Val. Oedalechilus 39. Osteomugil |Luther 1977 . — |Mugil cunnesius Val. Valamugil fish, dropping to lower iris in large fish; mouth corner at level of lower rim of eye in small fish, dropping to well below eye level in large; mouth corner on vertical between posterior nostril and eye in small fish, moving to or behind anterior rim of eye in large fish; upper jaw end on line of gape, lying on vertical from anterior rim of eye in small fish, under anterior half of eye in large fish; upper lip thick, terminal height at mid-gape more than half eye diameter; lower lip thick, not turned down, entire, recessed slightly behind upper lip; lips without external papillae or crenulations; lip 464 groove >2/3 lip length; no symphysial knob; no fleshy lobes externally between lower jaws. Maxilla straight, not curving down behind mouth corner, its tendon flange 1/3 or slightly more from upper end; maxilla pad sometimes visible as oval patch above premaxillae, but not visible below and behind mouth corner; coronoid process of dentary massive, rising well in front of mouth corner; mandibular angle acute. Without labial teeth; sessile teeth in several rows, inner rows multicuspid in some species; wide gape between teeth at symphysis; teeth on vomer, pterygoids, palatines and tongue; tongue flat, with short free anterior tip; no adipose tissue on face; preorbital massive, flat, without folds or ridges, not notched; nostrils nearer each other than to lip or eye; posterior nostril nearer eye than anterior to lip; in adult eye half its own diameter below dorsal head contour; opercular opening reaching below eye; gill rakers type 1. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim of pupil, without elongate axillary scale; first dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; second dorsal fin origin variously from just behind vertical from origin of anal fin to 1/3 along anal fin base; 2 anal spines in adults and young; scales ctenoid; no opercular spine; caudal fin forked. Stomach without a gizzard; 2 pyloric caeca; intestine with only 3 loops, its lengih not more than twice SL. DISCUSSION. Valenciennes (1836) in igno- rance of Bennett's (1831) description of Agono- stomus telfairii described 2 species of Nestis from Mauritius and a species of Dajaus from the West Indies. Günther (1861b) revived Agonostomus, including therein Dajaus, Cestraeus and Agono- stomus as well as Mugil forsteri Valenciennes. Cestraeus and M. forsteri have not been consid- ered congeneric with Agonostomus by more re- cent workers. Criteria used by Valenciennes to distinguish his 2 genera are features which differ with age or size. The geographic separation of the SW Indian Ocean and Caribbean species must raise doubts about their congeneric status. But close examination and comparison of specimens confirms the similarity of their features. This is a primitive genus; extant species are probably widely separated survivors of a once more widely distributed genus. The absence of a snout over- hanging the mouth distinguishes Agonostomus from Joturus. Cestraeus possesses fleshy lobes externally between the rami of the lower jaw. The 3 anal spines in all but the young querimana stage marks off Aldrichetta forsteri and the Mugilinae from Agonostomus. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AGONOSTOMUS 1. Mid- “height of upper lip 20-22% HL; upper jaw end at vertical from anterior rim of eye (S (SW Indian Ocean).........-.. catalai Pellegrin Mid-height of upper lip < 16% HL; upper jaw end behind vertical from anterior mofeye. . 0.00.00 00 2 2(1). Eleven scale rows down side of caudal peduncle; sec- ond dorsal fin origin at scale 23 (SW Indian Ocean) telfairii Bennett Nine scale rows down side of peduncle; second dorsal fin origin at scale 27 (Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Mexico, southern USA, Columbia, Venezuela, Carib- bean) monticola Bancroft Agonostomus catalai Pellegrin, 1932 Agonostomus telfairii var. catalai Pellegrin, 1932: 424, Mananano, Madagascar; 1933; 84, fig. 99, Mananano, Madagascar. Pise catalat Pellegrin, 1935: 72, rivers of Madagas- car. HOLOTYPE. Mananano, Madagascar, freshwater at 100m alti- tude, coll. R. Catala, MNHN 32-162, 130mm SL, examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 3 specimens: 130- 198mm SL, from Madagascar and Anjuan. BMNH: 1865.9.21.4- 5, 168 & 198mm, Anjuan. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i 8, A II 10, P 17, LI 42-44, tr. 12-13, ped. 11, pect. sc. 9-10; Di sc. 10, D» sc. 23. Scales with short mucus canals. Body robust, head bluntly rounded, scale-free to be- tween posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Upper lip height almost equal to eye diameter; median upper edge of lip expanded, filling marked concavity in snout. Anterior mandibular pores large, second pair bordering anterior end of lip groove. Teeth unicuspid, incisor-like, slightly curved, pointed, scarcely emergent in lower jaw. Tongue without median ridge. Mouth corner on vertical between posterior nostril and eye; tip of upper jaw slightly below level of mouth corner and on vertical from anterior rim of eye. Preorbi- tal filling space between lip and eye, reaching mid-eye level, well below line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; lower edge reaching below lower rim of eye. Posterior nos- trils reaching above level of upper rim of eye; an- terior nostrils wholly within vertical span of posterior nostrils; wide cutaneous rim around an- terior nostrils. Pectoral fin reaching anterior 1/2 of eye when laid forward, not quite to vertical from first dorsal fin origin and 1/3-1/2 along pelvic fin (not reach- ing the end of the pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from first dorsal fin origin than to vertical from pectoral fin origin: its tip just reaching behind vertical from sp. 4 of first dorsal fin. Pelvic axillary scale reaching 1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 1 of first dorsal fin longer MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD TABLE 2. Biometrics of Agonostomus spp. D = body depth; ED = Eye diameter; FES = serrae on front edge of preorbital; GR = number of gill rakers; HL = head length; HW = head width; IO = Interrorbital; LES = serrae on lower edge of preorbital; LL = Lower lip; ML = mouth gape length; MW = mouth gape width; PB = pectoral fin base; Ped = peduncle depth; PL = pectoral fin length; SL= standard length; SnL=snout length; TR = Tooth rows; UL = upper lip; ULH = Upper lip height; VL = pelvic fin length; VAx = length of pelvic fin axillary scale. A. catalai A. telfairii FE eT | [Scale radii | — 910 | s2 | su | Depth (%SL 23.7-25.7 25.2-26.0 22.6-26.3 HL (PSL) 24.0-27.3 22.4-25.0 24,7-27.0 HW (%HL) 64.0-67.0 64.0-66.0 67.0-70.0 IO (%HL) 45.9-49.3 45.0-48.8 31.5-38.5 ED (%HL) 20.8-25.8 26.0-28.3 22.4-31,5 SnL (%HL) ULH (%HL) 1.45-1.75 14-17 PL (%HL 80.0 81.8-89.0 1.1-1.8 66.0-75.3 Iv —[ 348] [9 [ ww | RO [rosa | onsa | emea than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, not reaching behind verti- cal from tip ofsp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4. Sec- ond dorsal fin origin at vertical quarter along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dor- sal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly. LES DISTRIBUTION. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. REMARKS. 4. catalai is very similar to the other Indian Ocean species A. telfairii, and may be an extreme variant of that species. However the few museum specimens attributed to 4. catalai ex- hibit constant differences from A. telfairii of the same length. The upper lip of A. catalai is higher, there is only one row ofteeth in the lower jaw, the upper end of the preorbital is lower on the face, the pelvic fin differs in the relative position of its 465 origin, the head is relatively short and the gill ra- ker counts differ. Pellegrin (1933) described A. telfairii var. catalai as having A IIl 8, evidently counting the first unbranched anal ray as a spine. The type specimen has 9 branching rays, not 8 or a formula of A II 10. Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft, 1836) Mugil monticola Bancroft, 1836: 367, pl. 36, Jamaica. Dajaus monticola Valenciennes, 1836: 164(116), pl. 316, An- tilles, San Domingo, Puerto Rico); Kner & Steindachner, 1865: 8, New Granada. Agonostoma monticola Günther, 1861b: 464, Barbados, Mexico, Jamaica; 1869: 444, Mexico. Agonostomus monticola Jordan & Evermann, 1896; 819, West Indies, central Mexico, Vera Cruz; 1902: 254, Puerto Rico; Jordan & Rutter 1898: 98, Jamaica; Ever- mann & Marsh, 1902: 114, fig, Puerto Rico; Fowler, 1903: 748, San Domingo; Regan, 1907a: 66, central America; Schultz, 1949: 110, Venezuela; Suttkus 1956: 43, Louisiana. Mugil irretitus Gosse, 1851: 84, Jamaica. Agonostoma microps Günther, 1861b: 462, West Indies; 1869: 444, pl 60, fig.1, West Indies. Agonostomus microps Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 820, West Indies, central America; Regan, 1907a: 69, central Amer- ica. Agonostoma nasutum Günther, 1861b: 463, River at San Geronimo, Guatemala; 1869: 444, pl. 70, fig. 2, central America. Agonostomus nasutus Jordan & Culver, 1895: 424, Sinaloa; Rutter, 1896: 263, Cape San Lucas, Mexico; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 819, Pacific and Atlantic coasts of cen- tral America; Regan, 19072: 68, pl. 10, fig. 4, Guatemala. Dajaus nasutus Kner & Steindachner, 1865: 7 Panama, west coast. Agonostoma percoides Günther, 1861b: 464, San Domingo, Jamaica, West Indies. Agonostomus percoides Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 819, San Domingo; Regan, 1907a: 69, San Domingo. Dajaus elongatus Kner & Steindachner, 1865: 6, pl.1, fig.2, New Granada. Neomugil digueti Vaillant, 1894; 72, Baja California, fresh- water near La Paz. Agonostomus digueti Schultz, 1946: 390, Baja California. Agonostomus salvinii Regan, 1907a: 68, pl. 11, fig. 2, Guate- mala; 1907b: 65, Rio Nacasil, Guatemala. Agonostomus macracanthus Regan, 1907a: 69, pl. 11, fig.1, Guatemala; 1907b: 65, Rio Guacalate, Guatemala. rus daguae Eigenmann, 1917: 681, Rio Dagua, Colum- ia. Agonostoma squamipinne Mohr, 1927: 178, fig. 1, Puerto Rico. Agonostomus bancocki Seale, 1932: 467, Galapagos Islands, freshwater. TYPE. None. Type locality, Jamaica. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 123 specimens, 77-198mm SL (in- cluding the types of A. percoides, A. microps, A. macracanthus, A. salvinu, A. squamipinne and N. digueti) BMNH: 1847.27.59, 58mm, holotype ot M. irretitus, Jamaica, Gosse; 1848.1.12.1083, 130mm, syntype of A. percoides Farry Parnell; 1850.6,7.16, 115mm, syntype of A. percoides, San Domingo, Cuming; 1861.117.2, syntype of A. percoides, West Indies Medical Ofti- cers, Fort Pitt; 1855.12.26.639-40, 133 & 260mm, syn of A. microps, locality unknown, pres. Zoological Society; 466 1861,3. 12.14, 190mm, holotype of A. Hamels, Guareniala, Owen; 1864. 126.3612123 & 172mm syntypes of A IHUFSTCAN- this, R Guagalate, Guatemala Salvin; 1875.6.9,3-4, 127-215mm, 5 syntypes of A. salvinii, Rio, Nacasil, Guatemala, Salvin; 1848.1.12.1084-5, 118 & 127mm, Jamaica; 1848.1.12.1090 125rnrm, Jamaica; 1848.1.12. 1095, 699mm, Jamaica; 1850.7.27.3, 186mm, Barbados; 1855.9.19.230, 190mm; locality unknown; 1860,6,22, 104mm, Mexico; 1863,8,7,164, 72mm, St Croix, Lee ward Islands; 1864. 1.26230, 273mm, Rio Montezen, Baja Cali- fornia; 1866,1.22.78-80, § spec, 134-153mm, Dominica; 1866.6,7.1-2, 137% & 14Rmm, Barbados 1880.9.7,.2)-2, 67mm Southern Mexico: 1890.1 1.23.28, 112mm, Richmond R., St Vin- cent, 1890.11.23.33-5, 4 spec. 87- 140mm, Fitzhugh R., St Vin. ient; 1890,11.23-37, 109mm, Chateaubelair Ra St Vincent: 1891,5.16,12-14, 3 spec. 90-137mm, Dominica, 1891.5,12.43451, 9 spec. 95:117mm, Sr Vincent; 1892.9.5.69, 173mm, Rio de Mas- iota, Mesico, west coast; 1895 5,27, 184-5, 48 & 64mm Mazatlan, Mexico; 1897.7.23.117-8, 8 spec, 76-154mm; Trinidad, 1899.3.15.18-20, 3 spec. 60-200mm, Rio el Paso Real, Puerto Caballa, Venezuela; 1904,4 28,9396, 4 sput, 37-85mrmn, San Juan, Cuba; 1904.].29,97:99, 4 spec, 60- 109mm, Puar de Rio, Cuba; 1905.12,67244, 3 spec, 4877mm, Vera. Cruz, 1905,12,6,675, 95mm, Mateoronga, Mexico; 1906623 77-9, 3 spec 10% 128mm, Trinidad; 1907.]1.18.3-4, 89 & 95mm (Labelled syn- types of N. digueti, pres. MINTTN), Baja California; 1907.6 28,43- 5, 76 & Omen, [uan Vers, Costa Rica; 1908,5,29, 85, 103mm. Jiminez, Columbia, 1909.3.13,767, 112 & 213mm, Rio Iro quois Costa Rica; 1913,6,21, 134-155, 10 spec, 67-125mm, Bo- nacea island, Honduras; 1913,6.21.154-6, 3 spec. 118-127rrtm, Rio General, Costa Rica; 191345,21.157 &0, 4 spec. 82-1 18min, Mazatlan, Mexico, east coast; 1913,6,21, 161-2, 57 & 73mm, Ria Malena, Cosa Rica; 1913,52. (63-4, 59 && 60mm, Ruaran, Costa Rica; 1914.5,18.101, 282mm, Rio Gondoto, Columbia: 1920.1.22.151-5, $ spec. 75-103mm, Tobago; 1931.12.5,394, 170 mm, Mit. Irvine, Tobago. MNHN: 94: 4447, 4 spec. 99- 172mm, syntypes of N. dignets, Baja California, Diguet; 45+ 58, 5 spec. 80-88mm, syntypes of N. digueti, Baja Califorma, Diguer; A.4514, 2 spec. 108 & 130mm, Guadeloupe, A.43]7, 2 spec. 95 & 135mm, Maennique. ZIZM: H176, 152mm, lecto- type of A. sguamipinne. Puerto Rica; H.177, 93mm, paralecto- type of A, squamipirnni Puerta Rico; EL178, 8 spec. 60-96mm paralectoly pes of /1, sawsempee Porta Rico, DESCRIPTION. D: IV, D: i 8, A ILIO, P 16, LI 41-47, tr. 12-13, ped. 9, pect sc. 11, Di sc, 1112, D sc, 27, Scales with 9-11 primary radii and 2 or 3 secondary radii; mucus canals short, wilh a small rounded depression ar base; body robust, head bluntly rounded scale free to level of poste- rior nostrils; interorbital increasing with age in relation to head length; eye diameter decreasing relatively to ML with age, eve diameter greater than snout length in «mall fishes, less in large. Median height of upper lip 1/2 eye diameter or more. Anterior mandibular pores followed by 2 pairs of pits opening to exterior by multiple pores, the rear-most under mid-pupil. Outer rows of teeth usually unicuspid, inner rows with between 3 and 5 cusps, though some fish have unicuspid teeth only. Mouth cornerat vertical between pos- terior nostril and eye. well below lower rim of eye, Preorbital filling space between lip and eye, serrat obsolescent but countable: upper 1/5 of preorbital curving back from snout tip. not reach- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM ing a line joining the midpoint of anterior and posterior nostrils; posterior nostril nor reaching above upper rim of eye; anterior nostril extending slightly below vertical span of posterior nustril anterior nostril with marked cutaneous rim, higher posteriorly. Pectoral fins reaching posterior iris when laid forward, reaching vertical trom origin of first dorsal fin when laid back in small fish, failing tò attain this by increasing margins as growth pro- ceeds, reaching about 1/2 along pelvic tin (past tip af pelvic spine in some specimens). Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than to (hat from origin of first dorsal fin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp, 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching —1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 2 of first dorsal fin longer than sp. 1; sp. 4 long, reaching behind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised: axillary scale short, reaching slightly behind base of sp, 4. Second dorsal fin origin al vertical 1/2 along anal fin base, tips of anterior rays nnt reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin: second dorsal and anal fins moderately scaled anteriorly and along bitse. DISTRIBUTION, Freshwater of the West indies and Amer- can nyers from Flondate Venezuela and California ro rhe Gala- vigas lands, possibly spawning ar seu (Andersdin, 1957). REMARKS. Being geographically isolated there is no risk of confusing A. momicola within the ge- nus. 4, monticola is very variable, several char- acters varying as size increases, resulting in the large synonymy. With age the lips thicken, the length of the maxilla increases and the postero- ventral comer of the preorhital extends posteri- orly. The description and figure of Dajaus elon- galus provided by Kner & Steindachner (1865) identify thier species as A. monticola. A. salvinti was described as having a shorter pectoral fin thin A. nasutus bul the collection examined in- cludes imergrades. A. xquamipinne was de- scribed by Mohr (1927) as having à pectoral axillary scale, but the type specimen lacks this feature and isa typical 4. monticola. Joturus da- guae was described from the Pacific coast of Co- lumbia by Eigenmann (1917) who reported the upper lip to be terminal, indicating A. monticola rather than Joturus. Seale (1927) claimed that his A. hancocki differed from A. nasutus (=A, monti- cola) in having the pelvic fins as long as the pec- torals. Pelvic fins in the type of A. nasutus are only slightly shorter than the pectoral fins and na other significant differences were listed by Seale, MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Agonostomus telfairii Bennett, 1831. Aonestortus telfaivir Bennett, 1834: 166, Mauritius; Peters, 1863: 18, pl. 2, fig. 2, Mozambique; Bleeker, 18793: 18, Maunrius, Boulenger, 1916: 99, fiz, 60, Johanas, Comoro Blanda, Mauritius, Anjuan, Reunion; Fontaine, 1928+ 386, fig, 1, Réunion; Pellegrin, 1933-182, fig, 99(n), 100, Madagascar, Ayonastama telfaivi Gunther, 1861b: 463, Anjudn, Mauri- uus; Bleeker, 1874: 79, Madagascar; Sauvage, 189]: 403, M xis T Nestis do buloides Valenciennes, 1836; 171(127), Mauritius, Reunion. Axgonostoma dalmlordes Günther, 1861b: 462, Mauririus; Bleeker, 1874: 79, Madagascar; 879a: 18, Mauritius; Sau- vage, 1891: 39%) pl 42, fig, 5, Madagascar. Agonostomus dobuloides Pellegrin, 1933: 184, fig, 99(), Mada gascar, Nestes cypirimazles Valenciennes, 1836: 167(124), pl.137, Réunion, Mauritius. HOLOTYPE, BMNH 1861.8.14.9, Mauritius; purchased from Gerard, Günther (1861b) indicated that this specumen was the type, although it came to the British Museum, not from Ben- nett, but through a dealer, some 30 years after the original de- teriptian: Many of Bennett's specimens camero the museum via the Zoological Society in 1852-53 and possibly Günther had evi- dence that this way Bennett's specimen, Otherwise Günther could be considered ta have established à néorype. MATERIAL EXAMINED, 11 specimens, 65-210mm SL (in- cluding the types of A, elfen, N. doladoides and N, cyprinoides) from Mauntius, Reunion ancl Anyuan, BMNH: 1861,8,14,9, 107mm, holotype of A. telfairti, Mauritius, pchsd Gerrard; 1861,5.2.813, 3 spec. 52.64, San Juan. MNHN: 62.198, 199mm, Madagascar; 5553, 210mm," 'ntype of N. cyprinoides, Mauntius, Desjardins; A960, 198mm, irt; A963, 2 spec. 65 & 150mm, syntypes of N. cyprinoides, Mauritius, Dussumier; A4318,2 spec. 62 E 65mm, syntypes of N. cyprinoides, Réunion, Leschenauli; 4650, 360mm, ha uus, Lamarre Piquot. DESCRIPTION, Di IV, D2i8, A 11 10, P 16 (17), L141-42; tr, 12, ped. 11, peet sc. 11, Dise. 10, D» sc. 23. Scales with short mucus canals. Body moderately robust, head bluntly pointed, scale- free to anterior rim of eye, its upper profile slop- ing evenly; eye diameter grealer than snout in small fishes, less in large; snout length less than eye diameter; upper lip median height half eye di- ameter or more; median upper edge of lip, ex- panding to fill marked concavity in snout. Anterior mandibular pores large, just behind outer edge of lip; a second pair close behind but further from midline and near end of lip groove, Teeth sessile, outer 1-3 rows usually unicuspid, inner rows bicuspid or sometimes tricuspid (one specimen had all rows unicuspid); teeth incisor- like, slightly curved, pointed. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril in young fishes, moving back to vertical from anterior rim of eye in large fishes, Tip of upper jaw slightly below level of mouth corner, on vertical from anterior rim of eye in young fishes, moving back to verti- otype of N. dobulmdes, Maur 367 cal from edge curving convexly, reaching level about 3/4 up upper lip and on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; lower edge reaching below lower rim of eye. Posterior nostril vot reaching above upper rim of eye, ante- rior nostril slightly below span of posterior; mod- erate cutaneous rim around anterior. Pectoral fin reaching to between mid-eye and anterior iris when laid forward, just to vertical from first dorsal fin origin and c. 3/4 along pelvic lin when laid back. Pelvie fin origin equidistant from verticals from origin of first dorsal and pec- toral fins, its tip reaching well back to vertical from midwav along membrane behind sp. 3; axil- lary scale reaching —1/2 along pelvic spine, Sp. | of first dorsal longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, not reaching beyond vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale short, reaching hase of sp. 4 or slightly beyond. Second dorsal lin origin on vertical quarter along anal fin base; fin slightly scaled anteriorly and along base; tips of anterior rays reaching beyond tips of posterior rays. Anal fin slightly higher than second dorsal, both dis- tinetly higher than first dorsal; anal fin scaled lightly anteriorly and along base. DISTRIBUTION, haber, Réunion, Mauntiyy and An- juan, REMARKS. Valenciennes (1836: 171) listed several differences hetween his Nestis dobnloi des and his N. cyprinoides (based however on a single specimen of the former), In particular he stated that the teeth of N. dobuloides were scarcely visible in the upper lip. Pellegrin (19331 reported 3-4 upper rows of teeth in dobuloides against 8 in zelfairii. The holotype of 4. telfairii has 6 upper rows but specimens of similar size had 3-8 rows. Valenciennes also recorded 14 pec- toral rays against 17 in his N. cyprinoides, Butthe types of both species have 16 pectoral ravs, as have all the specimens inspected. Joturus Poey, 1860 Joturus Poey, 1869: 263, pl. 18, Irge 4-5. Type speciet fanerts pichardi Poey. 1860. Nenorbynichichtlys Regan, 1908: 461, Type species fotierus ste pes Jordan & Gilbert, 1883b; DISTRIBUTION, Mexico to Panama on Atlantic and Pale coasts, Canbbean, Flonda. DIAGNOSIS. Mouth inferior, gape oblique; mid-gape at level of lower iris; mouth corner well below level of lower eye rim: mouth corner verti- cally under posterior nostril, upper jaw end on line of gape, under anterior half ofeye: upper tip thick, recessed under snout (lip terminal in juve- 468 niles), height at mid-gape <1/2 eye diameter; lower lip thick, not turned down at edge, entire; lips without external papillae or crenulations; lip groove up to 3/4 lower lip length; no symphysial knob; no fleshy lobes externally between lower jaw rami; mandibular pores obscure. Maxilla massive, straight, not curving down behind mouth corner, its tendon flange 1/4 down shaft, well above mouth corner; maxilla not visible above premaxilla, nor behind and below mouth corner when mouth closed; coronoid process of dentary massive, rising well in front of mouth corner; mandibular angle acute. Without labial teeth; sessile teeth in several rows, inner rows usually multicuspid; wide gap between teeth at symphysis; teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue; tongue flat or slightly domed, with- out median ridge; no adipose tissue on face, pre- orbital massive, flat, without folds or ridges, not notched, filling space between lip and eye. Nos- trils very close together, posterior nearer eye than anterior to lip, not reaching above level of upper eye rim; eye relatively small, more than its own diameter below dorsal contour of head in mature specimens; interorbital high and convex; opercu- lar opening short, not nearly reaching under eye; gill rakers type 4. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper 1/3 of pupil, without axillary scale. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; second dorsal fin origin variable; 2 anal spines in adults; scales ctenoid, mucus canals elongate, none multicanaliculate. No opercular spine. Cau- dal fin deeply forked. Stomach without gizzard; 2 pyloric caeca; intestine in 3 loops, its length not more than twice SL. REMARKS. This genus differs from other Agonostominae in the fleshy protruding snout, the unusually short ventral opening to the opercu- lum and in the gill rakers, Regan (1908) erected Xenorhynchichthys for specimens lacking pala- tine teeth. Examination of a series of specimens shows that those smaller than 150mm SL lacked palatine teeth. No other distinction was suggested by Regan. Joturus pichardi Poey, 1860 Joturus pichardi Poey, 1860: 263, Cuba, in freshwater; Jor- dan, 1887a: 35, Havana; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 821, Cuba, Panama, central Mexico, Vera Cruz; 1902: 257, fig., Florida, Cuba; Fowler, 1903: 748, San Domingo; Re- gan 19072: 70, Cuba. Agonostoma globiceps Günther, 1874: 370, Vera Cruz. Joturus stipes Jordan & Gilbert, 1883b: 373, Panama. Xenorbychichtbys stipes Regan, 1908: 461, Costa Rica. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM TABLE 3. Biometrics of Joturus and Cestraeus spp. Abbreviations as in table 2 plus na = not applicable; Sp.1 = length of first anal fin spine; Sp.2 = length of second anal fin spine; Sp.3 = length of third anal fin spine; * secondary radii, Scale radii Depth (%SL) HW (%HL) 28.0-32.4 22.8-26.0 74.5-15.5 8 +6* Species | _J. pichardi 9-10 23.0-25.5 20.8-24.8 21.8-242 71.3-72.2 23.0-24.0 61.5-69.0 MW/ML PL (%HL) VAx (96 VL) 2.1-2.8 0.55-0.75 10 (%HL) 400-510 | 494500 | 360480 ED(%HL) | 250300 18.0-20.0 22.0-36.5 SnL (%HL) | 300344 | 285293 269.312 ULH (%HL) | 120150 [| 102.123 8.0-9.0 0.5-0.55 80.0-90.0 PB (%PL) 26.0-29.0 31.4-32.5 80.0-100.0 85.0-90.0 29.0-35.0 85.2-91.7 46.0-52.8 40.0-44.0 80.0-93.0 26.0-26.5 48.0-52.3 89.0-95.3 32.0-33.0 48.5-53.8 Ped (%D) 2.3 2-4 6-16 20-23 27235 | 1.617 15 .— | 30-34/52-56 24-32/38-54 TYPE. None. Type locality, Cuba. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 15 specimens, 77-230mm SL (in- cluding the types of A. globiceps and J. stipes) from Mexico, Pan- ama and Costa Rica. BMNH: 1873.6.5.1, 210mm, holotype of A. globiceps, Mazatlan, Mexico, Schmeltz; 1909.3.13.78-81, 4 spec. 132-154mm, R. Iroquois, Costa Rica; 1925.3.6.199-204, 6 spec. 77-125, Koi Ck, Rio Pelire, Costa Rica; 1925.3.6,205-208, 4 spec. 200-230mm, Chiriqui Lake. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i9, A I 11, P 18, L143-45, tr. 12, ped. 9, pect sc. 11-13, Di 10-11, D2 sc. 26-27. Scales with 7-9 primary and up to 8 secondary radii. Body deep but narrow; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to posterior nostril, upper profile almost horizontal; interorbital less than eye diameter in small fishes, more than twice in large fishes; eye diameter equal to snout length in small fishes, smaller in large. Median height of upper lip «1/2 eye diameter; mandibu- lar angle obtuse. Outer row of teeth in upper jaw incisor-like, unicuspid, inner rows and all teeth on lower jaw multicuspid. Mouth corner 71/2 eye diameter below eye; front edge of preorbital smooth and straight, upper end below line joining MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; with growth front edge of preorbital grows posteriorly from below the posterior nostril to below the an- terior half of the eye to lie beneath the original lower edge. Anterior nostril with high cutaneous rim and wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril. Pectoral fin reaching anterior rim of eye when laid forward, to vertical from sp. | of first dorsal fin and >1/2 along pelvic tin (not quite to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin distinctly nearer vertical from first dorsal fin ori- gin than to that from the pectoral fin origin, ils tip reaching vertical slightly behind sp. 4, axillary scale reaching 3/4 along pelvic spine. Dorsal fin sp. 1 longer than sp. 2, sp. 4 long reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin variable. from opposite anal origin to a 1/5 along anal base; anal and sec- ond dorsal fins scaled and falcate, tips of anterior rays reach to tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal, both distinctly higher than first dorsal. Tail and median fins with black bars. DISTRIBUTION, Mexico: to Parama (both costs), Carbs Sean, Florida, in Freshwater. REMARKS, Young Joturus in which the snout has not developed are very like young Agone- stomus..]. stipes was based on small specimens without palatine teeth, but later authorities, 1m- cluding Meek & Hildebrand (1916) included it in J. pichardi. J. globiceps of Günther (1874) was à large specimen with a well developed snout. Specimens in the British Museum include inter- grades between the two types. Cestraeus Valenciennes, 1836 Cestyaeus Valenciennes, 1836: 157(115), pl. 315. Type species Costrarns plicatilis Valenciennes, 1836, by subsequent designation of Jordan, 1919; 185; Weber & de Beaufor, 1922; 26], Agonnstomns (part) Günther, 1861b; - CGonostamyxicé MacDonald, 1869; 39. Type species Gonasto- myzuy loalia MacDonald, 1869. Aeschyichthny Macleay, 18843: 5. Type species Actchrichthys goldiei Macleay, 18842, DISTRIBUTION. Western Pacific. DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape oblique, mid-gape at level of lower rim of eye; interorbital convex; mouth corner almost eye diameter below eye, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye; upper jaw end above line of gape. reaching vertical be- tween anterior rim of eye and mid-pupil; upper lip thick, terminal, its height at mid-gape —1/2 eye diameter; lower lip thick-edged, not tumed 469 down, entire; lips without external papillae or crenulations; lip groove 1/5-I/2 length of lower lip; symphysial knob low, well in from lip edge; fleshy lobes over end of upper jaws and | or 2 pairs of fleshy lobes lying between the lower jaw rami. Maxilla almost straight, curving slightly posterjarly, not curving down behind mouth cor- ner; visible above premaxilla but not visible be- low and behind mouth corner when mouth closed; coronaid process of dentary massive, ris- ing well in front of mouth comer, mandibulary angle acute. Without labial teeth; sessile teeth in several rows, outer teeth unicuspid, inner teeth variably unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid; teeth on vomer, palatines and pterygoids, variably on tongue, tongue flat, tip not free; no adipose tissue on face; preorbital massive, flat, without folds or ridges, not notched, filling only 3/4 space be- tween lip and eye: nostrils very close together, posterior nearer eye than anterior to lip: posterior nostril reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior: opercular opening reaching under eye: gill-rakers type 3 or 4. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level at or above level of upper rim of eye; axillary scale rudimentary; first dorsal fin origin nearer tip of snout than to caudal base; second dorsal fin origin between verticals 1/3-]/2 along anal fin base; 3 anal spines in adults, 2 in young. Scales ctenoid, mucus grooves long, reaching posterior edge of scales; no multicanaliculate scales, No opercular spine; caudal fin deeply forked, Without gizzard; 2 pyloric caeca. REMARKS, This genus differs from other Mugi- lidae in the free-ending lobes over the end of the jaws and similar lobes lying between the lower jaw rami. Itis also unusual in having the length of the mouth gape greater than the mouth width and in the extent ro which the mouth reaches back un- der the eye. The genus was described by Valenciennes with 2 species, but Günther (1861b) included these in Agonostomus. Weber & de Beaufort (1922) re- vived Cestraeus. MacDonald (1869) and Ma- cleay (1883) produced new generic names for what they believed to be new species, However, they are considered conspecific with Cestreeus plicatilis (see below). Roxas (1934) and Schultz, (1946) considered Cestraeus closely related to Chaenomugil, largely on the nature of the jaws. Rut in Chaenomugil the teeth are labial, the stom- ach has a gizzard and the intestine is very long. features which place this genus in the Mugilinae. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CESTRAELUS. 470 1, Free-ending lobes on chin reaching posterior end of lower jaw; scales on caudal peduncle 9 (Indo- Australian Archipelago to Fiji and Philippines) (Loci: ier ET. eb oe bes plicatilis Valenciennes Free-ending lobes on chin not reaching end of lower jaw; scales on peduncle 11 (Ney Guinea to New Caledonia, Fiji and the Philippines) ue vey dte Mesos 3 oxyrhynchus Valenciennes Cestraeus plicatilis Valenciennes, 1836 Cestraeus plicatilis Valenciennes, 1836: 157(116), pl. 315, Cel- ebes, freshwater; Bleeker, 1851b: 213, Celebes; Weber & De Beaufort, 1915: 27, fig. 3, New Caledonia, in rivers; 1922: 261, Menados, Celebes, New Caledonia, New Hebrides; Fowler, 1932b: 8 Marquesas. Agonostoma plicatile Günther, 1861b: 461, Celebes, Anei- tum; 1877: 219, Aneiteum, New Caledonia. Gonostomyxus loa-loa MacDonald, 1869: 38, pl. 1, Wai Venu; Viti Laeve, Fiji. Agonostomus loa-loa Jordan & Seale, 1906: 218, Samoa. Aeschrichthys goldiei (partim) Macleay, 18842: 5, fig., Goldie River, New Guinea. Cestraeus goldiei N'eber & De Beaufort 1912: 135, Timor; 1915: 26, fig. 2, New Caledonia; 1922: 262, figs 68-69, Nail Bidjali River, Timor 35km upstream; Goldie River, New Guinea; Thomson, 1954: 120, fig. 15, Goldie River, New Guinea; Munro, 1967: 166, pl. 18, fig., New Guinea. Holotype: MNHN: A2984, Celebes, Quoy & Gaimard. Examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 15 specimens, 91- 390mm SL from the Celebes, New Guinea, New Caledonia and Fiji. BMNH: 1861.5.22.21, 244mm, Aneitum, New Hebrides; 1879.6.25.1, 110mm, Viti-Levu, Fiji; 1903.3.10.26, 288mm, Di- nawa, Owen Stanley Range at 4,000ft altitude; 1913.11.13.1, 276mm, New Guinea; 1928.1.17.23, 390mm, Jordan R., New Hebrides. MNHN: A.2894, 235mm, holotype of C. plicatilis, Celebes, Quoy & Gaimard; 1080. 91 & 128mm New Caledonia. AM: 1.133395, 380mm, lectotype by present designation of A. goldiei, Goldie R., New Guinea, Goldie: 1.9050, 284mm; 1.1051, 240mm; 1.9053, 207mm; 1.9060, 233mm; 1.9745, 273mm; 1.9747, 230mm, all from the Goldie R. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i 8, A III 9, P 20, LI 39-44, tr. 12, ped. 9, pect. sc. 12, Di sc. 12, D» sc. 24. Scales with 8 primary radii and up to 6 secon- dary radii; mucus canals long, sometimes sinu- ous. Body stout, head bluntly rounded; inter- orbital «1.5 times eye diameter, markedly convex in older specimens; eye diameter less than snout length. Upper lip projecting beyond snout by dis- tance equal to 1/2 eye diameter; horny ridge from outer edge mid-lip to inner edge 1/3 from mid-lip to lip end; lower lip edge horny, lamellate; lip groove 1/3-1/2 lip length; 4 pairs small mandibu- lar pores, none near symphysis; rami of lower jaws straight in posterior half, acutely pointed an- teriorly. Fleshy lobes covering ends of both jaws; similar lobes externally between lower jaw rami, posterior third lying freely; small pocket between median and jaw lobes, roofed by fleshy pad. Teeth unicuspid, spatulate in upper lip, incisor- like in lower, gradually lost with age; teeth on vo- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM mer, pterygoids, and palatines, but not on flat tongue. Preorbital massive, filling only 3/4 space lip to eye; front edge not serrate, upper end c.2/3 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of anterior and posterior nostrils. Broad cutaneous flap around anterior nostril. Pectoral fin reaching to posterior nostril when laid forward, reaching vertical from first dorsal fin origin in large fish, not quite in small, and 71/2 along pelvic fin (a little past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; ventrally a tassel, appar- ently representing 5 splayed rays. Pelvic fin ori- gin equidistant from verticals from origin of first dorsal fin and pectoral fin, its tip reaching vertical well behind base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axil- lary scale reaching «1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 1 of first dorsal fin longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 unusually long, projecting well behind tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; tip of axillary scale reaching 1/3 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical 1/3 along anal fin base, tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays. Anal fin twice as high as first dorsal fin; second dorsal fin higher than first; second dorsal and anal fins scaled anteriorly and along base. DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Australian Archipelago, New Caledo- nia, Fiji, Philippines. REMARKS. Valenciennes (1836) stated that the vomer of C. plicatilis did not bear teeth, but.the holotype has 2 patches on the vomer, as have the other specimens. A. goldiei cannot therefore be differentiated on this point as Weber & De Beau- fort (1922) considered. Macleay (1864a) also de- scribed the pectoral fin as comparatively long, but the relative length varies with size, being — head length in fish smaller than 300mm SL, but equal to HL in larger fishes. Weber & De Beau- fort suggested that the snout is pointed in A. gol- diei, but blunt in C. plicatilis, a characteristic which also changes with size. They also recorded the fin ray counts as being different, but the types of the nominal species have the same number of pectoral fin rays. Among the 11 syntypes of Aeschrichthys goldiei there are 8 identical with the Paris type of Cestraeus plicatilis, but 3 are specimens of C. oxyrhynchus. | record the speci- men AM [13395 as lectotype, aspecimen 380mm SL to which Macleay attached a card labelled "Type, | spec. I5'. Fowler (19282) stated that the figure of G. /oa- loa ‘appears to have been intended for this spe- cies'. There is nothing in the figure or description to distinguish G. /oa-loa from C. plicatilis. The characters mentioned in the key and the shape of MUG IDA OF THE WORLD the preorbital serve to distinguish C. plicatilis from C, exvrhynehus. Cestraeus oxyrhynchus Valenciennes, 1836 Cestraens oxyrinnehis Valenciennes, 1836; 1820120) Cel- ebes; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 263, Denkulen, Pa- dang, Sunbawa, Celebes, Sawangan, Menado, Klabar ai atas, Buton, Ambon, Ceram, Barjan; Roxas, 1934; 423, Luzon. Cestraeus ixyrbrynchas Bleeker, 1885b: 307, Celebes: 1860c: 33, Sumatra; 861a. 66, Banka. Agonastoma oxyrbynchumi Günther I861h 461, Celebes, Batjan, Sumatra. Agonostoma oxyrhynchus Bleeker, 1862: 119, Patja Holotype: Celebes, Quay & Gaimard, MNHN A.43)3, Examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 5 specimens. BMNEH: 1879,3.4.1, 107mm, New Caledonia; 1879,6,5,2, 230mm, Viri Levu, Fiji: MNHN: A 4313, 22 mr, holotype of C oxyrhymebus, Celebes, coll. Quoy & Gumard, AM. 1.9052, 223mm,Goldie R. New Guinea; 1.9054, timun, Goldie R; L3061, 205mm, Goldie R DESCRIPTION. Dj IV, D318, A II 9, P2021. L140-45, tr. 12, ped 11, pect. sc. 11-12, Dy sc. 12- |4, D» sc. 25-27. Mucus canals scarce on dorsal scales; deeper and wider on flank. Body slender; head bluntly rounded, scale-free only in front of anterior nostril, its width relative to length in- creasing with size; interorbital flat in small fishes, becoming high and convex with growth, slightly large than eye diameter in large fish; eye diameter greater than snout length in small fishes, less in large. Upper lip projecting distance equal to 1/4 eye diameter, its height increasing in me- dian fifth; lip groove 1/5 length of lower lip; four pairs mandibular pores of equal size; rami of lower jaw almost straight in posterior third, curv- ing in long are anteriorly; fleshy lobe covering ends of both jaws, smaller than in € plicatilis; paired lobes between rami of lower jaw, reaching at most 80% of jaw length; no pocket between jaw lobe and median lobe. Teeth slender, in upper lip multicuspid; in lower lip unicuspid, some- times lost in large fish; bicuspid teeth on vomer, unicuspid on pterygoids, palatines and tongue, Membrane of mouth roof with long pointed pa- pillae. Serrae on. lower edge of preorbital obso- lescent; preorbital curving convexly along upper half of front edge, upper end half up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils. Pectoral fin reaching anterior 1/2 of eye when laid forward, not quite reaching to vertieal from origin of first dorsal fin and c. 1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; axillary scale small and bluntly rounded: 5-6 lower rays splaved into tassel. Pelvic fin origin 1*1 nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than to vertical from origin of first dorsal fin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp, 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.2/3 along pelvic spine. Sp. | and sp. 2 of first dorsal fin subequal: sp. 4 long, reaching behind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised; axillary seale reaching 1/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical 1/2 along anal fin base, tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posteriar rays. Anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, hoth higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly. REMARKS. the length of the lobes between the jaw rami and the number of rows of scales down the side of the peduncle separate this species Irom C. plicatilis. DISTRIBUTION, Indo-Australiaty Archipelago, New Calado nia, Fiji, Philippines. Aldrichetta Whitley, 1945 Aldrichetta Whitley, 1945; 19. Type species Mapil forstert Valenciennes, 1336, DIAGNOSIS, Mouth gape oblique, mid-eape at level of lower rim of eye, reaching vertical from posterior nostril; upper jaw end on line of gape reaching vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Upper lip terminal, thick and high, without papillae or erenulations; lower lip thick, not permanently turned down al edge, en- tire, posterior end curving up. symphysial knoh low, behind edge of lower lip; no fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or between jaw rami. Maxilla short, fixed at upper end, upper t/4 almost straight, curving down in lower 3/4; tendon Nange about 1/3 dawn shaft, maxilla not visible behind or below mouth corner when mouth closed; coronaid process of dentary massive, ris- ing well before mouth corner; mandibular angle acute. Sessile teeth in both lips, but also labial teeth on edge of lower lip; teeth on vomer, plery- goids, palatines and tongue. No adipose tissue on face; preorbital massive, filling space lip to eye: posterior half submerged in facial lissue, not notched, but with distinct transverse ridge. Nos- trils nearer each other than to lip or eve; posterjor not reaching above level of upper rim of eve; in- terorbiral convex, Opercular opening reaching under eye. Gill rakers type 3. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim of eye, without axillary scale, First dorsal Fin origin nearer caudal base than to snouttip; second dorsal fin origin opposite mid-base of anal fin; 5 anal spines in adult, caudal fin deeply forked; scales cycloid on flanks, ctenoid ventrally and sometimes on caudal peduncle. No spine on oper- culum. Stomach with thicker walls than in other Agonostominae; gizzard feeble; pyloric caeca 2; intestine in 3 loops, its length than twice SL. REMARKS. This monospecific genus has been included either in Agonostomus or Dajaus. It is transitional between Agonostominae and Mugili- nae in many features such as weak development of a gizzard and presence of labial teeth, but the sessile teeth and massive coronoid process link it to the Agonostominae. Aldrichetta forsteri (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil albula Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 120, New Zealand; Forster, 1844: 145, New Zealand, non Linnaeus. Mugil forsteri Valenciennes, 1836: 141(104), New Zealand. Dajaus fon Richardson, 1848: 77, pl. 44, figs 20-26, New Zealand, Agonostoma forsteri Günther, 1861b: 465, Hobson's Bay, Port Arthur; Steindachner, 1866: 460, Port Jackson, Hobson's Bay, New Zealand; 1878: 383, South Australia; Klunzinger, 1872: 35, Port Phillip; 1880: 396, Port Phil- lip, Hobson's Bay; King George Sound; Hutton, 1872: 37, New Zealand; Hector, 1872: 114, pl. 6, fig. 58, New Zealand. Agonastomus forsteri Ogilby, 1897a: 79, Tasmania; Stead, 1906: 79, Newcastle; 1908: 466, NSW; Waite, 1923: 108, South Australia; Lord & Scott, 1924: 47, Tasmania; Gra- ham, 1953: 214, fig., New Zealand. Aldrichetta forsteri Whitley, 1945: 19, fig. 10, Bunbury; Gra- ham, 1953: 214, fig., New Zealand; Thomson, 1954: 115, pl. 2, fig. 3, Garden Is., Point Cloates, Leschenault Inlet, King George Sound, Bremer Bay, Ceduna, Port Ade- laide, Port Phillip, Lakes Entrance, Pittwater, Moruya, Merimbula R., Spring Bay, Norfolk Bay, Waikato; Scott, 1962: 134, fig., South Australia; Cadwallader & Backhouse, 1983: 127, Victoria; Gomon et al. 1994: 660, S Australia. Dajaus diemensis Richardson, 1840: 25, King George Sound, Port Arthur; 1842: 123, Port Arthur; 1848: 37, pl. 26, figs 1-4, Port Arthur, King George Sound; Jenyns, 1842: 82, King George Sound; Bleeker, 1855d: 11, Australia. Agonostoma diemensts Castelnau, 1872: 141, Victoria; 1873b: 136, WA; Macleay, 1880: 48,WA, Port Phillip. (2) Myxus analis Kner, 1865: 230 pl. 10, fig. 1,Sydney. Agonostoma lacustris Castelnau, 1872: 142, Gippsland Lakes; Macleay, 1880: 425, Gippsland Lakes. Agonostoma tasmanica Castelnau, 1872: 142 (nom. nov. for A, Diemensis). Type: apparently lost: records of the MNHN do not in- clude any reference to the type. Paratype of Mugil peronii Valenciennes, 1836 (A.4965) is a specimen of A. forsteri though the holotype (MNHN A.3620) is a specimen of Liza argentea. Blanc & Hureau (1972) do not list a type. Type Locality: New Zealand. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 70 specimens, 65-264mm SL from Australia and New Zealand. BMINH: 1844.2.12.10, 193mm, Port Arthur; 1843,18.31-35, 5 spec. 66-75mm, NZ; 1848.3.19.4- 6, 3 spec. 78-105mm, NZ; 1855.8.16.91, 124mm, Kermadec Is; 1855.9.19.4, 60mm, locality unknown; 1855.9.19.223, 138mm, locality unknown; 1855.9.19.230-1, 104 & 126mm, locality un- known; 1863.1.15.9, 159mm, South Australia; 1863.4.13.1, MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM 169mm, NZ; 1869.10.13.5, 257mm, Tasmania; 1871.9.18,5, 2 spec. 235 & 256mm, Hobart; 1873.12.13.35, 227mm, Welling- ton; 1873.12.13.36, 15 spec. 81-154mm, Dunedin; 1877.4.17.24, 117mm, Hobson's Bay; 1886.11.18.51, 223mm, (Dunedin); 1896.6.17.56, 298mm, Victoria; 1896.6.17.57-59, 3 spec, 109- 114mm, Melbourne market; 1899.2.14,38-42, 6 spec. 150- 206mm, Port Albert; 1935.3.14.144, 150mm, Monawatu R.; 1964.4,30.72, 110mm, Horokiwi R. MNHN: 4965, 201mm, paratype of M. peronii, Westernport Bay, Quoy & Gaimard, 1424, 164mm, Melbourne. AM: 1.10, 100mm, Coorong; L6281- 4, 4 spec, 162-184mm, Tamar R.; 1.13231, 133mm, Fremantle; 1.14185, 124mm, Coorong; L 14751, 107mm, Porto Bello; IA, 657, 76mm, King George Sound; IÀ.7212, 217mm, Swan R.; IB.79, 981m, Tasmania; IB.1845, 258mm, Pr Cook. WAM: P.341, 223mm, Garden Is.; P.354, 264mm, Bremer Bay P.1410, nimm, Swan R.; P.26902, 3 spec, 169-182mm, Leschenault In- et. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i9, A III 12, P 16, LI 58-62, tr. 18-19; ped. 11, pect. sc. 18-20; Di sc. 19-22; D» sc. 37-40. Scales with short mucus ca- nals, often transverse, a few double canals on lat- eral and dorsal scales. Body slender, head pointed, scale-free to posterior nostril; interorbi- tal narrow, slightly convex; eye diameter less than snout length. Upper lip thickness =1/3 eye diameter, its median height c.1/4 eye diameter; anterior mandibular pores large, at base of sym- physis, another simple pair behind, followed by 3 pairs covered by membranes perforated by multi- ple holes. Multiple rows of sessile teeth in both jaws, and a labial row in lower lip; teeth unicus- pid, long, pointed, slightly recurving in upper lip; labial teeth similar but smaller; teeth lost with age; tongue generally flat, but with a slight me- dian ridge; teeth in broad band along tongue edge. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw below level of lower rim of eye, reaching vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye; maxilla tendon flange c.1/3 down shaft, at about mid-eye level, well above mouth corner; shaft of maxilla gently curv- ing, not bending markedly in its lower 1/4 and not visible behind or below mouth corner, when mouth closed; anterior face of maxilla grooved. Upper end of preorbital c.3/4 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nos- trils; anterior nostrils entirely within vertical span of posterior nostrils; anterior nostril surrounded by wide cutaneous rim, higher on posterior mar- gin. Pectoral fin reaching anterior rim of pupil when laid forward, not nearly to the origin of the first dorsal fin and c.2/3 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral origin than to that from first dorsal fin origin, its tip barely reaching vertical from first dorsal fin origin; axillary scale reaching 2/3 length of pelvic spine. Sp. 2 of first MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD 47. dorsal fin longer than sp. 1; sp. 4 weak, not nearly reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching just behind base of sp. 4. Tips of anterior rays of second dor- sal fin reaching well behind tips of posterior rays. Anal fin distinctly higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal; scaled lightly anteriorly. DISTRIBUTION. 5 Australia and New Zealand, REMARKS. The number of longitudinal scales, number of soft dorsal rays and number of anal rays are greater than in any other mugilid. A, Jor- steri has the general body form of Myxus but re- tains agonostomine features such as sessile teeth and thick lips. The only apparent distinction be- tween the New Zealand and Australian fish is the vill-raker count (19-24/24-29 in Australian fish; 20-26/35-48 in those from New Zealand). If this is regarded as sufficient to warrant sub- specific status, the NZ fish may be regarded as À. forsteri forsteri and the Australian as A. forsteri diemensis. Günther (1861b) recorded 4 speci- mens from the Haslar collection and affirmed that they were probably the ‘typical specimens' of Dajaus diemensis. These 4 specimens are still in the collection and do not differ from typical 4. Jorsteri. Richardson described a specimen, which he regarded as being Dajaus forsteri, as having 1 1 anal rays and asserted that it was differentiated from his D. diemensis by lacking the ' posterior scabrous plate’ on the palate and a different tooth pattern on the tongue. His specimen of D. forsteri was only 4.5 inches long, while his specimens as- signed to diemensis were 10-14 inches. Palatal teeth are not developed in the small stages of many mugilid species and the pattern af the tongue is individually variable in many species. Myxus analis of Kner (1865) from Sydney was inadequately described but is possibly this spe- cies. Family MUGILIDAE Subfamily MUGILINAE l, teeth, if present, labial, connected to dentary or premaxillary by long fibres 72. superior pha- ryngeals without teeth; 3, gill rakers long and fine; 4, preorbital with a transverse ridge; 5, adults with 3 anal spines, 2 in early juveniles; 6, interorbital almost flat, head broad; 7, stomach differentiated into a thin-walled crop and a thick- walled gizzard; 8, intestine elaborately coiled, 3.5-9 times SL; 9, symphysial knob high and ris- ing abruptly from lip (except CAienmonmngi). KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUGILINAE. 1. $nour overhanging upper lip; rves above dorsal con- tour of head 22. Rbinamagil Gill Upper lip not overhung by snout; eyes lateral... 2 2(1). Spine on operculum projecting over pectoral fin | NE PRECOR Sicamugil Fowler 3(3). Teeth with long glistening white stems and divided tips; end of jaw above lere of mouth COIHEE i g 2 s sss ss ss Chaenammagel Gill No opercularspine . , . Teeth shght, of neutral colours end of jaw at or below level of mouth.corner. . oon o ee a 4 4(3). Lower third of upper lip ornamented by enlarged papillae oresenulations ..,.-- 0. Pa toe / Lower third of upper lip not ornamented 9 7(4). Preorbital deeply notched; upper margin ot notch almost horizontal; single row of horny-tipped projections on upper lip .. , , Oedaliclnius Fowler Preorbiral either not notched or upper margin of natch oblique; lips with one or more rows of papillae ei . & 8(7). Scales with flexible membranous margins posterorly; a Jong pectoral axillary scale Crenimugil Schulz Scales with firm edges; pectoral axillary scale absent or rudimentary. . . 2.2 ss. Chelon Aredi 9(4), Jaw end on line of gape; adipose tissue in adult reaches pupil, . , - 22s. s Mugil Linnaeus Jaw end below line of gape: either na adipose tissue or at most extending on To IriS, ©. sess id 10(9). Jaw end slightly below line of gape; teeth on vomer ándpalaunes. 2... ed Myxus Günther Jaw end well below line of gape; no teeth on vomer or palatine 11{10). Seales with flexible membranous edge; pectoral axillary scale long; lip groove short TEN T. PEN Valasnigil Smith Scales without flexible membranous posterior edge; pectoral axillary scale absent or rudimentary; no lip groove . _ , (s Liza Jordan & Swain Myxus Günther, 1861b Aham Günrher, IRG1b: 466. "Type species Myxus elongatus ' Günther I861b, Trochystome Ogilby, 1888. 614. Type species. Drachrystorna multuleris Ogilby 1888. DISTRIBUTION. S Australia and 5 Africa, DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape moderately oblique, mid-gape at level of mid-papil; mouth corner at level of lower third of eve, reaching between ver- licals from the anterior and posterior nostrils; up- per jaw end slightly below line of mouth gape, reaching vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye; upper lip terminal, thin, not high. without enlarged papillae or crenulations; lower lip thin, directed forward, not permanently folded down at edges. nol entire; symphysial knob high and single. lip groove variable: no 474 fleshy lobes over end of jaws or between jaw rami. Maxilla curving below tendon flange, visi- ble below mouth corner when mouth closed in some individuals, but not generally; tendon flange 1/5-1/3 down maxilla shaft, well above mouth corner; coronoid process of dentary slen- der, rising behind mouth corner; mandibular angle acute to a right angle. Teeth labial in both lips, uni- cuspid, no gap at symphysis; teeth on vomer, ptery- goids, palatines and flat tongue. No adipose tissue on face; preorbital massive, filling space lip to eye, distinctly ridged, front edge slightly notched, obscured in large specimens. Nostrils nearer each other than to lip or eye, posterior nearer to eye than anterior to lip and not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; interorbital con- vex; opercular opening reaching under eye. Gill rakers type 3 or 4. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim of eye, fin reaching only 1/2-2/3 distance from head to first dorsal fin origin, axillary scale rudimentary or lacking. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from the first dorsal fin origin. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip; second dor- sal fin origin behind origin of anal fin; 3 anal spines in adults; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales ctenoid on breast, ctenoid, pavement ctenoid or cycloid elsewhere; no multicanaliculate scales. No spine on operculum. Stomach with distinct gizzard; pyloric caeca 2 or 6; intestine in 3 or more loops, its length 2-5 times SL. REMARKS. General body form and head are very like those of Aldrichetta, but the well- developed gizzard, ridged and notched preorbi- tal, and wholly labial teeth, all place this genus in the Mugilinae. Giinther's (1861b) definition was not discriminatory. His type species was known to him only from skins, and he placed several other species in the genus which are now re- garded as members of Mugil. Besides the 3 spe- cies recognised here, 21 species have been allocated to Myxus, but most, if not all, have been based on juvenile specimens of either Mugil or Liza. Mohr (1927) erected 9 species of Myxus, all of which have proved to be juveniles of these 2 genera. Trachystoma Ogilby, 1888 was estab- lished for a single species from E Australia. Schultz (1946) referred the species to Sicamugil based on the form of its teeth. But Myxus petardi lacks the opercular spine characteristic of Sica- mugil, and agrees with other species of Myxus in the characteristics listed above. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MYXUS. 1. Teeth ciliate, 15 transverse scales, lateral scales 47-50 (E Australia)’ sel een petardi Castelnau Teeth spatulate, 13 transverse scale rows, lateral scales MUROS ol. By pede vada afi aes Gee wo y 2(1). Pectoral fin with 16 rays; 2 pyloric caeca (Australia) D. GP thar d. Bein dey ed eelongatus Günther Pectoral fin with 18 rays; 6 pyloric caeca (South Af- pico) ee eet SAP on LA capensis Valenciennes Myxus capensis (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil capensis Valenciennes, 1836: 108(80), Cape coasts. Mugil euronotus Smith, 1849: pl. 29, fig. 202, Cape of Good Hope; Bleeker, 1860f: 54, Cape P Good Hope; Smith, 1935: 610, fig. 7, pl. 16, fig. E, pl. 17, fig. F, South Africa. Trachystoma euronotus Schultz, 1946: 393, Durban; Smith, 1935: fig. 5, pl. 16, fig. E, Knysna, River at Port Alfred, Fish R., Buffalo R. Sinkwazi; 1948: 842, fig. 15, Knysna to St Lucia; 1949: 323, fig. 890, Knysna, Port Alfred, Fish R., Buffalo R., Durban, Sinkawazi R. Mugil saliens Günther 1861b: 443, (part), The Cape; Boulenger, 1916: 85, (part), St James, haf di R., King Williams Town; Barnard, 1925: 307, Table Bay to East London; Pellegrin, 1933: 169, fig. 91, Table Bay, East London; ?Fowler, 1936: 588, Angola. non Risso. Mugil natalensis Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911: 42, Natal. (?) non Castelnau Mugil auratus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917: 312, Natal; Bar- nard, 1925: 308, Natal, East London. non Risso. SYNTYPES. MNHN A.4643 and A.4700, Cape of Good Hope, coll, Delalande. Examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Syntypes and 2 other specimens 183-227mm SL from Knysna and the Cape of Good Hope. BMNH: 1848.2.1.4, 227mm, holotype of M euronotus Smith.; 1935,3.27.1, 215mm, Knysna. MNHN: A.4643, 183mm, syn- types of M. capensis, Cape of Good Hope, coll. Delalande; .4700, 205mm, syntype of M. capensis, Cape of Good Hope, coll. Delalande. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i9, A IIL9, P 18, LI 43-45, tr. 13, ped. 9, pect.sc. 11, Di sc. 15-16, D2 sc. 28. Scales ctenoid on breast, pavement cte- noid on lower flanks and dorsally between fins, cycloid elsewhere, short bulbous mucus canals, more abundant on caudal peduncle, above pecto- ral fin and near pelvic fin. Body robust, head pointed, scale-free to posterior nostrils; interorbi- tal «1.5 times eye diameter; eye diameter equal to snout length. Upper lip almost pointed laterally, lip groove c.1/2 lip length; anterior mandibular pores large, just behind symphysial groove; 3 ob- scure pairs behind. Rami of lower jaw curving. Teeth unicuspid, wide-crowned, tips strangu- lated by indentations of shaft; in a single row in both lips. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril, preorbital reaching 2/3 up upper lip, slightly above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils. Anterior nostril, with marked cutaneous rim, extending slightly below MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD 47 vertical span of posterior nostril, Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching. posterior iris when laid forward, well short (by c.2/3 its own length) af the origin of the first dorsal fin when laid back; pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 2 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 1 of Arst dorsal fin longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 weak, not nearly reaching vertical trom tip of sp. 3 when fin raised: axillary scale reaching c.1/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c.1/3 along anal fin base; anal fin about same height as sec- ond dorsal, both higher than first dorsal; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled. Intestinal length 3 times SL: pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa. REMARKS. The original descriptions of Mugil capensis and Mugil euronotus were incomplete. The situation was confused when Smith (1849) figured and described as M. vupensis a species now recognised as Liza tricuspidens. Günther (1861b) had the type of M. euronatus before him and2 specimens attributed ta M, capensis. One of the latter was in a bad state of preservation and the other 2 were stuffed skins, Günther mentioned the difficulty of assessing form from the stuffed specimens, but from their general appearance he ascribed both to Mugil saliens Risso, a designa- tion followed by South African workers until Smith (1935) recognised these South African fish as Mugil euranatus, The deseription of Mugil natalensis given by Gilchrist & Thompson (1911) fits this species. The description by Castelnau (1861) could equally well describe Liza dumerili, This species. is separated geographically from its congenors, Its 6 pyloric caeca might suggest that M. capensis is not closely related to the Australian species with 2. In dentition, general body form and other features the 3 have much in common, Myxus elongatus Günther, 1861b Myxus elongatis Günther, 1861b: 466, Hobson's Bay, Port Jackson; 1880b: 33, Mary R Kner 1865: 230, Sydney; Macleay, 1880: 426, Hobson's Bay, Port Jackson; Ogilby, 1893: 128, pl. 33, NSW; 1897a: 77, Derwent Rs Tosh, 1903: 3, pl. 1, fig. 4, Wide Bay, Moreton Bay; Stead, 1905; 79. NSW; 1908: 15, NSW; Stead, 1906; 79, NSW: 1908: 15, NSW; McCulloch, 1921: 49, NSW; Waite, 192}: 84, fig. 27, SAustralia; 1923; 108, SAusiralia; Lord & Scott, 1924: 48, Tasmania; Mohr, 1937; 153, Quotes; Thomson, 1954. 113, fig. 12, New Hebrides, Funafuti, Lord Howe Island, Noosa R., Myara, Gowan Cawan, Southport, Stradbroke Ts, Caloundra, Coolon gatta, Tweed beads, Bellengin. R, Richmond R., Bruni un TABLE 4. Biometrics of Aldrichetta and Myxies spp, * secondary radii, # also small scattered patches on lip. Abbreviations as in tables 2 and 3 plus PC 2 pylorie caeca. Species | ATA 225278 | [aL vst) | 230.285 | 24252 | 252203 | 21.2240 | 340-560 | 200-720 lio (HL) | aen-ano | $9312 30237 (%HL) MW/ML EE 300-3300 BALSS Ù MET 400420 34 8-25.9 691-7 10 155-374 84, 7-89.U Hise WSSU | YZ- | I l# 42-43) 60-70 35-42) 60-68 28M SHOS wick Heads, Tuggerah Lakes, Mona Vale, Sydney, Wat- sons Bay, Port Jackson, Merimbula, Yamba, Pirrwater, Mandurah, Scarborough (WA); Scott, 1962: 133, Gp., SAustrlia; Marshall. 1964: 405, pl, 35, fig. 384, 5 Queensland; Gomon ex al 1994; 663, 5 Australia. Mugil crenidens Koer, 1865: 279, pl. 9, tig. 4, "New Hol and'; Macleay, 1880: 48, Port Jackson. Myyn evemulens Steindachner, 1866: 461, Port Jackson. Mugil vontvicosiis Castelnau, 1875; 32, non Richardson. HOLOTYPE. BMNH 1846.6,17.23, Hobson's Bay, pris Earl of Derby, Examined, MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, paratype and 20 spect mens 48-240mm. BMNH; 1846.6.17.23, 232mm, holotype ot M. elongates, Hobson's Bay, pres. Earl of Derby; 1846.10.22. 16, 234mm, paratype of M. Élongattis, Port Jackson, coll, Gould: 1860.5.25.16, 48mm, Port Jackson; 1883.1,22.57-58, 230 & 240mm, NSW; 1890,9.23,94, 228mm, Port Jackson. MINHIN: A 1244, 3 spec. 65-68mm, Nicol Bay. NHM: 9299-9300, 165mm SL, holotype of M. cremudens, New Holland, coll. Kner, AM: AS59401, 190 & 225mm, Tasmania; 14619, 198mm, Lord Howe Island; 155869, 4 spec. 206237mm, Lord Howe Is; 1.6994, 155mm, Mandurah; 1.9511, (82mm, Sydney; 18558, 376 18mm, Tweed Teads. CM; L1487, 223 mr, Noosa R, LSNM: 47770, 34mm, Lord Howe ls; 47773, 236mm, Lord Howe Is. WAM: 107, 148mm, Mandili, DESCRIPTION. Di IV, Di i 8. A TITO, P 16, LI 43-46, tr. 13, ped. 9, peet. sc. 11, Disc, 15-16. D2 sc. 29-30. Scales cyclaid. except etenoid ven- trally; moderately long mucus canals on com- paratively few scales. Body moderately slender, head pointed, scale-free to posterior nostrils; up- per contour straight: interorbital 1,5 limes eve di ameter. eye diameter shorter than snout: no adipose tissue on face. Upper lip median height |/5 eye diameter. Teeth in single row in upper lip, in lower continuous row on lip edge and in patches on each side well in from lip edge, just in- front of coronaid process; upper teeth wide- crowned, strangulated tips curving inwards; lower teeth long and narrow with short tips curv- ing from shafts; broad tooth plates on lateral edges of tongue and a narrow median plate appo- site pterygaids. Mouth corner on vertical trom posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw very slightly above line of gape, unusually far behind mouth comer (distance almost 1/3 length of lower lip), Upper end of preorbital reaching level 1/2 up up- per lip and on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostrils with cuta- neous rim higher posteriorly, wholly within verli- val span of posterior. Gill rakers long type 3. Pectoral fin reaching posterior iris when laid forward, falling short of origin of first dorsal by 2/3 its own length when laid back, Pelvic fin tip reaching almost to vertical from first dorsal fin origin; axillary scale reaching >1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 2 of first dorsal fin longer than sp. ! : 5p. 4 not reaching beyond vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 to 2/3 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical about 1/3 along anal fin base; anal fin higher than subequal first and second dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins scaled an- ieriorly and along base. Intestine 2-5 times SL, increasing with size; pyloric caeca 2. DISTRIBUTION, Coasts and estuaries of Aus- tralia, other than the tropical north, and Lord Howe Is, REMARKS. This species may well be the Mugil acutus of Valenciennes (1836), but the type specimen cannot be found. The description given by Valenciennes could equally apply to Ated- richetta forsteri or to Lise argenta MeCullach (1929) placed C'estraeus norfolcensis Ogilby in the synonymy of this species, but the characters of the type of C. norfolcensis do not rally with this MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSL AND MUSEUM species, as pointed out by Thomson (1954). Blanc & Mureau (1972) list Castelnau's speci- mens of Mugil ventricosus as syntypes, It i5 nol clear from the text of Castelnau (1875) that a new species was being erected. He may well have been referring to M. ventricosus Richardson. Mvxus elongatus is readily distinguished from its Australian relative. M. petardi by the scale count and by the nature of the teeth in the upper lip. Myxus petardi (Castelnau, 1875) Mugil brevjeeps Stemdachner, 1866: 459, pl. 1, fig. 1, Pon Lo bi non Valenciennes, Lua breviveps Tosh, 1903: 3, pl. 2, (i. 4 Nerang Ra non Va- lenciennes. x pitasdi Castélnau, 1875: 32, Roebuck Bay, Richmond t Magl pettardi Macleay, 1880:42, NSW; 1881:48, Richmond Trachystoma pean Ogilby, 1908: 28, reference; MeCulloch, 1921:49, New South Wales; Schultz, 1946: 392, Clarence R.; Thomsen 1954; iLi, fig. 11, Hawksbury R. ar Sackville, Nepean R. at Penrith, Georges R., Port Mac: quane, Clarence R., upper Albert R., upper Logan R., Pine R., upper Noosa R., Richmond R; Marshall, 1964; 406, pl, 53, i 385, S Queensland. Tarkaan multudens Ogilby, 1888: 614, Karuah, Port Ste- phens. Mragl parviceps Waite, 1904: 22, NSW. SYNTYPES. MNHN A.5130, Richmond R., coll. Castelnau. Examined, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 syntypes und 19 specimens. 100 A55mun 5], BMINH: 18647,5,21, 170mm, Hawksbury Rs 1864.7 22.50-], 100 & 210mm, locality unknown; 1871.4.14.2, 227mm, localy unknown; 1899.9.23.98, 320mm, Port Jack son; 1914 8,20.258-261, 4 spec. 116-355mm, Nepean R MNHN; A.5130, 118 & 146mm, syntypes of M. petardy Fach mond R. coll. Castelnau. AM; 1,3333, 188mrn, Georges Ra 12648, 209mm, Clarence R; 1.13007, 267mm, Hawksbury R.; 1.13020-22, 3 spec, 122-180mm, Nepean R: at Penrith, QM: 1495847, 10 spec. 120188mm, Nerang R. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i $, AJIL9, P 15 L147- 50, tr. 15, ped, I L pect sc.12, Disc, 18, Do se. 32 Sales ctenoid, mucus canals short, shallow, mostly on pedunele and lower flank, few else- where. Body slender in young, deepening with age; head pointed, scale-free to anterior nostril, interorbital c.1.5 times eye diameter; eye diame- ter slightly shorter than snout: no adipose tissue on face. Upper lip median height c. 1/4 eye diame- ter; lip groove short, c.1/6 length of lip; anterior mandibular pores large. directly behind sym- physial groove, slightly more than breadth of symphysial knob apart; 4 other pairs behind, last pair inconspicuous. Single row of teeth in cach lip, fine and pointed, scarcely emergent in some, often missing in large fish. Mouth and tongue membranes with fine papillae. Mouth corner on vertical from anterior nostril: tip of lower jaw MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD 477 slightly below line of gape, reaching well behind mouth corner (c.1/4 length of lower lip)upper end of preorbital at level 1/2 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anteriar nos- trils; anterior nostrils with cutaneous rim higher on posterior side, extending below vertical span of posterior nostril. Gill rakers short, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching anterior half of eye when laid forward failing to reach origin of first dorsal fin by 1/3-1/2 its own length. Tip of pelvic fin reaching vertical from sp. 3 of first dorsal fin, ax- illary scale reaching 1/3-1/2 pelvic spine length. Sp. 1 of first dorsal fin equal to or slightly greater than sp. 2: sp. 4 variable, reaching behind tip of sp.3 when fin raised in some specimens; axillary scale reaching c.1/3 along membrane behind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin on vertical about 1/2 along anal fin base: anal fin higher than subequal dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins scaled an- teriorly. Intestine 5.5 times SL; pyloric caeca 2. DISTRIBUTION, Rivers of E Australia from Georges R in New South Wales ro Burner R: in Queensland, usually infresh- water. REMARKS, Af, breviceps of Valenciennes came from Senegal. Steindachner may have applied the name to this Australian fish in ignorance of the prior use of the name. Distinction of this species from others of the genus is provided in the key. Chaenomugil Gill, 1863 Chaenomusi! Gill, 1863; 169 ‘Type spectes. Magi probos- tidens Günther, oib. Meimmyxus Steindachner, 1876: 384. Type species Myxic (Neomyxus) schatert Steindachner, 1678- DISTRIBUTION. Pacific Ocean, DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape markedly oblique, imid-gape at level of upper rim of pupil or higher: mouth corner 1/5-1/2 eye diameter below level of lower rim of eye, reaching vertical from anterior nostrils or a little behind: upper jaw end above line of gape at level of lowerrim of eye. Upper lip terminal, thick and high, without enlarged papil- lae or crenulations; lower lip thick, its edge per- manently turned down; lip groove c. 1/3 lower lip length; no fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or be- tween jaw rami. Adipose tissue lacking on the face; maxilla slightly mobile: tendon flange slightly above midpoint of shaft at about eye level, not visible below mouth corner when mouth closed; coronoid process of dentary slen- der. rising behind mouth corner; mandibular an- gle acute, Teeth labial, close-packed in several rows, long-stemmed with divided tips; no teeth on vomer or palatines. but present on pterygoids and flat tongue. Preorbital fairly massive, filling only c.3/4 space lip to eye, distinctly ridged, not notched on front edge. Nostrils nearer each other than to lip or eye, posterior nearer eye than ante- rior to lip; posterior nostril extending above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior. Interorbital onlv slightly convex, opercular opening reaching un- der eye. Gill rakers type 2 or 4. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper third of eye; no pectoral axillary scale; pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from first dorsal fin origi. First dor- sal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip; second dorsal fin origin in vertical 1/3-1/2 along anal fin base; 3 anal spines in adult: caudal fin deeply forked. Scales cycloid or ctenoid, some multicanaliculate, No spines on operculum, Stomach with a gizzard: 2 pyloric caeca. Intes- tines 2-5 times SL. REMARKS, Immediately distinguishable trom other species with thick lips by the down-turned lower lip and the short mouth gape, and from all other mugilids by the nature of the long-stemmed teeth with divided tips, Schultz (1946) main- tained Meomyxus separate from Chaenomugil on ihe basis that the lower lip in Chaenomugil was 'directed' rather than ‘folded’ down. But when specimens of each are compared side by side their mouth structure is so alike that it can only bë con- cluded that they are closely related. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHAENOMUGIL, 1. Scales ctencid, teeth bicuspid (W coast of America from California ta Per] probosculens Scales cycloid, teeth tricuspid (Central Pacific, Hawan io New Celeloma). |... sss s Héncustins Chaenomugil leuciscus (Günther, 1871) Mysoes leuciscus Gunther, 1871:666, pl.65A, Rarotonga, 1877, 220, pl. 121, fig. C, Rarotonga, Rawtea, Tahiti, Loyalty islands; Waite, 1897: 191, Funafuti, Eflce t- lands; Seale, 1906:15, Makarea, Paumotu, Mohr, 1927:195, (quores); Fowler, 1927:10, Tongareva; 1928:127, Hawaii, Newrryxns leiciseus Masuda et al, 1984: 120, p. M7, lig. F, Jw pan, Maced rrichilis Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875: 287, Hawan, Myx (Neornyxus) sclateri Stemdachner, 1878: 384, Kings- mill Is. (Hawa); Schultz, 1946- 386, Niuafau T., Pheo nix isa Swans Is, Wake Is, Makemo ls, Baker ls, Guam, Ellis Is., Tongareva, Manga Rive, Marquesas, Hi wan 2Msyxus caldwelli Fowler, 1900: 524, pl. 19, fig. 4, Samoa. Phaze caldwelli Fowler, 1903: 747 Chavngnnugtl nacctices Beyan & Herre, 1903« 127, Marcus Is. Chaenoneugrl chaptalie felis, 1904: 438, Hawai, Jordan & Evermann, 1905; 139, frg, 48, Honolulu, Hilo, Katua: 478 Herre, 1936b: 99, Marquesas, Tahiti, non Eydoux & Souleyet.. Neomyxus hice Kendall & Goldsborough, 1911: 260, Funafuti, Guam, Arkin Atoll, Makeroa; Fowler, 1927: 10, Palmyra, Tongareva, Baker Is., Christmas Is., Wash- ington Is.;1928a: 127, Honolulu, Hilo, Pago Pago, Guam, Raiatea, Nukahiva, Latsan , Marcus Is., Johnston L, Oahu, Makeroa, Wake Is., Mangareva, Funafuti, Smith Is.; 1932b; 8, Marquesas; Schultz, 1943: 79, Swains Is., Hull Is., Enderbury Is., Tau; 1953: 315, pl. 24, figs A- B, Bikini Atoll, Eniwetok, Rongelap, Rongarik, Saipan, Guam; non Eydoux & Souleyet. Myxus pacificus Jordan & Evermann, 1905: 141, Hawaii, non Steindachner, Mugil cephalus Seale, 1906: 17, Nukuhiva, non Linnaeus, HOLOTYPE. BMNH 1871.9.13.135, Rarotonga, coll. Schmeltz. Examined. MATERIAL EXAIMNED. Holotype and 19 specimens, 73- 214mm SL. BMNH: 1871.9.13.135, 100mm. Holotype of M. leuciscus Rarotonga, coll. Schmeltz; 1873.4.3.5, 214mm, Tahiti; 1877.7.24.10, 85mm, Loyalty Islands; 1877.7.24.13 198mm, Ta- hiti, MNHN: 8073, 3 spec. 7-90mm, syntypes of M. trichilus, Honolulu, coll. Ballieu; 8074, 3 spec, 73-77mm, syntypes of M. trichilus, Honolulu, coll. Baillieu; A.467, 2 spec. 83 & 160mm, syntypes of M. trichilus, Hawaii, coll. Baillieu. AM: 1A.3537, 180mm, Ellice Island. BPBM: 10267, 7 spec. 58-70mm, Tua- motu Islands. DESCRIPTION. Di IV D2i9, A IH 10, P 16, LL 42-45; tr. 13, ped 11, pect sc. 10, Di sc. 14, D2 sc. 28. Scales cycloid, moderately long sinuous ca- nals, occasional breast scale with 2 canals. Body robust, head pointed, scale-free to 1/4 distance from snout to anterior nostrils; interorbital gently convex, less than twice eye diameter; eye diame- ter shorter than snout. Upper lip projecting 1/3 eye diameter, its median height 1/4 eye diameter or more, lower lip thick, curled down at edge in some specimens, for part of distance in others; anterior mandibular pores large, under symphys- ial symphysis, 3 smaller pairs of pits behind, rear- most opposite jaw end. 2-3 rows of teeth in both lips, glistening white, long-stemmed, curling sharply at distal ends into tricuspid crown; a few uncarved bifid teeth laterally in lower lip of large specimens. Mouth corner on vertical from poste- rior nostril Preorbital front edge smooth, straight in central portion, curving above and below, up- per end reaching level just above mid-gape and on line joining midpoints of posterior and ante- rior nostrils. Gill rakers long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching anterior rim of eye when laid forward, not quite to the origin of the first dorsal fin when laid back, 71/2 along pelvic fin but not passing tip of pelvic spine. Pelvic fin tip barely reaching vertical from first dorsal fin ori- gin, axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 2 of first dorsal fin longer than sp. 1; sp. 4 short, not nearly passing vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM TABLE 5. Biometrics of Chaenomugil spp. Abbrevia- tions as in Tables 2-4. Species C. prüboscideus C. leuciscus Scale radii Depth (%@SL) HL (PSL) HW (%HL) IO (%HL) ED (%HL) 26.0-28.0 24.7-26.9 24.6-26.0 66.0-66.5 46.0-46.5 22.8-23.5 69.0-70.0 54.1-55.5 29.0-29.2 SnL (%HL) 26.2-28.0 28.6-28.8 ULH (%HL) 14.0 135-1. MW/ML 0.45-0.75 0.5-0.9 PL (%HL) 95.0-98.0 81.0-830 | PB (%PL) | — 250-260 24.0-28.3 VL (PPL) 74.0-75.0 80.0-82.0 VAÀx (%VL) 45 38.2-38.5 Ped (96D) 45.0-46.0 47.3-48.5 TR(UL) 6-8 2-3 TR(LL) 6-8 2-3 LES 16-18 14-16 FES 0 0 Sp.2/Sp.1 2.5 23 § L5 GR 12-28/24-3 40-64/50-78 [PC 2 2 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical 1/3 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays variably reaching or not reaching behind tips of posterior rays. Anal fin as high as second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled, more densely anteriorly. Intestine length nearly 5 times SL. DISTRIBUTION. Central Pacific islands Hawaii to Samoa. REMARKS, This species has been attributed to Neomyxus chaptalii (Eydoux & Souleyet), but the holotype of N. chaptalii (MNHN 8100) is a juvenile Mugil cephalus, whose lower lip hap- pens to be reflected laterally. The original de- scription of M. chaptalii included a fin formula of D2 2/8, A III 9 which does not accord with ei- ther M. chaptalii or M. cephalus, But the types of M. chaptalii all have fin counts typical of M. cephalus, Fowler (19282) examined the types of C. nauticus and equated them with his N. chap- talii (= C. leuciscus). Fowler (19282) also stated that his M. caldwelli was M. trichilus. But his own brief description of the fish he identified by MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD that name sounds more like Valamugil engeli, Jordan & Seale (1906) followed by Fowler (1936) referred M. pacificus Steindachner to this species, But M. pacificus has A III and LI 38-40 as well asa thin upper lip, It may well have been a juvenile M. vephalus, but the type has been lost (Wahlert, 1955), Fowler's decriptions of Myxus or Liza caldwelli are not full enough to be identi- fied with certainty, Chaenomugil proboscideus (Günther, 1961h) Mugni proboscidens Günther: 1861b; 459, Isle of Cordava, Nicaragua, west coast of central America. Chaenomugil proboscideus Gill, 1864: 166 (new generic name); Jordan & Swain, 1884;272, W coast, central America, Nicaragua; Jordan & Culver, 1895; 424, Sina- lou; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 816, Mazatlan, Cordova, Panama, 1902; 256, fig, Mazatlan, Cordova; Gilbert & Starks, 1904; 61, Panama Bay; Meek & Hildebrand, 1923: 281, Mazatlan to Panama Bay; Fowler, 1938b; 293, Chatham & Albemarle Islands; Morrow, 1957: 26, Peru, Chacnormuegil proboscidens (?Misprint) Schultz, 1946: 285 Clarion Is, Socorro, Chatham Is., Albemarle Is., Pearl ls., Cupica Bay, Culebra Is., Mazatlan, Panama. SYNTYPES, BMNH 18607.21,22 & 1869.8.13,4, Cordova & Panama, call. Skinner. Examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Syntypes 36 specimens, 31- 180mm SL, W coast of central America and Nicaragua. DESCRIPTION. D; IV, D218, A HI 9. P I6, LI 42-44, tr. 13, ped, 9, pect, sc. 13, Dr se. 14, D» se; 27. Scales ctenoid, moderately long mucus ca- nals, variously angled across scales; no multica- naliculate scales; some secondary scalation dorsally, Body robust, head pointed, scale-free to anterior nostrils; interorbital Jess than twice cye diameter, slightly convex; eye diameter longer than snout length. Upper lip projecting distance equivalent to 1/2 eye diameter, unusually high laterally: lower lip thick, its edge curled down medianly in all specimens and laterally in some: symphysial knob low, broad, Anterior mandibu- lar pores large, well back from symphysial groove: 3 smaller pairs behind, Multiple rows of teeth in both lips, glistening white, long stemmed, curving slightly to strongly bifid tips at night angles to stems. Mouth corner on vertical between nostrils; tip of upper jaw above level of mouth gape. nearly reaching vertical from ante- rior rim of eye; front edge of preorhitals smooth, gently convex, upper end slightly above mid- gape level, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils, Gill rakers short, type 2. Pectoral fin reaching posterior nostril when laid forward, not quite to vertical from origin of frst dorsal fin, c.3/4 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; pelvic fin tip reach- 479 ing vertical from base of sp. 2 of first dorsal fin: axillary scale reaching >1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 2 of first dorsal fin slightly longer than sp. I: sp. 4 weak and thin, not nearly reaching behind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised: axillary scale teaching c.1/3 along membrane behind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c. 1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays nol nearly reaching behind tips of posterior rays: anal fin as high as second dorsal, both higher than first dor- sal; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled and sheathed at base. Intestine 3 times SL. FIETRIPCTI JN. W coast of Amene from Baja Calllermia ro Peru, REMARKS. C. proboscideus 1s geographically separated from C. /euciscus which inhabits the central Pacific Ocean and Oceania, The ctenoid scales and bicuspid teeth contrast with the ey- cloid scales and tricuspid teeth of C. /euciscux Mugil Linnaeus, 1758 Mugi Linnaeus, 1758: 35, Type species Maydl cephalus Lir- naeux, (758; Schulte, 1946. Cephalns Lacépede, 1800: 589. Type species Mugil ephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Armon Gisel, 1848. Type specus Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Flo Gistel, 1848109, Type spectes Muy viphalnt Linnas, 1758. Queriniana Jordan & Gilbert, IN&3b: 588. Type «species Mya harengus Günther, 1861b. Xenomugil Schultz, 1946; 386. Type species Miei duodwerra Jordan & Evermann, 1896, DISTRIBUTION. All except Arctic and Antarctic seas DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape oblique, mid-gape at level of upper 1/3 of pupil: mouth corner at or slightly below level of lower rim of eye. reaching verlical between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical somewhere from the midpoint between the poste- rior nostril and anterior eve rim and a point under the anterior iris; Upper lip terminal, thin to mud- erately thick, of moderate height, without en- larged papillae or crenulations; lower lip thin, not permanently folded down at edge; symphysial knob high, single, with a shallow symphysial groove beneath; lip groove 1/6-1/3 length of lower lip; no fleshy lobes over jaw ends or lying freely between lower jaw rami. Maxilla moder- ately mobile, tendon flange c.1/2 down shaft, above mouth corner; shaft curving gently in one plane to jaw end, visible above premaxilla, but not visible below or behind mouth corner when mouth closed. Coronoid process of dentary slen- der, rising behind mouth corner: mandibular an- 480) ule acute in young of all species, becoming obtuse with age in some. Teeth labial, large in up- per lip. outer row unicuspid, inner rows, when present. unicuspid or bicuspid according to spe- cies; auxiliary rows not so common in lower lip; leeth on plervgoids and tongue of some species, but not on vomer or palatines, Tongue flat or domed. sometimes with low median ridge, but never keeled. Adipose tissue on face intruding over eye to pupil. Preorbital slender, not notched, filling space lip to eye, or nearly so; with strong oblique ridge. Nostrils nearer lip and cye than to each other, posterior reaching above level of up- per rim of eye, or just below; anterior nostril with slight cutaneous rim, cither wholly below, or slightly overlapping, vertical span of posterior. Interorbital flat or nearly so. Opercular opening reaching under eve, Gill rakers type 3.4 or $, Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim of eye; with marked axillary scale. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin thanto that from first dorsal fin origin; first dorsal fin origin variable; second dorsal fin origin on vertical variously from just behind anal fin origin to 1/2 along anal base; 3 anal spines in adult, 2 in young, Scales pavement ctenoid or cycloid; à sec- ondary squamation of small scales present in some species. No spines on operculum. Stomach with distinct gizzard; intestine 3-3 times SL; py- loric caeca 2. REMARKS. The genus is characterised by slen- der maxilla, visible above the almost strajght pre- maxilla (but not visible below the mouth corner when the mouth is closed), the tip of the jaw end on the line of the mouth gape, the adipose eyelid, the pointed axillary scale, the thin-edged lower lip and the absence of an opercular spine. Mugil has often been used as a catch-all penus. Jordan & Swain (1884) erected Liza as a subgenus charac- terised by the lack oram adipose evelid, a criterion which held good for Atlantic mullet, but which broke down when other characteristics are com- pared in Indo-Pacific species. Consequently many authors fell back on using Mugil for all (é.g., Weber & De Beaufort, 1922), Schultz (1946) defined Mugil (5ensu stricto) and also dif- ferentialed otber genera. An extreme member of the group, M. thohurni was placed in monospe- cific Yenomugil, by Schultz (1946), This species has 3 unusual characteristics: |, the upper lip re- mains high throughout its length instead of nar- rowing, posteriorly and consequently it hangs so as to obscure the hind part of the lower lip; 2, the level of the mouth corner and the tip of the upper jaw are well below the level of the lower riin ot MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM the eye, whereas in typical Mugil they are only slightly below this level; and 3, the lower lip was reported to be lolded down at the edge. Bur of the 12 specimens in the British Museum, only | has the lip completely turned down so that the teeth on its reflected edge lie parallel with the upper lip, 7 have the lip reflected to an intermediate an- gle, 3 have the lip reflected only on | side or over part of its length. | has the lower lip in a normal position, OF the 4 specimens in the Paris Mu- seum, 3 have reflected lips, but | has the lip hori- zontal. Occasional specimens of other species of Mugil and Liza have the lower lip reflected either wholly or in part. Possibly in life all thin-lipped mullet ean tam the lower lip down and the ap- pearance in museum specimens may be the result of muscle flexure during fixation. The level of the mouth corner and the height of the posterior lip are examples of anatomical extremes rather than major character differences on which a genus may be erected. Ouerimana was proposed to hold small mullets with only 2 anal spines, The types of Q. harengus are small M. curema, The generic name has also been applied to species at the 2- spined state of the anal fin. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AZUGIL, 1, Anal fin MDB in adults, ILY in young... 2...) 2 Anal tin HE9 in adults, H 1038 young... 2. b 2(1). Median fins densely scaled; 7 rows of scales of cats dal peduncle (Florida ta West Indies and Pernayn- Me EER ae ne ee Fux» mm lx oan rytchadan Median lins hightly scaled; 9 rows of scales on peduncle |, s. i. 3(2). Lateral scale count 34 or dewer (Cuba to Argentina) TUM LA ETE: d MD END Mad D P TD AAA 4 he OD dor m n ji ' Inner cows ot teeth unicuspid, prerygoids coothless, Ll Mess Ln ee DEM T d 5 5(4). First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout rip; pectoral laid forward reaching anteriar pu pil (West Indies, Atlantic shores of North America. Ascension Island). o 00.00.2004. vulevadcas First dorsal fin origin nearer to snout tip than to yau- dal base; pectoral laid forward reaching hind edge ot pupil (West Afi ica, Senegal t Angola) bananenis 6(1). Transverse scales 14-15; median fins sealed at base and anrenorly (NW coast of Atrica). 6 2. 0, cqurc Transverse scales i 14; median fins densely scaled, 7 7(G). Pectoral fin laid back reaching behind vertical trom first dorsal fin origin (Atlantic B Pacific coasts of tropical America. o ws aspe Pectoral tin lald hack, nor reachimg behind vertical from Tirat daesal Hin ongin , — . BOLIS E eT LI « 40 C6 e arcc x d TEN MUGILIDAL OF THE WORLD TABLE6. Biometrics of Mugil spp{ |). * continuous series along a curving edge. Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. d AM bulinensiy | M. lit tavam Seale radii 6-10 | 9-17 5-40 28243 | 244954 HL (WSL) HW (%HL)| 515.555 ; : PL (HL) 580725 | S738 PB (9: PL) DIETRETEE 273300 | 333359 | 815-854 | VL CEELI VAN AVL) "TTE 39 0-34 0 SODALI | 326-431 400454 a re NEN BRIZERCXIELLIEM 34 1 29-335 16-481 48-75 AQ-3sf 50-60 9(8). Pectoral laid forward reaching anterior pupil (Gala- pagos) del ne Ol a thàburni Pectoral laid forward reaching posterior pupil {Arlan- tic, Panama to Amazon) l um 10(8). Upper lip < 7% HL; eye < 26% HL (western Pa cific) -B l Se aie. ate iaa - broussonetii Upper lip > 7.5% HL; eye > 26% HE 5... bh 11(10). Pectoral fin < 20% SL; upper teeth wide-crowned (Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Americas, Atlantic coast of Africa, Gambia to Congo) Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin, |928) Mugil brasiliensis Troschel, 1866: 212, C. Verde ls; Osorio; 1898: 198 (Part), C. Verde Is. non Agassiz & Spix, Myxus bananensis Pellegrin, 1928: 56, Banana, Congo R- Magi bananensts Cadenat, 1954; 586, 589, Gulf of Guinea to Angola, Sierra Leone, Senegal; 1955; 60, Gulf of Guinea to Àngola, Sierra Leone, Senegal; Poll, 1959: 261, fig, 89, C. Verde Is. HOLOTYPE. Mus. R, Atr Cemr. 90, Pellegrin, Congo R- snouth. Examined. 481 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 54 specimens, 21- 158mm SL from Sierra Leone, Cape Verde Islands, Senegal, Ni geria and the Congo. BMNH: 1847.4,4.6, émm, R, Niger: T847.8 4.6, 45rnm, R, Niger; 1879,5.14.499, 122tnrn, St Jago, C. Verde [5., 1899,1,27 47-8, 127 & 137mm, Banana, Congo R4 1900,6,28,244, 3 spec, 162-212mm, St Louis, Senegal, 1905,5.12,5, 134mm, Cabinda, Angola, 1930.8.26.67, 92mm, 8 mules W of Accra; 1937.4, [9,28, 158mm, Lagos; 1939 7,1, 37, Keta, Ghana; 1949.1 26,1-7 27 spec. 158-215mm, Ladege, Lagos, 1958.9,18 280-286, 7 spec. 27-290mm, Bonthe, Sierra. Leone, MNHN: 1967-152, 13 spec, 31-85mrn, Songolo estuary, Congo R.; 1967-253, 3 spec. 30-45mm, Laeme estuary, Congo R. Mus. R. Afr. Centr. 90; 90mm, holotype of M. bananensis, Banana, Congo R. coll. Pellegrin. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D21 8, A IMI 8, LI 36-38, tr. 11-12, ped. 9, pect. sc. 11. Dj sc. 13, Dz sc. 25- 24, Scales pavement ctenoid, long thin mucus ci- nals. no multicanaliculate scales; secondary squamation present. Body moderately robust, head rounded, scale-free 1/2 way to anterior nos- tril; interorbital less than twice eye diameter. slightly convex; eye diameter equal to snout length: median height upper lip «1/3 eye diame- ter; lip groove slightly>1/3 length of upper lip: anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, c.1.5 times breadth of symphysial knob apart; other pores obscure. Rami of lower jaw curving: mandibular angle acute. Slightly curv- ing setiform teeth in one row in upper lip, spaced more than tooth's breadth apart: spaced raw of ciliiform teeth on lower lip, a second row at base of upper lip, often lost in large specimens. Teeth lacking on pterygoids and flat tongue. Tip of up- per jaw reaching vertical midway between poste- rior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Preorbital filling only 1/2 space lip to eye; upper end reach- ing level 1/2 up upper lip and above line joining midpaints of posterior and anterior nostrils; pos- terior nostrils reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril wholly below vertical span of posterior. Gill rakers long, tvpe 3. Pectoral fin reaching to hind rim of eye when laid forward, not nearly to vertical from origin of first dorsal fin and c. 1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.3/4 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. 2 longer than sp. 1, sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/3 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior rays, anal and second dorsal fins lightly scaled anteri- orly and along base. Caudal fin deeply forked. DISTRIBUTION. W coast of Africa fram Senegal to Angola 482 REMARKS. Formerly confused with M. cepha- lus this species differs in the few small teeth in the lower lip, the relatively few gill-rakers and the low scale count, particularly the fewer transverse rows, From M, curema, whose range overlaps, it differs in the scale count, in the longer upper teeth, shorter lower teeth, and in the character of the gill rakers. In general appearance M. cur- videns from the western Atlantic, rs very like M. bananensis but in the former the teeth are close- set, the pectoral fin rs relatively long and the ori- gin ofthe first dorsal tin differs. The long upper teeth led Pellegrin to describe this species as a Myxus. His original description gave the scale count as 33, The type has several scales missing, but had 35 scales on each side. Mugil broussonetii Valencieunes, 1836 Mugil browsgorietd Valenciennes, 1836: 117(87), South Pa: cificy Günther, 1861h; 453, South Seas; 1877: 218, South Seas, Duncker & Mohr, 1925: 131, New Pomerania. Mugil racrolemdone Richardson, 1846: 249, China, non uppell. F ORS UF: MNHN A, 3656, South Seas, coll. Banks. Exam: ine! MATERIAL EXAMINED, 2 holotypes, BMNH- 1837.5.10,12, 148mm, holotype of M. rmacrolepidatus, China, coll. Richardson. MNHN: A.3656, 196mm, holotype of M, frnussomeetti, South Seas, coll. Banks. DESCRIPTION. Di IV D218, A IIL9. P. 16-17, LI 36-37, tr. 11, ped. 9, pect. sc. 10; Di sc. 9, D» sc. 22. Scales feebly ctenoid, long mucus canals, a few scales dorsally with double or Y-shaped ca- nals. Body slender; head pointed, dorsal contour angling down in front of eyes: scale-free to 1/2 way to anterior nostrils, interorbital less than twice eye diameter, almost flat; eye diameter equal to snout length. Upper lip terminal, neither thick nor high, median height c. 1/4 eye diameter; symphysial knob comparatively wide; lip groove 1/5 length of lower lip; first pair of mandibular pores large, others obscure; rami of lower jaws broadly curving: mandibular angle acute, Teeth in l or 2 rows in upper lip; | row in lower; spatu- late, curving inwards, unicuspid; prerygoids and tongue toothless; Hat tongue and roof of mouth papillate. Mouth corner on vertical from poste- rior nostril; tip of upper Jaw slightly below level of mouth corner, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye; preorbital slender, not Filling space lip to eye, upper end at level 1/2 up upper lip and above line joining midpoints of posterior a nd an- terior nostrils. Posterior nostrils reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril overlap- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM ping lower vertical span of posterior. Gill rakers long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching mid-eye when laid for- ward. not quite to vertical from origin of first dor- sal fin and ¢.2/3 along pelvic fin (not quite to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical just behind base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin: axillary scale reaching 1/2 along pel- vie spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. 2 longer than sp. 1; sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp, 4, Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/4 along anal fin base; anterior ray tips not reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin; both higher than first dorsal; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled, Caudal fin deeply forked. DISTRIBUTION. W Pacific. REMARKS. Otherthan the almost cosmopolitan M. cephalus . this is the only species of Mugil re- corded from the western Pacific, Duncker & Mohr (1926) gave a brief description of speci- mens they identified as M. broussonetii, but these were recorded as having 10 rays in the second dorsal fin and 9-10 in the anal fin; the adipose tis- sue was reported as only slightly developed and the anal and second dorsal fins were stated to be scaly only at the base; also the first dorsal fin ori- gin was stated to be equidistant from snout tip and caudal base, All these characters differ trom those of M. hrousonnetii, Richardson (1846) evi- dently named his fish M. macrolepidotus un- aware that the name had been used previously by Rüppell (1828). This species differs from M. cephalus, the only other member of the genus to occur in the same region. in having 9 rather than 8 analrays, having fewer lateral scale rows, a longer pectoral fin and in the more dense scalatron ion the second dorsal and anal tins. Mugil capurrii (Perugia, 1892) Adyxns ipurrm Perugia, 1892: 1007, Senegal R. Mugil capurrit Tortonese, 1962: 334, Senegal R.. Trewayas & Ingham, 3972: 17, 19, big. 24, Port Euetine, Agadir, Senegal, South Angel Bank. . Myxus carvidens Steindachner, 1882: 42, Rufisque; Fowler, 1336: 598, Ascension is, Cape Verde, Senegal, non Valen- ciennes. Mugil monodi Chabanaud, 1926: 8, Por Etienne, Agadir; Chabanand & Monod, 1926: 258, fig. 17-19, Port Eu enne, Agadir; Cadenat, 1954: 585, Mauretania, Senegal, Dakar; 1955: 59, Senegal to Liberia. SYNTYPES. Genoa Museum CE.38908 and BMNH 1971.4,28,14, Senegal R. BMNH. Specimens examined. MUGILIDAL OF THI WORLD MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 syntypes of M caparrii, 3 syu types of M, monodi and B other specimens, 100447 mm SL. from Senegal, Mauretania and Morocco, BMNH: 1927.68.24, 103 8 125mm, syntypes of M. monadi, Port Euerine, coll. Monod; 1933,3,29,1-2,] 80. I 188, Mauretania; 1956.11.28,2, 447mm, South Angel bank, 360-380m depth; 1971,4.28,12-14, 3 spec, 50- für, «y nity pes Of M. spur, Senegal R,, coll, Capurro, MNHN: 1826.14, 4 spec, 57-390mm, synsypes of At. ssorodr, Port Etienne, coll, Monod; 1926, 118men, syntypes af M. monadi, Ngadir, Gruvel. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i8, A HE9, P 17. LI 44-46, tr. 14-15, ped 9, pect. sc. 12-13, Dy se. 12, D; sc. 28-29, Scales. eycloid, long narrow mucus canals, not quite reaching inner edge of membra- nous margin to scales; no multicanaliculate scales, no secondary squamation. Body slender, head pointed, scale-free to 1/2 way to anterior nostrils, interorbital broad and flat, > twice eye diameter in specimens larger than 150mm SL; eye diameter subequal 1o snout, Upper lip thin and low, its median height about 1/4 eye diame- ter, single high symphysial knob, projecting in front of general contour of lip, visibile when mouth closed; lip almost entire: lip groove 1/3 lower lip length; pair of moderate mandibular pits, width of symphysial knob apart, just behind symphysial groove; others obscure. Rami of lower jaw gently curving; mandibulary angle acute. Long teeth curving inwards in single row in each lip, tending to be lost with age; no teeth on pterygoids or flat tongue, Mouth corner on verti- cal from anterior rim of eye; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from anterior field of iris, Preor- bital slender, not filling space lip to eye; upper end at level 1/2 up upper lip and above line join- ing midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils: posterior nostrils nol reaching above level of up- per rim of eye; anterior nostril extending only slightly into lowest part of vertical span of poste- rior. Gillrakers long, type 4. Pectoral fin not reaching eye when laid for- ward, just reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin and c.2/3 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; axillary scale somewhat rounded. Pelvic fin tip reaching be- lind vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching 2/3 alony pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer mout than to caudal base: sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 long, reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/3 along membrane be- hind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin varying be- tween verticals just behind anal fin origin and 1/4 along anal base; tips of anterior rays reaching well beyond tips of posterior rays; dorsal and anal fins about equal in height: second dorsal and anal 483 fins lightly scaled; caudal fin deeply forked. In- testine about 4 times SL. DISTRIBUTION, Morcos, Senegal, Mauretania, REMARKS. The short oreorbital is. distinenve, as are the relatively long head, long mouth cleft, rounded pectoral axillary scale and membranous margins to the scales Which resemble the condi- tion in Felamugil but are not fimbriate as in that genus. Tortonese (1963) redescribed the types of M, capurrii and recognised M. monodi as. à synn- nym, Perugia (1892) presumably placed the spe- cies in Myxus on the basis of the long mouth cleft which, with other characteristics, suggest that M, vapurrii may be the most primitive of extant spe- cies of Mugil, Mugil cephalus Linmieus, 1758 Mugil cephales Lonneeve, 1758, European seas, Gronov, 1763; 142, European seas; Bloch, 1783: 129, pl. 194 (Par). Eurapean seas; Gmelin, 1789; 1397, European seas; Sonninr, 1799; 296, pl. 23, fig. 2, Egypt: Bloch & Schneider, 1801. 120, European seas; Russell. 1893. 64, Vizagapatam; Shaw, 1804- 134, Mediteranean, Nort Sea; Delaroche, 1809; 358, pl, 21, fig. 7, Balearic Isles; Risso, 1826: 368, Nice, Cuvier, 1816: 292, European seas; 182% 21], Mediterranean; Haimilton-Buchanan. 1822: 119, Ganges R.; Bonaparte, 1834: 83, pl. 91, fig. 1, Adri anc, Valenciennes, 1836; NL fig. 307, Mediterrameiu, France, Rome, Vemce; Cinchenot, 1850: 67, Algeria: Kinrlurz, 1858: 20, Vaian, Caroline Islands; Dumeril, 1858: 263, Senegal; Gümher. IR61b: 417, R Niger, Medi- tetranean, Madeira, Nie R., Tunis, west Africa; Blan- chard, 1865: 231, Prince; Steindachner, 1868: 680, Sprain; 1870: 952, St Louis, Senegal, 1895; 33, Mascurada Re, Li- bena, Moreau, 1881: 185, France, Jordan & Swain, 1884: 263, America; Carus, 1593-705, Mediterranean; Vine guera, 1893: 323, Grand Canary; Jordan & Culver, 1895; 422, Sinaloa; Jordin & Evermann, 1896: 8LL, Cape Cod to Brazil; Monterey to Chile; 1905: 159, fig. 48, Honolulu, Kailua; Abbott, 1899; 343, Peru; Boulenger, 1901: 354, Congo R.; 1907; 429, pl. 80, fig. 1, R. Nile; 1916: 80, fig. 47, Bahr-el-Tawilah in freshwater, La Men- zileh. Ghat el Nassara, R. Nile near Sammanud, R. Mi- get, Lages, St. Louis, Senegal, Banana, Lower Congo, Sr. Jago, Cape Verde Islands, Cabinda, Cape of Good Hope, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Natal; Bean, 1903: 363, New York; Tosh, 1903; 2, pl. 2, fig. 1, pl.2, fig. 22, Morevon Bay; Fowler, 1903- 704, Syria, Peru, Uniguay, Syria. Flonda, North Carolina, Woods Hole; 1920; 251, EJ- mina, Ashantee 19272 9, Molokai, Ocean 1s., Hone lulu; 1928 125, Hawai, Guam, Marshall Islands; 1915 141, Hong Kong, 5Shangha; 1936: 584, Cabezou, Thian, Zouli, Congo R, mourh; 1938b; 219, 252, 276, Makepan, Honolulu, Chatham 15, Hood Is; Gilbert & Sratk, 1904: 59, Panama Bay; Seale 1906; 17, Talita, Ranates Solomon Islands; 1914: 61, Mong Kong, Regan, 19072: 71, Central Ameriea; 1915: 127, Lagos; Jordan & Rich ardson, 1908: 244, Calayan, Babuyan, Philippines; An: ripa, 1925 71, fig, 23 ab, Black Sea; Ninni, 1909: 315, Adriatic, Tanaka, 1911: 50, pl, 15, fig; 42-45, Japan; Jio- Jan & Metz, 1913. 25, Korea; Pellegrin, 1913: 155. Ba- nans, 1914- 31, Bate de bLévrier, Senegal, Rulisque- Banana. Jordan & Thompson, 1914: 270, Japan; Ribiero, 484 1915, 3, Brazd:Chaudhum (947) 495, L Chilka; Arha næsopaulas, 1919: 765, fig, 3. Mediterranean; Oshivna, 1919: 286,Taiwan; 1922: 242, Taiwan; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922; 253, Java, Borneo; Nicholls & Murphy, 1922; 506, Peru; Meek & Hildebrand, 1923; 275, Pan- ama; Waite, 1923; 107, South Australia; Joubin & Le Danois, 1924: 43, fig, France; Lord & Scotr, 1924; 48, figa Taumama; Rowe, 1925; 52, pl. 13, fig. 22, 22a, France, Barnard, 1925: 302, Table Bay to Natal; Jordan & Hubbs, 1925; 207, Japan; Chabanaud & Monod, 1927; 257, Port Etienne; Chevey, 1928: fig Mediterranean; 1929; 245, fig, European Atlantic; 1932: 54, figs 19, ‘har land; Popov,1929: 245, fig, 1, Vladivostock, Black Sea near Batum, Anatolia, 1930; 56, Black Sea, Mediterra nean, INE Atlantic; Soldatov & Liiberg, 1930: 97, China Sea; Jacot, 1930: 828, (Japan; lahikawa, 1931: pl. 2g. 1, Jaran; Roxas, 1934; 406, Philippines; Borcea, 1934: 251, ig. 14, Roumaniaa Black Sea; Nobre, 1935- 327, fig, 144, Portugal; Sinith, 1935. 600, fig 5, ph 15, Lakeside, Knysna, Kobeljaauws R., Porc Elizabeth, Zwartkops Kosi Bay, Mazeppa Bay, Buffalo Ra Sinkawazi; 1948; 835, fig, 2, Cape Town to Berw1949: 317, fig. 877, Kowe R, Great Fish R., Buffalo R., Mazeppa Bay, Dur ban, Inkwazi, Kosi Bay; Barnhart, 1936: 36, fig, 122, 5 California; Taranerz, 1937: 86, China Sea; Arné, 1938: 2], figs 8. 9, Gulf of Gascony; Joubin, 1938: 341, fip., Mediterranean to Egypt, Gulf of Gascony, Canary ls, W Africa; Buen, 1942; 44, Mexico; Hildebrand, 1946: 422, Peru; Irvine, 1947: 198, Ghana; Lozano Rey, 1947; 721, ol, 19, fig 1, Curadalquivir R, at Cordova, Laguna de la Pinda. Sevilla, Guadalhorce R., R. Guadolfèo, Vinaroz; Boeseman, 1947: 116, Japan; Berg, 19493: 992, rivers en- tering the Black Sea; Berg et al, (949: SY, lig Sakhalin rc. Australia, Loire. R, to Cape Town, California to Chile, Wez Indies, Mediterranean; Devasundaram, 1951: 21, Chilka Lake, Okada, 1952; 118, Japan; Abrumov, 1952: 441, A mur, Graham, 1953: 13, Dg, New Zealand; Thomson, 1954: 91, pl. 1, fig; 1, Tirano, Adrratie; New Caledonia, Boran Is., Kagoshima, Tanagoshima, Swan Ra Greenough R., Chapman R., Tweed R L Mawar Shark Bay, Abrolhos ls, Murchison R. to Cordinup Ra Murray k mouth, Lakes Entrance, Obizu R., Ertwaka &., Knysna, Monaco; Ben Tuvia, 1954. 16, Israel: Mann, 1954: 201, Chile; Cadenat: 1954: 586, Moroces to Angol; 1955; 60, West Africa; Nikolskin, 1954: #22, cosmopoli- tan, 1956: 452. Amur Ri Dollfus, 1955; 139, Atlantic comt of Morocco: Dieuzerde et al, 1955: 233, fig., Bourargere (Tunisia); Matsubara, 1955: 496, Japan; John, 1955; 226, Ryamkulatn La Munro, 1955; 93, pl, T6, fig, 251, Sn Lanka; 1967: 169, pl. 18, fig. 285, New Guinea; Morovic, 1957; 9, Adriatic; Morrow, 1957; 23, Pent Marshall er al, 1959: 93, S Queensland; Chying, 1961: 322, col. pl. 25. fig. 126, pl. 17, fis. 575, Korea, Scott, 1962: 132, Fg, South Australia; Pillay, 1982: 558, pl. 1, Ig. |, Madras, Bombay, Baluchistan, Chilka L., Jaunpur (West Bengal), Narakkal, Banirescu 1964: 610, fig., Rote mania; Syetovidov, 1964: 208, figs 58-59, Iram; Ladies Be Vogt, 1965: 151, pl. 35, 5 Europe tn fresh water; Blanc & Bindrescu, 1965. 26, S Eurape in fresh water; Tortor- ese, 1966; 98, figa New Guinea; 1972: 27, Genoa, Magra, Venetian Lagoon, L. Fusaro, L. Patria, Tunisia, Greece; Lem & Scop, 1966: 334, Halifax; Wheeler, 1969: 462, Mediterranean, Black Sea; Atlantic te $ Bay of Biscay; Bini, 1968: 31, fig. Italy; Cabo, 1979: 176, fig. 45, Mac Menor; Baucliot. & Pras 1980: 300, pl. 15, Tropical At- lantic to Gulf of Gascony, Mediterranean, Cadwallader & Backhouse, 1983: 129, Coastal Victoria; Gomon et al. 1994 B62, S Australa: Shea, 1994, 438, pl. 138, fig. 4, WAV TET MEMOIRS OF THE OQUTENSLAND MUSEUM Apalan cephalus Gistel, I848: 109, warm temperate sead, Ello veplalus Gastel, (848: 109, warm temperate sea, Mugil cephalus cephalus Cadenat, 1954; 589, Mediterranean: rewavas & Ingham, 1972; 17, warm temperate sas; Masuda ex al 1984: 119, pl. 104, fig. G, Japan. Mugil albula Linnaens, 1766: 250, Charleston, South Caro- ind; Gmelin, 1789: 1398, WW Atlantic; Shaw, 1804: 037, America, Bahamas; Valenciennes, 1836: 96(71), New York, Jamaica; DeKay, 1842: 146, New York; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883a: 266, Galveston; 1883b: 403, North Amercla; Jordan, 1885: 115, New York: Bean, 1890: 272, pl. 21, fig. 26, Great Sourh Bav, Long hi; Rulter, 1896: 264, California. Maid. intr (awur) Forsskal, 1775: 74, Arabia Ruppell, 1835; 131, Red Sea; Bleeker, 1860d: 52, Borneo; Kiunzin Er, 1870. 829, Red Sea; 1884; 132, pl 10, Fig, 16, Red Sex; Day, 1876: 353, pl. 75, fig, 3, Bombay, I888b: 800, Bomi- bay, 1889: 348, fig. 104, India; Rochebrune, 1487- 95, Rufisque, Gorée; Steindachner, 1882: 40, Senezambis; Steindacliner & Doderlein, 1887; 266, Japan; Jordan & Evermann, 1903; 332, Taiwan: Tosh, 1903: $, Moreton Bay; Jordan & Thompson 1914; 270, Japan; Boulenger, 1916; 32, fig. 48, Socotra, Madagascar, Rodriguez; Oshima, L919: 270, Japan, Wu, 1929: 78, fig. 62. Amoy; Pellegnn, 1935: 72, Ph Madagascar an fresh waer; Qureshi, 1955: 54, Pakistan; Pale & Sandhu, (992: 271, Bombay, Red Sea to China and Japan, Mugil provensalis Risso, 1810; 346, Nice, Mugil plunitert Valenciennes, 1836: Polea), Martinique, New York, St Vincent; DeKay, 1842: 147, New York: Jordan & Gilbert, 1878: 381, Beaufort Harbour. non Bloch. Mugil! lineatus. Valenciennes, 1836; 96(71), New York: eKay, 1842: 114, pl, 15, New York; Ayres, 1843: 265, pl. 12, Broolthàven; Günther, 18615: 417. Atlantic coast ol Nonli America, Mugil conslanitsae Valenciennes, 6: 107, Cape of Good Hopes Smith, 1849; pl. 28, Cape of Good Hope; Gun- ther, 1861b: 418, Cape of Good Hope en fresh water; Lampe, 1914: 227, Simonstown, Mugil constanctae Bleeker, 1860f- 54, Cape of Good Hope. Mawit cephalotis Valenciennes. 1836; 110(81), Pondicherry, nges R; Eydoux & Souléyer, 1841: 175, Hawan; Bleeker, 18592: 277, Indonesian Archipelago; 1860d: 51, Borneo; 1861d: 76, Penang; 1874; 45, agascar; Gili ther, 861b: 419, fig, Red Sea, Pandicherry, Amoy, Chusan, China, Sea of Japan; Kner, 1865; 224, Java, Ma- nia, New Halland’; Streets, 1878: 73, Honolulu; Lock- ington, 1879: 305, California; Peters, 180: 923, Nin po: Macleay, 1880: 416, Por Jackson; 1881: 47, Port Jace son; 1882; 262, New Guinea; Sauvage, 189); 402, jl, 498, figs 2-3, Madagascar; Whitehouse, 1927: 80, Madras. Mni a borhonaiens Valenciennes, 1836: 113(84), Bourbon R., ^unipn, Malabar; Sauvage, 1891: 395, pl. 42, fig, A Madagascar, Mugil ciltilabis Valenciennes, 1836; 151(112), Lima, Mysus tHiilahis Günther 1861b: 467, Lima; Steindachner, ino #2. Galapagos; Mohr, 1927; 181. fig. 14, Galapagos, "eru. Quis cllilahis Jordan & Swain, 1885; 273, Galapagos, "eru, Mi " chapraiii Eydoux & Souleyez, 1841; 171. pl, 9, fig; L awai, Mingil vamemielshevgit Tschudi, 845. 20, 1s. of San Lorenzo Peru; Günther, 1861b: 420, Chile; Hildebrand, 1946: 420, Peru, Megel rarrrealsbere Vorvonese, 19563; 334, Peru. Mugil japonicus Schlegel, 1845: 134, pl. 72, fig. 1. Supe: Richardson, 1846: 247, weax of China and Japans Bleeker, 1853b: 41, Bengal; 1879h: 17, China; Oshima, 1921-73. MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Taiwan; 1922; 243, Tiwai; Matsubara, 1955; TU Fipan; D Chying, 1961; 324, pl. 117, frg, 576, p], 119, fig, 589, oren Mugil liza Gay, 1847 256, fg. 2, Chile, non Valenciennes, Mugil berlandieri Girard, 1859: 20, figs 1-4, (Rio Grande}; (lide Evermann & Kendall, Vus Mayil dubula Gunther, 186]b: 420, fig, Perth, (Western uscralia), Aueieuns; 1877; 214, pl, 120, fig, Ay Austra- lian coast, Aneiteum, Hawaii; Kner, 1865; 224, Hon Kong; Macleay, 1880: 414, E coast of Australia; Castel nau, 1879: 50, Norman R; Ogilby, 1893: 118, pl. M, New South Wales; 18973: 74, Tastnanta; Steindachner, 1901: 501, Honolulu; Stead, 1906; 75, tig. 27, Victoria to central Queensland; 1908: 40, New South Wales; Meul- loch, 19]4: 326, New South Wales; Fowler & Bein, 1922: 17, Philippines. Mugil ashanteensts Bleeker, 18630: 1, pl. 19, fig 2. Ashantce; ?) Sremdachner, 1870; 953, Sr Louis, Senegal. Mugil cephalus ashanteensis Cadenat, 1954: 584, 591, Me- rocco to Angola; Poll, 1959; 258, fig. 87, West Afnca; Cadenat & Roux, 1964: 87, West Afnca, Trewavas & Ingham, 1972: 17, West Alrica. Myxus superficialis Klunzinger, 1870; 832, Red Sea; Mohr, 1927: 190, fig. 12, Kassier, ‘doy celatenoss Klunzinger, 1872: 35. Murray R (South "Kustralia); 1880: 396, pl. 8, (fg. Lla Hobson's Bay: Ma- cleay, 1885: 41, Murray R. Mug cennensis Castelnau, 1872: 140, Vicrova, non Quoy & aimard. Mugil perusti Flector, 1872. 110, pl, G tig. 57, New Zealand; uton, 1872; 36, New Zealand, non Valenciennes. Mugil grandis Castelnau, 1875: 32, New South Wales; Ma- cleay, 1880: 412, Georges Ru Elizabeth Bay, Paramatta Ks 1881; 47, Brisbane, New Sourh Wales. Myxus caecuticns Günther, 1876: 397, Rodriguez in Fresh Wa- ter; Sauvage, 1891; 40, pl. 42, fig. 2, Madagascar, Musil mexicanus Steindachner, 1876: 86, Acapulco; Jordin t Gilbert, 1883c: 403, Mexico. Mig platanus Gunther, 1880a: 9, Rio de la Plata; Jordan & Swain, 1884: 266, Argentina, Ribiero, 1915: 5, Brazil Mute tongae Günther, 1877: 217, Tongatabu; 1880b: 58, Tongatabu; 1881: 217, Tongatabu Fowler, 19282: 126, uos. Mi ET mülteri Klunzinger, 1880: 395, King, George Sound; Malen. 1885; 42, King George Sound, Magal erties Lortet, 1884: 121, pl. 31, fig. 2, Lake Tiberias pan), non Yarrell Mugil octüradiatus Lomer, 1883: 132, pl. L1, frg. 1 Lalo T uhe- rias (part), non Guntlier. - Mugil auratus Lorren, 1883; 143, pl tl, fig 3, Syria, set isso Mugil maryinalis De Vis, 1884: E70, Brisbane; Saville-Renr, 1889: 10, Great Barrier Reef (misspelt marr), Augl bypselusorma Ogilby, 18876: 74, Porc Jackson, Botany Tay. 'asmaünia, — Myxus. Parner Gilchrist & Thompson, 194: F3, Durlun Bay: 1916: 273, Durban Bay; Barnard: 1325: 3] 1, Durban Bay. Myxus flavus Mohr, 1927: 182, fig. 4. Mazatlan; Little Popes, Myxus cms ind Mohr, 1927; 18], fig. 3. Peru. Myxus niger Mohr, 1927; 183, fig 5, Limà. Myzus unenides Mohr, 1937; 185, fig. 6, Cape Haterás Agonastoma monticola Pearson, 1937; 97, Gadjamarea (Peru), (fide Follett [1960], non Bancralt, Mugil persanus Hildebrand, 1946: 424, fig. 2, Peru, Mugil cotelarim Whitley, 1957; 394, New Guinea. Mil galapagensis Rbeling, 1961; 295, Galapagos TYPE. None. Tvne locality, European seas 485 MATERIAL EXAMINED, 252 specimens, 18-524mm SL (im cluding tee ry sol M barboniaus, M. arecutions, M. caralerum., M. enpbalpitus, M. cillilalis, M. constantiae, M, clübuls, M, [leves M. galapagensis, M, lodopurrus, M. lrstus, M. niger, M. platanus, M. tincoulis and M. tongac) From all seas. BMNH: 19447 15,5]. skin, syntype of M, c s Peri Water, Swan Ra coll, Goule 1847,6,17.23, skin, aycitype of Af, dobula, Perth, coll, Macgil- livray:; 1848,10.25,32, 355mm, syntype of M. dabela, Penh, coll Warwick; 1851.2.29,7-8, 118 & 184inmi, syntypes of M, dolus, Australia, coll, Macgillivray; 1869.7. 18.3, syntypes of M, dobule, Australia, coll, Macgillivray; 1869.7. 18,3, 142mm, syntype of M. dobula, Nneitum, coll, Macgillivray; 1848,10,25,39, skin, Aus tralia; 1850,12.1.16, 102mm, North America; 1852,8.17.37, 60mm, R, Nile; 1862,12,19.26, 270mm, Port Maral; 1864.4.25,109-1]4, 4 spec, 325-344mm, Golden Horn: 1864.7.623, 242mm, Hawksbury R.; L864.7.13.69, 8 spec, 67- 88mm, Gabor Negor, Brazil; 1864. 10,94, 153mm, Hawksbury E. 0867.12.30.32, 84mm, Narenta, Jugoslav: 1868.6.22,4, 152mm, Valparaiso; 187 1.8,18.6, 214mm. Hoban; 1872.4,26,7, 149mrn, Wellington; 1872.9,9.2, 3 spec 420-524mmy, Galapo- ges} 1876.3.11.31-32, 90 & 95mm, syntype of M. ouecutumts Rodriguez, coll. Gulliver, 1877.12.10.37, 272mm, ‘Tonga, 1878,95 10 1-4; 4 spec. 220-3 linm, y'orypes af M. platanus, T Plata, coll, W hive; 1879.414497, 130mm, tolotype of M. forsee, Tongatabu, coll. ‘Challenger Exp'; 1872,5,14,495 & 498, 116 & 247m, Mary R. Queensland, 1879;5,14,496, 210mm, Hilo: 1879,5.14,500-1, R7 & 93mm, Marv R; 18809,1446, 148mm. Woods Hole; [881,3.14.65, 268mm, San Diego; 1881,3,504:3, * spec. 108-120, Socotra; 1883, 11.29,59-60, 216 & 285mm, Neo South Wales; 1883,12.15.61-3, 3 pu L11-320mm, Honolulu; 1884,8,26,50, 243mm, Istanbul; 1885.1.14.26, 160mm, Galaps- pos, 1885.1,14.27-28, 98 & 195mm, Pena; 1885,23 42-8, 7 spec. 18-53imm, Rio Grande de Sol, Brazil; 1886.1.21, 53-62, 10 spec 51-75rmm. Rim Grande de Sol; 1886,5.22,5-6, 317 & 320mm, Perth; 1886.11.18.50, 375mm, Auckland; 1887,3.29,30, 1 39min, Pamarao Guardiana, Portugal, 1887.5.14.159, Pensecola; 1887 12.22,52, 292mm, Tamiave, Madagascar; 1889.21.37 142, A spec. 35-97 min, Madras; 1889.2.1.3718-9, 150 & 198m, Born- bays L889.2.1.3720_ 152mm, Sind; 1889,8,15.11,.263 mim, Silvas, Ponugal; 18909.23.99, 340mm, Por Jackson; 1891.5 19.144, 360mm, California, 1891.5.19.145, 78min, San Diego. 1892.6 290,10, 9&men, Rio de Janeiro; 1895,5.31,12, 400mns Shanghai: 1896.5.17,55, 330mm, Melbourne markets: 1257.10.26 70, 138mm, Orble R.. near Gravaso, Jugoslavia, 1857,1027.30, 115mm, Botany Bay; 1901.0.28,169, Om, Narborough ls; 1905,64.254, 68 & 77mm, Durban Bay; 1907. 12.2.280046, 7 spec. 52-59mm, Gi harel-INassera (Lake Men- xileh]; 907,12.2.2808-11, 4 spec, 5263mm, Ghar-el-Nassera; 9217.12.23 2812.4, 3 spec. 54-57 mm, Ghat-elINassera iri freshiwa- ter pool; 1907,1.2,2815, 385mm, Gemil, L. Menzaleh; 1907 1.22316 & 2846, 107 & 122mm, Bahr-el T awidah. freshwa- ter, 1307. 1,22 28]7-20, 4 spec. 135280mm, &. Nile, W of Samannud, 1909,93, 10-20, 5 spec 335-310mm, Part Elizabeth, 1933.7 IDATA, d spec. 8% 149mm, Pacomayn, Peru: [9128.26 253-7, 5 spec 7S-150mun. New South Wales 1916.1,18.1 368mm, pp 19165,23,34.8, 5 spec. 1H mim. Durban; 1920,12 23.18-[9, 125 & 192mm, Askolom, Israel; 1923 2,22 25-9, 60 & 61mm, Wadi Salman, Haifa; 1923.7 30.289, 257mm, Rio de Janeiro; 19237.30292, 12mm, Ria de Janeiro; 1525,9 19,91, 72mm, Ismaila. Legoon; £925.12.31,47. 85mm, L. Timsah, Egypt 19235,1411 8,277num9, Australia, 1927.]10,28.23-4, 85 8E 50mm, NW Australia; 1928 1.2155:7,.3 spec. 150220mm. ' Thrace’; 1934.2.22,54, 195 & 247mm, Mauritius; 1938.11.1.63, Hafa; 1948,85 368-73, 6 spec. 559-[54mm, Araniaw, 1948.8.6,874-R8. 15 spec. 48-89mm. exas, 1548,8,6,889-901, 3 spec, 52-57 mm, Texas, 1945.9 16.457- 274.17 spec. 62- 127mm, R. Naamer, Israel; 1949,5,18,5-8, 4 ria 42-48 mn, paratypes of M, peruanus, ba Lagunilla, Peru coll, HH- debrand: 1949,5.18.1-4, 4 «pec. 5391mm, La Lagunilla; 486 1957.4.24,64-5, 70 & 75mm, Suk, Socotra; 1957.4.24.95-100, 5 spec. 73-94, Socotra; 1960.3.15.1703, 132mm, Suakin, Sudanese Red Sea; 1963,5.14.483-7, 5 spec. 160-175mm, Banyuls; 1968.12.13.462-4, 3 spec. 103-120mm, Khebir R., near Lattakia; 1969.1.7.25-8, 3 spec. 78-186mm, Naples. MNHN: 4183, 145mm, Sydney; 5845, 3 spec. 85-106mm, syntypes of M. linea- tus, New York, coll. Gilbert; 6448, 137mm, locality unknown; 8102, 179mm, syntypes of M. cephalotus, Malabar coast, coll. Dussumier; A.1213, 221 & 260mm, Sydney; A.3213, 271mm, San Diego; A.3592, 90mm, Toulon; A. 3627, 7 spec. 42-71mm, syntypes of M. cililabis, Lima, coll. Goudichaud; A. 3628, 6 spec. 41-76mm, synt of M. ciliilabis, Lima, coll. Goudichaud; 4.3660, 160mm, holotype of M. borbonicus, Réunion, coll. Dus- sumier; A.3663, 345mm, syntypes of M. constantiae, Cape of Good Hope, coll. Quoy & Gaimard; A.3690. 191 & 193mm, Martinique; A.4645, 270mm, syntype of M cephalotus, Pondi- cherry, coll, Leschenault; A.4698, 280mm, syntype of M. cepha- lotus, Pondicheruy, coll. Leschenault; A.4847, 284mm, Martinique; A.4848, 302 & 333mm, Chile. AM: IB.2242, 148mm, holotype of M. catalarum, R. Bogny, New Caledonia, coll. Whitley; IB.2836, 210mm, Anse Vata, New Caledonia. BPBM: 6315, 186mm, Honolulu fish market. LA: 155, 7 spec. 120-150mm, Palamas, Greece. QM: 1.121, 173mm, holotype of M. marginalis, Brisbane, coll. De Vis; 1.9774, 79mm, paratype of M. marginalis, Brisbane, coll, De Vis. RMNH: 1166, 380mm, lectotype of M. japonicus ,Japan, coll. Schlegel; 1161-6, 5 spec. 131-375mm, paralectotypes of M. japonicus, Japan, coll. Schlegel; 1631, 202mm, holotype of M. ashanteensis, Ashantee, Ghana, coll. unknown, ZIZM: H.58, 112mm, paralectotype of M. fla- vus, Mazarlan, coll. Meyer; H.72, 29mm, lectotype of M. tincoi- des, Cape Hatteras, coll. ' Hamburg Exp’; H.127, 310mm, holo- type of M. lepidopterus, Peru; H.172, paralectotypes of M. tincoides, Cape Hatteras, coll. ' Hamburg Exp’; H.193, 102mm, paralectotype of M. niger, Lima, coll. Boch. DESCRIPTION, Di IV, D218, A HI 8, P (16) 17, L1 37-43; tr. 14-15, ped. 9, pect. sc. 11, Di sc. 13, D»sc. 25. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals straight, marked secondary squamation, no mul- ticanaliculate scales Body robust, profile rounded, head scale-free to slightly in front ofan- terior nostrils; interorbital almost flat, less than twice eye diameter in small fish, but twice eye di- ameter in fish longer than 300mm SL; eye diame- ter longer than snout. Upper lip thin, low, median height <1/4 eye diameter; lip groove 1/3 lower lip length; anterior mandibular pores large, immedi- ately behind symphysial groove; 3 ob-points of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostrils extending above level of upper rim of eye; ante- rior nostril entirely below vertical span of poste- rior. Gill rakers long, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching posterior rim of eye or slightly behind when laid forward, not nearly to vertical from origin of first dorsal fin but 1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching 2/3 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 slender, just reaching ver- tical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/4-1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays not reaching be- hind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than subequal dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins scaled anteriorly and along base. Caudal fin deeply forked. DISTRIBUTION, Warm temperate to tropical seas. REMARKS. Bicuspid inner teeth and high longi- tudinal scale count distinguish M. cephalus from other species of Mugil with 8 anal rays, except for M. liza which has only | or 2 rows of bicuspid teeth in the upper lip and none in the lower, as well as having a lower scale count. There has been general recognition that Lin- naeus' M. cephalus is a composite of at least 3 species of European mullet. No specimens of M. cephalus have survived in Linnaeus' collection (Lonnberg, 1896; Holm, 1957). Probably the M. cephalus of other early workers was also a com- posite. This seems certainly the case with Bloch (1788); later inspection of his collection (Tro- schel, 1840) failed to reveal any specimen of M. cephalus. Ofthe 8 surviving specimens, | isa Liza aurata (the specimen figured by Bloch), | is a Liza sali- ens, and 6 are Liza ramada (E. Trewavas, pers. comm.). The species as distinguished by Risso (1926), Cuvier (1829) and Valenciennes (1836) is now clearly established. Trewavas & Ingham (1972) indicated the advantages of accepting these authors' views and ignoring the description of M cephalus in Risso (1810). Mugil lineatus, M. constantiae and M. cepha- lotus have long been accepted as syonyms of M. cephalus. Examination ofthe types has produced no reason to disagree. Valenciennes (1836) re- corded A III 9 for Mugil ciliilabis but all 13 syn- types have A III 8. Eydoux & Souleyet also gave A II 9 for their Mugil chaptalii but the holotype and paratype have A III 8 and are typical young M. cephalus in which the teeth stand well out of the lip. The original remark about the teeth has led to mistaken identification of Chaenomugil leuciscus as Neomyxus chaptalii. The remaining types listed at the commencement of the descrip- tion have all been examined and all show features identical with those of M. cephalus. The majority are small, including the several types of Mohr (1927) who was apparently misled by the chang- ing proportions of the head parts as the mullet passed from querimana stage to juvenile stage. Lortet's specimens have been examined by Tre- wavas (personal communication). Of the 2 speci- mens labelled M. octoradiatus, | is a Mugil MUCHLIDAL OF THE WORLD cephalus, the thera Liza ramada, 5 specimens of Lortet's M. curtuy were M cephalus (Lyon 2916 and 2917), but 1 (2915) was in too poor a condition to be identified. 2 specimens labelled M, auratus (Lyon 2920 and 2925) were typical M. cephalus. Ebeling (1961) distinguished M. galapagensis as having only bicuspid teeth, [his 15 true of the paratype made available (USNM 26683), but à number of specimens from the Ga- lapagos Islands in the British Museum have m- complete rows of unicuspid teeth outside the bicuspid rows, No other dilTerences could be de- tected in either the paratype or the British Mu- seum specimens when they were compared with typical M. cephalus from elsewhere, It is prob- able that feeding 1n the harsh rocky environment of the Galapagos, so different from the muddy substrate of the estuaries usually favoured by Af. cephalus results in early wearand loss of teeth. In common with investigators such as Schultz (1949) and Sylva, Stearns & Tabb (1956) I have had doubts about the common identity of all the widespread populations attributed to M. cepha- ius. Certainly at the genetic level differences have been established (Hongskul 1968, Peterson & Shehadeh, 1971) and Cadenat (1954) and Delais 196] with Trewavas & Ingham (1972) have noted anatomical features which they believe dif- ferentiate W African from European specimens. Most, if not all, W African specimens display the traits they list, bul | have found these sanve traits ina prup Jot usually small, of fish from all populations where a reasonable number of speci- mens has been available. I am not convinced that M. japonicus Chying (1961) ts (his species, He distingushed it from M. cephalus but his descrip- Lion 1s inadequate; the figure shows an unusually high upper lip. and in general form looks like Crenimugil ceenilahis, but this species has not been recnrded north of Taiwan. Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil curema: Valenciennes, 1836: a7 (64), Bahia, Martinique, aba: Gay, 1847; 250, Chile; Jordan & Swain, 1884 268, Cape Cod 10 Brazil, Magdalena Bay ro Chile; Bean 1888: 145, Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey; Jordan & Culver, 1895: 121. Sindon, Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 818, Cape Cind fa Brazil, Magdalena Bay to Chile, Baja California central Amenen Rutier, 1896: 264, Baja California; Jor dan & Ruter 1898-48, Kingston; Evermann & Marsh, 1902: 113, fig. 24, Puerto Rico, Fowler, 1903; 744, Woods Hole, New Jersey, Nanh Carolina, Florida, San Domingo; 19193: 144, St Croix Is, Florida; 1919b: 278, Loanda, Angolo; 1936: 596, fig. 271, Angola; Gilbert & Starks, 1904; 60, Panama Bay; Regan, 19073; 71, Central America; Ribiero, 1915: 6, Brazil; Meek & Hildebrand, 1923; 379. Panama, Atlanta & Pacific coasts; Hilde- Irate aoe #35, Peri. Schulte 12949: 111. Venezuela, 487 leeward Is, E Columbaa: Mann, 1954; 59, Chile, Cade. nat, 1954: S89, Senegambia Morrow, 1957- 26, Pera; Poll, 1959: 260, fig. 88, Senegambia; Boeseman, 1963: 15, R. Niger; Cadenac & Roux, 1964: 87, Seneeamliia; Gui tart, 1979, 263. fig. 239, Cuba, Mavi pore Valenciennes, 1836: 89/65), Brazil, Surmat, Gulf of Mexico (part); DeKae. 1842: 147, New York. Mugil brassy Gunrbes, 1861b: 431, Playa Vicenti (Vera Crux], San Domingo, [amanca, St Vincent, Briush Gui- ana, Surinam, Canape, Pern, 1869; 443, Belize, Panama; Troshcliel, 1866: 221, Cape Verde Islands; Cope, 1871: 481, 51 Croix; Poey, 1875: 39, Cuba; 1876: 61, pl. 7, hes +8, Cuba; Steindachner, 1876: 88, Rio de Janeiro, Can- havierias, Cam eche, Mendez, Santa Cruz, Panama; 1572- 60, Rio de Janeiro, Cannavierias, Campos, Men: dez. Pernambuco, Santa Cruz, Panama, Acapulco, Jor- dan Gilbert, 1878: 381, Beaufort; 1881: 232, Baja Califormaz, Mexico, San Salvador, Guyana, 1883c: 602. Charleston, South Carolina; 183d: 402, Cape Cad tò South America; Jordan, 1881; 20, Florida, E coasts 1883:115, Key West, 1887b:530, description of syntypes Osorio, 1394: 13, St Thomas; Metzelaar, 1918:233, Cra- tab, [7] mon Agassiz & Spix. Myxius baveagiis Gunther, 1861b. 467, Central Amenca [Ma ville vous; Molir, 1927: 194, Quoting. Quermana herengus Jordan & Gilber, 18833; 588, Lirarles- ton; Jordan & Swain, 1884: 274, Mazatlan, Panama, Peru; Jordan & Culver, 1895; 474, Sinaloa; Jordan 8 Tw enmann, 1895: 817, Mazatlan t Peru) Gilbert & Stark, 1954: 60, Panama Bay. Meod gucntheei: Gill, 1363; 240, Cuba; 1864 1659, central America, W coast, near Stemdachner. Mugil lineatus Storer, 1867: 167, pl. 16, figs, Massachusetts, non Valenciennes. Mugil charlotte Seeindachner, 1902; 129, pl, 4, lig. 2, 4a, Cuayacui. Mugil cephalus Fowler, 1903:743, Florida, Fort Macan, South Carolina, Woods Hole, Montevideo, Peru, Beirut, non Liadain uw 1919). Mail metzelaart Chabanaud, 1926: 12, Senegal; Chabanaud Monod, 1926. 258, For Etienne; Cadenar, 1954- 585, Senegal, Liberia; 1855 59, Senegal, Liberia Alyxns splendens Mone, 1927: 188, hg. 10, Sinalos. Musis alapcs!'se De Beautom, 1940; 112, pl. 10a, Columbia, (Schulya 1945) TYPE, 4 Svptypes, from Cuba, Maracaibo and Marunique, MNHN A 3653, A4641, A.4655, A 4671. Examined, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 4 ayatypes and 77 specimens. 35 540mm SL from the West Indies, Pacific and Atlantic enasts el America and W coast of Africa. BMNH: 1850.57.15, 233mm, San Domingo; 1855,5,16,65-6, 93 & 95mm, 3X Vincent; 1855.8 |9.119-720, 3 spec. 127-210mm, locality um kaown;1&60.6.17.28-30, 3 spec 129-I37mm, Vera Cruz; 1861.8.13,15 16, 28 & 40mm, synrypes of M, harap E coast North America, coll, Dow; 1862.11 23.1517, 188 & 193mm, Bahia; 1863.8.7.145, 122mm, St Croix; 1865, 12 16,385, 4 spec 46-225, Pucilie coast, Central Amenca, 1864.1.26.276-7, 152. & 204mm, Chiapas; 1864 1,26, $90, 263mm, Belize; 1864,1.26.195, 78mm, Panama, Pacrfic coast; 1865,67 3-4, 149 & 154mm, Bar bados; 1866,11.10.21-2, 48 & 50mm, Cape Verde; 1872.7.13.8, 3 spec, 20-86mm, Barbados; 1881.10.27, 225mm, Mazatlan, 1883.7.28.45-7, 3 spec, 1B6-208mm, Presidio; 1885,1,14.29, 154mm, Brazil; 1885,1.14,30.. 265mm, Baja Californes; 1890 11,25 39-40, 5 spec. 3033mm, Cunberland R, St Vincent, 1891 5.1.33-42, 9 spec. 73-123mm, St Vincent; 1892,1.7 15mm, St Vincent, Cape Verde Islands; 1892,9.5.130, 230mm, Les Ps enas Mexico; 1895,5,27. 166«175, 10 spec 48-K3imm, Mazatlan; 1895.5. 27,]7& 7, 173. & 178mm, Mazatlan;!896,2,10 44, 388 TABLE 7, Biometrics of Miil-spp (2). * continuous senes along a curving edge. Abbreviations as an Tables 2-4. M. tents E 355266 270-275 | 24.8260 HW oH [4.6 380-200 660-674 | 750-840 55.40-56.35 104mm, Conception Bay, Baja Califomia; 1897.7. 1. 13, 48mm. Jamaica, 1898.17.31.24, 248mm, St Helens Bay, Ecuador; 1899,1,8,4-6, 3 spec. 228-304mm, Bermuda; 1900.6,28.241-3, 3 c. 78-140mm, St Louis, Senegal; 1902.5.27.56, 150mm, La cia, Ecuador; 1903.5.15.276-7, 234 & 243mm, Panama; 1903,55 280-9, 9 spec. 33-41mm, Panama; 1904.3, 15.23, 170mm, Gulf of Carioca; 1905.12.7.81, 80mm, Vera Cruz, Brazil; 1913,7.10.51-40, 10 spec. 40-58mm, Pacaamayo, Peru; 1920.12.22.156-7, 187 & 230mm, Tobago; 1923.7.30.291, 182mm, Sacco, San Fancisco, Rio de Janeiro; 1925.11.10, 12-13; 186 & 192mm, Jamaica; 1931.12.5,,239, 140mm, St Johns, Anti gua; 1931.12.5.251 94mm, English Harbour, Antigua; 1931.12,5.389-393, 4 spec, 5458mm, Buccoo R, Tobago; 1933.8.8.85-9], 3 spec. 28-37mm, Santos, Brazil; 1938.6.20.11, 180mm, San Do-11, 4 spec, 189-222mm, Lagos; 1949.12.6.50-1, 154 & 207mm, Gambia; 1949,12.6.56-64, 9 spec, 88-107mm, Ohikan, Lagos, 1949,12,6.65-7, 15 spec. 62-93mm, Ohikan; 19569,6134, 45mm, Tarkwe, Lagos; 1959.3.17.163, 122mm, Demerara R., Guiana; 1961.9.4.563-5, 3 sper: 128-162 mmn, On- verwagt Ponds, Guiana; 1967,6.16.273, 232mm, Port Antonia, Jamaica. MNHN; A3653, 103mm, syntype of M. arema, San lago, Cuba; coll. Chons; A.4641, 200mm, syntype of M, cereri aracaibo, coll, Plée; A.4655, 340mm, Syntvpe of M urena, Martinique, coll. Plée; A. 4671, 245mm. synt ype-of M, eurem, Matinique, coll. Plee; A.3613, (Grim, syntype of M. petrosus, Cuba, coll. Desmaret, ZIZM: H73, 52mm, lectotype af Afyxus splendlenis, Sinaloa, coll, Mohr; H.171, 33mm, Sinaloa, MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM DESCRIPTION. DI IV, D218, A IIL9, P 17, LA 35-40, tt 11, ped 7, pect sc. 9-10; Di sc. 11. De 5c,21-22. Scales pavement ctenoid, 10-11 radii reducing to about 7 on the scale margins of large fish; mucus canals long, narrow; some scales with double canals, some secondary sqnamation dorsally, Body moderately robust; head pointed, scale-free toanterior nostril: interorbital less than twice eye diameter, almost flat: eye diameter longer than snout. Upper lip terminal, moderately thick, lip groove 1/3 lower lip length: anterior mandibular pores large, breadth of symphysial knob apart, at rear of symphysial groove: other pores obscure. Rami of lower jaw broadly curv- ing; mandibular angle acute in young, widening to ohtuse angle with age. Teeth unicuspid, outer row long, curved, well spaced; | or 2 inner rows of much finer teeth; none on pterygoids or domed, low-ridged tongue. Mouth corner on ver- tical from posterior nostril, or slightly behind: tip of upper jaw reaching vertical midway between posterior nostrils and anterior rim of eye, Preorbi- tal only 1/2 filling space lip to eye: upper end reaching half Up upper lip, on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostrils not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril entirely below vertical span of posterior. Gill rakers long. type 5. Pectoral fin reaching mid-eye when laid forward, not nearly to the vertical from the origin of the first dorsal fin, 1/2 along pelvic fin (nat to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reach- ing slightly behind vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.2/3 along pelvic spine,First dorsal fin origin equidistant from snout tip and caudal base: sp. 1 longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, not reaching vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale long, reach- ing c.3/4 length of membrane behind sp. 4. Sec- ond dorsal fin origin at vertical between 1/4 and 1/3. along base of anal fin; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior; anal fin higher than subequal dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled. Caudal fin forked. DISTRIBUTION. Pacific coast of America fram Gulf of Cali- forniato IN Chile, Atlanuc coast of Amenca from Cape Cod to Buenos Aires, and W coast of Africa from Gasibia to the Congo, REMARKS. M. curema has a lower (7) peduncle scale count than other Mugil with 9 anal rays. Its transverse seale count (11) is lower than all ex- cept M. broussonnetii which does not occur in same geographic range, Valenciennes (1836) stated that his M. curema is the same species as MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Desmaret named M. gaimardianus. The only publication of M. gaimardianus was a figure in the Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle, edited by Audouin, St Vincent and others. There was no accompanying description but a legend declared the figure to be published at the request of M. Desmaret who had not supplied a descrip- tion, the publication of his Decades Ichthyolo- giques having been interrupted. Apparently the decade to include M. gaimardianus never ap- peared. One of Valenciennes! syntypes came from Cuba, the locality for M. gaimardianus, but Valenciennes did not indicate that this was Des- maret's specimen nor does the extant label make any such indication; nor do Valenciennes' words specifically state that he had seen Desmaret's specimen. The published figure of M gaimardia- nus includes features not known in any mullet. It is shown with V. I 6 and the anal fin has 10 rays. The only mullet in the Cuban area with 10 anal rays is Agonostomus monticola. If the figure is in error in these details, then other details, such as the scale count of 38 may also be misleading. Even if correct this scale count is typical not only of M. curema but also of M. hospes and M. seto- sus, amongst those occurring in the Caribbean re- gion. It seems wisest to accept the verdict of Alvarez-Lajonchére (1975) that M. gaimardia- nus be regarded as a nomen dubium. Jordan & Swain (1884) and Jordan & Evermann (1896) recognised M. gaimardianus however their de- scriptions do not differentiate their specimens from other species occurring in the same area. Poey (1875, 1876) in recognising this species de- scribed it as having the pectoral fin reaching the vertical from the first dorsal fin origin, a condi- tion found only in Mugil hospes amongst Carib- bean mullet. Valenciennes (1836) also stated that his M. curema was probably the same as M. bra- siliensis Spix (often attributed to Agassiz & Spix or Spix & Agassiz 1831; but see Whitehead & Myers 1971). The description of M. brasiliensis is inadequate to distinguish it from other species of Mugil and the published figure, like that for M. gaimardianus, displays features unknown in any mullet, such as the number of pelvic fin rays. Un- happily the types were destroyed during World War II (Trewavas, 1950). At various times 3 other species of mugilid have been identified as M. brasiliensis. Jordan & Gilbert (1878; 1881) used the name for the species recognised here as M. curena. After some correspondence with Spangenberg, who was curator at Munich where Agassiz's specimen's were housed, Jordan & Swain (1884) decided that the species usually designated as Mugil trichodon was the rightful 489 M. brasiliensis. But later Jordan (1887b) declared this to be an unsound conclusion and re- ferred the name to the species usually recognised as M. liza. In the main, subsequent authors have followed Jordan. The last recorded inspection of the types of M. brasiliensis was by Spangenberg, quoted ex litteris by Jordan & Swain (1884). He found the lectotype to be so badly dried out that he was unable to countthe fin rays. He judged the 2 paratypes to be different species, neither identi- cal with the lectotype. On the basis of descrip- tions supplied to him by Jordan & Swain he attributed them to M. trichodon and M. gaimar- dianus. He estimated that the poorly preserved lectotype had 32 lateral line scales which induced Jordan & Swain to accept it as being M. tricho- don, but on this count it could equally well have been M. liza. Jordan's (1887b) reason for altering the designation to M. liza was that the published figure of M. brasiliensis showed 35 lateral scales. As the figure is inaccurate in other respects (e.g., fin ray numbers) it cannot be assumed that the correct number of scales are shown. Since the de- tails ofthe figure are inaccurate in displaying fea- tures not known in any mugilid, as the description was inadequate for certain recognition, and as the type specimens have been irretrievably lost, it seems inevitable that acceptance be given to Tre- wavas' (1950) suggestion that the name Mugil brasiliensis be suppressed. Given the doubts about the possible validity of Valenciennes' name, Harrison (1993) has designated a lecto- type. Personally | consider this unnecessary as there are 4 syntypes of M. curema and I believe that M. gaimardianus and M. brasiliensis are names that should be suppressed. Myxus haren- gus of Günther (Querimana harengus of other authors) is the immature stage of M. curema with only 2 anal spines. From its description M. char- lottae Steindachner seems to be M. curema. Mugil curvidens Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil curvidens Valenciennes, 1836: 149(111), pl. 314, As- cension, Bahia. s Myxus curvidens Günther, 1861b: 467, quotes; Steindachner, 1882; 42, Rufisque; Fowler, 1936: 598 (part), Ascension Is, Querimana curvidens Ribiero, 1915: 8, Brazil. SYNTYPES, MNHN: A.3626, Bahia, coll. unknown; A.3646, Ascension Is., coll. Quoy & Gaimard. Examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 8 syntypes and 12 other specimens 32-94mm, SL BMNH: 1861.11.7.3, 73mm, West Indies; 1822.1.10.3, 94mm, Ascension Is.; 1908.7.24.12-13, 88 & 99mm, Ascension Is.; 1932.2.19,52-7, 6 spec. 65-85mm, Ascension Is.; 1935.5.2.31-2, 32 & 81mm, Ascension Is. MNHN; A.3626, 5 spec, 62-72mm, syntypes of M. curvidens, Bahia, coll. unknown; 490 A.3646, 3 spec. S460, syimypres ol M. irse Ascmbon ls., coll. Quoy & Gaimani DESCRIPTION. Di IV, Do i8, AJIT(7)8, P 15, LI 36-38, tr. 11, ped. 9, pect. sc. 11, Di se,12, Dz se, 25, Scales pavement ctenoid, moderately long mucus canals, some dorsal scales with double ca- nals, Body moderately robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free to 1/4 distance from snout tip to anterior nostril; upper profile curving down slightly in front of eye; interorbital almost flat, about 1.5 times eye diameter; eve diameter longer than snout. Upper lip height —1/3 eye diameter; lower lip curled down in some specimens; lip groove [/4-1/3 lower lip length. Anterior man- dibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, about breadth of symphysial knob apart; other pores ob- scure. Rami of lower jaw widely curving; man- dibular angle acute. Teeth close set in both lips, a scattered inner row at base of upper lip; unicus- pid, widening slighty in their distal third; none on pterygoids or flat tongue. Mouth membrane with flat papillae, Mouth corner at vertical from poste- rior nostril; tip af upper jaw on line of gape, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye. Preor- hital natrow, filling only 1/2 space lip to eve; front edge not notched, upper end reaching 1/2 upper lip, above line joining midpoints of poste- rior and anterior nostrils, Posterior nostrils not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostrils entirely below vertical span of posterior nostrils; nostrils equidstant from eye, lip and each other in smaller specimens, in large fish anterior nostril nearer snout than to posterior nostril, but posterior nearer anterior nostril than to eye, Gill- rakers, short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching anterior 1/2 of eye when laid forwarrd, not nearly to the vertical from the first dorsal fin origin and —1/2 along pelvic fin (nat to tip of pelvie spine) when laid back; axil- lary scale small and rounded. Pelvic fin tip reach- ing vertical midway between bases of sp. 3 and sp. 4 of first dorsal [1n; axillary scale reaching 2/3 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. 2 equal to sp. 1: sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary seale reaching c,3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dor- sal fin origin only slightly behind vertical from anal fin origin; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal fin and anal fin densely scaled, Caudal fin forked, Intestine 3.5 times SL. DISTRIBUTION. Ascension Is. Balna, West Indies. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM REMARKS. Günther placed this species in Myxus because of the relatively long teeth, i fea- ture common to most, if not all, juvenile Mugil spp. From the other species of Mugil with 8 anal rays, Mugil curvidens can be distinguished by its teeth, which turn almost at right angles at their tips. In M. bananensis the teeth in the upper lip are widely spaced, mot close-set as in Ad eurvidens and in M. trichodon the teeth in the upper lip are spatulate and those in the lower lip are finer and shorter. Although Valenciennes recorded 9 anal rays, all but | of the syntypes has 8, the exception having 7. Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver, 1895 Muvil hospes Jordan & Culver, 1895: 422, Sinaloa: Jordan & Tac 1896: 814, Mazatlan; Boulenger, 1899: 3. Darien; Gilberr & Stark, 1904; 60, Panama Bay; Kendall & Radcliffe, 1912: 58, Sinaloa. Mugil gatrrzrrilzarny Pony, 1876: 64, pl, 8, fuz. 1-3, Cuba; Jor- an & Evermann, 1896; 814, Florida Keys to Cuba, ? non Valenciennes. HOLOTYPE. Sranlord Universiry Museum: 2980, Mazatlan, Mexico, coll. Culver & Starks. Not examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 9 specimens, 2-225mm, from Ba- ail, Ecuador, Venezuela, Surinam and the Pacilic coast of Mew ico, BMNH; 1845,3,5,5, 145mm, Guiana; 1845.6.4,15, V?rmm, Caripe, Venezuela; 1862,12,15.79, 160mm, Guiana; 1895,5,27.178, 175mm, Mazatlan, Mexico (labelled ' syntype’s 1903.5.15.274.5, 214 & 221mm, Panama; 1923.7.30 290, 178mm, Rio de Janeiro; 1938.11. 18.45-6, 200 & 225mm, Guaves Ro Ecuador, USNM: 47446, 64mm, paratype of M. hogwy, Mazatlan, coll, Jordan, Culver & Starks. DESCRIPTION. Di 1V, D218, A I 9, P(IA)15, L138-40; tr. 13, ped, 9, pect, se, 12-14, Di se, T1- 13, D» sc, 25-26. Scales pavement ctenoid, long narow mucus canals; no multicanaliculate scales. some secondary squamation dorsally, Body moderately robust, head rounded, scale-Irec to 1/4 from snout tip to anterior nostril; interorbital almost flat; less than twice eye diameter; eye di- ameter slightly longer than snout. Upper lip height «1/4 eye diameter; lip groove c.1/6 lower lip length, Anterior mandibular pores large, c, breadth of symphysial knob apart, at rear of sym- physial groove. Rami of lower jaw broadly curv- ing, mandibluar angle acute, Single row of teeth in each lip. short and peg-like in upper lip, ciliate in lower; no teeth on pterygoid or domed tongue, Long pointed papillae on mouth membrane. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw on vertical midway between pos- terior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Preorbital filling c. 1/2 space lip to eye; front and lower edge merge imperceptibly: upper end reaching 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of poste- MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD rior and anterior nostrils, Posteriur nostrils not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril wholly below vertical span of posterior, Gill rakers long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching front halfofeye when laid forward, to vertical from origin of first dorsal fin, or almost so, and c.3/4 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvie spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reach- ing vertical from base of sp, 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching rather 72/3 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout than to caudal base; sp. 2 longer than sp. 1; sp. 4 short, not reaching past vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/4 to 1/3 along. membrane behiind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical *1/2 along anal base; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin slightly higher than subequal dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. DISTRIBUTION. E Pacific from Mexico to Ecuador; W At: lantic from Key West to Brazil. REMARKS, M. hospes is the only species of the genus Whose pectoral fin reaches the vertical from the origin of the first dorsal Ñn. 1t 1s on this criterion that M. gaimardianus of Jordan & Ever- mann is allocated to this species, Jordan & Ever- mann recognised M. hospes from the Pacific coast only, M. hospes is very similarto M. setosus in general farm; however the latter has several rows of longer teeth, a larger eye and a shorter pectoral fin. Mugil ineilis Hancock 1830 Mugi mellis Hancock, 1830: 127, Guida; Günther, 1869: 443. Guiana; Steindachner, 1875: 26, San Domingo, Ba- hia, Chiapam, Demerara; Jordan & Swain, 1884. 266, Antilles, Pacific and Atlante coasts of central America, IN coasts of South America; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 812, Rie Chagres to Para and Bahia; Vaillant 1898; 15, Berbice R.; Fowler, 1903: 744, pl. 45, Surinam; Ribiero, 1915; 5, Brazil; Meek & Hildebrand, 1923: 277, Panama; Schultz, 1949: 111, Venezuela, Mugil petrasus Valenciennes, 1836: 89(65), (part), Brazil, Su- rina. Mugil gimtheri Sveindachner, 1864: 211, Guiana Mugil xinguensis Steindachner, 1907: 489, R, Xingu, Brazil Myzus gónioceplialus Mohr, 1927. 185, tig. 7, East coast, Mid- dle America. TYPE. Neotype (designated here) BMNH 1933.8,2,69, 271mm SL, from the rype locality, Guiana, coll. Mathey. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 35 specimens, 30-326mm SL from Guiana, Surinam and Brazil. B : 1845,3.5,6, Simm, Gu- ana, (8145. 622.35 233mm, Surinam; 1864.1,26,213-4, 312 & 325mm, Chagres R., Guiana; 1880.10.22.1-2, 110 & 120mm; Demerasa; 1925.10 28.473, Jinin, Marajo Is. Brazil; 1526 3,2.970, |&tmm, Pyapoch R., French Guiana; 1951.11.31. 2, 42 & 48mm, Marajo Is; 1932,11,10,52-3, 205 & 277mm S New Aimnsterdatn; 1934,8,2.59, 227mm, neotype of M. mcis, 49) Berbice, Guiana, coll. Mathey; 1931.8 270-2, 3 spen 114- ll6mih, Berbice; 1936,5,6,43-4, 104 and 109mm, Surinam: 1961,2.4,66-72, 7 spec, 75-91, Onverwagt Ponds, Guiana. MNHN: A 3611, Vinum, syntype of M. petrasus, Surinam, coll. Leschenauli; A.3612, 126mm, syntype of M. petrosus, Surinam, coll, Lavaillant. ZIZM: H71, 193mm. synty pe of M. poruociha: Ius, E coast, central America, coll. "Hamburg Expedition’; H.173, 5 spec. 30-58mm, paralectotypes of M, pomocophalus, E cous, central Amenca, coll. ‘Hamburg Expedinon'. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, 9218, A I1 9, P 17. LI 42-45, tr, 13, ped, 9, pect. sc. 12, Dy sc. 13, Do sc. 27. Scales pavement ctenoid, mueus canals nar- row, no multicanaliculate scales; some secon- dary squamation. mostly dorsally. Body robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free —1/2 distance snout tip to anterior nostril; interorbital slightly convex, less than twice eye diameter; eye diame- ter longerthan snout, Upper lip height <1/5 eve diameter; symphysial groove slight: lip groove 1/3 length of lower lip. Anterior mandibular pores large, others obscure. Rami of lower jaw curving; mandibular angle acute, One row of teeth in each lip, long and curving im upper lip, ciliate in lower; no teeth on pterygoids or domed tongue. Mouth membrane with low irregularly- shaped papillae. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw on line of gape, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye. Preor- bital filling c.3/4 space lip to eye, ending 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of paste- rior and anterior nostrils, Posterior nostril extend- ing above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril wholly below vertical span of posterior nostril. Gillrakers long, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching to hind half of pupil when laid lorward, not nearly to vertical from first dor- sal fin origin and c.1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of the pelvie spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching 2/3 along pel- vic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than caudal base; sp. 2 longer than sp.l; sp. 4 Jong, reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching midway along membrane behind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c. 1/2 along anal fin base; tips uf anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterinr rays. Second dorsal fin slightly higher than sube- qual anal and first dorsal fins; second dorsal; and anal fins densely scaled DISTRIBUTION. Guiana, Suringm and Brazil. REMARKS, The neatype has: depth 54mm, HL 47mm. head width 36mm, interorbital 22mm, eve diameter (3mm, snout length 12mm, MW thom, ML, (Imm, VI. 34mm: its metrical char- 492 acters are; Di IV, Do 18, TILYP. 16. V ES. LL 45 (left) and 44 (right), ir.13, pect. sc. 12. Dy se. 13, Dz sc. 27. The relative positions of mouth parts and fins are as described above. The high longitudinal scale count (45) places the syntypes of M. perrosus listed above with M. incilis, rather than wilh M. curema, though one of the syntypes, MNHN A.3613 is M. curema. Ste- indachner's full descriptions of M. gürntheri and M. xinguensis indicate their synonomy with M. incilis. Three other species of Mugi/ with 9 anal rays also have longitudinal scale counts of 40 or more, but of these, only M, /rospes occurs in the same geographic region as M. incilis. In M. ho- spes the pectoral fin reaches the vertical from the first dorsal fin origin, or nearly so. Also im M. ho- spes the posterior nostril is closer to the anterior nostril than the eye, the reverse of M. incilis. Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 Muytl liee Valenciennes, 1836: 83(61), Brazil, Puerto Rico, aracaibo, Cuba, Martinique, Surinam, Cayenne, Bue- nos Aires; Jenyns, 1842: 85, Brazil; Günther, 1861b: 423, West Indies, British Guiana: Steindachner, 1879: 26, Magdalena R., Mexyen; (?) Jordan & Swain, 1884: 262, Cuba to Patagonia; Guinan, £979; 260, fig. 236, Cuba, Mugil leiranchus Poey, 1860: 260, pl. 18, fy, 3, Cuba. Mugil lise Ribiero, 1919: 4, Brazil. Juoi! brasiliensis Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 810, Cuba to akagoma; 1902; 251, Cuba yo Patagonia; Evermann & Marsh, 1902: 112, Puerto Rico; Fowler, 1903; 743, Brazil, Surinam, St Martin; 1936: 586, West Indies, Brazil, Suri- nam; Meek & Hildebrand, 1923: 274, West Indies to Bra- wil; Schultz, 1949: TLL, Venezuela, (?) non Spix. LECTOYPE, (By present designation) MNHN A. 1051, Cay- enne, coll. Frère, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 6 syntypes and 6 other specimens fromthe West Indies, Venezuela, Guiana and Surinam, BM INT: 1903,6,9,92, 255mm, Rio ce Janeiro; 1906,6.23,80, [40mm Trinidad; 1924.9.10.88, 150mm, Tobago, 1961.9.4.62, 165mm, Onverwagt Ponds, Guiana, MNHN; A-1050, 555mm, lecto- type of M. hea, Cayenne, Guiana, coll, Frère; A-4642, 220mm, paralectotype of M. lize, Maracaibo, coll, Plee; A.4656, 335mm, paralectotype of M, Ite, Maracaibo, coll. Plée; A4567, 369mm, paralectotype of M. liza, Maracaibo, coll. Plée; A.4659, 480mm, calectorype of M lize, Maniniqu, coll. Plée; A.5763, 620mm, paralectotype of M, liza, Martinique, coll, Plee. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D:38, A HT S. P 17, LI 29-34, tr 13, ped 9, pect, sc. 8, Dj sc. 9-10, D» se. 19-20, Scales pavement ctenoid, long narrow mucus canals, occasional dorsal and ventral scales with double or V-shaped canals; secondary squamation. Body slender, head bluntly pointed, scale-free lo halfway to anterior nostril from snout tip: interobital almost flat, less than twice eye diameter in fish under 200mm SL, but greater in larger fish; eye diameter longer than snout. Up- per lip thin, lip groove c. 1/4 lower lip length, An- MEMUIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM terior mandibular pores distinct, others obscure. Rami of lower jaw curving evenly; mandibular angle acute, Teeth in 2 rows in upper lip. I in lower: outer row of upper teeth narrow-stem med, expanding distally, well spaced, inner raw hicus- pid, outer unicuspid: teeth in lower lip long, fine, close-packed: teeth on pterygoids and laterally on slightly domed tongue. Mouth membrane with rounded papillae. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw on line of gape, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eve. Preorbital filling space lip to eye, reaching 1/2 up upper lipand above line joining midpoints of pos- terior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostrils nói reaching above level of upper rim of eye; antertor nostril wholly below vertical span of posterior nostril. Gillrakers long, type 5. Pectoral fins reaching posterior half of pupil when laid forward in young, to posterior rim of cye in older fish: not reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin and about 1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tipof ventral spine; when laid back. Pel- vic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first doral fin; axillary scale reaching 2/3 along pelvic spine, First dorsal fin origin distinctly nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp, 2 longer than sp. 1; sp. 4 weak, not reaching vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reach- ing c. 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c.1/4 along anal fin base; tips af anterior rays not reaching past tips of posterior rays; second dorsal and anal fins sube- qual in height, higher than first dorsal; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly anc along base DISTRIBUTION, West Indies to Brazil. REMARKS. Mugil liza is the only species of the genus, other than M. cephalus, to have bicuspid teeth in the inner rows of the upper lip, though M. cephalus usually has more than one such row. A. liza has the lowest lateral scale count of any Mugil with & rays, other than M. trichacan, whose second dorsal and anal fins are densely scaled. This species also has only 7 scale rows down the peduncle rather than the 9 of M. liza. There are 8 specimens in the Paris. Museum ta- belled as syntypes of M, liza of which 6 are stuffed and varnished skins. 2 specimens pre- served in alcohol (A.3668 and 6307) have 38 and 37 lateral scale rows compared with the 29-34 shown by the other syntypes and by the several specimens in the British Museum, They also dif- fer in the relative length of the lip groove and in ihe nature of the scale radii, Because of (his ap- MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD TABLE 8. Biometrics of Mugil spp (3). Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. M. Irichdhon S12 | Depth (%D)| 228254. | 23.8261 | 273-284 | 2027.0 ]HLimsL) [228257 | 260200 | 212-286 | 248-302 | HW (HL) 605-5663 | 87.0-89.0 | 770-730 HO (EL) | 445-532 463-4715 | S&0-81.0 JED (HL) 267-289 | 259-344 | SnL (%HL) TET) |ULH(SEHL)| 404.5 5 5,8-6.1 pens | 114.2 13-17 [PB hPL) | 326354 | PAX (PL) | 355-440 | 315360 | X 5543 VL(95PL) | B33-8X8 | 78.5845 | $183.8 | 780-N3.U VA& (U,VL) 41.5455 | 323-43.8. | 43,8-50,0 Ped (96D) TR(UL) | PL (WHL) 44 0-500 21-36 5o — ] parent confusion of 2 species amongst the syn- tvpes, MNHN A.1050 is designated lectotype. This specimen, a skin mounted on wood, is 555mm SL and has a formula of Dj IV, Dai 8, A IELS. P. 17, LL. 29, tr 13, ped. 9, pect. sc. 8. Di sc. 10, D: sc. 19, Mugil setosus Gilbert, 189] Miva setoses Gilbert, 1891: 549, Clarion Is.; Jordan & Cul- ver, 1895; 423, Sinaloa; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 815, Clarion 15; Mazatlan; Meek & Hildebrand, 1923. 280, Panama ^ Myxus vobustiis Mohr, 1927: 189, fig. 11, Panama. SYNTYPES. USNM 46554 and 48254, Clarion Ls., voll, Gil- bert, Paralectotype examined. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 1 paralectotype and 4 specimens fram Mexico, Clanon Is. and Sinaloa, BM NH: 1895.5.27.179, 45mm, Mazatlan; 1898.10,29.72, 205mm, Soccoro. ZIZM: 11.74, 40mm, lectotype of Myxus robustus, Sinaloa, coll. Mohr; H,170, 35mm, Paralectorype of M. robustus, Sinaloa, col, Mohr, Wara 46554, 194mm, syntype of M. stross, Clarion Is,, coll. Gilber 493 DESCRIPTION. Di IV, Dz i 8, A IN 9, P 16-17, Ll 36-38. tr 12-13, ped. 9, pect. sc. 9-10, Di sc, 10-11, Dz sc. 23, Scales pavement ctenoid, nar- row mucus canals of variable length; occasional scales on back and flank with 2 canals; secondary squamation present Body moderately robust: head bluntly pointed. scale-free halfway to ante- rior nostril from snout tip; interorbital « 1.5 times eye diameter; eye diameter longer than snout: up- per lip thicker than in most Mugil spp., median height 8% HL; lip groove c.1/4 lower lip length. Anterior mandibular pores obvious, others ob- scure. Rami of lower jaw curving, mandibular angle acute. Teeth in 2-5 rows in each lip. unicus- pid, outermost row round-stemmed and larger; no teeth on pterygoids. or broadly domed, slightly ridged tongue. Mouth membrane papillose. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril; lip of upper jaw on vertical from anterior rim of eye. Preorbital filling only 3/4 space lip to eye; upper end reaching 1/2 up upper hp and above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostril exending above level of upper rim of eye: anterior nostril slightly overlap- ping vertical span of posterior nostril. Gill-rakers long. type 5. Pectoral fin reaching hind edge of pupil when laid forward, just to vertical from first dorsal fin origin in small fish, not so far in large, and c.1/2 along pelvic fin, (not to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; axillary scale somewhat rounded. Pel- vic fin lip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin or slightly behind; axillary scale reaching 71/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than snout tip; sp. l shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised: axillary scale long, reaching to end of membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c.1/4 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays notreach- ing behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin and dor- sal fins about equal in height; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. DISTRIBUTION, Amencan E coast from Mexico to Panama. REMARKS. The rounded pectoral fin and round- stemmed teeth distinguish this species within the genus. It differs from the similar M. incilis in the lower scale count and in the origin of the second dorsal fin. Mugil thoburni Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Mugil thoburnt Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 812, Galapagos Islands, Guarernaly; 1992; 254, Galapagos, Guatemala; Gilbert & Stark, 1904: 59, Panama City; Nichols & 494 Murphy, 1922: 576, Peru; Meek & Ifildebrand, 1923: 278, Panama; Elerre, 1956b; 94, Galapagos; Hildebrand, 1946; 428, Peru, Xenomngil tboburni Schultz, 1946: 386, Galapagos. SYNTYPES. USNM 47576, Galapagos. coll. ‘Albatross Expe dition’. 1 syntype examined, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 1 syntype and 17 specimens from the Galapagos Islands, BMNH: 1901.6.28.17041, 155 & 200ram, Natbateueh Is, Galapagos; 1901.6.28.172-81, 10 spec. 28. 152mm, Albemarle Is., Galapagos; 1938.12.12.58, 43mm, Inde Fatigtble Is., Galapagos; 1939,7,10,54, 86mm, Narborough E. M ; 04-160 & 01-190, 4 spec, 64-87mum, locality unknown. USNM: 47576, 119mm, syntype of M. thoburmi, Galapagos. DESCRIPTION. Dj IV, D248, A HI 9, P, 17)18, L1 45-47, tr. 13, ped. 9, pect. sc. 11, Di sc; 13, D2 sc. 28. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canal narrow; no multicanaliculate scales, Body to- bust, head bluntly pointed. scale-free to midway from snout tip to anterior nostrils interorbital = 1.5 times eye diameter, slightly convex; eye di- ameter longer than snout. Upper lip moderately thick, widening posteriorly to conceal lower lip posterior end; lip groove 1/3 lower lip length. An- terior mandibular pores large, others obscure; rami of lower jaw curving inwards laterally, width of gape at mouth corner less than at 3/4 along gape: mandibular angle acute, Teeth uni- cuspid, 5 rows in upper lip; one row in lower; no teeth on pterygoids or flat tongue; mouth mem- brane with numerous pointed papillae. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of up- per jaw on vertical midway between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Preorbital filling 1/2 space lip to eye. buried in facial tissue, upper end reaching c.2/3 up upper lip and above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nos- trils; serrae on lower edge obsolescent. Posterior nostrils reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril almost wholly below vertical span of posterior nostril, Gill rakers long, rype 4. Peetoral fin reaching to anterior half of eye when laid forward, not nearly reaching vertical from first dorsal fin origin and c. 1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical between hases of sp. 3 and sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c. 1/4 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin equidistant from caudal base and snout tip sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 weak notreaching be- hind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; ax- illary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical [/3-1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays not reach- ing past tips of posterior rays; anal fin and first dorsal fins heights subequal, higher than second MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. DISTRIBUTION, Galapagos and Guaremala to Peru, REMARKS, The peculiar broadening of the up- per lip posteriorly distinguishes M. ihoburni within the genus. This feature led Schultz (1946) lo erect monospecific Yenomugil. But apart from this feature, M. thoüburni does not differ funda- mentally from other Mugil. Mugil trichodon Poey, 1875 Mugil crichadon Poey, 1875: 99, Cuba, nomen nudum; 1876: 66, pl. 8, fig. 4-8, Cuba; Jordan, 1885: 116, Key West; Jor- dan & Evermann, 1896; 816, Florida Keys vo Brazil; Ev- ermann & Marsh, 1902: 113, Puerto Rico; Bean, 1903: 267, New York; Ribiera, 1915: 3, Brazil; Meek & Hilde- brand, 1923: 276, Panáma; Schultz, 1949: 114, Vene- zurla; Guitart, 1979: 261, fig, 238, Cuba), Querimana gyrans Jordan & Gilbert, 1884: 26, Key West; Jordan & Swain, 1884: 274, Key West; Jordan, 1885: 116, Key Wast; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 818, Woods Hole to Key West, i Myxiis gyrans Mohr, 1927: 187, fig, 9, Cajamhas, Bahia Harda ls, Key West. Mugil brasiliensis Jordan & Swain, 1884: 270, Cuba, non Spix. ? P milia brevirostris Ribiero, 1915: 7, Brazil. 2? Myxus barengus var. custaricána Borodin, 1928: 16, Cosa ica, non Günther, TYPE, None. Type locality, Cuba: MATERIAL EXAMINED. 20 specimens, 14-95mm SL, F coast of the Amencas from Florida to Pernambuco and the West Indies, BMNH; 1884.7,7.1645, 202 & 205mm, Key West; 1890.1,27,2], 120mm, Pernambuco; 1922.3,8.7-8, 155 and 195mm, Cuba; 1931,12: 5,79, 160mm, ‘Vetron Bay, Trinidad; 1939.5.12.199-202, 4 spec. S090mm, South Sound, Cayman Is land; 1967.6.16.280-291, 10 spec. 28-64mm, Morant, Jamaica. USNM; 34966, 2 spec. 14-T6rnm, syntypes of (2 of 8) O gary, Key West, coll. Jordan. DESCRIPTION. Di IV. D218, A 1I 8, P 17. LI 30-36, tr. 11, ped. 7, pectisc. 9, Di sc, 12, Do se. 24. Scales pavement ctenoid, short mucus canals, some dorsal scales with two canals; some secon- dary squamation in front of first dorsal fin, not well developed. Body moderately robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free halfway to anterior nostrils; interorbital less than twice eye diameter; snouth shorter than eye diameter. Upper lip dis- tinctly higher medianly than laterally, median height «1/3 eye diameter; lip groove 1/4 lower lip length. Anterior mandibular pores at base of lower lip, others obscure; mandibular angle acute, 1-3 rows of spatulate teeth in upper lip, those in inner rows finer: | row of setiform teeth in lower lip; no teeth on pterygords or slightly ridged tongue. Mouth membrane without papil- lae. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nos- MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD tril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical midway between anterior and posterior nostrils; preorbi- tal filling 3/4 space lip to eye, upper end reaching 1/4 up upper lip and above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils. Posterior notrils reaching slightly above level of upper rim of eye: anterior nostrils entirely below vertical span of posterior. Gill rakers Jong, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching to posterior half of pupil when laid forward, not nearly to vertical from first dorsal fin origin and c.1/4 along pelvic fin {not nearly to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back, Pelvic fin tip reaching just behind vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching = 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin equidistant from caudal base and snout tip; sp. 2 longer than sp. 1, sp. 4 short, not reaching past vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised. Sec- ond dorsal finorigin slightly behind vertical from anal fin origin; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior rays: anal and both dorsal fins approximately equal in height; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. DISTRIBUTION. West Indies and America from Florida to Pernambuco, REMARKS, Mugil trichodon is distinct within the genus in having 7 rays in the second dorsal fin; and from all except M. curema in having only 7 rows of scales down the peduncle. M. curema has 9 anal rays compared with 8 for M. rriehodon. Querimana gyrans is generally acknowledged to be the young of M. trichodon as indicated by the number of rays in the second dorsal fin. The de- scription of Ribiero's (1915) Querimana brevi- rostris suggeslthat this also may be M. tricliodon; The poorly described Myxus harengus costari- cane of Borodin (1928) may also be this species, but his description could equally apply to M, liza, Jordan (1887b) acknowledged that M. brasilien- vis of Jordan & Swain (1884) was M, triehiodon, Sicamugil Fowler, 1939b Siciningil Fowler, 1939b- 9, Vype species Mupi hardline Dav, 1869. DIAGNOSIS, Mouth gape markedly oblique: mid-gape al level of upper rim of pupil; mouth córner at level of lower 1/3 of eve, reaching verti- cal at or behind anterior nostrils;upper jaw end below line of gape, reaching vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim ofeve. Upper lip terminal, thin, of moderate height, without en- arged papillae or crenulations: lower lip thin- edged, directed forwards, not permanently folded down, not entire; symphysial knob single, high: ays lip groove 1/6-1/2 lower lip length; no fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or lying freely between rami of lower jaw. Maxilla barely mobile, tendon flange c.1/2 down shaft; maxilla not visible above premaxilla nor below mouth corner when mouth closed; pad over tendon to mouth corner visible; mandibulary angle acute in young, ob- tuse in large fish. Lips edentate: no teeth on vo- mer, pterygoids or palatines: small teeth on edge of tongue; tongue domed with median ridge. Adi- pose tissue forming slight rim around eye: preor- bital massive with oblique ridge, filling space lip to eye, notched on front edge; interorbital slightly convex: opercular opening reaching under cyc. Gill rakers short, type 2. Scales on head extend to lip edge. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at mid-eye level; no normal pectoral axillary scale, but hard, thickened and enlarged scale immediately above fin insertion. Spine on edge of operculum pro- jecung over pectoral base. First dorsal fin origin variously nearer snout tip or caudal base; second dorsal fin origin at verticals 1/4-1/2 along anal fin base: 3 anal spines im adult, Caudal fin shallowly forked, Seales ctenoid, mucus canals of moderate length; no multicanaliculate scales. Stomach with a gizzard; 2 pyloric caeca; intestine 3-5 times SL. REMARKS. Sicamugil is immediately distin- guishable from other mugilid genera by the oper- cular spine, It somewhat resembles Liza but lacks the scale-free area on the top of the head, has a lip groove, lacks teeth on the prerygoid and has a spinous edge to the preorbital. Originally attrib- uted Lo Mugil species of this genus were included in Trachystoma by Schultz (1946). But 7racys- toma petardi shows significant differences from Sicumugil. In addition to the absence of an oper- cular spine, the mouth gape 15 not às oblique, the mid-gape is at mid-eye level, the tendon flange on the maxilla is well above mid-shaft, the denti- lion is almost complete, being present in both lips and on the vomer, palatines and tongue and the upper insertion of the pectoral fin is higher on the body, KEY TO SPECIES OF S/CAMUGIL. L Scales in longitudinal series >40; scales on head ctg- noid, with free edges, oss hamilton (y or ea Sales in longivudinals series « 42: scales an head cycloid, with fused edges- iAfcásta 496 TABLE 9. Biometrics of Sicamigil! and Rhinomugtl spp. * continuous series along a curving edge. Ab- breyiarions as in Tables 2-4. S. cdsedsid | A. linti K gingo 3 Eu [e enr bem mw Depth (SSL) 225-240. | 258-275 [HL (SL) | 210-217 240243 | 195-2 205240 | I&& 18D | 152-190 | [ungan] 55 [| sss& | 63 |MW/ML | 240-27 3 | 40259 | PL (HL PB(%PL) | 230240 | 240-273 | 34.0259 | 950-28 | | 250 | 2&8350 PAX (SCHL) | wm | "i 6T 2-080 38 6-381 scattered | 4 ; 23-32] 335-421 38-54 | 35-80 Sp.3/5p.2 HN 4 Sicamugil cascasia (Hamilton Buchanan, 1822) Mugil cascasia Hamilton Buchanan, 1822; 217, 380, Ganges 4 Valenciennes, 1836: voa. North Bengal; Ban- craft, 1836: 232, Ganges R.; Bleeker, 1853b: 48, Bengal & Hindustan: Day 1876; 355, pl. 75, fig. 6, Upper Ganges, Jurna, Patna, Brahmaputra, Delhi; 1889: 351, T4 Jumna, Patna, Brahmaputra; Munro, 1955; 93, pl. 16, hig, 259, possibly in Ceylon; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 274, Upper Ganges & [anaumna Rives & Brahmaputra- Liza cascasia Fowler, 1903: 746, Ganges R. Sicumugil ciscasia Pillay, 1962: 264, Fig. ia, 2, Assam, Ya- muna R, at Delhi and Allahabad. TYPE. None. Type locality, Ganges River, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 30 specimens, 507ámm SL from the Ganges River, BMNH: 1870 11.30.59, 10 spec. 53-74mm, Northwest Bengal; 1889,2,1,3726, 69mm, Calcutta; 1889.2.1.3727, 62mm, Gowhatty; 1889,2,1.3728-30, 3-spec, 62. 54mm, Assam; 1889.2.1.3731-4, 4 spec. 53-55mm, Junna R; 1889,2.1,3735-40, b spec. 50-b6mm, Delhi, 1889.2.1,3741, 59mm, Sind; 1889.2 1.3742-3, 62 & &*5mm, Jaypore; 1934.10.17.107-8, 57 Sl mm, Alhabad. IM: 1392, 73mm, As jam. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM DESCRIPTION, D, IV Ds r8, A HT 8, P 13-14, LI 36-39, tr. 13-14, ped. (3, pect. sc. 8. Di sc. 6, D» sc, 25. Scales ctenoid, elongate, straight-sided: scales on head cycloid and fused to each other. Body slender, head pointed; interobital less than twice eye diameter; snout length less than eye di- ameter. Scale on posterior opercular edge about scale's breadth above pectoral fin insertian. Up- per lip median height c.1/5 eye diameter; lip groove almost 1/2 lower lip length. Anterior mandibular pores large, about breadth of sym- physial knob apart, 4 obscure pairs behind. Mouth corner at vertical midway between ante- rior and posterior nostrils; tip of upper jaw at ver- tical midway between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Preorbital massive, reaching 1/2 up upper lipand above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nos- trils not reaching above level of upper rim of eye: anterior nostrils overlapping the lower half of the vertical span of the posterior nostrils; nostrils nearer lip and eye than each other. Pectoral fin reaching anterior iris when laid forward, reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin and —1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip af pelvic spine) when laid back: normal axil- lary scale absent, but large thickened scale ex- tending across 3 scale rows immediately above dorsal insertion of pectoral fin. Pelvic fin origin much nearer vertical from first dorsal fin origin than that from origin of pectoral fin; tip of pelvic fin reaching well behind membrane behind sp. 4 of irst dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching, >1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than caudal base; sp. ] as long as sp. 2; sp. 4 long. reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when in raised; axillary seale reaching slightly behind base of sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c.1/4 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior; first and second dorsal fins equal to anal in height; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base: first anal spine unusually short. DISTRIBUTION Ganges River. A specimen in the Batish Museum of Natural History ts recorded as from Sind; as no other record outside the Ganges and its tribunanes is known this record is suspect REMARKS. Besides the points indicated in the key S. cascasia differs from 5S. hamiltoni in hav- ing the opercular spine situated almost a scale's breadth above the pectoral fin insertion, whereas in 5. hamiltoni t is immediately above the inser- lion. The anal rays differ in number and in 5. cas- cusia the pectoral fin tip reaches well behind the origin of the first dorsal fin whereas it falls far MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD short in S, Aamilton;. | doubt whether Munro's (1968) view of cascasia possibly being in Ceylon is. Correct; it has never been taken outside the Ganges River and its tributaries. Sicamugil hamiltoni (Day, 1869) Mugil hamiltoni Day, 1869: 614, Burma; 1876: 354, pl. 75, ig. 5, Rivers of (Mate, 1889: 349, Burma; Vinciguerra, 1885; 89, Basseia; 1890; 182, Rangoon, Sicsamved hamiltoni Fowler, 1939c; 9, fig. 1, Rangoon; Pil- lay, 1962; 265, fig. 3, Rivers of Burma; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 273, Rives of Burma. Trachystome hamiltoni Schultz, 1946: 393, Rangoon. SYNTYPES, BMNH: 1889.2.1.3724-5, coll. Day, Burma. Ex- armed. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 syntypes and 11 other speti- mens. BMNH: 1870,6,14.45, 898mm, Burma, 1889,2,1.3724-5, 37 & 52mm, syntypes of M. hamilami Burma, coll. Day; 1891. ^ 3,0.80-88),9 spec, 98-115mm, Sittang R- AM: B.7993, 98mm, urma. DESCRIPTION. Dı IV. D2i 8, A I 9, P 13-14, L142-47,tr. 1 7, ped. 13, pect, sc. 1 1-12, Di sc. 14- 15, D» sc, 29-30. Scales ctenoid, scales on head clenoid with free edges. Body slender, head pointed; interorbital about 1.5 times eye diame- rer; snout not as long as eye diameter; spine on posterior margin of operculum immediately above insertion of pectoral fin. Median height of upper lip c.1/5 eye diameter; lip groove c.1/6 lower lip length. Anterior mandibular pores dis- tinct, about twice symphysial knob apart, 4 other pairs behind. Mouth corner on vertical from ante- rior nostrils; tip of upper jaw reaching. vertical just in front of anterior rim of eye. Preorbital up- per end reaching level of upper rim of lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils. Posterior nostrils. not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril overlap- ping lower half of vertical span of posterior nos- tril; nostrils nearer each other than to lip or eye; slight cutaneous rim around anterior nostril, Pectoral fin reaching posterior iris when laid back, not neatly to vertical from first dorsal fin origin anda little <1/2 along pelvic fin (not nearly to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; no normal axillary scale, but a thickened scale, slightly larger than normal scales, above upper insertion of pectoral fin. Pelvic fin origin slightly nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to vertical from origin of first dorsal fin, its tip reaching ver- tical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin or slightly behind; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip: sp. 1 equal in length to sp. 2; sp. 4 weak, ts base unusually close to base of sp. 3. notreaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching between bases of sp. 3 and sp. 4. DISTRIBUTION, Burma, in rivers. REMARKS. Fowler (1939c) described S. /surni!- lonias having scales 30 to 32 in lateral series’, He also stated that the snout was longer than the eve diameter (snout 26.6-27.3% HL in his fish com- pared with 20.5-24.0% in those described here). Either there was an error in Fowler's records or there is a third unrecognised species of Siva- mugil. Besides the syntypes below, specimens from Day's collection exist in 3 other museums, in- cluding the Calcutta Museum (Whitehead & Tal- war, 1976). Distinction between this species and S. cascasia are noted in discussing the latter. Rhinomugil Gill, 1864 Rhinomugil Gill, 1864: 6191. Type species Mugil corsula Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Squadamugal Ogilby, 1908: 3 & 28, Type species Meyl ru tis De Vis, 1583. DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape very slightly oblique, mid-gape at level of mid-pupilin young dropping to level of lower rim of eye or below in large fish, mouth corner at level below lower rim of eye, reaching under eye in larger fish; tip of upper jaw reaching under eye. Upper lip thin, recessed un- der overhanging snout, without enlarged papillae or crenulations; lower lip thin-edged, not entire, with single high symphysial knob; lip groove very short; no fleshy lobes over jaw ends or lying freely between cami of lower jaw. Maxilla slightly mobile, tendon flange 1/2-2/3, down shaft; maxilla not visible above premaxilla or be- low mouth corner when mouth closed. Mandibu- lar angle acute to obtuse. Upper lip with or without fine teeth; lower lip edentate; no teeth on vomer, pterygoids, palatines or tongue: tongue domed with slight median ridge. Adipose tissue extending over iris with almost vertical edges to the slit, leaving mid-dorsal and. mid-ventral iris uncovered; eyes raised above dorsal contour of head: interobital concave. Preorbital slender, mot notched but gently concave; nostrils nearer eyes and lips than each other; anterior nostrils at level oF lower half of eye. Upper insertion of pectoral fin below mid-eye level; axillary scale short; pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than ro vertical from first dorsal fin origin; first dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than snout tip: second dorsal fin origin over posterior quarter of anal fin base; 3 anal spines in adults; caudal fin slightly forked- 498 Scales pavement ctenoid with long mucus canals; no multicanaliculate scales; scale-free area on head negligible. No spine on operculum. Stom- ach with a gizzard; pyloric caeca 2 or 16; intestine 3-5 times SL. REMARKS. Rhinomugil is distinguished from all other mugilids by the eyes raised above the dorsal contour of the head, permiting aerial vi- sion. It shares with Joturus the overhanging snout, but the upper lip is thin, not thick as in that genus. Ogilby apparently named his genus in ig- norance of Gill's work. Taylor (1964) retained Ogilby's generic name on the basis of the differ- ent position of the nostrils in the 2 species recog- nised here. But in other respects the 2 species are so much alike that this variation is more reasona- bly regarded as a specific difference. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RHINOMUGIL. 1. More than 40 scales inlongitudinal series; both nosttils below level of lower eye rim (India) . . squamipinnis Fewer than 40 scales in longitudinal series; posterior nostril at upper eye level, anterior below mid-pupil level (Australi). |... sss nasutus Rhinomugil nasutus (De Vis, 1883) Mugil nasutus De Vis, 1883: 621, Cardwell, Rockingham Bay (Queensland); Macleay, 1885: 42, Rockingham Bay. Squalomugil nasutus Ogilby, 1908: 28, Queensland coast; Paradice & Whitley, 1927: 96, Adam's Bay, (Darwin); Whitley, 1941: 22, fig. 16, Cardwell; Marshall, 1964: 404, col. pl. 54, N Queensland; Taylor, 1964: 121, Arnhem Land. Rhinomugil nasutus Schultz, 1946: 384, Queensland coast; Thomson, 1954: 122, fig. 16, Cardwell, McKenzie Is., Adam's Bay, Princess Charlotte Bay. HOLOTYPE. QM 1.120, Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, coll. De Vis. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 7 other specimens from Queensland and the Norther Territory. BMNH: 1952.4.2.1, 90mm, Marauke, West Irian. AM: L.12693, 122mm, Cardwell (labelled co-type); LA.3066, 92mm, Adam's Bay (Dar- win); IB. 1751-4, 4 spec. 62-68mm, McKenzie Is. (Darwin Har- bour). QM: 1120, 210mm, holotype of M. nasutus, Cardwell, coll. Broadbent. DESCRIPTION. D; IV, D2i 7, A III 8, P.12-13, L134, tr. 1 1, ped. 7, pect. sc. 10-11, Di sc. 10-11, D» sc. 20-21. Scales pavement ctenoid. Body slender, head pointed, dorsal profile almost straight, but dipping down in front of eye; interor- bital narrow, concave, «1.5 times eye diameter; snout length «eye diameter. Upper lip median height «1/3 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores large, breadth of symphysial knob apart, 3 pairs behind. Mandiubular angle obtuse. Some specimens with fine spatulate teeth in upper lip, absent in others. Tongue slightly domed with a MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM high median ridge. Mouth corner on vertical from anterior half of eye; tip of upper jaw reaching ver- tical from mid-pupil. Preorbital filling space lip to eye, upper end 3/4 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nos- trils; posterior nostril in normal position, not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostrils with high cutaneous rim, below mid- pupil level, well below posterior nostril, facing forward on anterior aspect of snout. Gill rakers short, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching mid-eye when laid for- ward, reaching vertical from base of sp. 2 of first dorsal fin and c.3/4 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reach- ing vertical 1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4; ax- illary scale reaching «1/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 1 of first dorsal fin longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 slight, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical almost at posterior end of anal base; tips of anterior rays just reaching past tips of pos- terior rays; anal fin and second dorsal fin sube- qual, higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Pyloric caeca 16. DISTRIBUTION. Tropical Australia and southern shores of New Guinea. REMARKS. R. nasutus is distinguished from the only other member of the genus, R. squamipinnis, by the fewer lateral and transverse scales, 7 rather than 8 dorsal rays, retention of the posterior nos- tril at the level of the upper eye, and geographic segregation. Rhinomugil squamipinnis (Swainson, 1820) Mugil squamipinnis Swainson, 1820: 234 & 413, Ganges R. Mugil corsula Hamilton Buchanan, 1822: 221, pl. 9, fig. 17, Ganges R., Bengal; Valenciennes, 1836: 119(88), Ganges R.; Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841: 172, pl. 4, fig.2, Ganges R.; Bleeker, 1853b: 101, Bengal; Günther, 1861b: 460, Calcutta; Day, 1876: 354, pl. 71, fig. 6, Bengal, Calcutta, Burma; 1889: 349, Calcutta, Bengal, Burma; Vinciguerra, 1890: 181, Rangoon, Mandalay, Bhamo; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 272, Calcutta, rivers and estuaries of Ben- gal and Burma. Liza corsula Chaudhuri, 1917; 498, Chilka L. Rhinomugil corsula Schultz, 1946: 384, Rangoon; Pillay, 1962: 568, pl. 2, fig. 5, Bengal, Burma). TYPE. None. Type locality, Ganges River. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 18 specimens, 53-95mm, from the Ganges R. and tributaries and from Burma. BMNH: 1889.2.1.3721, 102mm, Calcutta; 1889.2.1.3722-3, 65 & 144mm, Bengal; 1891,11.30,89-98, 14 spec. 95-234mm, Sittang R. Burma; 1934.10.17.106, 93, Allahabad MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD DESCRIPTION. DiIV, D278, A II 8(9), P 15- 16, 1.1 45-47, tr. 15-16, ped 11, pect sc. 13-14, Dj sc.17. Dz sc. 32-33. Scales ctenoid, mucus canals long and sinuous, penetrating posterior segment to base of ctenii, Body slender, elongate, head bluntly pointed, upper profile straight to snout tip; interorbital only slightly longer than eve di- ameter; snout and eye diameter subequal; median upper lip height -1/2 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores large, posterior pairs obscure; mandibular angle acute, Both lips edentate; Longue high-domed with slight median ridge; abundant papillae on mouth and tongue mem- branes, Mouth corner on vertical just in front of anterior rim of eye in small fish, moving back to vertical from mid-eye in large fish. Preorbital slender, Aling only 1/2 space lip to eye, front end reaching level of upper rim of lip and on line join- ing midpoints of anterior and posterior nostrils, Both nostrils below level of lower rim of eye; posterior on vertical from anterior rim of eye, an- terior nostril at vertical 1/3 distance from eve to snout tip, entirely within vertical span of poste- rior nostril; posterior nostril hearer eye than ante- rior to lip; prominent raised cutaneous rim around anterior nostril, Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching to mid-eye when laid for- ward, not nearly to vertical form first dorsal fin origin, but c.2/3 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back: axillary scale rudimentary or absent. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching half along pelvic spine, Sp, | of first dorsal fin equal to sp. 2 in length; sp. 4 long, reaching be- hind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised; ax- illary scale variably developed, Second dorsal fin origin al vertical 3/4-4/5 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin and second dorsal equal in height, higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled, Pyloric caeca 2. DISTRIBUTION, Ganges Raver and its iributaries to Burma. REMARKS. Swainson's description has been overlooked: brief though 1L is, there can be no doubt that his M, squamipinnis is identical with Hamilton Buchanan's M. eorsula, The distinction hetween this species and A. neasarus has been dis- cussed under the latter species. Valamugil Smith, 1048 Vaken Sithi, 1948: 841. Type species Mizil tehel? Farss- kal, 1775, Mualearda Whitley 1945 14 (parl, Frpy spreves Moolgarca pnta Whitley, 194 4905 Osteomeant Luther 1977; 7, Type species. Magi! curnesus Valenciennes, 1836, DIAGNOSIS, Mouth gape moderately oblique: mid-gape at level of upper half of pupil: mouth comer at level of lower rim of pupil or of lower iris and reaching Vertical from posterior hosti or behind it; tip of upper jaw below line of gape. reaching vertical between midpoint from poste- rior nostril and anterior rim of eye and the eye. Upper lip terminal, thin, of variable height, with- out enlarged papillae or crenulations; lower lip thin-edged, not folded down, not entire; sym- physial knob single or double; lip groove shorr, no fleshy lobes over end of jaws or lying frecly between lower jaw rami, Maxilla slightly mobile, its tendon attached —1/2 down shaft, curving m one plane from flange to jaw end, not visible be- low mouth corner when mouth closed, but pad over tendon to mouth corner visible in some spe- cies. Mandibular angle obtuse, except in voung V. speigleri, Teeth labial. fine, usually more abundant on lower lip than on upper; no teeth on vomers or palatines, but present on pterygoids and tongue. Tongue with high keel-like ridge iri young, becoming domed in older fish. Adipose tissue variously developed, Interorbital alinost Aat: prearbital notched, tilling space lip to eye or almost so. Posterior nostril equidistant from ante- rior nostril and eye; anterior nostri! nearer lip than posterior nostril; pasterior nostril reaching above level of upper rim of eye: anterior nostril either completely below vertical span of posterior nas- tril or overlapping only slightly, Upper insertion of pectoral fin al level of upper rim of eye; axillary scale long and pointed; pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectora! fin origin than to that from the first dorsal fin origin; first dorsal fin origin variably nearer caudal hase or snout tip; second dorsal fin origin varying from opposite anal fin origin to |/3 along anal fin hase. 3 anal spines in adults. Scales, other than on breast, cycloid with a membranous flexible fim- briate posterior margin; breast scales variably ei- ther ctenoid throughout life or only in young, No spine on operculum. Stomach with gizzard; pylo- ric caeca 6 in most species, some with more and ane with only 4: intestine 4-6 times SL. REMARKS. The peculiar flexible fimbriate mar- gin to the scales is otherwise found only in Cremi- mugil spp. In young specimens the scales may he typically cycloid,the membranous edge develop- ing later. Crenimugil differs in having enlarged papillae and crenulations on the lips above à cer- tain size. and in having a thick lower lip. Species of Falamugi have sometimes been assigned to 500 Liza, especially those species in which the pad over the tendon to the mouth corner is exposed when the mouth is closed, as this has been equated to ‘maxilla exposed below mouth corner' defining Liza. But the visible pad of Valamugil is homologous with the smaller pad visible in Liza in front of the pad over the maxilla. Also Liza spp. lack the long pectoral axillary scale, the mouth gape does not extend as far posteriorly, there is no lip groove and the nostrils are differently spaced. The position of MoolgardaWhitely, 1945 is com- plex. No type specimens of Moolgarda pura were retained. Whitley (1945) referred to large pecto- ral axillary scales, the absence of papillae on the lips, an adipose eyelid ‘not reaching the pupil’ which are typical of Valamugil. He also men- tioned that some specimens lacked the axillary scale and had LI 29-35 compared with the 36 in his generic description. All the specimens in the Australian Museum labelled M. pura (and none are labelled as types) are Liza subviridis (Liza dussumieri of Thomson, 1954) which lack the pectoral axillary scale. It would seem that more than one species has been confused in Whitley's description. Whitley also described M. (Planiliza) ordensis but his specimens in the Aus- tralian Museum are Liza alata Steindachner. All the extant specimens of Moolgarda appear to be specimens of Liza, yet Whitley's basic descrip- tion suggests Valamugil. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VALAMUGIL. 1. Pectoral fin < 75% HL, not reaching vertical from ori- gin of first dorsal fin (SE Africa) . 2... . robustus Pectoral fin > 75% HL, reaching vertical from first dorsal fin origin (except in very small fish) 2(1). Adipose tissue only a rim around eye. ....,.3 Adipose tissue intruding over eye... aao. 4 3(2). Scales in longitudinal series 38-42 (Indo-Pacific) Vn con MEC AR BEER. Curr ESO sebeli Scales in longitudinal series 32-35 (Indo-Pacific) buchanani 4(2). First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to suouttip ou eiu sss Lee eme e desde First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal b8Se beara: ay HPS Ius arx Y pd gr 6 5(4). Caudal peduncle < 45% body depth; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled (Indo-Pacific). . . engeli Caudal peduncle 50% or more of body depth; second dorsal and anal fins scaled along base and anteriorly (E.Atstrálid). dus do abr eee ch et georgil 6(4). Scales in longitudinal series 30-35 (Indo-Pacific) . . ga j Uri re ee 2 $0472 cumnestus Scales in longitudinal series 37-40 (India to Queensland ial eat LA Aw hom y speigleri MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM Valamugil buchanani (Bleeker, 1853b) ? Mugil albula Hamilton Buchanan, 1822: 218, Hooghly R., non Linnaeus. Mugil buchanani Bleeker, 1853b: 99, Hooghly R.; Day, 1876: 358, Seas of India, ascending rivers; 1889: 354, Seas of India; Fowler, 1928a:123, Marianas; Smith, 1935: 623, fig. 12, pl. 16, fig. D, Knysna, Durban, Chinde. Valamugil buchanani Smith 1948: 841, fig. 13, Knysna, East London; 1949: 323, fig. 888, Indo-Basitics Thomson, 1954: 110, pl. 2, fig. 2, NW Australia, Amboina, Durban; Munro, 1955: 92, pl. 16, fig. 253, Ceylon; 1967: 170, pl. 18, fig. 288, New Guinea; Fourmanoir, 1957: 73, Nosi- Bé, Anjuan; Taylor, 1964: 120, Arnhem Land; Masuda et al, 1984: 120, pl. 105, fig. B, Japan; Kurunuma & Abe, 1986: 210, Kuwait market. ? Mugil radians Castelnau, 1861: 49, South Africa; Gilchrist & Thompson, 1916: 273, E coast South Africa; 1917; 317, E coast South Africa. Mugil ceylonensis Günther, 1861b: 446, fig., Ceylon; Gil- christ & Thompson, 1911: 43, Natal; Boulenger, 1916: 93, fig. 55, Zanzibar, Kosi Bay; Barnard, 1925: 305, Na- tal, Zululand, Delagoa Bay, Chinde. Oedalechilus kesteveni Whitley, 1943: 178, Port Essington, HOLOTYPE. RMNH 6383 Hooghly River, coll. Bleeker. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 16 specimens, 88- 415mm SL, including the types of M. buchanani, M. ceylonensis and O. kesteveni from Mauntius, Zanzibar, Western Australia and the W Pacific. BMNH: 1860,3.19.792-4, 3 spec. 46-104mm, syntypes of M. ceylonensis, Ceylon, coll. von Schlagentwelt; 1866.1.1.9.5, 109mm, Hooghly R.; 1867.3.7.509, 228mm, Zan- zibar; 1867.3.9.238-9, 122 & 148mm, Zanzibar; 1877.4.18.1, Raiatea; 1881.10.20.59, 260mm, Ponape, Caroline Is; 1906.11.19.45, 415mm, Kosi Bay, South Atrica; 1934.2.22.56, 242mm, Mauritius; 1948.10.15.3, 183mm, Sabaki R., Kenya. RMNH: 6383, 103mm, holotype of M. buchanani, Googhly R., coll. Bleeker. AM: A4797, 157mm, holotype of O. kesteveni, Port Essington, coll. Whitley; I.94, 173mm, Amboina; 1.15225, 186mm, GuadalCanal. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i 8, A HI 9, P 18, LI 32-35, tr. 12, ped. 9, pect. sc. 10, Di sc. 9, D2 sc. 19-21. Scales with moderately long mucus ca- nals, reaching inner edge of membranous margin only on breast scales; occasional dorsal scales with 2 canals. Body robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free to posterior nostril; interorbital twice eye diameter in large fish, gently convex; snout not as long as eye diameter, Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip median height c. 1/4 eye di- ameter; lip groove c.1/5 lower lip length. Ante- rior mandibular pores large, rather more than symphysial knob breadth apart; others obscure. Rami of lower jaw almost straight. Teeth well- spaced, sparser in upper lip; tongue domed, slight median ridge; papillae on mouth and tongue membranes flattened anteroposteriorly. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical midway between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner not visible when mouth closed. Preorbital reaching 1/2 up upper lip and to MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD TABLE 10. Biometrics of Valamugil spp (1). Ab- breviations as in Tables 2-4. | Species V. buchanant | V. cunnesiux| V. engeli | V. georgit Scale radii 4-5 6-8 Depth (%SL)| 29.1-31.0 | 26.0-28.5 | 27.4-31.2 | 29.0-31.2 HL(75SL) | 25.0260 | 24.0-25.8 | 24,8-26.4 | 242-251 HW (%HL) | 72.2-82.1 66,8-68.0 | 71.5-742 | 67.5-68.0 IO(96HL) | 46.3-480 | 44.6-48.5 | 45.0-48.0 | 43.0-44.5 ED (WHL) | 23.0-28.5 | 27.3-28.8 | 25.7-29.0 | 27.0-28.2 SnL (%HL) | 19.5-23.5 | 19.5-21.5 | 220-252 | 20,3-27.0 ULH (%HL) 35 4.0-4.5 5.0-5.8 2.0-2.6 2.0-2.2 2.7-2.9 PL (%HL) | 91.0-96.0 | 96.0-100 | 88.0-90.5 | 90.1-91.8 PB (%PL) | 27.0-29.0 | 29.0-30.0 | 23.0-25.0 | 37.0-37.6 PAx (%PL)} 30.0-33.0 | 40.0-46.0 | 30.0-35.7 | 35.5-39.0 VL (%PL) | 74.0-77.0 | 70.0-73.0 | 76.0-78.8 | 77.5-78.5 VAx(95VL)| 38.0-48.0 | 48.0-54.0 | 47,3-51.2 | 42.0-42,5 Ped (96D) 42.5-47.0 | 45.8-48.4 | 40.0-40.5 50 TR(UL) scattered | scattered | scattered | scattered scattered scattered scattered 0 10-17 12-18 10-16 10-19 15-20 4.0-4.5 2.4 2.8 1,5 17 1.5 | 28-36/ 20-32/ 22-36/ 45-48 32-48 6 14 line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils. Anterior nostrils almost entirely below vertical span of posterior nostrils. Gill rakers of moderate length, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching between anterior half of eye and posterior nostril when laid forward, reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin and c.3/4 along pelvic fin (pasttip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical behind base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. First dor- sal fin origin equidistant from caudal base and snout tip; sp. | equal to sp. 2 or longer, sp. 4 short, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin almost on vertical from anal fin origin, tips of an- terior rays reaching well behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin height equal to second dorsal fin, but higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled, falcate; caudal fin fal- cate, deeply forked. Pyloric caeca 6. 501 DISTRIBUTION. Indian Ocean to W Pacific, from Zanzibar to Raiatea, Society islands. REMARKS. The high falcate fins are character- istic, though also found in Liza alata. The ab- sence of adipose tissue over the iris distinguishes V. buchanani from all other members of the ge- nus except V. seheli. The pectoral fin of V. seheli reaches well behind the vertical from the origin of the first dorsal fin and the species has a higher lat- eral fin count than V. buchanani. The syntypes of M. ceylonensis correspond with the type of M. buchanani in every respect. Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil cunnesius Valenciennes, 1836: 114(84), Moluccas, Ma- abar, Bombay; Bleeker, 1852d: 454, Banka; 1853b: 48, Bengal; 1858a: 385, Java; 18592: 278, Indonesian archipel- ago; 1860e: 8, Sumatra; Klunzinger, 1870: 830, Red Sea; 1884: 132, Red Sea; Day 1876: 349, pl. 74, fig. 3, Bombay, Malaya; 1889: 342, Seas of India; Weber, 1895: 261, Am- bon; Chaudhuri, 1917: 496, Chilka L.; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 292, Singapore, West Irian; Barnard, 1925: 304, Delagoa Bay; Pellegrin, 1933: 172, fig. 94, Madagascar; Devasundaram, 1951: 22, Chilka L.; Pillay, 1962: 563, (part), Chilka L., Cochin, W Bengal; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992; 262, fig. 59, Bombay, Red Sea to Malay Archipelago and beyond. Valamugil cunnestus Thomson 1974: FAO Identification sheet; Masuda et al, 1984: 120, pl. 105, fig. C, Japan; Shen, 1994: 440, pl. 138, fig. 6. Mugil perusii Valenciennes, 1836: 116(86), Vanicolo; Gün- ther, 1861b: 422, Vanicolo; 1877: 214, Vanicolo. Mugil amarulus Valenciennes, 1836: 133(98), Java, Coraman- el, Pondicherry; Bleeker, 1853b: 48, Hindustan; 1855c: 400, Java; 1860c: 80, Borneo; Day, 1876: 356, Sind, India, Java; 1889: 352, Seas of India; Roxas, 1934: 419, Philip- pines. Liza amaria Jordin & Seale, 1907; 11, Luzon. Mugil strongylocephalus Richardson, 1846: 249, Hong Kong, China seas; Günther 1861b: 425, fig., Hong Kong, China seas; Fowler, 1935: 139, Hong Kong; Smith, 1935: 606, fig. 5, pl. 16, fig. A, Durban, Isipingo, Beira, Bay of Ben- gi: 1948: 836, fig. 4, Durban to Delagoa; 1949: 318, fig. 879, Indo-Pacific south to Durban; Marshall, 1964: 408, pl, 54, fig. 387, Queensland. Liza trone docepbalas Thomson, 1954; 96, fig. 6, Pellew Is., Adam's Bay, Bombay, Isipingo; Munro, 1955: 93, pl. 16, fig. 225, Ceylon; 1967: 168, pl. 18, fig. 280, New Guinea. Chelon strongylocephalus Taylor, 1964: 118, Arnhem Land. Mugil ophisysenii Bleeker, 1859a: 279, Indonesia; 1860c: 82, Ai a Günther, 1861b: 434, Sumatra; Kner, 1865: 226, pl. 9, fig. 2, Java; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 240, Sumatra, Java, Salibaba Is.; John, 1955; 227, Kyamkulam L.; Munro, 1967: 168, New Guinea. Mugil longimanus Günther, 1861b: 428, East Indies; Klunzinger, 1880: 395, Cleveland Bay; Steindachner, 1880: 5, Cleveland Bay; De Vis, 1884: 870, Brisbane mar- ket; Macleay, 1885: 41, Cleveland Bay; Jordan & Seale, 1907: 10, Luzon; Seale, 1914: 61, Hong Kong; McCul- loch, 1921: 130, Cleveland Bay, Bombay; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 239, Singapore, Sumatra, Ambon, Bunka, Madura, Java, Celebes, Moluccas; Fowler, 1925a: 208, Delagoa Bay; 1927a: 9, Christmas Is., Palmyra Is.; 1928a: 209, Ceylon; 1938a: 17, Hong Kong; 1938b: 121, Opatakin, Tahiti, Moorea; Paradice & Whitley, 1927: soa 81, Pellew Is., Roxas, 1934: 405, pl. 1, fig. 3, Phlippines; erre, 196b: 94, Bushiman. Bay, Makhul Bay, New Gürmen John, 1955; 226, Kyamkulam La Scott, 1959. 142, figa Malaya, Mugu kdacrai Guorher, 1861b; 429, Pointe de Galle (Cey- on), Philippines; 1877: 215, pl. 121, fig. A, Taluti; 1881: 25, Ceylon, Philippines; Day, 1876: 352, pl. 75, fiy. 1, Madras, India, Philbippimes; 1889: 3456, India, Philippines; Oshima, 1922: 248, Piwan: Whitehouse, 1927; P Ma dras; Munro, 1955; 92, pl. 6, fig. 352, Ceylon; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992; 268, Madras, India 16 Philippines, Mugi kellavtii Stemdachner, 1906; 1416, Samoa. Mugil atberotaudles Duncker & Mohr, 1926; 135, figs 78, ew Britan, C, Beachy, Simpson Hbr, Jacquinot Bay, Monrague Bay. Mugil dussumieri Whitley, 1941; 24, New Hebrides, non Va- enciennes, HOLOTYPE. MNHN A4636, Moluccas, coll, unknown, MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ind 40 specunens, 30- 150mm from the Red Sea, India, Ceylon, Malaya, Indonesi, Philippines, N Australia and Santa Cruz Is. BMNH: 1843.8.17.9, 89mm, paratype of M. keluarin Philippines: 1845,11,10.16, 101 & 9mm, China; 1855,8.15,24,. 132mm, holotype of M. lmgimanas, Indonesia, coll. Waterhouse: 1859.57.38, 88mm , holotype of M. keldri, Pr de Galle, Cey- lon, 1889.2.1.5677, 110mm, Madras; 1839.2.1.3878-9, 125 Be 150mm, Mangalore; L889,2,1 3680, 150mm, Bombay; 1889,2.1,3701, Pim, Bombay; 1889.2.1,3777, 100mm, Male bar; 1899,2,1.3778, 775m, Bombay; 1889.2,1.5780 83mm, Sind; 1897.1,28.22, 64mm, Penang; 1913.12. 9.191-2, 65 & 104mm, Minuka R., New Guinea; 1960.35.15. 1704.5, 61 & 62mm, Mersa, Red Sea; 1972,11,29.1, 142mm, holotype of M. stronylncphulus, Hong Kong, coll, Richardson, MNHR: A.3645, 140mm, holo- type of M, mimis, Vanikoro, coll. Quoy & Gamard; À.3701, 2 spec. 123mm, paratypes of M. aainesiies, Boinbay, coll. Dussu- imer; A3702, 105 & 108mm, paratypes of M, aeimesijs, Bom- bay, coll. Dussumier; 4.3720, 63mm, syntype of M. arnarudus, Java, coll, Kühl & Van Hasselt; A372), 3 spec. 30 35mm syn- types of M. amarus, Pondichery, coll. Leschenault; A.3722, Smm, syürype of M. atnarulis, Bombay, coll. Dussumier A.3726, 120 & 138mm, paratypes of M, crmesia, call, un- known, RMINHE 4394, 83 & 143mm, syntypes of AL opbuysenit, Indonesa, coll, Bleeker, ZIZM: 11,163, 18mm, lectotype of M, wthermondes, New Britain, coll. Südsee expedition. AM: [A 7682 “4 spec. 108-124mm, Northem Territory. DESCRIPTION. D; IV, Doi 8, A IL9. P 16017). 1.130-36, tr. 11, ped, 7, pect. se, 12, Di se, 10, Dz sc, 21. Scales with long mucus canals, not reach- ing inner edge of marginal membrane except on breast scales, occasional anterodorsal scale with 2 canals; slight secondary squamation. Body moderately robust, head roundly pointed, scale- free to just behind posterior nostrils; interorbital "LS times eye diameter, slightly convex; snout shorter than cye diameter. Adipose tissue reach- ing 1/2 over iris, Upper lip median height 1/7 eve diameter; symphysial knob single, not projecting in front of lip: lip groove ¢,1/3 lower lip length. Anterior mandibular pores large, about breadth of symphsial knob apart, second pair twice as far apart, others.obscure. Long ciljiform (teeth spaced on upper lip; shorter irregularly spaced teeth on lower lip, sometimes absent, Tongue Hat with MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM median ridge. Mouth corner at Vertical inidway between posterior nostril and eye; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner visible when mouth closed, Preorbital upper end reaching just below upper rim of upper lip and above line join- ing midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostril not reaching above upper rim of eye; anterior nostril entirely below vertical span of posterior nostril, Gill rakers long, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching to between nostrils and snout tip when laid forward, to vertical midway between bases of sp. 3 and sp. 4 of first dorsal fin and 3/4 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic tin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4; axillary scale not quite ro rip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than caudal base; sp. | equal ta or longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised: axillary scale long, reaching, behind end of membrane behind sp, 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical about 1/3 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reach- ing behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal fin, second dorsal'and anal fins moderately scaled, the rays not being obscured, but the mem- brane densely covered. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. Indian Ovearr arid W Pacific, from Natal to Aus pala, Philippines and Chyna, REMARKS, Species of Valeinugil are very simi- lar, Vypical M. perusirseem to differ from E. cns- nesius. However when grouped on the basis of differences in tle dentition and eill-raker lengths, smaller specimens sort as F. perusii and larger ones as V. ewnnesius, Day's (1889) description of M. cunnesius does not distinguish his specimens from F. engeli. There is also doubt about his M. amarulus which he described as lacking adipose eyelids. Steindachner (1906) described under the name M. &elaartii a fish said ta have the pectoral fin Just reaching the origin of the first dorsal Fin and having the origin of the first dorsal fin nearer the caudal base than the snout tip, which points more to I engeli than to M. Keluartil (>V. cunne- sius). Klunzinger (1884) does not appear te have had specimens of M. cunnesins before him as he stated that his specimens had 40-42 scales in the longitudnal series. In having the adipose tissue well over the iris F. eunnesius differs from other members of the genus, except, V. engeli K gew- pil, and F. speigleri. From V. engeli and. V. gew- gir V differs in the position of the first dorsal fin origin and as a *« of the pectoral length the pelvic Fin is shorter in F^ cunnesins. It has fewer scales MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD in the lateral series than has V. spiegleri. The specimens which Whitley (1941) attributed to Mugil dussumieri were stated to have a long pec- toral fin and “scales with crenulated membranous border’. These features do not occur jn L. dussu- mieri, but are typical of Falamugil. Amongst the paratypes of M. cunnesius 2 jars have a third specimen which is not identical with those whose lengths are listed above, but are specimens of /. parsia .3701 spec. 100mm, A.3702 spec. 102mm. Valamugil engeli (Bleecker, 18582) Mngt engdi Bleeker, 18580: 385, Batavia, nomen. nudum; 8594: 277, Batavia; H860c: 78, Sumara Günther, 1861b: 430, Java, Sumatra, Bali; Day, 1865- 139, Malabar; Weber # De Beaufort, 1922: 238, Palaweh, Sumatra, Simular, Nias, Java, Bali; Fowler, 1928a; 122, Strong ls., Panapr; Pellegrin, 1933; 172, Madagascar; 1935; 72, Madagascar; Roxas, 1934; 404, pl, 1. fig. 1, Philippines; Herre, 1936b; 92, Papamoa Jsa Sahin; Schultz, 1943: 79, Apia, Tutuila, Swauns Is.; John, 1955; 226, Kyamkulam L. Chelon eageli Schultz, 1953: 319, Bikini, Guam. Valamugil engeli Masuda et al, 1984; 120, pl. 347, fig. G, Ja- pan. Mugil kandavensis Günther, 1877: 215, Kandavu; Herre, 1936b: 93, Nakalau, Fiji, Mugil kelctortic Fowler, 1900: 500, Panape; 1903: 743, Ha wail; Steidachner, 1906: 1416, Upalu, Samoa, non Gün- ther, Liza caldwelli Fowler, 1903; 747, Samoa, non Fowler 1900, Mugil rechingert Steindachner, 1906: 1416, Samoa Liza labiosa Fowler, 1918: 62, Philippines, non Valenci- ennes, . Agonastamus bivarse Duncker & Mohr, 1926: 134, fig, 9, Lieblich lj, New Britain, S coast, Myxus bivavae Fowler, 19280: 127, New Britains Lieblich Is. TYPE. Lectotype: RMINH 6392, fava, coll. Bleeker, MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype and 45 specimens, 17- 220mm SL from E Africa, Red Sea, india, Indonesia and the W Pacific, BMINH: 18584,2,104, 88mm, Amboina; 1858.4.21.19, 8mm, Borneo; 1863.10.12.10, 64mm, Ravuma R., Mozani- bique; 1874.11.14.15, 125mm, Sydney; 18774.18.1, 127mm, Ruuatea; 1877.4.18,4, 160mm, helotype of M. Raxidaverisis, Kare davu, Fiji; pchsd Godetfroy Museum; 1882.2,25,82, 33mm, Tar matave, Madagascar; 1889,2,1,3676, 75mm, Malabar; (890.2,26.122, b6mm, ‘Tongatabu; 1905,12 1.7-10, 5 spec. 65- 125mm, Tahiu; 1933.3.11.730, Sasugbu, Philippines; 1947.10.2.10-12, 3 Ln 75-76ràm, Tonga, 1055.1.18.103-13, 11 spec, 52-138mm, Sabahi Ro, Kenya; 19603.15.1704.5, 60 8E 62mm , Sudanese Red Ses, RMINH: 6392, 100mm, holotype of M. engeli, Java, coll, Bleeker. NHM: 67399, 95mm, heippa al M. rechingeri, Samoa, coll, Steindachner, ZIZM; H.155, 17inm, lectorype of A. Piravar, New Britain, coll.’ Siidsee Expedition’; H.154, 12mm, paratype of A. Mirarab, S coast New Brain, in fresh water, coll. “Südsee Expedition H.157, Limm, paritypė of A. birsrac, S coast New Brunn, coll. Südsee Expedition’, AM:1A.5376, 87mm, Rarotonga; LA.5378-9, 93 & 111mm, Ra rotonga; [B.3175, 110mm, Darwin. BPBM: 62-63, 71.& 124mm, Guam; 8434, 78 & 107mm, Taliti. 12085, + spec. 124 ämm, Hiva Oa, Marquesas- DESCRIPTION. Di IV. D2i 8, A IM 9, P 15-16, LL 32-36, tr 11, ped. 7, pect. sc. 10-12, Dy sc. 10- VI, D» sc. 20-22. Scales with moderately long mucus grooves reaching inner margin of mem- branous edges. Body robust: head bluntly pointed, scale-free to posterior nostril: interorbi- tal 1.5 times eye diameter or slightly more, slightly convex; eye diameter longer than snout; adipose tissue intruding or to iris. not quite to pu- pil, covering 2/3 of preorbital and posteriorly ex- tending c,1/2 eye diameter. Upper lip almost vertical, only 1/5 eye diameter: single symphys- ial knob. not projecting beyond lower lip; lip groove [/5-1/4 lower lip length. Anterior man- dibular pores large. at rear of symphysial groove and about symphysial knob breadth apart; an- other pair c.1.5 times as far apart and another 3 obscure pairs. Fine senttered ciliate teeth in both lips, tending to be lost in large lish; tongue slightly domed with low median ridge. Mouth corner on vertical from posterior nostril: Up of Jower jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye; fold of skin at mouth corner hiding pad over tendon to mouth corner in most specimens, just visible in some, Preorbital upper end reaching top of upper lip. above line joining midpoints of pas- terior and anterior nostrils: posterior nostrils not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostrils wholly belaw vertical span of posterior nostrils, Gill rakers long, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching vertical between mid-eye and anterior nostril when laid. forward, to be- tween bases of sp. [ and sp. 2 of first dorsal fin and c.3/4 along pelvic fin (past up of pelvic spinc) when laid back: axillary scale reaching 3/4 along pelvic spine, Pelvie fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching ¢,3/4 along pelvic spine, First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip: sp. | shorter than sp. 2: sp. 4 moderately long, reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised.: axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane be- hind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin on vertical c. 1/3 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reach- ing past tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled be- tween clearly visible rays, Caudal fin lunate, Py- loric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. Kenya, Red Sea, India Indonesia, W Pacihic tò the Philippines, Tahiti and Guam. REMARKS, Comparison of the types listed above shows them to be identical. Being inthe ju- venile querimana stage the type of 4. hirarae has different body proportions, hut otherwise shows äi allthe typical features of l, engeli, except thatthe adipose eylid js not developed üt this size and there are only 2 anal spines, Although Fowler (1928) expressed the belief that the fish he identi- fied in 1900 and 1903 as M. kefaartti were actu- ally M. trichilus his descriptions do not bear this out but like Steindachner's (1906) description of M. kelaartii indicated that he had F. engeli before him. Falamugil engeli is distinguishable from M eunnesius and V, spiegleriby having the origin of the first dorsal fin nearer the caudal base than the snout tip: from V, georgi and V, robustus by the shallow caudal padine and the longer pectoral fins; and trom all other species of the genus by their lack of adipose tissue over the eye. Valamuail georgii (Ogilby, 1897) Hour! turpu Oinlby, 1897h; 77, Cearges Ra, NSW; odh, 1903: 7, pl. 2, fig 1, Moreton Bay; Stead, 1908; 43, New South Wales. McCulloch, 1914: 326, New South Wales; 1921; 129, pl. 22, fig. 1, Pore Hacking, Karuzh Re, Bris- bane Ru; lhommon, 1954: 94, pl. 1, lig.2, Georges R. Por Hacking, Karuah R.. Nerang R., Moreton Bay, Brisbane R, Breakfast Creek, Tweed R., Hawksbury R., Port Macquarie, Noosa R., Maroochy R., Burnett Ru; Marshall, 1964: 407, pl, 54, lip, 386, 5 Queensland. Valémenqi george ‘Thomson, 1977, FAO Identification sheet. Mugil mortoni Ogilby 1908; 22, Brisbane R. PIOLE VIE. AM 1.4936, coll. Ogüby; type locality: Georges ver, MATERIAL EXAMINED, Holotype and 17 specimens, 68- 254mm: from central NSW to 5 Queensland, AM: 14956, 154mm, holotype of M, georg, Georges Ra coll, Ogilby; 112843-4, 88 & [Rem Pon Hacking; L12845,254mm, Karuah Ra E 14949-56, R spec. 88-118mm, Port Hacking, QM; 1,775, 135mm, holotype of Mf. norton, Nerang R..,.coll, Ogilby; 1.1312 4,4 spec. 155-I66mm, Moreron Bay: L 1697, 82mm. Brealdus Creek; 1.3109, 97 mm, Indooroopilly, Brisbane R: DESCRIPTION, Di IV. Do £8, AIO, P 16. LI 31-32, tr. | l, ped. 7, peet. sc. 10, Dj sc. 12, D» sc. 22, Scales with moderately long mucus canals, not reaching membranous edge of scales; Y- shaped canals on some breast scales, Body ro- bust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free to posterior nostrils; interorbital less than twice eye diamater, gently convex; eye diameter less than snout length. Adipose tissue covering most of iris, Up- per lip median height 1/4 eye diameter. Sym- physial knob not projecting beyond lower lip; lip groove [/5 lower lip length. Large anterior man- dibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, breadth of symphysial knob apart, another pair twice as far apart, behind, others obscure, A few scattered setiform teeth in upper lip, lower lip edentate, Tongue domed with high median ridge Mouth corner on vertical from posterior notrils: MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM up of upper jaw below line of gape. reaching ver- tical from anterior rim of eye; small cutaneous flap at mouth corner partially obscuring pad over tendon to mouth corner. Preorbital upper end reaching 2/3 up upper lip and on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils, Posterior nostril reaching above level of upper rim of eve. anterior nostril below vertical span of posterior nostril. Gill rakers long, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching posterior nostril when laid forward, to vertical from base of sp. | of first dorsal fin and 3/4 along pelvic fin (not quite to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; ax- illary scale reaching 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin markedly nearer caudal base than snout tip; sp. | shorter than sp. 2: sp. 4 weak. not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp.3 when fin raised, axillary scale reaching 2/3 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/2 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays: Anal fin higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal fin, second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Pyloric caeca 14. DISTRIBUTION. E Australia (Port Hacking Burnei Raver}. REMARKS. V. geargit differs from V. engeli in ihe lower scale counts, the deeper caudal pedun- cle and the shorter pectoral fins; it differs from V. cunnesius and V. speigleri in having the first dor- sal fin origin nearer the caudal base than snout tip; and from all other members of the genus hy the well-developed adipose tissue over the eve. MeCulloch (1921) pointed out the synonymy of M. nortani with his M. georgii. Valamugil robustus (Günther. | B61) Mugil vobustis Gunther, I861b; 432, Madagascar; Bleeker, 1874: 79, Madagascar; Sauvage, 181: 39, pl. 41B, fig, 6, Madagascar; Boulenger, 1916: 92, fig. 54, Madagascar, Kost Bay, Zululand; Barnard, 1925: 305, Zululand; Pelle- grin, 1933: 176, Madagascar; Smith, 1935: 603, fig, 4, pl. 21, fig: A, Isipingo, Durban, Koni Bay; 1948: 835, fig, 3, Durban to Delagoa; 1949; 318, fig. 878, Durban, Inham- bane; Baissac, 1961: 150, Mauritius. HOLOTYPE, BMNH 1972.11.27 2, Madagascar, coll, Grey, MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 5 specimens, 124, 24mm SL from Madgascar and Natal. BMNH; 1906 11.9 44, 2|4mm, Kosi Bay, Natal; 1920.32.22, 193mm, Herschali- Chauvin, Madagascar; 1972,11,27,2, 180mm holotype of M. ra Vustue, Madsgascar, coll Grey. MNHN) A 3767, 155mm, Mack goat; A768, 124 & 145mm, Madagascar. DESCRIPTION, Di IV, D218, A TL9, P T6, LI 33-37, t. | 1, ped. 9, pect. sc. 8-10, Dy se. 10-11, De sc. 22-23, Scales with long narrow mucus cas MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD nals, not reaching inner edge of membranous margin; occasional anterodorsal scales with 2 ca- nals. Body moderately robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free to rear of posterior nostrils; in- terorbital less than twice eye diameter, gently cnvex; eye diameter longer than snout. Adipose tissue reaching over iris. Upper lip height >1/4 eye diameter; lower lip recessed at symphysis, symphysial knob projecting in font of lip; lip groove c.1/6 lower lip length. Anterior mandibu- lar pores large, twice symphysial knob breadth apart; posterior pores obscure. Few scattered cili- ate teeth in lower lip, upper lip edentate. Tongue domed with slight median ridge. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw just below line of gape, reaching vertical a little before the anterior eye rim; pad over tendon to mouth corner visible when mouth closed. Preor- bital reaching 2/3 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; pos- terior nostrils not reaching above level of upper eye rim; anterior nostrils wholly below vertical span of posterior nostrils. Gill rakers long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching posterior half of eye when laid forward, not quite to vertical from origin of pectoral fin and about 1/2 along pelvic fin (not to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back; pectoral axil- lary unusual in having a mucus canal. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching past tip of pel- vic spine in large specimens. First dorsal fin ori- gin equidistant from caudal base and snouttip; sp. | longer than sp. 2, sp. 4 short, not reaching past vertical from sp. 3 tip when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 or more along membrane be- hind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical 1/3 along anal fin base; tips ofanterior rays not reach- ing behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal and both higher than first dor- sal fin; second dorsal and anal fins farly densely scled. Caudal fin lunate. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. Natal and Madagascar. REMARKS. This is the only species ofthe genus whose pectoral fin fails to reach the vertical from the first dorsal fin in adults, and whose dorsal fin origin is equdistant from snout tip and caudal base. Valamugil seheli (Forsskal, 1775) Mugil crenilabis sebeli Forsskal, 1775; 83, Red Sea. i Mugil scheli Valenciennes, 1836: 152(113), Red Sea (?mis- rint). Mugil Rm Klunzinger, 1870: 827, Red Sea; 1884:131, pl. 10, 4 1, Red Sea; Day, 1876:355, Red Sea, India, Malaya; 1889:350, India; Boulenger, 1916:91, fig. 63, Red Sea, Sey- chelles, Zanzibar, Mombasa, Durban, Massawa; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922:252, Singapore, Sumatra, Nias, Bunka, Java, Bali, Waigeiou, Nusa, Madura, Sumba, Cel- ebes, Timor, Ambon, Halmaheira, New Guinea; Bar- nard, 1925: 306, Natal; Fowler, 1925a: 209, Delagoa Bay; 1928a: 125, Guam, Apia, Shortland Is., Vavau, Ton- gatabu, Suva; 1932a: 444, Singapore; 1935: 143, Hon Kong; 1938b: 65, Nukahiva; 1939a: 47, Gulf of Thailand; Pellegrin, 1933: 175, fig. 95, Mauritius, Réunion, Sey- chelles, fresh water; Roxas, 1934:417, pl.1, fig. 10, Philip- purs Smith, 1935:621, fig.11, pl.16C, Durban; eitschmann, 1939:184, fig.3, Red Sea; Schultz, 1943: 80, Apia; Pillay, 1962: 565, pl, 2, fig. 3, Port Blair, Anda- mans; Marshall, 1964: 410, col. pl. 55, Queensland. Liza sebeli Herre, 1932: 3, Tahiti; 1936b: 98, Nukuhiva, Pa- aete, Maequesas, Tahiti, Suva. Valamugil scheli Smith, 1948: 842, Indo-Pacific; 1949: 323, fig. 889, Indo-Pacific to Durban; Thomson, 1954:108, pl. 2, fig. 1, Cape York, Great Barrier Reef, Mindanao, E moa, Bombay, Darwin, Princess Charlotte Bay; John, 1955: 228, Kyamkulam L.; Munro, 1955: 92, pl. 16, fig. 254, Ceylon; 1967:170, pl18, fig. 287, New Guinea; Fourmanoir, 1957: 73, fig.54, rivers of S Madagascar; Taylor, 1964:120, Arnhem Land; Masuda et al, 1984: 120, pl. 105, fig. A, Japan. Mugil caeruleomaculatus Lacépède, 1803: 385, no locality; Valenciennes, 1836: 128(95), Mauritius; Günther, 1861b: 445, Mauritius, Indonesia; Day, 1876: 356, Mauritius, Bombay, Andamans; 1889: 351, Seas of India; Sauvage, 1891; 398, pl. 43, fig. 2, Madagascar; Chaudhun, 1917: 497, Chilka L.; Weber & De Beaufort,1922: 250, Singa- ore, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Pluiweh, Nias, Flores, Timor, Ambon, Ceram, Waigiou, Oki Buru, Eiouw, Batu, Bintang, Cocos Is; Pellegrin, 1933: 174, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, in fresh water; Roxas, 1934: 416, pl. 1, fig. 3, Philippines; Marshall, 1951: 6, pl. 3, fig. 2, Cape Yorks John, 1955: 228, Kyamkulam L. Mullus caeruleomaculatus Shaw, 1804: 139, Indian seas. Mugil coeruleomaculatus Bleeker, 1857b: 233, Batoe; 1857d: 479, Java; 1858b: 460, Cocos Is; 1859a: 279, Indonesian archipelago; 1860e: 5, Sumatra; 1861a: 65, Banka; 1874: 79, Madagascar. Liza caereuleomaculata Jordan & Seale, 1906: 217, Apia; Seale, 1935; 355, Rennell Is., Pago Pago, San Cristobal. Liza caeruleomaculatus Whitehouse, 1927: 93, Madras. ? Mullus malabaricus Shaw, 1804: 137, Indian Seas. Mugil axillaris Valenciennes, 1836: 131(97), New Guinea, In- donesia, Mauritius; Bleeker, 1859a; 280, Cocos Is.; 1859d: 333, Java; 1860e: 3, Celebes; 1874: 79, Madagascar; Gün- ther, 1861b: 444, Indonesia; 1877: 260, pl. 120, fig. 3, Sa- moa, Red Sea, Seychelles, East Indies); 1881: 216, Mauritius, New Guinea, Samoa, Red Sea, Seychelles, In- donesia; Kner, 1865: 227; pl. 9, fig. 3, Shanghai; Alleyne & Macleay, 1877: 341, Yule Is.; Macleay, 1882; 362, New Guinea; Sauvage, 1891: 397, pl. 43, fig. 1, 1a, Madagascar; Seale, 1901; 66, Guam. Mugil cylindricus Valenciennes, 1836: 132(98), Batayia, Su- matra; Bleeker, 1853c: 266, Batavia, Sumatra; 1857a: 215, Nias; 1860d: 47, Borneo. ? Mugil pederaki Valenciennes, 1836: 137(102), Malabar, Co- ramandel; Bleeker, 1853b: 48, Bengal. ? Musil peradak Bancroft, 1836:132, Malabar & Coraman- del. Mugil melancranus Richardson, 1846: 246, Canton. Mugil borbonicus Cantor, 1850: 1101, Malaya; Bleeker, 18593: 279, Indonesia; 1859c: 375, Banka; 1861d: 75, Penang; 1874: 79, Madagascar; Sauvage, 1891: 397, pl. 43, fig. 3, Madagascar, non Valenciennes, 506 Magi parse Bleeker, 1852b; 164, Barawia, Timor, (852d) H5, Banka; 1852e: 701, Ceram; 1853b: +8, Bengal, non FHamilion Buchanan ) Musil n oin Günther. 186Ih- 337, Penang: Day. 13653: 143, Malabar. Mugil bleekeri Günther, 2861b, 445, Banka, in rivers Mugil decenimudliaries Gaurher 1861h; 452, Baraeut, Timor, Mug delicatus Alleyne & Macleay, 1877: 341, Cape Yark; acleay, 1880; 4322, Cape York, Whitley 1932. 280, Great Barrier Reet. Mugil delicatedus Saville-Kenr. (884: 10, Creat Barner Rech 1893: 370, Great Barrier Reet, Musal splendens De Vis, 1884: 371, Cardwell Augal (Liza) splentons MiGullach & Whitley, 1925: 141, Queensland [asa splendens MeCullacti, 1929: 117, Cardwell Liza fowmroste Oshima, 1922: 25], pb 12. dig. 2, Tarvan; Mat- whos, 1955; 497, Tuwin TYPE. Neorype: BMNH 1969,2,3.2. (by present designation) Red Sea. coll. Jegse. MATERIAL EXAMINED, 41 specimens, 38-385mm SL from E Africa, Gulf òt Aqaba, Indiato Australia and Samoa. BMNH: 18560,5.19 361, 149mm, holotype of M. suppositis, Penang, coll. Cantor, 1862.11.9,]6, 240mm, Natal R; 1867.8, 16.45, 332mm Seychelles; 1869,2,8.2, 124mm, neotype of K sheli, Red Sea, voll. Jegse; 1869,11.12.46, 245mm, Kandavu; 1870,8,14.4, (22mm, Burma; 1871.4.13.28, 155mm, Massawah; 1871,7.15,9, Aihm, Red Sea; 1875.10.5.45, 345mm, Samoa, 1883.11.29.60- hb, G spec, 220330mm, locality unnown; 1884,4,5,28, 245imim, Singapore, 1887.11.1.249, 242mm, Muscar; 1824.8,3,33, 3 10mm, Rotam R., Sarawak; 1911.8,23,10, 224mm, Sarawak; 1933.3.11.733, 117mm, Cebu; 1933.3,11.734, 38mm, Paidat Philippines; 19342.1255, 230mm, Maüritrus, 1945.1 129. 645- 51, 7 spec, 8-327mm, C'ocos-Keeling; 1951 1,16 621, Dahab, Gulf of Aqabar), MNHN: A.842, 13 lmm, symype of M, axi laris, Mauntius, coll, Desjardins; A, 3622, 190mm, syntype at M. axillaris, New Guinea), coll. Quoy & Gaimard; A-3618, 95mm, holotype of M. cylinzlricis, Java, coll. Kuht & Hasselt AM: |,11890-8, 9 spec, 250-320mm, Cape York. QM: 113.963, 368mm, holotype of Mugil splendens, Princess Charlotte Bay, Macleay Museum, Sydney; F,374-IN0.306, synrypes ot Mugil delicatus, cape York, coll; Alleyne & Macleay. DESCRIPTION. Dj IV, D2i 8, A IHE 9, (17) 18, L] 38-42, tr, 13, ped. 9, pect.sc. 11-12, Dy sc. 11-13, D» se, 23-26. Scales with finer fimbriations than other Valamugil spp., long mucus canals, irregu- Jar in direction, reaching inner edge of membra- nous margin; few scales with double of triple ca- nals; secondary squamation dorsally, Body mod- erately robust; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye: interorbital =twice eye diameter, slightly convex: eye diameter longer than snout; adipose tissue rim round eye. Upper lip height 1/3 eye diameter, symphysial knob projecting beyond lip edge; lip groove 1/5 lawer lip length. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial knob. breadth of sym- physial knob apart; other pores obscure. Well- spaced fine ciljate teeth in both lips, shorter and spárser in rhe upper: tongue low-domed, without median ndge. Mouth corner on vertical from pôs- terior yosertil; np of upper jaw helow line of gape. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEIENSLAND MUSEUM reaching. Vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim af eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner hidden. Preorbital upper end almost to top of upper lip and above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostrils reaching above level of upper rim of eye: anterior nostrils slightly overlap vertical span of posterior nostrils, Gill rakers long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching between anterior eye rim and posterior nostril when laid forward, to verti- cal from base of sp. 2 of first dorsal fin and c.2/3 along pelvie fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from hase of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale nnt quite to tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal frm origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base, ur equidis- tant; sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp, 4. strong, reaching behind vertieal from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching past membrane behind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin on vertical from anal fin origin; tips of anterior rays reaching behing tips of posterior rays; anal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dosal fin. second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled Cau- dal fun falcate. Pyloric caeca 7. DISTRIBLITION. Tado-Pacific [roro Natal to Samoa sod Tai- "wan. REMARKS, Uncertainty regarding the type of M. erenilabis. seheli (Klausewitz & Nielsen, 1965; Trewavas & Ingham, 1972) stems from no specimen remaining in Forsskal's collection la- belled xeheli; there is a specimen labelled Mugi/ erentlabis (£) Tade which has the characteristics usually attributed to M. seheli rather than those attributed ta Liza fade, This circumstance sug- gests a mixing of labels, bul there cai be no cer- tainty. To maintain current usage of M. sekeli and 4. fade there are 2 possible courses of action, other than maintaining the status quo: firstly to declare M. crenilabis seheli à nomen dubium, to recommend its suppression and hence recogni- tion of Falamugil caeruleomaculatus as the valid name for the species; or secondly to select a neo- type of Muguil seheli. Because the synonymy of V. seheli is so extensive and there is the possibil- ity that some future worker may disagree with the fusion adopted here | propose the latter course and offer as neotype BMNH 1769,2,8.2. a speci- men [24mm SL, from the type locality, the Red Sea, Hs principal blometric features are: depth 355mm, HL 35mm, head width 25mm, interarhi- tal 10mm, eve diameter 9mm; snout length Sram, mouth width |4mm. pectoral fin length 32mm. pelvic fin length 21min. It has 35 longitudinal MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD scales, 13 transverse and 9 down the caudal pe- duncle.The origin of the first dorsal fin is equidis- tant from the caudal base and snout tip. Shaw's Mullus malubaricus and Valenciennes! M, pedaraki, both based on a figure in Russell (1803), by virtue of the falcate fins could be this species, bul the description and tigure are inade- quate for certainty; it could be any species with falcate fins and 9 anal rays. Despite some varia- tion in the comparative length of the pectoral fin, the type specimens of M. axillaris and M. cylin- dricus are identical and the same as the specimen which Valenciennes recognised as M. caeruleo- maculatus. The type of M. borbonicus is M. cephalus, but as described by Bleeker (1858 etc) followed by Sauvage (1891) the name has been applied to specimens of F. seheli (Weber & De Beaufort, 1922), Weber & de Beaufort (1922) distinguished M. caeruleomaculatus from M, sehelj on the relative tength of the pectoral fin, but this feature is vari- able within the species. Bleeker himself (1860c) placed the specimens he had identified carlier as M. parsia the synonmy of M, axillaris (7 M, se- heli). Günther (1861b) however thought Bleeker's M parsiato be anew species because of the erroneously reported 10 anal rays and named it M. decemradiatus. Günther (1861b) also named M. bleekeri for Bleeker's M, borbonicus which he rightly perceived was not identical with the species described by Valenciennes. The types of M. delicatus and M, splendens are identical with V, sekel. Liza formosae of Oshima (1922) is judged to be F sekeli on the basis of the published description. Fowler (1938b) recog- nised that his (1932b) identification of M. thoburni was erroneous. But if the specimens came from the Galapagos as he reported, then their identification as V. seheli is questionable as no other specimens have been reported so far east in the Pacific. Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker, 18584) Alugil speiglers Bleeher, 18582: 385, Batavia, nomen nudum; soa: 279, Indonesia; 1859: 2, Borneo; 1860d; 58, Bor neo; Günther, 1R6lb: 435, Java, Borneo, Haimaheira; Day, 1876: M6, Bombay; 1889: 342 pl. 74, fig. 1, Bom- bay; Chaudhuri, 1917: 498, Chilka L. Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 241, Java, Borneo, Harmaheira; Barnard, 1925- 303, Delagoa Bay: Fowler, 19282: 123, references; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 261, hg, 58, Bombay, India to Malay Archipelago. _ Valamiquil speiglert Thomson, 1974: FAQ ldenfication Sheer, E Indian Ocean, W Pneific), Mugil cunnesins Cantor, 1850: 1083, Malaya; Günther, 1861b: 434, Red Sea, Amboina, Malaya, Indonesia; Klunzinger, 1870. 162. Red Sra; 1884: 131, Red Seo: Day My? 18654: 136, Malabar: Pillay, 1962: (partim) 563, Bombay, Chika E, non Valenciennes. ?Mugrl suppositns Day, 18653: 162, Malabar, non Guin Her Pdyaws trimaculatus Klunzinger, 1870: 832, Koserr, Rect Sea, PAgonnstomat trimaculatim Mohr 1927: 179 fig. 2, Koseir. ?Mugil sordidis Duncker & Mohr, 1926: 132, fig. 6, SW coast of New Brita, Admiralty Is., IN coast in fresh war ter; New Guinea, E const). TYPE. Syncypes; RMINH 6395, Indonesia, coll. Bleeker: MATERIAL EXAMINED. 12 syntype and 16 other sprei- mens, 62-15Himm, from Pakistan, India, Malaya, Indonesia, "Thailand and Australia. BMNH: 1860.3.19.359, 76mm, Malayu; 1860.3, 19.364-5, 77 & 82mm, Malaya, 1889.2. 1.3666, 4 spec. 142- 149mm, labelled ‘syntypesof M. speiler, Indonesia’, coll, Bleeker; 1889,2.1.3669, 120mm, Bombay; 1889.2,L.3670-3, 4 spec, 785mm, Madras; 1898.4.2.122, itemm, Menam R.. Thailand; 1898.6.29,169-70, 62 & 63mm, Karachi; RMINH; 6395, 12 spec, 90-143mm, syntypes of M. spelen, Indonesia, coll, Bleeker, AM: A.18134, 134mm, Burdekan R., Queensland. ZIZM:H, 158, 38mm, New Bntain, below a waterfall, labelled ‘lectotype Af, sovdlidus , but withour indication of who so desig nared it or when; H.159, 32mm, New Britain, labelled ` para- type’; 11.169, 30mm, Liebliche 15, New Britain, labelled ‘paratype’; H. 161, 3 spec, 33-34mm, Admiralty bs and N coast Saba, labelled. paratypes H162, 2 spec. 3.6 & 42mm, New Guinea, freshwater, labelled ^ pararypes', DESCRIPTION. Dj IV, Do 18. A HIE9, P 17, LI 37-40, tr. 1 1, ped. 7, pect. sc. 14-15, Di sc. 12-13, Do sc, 23-24, Scales narrow, mucus canals some- limes sinuous, nol reaching edge of membranous margins; some anterodorsal scales with double canals, Body moderately robust, head bluntl pointed, scale-free to posterior nostrils, interobi- tal less than twice eye diameter, slightly convex: eye diameter longer than snout; adipose tissue extending, over iris. Upper lip median height ¢.1/5 eye diameter; lip groove 1/7 lower lip length; svmphysial knob not projecting from edge of lip. Anterior mandibular pares at rear ot symphysial groove, breadth of symphysial Knob apart; other pores obscure. Abundant fine ciliate teeth on lower lip; shorter, finer and sparser teeth on upper lip; tongue domed. Mouth corner on vertical between posterior nostri] and anterior rim of eye; tip of upper jaw below line of gape, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye; pad over tendon to mouth corner visible when mouth closed, Preorbital reaching almost to top of upper lip, above level of upper rim of eve; c. 1/3 anterior nostril overlapping Vertical span of posterior nos- tril, Gill rakers long, type 5. Pectoral fin reaching posterior nostril when laid forward, to vertical from base of sp. 2 of first dorsal fin and 3/4 along pelvic fin (past tip of pel- vic spine) when laid back, Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp, 4 of first dorsal fin: axil- lary scale reaching past tip of pelvic spine, First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. ! shorter than sp, 2; sp, 4 weak, num 508 TABLE IL Biometrics of Valumuyil spp (2), Abe breviations asin Tables 2-4 Species V. aobiustus V. sehieli Scale radii Depth (ASLI 352.27? 24 0-78 10 337-154 HL (506 SL) 331 8-283 25 (0-35 H 230-23..8 HW (9 HL) 70.0-70.5 70. 0-71. 62 0-64 0 IO (*&HL) 501-512 32,245 | ED(9 HL) | 280-306 260-27 2 Sal. (9: HL.) 125-220 17,3-19.3 PL (HL) 845.955 PB (EPL) PAX (PL) | 424455 38 0-188 55,2-09. 3 VL (pl) VAx CYL) 157,0-74,0 66,6-69.0 3,560 J5.047.0 0 seutrered 55.0-90.0 45,1 50.0 742-780 45,0-50,0 45,0-50.0 scattered. 56,0-90,0 avitened scarered Sp.2/Sp.1 23 2T 27 SpXSp2 | — 15 GR | 32-30/34-40 | 20-45/30-73 | 20-29/3:4-48 | PC | b [ T 4 reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised: axillary scale reaching behind membrane behind sp 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical 1/4 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays not reaching, behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled, Pyloric caeca 4. DISTRIBUTION, Pakistan to Indonesia and the NW coast of Australia. REMARKS. V speigleri is distinguished from other members of the genus, except V sehe/i, by its high scale count; from F. sehe/r it can be dis- tinguished by its adipose eyelids in the adult and at all stages by the fewer scales on the caudal pe- duncle. The high scale count and the adipose eye- lids suggest that the species identified by Günther (186l1b), Day (18653) and Klunzinger (1870, 1884) as Mugil cunnesius may be this species. The description of Mug! suppositus by Day (18652) could equally well apply to this species nr to F seheli but as Day claimed that he could MEMOIRS OU THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM distinguish it from that species, his M. suppositus may well have been V. speigleri. The types of M. sordidus are small and in a poor state of preserva- tion, but they have characteristics, such as the long pectoral fin, which point to M. speigleri. The description of Myrus trimaculatus by Klunzinger (1870) was inadequate for certain identification. The redescription by Mohr (1927) was little better other than to make it apparent that the specimen was in the juvenile querimana stage. The specimen can no longer be found, but the descriptions are consistent with V. speigleri. Crenimugil Schultz, 1946 Crenimaugd Schultz, 1946: 387. Type species Mugil crertilabis Forsskal. Chelon Oshirna, 1922: 257. Type species Mugi crtrnilabes Farsskal (nan Cuvier). DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape horizontal, mid-gape and mouth corner at level of lower half of pupil; mouth corner reaching vertical from anterior nos- tril; tip of upper jaw below line of gape, reaching vertical from posterior nostril or slightly behind. Upper lip developing papillae in fish > 60mm SL, in 1-10 rows, usually 5 or more: digitate folds or crenulations at mouth corners; lower lip folded down, its anterior edge sheathed in horny matter; symphysial knob high, double; symphysial groove deep; lip groove short; no fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or lying freely between rami of lower jaw. Maxilla mobile, tendon flange on cen- tral third of shaft at mouth corner level; below tendan flange maxilla curving in 2 planes to jaw end. but lacking outward twist typical of Liza spp., not visible above premaxilla or below mouth comer when mouth closed. Mandibular angle obtuse; lower jaw rami gently curving. Lips edentate, without teeth on vomer or palatines, but sometimes on pterygoids and tongue; tongue slightly domed, without median ridge. Adipose tissue rim around eye; interorbital almost flat. Preorbital notched, tending to fill with age. Nos- trils variably positioned; posterior nostril reach- ing above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostril reaching slightly below vertical span of posterior nostril in small fish, wholly within ver- tical span of posterior nostril in large fish, Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim ofeye; axillary scale long and pointed; pelvic fin origin nearer yertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from origin of first dorsal fin. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip in small fish, tending to equidistance with age. Second dorsal fin origin variable relative to anal fin base, 3 anal spines in adults. Scale cycloid MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD with a broad flexible membranous margin. Head scale-free to posterior nostril, No spine on edge of operculum. Stomach with gizzard; pyloric caeca 7-8; intestine 5-7 times SL, REMARKS. Crenimugil can be distinguished from most genera by the lip papillae, from Oedalechilus by the papillae being in multiple rows and by the crenulatons of the mouth corner: from Chelon by the membranous edged scales, the elongate axillary scales and by the lower level nf the mouth gape, The membranous. edged scales and the long axillary scales indicate a close relationship with l'alemugil though the curve of the maxilla shaft in 2 planes below the tendon flange is reminiscent of Liza. Oshima (1922) listed only Chelon erenilahis in that genus and it is very different from the type species Chelon chelo. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRENIMUGIL. 1, Fully developed papillae flask-shaped; second dorsal Jin origin on vertical behind anal fin origin; 34-40 longitudinal scale rows (Indo-Pacific) os trentlahis Fully developed papillae widened luxerally, horny crested; second dorsal fin origin on vertical 1/2 along anal fin base; 34.34 longitudinal scale rows (Indonesia and adjacent Pacifie), 0 2. heterocheilus Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskal, 1775) Migil crenilabis Forsskal, 1775: 17, Red Sea, Arabia; Bon: aterre, 1780: 180, Red Sea; Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 115, Red Sea; Shaw, 1804: 136, fig. 115, Red Sea; Rüppell, 1835- 132, Red Sea; Valenciennes, 1836; 123(91), Red Sea; Günther, 1861b: 458, Red Sex; Klunzinger, 1870; 827, Red Sea; 1884: 133, pl. 10. fig. 2, Red Sea; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 256, Saone; Norman, 1922: 319, Natal; Barnard, 1925; 307, Red Sea, Andamans, Nicobar; Fowler, 1927a; 10, Baker ls, Palmrya ls, Tongareva; 1928a; 126, Raiatea, Fank, Tahiti, Christmas Is, Guam, Julit, Makemo, Apia; 1935; 146, fig. 56, Macao; Fowler B Bean, 1937: 14, Sumatra, Java; Whitley, 1927: 1), Michaelmas Cay, Santo; Pellegrin, 1933: 179, Madagas- car; Smith, 1935: 609, fig. 6, Durban; 1937: 172, Durban; 1949. 319, fig. 880, Indo-Pacific, south to Durban; Schulrz, 1943; 80, Samoa, Canron Is, Tataila; Four manor, 1957: 71, Nossibé; Marshall, 1964: 410, pl. 55, fig. 394, Queensland; Randall, 1983: 94, fig., Red Sea, Masuda et al, 1984: 120, pl. 105, fig. D, Japan. Mugil crenlabris Kner, 1865: 228, Nicobar, Pas, 1876: 355, Nicobar, Andamans, Red Sea; 1889: 350, Seas of India; Günther, 1877; 219, p]. 122, fig, A, Kingsmill Is, Ponapė; Streets, [878: 93, Hawaii: Roxas, 1934; 419, pl. 1, fig, 4, Philippines. Queéririana rrenilabris Seale, 1906: 15, Tabity, Jordan, Sny- der & Tanaka, 1913; 113, Japan) Liza crenilabis Kendall & Goldsborough, 1913; 258, Guar, Makemo, Paumotu, Marshall Is; Herre, 1953; 220, Phil ippines. Chalon. crenilabis Oshima, 1922: 258, pl. 13, fig. 1, Pesca: dores. Crenimugil cvenilalbis Schultz, 1946; 387, Christmas. Is, Phoenix Ig, Samoa, Tahiri, Marshall. Is., Guam; 1953; S09 317, Guam, Bikim, Eniwetok; Smith. 1948: 836, fig. 5, Durban to Beira; 1949: 319, fig, 880, Indo-Pacific to Dur- bin; Thomson, 1954: 117, fig. 13, Lord Howe Isu Santo (New Hebrides), Michaelmas Cay, Vanikoro Lagoon, Ellice ls., Purdy Archipelago, New Guinea; Matsubara 1955; 491, fig. 210, Pescadores; Fourmanoir, 1957; 71, fig, 52, Madagascar; Munro, 1967; 169, pl. 18, fig. 283, ew Guinea; Shen, 1994: 438, pl. 137, fig. 7, Tarwan Mil cirrhistümas Bloch & Schneider, 1801; 121, New Ire and, nomen nudum; Valenciennes, 1836: 127(94), fiv. 312, New Ireland; Forster, 1844: 198, Tanna, '"alut: Bleeker, 1860d: 47, Borneo. Mutil carzbostoma Günther, 1861h: 459, New Ireland. Oadalednlus civvbastonas Whitley, 1941: I9, Lord Howe Is Mugal faciatis Valenciennes, 1836: 125(92), Red Sea. Musi macrocbeas Bleeker, 1854c: 43, Nova Selma; 18593. 280, Gocos-Keeling; 18592: 290, Indonesian archipelago, Mugil maerorbilus Günther, 1861b: 458, Java, Cocoy-Keel- ingi Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 257, Cocos Is. (9 Mugi lauvergnii Bleeker, 360e: 4, Samarra, non Eydoux & Souleyet. Mays! rüppili Günther, 1861b: 458, Red Sea, Mugil nvocaledonteus Gastlenau, 18733: 116, New Caledonia. Mugil crenipehis Roxas, 1934: 419, pl. 1, fig. 4; Philippines, non Castelnau, Mug tearlache Curtiss, 1938: 47, Tahiti. TYPE. None. Type locality, Red Sea, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 46specimens, 27 - 265mm SL from E Africa, Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Laccadive and Maldive is lands, Gocos-Keeling, Chrisimas Js., Caroline Is, New Hebrides, New Guinea. Great Barrier. Reel, Santa Cruz Is. BMNH: 1845,10.29.57, 240mm, hol ot M. vuppellu, Red Sea, coll. Rüppell; 1871 7.15.8, 227mm, Red Sea; 1873.8.1.21, 258mm, Ta, hin 1879,5,22,65, 172mm, Ponape, Caroline Is; 1890,11, 17,30- 1, 168 & 179mm, Canton Is.; 1895,3,22,2, 57mm, Ancurta, Lac- cade Islands; 1901.12,31.39, 62mm. Miladunadulu, Maldive Is- lands, 1902.11.15.84, 48mm, Mombasa; 19207.23.13, 147mm, St Lucia, Natal; 19272 1077, 226mm, Russell Is., Great Barrier Reef, 1934,5.29,55-6, 60 & 75mm, Dolly Beach, Christmas Is; 1949,11 29.640-4, 5 spec. 112-264mm, Cocos Keeling: 1950.2.22.13-22, 10 spec. 27-à8mm, Cocos-Keeling; 1951.1.15.622, 67mm, Dahab, Gulf of Aqaba; 1951.1.16.623-30, Hospec, 99-108mm, Sanifer Is, Red Sea, MINEN: — A $624, Mimin, holo ot M. ciyybostomus, New Ireland, coll; Quoy & Gaimard; A,3639, 143mm, Red Sea; A 3657, 225mm, holo type of M. fasciis , Red Sea, coll. Ehrenberg, AM: 14081, mim, Lord Howe Is; 16574, 51mm, Santo, New Hebrides; JA 2841, 87r, Vanikoro; IÀ 5826, 128mm, Ellice Is., IB.3513, 130mm, Purdy I5. DESCRIPTION. D; IV. D318, A IH 9. P 17, LI 38-40, tr. 13-14. ped. 9, pect, se, 10-13, Dir se. Il- 13, D; sc. 23-26. Mucus canals long and narrow, reaching inner edge of marginal membrane of scales in Some specimens, no multicanaliculte scales. Body robust. head blunty pointed: mteror- bital less than twice eve diameter, almost flat; eye diameter greater than snout length, Upper lip me- dian height c. 1/2 eye diameter, 1-10 rows of pa- pillae on outer surface of lower 1/3 of lip (originating as simple mounds al about 7-8mm SL). becoming flask-shaped when fully devel- oped with flaring, flattened distal ends; lower lip groove 1/5 of lower lip length; edge of lower hp 310 folded in shapes similar ro papillae of upper lip, in large individuals with |-4 rows of Flask-shaped papillae inside folded edge, and 2 rows of less well-developed papillae below edge: series of crenulations at mouth corner, fimbriate in larger specimens: short folds along sides of symphysial Eroove and occasional folds below lip edge in larger specimens, Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, other pairs obscure. Teeth on pterygoids and tongue. Preorbital filling space lip to eye, serrae obscured by adipose tis- sue; upper end reaching c. 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils, Posterior nostril nearer eye than to ante- rior nostril, anterior nostril about equidistant from lip and posterior nostril. Gill rakers long, type 4, Pectoral fin reaching mid-pupil when laid for- ward in small fish. to posterior nostril at about 110mm SL and to anterior nostril by 3220mm SL;rcaching to vertical slightly in front of origin of first dorsal fin, c.2/3 along pectoral fin (pasttip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching 71/2 along pelvic spine. Sp. 1 of first dorsal fin shorter than sp. 2: sp. 4 slender, not reaching behind vertical trom tip of sp. 3 when fin raised. Second dorsal fin ori- ain on vertical slightly behind origin of anal fin: tips of anterior rays reaching, well behind tips af posterior rays; anal fin and second dorsal fin subequal in height, higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled, Pylo- ric caeca 7. or ok TON, Indo-Pacific fram Natal to Farwan and Ta tI. REMARKS, The type specimen ts lost (Klause- witz & Nielsen, 1965), but it is generally ac- cepted that the species recognised by recent authors as C erenilabís is identical with Forss- kal's species, Some authorities have recognised M, macrocliellus às a distinct species. The type specimen, 310mm long (Bleeker, 1854c), cannot be located. However, 2 specimens in the Rijksmuseum at Leiden labelled M. macrochei- lus of 75 and 237mm SL are C. erenilabis, In the smaller specimen the papillae are just erupting and are still quite low in the larger specimen. The combined collections of the British, Paris and Leiden museums provide a good series display- ing the development of the papillae. The fully de- veloped papillae are well displayed by MNIIN A 3624 which is the specimen named M. cirrhos- tomus by Valenciennes. It has 9 rows of Nask- shaped papillae, The holotype of M. fasciatus MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM (MNIIN A,5637) has 6 rows of papillae of which only those of the lowermost row have become flask-shaped, Preservation of the papillae is very poor in the majority of specimens studied, a con- dition not helpd by the usual practice of placing a fish head down in the storage jar. The first use of Mugil cirrhostamus by Bloch & Schnewuler (1801) is a nomen nudum, the only indication be- ing to an unpublished manuseript by Forster. Bef- ore Forster's (1844) publication appeared Valenciennes (1836) had published a description under this name. Although he attributed the spe- cies to Forster, Valenciennes appears to be the valid author of Mugil cirrhostomus, and A.3624 may be regarded as the holotype. It came from New Ireland, the type locality named by Bloch & Schneider and by Forster, Valenciennes erred in attribuling to the specimen a longitudinal scale count of 30-35 and AIH 10; the specimen has 38 lateral scales and A 1119, The nature of the devel- oped papillae separates C. erenilabis from C. het- erocheilus. In specimens without papillae or in the early stages of eruption, the lower scale count of C. heterocheilus and absence of crenulations or folds at the mouth corners, the site of origin of the second dorsal fin and the site of the posterior nostril all serve to differentiate the species. Crenimugil heterocheilus (Bleeker, |855a) Angri beterocbeidas Bleeker, 1855a: 198, Batjan; 18574; 478, Java; 1859a: 780, Indonesia; R62 110, Batym; Fowler, 1928a- 126, quoting. Mugil heterachelus Bledker, 184656: 191, Ceruny Weberi 1913: 141, Ambon. Mugil heterochulus Gunther, 18615:457, Java, Ceram, Cel- ebes, Batjan; Weber, 1885-268, Ambon; Weber & De Beasties 1922,258, Java, Celebes, Batyin, Ceram, Am- hou. Crenimugil hetervetialey Masuda et al, 1984- 120, pl; 105, fig E, Japan. Mugil papillosus Macleay, 1884c, 270, fig, Normanby Is, Tahate? Tosh 1903-3, B 3, fig, 3, Moreton Bay Liza papillosa Jordan & Seale, 1906: 218, Samoa, Mujal Mies papillosus MeCulloch & Whitley, 1925: 141, Moreton Bay, Oecdulechilus papillosus Whitley, 1941: 20, hg. 15, Normanby l s, Crenimugil labiosus Thomson, 1954) 119, fig. 13, Nor manby Is. Mugil banksy Seule, 1909: 501, pl, 5, Philippines; Roxas, 1934;421, pl. 1, fig. 14, pl. 2, f1g.2, Philippines, HOLOTYPE, RMNH 6408, Bayan, coll. Bleeker. MATERIAL EXAMINED, Holotype, 4 paratypes ond 5 other specimens, 75-245mm from the Moluccas, New Elebrides and Nonnpaaby I. BMNH: 1880.4.21.166, 72mm, labelled ' para- type’, ecl]; Bleeker, no locality; 1928.1.17,24-5, 223 & 242n9m, jordan R., New Hebrides. RMNEL: 6408, 5 spec. 75-17 2mm, wlotype and paratypes of M. Jwtevochedis, Batjan, Moluccas, coll. Bleeker, AM, 1.15392-3, 145 8€ 187mm, syntypes of M, gw- pilosus, Normanby Is., coll. Goldie- MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i 8, A III 9, P. 16, LI 34-38, tr. 13, ped. 9, pect. sc. 10-11, Di sc. 12, D2 sc. 24. Long narrow mucus canals, not reaching the inner edge of membranous margins of scales, except on breast; some scales with double or treble canals. Body robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free to posterior nostrils; interorbital less than twice eye diameter; snout length greater than eye diameter. Upper lip median height 71/2 eye diameter, 1-5 rows of papillae on outer surface of lower third of lip, originating as simple mounds at c.70mm SL, becoming laterally extended with horny crests twice as wide laterally as vertically at mid-lip, relatively broader towards mouth cor- ner; lower lip horny without folds or crenulations at the mouth corner; lip groove 1/10 of lower lip length. Anterior pair of mandibular pores at pos- terior end of symphysial groove; 4 other pairs be- hind, along inner edge of jaw. No teeth on lips, tongue or palate. Preorbital filling space lip to eye, buried in adipose tissue, upper end reaching about 1/2 up upper lip and on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; nostrils nearer each other than to eye or lip; raised cutane- ous rim around anterior. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching anterior rim of eye when laid forward, not reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin, ^ 1/2 along pelvic fin (not to end of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reach- ing vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale not reaching tip of pelvic spine. Sp. 1 of first dorsal fin longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching about 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical c.1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both distinctly higher than first dorsal fin; second dor- sal and anal fins falcate, scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 8. DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia to New Hebrides. REMARKS. The basic anatomical features of the 2 species of Crenimugil are similar; the very dif- ferent appearance of the mature papillae provid- ing the most distinctive feature. Other differences have been mentioned in discussing C. crenilabis. Thomson (1954) assigned M. papillosus Macleay to C. labiosus (Valenciennes), but the several, types show that M. papillosus is specifically identical with C. heterocheilus and that M. labio- sus is generically distinct. 511 Liza Jordan & Swain, 1884 Liza Jordan & Swain, 1884: 261, 264. Type species Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829. Protomugil Popov, 1930: 68. Type species Mugil saliens Risso, 1810. Ellochelon Whitley, 1930: 250. Type species Mugil vaigien- sts Quoy & Gaimard, 1824. Gracilimugil Whitley, 1941: 19. Type species Mugil ramsayi Macleay. 1884b. ! Moolgarda Whitley, 1945: 14 (part). Type species Moolgarda pura Whitley, 1945, Planiliza Whitley, 1945: 17. Type species Moolgarda ordensis Whitley, 1945, Heteromugil Schultz, 1946: 394, Type species Mugil tricus- pidens Smith, 1935. Chelon Schultz, 1946: 391, (part). Type species Mugil chelo Cuvier, 1829. Pteromugil Smith, 1948: 837. Type species Mugil diadema Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911. Strializa Smith, 1948: 837. Type species Mugil canaliculatus Smith, 1935, DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape horizontal or slightly oblique; mid-gape at level of mid-pupil or slightly above (except L. sa/iens) at level of lower rim of eye; mouth corner at level of lower quarter of eye, or just below, reaching distance specific to each species, but varying between vertical from anterior nostrils to vertical from anterior rim of eye; tip of upper jaw well above line of gape, reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye or just behind. Upper lip terminal, thin to moderately thick, of moderate height, without enlarged pa- pillae or crenulations on outer suface; lower lip thin-edged, not permanently turned down; single high symphysial knob; moderately deep sym- physial groove; no fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or lyng freely between rami of lower jaws. Max- illa slightly mobile, tendon flange 1/2-2/3 down shaft, at or slightly above mouth corner; shaft of maxilla curving in 2 planes below tendon flange to an S-shaped lower end; not visible above pre- maxilla, but covering pad visible below mouth corner when mouth closed, smaller pad over the tendon to the mouth corner close behind. Edge of lower lips almost straight or very slightly curv- ing; mandibular angle obtuse (except in young L. richardsoni, upper lip with labial teeth in 1-5 rows; lower lip edentate in most species; usually teeth on pterygoids and tongue, variably on vo- mer and palatines; tongue flat; domed or high- keeled. Adipose tissue variably developed from rim around eye to well over iris. Interorbital flat or slightly convex. Preorbital filling space lip to eye (except in L. carinata and L. subviridis only 3/4 filled); notched, tending to fill with age. Nos- trils nearer each other than to lip or eye (rarely equidistant); posterior nostrils not reaching above level of upper rim of eye; anterior nostrils 312 TABLE 12. Biometrics of Crenimugil spp and Liza spp (1). * Obsolecent, # scattered between the 2 rows, Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. Species C. crenilabis | C. heterocheilus| L. abu L. affinis Scale radii 5-8 5-6 6-8 6-7 Depth (%SL)| 22.7-26.3 25.3-27.3 24,3-252 | 22.0-23.0 HL (%SL) | 21.5-23.8 22.3-23.7 22,3-24.3 | 22.3-23.9 HW (96HL)| 67.0-76.5 71.0-74.0 | 69,5-70.0 | 66.1-68.6 IO (HL) | 410537 | 465-73. | 431466 | 33.836. ED (%HL) | 24.6-32.0 24,0-35.0 | 25.0-27,6 | 22,9-23,9 SnL (%HL) | 22.8-25.5 26.1-30.2 | 20.6-23.3 | 21.6-22.2 ULH(96HL)| 14.5-25.0 13.0-15.0 4.2-4.5 5.5-6.8 MW/ML 2.7-3.0 2.8-3.2 2.0-2.2 2.4-2.5 PL (%HL) | 76.0-102.0 | 97.0-102.0 | 75.0-78.0 | 70.0-72.2 PB (%PL) 28.7-30.0 25,0-26.5 31,3-33,5 | 28.9-29.5 PAx(96PL)| 33.0-39.0 31.3-36.6 Obs* Obs* 70.2-80.5 43.0-50.0 75.0-75.9 31.2-34.5 84.7-92.3 43.7-48.4 VL (%PL) VAx (96 VL) 73.0-76.0 44.0-50.0 Ped. (75D) 46.5-50.0 42.0-53.3 45.8-48.3 | 54 4-56.1 TR(UL) 0 Ü | Dist TR(LL) | 0 0 scattered 0 LES 14-17 40+ 13-15 I-13 wholly or partly within vertical span of posterior nostrils; slight cutaneous rim around anterior nostrils. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim of eye; pectoral tip reaching well in front of origin of first dorsal fin (except in L. parmata and L. abu); axillary scale rudimentary (except in L. affinis where moderately developed). Origins of first dorsal and pelvic fins variably placed; sec- ond dorsal fin origin over anterior half of anal fin base (except in L. fade). 3 anal spines in adults; scales pavement ctenoid or cycloid. No spine on edge of operculum. Stomach with a gizzard; py- loric caeca usually 5, but up to 14; intestine length 4-6 times SL. REMARKS. Pads over the lower end of the max- illa and over the tendon to the mouth differentiate this genus from all but Chelon and Oedalechilus; but Liza lacks the lip ornamentation of these gen- era. The pad in Valamugil is single, being that over the tendon to the mouth corner and even MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM there a cutaneous flap hides it in several species. All the types of the nominal genera listed in the synonymy of Liza have the typical exposed dou- ble pad and lack ornamentation on the lips. Each displays some anatomical specialisation, but the general mix of features is common to all species. Apart from L. dumerili which he referred to Heteromugil tricuspidens Schultz (1946) in- cluded in Chelon all the species regarded here as belonging to Liza, as well as Chelon chelo (=C. labrosus), the type species of Chelon. The posi- tion of Moolgarda Whitley is complicated. No type specimen of M. pura was retained. Whitley's description refers to large pectoral axillary scales, the absence of papillae on the upper lip and an adipose eyelid "not reaching the pupil’, all of which are typical of Valamugil. But he went on to mention that some specimens lacked the axil- lary scale, had an exposed maxilla and exhibited 29-35 longitudinal scales compared with 36 in the type description. None of the specimens la- belled "Moolgarda pura' in the Australian Mu- seum have an axillary scale; all are Liza subviridis, referred to L. dussumieri in Thomson (1954). Whitley also described Moolgarda (Planiliza) ordensis whose types are L. alata Ste- indachner (referred in Thomson (1954) to L. dia- dema Gilchrist & Thompson). Liza is a large genus, with 22 species which display a wide range of variation without any consistent combi- nation of features which might warrant generic distinction. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LIZA. 1. Teeth in upper lip tricuspid (SouthAfrica) NEMPE LT Po tricuspidens) Teeth in upper lip not tricuspid. . ......-. 2 2(1). Anal rays 11 (W Africa) .. 2,2... falcipinnis Anal raysfewerthanll...............3 3(2). Anal rays 10 (S Australia) Lo. cade NE En E ara yc sca, he Si tek argentea Adalrays8 are. 22 ce aye ge yee 4 4G) Amalrays8. e 5 PonalusysOse m5 ox eer SALSA. MV 8 5(4). 47-48 scales in longitudinal series; pectoral fin reach- ing vertical from first dorsal fin (Iraq, Iran, Syria, in fresh water) insured a ee abu Fewer than 47 scales in tanga ndinal series; pectoral fin not reaching first dorsal fin... 6(5). About 30 scales in longitudinal series (S India) EXE Rape aS at Bly mandapamensis sp. nov. 24-26 scales on longitudinal series... . 2.0.0, 7 7(6). Tail scarecely emarginate (Indo-Pacific) tate a oo iom als so epree ce ot s luciae 8(4). Pectoral fin reaching vertical from first dorsal fin origin; pelvic fin reaching behind first dorsal fin MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD 513 (Indian Ocean, Malaysia, Indonesia) VETT ML EO ae TER parmata Pectoral fin not reaching first dorsal fin; pelvic fin not reaching behind first dorsal fin. . 2.2... 04. 9 9(8). Predorsal scales with 4 or more mucus canals . . 10 Predorsal scales with fewer than 4 mucus canals. . . 11 10(9). 34-36 scales in longitudinal series (S Africa) HEELS TP ee, ee LABES dumerili 43-48 scales in longitudinal series (Mediterranean) STN tn ike 215 TE Me thn Le saliens Interdorsal space not keeled (Red Sea to India; Egyptian Mediterreanean) ........., carinata 13(11). Upper jaw reaching vertical behind anterior rim of eye; length to D, <46% SL (NE Asia) ses Y ac A A8 oe RE n S Ie B ren s ope lauvergnii Upper jaw not reaching vertical behind anterior rim of eye; length to D, >46%SL .......,,. 14 14(13). Second dorsal fin origin on vertical from anal fin origin; pectoral fin <70% HL (SouthAfrica) . . , . DOM EM TE, og} SMe =f cg oy richardsoni Second dorsal fin origin behind anal fin origin; pecto- ralfin >7O%HL sa aa e e aee aje a ee 15 15(14). More han 40 scales in longitudinal series. . . . 16 Fewer than 40 scales in longitudinal series. |... 17 16(15). 9 scale rows down peduncle, pectoral fin laid forward reaching eye; posterior angle of preorbital pointed (Mediterranean; E Atlantic N of C. Verde) Fe SOM RUE OU E aurata 11 scale rows down peduncle; pectoral fin laid for- ward not reaching eye; posterior angle of preorbital rounded (Mediterranean; E Atlantic N of C. Verde) TRE see Se a! LP TE ramada 17(15). 13 scale rows in transverse series; pelvic fin reaching vertical behind sp. 4 of D, lindo-Pacific) ie ts lads UN ce! ie ado: tals, ener Fn cost macrolepis Fewer than 13 transverse scales; pelvic fin not reach- ing vertical behindsp.4...........04. 18 18(17). D; origin on vertical > 1/2 along anal fin base; head depressed, pointed (N Indian Ocean to W Pa- cific) eg y I M TM Pa rund mou tade) D, origin opposite anterior half of anal fin base; head not markedly depressed. . ........ ee 19 19(18). Snout <20% HL; preobital not filling space lip to eye (N Indian Ocean to W Pacific) MET ARN PE Ur VE subviridis Snout >20% HL; preorbital filling space lip to eye 20 20(19). Mouth corner at vertical from anterio nostril; unpaired fins falcate; pelvic fins >91% PL (Indo- Pacific)’ scree Sa ne a soe Eom alea Ya d alata Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; unpaired fins not falcate; pelvic fin <91% PL. . 21 21(20). Pectoral fin > 80% HL (W Africa) (Wash p vrage ey cr pets Mh es grandisquamis) Pectoral fin <8% PL. debi See a tone i3 22 22(21). 9-10 scales in transverse series; MW/ML ratio <3 (IndoPacific). melinoptera 11 transverse scales; MW/ML ratio > 3 (India and Pakistan) . . parsia Liza abu (Heckel, 1846) Mugil abu Heckel, 1846:244, pl.19, fig.2, Tigris R. to Mos- sul. Mugil (Liza) abu zarodnyi Berg, 1949b: 852, fig. 73-5, Tigris R.; Svetidov, 1949: 867, rivers of Iran. Liza abu Kurunuma & Abe, 1986: 209, Basrah Market. ?Mugil pseudotelestes Pietschmann, 1912: 268, Schatt el Arab. Mugil Liza) bisbni Hora & Misra, 1943: 10, fig. 5, Rivers of raq. TYPE. None. Type locality, Tigris R. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 54 specimens, 27-177mm SL, from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. BMINH: 1875.1.14.9-10, 112 & 126mm, Tigris R., Iraq; 1918.7.16.1-3, 3 spec. 46-48mm, Kurna, Iraq; 1920.3.3.277-86, 10 spec. 27-55mm, Basra, Iraq; 1938.6.8.2, 95mm, Baghdad, Iraq; 1968.12.13.443-45, 3 spec. 104-125mm, Euphrates R., Raqqa, Syria; 1968.12.13.446-51, 5 spec. 78- 112mm, Tigris R., 25km from Mossul, Iraq; 1972.10.19.25-42, 18 spec. 37-43mm, Euphrates R., Ar Ramadi, Iraq. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i 8. A III 8-10, P.16- 17, L144-50, tr. 14-15, ped. 15, pect. sc. 10-11, Di sc.12-13, D» sc. 29-30. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals expanding posteriorly into an ovoid; occasional anterodorsal scales with dou- ble canals. Body moderately robust; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to just behind posterior nos- trils; interorbital less than twice eye diameter, rather convex; eye diameter greater than snout length; adipose tissue intruding only slightly over iris. Upper lip height 1/6 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, rather more than breadth of symphysial knob apart; 4 obvious pairs of mandibular pores be- hind. Single row of peg-like teeth in upper lip, scattered ciliate teeth in lower lip; vomer and palatines toothless, but teeth on pterygoids and tongue. Tongue high keeled, recessed at anterior tip. Mouth corner at vertical a little behind ante- rior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye; maxilla shaft kinked c.1/3 down, curving downward and outward be- low tendon flange; maxilla and tendon pads about equal length. Lower edge of preorbital al- most horizontal, reaching 1/2 up upper lip, slightly above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril only slightly overlapping vertical span of posterior nostril; posterior nostril about equidistant from eye and anterior nostril; anterior nostril nearer posterior nostril than lip. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior half of eye when laid forward; not quite reaching vertical from ori- gin of first dorsal fin and 1/3-1/2 along pelvic fin (notto end of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from Di origin than to that from pectoral fin origin: axillary scale reach- ing c.1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout Lip than caudal base; sp. | considera- bly longer than sp. 2; 5p. 4 weak, not reaching be- hind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along membrane be- hind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical r.1/3 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin not as high as first dorsal fin, but higher than second dorsal; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base, Caudal fin only shal- lowly forked. Pyloric caeca 4. DISTRIBUTION. Preshsvaters of Eran, Frag and Syria, REMARKS, This species displays a diversity of form and biometry unequalled elsewhere amongst the Mugilidae. In a single haul from Basra on the Euphrates, there were 14 specimens with 8 anal rays, 3 with 9 and I with 10. In this same group of specimens the longitudinal scale count was 44-50. Berg (1949b) named his sub- species on specimens which varied from Heckel's original description, but in view of the variability displayed in this single sample such a subspecific discrimination seems of doubtful validity. The high scale count, Ihe pectoral fin almost reaching the vertical from the first dorsal fin origin atid the unusual comparative length of the first dorsal fin together with the relatively stout spines in the first dorsal and anal fins, distinguish Z. abu from other species in the genus. Mugil pseudotelestes of Pietschmann (1912) may well have been this species, bul is Eno slightly described for certainty, Liza affinis (Günther, 1861b) Angi affine Günther, 186]h- 433, fig, Amoy: Reeves, 1927. 8, Amoy, Win. 192% 81, hy. 64, Amoy: Fowler, 1935: 138, Amoy; Matsubara, 1955- 490, fig. Japan Liza affinis Shen, 1994: 438, pl. 137, fig B, l'anwan Mugil carinapis Oshima, 1919. 272, Taiwan; 1922; 247, Tar wan; 1926; 19, Hainans Wu, 1929: 79, fig. 63, Amoy, non Valenciennes) Myxus profugus Mohr. 1927) 184, fig. b, Japan & Tatwan. Myxus philippines Roxas, 1934; 424, pl 2, fig. 1, Plulippines. HOLOTYPE, BMNH 1860,7.20,1 1, Amoy, purchased from Stevens, MATERIAL EXAMINED, Holotype and 3 specimens, 131- 210mm Sh trom Fulsien Province, China, aud Tawan. BMNH: 1860.7.20.11, 150mm, holotype of M. affinis, Amen ped Ste- vend: 1862,12.6.12, 166mm, Taiwan; 1862.126.113, 16%mm, Tu- wan; 1936,10,7.48, 13 liann Sharp Peak, Puluen Province. DESCRIPTION Di IV, Dzi 8, A I9, P 15-17, Ll 38-40, tr. | |, ped. 9, pect, sc, 9, Di sc. 12. Di se, 25. Scales pavement ctenoid, long mucus canals; na multicanaliculate scales; predorsal and inter- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM dorsal scales in midline thickened and angled to form a median ridge. Body slender, head bluntly pointed, scale-free halfway to anterior nostrils; interorbital c.1.5 times eye diameter, slightly convex; eye diameter longer than snout, Adipose tissue covering half iris. Upper lip median height c.1/4 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, c.breadth of sym- physial knob apart; 4 other pairs behind, Lower lip edentate; row of unicuspid teeath on edge of à upper lip, another row at base of lip, scattered teeth between; no teeth on vomer or palatines, but teeth on tongue and 3-4 rows on plerygotds. Tongue moderately keeled, recessed at anterior tip. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior rim of eye; pads over maxilla and tendon equal in size; preorbital not quite filling space lip to eye, reach- ing 3/4 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils. 50% of anterior nostril overlapping vertical span of posterior nos- tril, posterior nostril equidistant from anterior nostril and eye; anterior nostril nearer posterior nostril than to lip. Gill rakers short, type 3 Pectoral fin reaching to posterior rim of eye when laid forward, only 1/5 along pelvic fin (not nearly totip of pelvic spine) when laid back; axil- lary scale more like that of Muell spp. than the ru- dimentary structure found in other Liza spp. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from first dorsal lin origin than to that from pectoral fin origin, its tip reaching vertical 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin distinctly nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. | shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 slender, but long, in some specimens reaching behind ver- tical from tip of sp. 4 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical from origin of anal fin or slightly behind; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays in | of 4 specimen; anal fin c,same height as subequal dor- sal fins; second dorsal and anal fins scaled anteri- orly and along base, Caudal fin falcate, Pylone caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. 5 China, Japan, Tawan, Olanawa and the Philippines. REMARKS. Irom their descriptions it is clear that the fish identified by Oshima (1919, 1922, 1926) and by Wu (1929) were L affinis, not I carinata Which is recorded with certainty only from the Indian Ocean, Afyxaus profugus Mohr (1927)1s the querimana stage of this species. The median dorsal keel distinguishes L. affinis from Liza exeept L, carinata in which the keel is lack- ing between the dorsal fins, MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Liza alata (Steindachner, 1892) Mugil alatus Steindachner, 1892: 364, Madagascar, in fresh water. Liza alata Shen, 1992: 438, pl. 137, fig. 9, Tarwan. Mugil diadema Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911: 42, Natal; Bar- nard, 1925: 309, Port Elizabeth, Natal; Marshall, 1957: 132, Princess Charlotte Bay; 1964: 410, pl. 56, fig. 396, N Queensland, Pteromugil diadema Smith, 1948: 837, fig. 6, Algoa Bay to Delagoa; 1949; 319, fig. 881, Port Elizabeth, Natal, Zulu- land; Fourmanoir, 1957: 74, Nossibé, Madagascar. Liza diadema Thomson, 1954: 106, fig. 10, Melville Is., Ord R., Broome, Exmouth Gulf. Chelon diadema Taylor, 1964: 119, Arnhem Land. Mugil compressus Smith, 1935: 625, fig. 13, pl. 17, fig. B, Port Elizbeth, Natal, non Günther. Moolgarda (Planiliza) ordensis Whitley, 1945: 17, fig, 9, Ord R. TYPE. Lost. Type locality, Madagascar. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 12 specimens, 115-460mm SL from Madagascar, IN Australia and the West Pacific. BMINH: 1887.12.21.53, 460mm, E Madagascar. WAM: P.175, 240mm, Broome; P, 2487-8, 280 & 300mm, Exmouth Gulf; P.2758, 390mm, holotype of M. ordensis, Ord R.; Jenkins, AM: IA.5161, 155mm, Tonga; IA.5182, 115mm, Tonga; IA.7635, 189mm, Northern Territory; IA. 7638, 315mm, Ord. R.; 1A 7654, 322mm, Ord R. BPBM: 12125, 148mm, Niva Ova, Marquesas. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i 8, A HI 9, P 16-17, LI 29-31, tr. 1 1 ped. 7, pect. sc. 7-8, Di sc. 10, D2 sc. 19-20. Body robust; head pointed, scale-free to anterior nostrils; interorbital slightly convex, less than twice eye diameter in small fishes, but greater in large; eye diameter less than snout length. Adipose tissue insignificant rim around eye.Upper lip height c.1/4 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores c.twice breadth of symphysial knob apart; 3 other obvious pairs behind. 3-5 rows of unicuspid teeth in upper lip; lower eden- tate but with broad low papillae with long axes perpendicular to lip edge at inner base of lip; no teeth on palatine, but teeth on vomer, pterygoids and high-keeled tongue; mouth and tongue mem- branes with long pointed papillae. Mouth corner on vertical from anterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from posterior nostril. Pad over tendon as long as pad over maxilla but only 1/3 its width. Preorbital reaching 3/4 up upper lip, below line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril entirely within vertical span of posterior nostril; posterior nostril nearer eye than anterior to lip. Gill rakers short, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching anterior half of eye when laid forward, c.1/2 along pelvic fin (not to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from first dorsal fin origin than to that from pectoral fin origin, its tip reaching verti- cal just behind sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c. 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dor- TABLE 13. Biometrics of Liza spp (2). * secondary radii, Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. Species — | L alata | L argentea |, L. aurata. | L carinata | Scale radii 4-8 T+6s* 10-12 m 6-7 | Depth (%SL)|_22.8-26.0 | 24.4-26.2 | 23.0-24.0 | 24.0-26.0 HL(%SL) | 22.5-25.2 | 26,0-28.3 | 23.5-24.7 | 28.8-29.5 65.5-68.8 43.5-44.8 53,5-58.0 37,6-42.0 57.5-63.0 40.5-43.0 59.8-61.5 36.0-36.8 HW (96HL) IO (%HL) ED (%HL) | 20.5-26.0 | 18.9-21.0 | 20.2-20,5 | 25.0-26.0 SnL (%HL) | 21.0-26.4 | 20,5-220 | 24.5-25.0 | 19.4-21.1 ULH (%HL)| 6.0-6.1 6,0-6.8 7.1-7.7 6.4-7.0 MW/ML 2.3 2.2-2.7 2.0-2.2 1.7-1.9 PL(%HL) | 78.0-90.0 | 720-770 | 770-800 PB (%PL) | 312-320 | 31-344 | 270-330 | 266312 VL (PPL) 93.0-96.0 | 83,3-90.0 | 70.0-80.0 | 66.5-69.0 VAx(96NL)| 36.0-38.0 | 24.0-31.7 | 49.0-56.0 | 43.0-55.0 Ped (46D) 45.0-45.5 | 50.0-54.0 | 40.0-47.0 | 46.5-46.6 TR(UL) 3-5 1 l d 2 TR(LL) 0 1 0 0 | LES 21-37 8-12 12-25 5-7 FES 20-25 15-24 11-15 8-9 ji e ae Sp.2/Sp.1 4.0 Sp.3/Sp.2 1.7 GR 22-20/ 42-45/ 40-45/ 30-36/ 64-79 100-130 67-87 41-62 PC 5 2 $ sal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. | shorter than sp. 2, sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along membrane be- hind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical c.1/3 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal and second dorsal fins subequal, but first dorsal fin lower; second dorsal and anal fins falcate, densely scaled. Caudal fin falcate. Pyloric caeca 5. DISTRIBUTION. Natal, Madagascar, N Australia, Tonga, Marquesas. REMARKS, The very full description of M. alata given by Steindachner (1892) identifies his species with that named as M. diadema by Gil- christ & Thompson (1911). The compressed tail evidently led Smith (1935) to refer his specimens to M. compressus Günther. Specimens of Mool- garda ordensis identifed by Whitley (1945) are identical with L. alata. The strongly falcate fins are more typical of Valamugil than Liza but in other characteristics, particularly in the mouth S16 structure, the weak axillary scales und the pave- ment clenold scalation, L alata |s atypical Lizu The falcate pelvic tins are almost as long as the pectoral fins and are inserted nearer the vertical trom the origin of the first dorsal fin that to the pectoral fin origin, a condition shared within the genus only with L. abu and occasional specimens of L. vaigiensis and L richardsoni The fins of L valgiensis are far from falcate, and the frish longi- tudinal scale count distinguishes Z. abu and 7. richardsoni trom L. alata. Liza argentea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Mul argentens Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 338, pl. 59, fig. 3, Pon Jackson; Macleay, 1880: 417, Port Jackson, South Australia, Pixroy R; 1881: 47, Rockhampron; Waite, 1923: 107, figu South Australia; Marshall, 1964: 411, pl.56, fig.397, sincerely. Qld. Mugil perenil Valenciennes, 1836; 138(102), Westernpom; Bleeker, 1855d: 12, NW Australia; Castelnau, 18736: 151, Victoria; Macleay, 1880; 421, Westernport, Port Jackson; Ogilby, 1893: 120, pl.32, NSW) Stead, 1906:42, pl.13, NSW, MeCulloch, 1914:142, NSW. Mugil ferrandt Valenciennes, 1836: 144105), Port Jackson; Bleeker, 1855¢: 11, Part Jackson. Mugil australis Steindachner, 1880; 6, Port Jackson, Masel comeexis Do Vis, 1884: 869, Cartwell, Afugil ramisayi Macleay, 1884b: 208, Burdekin R., 1885: 42, miim Ra Marshall, 1964: 411, pl.55, fig. 395, Burde- oR, Liza peronii, Ogilby, 1887; 72, Tasmania, Mugil (Gaza) argenteus - MeCulloch & Whitey, 1925; 141, Queensland. Liza argenti + McCulloch, 1929; 116, sincerely Australia; Thomson, 1954- 100, fig. 7, Nepean R., Port Jackson, Brisbane R., Maroubra, Pon Stephens, Melbourne, My: ora, Clyde R, Mary R., L. Macquarie, Buren Rue, Ma- roothy Ra City Beach (WA); Scor, 1962) 137, fig, South Australia; Gomon ut al;, 1994: 661, sincerely Australia, Gracilirnuoil ramsayi - Whitley, 1941: 19, fig. 14, Burdekin K Trachystoma rapsayr Schultz, 1946 392, Burdekin R. Liza vamsieyi Thomson, 1954: 106, fig, 9, Burdelon R, Migal corey De Vis, 1884: 869, Cardwell, TIS. Syntypess MNHN 4961 Port Jackson Quoy & Gai- mare, MATERIAL EXAMINED. 3 syntypes and 24 specunens, 7+ 361mm SL from Australia, BMH: 1873.6.23.5, 188mm, Syds nev; 1876,5.1.19-20, 201 & 231mm, Sydney; 1890,9,23,95-6, 197 & 213mm, Port Jackson; 1897,10.27,29, 142mm, Georges Ru 1914.8.20.262, 113mm, NSW. MNHN: 4961, 3 spec 74-90mm, symtypes of M. urgertieus and M. ferrari, Port Jackson, coll. Quoy & Giümird, A3620, 142mm, holotype of Af. peronii, “New Holland’, Peron. NHM: 68550, 170mm, holotype of M. australts, Port Jackson, Steindachoer, AM: LA.5944, 261mm, holorype of M. ramseyt, Burdekin Ri Macleay; LA.5945-6, G spec, 116-2200, paratypes of M. ramrutyi, Burdekin Ra; 1330. 145m, Melbourne; 1.764050, 177 & 182mm, Part Jackson; 1.12606, 290mm, Brisbane R.; 1.12752, 223mm, Port Stephens; [15174 78mm. Womboyn Ra 1,15]82, 157mm, Nepean R COM; 1.999, 161mm, holotype of M. comuexus, Cardwell, MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM DESCRIPTION. Dj IV, Dz i 8(9), A III, (9)10(11), P. 16, 11 35-38, tr. 13-14, ped. 9, pec, sc, 10, Dy sc. 13, D2 sc, 23-24. Scales cycloid, lat-- erally and antero-dorsally, pavement ctenoid dorsally behind second dorsal fin and on breast and belly; no flexible membranous margins; mu- cus canals short, bulbous; no multicanaliculate scales, Body slender, head pointed, scale-free to posterior nostril: interurbital c.twice eye diame- ier, gently convex; eye diameter shorter than snout, Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip median hight c.1.3 times eye diameter. Anterior pair of mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, c.lwice symphysial knob breadth apart, a second obvious pair behind, others obscure. One row of teeth in each lip, fine and ciliate in lower, strongly curving in upper; 3 rows of papillae at inner base of Jower lip; teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and keeled tongue. Mouth comer on vertical between anterior and posterior nostrils; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical between poste- rior nostril und. anterior rim. of eye. Preorbital reaching c.1/2 up upper lip, on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril: anterior nostri] nearer lip than posterior to eye, Gill rakers very long, type 6. Pectoral fin reaching hind half of eye when laid forward, c, 1/2 along pelvic fin (not to tip ofpelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin distinctly nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from origin of first dorsal fin, ils tip reaching vertical between bases of sp. | and sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching <1/2 along pel- vic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip; sp. | shorter than sp. 2; sp, 4 strong, not quite reaching behind vertical from tipof sp. 3 when fin raised: axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/2 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching well behind tips of pus- terior rays, Anal fin considerably higher than subequal dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled anteriorly and along base, Pyloric caeca 2. DISTRIBUTION, 8 shores of Australia from Moare R. m Western Australia ro Cardwell in Queensland, REMARKS, The syntypes of Mugil Jerrandi Ya- lenciennes are the same specimens as tne syn- types of M. argenteus Quoy & Gaimard. The holotype of M. peronii (MNHN A.3620) 15 about twice the length of the syntypes of M. urgemeus, but similar in anatomical features, ‘The paratype of M. peronii (MNHN 4965) is not the same spe- cies as. the holotype; it has 12 anal rays and 56 MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD scales in the longitudinal series, i.e. à specimen of Aldrichetta forsteri. The type of M. australi Steindachner is also identical in all features with L. argentea. Mugil ramsayi was named on 3 unique collection of 7 fishes from the Burdekin River in Queensland. 5 of these specimens have an anal fin count of 10, | has 9 and | has 11, Com- paring them with typical L. argentea reveals no other distinguishing features, In some respects L. argentea is intermediate between typical Liza and Mugil or Valamugil. The tendon flange on the maxilla i5 higher than in other members of the ge- nus. Teeth on the vomer and palatines and nature of the gill rakers is also more like a l'alamugil ora Mugil, Nevertheless, L urgentea displays the ex- posed maxillary pad, lacks a pectoral axillary scale and has rows of papillae at the inner base of the lower lip, all features typical of Liza. The 10 anal rays distinguish L. argentea trom all other members of the genus. Günther (1861b) attrib- uted to M. argentea a fish which he recorded as having 9 anal rays, only 28 longitudinal scales. and a well-developed adipose eye-lid, features not found in L. argentea. It was probably £L. sub- viridis. Fowler (1931) recorded the species from Tonga, but he gave no description. In the absence of any other record from ourside Australia, this must be regarded as a doubtful identification. Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) Mugil anran Risso, 1810; 344, Nice; 1826, Mediterranean; onaparte, 1834: 31, figs 7-3 (pan), Adnatic; Valenti- ennes, 1836. 43(M), fig. 308, Mediterranean; Lowe, 1843: 86, figa, Madeira; 1844: 394, Madeira; 1860: 163, figa Mu- deira; Guichenor, 1850: 67, Algeria; Günther, 1R61b: 442, fig., Lanzarote, England, Mediterranean; Sreindach- ner, 1868: 682, "'enerifle; Gervais & Boulart, 1877: 196, Mediterranean; Moreau, 1881: 185, trg. 167, France; Lor- tet, 1883; 134, pl 11, fig. 3 (part), Rerich, Sea of Azov; Smin, 1893; 373 fig. 89, Skapgerack; Sucker, 1895; 45, Adriatic; Boulenger, 1907: 435, pl, 81, Nile Ru 1916: Sh, fig. 50 (part), L. Menzaleh, L. Borollus, Madeira, Porte ref ande, Canary Ès, Cape Verde Is, St Louis, (Senegal); Antipas, 1909: 80, fig 25, Black Seay Ninn, 190% 305, Adriane; Pireschmann, 1912; 182 Gornera ls (Canary 1s); Pellegrin, 1914: 31, Bate de Levrier, Senegal, Rufisque; Athanassopoulos, 1919: 268, bey 4, 6, 9, 21, 22, Mediter- ranean; Mohr, 1921. 11, North Sea, Chabanaud & Monod, 1927: 259, Baie de Levner, Chevey, 1929: 39, fg, NE Axlanuc; Nobre, 1935; 337, fig. 145, Portugal; Fowler, 19.36: 589, fig. 269, Iraly; Arne, 1938: 105, figs, Gulf of Gascony; Joubin, 1938: 339, fig Mediterranean, Canary Is, British 1s Lozano Rey, 19475 728, fig, 188, San Sebastian, Maliga, Mar Menor, Melilla. Viela, Cis- sera (Morocco) Berg et al, 1949: 542, hg, England to Norway,Canary Is, AW Africa, Mediterranein, Blick Sea, Sea of Azov; Nikolski, 1954; 402. Black Sea, Sea of Azov: Morovic, 1957: 5, Adriatic; oljan 1964; 209, fig, 475, Adriatic; Baniresen, 1964: 616, fig. 263-5, haly; Sve- oido 1964 215, fig. 63-3, Block Sez; Bini, 19658. 35 hg bale 817 [ize titala Popov, 1929: 245, Achalkor, Kinach R Noga L., Burgas; 1930: 64, pl; 1, fig. 1, pl. 2, fig, 2, Black Sea) Cadenat, 1954; 575, Morocco, Port Etlenne; Dieuzeide et al, 1955. 236, fig., Lakes of Tunis; Trewavas & Ing ham, 1972: 17, fig. 1, Mediterranean, NE Atlanuc; Tes- tonese, 1372: 30, Genoa, Ganiogli, Sestri Levant, Livoria, Venice, Naples, L. Pawi, Dalmatia, Patresses, Vessilaui, Tunisia; Bauchot & Pras, 1980: 301, fig. 27b, Morocco to Norway, Mediterranean. Mugil (Liza) aurata Borcea, 1934; 267, lys. 9-13, Roumanian coast; Cabo, 1979 192, fig, 60, Mar Menor: Liza auratus Wheeler, 1969: 467, fig. 37, Mediterranean. Black Sea, Norway, British Ts, Mugil cryptocbeuos Valenciennes, 1836: 61(44), R. Nile, Du meril, 1858: 263, Gorée, Mugil eryptachilus Gunther, 18610 444, R, Nile, Mugil eryptocbei'is Rochebrune, 1882; 96, Senegambia, Mugil breviceps Valenciennes, 1836; 106(78), Gorée; Du- meril, TASA: 263, Senegal: Rochebrune, IBA: 9, Gorte Mugil cholo Lowe, 18393: 184, Madera, non Comer, Magi madetrenses, Lowe, 1839b: 182, Lanzarote, 1842: $, adeira. Mupil chiral Giinther, 16ta: 437, England TYPE, None. Type locality, Nice. MATERIAL EXAMINED, 45 specimens, 125-440mm, trom the Black Sea, Mediterranean, British Is, Cape Verde Is and Ma- deir; BMNH: 1852.9,13,148, 384mm, L. Menzaleh; 1860,5.3.22, 234mm (labelled ‘posible holotype of M. traxderi: ensis’), Lanzarote pres. Lowe; 1861.5,9.4-5, 248 & 286mm, Lon- don market; 1862,1,15.19-20, 240 & 252mm, London inarkes; [864,2,5.112-4, 3 spec, 182-2304mm, Black Sea; 1864.6450, 146mm, Cape Verde Is; 1888,2.3,64-5, 1 spec. 222-254mm, btan- bul; 1895.5.28.67, 425mm, Madeira; 1889.2. (4690-5, 6 spec. 710 234mm, Cheltenham, 1905.2.28.4, 180mm, Penzance; 1907.3.14,2-5, 189 & 211min, Stoke Gabriel, Totnes; 1907.3,14,2862, 227mm, L. Borullus; 1925,12.31.48, 19 Imm, L. Menzaleli; 1928,2,21,62:3, 126 & 148mm, Thrace; 1931.11.41, 204 B 250mm, Exmouth; 1935,3,.5,57, 162mm, Haifa; 1937 7.22.1, 247mm, Moray Firth, 1955.9.16.2, 223mm, Lang: stone Harbour; 1957.9.]1.1, 259mm, Sr EHelier, Jersey; 1969. 10.8 326, 5 spec, IR8-225mmi, Langstone Harheur; 1970.4.18.1-2, 20L.& 229mm, Southsea Beach; 1970.12.1.345, 3 spec, 12-134nun, E Theace, MNHN: A.3665, holotype at M. cryprocholus, Ry Mile, Lefebvre; 4.4677, 215mm, holotype ef M breves Goete, Senegal, Adamsem. DESCRIPTION. Dy IV, D2 i8, A HI (8)9, P. 17- 18. L.140-45, tr. 14-15, ped, 9, pect. sc. 11, Di sc. 14-15, Do se, 26-28. Seales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals moderalely long, unusually wide on dorsal scales; interorbital c.twice eye diame- ter, slightly convex; eve diameter slightly shorter than snout. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip c. 1/3 eye diameter; lower lip folding at mouth comer to hide end of upper lip. Anterior man- dibular pores immediately behind symphysial groove, ¢.breadth of symphysial knob apar, 4 less conspicuous pits behind, Sparse row af curv- ing teeth in upper lip, lower lip edentate; minute teeth. on vomer, none on palatines, Present on pterygoid and domed tongue. Mouth comer on vertical from anterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from posterior postril; pad over lentlon 1ó month comer only 1/2 length ef pad over maxilla. Preorbital submerged in facial tis- sue, reaching 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; ante- rior nostril wholly within vertical span of poste- rior nostril; anterior nostril nearer lip than posteriorto eye. Gill rakers moderately long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching hind edge of eye in young fishes, to mid-pupil in older, when laid forward; 72/3 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine; when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than that from first dor- sal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin; axillary scale not reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin slightly nearer snout than to caudal base; sp. | shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 small, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2-2/3 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/3 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching as far back as tips of posterior rays in young fishes, not so far in older; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal fin and anal fin lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 8. DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea, Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Scotland to Cape Verde Islands. Introduced into the Cas- pian Sea c,1930 (Zenkevich, 1956). REMARKS. The wide mucus grooves ofthe dor- sal scales are characteristic of this species. L au- rata is one of the few members of the genus whose upper jaw end is at the level of the lower rim of the eye, the only one whose upper jaw reaches back only as far as the vertical from the posterior nostril. This species is often confused with L. ramada since their scale counts overlap and they are similar. The preorbital is a useful dis- tinguishing feature, having a broad lower edge with a pointed posterior angle in L. aurata and a narrower end with a rounded angle in L. ramada (Trewavas & Ingham, 1972). L. aurata lacks teeth on the lower lip and the palatine, which are dentate in L. ramada. The type specimens of Risso no longer exist. Risso's (1810) description was inadequate for certain identification; he rec- ognised 4 species and 2 varieties of mullet from western Europe and in 1826, regarded all 6 as good species. By elmination of recognisable spe- cies his M. aurata must be the species since ac- cepted as bearing that name, following the descriptions of Cuvier (1829) and Valenciennes (1836). Dr E. Trewavas has examined Lortet's specimens. Two (Lyon 2919) have the character- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM istics of L. aurata, but the others (Lyon 2923 and 2925) are young L. ramada. Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil carinatus Valenciennes, 1836: 148(110), Red Sea, Guam, Pondicherry, Malabar, Seychelles; Bleeker, 1853b: 48, Hindustan; Klunzinger, 1870: 831, Red Sea; Day, 1865: 145, Malabar; 1876: 349, Bombay, Red Sea; 1888b: 800, Bombay; 1889: 344, W coast of India; Sau- vage, 1891: 397, pl. 42, fig. 1, Madagascar; Fowler, 1925b: 315, Bombay; Pellegrin, 1933: 177, Madagascar; Pillay, 1962: 548, Bombay, Sind, Karachi; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 264, fig. 60, Bombay, Red Sea to India. Liza carinata Trewavas & Ingham, 1972: 24, Red Sea, Suez, L. Timsah, Kabrit, Port Said, Great Bitter Lake, Ham- mam Faroum, Bardwail. Liza carinata carinata Masuda et al, 1984: 119, pl. 104, fig. I, Ja an. Mugil klunzingeri Day, 18882: 264, Bombay; 1889: 343, In- tian seas, TYPE. Lectotype: MNHN A.3643, (designated herein). Type locality, Red Sea. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 34 specimens, 50-142mm from the Red Sea, Suez Canal, Mediterranean coasts of Egypt, India. BMNH: 1871.9.9.4, 7 spec, 5470mm, L. Timsah, ez Canal; 1889.2.1.3682, 88mm, Bombay; 1889.2.1.3683, 88mm, Sind; 1889.2.1,3767, 83mm, Sind; 1889.2.1.3779, 87mm Sind; 1898.6.29.167-8, 91 & 109mm, Karachi; 1909,10.5.5-6, 37 & 48mm, Calcutta; 1925,9.19.92, 139mm, Kabrit, Egypt; 1928.11. 307, 125mm, between Port Said and Danietta; 1929,8.31.6-9, 4 spec. 68-90mm, Port Said; 1929.8.31,10-12, 3 spec. 118-142mm, Great Bitter Lake; 1929.8.31.13-15, 3 spec. 100-119mm, L. Timsah; 1932.5.12.17-20, 4 spec. 122-131mm, W of Port Said; 1944.7,31,3, 75mm, Qatif Oasis, Saudi Arabia; 1951.6.20.1-2, 115 & 120mm, Hammam Faroum, Gulf of Suez. MNHN: A.3643, 80-88mm, lectotype and paralectotypes of M. carinatus, Red Sea, Ehrenberg; A.3619, 92mm, paralectotype of M. carina- tus, Bombay, Dussumier; A.3631, 50 & 62mm, paralectotypes of M. carinatus, Pondicherry, Reynaud. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i 8, A III 9, P. 17, LI 35-40, tr. 13, ped. 9, pect. sc. 8-9, Di sc. 11, Do sc. 21-22. Scales pavement ctenoid; moderately long mucus canals; double canals on some dorsal and fewer flank scales; predorsal scales in mid- line thickened and ridged to form a keel. Body ro- bust, head bluntly pointed, head scale-free to rear of anterior nostrils in Red Sea fish, almost no scale-free area in Indian specimens. Upper lip height c.1/4 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphyial groove, c.breadth of symphysial knob apart; another large pair behind, others obscure. 2 rows of scattered teeth in upper lip, larger in outer row; lower lip edentate; no teeth on vomer or palatines, but teeth on ptery- goids and slightly keeled tongue. Row of broad papillae at inner base of lower lip in Indian speci- mens; lacking in those from the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching verti- cal from anterior rim of eye or slightly behind; MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD pad over tendon to mouth comer c.as broad as pad over maxilla. but 3/4 length. Preorbital reaching 3/4 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of pos- terior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril; anterior nostril nearer lip than posterior nostril to eye. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior half of eye when laid forward, to vertical from base of sp. | of first dorsal fin in most or not quite reaching this verti- cal in some, to ¢.2/3 along pelvic fin (variably not reaching or just reaching tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin slightly nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than to that from first dorsal fin origin axillary scale not reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp, | shorter than sp. 2: sp. 4 robust, not quite reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 to length of membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical slightly before 1/4 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays barely reaching as far as tips of posterior rays; anal fin slightly higher than subequal dorsal fins: second doral and anal fins lightly scaled anteri- orly und along base. Pyloric caeca 5. DISTRIBUTION. Mediterranean coast of Egypt, Suez canal, Red Sea, Indian Ocean to Palastan and Indie The Mediterra- nean specimens are doubtless descendants of fishthac made their way through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea. REMARKS. Valenciennes (1836) recorded a specimen from Guam, collected by Quoy & Gai- mard. This syntype MNHN A.3629 and 4 others, labelled as M. carinatus, from the Seychelles (A, 3820) are Valamugil cunnesius, |n. view of the confusion of 2 species amongst the syntypes it seems wise to designate a lectotype. The lecto type is | of 2 specimens in the jar MNHN A.3643. it measures 88mm SL, body depth 20mm and head length 25mm; scales in the longituinal series 40. A specimen from this jar was selected De- cause they were collected from the Red Sea and the section in which Valenciennes described the species is headed ‘species from the Red Sea’, Klunzinger (1870) did not accept this species as coming from the Red Sea on the grounds that Ehrenbero's specimens came from Alexandria. Trewavas & Ingham (1972) have commented upon this matter. Ehrenberg collected both in the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, but this was bef- ore the Suez Canal was cut, whereas the restricted distribution along the Egyptian coast suggests à recent arrival through the canal as Tortonese (1953) has demonstrated for a number of species. How cver the specimens in Berlin are labelled, 519 the types in Paris, lodged by Ehrenbeg, are la- belled as from the Red Sea The keeled back readily distinguishes L. cari- nara from all other species of the genus except L. affinis in which the back between the dorsal fins is also keeled, Although identical in most re- specis the specimens fram India exhibit constant differences from the Red Sea/Mediterranean fishes. They could be regarded as subspecies: L. carinata carinata (Valenciennes), scale count 35-40, inner edge af lower lip without papillas. head scale-free to anterior nostrils, scalation on second dorsal and anal fins denser than in L, ceri- nata. klunzingerr, and L, carinata klunzingeri (Day), scale count 32-35, inner edge of lower lip wilh a row of broad low papillae, scalation on second dorsal and anal fins relatively light. Liza dumerili (Steindachner, 1870) Muxi! durerili Steindachner, 1870: 959, Si Louis, Senegal, Liza dumerili Cadenat, 1954: 586, Senegal to Gabon; 1955; 60, Senegal to Gabon. i Mugil baeflert Steindachner. 1882: 42, pl. 4, fig. 2, Gorée, Senegal, Pellegrin, 1914: 42, Baie de Levrier Boulenger, 1916; 98, fig 57, Senegambio; Chabanaud & Monod, 1926; 260, Bate de Levrier; Fowler,1936: 590, Ashantee; Irvine, 1947: 199, fig. 117, Ghana. bixa beeflers Fowler, 1920: 253,, Elimina, Ashantee; Cade nat: 1954: 586, Senegal to Gabon, 1955: 60, Senegal to Cabon; Boesernan, 1963: 13, R. Niger, Mugil salins Rochebrune, 1882; 96, Senegambia; Fowler, 1920. 278, St Paul de Loanda, Angola; 1936; 588, (part), Angola; (4) Chabanaud & Monod, 1927: 254, Port Eri- enne, non Risso. Lia alovaieles Powlet, Y905- 746, pl. 45, tig. 1, Gabon R, Mugil aural Boulenger, 1901: 353, Niger: 1916: 86 (| am), Banama, East London; Barnard, 125; 308 (part), base London, Natal coast; Pellegrin, 1933: 169, fig. 92, East London, Natal, non Risso- Mugil! conaliculatus Smyth, 1935: 630, fig. 15, pl. 16, fig. B, Knysna, Porn Alfred, Plettenberg Bay, Great Fish Point, East London, Mazeppa Bay, Durban, Delagoa Bay Striadiza ca rial ictilaths ch, 1948: 839, fie, 9, Mossel Bay to Delagoa Bay, Knysna, East London; 1949; 321, fig. ga, Cape ‘Town to Delagoa Bay HOLOTYPE. NHM 60979, Dogara, Senegal, Vmdabon MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 2! specimens, 94- 227mm SL from the W coast of Africa and South Africa ro Dela- goa Bay. BMNH- — 1899.11,27.49, 98mim, Banana, Congo; 1900,6,28,259-262, 4 spec. 110-296mm, St Louis, Senegal; 1905.1,7,5, 174mm, Swartkops Ra 1935,3.27,2, 173mm (Lr belled ‘syntype of M. caralicdatis, pres. Albany Museum), Knysna; 1949.12 6.08-99, 153 & 204mm, s; 1956,9,6,32, 45mm, Tarkwe, Nigeria; 1969.1.29.13, 50mm, Lauanda. MNHN: 05298, 2258, Mauretania; 1967-788, + spec. 102- 124mm, Pointe Noire, Congo; A-4647, 194mm, Cape of good Tope, NTIM; 60979, 115mm, holotype of M. dremerili, Dogera, Vindabor; 17750, 227mm, holotype of M. hoefleri, Gorée, Malt- zan. USNM. 42265, 138mm, St Paul de Loanda, Angola; 42266, TY, St Paul de Loanda; 42267, 130mm, Sp Paul de Loanda: 42268, 142m, Sc Paul de Loanda., 520 TABLE 14. Biometrics of Liza spp (3). * 1 row in young; adults edentate. # 9-10 in specimens 90- 160mm SL; but the only large specimen available (400mm SL) had 40. Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. L, dumerili | L falcipinnis | Lgnidisquamis | L lauvergnit 5-8 78 | 79 6-8 23,5-24.5 | 25.3-26.6 | 25.0-28.0 | 17.5-20.0 HL (%SL) | 24.0-25.0 | 23.1-24.0 | 23.5-280 | 21.8-25.3 HW (96HL)| 60.2-65.0 | 59.0-61.6 | 65.8-74.6 | 66.0-74.0 IO (%HL) 37.5-44.4 | 41.0-44.6 | 49.2-52.1 36.6-44.7 ED (Y%HL) | 25.5-26.9 | 19,7-22.9 | 21.0-264 15.3-23.0 SnL (V6HL)| 25.0-26.2 | 19.7-229 | 21.0-26.4 15,3-23.0 ULH (%HL)| 6.6-7.0 6.3-7.1 6.9-7.3 5.0-6.8 MW/ML 2,2-2,5 2.4-2.7 2.5-2.7 PL (%HL) | 90.2-96.0 | 90.0 93.1 | 84.4-95.0 | 68.2-72.8 PB (%PL) | 25.5-26.7 | 30.0-33.3 | 26.3-27.7 | 32.0-35.5 VL (%PL) | 75.5-76.6 | 72.3-80.0 | 88.0-89.0 | 75.0-77.0 VAX (PVL) | 42.5-53.5 | 44.7-51.8 | 38.5-46.8 | 432-45.5 Ped (96D) 47.5-51.8 | 42.6-48.4 | 48,1-55.0 | 51.0-57.0 TR(UL) 1-3 6-8 1-2 3 TR(LL) 0-1* scattered | scattered | scattered LES 10-20 14-19 9-10 (40)# 10-20 [FES 1-7 18-22 14-17 16-21 Sp2/Spl | 21 2.5 3.2 3.0 Sp.3/Sp.2 1.5 14 1.25 ].8 GR 18-25/ 36-43/ 31-35/ 28-32/ 40-47 52-68 49-55 53-66 [pc 6 8 6 6 DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i 8, A IIT (8)9 P 16(17), L1 34-39, tr. 12, ped. 8, pect. sc. 10-11, Di sc, 12-13, D2 sc. 22-23. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals moderately long, 5-8 on scales in front of dorsal fins, 2-4 on posterior dorsal scales, most flank scales with one canal, but some with 2 or 3. Body slender; head bluntly pointed, scale- free to anterior nostril; interorbital c. 1.5 times eye diameter, almost flat; eye diameter slightly longer than snout. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip height 71/4 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at posterior end of symphysial groove, somewhat more than symphysial knob breadth apart; other pores obscure. 1-3 rows of sparse short straight teeth in upper lip; lower lip with ciliiform teeth in young fishes, edentate in older fishes. Teeth on vomer, palatine, pterygoids and tongue. Tongue with low median ridge. Mouth corner at vertical from anterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical betwen posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner c.2/3 maxilla pad length. Preorbital MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM reaching 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril or in some specimens reaching just below; posterior nostril same distance from eye as ante- rior from lip. Gill rakers short to moderately long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching between eye and anterior nostril when turned forward, c.1/2 length of pel- vic fin (not reaching tip ofpelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin distinctly nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than to that from first dorsal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. | of first dorsal fin; axillary scale not reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin equidistant from caudal base and snout tip; sp. 1 shorter than sp. 2, sp. 4 slight, not reaching be- hind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; ax- illary scale reaching to end of membrane behind sp. 4 in larger fish. Second dorsal fin origin oppo- site origin of anal fin; anterior rays reaching well behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin not as high as second dorsal fin, but both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins somewhat falcate, lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. Coast of Africa from Senegal to Delagoa Bay. REMARKS. The type of M. hoefleri is much larger than the type of M. dumerili, but no charac- teristic distinguishes them.BMNH 1935.3.27.2 labelled 'syntype of Mugil canaliculatus' and an- other specimen from the E coast of South Africa display no external characteristics differing from those of the W coast N of the Congo. The only other speciesof Liza with >4 mucus canals on the dorsal scales is L. saliens. Cadenat (1954, 1955) and Delais (1954, 1955) regarded L. dumerili as a subspecies of S. saliens. But L. saliens has 8 pylo- ric caeca instead of 6, has a much shallower pre- orbital notch and has a larger number of scales in both longitudinal and transverse series. 4 speci- mens from the Eclipse Expedition identified by Fowler as Mugil saliens are Liza dumerili. Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil falcipinnis Valenciennes,1836: 105(77), Senegal; Du- meril,1858: 263, Gorée; Günther, 1861b: 453, Senegal; Steindachner,1870: 955, St Louis, Senegal; 1895: 35, Libe- ria; Rochebrune, 1882: 97, Gorée; Perugia; 1891: 969, Congo; Boulenger, 1901; 357, Congo R.; 1916; 88, fig., 51, St Louis, Senegal, Gambia, Nanna Kru, Liberia, La- gos, Nigeria R. delta, Old Calabar, Bernito R,, Gabon, Chiloango, Luali R. Banana, Cabin, Angola; Pellegrin, 1913: 155, Banana; 1914: 31, Banana; Regan, 1915: 127, MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Lagos; Fowler, 1936: 591, fig. 270, L. Ngovi (French Congo), Congo R., Ashantee; Irvine, 1947: 199, Ghana. Liza falcipinnis Fowler, 1919: 251, Elmina. Ashantee; Cade- nat, 1954: 566; 1955: 60, Senegal to Congo, Ashantee, Guinea, Togo, Dahomey, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon; Poll, 1959: 263, fig. 90, Senegambia; Daget & Iltis,1965: 212, fig. 132 Dahomey. TYPES. Syntypes: MNHN A.3728 & A.3729, Senegal Jubelon & Rang. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 3 syntypes and 58 specimens, 22- 315mm SL from Senegal, Gambia, rra Leone, Liberia, Nige- ria, Gabon and Congo. BMNH: 1862.11.22.4, 89mm, North Africa; 1863.2.13.17, 238mm, North Africa; 1865.3.5.19, 155mm, North Africa; 181.4.21.8, 77mm, Lagos; 1888.12.13.6, 190mm, Gabon; 1889.3.2.3,179mm, Sette Cama, Gabon; 1895.7.18.17,148mm, Wari, Old Calabar; 1895.7.18.43, 107mm, Old Calabar; 1899.2.20.9, 85mm, Banana; 1899.11.27,50-2, 3 spec. 118-198mm, Banana; 1900.6.28.253-8, 7 spec. 50- 160mm, St Louis, Senegal; 1901.8.1.83, 232mm, Benito R., Congo; 1901.12.28,80-1 238 & 251mm, Gambia; 1909.7,16.33, 40mm, Niger R. delta; 1911.5.31.35, 167mm, Nanna Kru, Liberia; 1911.6.1.130, 183mm, Braza R. Angola; 1912.4.1.478, 201mm Chiloango,Congo; 1912.4.1.479,156mm, Luali Rọ, Congo; 1914.11.2.39, 58mm, Lagos; 1928.8.3.20, 236mm, Sierra Le one;1932.2.27.18, 172mm, Accra; 1938.12.35, 199mm, Keta, Nigeria; 1945.10.2.20, 120mm, Lagos; 1949.10.20.135, 149mm, AyensaR, Nigeria; 1949.10.20.136-8, 3 spec. 148-247mm, Lagos; 1949.12.6.100-3, 4 spec. 175-197mm, Gambia; 1953.4.28.275, 71mm Eljinirin, Lagos; 1956.9.6.28-9, 141-148mm, Onikan, La- gos;1958.9.18.269-78, 11 spec. 22-36mm, Bonthe, Sierra Leone; 1969,3.17.21-2, 68 & 82mm, Volta R. MNHN: A.3728, 236 & 296mm, syntypes M. falcipinnis, Senegal, A.3729 315mm syn- type M. falcipinnis, Gorée. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D218, A II 11, P 17, LI 35-37, tr. 13, ped. 7, pect. sc. 11-12, Di sc. 13-14, D2 sc. 24-25. Ventral scales ctenoid; others cy- cloid with finely digitated membranous margin posteriorly; mucus canals long; some anterodor- sal and flank scales with double canals. Body moderately robust; head pointed, scale-free half- way to anterior nostrils; interorbital less than twice eye diameter, slightly convex; eye diameter equal to snout length. Adipose tissue rim around eye.Upper lip height «1/3 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, c.breadth of symphysial knob apart; obvious pair of pores behind, others obscure. 6- 8 rows of teeth in upper lip, outer row unicuspid, others smaller and bicuspid; scattered ciliiform teeth in lower lip; no teeth on vomer or palatines, but present on pterygoids and tongue; tongue with low median ridge; mouth and tongue membranes with fine papillae. Mouth corner at vertical between ante- rior and posterior nostrils: tip of upper jaw reach- ing vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner as large as, or larger than, pad over maxilla. Preorbi- tal reaching 1/2 up upper lip, on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior 521 nostril; nostrils equidistant from each other and lip and eye. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching between anterior rim of eye and posterior nostril when laid forward, to vertical from origin of first dorsal fin and be- tween 1/2 amd 3/4 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from origin of first dorsal fin, its tip reaching to vertical between bases of sp. | and sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary sale reaching c.1/2 along pel- vic spine. First dorsal fin origin equidistant from caudal base and snout tip; sp. 1 longer than sp. 2, sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical fom tip of sp. 3 when fin raised.; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along membrane behnd sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical c.1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both higherthan first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins falcate, lightly scaled anteriorly. Caudal fin lunate. Pyloric caeca 8. DISTRIBUTION. W Africa from Senegal to the Congo. REMARKS. Superficially L. falcipinnis has the apperance of a Valamugil, particularly in its fal- cate fins, membranous margin to the scales and the maxilla pad being hidden in some specimens. But the shape ofthe maxilla is typical of Liza. and the tendon flange is in the position of Liza, not of Valamugil. Also L. falcipinnis lacks the strong pectoral axillary scale typical of Valamugil. Although Daget & Iltis (1965) stated that this species has 15-18 pyloric caeca all specimens in- spected in this study had 8. L. falcpinnis is imme- diately distinguishable within the genus by its 11 anal rays and membranous edging to the scales. Liza grandisquamis (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil grandisquamis Valenciennes, 1836: 103(76), Guinea, Gambia; Dumeril,1858: 263, Senegal; Steindachner, 1870: 957, St Louis, Senegal; Peters, 1876a: 248, Camer- oon R.; Pellegrin, 1914; 32, Senegal; Boulenger, 1916: 96, fig. 58, St Louis, Niger R.; Lohberger, 1929: 84, Senegal; Fowler, 1936: 593, Ashantee, Bathurst (Gambia); Irvine, 1947: 200, Gold Coast. Liza grandisquamis Fowler, 1919: 253, Elmina, Ashantee; Cadenat,1955: 60, Senegal to Congo, Mauretania; Poll, 1959: 266, fig. 91, Ashantee; Boeseman, 1963: 13, Niger R.; Daget & Iltis, 1965: 213, fig. 133, Dahomey. Mugil bypselopterus Günther,1861b: 450, fig., Niger R.; Rochebrune,1882: 96, St Louis, Gambia, Falema. 2Mugil compressus Günther, 1861b: 451 ?Cape Verde Is; 1877: 217, pl. 123, fig. A, Ponape, Kanadavu. Mugil schlegeli Bleeker, 1863a: 92, pl. 19, fig. 1, Ashantee; Rochebrune, 1882: 96, Casamanche; Osorio; 1894; 183, Bissau; 1898: 198 Bissau; Pellegrin, 1913: 153, Lagune de Grande, Bissau; 1914: 32, Lagune de Grande. Mugil productus Fischer, 1885: 69, Eloly, Guinea. LECTOTYPE, By present tlosignetion, MNHN A3733, Gorée, Senegal, Rang. The poor sate of preservanon ob the paralectorypes make them practically useless for comparative purposes MATERIAL EXAMINED, T' pe and 17 specimens, including the types of M. Inypsslapterus dnd) |, compressus, of 22-330mm SL. from Senegal, Sierre Leone, Liberia and Nigeria BMINH: 1847.4.4.7, 115mm, holotype of M. Jypselapterus. Niger R., Fraser; 1861.11.71, 240mm, balotype of M. compressus 2New South Wales; 1828,8,3,21, 216mm, Sierra Leone; 1949,12.6.80- £4, 5 spec. 100-440mm, Lagos. 1949,12,6.104, 2mm, Ladeba, La pos Lagoon; 1956.9.5.30-],104 and 106mm, Onikan, Lagos, 1963,3,6.10, 110mm, Gambia R, 60 miles upstream; 1968.11.15.87-9, 3 spec. 129-145:mim, Lagos; 1971.813.235, Sri, Freetown, Sierra Leone. MNHN: A 3743, 197mm, lec- latype of M. vrandisprerviis, Gorce, Senegal, Rang; A.3744, 325mm, paralecyotype of M, wranelisqsaumen, Senegal. Roger; A a 30mm, paralectorype of M. gresdtegamis, Senwgal, eudelet DESCRIPTION DIV. Do (8, A IH 9, P4I5]I6 (17), 125-29, tr. 9-10, ped. 7, pect. sc. 8-9, Di sc. 10, Dose, 17-18, Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals long, some scales with double canals, par- licularly in front of the first dorsal fin, but also on flanks, Body robust; head bluntly pointed, scale- free halfway to anterior nostrils; interorbital more than twice eye diameter, almost fat; eye diatneter lunger than snout in small fishes, equal in large, Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip height -]/3 eye diameter. Anterior pair of mandibular pores at posterior end of symphysial groove, slightly more than symphysial knob breadth apart; obvious pair of pores behind, others ob- scure, 1-2 rows nf scattered short teeth in upper lip, usually not apparent in fish - 10mm SL; few sparse ciliiform teeth in lower lip, or none; no teeth on vomer nr palatines, but present on ptery- goids and longue; tongue sharply keeled in voung, becoming dome-shaped with a median ridge and completely dome-shaped as size in- creases; wide closely-set papillae in row ut inner base of lower lip, tending lo fuse into a more or less continuous ridge in large fish. Flattened pa- pillae on mouth membrane. Mouth corner at ver- tical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye in fish * |20mm but reaching vertical in front of eve in larger fish. Pad over tendon to mouth comer c. 1/2 length of maxilla pad. Preorbital reaching 3/4 up upper lip, above line joining posterior and antc- rior nostrils; 0.50% of anterior nostril helów vèr- tical span of posterior nostril, posterior nostril nearer eye than anterior to lip, Gill takers moder- ately long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching to between mid-eye and posterior nostril when laid forward, 71/2 along pelvic fin (reaching behind tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical MEMOIRS OF THE OUP ENSE AND MUSETIM from pectoral frm ongin ihan to that trom first dor- sal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical between bases of sp. 2 and sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c. 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dor- sal fin origin nearer caudal base than snout tip ar equidistant; sp. | longer than sp. 2: sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2-2/3 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fim origin on vertical 1/3-1/2 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching well behind tips of pos- terior rays; anal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; sec- ond dorsal and aual fins Falcate, scaled anteriorly and along base. Caudal fin lunate. Pyloric cacca 6. DISTRIBUTION. W coastal Africa Inm Senegal tu Nigeris REMARKS. The specimen MNHN 4.3743 is nominated às lectotype as it was the only syntype in good condition when inspected, It is 197mm SL, body depth 46mm and head length 49mm: it conforms with the description given above. The holotype of M, Iypselopterus displays no differ- ences trom,L. grandisquamis. Although Fischer (1885) described his specimen as having 10 anal rays, the type has 9. | accept Boeseman’s (1963) opinion thatthe holotype of M. schlegeli Bleeker is a specimen of L. grandisquamis. The holotype of M compressus Gunther is also a specimen of L. grandisquamis. Its locality is given as “New South Wales’, a locality record which must be in error, but it should be noted that subsequently Günther (1877, 1881) recorded M, compressus from other South Pacific localities. According to Daget & litis (1965) the number of pyloric caeca varies between 5 and 10, but all specimens exam- ined in this study had 6, The longitudinal scale counts of only 5 other species of Liza overlap with that of L. grandis- quamis. Ol these L. alata and L. subviricdis differ in having || transverse rows of scales, in having the origin of the first dorsal fin nearer the snout lip than the caudal base, and having fewer than 6 pyloric caeca. L. luciue differs in having 8 anal rays and only 14 pectoral rays. L. vaigensis also has 8 anal rays and has only 8 transverse rows of scales, L. melinoptera is very similar to L. gran- disquamis, but like the other species contrasted above it is an Inda-Pacific species, not overlap- ping the range of L. grandisquamis m W Africa. |t has relatively short pectoral fins with only 13 pectoral rays, compared with the normal L6 in L grandisquamis, and its gill rakers are more nu- merous and of type 4 rather than type 3. MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Liza lauvergnii (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841) Musil lawwengnii Bydoux & Souleyet, 1841: 174, pl. 4, fig. 5 acad, Mugil loutriatucheilus Sellegel, (845: 167, Nagasakay 1845: 135, pl, 72, fig. 2, Magasako, Bleeker, t854a:107, Japan; Günther, 18615; 422, China & Japan; Perers, 1880: 923, Ningpo; Steindachner & Doderlein, 1887: 2066, Tokyo; Schmidt, 1904: 61, Sea of Japan; Tanaka, 1911: 137, fig, Japan; Jacor, 1930; 825, Japan; Seweshy, 1930: 157, Ti erisin, Peking: Fowler, 1935: 144, China sens, l'aranetz, 1937; 85, Sea of Japan; Boeseinan, 1947: 115, fig, Japan; Okada, 1952+ 120, boi. Liza haemarocheila Jordan & Metz, 1913: 26, Korea: Jordan, Snyder w Tanaka,1913: 115, Japan; Jordan & Viubhs,1925: 208, Japan; Popov, 1929: 247, Sea of Japan, Peter the Great Bay, Vladivostock; Matsubara, 1955: 491 Sea of Japan, Ryvku Is; Kamohara,1958:12, fig., Ka- oshima; Chying, 1961; 326, pl. 119, fig. 581 Korea; asuda ex al. 1984: 119, pl. 104, fig. H, Japan, Mugu xantharas Richardson, 1846; 248, Canton, Mugil so-my Fasllewsky, 1855: 226, pl. 4, fig. 3, Peking; Gün- ther, 187%; 243, China; 1898: 260, Newchong; Morri- son, 1898: 265, Liao; Taranetz, 1937: 85, Ses of Japan; Berg et al, 1949; 540, hig, Sea of Japan, Amur Ru Fuson, Yellow Sea vo Tientsing Nilsolslsii, 1954: 402, Sea of Ja- pan & Yellow Sea, Mugil sinensis Bleeker, 1873: 143, China. Agora pheatile Bleeker, 1873: 143, Peking. i wi joynert Günther, 1878: 486, Toker, Japan; 1880b: 68, apad. Liza Ains Tanaka, 1916; 394, Japan; Jordan Sc Hubbs, 1925: 208, Japany Ishikawa, 1931: pl. 22, fiz.2. Japan Liza borealis Popav, 1930; 80, pl. 2, fig. 1, pl. 4, fig- t, Vladi- vostock; Soldarov & Lindberg, 1930: 575, Vladivostoch. TYPE. Holotype: MNHN 8138, Macao, Eydoux & Souleyet, MATERIAL EXAMINED, Holotype and 23 specimens, ir cluding the Types of M. joynert and M. huematocheilus, 53466mm from China, Taiwan and Japan. BMNH: 1851,12.27.1123, 142 & 153mm, China; 1855.9.19,763, 155mm, locality unknown; 1862.12.6.10-11,188 & 200mm, S Tuwan; 1873.9.25.14-15, 102 & 103mm, Chefao; 1973.9.23. L6, 129mm, Chefoo; 1878.4.5.90- 1, 98 & II mm, syntypes of M. jayneri, Tokei; 19054577, 238mm, Inland Sea; 1920,37.24-5, 61 é 69mm, Foukien; 1923.2.26,248, 182mm, Port Arthur; 1923,2.26.25+5, 330 & 383mm, Tokyo, MNHN: 8138; 180mm, holotype of M, lanvergnti, Macao; Eydoux & Souleyet; 7492, 165mm, China; 41-130, 53min, Toutchiou; 91-626, 466mm, Shanghai; RMNH;: 1160, 145mm, lecrotype of M. Pbaermatocheilys, Nagasaki Sehle- 1; 1157-59, 3 spec. 128-202mtm, paralecrorypes of M. Paemato- Sheilus, Nagssale, Schlegel: DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D278, A III 9, P 18, LI 41-42, tr. 14, ped. 11, pect. sc. 8-9, Di sc. 11. Do sc, 25-26, Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus ca- nals moderately long; no multicanaliculate scales, Body elongate, slender; head pointed, scale-free to just before anterior nostrils; interor- bital less than twice eye diameter in small fish but more than twice in larger fish; eye diameter sube- qual to snout length. Adipose tissue covering 1/3 of iris. Upper lip median height *1/3 eve diame- ter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of sym- physial groove, width of symphysial knob apart: LA rm bi two other obvious pairs behind, others obscure. 2 rows of fine unicuspid teeth at edge and inner base of upper lip; few scattered ciliiform teeth in lower lip; no teeth on vomer or palatine, but reeth of plerygoid and moderately keeled tongue; mouth membrane with fine trifid papillae, Mouth comer on vertical just in front of posterior nostril; tp of upper jaw reaching vertical just behind an- terior rim of eye; pad over tendon to mouth comer as long as pad over maxilla. Preorhital reaching 1/4 up upper lip and on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils, anterior nostrils ¢.50% below vertical span of posterior nostrils; nostrils nearer each other than lip or eye; slight cutaneous rim around anterior nostril, Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior rim ofeve when laid forward in small fishes, not so far in large: reaching c.1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than to that from first dorsal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin: axil- lary scale reaching c. 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin distinetlly nearer snout tip than caudal base; sp. | longer than sp. 2, sp. 4 slight, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp, 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching ¢.1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin ar vertical c. 1/2 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reach ing as far back as tips of poste- rior rays: anal fin and dorsal fins about the same height anal and second dorsal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. Coasts of NE Asta fram Vladivassck 18 Macao. REMARKS. Widely known as Mugil or Liza haematachella. The types of L. lauvergnii and. L. haematocheila are identical. The syntypes of L, jayneri are also specifically identical. The synan- ymy ofthe other species is inferred from their de scriptions. Within this genus only Z. tace and L. lauvergnii have the tip of the upper jaw reaching as far as 1/3 eye diameter below the level of the lower rim of the eye, The fewer scales and mark- edly depressed head serve to distinguish L. race, L. lauvergnii has the tip of the jaw reaching be- hind the vertical from the anterior rim of the eye. The arrangement of nostrils is found otherwise in this genus only in L ubu. Bleeker (18606) re- corded this species from Sumatra; but there is no other record south of Macao; the brief description suggests his fish was Creniimugll erenfabis, 524 Liza luciae (Penrith & Penrith, 1947) Ellchelon luciae Penrith & Penrith, 1947: 69, fig. 1, St Lucia Estuary. Holotype. SAM: 24697, St Lucia estuary, Pen- rith & Penrith. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 3 paratypes, 131- 153mm SL from the St Lucia R, estuary, South. Africa. SAM: 24697, 138mm, holotype of L. luciae, St Lucia estuary, Penrith &Penrith, 24307, 3 spec, 131-153mm, paratypes of L, luciae, St Lucia estuary Pennth & Penrith. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i 8, A IHI 8, P. 14, LI 24-26, tr. 9, ped. 7, pect. sc. 7, Di sc. 9, D» sc. 18. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals long and slender; occasional scales with double canals. Body robust; head pointed, scale-free halfway to anterior nostrils; interorbital less than twice eye diameter, almost flat; eye diameter considerably greater than snout length. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip height 1/5 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, c.breadth of symphysial knob apart; sec- ond pair of pores obvious, remainder obscure. Scattered curving teeth in upper lip; scattered ciliiform teeth in lower lip, c.7 tooth-breadths apart; teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. Tongue domed with high median ridge. No papillae on mouth membrane. Mouth corner at vertical between anterior and posterior nostrils; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical between poste- rior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over max- illa more than twice as wide as pad over tendon to mouth corner. Preorbital reaching 1/2 up upper lip, slightly above line joining midpoints of pos- terior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril partly below vertical span of posterior nostril. Gill rakers moderately long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching anterior 1/2 of eye when laid forward, «1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than that from first dorsal fin origin; its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fn; axil- lary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than snout tip; sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 long, thin, reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching about 2/3 along mem- brane behind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/2 along anal fin base; anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Caudal fin only slightly forked. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. E coast of South Afnca. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM REMARKS. This species is very similar to L. vaigiensis with which it had been confused. Its tail is forked, albeit feebly, whereas the trailing edge is almost straight in L. vaigiensis and the anal fin is falcate (more so than is indicated by Penrith & Penrith's figure) whereas in L. vaigien- sis itis almost straight edged. The only other spe- cies of the genus to have a longitudinal scale count as low as L. /uciae and L. vaigiensis is L. grandisquamis which has 9 anal rays and 15-17 pectoral rays. Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1849) Mugil macrolepis Smith, 1849: pl. 28, fig. 2, rivers and fresh- water lakes of South Africa; Bleeker, 1952c; 422, Borneo; 1860f: 54, Cape of Good Hope; Castelnau, 1861: 47, South Africa; Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 332, Taiwan; Boulenger, 1916; 94, fig. 56, Cape of Good Hope, Dur- ban, Kosi Bay, Zululand, Rovumma R., Socotra, Sey- chelles, Rodriguez; Barnard, 1925; 309, pl. 12, fig. 2, Algoa Bay, Natal, Zululand; Fowler, 1925a: 209, Dela- goa Bay; 1928a: 124, Kusaie, Vavau, Tonga, Ewa, Pon- ape, Apia, Jaluit, Pago Pago, Suva, Guam, Makema, Aitutaki, Bora Bora; 1932a: 444, Hong Kong; Pellegrin, 1933: 178, fig. 97, Madagascar, freshwater; Roxas, 1934: 415, pl. 1, fig. 6 Mangarin, Mondoro; Smith, 1935: 628, fig. 14, pl. 20, Mazeppa Bay, Durban, Isipingo R., Sink- wazi Lagoon, Kosi Bay; 1949: 322, fig. 886, Port Alfred, East London, Durban, Portuguese East Africa; John, 1955; 228, Kyamkulam L.; Munro, 1955: 94, pl. 16, fig. 263, Sri Lanka; 1967: 167, pl. 18, fig. 278, New Guinea; Matsubara, 1955: 491, Japan; Pillay, 1962: 551, pl. 1, fig. 2, Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Chilka L., South Anda- mans, Ennore, Cochin. Liza macrolepis Smith, 1948: 840, fig. 11, E London to Beira; 1949: 322, fig. 886, E London, Durban, Port Alfred, Por- tuguese E Africa; 1956: 722, Aldabra; Munro, 1955: 94, pl. 16, fig. 26, Sri Lanka; Fourmanoir, 1957: 72, fig. 53, rivers of Madagascar, Mozambique; Masuda et al, 1984: 119, pl. 104, fig. J, Japan; Kurunuma & Abe 1986: 207, l. 24, Kuwait market; Shen, 1994: 439, pl. 138, fig. 2, arwan. Mugil borneensis Bleeker, 1851a: 201, Borneo; 1851c: 419, Borneo; 1851d: 472, Riouw; 1852c: 412, Borneo; 1859a: 278, Indonesia; Günther, 1861b: 448, East Indies; 1877: 218, Tahiti; Kner, 1865: 228, Tahiti; Day, 1876: 357, pl. 16, Calcutta, Malaya; 1888: 353, Seas of Índia; 1889: 353, Madras, Calcutta; Chaudhuri, 1917: 498, Chilka L.; We- ber & De Beaufort, 1922: 249, Singapore, Sumatra, Nias, Riouw, Bintag, Borneo, Celebes, Timor, Ambon, Ce- ram, Buru, Saanek; Devasundaram, 1951: 249, Chilka L.; John, 1955: 228, Kyamkulam L.; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 276, fig. 62, Calcutta, India to Malay Archipelago. Liza borneensis Kendall & Goldsborough, 1911: 258, Kusai, Savau; Herre, 1936b: 97 Tuamotu, Makatea. Mugil adustus Bleeker, 1853d: 503, Sumatra. Mugil troschelii Bleeker, 1858b: 386, Java, nomen nudum; 1859a: 277 Java; 1860d:15, Borneo; 1874: 104, Madagas- car; Günther, 1861b: 448, Point de Galle, Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Day, 1889: 355, Seas of India; Macleay, 1882: 362, New Ced Joydan & Evermann, 1903: 332, Tai- wan; Jordan & Seale, 1907: 11, Luzon; Jordan & Rich- ardson, 1908: 242, Singapore, Philippines); Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 248, Singapore, Puluweh, Sumatra, Aru, N New Guinea; Singalur, Celebes, Java, Flores, Borneo, MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD TABLE l5. Biometrics of Liza spp (4), * (wo definite rows with scattered teeth between. t row on lip edge with scattered teeth behind. Abbreviations us in "Tables 2-4, HENAN 1085 HL (HSL) | 25-270 HW (HLJ | t spon ED (EHL) | Sul. (HL) lume] soso | oos | so | eame | [MWw/ML (PL (HL) | 780-788 | 85-340 | 633 PRéRPL) | 252297 | 1025 |. 333 [VL URP) | 96498 VAs UEVLY| 405-2],8 414 Fed (95D) AU 36,040 0 TRIUL) seinteped EU mp | 3 [ i: [| o | des FES [E Sp.2/Sp.1 an 22-347 26-42/ m 40-45/ £ aR 4 Specs Seale radij scattered 52-56 35-78 Kangarung ls; Fowler & Bean: 1922: 17, Taiwan, Philip: Wes. Mil tayebel; Bleeker, 18600; 86, Sumatra; Day IR89: 358, alabar; Schultz, 1943: 80, Samoa, Mugil troschellii Day 1876; 358, India to Malaya; Liza troscheli Jordan & Seale, 1906: 217, Apia, Pago Pago: 1907: 11, Luzon; Oshima, 1919: 270, Taiwan; [921 71, Taiwan; Whitehouse, 1927; 89, Tutworn; Tanaka, 1927: 742, pl. 163, Japan; Seale, 1935; 355, fig. 1, Malekula, Bushman Bay, Waia; John, 1955: 228, Kyamkulam L. a. pesca Kendall & Goldsborough, 1911; 256, Mar- shall Ts, Liza troschellii Whitehouse, 1927: 89, Tuticorn. Musil senthu Günther, 18616; 447, Cape of Good Hope, reshsarer; Castelnau, 1861; 47, South Africa; Bleeker, 1874; 104, Madagascar. Mugi crenilepis Castelnau, 1861: 49, Cape of Good Hope. 0 dugil cmmunibo Day 1865: 141, Malabar. Mupil rodericensis Günther, 1876: 397, Rodriguez; Sauvage, 1891: 399, pl. 42, fig, 4, Madagascar. Mugil olivaceus Day, Tis. 357, W India, ascending rivers; 1289: 354, Seas of Todia, dlyonsotonrut dorsalis Streets, 1878: 107, Samoa. Chelon dorsalis Schultz, 1946. 102, Samoa. Lara akame Tanaka, 1916; 395, Japen Jordan & Hubbs, 1923: 208, Japan: Masubara 1955; 491, Tupan, ^ ha va Liza pescadorenses Oshima, 1922, 234, pl, 12 fig. 1, Taiwan; Wu, 1929: 82, tig. 65, Amoy; Matsubara, 1955; 49L, Jà pan. TYPE. Holotype: South Africa A. Smith, BMNH 1859.57.56. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 112 specimens, in- cluding the types of M. rodercensis, M. boyneensis, M. troschelii and .A, dorsalis 45-303mm SL, from Cape Province, Natal, Madagascar, Seychelles, Tanzania, Rodnguez, Socotra, Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka, Borneo, New Guinea, Taiwan, Samoa and Tonga. BMNH: 1846,2.5.6, 109mm, locality unknown; 1855,5.7.56, 121mm , holotype of M. macrolepis and M. smithii, Cape Province, Smith; 1859.57.38, 164mm, Ceylon; 1861.11,7,56, 173mm, Ceylon; 1862.11.22., 250mm, Pon Na- tal; 1862.12.6.10-11, 154 & 166mm, Taiwan; 1867.8.16.50, 152mm, Seychelles; 1871.9.13.136, 110mm, Tonga; 1876.3.11.30, 196mm, holotype of M radericensis, Rodriguez, n fresh water, Gulliver; 1876.3.11,11-14, 4 spec. 60-95mm, pars- types of M,rodericensis (Rodriguez) Gulliver; 1880.2,.21,1645, 101 & 115mm, Borneo, labelled ‘syntypes of M. borne- sis';18813.30.12-15, 4 spec, 87-138mm, Socotra; 1889.2,] 3686, 269mm Bombay; 1889.2.1.3697, 1440 & 145mm, Malabar; 1889.2.1.3744-9, 6 .47-24mm, Calcuttà; 1889,2.1.3751-2, 57 & 62mm, Akyab, Burma; 1889,2,1,3753-56, 4 spec, 5L75enm, locality unknown; [889,2,1,3757-62, 6 spec, 53-67mm, Calcuta; 1889.2.1,3774, 75mm, Orissa; 1889.2.2.9, 193mm, Hadibu, So- cotra; 1890,11,17.3, 192inmi Tongatabu; 1905,5,8.27, 224mm, Durban Bay; 1906,10,24,13, 188mm, Travancore: 1906.11.10.46, 313mm, Kos Bay; 1913.12.9.189, 105mm, Mimika R. New Guinea; 1930.9.30.19, 139mm, E London; 1932.2.18.27:8, 62 & 67mm, Hor Kaur, Persian Gulf; 1536,10,5, 10-11, 36 & 47mm, Seychelles; 195 1,5.9.2-5, 4 spec. 76 178mm, Wadi Meifa, 250 iniles froin Aden; 1957,4,24,17-23, 30- 60mm, Suk, Socotra; 1957 4,24,76-94, 18 spec, 50-77mrn, Hadibu, Socotra; 1957,4,24.101, 56mm, Mamei R., Socotra; 1969,2,1L210-I4, 5 spec. 29-45mm, Tuvu R., Tanzania, MNEIN: 91-674-677, 4 spec. B6- 119mm, Madagascar; 5537, 29-0 & 303mm Madagascar; A 2821, 119mm, north Sumatra. RMINH.; 6403, 14 spec. 45-218mm, lectotype and paralectoty pes of M. borneensis Borneo, Bleeker; 6402, 98 & 103mm, syntypes of M. troschelii, Java, Bleeker, AM: B.8007, 128mm, Java, lo belled ` cotype of L. troschelii; B.8064, 160mm, Borneo labelled “cotype of Af. borneensis’; L94, 109mm, Hooghly R.: 1.7287, 166 Sc 173mm, Samon, IM: 9472, 146mm, Chilka L. USNM: 15111, 30mm, holotype of Aganostomnes dorsalis, Samoa, Steinberger. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D21 8, A II 9, P 16, LI 33-34, tr 13, ped. 7, pect. sc. 9-10, Dy se, L-12, Dy sc. 22-24. Scales pavement ctenoid, variable number of dorsal and flank scales with 2-3 inucus canals. Body moderately robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free halfway to anterior nostril; in- terorbital less than twice eye diameter, very slightly convex: eye diameter slightly longer than snout length. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Up- per lip height 1/4 eve diameter. Anterior patr of mandibular pits slightly before rear end of sym- physial groove and c.twice breadth of symph ysial knob apart; 2 obvious and several obscure pairs behind. Row of peg-like teeth at edge of upper lip and another at base with scattered teeth between; cilijform teeth on edge of lower lip; teeth on vo- mer, palatine. pteryvgoids and high-keeled tongue; | or I rows of broad papillae with long 326 Sa MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM axes perpendicular to lip edge at inner base of lower lip. Mouth corner at Vertical just in front of posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching to ver- tical from anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner 3/4 length of pad over maxilla, Pre- orbital reaching —1/2 up upper lip and on linc joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nos- trils; anterior nostril reaching slightly below ver- tical span of posterior nostril; nostrils nearer each other than lip or eye; posterior closer to eye than anterior to lip; slight cutaneous rim around ante- rior nostrils, Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior half of eye in small fish, to anterior half of eye in larger, when laid forward, c.1/3 along pelvic lin (mot past up of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin equidistant from verticals from origins of first dorsal and pectoral fins, its tip reaching vertical just behind base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale not reaching past tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than ta snout tip in specimens <180mim SL, but equidistant in larger fishes; sp. | longer than sp. 2, sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical c. 1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin about equal in height to both dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins scaled anteriorly and along base, Caudal fin deeply forked, Pyloric caeca 4-6. DISTRIBUTION, Indo-Pacific from South Africa tè Tonga and Taiwan, nor recorded tram Ausraha. REMARKS. Günther (1861b) based his M. smithii on Smith's types of M. macrolepis, indi- cating that the name had been pre-occupied by Rüppell (1828) who had described Mugil macro- lepidotus CL, valglensis) As the spelling was not identical, presumably it is not à homonym of macralepis. The recognition of Chelon dorsalis hy Schultz (1946) is surprising as he had previ- ously (1943) placed Agonostomus dorsalis in the synonymy of L. troschielli. Fowler (1928a) had referred A dorsalis to Valamugil seheli, but the scale countis tar too low for this species. There 1s nothing in the descriptions of the other species listed in the synonymy to differentiate them from L. macrolepis. The specimens from the Austra- lian. Museum, labelled as Bleeker's types, were actually supplied by Day and like many of the specimens Day distributed to various institutions are probably ‘typical’ examples rather than the specimens on which the original description was based. In particularthe specimen labelled type of Mugil buchanan! which Day supplied does not resemblethe type of M. huchananiin Leiden, The only other mernbers ofthe genus in which the tip of the pelvic fin reaches behind the vertical from the base of sp. 4 of the first dorsal fin are Labu in whieh the tip reaches right to the end of the dorsal fin membrane, as well as L. melinoptera and L. vaivievwsis in which the tip reaches about as far as in L macrolepis These 2 species have a lower longitudinal scale count than L. macrolepis. Liza mandapamensis sp, nov. HOLOTYPE. GPBM 29618. Type locality: Kilalcarei, Š of Mandaparn, 5 India, Randall, MATERIAL EXAMINED, The unique holotype, BPRM 20618, 196mm SL, of L. from Kilakarei, Mandapam., DESCRIPTION. Di IV, Doi 7, A IH 8, P16, LI 33, tr. 10, ped. 7, pect sc. 7, Di se, 11, Da se, 23. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals moder- ately long: some anterodorsal and ventral scales with double canals. Body robust; head pointed, scale-free to just in front of anterior nostrils: in- terorbital less than twice eye diameter, slightly convex: eye diameter greater than snour length. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip, height 1/6 eye diameter, Anterior mandibular pores at posterior end of symphysial groove. slightly more than breadth of symphysial knob apart, pos- terior pores obscure. 2 rows of teeth in upper lip, short and spatulate along lip edge, finer teeth scattered along inner base of lip; lower lip eden- tate; no teeth on vomer or palatine, but teeth on plerygoids and domed tongue, No papillae at in- ner base of lower lip. Mouth corner at vertical be- tween anterior and posterior nostrils: tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim of evez pad over tendon to mouth corner only 1/4 as long and 1/4 as wide as pad over maxilla. Preorbital reaching level of mid-gape and on line between midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; ante- rio nostrils extending slightly below vertical span of posterior nostrils; anterior nostrils nearer lip than posterior to eye, Gill rakers moderately long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching hind halfofeye when laid forward, only c.1/8 along pelvic fin (not nearly to lip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin ori- gin nearer vertical trom first dorsal fin origin than to that from origin of pectoral fin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 2 of first dosal finyaail- lary scale reaching c.3/4 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fim origin nearer snout tip than caudal base: sp. | equal to sp, 2 in length: sp, 4 weak, not reaching past vertical trom lip of sp. 3 when fin MUGIHLIDALE OF THE WORLD raised; axillary scale reaching midlength of mem- bane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at ver- tical c. 1/2 along anal fin base, tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin, but not as high as first dorsal fin; scond dorsal and anal fins scaled anteriorly and along base. Caudal fin forked. Pylorie caeca 4, DISTRIBUTION, One locality in $ India. REMARXKS. This species is notable for having only 7 dorsal rays, which is a rare occurence in other mugilids. 4, mandapamensis differs from uther species of Liza with only 8 anal rays (L. lu- ciae and L. veiglensis) in having a greater longi- tudinal scale count, Other spectes that normally exhibit 9 anal rays, but have had individuals re- corded with only 8 anal rays are L eurcitar, L du- merili and L. subviridis. Only the last occurs in the area from which L mandapamensis was taken. It differs from L. subviridis in an appar- ently grealer number of pectoral rays, a lower transverse scale count, in not having the adipose tissue covering part of the iris, and in various pro- portional measurements, As well as geographic separation L. mandapamensis has a higher scale count than either L curata or L. dumerili, There remains the possibility that this fish is à hybrid; but what combination of parental charac- terisics would produce its features | cannot imag- Ine. Liza melinoptera (Valenciennes, 1836) Mayil melinoplyrus Valenciennes, 1836: 146(108). pl. 315, Vanicolo; Günther, 1861b: 452, Tonga; 1877: 2] 8, Vani- colo, Tonga; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 246, Sinabong Bay, Simalur, Vanicolo, Samoa, Fiji; Fowler, 19322: 444, Singapore, Roxas, 1934; 413, pL t, fig. 7, Philippines. Liza melmopters Jordan & Seale, 1906: 21,7, LUN Pago Pagos Herre, 1936b: 96 Suva, Fiji, Papeete Harbou, Ta- wh. ‘Mugil baematncheius Richardson, 1846; 249, China, non Schlegel. Mugil ceramiersis Bleeker, 1852e; 699, Wahai, Ceram; 1959m 277, Indonesian archipelago; 1859: 368, Banka; Jordan & Seale, 1907: 11, Luzon; Weber & De Beautorr, 1922: 247. Sumacm, Banka, Java, Borneo, Sandip, Celebes, limor, Ambon, Burian, Ceram, Jobi, Nusa Laut; Roxas, 1934: 411, pl. 2, fig. 3, Philippines; Fowler, 1935: 141, Hong Kong; 1936a: 17, Hong Kong; 1939b: 81, 5o- rong; Seoul, 1959: 121 Malaya. Liza ceramensis Reaves, 1927; 8, Korea; Seale, 1935. 355, Milana; Munro, 1955; 94, Sri Lanka; John, 1955; 227, Kyamkulam L. Mugil compressis Günther 1861h: 451 PNew Sourh: Wales, 1881:217, pl. 123, fig. A, ? New South Wales, Mngil oligolepis Day, 1876: 358, pl. 76, fig. 2, Sundabunds hear Calcutta, India ro Malaya, non Bleeker, Med anpii Oshima, 19227245, pl 110, lig. 2, Tuwim, (2) Mugil parua Wi 1929: 83. fig. 65; Aun, HOLOTYPE, Vanicoro, Quay & Gaimard, MNHN A 3669, MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype and 9 specimens, an: cluding the type of M. ceramensis, 60-2)2mm SL , trom Fiji, Ce ram, New Hebrides, Philippines, Caroline Is, Santa Cru Is and Seychelles, BMNH: 1877.4,182, 128wm, Kandávu, Fijt 18795,2265, 223mm, Ponape; 1927,4.14.82, 203mm, Sey» «chelles; 1928.1.17.26, 66mm, Jordan R., Santo; 1933, 311,732. 124mm, Dumaguete, Philippines. MNHN: A 3669, 150mm. holotype of M. melinopterus, V aracorc, Santa Cruz ls, Quoy & Gamard. RMNH: 640, 4 spec. 6-200min, synrypes of M. rene mist: Ceram, Bleeker, DESCRIPTION. Di IV, Doi & A HI 9, P(14]05. Ll 27-31, tr. 9-10, ped, 7, pect. sc. 7-8, Dr sc, 10- 11 Dy sc. 18-19. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals elongate; occasional scales with double or Y -shaped canals, Body robust, head painted, less so in older fish: scale-free to anterior rim of eve: interobital less than twice eye diaineter, almost flat: eve diameter equal to snout in young tsh, longer in older fish, Adipose tissue extending slightly over iris, Upper lip height <1/4 eve di- ameter, Anterior mandibular pores at rear of sym- physial groove, about twice breadth of symphysial knob apart; 3 obscure pairs of pores behind. Short slightly curving teeth along edge of upper lip with scattered fine teeth behind; scat- tered ciliiform teeth in lower lip; small patch of teeth on vomer of largest specimen examined, none apparent in others; lacking on palatines, but present on prerygoids and high-keeled tongue, Broad papillae with long axes perpendicular to lip edge at inner base of lip. Mouth corner at verti- cal slightly in front of posterior nostril; tip of up- per jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim af eye; pad over tendon ta mouth corner c.2/3 length of pad over maxilla. Preorbital reaching 3/4 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of poste- rior and anterior nostils, Anterior nostril 50% be- low vertical span of posterior nostril; posterior nostri! nearer eye than anterior to lip. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior half ofeye when laid forward, c.1/3 along pelvic fin (not to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical f rom pectoral fin origin than to that from first dorsal fin origin; axillary scale reaching c. 1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal tin origin distintly nearer caudal base than to snout tip in small fish, but equidistant in large, sp, | variously shorter or longer than sp, 2; sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical [rom sp, 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching c. 1/2 along mem- brane behind sp, 4. Second dorsal fin origin ar vertical 1/2 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching behind lips of posterior rays; rele tive height of median fins variable: second dorsal 528 and anal fins densely scaled; caudal fin deeply forked. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific from Natal to Samoa and S China, REMARKS. 4 of the 6 syntypes of Mugil cera- mensis conform to the description of L. melinop- tera, but 2 specimens of 59 and 65mm SL have well-developed adipose eyelids and are speci- mens of L. subviridis. Mugil oligolepis of Day (1876) appears to have been L. melinoptera on the evidence of scale count, the length of the pec- toral fin, the equality of eye diameter and snout length and the ratio of mouth width to mouth length. Wu (1929) referred to M. parva Oshima, a fish which from his description is L. macrolepis. Mugil compressus Günther 1861b: 451 and 1876: 217 was inadequately described. Gunther's de- scription could apply to Liza melinoptera in the Pacific and to L. grandisquamis in the Atlantic. Indeed the holotype of M. compressus is a speci- men of L. grandisquamis but is labelled as from New South Wales which must be an error or a case of switched labels. Some authorities have re- ferred the species to L. subviridis but the adipose eyelid is well-developed in that species whereas Günther described M. compressus as being with- out one. Likewise the adipose eyelid is well de- veloped in L. parmata which otherwise would fit Günther's description. The similarity between L. melinoptera and L. grandisquamis has already been commented upon under the latter species. L. melinoptera is very like L. subviridis but lacks the latter's extensive adipose eyelid, has fewer trans- verse rows of scales and has 6 pyloric caeca. Liza parmata (Cantor, 1850) Mugil parmatus Cantor, 1850: 1076, Penang; Bleeker, 1855c: 400, Java; 1859a; 276, Indonesian archipelago; 1860d: 42, Borneo; 1861d: 76, Penang. Mugil dussumieri Bleeker, 1848: 637, Sumbawa, non Valenci- ennes. Mugil macrolepis Bleeker, 1852c: 422, Borneo; 1852e: 701 Ceram, non Smith. Mugil oligolepis Bleeker, 18592: 275, Indonesian archipelago; 1859e: 437, Sumbawa; 1860d: 40, Borneo; Günther, 1861b: 449, Borneo, Sumbawa; Fowler, 1905: 496, fig. 10, Borneo; 1925b: 209, Delagoa Bay; 1939a: 46, Gulf of Thailand; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 245, Borneo, Sumbawa, North Celebes, Malacca; Pellegrin, 1933: 181, Madagascar; Roxas, 1934: 413, Philippines; Smith, 1935: 635, fig. 17, pl. 21, fig. B, Isipingo Lagoon; Herre, 1936b: 95, Suva; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 277, Sanderbunds near Calcutta, India to Malay Archipelago. Liza oligolepis Jordan & Richardson, 1908: 244, Philippines; Smith, 1948: 840, fig. 10, Isipingo to Delagoa Bay; 1949: 321, fig. 885, Isipingo to Delagoa Bay; Matsubara, 1955: 491, Japan; Munro, 1955: 94, pl. 16, fig. 26, Sri Lanka. TYPE. None. Type locality, Oenang. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM MATERIAL EXAMINED. 11 specimens, including the types of M. oligolepis, 28-88mm SL from Borneo and the Northern Territory of Australia, BMNH: 1844.1.1.18, 88mm "South Australia’ (= Northern Territory); 1894.1.19.41-2, 65 & 70mm, Sarawak. RMNH: 6405, 7 spec. 28-77mm, holotype and para- types of M. oli olepis, Borneo, Bleeker. AM: B.8022, 73mm, Borneo labelled: ' M. oligolepis syntype coll. Bleeker.’ DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D218, A II 9, P (14)15, L1 26-28, tr. 9-10, ped. 7, pect. sc. 9-10, Di sc. 9- 10, D2 sc. 18-19. Scales pavement ctenoid; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to posterior nostril; in- terorbital less than twice eye diameter, slightly convex; eye diameter longer than snout. Adipose tissue intruding over iris. Upper lip median height c.1/4 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores 1/2 hidden in lateral walls of symphysial groove; a more prominent pair of pores behind symphysial groove, others obscure. Lips eden- tate; no teeth on vomer or palatines, but on ptery- goids and high-keeled tongue. Row of low papillae with long axes perpendicular to lip edge at inner base of lip. Mouth corner at vertical be- tween anterior and posterior nostrils; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner more prominent than pad over maxilla. Preorbital reaching 3/4 up upper lip. slightly above line joining midpoints of posterior and an- terior nostrils; anterior nostril wholly below ver- tical span of posterior nostril; anterior nostril nearer lip than posterior to eye; slight cutaneous rim around anterior nostrils. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching anterior half of eye when laid forward, just reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin and c.2/3 along pelvic fin (not quite to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from origin of first dorsal fin, its tip reaching vertical almost at end of fin membrane behind sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip; sp. | markedly longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 slender, but rela- tively long, reaching just behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised.; axillary scale reaching behind end of fin membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical almost 1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fins slightly higher than subequal dorsal fins; seond dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 7. DISTRIBUTION. W Pacific. MUGILIDAR OF THE WORLD REMARKS. The relatively long pectoral fin and long pelvic fins together with the long dorsal axil- lary scales give this species a superficial reseni- blance to Valamugil, an appearance heightened by the slight visibility of the pad over the maxilla below the mouth corner when the mouth is closed, But L. parmata lacks the long pectoral ax- illary scale and the fimbriate membranous-edged scales typical of Va/amugil. The small number of scales in the longitudinal series differentiate L parmata from the other members of the genus with 9 anal rays. Thereference of | BMNH speci- men to "South Australia'dates from a time when the Northern Territory was part of the colony of South Australia. Liza parsia (Hamilton Buchanan, 1822) Muga! parsa Hamilton Buchanan, [822: 215, 380, pl. 17, fig. 71, Hooghly R., Valenciennes, 1836: 144(107), Ben aL Malabar; Günther, 1861b: 426, fig, Calcutta, Karahi, rivers of Bengal, Day, 1865: 14, Malabar; 1876: 350, pl.75, fig. 2, Hooghly R, at Calcutta; 1889: 344, seas and estuaries of India; Pillay, 1962: 553, pl. 1, fig. 3 (part), Calcutta, Akyabi Pandey & Sandhu, 1992; 265, Hooghly R, at Caleuta, seas and estuaries af India. Liza parwa Munro, 1955: 92, pl 16, hg 258, 5n Lanka, TYPE. Syntypess Ganges Ko. Hamilton Buchanan, BMNH 1858.8.15.91. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Synrypes and 6 specimens, 92- 159mm: SL. from the Ganges River, Caleutta, Madras and Kars- chi. BMINE: 1858.9.15.91, 88 & 95mm, zyntypes ot M. parsix, Ganges R, Waterhouse; 1860.3.19.726, 112mm, Calcutta; 1889,2,].3689-90, 167 & 172mm, Caleurta; 1889.2, 1,369 T, Sim, Madras; 1889.2.1.3700, 109mm, Madras; 1898.65.29. 166, L4 1mm, Karachi. DESCRIPTION. Di IV. Do 18, A HIE 9, P 15, LI 31-35, tr. 11, ped. 7, pect. se. 8-9, Di sc. 11, Dy sc. 21, Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals short to moderately long; no multicanaliculate scales. Body moderately robust; head bluntly pointed, scale-frce halfway to anterior nostrils; interorbi- tal slightly less than twice eye diameter, slightly convex; eye diameter slightly greater than or equal to snout length. Adipose tissue covering 2/5 of posterior iris, rather less anteriorly. Upper lip median height 1/4-1/3 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, t breadth of symphysial knob apart: 5 other pairs behind; short slender teeth on edge of upper lip, indefinite row of smallerteeth at inner base of up- per lip; lower lip edentate. no teeth on vomer or palatines, but present on pterygoids and high- keeled tongue; row of broad papillae at inner base of lower lip; mouth membrane with small fine pa- pillae. Mouth comer on vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical between IE he c posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon lo mouth corner ¢.1/2 as wide and 3/4 length of pad over maxilla. Preorbital reaching 1/2 up upper lip, slightly above line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostri! almost wholly below vertical span of pos- terior nostril in young fish, overlapping ¢.50% in largest. Gill rakers moderately long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching hinder edge of pupil in small fish, not quite to hinder rim of eye in larger when laid forward, only c.1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than that from origin of first dorsa! fin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin or slightly behind; axillary scale not reaching past tip of pelvic spine, First dorsal fin origin slightly nearer snout lip than caudal base: sp. 1 shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 weak, nor reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along membrane be- hind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/3- 1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays reach- ing behind tips of posterior rays; anal and dorsal fins approximately equal in height; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled; caudal fin deeply forked. Pyloric caeca 5. DISTRIBUTION, Coans of Pakistan and India. REMARKS, L, parsia is the only member of the genus whose mid-gape is at a level above mid- pupil, Otherwise itis very similar to L rade and £, xuhviridis but lacks the depressed pointed head of the former which also has teeth on its vomer and palatines. L. subviridis has a relatively short snout and its mouth corner does not reach as far back as in b parsia, On the basis of a biometrical study of specimens from the type localities of L. dussumigel (= L subviridis) and L parsia Saro- Jini (1953) concluded that these 2 species were identical, The fishes she studied probably were, but her description does not accord with the char- acters of L, parsia which are quite distinct from those of the type specimens of L. dussumieri and L subviridis, Liza ramada (Risso. 1826) Mrgnl cephalus Granov, 1763: 162, European seas; Donovan. 1802: 1, pl 15, England; Turton, 1807; 106, Britain Neill, (BOB: 544. Briain; Fleming, 1828: 217, Britain, non Linnaeus. Mugil cepphalis var A Risto, 1810: 344, Nice. . Mugil ramad Risso, 18267 390, Nice; Roule, 1925; 50, fig. 21, France; Chevey,192% 338, fig, Northern Aclanuc; Lozano Rey, 1935: 245, pl, 15, fig. 2, Spain; 1947: 724, pl. i9. fg. 7, Spain; Fowler, 1836: 587, Ashtantew, Palys Amè, 1038: 98, Figs létt Gulf af Gascony: Jouhin, MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM TABLE 16. Biometrics of Liza spp (5). * secondary radii, # row of teeth on lip edge with scattered teeth behind. ^2 rows of teeth with scattered teeth between. Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. 1938: 338, fig., Mediteranean to Egypt, Atlantic, North Sea to Cape of Good Hope; Heldt 1948: 5, figs 4-5, Tuni- sia; Nikolsku, 1954: 402, Black Sea, Mediterranean; Dan- tec, 1955: 97, pls 4-8, Arcachon; Dollfus, 1955: 138, Atlantic coast of Morocco; Albuquerque, 1956: 607, Coast of Portugal; Bograd, 1961: 179, Israel; Bánárescu, 1964: 622, Black Sea; Svetovidov, 1964: 214, fig. 61, Black Sea; Blanc & Hureau, 1968: 26, European seas. Liza ramada Fowler, 1919: 251, West Africa; Buen, 1935: 95, coast of Spain; Dieuzeide et al, 1935: 238, fig., Alge- rian lakes, Tunis; Wheeler, 1969: 464, fig. 316, British isles, Norway, Mediteranean; Hickling, 1970: 609, Brit- ain; Trewavas & Ingham, 1972: 17, fig. 1c, European seas; Tortonese, 1972: 29, Genoa, Magra, Venetian La- goon, Cattalia, L. Trasimene, Naples, L. Patria, Patrasso, Nile R. at Cairo; Bauchot & Pras, 1980: 301, fig. 27c-d, Morocco to Norway, Mediterranean. Mugil (Liza) ramada Borcea, 1934: 260, figs 5-8, Roumanian coast, Black Sea; Soljan, 1948: 205, fig., Adriatic Sea; Cabo, 1979: 184, fig, 54, Mar Menor. Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829: 232, Nice, Mediterranean, La Rochelle, Atlantic shores of France; 1830: 62, Mediterra- nean; Bonaparte, 1834: 31, gl 92, fig. 1, Italy; Jenyns, 1835; 374, Great Britain; Valenciennes, 1836: 36 (26), Norway, seas of Europe; Bancroft, 1836: 232, seas of Europe; Yarrell, 1836; 200, fig., Britain; 1841: 234, Brit- ain; 1859: 175, Britain; Guichenot, 1850: 67, Algeria; Nilsson, 1855: 176, Scandinavia; Giinther, 1861b: 439, fig., Firth of Forth, Devonshire, Lisbon, Dalmatia, Tu- nis, Nile R., Nice; Lloyd, 1867: 145, Cairo, Tunis in Species L. parmata | L. parsia. | L. ramada | L richanlsoni | L. saliens |L. subviridis| — L. rade — | L. tricuspidens| L. vaigiensis Scale radii 6 6-8 10-12 4 2-4* 5-10 7-10 (+3-4)* 8-10 6-7 6 (+4-5)* 6-8 D (SL) 30.0-35.0 | 23.5-260 | 23.0-240 | 22.2-22.6 18.5-21.0 | 23.3-27.0 18.5-225 | 23.6264 | 25.5-29.5 HL(%SL) | 250-272 | 23.5-260 | 24.0-25.0 | 247-280 | 18.0-21.0 | 23.0-23.5 19.0-25.5 | 234.1-25.0 | 244-346 HW(95HL)| 70.3-769 | 65.4-70.8 | 63.4-65.0 | 58.5-65.5 | 60.2-64.8 | 76.3-77.5 | 69.0-71.0 | 55.3-612 | 8B3.9-84.3 IO (%HL) 42.1-50.8 | 40.5-47.1 42.4-43.3. | 37.5-40.0 | 38,0-39.5 | 42.5-44.0 | 43.5-47,5 | 41.7-422 | 53.3-58,7 ED (%HL) | 27.2-31.0 | 21.0-27.2 | 207-21.0 | 25.0-254 | 20,7-26.0 | 22.8-24,.2 | 14.2-22.8 | 21.0-25.0 | 21.9-32.1 SnL(96HL), 20.8-23.6 | 21.6-27,] 20.5-21.0 | 25.0-254 | 22,1252 17.5-18.2 14.0-23.2 | 21.7-26.0 | 19.5-20.0 ULH (%HL)| 62-7.0 6.6-0.8 5.3-7.5 5.6-6.6 4.0-6.7 7 (d xx42 7.9-9.2 5.8-6.3 MW/ML 3.2-4.6 | 3.0-3.6 2.0-2.6 1.7-2.1 2.0-2.7 3.0-3.3 2,1-2,6 2.2-2.7 2.25-2.8 PL (%HL) 835-100 | 76,5-78.5 | 71.5-72.5 | 57.0-68.0 | 87,4-04.8 | 74.1-75.8 | 75.5-78.8 | 80.2-84.8 | 944-954 PB (96PL) 228-283 | 25.0-25.5 | 33.3-34.5 | 31.2-36.0 | 23.7-28.0 | 32.0-36.5 | 30.0-35.0 | 26.9-30.0 | 30.6314 VL (96PL) 950-100 | 85.0-90.0 | 85.3-99.7 | 83.3-92.8 | 64.5-66.0 | 83.2-90.0 | 82.3-89.7 | 70.2-76.0 | 80.0-89.5 | VAX (76 VL)| 40.6-42.0 | 382-448 | 41.4-425 | 52.5-590 | 55.3-57.7 39.0-41.0 | 47.2-53.6 | 41.3-44,5 | 352-35.8 Ped (75D) 46.8-49,8 | 50.4-55.6 | 45.3-487 50 47.5-50.0 | 52.4-53.5 | 58.5-65.0 | 48.5-58.8 | 50.4-54.3 TR(UL) 0 2 l+s* Ius | seil | sc# 5-9 2 sc^ 1-2, TR(LL) 0 | 0 l 0 0 l l 0 l LES 8-16 10-15 12-15 16-19 19-21 6-9 13-17 20-23 12-13 FES 5-12 16-24 12-16 10-13 16-21 11-14 14-24 7-12 16-24 Sp.2/Sp.1 3.2-4.5 3.2 24 2.8 | 34 37 3.5 2.8 2.7 Sp.3/Sp.2 3-1.4 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.3 1-5-1.7 1.2-1.4 GR 20-28/ 26-38/ l 58-92/ 30-33/ 25-30/ 30-36/ 36-45/ 32-34/ 28-32/ 30-45 50-76 100-115 50-57 40-47 40-65 48-70 55-62 40-61 PC 7 5 6-8 4 8 4-5 5 6 14-16 fresh water; Steindachner, 1868: 680, Spain & Portugal; Capello, 1868: 53, Madeira; Day, 1881: 230, p. 6. Britain & Ireland; Moreau, 1881; 188, France; Rochebrune, 1882: 95, Senegambia; Lortet, 1883; 134, pl. 11, fig.2, Syria; Smitt, 1893: 339, fig. 90, Scandinavia; Carus, 1893: 706, Mediterranean; Tillier, 1902: 292, Suez Canal; Boulenger, 1907: 432, pl. 80, fig. 2, R.Nile; 1916: 83, fig. 49, Gemil, L. Menzaleh, R. Nile, Sammund, Cairo, Ghet-el-Nassara, Bahr-el-Tamila, L. Temeseh, Maz Agan (Morocco); Antipa, 1909: 82, fig. 27a-f, Black Sea; Ninni, 1909: 315, Adriatic; Athanassopoulos, 1919: 266, Medi- terranean; Pellegrin, 1914: 31, Morocco; 1921: 190, fig. 90, Morocco, Tunisia; 1923: 325, fig. 70, Senegal; Mohr, 1921: 38, North Sea; Joubin & Le Danois, 1924: 59, fig., France; Nobre, 1935; 325, pl. 44, fig. 143, Portugal; Gru- vel & Chabanaud, 1937: 13, fig. 17, Suez Canal; Moro- vic, 1957: 2, fig., Adriatic; Ladiges & Vogt, 1965: 15, pl. m fig. 145, fresh water, rivers of Europe; Bini, 1968: 33, ig, Italy. Mugu (Liza) capito Jordan & Swain, 1885: 261, European seas. Liza capito Popov, 1929: 246 Black Sea; 1930: 77, fig. 44, pl. 3, fig. 3, 4, Egypt, Naples, Palermo; Cadenat, 1954: 26, Atlantic coast iT Morana (?) Mugil britannicus Hancock, 1830: 60, Britain. Mugil dubabra Valenciennes, 1836: 60(43), Nile R. Mugil octoradiatus Günther, 1861b: 437, fig., England;, non Günther 1861a; Lortet, 1883: 132, pl. 11, fig. 13 (part), Syria. MUGILIDAE OF THE NOIL Mugil petheria Gunther, 18615: 447, Nile. Ry at Cairo ind M hanoum. Mipil trate Tonet, 18837 135. (part), mowh of Nile B, eint, Antioch, nón Risso, Myxns maroceensis Mohr, 1927: 191, fig. 13, Moroceo. TYPE. None: Type locality, Nive. MATERIAL EXAMINED), 192 specimens, including the types of M. capito, M. cubil ra and M. maraceenss, 75-54 5mm SL, from the Mediterranean, Britain, Channel ls, France and NW Africa. BMNH: 1837.3.29.24, 165mm, Incality unknown, 1839.7.4.143, 160mm, Enghsh coast; 1856121023, 290A, London market; 1860,4.22.36, 223mm, Lisbon; 1860.4,22.42, 280mm, Lisbon; 1860.4.22.58, 167mm, Lisbon; 1860.11,9.53, Moin, Mediterranean; 1$61,3,9,2-3, 272 & 280mm, London market; 1861.35.27. 15-16, 76 & 98mm, Mogadore; 1861.99. 1-4,4 spec. 178-200mm, R. Nile; 1861.9.9.5, olor ot M. petberit, R, Nile at Carro; 1861,9,9 51-6, 184 8 192mm, R. Nile; 1861.11.20.1:3, 3 spec, 212-237mm, Seville; 1865.11.93, 24 Be 35mm, locality unknown, 1871,9,9.3, 16 spec. 48 78mm, L. Titnsch; 1871.9,3,4, 52mm, le Timseh; 1885,1,29,19, ?90mm , Galicia; 1885.12.30.79, 226mm. Oporto; 1887 3.29.28, 14mm, Minh, 1892.1.15.4, 545mm, Penzance; 1896:5.20.31-2, 43 & 34mm, Seville; 1903,7. 1,142, 102 & 220mm, Mazagan, Morocco; 1906.11.20.4, 204mm Madeira; 1907.3. 1,1., 222mm, Newhaven; 1907,2.12.11, 368im, London marker; 1907,12,2.2807, 3Miram, L. Menzaleh; 1907.12,2.2821-30, 10 spec, 78-248mm, L. Men- zalch; 1907,12.2.2831:2, 3 spec. d TiSmm. L. Menzaleh; 1907.12.2,2835-43, 9 spec, M-b55mm, L- Menzaleli; 1907.12.2.2844-5, 158 & 16 1, L, Menzaleh; 1907. 12.2.2847, 67mm, L. Menzaleh; 1907,12,2.2848-51, 4 spec. 115126mm, L. Menzaleh; 1920.12.23,26, 169mm, Askalou: 1925,9, 19.85, 90, Port Said; 1925.9.19 86-7, 5 spec. 38-54mm, L. Timseli 1925.9.19.88, 172mm, Salt Lake, Suez Canal, 19259,1990, 119mm, Ismaila Lagoon; 1928,1.21,69, 198mm, Thrace; 1928.12,1.71-80, 22 spec, 10-l6mm, Karsa, Gulf of Salomka; 1934.1.26.1-3, 3 spec, 120-124mm, Yarmouth; 1935,3,5,55, 166mm, Haifa, 1949,9.16,475-86, 12 spec, 98 124mm, R, Naamen, Israel; 1962,6,29,1666-77, 21 spec. 1335mm, Isle of Man; 1962,7.30.759, 165mm, Por Enn; 1963.5,14.489-514, 25 spec. 18-32 mm, Banyuls; 1964,8,6,28-51, 4 spec, 288-330mm, arrow-it-Pumess; [967.8,11.3-4, 282 Be 330mm, R. Yealm; 1968,12,13.452461, 10 spec. 75- 120mm, Khebir R., near Lat- takar 1970.4.9.22-6, 5 spec. 174-199mm, Lymington, 1970,6.19,319-26, 8 spec, 188-743mm, Curernsey; 1970,12]. 6-7, 286 & 292, E Thrace. MINTEN; A.3587, 220mm, lecroty: of M. capiti, La Rochelle, d'Orbigny: A3581-3, 5 spec. 67-127imm, paralectotypes of M, capito, Abbeville, Baillon; À. 1586, 243mm, paralectotype of M. capito, Sicily, Bibron; A, 3585, 175mm, paralectotypes of M. capito, R. Nie, Ehrenberg) A. 3593. 180 & 227mm, paralectotypes of M, arpito, Bordeaux, Magin; A, 3748, 565mm, paralectotype of M. capita, L. Brzerta, Mareschaux; 3750, 425mm, paralecotype of M. capuo, Marringues, Della: lande; A.4699, 153mm, paralectotype of Mf. capito, Abbevile, Paillon; A, 4701, 265:nm, paralecrorype of M. capito, Abbeville, Ballan; A. 3730-2, 5 spec, P ST-245mm, syntypes o£ M. dicbabrs, R. Nile, coll. Ehrenberg. ZIZM: H75, 52mm, holotype of M mavoceeinis, Morocco, Mohr. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D218, A IH 9, P 18, LI 41-46, tr. 14-15, ped. 11, pect. sc. 11, Dj sc. 15. Dise. 27-28, Scales pavement etenoid; mucus ca- nals moderately long, extending only slightly posterior to focus; no multicanaliculate scales, Body slender, elongate; head pointed, scale-free halfway to anterior nostrils; interorbital rather mure than twice eye diameter, slightly convex; 331! eye diameter equal to or very slightly shorter than snouL Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip median height 1/3-1/4 eye diameter; upward told at end of lower lip covering tip of upper lip, Ante- rior mandibular pores at posterior end of sym- pomi groove, aboot breadth of sympirysial ‘nob apart; second pair, further apart, behind, others obscure. Fine curving teeth on edge of up- per lip, scattered teeth behind; row of ciliiform teeth on lower lip; teeth on vomer, palatines, plervgoids and low-domed tongue; teeth on tongue curve sharply backwards, tongue and mouth membrane finely papillate, Mouth corner at vertical from anterior nostril: tip of upper jaw reaching vertical midway between posterior nos» tril and anterior rim of eve. Pad over tendon to mouth corner as long as pad over maxilla, but narrower. Preorbital reaching 1/2 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; anterior nostril extending slightly below vertical span of posterior nostril: nostrils closer to each other than to lip or eye; anterior nostril nearer lip than posterior to eve, Gill rakers mod- erately long. type 4. Pectoral fin not reaching to posterior rim of eve when laid forward; only 1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back, Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin than to that from origin of first dorsal fin. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/4 along anal fin base; lips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays in fish »200mm SL; anal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base: cati- dal fin moderaetly forked, Pyloric caeca 6-8. DISTRIBUTION, Black Seu, Mediteranean, E Atlantis N of Cape Verde to North Sea and Baltic, REMARKS. The identity of M, capito with ^f ramada Risso was established by Trewavas & Ingham (1972). These authors also suggested that Myxus maroccensis of Mohr (1921) might be thts species. Examination of the type confirms this view. The specimen, though shrivelled, has the typical lips of L. ramada, i.e. thickish upper lips whose extremities are hidden by an upfold of the lower lips, The types of M. petherici and M. du- bahra are L. ramada. The description af M. Ari- tannécus is not inconsistent with L, ramada, butis insufficiently detailed for certain identification. The nature of the lips of L. ramada distinguishes the species from all members of the genus except L. richardsoni which, with L aurata, are the most like L. ramada in general features. L richardsoni differs in having the origin of the pelvic fin nearer the vertical from the first dorsal fin origin rather than to the vertical from origin of the pectoral fin, the pectoral fin is relatively short, the interorbital is narrower, its gill rakers are of type 3 and it has fewer pyloric caeca. L. aurata differs from L. ra- mada in the shape of the preorbital and the fewer scale rows down the caudal peduncle, the longer pectoral fin and the lower gill raker count. Boulenger (1916) suggested that M. auratus of Lortet was M. capito (7L. ramada) and Trewavas who has examined Lortet's specimens reports (pers. comm.) that the preorbital of 5 specimens (Lyon 2923 & 2915) has not the shape typical of L. aurata and considers them to be young L. ra- mada. 2 other specimens (Lyon 2920 & 2925) are Mugil cephalus. Liza richardsoni (Smith, 1849) Mugil richardsoni Smith 1849: pl. 29, fig. 1, Cape of Good Hope; Günther 1861b: 443, Cape seas; Kner, 1865: 227, pl. 29, fig. 1, Cape of Good Hope. Liza richardsoni Poll, 1959: 269, fig. 95, SW Africa, Mugil (Liza) richardsoni Smith, 1965: 22, pl. 2, fig. C, South Africa, Mugil multilineatus Smith, 1849: pl, 30, fig. 2, 2a; Günther, 1861b: 443, coasts and rivers of the Cape; Bleeker, 1860f: 54, Cape of Good Hope. Mugil capito Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911: 44, Natal; Boulenger, 1916: 83, fig. 49 (part), Angola, Cape of Good Hope, Table Bay, Berg R.; Lampe, 1914: 228, Simon- stown; Barnard, 1925: 304, Table Bay to Natal; Pellegrin, 1933: 169, fig. 90, Table Bay, Natal; Smith, 1935: 613, figs 8-9, pl. 17, fig. C, pl. 19, fig. A-F, Walfisch Bay, Lam- berts Bay, Table Bay, False Bay, C. Agulhas, Port Beau- fort, Knysna, Plettenberg Bay, Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred, Great Fish Point, East London, Mazeppa Bay, Durban, Sinkwazi, non Cuvier. Mugil saliens Boulenger, 1916: 85 (part), Cape of Good Hope, Table Bat, James R., R. Chalumna. Liza ramada Smith, 1948: 840, fig. 12, Cape Town to St Lu- cia; 1949: 322, fig. 887, Natal, Cape Agulhas, non Risso. TYPE. Syntypes: Cape of Good Hope, A. Smith, BMNH 1844.2.15.53-4. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Syntypes and 14 specimens, 39- 294mm SL, from Walvis Bay, Damaraland, Table Bay and Berg River. BMNH: 1844.2.15.53-4, 148 & 153mm, syntypes of M. richardsoni, Cape of Good Hope, A. Smith; 1855.9.19.170, 131mm, Cape of Good Hope; 1865.8.28.32-3, 128 & 137mm, Damaraland; 1898.12.11.2, 282mm, Table Bay; 1914.5.15.1-2, 245 & 255mm, Table Bay; 1914.5.15,5, 130mm, St. James, Cape Town; 1935.3.20.191-6, 6 spec. 39-54mm, Walvis Bay; 1935.5.2.199-200, 118 & 140mm, Cape Town. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i8, A II9, P 18, L143- 45, tr. 15, ped. 11, pect. sc. 10-11, Di sc. 14-15, D: sc. 28. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus canals moderately long, not reaching far behind focus; occasional dorsal scale with double canals. Body slender; head pointed, scale-free to anterior nos- tril; interorbital less than twice eye diameter, al- most flat; eye diameter not quite as long as snout. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip median height «1/3 eye diameter; upward fold at ends of lower lip covering ends of upper lip. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove c.breadth of symphysial knob apart; 2 other pairs, twice as far apart, obvious, others obscure. Man- dibular angle acute to barely obtuse. Fine long teeth on edge of upper lip, some scattered teeth behind; lower lip edentate; teeth on vomer, ptery- goids, palatines and low-domed tongue. Mouth corner on vertical from anterior nostril in small fish, between anterior and posterior nostrils in larger fish; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from midway between posterior nostril and ante- rior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner as long and as wide as the pad over the maxilla. Preorbital reaching 1/2 up upper lip, slightly above line joining midpoints of posterior and an- terior nostrils; anterior nostrils wholly within vertical span of posterior nostrils; anterior nos- trils closer to lip than posterior to eye. Gill rakers long, type 4. Pectoral fin not nearly reaching eye when laid forward, c.1/3 along pelvic fin (not nearly to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from first dorsal fin origin than to that from origin of pectoral fin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin or slightly before; axillary scale reaching c.2/3 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal base; sp. 1 as long as sp. 2 or slightly shorter; sp. 4 stout but short, not reach- ing behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching c.3/4 along mem- brane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin on vertical from anal fin origin; tips of anterior rays notreaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin subequal in height to second dorsal fin, not as high as first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Caudal fin somewhat lunate. Pyloric caeca 4. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa from Walvis Bay to Durban. REMARKS. The characteristic fold of the lower lip, obscuring the posterior end ofthe upper lip is shared only with L. ramada and L.aurata. The relatively short pectoral fin and the origin of the second dorsal fin being opposite the originof the anal fin distinguish L. richardsoni from these 2 species. The number of pyloric caeca is also dis- tinctive. The specimens indicated below as syn- types are presumably those described by Günther (1861b) as ‘half-grown, skins'. The specimen he described as stuffed and ‘type of the species' can- not be located. The only stuffed specimen in the MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD 535 collection of the BMNH labelled M. riehardsoni is also labelled nor M. richardsoni Cithr type! and 15 Myxus capensis (BMNH 1848,3.31.5), Liza saliens (Risso, 1810) Mugil siliens Risso, 1810; 345, Nice; 1826: 391, Nice; Bona- parte, 1834: 57, fig, 1, Italy; Valenciennes, 1836: 47(34), g 309, Nice; Guichenot, 1850: 67, Algeria; Günther, 1861b: 443 (pan), R, Nile; Gervais & Boulerz, 1877. 196, Mediterranean; Moreau, 1881: 191, France; Carus, 1843: 707, Valencia, Algeria, Nile Ry; Sucker, 1895: 46, Adri- ane, Nini, 1909: 313, Adriatic; 1913: 132, Adriatic; 1932: 1, fig, Mediterranean; Berg, 1916: 385, Rüussiin riv- ers entering the Black Sea; Athanassopoulos, 1919: 267, Mediterranean; Popay, 1929: 245, Black Sea, near the Bo» sporas, Danube delta; Lozano Rey, 1947: 732, fig, 189, uadalquivir, Seville, Lore del Rio, Mar Menon, Vera Cruz; Berg et al, 1949: 546, fg., E Atlantic, Meditàrra- nean, Sea af Azov, Black Sea, L. Shubular; Svetovidov, 1949: 221, figs 221-3, Black Sea; 1964: 221, figs 64-5, Black Sea; Nikolski, 1954. 302, Mediterranean; Perlmutter et al, 1957: 297, tig. &A-T, coast and rivers of Israel, Moro viv, 1958: 62, NE Atlantic Liza saliens Popov, 1929: 245, Black Sea near the Bosphorus, Danube R dolia, Dieuzeide et al, 1955: 240, fig., Lakes of Tums; Corsica; Klausewitz, 1958: 62, NÉ Atlantic; Bauchot & Pras, 1980; 300, fig. 27a, Atlantic from Mo- rocco to the Gulf of Gascony, Medterranean, Liza (Protomiugil) saliens Popov, 1930: 68, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 2 fig. 3, Mediterranean, Black Sea; Trewavas & Ingham, 1972: 20, Mediterranean; Tortonese, 1972: 31, Genoa, Venetian Lagoon, Naples, L. Parin Mogora, Vassiluti, Tums. Mugil (Liza saliens - Borcea, 1934: 275, Tips 14-18, Black Sea; Oliva, 1950: 102, Bulgarii. Liga (Protomml) liens foresta Popov, 1930: 72, Black Sea, Mugil (Proromigil) salicns Cabo, 1979, 203, tig. 66, Mar Me- nur, TYPE, None (see Bertin, 1945), Type locality, Nise, Thrace; 1948.8.30.1, 265mm, Val Dago, Italy; 1949.9,16.487-90, 5 spec, 110273mm, R. Naamen, Israel: 1949,1 1.2.46; 189mm, Monaco; 1969.17.22, 188mm, Naples. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D218, A HIELO. P 16-17, L) 48-49, tr. 14-15, ped. 9, pect, sc. 12-13, Di sc. 16-17, Dz sc. 31-33. Scales pavement ctenoid; mueus canals long; predorsal scales multicanal- iculate (2-5): occasional flank scales with double canals, Body elongate slender; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to anterior nostrils; interorbi- lal 1,5 times eye diameter, slightly convex: eye diameter slightly longer than snout in small fish, shorter than snout in large fish. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip median height 1/5-1/4 eye diameter. Anterior pair of mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, somewhat more than breadth of symphysial knol apart) 5 other pairs. behind, much further apart. Row of fine slightly curving teeth on edge of upper lip, asimi- lar row at inner base of lip, scattered fine teeth be- Iween; lower lip edentate; teeth on vomer. palatines, pterygoids and low-domed tongue: mouth and tongue membrane papillate. Mouth vorner at vertical from between anterior and pos- terior nostrils; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from between posterior nostril and anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth corner as long and as wide as the pad over the maxilla. Preorbital reaching 2/3 up upper lip, above line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nustrils: anterior nostrils wholly within vertical span of posterior nostrils; posterior nostril nearer eve than anterior to lip. Gill rakers short, type 4 Pectoral fin reaching anterior rim of eye when laid forward, c: 1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back, Pelvic fin origin markedly nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than to that from first dorsal fin origin, ils tip reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin in fish <120mm SL, not quite so far in large fish; áx- illary scale not quite reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip; sp. | shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 slight, not nearly reaching vertical from tipof sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching +1/2 along mem- brane behind sp, 4, Second dorsal fin origin at vertical from anal fin origin; tips of anterior rays reaching slightly behind tips of posterior rays: dorsal and anal fins about the same height: see- ond dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled antertorly and along base. Caudal fin deeply forked. Pyloric caeca 8. DISTRIBUTION, Black Sea, Medirerrauean and introduced inta Caspuin Sea (Zenkevich, 1956) REMARKS. The only other species of Liza pus- sessing multicanaliculate scales is L. dumerdi which has fewer scales in both longitudinal and transverse series and fewer pyloric caeca, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugi! subviridis Valenciennes, 1836: ] [5(85), Malabar; Hleeker, 1853b: 48, Bengal; Gunther, 1861b: 422. tigo Madras, Malabar; Day, 18650; 138, Malabar; 1876: 353, Ganges R.; (889 348. Seas ot India; Chaudhurs, 1917: 497, Chilka bo; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 242, Lom- bok, Celebes, Bury Roxas, 1934: 408, Philippinis; Dy- vasundaram, 1951; 23, Chill La John, 1955: 226, Kyamkulam L Liza sultinadis McCulloch, 1929: 117, Queensland; Masuda vj al, 1984; 120, pl. 347, fig. F, Fipan; Shen, 1994- 439, pl 138, fig. 3, Tawan, Mazi! disqeeteri Valenciennes, 1336: i47(109), Bombay, Coramandel, Day, 1876; 352, pl, 74, he 4, Hooghl e ai Calmira; 1887: 47, rens uf [ncha ead, 1907 2, CE- 534 ence Clarenve We 1908: 42, Clarence Ru McCulloch: 1521: 125, Gold 1s., Rockingham Bay, Madras; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922; 235, Singapore, Sumatrs, Burttorz, Banka, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Bur tron, Celebes, New Guinea, Domina lsa Fowler, 19282: 122, New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia; 1935 142, fig. 55, Hong Kong; 19392: 47, Gulf of 'Uhalland; 1938b: 3, Saigon; Roxas, 1934: 401, pl. 1, fig.2, Philippines, Herre, 1936b; 92, Suva; Blegvad, 1944; 183, figs 109:110, Gulf of Tran; Jolin, 1955: 227, Kyamkulam L; Munro, 1955: 93, pl 16, fig: 256, 5r] Lanka; 1967: 167, pl, 18, hg 279, New Guinea; Marshall, 1964, 408, pl. 54, fig 588, N ausente Pandey & Sandhu, 1992; 269, tig 71, sess ol India, Liza dusswmieri Thomson, 154) 97, fig. b, Madras, Ellice is., Normanby 1s, Shark Bay, Broome, Port Glasgow, Papua, Burdekin R., Cooktown, Goald Is, Rockingham Bay, Exmouth Gulf, Ambon; RKuruauma & Abe. 1986: 207, Kuwait marker Shen, 1994- 458, pl, 238, tig, 1, Tai- wan Cheon dussumieri Taylor, 1964: LLI, Arnbem Land- Afupll voizeiéosus Richardson, 1846-249, Cantar Aingil gnvermienis Bleeker, 18526 701, lava, Mugil centonis Blecher, 1853. 120, pi. 1. fig. 4, Hlooglily R, ar Calewtta; IRGI 80, Sumatra; Gunther, 18615: 430, Hooghly R. at Calcutta; Kner, (865: 225, Madras. Mugil surdanenss Bleeker, 1853c: 265. Sumatra; 18580: 1, arneo; 18594; 276, Indonesian archipelago; 1860d; 45 Borneu; 1861c: 45, Singapore; 1863b; 271, Timor; Day, (ROS: 133, Malabar; Günther, 1861b: 425, Indonesia; Mi: cleay, 1882a: 372, New Guinea; Evermann & Seale (906: 506, Philippines; Jordan & Seale, 1907: 11, T uzon. Mugil brachysoma Bleeker, 1855c; 399, Java. Mugd valericiennes Bleeker, 18584; 386, Java; 18594: 277, Indonesian archipelago. f Mugil nepalensis Gunther, 1861b: 424, Nepal. fresh water; Oshima, 1926: 19, Hailo, Hainan, Mugi angeles. Günther, 1B6tb; 424, INonhem Lermary; 1877; 214, Firzroy Ra Samoa; 1881; 214, Fitzroy R.s Sa- mon, non Quoy & Gaimard, Mugil yneyert Günther, 1872: 339, Luzon, Celehe: Mugil jerdoni Day, 1876, 352, India; 1889: 346, seas of India; Chaudhuri, 1917: 497, Chilka L., Whitehouse, (927: 84, Madras; Devasundaram, 1951; 23, Chilka L Mugil compressus Castelnau, 1879. 59, Norman R., Mun gies, 1880: 395, Darwin, Quownsland; Macleay, [880: 421, New South Wales, Pon Darwin; [884c: 259, Normanby Is. in fresh water, non Güethe: om compressus Jordan & Seale, 1906; 218, Samon non Gün- ther. Mugil tlanieeps ‘Vosh, 1905: 2 pl, 1, fig, 9, Moreton Pay; hirehouse, 1927:82, Madras, non Valenciennes, Mugil stevensi Ogilby, 1708: 19, Gold Is., Rockingham Bay. Mug alcocki Ogilby, 1908; 21, India, Mugil tadopsis Geil v. 1908: 27, Moreton Bay; McCulloch, 192): 27, pl 122, fig. 2, Moreron Bay, Burdekin R., En- deavour R Angi rathoeni Fowler, 118: 3, hp. 1, Philippines; Roxas, 1934: 409, Philippines j N ta Mungil ogilbyi Fowler, 1918: 5, fig. 2, Philippines; Roxas, 1934: 412, Philippines. Mug philipiinus Powlen WIR: A lig. S Philippines. Musil m inus Roxas, 134: 409, Phibppines. Mugil lepldnpterus Fewles, 1918: 9, Tig. 4, Philippines: Roxas, 1934: 402, Philippines, Auge! reels Macham 19317 271, Fabre, Moplgarda pura Whitley, 1242. 15, lip 8, part, Py Clowes, Shark Bay, Onslow, Broome. Oxynegil acutus Whitley, 1948: 272, lag. 7, WA. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM Mugil. passis Pillay, 1952: 553, part, Bombay, Madras, hilka L. Travancore, non Hamilton Buchanan, TYPE. Syntypes: Bombay, MNITIN. A.364%, Pondicherry, A.S650, A, 3551, Dussurmer, k MATERIAL EXAMINED, 4 syntypes and 94 specimens, m- cluding the types of M. seopalezisis, M. meyeri, M. dusstinsieri. Af sirdanisnsis, M, brachysoma, M. valenciennesti, M. cantons, M. prova, M, stevens and A tedopsis, A928Iniin SL from Pakistan, In- diu, Malaya, Indonesia, Australia, Taiwan, Philippines and Se mos BMNH: 1847,11,22.14], 64mm, Madras; 1853.8,16.25, IZ6mm, holorype of M. nepalensis, Nepal, Hodgson; 1858.10.19.59, 155mm, Ceylon; 1860,3,19,869, LiSmen, Karz ehi 1867,5,6,29-30, 188 & 195mm, Cape York; 1872 3,12 25-6, 153 Be 158mm, syntypes of M, meyer, Makassar, Meyer; 1872,10,18,3m 145mm, Laguna dd Rey, Litton, 1873.1 21.4, 229mm, Fitzeay R., Queensland; 1887 4.18.3, 144mnr, Samoa; 1880,4,21,162-3, 163 & 168mm, labelled ` syntypes ot Mugil ae danensis coll Bleeker’, Indonesia: 1884.5.15.19, 103mm, Taiwan: 1899,2,1,.3697-8, 58 & 60min, Orissa; 1889,2.1,3692-5, 42 & 109mm, Madras; 1889.2.1.3713, 126mm, Sind; 1889.2.1 3768, Ymm, Karachi; 1889.2,1.3769-73, 5 spec. 39-46min, Calcutta; 1889 2,1,3776, ROmm, Madras; 1913,12, 88-93, 6 spec, 97- 135mm, Goram; 1920,3.3,257-267, 20 spec, 110-238mm, Basra; 1933.5,91,729 179mm, Cebu; 1934,9,11,3544, 17 & 18mm, Lan- hour ls. Malaya. MNI IN: ^ 3649, 140 & lmm: syntypes of M, swbvindis Bombay, Dussumier; A.3650, 145mm, syntype of M. sidriirutis, R. Ganges, Dussumier; A.3651, 108mm, syitype of M, adults, Pon icherry Dussurmer; A.d634, 3 spec 150 190mm, synrypes of M, dussumieri, coasts of Coramandel Dus sumien, A.3723, 3 spec. 65-GGmm, Nicol Bav; A-2000. 200mm, Mamla. RMNH: 6387, 8 spec. 150-2!6mm, syntypes of M. sun- danonsy and holotype oM. brachrysoma, Sind, Bleeker; 6389, 3 spec. 105-445mm, syntypes of M. walencienmesii, Java, Bleeker; 6102, 3 spec. S5-103me, syntypes. of M. cantoris, Bengal, Bleeker, AM: B.7967, 144mm, labelled M. prdor: Day, Type Bombay coll. Day’; 1.13225, 282mm, syntypes of M. pura, Shark Bay, Whitley; 1.18127, 188mm, Burdekin R. L18901, 222mm, Shark Bay; 15 1660, Derby, QM; 1774, 131mm, holotype of M. sevens, Gold ba Rockingham Bay, Stevens; 1.1570, 229mm, holotype of M. radogsis, Moreton Bay, Ogilby. DESCRIPTION, Di IV, Doi 8, A II CS)9, P 15 LI 27-32, tr V T, ped. 7, pect. se, 7, Di sc. 10-11, Do 5c. 20. Scales pavement ctenoid: mucus canals of moderate length; variable number of scales with 2.0r 3 canals, some with T- or Y-shaped canals, mostly dorsally, but sometimes on Hanks. Body moderatly robust; head bluntly pointed, scale- iree lo anterior nostril, interorbital slightly less than twice eye diameter, gently convex; eye di- ameter longer than snout. Adipose tissue cover- ing ins. Upper lip median height c.1/3 eye diameter. Anterior pair of mandibular pores at rear of svmphysial groove, about breadth of sym- pha knob apart; larger pair behind, followed by 3 obscure pairs. Small fine teeth along edge of upper lip with several rows behind, better devel- oped in large fish; ciliiform teeth in lower lip, of- ten missing in larger fish; no teeth on vomer and palatine, but teeth on ptervgoids and high-keeled tongue. Row of low papillae with long axes paral- lel to lip edge at inner base of lower lip, Mouth comer at vertical just behind anterior nostrils: tip MUGILIDAL DV THE WORLD S3 of upper jaw reaching vertical [rom anterior rim of eye. Pad over tendon to mouth. corner c.2/3 length and 1/2 width of pad over maxilla. Preorbi- tal reaching c.3/4 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils: € 50% of anterior nostrils below vertical span of posterior nostrils; nostrils equidistant from lip. eve and each other in some specimens; in other fish nearer to each other than to lip and eye. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior edge of pupil when laid forward, c.1/3 along pelvic fin (not nearly to end of pelvic spine) when laid back, Pel- vic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pecto- ral fin than that from first dorsal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 2 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer snout tip than caudal base; sp. | longerthan sp. 2: sp. 4 weak, not reaching past vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised) axillary scale reaching 3/4 along mem- brane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 1/3-1/2 along base of anal fin; tips of an- lerior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal and first dorsal fins subequal, higher than second dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Caudal fin moderately forked, Pyloric caeca 4 or 5. DISTRIBUTION, N Indian Qeean ro W Pacilic, from Persian Gulfto N Australia, Taiwan and Samoa. REMARKS. This is one of 6 species of Liza that havea well-developed adipose eyelid in the adult. lis absence in young fish is one factor contribut- ing to the large synonymy of this species, as some authors have failed to connect the lid-less phase with the adult. L. subviridis differs from the other 5 species in having the mouth corner reaching, back only as far as the vertical from the anterior nostril, The species has no outstanding physical features and deserves Macan's (1931) name of medius, Valenciennes (1836) differentiated L. dussumieri from L, subviridis on the anal fin ray count which he gave as 8 for the former species and 9 for the latter; but thetype specimens of each have 9. Among the 100! specimens examined 2 had 8 anal rays, but these differed in no other way from typical L. subviridis. The 2 must be re- garded as one, as Day (1878) suspected long ago. L. subviridis is regarded as the valid name on page priority. The type specimens of M. brachv- soma, M. valenciennesii, M. mepert, M. cantoris, M. nepalensis, M. stevensi and M. radopsis all proved ta be indistinguishable from L. subviridis. Of the 4 syntypes of M. jerdoni inthe British Mus seum, 3 agree with L suhvarilis in all respects. tA but the fourth is L macrolepis. Besides these and the specimen from the Australian Museum, specimens from Day's collection exist in other museums, including the Calcutta Musewm (Whitehead & Talwar, 1976). Fowler (1928h) recognised that M. philippinus, M. ruthven: and M. lepiclopterus were all synonyms of L. subvir- idis. Ogilby (1908) proposed M. alcocki for specimens ol L. eubviridis that had 8 anal rays, The other Species listed in the synonymy are re- girded as synonyms on the basis of their pub- lished descriptions. The position of Moolgarda pura Whitley has been discussed by Thomson (1954) and is elaborated upon in the discussion of Liza above. Fowler (19282) referred M. anpinen- sis Oshimato L. argentea, but the scale counts are nat compatible. Oshima's description is inade- quate for certain identification, but it is not incon- sistent with L. subviridis. Liza tade (Forsskal, 1775) Mugil crontab rade Forsshal, 1775: 74, Arahia: Bloch & Schneider, 1801: Té Red Sea. Mugil tade Valenciennes, 1836: 153(114), Red Sea; Klunzinger, 1870: 828, Rèd Sea; 1880: 395, Cleveland Bay; 1884; 132, pl. 10, fig. 3, Red Sea; Macleay, 1885; 40, Cleveland Bay; Day, 1888, 350, Hooghly Rus 1889: 344, Hooghly R.; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 236, Singa- ore, Sumatra, Sinalur, Banka, Java, Maura, Lombok, ali, Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, Fowler, 19282: 122, fig. 20, Apetaku, Guam; 1935; 139, China: 1938b: 120, 123. 276, Tuamotu , Rongaroa; Roxas, 1934: 403, Philip» pines; Pietschmann, 1939: 184, hg. 2, Red Sex; De- vasundaram, 1951; 21, Chilka Ly John, 1955; 227. Rvamkulam L; Pillay, 1962- 556, pL 1, fig, 4, Calcurta Chalka La Marshall, 1964: 409, pl, 155, fig, 389, N Queensland. Liz Lade Munro, 1955: 93, pl. 16, fig, 257, Ceylon Mugil planiceps Valenciennes, 1836: 12200), Calcutta, Ben- gal; Bleeker, 1853b: 101, pl. 1, fig. 51, Bengal, Gunther, 1861b: 428, Calcutta, Ceylon, Hindustan, Penang, Ben: gal. China; Kner, 1865: 225, Java, Ceylon: Dar, 1876; 350, Hooghly R, at Calcutta, Malaya, China; Seale, 1901: 66, Guam; 1914: 61, Hong Kong; Evermann & Seale, 1906: 59 Philippines; Whitehouse, 1927: 82, Tuticorn. PM! ceplalotus Cantor, 1850: 1077, Penang, non Valenci- Enrnes. Mol buntah Bleeker, 1853b; 48, Bengal: nomen nudum: 1857c, 336, Java; L859a: 278, Indonesian archipelago; 1859b- 4C7, Japara; 1859c: 367, Banka; 1860c: 33, Suma- tra, 1862d: 40, Borneo; 1861c: 54, Singapore; 1865b- 174, Thailand. Magd. belanak Bleeker, 1857c: 357, Java, Gilnther, 18616: 427, Java; Day, 1876; 351, pl. 74, fig. 5, Bembay; 1889: M5, Bombay; Vinciguerra, 1890; 180, Burma; Fowler, 1905: 494, (ig. 1, Borneo; Pandey & Sandhu 1992: 246, Bombay, India vo Malay Archipelago, (9) Mugil dussumieri Bleeker, 1857: 339, Java; 1860c- 35, Su- matra; [860d: 49, Borneo, non Valenciennes, Mugil poieilus Day, 1865a; 140, Malabar, 1865b; 33, pl. 19, Govhin; 1876: 351, pl, 75, lig. 4. Bombay, W coast ot [n- dia; 1889- 345, Irulia; John, 1955; 227, Kyankulans L: Pandey & Sandhu, 1997: 267, Bombay, W coast af India. 336 TYPE. Nome Type locality, Arabia. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 44 specimens, including the types of M. poecilus, M. planes, M. belenakand M, hontah, 16-3 Ketan SL, fram both coasts of India, Ceylon, Malaya and Indonesia. BMNH: 19543.2125, 147mm, Ceylon: 1860,3,19 367-70, 4 c. 135-173 mmy, labelled "Syntypes of At. hoanak, Jakara, eeker'; 1864.1.19.8, 125min, holotype at M. poecilus, Cochin Day; 1889.2.1.3694, 152mm, Cannannore; 1896.10, | 3,30, 190mm, Calcutta; 1900.2.2,34, 187mm, Madras; 1911,8,23,5, 190mm, Sarawak; 1972,7.25.1-13, 13 spec. 18-28mm, Erhina R., Socotra, MNHN: A, 3647, 285mm, syntype of M. particeps, Ben- al, Bélanger; A3648, 100 & 143mm, syntypes of M. plartiveps, gal, Bélanger: A.3559, 153 & 165mm, syntypes of M. plani» ceps, Calcutta, Dussurmier. RMINHE 6388, 6 spec. 10-201, syntypes of M. belarzk, Jakarta, Bleeker; 6 m [same jar as M, felanak), 254 t 310mm, syntypes of M, bontah, Jakana, Bleeker. DESCRIPTION, D; IV, D2 i 8, A III 9, P 15-17, V131-38, tr. 11, ped. 7, pect. sc. 8-9, Di sc. 9-10, D: sc, 20-21. Scales pavement ctenoid, posterior field unusually long: mucus grooves long, ex- tending well into posterior field; some specimens with 2 ar 3 canals on anterodorsal and more rarely flank scales. Body slender, elongate; head pointed, upper profile depressed, scale-free to an- terior nostis; interorbital (wice eye diameter, flat; eye diameter equal to snout in fish under 150mm SL. ~snout in larger fish, Adipose tissue covering most of iris. Upper lip median height 1/4-1/5 eye diameter. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove about breadth of symphysial knob apart; 4-5 pairs of pores behind. 5-9 rows of small, almost straight teeth in upper lip; single row of sparse ciliiform teeth in lower lip; teeth on vomer, palatines, preryrgoids and high-keeled tongue; row of broad papillae with long axes transverse to edge at inner base of lower lip: abundant tine papillae on mouth membrane. Mouth corner at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical between poste- rior nostril and anterior rim of eye: pad over len- don to mouth comer visible only in large fish. Posterior end of preorbital curving up sharply, anterior end reaching 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining midpaints of posterior and anterior nos- trils: anterior nostrils entirely below vertical span of posterior nostrils; nostrils equidistant from each other arid [rom eye and lip. Gill rakers mod- erately long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior eye in small fish, not to eye in larger, when laid foward. 1/3- 1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin equidis- tant from vertical from origin of pectoral fin and that from first dorsal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical trou besc of sp. 3 of first dorsal fin; axil- lary scale Hot reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal Fin origin nearer snout tip than to caudal MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSLUM base or equidstant; sp. | shorter than sp. 2: sp. 4 weak, not reaching past vertical from tip of sp. 5 when fin raised. Second dorsal fin origin at verti- cal 1/2 along anal fin hase; tips of anterior rays reaching well behind tips of posterior rays; dorsal and anal fins approximately equal in height; sec- ond dorsal and anal fins densely sealed. Caudal fin moderately forked, Pyloric caeca 5. DISTRIBUTION, N Indian Ocean vo W Pacific, from Red Sez to tropical Australia, New Hebndes and Philippines. REMARKS. The depressed pointed head is char- acteristic of this species. It is similar to L. subvir- idis and L. parsia, sharing with them the well- developed adipose cyelid, similar scale counts, fin ray numbers and number of pyloric caeca, The relatively small size of the eye and slight median height of the upper lip are also characteristic of L. lade. AM 3 species have a deep caudal peduncle, but relative to body depth that of £L tade is the greatest, The species recognised by Klunzinger (1870) and by subsequent authors as Mugil tade is the same as that named M. planiceps by others. Valenciennes regarded lorsskal's description as inadequate, as it undoubtedly was, but not more than most descriptions of the time. There has been some reluctance to accept Forsskal's name on the ground that his nomericalture was not bi- nominal, He certainly used both binominal and trinonminal names, Whether his trinominal names can be accepted as subspecitic indications is dis- putable, but if this possibility is accepted then raising the subspecific name ‘fade’ to specific status would be a valid procedure. Unfortunately there is confusion about the extant type speci- mens believed to be those of Forsskal. Trewavas & Ingham (1972) provided evidence that the la- belling indicated by Klausewitz & Nielsen (1965) does nol conform with information pro- vided earlier by Dr Ptaff ofthe Copenhagen Mu- seum where Forsskal's types were deposited. Klausewitz & Nielsen provided photographs and x-ray pictures of the remaining types with some brief biometric data, none of which give any as- surance that | ofthe remaining skins might be the original of M, crenilabis tade The types of M bontah, M. belanak and M, poicilus represent rowth stages of L. (ade and exhibit no features to ifferentiate them. Pillay (1953) suggested thàt M. poicilus is identical with L troschielt! which is here referred to M, macrolepis. However Day's specimens of M, poicilus in the British Museum are L. tede, not L. macrolepis: Besides the British Museum specimens others supplied by Day exist in 6 museums (Whitehad & Talwar, 1976). It is uncertain. which made up the original material MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD bul the 'type' listed from the British Museum is from the type locality. Liza tricuspidens (Smith, 1935) Mugil capensis Smith, 1849; pl, 10, tig. 1, Cape of Good ope; Bleeker, 1860f: 69, Cape of Cool Hope, non Va- lenciennes. l ugil tricusmeens Smith, 1935; 618, fig.10, pl. 17, fig. A, ossel Bay, Knysna, Zwartkops R,, Buffalo R., Mazeppa Bay, Durban, Vite rricuspidens Sraith.. 1948: 837, fig. 7, Mossel Bay to Durban; 1949; 320, fig, 882, Mossel Bav to Durban. TYPE, None, Type locality, Cape of Good Hope, MATERIAL EXAMINED, 5 specimens, 152-330mm SL, from Angola, Cape of Good Hope and Natal. BMNH: 1848.2.1.2., 268mm, Cape of Good Hope; 1905.2.24.4, 152mm, Angola; 1916,1,18,2, 330mm, Knysna; 1922.1.13,26, 242mm, Durban; 1935,3,27.3, 230mm, Knysna, DESCRIPTION. Di IV, Do i8, A HLO, P 17-18, Ll 42-44, tr. 14-15, ped. 9, pect. sc,11, Di se. 15, D» sc. 28. Scales pavement clenvid, mucus canals narrow, moderately long; some dorsal and fewer flank scales with double or branching canals. Body robust, head bluntly pointed, scale-free to anterior nostrils; interorbital less than twice eye diameter in small fish equalling twice eye diame- ter in large, slightly convex; eye diameter not quite as long as snout. Adipose tissue rim around eye. Upper lip median height 71/3 eye diameter, Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, c breadth of symphysial knob apart; tri- cuspid teeth on edge and at inner base of upper lip, scattered teeth between; lower lip edentate; unicuspid teeth on vomer, pterygoids and tongue, but none on palatines; tongue with slight median ridge. Mouth comer at vertical from anterior nos- trils; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical behind posterior nostril. Pad over tendon to mouth cor- ner equal in length but 1/2 width of pad over max- illa, Preorbital reaching c.1/2 up upper lip, on line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nos- trils; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril; nostrils nearer each ther than to lip oreys. Gillrakers moderately long, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching hind rim ofeye in fish up to 150mm SL and to anterior rim of eye by 300mm when laid forward, -1/2 along pelvic fin (not past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back, Pel- vic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin ori- gin than that from origin of first dorsal fin, its tip reaching vertical between bases of sp. | and sp. 2 of first dorsal Fin; axillary scale reaching c. |/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin equidis- lani fram snout tip and caudal base: sp. 1 equal to sp. 2 or slightly shorter; sp. 4 elongate, reaching behind vertical from lip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 along fin membrane hehind sp. 4, Second dorsal fin origin at vertical between anal fin origin and 1/4 along anal fin hase; tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins falcate, densely scaled. Cau- dal fin lunate. Pyloric caeca 6. DISTRIBUTON. South Africa from Angola vo Durban. REMARKS. The tricuspid teeth distinguish tliis species. The skin (BMNH 1848.2.1.1). identified by A, Smith. 25 M. capensis shows such teeth. Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Mugil tigasi Quoy & Gaimard, 1824. 337, pl. 59, fig, 2, lagens Bleeker, 18593; 275, Indonesian archipelago; 18609: 203, Karanbollong; 1860b: 417, Batyan; 1860c: 33, Sumatra; 1860d: 43, Borneo; 1862: 110, Batjan; Peters, 1876b: 842, Bougainville; Duncker, 1904; 166, Singapore; Boulenger, 1916: 97, fig. 54, Red Sea; Fowler, 19273: 8, Christmas ls., Palmyra 15.; 1927h: 264, Philippines; 19292: 124, fig. 7, Raratonga, Guam, Mangareva, Raiatea, ‘Tuamotus, Fate, Apia, Funafuti, Tonga, Makemo, Ten- gatabu, Suva, Rangiroa, Marshall Is., Moen, Society 1s., Kingsmill Is, 19320. 444, Singapore; 1935; 145, Flo Kong; Pellegrin, 1933: 180, fig. 98, Madagascar, in fres water, Roxas, 1934: 410, Philippines; Schultz, 1943: 79, Samoa; Scott, 1959: 121, Malaya, Pillay, 1962: 561, pl. 2. fig. 2, Akyab, Bombay, Madras, Pamhan; Marshall, 1964; 410, cal, ih 55, Queensland, Mugil waigiensis Bleeker, 1859c: 368, Banka; 1859d: 331, [AN 18615: 101, Singapore; 1861e: 55, Singaporo; 1861d: 74, Penang; Günther, 1861l. 435, tig. 9. Red Sea, Pomp onesig, Northern Territory, Polynesias 1377- 216, pl. 121, fig. B , Tahiri; 1880b: 62, Cape York; Kner, 1865: 226, Red Sea; Day, 1865a: 144, Malabar, 1376: 359, 1.73, fig. 4, Bombay, Red Sex India, Malaya; 1889: 356, d Sea, India, Malaya; Klunzinger, 1870. 828, Red Sea 1880: 355, Port Dennison; 1884: 133, pl. 10, Red Sea; Pe- ters, 1876b: 842, Bougainville Ls; Maclex , 1889; 423, New Sourh Wales; 18822; 362, New South Wales 1884b. XF. Butdehin R., Queensland: Sauvage, 1891: 401, pl. 41B, fig. 5, Madagascar, Seale, 1901: 65, Guam; Stein- dachner, 1906: 1416, Samoa; Stead, 1906: 79, Queensland and N New South Wales; 1907: 7, Ballina, Roekham: iom, Cleveland Ba; 1908; 42, Ballina; Jordan &Seale, 1907: 11. Luzon; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 244, Sin apore, Pulu Wek, Sumatra, Bintang, Banka, part Madura, Timor, Konglang Is.. Paternoster lsu Flores, Gorang, Ambon, Barjan, New Guinea, Wargiou, Cocor Keeling; Barnard, 1925: 310, Natal, Delagoa Bay Chinde; Paradice & Whitley, 1927: 81, Pellew Is., Smith, 1935: 633, fig. 16, pl. 20 Chinde, Delagoa Bay Liza vaiptvtsus Bordn & Seale, 1906: 218, Samoa: Herre. 936b: 95, Marae, Suva, Nukuloa, Malaita; Schulz, 1944: 81, Canton Is., Swain ls, Tutnha; Thomson, 1954: 103, he, 6, Burdekin R., Cape York, Cooktown, Wide Bay, Cleveland Bay, Cumberland Ts., Brampron Is, Lir- deman Is Norwest Is, Low ls, Richmond R, at Gloucester, Darwin, Port Moresby, Madras, Guadalca- nal, Ellice Ts., Nauru, Vanikoro; Munro, 1967: 167, pl 18, fig, 276, New Guinea; Mastida ec al, 1984: 120, hi 105, fig. K, Japan; Pandey & Sandhu, 1992: 278, Red 5e ro China and beyond, Liza wwigiensts Seale, 1906: 15, Mangareya, Fare, Raiatea, Shonlaud Is., Raratonga; 1935: 355, Cleveland Bay, Ren- ne] Is; Whitehouse, 1927: 95, Turicorn, Mugil (Liza) vaigiensis McCulloch & Whitley, 0925-141, Queensland. FEllochelim cangsensis Whitley, 1930: 250, Wargiow; 1934; 346, Princess Charlotte Bay, Smirh, 1948: 838, fig, 8, Indo Pacific to Durban; 1949; 320, [iy 883. tropical brdo Pacific to Durban; Fourmanoir, 1957; 72, Madagascar, Chelon vaigiensis Schultz, 1953: 831, pl. 23B, 24C, Bikini, Rongelap, Guam; Taylor, 1964: 722, Avühem Land. Valamugil vargrensis Smith, 1956: 722, Aldabra. Mugil macrolepidotus Ruppell, 1828; 140, Red Sea; Valenci- ennes, 1836; 134(99), Waigiou, Bora Bora, Varticolo; Richardson, 1846: 249, China; Cantor, 1850: 1077, Ma- lays; ontan, 1861: 308, New Caledonia; 1867: 244, Hong ong. . . Mugil melanochir Valenciennes, 1836: 143(106), Java, Guam; leeker, 1852c: 423, Borneo; 1852d: 445, Banka; 18535: 48, Bengal; 1857d: 479, Java, Mugil tegobuan Thollière, (856: 415, Woodlark 1s; 1857: 84. Woodlark Ls. Mewil oceideritades Castelnau, 1873b: 135, Port Phillip, rivers of "dio Australia; Macleay, 1880; 415, Western Aus- tralia. Miigil. delicatus Jode 1878: 333, New Caledania, non Al- eyne & Macleay, Mugil rossii Bleeker, 1854c 45, Cocos Is, 18593: 276, Indo: nesta; 1860d- 42, Borneo, Mugil rossi Weber, 1913; 138, Suonek, Waigienu, Sarong. react eh MNHN A 3641; Wargiou Is, Quoy & Gar ina MATERIAL EXAMINED. Folorype and 71 specimens, in: cluding the types of M, rnactolepudotes, M. metanockar, M. oor dentalis, M. ventricosus and M. rosi, 1475mm SL, from Madagascar, Red Sea, Pakistan, India, Andaman Islands, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesii, Australia, Fijt and Philippines. BMNH: 1845.10.29,57, 2 spec. 122mm, Red Sea, labelled synrypes Mu macrolepidotus Rüppel'; 1848.3.18.36; 86mm, NW Australi 1858.4.21,472, 87mm, locality unknown; 1560,3, 19,362, MOmm, Penang; 1860,11.9,86-90, 5 spec. 62-118mm, Red Sea; 1872-4.6.13-14, 83 & 115mm, N Calabas 1873,4.3.25, 154mm Tahiti 1872.4.6.13, 363mm, Tahiti; 1873.5. 14.494, 57mm, Ca York; 1883.11.29.67-9, 3 spec. 268-290mm, NSW; 1889,2,1,3764, 180mm, Bornbay; 1889.2, 1.3765, 78mm, Akyab; 1889.2.1.3766, 94mm. Andaman Is; 1890.9.23.897, 355mm, Fraser lsa 1894:8.3.34, 330mm, Karachi; 1898.11,8.109,37 mm, Koh Kram, Gulf of Thailand; 1933.3. 1174123, 4 spec, 39-48mm, Kanglkwai [s.; 1949.11.29.5624, 3 spec. 458-475mun, outer làs pon, Cocos-Keeling; 1960.3.15,1706-8, 3 spec, 49-52mm, Marna Sheik Tbrahaim, Sudan. MNHN: A843, 125mm, syntype of M. nacrolepidotas, Red Sea, Rüppell; ^,844, 68mm, halorype of M. melanochir, Java Kuhl & van Hessel; A.2285, 3 spec. 105- 118mm, Sulu; A.3566, £2 & 100mm, Conson Is., Vietnam A.3623, 150mm, Vanikoro: A.3425, 220mm, Bombay; A, M30, 45mm, paratype of M. melanochir, Guam, qu ; & Gaimard; ^,3636, 91mm, Bombay; 3640, 228mm, Sea; A. 3641, ?15mm, holotype of M. vaigtensis, Waigiou; A.3654, 5 spec. 71- 32mm, syntypes of M. oeridentalis, Dampier Archipelago, Cas- tela; A.3655, 3 spec. 7492mm, syntypes of M. occidentalis, Dampier Archipel E ) /,3725, 3 spec. 65-68mm, synry pes ot M. ventricosus, Nicol Bay, RMINH: 1641, 83mm, Borneo; 6397, 210mm, holotype af it rossit, Cocos Is. DESCRIPTION. Dj IV. D218 A HES, P. 17, LI 24-26, tr 8, ped 7. pect, se. 8, Di se. 9, D» sc. 18. , Castelnau; A,3658, 112mm, Bora Bora; MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM Scales pavement ctenoid. mucus canals long, slender, reaching well into posterior field; some anterodorsal and fewer flank scales of some specimens with 2 or 3 canals. Body robust; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to between anterior and posleriur nostrils; interorbital more than twice eye diameter, flat; eye diameter slightly longer han snout, Adipose tissue rim around eye, Upper lip median height c.1/4 eye diameter. An- terior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, about breadth of symphysial knob apart; other pores obscure. 1-2 rows of short straight unicuspid teeth along upper lip, lost in fish ~250+ 300mm SL; single row of rather long ciliiform teeth in lower lip; teeth on vomer, palatines, plerygoids and domed tongue; all subject tu loss. Row of broad stalked papillae at inner base of lower lip; mouth membrane with fine pointed pa- pillae. Mouth comer at vertical from posterior nostril; tip of upper jaw reaching vertical from anterior rim of eye in small fish, somewhat fur- ther forward in large. Pad over tendon to mouth corner about 3s wide as pad over maxilla but only 1/2 as long. Preorbital lower edge curving up pos- terioly, front reaching 1/2 up upper lip, above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nos- frils; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril; nostrils nearer each other than to lip or eye, Gill rakers short, type 3. Pectoral fin reaching anterior 1/3 of eye when laid forward, c,2/3 along pelvic fin (just past tip of pelvic spne) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of peetoral fin than to that from first dorsal fin origin, tip reaching verti- cal c. 1/2 along membrane behind sp. 4 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale reaching c.3/4 along pel- vie spine, First dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip: sp. 1 shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 weak, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical c.2/3 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching well behind tips of poste- rior rays: anal fin slightly higher than second dor- sal fin, and both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Cau- dal fin only very slightly excavate, Second dor- sal, anal and caudal fins edged with black. 5 dusky pigment splotches along flanks. Pyloric caeca 14-16. DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific from Natal to Val REMARKS. The almost straight tailing edge 10 the caudal fin is distinctive. The only species of Liza which share such a low longitudinal scale MUGILIDAR OF THE WORLD count are JL. erundisquais and b. /uciae which both have distinctively forked tails. Examination of the types listed above confirm the conspecific- ity of all the species listed except for M. tegobuan and M. delicatus which are judged to be L. vaigi- ensis from their descriptions. Chelon Artedi, 1793 Chelon Avcedi, 1795; 118; type specety Maga! chelu Cuvier 1829, DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape almost horizontal; mid-egape at mid-pupil or slightly above; mouth corner at level of lower half'of pupil. not reaching as far back as vertical fram anterior nostril. Tip of upper jaw well below line of gape, reaching verti- cal from posterior nostril, Upper lip terminal, high, its lower 1/3 with several.rows of enlarged papillae, apparent only in specimens -100mm SL. Lower lip thin-edged, thickening with age, not turning down, without folds, erenulations or papillae. High double symphysial knob, no lip groove. No fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or ly- ing freely betwen rami of lower jaw; lower jaw only slightly curving. Maxilla slightly mobile, tendon flange 2/3 or more down shaft, below level of mouth; shaft curving in 2 planes helow flange to S-shaped ending; maxilla not visible above premaxilla, but visible below mouth cor- ner when mouth closed. Mandibular angle ob- tuse. Upper lip with labial teeth in 2 rows with scattered teeth between; lower lip edentate; teeth on vomer, pterygoids and tongue, bul none on palatines; high median keel on tongue. Adipose tissue intruding only slightly over iris. Preorbital notched, filling space lip ro eye. Posterior nostril not reaching above level ol'upper rim ol'eye; nos» trils nearer each other than to lip or eye; anterior nostril wholly within vertical span of posterior nostril, Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper rim of eye or slightly below, axillary scale absent or rudimentary; tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal fin; pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from pectoral fin origin thanto that [rom origin of first dosal fin. First dor- sal fin origin variably placed relative to snout tip and caudal base; second dorsal fin origin between verticals from 1/4 and 1/2 along anal fin base. 3 anal spines in adult: caudal fin deeply forked; scales pavement clenoid or cycloid, No spine on edge of operculum. Stomach with gizzard; intes- tines 5-7 times SL, Pyloric caeca 5-7, REMARKS, The lip papillae differ from (he or- namentation of Crenimugil and Oedalechilus. A su c The crenulations at the mouth comer, typical of Crenimugil, are not found in Chelon. Although the preorbital of Chelar is notched, its depth does not approach that of Oedalechilus. In its general features such as in the exposed maxilla pad and the rudimentary pectoral scale Chelon is close to Liza. whereas Crenimugil with the membranous edges to its scales and the long pointed axillary scales. is close to Falamugi/, Oedalechilus also has an exposed maxilla pad, but differs from Che- Fen, not only in the nature of the lip ornamenta- tion bul also in having a much more mobile maxilla, a flat tongue and no teeth, In attributing Chelon to Artedi the views of Cohen (1971) on the status of the 1793 edition of Artedi are ac- cepted. Rose, to whom the genus has been attrib- uted by Schultz (1946) and others, was only the publisher of the work. Wahlbaum revised the text by means of footnotes, but had not reached vol- ume IV, in which the mullets are included, by publication date. Rose simply reprinted Artedi's text of this volume. Trewavas & Ingham (1972) pointed out that there are indications that Artedi confused Chelon labrosus (his Chelon chef) and Oedalechilus labiosus in his. monospecific ge- nus, but this in itself does not preclude accep- tance of the generic name. My generic concept is ie by comparison with that of Schultz (1946), KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHELON. - 1. Pectoral fin reaching eye when laid forward; lirsr dar- sal [iy origin nearer snobit rip than to caudal base [Mediterranean to E Adanite N of Cape Verde) lohmsus Pectoral fin reaching posterior nostril when laid for ward; first dorsal fin origin nearer caudal base than to snout tip (Cape Verde is) i seo es Paspinionus Chelon labrosus (Risso) Mugil cephalas tar B Delaroche, 1809: 32, pl. 2, fig. 7, Ae gean Sea, ; Mugil cephalus Risso, 1810; 345, Nice, non Linnaeus Mug lalrosas Risso, 1826: 389, Nice; Chevey, 1929, 337 fig. 1, 2; France, Atlantic coast: Artié, 1938: 92, fig. 10, Gult of Gascony; Joubin, 1938: 337, figs, Mediterranean; At- lantic! North Sea to Canary Is, Poll, 1947: 319, fig. 208, Belgiu; Dantec, 1955: 35, pl. 1, figs 4-5, Arcachon; Banirescu, 1964: 184, Black Sea, Roumanian coasr; Syve- Mugal labrosus labrasus Blanc & Bandrescu, 1968: 27, Euro- pean rivers in Frosh water. 540 Mispul (Chelan) debras abe, T979: 231, fig. 75, Mar Menor. nyil labrosus stprenimonaiis Blanc & Bánátescu, 1968: 27, inropean rivers. Cronimugil labrosus Wheeler, 1969: 464, fig, 315, Britain, Mediterranean, North Sea, Norway, Iceland, Hickling, 1970: $09, Britain, Muga chelo Cuvier, 1829; 232, Abbeville, Brest, Lorient, La Rochelle, Marseilles, Sicily; 1830: 62, Mediterranean and Freach Atlantic; Parnell, 1831; 228, Firth of Forth; Bonaparte, 1834: 51, fig. 2, Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of France; Jeriyns, 1835: 365, Britain; Yurrell, 1836: 207, fig, Britain; Valenciennes, 1836: 50(36), 309, figu Mediterranean and — Arlantic coasts of France, Lowe, 1843; 86, Madeir; Guichenor, 1850: 67, Algeria; Nilsson, 1855: 177, Norway; Günther, 1861b: 454, fig, Lanzi- rome, Madeira, Canary Is, Mediterranean; Steindachner, 1865: 402, Santa Cruz, Tenneriffe; 1868: 684, Spain, Por- tuga; Day, [88]; 232, pl. 67, Brirain; Moreau, [88]: 195, Trench coats; Rochebrune, 1882; 97, C, Blanco, Porren dik; Carus, 1893s 708, Mediterranean; Sinir, 1893; 334, pl. 15, fig. L1, Norway; Antipa, 1909: 78, fig. 24, Rouma- nian. Black Sea coast; Ninni, 1909: 313, Modirenamei Lampe, 1914: 229, Porta Delga da Azores; Boulenger, 1916: 89, fig. 52, Egypt, Madeira, Lanzarote, Canary ls; Athanassopoulos, 1919; 265, figs 2,5,15,16, Mediterra- nean; Mohr, 921: 38, North Sea; Pellegrin, 1921- 195, fip. 93, Marocco, Algeria, Tumsiá; Joubin & Le Danois, 1924: 47, fig., France, Popov, 1929: 24b, fig. 2; Nobre, 1935: 328, Tie. 146, Postugal; Fridriksson, 1941- 154, Norway; Rossignol, 1952: 89, Monaco; Dollfus, 195%- 138, Atlantic coasts of Morocco; Perlmurer ec al, 1957- 290, figs A-F, rivers ol Israel; Morovic, 1957: 5, fips, Adriatic. Liza chelo Popov, 1929: 246, Mediterranean; 1930: 42, fig, 3, pl. 3, fi 15, Black Sea, Chelan chela Schultz, 1946; 191, Mediterranean. Mug corrugatiis Lowe, 1839- 184, Madeira; 18432: 155, figu Madeira; 1860: 155, pl. 22, Madeira. Muyil septentrionalis Günther, 18613: 349, Firth of Forth; 1861b; 455, fig., England, Firth of Forth, Scandirravia, Mugil capito Lortet, 1883; 133, Nahr el Kelb, non Cuvier. Liza (Ocdalecbilus) provensalis Fowler, 1905; 749, Mediterra- nean, non Russo. Maal phen Lozano Rey, 1935: 25^, pl. 4, fig, 1, Spain; 1947; 736, pl, 19, fig. 3, Spain; Fowler, 1936: 594, Canat- ies, Fayal (Azores), Porto Grande (Cape Verde Is), Albw: querque, 1956: 605, fig. 272, Portugal, ron Risso, Mugil labe Fowler, 1936; 598 (part), Avores, non Cuvier. TYPE. None (see Berun,1946). Type locality, Nice. MATERIAL EXAMINED), 136 specimens meludmng the types of M.chela and M. septentrumalis, 10-+10mm SI, from Greece, [s- rael, Egypt, Cyprus, Jugoslavias, Monaco, France, Taly, Madeira, England and Scotland. BMINH: 1856,12.10,21, 150mm, sym type of M, septeritrioradis, London marker, Y arrell; 1859,5.4,46, 312mm, Lanzarote: 1861.39. 1.,3 spec. 307-383 mm, byntypex of M. septentrionalis, London market, Günther; 1862.103.1, 410mm, Madeira; 1890.6.16,23-4, 31 & Maii, Porto Grande; 1893,2,28.24, 182mm, Zara, Jugoslavis; 1895.5.28,55, 248mm, Madeira: 1897,16.26.71, 85mm, Ombla R. Jugoslavias 1907.3.4.1, 200mm, Portland; 1910.4.25.2, 232m, Bridlington Harbour; 1925.9.19.89, 174mm, Ismail; 1928.1.21,59-61, 3 spec. *8-120mm, Thrace; 1928.8, 14,72-5, 60 & 62mm, Cyprus; 1929,1,21.2, 178mm, Mavagissey; 1922,8,31,5, 130mm, Egypt; 1933,3,5.55, 143mm, Andros; 1936.12.30,31-2, 156 & 188mm, Syra, Greece; 19377.22.2, 180mm, Invergordon; 1937 7.22,345, + spec.141-162mm, invsrpondcin 194959.1, 143mm, Ville franche; 1949.11.2.34-5, 143 & 152mm Monaco; 1953.11.1.534. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM 156mm, Santa Cruz, Muclewa, [Y53,11.),531-5, 53746,15 we. 44.3 20rm, Funchal, Matlejra; 1551,11.]1.547-£, 36 & Irm Santa Cruz; 1954.9.20.3, 10 spec. 2-25mm, Cornwall; 1960.6,24,78, 97mm, Catalonia; 1961,12.15.38, 23mm, Bude, Cornwall; 1962.6.5.300-12, 13 spec. 48-126:mt, Padstow; 1962,6,25,23-4, BOR 168mm, Azores; 19627 30751, Hümm, Port Erin; 1962,7,30,753-6, 4 spec. 176-195 mm: Pollybirin, Isle of Man; 1957,67 45-74, 40 spec. [O-16mni Port Hellick. Seilly Isles; 19657,10.24,80, 25mm, Tregarnon Pr Cornwall: 1969,1.7.29-30, 147 & 154mm, Naples 1970.4.9.21, 45mm, Plym estuary; 1971.10.7.460-1, 22 & 26m, East Rosscarberry Pay; 1972.1.26.149-155, 7 spec. 19-24mm, Ulsac, Scilly Isles, MNHN: 6406, 233mm, lectotype of M. chelo, Brest, Noel; A. 3588, 135 & 153mm, paralectorypes al M. chelo, La Rachelle, D'Orbigny; A, 3596, 4 spec. 46-59mm, paralectotypes of M chelo, Lorient, Ducrest; A,3599, 220mm, paralectotype of M. chelo, Naples, Bibron; A.3602, 135 & 140mm, paralectotypes ot M. chelo Lorient, Ducrest; A.3603, 220mm, paralecuotype of M. Onto, Mediterranean, Delalande; A.3775, 222mm, o type of M. chela, Abbevlle, Baillon; A4651, 355mm, paraleen type of M, chalo, Marseilles, coll. unknown, DESCRIPTION. D; IV, Dai 8, A IMN 9, P 18. LI 42-45, tr 15, ped 9, pect. sc, 10-11, Dr sc, 12-14. D» sc. 27-29. Scales pavement ctenoid, mucus ca- nals, long, narrow and deep; occasional fish with 2 or (nore rarely) 5 canals on flank and dorsal scales; some slight secondary squamation, Body slender, elongate: head pointed, scale-free to an- terier nostril or slightly less; interorbital about Twice eye diameter, almost flat; eye diamater about equal ta snout length. Upper lip median height -1/2 eye diameter; lower 1/4-1/3 with 2-3 rows of papillae. generally oval, bul extended transversely in the lowermost row, tipped with horny ridges. Symphysial groove unusually deep, its walls pleated in large fish. Anterior man- dibular pores c. 1/2 along symphysial groove and about breadth of symphysial knob apart; 4 dis- linet pairs behind. Teeth in 2 rows in upper lip. scattered teeth between, Row of scattered low mound-like papillae at inner base of lower lip: mouth membrane with elongate pointed papillac. Pad over tendon to mouth corner c.1/2 as long and 1/3 as wide as pad over maxilla, Preorbital reaching 1/3 up upper lip, below line joning mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostril nearer eye than anterior fo lip; anterior nostril with distinct raised cutaneous rim. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching hind edge of pupil when laid forward, reaching <1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic tin tip reaching vertical between bases of sp. | and sp, 3 of first dorsal fin; axillary scale not reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin nearer shout than caudal base; sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, not reaching past vertical from up of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reach- ing 3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4, Second MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD TABLE 17. Biometrics of Chelon spp and Oedalechilus spp. * 2 rows with scattered teeth be- tween. # obscure. Abbreviations as in Tables 2-4. O. labeo Species C. labrosus | C bispinosus D(%SL) | 22.6-25.9 | 24.7-26.6 | 253246 HL (%SL) | 23.0-24.2 | 26.0-26.6 | 2052155 Scale radii 7-9 6-8 7-8 HW (%HL) 60,2-64.8 | 76.0-78.5 | 70.5-74.0 IO (%HL)_| 45.5490 | 41.3-44.7 | 50.0-51.4 ED (%HL) | 21.2-24.0 | 28.2-30.1 | 25.6-26.6 | 270284 SnL (%HL) | 210240 | 243-302 | 256266 | 27.0-28.4 UHL (%HL)| $8102 | 140-151 | &593 | 100-132 MW/ML 40 46-50 PL (%HL) | 81.2-82.0 1000-1120 PB (%PL) | 282-333 | 23.5255 278291 PAx(%PL)| na | na | 211284 | 247255 VL (%PL)_| 790-810 | 743-797 | 715-833 | 62.3-68.8 VAx (%VL) | 405-528 | 333-388 | 43.6447 | 397-452 Ped (%D) | 475-500 | 450-465 | 545-556 | 44.0-48.0 TR(UL) 2 +sc* 2 0 0 TR(LL) 0 0 0 0 LES 16-20 16-26 17-20 26-40 FES 5 3-7 0 10# Sp.2/Sp.1. 3.0 33 4.0 3.3 Sp.3/Sp.2 1.5 14 1.6 14 PC 6-7 5-6 6-1 4 dorsal fin tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than sube- qual dorsal fins; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 6-7. DISTRIBUTION. Black Sea, Mediterranean, eastern. Atlantic coasts from Cape Verde Islands northward and across to Iceland. REMARKS. The ornamentation on the upper lip of adult C. labrosus distinguishes this pecies from all other mugilids except C. bispinosus and spe- cies of Oedalechilus and Crenimugil whose ge- neric characters differentiate them. The long pectoral fin and different position of the origin of the first dorsal fin distinguish C. bispinosus from C. labrosus. These characters also distinguish the species before the papillae develop. At these small sizes the very short mouth gape of Chelon separates them from other species. The appear- ance of the ornamentation ofthe upper lip in mu- seum specimens varies depending upon the state of preservation. The papillar structure is often distorted or worn away. The underlying lamellar 541 structure has been described by some authorities as the normal appearance of the lips. There is a series of specimens in the British Museum in which part of the lip bears the normal oval papil- lae and the other part displays the plicate fringing induced by wear. The identity of Mugil chelo Cuvier with Mugil labrosus Risso was established by Trewavas & Ingham (1972). The identity of Lortet's speci- mens which he named M. capito [Lyon 2918] was determined by Trewavas (pers. Comm.). Chelon bispinosus (Bowdich, 1825) Mugil bispinosus Bowdich, 1825: 236, fig.38 (Bona Vista, Cape Verde Islands); Trewavas & Ingham, 1972:22 (Cape Verde Islands). Mugil nigrostrigatus Günther, 1861b:457, fig. (St Vincente, rA ror Islands); Troschel, 1866:219 (Cape Verde Is- ands). Liza nigrostrigatus - Cadenat, 1954:567 (Cape Verde Is- lands); 1955:60 (Cape Verde Islands). Mugil ri Troschel, 1866:222, fig. (Cape Verde Is- ands). Mugil provensalis - Fowler, 1936: 594 (Porte Grande, Cape Verde Islands) non Risso. TYPE. Non; type locality Cape Verde Islands. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Three specimens 90-151mm SL from the Cape Verde Is. BMNH: 1844.10.17.61, 184mm, syn- type of M. nigrostrigatus, ?Borneo, Belcher; 1861.6.27.4, 109mm, syntype of Mugil nigrostigatus, St Vincent, Admiralty; 1865.5.13.14, 90mm, Brava Is., Cape Verde Group. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2 i8, A II 9, P 17, LI 41-42, tr. 17, ped. 9, pect. sc. 12-13, Di sc. 14-15, D» sc. 26-27. Scales pavement ctenoid on flanks, seven upper rows variably ctenoid or cycloid, breast scales ctenoid; mucus canals moderately long; some double canals on dorsal and flank scales. Body elongate slender; head bluntly pointed, scale-free to just in front of posterior nostril; interorbital 71.5 times eye diameter, al- most flat; eye diameter very slightly longer than snout. Upper lip median height c.1/2 eye diame- ter; lowest third or more with 5-7 rows of papil- lae, flask-shaped in post-querimana fish, becoming tipped with horny material in large specimens. Symphysial knob set well back from edge of deeply recessed lower lip: symphysial groove shallow. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, about breadth of sym- physial knob apart; a smaller pair behind, same distance apart, others obscure. Teeth at edge and inner base of upper lip. Pad over tendon to mouth corner 1/2 as long and 1/3 as wide as pad over maxilla. Preorbital buried in adipose tissue, reaching 1/2 up upper lip, on line joining mid- points of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior 542 nostril nearer eye than anterior to lip; anterior nostril with slight cutaneous rim. Gill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching posterior nostril when laid forward, c.1/2 along pelvic fin (not reaching behind tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin tip reaching vertical from base of sp. 4 of first dorsal fin or slightly behind; axillary scale reach- ing <1/2 along pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin distinctly nearer caudal base than snout tip; sp. 1 longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, slender, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; axillary scale reaching 1/2 or slightly more along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin ante- rior rays reaching well behind posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin and both higher than first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly and along base. Pyloric caeca 5-6. DISTRIBUTION. Cape Verde Islands. REMARKS. Trewavas & Ingham (1972) argued that M. bispinosus of Bowdich is identical with M. nigrostrigatus of Günther. Other authors have recognised a thick-lipped mullet from the Cape Verde Islands which is the type locality of M. bispinosus. i Günther expressed doubt at the reported local- ity of Borneo for one his 2 specimens of M. ni- grostrigatus. The other he accepted as coming from St Vincent in the West Indies, but Troschel (1866) expressed his belief that the reference was to Sao Vicente in the Cape Verde Islands. A specimen of 90mm SL in the British Museum from Brava Island, one of the Cape Verde group, is identical with the types of M. nigrostigatus. The dentition of M. pulchellus Troschel (1866) indicates that it is probably C. bispinosus and not M. capurrii as Steindachner (1882) and Fowler (1936) suggested (though misidentifying that species as M. curvidens). Oedalechilus Fowler, 1903. Oedalechilus Fowler, 1903: 748; type species: Mugil labeo Cu- vier, 1829. Plicamugil Schultz, 1953: 315; type species Mugil labiosus Valenciennes, 1836. DIAGNOSIS. Mouth gape horizontal, mid-gape and mouth corner at mid-eye level, mouth corner reaching to vertical slightly in front of anterior nostril, or between nostrils; tip of upper jaw well below line of gape, reaching vertical slightly be- hind posterior nostril and c.1/3 eye diameter be- low lower rim of eye. Upper lip terminal, high; row of papillae below groove near lower edge; MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM lower lip thick, turning down, edged with papil- lae, recessed in front of high double symphysial knob; wide symphysial groove shallow; no lip groove; no fleshy lobes over ends of jaws or lying freely between lower jaw rami. Maxilla mobile, tendon flange well down shaft, below level of mouth corner; shaft curving down and out below short almost horizontal median section, its lower end S-shaped and covered by pad visible below mouth corner when mouth closed; lower jaw al- most straight, curving only near mouth corner. Mandibular angle obtuse. Lips edentate, teeth variably developed on vomer and palatines, al- ways on pterygoids and tongue; tongue flat with median ridge. Adipose tissue rim around eye; preorbital deeply notched, posteriormost point of notch behind vertical from anterodorsal corner of the preorbital; obsolescent serrae on front edge. Nostrils nearer each other than eye or lip; anterior nostril within vertical span of posterior nostril; anterior nostrils with high cutaneous rim. Upper insertion of pectoral fin at level of upper 1/4 ofeye; axillary scale small; first dorsal fin ori- gin variably nearer caudal base or snout tip. Sec- ond dorsal fin origin at verticals 2/5-1/2 along anal fin base; caudal fin moderately forked. Scales pavement ctenoid, head scale-free to ante- rior nostrils; no spine on edge of operculum; 3 anal spines in adults. Stomach with a gizzard; in- testine 4-6 times SL. Pyloric caeca 4-7. REMARKS. Fowler introduced Oedalechilus as a subgenus of Liza. Although the type species was O. labeo he included O. provensalis (= C. chelo), regarded here as a species of Chelon. Schultz (1946) united Mugil labeo and Chelon labrosus (as Chelon chelo) in his concept of Che- lon. The reference by Artedi, on whose authority Chelon is based, included reference to both Chelo (or Chelon) and Labeo in various pre-Linnean authors. Trewavas & Ingham (1972) indicated the difficulty in deciding whether these names were synonymous. As distingushed here the spe- cies are sufficiently different to be assigned to separate genera. The deep notch of the preorbital is a distinctive feature of Oedalechilus. The great width/ length ratio of the mouth distinguishes it from all but Chelon, from which it differs in the deeply- notched preorbital, flat tongue, level ofthe mouth corner, mobile maxilla, edentate lips and nature of their ornamentation. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OEDALECHILUS. 1. Scales 48-52 in longitudinal series; single pair of ‘shelves’ inside mouth corner (Mediterranean) MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Scales 34-36 in longitudinal series; 4 pairs of ‘shelves’ inside mouth corner (Indo-Pacific) labiosus Oedalechilus labeo (Cuvier, 1829) Mugil provensalis var A Risso, 1811: 346, Nice. Mu; 'il provencalis Risso, 1826; 39, Nice; Bonaparte, 1834: 30, i 2, Italy; Jenyns, 1835: 375, Britain. Mugil labeo Cuvier, 1829; 233, Monaco, Nice, Villefranche, Banyuls, Caldare, Mediterranean; Valenciennes, 1836: 55(40), fig. 310, Mediterranean; Giinther, 1861b: 453, Mediterranean; Steindachner, 1868: 682, Santa Cruz; Fowler, 1936; 596, fig, 272, Fayal, Azores; Lozano Rey, 1947; 740, pl. 19, fig. 4, Spain; Morovic, 1957: 5, Adri- atic, Mugil (Oedalechilus) labeo Fowler, 1903: 748 (subgen. nov. or M. labeo); Cabo. 1979: 220, fig. 82. Liza labeo Popov, 1930: 87, pl. 4, Figs 2-3, San Jago, Pal- ermo; Cadenat, 1954: 567, Corsica; 1955: 60, Corsica; Dieuzeide et al, 1955: 244, Algeria. Oedalechilus labeo Tortonese, 1972: 34, Genoa, Naples; Bauchot & Pras, 1980: 300, fig. 27f, Mediterranean. TYPE. Lectotype: Mediterranean, Delalande MNHN A.3606. MATERIAL EXAMINED, Types and 33 specimens, 76- 360mm SL from Monaco, Nice, Villefranche, Banyuls, Catelana and unspecified places in the Mediterranean. BMNH: 1949.11.2,1-10, 10 spec, 107-203mm SL, Monaco; 1949.11.2.30- 33, 4 spec. 123-144mm, Villefranche; 1960.6.24.79-97, 18 spec, 137mm, Catalonia; 1963.5.14.488, 222mm, Banyuls, MNHN: 4,3606, 167mm, lectotytpe of M. labeo, Mediterranean, Dela- lande; A.3607, 140mm, paralectotype of M. labeo, Nice, Savigny; etd 360mm, paralectotype of M. labeo, Mediterranean, De- ande. DESCRIPTION. Di IV, D2i 8, A III 9, P 18-19, L1 48-52, tr 15, ped. 9, pect. sc. 12, Di sc. 16-18, D» sc. 31-33. Scales with mucus canals of vari- able length, lacking on most flank scales; no mul- ticanaliculate scales. Body elongate, slender; head bluntly pointed; interobital almost twice eye diameter, very slightly convex; eye diameter equal to snout length. Upper lip thick, median height 71/3 eye diameter; single row of papillae developing into horny fringe, close-packed viewed horizontally with each element 3 times as high as wide, viewed from above or below a nar- rower stem supports each element; lower lip cre- nulate, sheathed in horny material; shelf-like fold with horny covering inside each corner of the mouth. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphsyial groove, about breadth of symphysial knob apart. Teeth on pterygoids and tongue, none on palatine or vomer; tongue flat, slightly domed at rear, unusally broad anteriorly; mouth mem- brane with elongate pointed papillae. Mouth cor- ner on vertical c.3/4 from snout tip to anterior nostril; maxilla tendon flange 2/3 down shaft, be- low mouth corner; upper 1/3 of maxilla shaft al- most horizontal, curving down at somewhat more than a right angle to behind mouth corner, thence back to tendon flange and then an S-curve to end of shaft; maxilla not visible above premaxilla but visible below mouth corner when mouth closed; pad over tendon to mouth corner only 1/2 as long and 1/3 as wide as pad over maxilla. Preorbital not quite filling space lip to eye; reaching 1/2 up upper lip. slightly below line joining midpoints of anterior and posterior nostrils; posterior nostrils extending above level of upper rim of eye. Gill rakers long, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching anterior iris when laid forward, c.1/2 along pelvic fin (not to tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin origin nearer vertical from origin of pectoral fin than that from first dorsal fin origin, its tip reaching vertical from sp. | of first dorsal fin in fish<180mm SL not so far in larger fish; axillary scale not reach- ing tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal fin origin equidistant from caudal base and snout tip; sp. 1 shorter than sp. 2; sp. 4 slight, not reaching be- hind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised; ax- illary scale reaching c.1/3 along membrane behind sp. 4. Second dorsal fin origin at vertical 2/5-1/2 along anal fin base; tips of anterior rays not reaching behind tips of posterior rays; anal fin higher than second dorsal fin and both distinctly higherthan first dorsal fin; second dorsal and anal fins lightly scaled anteriorly. Pyloric caeca 6-7. DISTRIBUTION, W Mediterranean to the Azores. REMARKS. O. labeo is distinguished from O. labiosus in the key and by the number of pyloric caeca, details of the lip ornamentation and by their geographic separation. Although M. provencalis Risso (1826) predates M. labeo Cu- vier (1829), it can only be regarded as a variant spelling of M. provensalis of Risso (1810) which was a synonym of M. cephalus as indicated by Trewavas & Ingham (1972). Oedalechilus labiosus (Valenciennes, 1836) Mugil labiosus Valenciennes, 1836: 12502) Red Sea; Bleeker, 1854b: 213, Timor; 1859a: 278, Indonesian archipelago; 1860c: 33, Sumatra; 1860d; 55, Borneo; 1860e: 6, Celebes; Günther, 1861b: 454, Timor, Red Sea, Sumatra; Klunzinger, 1870: 830, Red Sea; 1884: 133, pl. 10, fig. 4, Red Sea; Day, 1876: 367, Andaman Is; Weber, 1895: 262, Ambon; Weber & De Beaufort, 1922: 259, Sumatra, Si- malur, Timor, Ambon, Biaru, Salibabu; Fowler, 1927b: 262, Philippines; 1928a: 126, references; Roxas, 1934: 422, Philippines. Liza labiosa Fowler, 1918: 62, Philippines. Plicomugil labiosus Schultz, 1953: 320, figs 49—50, Bikini, Reer Is; Pillay, 1962: 267, Andaman ls. Oedalechilus labiosus Randall, 1983: 94, fig., Red Sea;, Masuda et al, 1984: 120, pl. 105, fig. F, Japan; Shen, 1994: 440, pl 138, fig. 5, Taiwan, ; Mugil joloensis Seale, 1909: 500, pl. 4, Phlippines. Roxas, 1934: 421, Philippines. Leta jolomyis Herre, 1953: 231, Philippines TYPE- 4 syntypes: MNHN A3616, A 3617, Red Sea, Roux. MATERIAL EXAMINED, 4 syntypes-and on 22 specimens, 61-180mm SL, from the Red Sea and Thailand. BMNH; 1871.7 15.10, 18Gnim, Red Sea; 1935.10.?1.16-18, 3 spec. 61- 73mm, Pulau Lela, Thailand, 1951.1.16 513-4, 94 & I04rnm, Gulf of Aqaba; 1961.1.1,615-26, 6 spec. §9-128min, Gulf of Aqaba; 1960,3,15.1707-15, 9 spec 47-75mmi, Khor Shinab, Su- dan. MNHN; A3616, 116 & 124mrn, syneypes of M, labiasns, Red Sea, Roux; A, 3617, 120 & 131mm, syntypes of Af. labiosus, Red Sea, Roux. AM; IB42], 168mm, Melville ts. USNM: 154084, 37-40mm, Port Calton, Philippines. DESCRIPTION. Di iV D: 1S, A I9. P 17, L134- 36, tr. 12, ped. 7, pect. sc. 10-11, Di sc. 12-13 Dz sc. 24-25, Scales with moderately long mucus ca- nals; some on flank with double canals. Body moderately robust; head bluntly pointed: interor- bital somewhat less than twice eye diameter, slightly convex, Eye diameter slightly longer than snout. Upper lip median height ^ 1/3 eye di- ameter; single row of papillae on lip edge devel- uping inte horny fringe, adjacent elements not touching as viewed along long axis of body: stems wider than distal portions; distal elemensts with deep grooves, appearing almost 2-pronged when viewed from above. Lower lip thick with crenulated horny edge tumed down. Within mouth complex shelf-like folds with crenulated edges; median fan-shaped pair almost meeting at mid-mouth: another more lateral pair overlap- ping these: at each mourh corner 2 smaller folds. Anterior mandibular pores at rear of symphysial groove, rather more than symphysial knob breadth apart: 4 pairs of smaller pits behind. eeth on vomer, pterygoids, palalines and tongue. Mouth corner on vertical between ante- rior and posterior nostrils. Maxilla mobile, its tendon flange 3/4 down shaft: upper 1/3 descend- ing almost vertically to level of preorbital notch, thence curving out and down. Maxilla not visible above premaxilla, but visible below mouth cor- ner when mouth closed, Pad over tendon to mouth corner 1/2 length and 1/3 breadth of pad over maxilla. Preorbital filling space lip to eye: rcaching almost to top of upper lip, well above line joining midpoints of posterior and anterior nostrils; posterior nostrils reaching slightly above level of upper rim of eye; posterior nostril nearer eye than anterior to lip. Grill rakers short, type 4. Pectoral fin reaching between anterior rim of eye and anterior nostil when laid forward, ¢,2/3 along pelvic fin (past tip of pelvic spine) when laid back. Pelvic fin markedly nearer vertical from origin of petoral than that from the first dosal fin origin; tip not reaching vertical from ari- MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM gin of first dorsal fin: axillary scale not reaching tip of pelvic spine. First dorsal Fin origin nearer caudal basethan snout rip: sp. | longer than sp. 2; sp. 4 short, slender, not reaching behind vertical from tip of sp. 3 when fin raised: axillary scale reaching ^3/4 along membrane behind sp. 4. Sec- ond dorsal fin origin at vertical 3/4 along anal fin base: tips of anterior rays reaching behind tips of posterior rays: anal fin slightly higher than sec- ond dorsal fin, both higher than first dorsal fin: second dorsal and anal fins densely scaled. Pylo- ric caeca 4, DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to the Philippines; not reported from Afncan coasts outside the Red Sea; recorded only trom Melville Is (N of Darwin) in Aasrralian warers, REMARKS, The features that distinguish O labiosus from O. labeo have been discussed un- der the latter species. SPECIES INQUERENDA Mugil acutus Valenciennes, 1836: 140( 104). As originally described is not inconsistent with Myxus elongatus, having 9 anal rays. 12 radii in the scales and a pointed head; but the brief de- scription could equally fit Liza argentea, L yyh- viridis or Aldrichetta forsteri which all occur in Australian waters. Valenciennes distinguished M. acutus from the these species which indicates a probability that it was Myrus elongatus, but it is listed by Valenciennes as the second species named after a statement that the following spe- cies have the maxilla visible behind the mouth which would not be true of either Afyxus elonga- tus or Aldrichena forsteri The type specimen cannot be found, Mugil brasiliensis Spix and Mugil eaimardio- nus Desmaret have been referred to in discussion of M. curema. For the sake of stable nomencla- ture these names should be suppressed. Mugil! camptosiensis Castelnau, 1861: 48. Boulenger (1916) placed this species in the syn- onymy of M. cephalus, but the few characteris- tics described do not differentiate it from other mugilids in the type locality Dajaus choirorhynchus Hill, 1855: 143. A Ja- maican species, this may be identical with Joru- rus pichardi, but the description is too slight for certain identification. Mugil chilensis Molina, 1766: 272. Eschmeyer (1990) has followed Rosa & Rosa (1987) in ac- cepting that Molina had based his species on u mugilid despite his statement that it had only | dorsal fin. This seems likely for 2 reasons: firstly Molina stated that it was very like the cephalus of MUGILIDAE OF THE WORLD Europe, and he also said that the fish was known locally as ‘lisa’, a term widely used in S America fora grey mullet. Lacépéde, (1803: 393) had as- signed the species to Mugiloides the best known member of which Rosa & Rosa (1987) stated val- idly belonged 10 the non-mugilid Pinguipes, Rafinesque (1815: 88) had offered Myxonunm as an alternative to Mugilokdes to contain M. chilen- sis, Valenciennes (1836) criticised Lacépéde's assignment of M. chilensis to Mugilaides, accept- ing it as a Mugil and discounting the claim for only | dorsal fin. Ignoring Molina's claim for only | dorsal fin, the remainder of Molina's de- scription could apply to any mugilid of the re- gion. Mugil curtus Yarrrell, 1836: 210 was described as having 8 anal rays which could only indicate Mugil cephalus amongst Euopean mullet, How- ever Günther (1861b) and subsequent authors could not locate the the specimen which was only 2 inches long. Some doubt therefore remains on whether Yarrell's fin count was correct, Mugil gymnocephalus Swainson, 1820: 234 js a nomen nudum, although it has been listed by Chaudhuri (1917) and other non-svstematic workers in India, Mugil longicauda Guitart & Alvarez- Lajonchére, 1977: 3. In its general form this spe- cies resembles M. curvidens Valenciennes, par- ticularly in the elongate caudal peduncle and the lack of a pectoral axillary scale, both conditions not found in any other member af the genus. Both species have densely scaled second dorsal and anal fins. But M. Jangicaucla was reported to have 9 anal rays, whereas M, curvidens has 8, How- ever, Valenciennes counted the rays of M. cur- videns as 9. Otherwise the only differences are in body proportions. Guitart & Alvarez-Lajon- chére's specimens were —300mm, wheras M. vur- videns reported upon here were only 32-94mm SL. Body proportions change with size in Mugili- dae. The coincidence of 2 species occuring to- gether with the unique combination of elongate caudal peduncle and lack of pectoral axillary scale would be remarkable. Consequently, pend- ing an examination of a specimen. M. longicauda is listed here as uncertain. Myxus malayanus Herre, 1936a; 286. The de- scription is inadequate. It is unlikely to be a Myxus, but neither its generic nor specific iden- lity can be be determined. Mugil natalensis Castelnau, 1861: 30. Boulenger (1916) placed this species in the syn- onymy of Liza dumerili (his Mugil aurata). How- ever Castelnau's description could also apply ta 845 Trachystama euronmorus which also occurs in the lype locality, Myxus pacificus Steindachner, 1901; 500. This Was possibly à young Chaenomugil leuciscus, but the description is inadequate, Mugil parva Oshima, 1922: 253 was referred by Fowler (1935) to L. ceramensis (“macrolepis y; but Oshima described his fish as having the max- illa hidden, no adipose cyclid and 33 lateral scales. Mugil fang Bloch, 1788; 134, pl. 135. This spe- cies js inadequately described and poorly illus- trated, Jordan & Seale (1907) suggested this was Mugil cephalus, but the tew descriptive details do not tally. Cuvier (1830) may have been currect in attributing it to Liza aurata (it was coloured gold in Bloch's illustration) but Bloch's description could apply to other W European mullet. Mugil tehu Curtiss, 1938: 47, Tautira, Tahiti. Fowler (19282) placed this species in the synon- ymy of l'alamugil cunnesius (his Mugil longima- mus) However the original description could equally apply to other species of l'alamugil Mugil rasmanicuy Castelnau, 1872: 141. This name appears m the text, apparently. though not explicitly stated, as a new name for Dajaus die- mensis Richardson, Mugil tranquebar Lacépède, 1803: 388. The name was listed without description and attrib- uted to Bloch, It appears to be a nomem nudut, Myxus Irimaculatus Klunzinger, 1870: 832. This Red Sea species was not described well enough to discriminate between several species of mullet found. in the area. Mohr (1927) appar- ently had Klunzinger's types, but her description 15 no morc helpful. The types were apparently de- stroyed during the second World War, The name should probably be suppressed. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS The most primitive mullet may be assumed to have had a simple sac-lilke stomach, a short in- testine and a minimum number of pyloric caeca A thick lip with sessile teeth are other likely fen- tures. Teeth on the palatal bones would be likely but there would be few specialised structures such as adipose eyelids, lip ornamentation and complexly curving maxillae. The only extant genera which fully comply with this picture of a primitive mulletare 4gornsoromus and Jorurus of which the latter demonstrates one peculiarity, a snout which overhangs the mouth as well as an unusually short free edge to the aperculum, Ces- t/aews also displays most of the primtive features but it has the fleshy labial palps in the form of tree-ending lobes over the ends of the jaws and lying freely between the rami of the lower jaws. This genus also has the peculiarity of having the end of the upper jaw above the line of the gape, a characteristic shared only by Clhuenamugil, From this it may be consluded that Agonostomus is the most primitive living mugilid. This genus with Joturus and Cestraeus. differ from the more highly evolved genera in having few relatively coarse gill rakers, a flat preorbital without ridg- ing and not notched, only 2 ana) spines in the adults and sessile teeth in the jaws. The transition trom these primitive genera to more advanced genera is associated with the formation of a sizzard-like stomach, a lengthening of the intes- tine, à thinning of the lower lip and appearance of a symphyial knob raised above the general sur- face of the lip. The preorbital becomes grooved with a ridge diagonally across it and a notch de- velops on its front edge, This is associated with a major development ofthe facial anatomy with the the anteror-posterior extent of the mourh opening shortening, and the mouth corner moving from below the eye to in front of it, The preorbital notch developed to accomodate the mouth cor- ner, at the same time the adductor tendon at- tached lower down the maxilla shaft which curves oulwards to accomodate the passage ofthe tendon. The upper part of the maxilla lost its firm atachment to the skull and the mouth became pro- trusible. The third anal fin element became a spine, though only after the early querimana stage. The interorbital flattened and the eye came closer to the dorsal profile of the head or even above it in the venus Rijmomiugil. There are gen- era which are intermediate hetween the primitive genera and the most advanced. These are Ala- richetta which is usually assigned to the more primtive Agonostominae despite having some of the more advanced characteristics, and Myxus which is usually placed in the Mugilinae. In these genera the intestine ts of intermediate length. The gizzard, though distinct, is not as well developed as in the typical Mugilinae, The symphysial knob is low in Aldricherta, but high in Muxus, The gill rakers are longer and not as coarse as in the typi- cal Agonostominae, but notas fine as in the typi- cal Mugilinae, Species of Chaenomugil are more advanced than Myxus in that the adductor tendon Mlachinent has descended to almost halfway down the maxilla, but like Mvxus this genus has nol acquired the adipose tissue around the eye which is characterstic of advanced Mugilinae. As in Chaenomugil the adductor atachment in Mugil is halfway down the maxilla shaft which is almost straight in its upper half, but curving gently in one MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM plane to the tip of the upper jaw in the lower half There are no teeth on the vomer and palatine of Mugil and adipose tissue is well-developed, cov- ering most of the iris and often part of the pupil. Sicamugil is Closely allied to Mugil in the posi- tion ofthe attachment of the adductor to the max- illa and in the absence of teeth on the palate bones; but its adipose tissue is not well-devel- oped. Valamugil is similar to Sicamugi! in having an exposed pad below the mouth corner, at least in some species, But the pad is single and lies over the tendon to the mouth corner. In Liza, Chelon and Oedalechilus the pad is double; the posterior, and usually larger pad overlies the maxilla and the slighter anterior pad covers rhe adduetor ten- don. In l'alamugil the tendon attachment is below the halfway point on the shafl of the maxilla. In the remaining genera the tendency to attach lower on the maxilla shaft increases and with jt the maxilla curves outward to provide the tendon with a direct line of action, as well as curving back and down to the end of the upper jaw, thus curving in 2 planes rather than the | evident in Mwugil and Sicamugil, Rhinomugil is aberrant in having the eyes on top of the head to allow aerial vision, in the nature of its snout and in the unusual position of the nostrils, though these are probably aresult of the aerial vision which necessitates lift- ing the head high in the water, The general fea- tures of the genus suggest that it is related to Mugil or possibly descended from an ancestar in- termediate between Mugil and Falamugil. Rhi- nomugil has ctenoid scales, a primitive feature, but the adductor tendon is attached more than halfway down the maxilla shaft and it has a very short lip groove like that in Valamnyi/ Lip orma- mentation indicates that Creninnugil is a special- ised genus, Although the maxilla curves in 2 planes, there js no exposed maxilla pad below the mouth corner as in Liza. In its fimbriate scales, clongate axillary scales elc. Crenimugil is similar to Valamugil rather than to Liza or the other genera with papillate lips. In the remaining genera a lip groove is not present: the depth of the mouth gape is short. In Liza the adductor atachment is —2/3 down the maxilla shaft. The palate teeth are well devel- oped. In some species the vomers, palatines, and plerygoids all have teeth, in others one or more. usually the vomer and palatines, may be without teeth. As Mugil and Valamugil lack teeth on the vomer and palatines, this suggests that Lica is de- rived from some common ancestor and not from either of these genera which in other ways are more primitive than Liza. The scales of Liza are MUGILIDAE OF THE. WORLD also variably ctenoid. pavement ctenoid or cy- cloid whereas they are pavement ctenoid in Mugil and the degree of devlopment of adipose tissue varies widely in Liza. Despite their lip ornamen- tation Chelon and Oedalechilus are not otherwise anatomically close to Crenimugil, but display many features in common with Liza and are doubtless derived from this genus. This evolutionary series (Fig. 1) differs in im- portant respects from that offered by Schultz (1946). The nature ofthe scales seems to be more related to ecomorphic correlations than to evolu- tonary relationships as Schultz considered. Those species which spend much time im fresh water tend to have ctenoid scales, those which seldom, if ever, enter freshwater tend to have cycloid scales. Cestraeus was regarded by Schultz as an end product of evolution through Mugil and Chaenomugil. But in its general characteristics it is so primitive that It must be close to Agono- stomus and Joturus. When the eut features and jaw arrangement are considered Myxus must be regarded as more primitive than Mugi/ rather than a derivitive from it as indicated by Schultz. Simi- larly Chaenomugil displays features which in general are more primitive than those of Mugil. Probably Chaenomugil and Mvxus evolved sepa- rately from a common ancestor as each has fea- tures more primitive than the other and each features that are more advanced than the other. Schultz regarded R/iinomugil as branching from the line of descent before the evolution of Mugil. But the general features of the genus, apart from its specialised adaptations, are in many respects nearer l'alamugil or Lizathan Mugil. The proges- sive change in jaw structure and associated facial arrangements to which Schultz (1946) first drew attention are correlated with increasing protrusi- bility of the mouth. A parallel change is seen in young mugilids growing from post-larval to querimana to juvenile to adult stages. This is cor- related, at least in part, with a change in diet from à planktonic to a benthic and iliophagous diet. Study may well reveal that a phylogenetic change in feeding habits is associated with structural ad- aptation of the mugilid mouth. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | received much advice from Ethelwyn Trewa- vas and Peter Whitehead of The Natural History Museum and Marie-Louise Bauchot of the Mu- seum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, For acess to collections | am grateful to the Directors of those Museums and of the Australiam Mu- seum, Queensland Museum, Western Australian 547 CHELON OEDALECHILUS LIZA CRENIMUGIL VALAMUGIL RHINOMUGIL SICAMUGIL MUGIL CHAENOMUGIL MYXU LUCES | /ALDREHETTA — CESTRAEUS JOTURUS AGONOSTOMUS PROMUGIL FIG. | Evolutionary scheme for Mugilidae. Dashed horizontal line indicates Mugilinae (above) und Agonostominae (below). Museum, Indian Museum, Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, Rijksmusueum van natur- lijke Historie, Leyden, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg and the Labo- rataire Arago at Banyuls-sur-mer, Gratitude for lending lype specimens is extended to the direc- tars of the Bernice P. 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Natuur-en Geneeskundig Archie voor Neerland’s Indië 2(3): 632-639. 85a, Vierdre bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Borneo, met beschrijving van venige nieuwe soorten van zaetwatervisschen. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch- indit 2: 193-208 1851b, Nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Celebes. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrilt voor Nederlandsch-Indié 2: 209-224. 1851c. Vijfde hijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyol- wehe fauna yan Borneo, met beschrijving van centve nieuwe soorten van zoetwatervisschen, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandseh- Iudié 2; 415-442, MUGILIDAE OF THE WORE. 549 1851d. Bijdrage tot de kenni des ichthyologische fauna van Riouw, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indi& 2: 469-497. 1852a. Bijdrage tut de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Timor. Nataurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 3: 159-164. 852b. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolopiosche fauna van de Moluksche Eilanden Visschen van Amboina en Ceram Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 3; 229-309, 1852c. Zesde Bijdrage toi de kennis der ichthyalo- gische fauna van Borneo. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 3: 407-442. 1852d. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van het eiland Banka, Natuurkundig Tijdschsrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 3: 443- 460. 1852c. Nicuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Ceram. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indi&. 3: 689-714. 1853a. Nalezingen opde ichthvolagie van Japan, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genool- schap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 25: 1-56. 1853b, Nalezingen op de ichthyologische fauna van Bengalen en Hindostan. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap von Kunsten en We- tenschappen 25: 1-164. 1853c. Diagnostiche beschrijvingen van nieuwe ol weinig hekende vischsoorten van Sumatra, Nit tuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indit 5: 243-302, 1$53d, Nieuwe tientallen diagnostiche beschrijvin- gen van nieuwe of weinig bekende vischssoorten van Sumatra. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederiandseh-Indié 5: 495-534, 1854a. Nicuwe bijdrage nalezingen op de ichthy- ologie van Japan. Verhandelingen van het Bata- viaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 26: 1-132. 1854h, Nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Timor. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 6; 203- 214, 1854c. Bijdrage tot de kennis der jichthvolozische fauna van de Kokos-eilanden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 7: 37-48. 18353, Tweede bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Batjan. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 9- 191-202. 1855b. Achsle bijdrage lot de kennis der selithyolo- gische fauna van Celebes. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie 9: 281-314. 1855c. Verslag van cenige vischverzamelingen van Visschen van Oost-Java. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 9: 391-414. 1855d. Over eenige visschen van van Diemenstand, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen 2: 1-30. 18572. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Nias, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 12; 211-228. 1857h. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologiosche- fauna van de Batoe-eilanden, Natuurkundig lijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 12; 229. 242. 1857c. Deseriptiones speciosum piscium Javanen- sium novarum vel minus cognitarum diagnosti- cac, Natuurkundig Tijdschrifl voor Nederlandsch-Indié 13: 323-368, 1857d. Over eenige vischverzamelingen van ver- schillende gedelten van Java. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 13: 475-480. 18584, Enumerator specierum piscium javanen- sium lucusque cognitarum. Natuurkundig, Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 15: 359-456. 1858b. Vijfde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- gische fauna van Kokos-eilanden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indi& 15: 457- 408 | 858c. Eifde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyolo- mische fauna van Borneo. Visschen van Sinka- wang. Verhandelingen Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indië 3; 1-4. 18594, Conspectus specierum Mugilis Archipelagi indici analyticus. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 16: 275-281. 1859b, Vischsoorten gevangen bij Japara, ver- zameld door S.A. Thurkow. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 16: 406-409, 1859c. Negende bijdrage tot de kennis der vichlauna ban Banka, Natuurkundig Tijdsehrilt voor Nederlandsch-Indié 18: 359-378. 1859d, Over eenige vischsoorten van de Zuidkust- wateren van Java, Natuurkundig Tijdschritt voor Nederlandsch-[ndié 19: 329-352. 1859c. Derde bijdrage tol de kennis des vischlauna van Soembawa. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift. voor Nederlandsch-Indié 19: 434-440. 1859. Twaalfde bijdrage tor de kennis der visch- fauna van Borneo.Visschen van Sinkawang, Verhandelingen Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indië 5: 1-10. 18602. Vischsoorten van Karanghollong, ver- vameld door F.J, Schultze. Natuurkundig Tijd- schrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 20: 202-204, 186b. Hemiramphus buffonis Val. en Mugil vaigt- ensis QG yan Bayan verzameld O.J.U.F, Hu- guenin. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié 20: 417. I860c Achste bijdrage lot de kennis der fischtauna yan Sumatra. Verh. Natuurk, Verhandelingen Na- tuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indië 8: 1-88, 1860d. Dertiende bijdrage tot de kennis der visch- fauna van Borneo. Verhandelingen Na- fuirtienctigr Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indié 8; 1-6 186lc. Negende hijdrage tot de kennis der visch- fauna van Sumatra. Verhandelingen Na- tuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie 8: 1-12 1860f. 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WU, H.W. 1929, Study ol the fishes of Amoy. 1. Contri- butions from the Biological Laboratory of the Sci- entific Society of China 5: 1-90, YARRELL, W. 1836, A history of British fishes. (J, Van Voorst: London). 1841. A history of British fishes (2nd ed.). (J. Van Voorst: London). 1859, A history of British fishes (3rd ed.) (J, Van Voorst: London). ZENKEVICH, L: 1956. Neue Vertreter der Mittelmeer fauna in Kaspichen Meer, International Congress ol Zoology 14: 113-118. CONTENTS PART 1 (Issued 20 April, 1997) MONTEITH, G.B. Revision of the Australian flat bugs of the subfamily Mezirinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aradidae), . | PART 2 (Issued 30 June; 1997) ARENA, D.A. The palaeontology and geology of Dunsinane Site, Riversleigh. .......5.....5, 135 rírpei] BLACK, K. A new species of Palorchestidae (Marsupiaha) from the late middle to BLACK. K. Diversity and biostratigraphy of the Diprotodontoidea of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland ....... piitidiipis iia yigg pHk bie BLACK, K.& ARCHER, M. Silvabestius gen. nov., a primitive zygomaturine (Marsupialia, Diprotodontidae) from Riversleigh, northwestem aii TYN TANTE russe vgs BLACK. K. & ARCHER, M. Nimiokoala gen, nov. (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) from Riversleigh, early late Miocene Encore Local Fauna, Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland . |... northwestern Queensland, with a revision of Litekoala. ........ iilos lis BOLES, WE. A kingfisher (Halcyonidae) from the Miocene of Riversleigh, nosthwestern Queensland, with comments on the evolution of kingfishers in Australo-Papua,..............- BOLES, W.E. Hindlimb proportions and locomotion of Emuarius gidju (Patterson & Rich, 1987) BOLES, W.E. (Aves, "Casgdanidas] cr. se Ear aeo eL Laer g qas alea ege a dee tlle Riversleigh birds as paláéoenvironmental indicators 1.2.0... ce ee eee ens BRAMMALL, J. & ARCHER, M. A new Oligocene-Miocene species of Burramys (Marsupialia, Burramyidae) COOKE, B.N. from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland «2... 06. cece eee ee enone Two new balbarine kangaroos and lower molar evolution within the subfamily ,..,-...-.. COOKE, B.N. New Miocene bulungamayine kangaroos (Marsupialia, Potoroidae) from Riversleigh, COOKE, B.N. northwestern Queensland ..:..i. Li, eee ee RR tra CREASER, P Oligocene-Miocene sediments of Riversleigh: the potential significance of topography. . . . . DAVIS, A.C, & ARCHER, M. Palarchestes azael (Mammalia, Palorchestidae) from the laie Pleistocene Terrace Site Local Fauna, Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. ,........ sisse ES GILLESPIE, A. Priscileo roskellyae sp. nov. (Thylacoteonidae, Marsupialia) from Riversleigh, GODTHELP, H, Zyzamys rackhami sp. nov. (Rodentia, Muridae) a rockrat fromRackham's Roost Site, HAND, S. New Miocene leaf-nosed bats (Microchiroptera, Hipposideridae) from Riversleigh, HAND, S. Miophyllorhina riversleighensis gen. et sp, noy., à Miocene leaf-nosed bat (Microchiroptera, Hipposideridae) from Riversleigh, Queensland ....... ... s. HUTCHINSON, M. The first fossil pygopod (Squamata, Gekkota), and a review of mandibular variation MUIRHEAD, J. northwestem Queensland ..... 0-6. cs ese eee so a heben Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland .......2.. 0.05 0c ee ce geet cece nm northwestern Queensland... 16. ee een eee eee dns in Hving-specipsi git mht Iae en ee teeta eee eer eres ERST, Two new early Miocene thylacines from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland .......... MYERS, TJ. & ARCHER, M. Kuterintjà neama (Marsupialia, Nariidae): à revised systematic artalyais based on material from the late Oligocene of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland ..,,..-.---..--. Biostratigraphic implications of fossil kangaroos at Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. . 171 oe (MN 329 IL SCANLON, J.D. Nanowana gen. nov., small matsoiid snakes from the Miocene of Riversleigh: sympatric species with divergently specialised dentition.....................2000-- 393 WHITE, A.W. Cainozoic turtles from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. ........ 0.060000 cece eens 413 WILLIS, P.M.A. New crocodilians from the late Oligocene White Hunter Site, Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland . 0.1... eet be eee ha nn 423 WROE, S Mayigriphus orbus gen. et sp. nov., a Miocene dasyuromorphian from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland .. 0... ce eee een e ehh hn 439 WROE, S. Stratigraphy and phylogeny of the giant extinct rat kangaroos (Propleopinae, Hypsiprymnodontidae, Marsupialia) ... 2.20... cece eee n 449 PART 3 (Issued 1 November, 1997) THOMSON, J.M. The Mugilidae of the world... 2... ene ehh 457 THOMSON, J.M. The Mugilidae of the world CONTENTS CC ee ery