Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum.

VOL. VIII, PART IIL. |

Issued March S3ist, 1926.

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EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR, HEBER A. LONGMAN,
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Published by the Authority of the Chief Secretary for Queensland, the Hon. Wm. McCormack. |
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EMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. VIII., Parr III. 56S

A GIANT DINOSAUR FROM DURHAM DOWNS,
QUEENSLAND.

By HEBER A. LONGMAN, Director.
(Plates XXIX.-XXXIIL.)

Introduction.—In. February, 1924, Mr. Thomas Jack, of Dalby, and Mr.
M. C. Wood, of Brisbane, informed me that a very large fossil was exposed
on Durham Downs Station in the Roma District. As the result of corres-
pondence, Mr. A. J. Browne, manager, forwarded fragments of vertebre
which were at once recognised as new to our collection. Subsequently Mr.
Browne made arrangements to collect the whole of the remaining series as
exposed in sandstone rock, amounting to about: four cwt. of material. The
specimens were packed in seven cases, and sent by motor lorry to Roma,
and railed to Brisbane, where they were received at the Queensland Museum
in May, 1925.

It is my pleasant duty very heartily to thank Mr. Browne for his
great kindness in collecting, packing, and forwarding as a donation this
valuable material.

Locality—In response to my request Mr. Browne states that the exact
location is as follows :—‘‘ About one-quarter of a mile on the south side of
Eurombah Creek on Grazing Farm 13524, Roma district, being portion lv,
parish of Narran, county of Aberdeen. The fossil is located in the north.
west corner of the selection.” Eurombah Creek is a tributary of the Dawson
River.

Horizon.—Walloon Series, Jurassic, Freshwater. H. I. Jensen refers to
the Durham Downs country as the “ Lower Walloon or calcareous Walloon.”
He says that there is evidence of “a continued sweep of Lower Walloon
strata from Taroom 8.W. to Durham Downs, then W.N.W. to Boggarella.”!
In 1915, B. Dunstan, in his introduction to A. B. Walkom’s study of our
Mesozoic Floras, placed the Walloon Series as Jurassic, Freshwater, discarding
the old term ‘“ Trias-Jura’’ as used by most earlier writers.2, In a later
paper? A. B. Walkom lists thirty-seven species from the Walloon Series and
its equivalents, and states: “There is no doubt that the age of this flora
is Lower Jurassic.”

1H, I. Jensen, Qld. Govt. Mining Jr., xxii., Oct. 1921, p. 403.
2B. Dunstan, Qld. Geol. Surv., Pub. No. 252, 1915, pp. 1-4.
3A, B. Walkom, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., xxxi, 1919, p. 15.

184 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

In 1923, H. I. Jensen’ states: ‘“‘The Walloon Formations north of
Roma have yielded no Thinnfeldia, and no large Teniopteride. Cladophlebis
australis, Teniopteris spatulata, Otozamites Feistmanteli, and Sphenopteris superba
were the principal fossils found in the Walloon in this area, the only others
being fragments of Neocalamites and other Equisetales, Ptilophyllum pecten,
Dictyophyllum Davidi, and seeds and spores. The Walloon Formations are
Jurassic. vino

The thickness of the Walloon Formations in the Roma district, as
divided by Jensen (loc. cit., p. 157), is estimated at 5,000 ft. The Walloon
Series and its equivalents are discussed by Bryan and Massey in a more
recent paper.°

Material—Over 100 specimens were forwarded, some of which are
small shattered pieces. The main part consists of a series of twenty-two
vertebre, the majority of which were fractured, especially in the region of the
neural arches. Owing to prolonged exposure some of the centra are much
abraded on one-side. There are also fragments representing central portions
of the shafts of a femur, tibia, and fibula. In addition there are many
smaller remains of pelvic elements, most of which are shattered into tiny
pieces.

Matrix.—Mr. L. C. Ball, B.E., Deputy Chief Government Geologist, defines
the matrix as “a very fine-grained, ya ES and highly calcareous sandstone,
with attached masses of oxidised concretionary clay ironstone.”’

Great difficulty has been experienced in exposing the natural contours
that were covered by matrix. In places the matrix forms a closely investing
cement, much harder and less friable than the bone, and which, to use a
mining term, is ‘‘frozen”’ to the surface of the specimens.

Previous Records——This Durham Downs fossil is the first consequential
discovery of a large Dinosaur in Australia, but there are three previous
records of fragments. In 1891 H. G. Seeley described® Agrosaurus Macgilli-
vrayi, “‘a Saurischian reptile from the N.E. Coast of Australia,” believed to
have been collected by Macgillivray during the voyage of the “Fly” from
“some locality which was then unnamed,” attributed doubtfully to the Trias.
In 1906 A. Smith Woodward described and figured an ‘“ ungual phalange of
a carnivorous Dinosaur,’ from the Lower Jurassic, Cape Patterson, Victoria,
which was compared with Megalosaurus but unnamed.? The same author in
1909 recorded a “tooth and a posterior caudal vertebra of a small Megalo-
saurian”’ from “the Upper Cretaceous opal-bearing sandstone of Lightning
Ridge, near Walgett, New South Wales.’’®

4H. I. Jensen, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xlviii., 1923, p. 154.

5 W. H. Bryan and C. H. Massey, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., xxxvii., 1925, p. 117.
®H. G. Seeley, Quart. Jr. Geol. Soc., vol. 47, 1891, p. 164.

7 A. Smith Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 18, 1906, be 3.

® A. Smith Woodward, Rep. Brit. Assn., 1909, p. 482.

A GIANT DINOSAUR FROM DURHAM DOWNS.—LONGMAN. 185

As will be seen from the descriptions, the Durham Downs specimens
cannot be associated, for fairly obvious reasons, with the claw of a carnivorous
Dinosaur from Victoria, and still less with the other two records.

Many comparisons have been made between our material and descrip-
tions of Dinosaurs from other parts of the world, and, apart from the special
significance of this discovery in Queensland, it is believed that the caudal
vertebre exhibit .distinctive characters which require generic recognition. It
may be remarked that Owen repeatedly pointed out the importance of
vertebral characters,? and caudal vertebre have been occasionally used for
new generic and specific determinations. It is hoped, however, that additional
remains, including cranial material, will be available later in order that other
characteristics of this gigantic reptile may be made known.

Incidentally it may be mentioned that Leidy’s genus Antrodemus was
founded on the posterior half of a caudal centrum, with which C. W. Gilmore
in 1920 associated Allosaurus fragilis.

RHETIOSAURUS BROWNE, new genus and species.!

Chief Characters —Caudal vertebre amphiccelous ; anterior ones gigantic ;
centra solid, with expanded elliptical articulating surfaces, from which the
body curves evenly to a median construction, which is more pronounced in
the posterior elements; centra somewhat compressed laterally. Prezygapo-
physes elongated, the articulating surfaces being vertical and not obliquely
horizontal (orthozygous). Postzygapophyses absent, but the hyposphene is
well developed. Neural spines stout and not greatly elongated ; anterior ones
subrectangular in lateral outline, and with an oval median recess on the
posterior margin above the junction with the hyposphene, which projects
somewhat posteriorly ; inferior border of hyposphene free, articulating between
the prezygapophyses in the hypantrum area and roofing the neural canal.
Anterior chevrons massive and not elongated, intervertebral in attachment
and partly lateral in position; not confluent at their vertebral attachment ;
posterior chevrons more inferior in position. Neural canal relatively large in
the anterior caudals.

Caudal Vertebre.—Although many of the vertebre are in two or more
pieces, it has been possible to reconstruct the centra and to place in correct
juxtaposition a series of sixteen units. This demonstrates the careful way in
which the fragments were collected by Mr. A. J. Browne and his assistants.

The antero-posterior extent of these sixteen consecutive vertebre is 9 ft.,
or 2 metres, 743 mm. When photographed this consecutive series was slightly

9 “TE I were restricted to a single specimen on which to deduce the nature of an
extinct animal, I should choose a vertebra to work out a reptile, and a tooth in the
case of a mammal.’”—R. Owen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ii., 1878, p. 216.

10 From ‘“ Rheetos,” one of the giants in Greek mythology, sprung from the blood
of Uranos. The specific name is in honour of Mr. A. J. Browne, of Durham Downs.

186 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

extended beyond this measurement, owing to difficulties of alignment (Plate
XXIX.). In addition there are fragments representing at least six vertebrz
in the posterior region. Judging from dimensions, one of these, to which is
conjoined the anterior moiety of a second, should be placed in serial alignment
near to No. 16 of our consecutive series.

In the anterior vertebre there is an obvious difference between the
antero-posterior diameter of the centrum, taken near the origin of the neural
arches, and the diameter near the inferior margin. This suggests that the
base of the tail had a pronounced downward curve, although the condition
of the specimen and the amount of matrix between the centra prevent this
from being manifested when the units are placed in juxtaposition.

The units in this series of consecutive vertebre have been numbered
from 1 to 16, whilst a more posterior vertebra is denoted as X. ‘The
dimensions of these are given in millimetres :—

Antero-posterior length of vertebree—
bo ae ee Oe ee ee ee ee eee Lae eee Oe

~_

140 136 137 135 135 140 142 160 150 158 150 152 158.157 155 2? 157

Vertical height (taken at the anterior articulating surface from the
inferior border to base of neural canal)—

PCS 2 8 (ee aa oe oO ee
270 250 205 170 153 145 135 109 108

Measurements are given only of the units in which this area is best
preserved. The height of No. 16 is taken at the posterior border.

Maximum transverse diameter of vertebre at centre of articulating
surfaces—

bic G40 “857k. Be 36 D4
190 162 (?%) 170 150 134 124 120 112 (posterior) 108

From the dimensions it will be seen that the tail of Rhetosaurus
formed of a rapidly tapering series of bulky elements. The vertical height
of the centrum of No. 1 of our consecutive series is almost double the
antero-posterior length. No. 6 is only one and a-half times the length,
In No. 12 the proportions are about equal, whereas the length of Nos. 16
and X is approximately one and a-half times the height. Although the
anterior vertebrae are so large, this rapid tapering suggests that the tail was
not greatly elongated beyond the elements actually represented. The presence
of chevron bones on the both sides of the first of our series suggests that
there was at least one additional anterior caudal, and there is also definite
evidence in a large lateral fragment of a neural arch that cannot be allocated
with the continuous series. Distally there were undoubtedly several smaller

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MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou, VIII, Prater XXX,

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Face page 187.

Anterior face of first vertebra.

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F

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Rhetosaurus hrownei,

A GIANT DINOSAUR FROM DURHAM DOWNS.—LONGMAN. 187

vertebre, but it is thought that the total number of caudal vertebre was
about thirty or thirty-five at most. It is assumed that there was no whip-
like distal extension as in Diplodocus.

The inferior border of the centrum in the anterior vertebre appears
to have been obtusely keeled, but in the median and posterior units of. our
series it is smoothly rounded. In the lateral outline the inferior border is
very concave, especially in the posterior vertebre.

Chevrons.—On the anterior vertebre these are somewhat thick, subtrian-
gular plates, which do not appear to have had very elongated processes. The
apex of the triangle lies within the groove between the articulating surfaces
of the vertebra, the infero-lateral margins of which diverge to accommodate
the expanding plates. In one or two of the anterior vertebra, the greater
part of these sub-triangular bones lies within the plane of the centra, and
it seems probable that the area of the hzmal canal must have been relatively
small. Some of these chevrons, however, may have been forced upward
during the process of fossilisation. The inferior borders, of the chevrons
are fairly straight, and, although they may be contiguous in the pairs
preserved in position, there is no evidence of ankylosis. The contours of the
inferior borders do not suggest lengthy inferior blades. In the series as a
whole there is evidently considerable variation in the size, contours, and
positions of the chevrons, and no one of the posterior elements is well
preserved.

On the first two vertebre the superior margin of the chevrons is
obtusely rounded and the shape of the plate is thus more oval than sub-
triangular (Plate XXXI., fig. 3). On vertebra No. 10 of our series the
conjoined inferior margin of the chevrons is distinctly concave, and, in this
respect, resembles those of Cetiosaurus leedsi4' (Plate XXXI., fig. 2). On
the posterior vertebrae, the chevrons, which are still sub-triangular, are more
inferior in position and are contiguous beneath the centra. Here there is
evidence of projections at the posterior angle.

The massive, short chevron plates of the anterior vertebrae with wide
areas for intervertebral articulations appear to be very distinctive.

Neural Spines—With the exception of that on one of the posterior
vertebre (No. 12 in our consecutive series), the neural spines are very
imperfect, and it has been found possible to reconstruct only two of the
anterior ones. The anterior spines slope backwards at an angle of about
130 degrees from the plane of the centra, and they attain an antero-posterior
diameter of about 90 mm. and a transverse diameter of about 40 mm.
Although the distal margins are incomplete it is evident that the height of
the anterior spines was at least three times the antero-posterior diameter.
_Unp'aced fragments have apices which are truncated or broadly rounded in
lateral profile, whilst the more posterior spines are acuminate in transverse profile.

1B. M. Guide Foss. Rept. and Fishes, 1908, Plate Ill.

188 © MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The spines decrease in height and general bulk towards the end of the
series; here they are much more obliquely set, the posterior margin is very
concave, and the apex reaches a point above the middle of the subsequent
vertebra.

Included among the unplaced fragments are remains of several spines,
but as they were obviously broken and abraded long before the fossil was
collected it is impossible to place them in correct position. There is no evidence
that any of the neural spines were emarginated distally, as in many of the
anterior caudals of Diplodocus.

Transverse Processes.—Although none of the diapophyses are present,
areas of fracture denote that the first six of our consecutive series carried
transverse processes. The first vertebra is too much abraded to yield evidence
of the extent of the processes. On the second vertebra the transverse pro-
cesses were situated above the upper third of the centrum (Plate XXX.,
fig. 1). The fractured area denoted an antero-posterior length of about
70 mm. with a thickness of 30 mm., and the process was angulated posteriorly
with a superior buttress. On the third vertebra the area of fracture is
slightly lower in position and more oval, and the same applies to No. 4. The
area of No. 5 is somewhat obscured; it resembles 4 but is lower in position.
The sixth vertebra apparently carried a small transverse process, but there is
no positive evidence on the seventh.

Neural Arches.—The neural arches are medially situated on the centra
and are strong processes supporting prominent prezygapophyses, stout spines,
a specialised hyposphene, but with no distinctive postzygapophyses. In the
anterior vertebre, the body of the neural arches occupies, in antero-posterior
extent, about two-thirds of the length of the centrum, whilst the transverse
diameter is about equal to half that of the centrum.

In the first three vertebrae, the prezygapophyses overlap the contiguous
centrum and reach a point above the origin of the posterior part of the
neural arch (Plate XXX., fig. 1). They are not quite horizontal in position,
but project upwards somewhat, terminating in an obtuse apex, and in trans-
verse section they are semi-circular, with the flat articulating surfaces vertically
placed. In the more posterior vertebree, as shown in Nos. 12 and 13, they
do not project further than the intervertebral area and the arms are much
compressed laterally. The transverse diameter of the neural arch at the
articulating area is relatively small.

In the anterior vertebre, the hyposphene projects backwards from the
infero-posterior border of the neural spine and overlaps the inter-vertebral
area and terminates just beyond this point. As may be seen from exposed
cross-sections, its lateral contours are adapted to the curved recess between —
the arms of the prezygapophyses (Plate XXXII., figs. 1 and 2). Its inferior
border, as distinct from the lateral areas, does not articulate with anv

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MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou, VIII, Prate XXXII,

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A GIANT DINOSAUR FROM DURHAM DOWNS.—LONGMAN. 189

projecting processes on the contiguous vertebra, but it roofs over the neural
canal for the extent of its projection. Immediately above the hyposphene is
a prominent elongated oval recess which is continued upwards into the median
portion of the posterior border of the spine. This recess cannot be interpreted
as a zygantrum and could not have functioned as such (Plate XXXII., fig. 1).

In the posterior vertebrae, judging from the units in which this area is
available for study, the structure is simpler. The hyposphene projects back-
wards over the neural canal and is embraced laterally by the projecting arms
of the prezygapophyses, which are thin and tapering in this region, but
there is no noticeable median recess in the posterior edge of the neural
spine. Owing to the oblique position of the spine, the hyposphene, in the
region of Nos. 12 and 13 of our series, may project backwards for one
quarter of the length of the contiguous vertebra (Plate XXXI., fig. 1).

The hyposphenal articulation may be compared with that of Camarasaurus
supremus Cope, as described and _ illustrated by Osborn and Mook in their
magnificent monograph,'? although no close relationship is suggested between
the two. As in the American reptile, the hypantral articulation surfaces are
continuous with the prezygapophyses, but in Rhetosaurus the inferior border
of the hyposphene is not so extended and expanded below as in the articular
complex figured by Osborn and Mook (Fig. 40, p. 303), for the dorsal vertebra
of Camarasaurus. Illustrations of the articulation of Rhe@tosaurus in cross-
section, as exposed by fracture, are given in Plate XXXII., but the region
is somewhat distorted.

It is practically certain that this simple and probably primitive method
of articulation had a far more complex development in the missing dorsal
series. In our caudal specimens the hyposphene is a median wedge, relatively
narrow in transverse section, and is not associated with a complex hypantrum.
The writer has followed Zittel (Text-book of Paleontology, English trans.,
p. 224) in considering the hyposphene as “‘a vertical or wedge-shaped pro-
jection occurring on the posterior end of the neural arch below and continuous
with the postzygapophyses.”” There appears to be no uniformity in the use
of these terms, however, for R. 8. Lull, in his fine monograph on Barosaurus,
describes the hyposphenes as a development from the anterior portion of the
neural spine, probably owing to the special architecture of the articulating
complex under review; and Marsh apparently takes this view in describing
Brontosaurus.

The remarkable form of articulation in Rhetosaurus brownei must have
been associated with some specialisation in tail movement and __ function.
There could have been little lateral movement of the individual vertebre, —
except in a lengthy series, especially in the anterior region. Moreover, the
unusual posterior extension of the hyposphene, roofing the neural canal, makes |
it difficult to conceive of vertical movement, except of the greater part of

12 Osborn and Mook, Mem. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., n.s. iii., 1921.

190 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

the tail in unison. Judging from the architecture of articulation, combined
with the size and solidity of the centra, and the bulky chevrons, it seems
that the huge tail of this Australian Dinosaur was somewhat rigid and may
have acted as a tripod with the immense hind legs. This does not necessarily
indicate close relationship with the Iguanodontide. The actual weight of the
specimens is remarkable, and the very incomplete vertebra No. 3 is no less
than 274 lb.

Neural Canal.—This is situated above the superior borders of the
centra and does not lie in an excavated groove. In the first vertebra the
neural canal is sub-oval in section and is very large, the vertical diameter
being 53 mm. and the transverse 44 mm. (Plate XXX., fig. 2). In No. 7
the diameters are 35 and 20, in No. 12 they are 27 and 10, and in No. 15
they are reduced to 20 and 14.

,

Articular Surfaces ——These are amphiccelous throughout, but the concavity
is much more marked in the anterior units. On the first vertebra the
maximum depth of the concavity is at least 40 mm. behind the plane of
the peripheral articulating surface (Plate XXX., fig. 2).

Marsh points out that the enlargement of the neural canal in the
sacral region of Stegosaurus and some other Dinosaurs, the so-called “ posterior
brain case,” is usually associated with “the great development of the
posterior limbs.’!4

There are no very clear signs of the persistence of the neuro-central
sutures, but the fact that the arches, or neurapophyses, are broken off in
this region in several of the units suggests that it would be more obvious in
less mature specimens.

Pelvic Fragments—There are numerous fragments that are attributed
to the pelvic girdle, but they do not present any consequential evidence.
The majority of these remains are small, shattered fragments and one or two
of the larger specimens are much abraded. A small series representing part of
a shaft has been put together; this is sub-oval in section, with one face
flattened, and has a maximum diameter of 110 and a circumference of 245 mm.
Other fragments, which probably belong to the same shaft, are sub-triangular
in cross-section, two of the surfaces being flattened and forming almost a
right angle, and the other surface being very concave. This concave surface
or valley gradually becomes more shallow as it approaches the more oval
section of the fragments. Another much abraded fragment presents evidence
of a strong ridge arising on a, broad shaft. These fragments are believed to
be remains of an ischium.

Femur—Owing to the fragmentary nature of this specimen, but little
significance can be attached to the femur, but its dimensions suggest a very
large bone (Plate XXXIII., figs. 1 and 2). The fragment is apparently from

13Q. C. Marsh, Dinosaurs of N. ee 16th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Sur., 1896, p. 190.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vot. VIIL., Puate XXXITI.

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Face page 190.

A GIANT DINOSAUR FROM DURHAM DOWNS.—LONGMAN. 191 |

near the middle of the shaft, and unfortunately no special features are avail-
able for comparison with other Dinosaurian femora. There is no sign of
the fourth trochanter. This shaft fragment is oval in section and is 295 mm.
or 114 in. in length; the diameters are 300 and 90 mm., and the maximum
circumference is 710 mm. or 28 in. Im cross-section the major surfaces of
the shaft are somewhat concave. The bone is fairly dense, except where
abraded, and there is no evidence of a medullary cavity. This fragment
.tepresents a bone which is quite as large as, if not larger than, the femur of
Cetiosaurus figured by Phillips, which was 64 in. in total length.

A fragment attributed to part of the shaft of a tibia is much abraded,
but has a circumference of approximately 20 in. or 510 mm. It presents no
special features. There are two other fragments of a long bone which are
believed to be portions of a fibula, but these are too small to warrant precise
description, and the contours of the cross-section of the shaft are incomplete.

Affinities—In the absence of cranial and pedal material it is difficult
to give definite affinities for this Australian Dinosaur. The pelvic fragments
are too incomplete to afford significant evidence, and in view of the impor-
tance of this region, as emphasized by the researches of Huxley, Seeley, Marsh,
Baur, Abel, A. S. Romer, Nopesa, von Huene, Osborn, Gregory, and Camp,
and others, this is most unfortunate. Owing to the immense variety within
the Dinosaurian assemblage and the evidence for convergent structures in
families that are not closely related, resemblances in the characteristics of
caudal vertebre may be misleading. In so far as literature and descriptions
are available many comparisons have been made, some of which are set out
as follows :—

The very bulky solid vertebra, with what may be called an orthozygous
articulation suggesting comparative rigidity, together with the solid shafts of
the long bones, make it almost certain that this Australian Dinosaur was a
slow-moving herbivorous reptile, and the carnivorous Theropoda may thus
be eliminated from consideration.

Although it is not improbable that the bulky tail acted as a tripod
with hind legs that were relatively large compared with the fore limbs, it is
not considered that Rhetosaurus should be associated with the Iguanodontide.
It may be noted, however, that the vertebre of such different reptiles as
Iqguanodon and Cetiosaurus have been confounded by the earlier authorities,
and that new types of Iguanodonts from Mongolia have been recently recorded
by Osborn.

The following comparisons may be of interest :—The dimensions of the
caudal vertebre of Rhetosaurus considerably exceed those of the vertebrae of
Iguanodon as recorded by J. W. Hulke.15 They also much exceed the caudal

14 J. Phillips, Geol. of Oxford, 1871, p. 281.
SJ, W. Hulke, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 38, 1882, p. 142.

192°: MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

vertebra first figured by Owen as “ Pelorosaurus Conybeari,’!® the dimensions
of which (length 102, vertical diameter 225, transverse diameter 188 millim.)
are’ om by Lydekker, who refers it to Iguanodon.'*

par

As the length of Iguanodon berniscartensis is estimated at 33 ft., judging
from. these proportions Rhetosaurus attained at least 40 ft.

The Durham Downs vertebre, however, differ greatly from those - of
Iguanodon, which, according to Hulke, have postzygapophyses and a relatively
small neural canal. The elongated chevron bones of Jguanodon are very

distinct from those of Rhetosaurus, and the limb bones of the former were
hollow.

The specialised characters of the spines and the dermal armature of the
Stegosauridz widely separate this group from the Australian Dinosaur.

Rhetosaurus should probably be placed in the Sauropoda, and in
certain respects it presents resemblances to the caudal vertebre of Cetiosaurus
(Cardiodon), as described by Phillips.1* The centra, however, are more
elliptical and the postzygapophyses are absent, being reduced to mere indents
on — ‘postero- — areas of the neural spines.

aliaieek ‘ia vertebre as a whole do not closely resemble those of
fo the somewhat similar type of hyposphenal articulation, previously
noticed, may be significant. The American reptile, which attained over 57 ft.,
has somewhat larger vertebre and postzygapophyses are present.

From the gigantic caudal vertebr, first figured by Falconer’® and
subsequently described by Lydekker as Titanosaurus indicus,?° our specimens
are ‘readily distinguished by being amphiccelous instead of proccelous. The
caudal vertebre of Rhetosaurus are exceeded by those of Aftlantosaurus
Camarasaurus ?), one of which is recorded by “O. C. Marsh as being “ over
16 in. (420 mm.)” in transverse diameter.*!

It is obvious that Rhetosaurus has no close affinities with Diplodecus,
which, as described by MHatcher,22 has supplementary buttresses or lamin
and cavities in the centra; or with the East African giant Tornieria (or
vigantosaurus), which is said to be related to the lengthy American reptile.
For similar reasons it cannot be closely compared with Barosaurus, as mono-
graphed by R. 8. Lull, or with Cope’s Amphicelias. Our vertebre are

16 Owen, Foss. Rept. Weal. Purb., Supp. 2, Pl. XI.

17 Lydekker, B. M. Catal. Foss. Rept. Amph., i., 1888, p. 208.
' 18 J, Phillips, Geology of Oxford, 1871, p. 260.

19H. Faleoner, Pal. Mem., i., 1868, Plate 34,
_ #0 R,. Lydekker (Mem. Geol. Surv. India (4), vol. i., p. 20).

210, C. Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xv., 1870, p. 242.

22 T. B. Hatcher, Mem. Carnegie Mus., i., 1901, p. 35.

23R. S. Lull, Mem. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi., 1919.

A GIANT DINOSAUR FROM DURHAM DOWNS.—LONGMAN. 193

very dissimilar from those in the Brontosaurus group, with a relatively light
vertebral column, centra with lateral cavities and cruciform spines, as described
by Marsh.”4

As Owen’s Cetiosaurus is apparently a synonym of Cardiodon,?° the old
Family Cetiosauride—which, according to Zittel,?® includes the Mosasauride
and Atlantosauride of Marsh—is displaced by Cope’s Camarasauride. With
certain qualifications, mainly due to the inadequacy of our material, Rheto-
saurus may be placed in this family for time being.

Dinosaur or Saurischian.—F. R. von Huene has come to the conclusion
that the Dinosauria are not of monophyletic origin and that Owen’s term
Dinosauria “‘should be abandoned ahsolutely.”?’ Following H. G. Seeley,
but with far greater wealth of material and opportunity for research, he
divides the old order into two groups: Saurischia (= Theropoda + Sauropoda)
and Ornithischia (= Orthopoda). Williston considers that this separation
“has much to commend it,’28 and W. D. Matthew endorses it.29 The word
““ Dinosaur” is so generally adopted in literature, however, that the writer
has preferred to use it in the description of this new Australian material,
and there appear to be many reasons for the retention of Owen’s term for
at least part of this immense reptilian assemblage.

CoNncLUSION.

The fossils from Durham Downs give definite evidence of a gigantic
herbivorous Dinosaur from Jurassic deposits in Queensland, with distinctive
characters in its caudal vertebre, as outlined in this paper. This has been
named Rhetosaurus brownei and has been tentatively placed in the Family
Camarasauride of the Sauropoda. This reptile was a bulky, herbivorous
quadruped, with dominant hind limbs, a somewhat rigid tail, and probably
attained over 40 ft. in length.

In view of the prodigious variety of Dinosaurian forms recorded from
other parts of the world, illustrating the “ bizarrerie’’ of nature to a degree
unsurpassed by any other group, it will not be surprising if many additional
forms are found in the future in Australian deposits.

24Q. C. Marsh, The Dinosaurs of N. Amer., 16th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1896, p. 171.
2>L, P. Bush, Amer. Journ. Sci., xvi., 1903, p. 96.

26 Zittel’s Text-book of Paleontology, Eng. edition, ii., 1902.

27 F, R. von Huene, Amer. Journ. Sci., (4) xxxvili., 1914, p. 145.

28S. W. Williston, Rep. from Journ. Geol., xxv., 1917, p. 414.

22? W. D. Matthew, Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst., 1923, p. 279.

194

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Pratt XXIX.

Consecutive series of caudal vertebrae of Rhetosaurus brownet, photographed in juxta-

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

position, total length 9 ft., or 2 metres, 743 mm. (Owing to the abraded
surfaces it was found impracticable to photograph the left side—the more
usual position.)

Pratt XXX.

1.—Conjoined vertebre 1 and 2 of Rhetosaurus brownei, showing prezygapophysis,
area of fracture of transverse process, and incomplete chevron. The anterior
vertebra is much abraded.

2.—Anterior face of vertebra 1 of Rhetosaurus brownei, showing very concave articu-
lating surface and large neural canal.

Prarr 2 <E.

. 1—vVertebre 12 and 13 with moieties of Nos. 11 and 14, showing typical orthozygous

articulation of Rhetosaurus brownet.

. 2.—Chevron plate between vertebre 10 and 11, with concave inferior margin.

. 3.—Chevron plate from left side, between vertebre 1 and 2.

Prarn -. XXX.

. 1.—Posterior face of third vertebra of Rhetosaurus brownei, showing hyposphene with

median recess above and _ section across prezygapophyses of contiguous
vertebra.

2.—Anterior face of fourth vertebra showing section across hyposphene and _ prezy-
gapophyses, contiguous with Fig. 1 (area distorted).

3.—Area of fracture of vertebra 12, showing laterally compressed mid-region of
centrum and neural canal.

Puate XXXII.
1.—Lateral view of fragment of femur shaft of Rhe@tosaurus brownei. Two-fifths
natural size,

2.—Posterior view of femur-shaft fragment.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 195

THE CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN
AUSTRALIA.

By F. W. WuitTeHouse, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.G.S., Late of St John’s College, Cambridge
(1922-25 Foundation Travelling Scholar of the University of Queensland).

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF QUEENSLAND.

(Plates XX XIV.—XLI.)

CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction rs es = ee a - 3 ag - i ePpeees |
Stratigraphical and General Results—
A. Morven Bed .. we st “a Ae i. 3m ee “ a 196
B. Roma Series .. 4 a ee os sd “s és o* sah ROS
C. Maryborough Beds .. ms sik ai ne - as a eee 3
D. Tambo Series ss ae ys ss ze vis '- ye esl 3
Conventions a he ot a oe ae a L 4 a: 198
On Heteromorphic Ammonoidea “s - = ee ee es .s eee
Description of Species—
A. Neocomian Species—
Simbirskitide e es a ae ne je i oe fat ae
B. Aptian Species—
Aconeceratide a a a Aid a ay . - Sie
Parahoplitide oe oa Ms te oe = ee F. «. 205
Cleoniceratide (fam. nov.) .. a 7 F oe a a aa 26
Ancyloceratide Se ai a% ie a eis c. a oo ay
C. Albian Species—
Desmoceratidee a a ae: mes ia ae a ae cgi ee
Dipoloceratidz or a Ape - Pe = oe “¥ <4 eee
Hamitide % ae S a ¥s oF ar iss ~. 224
Anisoceratidz ko eS on ae “F ad “s és ae
Aleteceratide (fam. nov.) .. a es is te = ifs aa)
INTRODUCTION.

THE present paper is an attempt to revise the ammonite fauna of the
** Rolling Downs Formation” of Eastern Australia in the light of recent
paleontological work in other countries. Hitherto no comprehensive attempt
has been made to establish and correlate palzontological horizons within the
formation; and it is to be hoped that the present review may serve as
the basis of a more minute treatment of the whole fauna.

For very many years almost the sole worker on the fossils of the
“Rolling Downs” has been the late Robert Etheridge junr. His patient,

196 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

detailed and richly illustrated work has faved the way towards a zonal
treatment of the fauna; and the writer is deeply indebted to the fine series.
of monographs which Etheridge produced on the Cretaceous Paleontology of
Australia. It is no reflection upon the work of Etheridge that in this paper,
in accordance with recent developments, more modern generic determinations.
are used. Etheridge keenly appreciated the generic analyses of the mesozoic
cephalopods ; and much of the effective work on the Lower Cretaceous lineages.
has been done since the appearance of his last important paper on the
Australian forms (1909).

The present examination, which has been carried out in the Sedgwick.
Museum, Cambridge, has been made possible largely by a grant from the
University of Queensland. The material used has been drawn mainly from
the collections of the Queensland Museum, Australian Museum and British
(Natural History) Museum. To all these institutions the writer expresses his
gratitude. To Mr. H. A. Longman, Prof. H. C. Richards, Mr. W. H. Bryan
and Sir Edgeworth David for constant interest in the progress of the work;
to Mr. H. Woods for general advice; to Mr. A. G. Brighton for critical
and other assistance; and particularly to Dr. L. F. Spath for much ever-
ready help and kindly criticism he is deeply indebted. ©

STRATIGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL RESULTS.

_ Within the “ Rolling Downs” two main series are apparent, which on
both lithological and palzontological grounds are markedly distinct. The
lower, to which the name Roma Series is now given, comprises the group
of bluish clays (mainly) with calcareous concretions; the upper, for which
the name Jambo Series is proposed, consists mainly of yellowish limestones.
often with cone-in-cone structure. Both series are widely distributed.

A. MORVEN BED.—The one specimen containing Simbirskites spp. is.
all the evidence so far available of this bed, which is the oldest marine
mesozoic horizon known in Eastern Australia. It indicates the presence of
the Simbirskitan stage of the Hauterivian.

B. ROMA SERIES.—The ammonite genera recorded from this series.
are: Parahoplitoides (%), Aconeceras, Sanmartinoceras, Australiceras, Tropeum,.
Toxoceratoides and Aioloceras.1 Three paleontological divisions are possible :—.

iii. Beds with Sanmartinoceras and Aioloceras ;
ii. Beds with Tropeum and Aconéceras walshense ;
i. Beds with Australiceras and Toxoceratoides.

As mentioned below the genus Australiceras is first known with certainty
in the bodei zone of the Bedoulian (Lower Aptian) and is replaced in the
hillsi zone of the Lower Gargasian by Tropeum. The beds with Australiceras.

1 New genera (v. inf.).

CRETACEOUS AMMONCIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE.::: 197

correspond therefore to the Upper Bedoulian. Whether any of the Lower
Bedoulian is present is uncertain. The four zones of the Upper Bedoulian
(bodei, weissi, hambrovi and consobrinoides) cannot be recognised at present,
though Australiceras robustum is probably low zonal while A. transienie most
probably occurs at the top of the beds.

The beds with Tropeum naturally correspond to the Tropeuman of
Europe (Lower Gargasian). Species of YTropeum are abundant, the only
other genus recorded being Aconeceras (A. walshense).2 As mentioned below
the vertical ranges of Australiceras and Tropeum may overlap, so that there
may be a very indefinite junction between these two divisions.

The highest division of the Roma Series has yielded Aitoloceras jonesi,
Sanmartinoceras fontinale and 8S. olene. Sanmartinoceras is restricted to the
top of the Gargasian; while Avoloceras, from its position in the section in
Patagonia, is apparently also Upper Gargasian.

If the deposition of the Roma Series was continuous, then the series
ranges at least from the bodei to the aschiltaensis zone of the Aptian (San-
martinoceras defines the latter zone). But there is no evidence at present
that it extends into the Lowest Albian as it may do in the central (concealed)
portion of the area. Ammonites from all three divisions have been found
in the Queensland areas; but in New South Wales and South Australia the
upper division only has yielded ammonites (Parahoplitoides? sp., however,
from South Australia may be from the lower (Auwstraliceras) division). But
the evidence, to be published later, of the other elements of the fauna shows
that all three divisions are well represented in these States.

C. MARYBOROUGH BEDS.—As shown by Richards (82, p. 182) and
others these beds are composed of a lower (sandstone) and an upper (chert)
division. The sandstones have yielded fragments of Australiceras jacki but
no ammonites are known from the cherts. The sandstones, therefore, from
their ammonite remains correspond to part of the lower division of the Roma
Series. The writer hopes to show in a later paper, when considering the
Lamellibranchs, that the whole of the Maryborough Marine beds are to be
correlated with the Australiceras beds of the Roma Series.

D. TAMBO SERIES.—The ammonite genera recorded from the Tamvo
Series are: Puzosia, Beudanticeras, Prohysteroceras, Inflaticeras, Hamites,
Anisoceras, Labeceras,? Appurdiceras,> Myloceras,? Aleteceras,? and Flindersites.®

The species of Prohysteroceras and Inflaticeras are shown to be charac-
teristic of the upper orbigny: and the varicosus zones of the Upper Albian
and the specimens are preserved in a deep yellow, marly limestone. Specimens

* Aconeceras walshense is placed in this division from the agreement of its matrix
with that of Tropeum rarum rather than with that of the species of Australiceras from
the same locality.

3 New genera (v. inf.).

198 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

of Flindersites baccatus, Aleteceras plectoides, A. tardicostatum, A. nautiloides,
Myloceras ammonoides, M. davidi, Labeceras bryani, L. compressum, Puzosia
longmani, etc., also occur in this type of matrix and no doubt represent the
same horizon. The matrix of the specimens examined of Beudanticeras flindersi,
B. (%) daintreei, Flindersites intermedius, Myloceras orbiculus, Hamites aff.
maximus, etc., is rather lighter in colour. This may represent local variations
of the other matrix or may point to a slightly different horizon for these
species. Since the species of Beudanticeras and Hamites do not give any very
definite indication of their zonal position within the Upper Albian, it is
tentatively assumed that these species represent the same horizon as Pro-
hysteroceras richardsi, etc.

The position of the Tambo Series is, therefore, Upper Albian, and at
present there is no evidence of more than the orbignyi and varicosus zones

being present.

CONVENTIONS.

The nomenclature used throughout this paper for specific descriptions
is that of Buckman (11) and Spath (101, p. 7). The terms “ crioceratid,”’
“ ancyloceratid,” etc., are used to denote types of coiling and not to indicate
relationships with the genera Crioceras, Ancyloceras, etc.

Dimensions are given according to the generally adopted plan instituted
by Buckman, where the first numeral gives the diameter in mm., the other
three numbers being (in order) the whorl-height, whorl-thickness and width
of umbilicus, reckoned as percentages of the diameter. Where a number is
inserted in brackets after the first numeral, as e.g. in the topotype of
Aconeceras walshense, the first number is the maximum diameter noted, while
that in brackets is the diameter at which the other dimensions are taken.
The Greek letter ¢ is attached in such cases where the measurements are
taken from a published figure and not from the actual specimen.

In comparing fragments of crioceratids the writer proposes an additional
method of measurement. Two numbers are given (as in the case of Aleteceras
tardicostatum), the first of which is the maximum height of whorl in mm.,
and the second is the width of whorl given as a percentage of the height.
Such measurements are prefixed by the Greek letter 6. In cases where
measurement is made from a published figure and not from the original
specimen the letter ¢ is used as well (see Tropwum leptum).

The zonal nomenclature used is that of Dr. Spath (99 and 100), to
whose comprehensive and detailed work on the Cretaceous the author is

particularly indebted.

*

4A specimen of Flindersites baccatus, in the writer's collection, is associated, in
the hand specimen, with Prohysteroceras richardst.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 199

The following abbreviations have been used to indicate the collections
in which types and other specimens are lodged :—

A.M.—Australian Museum (Sydney).
B.M.—British Museum (Natural History).
F.W.W.—The author’s collection.

G.S.Q.—Geological Survey of Queensland.
G.S.S.A.—Geological Survey of South Australia.
Q.M.—Queensland Museum.
N.M.—National Museum (Melbourne).
M.G.M.—Mining and Geological Museum (Sydney).
M.M.—Macleay Museum (University of Sydney).
R.D.—Daintree Collection (now in the Queensland Museum).
U.Q.—University of Queensland.

ON HETEROMORPHIC AMMONOIDEA.

Probably the most notable feature about the ammonoid faunas of the
Cretaceous of Eastern Australia is the profusion of heteromorphic forms.
Yet, strangely enough, no helicoid genus has been found in these beds. Many
of the genera present are inadequately known from other areas, and conse-
quently Etheridge, who appreciated fully the richness of the fauna in these
aberrant types, left them all provisionally in Crioceras sensu lato.

According to the theory of cyclical development, crioceratid forms were
regarded as the phylogerontic stage of cycles of genera all with more or less
the same general trend. But the recent work of Spath and Salfeld has cast
grave doubts on this theory, and has shown that it is far more probable that
the two persistent leiostrachous stocks, Phylloceratide and Lytoceratide, have
been the main sources from which the transient waves of the normal
trachyostrachous ammonoids have developed. Lytoceratide and Phylloceratide
in most features are at opposite extremes—the one being extremely evolute
with a septal suture having the minimum number of major indentations, the
other with highly involute whorls and a septal suture with a profusion of
accessory lobes. Crioceratid forms could be produced from these stocks in
three main ways :—

(1) They may be end points of offshoots from Phylloceratide, the
lineages having passed through all degrees of normal volution
on the way ;

(2) They may be derived directly from Lytoceratide, which, in their
extreme involution, are but one step removed from crioceratid
coiling ; or i

(3) They may be derived indirectly from Lytoceratide, occurring at
a late stage in a lineage which has passed through other
modifications before developing “ uncoiled ’’ forms.

It might naturally be expected, therefore, that most crioceratids are
directly derived from Lytoceratide, and the essential simplicity® of the venter

5 Fastigate, carinate, or sulcate forms being unknown.

200 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

in all such forms might also suggest this. But such genera as Distoloceras
and Astiericeras give evidence that many stocks of normal trachyostrachous
ammonites produce “ uncoiled ”’ forms.

The details of septal sutures are of interest. In the normal large
lytoceratids the suture is of the essential (I.U.L.E.) type; and without
exception this type of suture is a feature of the heteromorphic forms. But
this agreement in sutural plan among the latter has no genetic significance
(even in tracing ancestry), for there can be no doubt that this type of suture
is merely due to the mode of coiling. This is well seen in the genus
Distoloceras, which has both “coiled” and “uncoiled”’ species; for in the
former there are accessory lobes present, whereas in the latter the sutures
are of the I.U.L.E. type. Zittel (116, vol. i., p. 332), Spath (95, p. 28),
and others have drawn attention to the modification of septal suture due to
the whorl shape. It may be pointed out that in the Lytoceratide the large
forms (Lytoceras s. str., Thysanoceras, etc.) the septal sutures are of the
I.U.L.E. type, while the smaller forms (Gaudryceras, Alocolytoceras, etc.) have
accessory lobes. But unfortunately the complete development of a large
lytoceratid has never been made, and even in the small Gaudryceras (?)
alamadense developed by Perrin Smith® there is reduction of sutural elements.

The sutural simplification in, e.g., Baculites has been adduced as evidence
of a benthonic habit. But many crioceratids, e.g. Tropeum, have quite
complicated sutures; and this throws doubt upon the idea sometimes advanced.
that all crioceratids were benthonic. Certainly the increased fragility due to
loose coiling would hinder rapid motion through the water; but this is
compensated for by the increased thickness of shell which these forms attain.

But even though the number of lobes and saddles is reduced to the
minimum, yet the details of the indentations of the septal sutures are still
of service in tracing generic affinity, while the type of ornamentation is of
fundamental importance.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

A. NEOCOMIAN SPECIES.
Family SIMBIRSKITIDAE Spath.
Genus SIMBIRSKITES Pavlow (emend. Spath).
SIMBIRSKITES SPP. NOV.
1909 Perisphinctes kaysert (non Neuimayr and Uhlig) Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 238, pl. 68.

The two associated specimens figured by Etheridge were regarded as
the same species and identified by him with the Perisphinctes kaysert Neumayr
and Uhlig (65, p. 146, pl. 19, fig. 1) of North Germany. But the German
and Australian specimens differ considerably in proportions and cannot there-
fore be specifically identical.

6 Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Geol., vol. i., 1898, pp. 138 et seq.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 201

The zonal place of the large (kaysert) group has sometimes been mis-
stated. Buckman (11, vol. iv., p. 16), eg., by analogy with the Mexican
Proniceras, has lately placed it even in the Lower Tithonian. But Spath
(103, p. 87), in restricting Simbirskites to the dechent group with trifurcating
ribs, has placed it in its true position in the Upper Hauterivian.? From
Etheridge’s figure (the specimens have not been seen by the writer) S. kayseri
is the most similar form but has less rapidly increasing whorls. At the same
time, however, it must be remembered that his specimen is_ considerably
larger than the holotype of 8S. kayseri. The septal suture seems to be
definitely simbirskitid. Most of the species of Simbirskites are known only
from young specimens, which makes the comparison of this large form difficult.
The large species figured by Neumayr and Uhlig (S. hauchecornei, S. inverselo-
batus, etc.) are less widely umbilicate, while Perisphinctes losseni Neumayr
and Uhlig (65, p. 144, pl. 18) is probably a Speetoniceras.

The smaller specimen, which is probably a different species, is of the
more normal® Simbirskites type.

Since the writer has not seen the specimens’ it is not definitely estab-
lished that the species do not belong perhaps to an earlier genus (e.g. the
Kimmeridgian Virgatites), although their resemblance to Simbirskites is so
strong. But they certainly represent the oldest marine mesozoic horizon yet
Known in Eastern Australia.

Simbirskites has been recorded (50, p. 114) thongh not figured from
New Caledonia.

Locality.—Victoria Downs, Morven (Q.M. Coll.). |

B. APTIAN SPECIES.
Family ACONECERATIDA# Spath.

Two genera only, both represented in the “ Rolling Downs,” have
hitherto been included in this family—Aconeceras Hyatt?® and Sanmartinoceras
Bonarelli. In erecting the genus Aconeceras Hyatt (41, p. 100) called attention
to its phylloceratid characters, particularly the details of the septal suture,
though he included it in the later family Covlopoceratide. But, from his
manuscript notes," he finally placed it “with the Desmoceras group” in
Phylloceratide. Spath also has suggested that the family is derived from

7 Large specimens of these Simbirskites have been found by the writer in bed C,
at Speeton.

8 Compare e.g. S. payert (Toula) Pavlow (72, p. 148, pl. 11, fig. 1).

®Since the above description was written the writer has been able to examine the
specimens and confirm their position within the genus Simbirskites. A further note on
these forms will appear in a later paper,

10 — Adolphia Stolley (105), p. 269.

11 See footnote by J. P. Smith to Hyatt (41, pp. 100, 101).

202 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Desmoceratide (101, p. 35). But the approximation of the earlier genus,
Aconeceras, to Phylloceras in involution, ornament and septal suture gives
evidence of a direct connection with Phylloceratide, and the view is here held
that, like Desmoceratide, it is an independent branch from Phylloceratide.

The aconeceratid type of shell—i.e., an oxyconic form with falciform
radial line and complicated septal suture of the phylloceratid type—is perhaps
the most recurrent among the many oft-recurring types of trachyostrachous
ammonites. The Lower Lias Ozynoticeras is an early type while the
Mestrictian Pseudoschlenbachia (umbulazi group) is the last. On the theory
of cyclical development such forms have- been regarded as end points of
series passing from an original capricorn type. But it is far more probable
that these genera are heterochronous homceomorphs very close to Phyllo-
ceratide? The Bajocian and Bathonian with Lvoceras, Strigoceras, etc. is
particularly rich in such forms. Comparison with Strigoceras is interesting, for
similar concentric ornamentation typical of that genus is to be seen on Aconeceras
walshense (Etheridge fil.).

The family ranges throughout the Aptian but is unknown in _ the
Neocomian or Albian. Stolley (106, p. 217), it is true, has a zone of San-
martinoceras trautscholdi which has sometimes been placed in the Lower Albian ;
but from the association of that species with Parahoplites, etc., it belongs to
the uppermost Aptian. Aconeceras ranges through the Bedoulian and Lower
Gargasian, and in the Upper Gargasian is replaced by Sanmartineceras. But
in the Bedoulian there is an offshoot from Aconeceras, THEGANECERAS
gen. nov.,}% which closely simulates Sanmartinoceras, and, as indicated below,
probably accounts for certain records of the genus Sanmartinoceras in the

Bedoulian.

Genus ACONECERAS Hyatt.

Specific distinctions within this genus are not easy to define. Stolley
(106, pp. 211, 215) has recorded A. nisus (d’Orbigny) from the sparsicosta
zone (the lowest zone of the Aptian) and <A. nisoides (Sarasin) from the
bodet zone of the Bedoulian. On the other hand Haug (88, p. 1170) places
A. nisus as Lower Gargasian; and Kilian has recorded (48, p. 338) A.

12 Interesting evidence on this point is given by the ornamentation. Most of the
genera have the simple costule (‘“strie’’) which are typically developed on Phylloceras ;
but on many lineages peripheral costation is suddenly developed similar to that of the
phylloceratid Tragophylloceras tbex (Quenstedt). In that species, however, the course of
the costze and the costule does not correspond, and a costula may transgress two costz
as shewn by an example in the Sedgwick Museum Collection. This may be paralleled
in the trachyostracous oxycones, and a similar transgression of the peripheral costz is
seen e.g. in “* Hebetoxyites’’ incongruens Buckman (11, vol. v., pl. 497) from the Bajocian.

ie Onyavn, a whetstone; genotype Oppelia scalata von Koenen (51, p. 54, pl. xlv.,
fig. 6). The genus is ribbed like Sanmartinoceras but the ribs are finer and more
numerous. The septal suture is characterised by broad, short saddles. Other species are
T. falcatum (v. Koenen), T. “ nisoides”’ (pars) (v. Koenen non Sarasin).

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE,. 203

nisoides aS Bedoulian and A. nisws as Gargasian. In a later paper, however,
Kilian“ places A. nisoides also as Gargasian. Kilian and Haug _ therefore
both agree in placing A. nisoides as Gargasian, only Stolley disagreeing in
recording it in the Bedoulian. The specimens figured under this name from
Zululand by Spath (96, pl. 26, fig. 4) and Delagoa Bay by Krenkel (54,
pl. 17, fig. 1) are both recorded with Gargasian species.

Danford, however, figures a Speeton form as A. nisoides (19, pl. 14,
fig. 7) which has been shown by Spath (108, p. 83) to belong to the biden-
tatum zone of the Bedoulian. The thickness of these figured specimens, given
as a percentage of the whorl diameters, are—

A. nisoides (holotype) 21%; Speeton (Danford) 25% ;
Zululand (Spath) 23%; Basses Alpes Specimens (B.M. Coll.) 21% ;
Delagoa Bay (Krenkel) 22%.

Danford’s specimen is thus thicker than the true nisoides and requires
another specific name. It is probable, therefore, that Stolley’s “‘ A. nisoides”’
from the Bedoulian is this species rather than the true nisoides, which must
be considered (? Lower) Gargasian. Von Koenen has recorded A. nisoides
(51, p. 51) from the Bedoulian; but some of his specimens belong to
Theganeceras, and it is doubtful if he has a form (even pl. 16, fig. 6) which
is comparable with nzsordes.

The horizon of such unfigured forms as that of Coquand (14, p. 46),
e.g., 18 of course unknown.

ACONECERAS WALSHENSE (Etheridge fil.).
Pl. XXXIV., figs. 1 a, 6; Pl: XXXVIL, fig. 3.
1892 Ammonites (Amaltheus) walshense Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 493, pl. 42, figs. 10, 11.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling oligogyral, angustumbilicate, concavifastigate ; sides
slightly curved, convergent; anguliradiate, radial line with long peripheral
projection ; ornamentation by radial costulae and a few mediolateral concentric
costule ; septal suture complicated, with many auxiliary lobes.

Dimensions. —
Holotype (Q.M. Coll.): 6 78. 58. 16. 13.

80 (68). 54. 18. 13.
Topotype (Q.M. Coll.) : { pe 56. 19. 14.

Remarks.—This species is the largest known member of the genus and
is particularly distinguished by the long peripheral curve of the radial line.
It is most similar to A. nisoides (Sarasin) (84, p. 155, pls. 4-6, fig. 10), which
it resembles closely in proportions, ornament, and septal suture. The numerous
radial costulze which characterise A. nisoides are present on A. walshense,

14Trav. Lab. Géol. Univ. Grenoble, vol. xii., 1919, p. 94.

204 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

and both species have the mediolateral concentric costule. Besides the
difference in radial line A. walshense may be distirguished by its whorl
section. <A. nisus (d’Orbigny) (69, p. 184, pl. 55, figs. 7-9) ard A. aptiana
(Sarasin) (84, p. 155, pl. 4-6, fig. 12) also have different whorl sections, while
the latter species, in its ornament, is transitional to Sanmartinoceras.

The species had been compared by Etheridge with forms belonging to several
oxyconic genera, including Amaltheus, Forbesiceras, etc.

Locality —Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.; holotype and others).

Genus SANMARTINOCERAS Bonarelli.

Sanmartinoceras includes the costate Aconeceratide of the Upper
Gargasian. Stolley had recorded it from the Aptian of Ahaus (106, p. 217),
where it is associated with Parahoplites schmidti and represents the uppermost
Gargasian. Stolley (106, p. 215) has, however, recorded S. haugi (Sarasin)
from the Bedoulian. This is certainly an error and perhaps the species
meant was a Theganeceras.

In 1880 Prof. W. J. Stephens!® recorded ‘ Ammonites biflexuoides ”
from New South Wales. Such a specific name might refer to any member
of the Aconeceratide. It is possible that Hudleston’s later Am. fontinale may
be indicated ; but unless the specimen be found the name biflexuoides must
be abandoned.

SANMARTINOCERAS FONTINALE (Hudleston).

1890 Ammonites fontinalis Hudlestone (39), p. 241, pl. 9, fig. 1.
1902 Amaltheus sp. ind. Etheridge Jr. (25), p. 45, pl. 7, fig. 8.
1924 Sanmartinoceras fontinale Spath (108), p. 74.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling oligogyral, angustumbilicate, compressed; con-
cavifastigate ; sides subparallel; anguliradiate with costation which diminishes
towards the umbilicus.

Dimensions.—Holotype (B.M. Coll.) : 25. 50. 26. 19.

Remarks.—Three other species of Sanmartinoceras have been described—
the genotype S. patagonicum Bonarelli (6, p. 27, pl. 5, figs. 3-6), S. traut-
scholdi (Sinzow) (90, pl. 5, fig. 6) and S. haugi (Sarasin) (84, p. 156, pl. 4-6,
figs. 11). Kilian (48, p. 337) has suggested that the last two are identical ;
but. although very similar, they must probably be regarded as distinct since,
as figured by Sinzow, S. trautscholdi has the ribs continued to the umbilicus, |
whereas in S. haugi this is not so. Stolley (106, p. 217) records the former
from Germany; but a specimen of S. aff. trautscholdi from near Lehrte (N.W.
Germany) in the British Museum Collection has a wider umbilicus though,
in that specimen, it widens with. age.

18 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. viii., pt. 2, p. 281.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 205

In having the ribs only on the ventro-lateral region S. fontinale is
most similar to S. haugi and S. patagonicum. It is closer to the former
in size and intensity of ribbing. A new species in the B.M. collection
(c. 14366) from Germany has a very much wider umbilicus.

Localities.—Primrose Springs (B.M. Coll. holotype); Lake Eyre Basin
(Tate Coll.).

SANMARTINOCERAS OLENE (Tenison-Woods).
Pic kid hes.

1883 Ammonites olene Tenison-Woods (109), p. 150, pl. 7, fig. 8; pl. 8, fig. I.
1892 Ammonites (Amaltheus) olene Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 492, pl. 30, fig. 4.
1901 Amaliheus olene Etheridge Jr. (24), p. 32, pl. 2, fig. 4.

Sp. Char.—Coiling oligogyral, angustumbilicate, compressed ; concavi-
fastigate ; sides subparallel; anguliradiate with costz diminishing towards the
umbilicus ; costate portion begins very late; septal suture complicated, densi-
septate.

Dimensions. —Q.M. Coll. ee 56. 20. 11

3/1. 06.23, 13.

Remarks.—It is of interest that, since the related Aconeceras walshense
is the largest member of its genus, the present species is the largest San-
martinoceras. ;

The figure given by Etheridge in 1901 (24, pl. 2, fig. 4) of this species
is somewhat incorrectly drawn.4® The ribs were represented as rectiradiate
whereas the course is typically . falciform.

Etheridge believed that S. olene and S. fontinale represented but one
species. There is certainly a considerable amount of variation in the forms
that must be included in S. olene; but there seems to be a distinct specific
difference between the forms from North Queensland (S. clene) and those of
the Lake Eyre Basin (S. fontinale) in that, cn the latter species, costation
begins at an earlier stage than on S. olene.

S. patagonicum is apparently the most closely related species outside
Australia, although 8S. trautscholdi, in which costation is not so prominent,
is also close.

Localities —Palmer River (M.M. Coll., holotype); Walsh River (G.8.Q.
and @.M. Colls.).

Family PARAHOPLITIDA Spath.

This important family, which includes such genera as Parahoplites,
Parahoplitoides, Stenhoplites, Dufrenoyia and Columbiceras, is only doubtfully
known in Australia from a single fragment. The family has a wide distribution ;
and, considering the large collections of Aptian Ammonites known from the Roma
Series, the apparent rarity or absence of the group is remarkable.

16 The specimen has been examined by the writer,

206 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

Genus PARAHOPLITOIDES Spath.

PARAHOPLITOIDES (2) SP.
1901 Haploceras daintreei Etheridge Jr. (non Etheridge Sen.) (25), p. 44, pl. 7, fig. 1.

This South Australian specimen was thought by Etheridge to be an
aged example of Puzosia daintreer. But the type of ribbing (particularly
the straightness of the cost) is rather against this. The species may be a
specialised form of Parahoplitoides, similar perhaps to P. leviusculus (von
Koenen) (51, p. 224, pl. 8, figs. 4, 5). The type section of Parahoplitoides
has rather flexed costae as shown on P. deshayesi (Leymerie) (56, pl. 17, fig-
17); but species with more or less straight costze are common.

Locality —Dulkaninia Bore at a depth of 1,400 feet (Brown Collection).

Family CLEONICERATID nov.

The family is proposed for Pseudosaynella Spath, Aioloceras gen. nov.
(v. inf.), Cleoniceras Parona et Bonarelli and Sonneratia Bayle. Pseudo-
saynella, which connects the family with Aconeceratide, might well be included
in either family for it is closely related to Aconeceras. It is most probable
that Aioloceras, which apparently gave rise to Cleoniceras, is directly derived
from Pseudosaynella. The balmense group of Cleoniceras and the genus
Sonneratia specialise in ornate forms; and it is not unlikely that even
Hoplitide (via Leymeriella) may be in part derived from Cleoniceratide.

Genus AIOLOCERAS nov.’
Genotype Cleoniceras argentinum Bonarelli (6), p. 24, pl. 4, figs. 3, 6.

Diagnosis.—Platyconic shells with narrow venter; early whorls with
sharp, falcate ribs, later whorls smooth; septal suture with narrow-stemmed
bifid saddles, irregularly trifid L,, and prominent suspensive lobe with a number
of accessory lobes.

The genus includes A. argentinum, the “ Beudanticeras cfr. stoliczkat”’
and “ Uhligella quercifolia”’ of Bonarelli (6, pl. 3), and Desmoceras jonesi
Gregory and Smith. It differs from Cleoniceras in the sharper ribs and
absence of umbilical tubercle.

The Patagonian forms which were referred to the Albian genera
Beudanticeras and Cleoniceras by Bonarelli occur in a bed below the horizon
with Sanmartinoceras patagonicum, and, presumably, are Gargasian.

Although the genera Avoloceras and Cleoniceras are so similar there
may be a slight hiatus between their ranges, for similar forms are not known
from the lowest Albian. They may, therefore, possibly be homceomorphs in
the same family.

le .F . . .
17 aiodos, changing (i.e. in ornament).

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 207

AIOLOCERAS JONESI (Gregory and Smith).
1903. Desmoceras jonest Gregory and Smith (86), p. 142, pl. 22.

The writer has not seen the type of this species, whose whorl-section
has not been figured. But the description of the feature given by Gregory
and Smith shows that it agrees in general with that of A. argentinum as it
does in the other features of involution and ribbing.

In the ornamentation ceasing at an early stage the genus is more like
Cleoniceras of the cleon type (d’Orbigny, 69, pl. 84, fig. 1) than like C. seunesi
Bonarelli.18 :

The ribbing ceases at a slightly earlier stage than in most of the
forms figured by Bonarelli, though it is most like A. argentinum. In the
density of ribbing it is nearer to the typical form of that species rather than
to A. argentinum var. meseticum (Bonarelli) (6, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 7).

Unfortunately the ventro-lateral ornamentation of the early whorls of
A. jonesi is not known, so that it is not certain whether the species possessed
the rather Cleoniceras-like ribs which develop on A. “ stoliczkai”’ (Bonarelli
non Kossmat) (6, pl. 3, fig. 4).

The species had been compared to the Ammonites beudanti of Stoliczka
(= Beudanticeras stoliczkai, Kossmat sp.). But, as Spath (101, p. 52) has
stated, it has nothing to do with Beudanticeras.

Locality.—Mitchell River (Bourke Museum Coll.).

Family ANCYLOCERATIDA Hyatt (emend. nov.).

Hyatt (40, p. 587) included in this family the trituberculate hetero-
morphic genera of the Neocomian and Aptian, together with such widely
different forms as the Lower Albian Pictetia. Even if restricted to the tritu-
berculate genera the family is certainly heterogeneous. Most of the forms
may be of more or less direct lytoceratid origin; but such genera as, e.g.,
Distoloceras have a more complex ancestry. Ancyloceras (s. str.) is found in
the Lower and in the lower portion of the Upper Bedoulian, but its immediate
ancestor is unknown. In the Upper (possibly at the top of the Lower)
Bedoulian the new genus Auwstraliceras (v. inf.) appears and is replaced in the
Lower’ Gargasian by Tropeum. The inner whorls of Australiceras have
trituberculation essentially of the Ancyloceras type; and it is most probable
that this genus is derived directly from Ancyloceras. Tropeum is non-tubercu-
late; but the trituberculate Australiceras type is continued into the Lower
Gargasian by the group of A. (?%) gigas J. de C. Sowerby (92, vol. 6, p. 188,
pl. 593, fig. 2). A specimen of A. (?) aff. gigas in the Sedgwick Museum
collection shows that the early whorls were trituberculate similar to the

18 Bae: Seunts (88), pl. 12; fig. iE eave

208 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

normal Australiceras. Further the tubercles are regained on the _ body-
chamber ; so that the only difference from the jacki group lies in the ancylo-
ceratid type of coiling. However, as shown by specimens figured by Sinzow
(91), Tropeum includes both crioceratid and ancyloceratid types so that
there may be little genetic significance in this feature. But since only
ancyloceratid types of trituberculate forms are known in the Lower Gargasian
the group may be natural and require separation. Further the Upper Bedoulian
group of “ Ancyloceras’’ urbani Neumayr et Uhlig (65, pl. 50) may connect
the gigas group directly with Ancyloceras thereby making it homceomorphous
with Australiceras. But whether the group is derived from Ancyloceras or
Australiceras must be determined by detailed zonal collecting.

Following immediately upon the disappearance of Tropeum the genus
Ammonitoceras!® makes its appearance. In every feature of size, ribbing,
and coiling, even to the possession of similar coarse costze on the body-
chamber (see 17, pl. 6), the two genera are identical. But the whorls of
Ammonitoceras have bituberculation. From these two criteria of direct replace-
ment in time and perfect agreement but for tuberculation, it is believed
that Ammonitoceras is directly derived from Tropeum. This implies that
tuberculation is suddenly developed throughout; and not first produced on
the body-chamber, spreading to earlier whorls in later species. Such abrupt
changes are known in other cases; and it may be remarked that, as
suggested below, the transition from Australiceras to Tropeum appears to be
effected by the sudden loss of tuberculation.

It is therefore suggested that, instead of including such extraneous
genera as Crioceras (s. str.), Acrieceras and Distoloceras, the family Ancylo-
ceratide should be restricted to the trituberculate Ancyloceras and Australiceras,
the non-tuberculate Tropeum and the bituberculate Ammonitoceras. The
relationship, if any, between the family and the micromorph genera T'oxo-
ceratoides and Tonohamites is yet to be decided.

Genus AUSTRALICERAS nov.
Genotype Crioceras jacki Etheridge Jr.

Diagnosis.—Crioceratid shells with initial whorls trituberculate, later
whorls without tubercles until the adult body-chamber which is trituberculate ;
costs simple or bifurcating near the umbilical margin; septal suture I.U.L.E.
with prominently bifid, relatively short-stemmed saddles and regularly trifid
lobes.

The genus is proposed for a group of species richly represented in
the Australian? Aptian but known also in India by Crioceras australe Waagen

19See Dumas (21, p. 405, pl. 5). “‘ Ancyloceras”’ ackermanni Krenkel, which was
included in Ammonitoceras by Kilian, may however be an uncoiled Cheloniceras (49, p. 799).

20 The genus is named from its typical development in this country.

CRETACEOUS AMMCONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 209

non Moore (111, p. 246, pl. 60, fig. 1); in Russia by Crioceras ramosepiatum
Anthula (8, p. 127, pl. 14, fig. 4), Criceeras gracile Sinzow (91, p. 327), etc. ;
and in England. In England it has been recorded?! from the bodet zone of
the Bedoulian; while in India, from its association with Parahoplitoides and
Cheloniceras, A. australe (Waagen non Moore) represents an ‘Upper Bedoulian
horizon. The genus is apparently represented in the Aptian portion of the
Hilsbildungen of North Germany; for one of Neumayr and Uhlig’s figures (65,
pl. 53, fig. 2) appears to represent an Australiceras with the mediolateral
tubercle diminishing at the transition to the non-tuberculate stage. None
of the Australian species has such small tubercles.

From its known occurrence in the bodet zone and from the fact that
it gives rise to Tropeum, Australiceras has a range of the whole Upper
Bedoulian. Whether it ranges down into the Lower Bedoulian is unknown.
If the gigas group is also to be included the genus ranges into the Lower
Gargasian: No member of that group, however, is yet known in Australia.

The genus had been compared by Boule (9, p. 181) to Dviadochoceras
(nodosocostatum group).

AUSTRALICERAS JACKI (Etheridge fil.).
(Pl. XXXIV., fig. 2.)

1880 Crioceras jackii Etheridge Jr. (23), p. 305, pl. 17, figs. 55-58,

1892 Crioceras australe (pars) (non Moore) Etheridge Jr. (42), pl. 32, figs. 1, 2.
1909 Crioceras jackii (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 37, fig. 1; pl. 38, fig. 3.
1913 Crioceras australe Richards (82), p. 182.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section slightly depressed, sub-
triangular ; cost rectiradiate, slightly flexed; initial whorls with fine tubercles
on every rib, later whorls with prominent ribs with blunt or thorn-like
prominent tubercles, and interspersed non-tuberculate ribs.

Dimensions.—
Holotype 77. 33. 43. 43.
(30, pl. 37, fig. 1) 90. 35. —. 48.
(30, pl. 38, fig. 3) 65. 36: —. 44.

Remarks.—The specific name was spelt jackii by Etheridge but is here
emended to jacki to conform with the rules of nomenclature. Under this
name Etheridge included many distinct forms, his interpretation of the
“species” covering the genera Australiceras and Tropeum (pars). Specific
distinctions are often difficult to define in heteromorphic genera; but several
distinct groups are recognisable in the Australiceras of the “ Rolling Downs.”

21 Spath (103), p. 79. Recorded as Ancyloceras cf. gracile (Sinzow). The species is
represented by four specimens in the Sedgwick Museum Collection, which have been examined
by the writer.

210 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The four figured specimens included above in the synonymy of this species.
differ in the number of ribs per whorl, but have common features in type of
ribbing and tuberculation. A large number of specimens is required to deter-
mine the limits of variation. The specimen now figured has unusually large
tubercles but must be retained in the species.

Localities —Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.; holotype and other specimens) ;
Hughenden (Q.M. Coll.) ; Woody Island, Hervey Bay (U.Q. Coll.)

AUSTRALICERAS IRREGULARE (Tenison-Woods).
(PL. XX VEE fies: 1a, b.)

1882 Crioceras irregulare Tenison-Woods (109), p. 151, pl. 8, fig. 2.

1892 Crioceras irregulare Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 501, pl. 33, fig. 1; pl. 49, fig. 16.
1905 Crioceras jackit (pars) Etheridge Jr. (28), p. 14.

1909 Crioceras jackit (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 145.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorl-section circular; coste wide,
rounded; tubercles sharply defined.

Remarks.—Tenison-Woods’s species was united with A. jacki by Ethe-
ridge, but it differs from it in whorl-section (not having a flattened dorsum)
and in greater width of umbilicus. The figure of the holotype had _ the
initial stage restored to show a widely open first whorl. But Etheridge
(28, p. 14), who re-examined the type and developed the inner whorls, states
that this restoration is quite unjustifiable and that the initial whorls were
of the same type in coiling as those of A. jacki proper. On the specimen
now figured the whorl previous to the one preserved (as shown by an
impression on the matrix of the dorsum) was very close to the later whorl.

Localities —Palmer River (M.M. Coll., holotype); Walsh River (Q.M.
Coll., G.S.Q. Coll.).

AUSTRALICERAS aff. IRREGULARE (Tenison- Woods).
1909 Crioceras jackit (pars) Etheridge Jr. (30), pl. 35, fig. 1.

The large specimen figured by Etheridge has not been seen by the
writer; but its initial whorls appear to be very similar to those of A.
irregulare. ‘The species becomes more closely coiled in later whorls. At the
transition to the non-tuberculate stage the inner row of tubercles are still
retained for a short period after the outer and median rows have disappeared.

Locality.x—Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.).

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 211

AUSTRALICERAS ROBUSTUM sp. nov.
1909 Crioceras jackit (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 32, fig. bea. S38, figs.

Sp. Chars—Coiling crioceratid ; whorls robust with early whorls septi-
tuberculate; costz fairly straight, rectiradiate; whorl-section depressed ;
septal suture very similar to that of A. jack.

Dimensions.—
Holotype: ¢ 144. 37. 42. 40.
BM Coll. =: 5123: An, ba BR:

Remarks.—This species differs from other members of the genus in
being prominently septi-tuberculate.22 The holotype, being an internal mould,
only shows the truncate nature of the cast of the tubercles, but a British
Museum specimen, with test preserved in places, shows the septate condition
very well. Otherwise, in ribbing, whorl-section and thorn-like tubercles it
is very similar to A. jacki but has the tuberculate stage persisting to a
larger diameter. In both the holotype and the British Museum specimen
tuberculation ceases at a diameter of 90 mm. The depressed whorl-section
is another important feature distinguishing it from the other species. A
young specimen in the Queensland Museum collection has earliest whorls of
the jacki type but is septi-tuberculate at a diameter of 30 mm.

Both A. robustum and A jacki are in some respects similar to A.
ramoseptatum (Anthula) (8, p. 127, pl. 14, fig. 4), but differ in ribbing and
tuberculation.

Localities —South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll., holotype); Flinders
River (B.M. Coll.); Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.).

AUSTRALICERAS GRACILE (Sinzow).
(Pl. XXXIV., fig. 4.)
1908 Crioceras gracile Sinzow (91), p. 327, pl. 18, fig. 1.
1909 Crioceras jackis (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl 36, fig 1; pl. 37, fig. 2.
Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section circular; coste straight,
thin and reclined ; septal suture unknown.
Dimensions.—
Figd. (80), pl. 36, fig. 1. 6 220. 32. —. 47.
Figd. (80), pl. 36, fig. 2. 6 105. 36. —. 46.
Remarks.—Under the name Crioceras gracile Sinzow figured a number of

specimens which may belong to more than one species of Australiceras. No.
specimen appears to have been selected as holotype; but if we are to take

22 Judging from the figure, however, the last two tuberculate ribs of the holotype
of A. jacki may also be septi-tuberculate. This condition recalls the earlier Ancyloceras.

212 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

his best specimen as such (91, pl. 18, fig. 1), the two specimens figured by
Etheridge and quoted above must be regarded as belonging to the species.
Etheridge’s specimens differ from Sinzow’s form in being more widely umbili-
cate and in having the tuberculate stage persisting to a greater diameter.
But, considering the variation in crioceratid species, it is not advisable to
erect a new specific name until more is known of the Australian forms.

The species has circular whorl-section and numerous, thin, strongly
reclined ribs. The English form recorded by Spath (108, p. 79) as Ancyloceras
ef. gracile (specimens of which have been seen by the writer) has more com-
pressed whorls and thicker ribs, more like another of Sinzow’s forms (91, pl.
17, figs. 1-4). A. gracile bears considerable resemblance to A. irregulare which.
has thicker ribs; while the ribs of A. graciloides (Sinzow) (91, p. 328, pl. 20,
figs. 1, 2) are not so reclined.

Localities —Victoria Downs, Warrego (Q.M. Coll.); Walsh River (Q.M.
and G.S.Q. Colls.).

AUSTRALICERAS TRANSIENTE sp. nov.
(PL XXXIV., figs. 3 a, Dd.)
Sp. Chars—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section equidimensional, sides sub-
parallel ; costee very. faintly flexed, rectiradiate; tubercles faint, obtusely
conical,

Dimensions.—Holotype: 84. 39. 40. 39.

Remarks.—On the holotype there are about 70 costze to the last whorl.
Tuberculation is not very marked, especially on the first half-whorl exposéd.
The species is perhaps most similar to A. jacki but is distinguished by more
numerous costz, sub-parallel sides, and faintness of tubercles. The tuberculate
stage ceases on the holotype at a diameter of 50 mm. The septal suture
is little known but has apparently broad-stemmed lobes and_ saddles.

Locality.—Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.).

AUSTRALICERAS LAMPROS (Etheridge fil.).

(Pl. XXXV., figs. 1 a, 5.)
1909 Crioceras lampros Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 157, pl. 48.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorls massive; whorl-section sub-
triangular, almost equidimensional; rectiradiate; coste thin, straight, close
together on earlier whorls, coarse and widely separated on the body-chamber ;
initial and final stages trituberculate; septal sutures interlocking, with multi-
dentate branches.

Dimensions.—

B.M. Coll. (figured) : 340 (224). 35. 38. 41.
B.M. Coll. (25366) : 325. 36. —. 44.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—_WHITEHOUSE, 213

Remarks.—The specimen upon which Etheridge founded this species
consisted of a body-chamber, with very coarse, trituberculate costz, in the
possession of the Geological Survey of Queensland. Recently, however, the
earlier portion of the specimen has been found in this collection; and it is
hoped that the complete holotype may be figured in a future paper. The
earlier whorls are of the type shown by the fine specimen figured on Plate I.

The holotype has not the initial whorls preserved; but it is sufficiently
complete to show that the early trituberculation ceased at a diameter of
55 mm. The initial whorls of the specimen now figured are also not pre-
served; but, at a diameter of about 45 mm. (i.e., the earliest stage preserved),
there are faint suggestions of tubercles. There is thus a difference at which,
in these two specimens, the initial tuberculation ceases; but there is every
reason to believe that the specimens are co-specific.

A. lampros is very like certain forms of Tropeum, particularly the
group of 7. bowerbanki (J. de C. Sowerby) (94, p. 410, pl. 34, fig. 1), 7.
hillsi (J. de C. Sowerby) (98, p. 339, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2), and 1. cadocertforme:
(Sinzow) (98, pl. 21, fig. 3). The last-named species has a septal suture
apparently identical with that of A. lampros. It is probable that this group
of Tropeum is derived from the present species.

Localities Queensland! (G.8.Q. Coll., holotype); Glendower Station,
Flinders River (B.M. Coll.).

Genus TROPASUM J. de C. Sowerby.

The name Tropeum proposed in 1837 by J. de C. Sowerby (94, p. 409),
but discredited in the same paper, was revived in 1900 by Hyatt (40, p. 571).
The genotype is Crioceratites bowerbanki J. de C. Sowerby; and although
the geno-holotype has not the initial whorls preserved, yet, as shown by a
young specimen in the Sedgwick Museum Collection, the species is non-
tuberculate. The genus is derived from Australiceras, with which it is identical
in coiling, costation, and septal sutures, but it appears to have developed
along several lines—T'. arcticum being related to <A. transiente and T. rarum to
A. aff. irregulare. In all the species of Australiceras (with the exception
perhaps of A. robustum) tuberculation ceases about the same diameter of whorl.
In some forms all three tubercles disappear simultaneously (80, pl. 37, fig. 2),
while in others the outer (80, pl. 38, fig. 3) or the inner (80, pl. 35, fig. 1)
tubercle may be retained somewhat later than the other two. A. transiente
agrees in every feature with 7’. arcticum except for tuberculation, and it is
noteworthy that the tubercles on the former species are faint. Further, the
tubercles on the earliest part visible of the holotype are fainter than on the
last two tuberculate ribs, suggesting that the change from Australiceras to
Tropeum was achieved by the abrupt cessation of tuberculation, and not
that the tuberculate stage was driven further and further towards the origin
in successively later species. |

Tropeum is known in Europe in the two zones bowerbanki and_hillsi,
of the Lower Gargasian. 5

214 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

TROPAUM AUSTRALE (Moore).

1870 Crioceras australe Moore (64), p. 257, pl. 15, fig. 3.
1892 Crioceras australe Etheridge Jr., pl. 31, fig. 1.

Sp. Chars—Coiling crioceratid, whorls massive. Whorl-section equi-
dimensional. Coste very numerous, thin and close together, rectiradiate to
slightly reclined. Coarse coste of the body-chamber regular and smooth.

Remarks.—By kind permission of the council of the Royal Literary and
Philosophical Society of Bath (England), the writer was recently permitted to
examine the collections of the Bath Museum in search for Moore’s missing
types of Australian Cretaceous fossils. The type of Crioceras australe has
been lost and no record of it could be found.?*

On the grounds of insufficient description and loss of type, Etheridge
(30, p. 136) proposed that Moore’s name should be abandoned. But the
other figures of ammonites (Jurassic) given by Moore give a true representa-
tion of their species, and there is no reason to suppose that the same was
not true of Crioceras australe. Further, there is one form in the Roma
Series? which agrees in features with the species as figured by Moore. It is
therefore not permissible to reject the specific name australe; and the writer
now chooses a specimen figured by Etheridge*® in 1892 as the neotype of the
species.

The neotype is a large specimen and one of the most complete crio-
ceratids recorded from the series. The initial whorls are, unfortunately, not
preserved ; but since the coarse cost of the body-chamber are non-tuberculate
the species is to be placed in T'ropwum rather than in Australiceras.

T. australe is a member of the bowerbanki group (94, p. 410, pl. 34,
fig. 1), but differs from Sowerby’s species in its thinner ribs (which are
more numerous) and in whorl-section (slightly). Some of the forms figured as
Crioceras bowerbanki by Sinzow (91) are very similar.

Crioceras australe Waagen®* non Moore (111, p. 246, pl. 60, fig. 1) is
generically distinct from the species, being an Australiceras. Krenkel, quite
unjustifiably, has identified the species as a Cheloniceras (martini group)
(54; p. 162). Lemoine (55, p. 385) has correctly stated the form to be Aptian.

Localities.—Upper Maranoa River (holotype, specimen destroyed) ; Walsh
River (neotype ; Q.M. Coll.).

23 The writer has since learnt that these specimens perished in the Garden Palace Fire
of London,

*4From its locality (Upper Maranoa River) Moore’s specimen must have been from
the Roma Series.

3 Etheridge (42), pl. 31, fig. 1. A plaster cast of the specimen in the B.M. Collec-
tion has been examined by the writer.

*6The writer has seen Waagen’s type which represents a species not known in
Australia.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 215

TROP4UM LEPTUM (Etheridge fil.).
1909 Crioceras leptus Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 143, pl. 30.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorls compressed, with very numerous,
narrow, rectiradiate cost ; whorl-section sub-triangular.

Dimensions.—Holotype, 6.46. 73. 77.

Remarks.—This species differs from all other forms in the “ Rolling
Downs” in its compression. The inner whorls are unknown so that it may
even be an Australiceras. It is very similar in lateral view to JT. bowerbanki
(Neumayr et Uhlig) non Sowerby (65, pl. 53, fig. 1), whose whorl-section is
not known. 7. spp. of Neumayr and Uhlig (65, pl. 54) are similar but not
as compressed. 7’. percostatum Gabb (85, vol. i., pl. 16) has thicker ribs.

Locality.—Lind River (G.8.Q. Coll., holotype).

TROPHUM ARCTICUM (Stolley).

1909 Crioceras jackii (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 32, fig. 2; pl. 34, fig. 1.
1911 Crioceras arcticum Stolley (107), p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 1 (also text-figs. 1, 2).

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorls with about 65 simple rounded
coste, slightly flexiradiate, separated by sulci of approximately the same
width ; aperture almost equidimensional. |

Dimensions.—(30) Pl. 34, fig. 1: $118. 38. 38. 42.

The perfect agreement of the specimen figured by Etheridge with
Stolley’s holotype from the Gargasian of Spitzbergen is a matter of con-
siderable interest; for the species otherwise has not been recorded beyond
Spitzbergen. The dimensions, course of the ribbing, type and intensity of
the cost are precisely similar. Further there is the same number of ribs
per whorl. The holotype is somewhat crushed so that Stolley was unable
to give the shape of the whorl-section exactly; but it appears to have been
approximately equidimensional as in Etheridge’s specimen.

T. arcticum agrees perfectly with Australiceras transiente in every feature
except tuberculation; and there is no doubt a close connection between the
two species.

Locahty.—Roma (Q.M. Coll.).

TROPAUM UNDATUM sp. nov.
1909 Crioceras jackii (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 31; pl. 38, figs. 4, 5.
1911 Crioceras sp. nov. (aff. arcticum) Stolley (107), p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorl with about 50 almost straight
prorsiradiate ribs ; aperture subcircular.
Dimensions.—
Holotype (Q.M. Coll.) : ¢ 320. 32. 36. 44.
Paratype (G.S8.Q. Coll.) : ¢ 85. 33. 31. 44.

216 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The larger of Etheridge’s two specimens (pl. 31) is selected as holotype.
The main features of the species are the regularly coiled, equidimensional
whorls with prominent rounded coste in the young stage (becoming thinner
and wider apart with age), which continue with slight forward inclination

across the sides. The septal suture is unknown. ‘Stolley’s Spitzbergen speci-
men appears to be identical with this species though the state of preservation
is unsatisfactory.

The closest known form is undoubtedly 7. arcticum Stolley, which
differs in the greater number of costae per whorl and their slight curvature
T. simbirskense?? Jasikowski is somewhat similar but more loosely coiled.

Localities .—
Holotype Q.M. Coll.): Queensland ! (G.8.Q. Coll.) : Walsh River.

TROPAUM RARUM sp. nov.
(Pl. XXXVI, figs. 1 a, b.)

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorls massive, depressed, whorl.
section almost semicircular ; costze wide, rectiradiate.

Dimensions.—
Holotype: 177 (164). 38. 43. 39.
B.M. Coll. (25358): 220. 40. 46. 39.

Remarks.—This species is very similar to the Avustraliceras aff. irregulare,
from which it may be derived. It differs from other Australian species of
Tropeum in its depressed whorl-section. 7. hillsi (J. de C. Sowerby) (98,
p. 339, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2), particularly the type figured by Keeping (p. 91, pl. 2),
is probably the most similar European form, especially in whorl-section.

Localities —Walsh River (Q.M. Coll., holotype); Flinders River (B.M.
Coll.).

Genus TOXOCERATOIDES Spath.
TOXOCERATOIDES TAYLORI (Etheridge fil.)

1892 Ancyloceras taylori Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 498, pl. 42, fig. 13.
non 1909 Crioceras taylort Etheridge Jr. (80).

Sp. Chars—Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid ; non-tuberculate ; coste
broad ; cross-section sub-circular, slightly compressed.

Remarks.—Two specimens of this species are known—the holotype from

the Walsh River and a fragmentary specimen, associated with <Australiceras
robustum, from the same locality. Both specimens are in the collection of

the Queensland Museum.

27 See Sinzow (90), pl. 6, fig. 1. The species was wrongly identified as Australiceras
gracile by Kilian (48, p. 355).

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 217

Toxoceratoides includes both tuberculate and non-tuberculate species, the
latter no doubt derived from the former. Forms like 7. royerianus (d’Orbigny)
(69, p. 481, pl. 118, figs. 7-11) have trituberculation ; in others, e.g. 7. royeri
(v. Koenen pars, non d’Orbigny) (51, p. 399, pl. 37, fig. 7), the row of
umbilical tubercles has disappeared. 7’. taylori, in being non-tuberculate, agrees
with 7. rotundus (Phillips) ;?8 but a closer relationship exists with 7. cequi-
cingulatus (von Koenen) (51, p. 394, pl. 37, figs. 5, 6). Von Koenen’s species
has faint ventro-lateral tubercles, which are not present on 7. taylori, other-
wise the agreement is very close.

As mentioned below, there is unfortunately a very close resemblance
between 7. taylori and Labeceras bryant which occurs at another horizon in
the “‘ Rolling Downs.”

Locality—Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.).

C.—ALBIAN SPECIES.
Family DESMOCERATID~ Zittel.

This family has been critically revised by Dr. Spath in recent papers
(98 and 101).

In tracing the generic succession in the Desmoceratide the apparent
continuity of a puzosid stock is particularly noticeable. The Upper Barremian
to Lower Aptian Melchiorites is replaced in the Aptian (? Lower Gargasian)
by Uhligella (s. str.). Puzosia itself appears in the Lower Albian—e.g.
P. kilianit Fallot, P. quenstedtt (Parona and Bonarelli), ete—and continues
into the Cenomanian where Austiniceras makes its appearance. All three
genera have a strong community of character (in ornament, coiling, constric-
tions, and septal suture); and, since they replace one another in time, most
probably form a lineage.?® Inflated forms (Pleuropachydiscus, Callizoniceras,
Desmoceras, etc.) have been produced from time to time, and Desmoceras,
e.g., may be connected with Puzosia via the group of P. cf. emerici (Parona
and Bonarelli) non Raspail sp. (71, p. 80, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2). Such inflated
forms, though often of long duration, were apparently not very important as
nuclei from which other genera developed. Such specialised genera as, e.g.,
Hauericeras and Pachydiscus are also probable offshoots from the puzosid
lineage.

28 Phillips (75), pl. 1, fig. 24. The species, specimens of which have been collected
by the writer at Speeton, has not been adequately figured.

29 Dr. Spath, however, doubts whether there is a connection between Puzosia and
Uhligella (101, p. 34); but the writer believes that the type Uhligella is very close to
Puzosia. The occurrence of the Uhligella type of ornament on a rare form of Puzosia
communis as mentioned by Spath (101, p. 49) is of interest in this connection. The other
possible explanation of the family Desmoceratide would be that it is an assemblage of
homceomorphous genera repeatedly derived from Phylloceratide, etc.; and, while the
writer believes that some forms have been thus derived, a central puzosid lineage from which
other genera developed is regarded as the most satisfactory explanation of the majority
of the desmoceratids.

218 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Spath (98, p. 128) has suggested that the genus Parapuzosia is not
directly developed from Austiniceras and points to “ Puzosia”’ curvatisulcata
Chatwin and Withers as a more nearly related form. But it is admitted
later that this species may also be an Austiniceras; and the writer believes
that Parapuzosia is probably the end form of the lineage.

The relationships of Beudanticeras Hitzel are not clear. Within the
genus there are two groups represented by forms with narrow and _ wide
stems respectively to the septal saddles. This was realised by Jacob (45),
who placed them in different but ineligible genera. Whether, therefore, the
genus had a dual origin is a matter for investigation. Spath (101, p. 37)
believes Beudanticeras to be a special “wave” of phylloceratids; but the
writer believes that, at least in part, the group is derived from Uhligella.
The ornamentation of such forms as B. dupinianum d’Orbigny is very like
that of Uhligella on the one hand and Cleoniceras on the other.

It is most probable that Desmoceratide were derived from Phylloceratide,
particularly owing to the nature of the septal suture. But the close approxi-
mation of such forms as Desmoceras and certain Parapachydiscus—e.g. P.
umtafunensis (Crick ms.) Spath (98, p. 133, pl. 9, fig. 4-to Lytoceratide
(Gaudryceras and Tetragonites) makes distinctions very difficult, particularly
since little is known of developmental details of the species in the various
genera. Spath has suggested (101, p. 33) that Desmoceratide as known at
present may even contain some derivatives of Lytoceratide.

Genus PUZOSIA Bayle.
PUZOSIA LONGMANTI sp. nov.*°
(PI GER RVIFS fenos' Pl, RRR igs? Pa) bs)

Sp. Chars.—Coiling serpental, subangustumbilicate ; sides slightly con-
vergent (sub-parallel), venter evenly arched; gradumbilicate; seven or eight
faint constrictions per whorl, each slightly flexed and with a very small
(almost negligible) peripheral projection; densiseptate; septal suture with
irregularly bifid saddles and slightly irregularly trifid lobes.

Dimensions.—Holotype (Q.M. Coll.) : 105 (94). 47. 34. 24.

Remarks.—Only the one specimen (of unusually large size) is known at
present. The most similar species is P. communis Spath (101, p. 47, pl. 2,
fig. 3), which has the same dimensions and agrees almost perfectly in whorl-
section and type of septal suture. P. longmani, however, is gradumbilicate
whereas the umbilical shoulder in P. communis is rounded; further, the
constrictions are less prominent and the saddles of the septal sutures have
narrower stems. PP. sharper Spath (101, p. 46, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12) has a
wider umbilicus and fewer constrictions. P. mayoriana (d’Orbigny) (69, p. 267,

°0Jn honour of Mr. H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum, |

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 219

pl. 79) has a similar (though wider) gradumbilicus but fewer constrictions
and there is a deeper suspensive lobe to the septal suture. Further the
constrictions have a very pronounced: peripheral projection. P. mayoriana var.
natalensis Crick (16, p. 213, pl. 14, fig. 4) is closer in the faintness of con-
strictions ; but whorl-section and the peripheral projection of the constrictions
are still different. The huge P.(?) subtelis Crick (16, p. 217, pl. 14, fig. 5)
has strongly prorsiradiate constrictions but agrees fairly well otherwise. The
constrictions of P. furnitana (Pervinquiére) (78, p. 157, pl. 6, figs. 27, 28),
P. crebrisulecata Kossmat, and P. odiense Kossmat (52. ¢, pl. 17, fig. 4; pl. 16,
fig. 5) have different curvature. The Lower Cenomanian P. planulata (J. de
C. Sowerby) (92, vol. vi., p. 134, pl. 570, fig. 5) and P. octosulcata (Sharpe)
(89, p. 42, pl. xix., fig. 3) differ in dimensions.

In the Lower Albian there are several groups of Puzosia; and the
group of P. quenstedtt (Parona and Bonarelli)*! (71, p. 81, pl. 11, fig. 3) and
P. kiliani Fallot (82, p. 513, pl. 1, figs. 1-3) bears considerable resemblance to.
the present species. The writer believes that P. quenstedti is ancestral to both
P. mayoriana and P. communis.

Locality —Barcoo River (Q.M. Coll.).

Genus BEUDANTICERAS Hitzel.
BEUDANTICERAS FLINDERSI (McCoy).

1865 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (58), p. 51.

1865 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (59), p. 334.

1867 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (60), p. 196.

1868 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (61), p. 42.

1878 Ammonites beudanti var. mitchelli Etheridge (Senior) (22), p. 345, pl. 23, fig. 1 only.
1892 Haploceras flindersi Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 494, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2 only.

1902 Haploceras flinderst Etheridge Jr. (26), p. 31.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling oligogyral, subangustumbilicate; sides flattened,
venter evenly arched, whorl-section subovate ; gradumbilicate ; fine subfalciform
strie radially directed, sometimes also faint sub-costz; constrictions rare and
faint; septal suture with irregularly trifid external lobe, narrow-stemmed
saddles and prominent suspensive lobe.

Dimensions.—
Figured Etheridge (22), pl. 23, fig. 1: 4 130. 44. 28. 29.

187. 46. 28. 29.
Q.M. Coll. i 43. 27. 28.

Remarks.—Etheridge jr. (42, p. 495), who examined McCoy’s type,
believed this species to be identical with Ammonites beudanti var. mitchelli

- P. mayoriana Bayle non d@Orbigny sp. (69, vol. iv., pl. 45, figs. 6-8) is probably
this species as Spath has indicated (101, p. 45).

220 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Etheridge (Senior). This identification is confirmed by the present writer,

who hopes to figure McCoy’s types of Australian Cretaceous invertebrates in
a forthcoming paper.

Spath (101, p. 52) believed that the species, as represented by Ethe-
ridge’s original figure, is not a Beudanticeras. With this view the writer
disagrees. Within the genus there are two groups—one, typified by B.
beudanti (Brongniart),®2 having narrow-stemmed saddles; the other, typified by
B. levigatum (J. de C. Sowerby),3* with wide stems. Both groups appear
in the Lower and continue ‘to the Upper Albian. 8B. flindersi belongs to the
first (type) group. The genus is really of little use for the zonal correlation
of distant areas (unless identical species occur) owing to its long duration
and rather conservative characters.

eS a

Fig. 1.—Septal suture of Beudanticeras flindersi
(McCoy). Specimen from Hughenden
(Q.M. Coll.). Nat. size,

The septal suture of B. flindersi, with its prominent suspensive lobe,
agrees fairly well with that of B. beudanti and B. spherotum (Seeley) ;34 but
the Lower Albian B. convergens (Jacob) (44, p. 29, pl. 2, figs. 24-26) also
possesses this feature, although it is apparently absent from B. wallerant:
(Jacob) (44, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 1-4). The ornament never becomes as prominent
as in B. rebouli (Jacob) (44, p. 32, pl. 4, figs. 1-5), although a Queensland
Museum specimen has faint costz on the body-chamber similar to that on a
specimen of B. walleranti figured by Jacob (44, pl. 3. fig. 2). The venter is
not narrowed as in B. beudanti, but is more like that of B. spherotum, which
is perhaps the nearest European species. The Indian B. stoliczkai Kossmat
(52>, p. 119, pl. 18, fig. 6) is probably the most similar species, but the
suspensive lobe is more prominent. Further, although several young specimens
of B. flindersi have been examined by the writer, none have shown the promi-
nent constrictions which are developed in the young stages of B. stoliczkai.

Localities —Base of Walker’s Tableland, Flinders River (N.M. Coll.,

holotype); Hughenden Station, Flinders River (R.D. Coll.); Hughenden
(Q.M. Coll.).

32 Brongniart (18), pp. 95, 99, 394, pl. 7, fig. 2. See also Spath (101), p. 49.
33, J. de C. Sowerby (92), vol. vi., p. 93, pl. 549, fig. 1. See also Spath (101), p. 55.
34Type figured by Spath (101), p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 1.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 221

BEUDANTICERAS (?) DAINTREEI (Etheridge).

1872 Ammoniies daintreet Etheridge (22), p. 346, pl. 24.

1892 Haploceras daintreet Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 495, pl. 29, figs. 1-3.
1901 Haploceras daintreet Etheridge Jr. (24), p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 3.
1902 Haploceras daintreei Etheridge Jr. (26), p. 49, pl. 7, figs. 2-4.

? non 1902 Haploceras daintreei Etheridge Jr. (25), p. 44, pl. 7, fig. 1.
non 1913 Haploceras daintreet Etheridge Jr. (81), p. 23.

non 1921 Beudanticeras daintreet Bonarelli (6), p. 23, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling oligogyral, sublatumbilicate, subgradumbilicate ; sides
convergent, venter arched, whorl-section ovate; subcostate, with intermittent
constrictions ; septal suture complex, with many auxiliary lobes. and prominent
suspensive lobe.

Fig. 2.—Septal suture of Beudanticeras (?) daintreet
(Etheridge), Specimen from Hughenden
(Q.M. Coll.). Nat. size.
Dimensions.—
Holotype (B.D. Coll.): ¢ 98. 43. 30. 35.
Figured (26), pl. vii.: & 135. 42. 32. 34.

124. 45. 31. 31.
ae eae { 96. 44. 34. 33.
Remarks.—This species is rather difficult to place generically. In many

respects it resembles the Upper Aptian Uhligella, particularly the group of
U. sequenze (Coquand) (15, p. 40, pl. 11, fig. 10) and U. stremmei
(Zwierzycki) (116, p. 69, pl. vii., figs. 3, 4). It has relationships with both
Puzosia and Beudanticeras and may indeed be a separate offshoot from the
former, parallel to Beudanticeras. The ornament is distinctly puzosid although
certain groups of Beudanticeras (e.g. B. rebouli Jacob sp.) are prominently
costate. The inflation of the shell- is also reminiscent of Puzosia.

The South Australian specimen figured by Etheridge (25, p. 44, pl. 7,
fig. 1) may be a Parahoplitoides as mentioned above. Etheridge (81, p. 23)
also recorded the species doubtfully from the Gin Gin chalk (Lower Santonian)
of Western Australia. These specimens, however, seen by the writer, belong
to Parapuzosia. The Aptian ‘“‘ Beudanticeras daintreei’’ figured by Bonarelli from
Patagonia is not this species and probably belongs to UAligella or Aioloceras.

Localities —Hughenden (R.D. Coll., holotype); Hughenden (Q.M. Coll.) ;
Yandamah Creek (M.G.M. Coll.).

2220 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

BEUDANTICERAS (?) SUTHERLANDI (Etheridge).
1872 Ammonites sutherlandt Etheridge (23), p. 345, pl. 21, fig. 4.
1892 Ammonites (Haploceras) sutherlandt Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 496, pl. 29, fig. 4.

The writer has not seen an example of this species. It appears to be
an abnormally involute Beudanticeras, and in the absence of further evidence
is tentatively placed in that genus. Etheridge (42, p. 496) compared it with
Ammonites cassida Raspail which is a Hauterivian Barremites and quite distinct.

Lecality—Marathon (R.D. Coll., holotype).

Family DIPOLOCERATID Spath.
Genus PROHYSTEROCERAS Spath.
- PROHYSTEROCERAS RICHARDSI sp. nov.*

(Pl. XXXVI., fig. 2; pl. XXXVIIL., figs. 1 a, b.)
1909 Schloenbachia rostratus (J. Sowerby) Etheridge Jr. (pars) (80), pl. 67, fig. 1 only.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling serpental, sublatumbilicate; alticarinate; sides
almost flat, venter planicarinate, whorl-section approximately square; cost
broad, rounded, and very slightly flexed, bifurcating at the umbilical edge
where, in the young stage, there is a prominent tubercle (bullate) which
diminishes with age; ventro-lateral tubercle barely developed, but with faint
spiral grooving; septal suture with bifid saddles and regularly trifid lobes, L,
much shallower than EL.

Dimensions.—
145. 42. 30. 41.
Holotype (Q.M. Coll.) : 100. 44. a 43.
Figured (30), pl. 67, fig. 1: 6106. 33. —. 43.
(F.W.W. Coll.) : 84. 32. 33. 46.

Remarks.—The species belongs to the group of quadrate-whorled forms
with planicarinate venter characteristic of the varicosus and upper orbignyi
zones. P. richardsi®® actually appears to be present at Folkestone. P. good-
halli (J. Sowerby) (92, vol. ii., p. 100, pl. 255) is very similar but more
compressed ; and the Madagascan species, erroneously identified by Boule,
Lemoine and Thevenin®’ as Schloenbachia (Mortoniceras) bourchardiana (d’Orbigny)
appears to differ only in having slightly more ribs per whorl. P. burckhardti
(Bose) (7, p. 61, pl: 1, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5) is rather similar but more compressed
and the cost are more flexed. P. balmatianum Pictet (79, p. 97, pl. 9, fig. 1) has

3° In honour of Professor H. C. Richards.

36 Represented by a specimen in the Sedgwick Museum Collection.

37 Boule, Lemoine and Thevenin (10), p. 39, pl. 9, fig. 11. D’Orbigny’s species is a
Dipoloceras.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 223

a similar whorl-section but there are considerable differences in ornamentation,
particularly in the development of the ventro-lateral tubercle. The Indian
P. propinquum (Stoliczka) (104, p. 53, pl. 31, figs. 1-2) is similar but differs
in whorl-section and in the peculiar decline of ornament on the body-chamber.
P. decipiens Spath (97, p. 145, pl. 4, fig. 13) has certain points of resemblance
but the ribs are straighter and rarely bifurcate.

The septal suture of P. richardsi is peculiar in the shallowness of Li,
a condition reminiscent of the Dzipoloceras and Inflaticeras type of suture.

Localities.—*‘ Toliness,’”” Augathella (Q.M. Coll., holotype); South Central
Queensland (A.M. Coll.) ; 23 miles S.W. of Tambo (west bank of Ward River)
(F.W.W. Coll.).

PROHYSTEROCERAS RICHARDSI var. NITIDUM nov.

(Pl. XXXVL., fig. 3.)

1909 Schloenbachia rostratus var. antipodeus Etheridge Jr. (non olim) (80), p. 237, pl. 67,
figs. 3, 4. :

The small form figured by “Etheridge differs from P. richardsi proper
mainly in having sharper ribs, and may be separated as a variety of that.
species, Etheridge’s specimen being taken as the type. It has nothing to do
with Etheridge’s AHystrichoceras (?%) antipodeus from Point Charles which
belongs to another genus. The measurements given here are taken from a
plaster cast of the holotype kindly supplied by the Australian Museum.

Dimensions.—Holotype : 44. 30. 35. 47.
Locality.—South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll., holotype).

PROHYSTEROCERAS ANGOLAENSE (Boule, Lemoine et Thevenin).
1892 Ammonites (Schloenbachia) inflatus Etheridge Jr. (non Sowerby) (42), p. 493, pl. 34,

figs. 1-3.
1907 Schloenbachia inflata var. angolaensis Boule, Lemoine and Thevenin (10), p. 41, text-
fig. 21. ‘
1909 Schloenbachia rostratus Etheridge Jr. (non Sowerby) pars. (80), pl. 65; pl. 66, fig. 1
only.

P. angolaense is undoubtedly very closely related to P. richardst,.differmg
in the wider spacing of the ribs and probably in the peculiar ventro-lateral
tubercle which develops on later whorls. The writer has not found it possible
to separate specifically the Queensland and Madagascan forms; and this is.
of interest in view of the presence of other species in Madagascar closely
allied to P. richardst.

Boule, Lemoine and Thevenin’s treatment of Inflaticeras «quatoriale
(Kossmat) included several species of both Jnflaticeras and Prohysteroceras.
One of the latter (10, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9) is probably related to P. richardsi
and, in its ventro-lateral tubercle, develops parallel to P. angolaense.

224 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The group of species which develops this peculiar tuberculation on
advanced whorls is characteristic of the Upper orbignyi and the varicosus
zones in the Folkestone section. In the later cost not bifurcating the
group apparently is somewhat parallel to Hlobiceras. Spath (97, p. 101) included
Etheridge’s specimen*® in Inflaticeras (= Subschloenbachia); but although the
group is transitional to IJnflaticeras it is more advisable to leave the species
in. Prohysteroceras.

Locality.—South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll.); Glanmire Block,
near Tambo (G.8.Q. Coll.).

Genus INFLATICERAS Stieler.
INFLATICERAS SP. NOV.

1909 Schloenbachia rostratus Etheridge Jr. (non Sowerby), pars, (80), pl. 66, fig. 2; pl. 67,
fig. 2 only.

This species is only known from fragments at present. It belongs to
a group of forms characteristic of the varicosus zone and of which Schloen-
bachia rostrata Bayle non Sowerby sp. (5, pl. 91) may be taken as the type.
This group differs from later species of JIJnflaticeras (rostrata group, etc.) in
the concentric ornament being developed on the sides also, and not confined
to the ventro-lateral tubercle. It probably leads directly to the group of
I. perinflata Spath®® in which, besides having the concentric ornament only
on the outer tubercle, there are differences in the duplication of the ventro-
lateral and prominence of the medio-lateral tubercle.

This group, unfortunately, is inadequately figured and the whorl-section
of Bayle’s specimen is unknown.

A specimen in the Australian Museum Collection shows that, at least
at a whorl thickness of 30 mm., the ventro-lateral tubercle had not developed ;
so that the group has very early features of Inflaticeras. On a badly worn
specimen in the writer’s collection bifurcation of costz ceases at a diameter
of about 145 mm.

Localities—South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll.); 23 miles S.W. of
Tambo, west bank of Ward River (F.W.W. Coll.).

Family HAMITIDAD Hyatt (emend. Spath).

Three names are in common use for the costate non-tuberculate hamitids
of the Albian—Hamites Parkinson, TJorneutoceras Hyatt and Helicoceras
d’Orbigny ; but the significance of each name is not definite. Hamites includes

38 Etheridge (30), pl. 65.
39Spath (97), p. 113; holotype, Pictet and Campiche (78), pl. 22, fig. 3.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA,.—WHITEHOUSE, 225

the groups of attenuatus J. Sowerby (small “ Lower’? Gault forms) and maximus
J. Sowerby (large forms of the “ Upper” Gault), though little is known of
species from the delarwei and lower cornutus zones.

The Upper Albian forms have delicate attenuated shells with either
spiral or “ ptychoceratoid ” initial whorls. For the group of Hamites attenuatus
d’Orbigny non Sowerby (69, p. 533, pl. 131, figs. 9-13), Hyatt (40, p. 586)
proposed the genus JT'orneutoceras, no definition being given. D’Orbigny’s
figure is apparently somewhat idealised; but the species differs from the
maximus group in the cost being less inclined and not continued across the
dorsum, and (possibly) in the “ ptychoceratoid”’ beginning. Unless a division
into two such groups has a zonal significance there is little occasion for
separating “ Torneutoceras”’; for the costal distinction is not particularly
momentous and, with the known variation in initial whorls of these forms,
the “ptychoceratoid’’ character is of doubtful importance. .When more
complete individuals of H. venetzianus Pictet (79, p. 134, pl. 14, fig. 6) are
known this may have to be separated as a new genus, but it is advisable
to retain H. attenuatus d’Orbigny non Sowerby in Hamites.

There is a constant tendency in the normally coiled ammonites towards
asymmetry, sometimes shown in the disagreement between two halves of a
septal suture, in the siphuncle deviating from the median line, in the alter-
nation of ventro-lateral tubercles or in a tendency for the coiling to vary from
a plane. In Hamites with its delicate initial whorls so far apart such a
tendency must lead to helicoid forms; and a species may include forms
some with uniplanous and some with helicoid initial whorls. But Helicoceras
d’Orbigny (69, p. 611; see Spath 97, p. 149) has been proposed for the
helicoid hamitids differing from Hamites only in coiling. Such a genus must
have little systematic value and very probably may have to be abandoned.
The genus Turrilitoides Spath (99, p. 76), however, which is also a non-tubercu-
late hamitid, covers a natural group.

Smooth developments of the Hamitide appear in the Upper Albian.
Lechites Nowak (66. a, p. 350), which is closely related to Hamites, is derived
by the decreasing costation and increased length of the shell. Cyrtochilus
Meek (68, p. 392), which develops from Lechites, continues the decline of
costation, most of the septate portion being smooth. It is most characteristic
of the Lower Cenomanian though the Upper Albian C. bourchardianus
(d’Orbigny) is an early member of the genus. Nowak (66a, p. 350), apparently
overlooking Meek’s generic name but recognising the relationship between the
two genera, included C. baculoides (Mantell) in Lechites ; but he gives erroneous
data for the age of the species, and Lechites gaudini, which is narrowly
restricted in the Upper Albian, is stated to range through the entire
Cenomanian.

926 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Genus HAMITES Parkinson.
HAMITES aff. MAXIMUS J. Sowerby.
(Pl. XXXIX., figs: 2 a, b.)

One specimen is known, represented by a body-chamber, with an
injury on one side (not shown in the figure). The cross-section is circular.
Coste are discontinuous across the dorsum. The thin flange-like cost remove
it from H. maximus J. Sowerby (92, vol. i., pl. 62, fig. 1) and H. atienuatus
d’Orbigny non Sowerby (69, pl. 131, fig. 9), though this difference may be
due to the specimen being an internal mould. Similar flange-like costz occur
on the H. rotundus (non Sowerby) of d’Orbigny (69, pl. 132, fig. 1) and
Pictet (79, p. 129, pl. 14, fig. 1), and on the American H. cequicostatus Gabb
(85, vol. i., p. 74, pl. 13, fig. 20). It is larger than H. intermedius J. Sowerby
(92, vol. i., pl. 62, fig. 2) and the coste are wider apart than in H. charpentiert
Pictet (79, p. 131, pl. 14, figs. 2-4). The group is particularly characteristic
of the cristatus zone at Folkestone.

The septal suture has short prominently bifid wide-stemmed saddles
and regularly trifid lateral lobes.

Locality—Ward River (head of Warrego) (Q.M. Coll.).

HAMITES SP. NOY.
1909 Crioceras sp. Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 42, fig. 1.

The specimen figured by Etheridge is a member of the maximus group
of Hamites but distinct from all species described. Its huge size renders
comparison difficult though some undescribed Folkestone forms approach it
closely.

Locality —Tambo (A.M. Coll.).

Genus LABECERAS nov.
Genotype: Labeceras papulatum sp. nov.

Diagnosis.—Small shells with ancyloceratid coiling; aperture with short
lateral lappets but no rostrum, coste simple; septal suture I.U.L.E., with
broad saddles and relatively narrow lobes.

It is doubtful whether this genus is related to Hamitide or Scaphitide ;
and for the present it is left with the former family. The early whorls are
crioceratid, but the body-chamber is developed on a hook-shaped termination.
Five species are known: JL. laqueus (Etheridge fil.), L. bryani sp. nov.,
L. compressum sp. nov., L. papulatum sp. nov., and L. (?) trifidum sp. nov.
The first three show no signs of tuberculation, but on L. papulatum and LI (?)
irifidum tubercles are developed on the inner margin of the hook.

The genus has not been figured outside Australia at present.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 227

LABECERAS BRYANT sp. nov.
(Pl. XXXIX., figs. 4 a, b.)
1909 Crioceras taylori (pars, non olim) Etheridge Jr. (30), pl. 49, figs. 3, 5, 6 only.

Sp. Chars.—Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid, with the aperture pointing
towards ‘the shaft; non-tuberculate; costze very broad and, on the _ body-
chamber, fairly widely spaced; cross-section subcircular, slightly compressed ;
aperture with rather long lappets; septal suture with broad saddles and
narrow lobes.

Remarks.—This species is somewhat variable, to judge from the specimens
examined. It is here restricted to the broadly costate forms with subcircular
whorl-section. Etheridge (80, pl. 49, fig. 4), however, included in the species
one form belonging to L. laqueus. In the holotype. (pl. vi., fig. 4) the lateral
lappet is visible at the aperture. Further the crioceratid portion of the
whorl gave place to the straight limb at the base of the specimen, for there
is an impression of the dorsum of the coil around it. The maximum thickness
-of the whorl is at the dorsum.

There is an interesting, though unfortunate, homceomorphic resemblance
between L. bryant and Towxoceratoides taylori (Etheridge fil.), and the two
had been grouped in the one species by Etheridge. LL. bryani is a species
from the Tambo Series whereas 7’. taylori is from low in the Roma Series.
Small isolated fragments of the two are bound to be confused; but on
complete specimens the closeness of coiling of the early whorls is a good
distinguishing feature, while it is probable that, when discovered, the aperture
of T. taylori will, in accordance with the general features of Towxoceratoides,
not be directed towards the shaft as in Labeceras.

The species is named in honour of Mr. W. H. Bryan.
Locality —South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll.).

LABECERAS LAQUEUS (Etheridge fil.).

1892 Hamites (or Hamulina) laqueus Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 496, pl. 42, figs. 14, 15.
1909 Crioceras taylori (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 49, fig. 4 only. ;

Sp. Chars.—Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid with aperture facing
towards the shaft; cross-section circular; non-tuberculate; cost thin,
numerous.

Remarks.—This species differs from L. bryani, to which it is closely related,
in the coste being finer and more numerous, and in the whorl-section being
circular. Etheridge, in a subsequent work (80, p. 160) confused his earlier
‘species and appears to have regarded as L. laqueus the tuberculate form here
separated as a new species (L. trifidum). But the holotype (42, pl. 42, fig. 14)

228 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

is non-tuberculate, and the species must be restricted to forms agreeing with
this. Such a form was figured by Etheridge in 1909 (80, pl. 49, fig. 4) as
LI. taylori. Two species were figured by Etheridge in 1905 as Anzsoceras (?)
sp. (28, pl. 2, figs. 1-3); and these were later included in the synonymy of
L. laqueus (80, p. 160). But two of the specimens are apparently Hamites
while the third (fig. 3) may belong to Labeceras but is apparently not L-
laqueus.

Localities —Tower Hill (Q.M. Coll., holotype); South Central Queensland.
(A.M. Coll.).

LABECERAS COMPRESSUM sp. nov.
(Pl. XXXVL., fig. 5; pl. XXXIX., figs. 5 a, b.)

Sp. Chars.—Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid with aperture facing to-
wards the shaft, whorl-section compressed ; non-tuberculate ; coste numerous,
thin, slightly prorsiradiate ; septal suture normal.

Remarks.—This species is notable for its very compressed section in
which the height of the whorl is nearly twice the breadth. It is related
to L. laqueus which it resembles in costation. On the holotype the lateral
lappet at the aperture is well seen.

Locality —Tower Hill, Muttaburra (Q.M. Coll.).

LABECERAS PAPULATUM sp. nov.
(Pl. XXXVL, fig. 4; pl. XXXIX., figs. 3 a, b.)

Sp. Chars—Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid with aperture facing
towards the shaft; small dorso-lateral tubercles are developed on the body-
chamber; coste very thin, close together; whorl-section circular; septal
suture with very broad paucidentate saddles and very narrow lobes.

Remarks.—This_ species is distinguished by (1) the papillate tubercles.
on the body-chamber, (2) the fineness of the ribs, and (3) the extreme
narrowness of the septal lobes. It is perhaps related to L. laqueus to which,
except for the development of tubercles, it is very similar.

Locality —Longreach (B.M. Coll.).

LABECERAS TRIFIDUM sp. nov.

1892 Crioceras sp. Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 502, pl. 33, fig. 4.
1909 Crioceras laqueus (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 49, figs. 7 and 9 (non fig. 8).

Sp. Chars.—Complete specimens unknown (? micromorph ancyloceratid) ;
body-chamber with prominent dorso-lateral tubercles from which very fine

but prominent ribs trifurcate. Whorl-section subcircular with rather flattened.
dorsum. —

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE. 229

Remarks.—As holotype is taken a specimen (G.8S.Q. Coll.) figured by
Etheridge (80, pl. 49, fig. 9). The species in its tuberculation is closest to
L. papulatum to which it is probably connected via such forms as a figured
paratype (Etheridge, 30, pl. 49, fig. 7). But it is distinguished from that
species in the prominence of the tubercles, the thin flange-like ribs which
trifurcate at the tubercles, and in its larger size. Three specimens have been
figured, while a fourth has been examined by the writer. In all cases
they consist of the initial part of the body-chamber and the suture line is
thus unknown. But one of the specimens figured by Etheridge (80, pl. 49,
fig. 7) shows that the shell previous to the body-chamber was non-tuberculate.

Labeceras in mode of coiling is homceomorphous with Leptoceras and
Acrioceras; and it is a point of interest that, in the last-named genus,
similar dorso-lateral tubercles are developed on the body-chamber in such
species as A. tabarelli (Astier) (4, p. 19, pl. 7, fig. 9).

Localities —15 miles S.W. of Hughenden (G.8.Q. Coll., holotype) ;
Landsborough Creek (G.8.Q. Coll.); South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll.).

Genus APPURDICERAS nov.*°
Genotype Ancyloceras cordycepoides Etheridge fil.

Diagnosis—Micromorph shells with ancyloceratid coiling; strongly
costate and with prominent ventro-lateral tubercles ; septal suture I.U.L.E. -

This genus includes two Australian and a number of foreign species.
In the English Gault it is represented by A. spinigerum (J. Sowerby). The
Wiltshire collection in the Sedgwick Museum contains a large number of
complete specimens of A. spinigerum; and from an examination of these
it seems that the early whorls of a species, usually in one plane (crioceratid),
may often be slightly helicoid. Hamuites alternatus Mantell may be a Lower
Cenomanian member of the genus. At Folkestone the genus appears to be
characteristic of the auritus zone (Spath, 99, p. 76).

Appurdiceras is very similar to Anztsoceras from which it differs in not
having a medio-lateral row of tubercles; while the group of “ Hamites”
elegans dOrbigny is another parallel development. Anisoceras is directly
related to Hamites whereas there can be little doubt that Appurdiceras is
derived from Labeceras; and the two genera therefore probably represent
hamitid stocks independently developing tuberculation.

In the uppermost Aptian a group appears, typified by ‘“ Ancyloceras
patagonicum’’ Stolley (108, p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3) which also has ventro-
lateral tubercles only. This group extends into the Lower Albian at least
to the mamillatum zone, but has no genetic relationship with Appurdiceras.

4°From Appurda, which (fide Etheridge) is the name given to these fossils by the
natives of the Lake Eyre region (from the resemblance to ‘‘ purda,’’ worms).

230 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

APPURDICERAS CORDYCEPOIDES (Etheridge fil.).
1905 Ancyloceras cordycepoides Etheridge Jr. (28), p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 3-5; pl. 2, fig. 4.

_ Sp. Chars——Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid; coste broad rounded
close together, prorsiradiate, ventro-lateral tubercles strong, subcircular ;
whorl-section subrectangular (rhomboidal) ; costae bundled in groups of 2 or 3.

Remarks.—lf the three specimens figured by Etheridge are the same
species then the tubercles appear to have been septate; for one shows long
spines whereas two first specimens (casts) have truncate tubercles. There are
some forms in the Wiltshire collection in the Sedgwick Museum from the
Gault of Folkestone which are very similar to A. cordycepoides. Of the
species figured by Sowerby perhaps A. nodosus (92, vol. iv., pl. 216, fig. 3)
is the closest, but it differs in the inclination of the ribs.

Locality.— Dalhousie Springs (G.S.8.A. Coll.).

APPURDICERAS (?) ETHERIDGEI sp. nov.
(Pl. XXXVIIL., figs. 2 a, 6.)

Sp. Chars.—Micromorph, coiling ancyloceratid, with the aperture pointing
towards the shaft; costze prominent rounded; slightly compressed in cross-
section ; ventro-lateral tubercles appear on the shaft only ; septal suture similar
to that of Labeceras bryant.

Remarks.—This very interesting species agrees very well with Labeceras
but for its tubercles. Coiling and septal sutures are identical with L. bryani.
The early (crioceratid) whorls are not known; but tubercles are not present
on the early part of the shaft. This suggests that the species is an early
form of Appurdiceras, although it may represent another branch from Labeceras
_ with similar ventro-lateral tubercles.

The species is named in honour of the late R. Etheridge Jr.
Locality.—Kensington, W. Queensland (N.M. Coll.).

Family ANISOCERATIDA Hyatt emend. Spath.
Genus ANISOCERAS Pictet.
ANISOCERAS SP. NOV.
1909 Crioceras sp, Etheridge Jr, (80), pl. 35, fig. 2; pl. 46, fig. 2; pl. 47, fig. 5.

Whether the two specimens figured by Etheridge represent different
Species cannot yet be decided, although the lateral row of tubercles has not
quite the same position in the two forms. The larger develops peculiar
flange‘like cost on the body-chamber on which the tubercles tend to decline.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF HASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 231

Pictet (76, p. 705) established the genus Anisoceras with Hamites
saussureanus Pictet (79, p. 118, pl. 13, figs. 1-4) as genotype. But the large
composite “specimen ’”’ illustrated, composed of several separate fragments,
may include two genera and it is advisable to select fig. 2a as genotype and
holotype. The genus should be restricted to the bituberculate hamitids of
the Upper Albian and Lower Cenomanian.

The present species is related to A. saussureanum (restricted) but
differs slightly in ribbing and tuberculation.

A. perarmatum Pictet et Campiche (78, p. 65, pl. 49) is somewhat
similar but the ribs are finer and more numerous. On the Cenomanian A.
armatus (Mantell) (62, p. 121, pl. 23, figs. 3, 4) the lateral row of tubercles
is nearer the venter and the ribbing is different.

Locality —Ward River watershed (A.M. Coll.).

Family ALETECERATID i nov.

The four Upper Albian genera Aleteceras, Myloceras, Flindersites nov.
(v. inf.) and Algerites Pervinquiére (all characterised by openly coiled shells,
very lytoceratid, and possessing ventro-lateral tubercles) are included in this
family. The group is evidently a direct offshoot from Lytoceratide via Cica-
irites Anthula (8, p. 100, pl. 7, fig. 6) which is markedly similar to Aleteceras,
differing merely in not having crioceratid whorls and the septate (?) nature of
the tubercles. Cicatrites, at present, is only known in the Caucasus where it
occurs in the aschiltaensis zone (the topmost zone of the Aptian). How
high it extends is of course unknown; but being a lytoceratid its range may
be considerable. The type of ribbing of the Aleteceratide is decidedly lyto-
ceratid ;44 while the septal sutures, which are of the I.U.L.E. type, agree
in every detail with the Lytoceratide, particularly Cicatrites.

Algerites, which differs from the other genera in the relative smoothness
of its whorls, is the only member of the family unknown in Australia; but
the other three genera have not yet been recorded beyond Australia.

Genus ALETHCERAS nov.”
Genotype Crioceras plectoides (Etheridge fil.).

Diagnosis.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section subcircular to subquadrate ;
costa thin; usually reclined; large ventro-lateral tubercles at which the ribs
are bundled usually in groups of three; septal suture I.U.L.E. with strongly
bifid saddles and regularly trifid lobes.

41Compare e.g. Aleteceras and such ribbed lytoceratids as the Senonian Gaudryceras
cineitum (Crick ms.) Spath (98, p. 118, pl. 9, fig. 3).

a2 aAérns, a millstone.
D

232 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

Four species are known—A. plectoides (Etheridge fil.), A. tardicostatum
sp. nov., A. nautiloides (Etheridge fil.) and <A. (?) awonoides (Etheridge fil.).
Both A. plectoides and A. tardicostatum, so far as is known, retain tubercles
throughout life; but a change in type of tuberculation takes place in A.
(4) axonoides, while in A. nautiloides a non-tuberculate stage succeeds tlie
tuberculate. Although zonal collecting has not been made it is probable that
the two latter species are later than the two former.

ALETECERAS PLECTOIDES (Etheridge fil.).
(Pl. 2G. figs. 20.4, 6, °¢). |
1209 Crioceras plectoides Etheridge Jr. (8)), p. 152, pl. 33, fig. 2; pl. 46, fig. 1; pl. 47, figs. 1-4.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorl-section equidimensional, sub-
quadrate; venter arched; cost slightly reclined ; ventro-lateral tubercle
hemispherical, at which the ribs trifurcate; septal suture with saddles and
lobes of equal size, moderately narrow-stemmed.

Lectotype.—Etheridge (80), pl. 46, fig. 1 (A.M. Coll.).

Dimensions.—
Holotype : @ 160: 37. —. 38.
(30), pl. 47, fig. 1: ¢ 86. 40. 48. 36.
PL xk} fig: 2« 78. 42. 42. 35.

Remarks—The first whorl, as in all members of the family as far as
is known, is openly coiled (gyral). The tuberculate ribs in the younger
whorl are more prominent than the non-tuberculate, varying numbers of
which (from 3 to 10) are interposed between each pair of tuberculate ribs.
The latter have a tendency to bifureate near the umbilical margin, the two
branches being united finally by the tubercle from which three ribs proceed
across the venter. In later whorls the tubercle is often spread over three
ribs, which do not subdivide further on passing the tubercle.

Localities —Central or South-west Queensland (A.M. Coll., holotype) ;
South Central Queensland (A.M. Coll.); Wellshot (G.S.Q. Coll.): Walsh River
(Q.M. Coll.).

ALETECERAS TARDICOSTATUM sp. nov.
(PL XL.; figa: 1 a;°b; ©.)

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid ; coste very numerous, close together,
strongly reclined; tubercles sibeeeeler massive; in earlier whorls tubercles
on about every oak rib which trifurcates at the tubercle; in later whorls
the tubercle spreads over three ribs and between are about eight non-tubercu-
late, simple ribs; whorl-section subrectangular ; septal suture narrowly divided.

Dimensions.—Holotype (A.M. Coll.): @ 51. 90.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—_WHITEHOUSE, 2#3

Remarks.—This species differs from <A. plectoides in several respects—ribs
are more numerous, closer together, and more reclined: whorl-section is
slightly more compressed ; tubercles are more prominent, and on later whorls
tuberculation is different; and the branches of ES are more indented. Only
the one specimen has been seen.

The tuberculation of the inner whorls is precisely similar to that of
A. plectoides, but the tubercles are more massive while on later whorls the
position of the tubercles joining three otherwise unaffected ribs is apparently
constant (in A. plectoides this type is not constant on any individual.)

Locality.—South-Central Queensland (A.M. Coll., holotype).

ALETECERAS NAUTILOIDES (Etheridge fil.).
1909 Crioceras nautiloides Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 148, pl. 45 and text-figure 8.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid; whorl-section depressed; sides con-
vergent, venter evenly arched ; early swhorls with tuberculation of the plectoides
type, later whorls non-tuberculate ;. coste straight, reclined; septal suture
with broad saddles and narrow lobes.

Remarks.—The species has been described in detail by Etheridge. The
massive depressed whorls distinguish it from the other species. The tubercula-
tion of the inner whorls is of the same massive type as that seen in the
inner whorls of A. tardicostatum. Later whorls, while having costation essentially
similar to the latter species, have lost all tubercles.’ The septal suture is not
so indented as that of A. tardicostatum, being rather more like that of A.
plectoides.

On account of the tubercles ceasing at a relatively early age Etheridge
(80, p. 150) called attention to the similarity to ‘‘ Crioceras jackii.”” Such
similarity is, of course, purely morphic and there is no connection between
the present species and Australiceras.

Locality — Aramac (G.8.Q. Coll., holotype).

ALETECERAS (2) AXONOIDES (Etheridge fil.).
1909 Crioceras axonoides Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 150, pl. 32, fig. 4; pl. 44, fig. 1.

This species has been well described by Etheridge. It differs markedly
from the other three in its wider umbilicus, the situation of the tubercles
nearer to the central line of the venter, and by the ribs being almost directly
radial. Eventually it may be necessary to remove it from Aleteceras. Tuber-
culation in early whorls is of the Aleteceras type; but on later whorls it is
of the type seen in Myloceras. The flatness of the venter and the position
of the tubercles are also more suggestive of Myloceras though the whorl-section
is that of Aleteceras. The species may be an offshoot from Aleteceras develop-
ing somewhat parallel to Myloceras.

Locality.—‘ Queensland ’’ (M.M. Coll., holotype).

234 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

Genus MYLOCERAS nov.**
Genotype Crioceras ammonoides (Etheridge fil.).

Diagnosis.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section compressed, rectangular ;
costze thin, slightly curved, with small, simple tubercles on the ventro-lateral
angles; septal suture I.U.L.E. with deeply bifid saddles and regularly trifid
lobes.

Three species are known: M. ammonoides (Etheridge fil.), M. orbiculus
sp. nov., and M. davidi sp. nov. The genus is remarkably similar to Algerites
Pervinquiére (74, p. 46), differing mainly in costation. From Aleéeceras it differs in.
being more compressed and in having finer and more numerous tubercles at which
the ribs are not associated in groups of three. The tubercles are mainly
papillate and generally cover one rib only, though in some cases the ribs
may be associated in pairs at the tubercles.

MYLOCERAS AMMONOIDES (Etheridge fil.).
(Pl. XLI., figs. 2 a, 0.)
? 1892 Crioceras edkinsi Etheridge Jr. (42), p. 502, pl. 30, figs. 8, 9.
1909 Crioceras ammonoides Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 151, pl. 49, figs. 1, 2.
% 1909 Leptoceras (7?) edkinsi Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 165.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section very compressed, rect-
angular; venter flattened, sides subparallel; coste very slightly flexed on sides,
straight on venter, bearing small rather elongate tubercles on intermittent
ribs ; tubercles occasionally bundling ribs in pairs; coste not bifurcating at
the tubercles ; septal suture not known.

Dimensions.— Holotype (G.S.Q. Coll.) : & 62. 39. 24. 40.

Remarks.—In the bundling of ribs in pairs at the tubercles the species
is probably nearer to Aleteceras than any other member of the genus. This
relationship is stressed by the size of the tubercles, which, though distinctly
smaller than in Alefeceras, are somewhat larger than in any other species of
Myloceras. In its compressed whorls the species is markedly distinct from the
former genus and is the most compressed species in Myloceras.

The writer has examined the inner whorls of the specimen now figured.
They are remarkably similar to “‘ Crioceras”’ edkinst but there is primitive
bifurcation of the ribs at the tubercles, a feature not mentioned by Etheridge
on “Crioceras” edkinsi. It appears, therefore, that M. edkinsi and WM.
ammonoides may be identical. Until that can be tested definitely the name
ammonoides is retained. The genus has nothing to do with Leptoceras, to
which Etheridge provisionally referred M. edkinsi; and the resemblance does
not even extend to mode of coiling, for Leptoceras is an ancyloceratid micro-
morph.

Locality—Port Douglas (G.8S.Q. Coll., holotype); Dalhousie Springs
(A.M. Coll.).

43 pwados, a millstone.

CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.—WHITEHOUSE, 235

MYLOCERAS ORBICULUS sp. nov.
(Pl. XL, figs: 1a, 6.)

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid ; whorl-section compressed, with slightly
convergent sides and very slightly arched venter; costz thin, very numerous,
slightly flexed on the sides, straight on the venter; tubercles very small,
pappillate, on occasional ribs which do not bifurcate at the tubercle; coste
on the body-chamber non-tuberculate; septal suture with relatively broad,
rectangular, bifid saddles and narrow regularly trifid lobes.

Dimensions.—Holotype (A.M. Coll.) : 122 (95). 48. 34. 31.

Remarks.—One specimen only is known definitely. This is the most
massive-whorled species of the genus and differs from the other forms, not
only in width of whorl, but in the faintness of the pappillate tubercles.
These are to be seen only up to the penultimate chamber, the body-chamber
being non-tuberculate. The septal suture agrees well with that of WM.
ammonoides and it is probable that M. orbiculus is derived from M. ammonoides
which it resembles in many ways.

The slightly greater curvature of the ribs at the end of the holotype
suggests that the specimen is almost complete to the aperture and that the
body-chamber was about half a whorl in length and had short lateral lappets.

Locality.— Beaconsfield (A.M. Coll.) ; West side of Ward River, 23 miles 8.W.
of Tambo (F.W.W. Coll.).

MYLOCERAS DAVIDI sp. nov.
(Pl. XXXVIL., figs. 2 a, b, c.)
1909 Crioceras sp. Etheridge Jr. (80), p. 144, pl. 38, figs. 1, 2.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling crioceratid, whorls compressed ; first whorls more
loosely coiled than later; coste thin, numerous, with small pappillate ventro-
lateral tubercles; septal suture with rectangular saddles and deep very
narrow Ly.

Remarks.—This species is closely related to M. orbiculus. In ribbing
and tuberculation it is markedly similar to that species but differs in being
more compressed and in the deep narrow lateral lobe of the septal suture.
The septal suture of the first whorl, however, is very similar to that of M.
orbiculus. The costz on the specimen figured by Etheridge are straight :
while on the holotype they are slightly flexed. This may not be a specific
difference ; and the curvature on the holotype is exaggerated by medio-lateral
crushing.

Localities—Bowen Downs, Thomson River (Q.M. Coll., holotype) ;
Barcoo, Ward, and Nive Rivers area (A.M. Coll.).

236 .. MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

-

Genus FLINDERSITES nov.“
Genotype F. baccatus sp. nov.

Diagnosis.—Coiling ancyloceratid; whorl-section subcircular to sub-
rectangular, compressed; coste straight or slightly flexed with ventro-lateral
tubercles ; apertures with short lateral lappets ; septal suture 1.U.L.E.

The genus is proposed for group of forms with ancyloceratid coiling.
It is derived apparently from Aleteceras but develops differently in that, in
later (2?) forms, the ventro-lateral tubercle becomes thin and elongated as in
F. flindersi (McCoy). The variety of forms present is amazing, and the
number of specimens seen by the writer is entirely insufficient to determine
the specific limits among the host of forms that have been figured by
Etheridge (42, 28, and 30). Those figures do not include all forms, for
specimens seen by the writer belong to groups not depicted by Etheridge.
The difficulty of making divisions within this assemblage was realised by
Etheridge (80, p. 153), who grouped them all as Crioceras flindersi though
pointing to several distinct types in the series.

The series requires separation; but all that is advisable to do here
is to define several of the more distinct species, leaving a complete analysis —
for a further occasion when more specimens of the other forms are available.

FLINDERSITES BACCATUS sp. nov.

1909 Crioceras flinderst (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 36, fig. 2; pl. 41, fig. 3; pl. 42,
fig. 2; pl. 44, fig. 2.

Sp. Chars.—Coiling ancyloceratid ; ventro-lateral tubercles hemispherical ;
coste thin, sharply defined, in groups of two at the tubercle; whorl-section
slightly compressed, subquadrate.

Remarks.—As holotype is taken a specimen figured by Etheridge (80,
pl. 36, fig. 2; pl. 42, fig. 2; pl. 44, fig. 2). The early whorls are unknown.
In its hemispherical tubercles this species is probably closer to Aleteceras than
any other in the genus. ©

Localities —Wellshot (G.S.Q. Coll., holotype); South Central Queensland
(A.M. Coll.); west bank of Ward River, 23 miles S.W. of Tambo (F.W.W.
ahs

44. Named from its tiietlanes’ in the risa River section. Since this paper was
written Dr. Spath has shown the writer a species of Myloceras from Portuguese East
Africa which has ancyloceratid coiling. Mode of coiling is therefore of questionable importance
as a generic feature, and the name Flindersites may have to be abandoned. Differences
in ribbing may, however, require it to be separated from Aleteceras; for the group seems
natural from the point of view of ornamentation..

CRETACHOUS AMMONOIDEA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA,.—WHITEHOUSE, 237

FLINDERSITES FLINDERSI (McCoy).

1867 Ancyloceras flinderst McCoy (60), p. 356. ;
1909 Crioceras flindersi (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 39,. fig.. 1.

This holotype of this species was not figured by McCoy but has been
figured by Etheridge. The ventral and apertural views, however, were not
given. It is a gigantic species but still very imperfectly unknown.

Locality Head of Flinders River (N.M. Coll., holotype).

FLINDERSITES aff. FLINDERSI (McCoy).
1909 Crioceras flindersi (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 39, figs. 2, 3.

This is a common type; but it is only known from fragments. Its
relationship to F. flindersi cannot be determined until better specimens have
been found. It has the same elongated tubercles and the same type of
ribbing as F. flindersi.

Locality.—Flinders River (Q.M. Coll.).

FLINDERSITES aff. BACCATUS sp. nov.
1909 Crioceras flindersi (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 40, fig. 4.

This form has similar tuberculation to F. baccatus but is rather wider
and the cost are bundled in groups of 3 or 4 at the tubercles.

Locality.—Saltern Creek (Q.M. Coll.).

FLINDERSITES INTERMEDIUS sp. _ nov.
1909 Crioceras flindersi (pars) Etheridge Jr. (80), pl. 40, figs. 1, 2.
Sp. Chars.—Coiling ancyloceratid; whorl-section subquadrate, equi-
dimensional; venter very broad; cost thin, flexed, prominently rursiradiate
on approaching the ventro-lateral tubercles ; tubercles blunt, elongate.

Remarks.—This species is peculiar in the course of the’ coste. The
tubercle is elongated as in F. flindersi but is intermediate in character between
that of F. baccatus and F. flindersi. Certain other forms figured by acon
are closely connected (80, pl. 40, figs. 5, 6; pl. 51, fig. 1).

Localities —Mount Cornish (QM. Coll., holotype) ; Longreach (Q.M. Coll.).

FLINDERSITES SP. NOV.
1905 Crioceras flindersi (pars) Etheridge Jr. (30, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 3, fig. 1).

This type with papillate tubercles is common but the ‘writer has only
seen fragments.

Localities —Dalhousie Springs (G.S.S.A. Coll.) ; Beaconsfield (A.M. Coll.).

238 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

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Sowerby J. (continued by J. -de CO Sowerby), 1812-29. The Mineral Conchology of
Great Britain, vols. i.-vi. (London).

Sowerby J. de C., 1827. Appendix A to Fitton: ‘‘On the strata below the Chalk”
(Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iv.). :

Sowerby J. de C., 1837. On the genus Crioceratites and on Scaphites gigas. (Trans.
Geol. Soc. Ser. 2, vol. v.). :

Spath L. F., 1919. Notes on Ammonites (Geol. Mag., vol. lvi.).

Spath L. F., 1921. On Cretaceous cephalopoda from Zululand (Ann. South African
Mus., vol. xii., pt. vii., No. 16). .

Spath L. F., 1922. On Cretaceous ammonoidea from Angola (Trans. Roy. Soe.
Edinburgh, vol. liii., pt. i., No. 6).

Spath L. F., 1922. On the Senonian ammonite, fauna of Pondoland (Trans. Roy.

Soc. South Africa, vol. x., pt. iii.).
Spath L. F., 1923. Excursion to Folkestone with notes on the zones of the Gault

(Proc. Geol. Ass., vol. xxxiv.).

242 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

100. Spath L. F., 1923. On the ammonite horizons of the Gault and contiguous deposits:
(App. II. to Summ. of Progress, Geol. Surv, Great Brit. for 1922).

101. Spath L. F., 1923. A monograph of the ammonoidea of the Gault, pt. i. (Pal. Soc.
London).

102. Spath L. F., 1924. On the Blake collection of ammonites from Kachh, India (Pal.
Indica, n.s., vol. ix., Mem. No. 1).

103. Spath L. F., 1924. On the ammonites of the Speeton Clay (Geol. Mag., vol. Ixi.).

104. Stoliczka F., 1861. The fossil cephalopoda of the Cretaceous rocks of Southern:
India (Pal. Indica, vol. i.).

105. Stolley E., 1907. Ueber ein norddeutsches Aequivalent der Clansayes-Fauna Siid-
franckreichs und der Schweiz (Centralb. f. Min., etc., Bd. viii.).

106. Stolley E., 1908. Die Gliederung der norddeutschen unteren Kreide (Centralb. f.
Min., ete., Bd. ix.).

107. Stolley E., 1911. Uber die Kreideformation und ihre Fossilien aus Spitzbergen
(Kungl. Sven. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Bd. 47, No. 11).

108. Stolley E., 1912. Ueber einige Cephalopoden aus der unteren Kreide Patagoniens.
(Arkiv. f. Zool. k. Sven. Vet. Stockholm, Bd. vii., 23).

109. Tenison-Woods J. E., 1883. On some mesozoic fossils from the Palmer River,
Queensland. (Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N. 8. Wales, vol. xvi.).

110. Tietze, E., 1872. Geologische und paliontologische Mittheilungen aus dem siidlichen
Theil des Banater Gebirgsstockes (Jahrb. d. k. k. geol. Reichs. Wien, Bd. xxii.),

lll. Waagen W., 1873-6. The Jurassic fauna of Kutch. I. Cephalopoda (Pal. Indica,
ser. ix., vol. i.).

112. White C. A., 1887. Contribucoes a paleontologia do Brazil (Arch. do Museu Nac.
do Rio de Janeiro, vol. 7).

113. Whiteaves J. F., 1876-1903. Mesozoic Fossils, vol. i. (Canadian Geol. Surv.).

114, Whitfield, R. P., 1891. Gastropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and.
Greensand Marls of New Jersey (U.S. Geol. Surv., Mon. No. 18).

115. Woods H., 1896. The Mollusca of the Chalk Rock, pt. i. (Q.J.G.8., vol. lii.). |

116. Zittel K. A. v., 1881-5. Handbuch der Palaeontologie.

117. Zwierzycki J., 1914. Die Cephalopoden der Tendaguru-Schichten in Deutsch-Ostafrika
(Areh. £; Biol., Bd. i., Th: 4).

Plate XXXIV.
(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)
1. Aconeceras walshense (Etheridge fil.). (a) Lateral, (6) apertural view of topotype. The

arrow indicates the beginning of the body-chamber. (See Pl. XXXVII., fig. 3).
Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series (Lower Gargasian).

Australiceras jacki (Etheridge fil.). Topotype. Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series
(Upper Bedoulian).

Australiceras transiente sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (b) whorl-section taken at
x. Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series (Upper Bedoulian).

Australiceras gracile (Sinzow). Small fragment with whorl-section perfectly circular.
Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series (Upper Bedoulian).

Toxoceratoides taylori (Etheridge fil.). Lateral view. of fragment. Walsh River (Q.M.
Coll.); Roma Series (Upper Bedoulian).

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vot, VIII, Pirate XXXIV.

W. Tams, Photo.

Plate XXXV.
(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

1. Tropewum lampros (Etheridge fil.). (a) Lateral view, (6) whorl-section taken at x. See
also Pl. XXXVII., fig. 4. Glendower Station, Flinders River (B.M. Coll.) ; Roma
Series (Lower Gargasian). xX 0-5.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou, VIII, Puate XXXYV,

W. Tams, Photo.

5.

Plate XXXVI.
(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

Tropeum rarum sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (b) whorl-section taken at x.
Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series (Lower Gargasian). x 0-78.

Prohysteroceras richardsi sp. nov. Septal suture of specimen from Ward River, 23 miles S.W.
of Tambo (F.W.W. Coll.); Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Prohysteroceras richardsi var. nitidum nov. Whorl-section of holotype. South-Central
Queensland (A.M. Coll.) ; Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Labeceras papulatum sp. nov. Septal suture of holotype (see Pl. XXXIX., fig. 3). x 2.
Labeceras compressum sp. nov. Septal suture of holotype (see Pl. XXXIX., fig. 5). Oe, hiss

Beudanticeras cf, flindersi (McCoy). Septal suture of specimen from Hughenden
(OM Coll yi e"2.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vot, VIII., Pratt XXXVI,

W. Tams, Photo.

bo

ot

Plate XXXVII.
(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

Australiceras irregulare (Tenison-Woods). (a) Lateral view, (6) whorl-section at x.
Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series (Upper Bedoulian).

Myloceras davidi sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (b) whorl-section at x, (c)
septal suture. Bowen Downs, Thomson River (Q.M. Coll.); Tambo Series
(Upper Albian).

Aconeceras walshense (Etheridge fil.). Septal suture of specimen figured on Pl. XXXIV., fig. 1.
x 4,

Tropeum lampros (Etheridge fil.). Septal suture of specimen figured on Pl. XXXYV.
Puzosia longmani sp. nov. Septal suture of holotype. See Pl. XXXIX., fig. 1.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou, VIII., Prare XXXVII

Li

9 &,, gee
ty wos gut OL
SA Mog win?

:
s

W. Tams, Photo.

Plate XX XVIII.
(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

l. Prohysteroceras richardsi sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (6) whorl-section, Augathella
(Q.M. Coll.) ; Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

2. Appurdiceras etheridgei sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (b). cross-section. Kensing-
ton (N.M.. Coll.) ; Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. VIII, Prare XXXVIII.

W. Sanderson, Photo,

Plate XXXIX.
‘All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

Puzosia longmdani sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (b) whorl-section x.—
Beginning of body-chamber marked by arrow. Barcoo River (Q.M. Col.) ;
Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Hamites aff. maximus J. Sowerby. (a) Lateral view, (6) whorl-section at proximal
end. Body-chamber. Ward River, head of Warrego (Q.M. Coll); Tambo Series
(Upper Albian).

Labeceras papulatum sp. nov. Genotype, holotype; (a) lateral view, (b) ventral view.
Longreach (B.M. Coll.); Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Labeceras bryant sp. nov. Holotype, showing aperture. The impression of the dorsum
of the spiral portion is preserved at the base of the specimen (not shown in
the figure); (a) lateral view, (b) whorl-section at x. South-Central Queensland
(A.M. Coll.); Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Labeceras compressum sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (6) whorl-section at x.
Tower Hill, Muttaburra (Q.M. Coll.); Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. VIII., Prats XXXIX.

W. Tams, Photo

Ls

Zs

Plate XL.

(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

Aleteceras tardicostatum sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral view, (6) ventral view, (c

whorl-section at the distal end.
Series (Upper Albian).

Aleteceras plectoides (Etheridge fil.).

South-Central Queensland (A.M. Coll.); Tambo

Young specimen; (a) lateral view, (6) whorl-

section at the distal end, (c) septal suture. Walsh River (Q.M. Coll.); Tambo

Series (Upper Albian).

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vot, VIII., Prare XL.

W. Tams, Photo,

1.

2.

3.

Plate XLI.

(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

Myloceras orbiculus sp. nov. Holotype; (a) lateral, (b) ventral view. Penultimate
chamber shaded. Beaconsfield (A.M. Coll.); Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Myloceras ammonoides (Etheridge fil.). (a) Lateral, (6) ventral view.
(A.M. Coll.); Tambo Series (Upper Albian).

Dalhousie Springs

Sanmartinoceras olene (Tenison-Woods). (a) Lateral view, (b) whorl-section. Walsh

River (Q.M. Coll.); Roma Series (Upper Gargasian).

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou, VIII, Puate XLI.

W. Tams and W,. Sanderson, Photo.

NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND CERCOPIDA.—HACKER. 243

NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND CERCOPIDE
(HOMOPTERA).

By Henry Hacker, F.E.S.

(Plate XLII.)

CERCOPIN i.
CLOVIA LOXOSEMA new sp. (Figure 1).

Female.—Head twice as wide as long, triangular, rounded apically, almost
flat dorsally, finely punctate; pronotum anteriorly finely punctate, posteriorly
more coarsely punctate-striate ; scutellum finely punctate-striate; frons pitted
down the centre, becoming smooth towards clypeus ; clypeus pyriform, convex,
smooth centrally ; tegmina finely punctate.

Head, pronotum, and scutellum luteous; the head has three transverse
brown stripes—the first following the outline of vertex, strongly arched,
median and basal stripes less curved; the pronotum has four transverse
stripes—the first slightly convex, the second straight, the third concavely
curved, the fourth widened angularly at each side on the posterior border ;
ventral surface luteous, base and apex of frons blackish brown, with about
seven brown oblique stripes on each side; clypeus black; rostrum flavescent,
apex fuscous, extending to the meso-coxe; tegmina fuscous, lighter apically ;
a broad pale stripe from costa before middle extends obliquely across corium
and clavus, terminating near base; a curved pale stripe extends from just
beyond middle of costal margin to apex of tegmen; another pale stripe
runs parallel to the first mentioned, from the middle of corium to the
posterior margin of clavus; the cubital and anal veins after passing this
stripe continue pale; all light parts on tegmina more or less suffused with
scarlet vermilion, which is brightest on the first-mentioned oblique stripe ;
legs fulvous, posterior pair flavescent. Length 13 mm., exp. 17 mm.

Male.—Tegmina uniformly fuscous, with all the above-mentioned pale
markings bright scarlet vermilion; frons, excepting the extremities, luteous ;
oblique ridges concolorous.

Habitat—National Park, Mount Tambourine, Q.; Tooloom, N.S.W. (H.
Hacker).

Types in the Queensland Museum, Ho. 3027.

Described from twelve females and two males.

244 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

EOSCARTA. CHINAI new sp. (Figure 2).

Female.—Head._ posteriorly declivous, apically flat, shape (excluding the-
eyes) semicircular, centrally longitudinally carinate; ocelli red, about twice
as far from the eyes as from each other; outside the ocelli are two sulci,
more separated anteriorly ; frons smooth, anteriorly swollen, projecting crescent
shaped beyond vertex when viewed from above, somewhat flattened along
centre, with a row of obscure transverse ridges on each side; pronotum
transversely punctate-striate, widest at base of tegmina; a central longitudinal
carina, most distinct anteriorly, on each side of which is a smooth callose
spot ; scutellum as wide as long, finely transversely striate; tegmina rather
narrow, subparallel, finely punctured; a groove at base below costa, in a
line with which, just before middle, is a round embossed spot.

Head fuscous, lighter on sides of anterior margin, and posteriorly between
ocelli and eyes ; pronotum fuscous, lighter on each lateral angulation ; scutellum
and abdomen dorsally dark brown, pygofer lighter; frons black, apically
fuscous;; clypeus and rostrum light brown; legs brown, posterior pair yellowish
‘brown, tarsi and tips of spines blackish, ventral surface of abdomen brown ;.
tegmina fuscous, covered with fine light pubescence; a long triangular whitish
patch on anterior border past middle, continuing to apex, nervures brown ;
wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures brown. Length of head and body 6 mm.,
exp. 14 mm.

Habitat.—National Park, Q. (H. Hacker).
Type in Queensland Museum, Ho. 3028.
Described from one female.

This species has been named after W. E. China, of the British Museum, to
whom we are indebted for much assistance in identifying specimens.

PTYELUS HOMOCHROUS new sp. (Figure 3).
A large robust brown species, clothed with fine golden pubescence.

Female.—Head about four times wider than long, somewhat angularly
rounded, anterior margin of vertex acute, centrally carinate, behind which
is a large triangular impression; ocelli further from each other than from the-
eyes, in a shallow transverse sulcus; between each ocellus and eye is a small
callose spot; pronotum finely punctate-striate, anteriorly rugate; a central
sulcus, at the bottom of which is an impressed line, continuing on middle
of pronotum as a feeble carina, which does not reach the posterior border ;
anteriorly, on each side of sulcus, are several obscure callose spots ; scutellum
longer than wide, finely transversely striated ; frons moderately convex, on
each side of which are eleven transverse ridges without pubescence ; clypeus
short, not passing anterior coxe, centrally smooth; rostrum two-jointed,
reaching meso-coxg: tegmina with level surface, minutely punctured, elongate,
anterior margins moderately arcuate; wings hyaline, dusky towards apical.
and posterior borders.

NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND CERCOPID #.—HACKER. 245

Head, body, and legs dark brown tinged with green; legs pubescent,
spines and tarsal claws blackish ; tegmina brown, darker along anterior border ;
eyes black; ocelli light red. Length of head and body 13 mm., exp. 32 mm.

Male.—Similar to female but smaller, length of head and body 10 mm.,
exp. 22 mm.; tegmina darker at base.

Habitat.—Brisbane, Q. One female on Acacia, 25th March, 1925; one
male, Brisbane, 5th November, 1918. One male, Tooloom, N.S.W. (H. Hacker).

Types in Queensland Museum, Ho. 3029.

Described from three specimens. |

The greenish tinge seems to be present only on recently captured.
specimens; in the male, captured in 1918, it is entirely absent, the colour
being pure brown.

PHILAGRA FULVIDA new sp. (Figure 4).

Female.—Head as long as wide, slightly ascendant, compressed apically,
with a dorsal carina, and a lateral one running to each eye, in front of which
they become strong acute ridges; frons elongate, centrally smooth, with a
number of oblique ridges on each side; clypeus smooth, rostrum reaching
the intermediate coxe; pronotum and scutellum punctate, the latter more
finely; tegmina closely and finely punctured, amongst which are scattered
many large impressed punctures; widest one-third from base, narrowing
apically, costal margin strongly arcuate; entire dorsal surface covered with a
fine golden pubescence.

Colour fulvescent; apex of cephalic prolongation, large punctures on
tegmina, and two oblique fascia through centre of tegmina, fuscous; space
on tegmina enclosed by fascia, an obscure fascia at apex of clavus, central
stripe on frons and clypeus, luteous; wings dusky brown, iridescent, darker
on apical margin ; abdomen reddish brown; ovipositor blackish.

Length 11 mm., exp. 18 mm.

Male.—Differs from the female in its smaller size—length 8-5 mm.,
exp. 15 mm.—and its shorter almost wedge-shaped head, about as wide as.
long.

Habitat.—National Park (3,000 ft.), and. Mt Tambourine, Q. (H. Hacker).

Types in Queensland Museum, Ho. 3030.

Described from nine females and sixteen males.
Easily distinguished from P. parva Stal by the shorter and _ stouter

cephalic prolongation, the large dark punctures, and the differently shaped.
fascize on tegmina. .

246 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

PHILAGRA CONCOLOR new sp. (Figure 5).

Female.—Head produced, somewhat tapering, inclined upward, acutely
pointed, with carina as in P fulvida; frons and clypeus have a smooth
light central ridge, sides of frons have a series of oblique ridges; punctures
on head, pronotum, and tegmina somewhat finer than in P. fulvida; tegmina
finely punctured with larger scattered punctures among them; the whole
dorsal surface is the same shade of fulvo-olivaceus, excepting the tapering
apex of head, and the extreme tips of tegmina, which are fuscous; apical
half of rostrum, anterior tarsi, intermediate claws, tips of spines and the
claws on posterior legs, blackish; abdomen reddish brown, anal style and
ovipositor fuscous. Length 10-5 mm., exp. 16 mm.

Male.—Head slightly shorter and stouter than in the female; size
smaller—length 9 mm., exp 14 mm.

Habitat.—National Park, Mapleton, Southport, Q.; Tooloom, N.S.W.
(H. Hacker) ; Mt. Tambourine, Q. (W. H. Davidson).

Types in the Queensland Museum, Ho. 3031.

Described from eight females and ten males.

‘Close to P. fulvida, but differs in the immaculate tegmina, without
any indication of either light or dark fascix; the more tapering prolongation
of head, and slightly finer puncturation.

BATHYLLUS ALBICINCTUS (Er

Erichson’s description is from a male. The female is without the basal
pronotal white stripe, the head, pronotum, and scutellum being pale brown,
unicolorous; tegmina pale brown; the curved white fascia does not enter
the clavus, as in the male, but in some specimens is indicated by a small
white spot near the apex; apical half of tegmina white, reticulate; nervures
on. apical part white, narrowly bordered on each side with light brown.

Hab.—Peel Island, Moreton Bay (W. A. T. Summerville), October,
Occurring in numbers on a creeping vine growing near the beach.

MACH AZROTIN %.
POLYCHZATOPHYES PERKINSI new sp. (Figure 6).

- Female—Head transverse, triangularly produced, extending in front of
eyes about the width of one; ocelli in centre of vertex, close to each basal
corner of frons, which is on the dorsal part of head; frons dorsally about
one-third the width of vertex, widening slightly and swollen ventrally; pro-
notum wider than head, coarsely but shallowly transversely wrinkled ; scutellum
triangular, longer than wide, finely striated, apex acute; tegmina nitid,
coarsely punctured; nervures forming raised meee on surface; wings hyaline,
iridescent, apical halt with minute hairs.

NEW SPECIES OF QUEENSLAND CERCOPIDA.—HACKER. 247

Head dorsally, anterior border of pronotum, scutellum, and _ pleura
yellow ; pronotum, excepting anterior border, pale green; front below a straight
line level with eyes, clypeus, legs, and abdomen, black; tegmina nitid, varying
from castaneous to nigricent (according to maturity), the blackish tegmen
viewed by transmitted light is castaneous with an opaque triangular patch
at base of costal area, and two obscure paler spots arranged diagonally just
beyond. Length of head and body 6 mm., exp. 15 mm.

Habitat.—Stanthor pe, Q. (F. A. Perkins).
Types in the Queensland Museum, Ho. 3032.

Described from two females.

POLYCHHTOPHYES APPENDICULATA new. sp. (Text-figure 1).

A brown species distinguished by a large rounded appendix on each
tegmen, which in repose is bent around the posterior extremity, overlapping.

Female —Kyes black, narrowly bordered with light brown; clypeus
rounded, swollen, with transverse parallel brown stripes; rostrum light brown,
tip darker, reaching to intermediate cox; pronotum large, declivous at sides

Text-figure 1,

strongly transversely striated, posterior margin deeply excavated in the middle ;
scutellum twice as long as wide, more finely striated; tegmina pale yellowish
brown, subhyaline; a brown fascia crosses tegmen about centre, darkest on
costa; a few cross-veins in costal cell; nervures light basally, becoming
darker towards apex of tegmen, where they are cut off by an oblique line,
beyond which is a rounded, parallel-sided appendix; clavus pale basally,
the remainder brown, claval vein forks about middle.
E

248

MEMOIRS OF TH# QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Head, pronotum, and scutellum reddish brown, tip of scutellum whitish ;
abdomen dorsally black, the two basal segments centrally whitish, ventral
surface and genitalia brown; legs brown, posterior tibie, spines and claws

blackish.

Length (wings closed) 5 mm., breadth 3 mm.
Hab.—Bunya Mountains, Q. (3,000 ft.), .December (H. Hacker).

Type in the Queensland Museum, Ho. 3051.

Described from one female.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.

1.—Clovia loxosema n. sp., 2 (Upper) ¢ (Lower), x 3.
2.—Eoscarta chinai n. sp., 9, x 4.

3.—Ptyelus homochrous n. sp., 2 x 1:8.

4.—Philagra fulvida n. sp., 2 (Upper), gj (Lower), x 3.
5.—Philagra concolor n. sp., 9 (Upper), g (Lower). x 3-5.
6.—Polychetophyes perkinsi n. sp., 2 2, x 3°5.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. VIII., Prats XLII.

QUEENSLAND CERCOPID.
Photos., H,. Hacker, Face page 248.

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS. 249

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE WESTERN
HODGKINSON ABORIGINALS.

By Francis RICHARDS.

THE tribe under review is known as the “ Wakoora,’’ and inhabited
an area of about 40 sq. miles, centring on Mt. Mulligan (west from Carns, North
Queensland), living mostly on the top and the western slopes of that mountain.
Two other tribes, viz., ““Chunkunberry ” and “ Wun-yurika,’ had almost identical
language and customs. The latter extended along Mulligan Creek, south of the
southern end of Mt. Mulligan, an area of about 60 sq. miles; the former lived from
where Thornborough now is to Deep Creek, an area also of about 60 sq. miles.
All this country is rugged, rocky, and sparsely wooded.

The customs of these tribes are somewhat similar to those noted by
Mowbray for the tribe living in Granite Ranges at the head of Mitchell
River.t

Hislory.—In their original wild state these tribes probably numbered
about 200 in each. Their numbers were rapidly diminished following con-
tamination with the whites and Chinese on the opening of the Hodgkinson
Goldfield in 1875, mainly by native police, influenza, and venereal disease.
It is probable that the Wakoora was the dominant tribe, as they outlived
and absorbed the other two. By 1890 the Wakooras and Wun-yurikas had
coalesced, with great enmity between them and the Chunkunberries; but
by 1900 the Chunkunberries had come down and merged with the other
two, with headquarters around Woodville. Since then these tribes have
gradually. dwindled away, until at present about twenty remain—mostly
original Wakooras. These survivors are all old, the young “bucks” and
‘gins’ having passed out under combined stress of the evils of whites and
Chinese. 3

Clothing, Ornaments, and Vessels——The whole tribe lived together in
several camps. They built humpies and lived in them during cold or wet
weather. These humpies were built of flexible pieces of bush timber bent
over to form a_ beehive-like structure, thatched with tea-tree leaves and
bark. They were 3 to 4 ft. high, and had one small entrance, before which
at night a fire was built, serving the double purpose of keeping them warm
and repelling the mosquitoes.

1E. W. Mowbray, in “ The Australian Race,” by E. M. Curr, vol. 11, pages 402-407, 1886.

Eprror’s Notrr,—Mr, Francis Richards has been familiar with the aboriginals of the Mount
Mulligan district since boyhood, having lived in close contact with them for about forty years,
He desires to acknowledge the very able assistance given by Dr. T. M. 8. Hall in the preparation
of this paper.

50 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

They wore no clothing, but on cold nights covered themselves with
tea-tree bark and slept in their humpies or behind breakwinds of bushes
and bark, surrounded by little fires. For ornaments they wore feathers in
qheir hair, necklets of grass beads (made by threading segments of grass on
string), and sometimes a single large white shell was suspended around the
neck. Numbers of small pieces of mussel-shell would be squared by rubbing
on stones, bored, threaded on string, and tied round the forehead. The
string for these purposes was made from the inner bark of the currajong
tree. I never saw quartz worn as an ornament.

They made paints of red or white clays mixed with water or saliva
(1 never saw grease or fat used for this purpose), and painted their whole
bodies, usually in stripes. They scarred their bodies by cutting with quartz
stones, and were able to raise scars to a height of about 4} in. above the
skin. These scars were confined to the chest, shoulders, and upper arms ;
a few scarred their noses. Though painting was limited to males of all ages,
both sexes scarred themselves. The right central incisor was knocked out
with a stone, and the septum of the nose was pierced with a sharp stick
and a piece of grass about 3 in. long was worn through it.

Circumcision or operations on the urethra were not practised; in fact
it was considered a matter for great merriment among the rest of the tribe
if a member had a short foreskin (charra-galah). A bald head was held in
the same ridicule, though I only knew one Wakoora to have a bald head.
Before the advent of the whites, these natives lived to a great age. I knew
a number of very old men and women, some blind with age and snow-white.

Women carried only one type of bag. This was made very cleverly
of knitted grass, and was suspended from the head with string made from
the inner bark of the currajong. The men carried small; narrow, string
bags about 1 ft. long, and these were used to carry spear-making implements,
wax, gum, sinews, sharp stone, the fire-maker, &c.

Their only vessel was made from the soft inner bark of the ironbark.
It was fashioned into the shape of a boat, each end being secured with a
wooden spike. In this vessel yams were prepared for eating by being scraped
with mussel-shells into a pulpy mass, or figs pulped with the hand. In it
infants were also carried by the mother, suspended from her back by a
band placed on her forehead. A smaller type of the same vessel was used
for holding drinking water.

Fire was made by rubbing sticks together. A piece of round hard-
wood 1 ft. long, the thickness of a lead-pencil, was rapidly rotated between
the palms of the hands in a small depression in dry, soft wood. Turn-about
was taken in rotating the stick. As soon as it began to smoke, they
sprinkled ground-up tea-tree bark on the glowing point, and this was blown
into a flame. This process usually took about five minutes. At most times
a large fire was kept always alight in the camp, in charge of the gins.

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS. 251

Foods.—Their food consisted of any animal, bird, reptile, or fish that
they could catch, and eggs, yams, and fruits. Children and women were
not allowed to eat the most succulent foods, such as plain turkey, black
duck, goanna, emu, etc. They believed that they would break out in sores
if they ate these foods, and consequently never touched them. The wisdom
of this from the buck’s point of view is obvious. They cooked all meat
but ate yams and fruit raw. Cooking was done on open fires or in primitive
ovens made of flat stones. The oven was a hole in the ground, lined with
hot stones into which the meat was placed and covered with tea-tree bark.
The hole was then covered with earth. All animals were cooked whole and
uncleaned.

Cannibalism was practised, but was limited to members of other tribes.
They never ate their children; on the contrary great love was manifested by
parents to both their children and relatives.

Hunting—The game was obtained by the males; fruits, yams, and
fish (by the “grass” and poison methods) by the females. They hunted
the kangaroo by two methods. The usual was to stalk and spear the
kangaroo, the hunter being covered with green bushes or grass. The other
method was to surround an area with bush fires, leaving a narrow space at
one point. The kangaroos were speared or killed with nulla-nullas as they
rushed through the opening. The rock wallabies were roused by shouting
and killed by throwing nulla-nullas at them. Emus and plain turkeys were
stalked in a similar manner to the kangaroo. Ducks were speared in the
water, the hunter being immersed, with his head disguised with water-lily
Jeaves. ‘*Possums, bush rats, and native cats were located in hollow trees
by throwing stones into the hollows’ and listening for the sound of the stone
falling on their bodies. When one was discovered the tree was cut open
with tomahawks.

They had three methods of fishing. When the rivers were full the
fish were speared with a special fish-spear. When the water was low the
fish in the waterholes were poisoned with the fruit of a species of acacia
known locally as the soap tree,.or with the leaves of a tree called by them
“Rukka.” This tree resembles the guava tree. These poisons made the
fish rise to the surface, where they were speared. The third method was.
employed in shallow holes. A barrier of grass was rolled from one end of
the hole to the other, driving the fish before it, where they were caught
by hand.

These people never stored food. It was either a feast or a famine
with them. As I remember these natives, they were always well nourished
and strong.

Marriage.—Marriages were made within the tribe except when gins were
acquired by conquest. Marriage between close relatives was strictly forbidden...

~«

52 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

ts

and never occurred. The greatest insult that could be offered one of these
natives was to insinuate that he was guilty of incest. Wives were never
bartered. Occasionally a native would take another man’s wife, the owner-
ship of the lady then being decided by combat. Some men had as many as
three wives.

Marriages were contracted in four ways—

(1) A youthful gin would be given by her parents to the man.
The woman was generally about the age of puberty, the man
being about twenty.

(2) The usual method, between young couples of about equal age,
was for the couple to run away and remain in the _ bush,
alone, for a few days. When they returned they were con-
sidered married.

(3) When couples of mature years wished to marry, the man
would light a fire and pitch his camp near that of the woman.
When she went and slept with him they were married.

(4) A man would forcibly detain a woman, and if he could hold
her she was his. The methods of detention were drastic. I
have known women to be tied up for days and beaten until
they became tractable.

A peculiar custom existed in regard to eloping with another man’s
wife. The couple would run away and live in the bush for several days.
In the meantime the husband was going around vowing vengeance. On their
return the couple declared that the “ Eekoo” or “mountain devil” had
taken and detained them. They always, extended the tale to rape for the
woman and sodomy for the man by the “Eekoo.” This excuse satisfied
the husband, who thereupon resumed normal relations with his wife.

There were no ceremonies of any kind in connection with marriage.
Husbands and wives were not as a rule very faithful to each other.

Abortion was very common, and was procured by the woman taking
a very long walk and then jumping into a waterhole from a height of about
20 ft.. with arms and legs spread and body leaning a little forward. This
method was reputed to be unfailing.

Dancing and Games.—They had three types of corroboree, and _ these
were their only dances. No fixed periods were observed, although they
preferred moonlight nights. They were held at irregular, frequent -intervals ;
there was scarcely a week went by without one. Sometimes the dances were
held in an open space without preparations, but usually they built a break-
wind of two lines of bushes and danced between the two. On rare occasions
they would erect two painted sticks, resembling barber’s poles. The men
were always well painted and decorated for the occasion, and small fires
would give sufficient light.

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS., 253.

In the most common dance the gins would sit in a semicircle and
with their hands together would beat between their thighs, making a noise
somewhat resembling a drum, which could be heard for half a mile. There
was only one singer. He always stood at the right-hand end of the semi-
circle of women. He would beat time by knocking boomerangs or other
sticks together, and sing. The dancers, consisting of men, would march up
in anything from single file to fours. They stamped their feet, and jerked
their clenched hands in time with a grunt which they emitted at each stamp.
The man at the rear of each file always kept his hands clasped behind his
back. The singer sang with one breath, and when his voice stopped for
breath the dance ended with a loud yell from the dancers, who immediately
turned and raced back to the starting point. This procedure was repeated
indefinitely, the corroboree often lasting up to four hours.

In the second dance, the gins and singers are arranged as_ before,
but the dancers—stamping, grunting, and jerking their clenched fists—march
in a circle around a man lying on the ground going through contortions
meant to imitate masturbation. As before, the singer’s exhaustion ends the
dance.

The third dance was performed without singing and was a solo dance.
The dancer, who was always a man, simultaneously beat his elbows against
his ribs, clapped his hands in front of his abdomen, shook his legs, feet
apart, and blew out of his mouth, making the sound “tremble” with his lips.

In all dances, up to about twenty men and a corresponding number of
women would be participating, the rest of the camp being spectators. Some
natives were noted and admired for their corroboree singing.

Games.—These tribes played three games, the simplest of which was
target practice with spears. The target was of bark placed in the sand,
and spears were thrown at it from a distance of about 50 yds.

In another game a circle of green bark was cut about 8 in. in
diameter, and thrown crosswise along the ground like a wheel in front of a:
number of men who threw spears at it as it passed. They seldom missed
their mark.

The third game took place only once a year and was played every
day for about a week. During this period all the men had a piece of string
tied tightly round their heads, under the ears and over the nose, about half
an inch from the tip. The effect of this was to flatten the nose and
completely prevent nasal respiration. The game was a kind of wrestling,
and took place in the sand of the river bed, at a certain time every after-
noon. Two heaps of sand about 1 ft. high were built up about 15 yds.
apart, and called “the baby” (karkoo). Immediately in front of each karkoo
was an equal number of wrestlers and immediately behind it a club was
placed on the sand. A man from each side advanced, met in the middle,

254 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

and wrestled. The winner of this match ran to the opposing side’s karkoo,
lifted the stick and hit the karkoo on its supposed head, then returned to
his side. The loser dropped out of the game. The winners were the side
who last held the field.

Fighting—Their offensive weapons consisted of spears, throwing sticks,
nulla-nullas (used as clubs for throwing), boomerangs, and stone tomahawks.
The boomerang and nulla-nulla were made from any hard wood, mostly
ironwood, by cutting with stone tomahawks, and were polished with the
rough fig-tree leaf. These tribes were not very skilful at throwing boomerangs,
depending on their spears and nullas when fighting.

One type of war-spear was made of ironwood, tipped with soft wood
at the throwing end and bound with beeswax or cypress pine gum and
sinew. It had a barb of ironwood bound on with sinews. The other type
of war-spear, instead of a hardwood barb, had a number of pieces of quartz
imbedded in beeswax, cypress pine gum, or grass-tree gum.

All spears had a small notch in the throwing end for the throwing
stick. This notch was also bound with sinew. The fish-spear, up to 6 ft.
long, was made with four prongs of hardwood each 1 ft. long, bound with
sinews and sometimes barbed.

In the making of these war-spears the proportion of hard and _ soft
wood varied. In some the hard wood was slightly less than half the total
length of the spear (kulka). In others there was only about a foot of soft
wood (marnoo). The latter were considered the better spears. The wax on a
finished spear was always brightly polished with saliva and the leaf of the
pandanus tree. A peculiar poimt in the making of these spears was that the
man used the thick skin of his heel as a chopping block while shaping spears
with tomahawk or shell.

The tomahawks were made of very hard stone ground to a sharp edge
and fashioned to a blunt point at the back. The head was fastened to a
split handle with sinews. The throwing stick was made from flat ironwood
about 1 yd. long by 24 in. broad at the widest part. It tapered only
slightly. The handle consisted of beeswax or gum, often covered with a
pair of polished mussel-shells secured with sinews. Sometimes the handle
was made of a piece of pliant bush timber filled in with gum and fastened
with sinews. The opposite end had a small piece of stick bound on by
sinew at an acute angle, through a hole in the throwing stick. This stick
ended in a knob to which the notch on the spear was _pbted. The throwing
stick was often used as a weapon of offence.

The shield was known to the Wakooras, but they made very little
use of it. Their weapon of defence was a throwing stick, and they could
almost invariably glance the spear in flight, breaking the softwood part.
They had no wooden sword, and their weapons were not carved or inlaid
with shell of any kind. .

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS. 255

These tribes were warlike and were often fighting among themselves
and with neighbouring tribes. About 1893 a tribe of Mitchell River natives
known as the Kooka-minnies raided the Hodgkinson Valley. The combined
Wakoora, Chunkunberry, and Wun-yurika tribes were outnumbered and _ stood
no chance against the invaders. The Kooka-minnies took all the young
women and the men were driven away. An interesting point is that the
Kooka-minnies captured a Chinese garden belonging to a man called Min Fu
and divided it up amongst themselves, giving a certain amount of garden
to each person. The whites of Woodville, numbering about twenty, attacked
them at night and dispersed them with rifles. The local natives on their
return found their gins in the camps vacated by the Kooka-minhies, many
of them tied up.

When the men fought they were always armed with spears, unless it
was the outcome of a sudden quarrel, when the nearest weapon would be
used. Fights were often arranged days before they eventuated. When this
was the case the fight was preceded by a great amount of talking, spitting,
swearing, and other display. This was often as far as it got; but if affairs
ended in a fight they would separate about 50 yds. and throw spears at
each other. Usually no damage resulted, spears being parried with © the
throwing stick.

When the men were fighting, there would always be several old gins
dancing, with constant singing and swearing, around and between the com-
batants, carrying the yam-sticks which they invariably had with them. The
gins were never hurt, though it is hard to understand how they escaped
injury.

The gins often fought savagely among themselves, and their method
was this: They would stand apart, armed with their yam-sticks (a wooden
club about 4 ft. long and 14 in. wide, and with blunt-pointed ends), spitting
and swearing at each other, biting the yam-stick and hitting it on the ground.
“They would gradually close on each other and put up a battle reminiscent
of the quarter-staff bouts of ‘‘Ivanhoe.’ Although the gins were pugnacious
among themselves and often fought more savagely than the bucks, they
allowed their husbands to beat them without opposition.

Arts—Painting and the arts in general were practically non-existent.
The only drawings I have seen wrought by these natives were crude pictures of
goannas. They were fond of making the tracks of birds and animals in the
soft sand. At the present time, the natives have acquired some skill in
carving and painting, but this is a modern innovation.

Puberty—Amongst the girls puberty had no tribal significance beyond
that they then became marriageable. Amongst the boys, sometimes before
puberty, the penis was tied backwards over a roll of tea-tree bark. The
effect of this was to give the organ a distinct bend downwards. While

256 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

undergoing this process the boys were very self-conscious and shy. We
might note here that masturbation was exceedingly common among both
men and women. At puberty the ceremonies were—

(a) Knocking out the upper right central incisor.
(b) Piercing the septum-nasi.
(c) For boys only—drinking of some of his father’s blood; or if

the father were dead the blood of the nearest male relative.
The boys were thereby ‘fitted to grow into strong men.

(d) Among the girls the hymen was ruptured with the finger.

Devils, Doctors, and Burials—These natives were highly superstitious
and had an intense fear of devils. There were four of these—

(1) The Beerroo, who lived anywhere.
(2) The Eekoo (or mountain devil), who lived on Mount Mulligan.

(3, 4) Mooramully, Barmboo—Water devils inhabiting waterholes.

me -. Most sickness was attributed to the agency of these devils, the blame
generally falling on the Beerroo or the Eekoo. These devils were able to
throw hooks, stones, or pieces of wood into the body without leaving a
mark. The Eekoo’s home was a lake on Mount Mulligan (Lake Koongirra),
and: natives were very afraid to go near this lake or into its waters; though
the: Rhoonyoo (or witch doctor), being a companion of the Eekoo, could
enter the water without fear. The Eekoo was generally held responsible for
any sickness when on the mountain. The natives have an interesting legend
to account for the origm of Mount Mulligan and its lake. The mountain,
which was built by the wallabies on the advice of the eaglehawk, was
originally a huge pile of stones. A swamp pheasant built its nest on the
mountain and hatched its young. The Eekoo came along and killed the
nestlings. The pheasants in their anger thereupon started a bush fire to burn
the Eekoo, and so great was this conflagration that it melted the stones and
so formed the towering cliffs of Mount Mulligan.. To save his life the Eekoo
created the lake and took refuge in its waters; and so the lake became
his home. Although the lake is the home of the Eekoo, strictly speaking
he is not a water devil but wanders about anywhere on the mountain. Some
of. the old natives declare that they saw the Eekoo sitting on trees around
the mine a few days before the great Mount Mulligan colliery explosion in
1921... They say he blew up the mine in anger at the white man’s intrusion
on his. domain. They firmly believe that he will again blow up the mine.

The Mooramully and Barmboo lived in the waterholes, and were
responsible for deaths by drowning or sickness coming on shortly after a
swim. All these natives were excellent swimmers. If a native were caught —
in quicksands he declared that the Mooramully had pulled him under. The
booming noise made by ripples against a washed-out bank was the voice of

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS,.—RICHA RDS, 257

the Barmboo. The Mooramully was an important spirit, since he not only
initiated the Rhoonyoo or witch doctor, but also kept him supplied with
knowledge and worked for him. When the rainbow came out, this was the
Barmboo himself. If it shone on a native (other than the Rhoonyoo) he
would die.

It was a common occurrence for either the Beerroo or the Eekoo to
carry off a gin or a man and deal with them as previously described. The
natives used to mark trees and hang up pieces of bone to frighten these two
devils away. The devil was supposed to see these and depart satisfied.

Superstitions—They had many superstitions about animals and_ birds.
Jf a swamp pheasant flew near them they feared their hair and whiskers
would grow long. The wagtail was the Beerroo himself; they did not like
this friendly little bird to come near them. The channel-bill was supposed
to make the penis grow long and, to use a simile, like that of a horse,
and the vagina capacious. I have keen recollections of small aborigines
thirty years ago quickly covering their persons when the scream of this
bird was heard. The dollar bird was the controller of the mussels, shifting
them from place to place in the river. He did this work in the night. The
bat was responsible for all grey hairs. The shaky-paw lizard was not to be
held up by the tail. This would cause the heavens to fall. The bush cock-
roach was supposed to squirt urine into the eyes and cause total blindness,
and death shortly after. Kangaroos suffered a great deal from this insect.
The jacky-winter bird controlled the sun, and was responsible for hot days.

Witch Doctors—Each tribe had its witch doctor or Rhoonyoo, who
was the most important man in the tribe. He was generally the most
cunning and strongest man of the tribe, since he appointed himself. On the
death of the Rhoonyoo, the most cunning man of the tribe would go away
for a day or two and on his return say that he had been made Rhoonyoo
by the Mooramully. He declared that he was carried off by the Mooramully
to his favourite waterhole and lived with the Mooramully in sodomy for
some days. The Mooramully then killed the prospective Rhoonyoo by sticking
long, thin, sharp pieces of wood through his body. The Mooramully then
restored the candidate to life by pulling the pieces out of his eye. The
candidate, on his return to life, put the Mooramully through the same _per-
formance, and was fully qualified. He then returned to his tribe and was
acclaimed Rhoonyoo, which means “thunder.” His functions were to cure
diseases and control the weather. He cured diseases in the usual way by
removing the hooks, sticks, or stones thrown into the patient by the devils.
This sleight of hand work was done very cleverly. He also frequently treated
disease by bleeding. He could bring the wind and rain at will. His failures
were always excused by saying that several Rhoonyoos of other tribes had
conspired against him, and their combined efforts were more than he could
combat. The natives were afraid of the Rhoonyoo, as he could sing them

258 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

dead, send poison by the wind, or cause them to shrivel up and die. In
fact he could kill them by any method he pleased. The members of the
tribe had to supply him with food. Although powerful he was not chief of
the tribe. This function was performed by the best fighter. Any member of
the tribe was supposed to have the power to sing another person dead.
Deaths in the tribe were often attributed to members of other tribes hundreds
of miles away. Bone or stick pointing was not practised by this tribe.

The Rhoonyoo often’ displays great imagination in his stories. One
Rhoonyoo declared that there were big bark tanks in the heavens which he
kept filled, and from which the rain fell. The dry weather was caused by a
big bull that lived on antbed and thus got very thirsty. This bull by
drinking up the water supply caused a drought. This is a modern tale told
to me by Chower-ee-pa, the present Wakoora Rhoonyoo.

Singing.—They were energetic and frequent but not tuneful singers.
Many of their songs were impromptu, especially the corroboree songs. Some
were standardised and* well known. Of these standardised songs, some had.
meanings—e.g., about trees, love, &c.—and some were a meaningless jumble
of sound. The Rhoonyoo had special songs to bring rain and wind; the
gins had theirs to drive it away. A mournful dirge was kept up for days
when a death occurred, and also at the unexpected arrival of a near relative
after a long absence.

Burials —After a death all the gins would wail for days, and some
of the older gins would roll their hair into little balls with wax; the camp
was always shifted. The dead were either mummified or buried. The
mummification was done by rolling the body full length in tea-tree bark and
binding tightly with string. This was left in the sun and carried from camp
to camp, sometimes for years. Very few bodies were treated in this manner,
the majority being buried. They had no fixed burial ground; each corpse
was buried in a different spot, and well away from the others. As soon as
death took place, the naked body without ornaments was tied up with string
made from the pandanus tree. The knees were pressed well into the chest,
elbows by the sides, and the hands extended along the cheeks. The body
was tightly wrapped in tea-tree bark, and buried about 4 ft. deep. The
body was placed in the grave on its left side facing the west. A fire was
also lit on the west side, in the belief that the devil, on emerging from the
grave, would be burnt in the flames.

The natives never referred to a member of the tribe after his death.
The mention of a dead person would often make the gins cry.

LANGUAGE.

The language is simple in the extreme. The vocabulary comprises about
800 words. Great irregularity marks their grammar and syntax. The same

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS., 259

word acts as noun, verb,

adjective, &c., without alteration; and there are
no tenses, cases, &c., or any inflections.

About the only rules of syntax

are that a pronoun or noun generally begins a sentence, and a verb ends

it; and adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
A suffix “-jee”’ is often added to words, but has
Words are often clipped short in speaking—e.g., ‘‘ bunna nooka ”

very freely, for emphasis.
no meaning.

Reduplication was used

for “bunna nukarnga,” “poopair”’ for “ poopeelungun.”’

Vocabulary.—The following words comprise almost the whole vocabulary.

Words are written as pronounced.

ce 23

and “g
is pronounced as two letters :—

Kurrngun = Hard

Putchee = Sore; also a hole in a tree

‘Chéoma = By-and-by

Butta = Down

Géorin-géorin = Crooked

Charrpa = Boggy

Binna-kurrajee = Deaf

Minnee = Good

Chanyee = Bad '

Kulmba = Sweet

Winkurrajee = Hungry

Woéwoo = Thirsty

Kulparlee = Long or big

Kapoo = Stinking

Dincha-mutchun, Darngoo-gall4h = Bald-
headed

Nydéopun = One

Muimmarra = Two

Koéorchoo = Three

Yalla = Close

K6éolee = Angry ; or a louse or flea

Kumba, Kurrpar = White

Ngéompun-ng6ompun = Black

Bingarjee = Grey

Kéotchee, Marréon = Red

Yamma-daémma-doo, Yamma-doo = Up, or the

sky

Ké6éonk-arr = North

Nucka = East

Koéoa = West

Chérparr = South

Chéomoo = Short

Béoya = To pass flatus

Wanchamba = Where

Yalla, Yarra = There or here

Yallanya = This or that

Karmpoor, Bunkar = Raw

Wapparlee = Four

Ngarmootchee = Plenty (above four)

Chappa-chappa, Charngoorr, Kilparlee = Big

Poéopeelungun, Poopin = Little

is printed in italics ; where

ee 3)

The composite guttural sound of “n

ee 33

ng” is printed in ordinary type it

Woolair, Wéolun = Dead

Chilpa = Very fast

Chéerily = Very hairy

Kutchaga = With great exertion

Diamma-dimma = To go in and out

Nunka-niinka = Early in the morning

Woorrmpa = (To sleep) soundly

Chéomoo = Short

Parnpardee = To cry

Chiinkee, Mullbindamulla = To climb

Wandeela = To pick up, get up, lift

Muncénee = To bring

Nyama-nyama = To understand

Wachéojoo = To burn

Woonchoo-wachéojoo = To make a fire

Bunna nookarnga = To drink

Noo-karnga = To eat

Kutta = Come

Umba = Come on

Téongun = To go

Méokarr = To cut marks

Minkun-minkajee, Minka-minka = To play

Béotcha = To repeat

Kéonchoo = To bend a joint of the body

Méonka-nyantarnda = To cut hair

Kingkinakin, Choonchoolee = To pretend

Parrpan-parrpan, Kaoo-kioo = Yellow

Yallmarr, Nagéoroo = Blue

Ngéikooloo = Green

Yoik6éi, Yéorra, Yukka — Look here! an ex-
clamation to call attention

Woi = Hullo! in answer to a call

Bindarlee = Sweating freely

Yinkarn = Very thin

Béolka = Hurrah

Muh = Interjection indicating surprise and

satisfaction
Yukk6éoey = Interjection indicating satisfac-
tion ;

Owa = Tommyrot (interjection)
Wandindy = To stand

260 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Minka = To laugh

Kungya = To dig

Nyinta = To cover up

Charrkinda = To run

Kaurra = To dive

Mirrinjee, Mirree = To break

Téongada = To walk

Netchéenjee = To see

Woomee = To smell

‘Charrpee = To swim

Nyéompoo = To spit

Boéorka-béorka = Venereal disease

Yalkaga = To sing

Poondinda = To stop

Bulkarga = To say

Putchee-wandindy = To develop a sore

Wattarda = To swear

Ttcharing = To put or place

Woonana = To sleep

WaAllancha, Wallanchalla = To throw

Boéoimunjee, Béoimair = To hit or to fight

Muneenee = To bring

Killnga = Uncle

Ngiitchee = Grandfather

Ktimmee = Grandmother

Bimmair = Aunt

Nginchun = Father

Ngarmoo = Mother

Pupparr = Sister

Ngoochoor = Cousin

Yappa = Brother

YAppa-choo = Young brother

Béogoojee = Old man

Warroo = Young man

Méekooloo = White man

Karkoo = Baby

Champeer = Child

Dutcharr = Boy

Girra = Girl

Kuingamulka = River

Bootchee = Plain or flat country

Barmboo = Rainbow or water-devil or earth-
worm

Chépoo = Dust

Kuppee = Urine

Chatcha, Chambutchee = Feces

Béorrkair = Semen

Chiloo = Sweat

Marnoo = Throat

Bunna-charkinda = Running stream

Wéonchoo = Fire

Woonchoo-kéonkin = Firestick

Bikarnga = To bite

Nookarnga = To eat

Dinkarnga = To catch hold of

Marnoo-déonga-déonga, Kulchin-kulechy = Te:
vomit

Yampa = Hut, home, or camp

Kubba-kibba = Corroboree

Kéorrma = Native oven

Myee = Food

Wapparr = Shade

Kéolngarr = Dilly-bag (woman’s)

Ngoonyin = Dilly-bag (man’s)

Klapam = Tea-tree bark torch

Pitchee = Tail

K6éonkun = Club

Yarrmoo = Yam-stick

Yirrimba = Fish-spear

Kucka = Sick, or tobacco

Kilka = Spear

Méorunga, Butcha-béokal = Long war-spear-

Kodéeeyun = Quartz-spear

Rimun = Throwing stick

Wingee = Boomerang

Warrpee = Tomahawk

Yoéomparrajee = Stone tomahawk

Kulmba = Honey or small native bees’ nest.

Moéorungun = Large native bees’ nest

Wéoonpa = English bees’ nest

Ngéokoo = Bees’ wax

Yeéparr = Sinews

Kurrkair = Water vessel

Woonga-wandindy = Morning

Eélei-élee = Evening

Pitchoor = Dark

Mungy-mingy = Day

Wapparr = Shade

Mirra = Hand

Darngoo = Head

Méeralee = Eye

Dirra = Teeth

Marnoo = Throat

Chippa = Liver

Boénoo = Buttocks

Yinkun = Pectoral muscle in front of axilla

Diutcharlee = Heart

Chéorpoo = Bowels

Chéolpee = Small intestine

Boérroo = Belly :

Niinchun = Collar-bone

Boérroojee, Karkoonjee = Pregnant

Moénkoo-charkinda = Abortion

Chatcha-boérrpoor = Diarrhcea

Chimar = Antbed

Kilmary = Ashes

Woorpa = Fog

Nyinchar = Sound

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS,—RICHARDS, 261

Minya = Meat

Bunna-béoleen = Waterfall

Ch llngarr = Shell ornaments

Dinkee = Gully

Béonchooroo = Swelling in skin

Barchoo, Kéonkin = Stick

Nyéompoo = Saliva

Boénkoo = Knee

Moorrmoon = Maggot

Waarring = Husband

Gall4h = Circumcision

Meémee = Breasts

Béorroo = Abdomen

Nyapee = Tongue

Wallarr = Beard

Binna = Ear

Chéwa, Kaérngkoo = Mouth

Moéongka = Hair

MA4ppoo, Kilmpee = Womb

Chippee = Vagina

Chirry = Pubic hair

Kéornkoo = Hymen

Chéonkoon = Labia vulve

Charra, Boédkoo = Penis

Déonkoon, Tarlan = Glans penis

Koéra = Testes

Choombarmpa, Choombtiinka = Coitus

Mirry-diamma-dimma = Masturbation

Toémbarinka = To take away virginity

Chéolma = Sand

Wanyooringada = What are you doing? or
why ?

Jirry = Clouds

Yeérpee = Whistle

Yeékoorr = Spring of water

Makirra = White clay

Ydéolmpoo = Big mountain

Béotcheer = Big patch of sand

Yimpee = Lips

Chatta = Thigh

Kupparee = Armpit

Déompoo = Boots _

Kiullman = Sexual maniac

Warloo = Face

Poéopair-yoépar, Kuppeer-kuppeer, Yarrka-
yarrka = Lot of little children together

Kurra = Sound like a whip cracking

Méonyoolee = Running nose or cold in the
head

Déewun = Scrub turkey

Woormboo = Plain turkey

Chéonking = Flying fox

Kéoladoo = Dove

Warrkoongoo = Dollar bird (roller)

Katchirry = Grey jumper

Jarkooer = Leatherhead (friar-bird)

Ngarngkoo-ngarngkoo = Twelve apostles (bab-
bler)

Choéoreear = Bower-bird

Chillchoor = Fish eagle

Chinna-pitchoo, Chinna-marlkoo = Sparrow-
hawk (goshawk)

Yalpun = Stormbird (channel-bill)

Kulmbungarr = Shag

Pirr-pirr = Blue Mountain lorrikeet

Mallee = Bat

Kéoyoo-bugga = Gigantic crane

Bingarr = Blue crane

Chéewoorba = Swamp pheasant

Réwa = Duck in general

Koéotantoo = Rosella parrot

Millun-millun = Tree-creeper

Jeérfeer — Large honey-eater

Kodétchoorlee-birry-birry = Bee-bird

Ngtrrkee = Night-owl

Murrar = Feathers

Mittee = Leech or tick

Mooya-moo = Ant

Tow-w = Sound of rifle shot

Wair = Exclamation meaning ‘“ I don’t know”

. Chilloor = Wild goose

Tupparr = Squatter pigeon

Larmpa-larmpa = Bronzewing pigeon

Kookéocheedee = Wampu pigeon

Wakooka = Jackass

Boornkin = Black cockatoo

Géeaja = White cockatoo

Pyee-pyee = Magpie

Ditceritchen = Wagtail

Déonoree = Wedgetail eaglehawk

Boérkoor = Kite

Kuranjee, Banyan = Emu

Ko6orchar = Native companion

Tungarr = Ibis

Watchar = Crow

Billawarra = Pelican

Tarngoon = Bird in general

Ngéorkoo = Mopoke

Nogilly-ngilly = Black duck

Chee-wiggey = Whistling duck

Durrnchar = Egg

Nyéorpoo = Butcher-bird

Woonga = Jacky-winter

Méonya = Honey-eater

Kimmair = Fly

Pitchin, Chimoo = Grasshopper ;

Bitchin = March fly

Kéorain, Champoon, Koéloongoor = Large tree-
grub.

262 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Méokotéomboo = Water spider
Pitchee-cumparrjee, Bittoon = Ringtailed ’pos-
_ sum

Wooro0-rhé6omboo = Black snake

Mullkinneymoo = Brown snake

Téopa = Death adder |

Yeékurrangun = Black prickly-backed water-
snake

Réwa wungiriga = Freshwater crocodile

Minkair = Frill lizard

Béolmbaroo, Béolcha-béotcha, Ngdclamagoo
= Sleepy lizard

Choolmbarnoo = Large plain kangaroo

Warrajee = Wallaroo

Kuntama = Pretty-face wallaby

Béwoor = Rock wallaby

Walkooree = Kangaroo rat

Chaéllngar = Bushtail rat

Wyka = Native cat

Ngangkin = Poreupine

Toérka = Bandicoot

Toémpoo-t6ompoo = Stag beetle

Ngastilalum = Green water-snake

Kulpéwoorr = Cypress pine

Myra-myra = Ironwood tree

Mutchula = Branch of tree

Quinkun = River fig-tree

Chatama = Rough-leaved fig-tree

Challngarr-chatchoor = Pandanus tree

Ruimgoon = Pandanus fruit

Koépoorr-ké6opoorr = Quinine tree

Boéncha-booncha = Mosquito

Mooléoachar = Ant-lion

Wosénchuringun = Bush cockroach

Kaiya = Sand cricket

Yow-wa = °’Possum

Chaélpun = Carpet snake

Yinboonboo = Black water-snake

Barrcharjee = Tarpot (black-headed python)

Dickarr = Snake in general

Wooérnka = Goanna

Chiinkalunkun = Shaky-paw lizard

Kiya = Dog

Woonbéongoo = Water-rat

Boéoree = Track of foot

Jéolabirry = Whip-snake

Ngatchalum = Blind snake

Kinyeegar = Bandy-bandy snake

Woowarl, Charrpar = Green water-snake

Béorpoor = Lance-headed lizard

Méorum = Dingo ;

Chéorree-chéorree = Yellow water-goanna

Boorama = Black water-goanna

Chamba = Turtle

Darree, Talnkarr = Box-tree

Karngooparbal = Leichhardt tree

Ngéoyoolee = Burdekin plum

Birrar = Leaves of bushes i

Karoola, Warraboolka = Large bitter yam

Wammoon = Long thin yam

Muimnarr = Currajong ;

Kéora-ace = Currajong fruit

Kéwarr = Bloodwood, or to shout out

Karrboo = Ebony tree

Pilchirry = Tree, growing in watercourses,
which has long thin upright branches

Queéka = White currant growing in rivers

Béokun = Grass in general

Banyan-banyan = Wild peach-tree

Ditchin = Dead bark of ironbark

Yéela-yéela = Wild hops

Dutcharnjee = Wild grape

Talmanjee = Wild pomegranate

Charrkun = Gum-tree resembling ironbark

Warlchoo, Charakun = River gum-tree

Yay-yam = Catfish

Wattar = Black bream

Darlkoo = Archer (spotted bream)

Kéorkin = Guard-fish

Woolpérrangun = Rock cod

Wodkajoo = Large shrimp

Ngarrankuljee = Finger-mark fish

Binyee = Periwinkle

Jinna = Foot

Karrkoon = Blood

Waungalungun = Fat

Kitcha = Moon

Yirrmbee = Light

Woolpun = Heat

Béora = Ground

Kodépoor, Boérair, Ngaroo = Smoke

Malmair = Lightning

Kéoyun = Hail

Kéonkin = Wood

Yeéga = Yes

Barloo = T won’t

Rutkka = Tree for poisoning fish

Yallnkarr = Wattle

Pérla = Firefly

Wallabooroo, Warrka = Cork-tre :

Noérka = Ironbark wood

Koéoragun = Ironbark tree

Murraba = Broad-leaf tea-tree

Doérncha = Grass-tree

Chichoo = Narrow-leaf tea-tree

Béykoo = River tea-tree

Koéyoo = Fish

Muniaka = Small jewfish

Chinkun = Large jew

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS. 263

Pinyoor = Perch Choéroo = elbow

Karrojee = Bony bream Yincarn = Rib

Bodéleha = Mud cod . Beépa = Leg (ankle to knee)
Koéndy = Mussel Wodloo = Ankle

Wodlerajin = Leather-jacket Doénkoo = Back of neck

Wodmoo = Nose Toémoo = Lung

Darree = Bone Goémpoo = Bladder

Yarlpun = Skin Binna-toongun = To forget

Wodnga = Sun Dia = To give

Mitta = Star Chinken-chinkarjee = To play about
Wakaree = Cold Wookalooka =: Liar

Ngoé6koo = Water Ngarlee = Us

Chinka = Stone Kunparrgo = Yesterday, or past time
Quinga = Wind Chéoma = Future time

Rhéonyoo = Thunder Ninkarrba = To-morrow

Binna = Rain Miunyarra = Wife

Miuncha = Hill, or appetite satiated Choéwun = Flood water

Beéroo = Devil Cheérpun = Wet

Kurree = No Ngarkoo = Palm of hand

Ngeikoo = Me Ngarmoo = Thumb or big toe
Ngeiyoo = I Chicker = Elbow to wrist

Yéontoo = You Binta = Shoulder to elbow

Nickoo = To-day Moérrey-méorrey = To tickle
Mimmee = Milk Chatta = Thigh

Boéngarr = Flowers : Boénkoo = Knee

Changar, Daincha = Dry Woérpar, Boérrkoin = Brain
Kuckajee = Sickness Chakar = Shoulder

Karkoo, Moéroon = Fingers or toes Wodora = Kidney

Ngarra or Ngaree = Back of hand Meélkoor = Finger-nails

Modétchun = Wrist Kéolperra nginda, Kéolparnda = Well done!

_ The following are a few names of natives :—

Men.

Choweryeepa Mooyamoo
Ngarmoo-gooly-gooly Ngarmoo-yeeranda
Chooragoorum

>

_ (These were all ‘‘ Rhoonyoos” or witch doctors. The word ‘“‘ Ngarmoo”’ at the
beginning of a name means that the person is the son or daughter of the person who
held the latter end of the name, ‘“‘ngarmoo’’ meaning “ mother.’’)

Wowmitchoo Ngarmoo-bupoon
Marrkoo Ngarmoo-goonyooree
Ngarmoo-kooboora Munga
(Munga was king of the Wakooras when the whites first came to the Hodgkinson.)
Ngarmoo-yooboonboo Opee
WoMeEN.
Chinna-goorin (‘‘ crooked-foot”’) Munga-charnyee (‘‘ mouth-wounded ”’)
Chamba-chambutchee (‘‘ turtle-dropping ”’)
Kootchoorlee Katcha
Ngarmoo-tarpengoon Warrngunda

264 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Sentences.—The following are a few sentences strung together as the
natives would say them :—
Yoontoo wunyooringada woke-arrambarmba = What the devil are you doing ?

Yoontoo wanchamba toongun = Where are you going ?
(you) (where) (go)

Yoikoi! Rhoonyoojee ! Yoontoo nunkurraba bunna-wallncha ?
(hello) (doctor) (you) (to-morrow) (rain) (throw)
Hello, doctor, will you make rain to-morrow ?
Booliman kutta ngarlee booimunjee chilpa charkunda.
(policeman) (come) (us) (hit) (very fast) (run)
The policeman is coming to hit (or shoot) us; run quickly.

Bumma warnchoo yoontoo booimair ? = Who hit you ?
(man) (which) (you) (hit)

Ngeiyoo warloo kurree necheenjee = I don’t know who he was.
(I) (face) (no) (see)
or the word “ Waar ”’ expresses exactly this meaning.

Yoontoo karnparrgo pitchoor-pitchoor malmair necheenjee ?
(you) (yesterday) (dark) (lightning) (see)

Did you see the lightning last night ?
Choweryeepa Chillagoe toongun—Choweryeepa has gone to Chillagoe.

Wanyooringada yoontoo kumkum nukarnga ?—Why are you drinking beer ?
(why) (you) (beer) (drink)

Chanyee ngeikoo papparr woolair—I am sad because my sister died.
(no good) (me) (sister) (dead)

Local Names—
Mulligan Creek—Mutchelum.
Pinnacle south of Mitcheemitcheewarry—Boonboonchoorkoorgoo.
McLeod Creek—Mooncharjee.
Eastern Hodgkinson River—Choolkoor.
Union Waterhole—Chookoochookoo.
Waterhole below the Union Waterhole—Yoolboonboo.
Condle’s Waterhole—Ngarmoo-chinkunda.
Darkie Green’s Waterhole—Jimbajimba.
Walsh’s Crossing—Chillagurra.
Junction of the two Hodgkinsons—J ararngurra.
Waterhole near “ Piggies ’—Rootchoonagoo.
“ Piggies ” Waterhole—Wowmurrakunda.
Old Kurramoor Station Waterhole—Champingago.
Waterhole at the junction of Waterford Creek and the Hodgkinson—W ooweewooweelarjago

CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE OF THE ABORIGINALS.—RICHARDS. 265

Chinaman’s Waterhole—Putcheerchootoo.

Mountain Waterhole—Meerkooroo.

Lily Waterhole—Bootcheerraga.

Yard Waterhole at south end of Mount Mulligan—Chincham.
Mulligan Creek Falls—Ditcharna.

Black Mountains at Deep Creek—Yoompoortookoor.

Pinnacle at Burrankamen—Warra.

Pride of the North Waterhole—Chilungarrba.

Waterhole above the Pride of the North—Burrankamen.
Black Mountain—Boondarimba.

Mount McCann—Kookaman.

Two-headed Pinnacle South-west of Black Mountain—Bannita.
Three Sisters Mountain—Wallanjirry.

Hodgkinson River—Kulkinnen.

Mitchell River—Dimbee.

‘Neighbouring Tribes.—The following are the names by which the
surrounding tribes were known to the Wakooras :—

Chillagoe—Warkaman. Mossman—WN garlkajee.
Mareeba—Moorlooratchee. Dimbulah—W oombarmbarra.
Irvinebank—Choolngai. Normanton—Kookaminnies.

Palmer River—Kookawarra.

26 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

NEW RECORDS. OF ..CETACEA,
WITH A LIST OF QUEENSLAND SPECIES.

By HeBerR A. LONGMAN, Director. «

(Plate XLIIL)

PYGMY SPERM WHALE: Kogia breviceps (de Blainville).

In December, 1925, Mr. W. K. Cleeve, Secretary of the Rockhampton
School of Arts, forwarded small photographs of a skull, which had been presented
to the Museum in his charge. Recognising this as the rare Koga, or pygmy
sperm whale, I wrote asking if the skull itself could be sent in order that the
specimen might be placed on record. Subsequently it was forwarded to
Brisbane, on loan, for exact identification and description.

The skull was found under sandstone cliffs about five miles north of
Corio Head, or approximately twenty miles north of Yeppoon, by Mr. George
Corbett, who presented it to the Rockhampton School of Arts Museum. Un-
fortunately the material consists solely of the skull, which has evidently been
exposed to the weather for a lengthy period and is much damaged and abraded.
The anterior portion of the rostrum is incomplete. The lamelliform extensions
of the maxille overlying the orbital region are broken away on each side,
exposing the surface of the frontals. The vertex is incomplete, owing to
abrasion, and the anterior portion of the mid-facial crest is now missing. The
vomer is also damaged anteriorly. The orbital and palatal surfaces are much
abraded, and no periotic bones are present. Notwithstanding the unsatisfactory
condition of the skull, it has been thought advisable to put a few notes on
record, but the specimen does not lend itself to significant illustration or
detailed description. It is the first record of this rare Cetacean from the
Queensland Coast.

No less than six species of the pygmy sperm whales have been described,
three coming from Australasian waters. Under the name of Huphysetes grayi
Wall, in 1851, published a description of a skeleton found on Marouba Beach,
Sydney, although the work is said to have been done by Macleay. In 1865
Krefft described E. macleayii, which was based on a specimen from Manly
Beach,2 and in 1873 Haast described HH. pottsii from Governor’s Bay, New
Zealand.* _ Although considerable variation is presented by the crania and

1Ww.S. Wall, Memoir No. 1, Australian Museum, Sydney, 1851.
2G. Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 708.

$J. Haast, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 260, and Trans. Pr. N.Z. Inst., vi., 1874, p. 97,
pl. xv.

NEW RECORDS OF CETACEA,—LONGMAN, 267

skeletal remains on which these species are based, the majority of systematists.
consider that there is but one wide-ranging species, Kogia breviceps, first
described by de Blainville in 1838 as Physeter breviceps, the type locality being
the Cape of Good Hope.* |

Oliver notes that twelve examples have been found on New Zealand
coasts,> and Lord and Scott note a mandible in the Tasmanian Museum.®

This incomplete Queensland skull has a maximum length of 395 mm. ; the
maximum breadth is 410 mm. (between the postorbital processes); and the
height is 260 mm. (pterygoid margins to vertex). In the supraoccipital region
there is a pronounced median concavity. From the posterior aspect it agrees.
fairly well with the cranium of Kogia breviceps as figured by van Beneden and
Gervais (Plate XX., fig. 1b),7 but the region of the vertex is more elevated. In
this respect our cranium agrees with the specimens previously described from
Australia and differs from the more flattened skull from Japan called Physeter
simus by Owen,® which Beddard regards as a good species.? The zygomatic
processes are plainly visible beyond the exoccipitals on each side, from this aspect.

The mid-facial crest is formed, as usual, by the thickened posterior portion.
of the left maxilla, conjoined with the posterior extension of the right pre-
maxilla. The last bone extends for almost the total length of the skull
and apparently reaches in this Cetacean the relative maximum antero-posterior
extent for the mammalia, illustrating to a remarkable degree the plasticity of
the rostral elements. :

It is true that in the Sirenia the massive premaxille of the dugong
(containing extraordinary elongated incisors that are almost wholly hidden in
most specimens) present an analogous development, but even here the anterior
elements, although the dominant bones, do not extend so far back towards the
occiput. In the perfect specimen of K. breviceps described by Benham,
“triangular calcifications ”’ carrying a tooth were noted at the tip of each
premaxilla.1°

There is no evidence of the frontals on the surface in the region of the
vertex, and there are no distinguishable nasals. The left blow-hole, or external
narial orifice, is oval, with the antero-posterior diameter 60 mm., and the
transverse 40. The right orifice is almost circular and is relatively insignificant,
being only 15 mm. in diameter.

4de Blainville, Ann. Anat. Phys., ii., 1838, p. 337.
5W. R. B. Oliver, New Zeal. Jr. Sci. Tech., v., 1922.
* Lord and Scott, Syn. Vert. Animals, Tasmania, 1924, p. 280.
* van Beneden and P. Gervais, Ostéog. des Cétacés, 1868-1879.
®§ Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc., vi., 1869, p. 30.

® Beddard, A Book of Whales, 1900, p. 189.

10W. B. Benham, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, p. 55.

268 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

The basal view of the skull is too much abraded to yield much infor-
mation for comparative value with other specimens. Although incomplete, the
lower borders of the pterygoids are obviously inflected posterior to the tubal
notches, as in the specimen described by Schulte (p. 374), in his valuable study
of foetal and adult skulls.4

Beddard notes (loc. cit., p. 186) that “‘ Kogia or Cogia, as it is variously
spelt, is a ‘barbarous’ word said to be a Latinised form of ‘codger.’ But it
might be a tribute to a Turk of the past named Cogia Effendi, who observed
whales in the Mediterranean.”

BEAKED WHALE: Mesoplodon densirostris (de Blainville).

A skull of this rare Cetacean was found at Yeppoon, near Rockhampton,
and presented to the Queensland Museum by Dr. E. H. Beaman in March,
1924 (J. 4056). No mandibular remains were secured, and unfortunately the skull
is somewhat damaged and abraded. ‘This is the first record of this species for
Queensland. The maximum length of our specimen is 720 mm. At a distance
of 250 mm. from the tip of the rostrum, which is not quite complete, the
height of the combined elements, which are well ankylosed, is 76 mm., whereas
the width in this region is but 51 mm. Near to the anterior projection of the
palatine bones, 50 mm. behind the previous region, the rostral is still more
compressed laterally, but towards the apex the diameters are about equal. This
gives concisely the chief characteristics of the massive rostrum. At the posterior
end the mesorostral ossification rises above the premaxillaries in the median
line. In front of the maxillary foramina the two deep characteristic grooves
are present. Unfortunately the orbital region on each side is much damaged,
and the ventral surface is considerably abraded. In general contours our
specimen agrees well with the very fine illustrations of this species recently
published by Sir Sidney Harmer, with detailed descriptions and references to
literature.

Amongst other characters, M. densirostris is distinguished from a New
Zealand species M. bowdoina Andrews, which also has a very thick rostrum,
by the absence of deep inner notches and the more posterior position of the
antorbital notches at the base of the rostrum, the composition of the elements
of the vertex, the narrower ventral surfaces of the pterygoids, and the curved
lateral expansion of the rostrum in its central region, as seen from either
dorsal or ventral views.

Krefit has recorded M. densirostris (‘‘ Dioplodon sechellensis’’) from Lord
Howe Island, and this appears to be the only specimen previously noted from
Australasian waters. According to Sir Sidney Harmer (loc. cit., p. 576) only

11H. V. W. Schulte, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxvii., 1917.

128. F. Harmer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1924, pp. 541-587, pl. i.-iv.

8 Roy C. Andrews, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxiv., 1908, pp. 203-215, pl. xiii.
14G. Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 426.

NEW RECORDS OF CETACEA.,—LONGMAN, 269

seven examples were known in 1924 of this rare species. An illustration of the
body contours, as drawn from nature, was published by R. C. Andrews in
1914.

A NEW BEAKED WHALE: Mesoplodon pacificus new species.
(Plate XLIIT.)

An unusually large skull and mandible of a Beaked Whale found at
Mackay in 1882 were presented to the Queensland Museum by Mr. E. W.
Rawson. This material (J. 2106) represents a new species of Mesoplodon
with a single pair of apical mandibular teeth, but which can be readily
distinguished from both M. hectori and mirus. In several respects it resembles
M. mirus, established by True in 1913,%'6 more fully described and illustrated
by Harmer in 1924,!” and which is only known from three specimens obtained
from the Atlantic.

The skull is nearly four feet in length, and judging from its size and
the condition of the sutures it represents a fully mature whale. The specimen
is in fairly good condition, but is somewhat abraded in places owing to
exposure.

The chief characters of the new species are as follows :—A single pair
of apical mandibular teeth ; symphysis more than one-fourth of the mandibular
length. No basirostral groove; rostrum very elongated, shallow, margined
with a preminent flange. Maxillary ridges prominent and not diverging
outwards. Maxillary foramina much enlarged. No inner notches present in
antorbital region. Lachrymal very strongly developed and forming the chief
lateral constituent of the antorbital tubercle. Region of vertex contracted
towards the occipital elements, which are almost vertical; transverse diameter
behind premaxille much exceeding antero-posterior length of vertex; nasals
confined to anterior moiety of vertex.

Mandible.—With the exception of the postero-inferior margins the
mandible is perfect (Plate XLIII., fig. 3). No teeth are preserved, but there
are two large alveoli at the apex of the jaw. ‘These alveoli are 28 mm. in
antero-posterior extent, with a width of 17 mm., and they are directed
forward. The extreme tip of the mandible, just beyond the alveoli, is squarely
truncated, but is very slightly abraded. A dentary groove, which is very
straight, is present on each side of the anterior two-thirds of each ramus.
The mandible is 1066 in length from the tip to the parallel of both condyles,
or 1085 from the tip to the end of either condyle, and the symphyseal
region extends for 300, or considerably more than one quarter noted for the
type of M. mirus. In lateral contours and in the straight external border of
the anterior portion the mandible agrees fairly well with the descriptions and

13 Ff, W. True, Smith. Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 25, 1913.
16 fF, W. True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, 1913, pp. 651-657, pl. 52-57.
178. F. Harmer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1924, pp. 541-587.

270 MEMOIRS. OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

figures of M. mirus published by True and Harmer, but the area between the
condyle and the coronoid process is emarginated and the upper surface of the
symphyseal region is concave.

The skull is 1186 mm. in maximum length, with a maximum breadth
across the zygomatic processes of 520 mm., and the height from the inferior
borders of the pterygoids to the vertex is 455 mm. In comparison with the
skull of M. hectort as figured by Flower,!® this species is much longer and
shallower in the rostral region, and the post-rostral portion is relatively much
broader. In the diagnostic characters of the antorbital region as set out by
Harmer (1924), M. pacificus differs essentially from both mirus and _hectort.
The anterior plate of the malar is greatly expanded and covers the entire
ventral surface of the prominent antorbital notch, but, unlike M. mirus, it
does not form part of the notch itself and is well hidden from the dorsal
surface although just visible from the lateral view. The styliform zygomatic
processes are broken on each side. The large and greatly thickened lachrymal
is a very distinctive feature. It forms a prominent part of the tubercle when
seen from either the dorsal or anterior view, and also is the main constituent
in the lateral view. Its rounded lateral border slopes to the ventral surface,
where the flattened portion passes inwards beneath the zygomatic process of
the malar.

Compared with the lateral view of skulls of mirus, as illustrated by
True and Harmer, the lachrymal of pacificus is strikingly distinct, its vertical
thickness being no less than 46 mm., whilst its maximum antero-posterior
extent is 55 mm. This is well shown in Plate XLIII., fig. 2. The antero-
ventral border of the bone is rounded, whilst the posterior portion is obliquely
triangular with the apex directed upwards and backwards. On each side of
the skull this element.is far thicker than the overlying frontal and maxillary
plates (apart from the maxillary ridge), and in this lateral development the
lachrymal appears to reach in M. pacificus its maximum in the Ziphiide.

When referring to the flattened lachrymal of a young M. grayi, W. K.
Gregory, in his study of the evolution of this element, states, “In existing
odontocetes the most complete and primitive condition of the lachrymal is
seen in the Ziphiine.’!® M. pacificus would appear to be a specialised species
im this respect, and in view of the different interpretations of the elements of
the antorbital region of other Cetaceans, as noted by Owen, Flower, Harmer,
and others, this development is of interest. The lachrymal in R. Kellogg’s
fossil dolphin, Xenorophus, is relatively enormous.

In M. pacificus the vertex has reached a more posterior position than in
either mirus or hectori, and this is an outstanding difference which is obvious
when the superior cranial surfaces of the three species are viewed together.
When seen in lateral outline the occipital region of M. pacificus is much more
vertical, and the distance from the border of the foramen magnum to the

18 WW. ng ‘Miower. Trans. Zool. Soc., x., 1878, pl. Ixxi.
19 W. K. Gregory, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xlii., 1920, p. 161.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. VIII., Puate XLITI.

Mesoplodon pacificus Longman.

W. Sanderson, Photo. Face page 270.

NEW RECORDS OF CETACEA,—LONGMAN, 271

external narial orifices is relatively much contracted. The width of the
expanded anterior portion of the vertex across the premaxille is about equal
to half the width of the cranium in this region, as in M. mirus. The median
portion of the nasals reaches the plane of the premaxillary plates. Owing to
abrasion on the dorsum of the vertex, the sutures between the component
parts cannot be fully traced, but the post-nasal elements are quite as- exten-
sive as the conjoined nasals.. The right nasal is larger than the left. The
width of the vertex behind the expanded premaxillary plates far exceeds its
antero-posterior diameter, as may be seen from Plate XLIII., fig. 1, and this
forms a striking distinction between M. pacificus and M. mirus and even more
so with M. hectori. -Behind the premaxillary crests the recurved plates of the
maxillaries are vertical in position, but are thinner and less extensive out-
wardly than in M. mirus, ae figured by Harmer.

The mesethmoid has a very prominent convex. projection, attaining
50 mm. in height, at its junction with the mesorostral ossification immediately
in front of the nares, and behind this is a deep vertical sinus, which is not
found in hectori. In front of the nares the right premaxillary plate (72 mm.)
is wider than the left (60), whilst at the expanded portions on the sub-
vertical anterior face of the vertex the right plate attains 120 and the left 72.

The straight and prominent maxillary ridge is best developed on the
right side, but this region is partly abraded on the left. This ridge is almost
parallel with the median line of the skull, resembling that of M. europeus,
and is not directed obliquely outwards as in M. mirus. From the lateral
view its dorsal border is evenly convex, and in transverse section it is
acuminate.

There is no noticeable inner notch but an even curve at the base of
the rostrum in front of the prominent antorbital notch. The mesorostral
ossification is confined to the basal portion of the rostrum and extends only
110 mm. beyond the line of the antorbital notches. The maxillary foramina
are much enlarged (40 x 16 mm.), resembling those of Berardius arnucxit,
whilst the premaxillary foramina, which are more anteriorly situated, are
unequal in position, the left being considerably in advance of the other.
The last-named foramina open into a groove in each premaxilla, which is
deep but not extensive. In the median part of each lateral expansion of the
vertex there is a prominent double foramen between the premaxillary and
maxillary plates, These foramina open into the nares on either side of the
mesethmoid.

The rostrum itself is relatively wider and less deep than that of either
M. mirus or hectori, and in this respect resembles that of M. bidens as figured
by True! and by van Beneden and Gervais in “sowerbiensis.” The
maxillary flange on each side is a very prominent character. This commences in
front of the maxillary ridge, and here for a short distance the outer edge is
raised considerably above the level of the median portion of the rostrum. As
it proceeds forward it slopes downwards until it ends on the ventral surface at

198 F, W. True, Bull. 73, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1910, pl. 7.

272 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

the anterior point of the maxilla in the terminal fourth of the rostrum, The
infero-lateral region of each flange is marked by a narrow dentary groove, which
is also continued to the tip of the rostrum.

With the exception of the curved basal portion of the lateral flange, the
rostrum is very straight on its superior border, when seen in lateral outline
(Plate XLIII.). There is here a superficial resemblance to M. grays, as figured by
Flower and Hector, but it has no close affinity with this species.

On the ventral surface the vomer appears at 248 mm. from the apex of
the rostrum. It is bordered by a longitudinal groove on each side and is also
preceded by a median groove between the premaxille. The rostrum is very
shallow in the region of the vomer. After being visible for 330 mm. the median
element disappears beneath the thickening plates of the maxille. The pterygoid
region is somewhat damaged and abraded. The sutures with the palatines
cannot be traced positively between the anterior pterygoid wings.

The basioccipital region resembles in its main features M. mirus as
described by True and Harmer. The anterior halves of the ridges are strongly
convergent and are continuous with the posterior lateral portions of the
pterygoid. No periotic bones are preserved.

The anterior ends of the zygomatic processes of the squamosal are not
so truncated as in M. mirus.

When compared with the illustrations of skulls of Berardius published
by True (loc. cit., 1910), C. A. Marelli?° and earlier writers, it is obvious from
the architecture of the vertex and other features that our specimen is a Meso-
plodon and not an anomalous Berardius in which the second pair of teeth is
missing.

Table of Measurements in Millimetres.

Skull, total length ; , os <> eee
Height, inferior borders of ieee to vertex .. .. 455
Width across zygomatic processes ds aye ah = > Oa
Width across occipital condyles as : : 160
Length of rostrum from level of bases of saibelad eri 815
Width of rostrum between bases of antorbital notches .. 335
Height of rostrum at middle .. a is ha vi 60
Width of rostrum at middle... ae ; ie 32 oO
Width of premaxille across expanded ends at vertex fi ZA
Superior nares, greatest width .. si ; =e ns 89
Mandible, length of ramus to end of ehnaeltt ap .. 1,085
Mandible, length of symphysis .. a ie < nee
Mandible, maximum height at coronoid x Le ne ee

- 20C. A Marelli, Annales del Mus. Hist: "Rae: Buenos Aires, xxx., 1920, pp. 41) 444,
pl. i.-v.

NEW RECORDS OF CETACEA,—LONGMAN. 273

The single apical pair of teeth is so distinctive a feature that Oliver
has erected the genus Paikea®! to accommodate hector: and mirus. Harmer,
however, has pointed out the difficulties associated with this course, as hector:
and mirus differ from each other in certain respects and the last-named is
obviously allied to M. europeus, in which the teeth are near the posterior end
of the symphysis.

Probably each new specimen to be received will add to our knowledge
of the variation of these remarkable Cetaceans, which appear to be still under-
going a process of rapid evolution. The differences between M. pacificus and
its allies, however, are too significant to be merely individual or due to age.

In his interesting review of the inter-relationships of the Cetacea, the
late Herluf Winge (as translated by G. 8. Miller) considers the short, broad
cranium as the result of water pressure moulding the plastic elements, and the
extreme development in the Xiphiines as due “to swifter, more violent
swimming than other whales.” Winge’s views, which are here very condensed,
are suggestive, and the extraordinary diversity of cranial architecture in this
group is surely the result of such evolutionary processes. G. 8. Miller (1923)
has pointed out the probable significance of water pressure on the skulls of
rapid-swimming mammals that are ‘‘ born in the water.” 78

Mesoplodon pacificus is extremely brachycerebric. An attempt to estimate
the size of the cranial cavity, with inside calipers, shows an approximate
length from the upper margin of the foramen magnum to the region of the
degenerate cribriform plate (which is not perforated) of 155 mm., whilst the
maximum breadth is about 260. There is a prominent vertical tentorial plate.
The capacity of the brain case, as measured with fine sand, is 5,400 cubic
centimetres. The minimum transverse diameter of the supra-occipital region
to the margins of the temporal fossz is 325.

Judging from the recorded proportions of other species, the skull of
M. pacificus represents a beaked whale of at least 25 feet in length. It
appears to be the largest skull yet recorded for the genus.

LIST OF QUEENSLAND CETACEA.

The following species are represented in the Museum :—

MYSTACOCETI. 7
HUMP-BACK WHALE: Megaptera nodosa Bonnaterre (including M,. longimana and boops),
The Queensland Museum is indebted to Mr. Thomas Welsby for the

skeleton of a specimen about 35 feet in length, which was stranded on Strad-
broke Island, to the east of Amity Point, in August, 1919. (J. 3343.)

SULPHUR-BOITOM WHALE: Balznoptera musculus (Linnzeus) (including B, australis),
Remains of skeleton without data.

21 W. R. B. Oliver, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1922, p. 574.
2la GG. §. Miller, Smith. Misc. Coll. vol. 76, No. 5, 1923.

274 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM,

ODONTOCETI.
SPERM WHALE: Physeter macrocephalus Linnzus.
Apart from many teeth, the only specimen representing the Sperm Whale

is an incomplete maxilla, collected at Bushy Islet, Hannibal Islands, N.Q., and
presented by Captain T. M. Almond. (D. 8522.)

PYGMY SPERM WHALE: Kogia breviceps (de Blainville).
Recorded. in this paper.

FAMILY ZIPHIIDE.
CUVIER’S BEAKED WHALE: Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.
An incomplete skeleton of this whale was stranded at Nikenbah, near

Maryborough, in 1918, and presented by Mr. Emil Jensen. It was placed on
record by the writer in 1919.7?

BEAKED WHALE: Mesoplodon densirostris (de Blainville).
Recorded in this paper.

LAYARD’S BEAKED WHALE: Mesoplodon layardi (Gray).

A skull and a few vertebrz were obtained from a specimen stranded at
Zilzie, near Emu Park, Rockhampton, in 1884. (J. 2105.) A note regarding its
identification by C. W. De Vis as Mesoplodon layardi was published by W. N.
Jaggard in 1885.8

A specimen stranded near Southport, also in 1884, was tentatively re-
corded by De Vis as Ziphius layardi,24 but no report on the skull and other
bones appears to have been published. This whale was 12 ft. 4 in. in length,
and was mounted with the skull in the Museum, where it is still on exhibition.
In the circumstances, no satisfactory examination can be made of the hidden
skull. No raised teeth can be traced in the mandible.

BEAKED WHALE : Mesoplodon pacificus Longman.
Recorded in this paper.

FamiLty DELPHINID.
PILOT-WHALE or ‘‘ BLACKFISH’’: Globicephala melzena (Traill).

This species is represented by two crania, one of which (J. 3820) comes
from Fraser Island (presented by Mr. N. D. Allom). Judging from crania
alone, the ‘‘ blackfish ”’ stranded in Madura Strait, Java, recorded by K. W.
Dammerman as Blyth’s G. indica, are closely allied to our species. I have

22H. A. Longman, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., xxm., 1919, pp. 90-93, pl. iii. and iv.
23.W. N. Jaggard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Old., i., 1885, p. 58.

24C, W. De Vis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., i., p. 174, pl. xix.

25K. W. Dammerman, Treubia, vol. v., 1924, pl. vi.-viil.

NEW RECORDS OF CETACEA.—LONGMAN. 275

preferred to use the specific name of the older species, which most authorities
recognise as cosmopolitan, as I have no record of the colours of our specimen
in life.
FALSE KILLER WHALE: Pseudorca crassidens Owen.
The late Mr. J. H. Stevens, Inspector of Fisheries, presented a skull with
lower jaw of this Cetacean to the Museum in 1913. (J. 937.) The locality is
stated to have been near Townsville, Queensland.

COMMON DOLPHIN: Delphinus delphis Linnzus.
This is represented by a skull with remains of the skeleton from Moreton
Bay. (J. 2776.)
BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN: Tursiops catalania (Gray).
This species is represented by several skulls, skeletal material and two
mounted specimens. The localities range from Townsville in the north to
Burleigh Heads. This appears to be the most common dolphin on our coast.

? OWEN’S DOLPHIN: Sotalia gadamu (Owen).

Two of our skulls have been identified as this species, which has been
recorded for Australia by Flower?® and Ogilby.27 At present the writer is not
satisfied with the separation of this material from 7’. catalania. There is con-
siderable variation in the region of the pterygoids and according to True the
number of teeth in 7’. catalania varies from 21 to 28. ‘True also notes that the
skull of Sotalia gadamu “shows decided affinities to T'ursiops, from some species
of which, were the pterygoids united, it would be very difficult to distinguish
it.’28 In our specimens the antorbital region slopes obliquely away from the
notch, and this appears to be a distinguishing feature from the type of Delphinus
gadamu as figured by Owen.?*

A skeleton of the Speckled Dolphin, Sotalia lentiginosa, is also present
in the collections, and is probably from our waters but there is no locality
data. This species, as figured by Lydekker,®° is distinctively spotted when
adult.

Coloured casts of models of species of Balena, Balenoptera, Megaptera,
and Rhachianectes, received in exchange from the American Museum of Natural
History, New York, are on exhibition in the Public Galleries.

ABORIGINALS AND “PORPOISES.”’’
In view of the references in literature to the supposed co-operative
association in fishing in early days of Queensland Aboriginals with “ porpoises,”
I have thought it of interest to review the observations on this curious subject.

*6 W. H. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883, p. 489.

27 J. D. Ogilby, Catal. Austr. Mamm., Aust. Mus., 1892, p. 77.
*8 FF. W. True, Bull. 36 U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 14.
“2° R. Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc., vi., 1869, pl. iv. :

30 R. Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, pp. 802-808, pl. xiv.

276 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The dolphins found on our coast are invariably called “ porpoises,’ and pre-
sumably the species mentioned in the following references is T'ursiops catalania.
At the present time owing to the prevalence of motor boats these Cetaceans.
are less common in Moreton Bay than in the past.

As considerable scepticism naturally exists as to the reality of this
co-operative association, several extracts will be given. In the Proceedings of
the Zoological Society for 1856, p. 353-4, there appeared a short article by
Mr. Fairholme entitled ‘‘The Blacks of Moreton Bay and the Porpoises,”’
which is as follows :—

‘“ Between the two islands which form the south part of Moreton
Bay, is a passage known as South Passage, formerly used for ships
entering the Bay, but now given up. Near the deserted Pilot Station
at Amity Point, some of the natives may constantly be found during
the warmer months of the year fishing for ‘mullet,’ a very fine fish
about the size of a mackerel. In this pursuit they are assisted in a
most wonderful manner by the Porpoises. It seems that from time
immemorial a sort of understanding has existed between the blacks and
the porpoises for their mutual advantage, and the former pretend to.
know all the porpoises about the spot, and even have names for them.

“The beach here consists of shelving sand, and near the shore
are small hillocks of sand, on which the blacks sit, watching for the
appearance of a shoal of mullet. Their nets, which are used by hand,
and are stretched on a frame about 4 feet wide, lie ready on the
beach. On seeing a shoal, several of the men run down, and with
their spears make a peculiar splashing in the water. Whether the
porpoises really understand this as a signal, or think it is the fish, it is
difficult to determine, but the result is always the same: they at once
come in towards the shore, driving the mullet before them. As they
near the edge, a number of the blacks with spears and hand-nets
quickly divide to the right and left, and dash into the water. The
porpoises being outside the shoal, numbers of fish are secured before
they can break away. In the scene of apparent confusion that takes.
place, the blacks and porpoises are seen splashing about close to each
other. So fearless are the latter, that strangers, who have expressed
doubts as to their tameness, have often been shown that they will
take a fish from the end of a spear, when held to them.

“For my own part I cannot doubt that the understanding is
real, and that the natives know these porpoises, and that strange
porpoises would not show so little fear of the natives. The oldest
men of the tribe say that the same kind of fishing has always been
carried on as long as they can remember.

“Porpoises abound in the Bay, but in no other part do the
natives fish with their assistance.”

NEW RECORDS OF CETACEA.—LONGMAN. 277

A somewhat similar account is given by George Watkins in the Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, vol. viii., 1891, p. 45, who says:
“The co-operative principle was so well understood between these fellow-
adventurers, that an unsuccessful porpoise would swim backwards and forwards
on the beach, until a friend from the shore waded out with a fish for him on
the end of a spear.”

Apparently the earliest record is that of James Backhouse, who states :
“The blacks do not kill the porpoises because they show where there are fish
to be caught.” Mr. Thomas Welsby, to whom I am indebted for this reference,
says that this was written on the 11th April, 1836, when Backhouse and his
friends were at Amity Point. (J. Backhouse, ““A Narrative of a Visit to the
Australian Colonies,” London, 1843, p. 368.)

Mr. Welsby also refers me to the account given by John Campbell,
written first for the “Ipswich Observer,’ but printed as a pamphlet in 1875
under the title “The Early Settlement of Queensland and octher Articles.”
The writer states that he was at first incredulous, but records his observations
as an eye-witness at Amity Point, which are substantially the same as those
given by Fairholme.

During the anchorage of the “‘ Rattlesnake” off Moreton Island in 1847,
John Macgillivray had an opportunity of making notes on the “‘ Porpoise”’ of
Moreton Bay. He refers to this as ‘“‘an undescribed porpoise, a specimen of
which, however, I did not procure, as the natives believed the most direful
consequences would ensue from the destruction of one; and I considered the
advantages resulting to science from the addition of a new species of Phocena,
would not have justified me in outraging their strongly expressed superstitious
feelings on the subject. We observed that whenever a drove of these porpoises
came close inshore, a party of natives followed them along the beach, and when
a shoal of fish, endeavouring to avoid their natural enemies, approached within
reach, the blacks rushed out into the water with loud cries, and, keeping their
bag nets close together so as to form a semicircle, scooped out as many fish as
came within reach.” (Narrative Voyage Rattlesnake, i., 1892, p. 48.)

In “ Tom Petrie’s Reminiscences,” dating from 1837 (published in Brisbane,
1904) his daughter records (p. 70) that one old porpoise was well known and
spoken of fondly and the blacks regarded him as “the big fellow of he tribe of
porpoises. I [Tom Petrie] have seen this creature take fish from a spear, and
the white men working on the island told me that they often saw him knocking
about with the blacks.”

Another reference to this particular “ porpoise” is to be found in “‘ The
Genesis of Queensland,” by H. 8S. Russell, 1888, p. 290, where it is stated to be
“as tame—with those blacks—as a pussy cat.” Russell states that this scene
was so curious “that the evidence of my own senses alone permits me to
mention it.” I am indebted to Dr. E. Sandford Jackson for the last two
references.

278 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Mr. Thomas Welsby in his book ‘ Schnappering,”’ published in Brisbane
in 1905, says (p. 81) :— ,

“IT remember witnessing a great scene of fun and excitement on
the haul right in front of the reserve at Amity Point. A large school
of mullet were coming in along the shore, but were too far out in
the deep water for the blacks, when a number of porpoises were
observed rolling about fully 500 yards away, and sunning themselves,
in complete unconsciousness of the feast so near them. One_black-
fellow went down to the beach with a spear, which he prodded into
the sand several times, and then struck the water with it at full
length and flat along it or horizontally. Instantly the porpoises
answered the signal by dashing in and, of course, driving the poor mullet
before them, when there was a rush of about twenty natives into them
with their nets, and for the next few minutes nothing was to be seen
but a confused mass of fish, porpoises and blacks, all mixed up to-

gether, out of which the blacks emerged with their nets as full as
they could hold, and left the balance of the school to be worried by
their curious allies.”’

The average reader may be sceptical and suggest that the association may
be explained concisely by the old adage: post hoc, ergo propter hoc. Mr.
Welsby, however, who is one of the keenest of fishermen, says, “It is very easy
to understand how the two came to work together in the strange way they
did, for the porpoise is a very intelligent creature, and he soon found out that
attendance on the blackfellow meant fish for him.”’

In view of the many observations made by different persons it appears
that there is a good case for this remarkable illustration of commensalism.

[END OF Vou. VIII, MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.]

Lae

A J. Cummine, Government Printer, Brisbane.