PRESTON & ROUNDS CO. Botanical Batoxs Providence, r. i. S Au/Ti Library of r V if CMsgk* mCj®: <5*11 ^ -T -{€&&& * -' ckly is sainl SMALL-LEAVED LIGNUM VITM. 17 Jasminum vulgo americanum . S. Evonymo affinis occidentalism alatis rusci foliis, nucifera , cortice ad genicula fungoso. Pluk. Almag. p. 139, tab. 94, fig. 4. Lignun Vita ex Brasilia . Blackwall, tab. 350. fig. 3, 4. /3. G. # parvifolium, foliis subtrijugis foliolis obliquis , caypsulis ypenta - ypteris. This species forms a spreading tree, resembling an oak, with a thick short trunk, and, according to Dr. Blodgett, (who found it to be abundant in Key West,) its fine blue flowers, in April, make a very beautiful appearance. It is a native likewise of various tropical parts of South Ame- rica, the island of St. Domingo, St. Juan of Porto Rico and in Mexico. According to Plunder, the wood of this species is as hard and as heavy as that of the true Lignum Vitae, but of the colour of Box. Yet Hernandez describes the wood as blue internally, which probably takes place in the older trunks, and thus again resembling the officinal Guaiacum. The bark of this tree is gray or yellowish- gray, and even. The leaflets are never more than 2, or mostly 3 pair, somewhat cuneate-oblong, oblique and obtuse, but terminating in short setaceous points; the young branchlets and margins of the leaves are somewhat pubescent. The flowers are terminal, on longish peduncles, and from 2 to 4 together. The segments of the calyx are nearly smooth and oblong. The petals 5, are oval, rounded, partly unguiculate, smooth and perfectly entire. The cap- sule is turbinate, and furnished mostly with 5 salient angles or wings. The wood of the true Lignum Vitee is so heavy as to sink in water, to the taste it is slightly bitter and inodo- rous. It takes a fine polish and turns well, being much used where solidity is an object, such as for ship-blocks, pestles, &c. The centre of the wood is of an obscure green, and is the part which contains the larger proportion of resin ; the outer layer or sap wood is more yellow, 18 SMALL-LEAVED LIGNUM VITJ3. lighter, and contains very little resin. It is remarkably cross-grained, the strata of fibres running obliquely into one another, in the form of a letter X. It is usually sawed into pieces of 1 to 5 cwt. each, and seldom presents a diameter of more than 12 to 18 inches. The peculiar substance called Guaiacum, (now Guaia- cine), is procured from this tree. It is friable, semitrans- parent, light, of a brownish-green colour when exposed to to the air and light, and diffuses on burning a somewhat agreeable odour. It is slightly bitter, and produces in the mouth a sensation of smarting and heat. It dissolves entirely in alcohol, and partially in water. It either flows spontaneously and concretes in tears, or is obtained by in- cisions. The latter operation is performed in May. This substance is also obtained by sawing the wood into billets, and boring a hole longitudinally through them, so that when one end of the billet is laid on the fire, the gum flows readily from the other, and is collected in a calabash or gourd. It may also be obtained by boiling the chips or raspings in salt water, when the gum will separate from the wood and rise to the surface. Guaiacine differs from resins in the change of colour produced on it by air and light, and the action of the acids, in not forming tannin but oxalic acid when treated with nitric acid, and in the large proportion of charcoal it affords when burnt. Guaiacine is stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and purga- tive. The Spaniards first imported the wood from America into Europe in the year 1508. It had then a high reputa- tion as an antisyphilitic, and the names of Holy Wood and Wood of Life were given to it, and it was then in such esteem as to be sold at the rate of seven gold crowns a pound. It virtues, however, in the treatment of this dis- ease have been now wholly superseded by mercury. The decoction of the w r ood has been found useful in cutaneous diseases and scrofulous affections. The Guiac itself is an SMALL-LEAVED LIGNUM VIT,U. 19 efficacious remedy in chronic rheumatism and arthritic affections, and may be substituted for the wood, of which it is the active medicinal ingredient. Its sensible effects are a grateful sense of warmth in the stomach, dryness of the mouth and thirst, with a copious perspiration, if the body be kept externally warm, or if the guiac be united with opium and antimonials : but when the body is freely exposed it acts wholly as a diuretic. The tincture diluted with water has been employed as a gargle to cleanse the mouth, strengthen the gums, relieve tooth-ache, &c. It is probable that our variety p ( Guaiacum parvifolium ,) may be a distinct species from the true G. sanctum , and more nearly allied to the officinal species, but we have seen no authentic specimen for comparison, and our plant is certainly, at the same time, exactly similar with a speci- men so marked and collected in St. Domingo by Poiteau. In the Dictionnaire des Plantes usuelles, pi. 295, a. 1, there is a bad figure of the G. sanctum , which may be that of the G.qfficinale , while plate 294, is made up of the fruit of the true officinal Guaiacum, and the simple opposite leaves of some other plant foreign both to the genus and order. In the leones Plantarum Medicinalium, of Nuremberg, tab. 540, the same false figure is given as the G. sanctum. Plate LXXXVI. A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit. 20 BITTEE WOOD. (Quassie, Fr.) Natural Order , Simarubace^:, (Richard.) Linncean Clas- sification, Decandria Monogynia. SIMARUBA* (Aublet.) Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous. — Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5, somewhat larger than the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10, with scales at their base. Style divided at the apex. Carpels usually of the same number as the petals, inserted by a joint on the axis, capsular, 2- valved, internally dehiscent and 1 -seeded. Seeds without albumen, pen- dulous ; cotyledons thick ; radicle superior. Trees or shrubs of the inter-tropical regions of America with a very bitter bark and milky juice : the leaves alternate, pinnated, and without stipules. GLAUCOUS BITTER- WOOD. SIMA RUB A glauca, floribus monoids , masculis decandrisl , stigmate 5- partito , foliis abrupte pinnatis , foliolis alter nis subpetiolulatis glabris glaucis. Decand. Prod. vol. 1, p. 733. Humb. Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gener. Am. vol. 6. p. 16. * An Indian name given by Aublet, employed by the Galibis. Simaruba glauca. Grloowceu/S 23 itlcr- Weed/ Si*ruxsrou2>cu GLAUCOUS BITTER-WOOD. 21 This species of Bitter- Wood often confounded with the officinal kind, was first observed by Humboldt in the Island of Cuba, near the port of La Trinidad, and according to the Herbarium of Poiteau, it also exists in St. Domingo, where it was seen probably by Aublet. In Key West, according to Dr. Blodgett, it becomes a lofty tree and flowers in April. The Simaruba excelsa, according to Aublet, attains the height of 60 feet, with a diameter of 2J feet. The timber, Dr. Macfadyen remarks, is of an excellent quality, the wood being of a yellowish colour, inodorous, light, not very hard, but capable of receiving a very fine polish, and in Jamaica is much used for flooring. Insects will not approach the bed-posts and clothes-presses made of it on account of its bitter quality ; and it has been employed for this reason to make cabinets for the preservation of collections of insects. The officinal part of the Simaruba officinalis , (from which the present species is scarcely distinct), is the bark of the root. It is inodorous, with a bitter but not disagreeable taste. The pieces are of a fibrous texture, rough, scaly, covered with warts, and of a full yellow colour within, when fresh. Alcohol and water take up all its active matters by simple maceration, better than at a boiling heat. It is one of the most intense and durable bitters known, and has the pro- perty of a tonic and anti-spasmodic, being employed with advantage in intermittent and bilious fevers, obstinate diar- rhoea, dysentery, and dyspeptic affections. The wood is much used in England to give bitterness to malt liquors, though the use of it subjects those brewers to a very heavy penalty. Every part of the present species is perfectly smooth, and the young branches and panicles are glaucous. The leaflets, 5 or 6 pair, are occasionally both alternate and opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed, and somewhat oblique at the base, paler beneath, but not pubescent. The Vol, hi. — 4 22 GLAUCOUS BITTER-WOOD. flowers appear to be wholly dioicous, as remarked by Dr. Wright, in the Jamaica plant. The panicles are pedun- culated and axillary ; the flowers are small, yellowish with a tinge of red, scattered and mixed with a few linear obtuse bracts. The petals are oblong-lanceolate. Stigmas 5, re volute, smooth, germs the same number. The drupes or capsules are seldom more than 3 by the abortion of the other germs, oval, somewhat compressed, and obtusely carinated, of a deep reddish purple, with little or no pulp, indehiscent, and 1 -seeded. From their appear- ance they are in Jamaica called Bitter or Mountain Damsons. Plate LXXXVII. A branch of the natural size. ■ . PJ.LXXX VJTE uMrUjr dU CoccoioIifL uivif era # *>Ul, - S id*/ (rrO'fU' Ra-Csirtur d (rrafijU/S . 23 COCCOLOBA.* (Linn.) Natural Order , Polygoneje, (Juss.) Linncean Classification 9 OcTANDRIA TrIGYNIA. Flowers perfect, or polygamous. — Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, at length converted into a berry. Corolla none. Stamens 8, anthers rounded. Ovary 3-sided : stigmas 3, short. Drupe , by abortion, 1 seeded, the nut oval and pointed. Trees or shrubs mostly of tropical America, with alternate entire leaves, and short, cylindric, sheathing stipules ; flowers herbaceous, in racemes, with articulated pedicels ; the fruit resembling grapes. SEA-SIDE GRAPE. (RAISINIER DE MER). COCCOLOBA UVIFERA, foliis cordato-subrotundis nitidis . Linn. Willd. Sp. pi. vol. 3, p. 457. Lamarck. Illust. tab. 316, fig. 2. Gajrt. t. 45. Coccoloba foliis subrotundis integris nitidis planis , racemis fructuum cernuis . Jacci. Amer. p. 112, tab. 73. Mill. Diet. No. 1. Coccolobus foliis crassis orbiculatis sinu aperto . Brown, Jam. p. 208. Polygonum caule arbor eo fructibus baccatis . Linn. Sp. pi. Ed. 1. Uvifera foliis subrotundis , amplissimis . Linn. Hort. Cliffort. p. 487. Uvifera litorea , foliis amplioribus fere orbiculatis crassis americana . Pluken. Almag. p. 394, tab. 236, fig. 7. Guajabara racemosa , foliis coriaceis subrotundis , Plumier, ic. t. 145. # The name derived from two Greek words, alluding to the lobing of the kernel at the base. SEA-SIDE GRAPE. 24 Prunus maritima racemosct, folio subrotundo glabro , fructu minor e pur- pureo . Sloane, Jamaic. 183. Hist. vol. 2, p. 129, t. 220, f, 3. Catesby, Carol. 2, t. 96. Populus americana rotundifolia . Bauhin’s Pinax. p. 430. The Sea-Side Grape forms a large and spreading tree along the coasts of many of the West India islands, and on the shores of the extremity of East Florida, where it was observed at Key West, by Dr. Blodgett. It is truly remarkable for the enormous size of its almost round and smooth, strongly-veined leaves, which are often from 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The trunk attains the height of from 25 to 60 feet, by 2 or more feet in diameter ; the wood is heavy, hard, and valued for cabinet work, when of sufficient size ; it is of a red or violet colour, and by boil- ing communicates the same fine colour to the water. The extract of the wood, or of the very astringent seeds, forms one of the kinds of kino employed in medicine. This sub- stance is of a very dark brown colour with a resinous frac- ture. According to Oviedo, the Spaniards, when in want of pen, ink and paper, used to employ the wide leaves of the Coccoloba, writing on them with the point of a bodkin. From its maritime predilection, it is known in the Ba- hamas by the name of the Mangrove Grape Tree. The fruit, disposed in long racemose clusters, is composed of pear-shaped, purple berries, about the size of cherries; they have a refreshing, agreeable sub-acid taste, with a thin pulp ; are esteemed wholesome, and brought to the table as a dessert, for which they are in considerable demand, but if the stone be kept long in the mouth it becomes very astringent to the taste. The branches are smooth and gray, but in old trunks the bark is rough and full of clefts. The leaves are dilated, round and obtuse, with a narrow sinus at the base, and upon very short petioles. The racemes of greenish-white pilxxxec G-.Worlty. dUl Cgccoloba parvifolia,. S maM Leaded Jen s Crr*^ Ho U vyi-L&r a- /vetit&S SMALL-LEAVEp SEA-SIDE GRAPE. 25 polygamous flowers, are 6 to 12 inches long, articulated upon very short peduncles, and grow by clusters, at first erect, but in fruit pendulous. The nut has a thin shell, half 3-celled at the base, with narrow membranous dissepi- ments. Seed somewhat globular, acute, deeply umbilicated at base, brown and irregularly striated. There is some- times an appearance of gummy exudation on the surface of the leaves having an astringent taste like that of the extract. Plate LXXXVIII. A twig of the natural size. a. The male flowers, b. The flower, c. The raceme of fruit. SMAlX-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRAPE. COCCOLOBA # paevifolia, dioica, foliis obbngo-lanceolatis ovalibusque, racemis erectis, floribus octandris. p. ovalifolia, foliis ovalibus utrinque obtusis. Coccoloba obtusifolia? Jacquin, Amer. p. 114, t. 74. This species, according to Dr. Blodgett, who found it growing on Key West, is a dioecious tree attaining the height of 40 feet. It appears to have a near affinity to C. obtusifolia of Carthagena, at least our variety P. and there is a very similar species also indigenous to St. Domingo, according to the Herbarium of Poiteau. It appears very near to the “ Pigeon Plum,” of Catesby, plate 94, which, like the present, becomes a large tree, bearing a pleasant tasted berry ; its wood is hard and durable, and it affects rocky situations. 26 SMALL-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRAPE. In this tree the branchlets are numerous, short, and covered with a light grey bark. The leaves, smooth and even, situated at the extremities of the branchlets, are oblong-lanceolate, about 3 inches long, and a little more than an inch in width, rather acute at either end. Raceme of the fertile plant 3 to 4 inches long, the flowers solitary, with the lobes of the calyx whitish. In the infertile plant the racemes are longer, and the flowers smaller, and clus- tered along the stalk of the raceme by 3 or 4 together. In the variety Z 3 . ovalifolia, the leaves are sometimes nearly as broad as long, rounded at each end, and some- times slightly sinuated at the base. This species appears to be also nearly allied to C. virens of the Botanical Register, plate 1816, but in that the flowers are decandrous and the racemes nodding. Plate LXXXIX. A branch of the fertile plant of the natural size, a . A twig of the male plant, b. The male flower. 27 SAPOTA PLUM. (Sapotier. Fr.) Natural Order , Sapote,e. (Juss.) Linnrnn Classification , Hexandria Monogynia. ACHRAS* (Linn.) Calyx 5 or 6 to 8-parted ; the divisions ovate, concave and incumbent. Corolla the length of the calyx, 6-cleft, with the same number of para- petalous alternate scales within and attached to the corolla. Stamina 4 to 6 ; anthers adnate, ovate, with the 2 cells parallel. Style subu- late, exserted. Berry with 8 to 12 cells, the cells 1 -seeded, and with many of the cells often abortive. Seed with a marginal hylum, and narrowed at the apex; embryo erect, without albumen, cotyledons fleshy. Lactescent trees of tropical America and India, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves without stipules ; flowers axillary, and with the leaves aggregated at the extremities of the branches. # The Greek name of the wild pear. 28 SAPOTILLA or NASEBERRY BULLY TREE. ACHRAS z apotilla j foribus aggregatis, foiiis ellipticis utrinque obtusis , floribus hexandris . Achras sapota. /3. ( Zapotilla ) brachiatus diffusus, fructu subrotundo , cicatricula mucrone breviori . Browne, Jamaic. vol. 2, p. 200. Anona maxima , foiiis laurinis glabris viridifuscis , fructu minimo. Sloane, Jam. 206. Hist. vol. 2, p. 172, tab. 169, f. 2. Ray. Dendr. p. 79. Catesby’s Carol, vol. 2, p. 87, t. 67. Sapota fructu turbinato minori. Plumier, Gener. p. 43. /3. # parvifolia foiiis ellipticis brevibus utrinque obtusis submar ginatis, fructibus majoribus. The small islands, or keys as they are called, at the southern extremity of East Florida, afford in this tree, one of the fine fruits of tropical America, indigenous also to Jamaica, St. Domingo, the straits of Panama, and some other of the warmer parts of the continent of South Ame- rica. According to Dr. Blodgett, it is common on Key West, where it becomes a tree of 30 feet in height, bearing an agreeable, wholesome fruit, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, which is larger than the small naseberry plum of Jamaica. When the fruit is green or first gathered, it is hard and filled with a milky or white juice as adhesive as glue, but after being gathered 2 or 3 days, it grows soft and juicy, the juice, being then clear as spring water, is very sweet. The fruit of the true Sapota is said to be round, bigger than a quince, and covered with a brownish, more or less grooved skin; before maturity the flesh is greenish, milky, F1XC G-yforley.cUl J rn^W SMp^dhUeL' 1 Achras Zapotilla, Sa^iotUli^r Coni; Truin'. SAPOTILLA. 29 and of a very austere disagreeable taste, like our un- ripe Medlar, and hence the Spanish name of Naseberry ; but when ripe it is reddish-brown without, bright yellow within, well scented, of a very delicious taste, and quite refreshing. Jacquin even preferred it to the Pine-apple. Like all cultivated fruits, the Sapotilla is subject to a variety of forms, some being oblong and ovoid, pear- shaped or round, others with the summit pointed and the base enlarged. According to Tussac, there is scarcely any fruit in the West Indies more esteemed, and it is there carefully cultivated. In Jamaica, the Naseberry Bully Tree is one of the largest in the mountain forest, growing 40 or 50 feet high, with a trunk as large as an oak, and is esteemed as one of the best and strongest timber trees in the island. It bears a round fruit about the bulk of a nutmeg, rough externally like a Russetting apple, and of the same colour. The summit of the Florida Sapotilla is spreading, and the branches covered with a light gray bark. The leaves are clustered towards the summits of the twigs, and are about 2 inches long by an inch wide, elliptic, obtuse at each end, and often emarginate, with ferruginously pubes- cent petioles an inch in length. The peduncles are about the same length, or a little longer, drooping, and aggre- gated by 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves. The calyx is brown, silky, and always closed, with 3 of the seg- ments external. The corolla is cream-coloured and of the same length with the calyx. The bark of the Sapota is very astringent and febrifugal, and was once supposed to be the true Jesuit’s bark. The seeds of this plant are powerfully aperient and diuretic. The resin also which its milky Sap affords, is possessed of medical properties, and when burnt diffuses an odor of incense. There appear to be two varieties of this tree at Key Vol.ui. — 5 30 SAPOTILLA. West, the one now figured, which we have called p. parvi- folia, and another with larger leaves, apparently identical with specimens collected by Poiteau in St. Domingo, and which he had marked Achras Sapota. Plate XC. A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit, somewhat reduced. Pixel 6-.Worly.cUl Bumelia lycioidcs SrTVOcth-lroa-r^l BvsntUa ScLftotvlhcK (is. 31 SOUTHERN IRON-WOOD. (L’Argan, Fr.) Natural Order , Sapotb^e, (Juss.) Linncean Classification, Pentandria Monogynia. BUMELIA * (Swartz.) Calyx 5 -cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, internally with the same number of toothed or trifid incurved petaloid scales. Stamens 5 or 10, on short filaments arising from the base of the tube of the corolla. Ovary superior, rounded. Style short, stigma simple and obtuse. Drupe small and round, mostly containing 1 seed. Shining or smooth trees, with alternate entire leaves, chiefly natives of the tropical parts of America or the warmer parts of the United States. Flowers small, in close axillary round corymbs or clusters. The wood generally hard and ftetid. f Leaves Deciduous . SMOOTH-LEAVED BUMELIA or IRON-WOOD. BUMELIA lycioides, spinosa erecta; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis basi attenuatis demum glabris , pedunculis calicibusque glahris. Bumelia lycioides. Pursh. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1, p. 155. Elliott, Sketches, 1, p. 287. Persoon, Synops. vol. 1, p. 237. * A name given by the Greeks to the European Ash, and arbitrarily applied to this genus by Swartz. 32 SMOOTH-LEAVED BUMELIA. Sideroxylon lycioides , Linn. Sp. pi. Duhamel. Arb. 2 , p. 260, t. 68. Mich. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1, p. 122. Sideroxylon Iceve . Walter, Flor. Carol, p. 100. Lycioides. Linn. Hortus Cliffort. p. 488. A small and rather elegant tree, from 12 to 40 feet high, chiefly an inhabitant of low wet forests, from Carolina to Florida, and in Louisiana, not far from the banks of the Mississippi ; but it is never met with in Canada, as stated by Willdenow in the Species Plantarum. It was first intro- duced into France from the Mississippi, by the French Canadians, under the name of the Milk-Wood of the Mis- sissippi, from the fact, that the young branches, when cut, yield a milky juice. The wood, according to Elliott, though not used by mechanics, is extremely hard, heavy, and irregu- larly grained, agreeing, in this respect, pretty nearly with the species of Sideroxylon of the West Indies, deriving their name from the hardness of their wood, which is com- pared to iron. One of the tropical species has wood nearly of the same yellow colour and close grain as that of the Box tree. The younger infertile branches generally produce axillary spines, which often increase in size with the advancing growth of the wood. The bark of the trunk is gray and smooth, at length cloven into narrow longitudinal chinks, that of the branches is brownish-grey and smooth. The leaves, at first somewhat silky pubescent and whitish beneath, are rather narrow and lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, smooth and reticulated above, attenuated below into a moderate and slender petiole, brought together usually in lateral clusters ; in the centre of which, sur- rounded by the round clusters of flowers, issues occasionally a spine. The leaves at length smooth, are about 3 inches long including the petiole, and an inch or less in width. The flowers, small and greenish, are in axillary or lateral OBLONG-LEAVED BUMELIA. 33 rounded clusters ; the peduncles simple, all of a length, and, as well as the calyx, quite smooth. The stamens are 5 in number, and about the length of the corolla. The leaves on the infertile branches are more decidedly lanceolate than the rest. The berries are oval, juicy, black when ripe, and about the size of small peas. A tree now in Bartram’s Botanic Garden, at Kingsessing, in rather an unfavourable shady situation, probably 40 years old or more, has attained the height of about 40 feet, but being slender, is not more than 8 inches in diameter ; it appears, however, as though it might attain a still larger growth, and is per- fectly hardy in this climate. Plate XCI. A branch of the natural size. a. A cluster of berries, b. The flower. OBLONG-LEAYED BUMELIA. BUMELIA oblongifolia, spinosa erecta, foliis lanceolato-oblongis obtusis basi attenuatis subtus molliter pilosis, pedunculis brevissimis calyci- busque villosis. Nutt. Gen. Amer. vol. 1, p. 135. This species, which becomes a tree 18 or 20 feet in height, is by far the most hardy of the genus, being indige- nous about the lead-mines in the vicinity of St. Louis, where the thermometer falls at times below zero. It is also not uncommon in Arkansas, in the shady alluvial forests of that stream, and it is met with on the borders of the Mis- sissippi as far down as Natchez. It was first noticed botanically by my late friend Mr. John Bradbury, F. L. S. 34 RUSTY-LEAVED BUMELIA, The bark is rough and gray, and the wood very hard, tough, and foetid, indeed so much so, that it would pro- bably drive away insects from chests made of its wood. In its natural haggard state, near the lead mines, it is an ungraceful tree with numerous tortuous and flexuous branches. The young branchlets, as well as the petioles, are clothed with soft brownish-grey hairs. The leaves somewhat resemble those of B. lycioides, but they are larger, being 3 to 4 inches long by 1 to 1| wide, and more or less hairy beneath, even when adult. The flowering clusters are dense, the flowers numerous, on hairy pedun- cles scarcely longer than the ferruginously villous calyx, the segments of which are ovate and concave. The inner scales nearly equal with the corolla, are connivent and trifid, situated opposite to the stamens. Drupe fleshy, purple, at length blackish brown. RUSTY-LEAYED BUMELIA. BUMELIA ferruginea, inermis , foliis obovatis pubescentibus obtusis subtus ferrugineo-tomentosis , corymbis multifloris , calycibus peduncu - Usque rufo lanatis , floribus pentandris. Of this apparently very distinct species of Iron-wood, I know nothing more than the single imperfect specimen collected by Mr. Ware, in East Florida. The leaves in the spineless infertile branch are unusually wide, being 1J inches by inches in length, those on the flowering branch however, are much smaller. It is quite remarkable for the dense ferruginous pubescence on the under side of the PI.XC1I J iMty- feared, Rwruslta,. BunielLa ten ax. Softs Tilli&r terruU*' SILKY-LEAVED BUMELIA. 35 leaves, young branches and calyx. Its nearest affinity is at the same time to the preceding species. SILKY-LEAVED BUMELIA. BUMELIA tenax, erecta , ramis junioribus spinosis, foliis cuneato-lan- ceolatis pierumque obtusis , subtus sericeo-nitentibus , mb-aureis , calycibus villosis. Bumelia tenax . Willd. Sp. pi. 1, p. 1085. Persoon, Synopsis, vol. 1, p. 237. Elliott, Sketch, vol. 1, p. 288. Loudon, Encyc. Plants, p. 149, t. 2394. Bumelia chrysophylloides . Pursh. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1, p. 155. Sideroxylon tenax . Linn. Mant. p. 48. Jacquin, Collect, vol. 2, p. 252. Sideroxylon chrysophylloides. Mich. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1 , p. 123. Sideroxylon sericeum. Walter, Carol, p. 100. Chrysophyllum Carolinense. Jacq. Observ. vol. 3, p. 3, tab. 54. This very elegant leaved species becomes occasionally a tree 20 to 30 feet high, with hard tough wood, and the trunk clothed with a light grey bark. The young branches are slender, straight, flexible, and as in all the species of the genus inhabiting the United States, very difficult to break, hence the specific name of the present ( tenax .) The leaves are much smaller than in any of the preceding species ; smooth above, beneath silky and shining, with the down usually of a pale golden or ferruginous colour ; add- ing a peculiar elegance and splendour to the foliage, nearly equal to that of the true Chrysophyllum, or Golden-Leaf of the West Indies. The flowers and leaves, as usual, are both clustered at the extremities of the projecting buds of the former season, but the older fertile branches do not appear to produce any thorns. The peduncles of the ses- 36 WOOLLY-LEAVED BUMELIA. sile corymbs, are very long, and as well as the calyx, clothed with ferruginous down. According to Willdenow the drupes are oval. Inner corolla or nectariurn 5-parted as the corolla, but with the divisions trifid, and the middle segment longest. This species affects dry sandy soils, and is met with, not uncommonly, from the sea-coast of South Carolina to East Florida. Bose remarks that at the approach of evening, the flowers give out an agreeable odour. In the Bartram Garden, there is a tree of this species, less silky than usual, wdiich is perfectly hardy. Plate XCII. A branch of the natural size. a. The flower, b. The berry. WOOLLY-LEAVED BUMELIA. BUMELIA lanuginosa, spinosa ; ramulis patentissimis , pubescentibus ; foliis cuneato-lanceolatis obtusis ; subtus lanuginosis ferrugineis nec sericeis calycibus glabris basi pilosiusculis . Bumelia lanuginosa . Persoon, Synops. 1, p. 237 . Pursh. Flor. 1, p. 155 . Sideroxylon lanuginosum, spinosum ; ramulis patentissimis , pubescen- tibus ; foliis orvali-lanceolatis , supra glabris , subtus lanuginosis nec sericeis . Mich. Flor. Bor. Am. vol. 1 , p. 122. This is a smaller tree than the preceding, affecting the same situations, bushy swamps on light soils; and is met with in Georgia and the lower part of Alabama. The leaves are small, as in the preceding species, but covered beneath with a dull brown wool, not very thick, nor in the least LARGE-FRUITED BUMELIA. 37 shining; their form is cuneate-oblong, or sublanceolate and obtuse, about an inch and a half long, and a little more than half an inch wide, on short petioles like all the rest of our species. The flowers are also much smaller, and the calyx nearly smooth. In this species likewise the spines are stout, sharp and persistent. Its real affinity is to B. lycioides, but it is in all parts much smaller. LARGE-FRUITED BUMELIA. BUMELIA macrocarpa, depressa , ramis gracilibus valde spinosis , spinis ebngatis tenuibus subrecurvis, foliis parvulis cuneatodanceolalis obtusis junioribus lanuginosis , demum subglabris concoloribus ; drupa maxime ovali . This very low bushy species, allied to B. reclinata, I give, (though from very imperfect specimens) to complete the history of our species of the genus. The twigs are very slender, at first pubescent, covered with a grey bark, and with the spines long and slender as needles. The leaves, before expansion, are exceedingly lanuginous, and always small, with very short petioles, at length nearly smooth. The fruit is edible, and as large as a small date ! I found this species on the sandy hills not far from the Altamaha, in Georgia, in winter, and therefore do not know the flower. It does not grow more than a foot high, and the leaves are little more than half an inch long. 38 ff Leaves Sempervirent. NARROW-LEAVED BUMELIA. BUMELIA angustifolia, glabra spinosa, foliis lineari-oblongis obtusist Jloribus aggregatis glabris, drupa oblonga umbilicata. This tree, according to Dr. Blodgett, is common at Key West, where it attains the height of 40 feet. The wood is probably equally hard with that of the other species of the genus. The branches before us are more or less spiny, and covered with a brown but externally silvery grey bark. The leaves, unusually small and narrow, come out in clus- ters from the centre of preceding buds, they are very smooth, apparently evergreen and coriaceous, linear-oblong and obtuse, attenuated into a sort of false petiole, and are about an inch and a quarter long, by about 3 lines wide. The peduncles are aggregated, rather short, and, as well as the calyx, smooth. Segments of the calyx ovate, the two outer smaller. Corolla yellowish-white not longer than the calyx. The berry, about the size and form of that of the Bar- berry, is purplish-black, and covered with a bloom, oblong-elliptic, by abortion 1-seeded, the 3 or 4 other ovules stifled, and the one large, cartilaginous seed filling up the whole cavity ; the berry is umbilicated at the apex, and terminated with the persistent, subulate, slender style ; the pulp is waxy, milky probably before ripe, as in the Sapotilla. The seed is large, cylindric-oblong, pale testa- ceous, hard and very shining, with an internal longitudinal pi.xcm G-WarUy del . JYaumw- lawesl'£» wn*?i& B amelia angus i if olia J djudMicr u/ftuillos e-trites. pi.xcrv; WtrUy dtl F/>etul B curulux. Bn melia fo etidi * s iin a ScvjootiZVu'f tros j'ltufo FETID BUMELIA. 39 suture, bright-brown at the tip of the base, with a conspi- cuous lateral basal cicatrice. This species has a considerable affinity with Sideroxylon spinosum of Linngeus, a native of India and Africa, the ber- ries of which are acidulous, and agreeable to eat. Plate XCIII. A branch of the natural size in flower, a. A branch with ripe berries. FETID BUMELIA. BUMELIA fcetidissima, foliis lanceolato-oblongis obtusis subemarginatis, pedunculis confertis axillaribus. Wiild. Sp. Plant, vol. 2, p. 1086. Persoon, Synops. 1, p. 237. Sideroxylon fcetidissimum inerme, foliis sub-oppositis, Jloribus paten- tissimis. Linn. Mantis, p. 49. Jacq. Amer. p. 55. Lam. Diet. vol. 1, p. 247. This is another species, becoming a large tree, equally indigenous to Key West and the island of St. Domingo, and was found by the same person with the former. Poiteau met with it the mountainous woods of Hayti, and it was in flower in October. It is said neither to be spiny nor milky-juiced, and it bears a round berry almost as large as a cherry. In this species the leaves are very smooth and large, disposed chiefly at the extremities of the branches, they are nearly elliptic and obtuse, somewhat waved on the margin, on petioles nearly an inch in length, and of a thinnish con- sistence, yet somewhat coriaceous ; they are 3 to 3 J inches 40 FETID BUMELIA. long and from 1| to 2 inches wide. The flowers are numerous and in dense clusters, produced, apparently, in the axils of preceding leaves, and therefore appear wholly lateral. The calyx is almost entirely smooth, with oval segments ; the corolla very spreading, yellowish-white, with 5 stamens. The stigma, very different from that of the preceding species, is wholly sessile on the summit of the oblong germ, and is membranous and concave. The berry, apparently yellow, is by abortion only 1 -seeded. The spe- cimens collected in St. Domingo by Poiteau, are marked Samara, probably from the very peculiar almost cup-shaped stigma and spherical fruit. It seems to be nearly allied to Sideroxylon lucidum, (Solander), as described by La- marck, Diet. l,p. 246. It is also nearly allied, apparently, to B. pallida. Plate XCIV. A branch of the natural size. 41 STB AW BERRY TREE. (Arbousier, Fr.) i Natural Order , Erice^e, (R. Brown.) Tribe Arbutea:, (Decand.) Linnazan Classification , Decandria Mono- GYNIA. ARBUTUS.* (Gamer. Tournefort.) Calyx inferior, 5-parted. The corolla globosely or ovately campanulate ; the narrow border 5-cleft and reflected. Stamens 10, included. Anthers compressed at the sides, opening by 2 terminal pores, attached below the summit where they produce 2 reflected awns. Ovarium , seated < upon or half immersed in an hypogynous disc, 5-celled, cells many- seeded. Style 1 : stigma obtuse. Berry nearly globular, rough with granular tubercles. Large or small trees of the south of Europe, the Levant, Mexico, and Oregon. The leaves alternate and sempervirent ; racemes axillary or ter- minal and paniculate. Flowers pedicellate, provided with bractes ,• the corolla white or reddish. # An ancient name for the Arbutus TJnedo . 42 MENZIES’S STRAWBERRY TREE. ARBUTUS menziesii, arbor ea, foliis ellipticis acutis subserratis longe petiolatis glabris , racemis paniculatis densifloris axillaribus terminali - busque. Arbutus menziesii. Pursh. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1 , p. 282. Arbutus laurifolia ? Linn. Suppl. 238. Arbutus grocer a. Douglas, Bot. Reg. tab. 1573. This is rather a common species on the banks of the Oregon and the Wahlamet, below Fort Vancouver, in rocky places where it becomes a tree 30 to 40 feet high, with a smooth and even light-brown trunk, from which the old bark exfoliates, so that it appears as if it were stripped nearly down to the living surface. The top is somewhat pyramidal and spreading. The leaves, resembling those of the laurel, are thick and of a rigid consistence, crowded towards the extremities of the branches, they are chiefly elliptic and mostly entire, though on the young shoots sharply serrate. The flowers are very abundant, in dense pyramidal panicles, made up chiefly below, of axillary sessile racemes, they are nearly globular and yellowish- white ; these are at length succeeded, about August, by fine showy clusters of orange-yellow berries, which are rather dry, and coated with a thin layer of granular tuber- cular pulp. This species appears to be very closely allied to A. An- draclme of the Levant, and I suspect it is not sufficiently distinct from A. laurifolia of Linnaeus. At any rate, there is certainly but one arborescent species of the genus in the PIXCV Jffoitiids Jtrawierrj'- Arbutus Menziesii. ^Lrbovusicr tU' Monia&s t \ t TREE WHORTLEBERRY. 43 Oregon territory. The young leaves are, in fact, as described, sharply serrate, and the older leaves likewise vary in this respect, some being wholly entire or nearly so, and others distinctly serrulate. We found the wood to be white, hard, and brittle, and of no economical value, except as indifferent fuel. Its diameter was usually from 1 to 2 feet. The pulp of the fruit is somewhat aromatic, but wholly inedible. The cells only about 2-seeded, the seed rather large and angular, chiefly filled with a fleshy albumen. All the species of the genus are highly ornamental, and particularly the Strawberry Tree (A. Unedo ) of South Europe, which covers whole mountains in the kingdom of Leon in Spain. The peasants and their children eat the fruit, though not very agreeable and somewhat narcotic when taken in large quantities. The leaves in some parts of Greece are employed for tanning leather, and are also used as an astringent remedy in medicine. In the island of Cor- sica an agreeable wine is said to be prepared from the ber- ries of the A. Unedo ; and in Spain both a sugar and a spirit are obtained from them. Plate XCV. A branch of the natural size. a. The berries. TREE WHORTLEBERRY. BATODENDRON arboreum. Nutt, in Philos. Transact. Philad. vol. 8. 44 TREE WHORTLEBERRY. Vaccinium arboreum , Marshall, p. 157. Mich. Flor. Amer. 1 , p. 230. Pursh. Flora, 1. p. 285. Elliott, Sk. 1, p. 495. Vaccinium diffusum . Aiton. Hort. Kew. vol. 2, p. 11. This species, commencing to appear on the dry margins of swamps in North Carolina, and extending to Florida and Arkansas, becomes a tree of 10 to 20 feet in height, with an irregular round top, and sending out many long, straight suckers from the root. The leaves are nearly evergreen, oboval, or almost round, smooth and shining. The racemes arise from the old wood, with the flowers white, tinged with red, and angular. The berries are round, smooth, black, nearly dry and astringent, filled with a granular pulp almost like saw-dust, yet the taste is pleasantly subacid. The bark of the root is astringent, and is sometimes given in decoction as a remedy for chronic dysentery and diarrhoea. The dried fruit is equally efficacious and more agreeable to the palate, (Elliott.) We have not sufficient materials for a figure of this curious tree. Mountain Laurel, ( Rhododendron maximum) “ is found, as you know, at Medfield and at Attleborough in Massa- chusetts, and also, I believe , near Portland in Maine.” (G. B. Emerson.) I am unable to decide whether this interesting plant is found as far north as the state of Maine, though it is not improbable. On the high banks of the Delaware near Bordentown, we meet with natural clumps of this shrub, which in Pennsylvania is scarcely found nearer than the first chain of the Alleghany Moun- tains. Spoon Wood ( Kalmia latifolia ), “abounds in almost every part of Massachusetts, as far north as Lowell,” (G. B. Emerson,) and 1 have reason to believe, also, that it TREE WHORTLEBERRY. 45 extends into Maine. The largest plants of this species which I have ever seen, not inferior to stout Peach trees, were in the great cypress swamp, near Dagsbury in Sussex county, Delaware. In the same locality also grew the Hopea tinctoria, Laurus Borbonia, and the Quercus hemi- spherica. Sorrel Tree, ( Andromeda arborea). A tree of this spe- cies now growing at the Bartram Garden, is more than 60 feet high, with a circumference of 4 feet. 46 MELON or PAPAW TREE. (Papayek. Fr.) Natural Order, Papayacejs. (Von Martius.) Linnmn Classification, Dicecia Decandria. PAPAYA.* (Trew, Tourn. Jussieu.) CARICA. (Linn.) Dioecious or polygamous. — Calyx inferior, minute and 5-toothed. Cb- rolla , monopetalous, with a contorted sestivation, in the staminiferous flower tubular, with 5 lobes and 10 stamens, all arising from the same line, with those opposite the lobes sessile, the other alternate ones on short filaments ; anthers adnate and 2-celled, opening lengthways ; the corolla in the fertile flower is nearly campanulate, and 5-parted almost to the base. Ovary superior, 1 -celled, with 5 parietal many-seeded receptacles ; stigma sessile, 5-lobed, fringed. Fruit a succulent indehis- cent pepo. Seeds spherical, enveloped in a loose mucous coat, having a brittle pitted shell ; the embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat, with the radicle inclined to the hylum. These are spongy-wooded, quick-growing trees of tropical America, without branches, like Palms, and yielding an acrid thin milky juice ; the * The native American name. Linnseus changed the name for Carica , because it was said to be a native of Caria ; but as the plant has no sort of relation with that country, it is better, with Jussieu and Lamarck, to retain the older and better name. Papaya vulgaris I 3 adorer Ocrn.mun OrWcrLey' de-t -Pfr'jtcovr Tre*. COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE. 47 leaves are alternate and large, digitate or palmately lobed, on long petioles; the male flowers in axillary racemes with clustered flowers ; the female flowers usually solitary. COMMON MELON or PAPAW TREE. PAPAYA vulgaris, foliis palmatis 7-9 -lobis sinuatis, laciniis oblongis acutis , jioribus masculis racemoso-corymbosis. Papaya vulgaris. Decand. in Lamarck’s Diet. vol. 5, p. 2. Illust. t. 821. Carica Papaya. Linn. Sp. pi. Willd. Sp. pi. 4, p. 814. Carica fronde comosa , foliis peltatis ; lobis varie sinuatis. Brown, Jam. p. 360. Papaya fructu melo-peponis effigie. Plum. Catal. p. 20. Trew. Ehret. tab. 7 1 Tourn. Instit. p. 659. Papaya maram. Rheed, Malab. vol. 1 , t. 15, fig. 1 , [male], Amhapaya, fig. 2, [female]. Arbor melonifera. Boutius, p. 96. Arbor platani folio , fructu Peponis magnitudine eduli . Bauhin Pinax, p. 131. Merian. Surinam, p. 40, tab. 40 and 62. 64. The Papaw Tree, rising erect into the air without branches to the height of 20 feet, in its mode of growth may be compared to the Palms, or to the tall and herba- ceous Banana, while its true relations are to the Gourd and Passion flower tribes. The elegant palmated leaves spread out only towards the summit of the stem, and form a wide circle like an airy umbrella. The stem is cylindric, about a foot in diameter, with the wood of a soft and spongy consistence, and so fibrous as to afford a material for cord- age like hemp. In six months it attains the height of a man, and soon after begins to flower, attaining its utmost magnitude in 3 years. The root is perpendicular, whitish, spongy, and of a dis- agreeable taste and smell. The stem is marked nearly its whole length, with the scars of the fallen leaves, and is of 48 COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE. a somewhat solid consistence towards the base. The leaves are on petioles which are near upon 2 feet long, they are deeply divided into 7 or 9 sinuated gashed lobes. The flowers are axillary, yellowish- white and fragrant; the barren ones in pendulous racemes with the flowers dis- posed in corymbose clusters ; the fertile flowers are rather numerous, on short usually simple thickened pedicels. The fruit, produced throughout the whole year, is about the size of a small musk-melon, usually oval or round, and fre- quently grooved; it is yellow, inclining to orange when ripe, containing a bright yellow, succulent, sweet pulp, with an aromatic scent ; the seeds a little larger than those of mustard, have a w^arm taste almost like that of Cresses. The fruit of the Papaw when boiled and mixed with lime juice, is esteemed a wholesome sauce to fresh meat, in taste not much unlike apples. It is likewise employed as a pickle, when about half-grown, being previously soaked in salt water to get rid of the milky juice it contains, and is, when ripe, frequently preserved in sugar and sent to Europe with other tropical sweetmeats. The juice of the unripe fruit, as well as that of the seed, acts as a powerful and efficacious vermifuge, and its chief constituent, sin- gular enough, is found to be Jibrine , a principle otherwise peculiar to the animal kingdom and the fungi.* An appli- cation of the milky sap is said to be a remedy for the tetter or ringworm, and upon the coast of Malaquette in Africa, the leaves are employed as an abstergent in place of soap, they are also used for the same purpose, by the African creoles of the West Indies. The Papaw, moreover, has the singular property of ren- dering the toughest animal substances tender, by causing a separation of the muscular fibre ; even its vapour alone is said to produce this effect upon meat suspended among * Thompson’s Annals of Chemistry, I. c. COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE. 49 the leaves, and that poultry and hogs, though old, become tender in a few hours after feeding on the leaves and fruit. This property was first described by Brown in his history of Jamaica, who remarks, that meat washed in the milky juice, mixed with water, became in a few hours so tender that when cooked it could scarcely be taken from the spit. The utility of the Papaw is proved by the fact of its being cultivated over the whole of South America, (accord- ing to the observations of Humboldt and Bonpland ;) it is likewise cultivated throughout India and in many of the islands of the Pacific, particularly in the Friendly and Sand- wich island groups ; here it frequently produces fruit at the height of 6 or 8 feet. In the wilds of East Florida, accord- ing to Bartram, it presents a more imposing and stately appearance, and adds a peculiar feature to the almost tror pical scenery of the forests of the St. John. It is also met with on the small islands or keys, near the extremity of the peninsula, and is indigenous to many parts of South America and the West India islands. Linschoten says it came from the West Indies to the Philippines, and was taken thence to Goa. According to Sloane, it grows wild in the woods of Jamaica, but is there of small stature. It was observed also at Realejo in Guate- mala by Dr. Sinclair. In Bartram’s Travels, (p. 131,) is given a very ani- mated and exact description of this graceful tree. He adds it “ is certainly the most beautiful of any vegetable produc- tion I know of; the towering Laurel Magnolia, and exalted Palm, indeed exceed it in grandeur and magnificence, but not in elegance, delicacy, and gracefulness ; it rises erect, with a perfectly straight tapering stem to the height of 15 or 20 feet, which is smooth and polished, of a bright ash colour. Its perfectly spherical top is formed of very large lobe- sinuate leaves, supported on very long footstalks ; the lower 50 COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE. leaves are the largest as well as their petioles the longest, and make a graceful sweep, like the long / or the branches of a sconce candlestick. The ripe and green fruit are placed round about the stem or trunk, from the lowermost leaves, and upwards almost to the top. It is always green, ornamented at the same time with flowers and fruit.” Plate XCVI. The female tree on a reduced scale, a . The female flower of the natural size, b . A portion of the male raceme, of the natural size. / . f . . Comug NuttalLi. CornoLulior cit JYuUall 51 DOGWOOD. (CoRNOUILLER. Fr.) Natural Order , Cornace^e, (Decand.) Linncean Arrange- ment, Tetrandria Monogynia. CORNUS. # (Tournefort.) Border of the calyx 4-toothed, minute. Petals oblong, spreading. Stamens 4, longer than the corolla. Style somewhat club-shaped ; stigma obtuse or capitate. Drupes free, berried, 1 to 2 -celled, 1 to 2 -seeded. The plants of this genus are chiefly trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous, with a bitter bark. Leaves opposite, (or rarely somewhat alternate) usually entire, without stipules, and feather-veined. Flowers small and white, disposed in compound, terminal, flat clusters or cymes ; sometimes capitate and surrounded by a coloured involucrum resembling petals. Hairs of the leaves and stems affixed by the centre. LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD. CORNUS nuttallii, (Audubon), arborescens ; involucris k-Q-foliolatis, foliolis obovatis , acutis acuminatisve basi angustatis ; foliis ovalibus , viz acuminatis ; cortice Icevi . # From cornu a horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. 52 LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD. Cornus nuttallii, leaves of the involucrum 4-6, obovate, acute or acumi- nate, narrowed at the base ; drupes oval ,* leaves oval, scarcely acumi- nate. Torrey and Gray, Flor. N. Amer. 1, p. 652. Audubon, Birds of America, plate 367. Cornus Florida , Hooker, Flor. Bor, Amer. vol. 1, p. 277, (partly.) On arriving, towards the close of September in 1834, at Fort Vancouver, I hastened again on shore to examine the productions of the forests of the far West, and nothing so much surprised me as the magnificent appearance of some fine trees of this beautiful Cornus. Some of them growing in the rich lands near the fort were not less than 50 to 70 feet in height, with large, oval, acute, lucid green leaves, which, taken with the smooth trunk and unusually large clusters of crimson berries, led me, at first glance, to believe that I beheld some new magnolia, until the flower buds, already advanced for the coming season, proved our plant to be a Cornus, allied, in fact, to the Florida , but with flowers or coloured involucres nearly 6 inches in diameter ! These appeared in all their splendour, in May of the follow- ing year, of a pure white with a faint tinge of blush ; the divisions, also, of this brilliant pseudo-flower are usually 5 or 6 in number, of an obovate outline, with the points often acute. The leaves are about 4 inches long and 2J wide, with a considerable quantity of pubescence beneath. The cluster of bright red berries is scarcely inferior to that of the cone of the Magnolia umbrella , and each of them is strongly terminated by the 4 persistent teeth of the calyx and the style. The petals are oblong-ovate, shorter con- siderably than the stamens. The wood, like that of all the species, is very hard, close-grained, of slow growth, and would be useful for all the purposes for which the wood of the C. Florida is em- ployed. The extract of the bark, boiled down to a solid consistence, containing in a very concentrated state the vegetable principle cornine, we found of singular service in LARGE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. 53 the settlement of the Wahlamet, where, in the autumn of 1835, the intermittent fever prevailed. In most cases pills of this extract timely administered gave perfect relief. Though the berries are somewhat bitter, they are still, in autumn, the favourite food of the Band-Tailed Pigeon. To the north this species prevails, probably as far as Fraser’s river, or Sitcha, but we did not meet with it California, nor any where eastward, even in the vicinity of the lower falls or cascades of the Oregon. There is therefore, no doubt, but that it is as hardy as the Common Dogwood and more deserving of cultivation. It has been raised in England from seeds which I brought over, but the plants are yet small. Plate XCVII. A branch of the natural size. a. A cluster of berries. William Bartram in his Travels in Georgia and Florida , gives the following account of the appearance of the Dog- wood ( Cornus Florida), as it appeared near the banks of the Alabama. “¥e now entered a remarkable grove of Dogwood trees which continued nine or ten miles unaltered, except here and there by a towering Magnolia grandifiora . The land on which they grow is an exact level ; the sur- face a shallow, loose, black mould, on a stratum of stiff yellowish clay. These trees were about 12 feet high, spreading horizontally ; and their limbs meeting, and inter- locking with each other, formed one vast, shady, cool grove, so dense and humid as to exclude the sunbeams, and prevent the intrusion of almost every other vegetable ; affording us a most desirable shelter from the fervid sun- beams at noonday. This admirable grove, by way of emi- nence has acquired the name of the Dog Woods. During a progress of near seventy miles through this high forest, there was constantly presented to view, on one hand or Vol. iii. — 8 54 WOOLLY-LEAVED CORN US. the other, spacious groves of this fine flowering tree, which must, in the spring season, when covered with blos- soms, exhibit a most pleasing scene,” p. 401. ■ WOOLLY-LEAVED CORNUS. CORNUS pubescens 7-amis purpurascentibus, ramulis cymisque hirsutis ; foliis ovalibus acutis glabriusculis subtus pattidis hirsuto-pubescentibus, cymis depressis, dentibus calycinis minutis , petalis lanceolatis acutis. Nutt, in Torrey and Gray, 1, p. 652. Coenus circinata. Ciiamis. and Schlecht. in Linnsea. 3, p. 139. Coenus sericea, ft. 1 occidentalis : leaves larger, more tomentose beneath. Toee. and Geay, vol. 1 , p. 652. This species is confined to the immediate borders of the Oregon and Wahlamet in wet and dark places. Accord- ing to Chamisso, it also exists round St. Francisco in Upper California. The stem is about 6 feet high, but it has no pretensions to become a tree, and is only introduced here for want of any other suitable opportunity of publishing it. Its true affinity is to Cornus stolonifera. The stem is simi- larly reclined and full of slender red twigs. It differs from that species, however, in the nature of its pubescence which is whitish and hirsute, with a crowded and close hirsute cyme, and larger lanceolate petals. The leaves are also oval, or somewhat broad ovate, and merely acute, not acuminate, almost smooth above, whitely and somewhat hirsutely pubescent beneath. The flowers are white and rather large, crowded so as to hide the pedicels. The fruit we have not observed. CORNEL-CHERRY. 55 White Cornel. (Cornus stolonifera, C. alba, Pursh.) This species grows on the borders of streams in the Rocky Mountain range, and also on the banks of the Oregon, and in the Blue Mountains of that territory. The Cornel-cherry ( Cornus mascula), is a native of the south of Europe, but thrives well in this climate. It blos- soms early, and bears a handsome crimson fruit, about the size and appearance of a cherry, which was formerly used for tarts and made into a roll. The wood is very hard, and made into wedges, will endure almost like iron. It has long been cultivated in the Bartram Garden, in this vicinity, where fine plants may be seen in the autumn full of fruit. 56 FRINGE TREE. (Chionante, Fr.) Natural Order, Oleines, (Hoffmansegg and Link.) Lin- mean Classification, Diandria Monogynia. CHION ANTHUS * (Linn.) Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla monopetalous with a short tube, the border 4- cleft, the segments very long, pendulous, narrow and linear. Stamens 2, sometimes 4, included and inserted into the tube. Ovarium bilocular ; ovules pendulous and collateral, 2 in each cell. Style short ; stigma partly bilobed. Drupe succulent, 1 -seeded, the seed provided with albumen. Embryo inserted. Small trees of India and the warmer and temperate parts of America, with opposite, simple and entire leaves ; the racemes or panicles of flowers terminal or axillary. COMMON FRINGE TREE. CHIONANTHUS virginica, panicula terminali trifida ; pedunculis trijloris ; foliis acutis. Willd. Sp. pi. 1, p. 46. Ciiionanthus, pedunculis trijidis trijloris . Linn. Hort. Cliff*, p. 17. * So called from its snow white flowers. ( Chion snow, and anthos a flower.) .Fringe* Tru* CMonanlhu sVirginica,. Chu'/zantLc dl Yirifmit. COMMON FRINGE TREE. 57 Duhamel, Arb. l,p. 165. Du Roi, Harbk, 1, p. 150. Lam. Diet. 1, p. 735. chionanthus (latifolia), foliis ovato-ellipticis . Ait. Kew. 1 , p. 22. C \ maritima . Pursh. 1, p. 8. Amelanchier virginiana, laurocerasi folio . Petiv. Sici. p. 241. Cates- by, Carol, vol. 1, p. 68, tab. 68. Chionanthus (angustifolia) foliis lanceolatis , (narrow-leaved Fringe Tree.) Ait. Kew. 1 , p. 22. This beautiful tree attains the height of 12 to 20 feet, with a diameter of 10 to 12 inches. When in flower, which is here about the commencement of June, few objects can be seen more singular and elegant; the pani- cles of pendent flowers with which it is then clad give it the appearance of a mass of snow white fringe, and, when the flowers fall, the ground seems covered with a carpet of white shreds. It is also highly ornamental when in fruit, presenting, amongst its broad, deep green leaves, numerous clusters of dark purple drupes, which look like so many small plums, but are not agreeable to the palate. Mr. Elliott mentions a variety in a garden near Charleston, (that of Mr. Champney) in which the panicles of flowers were so long and numerous that they appeared cylindrical. The variety A C. angustifolia of Aiton, with narrow oblong- lanceolate leaves, and smooth beneath, appears to be a distinct species, and takes a more southern range. The farthest known northern station of this tree is in the woodlands, on the borders of the Brandywine, near West Chester in this state, where it was observed, many years ago, by my late friend David Landreth, senior ; it is therefore perfectly hardy to the northern limits of the United States. To the south, it is met with as far as Florida, and appears to be replaced in Mexico by the C. pubescens of Humboldt, Kunth and Bonpland, but in that species the flowers are larger and red. Of the quality of its wood nothing is yet known, nor is 58 COMMON FRINGE TREE. it sufficiently common for economical purposes. Accord- ino- to Elliott, the root is used in form of an infusion, as a remedy in long standing intermittents. The tree presents a roundish spreading summit; the leaves are opposite, petiolate, oval, pointed at either end, entire ; green and smooth above, pubescent beneath, 6 or 7 inches long by about 3 wide. The white flowers come out in pendent paniculated racemes, of which the extreme ramifications are usually 3-flowered. The fringe like petals are 8 or 9 lines long, sometimes with 6 divisions instead of 4, and as many as 4 stamens. It grows generally in humid places, near swamps and streams, and bears cultivation extremely well. In the fine old garden of the Bartrams at Kingsessing, there is a tree of this species which has been growing nearly a century, and is now 32 inches in circum- ference, and about 20 feet high. A species very much resembling the present, the flowers equally loose and trichotomal, but with thick smooth coria- ceous leaves, according to Poiteau, inhabits the island of St. Domingo, and will probably be met with in East Florida. Plate XCVIII. A branch of the natural size, a . The fruit. - ' ! ‘ . V : Pl.XCIX. Cr WerUf liu \ -A''" V Oregon Black . lah Fraxmus Ore^ona Frlrt^ e/e I'Oregcn 59 ASH TREE. (Frene, Fr.) Natural Order , Oleines. Linncean Classification , Dioecia Diandria. FRAXINUS (Linn.) Male flowers with a minute 3 or 4-toothed calyx or that part wholly want- ing. Corolla none ; stamens 2 to 4. Pistillate flowers equally imper- fect. Ovary superior, ovate, compressed, 2-celled, the cells each with 2 ovules. Cajpsule (or Samara) compressed, 2-celled, by abortion 1- seeded, terminating in a membranous lanceolate wing. The Ashes are trees of the northern hemisphere, and almost entirely con- fined to Europe and North America. The leaves are opposite and pin- nate; the flowers dioecious and paniculate, rarely racemose. The leaves of some of the species in warm climates exude the saccharine substance called manna. The wood of several species of this genus is much esteemed for its strength and elasticity. OREGON BLACK ASH. FRAXINUS oregona, foliolis subseptenis sessilibus , ovato-lanceolatis acutis subserratis integrisve cum rachibus petiolisque pubescentibus con - cobribus , floribus caliculatis , samaris brevibus cuneatis emarginatis basi angustatis . /3. riparia foliis magis serratis , samara lanceolata integra. 60 OREGON BLACK ASH. This is the only species of Ash we met with in the Ore- gon territory. It becomes a large and useful tree 70 or 80 feet in height, and always affects wet or low alluvial lands, many of which are subject annually to temporary inunda- tions. We never saw it above the first falls of the Oregon, which would appear to be its limit or nearly so, in this direction, and we believe it is not known in Upper Cali- fornia. The leaves are 8 to 10 inches in length ; the lateral leaf- lets, about 3 pair, are to 3 inches long, the terminal leaf about 4 inches, the breadth about 1J inches, they are ovate-lanceolate, acute, but scarcely acuminate, sessile, entire, or now and then slightly serrate, on both surfaces pubescent, but particularly beneath as well as the midrib, and nearly of the same colour on both sides. The male flowers are thickly clustered, the flowers with 2 or 3, oblong obtuse stamens, and a very minute calyx. The female panicles are smooth, trichotomous, and many flowered, with the rachis flat and compressed. The calyx small and 4 to 5 toothed ; the style rather long, with 2 revolute stigmas ; no corolla. The germ subquadrangular, ancipital, 2-celled; cells each with 2 ovules. The samara is rather wide, cuneate-oblong, emarginate, and narrow at the base, subtended by a minute irregularly toothed calyx; it is only about an inch and a line long. In the White Ash it is sometimes near upon 3 inches. In our variety A the samara is somewhat longer, and generally acute and entire at the tip. The wood of this fine species is nearly white, and found no way inferior to that of the White Ash, being used for the same purposes at Fort Vancouver and amongst the settlers of the Wahlamet. It was much esteemed for oars as well as for the handles of all sorts of implements, and found tough and durable. Though allied to the Black Ash (F. Sambuci/olin ) by botanical affinities, it is very superior ■ ■ 'W'-. •>,* Hlli- . ’ . ■ ' 'i- it i, ' ' . ' - t '« ' ' • I : " »W • ■ ■ • , . Fraxinus i J auci flora , ) rn«U £e<> rul . /. /i f>'rene> a jtetitt s Flturt SMALL-LEAVED ASH. 61 as timber, and is justly considered as one of the best in the territory. An opinion prevails in Oregon among the hunters and Indians, that poisonous serpents are unknown in the same tract of country where this Ash grows, and stories are related of a stick of the Black Ash causing the Rattle Snake to retire with every mark of fear and trepidation, and that it would sooner go into the fire than creep over it. It is singular to remark, that the same superstition in regard to the European Ash, prevailed even in the time of Pliny the Natural Historian. Plate XCIX. A branch of the natural size. a. The germ. b. The fruit, c. A variety with lanceolate fruit. SMALL-LEAVED ASH. FRAXINUS pauciflora , ramis glabris gracilibus , foliolis qninis ad sep- tenis lanceolatis remotis longe petiolatis utrinque acuminatis leviter serratis glaberrimis , racemis fructiferis simplicibus , paucifloris . This remarkable species of Ash was collected in Georgia, in the neighbourhood of “ Trader’s Hill” by the late inde- fatigable and excellent botanist Doctor Baldwyn. Speci- mens exist in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It appears to have been observed by no other botanist. The character of the tree and the quality of its timber Vol, hi.— 9 62 THREE-WINGED ASH. is unknown, but the figure and description may probably serve to recognise it and lead to further inquiry. The branches are smooth and remarkably slender, the buds small, yellowish-brown and pubescent. The leaves are half a foot or a little more in length, with 5 to 7 lan- ceolate leaflets, which are 2 to 2\ inches long by about f of an inch wide, acuminated with a slender point, and much attenuated below, with rather long pedicels ; they are opaque, smooth and green on both surfaces, except a slight trace of pubescence alongside of the mid-rib, and slenderly serrated on the margin ; the petioles are remark- ably long, and the distance between the pairs of leaves very great ; but the most characteristic distinction claimed for this species is in the inflorescence of the fruit-bearing plant, which consists of 2 or 3 remote pairs of racemes, each being quite simple or unbranched, terete, and pro- ducing only 2 or 3 samaras or capsules in place of the usual trichotomous and compound cluster. The samara is about 1J inches long, lanceolate, obtuse, and entire, attenuated and cylindric at the base, and with- out any proper calyx, there being a mere margin of junc- tion with the pedicel. Plate C. A branch of the natural size with the fruit. THREE-WINGED ASH. Fraxinus triptera, samara latissima obovato-elliptica, plerisque tri- alata, basi angustissima, ecaliculata; foliolis. . . Nutt. vol. 2, p. 232. BLUE ASH. 63 I observed fruit of this curious species many years ago, in winter, in the oak forests of South Carolina, and as I thought, the leaves of the same ; but I am now in doubt whether the leaves then collected actually belonged to the same plant with the fruit. I must therefore leave the spe- cies in the same imperfect manner I then found it, as I have never since seen any other specimen. The fruit is the most curious of any in the genus, at first sight almost similar to that of an Halesia, being nearly of the same breadth ; the samara, in fact, appeared to be more rarely 2 than 3 winged, the seed itself was also 3- sided, at the base the fruit is attenuated into a very slender peduncle without being at all terete. Perhaps it is merely a variety of F. platycarpa. Plate C. The fruit which is 3-winged. Blue Ash. ( Fraxinus quadrangulata .) Mr. T. Lea of Cincinnati, informs me that he measured a tree of this spe- cies which was cut down in his neighbourhood, which was 104 feet high, 32 inches in diameter, and its age by the concentric circles was 232 years. The diameter under the bark was 30 inches. Another growing near to it was about 36 inches in diameter, and proportionably high ; they were both healthy trees and had not attained their greatest size. Besides the valuable uses of the Ash as timber, for which it has been employed from the highest antiquity, it was formerly used as a medicine, and thought to be equal to the wood of the Guiacum, by Bauhin, who also remarks, that the inner bark of the common species (F. excelsior ), steeped in water communicates to it a blue colour in the same manner as our Blue Ash, (F. quadrangulata ), yet it 64 WHITE ASH. is not known whether it can be used in dyeing. It was for- merly considered as a diuretic of considerable efficacy, the bark and the wood is still known to be a mild purgative, no less than the manna which distills from its incisions in the warmer parts of Europe. Most part of the manna of com- merce is collected in Calabria and Sicily, from the Round- leaved Flowering Ash, ( Ornus rotundifolia). The manna exudes spontaneously in fine weather, from the middle of June to the close of July. During the heat of the day w r e observe a transparent liquor issuing from the trunk and the branches, which thickens and becomes clotted ; these indu- rated exudations are nearly white, and are collected the following morning with a wooden knife, provided they have not already dissolved to water, as a humid fog is often suf- ficient to melt it. It is finally dried in the sun, and is what is known by the name of manna in tears. At the close of July, when the spontaneous exudation ceases, the peasants make incisions in the bark of the Ash, from whence issues during the heat of the day a great deal of liquor which thickens in large flakes, and produces an inferior manna of a brownish colour, which, however, purges more than the preceding. Several species of Ash afford manna as well as the Ornus. The shade of the Ash is found destructive to other plants, and its roots impoverish the soil to a great degree; indeed the ancients imagined the shade of this tree un- healthy. On the other hand it will thrive in the shade of other trees, and may be planted in the interior of a clump where scarcely any other tree will survive. W hite Ash, ( Fraxinus acuminata. Lamarck. F. ameri- cana. Willd. F. epiptera. Mich. Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 256.) This tree grows from 50 to 70 feet high, and sometimes 2 to 3 feet in diameter. The wood is said by WHITE ASH. 65 Michaux to be preferred to that of other species. Mr. Elliott, however, remarks that he believes they are all indiscriminately used. Carolinian or Broad-Fruited Ash, (Fraxinus platycarpa. Mich. vol. 2, p. 256.) Mr. Elliott remarks, “ I think it sometimes becomes a large tree.” 66 FLOWERING ASH. (Frene a Fleur, Fr.) Natural Order , Oleines. Linncean Classification , Diandria Mqnogynia. ORNUS. (Persoon.) Calyx 4-parted or 4-toothed. Corolla 2 to 4 parted, the segments usually elongated. Stamens exserted. Stigma emarginate. Samara 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, winged. Trees, natives of Europe Asia and Western America, with opposite unequally pinnated leaves, and terminal or axillary panicles of flowers, scarcely distinguishable from the Ash but by the presence of a corolla. CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING ASH. ORNUS dipetala, foliis Z-jugis , foliolis cuneato-ovatis serratis obtusis glabris , paniculis axittaribus , corolla dipetala , anthera elongata , fila- mentis brevibus. Ornus dipetala. Hooker and Arnott , in Botan. Beech, tab. 87. Fraxinus ( ornus ) dipetala ; foliis Z-jugis , foliolis croalibus obtusis acute serratis glabris basi cuneatis, inferioribus in petiolulum longiusculum attenuatis , superioribus duobus sessilibus , supremo longe petiolulata , CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING ASH. 67 paniculis multifloris longitudine fere foliorum ac infra folio ortis, fetalis 2 obovato-oblongis obtusis unguiculatis . Hook, in Bot. Beechy, Suppl. p. 362. Specimens of this curious tree were collected (probably) by Douglas in the forests of Upper California. The flowers appear less showy but more curious than those of the com- mon Flowering Ash, {Ornus Europcea .) The leaflets appear to be small and distant from each other, smooth, of an elliptic ovate figure, with small and distinct sharp serra- tures. The flowers are small and come out in ramified clusters from the axills of the leaves ; they have a distinct 4-toothed calyx, and 2 oblong, obtuse spreading petals about the length of the stamens. The stamens do not appear to be exserted as in the European ornus ; the anthers are also very large and long, and the filaments so short as not to appear beyond the calyx. The germ is ovate, and the stigma merely notched. Of this curious plant we have seen nothing more than the plate and specific character as given above. The author remarks, that it is allied to F. Schiedianus of Schlec- tendal, described in the Linnsea. vol. 6, p. 391, a Mexican plant, but the petals of that species have not yet been observed. Plate CL A branch of the natural size, a . The flower magnified, b. The germ also magnified. The Ornus Americana of Pursh. Flor. Bor. Amer. vol. 1, p. 8, is given on the authority of Persoon, who merely notices it as a variety of the European Ornus, and cautiously places an interrogation after americana ? giving at the same time no locality. Pursh, however, adds, “ In 68 OLIVE TREE. moist shady woods : Maryland and Virginia, rare, b May, v. v .” Yet with all this assertion, it continues, as far as I know, to rest wholly on the authority of Pursh, no other botanist having pretended to find this obscure plant, which in all probability, is nothing more than a name bestowed upon a mere variety of the European Ornus, by gardeners for purposes of profit. The Olive Tree, (O/ea Europcea.) The cultivation of the Olive has been attended with the greatest success in Upper California, and the olives produced are of an excel- lent quality. It might also, no doubt, be cultivated in the southern part of the Oregon territory. Around Sta. Bar- bara, the Olive trees were in full flower in the latter end of March and beginning of April, and put on the appearance of a willow grove. Forty barrels of these pickled olives were shipped from St. Diego to Boston in the Alert, the vessel in which I returned to the United States in 1836. P1CL Orrnis Dipeia>la/. Cn/ifcn ’ niarL.JP'lo XL>ei'in I Very ornamental trees, or rarely shrubs, mostly climbing or twining, often producing hard and valuable wood, inhabiting the tropics of either hemisphere; the present species, {T. radicans)^ extending farther north than any other known. The leaves opposite, mostly unequally pinnate ; the flowers terminal, clustered, or paniculate, yellow or red. * From Tecomaxochitl , the aboriginal Mexican name of one of the spe- cies. • ' plciv: Tecoina radirans. Cornrun TrvumjtfA' FUtftrr Buf ucrusde Yvn/ifU^ 75 COMMON TRUMPET FLOWER. TECOMA radicans, foliis ypinnatis ; foliolis avalibus dentatis acumi- natis; corymbo terminali ; tubo corolla calyce triplo longiore , caule geniculis radicatis . Tecoma radicans. Jussieu, Genera Plant, p. 155. Bignonia radicans. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 317. Willd. Sp. pi. vol. 3, p. 301. Walter, p. 169. Mich. Flor Bor. Amer. vol. 2, p. 25. Pursh. Flor. 2, p. 420. Elliott, Sk. 2, p. 108. Curt. Magaz. t. 485. Nouv. Duhamel, vol. 2, p. 9, tab. 3. Miller, icon. t. 65. Wangenh. Amer. p. 68, tab. 26, f. 53. Bignonia fraxini foliis , coccineo fore minore. Catesby’s Carolina, vol. 1, p. 65, tab. 65. Bignonia americana, fraxini folio, fore amflo jphceniceo. Tournefort, p. 164. Gelseminum hederaceum Indicum . Cornut. Canad. p. 102, tab. 103. Pseudo- Ajpocynum hederaceum americanum , tubuloso fore phoeniceo, fraxini folio . Morris, Hist. 3, p. 612, f. 15, tab. 3, f. 1. Gelseminum clematitis , fyc. Barrel, Ic. 59. This beautiful climber is indigenous to all the states south of New York, and westward to the borders of the Mississippi. By means of the radicant fibres of the stem it clings to trees and walls, ascending to the height of 30 to 50 or 60 feet. In favourable situations the main stem thickens and takes an independent stand, so as sometimes to produce a woody trunk 20 feet high and 3 feet in cir- cumference, with a deeply furrowed grey bark. About mid-summer it sends out from its elevated summit a bright green mass of long depending twigs, producing from their extremities, for a long succession, clusters of large, brilliant red flowers, something in the form of trumpets, to which are continually attracted flocks of young Humming-birds in quest of the honeyed repast they so long afford. As a hardy ornamental climbing tree, few plants deserve better 76 COMMON TRUMPET FLOWER. to be cultivated along walls and trelisses. In the Bartram Garden, (Kingsessing,) there is one of these trees, probably a century old, with a thick, short and nearly erect stem, its summit spreading out into an independent airy bower. A familiar retiring place for 3 generations of the family, it scarcely presents any sign of decay, being only stunted by the thinness of the soil in which it grows. May the vener- able groves, and splendid and curious trees of this patri- archal residence, long survive the waning existence of its present proprietors. But I fear the love of change and of gain, will at no distant date turn these remarks and refer- ences into a matter of mere historical recollection in place of existing facts. The wood of this species appears to be hard and fine- grained, but it is no where in such quantity as to make it an object of economy. That of some of the tropical species is highly esteemed for it durability and hardness. The leaves, which drop off in winter, are opposite, un- equally pinnated, with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets, these are oval, long pointed, serrated and acuminated, smooth above, beneath a little hairy along the vessels. The flowers are large and of a bright red, with the tube inclined to yellow, disposed in clusters at the extremities of the branches and coming out in a long succession. The corolla is partly funnel-formed, with the tube about twice the length of the calyx. The capsular pods, somewhat cylindric, are about 6 to 7 inches long, about an inch wide, and pointed at each end. This species was introduced into England as early as the year 1640. According to Loudon, there is one of the finest specimens known in Europe trained against the Palace Pitti at Florence, which, in 1819, was upwards of 60 feet high. Plate CIV. A branch of the natural size. CATALPA. 77 Catalpa, ( Catalpa syringcefolia , Sims. Bot. Mag. 1. 1094. Bignonia Catalpa , Mich. Sylva, vol. 1, t. 64.) In a journey which I made into Georgia, Alabama, and West Florida in 1830, at Columbus in Georgia, on the banks of the Chatahootshee, I for the first time in my life beheld this tree decidedly native, forming small haggard crooked trees leaning fantastically over the rocky banks of the river. Around Philadelphia, and other parts of the middle and warmer states, it appears to be perfectly naturalized and very common, particularly in rocky and gravelly soils. It is a tree of rapid growth, with the wood remarkably light, greyish-white, of a fine texture, capable of receiving a bril- liant polish, and when properly seasoned it is very durable. The bark is said to be tonic, stimulant, and more power- fully antiseptic than the Peruvian bark. The honey col- lected from its flowers, like those of the Gelseminum, is said to be poisonous. Vol. iii.— 11 r'; ■ : V ' ■ , ' v 'V 78 A V I C E N N I A. (Avicenne. Fr.) Natural Order , MropoRiNiE. (R. Brown.) Linncean Classi- fication , Didynamia Angiospermia. AVICENNIA* (Linn.) Calyx 5-parted, permanent, leaflets subovate, concave, erect. Corolla mono- petalous, with the tube short and campanulate ; the border somewhat two- lipped ; the upper lip truncate, flat and emarginate ; the lower trifid, the segments ovate, equal and flat. Stamens 4, with subulate filaments in- clined to the upper lip, the anterior pair shorter ; anthers roundish, 2- celled. Stigma bifid, acute, the lowest division reflected. Pericarp a coriaceous, somewhat rhomboidal, compressed capsule of 1 cell, with 2 valves. Seed one, large, without albumen, taking the form of the cap- sule, the cotyledones in four broad fleshy folds, germinating while on the tree ; radicle inferior, bearded. Maritime tropical or subtropical trees with opposite entire leaves : flowers in small terminal and axillary panicles, with the calyx subtended by three bractes. A genus of 3 species chiefly indigenous to New Zealand, tropical India and America. * So named after the famous Oriental physician Avicenna. ' . pi.cv: Cr.it orUy d-el Jtft- Uartd, ^iric^nnia. Aviceniiia, toinentosa A Y vCc-n n r C otanmux 79 SOFT-LEAVED AVICENNIA. AVICENNIA tomentosa, (, Jacquin ), foliis ollongis obtusis subtus tomen - tosis. Willd. Sp. pi. 5, p. 395. Jacq. Amer. t. 112. Palis. Beauv. Flor. t. 47. Brown, Prod. p. 518. Bontia foliis integris oblongis oppositis , petiolis crassis brevissimis sub - amplexantibus, jloribus racemosis . Brown, Jamaica, p. 263. Halodendrum. Thouads Gen. Madagasc. No. 26. Mangle laurocerasi foliis , flore albo tetrapetalo . Sloane, Jam. p. 156. Hist. 2, p. 66. Raj. Dendr. p. 115. Anacardium. Bauhin , Pinax. p. 511. Oepata. Rheed , Malab. vol. 4, p. 95, tab. 45.^!'Sceura, Forsk. iEgypt, p. 37. Mangium album . Rumph. Amboin. vol. 3, p. 115, t. 76. Rack. Bruce , Iter. t. 34. The Avicennia or Malacca Bean, according to Rheed, becomes a tall and graceful tree on the coast of India, rising to the height of 70 feet, with a trunk of 16 feet in circumference, sustaining a pyramidal and somewhat orbi- cular summit of dense and dark verdure. The wood is whitish, covered with a grey bark, and is employed for many economical purposes. The kernels, naturally bitter, deprived of this quality by steeping and boiling in water are then sufficiently edible and known to the Hindoos by the name of Caril ; an oil may also be expressed from them as from the nuts of the Anacardium. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or lanceolate and acute, entire, smooth and shining above, on short petioles, beneath more or less whitish with a short close tomentum ; they are about 3 inches long, and from an inch to an inch and a half wide. The flowers are rather small and whitish, with an agreeable odour, and disposed 80 SOFT-LEAVED AVICENNIA. at the summit and axils of the branches in panicles or short racemes which grow often 3 together, the divisions of the panicle, as in the branches, are opposite, the peduncles and the calyx are whitish and tomentose. The fruit resembles in form, and is nearly the size of an almond. Scarcely any tree is more widely disseminated throughout the tropics than the Avicennia, it is commonly associated with the Mangle or Mangrove, affecting the saline borders of the ocean in India, America, nearly all the groupes of the South Sea islands, and extends on our part of the con- tinent from Texas to Florida, and New Orleans, near to the estuary of the Mississippi, where it may often be seen brought in the oyster and fishing boats and called usually the Mangle. The roots spread out in all directions in arches over the surface of the soil, and send out from the mire in which they grow, numerous erect naked shoots resembling asparagus in appearance. I have not been able to ascertain its size on our coast, but I believe it attains there a much smaller elevation than in India. In the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences, are fine specimens from Surinam, collected by Dr. .Herring. In these nearly all the leaves are acute, and are furnished with conspicuous, rather long petioles ; yet, as on the same specimens some bluntish leaves may also be seen, it probably merely con- stitutes a variety which may be termed A. tomentosa P.* longifolia. The plant of India seems truly identic with our own. Forster discovered in New Zealand a third species which he calls A. resinifera , from its trunk transuding a green coloured gum, which the natives esteem as food. In other respects it scarcely differs at all from the present species. Plate CV. A branch of the natural size. a. The flower, b. The fruit. ' ' . ■ ■ * . ■ Gr-Yfe rUr tic l Cord ia Setestena Ji cuyh-huirtd (\rduv J' cb tstU/r da rrcosbi yuo FI. CYL 81 C 0 E D I A.* (Plumier, Linn.) (Sebestier. Fr.) Natural Order , Cordiace^. (R. Brown.) Linncean Classi- fication, Pentandria Monogynia. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla mostly funnel- formed, the tube as long or longer than the calyx ; the border usually 5-lobed and more or less spreading. Stamens 5 or more. Style once or twice bifid, with obtuse stigmas. • Drupe globular or ovate ; the nut 2 or 4-celled, some of the cells often abortive, cells 1 -seeded. These are trees or shrubs chiefly of inter-tropical India and America, with alternate leaves, the flowers disposed in axillary or terminal corymbs or panicles and subject to vary in the number of their parts. ROUGH-LEAVED CORDIA. CORDIA Sebestena, foliis oblongo-ovatis repandis scabris . Hassel- quist, Iter. p. 458. Miller, Diet. No. 1 . Willd. Sp. pi. vol. 2, p. 1073. Plum. Gen. p. 13, ic. 105. Lam. Illust. tab. 96, fig. 1. Botan. Magaz. t. 794. Botan. Repos, tab. 157. *Named by Plumier in honour of Euricius Cordus and his son Valerius, two German botanists of the 16th century. Sebestena is from the Persian name Sebestan . 82 ROUGH-LEAVED CORDIA. Coedia folvis amplioribus hirtis; tubo floris subcequali. Brown, Ja- maic. p. 202. Sebestena scabra, fore miniato crispa. Dillen, Hort. Eltham, p. 341, tab. 255, f. 331. Caryopliyllus spurius inodorus, folio subrotundo scabro, fore racemoso hexapetaloide coccineo. Sloane, Jam. 136. Hist. vol. 2, p. 20, tab. 164. Raii, Suppl. p. 86. Catesby, Carol, vol. 2, p. 91, t. 91. Novella nigra. Rumph. Amboina, vol. 2, p. 226, t. 75. Burm. Ind. p. 59. This fine ornamental species is a native of the East and West Indies, and has recently been observed on Key West in East Florida, by our friend Dr. Blodgett. It becomes a tree about the size of an ordinary apple tree, with a spreading dark-green summit, and affords, in the tropical regions it inhabits, a most agreeable shade. Bruce remarks that in Abyssinia and in other parts of Africa, this or a nearly allied species is held sacred, and commonly planted before the houses of the inhabitants. Without being venerated, it is in the Sandwich islands a favourite tree of common occurrence in the vicinity of the habita- tions, and admired for the beauty of its flowers. The leaves are large, ovate-oblong, and scabrous to the touch, nearly entire when fully expanded. The flowers are deep yellow or orange, in large terminal corymbose racemes, in form very much resembling those of the Marvel of Peru, ( Mirabilis ), being funnel-shaped, with the border of 5 or 6 oval, obtuse, waved and crenulated divisions. The stamens are 5 ; and the stigmas are twice bifid. The fruit is a round or pyriform drupe containing a deeply fur- rowed nut. According to Catesby, the wood of this species is of a dark-brown approaching to black, very ponderous, and containing much gum, in smell and appearance resembling that of Aloes, and it is by the inhabitants of the Bahama islands, where it grows, called Lignum Aloes. Brown . Pi. evil- &W or ley del Cor dia, Flondana. F 1 lor i-cia Cordlcu. ■S ties tier clos IT lor teles . FLORIDA CORDIA. 83 says, that a small piece of the wood put on a pan of lighted coals, will perfume a whole house. From the juice of the leaves, mixed with that of a species of fig, is prepared the fine red colour with which the natives of Tahiti dye their tapas or cloth. The drupes are said to be eatable, and also to afford an excellent glue when they are ripe. A syrup of the fruit is, in the East, reputed as a remedy for the same diseases as that of the Cordia Myxa. Plate CVI. A branch of the natural size. FLORIDA CORDIA. CORDIA Floridana, foliis obbngis obovatis jparvulis integris scaberri - mis subtus glabris , corymbis terminalibus dichotomis, stylis bifidis. This species, which does not appear to be described, was found at Key West in East Florida, by our friend Dr. Blodgett, who remarks, that it becomes a tree of 20 feet elevation, and if at all like the C. gerascanthus or Spanish Elm of Jamaica, is entitled to consideration as an excellent timber. The twigs in our plant are slender and diverging, covered with a brownish-gray, smooth bark. The leaves appear to be thick and rigid as in evergreens, an inch to an inch and a half long by a half to three-quarters of an inch wide, they are oblong or obovate, obtuse, and often rounded above, narrowed below into a minute petiole, very scabrous on the upper surface, dark-green and shining, 84 CORDIA MYXA. beneath paler and very smooth as well as the young twigs. The flowers, rather conspicuous, are bright yellow, and formed into a terminal branching corymb. The calyx is campanulate, with a 5-cleft acute border, nearly smooth externally, and villous within. The tube of the corolla extends beyond the calyx, the border is 5-lobed, with obtuse, broadish segments ; the stamens 5, are linear, long and acute, situated above the orifice of the corolla. The drupe is about the size of a pea, and contains a nut with 4 cells and 4 seeds. The style is bifid, and the stigmas capitate, flat, and emarginate. Plate CVII. A branch of the natural size. a. A transverse section of the nut showing the 4 seeds. The fruit of the Cordia Myxa or Assyrian Plum, which is of an agreeable taste, has been esteemed a valuable medicine in disorders of the chest and urinary passages, but is not now used officinally. The East Indians eat it macerated in salt and vinegar as a remedy for diarrhoea. An excellent glue also is made of the pulp, which is more viscid than that of the jujube. The West India species, Cordia collococca , or Clammy Cherry, has an edible fruit from which also a glue has been made, and hence also the specific name. 85 THE YEW. (If. Fr.) Natural Order , Taxineje. (Richard.) Linncean Classifica- tion , Dioecia Monadelphia. TAXUS* (Tourn. Linn.) Dioecious. — Mate flower composed of imbricated bud scales, connate at base. Staminiferous column exserted, the stamens 6 to 14, forming a capitate cluster. Anthers peltate, 5 to 8-celled, the cells opening from beneath. The Pistillate (or fertile flower,) the same as the male, but solitary. The fruit a nut imbedded in a translucent succulent cup. Embryo inverted, in the axis of the perisperm : cotyledones 2, very short. Trees or rarely shrubs indigenous to the temperate and colder regions of both continents ; leaves narrow, rigid, acerose and sempervirent, near together and distichally spreading; the buds axillary and sessile, com- posed of imbricated bractes : the leaves in vernation or before develop- ment, appressed. The plants of the present order, Taxine^, inhabit temperate climates over the whole globe, but are most frequent in the southern hemisphere ; between the tropics of the old world they also occur, but rarely. # Probably from the Greek, Toxon y a bow. Vol. m. — 12 86 WESTERN YEW. TAXUS brevifolia, foliis linearibus brevibus planiusculis abrupte mucronulatis distichis , receptaculis masculis subglobosis , antheris mino - ribus. Taxus baccata, Hooker , in part Flor. Bor. Amer. 2, p. 167. This species of Yew, so much like that of Europe, occu- pies a distinguished place in the dense maritime forests of the Oregon, and probably extends to the north as far as Nootka, being hardy like its European prototype, but inclined to grow taller, and more slender. Its usual height is from 40 to 60 feet, and we observed no trees of more than about 2 to 3 feet in diameter. The wood has the same close, and almost invisible grain, as that of Europe, of a beautiful white colour, slightly inclining to yellow in the branches ; with the character of the older wood I am unacquainted, but believe it to be extremely similar to that of the Common Yew, ( Taxus baccata ), for which our plant might easily be mistaken. The leaves are, however, shorter and thinner, sharply and abruptly terminated with a bristly point, and below attenuated into a short but more distinct petiole. From the European plant it also differs in its leaves acquiring when dead and dried, a strong and bright ferru- ginous tint. The male flowers are much smaller and more similar to those of the Canadian Yew, (T. Canadensis ), with the scales of the perianth imbricated in 3 pairs instead of 5. The stamens are 9 to 11, with the anthers only about half the magnitude of these of the Common Yew. The nut, as usual, is seated in the bottom of a translucent red succulent cup. The leaves are from 5 to 7-tenths of an inch long. pi cviii G-.yYcrlt/y eld. T axus o c cident alis . W 'sst&rrz Tf cl' Occident. WESTERN YEW. 87 The Yew of Europe, indigenous to Britain, and as far north as Norway and Sweden, usually affects rocky and mountainous countries. It is very robust, grows slowly, and is attacked by no insect. In the sombre valleys of the lower Alps, the Yew is seen in all its natural majesty, among steep rocks in forests as ancient as the world, and planted by the hand of nature. The wood of the Yew is considered one of the most valuable in Europe, and for beauty not inferior to the finest and most curious sorts of India. Both the root and trunk furnish, at their ramifications, pieces of wood beautifully veined and marked, which are highly prized for furniture. It has in a high degree all the good qualities which we find so seldom united, such as durability, solidity, elasticity, hardness and fineness of grain, even when exposed either to the air or water. The sap-wood or outer layer, is of a shining white, the inner or perfect-wood of a fine red colour, and both take a polish as perfect as marble. It is wrought with facility, and is suitable for every thing which requires strength and durability, such as wheels, axle-trees, screws, the teeth of mill-wheels, and for water-pipes. It makes beautiful furniture, vases, &c. Inlaid work, sculp- ture, and ancient coats of arms of this wood, may be seen in the old churches and halls of Europe, in a state of perfect preservation, and free from worms after a lapse of more than 500 years. The sap-wood though of as pure a white as that of the Holly, is easily died of a jet black, when it puts on the appearance of ebony. A single tree is sometimes worth £100. The bows most esteemed among the ancients, were made of this wood, whose perpetual elasticity rendered it unrivalled for this important use. The aborigines of Oregon are also now in the habit of selecting the Yew of their forests for the same purpose. It is the heaviest of any other wood in Europe, a cubic foot weighing 61 pounds 7 ounces French weight. 88 WESTERN YEW. The Yews for their use, no less than their sombre gran- deur and funereal aspect, were planted in all the old church- yards. According to the ancient poets the Styx and Acheron w r ere overshadowed by its enduring and lugu- brious verdure. The conic form of its summit, and the density of its foliage, always green and insensible to the changes of seasons and of years, gave it a character of solemnity and repose, characteristic of tombs and mortality. It was formerly much cultivated about gardens, houses, and pleasure-grounds, and clipped into various fantastic shapes of beasts, birds, &c., but this taste for the grotesque is justly exploded, and the Yew is now seldom seen in cul- tivation either for use or ornament. This usage still, it appears, exists in Flanders and Holland, and we see very large Yews representing colossal figures of animals, globes, towers, chandeliers, armed warriors, hunters with their guns, men smoking their pipes ! &c. The antiquity of the Yew is as surprising as any other of its properties. Mirbel counted in a slice of Yew, 20 inches in diameter, 280 annual layers, and Mr. Pennant mentions a Yew in Fortingal church-yard, in the Highlands of Scotland, whose ruins measured 56J feet in circumfer- ence, and was in all probability a flourishing tree at the commencement of the Christian era. The ordinary height of the Yew is, however, seldom more than 25 to 40 feet. In 20 years it will attain the height of 15 feet, and it will continue growing for 100 years, after which it becomes comparatively stationary, but will live for many centuries. According to Loudon the largest tree of this kind in Eng- land is in Harlington church-yard, near Hounslow, which is 58 feet high, with a trunk of 9 feet, and a head of 50 feet in diameter. The oldest are at Fountain’s Abbey, where they are supposed to have been large trees at the time the abbey was founded in 1132. The trunk of one them is 26 feet 6 inches in circumference at 3 feet from WESTERN YEW. 89 the ground. The Aukerwyke Yew, near Staines, is sup- posed to be upwards of 1000 years old. The leaves are poisonous to horned cattle and horses, though the berries are inoffensive. Cattle so affected run about in fury and delirium, and at length drop down dead. Three children, according to Dr. Percival of Manchester, were poisoned dead in a few hours by taking a small dose of the green-leaves, as a remedy for worms, but they appeared to have suffered no pain, and, after death looked as though they were in a placid sleep. The best antidotes to this poison are oily substances. Plate CVIII. A branch of the natural size, a . A twig bearing a berry. 90 T 0 R R E Y A. # (Arnott.) Natural Order , Taxine^e, (Richard.) Linncean Classifica- tion, Dioecia Monadelphia. Dioecious. — Male ament subglobose, at length elongated. Scales stami- niferous, pedicellate, subpeltate, one-sided, each bearing a 4-celled pen- dulous anther. Female ament ovate, 1 -flowered, the base with imbri- cated bractes in the same manner as in the male. No fleshy hypogynous disc. Ovulum erect. Seed naked, large and ovate, with the bractes at its base not becoming enlarged, the shell thick, carnosely coriaceous, within fibrous, integument hard and crustaceous. Albumen ruminate. Embryo subcylindric and short ; cotyledones connate. An evergreen tree resembling the Yew, with spreading distichally forked branchlets. Leaves distichal, linear, rigid, bilineate, mucronately pun- gent. # Named in honour of the well known botanist, Professor Torrey of New York. t J ' ‘ t PLCIX. a.VVest del. o"m eifVlr 1 Ij illi 7 ^ Torreya Taxifolia /'itrretft* ^Far/'ex/'a a ' jfeuz/les fZ'Zf 91 YEW-LEAVED TORREYA. TORREYA taxifolia. Arnott, in Hook. Icon. Plant. Ined. vol. 3, part 5, tab. 133, 133. (Exclude the Synonym of Taxus montana, Nutt.) This stately evergreen, resembling the Yew, was disco- vered in Middle Florida, by the late lamented H. B. Croom of Tallahassee, and is sufficiently abundant around Aspa- laga to be used as timber and sawed into planks. Accord- ing to Professor Torrey and Mr. Croom, it is a tree of from 6 to 18 inches in diameter, and from 20 to 40 feet high, with numerous spreading branches, the branchlets dividing into threes : its appearance at a distance is not unlike to that of the Hemlock Spruce (Abies canadensis'). The wood in the section given me by Dr. Torrey is rather light, not very close-grained, and of a yellowish-white colour, almost like that of some of the Pines ; it is, probably, however, only the sap-wood, for in old trees it is said to be of a reddish colour, like that of the Red Cedar ( Juniperus vir- giniana ) : It has a strong and peculiar odour, especially when bruised or burnt, and hence it is frequently called, in the country where it grows, “ Stinking Cedar j” it makes excellent rails for fence, and is not liable to the attack of insects. A blood-red turpentine, of a pasty consistence, flows sparingly from the bark, which is soluble in alcohol, forming a deep clear solution, and when heated evolves a very powerful terebinthinous, but unpleasant odour. The foliage is much like that of the Yew, but the leaves are broader and marked with two longitudinal lines. The ripe fruit, or rather seed, is as large as a nutmeg, it has no 92 YEW-LEAVED TORREYA. fleshy cup, as in the Yew, but the external coat of the seed itself is carnose or rather leathery, and covers the whole, leaving a minute perforation at the summit. The seed, when deprived of its succulent external covering, bears a strong resemblance to the gland of a large oak. The round male aments resemble those of the Yew but are much larger, and furnished with imbricated scales or bractes at the base. According to Mr. Croom, it is found on the calcareous hills along the east bank of the Apalache river, near the confluence of the Flint and Chattahoochee, and on Flat creek of the same stream, as well as copiously on the borders of the Aspalaga. Besides these localities of this fine tree, Professor Torrey writes to me, that it has lately been found south of the Suanna. He also adds, “ I have another Taxoid yet undescribed, given me by Croom. It is an erect tree, often 30 feet high, with foliage and male flowers resembling the European Yew.” To this plant I doubtfully attached the name of Taxus montana, and a recent specimen from Mr. Croom, accompanied by a paper of the fruit, now in the Herbarium of the Acad. Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, is marked Taxus *jloridana. This species, from what I have seen, is scarcely distinct from our T. brevifolia, but yet it occupies a very different geographical range. Plate CIX. Torreya tcixifolia, A branch of the male plant, natural size, a . Male amentum, b. Back view of one of the stamens magnified, c. Female ament and ovule, magnified, d . Section of the ripe seed. e. Germi- nating seed. Taxus nucifera of Thunberg and Kaempfer is, accord- ing to Mr. Grey, also a species of Torreya , as is likewise according to Zuccarini, the T. nucifera of Wallich from TAXUS NUCIFERA. 93 Nepaul. The former is a native of the northern provinces of Japan. Ksempfer describes it as a lofty tree, with many opposite scaly branches, producing a light wood : the nut is said to be coated and above an inch long ; the oil of the kernel is in use for culinary purposes, but is too astrin- gent to be generally esteemed. 94 JUNIPER. (Le Genevrier. Fr.) Natural Order , Cupressin^e. (Richard.) Linnaean Classi- fication , Dioecia Monadelphia. JUNIPERUS.* (Linn.) Flowers mostly dioecious. — Male ament globose, small. Stamens many, naked, inserted around a common axis ; filaments excentrically peltate, imbricate, cells of the anthers 3 to 6 . Female aments axillary, ovate, the base surrounded with imbricate bractes. Scales of the involucrum 3 to 6, united at the base, with 1 to 3 ovules. Fruit drupaceous, scaly at base, the involucrum becoming a berry, umbilicate at the apex, and with bony seeds. Seeds 1 to 3, erect, subtriquetrous. Embryo inverted, situated in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Cotyledones 2, oblong, radicle cylindric, superior. Large or small trees inhabiting the mountainous regions of the ancient continent, more rare in North America ; the branches erect or pendulous, leaves imbricated, mostly minute, rigid, and sempervirent, resembling scales, of a linear-lanceolate form ; the buds naked. * From the Celtic jenepms, rough or rude. \ \ v - P1CX Ucckjr jyTcuntaifi J~un.ifu>r. Juniperus Aridina, GrcnirrUr das tin chs 95 ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER. JUNIPERUS andina, ramis patentibus , foliis quadrifariam imbricatis ovatis obtusiusculis convexis apice subcarinatis , egla?idulosis , baccis magnis , caule arboreo . Juniperus occidentals ? Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 166 . i On passing a gorge of the Rocky Mountains or Northern Andes, and approaching Lewis’s River of the Oregon, we first observed this curious and elegant tree, accompanying groves of the American Cembra Pine, spreading for miles along the declivity of the mountain, and in an opposite direction ascending well towards the summit of a moun- tain, which still presented patches of snow in the month of July, under the latitude of about 42 degrees. It attains nearly the height of our Virginian Juniper, or “Red Cedar,” growing up about 15 to 20 feet, but presents a very different aspect, the stem ending in a roundish, and not a conic top. The foliage is also of a glaucous or bluish-green. The leaves are all closely appressed, and imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the older ones on the stem acute, the proper leaves minute, rather blunt, remarkable for their convexity, and without any glands; the branchlets are numerous and complicated. The berries unusually large, larger than those of the Common Juniper, (/. com- munis,) dark-brown and glaucous, with distinct vestiges of the scales which compose them. This plant is, no doubt, the Juniperus excelsa of Pursh, but not the plant of Pallas, according to specimens which I have examined from Tauria. He speaks of it as col- lected by Captain Lewis on the banks of the waters of the 96 BARBADOES CEDAR. Rocky Mountains, and calls it a lofty elegant tree ; but we never saw it near any stream, but on the dry declivities of mountains, and as a tree it is neither tall nor elegant, but sufficiently singular and interesting. The plant mentioned by Pallas was observed in the Crimea. It grew erect like a Cypress, with the trunk often a foot in diameter. Com- paring it with the Savin, ( J . sabina,) he says, the leaves are more slender and distant, acute, and rather prominently im- bricate like the leaves of the Tamarisc. The opposite applies to our plant, the leaves are thicker, shorter, and more closely imbricated, so as not to be visible in profile. Our plant appears to be nearly allied, if not identic with the J. occidentalis of Hooker, but the leaves are certainly without any appearance of glands, and the branchlets are angular. Douglas’s plant was found on the higher parts of the Columbia and at the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it attained a height of 60 to 80 feet, and a diameter of from 2 to 3 feet, dimensions also greatly at variance with the present species. Plate CX. A branch of the natural size, with fruit. Barbadoes Cedar, ( Juniperus barbadensis .) With the leaves imbricated in 4 rows, the younger ones ovate, and the older acute. This species of Willdenow, said by Michaux and Pursh to inhabit the coast of Florida and the Bahama islands, appears to be merely a variety of J. vir- qiniana, our common species. If any thing, the leaves are somewhat more closely imbricated, and, apparently, none of them spreading. The same variety is probably more or less spread over the whole of the United States, as I have SAVIN. — RED CEDAR. 97 collected specimens in Massachusetts, which cannot be dis- tinguished from others from the West Indies. Like our ordinary species it also becomes a tree of 20 or more feet in height. Savin, ( Juniperus sabina.) This species, apparently the same with that of Europe, is indigenous from Canada to Maine. It is not uncommon in the vicinity of Portland, retaining its usual dwarf habit. Pursh’s variety, procumbens , I have seen along the shores of Lake Huron. It is a very distinct species, being wholly prostrate, and spreading along the ground in very wide circles. According to Pallas, there is also a procumbent species on the borders of the Tanais, with the branches extending on the sand for several fathoms. Red Cedar, (Juniperus virginiana .) West of the Mis- sissippi this tree appears on the high abrupt banks of the Platte, particularly at Scott’s Bluffs. The “ Black Hills” or most eastern chain of the Rocky Mountains, are so called probably from the dark Red Cedars and Pines with which they are thickly scattered. The borders of Bear River, of Lake Timpanogos, and, in short the whole range of the Rocky Mountains, clear over to the borders of the Brulee, a stream of the Oregon, are all more or less clad and decorated with our familiar Juniper. It is also said to become one of the highest timber trees in the island of Jamaica, affording very large boards of a reddish-brown colour, of a close grain, odoriferous and offensive to insects and is therefore of great use to the cabinet maker. In Sussex county, New Jersey, near Franklin Furnace, I have seen trees of the Red Cedar 50 to 60 feet high, and with a diameter of 2 feet. There is now in Germantowm, in this vicinity, on the estate of Mr. Shoemaker, several 98 RED CEDAR. trees that are 140 years old, and 75 to 80 feet high by 2 feet in diameter or upwards. With Mr. Crout, a cabinet-maker here, I have seen a small table made from the heart of Red Cedar, which receives an exquisite polish, presents much variety of figure, and is of the most beautiful crimson that can be imagined. 99 EVERGREEN TAXODIUM. Natural Order , Cupressin^e. (Richard.) Linncean Classi- fication , Monoecia Monadelphia. TAXODIUM semper virens, folUs perennantibus distichis linearibus acutis coriaceis glabris opacis. Lambert’s Pines, (ed. 2,) tab. 64. Loudon, Arboret. vol. 4, p. 2487, fig. 2340 and 2341. Hooker and Arnott, Bot. Beech. Suppl. p. 392. Condylocarpus. Salisbury. This remarkable species, which is said to be evergreen, was discovered by Mr. Menzies on the north-west coast of America in 1796, and immense trees of it were found by Dr. Coulter in 1836. The leaves are linear, acute, and distichous, coriaceous and smooth, opaque, and shining on both sides, keeled beneath, flat on the margin, half an inch to an inch long, half a line broad and decurrent on the branch. The gal- bulus (or fruit) is terminal, solitary, roundish, with short imbricated scales at the base, the scales trapezoidal, pel- tate, thick and woody; rough above, and radiately striated, depressed in the centre, terminating below in a thick angular pedicel. Seeds many to a single scale, angular and yellowish. Probably a different genus from Taxodium , as conjectured by Salisbury. It is thus alluded to by Douglas in the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, 2, p. 150. “But the great beauty of 100 EVERGREEN TAXODIUM. the Californian vegetation is a species of Taxodium, which gives the mountains a most peculiar, I was almost going to say awful, appearance, — something which plainly tells that we are not in Europe. I have repeatedly measured specimens of this tree 270 feet long, and 32 feet round at 3 feet above the ground. Some few I saw upwards of 300 feet high, but none in which the thickness was greater than those I have instanced.” Bald Cypress ( Taxodium distichum, Cupressus disticha. Willd.) Doctor G. Engelmann informs me that the most northern station in the west for this tree, is at the mouth of the Ohio, and between Mount Carmel and Vincennes on the Wabash. 101 ARBOR V I T jE. (L’Arbre de Vie. Fr.) Natural Order , Cupressin^. (Richard.) Lmncean Classifi- cation , Monoecia Monadelphia. T H UJA. # (T OURNEFORT.) Monoecious. — Male ament terminal, small and ovoid. Stamens many, naked, inserted on a common axis, filaments excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated; anthers 4-celled, opening lengthways. Female ament terminal, small; the scales spreading, imbricated in 4 ranks. Ovules a pair at the base of each scale, erect. The strobile formed of imbricated woody scales, each having a reflected mucronate subterminal point. Seeds under each scale 2, with a long or membranaceous testa, on each side winged. The embryo inserted in the axis of a fleshy albumen of its own length: cotyledones 2, oblong; radicle superior. Sempervirent trees of Asia and North America, with compressed branchlets, clothed with minute compressed and imbricated ovate leaves, with the buds naked. * Derived from $v6v sacrifice, in reference to its use in the East. Vol. iii. — 14 102 GIGANTIC ARBOR VITJL THUJA gigantea, (Nuttall, Plants of Rocky Mountains, p. 52, ) # ramis ramulisque compressis erectis , foliis ovatis acutis arete quadrifa - riarn imbricatis intermediis convexis puncto impresso etuberculatis , stro~ bilis arete reflexis. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 165. Thuja Menziesii, Douglas, MSS. Thuja plicata. Lambert, Pin. No. 61, (in part.) This is one of the most majestic trees west of the Rocky Mountains, attaining the height of 60 to 170 or even 200 feet, and being 20 to 40 feet in the circumference of the trunk. On the shores of the Pacific, where this species is frequent, it nowhere attains the enormous dimensions attri- buted to it in the fertile valleys of the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Oregon. We seldom saw it along the coast more than 70 to 100 feet in height, still, however, much larger than the common species, (XI occi- dental is.) We observed it also on the banks of the Wah- lamet, and according to Douglas it is found north as far as Nootka Sound. It appears to have been also collected by Menzies. The largest trees seen by Captain Wyeth were growing on the alluvial borders of the Flat Head river. Its general aspect is a good deal similar to that of T. occi- dental is, but the branches are rounder and more erect, less flattened or ancipital ; in their colour they vary, for while some are green others are glaucous. The seeds are elliptic, and furnished with a wide alated margin. The leaves are always destitute of the glandular tubercle conspicuous in / * Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philad. vol. 7. Pl.XCI Thuja G- i g a ri t e a . Gigan tic M-ior Htac . Til uia gigan tesgiie . NEE’S ARBOR VIT^E. 103 the common kind, and the cones are more drooping and more clustered. Young trees have the usual pyramidal growth of the genus. Of the qualities of the wood, in the wilderness it inhabits, we can say nothing from experience, but imagine it to be very similar with that of T. occiden- talis. The inner bark of this plant is much used by the natives of the Oregon both for food and clothing, for the latter pur- pose it is split into narrow strips like a long fringe and tied together in a belt round the waist, to conceal the wearer from absolute nudity. According to McKenzie, the abori- gines of the West, likewise employ the inner rind of the Hemlock Spruce ( Abies canadensis ,) for food. It is taken off early in the spring and made into cakes, which they eat with salmon oil, and consider almost as dainties. The natives of the Oregon probably use the salmon oil they col- lect in the same manner, with the inner bark of the Arbor Vitae. Plate CXI. A branch of the natural size, a . The seed. NEE’S ARBOR VITAL Thuja plicata, foliis rhomboideo-avatis acutis, adpressis , quadrifariam imbricatis, nudis medio tuberculatis , strobulis oblongis nutantibus , semi- nibus obcordatis. Lambert’s Pines, 1. c. No. 61. Donn. Hort. Can- tab. 6, p. 249. Loudon, Arboret. 4, p. 2458. Tms tree, of which very little is yet known, is a native of Mexico, where it was found by Nee, and also of the 104 NEE’S ARBOR VITjE. western shores of N. America at Nootka Sound, where it was collected by Menzies. It is described by Loudon as a very branching, spreading, light-green tree, the branches being crowded and covered with a reddish-brown bark ; branchlets dense, often divided, pectinate, compressed. The leaves are rhomboid-ovate, acute, closely adpressed, imbricated in 4 rows, crowded together between the nodes, glabrous, entire, shining, and tubercled in the middle. The cones are solitary and scattered, oblong and nutant ; the scales elliptic, obtuse, flat, obsoletely furrowed. The seeds compressed, winged all round, obcordate-oblong, and emar- ginate at the summit. Scarcely distinct from T. occi- dentalism of which Loudon imagines it to be a mere variety. 105 N00TKA CYPRESS. Natural Order, Cupressunle, (Richard.) Linncean Classi- fication, Monoecia Monadelphia. CUPRESSUS Nutkatensis, ramis suberectis tetragonis , foliis late-avatis acuminatis quadrifariam imbricatis dorso carinatis etuberculatis , gal- bulis magnitudine pisi majoris globosis ramos breves terminantibus , squamis umbonatis levibus . Lambert, Pin. n. 60, Sine ic. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am. vol. 2, p. 165. Thuja excelsa. Bongard, Veget. de Sitcha, p. 46. This species, which I did not meet with, was collected at Nutka on the north-west coast by Menzies, at Observatory Inlet by Dr. Scouler, and as far north as Sitcha by Bon- gard. The branches are sometimes a little compressed, nearly erect and tetragonal. The leaves broad ovate, acuminate, imbricated in 4 rows, the back carinated but without the glandular tubercle ; the fruit about the size of a large pea, terminating short branchlets, and the scales are shield-formed and even. It has a near affinity with the Common White Cedar, (C. Thyoides ), but that has shorter, flatter and more spreading branches, with tubercles on the back of the leaves, and smaller fruit. 106 PINES. (Le Pin. Fr.) Natural Order , Conifers. (Jussieu.) Linncean Classifica- tion, Monoecia Monandria .* 6 PINUS.t (Linn.) Staminate flowers in clustered cylindric aments. Anther scales crested at the apex, each bearing two masses of pollen in cells, and opening lengthways. Fertile flowers in ovoid aments, the scales imbricated, 2-flowered, becoming woody, embracing the seed, and forming a cone or strobile. The nut usually winged at the summit. Trees of various dimensions, natives of Europe, Asia and America, some of them among the largest of known vegetables, bearing leaves which are evergreen, dry, and needle-like or acerose, at first single, but afterwards produced from 2 to 5 in a common sphacelous or membrana- ceous scaly sheath. The aments or flowers are lateral and terminal, con- glomerate ,* the fertile ones persistent and becoming woody cones. * It was referred to the order Monadelpiiia by Linnseus, but is, in fact, strictly Monandrous. t A name derived from the Celtic, pin or pen , a rock or mountain, in allusion to the usual place of their growth. ■ ' ■ . ■ ■ r|$s ir- : , ■ pj.ejor Pinus Flezilis. ivuririvri (‘ei&l'Ta Zl/ir. 7>r, s Commer. Diet., article Timber Trade.) There is no doubt a good deal of truth and some prejudice in these statements, particularly as regards the durability of White Pine timber, as any one will acknow- ledge on inspecting the present condition of the Schuylkill bridge at Philadelphia, which, after 37 years have elapsed since its erection, is apparently as sound as ever. From S. W. Roberts, Esq., civil engineer, we learn that the superstructure of the large wooden bridges, so nume- rous in Pennsylvania, is principally constructed of White Pine. The lattice bridges are built of thick White Pine planks, for which use this timber is well adapted on ac- count of its lightness, freedom from warping, and the ease with which it is worked. The Yellow Pine being harder is better for the posts of the bridges, because it undergoes less compression. These bridges are generally roofed and weather-boarded, but not ceiled, so that the frame timber is protected from the weather but exposed to the air. In such situations good White and Yellow Pine posts and beams of moderate size, season without injury from dry- rot, and last so long, that Mr. Roberts has no experimental knowledge of their comparative durability, but he supposes that the Yellow Pine will be the most durable, as it con- tains the most resin. Mr. Roberts remarks, that the thin weatherboarding of White Pine on the sides of frame houses, although thus exposed, remains sound for a generation, even without paint. “One of the greatest wooden bridges probably in the world, is the aqueduct over the Alleghany river at Pitts- burg, through which the state canal passes. It has seven spans of one hundred and sixty feet each, with a water- WHITE PINE. 121 way sixteen feet wide and four feet deep, having a towing- path on each side. The whole structure is roofed and feather-boarded, it is thirty feet wide, and built of pine brought down the Alleghany river. The entire cost of the aqueduct, including the heavy masonry of the abutments and piers, was about $110,000. “ I have lately erected several very large bridges with wooden superstructures of White Pine ; the piers being built of stone ; but one of them, put up in a peculiar place, has two piers, the foundations of which are of stone, on which are erected piers of timber , framed with half-lap splices and lock-joinings secured by screw-bolts, so that any stick may be replaced. The sills are of white oak ; the posts, standing in cast-iron shoes, are of white-pine, and so are the braces. The w r ooden portion of each pier is one hundred feet in height, and each span of the bridge 127 feet.” S. W. Roberts. Mr. Roberts remarks, that the Yellow Pine (P. varia- bilis,) which grows on the hills bordering the Susquehanna in Columbia County, (Pennsylvania), is a fine, sound cohe- sive timber; but that the kind called Norway Pine, (P. resinosa ? Ait. P. rubra , Mich. t. 134,) from Steuben County, New York, is inferior to the Yellow Pine, as the layers of the wood are more easily separated. He also adds, it is well known that the quality of timber depends very much upon the age of the tree, the soil in which it grows, and in some cases the influence of the sea-air. Generally speaking, in Pennsylvania, the timber grown in the river valleys, and still more that grown in the moun- tains from 1500 to 2400 above tide, is inferior to that from the hills at intermediate heights. 122 GIGANTIC PINE. PINUS Lambehtiana, foliis quinis rigidis scabrmsculis, vaginis brevis - simis , strobilis crassis longissimis cylindraceis , squamis laxis dilatatis inferioribus subpatulis, Pinus Lambertiana. Douglas in Lin. Trans, vol. 15, p. 500. Lamb. Pin. (ed. 2d), vol. 1, t. 34. Lawson’s Manual, p. 361. Loudon Arboret. vol. 4, p. 2288, figs. 2206 and 2207 (reduced), and figs. 2204 and 2205, natural size. This majestic pine, according to Mr. Douglas its disco- verer, covers large districts about 100 miles from the bor- ders of the Pacific, in latitude 43° north, and continues to the south as far as 40°. He first met with it towards the sources of the Wahlamet (called also Multnomah.) It grew sparingly upon low hills, and was scattered over an undulating country east of a range of mountains which ter- minate at Cape Oxford, in a soil of pure sand, apparently incapable of supporting any vegetation, but here it attained its greatest magnitude, and perfected abundance of seed. The trees did not form dense forests, in the manner of the other pines of the north-west coast, but were seen scattered singly over the plains in the manner of some Californian species. This stately species attains to a height of 150 to 200 feet, and varies in circumference from 20 to 60 feet. A specimen overturned by the winds w r as in length 215 feet, its circumference at 3 feet from the ground was 57 feet 9 Jnches, and at 134 feet from the ground, 17 feet 5 inches. The trunk presents an erect shaft, devoid of branches of from 100 to 170 feet elevation covered with a very smooth FI. CXI\' & ip antic Xi-rte . Pinus L amb ertian a . Fin tie £a,ni&&c£ GIGANTIC PINE. 123 light brown bark. The pendulous branches form an open pyramidal head, like that of a fir-tree. The leaves are between 4 and 5 inches long and grow together, like the strobus in clusters of 5, with similar short, deciduous sheathes ; they are rigid, of a bright-green colour, but not shining, with the margin slightly scabrous to the touch. The cones hang pendulous from the ends of the branches, and are two years in acquiring their full growth, they are at first erect, and do not droop until the second year; when ripe they are about 1 1 inches in circumference at the thickest part, and vary from 12 to 16 inches in length ! The scales are loosely imbricated, dilated and rounded above, and per- fectly destitute of armature. The seeds are 8 lines long and 4 broad, oval, and like those of the Stone Pine, the kernels are sweet and pleasant to the taste ; the wing is about twice the length of the seed, and the seed leaves are from 12 to 13. The -whole' tree produces an abundance of pure amber coloured resin, which, when it exudes from trees which are partly burnt, by some chemical change, loses its usual flavour and acquires a sweet taste, in which state .it is used by the natives as sugar to flavour their food. The seeds, (like those of the Cembra in Siberia,) are eaten roasted, or pounded into coarse cakes for winter food. Its timber, like that of the White Pine, is white, soft, and light, abounding in turpentine reservoirs and has a specific gravity of 0.463. The annual layers are very narrow, presenting 56 in the space of inches on the external side. It is allied to P. strobus, from which, however, it is essentially distinct, but almost equally hardy in cultiva- tion. Plate CXIV. Cone half of the natural size. a. The leaves. 124 BANKS’ or LABRADOR PINE. PINUS Banksiana, foliis brevibus geminatis rigidis divaricatis obliquis strobilis recurvis tortis , squamis inermibus. Lamb. Pin. (ed. 2,) vol. 1, tab. 3. Pursh. Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 642. Loudon, Arboretum, 4, p. 2190. Pinus rupestris , (Gray Pine.) Mich. Sylva, tab. 136. Pinus hudsonia . Lamarck, Encyc. 5, p. 339. Pinus sylvestris P divaricata. Squander in Ait. Kew, vol. 3, p. 366. Notwithstanding the dwarf size of this species in many situations, Doctor Richardson* describes it as a hand- some tree, with long spreading flexible branches, generally furnished with clustered and curved cones, of many years accumulation. It attains even the height of 40 feet and upwards in favourable situations ; but the diameter of its trunk is greater, in proportion to its height, than in the other pines of the country; and in its native situations it exudes much less resin than the White Spruce, ( Abies alba). Dr. Richardson found it exclusively occupying dry sandy soils, and it occurred as far northward as latitude 64°, and was said to attain even higher latitudes, on the sandy banks of Mackenzie’s river. Douglas found it on the higher banks of the Oregon, and in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. We also met with it sparingly in the same great chain of mountains, towards the northern sources of the Platte, and forming considerable trees in the valley of Thornberg’s ravine, in the western chain of the Rocky Mountains. * Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Seas in 1819 and 1822. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE. 125 Doctor Engelmann of St. Louis, informs me, that this Pine accompanied by P. strobus, P. variabilis and Abies canadensis grows on the islands of Lake Michigan. In the famous Pinetum at Dropmore, in 1837, according to Loudon, there was a pine of this species 27 feet high, with the diameter of the trunk 18 inches. It forms an elegant tree as described by Richardson, with long spread- ing flexible branches. Another tree at White Knights, has attained the height of 30 feet. Dr. Richardson remarks, that the Canadian porcupine feeds on its bark ; and the wood, from its lightness, and the straightness and tenacity of its fibres, is much prized for canoe timber. Titus Smith adds, that on the shallow soils in the vicinity of Halifax, (Nova Scotia,) when not reduced by fires, it produces timber of an useful size. As an ornamental tree it is prized in Great Britain ; but with us, as yet, the appearance of pines is too plebeian, from their abundance and predominance throughout the barrens and uncleared lands by which we are still surrounded. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE. PINUS pungens, foliis geminis brevibus acutis , strobilis ovato-conicis , aculeis squamarum ebngatis subulatis incurvis , inferioribus reflexis . Pursh, Flor. Amer. Sept. vol. 2, p. 643. Michaux, tab. 140. Lamb. Pin. (ed. 2,) 1, tab. 17. Loudon, Arboretum, 4, p. 2197, fig. 2079, and figs. 2077 and 2078, (excellent figures of the cone, &c.) A tree 40 to 50 feet high, with the habit of the Scotch Fir, (P. sylvestris,) but with a rounder and more branching summit, by which appearance in its native sites it is readily distinguished. The quantity of this species on the Table Vol. iii. — 17 126 TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE. Mountain, and on a wide stretch of high mountains for many miles north and south of this locality is very great, and no apprehensions need be entertained, nor is there the most distant probability of its ever being extirpated by the puny hand of man. On the vast precipices, slopes, impend- ing rocks and chasms of the Linville, a branch of the Catawba, it darkens the whole horizon and presents an imposing mass of intense and monotonous verdure. It generally occupies the summits of the highest rocky ridges, and sweeps over the most dangerous and inaccessible declivities to the margin of precipices, some of which, over- hanging the cove of Linville, are at least 1000 feet perpen- dicular. To the north, its peculiar verdure enables us to trace it by the eye continuously to the vicinity and summit of the Grandfather Mountain, and it seems, Mr. William Strickland, who introduced the species into England, (ac- cording to Loudon,) stated to Mr. Lambert, that he observed large forests of it along the Blue Mountains, on the frontiers of Virginia, so that it is by no means a scarce species, but affects the alpine heights of the highest of the Alleghanys, which can never be cultivated or made use of by man except for wild pasturage. At Dropmore, in England, in 1837, there was a speci- men which had attained the height of 34 feet, with a diameter of 1 foot 9 inches, (Loudon). In the character of its cones it approaches the P. Sabiniana of Oregon. The quality of its wood is unknown. John Lenthal, Esq., United States naval constructor, informs me that the Pine timber in most general use in the United States Navy, is the fine-grain long-leaf yellow-pine, ( Pinus palustris,) from the southern parts of North Caro- lina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which is fully equal, if not superior, to the Baltic timber. Upon this point also an incorrect idea prevails, founded upon the yellow-pine TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE. 127 that finds its way to the European market from Canada and Virginia, being in general of the coarse-grain kind, or which has has been tapped for the turpentine, such not being used by the government, and by the merchant builders only from motives of economy. The average weight of a cubic foot of seasoned yellow- pine is from 46 to 48 pounds. It is very doubtful whether any of the best quality of southern pine is exported. In the Navy the beams and decks together with the plank between the ports are of yellow-pine, ( Pinus varia- bilis, Lambert,) also the lower-masts, yards and top-masts. The Yellow-Pine of New Jersey is of an excellent quality, but is not in sufficient quantities to form an article of expor- tation, it is used in New York and Pennsylvania. The only Northern pine used is the White Pine, and that for boards and such purposes ; in the merchant ships it is used for decks and single stick masts. From the opportunities which I have had of seeing the materials made use of in the European dock-yards, and from the specimens in my possession, I have reason to believe that our materials are in no way inferior to theirs, and our ships certainly last as long. 128 SPRUCE E I R. (Sapin. Fr.) Natural Order , Conifers. (Jussieu.) Linncean Classifica- tion. , Monoecia Monandria. ABIES.* (Tournefort.) The plants of this genus differ from the Pines, with which they have usually been associated, in having the cones less decidedly grouped, the strobiles cylindrically conic, the scales of the cone not thickened at the summit, the wing of the seed persistent, and the leaves solitary, partly scattered, and more or less disposed in 2 rows. These are evergreen trees of Europe, Asia and America, of tall, erect and often pyramidal forms, clad with a profusion of acerose foliage. Nearly all the species are hardy in cool and temperate climates, such as those of Britain and North America. The genus is so strictly natural as to render it somewhat difficult to define the species. § I. Abies proper . Scales of the cone deciduous ; anthers dehiscing transversely. * From abeo, to rise, in allusion to their aspiring growth ; or from apios, a pear tree, in reference to the form of their fruit. 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