-
te -
7

Spee geese
== =

sieseex

hye
fi
ae bate —
eee ar geesaeen ene
oak, ~
ee seers

* i!
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[ny wr ie roller lens pl ws le el pes

SSS
Sete fee Se
i hank
eee eee ee

—— et
Z = —
es eee ; aphele! Ss

—
SS :

: - + > —s
= _ = 1 ~ ° - 7 > :
— s ante = = ES - ie = - z
em — u - © ‘s - i= : - r - = - : Tr Son Fo : : n ;
a -) z - * * — - - * > c
SS = 7 = mes 7 >
:

Se oe ee wart

=a 36 Se = -57
—
—

I yi 7

: ' +3 ; ; ~ oS

: : - ; Ae * - . - rere Pal Met et

ss y - 7 - * mi * tT "1 i
- Z g e = Bs : * au —

— ~ 7 ; : - -

SS 7

— y : — y

ES

-_
Same a ne

7
= = ;
+ 7
~ +
Y at =e ial
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ieee al Ne ie signe Pa ee ee
_——- _— —— em! me me! - —— | - ee lle
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ot Spt em i a ap Te ne
sins . - a ee oS See SSS a>
Sane bege heme? ean beats eae Aa na a Se = Se ae a ee eee ee ti —_—-- <r Sn Se praia
eos ot a ss sy Se SS eee — re a
Sate er Ee SS ——— a ae ae SSS en ater 6 ee er a oe
= oe oe a Ss wen ee he eo Ae A ae ee ts oe :
ae ne ss oS ESS cs See Rilo sic Sit nc SS Senet ee sp eae el
2S SSS SES ee — > 7 525 ee i) tae eae far ape Sea sy apa ee dat
Ss: Paar ers - : g Se SS oe J8 es eee ==:
Se SE : ; 8 SS ee a ier te ame pee ge ee to tas
at eva IS in a ae he y = . ; : eS es ee ee we eet
=> — cs ox J : ? : > : ’ ro Saat) a Sea Po bat oes mee tee Pg eee rae Tr Neclomnpe F ’
== 5s Ss = — : cs
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SS C— Se : ; r 7 : c = 7 : - Se Se S455 = <I slap Sack wed east th eta — SS
= BSS SS SSE Rone beet * - : aap SS a ea ae ee eee ae ap et Sah Sale ee ee seal
~ Jape ene page pit ales ——— — - <™ Y E:
See eee eee eer 3S eet : - :
SS ae
a a ae a es ——
— ne

. - _ — _— — = ~ - —— |
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lohan PS] ; = ad tare Ne ee ie ee es ae Sea te ed no
—— =. : - — Ne a ed ee ee Se eee
SS es aa oy en
™ i) ° rv ie - 7 = oo
Se eet Bets - >
SSeS

r
ee ye oe! — lige laa ne Ta
om! —— eatin ad Sailiteesetinevenie anion aun al a
; 22 eS —— Sz SS ; Spek wash Sete se —- = SS
- — -_ — Fe ee * -—_ ——. _— / se ei —
a eS eee So c : = 5 Se aes eae eye eee ee Sa een en anne ae Se sR dae Toei awl Le
Cen Fa dg De ihe h Be wg Sing weep Sane ll le ce Be <a a —- Sees = Lo, as Se 7 Se eS Sat ig a ae ga ig es Dep ne LE ea ar alien Ss wan oe
— SS SSE ee ee Ss SES 6 Ss SSS SS — Tete sss CS ——- Fonte eet —*s herein — a a ae eee a er 8 nes es:
— a ra ; = ia 2 = aim shy ~ aor ee — J a S — — S — ———- ta ate ed alee
— — Vo ae oe a eae le Rolie elie slieeler alee Bier sind a det alo = Clk age ae ome *. Swe re : — <=; De tee Tp ae See ee a oe chy ee eee eae oe es ewe agen = ~~}.
— a ee a SS So ——S ——— — ——— —— Mili se ease essen Soe a — = Scie Sosereen — SEs eeaaa eee ene or = 2533-22 = SS SSeS
ae a a ee Sr ee et SS ca ee Se —— — = a = Ses, SSeS Ege solioel Se le he Ser ay lin alter alee Pal ache See te - TaN a ee ep ee ee ————-+-
a ae ee = os ee ete ee ee SS a a te Ss 5s ee ; Ss 5 Se ee a a ae er ae a ee ee
————— ne eee he ee ie SS = Nee team ae as re ae Ss a aes oe ae eae ee ae ee ope = bs SR ee ee ae eee ge a —— ape ae a ee ee ne ant a a ehh eee ne ae
EE = — pa sss SS eS . —— hs oy Toa — —— > Tore SSS ra, en SSS Se ee en I
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a So ple tee al ee — —Seohes = Se rr ae ee ~ ope = pie ———=_ ~ i Cae ae Teme Ce oa on te Se tO Nata os Ne" ee Vr eer Shae a fe ree cy gee ae
SSS alae pe dsr whe ini cern ie = SSS —S See SS — hn tele eee bre To ta - ——— ec ee —S a SS is sili a Syne Ni enn oe ——S —— <=
ans ee oe ae sea SSS SIs ee a le ne ag —— SSeS Ss — carer. my ee eae =a SS a ee ae ae ae ee a oe ae ee ee See ee ae ae ee op en te ee >.
ee — — — —_ - - ~ f Nm ee — — — a —_—— — -
oo e sG = 8 5 eee SESE —— ~. te a gene So, <>. —o rS=, ——— a So Se Se aa an de i lend eek de Se Sash saaes =, Sa al ln alleen =
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Nem Some See Sm nae See Sa aes ne ti a ee ee etn wa tn ee i pe ee ae ae ea ee ae Cae ee ae ee ee em Pe eae ee ee Fee SS re ae a ee Saran eo adn ss tenia a See dies ee
Sa a ea pag oy iE BO a ae eae eS a EEE ER ee Ee eo SSS a Sg a a SR a aa ae ag a eee
oe nN Oh ee il err See ne ee — = SS SS a: SSeS SS Cine So Se ee ns eal a eae S355 Se ee see lela
Se ee en ee ee Se ee — he ae enh ae he moter open ens Mier eee — ae ate eae eee cee ie a em — iS Riek Sn i seein ind EE ee a ae tte i Lie aw ah ape tae eee oe TT
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Sore SSS Slice le li a clea Se ed — en teres = << ee ne ea Cae Ne SE Sa ip ecig es e Se ee eae ee ripeegees a a ee ee ep ht Sem diese ali Satan eee
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SSS SS SE —— pale Papehertoe ts! aS th SS es Tage tae ee ee ea Ney a ee = Ss Se —" SE ri a a pln ce ig I snp als a we I ce al ae a nat ale le ey en
Se SS Se See eS eS - =< oy S53 E Pt ee tegen Tope Ra Fe Fa ae a ae ee a ee pea epee eat a a ae ray re ae eat a ee
= Se —— ee —— — ee = - ginal ~ ia aes plas wears ata ed z : i var er are " 7
er ree La piow an aie atin meee eae haeteee aaa ——- Sa tae ee SS ne ss oe nae Tee a rae ae he ——— a aS rng reppin el cell nen Sears a etleeper ane ae
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ee Se nes pee ea eae tape a Peete ae SS Se es ee ee a5 i ae ae Fr *. : y = Z a ee oe ee oes SS See ae ee ee nas bee hae Se = Re See — ak wn Se wn ain
a Lee a = — en ie Ta oe —— : . : =< a i a ee SS re Se ee a a cl olin llr nn oS or
a a ae a ie eee ae ec pe ae a a es hae 5 HS ee ee = ie eS a pee te ae et eee pe pet La ee ne ea ae eae — SS, oni a pln ie SS eS Se SEG See ek ne tal ee i ee ae ee ee — pen te
eee Ress a ee eters Fae ee ete SS Sa St <r ne = ee Sie ee oe eel ee = SS yee se ed ete a mS SS ae FS ee a oe
[se A ere ee ee ee —=—— ae eo ee ee ep ae ee ee ee = fe om — ae 7 = —— = a: The ee a —— ei - - ~ path steel So tee -——- — — = se a
gs eae aretha toe Pantha he teen teeeetaonnee! So SS SS Se Se ‘ae Rae Serpe Lae Fats foe me a ee ee ee ae mae ee atea nae Canons Posctet ame he — — — Se ee — ————— a a ty me ae ome et eae te ee a Sr a a re ee ee oe ree ee ee ee ee ee
ape ee one ia een ee ee fe eh te Se vs Nahe a ae le ty le Se eS eS = a fae he ee Se ee a a ae ee a a nea eee ee ee epi lee Se nena _— Sr > Fn ed SS a ae ae ee apt eran eee _
aot opens needa Pan nape’ a ea SSS i SSS - _s Sa a a See = ose — A ee ge 3 - ta ee, = anc is Fete a a an all er le ne Da Se a Bi fe ts Lh alleen tne rinrsieg sors pclae
ee a a gh nc ey i acre eg ee eee Se SESS 2S Fo te oe ee tes eae ie ia ee TS eee ae ag SS Tate ce a Spe SP ee
et ele a aa Se Ln Ca ee ee tae en “= -— - ee ee ae ee a a | oe ae fee ae — = —S— -- i ie ple le — ee i — —— = ee iether lent ple —- a SS fi aipotln (ee sinc ee aT ce ne ae! . ee pate ee ee ee ee ee
ee tg ee Fa ae Dea tafe ee ee eet i — t= ee ny ee tla ie ie ee ne ee - a ae a SS ee er ane ee SS Se eee Fa nh tin lan Til ley la see ng Io iy ea Te ne ee ee ae ae ee
I ee Se TE a et LS SS See SS Sg ay pe Fee a = so —- SS se5 = et clei Oe Pa ae ae ee —— Se Pe ee poh a - ln Ai lee ly ol hn athe elite Wry iar cee pln on cle flr whe hae ne en I im la cy eelgrass le
Ne eee See a Nae ale ae a ee cae ge pe ee he ape ee ae 58 eS See SS eo oss Se Nae ee ee a oe eae apa ‘5 a ae Cc ie des Se a a eee ee ee Se eee eel ee ee eee oe SS Se ah ee tart Abs dan odin
SSS eee ek ee On Sei " = ee ee Ses tots a le oe ae pee ee a oe ae SF ier tala ete te oe ape hae a Ne eae Se a See cae ae ae ome ae a ge eee ee ae — —<— Se eee on y SS oor, an mee a a — Se Te ah eee ae aa ae Pee eeligae e e eoT TS
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ae ee en a ene er ee eee ag nae a apa eer i ete ne am, Rae ae hago Rapa ae as ler hae” a a ape a ae ae 9 Ss Fa ae ee a So I Se ae ape ae ae ae a a op eee Se (ee ee ln a en Sree eer ie
cle Na ie See ales ee a na ee SS a a lin as oo soso a hae = eters a a eR Oe pa a SES aga nS rp aS Sa a
ee ne ee a ee ee a ee ee ee ae ee a ee ee ae po — eee - = + (== 5 = : eee ake — ee ae em oy ~3 Se en a nee ere: ee Ne a Nae en a ae a ee Nae fs eee ee ae hae etree fe esa ee ee ae ee ate lite ee ae ine aT
aa eae ig oe gal oe Se a ea ag a gaa a ag aio a ae eS a a ge Seg ee Sg ee ae a gS eT
Sane te see oe oe Se Se eS ——— See ae eae ar Ta a ea ae oe Cia tg ec oree at ee ae = == ee ee et ET eee ee eae ee ee ee ee hia epee a en = da ae San la
a ee SN pp a a aa a a ng ay il a Sn a ag i al ae er me a a a ea eae a a ee So i a a ae ap ae a so a
SS Taps seg Sa a pg eg an ee I SS a Ter a eee eet pee Re iS agi Se ea ee qe Se a ea ee ee ae SE OT a a eo a
a i al a ey a pn he in at the oy tn ig ping etal At pte: Derlingln alin her alhg tended de ia kok aie a oe ee ee —— Ga a ee I oes — ——— _— — ~ = — — x — - — : — — -_ — 7 i a ee ee a rn nha pede he ie my - ee pe eee ee
rai, lg i i, selon ics sir lg. ln pl lg pl ey = —— H~y = ee Na ce a ee ee —s SS — >> SSS Se a a a he ae a eae a ae a a ee ee ee SS ——S So ee i eee
— _ —— ee pee ne ee ae ee Se a ae : _- ~~ <= ~ - wim J -” — > ——. ae ore On ron eke saa ot ee ee et ee - — ee a > — eae — -—_> fae ee ee ee - — _— SS See Sia-eaireline ghee catieanaliieatina ane Says stint ciliee~seiler-sgtiersdiliesall econ wa ee nye ae om ole en mt a ees! Nee
SF aa Sag Sate nate pnd Se etape ae a a ae gg pan pg Sa Sa Se aR a ap ee Snes eee arom Se SS ES ei wig a Baa eg Tan le an ta eae Seen ee ee
yn Se —— SS Se are 7 - : 7 <> 7 -- ae ~ ; pe ais —= . : — ——— T= tes in = c — ge a oe Pc a = =~ See nt a Seton ~ — mk em ohn le ee
a5 sO es Se a SS eS See ——— STS ah se TE ~ ate ee eet SoS SS oe SSeS SS SSE 2 a NS a Ra Sa lag ni ale ee eae
S53 SSS Seles ole 3 SS ae se dilaeri icine = Sel Soot SSS Se oe Sen See <== oe = ws —— — eee x ye Ses ede S a Se = ———_— Che elite al ed ee Sor cieceiaceenesiond CR ree i apy eesti as Seah = Sete
Tap a Ne cer eR ae Re Re Sp aang eT) SE SS aS Sipe rene Se SE peg aaa ees FS ae EE Et a ag Tae NS ee ap ee
SN es ee ose os Se te ee ee ee —— See —S ee ee ae Ne ee ee ee ee ee ae oe oe ee ee oe a Fa ari tee ae ae pe ea ee ae Fo a a agg a sn on lay wl plese Bar ales ar ae hal lied 65s eae es
a ae say SS Soctestiey war ple - SS —— SS se a | ae Nagra ee om eee eee ee os le le Selah iy Senn ST ee ee eee a (RR aa ea ee a Sag Fate age ae aa ewe he r= ons eee ae hae mae ee sate Put ee an a Spt ly on ag ie ae nace negli nae aie a a i nee Last
ee ee ee ee me ee alin wtin ol ee — a Pay ple iy ch ae wy —— ag ti shar ray i Hg ime — ee Sees ee me ey se ee eas, Rie die dedi di tee i Sem! Pe Sie pulinesen tar elena om ee wee ee ae te sae Son Ten a on — new — i ~ A - ——_ Since. ae oie alien gtiaretierdl — iy teeter nad een aap heey ee! or SS a mae 0 ate tim hig rly Why che whe ha ln slr liye aw sl dim ae ee ae ee ee —_—_— =
Se ee oe oe ee pests Tete ST ee ee a ee a te Tae La eg eee oa a ee ee eet ena SSS caro Jo to ae emake! ile sinha aati = a easier s Tore ae — 7 — —— => eae een ees Sa oe ee eae Rete orn —— oS SS Se ee SS
Bo i I a a ae a Og pI So ya ae a aS ae a STS IS Ite = SS eee aoe Gane : i ral a a a a a a aa a gn ye a ag ae nie Se
SS eee eee os 7 : a ee oS oe ee ee ee ae IE Se iS wre any alge hee ln om SA all ole nC a —s2 2. s —— ge a aw eee - — = - - ~ - - Seda -sey > —— — ~- Se SS ie
Sl ln lily aay lela ll A te Ben log a oa pln i Dope cieg i 1 <= ae re ee ee ee a a ew a ae ee a ag re te nee ae ee eae pie eee eS a en pe ee ee eS SoS Se ee ee
a ay ae lg a A ny li Na nt laa a A le Sa ae Sas SS SS rer ee eee ee eee ee ape a ee ge ma ap ta SSS eS Se ta Te ee ne ba a ew pte eee a i el aig oe adhe wi al aie eee a i lat ie pel haem ple ee i al ae ee
pp Se en wn hag at a ey BE en GS eae Se a Se ts — —— a en a in he iy i —— a Ye a Pa e-em Nee Fate foe me 7 = peel ae ee ne en le ire ik erga eaglin we et ee he ee a ae | ae gr gee ee
Ree ete eee lee hae ae ap — ——_—— ee a nin ‘— - rami he = — = ee 3 es - ~~ — = 38S awe ie apache? 2 ay 5, * ———! ° SSS ee eae a ee eat *- — "
ep ae ee ee eee i a at oe inten Be rt ey lim iy ta iy vim wl a Lgelielindin gin leer pee, alt -adies abe len ina ia eer — ee ee Se en = =, —— aes meters pe ae - ye - 7 - or A ey JF. ~Sae. ee ee ro pepe aii aieens -—- > Se
SS eT AS SS ES dolamae a 30S er ee a ae ame ome ee pe ate a Sa a ope a a = = eee ——— — a5 SS ee eS SS 2 = SS ee
ate. ———— 8 en a Se ee ee a, de ee I Sor en ae ep eee ee ae ee ee =< aoe hw ae Fe ae ae Sa —s SSS SS ee i la ne Pi larg An ers en ii FS Ss > wey ie te se ental ae Se Ee sie eS Se ee Sa eae 23938 Se
Sl I ee ai, Se na Se tS SS Se eee ns tata hep Tete et ne : ea Orc a ee wl aa ee gee Sea ee ae . a ; ete eet et : == t= ae Yeas hes a et awe pene he ester a ae >
3a Re = a a : = “o- * eS nh ed ers eee fe ts oe = ae oe a ee ee ae ech oe foo —— = SS, — > ao Sa ; ~
am Sy oy Se ep ae a ae ee ee ee ale 2 SS oo eee ee ee ——— ee ee ee ay ee eas Spine oy pe en + jee: = = = pee aye ry <p a <r I 4 tery ean a ae ee ee ae OE eee lie teehee ee et eee hee ens Pa? ee ee
Sa sla a a le aa ac Secale Sd Se ee ———— See ee ee oe Senses ca >=: Se aS Sates SS ee a ie ae ag eg ae ee ae ea a ea ee
ES ~ 3 e ee ee == at Sarees a ae ee ae a ee a ee tn re ns a ae a re ae ee ee eee ~_—_s
Se a ee Re tee tea de ie es oe ee eee el etee cee ne eee eae ierne = SSS eee a te ee ee - ete at = = -- -- —3- -
oo 5 NS a ea ee a ante a a ein a a ne eae

Ain a

ae

Bie 3

iG

NORTH AMERICAN _
WILD FLOWERS

NORTH AMERICAN
WILD FLOWERS

BY
MARY VAUX WALCOTT

<° anenites ye
ey <O W5 ngs AN XV. oO aD
ARS He

PUBLISHED BY

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
| WASHINGTON, D.C.
1925

THIS Is NUMBER
3fo

OF VOLUME FOUR

Ba sie : A
lorcet iy ah )

CSCNHOE)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME IV

Note: All sketches are life size. The system used in naming the plants is the American Code of Botanical
Nomenclature. Descriptions of the plants illustrated may be found in Gray's New Manual, Britton and
Brown's Illustrated Flora, Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States, or Rydberg’s Flora of the
Rocky Mountains.

PLATE
241. Showy Orchis. Orchis spectabilis LINNAEUS
242. Rosebud Orchid. Pogonia divaricata (LINNAEUS) RoBERT BROWN
243. Large Purple Pringe-orchid. Habenaria grandiflora (BiGELOW) ToRREY
244. Franklinia. Franklinia alatamaha MARSHALL
245. Blue Phlox. Phlox divaricata LINNAEUS
246. Blue-eyed-mary. Collinsia verna NUTTALL
247. Dutchmans-breeches. Bikukulla cucullaria (LINNAEUS) MILLSPAUGH
248. Peatpink. Stlene caroliniana \WALTER |
249. Cut Toothwort. Dentaria laciniata MUHLENBERG
250. Sweet Pitcherplant. Sarracenia rubra WALTER
251. Hooded Pitcherplant. Svrracenia minor WALTER
252. Bowmanstoot. Porteranthus trifoliatus (LINNAEUS) BRITTON
253. Pinkshell Azalea. Azalea vaseyi (GRAY) REHDER
254. Rosebay Rhododendron. Rhododendron maximum LINNAEUS
255. Atamasco-lily. Atamosco atamasco (LINNAEUS) GREENE
256. Turkscap Lily. Lilium superbum LINNAEUS
257. Orange Polygala. Polygala lutea Linnazus
258. Red-helmet. Pedicularis bracteosa BENTHAM
259. Turtlehead. Chelone glabra LINNAEUS
| 260. Scatlet Elder. Sambucus pubens Michaux
261. Crossvine. Anisostichus capreolatus (LINNAEUS) BUREAU

262. Indianpipe. Monotropa uniflora LinNazus

2.63.
264.
205%
266.
2.67.
268.
269.
270.
17%:
272.
2533
274.
275;
276.
D7 7
253:
279:
280.
287.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
2.90.

29 ID

Cardinalflower. Lobelia cardinalis LINNAEUS

Zenobia. Zenobia cassinifolia (VENTENAT) POLLARD

American Mistletoe. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursn) NuTTALy
American Holly. Ilex opaca Arton

Mountain Hemlock. Tsuga mertensiana (BONGARD) SARGENT
Western Hemlock. Tsuga heterophylla (RAFINESQUE) SARGENT
Western Larch. Larix occidentalis NUTTALL

Douglas-fir. Pseudotsuga mucronata (RAFINESQUE) SUDWORTH
Bunchberty (flower). Cornus canadensis LINNAEUS
Bunchberry (fruit). Cornus canadensis LINNAEUS

Woodnymph. Moneses uniflora (LINNAEUS) GRAY

Alberta Primrose. Primula maccalliana WIEGAND

Mourning Groundsel. Senecio lugens RicHARDSON

Slender Shootingstar. Dodecatheon pauciflorum (DURAND) GREENE
Snow Willow. Salix nivalis HooKER

Gray Phacelia. Phacelia sericea (GRAHAM) GRAY

Nodding Campion. Lychnis apetala LINNAEUS

Golden Fleabane. Erigeron aureus GREENE

Golden Sedge. Carex aurea NUTTALL

Alpine Pointvetch (flower). Ovxgytropis podocarpa Gray

Alpine Pointvetch (fruit). Oxytropis podocarpa Gray

Rocky Mountain Kalmia. Kalmia microphylla (HookER) HELLER
Sidebells Pyrola. Pyrola secunda LINNAEUS

Pink Pussytoes. Antennaria rosea (EATON) GREENE

Elkslip. Caltha leptosepala DE CANDOLLE

Rock Wormwood. Artemisia discolor DouGLas

Pearl Everlasting. Anaphalis margaritacea (LINNAEUS) GRAY
Alaska Fleabane. Erigeron salsuginosus (RICHARDSON) GRAY

Globe Anemone. Axemone globosa NUTTALL

2G 2
G3.
2.94.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
3,00.
20%.
XS
AOE
304.
DOS
3,06.
BOvE
308.
3,09.
2 EO,
Bub.
oe
peer
314.
Bul 5.
a6:
BLT
318.
BLO;
320.

Shortspur Columbine. Aquélegia brevistyla HOOKER

Red Dewberry. Rubus pedatus SmrtTH

Ladder Gentian. Gentiana acuta MicHaux

Alpine Milkvetch. Astragalus alpinus LINNAEUS

Grayleaf Fivefinger. Porentilla glaucophylla LEHMANN
Goldenpea. Thermopsis rhombifolia (NUTTALL) RicHARDSON
Western Menziesia. Menziesia glabella Gray

Giant Trillium. Tvillinm chloropetalum (Torrey) Howey
Yellow Willow-weed. Epilobium lutem Pursx

Fireweed. Epilobium angustifolium LINNAEUS

Beargrass. Xerophyllum tenax (PursH) NUTTALL

Pink Centaurium. Centaurium venustum (GRAY) ROBINSON
Nodding Onion. Allium cernuum Rotu

Rocky Mountain Rhododendron. Rhododendron albiflorum Hooker
Forest Anemone. Anemone deltoidea HooKER

Western Cranesbill. Geranium viscosissimum FiscHER AND MEYER
Green Strawberry-cactus. Echinocereus viridiflorus ENGELMAN
Prairie Thistle. Cirsium undulatum (NUTTALL) SPRENGEL
Lilac Mariposa. Calochortus splendens DouGLas

Orange-eye Globemallow. Sphaeralcea davidsonii RoBINson
Tassel Cottongrass. Eriophorum angustifolium RotH

Western Monkeyflower. Mimulus guttatus Don
Goldenbowl Mariposa. Calochortus clavatus WATSON

Red Monkeyflower. Diplacus puniceus NUTTALL

Columbia Lily. Lilium columbianum HANSON
Cranberrybush. Viburnum pauciflorum PYLATE

Ruff Gentian. Gentiana calycosa GRISEBACH

Menzies Pentstemon. Pentstemon menziesii HOOKER

Purple Prairieclover. Petalostemon purpureum (VENTENAT) RYDBERG

SHOWY ORCHIS

Orchis spectabilis Linnaeus

Although this orchid is known by the English equivalent of its
Latin name, showy orchis, the name is really not appropriate, for the
plant is far less conspicuous than some of its North American tela-
tives. It is known also as “pulpit-flower,’ because of the resemblance
of the mauve-colored arched petals to the sounding-board over a
pulpit. In a walk through the deep woods in early spring, our feet
rustling last year's fallen leaves, it is a pleasant surprise to chance upon
a group of plants of this shy beauty, the earliest of the orchids to
blossom.

The flower is well adapted to insure cross-pollination by bumble-
bees, for not only is the lip or lower petal of just the size to enable
these insects to get a good hold upon it, but the spur, at the bottom
of which the nectar is contained, 1s exactly equal in length to the
bumblebee’s tongue, so that smaller insects can not reach the nectar.
Finally, the anther is so situated that while the bee is busily engaged
in extracting the nectar, its head is smeared with the sticky pollen,
-and as the bee enters the flower of another plant, this pollen is
rubbed off on the stigma, thus effecting cross-pollination. The waxy
flowers ate borne on a short stem, arising between two bright green
leaves.

Showy otchis is found from Georgia to Arkansas, and northward
to the Dakotas, Ontario, and New Brunswick.

The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Co-
lumbia.

PLATE 241

1925

241.MV W

at
Py

ROSEBUD ORCHID

Pogonia divaricata (Linnaeus) Robert Brown

Rosebud orchid is widespread and abundant in the far South, and
the acid-soil meadows of northern Florida ate sometimes colored pink
by thousands of its blossoms. Farther north it becomes rarer, and is
seldom found even by the botanist, whose excursions lead him to
remote fields and bogs. The lovely shading and delicate penciling of
the petals lend a peculiar charm to this orchid. To people not familiar
with the book name, it is often known as the “rosebud flower,” be-
cause of the resemblance of the lip to a slender rosebud. Some bota-
nists hold that it is not a true Pogonia, assigning to it the name Cleastes
divavicata.

Rosebud orchid is found from Florida and Alabama northward to
Kentucky and southern New Jetsey, growing both in lowlands near
the coast and on high mountains.

The specimen sketched was obtained neat Beaufort, South Carolina.

PLATE 242

242. MVW 1925

LARGE PURPLE FRINGE-ORCHID

Habenavia grandiflora (Bigelow) Torrey

Large purple fringe-orchid is perhaps the most beautiful of the
Habenarias. The delightful fragrance of its flowers appeals to us no
less than their beauty, and we are not surprised that they attract bees
and moths to their nectar and pollen. The plant prefers moist or
swampy places in grassy meadows or in partial shade, whete the soil
is distinctly, though not very strongly, acid.

Large purple fringe-orchid is found from the mountains of North
Carolina northward to Newfoundland and Ontario.

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained on Mount Desert
Island, Maine, where it grows abundantly.

PLATE 243

243. MV W 1925

Oe

=

FRANKLINIA

Franklinia alatamaha Marshall

Franklinia, or Franklin tree, a member of the Tea Family, has
perhaps the most romantic history of any plant included in “North
American Wild Flowers.” It was first seen by John Bartram in 1765
in the vicinity of Fort Barrington, Georgia, and was named by his
friend, Humphrey Marshall, in honor of Benjamin Franklin. His son,
William Bartram, also visited the locality in 1791, and described the
plant in his “Travels through North and South Carolina.” He states
that he never saw it at any other place but near the Fort, where “there
ate two or three actes of ground where it grows plentifully.” Thor-
ough search has since been made by botanists, including Dr. C. S.
Sargent, H. W. Ravenel, and Dr. E. T. Wherry, but no wild plants
can be found. All those in existence in American gardens apparently
originated with the plant or plants obtained by William Bartram and
gtown at Philadelphia in the place long known as Battram’s Garden,
now a public park. |

Franklinia has been shown by Dr. Frederick V. Coville to belong
to the great number of plants that flourish only in acid soils. Cuttings
have been rooted successfully and distributed to nurserymen and to
ptivate gardens. At Whitesbog, in New Jetsey, a number of plants
ate gtowing vigorously under the care of Miss Elizabeth C. White.
The specimen sketched was obtained from one of these plants when
they wete in blossom in September, 192.6. The delicious odor of the
flowets atttacts many bees, but few viable seeds have resulted. The
Franklinia blooms in autumn when most other trees or shrubs are
past flowering. Its leaves turn a beautiful crimson before falling from
the branches.

PLATE 244

244. MVW 1925

oi
rier knee

ie eit

i may
a

Fes

*

Bi EE ELwOX.

Phlox divaricata Linnaeus

Blue phlox is a lovely flower of spring. It often grows in com-
pany with cream-white violets in rich valleys, beneath tall trees,
affording a delightful combination of dainty color. In its wild state,
this species of phlox ts variable, the color ranging from pinkish to
pale violet, and the corolla-lobes may be entire or deeply notched.
It was one of the earliest American plants to be cultivated 1n Europe,
being illustrated in Miller's “Figures of Plants” in 1758.

At Plummers Island, near Washington, District of Columbia,
where the specimens sketched were obtained, visitors ate not pet-
mitted to gather the flowers, and in consequence blue phlox has
thrived and grows in great profusion, filling the woods with its fra-
grance. The plant is well adapted to cultivation in shady gardens.

Blue phlox its found from Florida to eastern Texas and northward
to Quebec and Minnesota.

PLATE 245

245. MVW 1925

BLUE-EYED-MARY

Collinsia verna Nuttall

Blue-eyed-maty is one of the daintiest of spring flowers. In the
Middle West it sometimes grows insuch profusion that the meadows
ate blue with its brightly colored blossoms. The plant is fragile in
appearance. Its flowets, although without odor, ate visited by many
bees. A member of the Figwort Family, this plant is thus related to
the snapdragons, pentstemons, and monkeyflowerts. It can be culti-
vated easily in rich, gravelly soil, and is a very desirable addition to the
wild garden. Since it is a winter annual, the seeds should be sown in
summer or early fall, but once established, it reseeds itself abundantly.

The specimen sketched was grown by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry in his
garden in Washington from seeds procured from Cincinnati, Ohio.

Blue-eyed-mary ranges from Western Pennsylvania to Kentucky
and Kansas, and notthwatd to western New York, Ontario, and
Wisconsin.

PLATE 246

fe
Bears

ae Sorat
5

R
sae

‘

ie at See
“6 2

7
ae

3)
192
Vw

1. M

240.

DUTCHMANS-BREECHES

Bikukulla cucullavia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh

The peculiarly delicate flowers of dutchmans-breeches, held aloft
above the lacelike leaves by a slender stem, ate one of the delights of
flower lovers in early spring. This plant prefers rich soil on rocky
ledges or well-drained wooded slopes. The leaves wither when the
warm days of late spring come. The plant was valued as a love charm
by the North American Indians. Recent tests made by the United
States Department of Agriculture trace many cases of stock poison-
ing to this plant. The leaves, unfolding before there is much other
gteen vegetation, ate eaten greedily by cattle, and since the plant
gtows in leafmold, with slight hold in the earth, it is easily pulled
loose, and the tubets as well as the leaves are eaten by the animal.
This double dose of the toxic substance, which is contained in all parts
of the plant, often produces fatal results. The Virginia highlanders
know the plant as “little staggerweed.” It belongs to the Fumitory
Family. Many authors use the name Dicentra for the genus. The
flowets of this species ate usually white, but pink-flowered plants ate
found occasionally, especially in the southwestern part of its range.

The specimen sketched was obtained neat Washington, District
of Columbia.

Dutchmans-breeches has a wide range, occurring from North
Carolina to Kansas, and north to Minnesota and Nova Scotia.

PLATE 247

247. MV W 1925

PEATPINK

Szlene caroliniana Walter

The bright flowers of the peatpink are larger than the blossoms
of most of our wild members of the Pink Family, and always at-
tract notice among the spring flowers. The plants grow in clumps,
and prefer dry, sandy or rocky, usually rather acid soil. The flowers
have two sets of stamens, one set maturing before the other. The
styles do not mature until the stamens have unloaded their pollen
On visiting insects, which transfer it to the older flowers, thus en-
suring cross-pollination. The flower stalks are sticky, so that small
insects, endeavoring to reach the flowers by crawling up the stem,
are trapped.

This species, termed in some books Silene pennsylvanica, ranges from
Georgia to Massachusetts. A closely related species, differing in that
the stems and calyx of the flowers are not sticky, grows from Ala-
bama to Kentucky and has recently been named by Dr. J. K. Small,
Silene wherryi. 7

The specimen painted was obtained at Washington, District of
Columbia.

PLATE 248

5
192
vw

M

248,

CUT TOOTHWORT

Dentaria laciniata Muhlenberg

Cut toothwort is found in spring growing plentifully in rich,
moist woods, at about the same time as bloodroot and hepatica. The
name toothwott is given because of the protuberances on the root-
stocks of some of the species of Dentaria. These tootstocks have a
spicy flavor similar to watetctess, and are enjoyed by country children,
who know one of the species as “crinkleroot” and dig its rootstocks
to eat with their school lunches. The pale pink or white flowers of
cut toothwort are rather attractive, but the plant withers quickly
when gathered, and does not easily tevive.

This member of the Mustard Family is found from Florida to
Louisiana and Kansas, and northward to Quebec and Minnesota.

The sketch was made from flowets gathered in Washington, Dis-
trict of Columbia.

PLATE 249

249. MVW 1925

SWEET PITCHERPLANT

Sarracenia rubra Walter

Sweet pitcherplant is a lovely member of its family, its flowers
held aloft on delicate stems well above the “pitchers.” In addition to
other interesting features, it has a delightful odor similar to that of
wild grape blossoms. The leaves have the usual characteristics of
pitcherplants, catching and digesting unwaty insects that enter them.
Of all the pitcherplants, this is, perhaps, the most desirable to culti-
vate because of its fragrance and its lasting qualities. It should be
grown in a cool greenhouse.

Sweet pitcherplant is found from Georgia and Alabama to North
Carolina, growing chiefly at moderate elevations.

The specimen sketched was brought into bloom by Dr. Frederick
V. Coville in the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture
in Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 250

fr
ae
“ed ty

250. MVW 1925 a

HOODED PITCHERPLANT

Sarracenia minor Walter

Hooded pitcherplant has some distinctive features not shown by
most other membets of the family. The hood is beautifully arched,
and tends to darken the interior cavity of the leaf. Contrasting with
the opaque yellow-green of the surrounding leaf structure, the trans-
lucent patches near the summit of the hood are white, and act as
windows, transmitting light to the upper part of the “pitchers.” In-
sects encouraged by the light to enter are often unable to find the
way out, and exhausted by their endeavors to escape, drop to the bot-
tom of the “pitcher,” where they die and are digested for the use of
the plant.

This is the southernmost in range of all the pitcherplants, occur-
ring in damp, acid meadows as far south as the middle of the Florida
peninsula, and ranging northward through eastern Georgia, but
bately entering Alabama and North Carolina.

The sketch was made from plants collected near Beaufort, South

Carolina.

PLATE 251

251. MVW 1925

qu

4 5 h

BOW MANSROOT

Porteranthus trifoliatus (Linnaeus) Britton

The delicate flowers of bowmansroot grace the woodlands in
June, when the graceful loose panicles of white blossoms, some-
times tinged with pink, are at their best. To the layman, the plant
bears little resemblance to other membets of the Rose Family, to
which it belongs. The name Porteranthus was given in honor of
Thomas Conrad Porter, professor of botany in Lafayette College.
In many books the plant is named Gillenia trifoliata.

Bowmanstoot ranges from Georgia to Missouri, and northward
to New York, Ontario, and Michigan.

The plant sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 2§2

a,

ee
ey ae

1925

252. MV W

PINKSHELL AZ ATLEA
Azalea vaseyi (Gtay) Rehder

The pinkshell azalea is so charming in form and color that it de-
setves attention from flower lovers who cultivate our native plants.
It prefers rather moist, acid soil, and yields easily to cultivation. The
cotolla is so different in shape from that of other Azaleas that it 1s
considered by some botanists to belong to a distinct genus, named
Biltia in honor of George Vanderbilt.

Pinkshell azalea has a narrow range, being found only at a few
restricted localities in the mountains of western North Carolina. For
many years nurserymen have been digging and shipping this species
from its native haunts, until it has been nearly exterminated as a wild
plant. Fortunately it can be propagated in acid soils from seed.

The specimen sketched was grown by Dr. Paul Bartsch in his
garden in Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 253

se
it sr :

253. MVW 1925

eg
‘

ROSEBAY RHODODENDRON

Rhododendron maximum Linnaeus

The glory of the rosebay rhododendron when in bloom can hardly
be exaggerated. Its lovely white or delicately pink flower clusters,
surrounded by dark green leaves, make a charming pictute. The
shrub grows to a height of thirty feet in the Carolina mountains,
where it often covers every available spot, both swamp and hill-
side, with a tangle of stiff stems and leathery foliage. The moun-
taineers know it as “laurel.” Its roots lie in mats close to the surface
of the ground, and are protected by a cover of fallen leaves, which
conserve the moisture, retain the acid condition of the soil, and add
fertility.

Rosebay rhododendron is the state flower of West Virginia. It
is abundant from central Georgia and Alabama as far north as Penn-
sylvania. It is occasional farther north, even teaching one ot two
localities in Nova Scotia.

The specimen sketched was obtained from the mountains of
North Carolina.

PLATE 254

Te agitate
We es Dante.

Can
MS entire Phen

oe

, ay

ie

1925

254. MV W

yy
‘hel

ATAMASCO-LILY

Atamosco atamasco (Linnaeus) Greene

Springing from the brown bed of the southern forest, no love-
lier flower graces the awakening of spring than the atamasco-lily,
a member of the Amatyllis Family. Blooming as it does in many
places about Easter time, it is widely known in the South as “Easter
lily.” Great bunches of the flowers ate gathered to decorate homes
and churches, but since the bulbs are not disturbed, the plants ate
not injured. A few long grass-like leaves grow from the bulb, and
above them the flower stem, bearing the beautiful white flower,
which sometimes is shaded delicately with pale pink. The thrill
that comes when the flowets ate discovered for the first time will
long be remembered, for a patch of moist open woods statred with
hundreds of the blossoms is a beautiful sight.

Atamasco-lily ranges from Florida and Alabama northward to
southeastern Virginia. It has been reported also from Pennsylvania,
but has not been found in that state in recent yeats. By some bota-
nists the plant is known as Zephyranthes atamasco.

The flowets sketched were obtained near Yemassee, South Cato-
lina.

PLATE 255

255. MVW 1925

TURKSCAP LILY

Lilium superbum Linnaeus

It is not surprising that Linnaeus gave the specific name superbum
to this beautiful lily. Anyone who has seen it growing in meadows
ot bogs in midsummer will never forget the impression created by a
great number of these plants blooming together. The stems, which
at times attain a height of seven feet, are crowned with a panicle of
magnificent flowers, sometimes numbering forty, whose color varies
from red to orange. This lovely wildling yields easily to garden treat-
ment, especially in acid, boggy soil, and survives from year to year,
even increasing in beauty.

Turkscap lily is found from the mountains of Georgia to Missouti,
and northward to New Brunswick and Minnesota.

The flowets sketched grew neat Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 256

5
192
vw

M

250.

ORANGE POLYGALA

Polygala lutea Linnaeus

At many places in the Southeastern States the brilliant heads of
the orange poly gala stand out in bold relief from the background of
grasses and weeds that surround them. The pine-barren swamps are
its chosen habitat, and here it may be found in blossom most of the
summer. Most of the North American plants belonging to the Poly-
gala Family have inconspicuous flowers, often dull in color, but the
flowets of this species ate very showy. The roots of the plant, like
those of many other species of Polygala, contain the chemical sub-
stance commonly known as “oil of wintergreen,” which can be tec-
ognized by its odor and taste. As this same flavoring substance is used
in candy, the country people throughout the South know the species
of Polygala as “candyweed” ot “candyroot,” and chew the roots as a
cute for coughs and colds. The medicinal value of this species is
slight, although extracts of the roots of other members of the genus
are used extensively in cough remedies. |

Orange polygala ranges from Florida and Louisiana northward to
_ New Jersey and Long Island.

Thesketch was made from flowets collected near Beaufort, South
Carolina.

PLATE 257

Ee MV W 1925

(|
\

RED HELMET

Pedicularis bracteosa Bentham

Red helmet, or wood betony, is found plentifully in the Cana-
dian Rocky Mountains, and frequently, before it comes into bloom,
deceives the passet-by, who assumes that its fern-like leaves are fern
fronds. The flowets ate cutious in structure, the “helmet” having
the shape of a waltus head with tusks on either side, and being so
attanged that it protects the stamens from the rain. Insect visitors ate
plentiful, and gather the nectar easily ftom its shallow receptacles.

This member of the Figwort Family ranges from Colorado to
California, and northward to Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was gathered near Baker Lake, fifteen
miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,000
eee,

PLATE 258

) 1925
YW

M

258.

EURT EEE AD

Chelone glabra Linnaeus

This plant prefers to grow along water courses ot in swamps,
where it blooms freely in late summer and fall. The ingeniously con-
structed flower is visited by bees and other insects. The lower lip
forms a platform on which the bees alight, and as the hooded upper
lip is large enough to enclose the body of any but the largest kind
of bees, they usually disappear completely when they go in to get
the nectar. When they back out, their heads bear pollen brushed from
the anthers, and in entering another blossom they leave some of this
on the stigma, thus effecting cross-pollination. The creamy color of
the flower, sometimes tinged with pink, turns to brown as it fades.
Turtlehead is easily cultivated and forms a desitable addition to the
wildflower garden. It belongs to the Figwort Family, and is often
known to country folk as “wild snapdtagon.”

Turtlehead has a wide range, occurring from Florida and Ala-
bama to Kansas, and notth to Newfoundland and Manitoba.

The plant from which the sketch was made grew on Mount
Desert Island, Maine.

PLATE 259

259. MV W 1925

SG EE t ELD GK

Sambucus pubens Michaux

Although tather inconspicuous in spring when its small, gteen-
ish-white flowers open, scarlet elder is a striking plant in summet
and fall, with its bunches of brightly colored betries against a back-
ground of deep green leaves. The bushes ate from five to thirty feet
in height. Since they grow in rather barren, tocky places, and are
not particular about soil or altitude, they have a wide distribution.
The eldets belong to the Honeysuckle Family.

This species is a rather northern one, ranging from the moun-
tains of Georgia to those of Colorado and California, and north-
watd to Newfoundland and Alaska.

The sketch was made ftom a specimen collected neat Glacier
House, Glacier, British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 260

ake n
pape
Pa ab
we a
Tl lett

aves
ere at hi a
hal
Ak
ipawees ie
s i

pore

260. MVW 1925

CROSSVINE

Anisostichus capreolatus (Linnaeus) Bureau

Although its flowets ate vety showy, ctossvine is not familiar
to many flower lovers. Its glossy, evergreen, paired leaves ate borne
on tough, tangled, woody stems with stout tendrils. The plant is
neatly telated to the trumpet-creeper, but is easily distinguished
from it by the shorter trumpet of its flower. In some botanical
works it is listed as Bignonia crucigera, the species name meaning ctoss-
bearer. In a section of the stem certain elements of the wood make a
perfect ctoss, hence the name crossvine. In autumn the leaves turn
to a btonze color. The crossvine prefers moist, almost swampy situa-
tions having an acid soil.

The plant ranges from Florida to Louisiana, and northward to
Virginia, southern Ohio, and Illinois.

The specimen sketched was gatheted near Beaufort, South Cato-
lina.

PLATE 261

INDIANPIPE

Monotropa uniflora Linnaeus

The weird flowers of the Indianpipe develop in warm mid-
summer weather after rains. The flowers tise above the forest floor
when most plants ate past theit bloom. The plants subsist upon
decaying vegetable matter, having a mat of rootlets under the dead
leaves. They have specialized away from the habits of ordinary plants,
having lost their chlorophyl, and ate ghostly white, or sometimes
pale pink, with leaves that ate mete scales. As the seeds matute, the
flowets turn upward and blacken.

This plant is very widely distributed, being found practically
throughout the North American continent north of Mexico, and also
in Japan and the Himalayas.

On Mount Desert Island, Maine, whete this specimen was gath-
eted, Indianpipe grew in many localities.

PLATE 262

1 Ff
roe len
eae
aoe ac

rer ie
Sa

CARDINALFLOW ER

Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus

Cardinalflower, one of the most brilliantly colored of all our wild
flowets, loves swampy places or the banks of streams, where in mid-
summer it reaches its perfection. The long spikes continue to bloom
for weeks. The flowets open in succession ftom the lowest buds on
the stem to those at the top. For this reason, the plant is easily ex-
terminated in its native haunts, the flowets at the top of the stems
being gathered with the old flowets and ripening seeds below. The
color of the flowers is likened to that of a cardinal’s hat, and surely
the corolla of no other of our wild flowets is so rich and velvety.
Cardinalflower may be grown easily from seed, but in gardens it
must be treated as a biennial unless its wet habitat can be teptoduced.
In the wild state, it is perennial by offsets.

Cardinalflower occurs from Florida westwatd to Texas, Kansas,
and Colorado, and north to New Brunswick and Ontario. ;

The sketch was obtained from specimens gathered near Pocono
Manor, Pennsylvania.

PLATE 263

203. MVW 1925

ZENOBIA

Zenobia cassinifolia (Ventenat) Pollard

Zenobia is a branching shrub, from three to five feet in height,
with glossy, deep green leaves. Its clusters of large, cteamy-white,
bell-shaped flowers exhale a delightful perfume, and its name is a
fitting tribute to the beautiful Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, in the days
of its glory. The plants flourish in acid soil, like most other members
of the Heath Family, to which the genus belongs.

Zenobia ranges from Florida to North Carolina, in the coastal
plain and piedmont provinces, but it has proved hardy much farther
north.

The sketch was made from specimens obtained near Rose Hill,
North Carolina.

PLATE 264

204. MVW 1925

AMERICAN MISTLETOE
Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nuttall

The mistletoe of romance does not grow in America, but our
native species serve the same decorative purpose, and are used at
Christmas time with holly and other evergreens. There ate several
kinds of mistletoe, parasitic on both evergreen and deciduous trees.
The name Phoradendron, applied to the principal American genus of
the Mistletoe Family, is derived from Greek words meaning “tree-
thief.” Where American mistletoe is plentiful it often kills its host.
The flowets appear in September, but the fruit does not mature
until the following year. Each berry contains a single seed.

This species of mistletoe 1s found from Florida to Texas and
Missouri, and northward to New Jersey and Ohio.

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained in Virginia,
whete it grows chiefly on tupelo trees, but sometimes on red maples.

PLATE 265

265. MV W 1925

zh

ae E
i Seri
re hea

mat

AMERICAN HOLLY

Ilex opaca Aiton

The brilliant ted berties and spiny evergreen leaves of Ametican
holly carry with them all the Old World associations, even though
out species is different from that of Europe. The inconspicuous
flowets ate of a greenish color, and the pistillate and staminate flow-
ets usually occur on separate trees. American holly is most abundant
in moist woods on tather acid soils. It sometimes teaches a height
of fifty feet, with a trunk three and a half feet in diameter, but is of
slow growth. The wood is white, close- grained, and hard; the bark
greenish gray, with white markings. The great demand for holly at
Christmas stimulates cutting for commercial purposes, and is de-
nuding the forests of this beautiful evergreen. To save it from extet-
mination, substitutes must be used whenever possible.

American holly is found from Florida to Texas and Missouri, and
northward to Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained near Washington,
District of Columbia.

PLATE 266

266 MVW 1925

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MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK

Tsuga mertensiana (Bongard) Sargent

Mountain hemlock forms wide expanses of dark green foliage
along the mountain sides. A mature tree has a tapering trunk two
to four feet in diameter and seventy to a hundred feet in height, and
gracefully drooping branches. The heavy cones are abundant and
beautifully colored, especially in their earlier stages, before the scales
have dried in ripening. In the Selkitk Mountains this is a conspicu-
ous ttee, adding greatly to the beauty of the landscape.

Mountain hemlock has a comparatively narrow range, occurring ©
from western Montana to California and Alaska.

The specimen sketched grew neat Glacier House, Glacier, British
Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 267

a

20607. MVW 1925

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.

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.

WEsTERNenHEM LOCK

Tsuga heterophylla (Rafinesque) Sargent

Western hemlock is a tall tree with graceful feathery branches,
quite different from the mountain hemlock in habit and in fruitage.
It sometimes grows two hundred feet high, with a trunk six to nine
feet in diameter. The small brown cones, not more than an inch long,
ate produced abundantly, and contrast with the background of shiny,
dark green leaves. The leaves ate marked on the lower surface with
white bands.

This species of hemlock occurs from western Montana to north-
etn California, Alberta, and Alaska.

The specimen was obtained at Glacier House, near Glacier, British
Columbia, at an elevation of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 268

268. MV W 1925

WESTERN LARCH

Larix occidentalis Nuttall

One of the stateliest trees in our northwestern country is western
larch, which gives a distinctive appearance to the forests where it is
found. The tall, straight trunks, often three feet in diameter, reach
a height of a hundred feet or mote, rising above the surrounding
trees. The wood ts very durable, which makes it especially suitable
for railroad ties. In consequence, the large trees ate being cut rapidly.

Western larch ranges from western Montana to Oregon and
British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Horse
Thief River, a tributary of the Columbia River in British Colum-
bia, Canada, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 269

eneie

aed

269. MV W 1925

DOUGLAS-FIR

Pseudotsuga mucronata (Rafinesque) Sudworth

The giant Douglas-fir is an impressive tree wherever it reaches
its full development. It grows from eighty to two hundred feet in
height with a trunk two to eight feet in diameter, or sometimes
even larger. The rich green foliage, pointed buds, and beautiful pen-
dent cones distinguish it from tts forest companions. The long bracts
ate conspicuous on the cones, since they extend half an inch beyond
the scales.

Douglas-fir is found from western Texas and northern Mexico
to California, British Columbia, and Alberta.

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained near Radium
Hot Springs in the Columbia River Valley, British Columbia, at an
altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 270

270. MVW 1925

BUNCHBERRY

Cornus canadensis Linnaeus

To see bunchberry in its glory we must travel to the northern
woods, where the cool summers and generally moist conditions of
soil and atmosphere are most favorable to its growth. Here it covers
acid humus with its bright green leaves, producing at the top of
each stem a whorl of pointed, white, petal-like bracts. The flowers
ptoper are the few inconspicuous purple or greenish tubular objects
clustered in the center of these bracts. Bunchberry 1s closely related
to the showy dogwood trees of more southern regions and in its way
is quite as beautiful, in spite of its small size.

Bunchberry has a wide range, being found from the mountains
of West Virginia and New Jersey to Maine and Labrador, and west-
watd to Colorado, California, and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was gathered at Lake Louise, Alberta,
Canada, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 271

mg he

rp

sls LAMY TO25

BUNCHBERRY

Cornus canadensis Linnaeus
FRUIT OF PLATE 271

When in August the bunchberry is in fruit, it is even more strik-
ing than when in flower, for the berries are exceptionally brilliant
in color. They ate telished by wild birds, though insipid and unat-
tractive to our taste. Both stems and leaves also turn red, enhancing
the charm of the bunchberty’s home, in the shady places of the deep
northern forest.

Owing to the wide range of the bunchberty, it is well known
to flower lovers everywhere. From West Virginia to New Jersey
it grows only on the higher mountains, but it descends to sea level
from Massachusetts to Labrador. It is common also in the moun-
tainous regions of western North America from Colorado and Cali-
fornia to Alaska.

The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Hector,
British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet.

PLATE 272

WOODNY MPH

Moneses uniflora (Linnaeus) Gray

Woodnymph would probably escape the attention of the passer-
by, were it not for the pervasive odor of its flowers. Beautiful trails
in the deep forest, where the sunshine filters through, lead us to the
quiet spots where it grows in perfection. Half hidden by surround-
ing moss, with the stem turned down so that the flower is shielded
from rain, it is seen only by sharp eyes. After fertilization the stem
straightens, turning the flower upward.

Woodnymph constitutes a genus of its own, and belongs to the
Pyrola Family—in fact, it is often known as the “one-flower pyrola.”
It has a wide range, occurring from the mountains of Pennsylvania
to Labrador, and from New Mexico northward to Oregon and
Alaska, as well as in Europe and Asia.

The specimen sketched was gathered in the valley of Baker
Creek, twenty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an
altitude of 6,000 feet.

PLATE 273

273. MVW 1925

ALBERTA PRIMROSE

Primula maccalliana Wiegand

Travelers to the mountains in midsummer tately see this lovely
ptimtrose, for it soon passes with the first warm days. It delights in
wet banks or moist, sandy or gravelly places, and is so small that
sharp eyes ate needed to find it. The slender, dainty stem carries the
pale pink flowers four or five inches above the basal tuft of green
leaves, from whose center they spring. The flowers become purple
in withering.

Alberta primrose has a narrow range, occurring only in the Cana-
dian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was found on the shore of Bow Lake,
twenty-five miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an alti-
tude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 274

MOURNING GROUNDSEL

Senecio lugens Richardson

Mourning groundsel is a peculiar plant, thriving in situations
whete camps have been located, and blooming late in the flower-
ing season. The flower stalk, about a foot tall, rises from the center
of a rosette of large leaves, and from the top of the stem a half
dozen flowers on long stems sprawl irregularly. The name com-
memorates a massacre at Bloody Falls on the Coppermine River in
Yukon, within the Arctic Circle, where a party of Eskimos was de-
stroyed by Northern Indians who accompanied the explorer Herne.

The range of mourning groundsel is from Montana and Wash-
ington northward to Yukon.

Our sketch was made from a specimen found on the upper Pipe-
stone River, fifteen miles northwest of Lake Louise, at an altitude
of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 275

275. MVW 1925

SLENDER SHOOTINGSTAR

Dodecatheon pauciflorum (Durand) Greene

Slender shootingstar has a delicate habit of growth, and appears
so frail that one wonders how it thrives in its chosen location. It
loves moist places, such as wet meadows, or tocky ledges where
cold water trickles down. The stems tise from the center of a loose
tuft of green leaves. The flowets always remind us of the cyclamen,
and this is not surprising, as both belong to the Primrose Family.

The range of slender shootingstar is rather wide, from Colorado
northward to Saskatchewan, Mackenzie, British Columbia,and Alaska.

The sketch was made from a specimen found in the valley above
Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,500 feet.

PLATE 276

Ww 1925
Vv

M

270.

ee

SNOW WILLOW

Salix nivalis Hooker

When climbing in the higher altitudes of the Rocky Mountains,
just above timber line, one often finds large patches of the ground
coveted with a low plant about an inch high, beating spikes of tiny
ted flowers suttounded by small, dark green leaves. It proves to be
the snow willow, one of the smallest of all the large group of wil-
lows. Later in the season the flowets ate followed by tiny seeds
with feathery appendages, by means of which they ate carried by
the wind to new locations far from the parent plants. The plant is
so low that it is not torn by the winds, however violent they may
become on the bleak mountain slopes. In winter, also, it is well
protected by even the thinnest blanket of snow. Thus has the tiny
willow become adapted to its environment.

The species tanges from Montana to Washington, and northward
to Alberta and British Columbia. :

The specimen sketched was found neat Bow Lake, twenty-five
miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude
of 7,000 feet.

PLATE 277

277. MVW 1925

GRAY PHACELIA
Phacelia sericea (Gtaham) Gray

Gtay phacelia grows undet vatious conditions in the higher
mountains. Some plants ate quite low, others form stems a foot tall,
springing from a bunch of silky gray-green leaves. The flowers ate
ptoduced in elongated clusters. The deep purple color of the flowers
contrasts with the bright yellow of the anthers, which stand out on
filaments much longer than the corolla, giving a feathery appear-
ance to the spikes. Numerous insects are attracted by the strong, dis-
agreeable odor. Gray phacelia belongs to the Waterleaf Family, and
tanges from Colorado and Nevada northward to Alberta and British
Columbia.

The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Glacier,
British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.

PLATE 278

278. MV W 1925

NODDING CAMPION

Lychnis apetala Linnaeus

Nodding campion grows among the tocks and boulders of old
moraines or on alpine summits. Its flowers, turned towatd the
ground, ate inconspicuous. The tiny petals project only a little from
the end of the inflated calyx. Though the species has a wide distri-
bution, it is seldom seen by the traveler because the coloring of both
leaves and flowets is similar to that of the rocks among which it
grows.

Nodding campion is found in both Labrador and Greenland, and
extends from Colorado and Utah northward to Alberta, British
Columbia, and Alaska. It occuts also in Europe and Asia.

The sketch was made from a specimen found near Lake McAr-
thur, fourteen miles by trail from Hector, British Columbia, at an
altitude of 7,000 feet.

PLATE 279

279. MVW 1925

GOLDEN FLEABANE

Erigeron aureus Greene

Golden fleabane is known to all mountaineers in the Canadian
Rockies, for its clear yellow flowers cover the ground in favorable
situations above tree line, or appear in rock crevices where the soil
has gathered in sufficient quantity to give the plants a foothold. The
flowers spring from a tuft of gray-green leaves, and ate taised by
their tiny stems an inch or more above the ground. They ate not so
petishable as most alpine flowets, and may be found through most
of the season. They belong to the Aster Family.

Golden fleabane has a narrow range, being found only in Alberta
and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was obtained on the summit of Mount
Fairview, near Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 8,500
feet

PLATE 280

280. MVW 1925

GOLDEN SEDGE

Carex aurea Nuttall

Sharp eyes are needed to find this attractive sedge in fruit, for
it gtows near the ground among other grasses and plants. Its seeds
ate heavy in proportion to the slender stems, and the bunches ate
borne over toward the ground. We have frequently found it on the
flats of glacier-fed streams, where the hot mid-day sun melted the
ice and sent down a flood of water every afternoon.

Golden sedge has a wide range, being found from Pennsylvania
and Connecticut to Newfoundland, and westward to New Mexico
and California and northward to Yukon.

The specimen sketched was obtained at Lone Pine Camp, in the
valley of the Siffleur River in Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of
5,000 feet.

PLATE 281

Aaa
vt

ALPINE POINTVETCH

Oxytropis podocarpa Gtay

Rocky slopes above timberline yield many of the most attractive
flowets, among them the alpine pointvetch. This plant overcomes
the handicaps of its difficult environment by growing close to the
ground, its woody root holding it firmly to the soil that has col-
lected among the stones or in the crevices of rocky ledges. The gray-
green leaves form a fine background for the comparatively large
purple flowers, which also lie near the ground.

Alpine pointvetch belongs to the Pea Family. It occurs ftom Col-
otado to Idaho, and northward to British Columbia and Alaska, also
in Labrador.

The sketch was made from a specimen collected at Wonder Pass,
neat Mount Assiniboine, fifty miles south of Banff, Alberta, Canada,
at an altitude of 8,000 feet.

PLATE 282

282. MVW 1925

ALPINE POINTVETCH

Oxytropis podocarpa Gtay
FRUIT OF PLATE 282

Alpine pointvetch is adorned, a little later in the season, with in-
flated pods. As the slender stems are unable to beat their weight, the
pods lie on the ground, and sometimes, if the plant is especially sturdy,
make a citcle of fruit around the gray silky leaves. The tiny peas soon
tipen, and finding lodgment in some ctanny among the stones and
rocks, produce new plants.

We find this member of the Pea Family in Labrador, and in the
west from Colorado and Idaho northward to British Columbia and
Alaska.

The specimen sketched was collected near Bow Lake, twenty-five
miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,800
feet.

PLATE 283

283. MV WwW 1925

ROCKY MOUNTAIN KALMIA
Kalmia microphylla (Hooker) Heller

The dainty stems and flowets of Rocky Mountain kalmia cause
that plant to seem far removed from its sturdy relatives of the east-
ern United States. It stows in swampy places near streams and al-
pine lakes, often forming masses of color among the moss, grasses,
and other low-growing plants which love similar conditions of soil
and moisture. The first hot days cause the corollas to fall, leaving
behind them a cluster of red seed vessels. Rocky Mountain kalmia
belongs to the Heath Family, and is closely related to Rocky Moun-
tain cassiope, as well as to the pink and the white mountain-heathers,
which often grow near it in somewhat drier soil.

Rocky Mountain kalmia has a comparatively narrow tange, oc-
cutting from Colorado west to California, and northward to Al-
berta, British Columbia, and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was collected at Burgess Pass, seven miles
by trail from Field, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 7,000
tect.

PLATE 284

284. MV W 1925

SIDEBELLS PY ROLA

Pyrola secunda Linnacus

Sidebells pyrola—its name often contracted to sidebells—is a dainty
plant, with small, leathery leaves close to the ground. It loves moist
shady places. The tiny bell-shaped flowers hang from one side of the
flower stem, and by this characteristic the species is easily distin-
guished from the other pyrolas. It seems easily satisfied with respect
to habitat, for we find it growing plentifully in widely different
situations, although always in rather acid soil.

This diminutive telative of the heaths has a wide range, occurring
from Virginia to California and Mexico, and notthwatd to Alaska
and Labrador. It is found also in Europe and Asia.

The sketch was made at Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, where the
specimen grew at an altitude of 5,500 HERE.

PLATE 285

PINK PUSSYTOES

Antennaria rosea (Eaton) Greene

Of all the kinds of Antennaria, pink pussytoes 1s one of the most
attractive, the pale silvery leaves and stems and the pink bracts of the
flower heads forming a pleasing color combination. The plants are
found usually in dry sterile or moist open ground, where they form
mats, often in association with Antennaria microphylla, a similar species.

Pink pussytoes belongs to the Aster Family, and ranges from
Colorado to California and Yukon.

The specimen shown was collected at an altitude of 6,000 feet,
neat Lake Agnes, reached by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.

PLATE 286

ELKSLIP

Caltha leptosepala De Candolle

The traveler seldom sees the beautiful elkslip in perfection, be-
cause it frequents retired spots high in the mountains. It grows in
dense masses, pteferring swampy meadows wet by the cold water
from melting snow. The leaves suggest those of the cyclamen, but
the flowets, with their yellow centers and white petals, are more
like the flowets of bloodroot. Sometimes the petals are tinged out-
side with pale blue. They soon fall when the hot sun strikes them.

Elkslip has a wide range, occurring from New Mexico to Wash-
ington, Alberta, and British Columbia. It belongs to the Crowfoot
Family and is closely related to the marshmarigolds of the East.

Neat Mount Assiniboine, where this specimen was collected at
an altitude of 5,000 feet, the alpine meadows in places are covered
with its sturdy growth. Mount Assiniboine is fifty miles by trail
south of Banff, Alberta, Canada.

PLATE 287

287. MV W 1925

ROCK WORMWOOD

Artemisia discolor Douglas

The wormwoods all have a pungent odor, especially when the
leaves and flowets ate ctushed. Rock wormwood grows among
the loose stones of steep tock slides. The plants are so nearly the
color of their rock surroundings that they are easily overlooked.
The wormwoods belong to the vast Aster Family, and to the sub-
division that includes the oxeye daisy and yarrow.

Rock wormwood has a narrow tange, being found from Mon-
tana to Washington, and northward to British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was obtained by the side of the rocky
trail under Mount Wapta, ten miles by trail from Field, British
Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.

PLATE 288

288. Mv w 1925

2B
#

eee ee

PEARL EVERLASTING

Anaphalis margavitacea (Linnaeus) Gray

Pearl everlasting, with its clusters of yellow-centered white flower
heads, grows plentifully in many situations, but it is not one of the
most beautiful of the mountain flowers. The white, cottony leaves
and stems contrast with the background of dark green grasses and
leafy plants among which the plants grow. The flowers are some-
times dried for winter use in making wreaths and other decorations,
and they ate often dyed red for use at Christmas. The plant belongs
to the Aster Family.

Pearl everlasting has a wide range, being found from Pennsylvania
to Kansas and California, and northward to Newfoundland and
Alaska. It occuts also in Asia.

The specimen sketched was gathered neat Moose Creek, in the
valley of the Kootenay River, forty miles southwest of Banff, Al-
betta, Canada, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 289

289. MV W 1925

ALASKA FLEABANE

Erigeron salsuginosus (Richardson) Gray

Of all the mountain flowets in the Canadian Rockies, Alaska flea-
bane is one of the most conspicuous on the higher slopes and in the
alpine valleys. The flower heads are large, their bright yellow centers
sutrounded by purple rays. The stems ate often eighteen inches tall.
Gtowing in profusion, frequently with lemon columbine, they make
the slopes gay with their colors. The horses apparently enjoy their
flavor, and always try to nip them along the trail.

The range of this fleabane is from New Mexico to California, and
northward to Alaska and Saskatchewan.

The sketch was made at Tilted Mountain Camp, eighteen miles
by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,500
ieee

PLATE 290

oe:

Sere ae
a

290. MV W 1925

GLOBE ANEMONE

Anemone globosa Nuttall

This beautiful flower is often the first anemone seen by the flower
lover whose Western journey is taken in midsummer, when the
early anemones are past flowering. The plants grow in clumps, the
flowets borne on stout stems well above the gray-green foliage
and colored pink, red, white, or sometimes lavender. A thimble-like
seed-head follows the flowers, and this soon develops into a fluffy
mass, each seed being provided with cottony hairs by which the
wind transports it to a new location. The anemones belong to the
Crowfoot Family.

Globe anemone occuts from New Mexico and California north-
watd to South Dakota, Mackenzie, and Alaska. It is very plentiful
in some of the dry meadows neat Banff.

The sketch was made from specimens gathered near Mt. Mas-
sive, ten miles west of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,000
feet.

PLATE 291

— ee ees
> d

iy Ww 192 : es | an is
291.MV 925 : par eae se

SHORTSPUR COLUMBINE

Aquilegia brevistyla Hooker

Shortsput columbine is a rare member of the Crowfoot Family,
seldom found by mountain visitors. Its blue coloring is most beauti-
ful, and in marked contrast to that of the lemon columbine and ted
columbine, both of which are familiar plants in the alpine valleys of
the Canadian Rockies.

This species is found from Minnesota and South Dakota to Alberta
and Yukon. It is closely related to the European columbine (Aquélegia
vulgaris) so often cultivated in our gardens.

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained in the valley of
Healy Creek, ten miles south of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude
of 6,000 feet.

PLATE 292

rane :

292. MVW 1925

RED DEW BERRY
Rubus pedatus Smith

The rich green leaves of the red dewbertry form close mats over
the ground, and the star-like white flowers contrast sharply with
them. The fruits have usually four or five drupelets, bright red in
color, sutrounded by a leafy envelope. The stems creep along the
ground, rooting at the joints. Both flowers and fruits often ate
found on the plants at the same time. This member of the Rose
Family inhabits cool, damp woods.

In the Selkirk Mountains red dewberty is very plentiful, but our
specimen was obtained near the trail leading from the Banff-Win-
dermere motor road at Marble Canyon to Evelyn Glaciet, five miles
south, in the valley of Vermilion River, fifteen miles from Castle
Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at an altitude of 6,000 feet.

Red dewberty is found from Montana to California, and north-
ward to Alberta and Alaska.

PLATE 293

293. MVW 1925

EADDER GENTIAN

Gentiana acuta Michaux

Ladder gentian is not so handsome or showy as many other gen-
tians. The stems ate stiff and frequently dark red in color. The nu-
merous flowers are lavender or sometimes white, and spritig from
the stem in the axils of the upper leaves. Often the plants are almost
pytamidal in form, especially when growing among other plants in
full sunshine in upland meadows. This species prefers rather dry,
sandy soil, and as the roots ate very shallow, the plants are easily
pulled up.

Ladder gentian ranges from New Mexico to California and north
to Alaska, and from Maine to Labrador. It is found also in Europe
and Asia.

The sketch was made from a specimen secured near Lake Louise
Station, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 294

294. Mv W 1925

ALPINE MILK VEITCH

Astragalus alpinus Linnaeus

Alpine milkvetch is found at high altitudes. It covets the ground
with a mat of leaves, above which the loose bunches of delicate
mauve flowers ate borne in short heads. It delights in rocky soil in
pattially shaded situations. When found above tree line, the flower
heads ate borne on very short stems. The flowers show the plant to
be a member of the Pea Family.

Alpine vetch has a wide range, being found from Vermont to
Labrador, and from Idaho to Alaska. It occurs also in Europe.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of Johnson
Creek, thirty miles by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an
altitude of 6,000 feet.

PLATE 295

295. MVW 1925

a
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ecagial ita ame

GRAYLEAF FIVEFINGER

Potentilla glaucophylla Lehmann

On the higher mountain slopes we were always attracted by the
cheerful yellow flowers of grayleaf fivefinger. The slender stems,
rising well above a bunch of gray-green leaves, wave to and fro in
the mountain breezes. The blossoms seem sometimes almost like a
shower of gold, just reaching the earth from the clouds above. This
plant belongs to the Rose Family.

Gtayleaf fivefinger ranges from New Mexico to Oregon, British
Columbia, and Saskatchewan.

The sketch was made at Lake O'Hara, eleven miles by trail north
of Hector Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, British Columbia,
Canada, at an altitude of 6,000 feet.

PLATE 296

w=) a 2 ren ee eS ee aes 2 es sae ee eT

296. Mv w 1925

GOLDENPEA
Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nuttall) Richardson

The clear yellow flowets of the goldenpea, as observed from the
cat windows, ate very striking, and they are equally beautiful when
seen close at hand. The plant's suggestion of coarseness is less appar-
ent when the blooms are gathered to adorn the house, and they do
not fade so quickly as many of the daintier flowers.

Goldenpea has a rather wide range, extending from Colorado
and Nebraska northward to Saskatchewan.

The specimen sketched was obtained near Medicine Hat, Alberta,
Canada, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 297

297. MV W 1925

WESTERN MENZIESIA
Menziesia glabella Gray

Many of the steep wooded slopes in the higher valleys of the
Northwest Coast ate coveted with blueberry bushes and other
shrubs, and in company with them is found the western menziesia,
sometimes called false blueberry. The dainty bells, hanging from the
upper portions of the bushes, ate tinged with vermilion or pink.
When the leaves and stems ate crushed, an unpleasant skunklike
odot is vety evident. The ponies never eat the bush, and so escape the
effects of the poison that this plant has recently been proved to con-
tain. The flowers soon wither when hot days come, and are followed
by curious little seed vessels. The genus name was given in honor
of its discoverer, Atchibald Menzies, one of the earliest botanists to
visit the Northwest Coast.

The genus Menziesia belongs to the Heath Family. The species
ranges from Wyoming to Oregon, British Columbia, and Alberta.
It has a relative also in the Appalachian Mountains. :

The sketched branch was obtained on the side of the Yoho Val-
ley, near Field, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.

PLATE 298

25
Vw 1g

M

298.

GIANT TRILLIUM

Trillium chloropetalum (Torrey) Howell

Giant trilltum 1s found from the mountains of western Washing-
ton to California. It is easily cultivated in wild gardens, and proves
to be hardy in the vicinity of Boston, where this specimen was ob-
tained.

The petals vary from white and greenish-yellow to wine color.

PLATE 299

299. MVW 1925

YELLOW WILLOW-W EED

Epilobium lutem Pursh

The lush growth of yellow willow-weed attracts attention to
the plant, as its greenish-yellow funnel-shaped flowets ate incon-
spicuous. It loves the moist bordets of streams, or other wet places.
The long seed pods ate characteristic of the Epilobtums, a well-
known genus of the Evening-primrose Family. This species has
a nattow tange, being found from Washington State, and British
Columbia to Alaska.

Yellow willow-weed gtows plentifully in the Selkirk Moun-
tains near Glacier House, at Glacier, British Columbia, where this
specimen was gathered at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 300

300. MV W 1925

FIREW EED

Epilobium angustifoliwm Linnaeus

The magenta hue of fireweed is often inharmonious with the
colors of other flowers, but when seen alone in valleys or on moun-
tain sides, tinting the landscape, it is very beautiful. The tall, graceful
stems ate decorated with many flowets, and these ate followed by
the cottony seeds which are blown evetywhete by the passing winds.
After forest fires, fireweed is the first plant to cover the burns, and
its name was derived from this fact. Occasionally the flowets are
white or vety pale pink. Where the soil is especially rich, the plant
may grow to a height of five or six feet. It belongs to the Evening-
primrose Family.

Fireweed has a wide tange, occurring from North Carolina to
Greenland, and westward to New Mexico, California, and Alaska.
It is found also in Europe and Asia.

The specimen sketched came from the valley of the Clearwater
River, thirty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at

an altitude of 6,000 feet.

PLATE 301

301. MV W 1925

BEARGRASS
Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nuttall

Beatgtass is a conspicuous plant when in bloom, the spikes of
creamy flowers contrasting with the dark green foliage of the
neighboring trees and plants. The numerous flowers seem almost
too heavy even for the stout stems supporting them. On steep
slopes, sterile plants often form a close sward, which is so slippety
that it is difficult to traverse. The tender young flower shoots are
eaten by bears, and ate also cut down by ground squirrels for food.
The Indians use the leaves in making fine baskets, and for this rea-
son the plant is sometimes known as “basketgrass.’ The genus con-
tains only two other species, one of which, known as “turkeys-
beard,” is found on the Atlantic coast.

Beargtass belongs to the Lily Family. It has a narrow range, oc-
curring only from Montana and California to British Columbia. It
is especially plentiful in Glacier National Park.

The specimen sketched was obtained in Mount Rainier National
Park.

PLATE 302

ca

Dap
sash
awe

ee i es. | a.

302. MV w 1925

PINK CENTAURIUM

Centaurium venustum (Gray, Robinson

The brilliant flowers of pink centaurium contrast beautifully with
their gray surroundings, and are the more striking because the plants
grow in bunches. The numerous flowers ate large in proportion to
the size of the plant, and the pea-green leaves are entirely over-
shadowed by them. The plant belongs to the Gentian Family.

Pink centaurtum has a very narrow range, being confined to
moderate altitudes in southern California.

We gathered specimens at Torrey Pines, near La Jolla, California.

PLATE 303

303. MV W 1925 eer”
eee eo ee oe Ty

NODDING ONION

Allium cernuum Roth

In the Canadian Rockies, nodding onion is a conspicuous plant,
growing plentifully on the drier slopes. Its graceful leaves and stems,
the latter curved downward near the top, differentiate it from other
members of the Lily Family. If its identification is in doubt, how-
ever, the smell and taste of garlic, when the stems are broken, enable
one to place it at once.

This onion has a rematkably wide tan ge, occurring from Virginia
and New York to New Mexico and British Columbia.

We gathered it in the Ice River Valley, twenty miles by trail
south of Leanchoil Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at an
altitude of 4,000 feet.

PLATE 304

2
is

roe

ar
ane

ROCKY MOUNTAIN RHODODENDRON
Rhododendron albiflorum Hooker

To those familiar with the eastern rhododendrtons, with their
glossy evergreen leaves, the Rocky Mountain rhododendton is a
surprise, for it has deciduous leaves, and the flowers are not in clus-
tets at the ends of the branches, but are scattered along the leafy
twigs. The creamy flowers, often tinged with pink, remind us of
orange blossoms. Bees are much attracted to them. No one who has
traveled over the trails in the Canadian Rockies could have over-
looked this beautiful plant. It usually grows in acid soil in company
with menziesia and blueberry bushes, on steep, partially shaded slopes.

Rocky Mountain rhododendron has a narrow range, from Mon-
tana to Washington, British Columbia, and Alberta.

It is very plentiful at Glacier, British Columbia, where this speci-
men was gathered at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 3,05

305. MV W 1925

FOREST ANEMONE

Anemone deltoidea Hooker

This beautiful anemone grows plentifully in deep woods, shel-
teted from the hot rays of the sun. Its blooming season is much
longer than that of most other western anemones, which prefer
alpine meadows in full sunshine. The single flower gtows at the
end of the slender stem, and the pale yellow stamens and pure
white petal-like sepals are very conspicuous by conttast with the
shade and dark coloring of the forest floor. The species has creep-
ing toots, and often grows in clumps. It belongs to the Buttercup
Family.

Forest anemone has a natrow range, being found only in north-
etn California, Washington, and Oregon.

We found our specimens in Mount Rainier National Park.

PLATE 306

306. MV W 1925

,

WESTERN CRANESBILL

Geranium viscosissimum Fisher and Meyer

Western cranesbill is a more robust plant than its relative, the
wild geranium, which is so common in the Eastern woods in spring.
The flowers are borne on sturdy stems well above the beautiful clus-
ter of rich green leaves, making the plant almost a bouquet in itself.
The name cranesbill comes from the resemblance of the seed pod to
the bill of a crane.

Western cranesbill belongs to the Geranium Family. It is found
from Colorado and California northward to South Dakota, Alberta,
and British Columbia.

We gathered the flowers in a beautiful meadow, a day and a half
by trail northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of
5,000 feet.

PLATE 3,07

307. MV W 1925

a
——

GREEN STRAWBERRY-CACTUS

Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelman

One of the commonest membets of the cactus family in the
western United States is the green strawbetry-cactus, which grows
abundantly in many places in the Rocky Mountain region, usually
about rocks on the foothills, or along the stony banks of stream
beds. Because of its neat habit, and beautifully colored spines, the
plant is one of the most attractive of our cactuses, and is frequently
used as a pot plant. The spines, although sharp, are placed in such
a manner that they ate not very offensive when the plant is han-
dled, in spite of the fact that they protect it effectively from ani-
mals which might eat the succulent stem. The flowers are small,
and inconspicuously colored. The small green juicy fruits are edible
when fipe.

The green sttawberty-cactus ranges from western Texas and the
desert of northern Mexico as far northward as southern Wyoming.

The specimen sketched came from Texas. :

PLATE 308

“

308. MVW 1925

PRAIRIE THISTLE

Cirsium undulatum (Nuttall) Sprengel

We rarely saw the prairie thistle in perfection. Our horses grazed
on the mountain side back of our camp, and every plant to which
they had access was denuded of its flowers as soon as they opened.
Fortunately, a wite fence protected the garden at Radium Hot
Springs, and under this protection we found a good specimen.

The plant is a picturesque one. The large purple flowers are very
sweet and attract many insects to their feast of nectar. The leaves ate
very prickly and much waved, so that it is sometimes called wavy-
leaved thistle. We marveled that the apparently tender lining of the
horses mouths was not injured by the stiff prickles.

Prairie thistle ranges from Michigan to Arizona and British Co-
lumbia.

The sketch was made from a plant that grew neat Radium Hot
Springs in the Columbia River Valley, British Columbia, at an alti-
tude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 309

w
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LILAC MARIPOSA

Calochortus splendens Douglas

It is a difficult matter to restrain one’s enthusiasm, while riding
ovet the foothills in California, when the mariposas are in bloom.
Theit gteat variety is matvelous, and as their stems ate so slender,
they truly appear like a host of butterflies as they sway in the wind.
One of the loveliest of them all is the lilac mariposa. It was a beau-
tiful day when we found them at the Santa Ana Ranch near Santa
Ana, California, and each specimen seemed more beautiful than the
last.

The matiposas are members of the Lily Family, related to the
gatden tulips, which are derived from Old World species belonging
to a different genus. The martiposas are of purely west-Ametican
tange, no vatiety being found east of Nebraska. Some of the mari-
posas have edible bulbs, which are highly valued by the Indians.

PLATE 310

310. MVW 1925

ORANGE-EYE GLOBEMALLOW

Sphaeralcea davidsonit Robinson

The striking combination of color in the flowers of the orange-
eye globemallow is their greatest charm. The center is a brilliant
vermilion, and the cupped petals surrounding it are a beautiful soft
pink. The grouping of the stamens in a sort of column is a feature
which characterizes most members of the Mallow Family.

Orange-eye globemallow is found only in southern California.

The plant sketched grew at the Santa Ana Ranch, near Santa
Ana, California.

PLATE 311

311. MV WwW 1925

TASSEL COTTONGRASS

Eriophorum angustifolium Roth

We had passed many seasons on the trail without meeting speci-
mens of the tassel cottongtass. This was not because it is tate, but
because its heads are spoiled completely by wind, snow, or rain, and
it is then easily passed unnoticed. But when in perfection, the plant
is most attractive. The heads ate supported on tall stems, with the
dainty tassels pendent on slender threads from the cluster above them. »
We finally discovered it in great quantities in a grassy swamp.

Tassel cottongrass has a wide range, in regions of cold climate,
occurring from Maine to Newfoundland, Illinois, New Mexico,
Oregon, and Alaska. It also occurs in Europe and Asia.

The sketch was made from specimens found at Pipestone Pass,
three days by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an alti-
tude of 7,000 feet.

PLATE 312

312. MV W 1925

5

WESTERN MONKEYFLOWER

Mimulus guttatus Don

The moist earth in the vicinity of springs and along the banks of
the little streams that flow from them, is favorable for the lush
gtowth of the western monkeyflower. Its clear yellow flowets are
set off to perfection by the brilliant green leaves. The plant is easily
crushed, and therefore difficult to carry away from its chosen situa-
tion, but with care it will last if kept in water in a cool place.

We found this specimen near Vancouver, but it also occurs from
northern Mexico and New Mexico to California, Alaska, and Sas-
katchewan. It belongs to the Figwort Family.

PLATE 313

313. MVW 1925

GOLDENBOWL MARIPOSA

Calochortus clavatus Watson

Gtowing on a tall stem, its bowl of clear yellow waving in the
breeze, what could be more graceful and beautiful than the flower
of the goldenbow]l mariposa? We are amazed at the variety of color,
with endless gradations, in the members of this genus, variations
that ate incteased in number by hybridization. This species exhibits
even mote strikingly than those previously described the relation
of the genus to the tulips of Europe.

Goldenbow] mariposa is found only in central and southern Cal-
ifornia.

PLATE 3,14

314. MVYW 1925

RED MONKEYFLOWER

Diplacus puniceus Nuttall

Red monkeyflower is a bushy plant four to five feet tall, with
bright green foliage, beautifully decorated with velvety red flowers.
It is most attractive when found growing in the crevices of the sea
cliffs on the coast, or the steep sides of the arroyos. Perhaps the flow-
ets of some species of this genus, a typical member of the Figwort
Family, may resemble monkey faces as implied in the common name
but as far as this flower is concetned, the tesemblance is remote.

Red monkeyflower is found only in California, and is especially
abundant in the region about Torrey Pines, where the sketch was
made.

PLATE 315

315. MVW 1925

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COLUMBIA LILY

Lilium columbianum Hanson

The western lilies are always a joy to behold. Many of them rise
on tall stems above the surrounding vegetation, which forms a pet-
fect background for their graceful beauty. The Columbia lily shown
in the illustration was obtained in Indian Henrys Garden in Mount
Rainier National Park, at an altitude of 2,000 feet, where the plants
ate mote delicate than those found at lower elevations.

Columbia lily ranges from California to Idaho and British Columbia.

PLATE 3,16

316. MV Ww 1925

ae :
ee ee ee ey *

CRANBERRY BUSH

Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie

Cranberrybush is a straggling erect shrub growing in cold moun-
tain woods and along the banks of streams. The few red berries are
vety attractive, but ate sour to the taste, not unlike ordinary cran-
berries. The cranberrybush belongs to the Honeysuckle Family,
while the true cranberry, a small slender trailing plant, belongs to
the Heath Family.

The ctanberrybush ranges from Pennsylvania to Newfoundland
and from Colorado to Alaska.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the Columbia River
Valley, in British Columbia, at an altitude of 2,500 feet.

PLATE 317

>
a

=
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317, MV W 1925

RUFF GENTIAN

Gentiana calycosa Gtisebach

The flowers of this lovely gentian ate of a wonderful deep blue
color. As soon as the direct rays of the sun sttike them, the petals
open, and the clumps ate coveted with brilliant flowers. On a cloudy
day, when they are closed, it is easy to pass without noticing them,
even where they are abundant. The plants are usually found about
tree line, or in grassy alpine meadows at a slightly lower altitude.
The large calyx suggests a sixteenth century ruff.

Ruff gentian ranges from Montana and Wyoming to Washing-
ton and California.

We found quantities of this gentian at Indian Pass in Glacier
_ National Park, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.

PLATE 31 8

318. Mvw 1925

MENZIES PENTSTEMON

Pentstemon menziesiz Hooker

While we were driving along the motor road in Rainier National
Park neat Paradise Valley, our attention was attracted by a conspic-
uous outcrop of gtay rock. Near the top of this broken rock-pile ap-
peared clumps of pink flowers, which proved to be the pentstemon
named in honor of the Scotch explorer Menzies. The lovely flowers
appear to best advantage when growing in crevices with the gray
tocks behind them.

The pentstemons belong to the Figwort Family. This species is
found only in Washington and British Columbia.

PLATE 319

319. MVW 1925

i
sy
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PURPLE PRAIRIECLOVER

Petalostemon purpureum (Ventenat) Rydberg

Purple prairieclover, as its name implies, grows abundantly in the
ptaitie country. It is an attractive plant, and its blossoms have the
advantage of lasting longer, when gathered and placed in water,
than most of our wild flowers.

Purple prairieclover belongs to the Pea Family. It has a rather
wide range, being found from Indiana to Colorado and Texas, and
northward to Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

The sketch was made from specimens found on the prairie east
of Glacier National Park in Montana.

PLATE 320

320. MV W 1925

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