423238) 
tos 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. 


JOHN R. PROCTER, Director. 


REPORT 
on | H7S-9 
THE BOTAN sions 


~ MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, WASHING- 
“TON, AND MARION COUNTIES, 
"KENTUCKY. 


By W. M. LINNEY. 


——————$< 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KEN ULKY. 


JOHN -R.. PROCTER, inreror. 


REPORT 
on 4 95> 7 


MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, WASHING- 
TON, AND MARION COUNTIES, 
KENTUCKY. 


By W. M. LINNEY. 


INTRODUCTORY: PETITE, 


HarropssurG, Ky., December, 1882. 
Hon. Joun R. Procter, 
Director of the Kentucky Geological Survey. 


Dear Sir: Inclosed you will find a catalogue of the plants 
met with in the counties of Madison, Garrard, Lincoln, Wash- 
ington, and Marion. With the list are some notes of general 
and specific characters. If at times I have written feelingly, 
it is because no man who loves and studies plant life can gaze 
on its wanton destruction without emotion. 

Could I have written as I have sometimes felt, it would 
have been a stronger plea to every heart to stop the wasteful 
destruction of our native plants. Illustrating from them, such 
a plea should have the grandeur of an oak, the solidity of a 
beech, the strength of a hickory, and withal, the fixzsh of walnut. 
It should also combine the dcauty of the rose, the modesty of the 
violet, the graccfulness of the fern, the purity of the lily, and 
the fragrance of the mint. 


Respectfully, 
W. M. LINNEY. 


REPORT ON THE BOTANY OF MADISON, LIN. 
COLN, GARRARD, WASHINGTON, 
AND MARION COUNTIES, 


INTRODUCTION. 

No one subject connected with our material prosperity 
deserves more attention and a closer investigation than that 
of the vegetative life which covers the earth. Considered 
only in the light of natural productions, plants and plant life 
are sources of varied* knowledge to the student, and afford 
many pleasures to the mind. There can be no higher mental 
enjoyment than the satisfaction of feeling that, in passing 
through life, we have gathered to ourselves some lessons 
taught by the trees of the forests, the grains of the fields, or 
the smaller plants which surround us everywhere. There is 
no subject by which the mind can be better disciplined for 
thought, there is no field from which so many illustrations 
can be drawn, and there is no branch of science by which 
the mind can be more broadened and liberalized, and the 
observing powers strengthened than that of botany. There 
is so much to be learned from the habits and growth and dis- 
tribution of plants, that no man should be content unless he 
has acquainted himself to some extent with some of the pecu- 
liarities and resources of vegetable life. 

_ Besides the enjoyments derived from an investigation of 
the beauties and singular habits of plants, they are studied 
in their adaptation to the more personal and general relations 
they bear to the economy of our daily lives. To an almost 
unlimited extent, they enter into the health and comfort and 
pleasure of our every hour. It is to plant life that we look 
for protection and shelter through the inclemencies of sea- 
sons. It is from plant life that we derive the larger part of 
the food which feeds us in hunger and the clothing which 


6 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


enwraps from nakedness and cold; and it is to plant life, 
when the diseases incident to life overtake us, that we turn 
for remedies which shall restore us to health. 

Beyond the study of vegetation as an intellectual pleasure 
or as elements of personal welfare, there is another and more 
universal phase—the preservation of the race of mankind. 
Of all the forces of nature, no one plays a more important 
part than does the plant life of the world. ‘The formation and 
stability of climates, the distribution and preservation of mois- 
tures, the control and destruction of poisonous gases, and the 
preparation and protection of soils, are only some of the offices 
which plant life perform in the economy of nature. As man 
has the power to destroy all plants, he is fitted to make the 
surface of the earth, by his intelligent care, a smiling garden 
—or by his ignorant destruction, a terrible desert. From an 
ignorance of those laws fair countries have been destroyed 
and depopulated, and the same destructive influences are still 
at work. 

With the above facts before it, the State Legislature re- 
quired that during the investigation of the Geological Survey, 
the trees and smaller plants should receive some attention 
from its members. Every note written on a subject adds 
some new value to it; one man does but little towards the 
investigation of any one subject. Each man is apt to examine 
one class of phenomena and pass the others by. In the briet 
notes appended, a few facts gathered here and there are pre- 
sented. ‘The list of flowering plants and ferns is far from 
being complete. Vhe whole flora of a region can only be 
made out by the work of local botanists. It requires the 
constant work of years. Yet the notes and catalogue are 
of some value, for they add a mite to the work done, and to that 
which is to be completed in the future. 


ORIGIN AND INTRODUCTION OF TIMBERS. 

It is impossible to determine from whence the original tim- 
bers of this region were derived, and how much they have 
been changed from their original characters. But it is proba- 


PRES 


aE LIGASE ELLIPSE ANSE SEAMEN i: 


Pet ibspappagiome oi nse 


be 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 4 


ble that soon after the beginning of the uplift of the CumBEr- 
LAND Foip and the Kentucky ANTICLINAL, some of the species 
may have sprung up on the accumulating islands; and it seems 
possible, from the peculiar distribution of the pines in Eastern 
and Central Kentucky, that the cone-bearing trees may have 
been amongst the first introduced. The peculiar habitat of the 
yellow-wood, found only at two or three stations in the “tate, 
and those on the disturbances mentioned above, would seem 
to place it among the original trees. Some species must have 
been distributed very slowly until the introduction of animals 
and man. Both of those agencies must have had much to do 
with the distribution of certain trees which bear edible fruits. 

There are certain evidences that appeal to the senses—and 
we seem to have but, little occasion to describe them—which 
make it appear that the distribution of some plants, like the 
hickory, walnut, oak, black haw, persimmon, etc., was to some 
extent the work of the ancient ‘“‘Mound-Builders.’” We do 
not know that any attention has been given to this theory, but 
it is worthy of some attention. Outside of the influences of 
wind and water in the dissemination of plants and the acci- 
dental dropping of seed by man, the various species of rodents 
appear as the great propagators of some species. We think 
probably, from our own observations, that more than ninety 
per cent. of the young hickory and walnut trees that come up 
in the forests, now, have been planted by squirrels. Those 
animals will bury great numbers in a single season to prevent 
their destruction by freezing and other causes, and that their 
shells may be softened. As they are placed at the right depth 
to germinate well, and are selected for their soundness, it 1s 
evident that if the animals are killed or driven away, that all 
these nuts come up; without such agency, only an accident 
would so cover them under the surface that they could ger- 
minate. Nuts are often carried long distances from where 
they grew, and dropped in places favorable for germination. 
The little striped ground-squirrel has something to do with 
the planting of acorns, etc., and perhaps the wood-mice are 
not unimportant seed-sowers. 


8 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


ORIGINAL CONDITION OF TIMBERS. 


When Boone and his companions first entered Kentucky, 
this part of the State was an extensive forest, only broken 
by the channels of the streams, and the few /2ck-regzons, which 
had been denuded by the tramping of buffaloes and deer, 
while in quest of saline matters contained in the earth. From 
the fringes of sycamores, maples, and elms which skirted the 
banks of the Kentucky and Salt rivers, to the pines and 
mountain chestnut oaks on top of Big Hill, there was one 
wide sweep of magnificent trees, including many species. In 
this forest were long reaches where grew but little under- 
growth; and then there were places where shrubs clustered in 
clumps; and then again, there were large cane-brakes almost 
impenetrable. Grape vines of massive thickness climbed the 
tallest trees, and flowers smiled from every nook. 

Altitudes had little, here, to do with the distribution of 
the trees; only two natural conditions seem to have modified 
their disposition: one of minor importance—the quantity of 
moisture; and the other of much consequence—the character 
of the soil. “The last was such an important factor, that had 
the earlier emigrants to Kentucky been possessed of greater 
knowledge, the best regions would have been first selected 
for occupancy. But, instead of this, many parties passed over 
the richest soils and settled on the very poorest. 

Very few trees habitually grow along the banks of streams 
and other wet places, that are confined to this isolated condi- 
tion; they may, in their natural state, be in unbroken forests ; 
but as lands are cleared up and soils become drier, they adapt 
themselves largely to the changed conditions. For instance, 
sycamores and white elms seem naturally adapted to wet 
places. Yet now, young trees of both species may be seen 
coming up and growing in very dry situations. As much may 
be said in reference to the water maple and the water beech. 
They are species, however, which are here confined to damp 
situations. The green ash we have never seen except where 
its roots could reach running water; the box-elder grows only 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 9 


in very moist situations; the yellow-wood grows for some 
distance only on the moist talus from the cliffs of Dix and 
Kentucky rivers We have not in the region seen a single 
birch; and its absence seems remarkable. The willows are, 
of course, moisture-loving trees; but it seems impossible to 
determine now whether they were indigenous. 

When we come to study the distribution of species over the 
different geological formations of the region, we have a sub-. 
ject which is worthy of a more careful investigation than it has 
received. It is a subject which should be studied separately 
and with ample time. When all the observing powers can be 
thus given to one subject, the mind is not distracted and every 
minute fact is noted. 

In the Reports made on the Geology of the various coun- 
ties represented in this region, the rocks were divided into the 
following groups: beginning with the upper and ending with 
the lower: 

Coal Measures. 


Upper Subcarboniferous. 
Lower Subcarboniferous. 


“ Black Slate. 
( U 


Carboniferous, 


Devonian a 
one Corniferous Limestones. 


Crab Orchard Shales. 
ames Sandstone. 

per Hudson River Beds. 
Middle Hudson River Beds. 
Lower Hudson River Beds. 
Trenton Limestones. 
Birdseye Limestones. 
Chazy Limestones. 


Upper Silurian, - 


Lower Silurian, : 


Chazy Limestones.—This series of rocks is only seen 
in the steep escarpments which rise above Kentucky river, 
Dix river, and some of the smaller streams that enter them, 
and the conditions would not seem favorable for preserv- 
ing any marked characteristics in the distribution of plants. 
But even here some peculiarity is observed. On no other 
soils have we been able to see any individual of the follow- 
ing species: yellow-wood, wafer-ash, round-leaved catchfly, 


10 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


prickly wild gooseberry, white enslenia, corky white elm, or 
the wall-rue spleenwort. The latter we have observed many 
times, and always as occupying a station on a single heavy 
layer of limestone, following its dip up or down the river, but 
never growing on other ledges. 


Birdseye Limestones.— This group, like the last, is 
seen only near the streams mentioned, making some few soils, 


but covered sparsely with trees other than the red cedar, 
This tree still grows in immense numbers and of the finest 
quality, single specimens having been seen twenty-eight to 
thirty inches in diameter. The peculiar home of the cedar 
seems to be on the limestone soils, and the purity of the 
Birdseye series seems to bring it to its greatest perfection. 


Trenton Limestones.—The Trenton Limestones, in 
their different classes of soil-making rocks, had distributed 


over them different associations of plants. Over the deep 
silicious clay soils peculiar to the base of these rocks white 
oak, yellow poplar, and beech were the principal species, 
giving out in a large measure, however, when these aluminous 
soils gave place to either the Birdseye group below or the 
Blue Grass beds above. Measured by their general distri- 
bution here, none of the above-mentioned trees are well 
adapted to calcareous soils, but, on the other hand, require 
clay soils, which contain a proportion of silicious elements. 
The old people of the country tell of the remarkable belts 
of white oak, beech and poplar, which originally grew over 
some parts of these counties now denuded of forests. These 
areas can yet be outlined by the character of the small wood- 
lands not yet destroyed and by the extension of the soils on 
which they grew. 

Over the Blue Grass beds, the forests were particularly 
marked with blue-ash, white elm, white chestnut-oak, maple, 
wild cherry, basswood, coffee-tree, large-fruited shell-bark hick- 
ory, hackberry, and mulberry. A variety of other trees grew 
with them, but not often in great numbers. The blue-ash and 
wild cherry sometimes made up fifty percent. of the trees. These 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 11 


soils, lying in comparative levels, were rich, black, calcareous 
loams. In noting such trees on other groups, they seemed 
to require near the same conditions of soil which existed here. 
: The Upper Birdseye beds, with a return of very pure lime- 
- stones, were marked, like the lower rocks of the same name, 
with cedars, which either rooted themselves in the crevices 
— of the rocks and grew somewhat stunted, or, where the soil 


was. deeper, they flourished as large trees. In each of the 
horizons marked by this species, and so far mentioned, there 
are layers of chert in the limestones; how much this has 
affected the growth and character of the wood, it is impossible 
to Say. . 


Lower Hudson River Beds.—The heavy clays at the 
base of these beds are marked usually with post-oak and 
laurel oak ; and it is a very unusual thing to see a single tree 
of either of these species at any other horizon over the whole 
Silurian (Lower) formation. Why those two species should 
adapt themselves exclusively to the soils derived from forty or 
fifty feet of clay shales that do not seem to show any different 
character from several other horizons, it would be interesting 
to know. Altitude certainly had not influenced them; for all 
the other beds may be seen at the same actual elevation. 
_ Moisture could not have influenced their station; for these 
- soils are not wetter or drier than others. There must be 
some peculiarity in the chemical constituency of these lime- 
stones and shales to have so influenced them. The whole 


group was covered with white oak, sometimes to the almost 


entire exclusion of every other species; and from all the evi- 
dences now to be seen, and from the information gained from 
others, this species amounted to at least fifty per cent. of the 
original forest on the Lower Hudson River beds. The white 
oak outranks in worth all the other species of timber trees in 
the State, as it is especially adapted to so many uses, some 
of which cannot well be supplemented by the others. This 
belt of trees of large sizes and of the most valuable characters 
extended through the whole region, and each county had a 


Le BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


reasonable share. There is enough of it in the small patches 
of trees left here and there to give some idea of its original 
imposing features. There were usually over this series argil- 
laceous soils with but little loam; but where the rich leaf-mold 
had been collected in deep hollows and on the protected 
northern slopes, some other species prevailed over the white 
oak. ' 


Middle Hudson River Beds.—This division of rocks 
and soils followed the contour of the last-mentioned group, 
and was almost universally characterized by the presence of 
beeches. In places, these trees were equal to at least ninety 
per cent. of all the individuals in the woods. Usually, how- 
ever, there were many yellow poplars, and in these soils they 
attained their largest size and their best quality. No tree in 
the State had grown to larger proportions than this, the most 
valued here of all the soft woods. Sometimes where the inter- 
calated limestones of these beds spread out for some distance, 
sugar maples grew in thick set clumps, and the finest sugar 
orchards we have ever seen were on these soils. In certain 
places, also, were to be seen more or less white oak; but 
taking it all together, it was preéminently a vast beech forest. 


Upper Hudson River Beds.—lIt is but few steps from 
the Middle on to the Upper Hudson River beds; and with 
those steps was an almost absolute change in the distribution 
of the trees. At the base was a return to the conditions 
existing in the Blue Grass beds—the presence of the rich, 
black, calcareous soils, and an absence of those deep silicious 
clays which marked the growth of beech, poplar, and white 
oak. In their place were long stretches of blue-ash, white 
oak, wild cherry, scaly-bark hickory, yellow chestnut oak, 
white walnut, and hackberry. The white oak, beech, and 
poplar were almost absent over these soils, and the distribu- 
tion very much like, but still distinct from, that of the Blue 
Grass beds. But it may be repeated here, that those two . 
soils are the best in the State, and that the distribution of the 
timbers, mentioned in connection with them, marked the out- 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 13 


crops of the most valuable lands. Above these nearly pure 
calcareous soils were some heavy clay beds that gave a return 
to a region almost exclusively of white oak. This belt was 
not a wide one, being included in small areas within a narrow 
range; but its longitudinal extension was as great as that of 
the others. Mixed timbers were over the remainder of the 
division, in what proportion and of what species we have not 


notes to determine. 


Medina Sandstone.—The characteristic trees on the 
Medina Sandstone were oaks, and those with thick tomentous 


leaves, like post-oak and Spanish oak, largely predominated. 
In fact, those species seem to have marked the limits of this 
silicious series. The white oak was in respectable numbers, 
never growing to a very large size, but producing very good 
tough wood. Red cedar was quite a plentiful growth on these 
soils; while large sassafras was in greater numbers than on 


other groups. 


Crab Orchard Shales.—Those shales were usually 
wet and decomposed to a considerable depth, making quite a 
contrast to the thin loose soils of the Medina, and produced 
another change in the distribution of plant life. Here sweet 
gui was first seen, and with it the following unusual assem- 
blage of trees: white elm, white oak, post-oak, red oak, 
yellow chestnut oak, burr oak, red maple, shell-bark hickory, 
black walnut, honey-locust, sycamore, and box-elder. The 
sweet gum grew to very fair proportions, while the others 
ranked well in size and quality. 


Corniferous Limestones.— While marking a_ belt 
through all of the counties of this district, the lateral exten- 
sion of the soils derived from the Corniferous is very limited. © 
The cherty fragments overlie, and are ofteu mixed with, other 
soils in tracts of some extent; but as purely derived soils, 
they are too narrow in range for the past relation of their 
timbers to be studied. They seem to have been well marked 
with sugar-maple, as is a common fact where limestones are in 
ledges on and near the surface and the drainage is good. 


14 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Black Slate.—The Black Slate through this region has 
several phases—one where the shale is level and not well 
drained, and the other where are well drained slopes. The 
first had many glady places with small trees of white oak, red 
oak, black oak, laurel oak, and post-oak. The last was well 
defined, with a beech forest, in which some white oak, poplar, 
red oak, and other species grew. Sweet gum, in patches here 
and -there, was a common tree, 


Lower Subcarboniferous.— This formation, which con- 
stitutes nearly the, whole surface of the so-called Knobs, which 
lie on the south side of this region, is well outlined in all the 
counties of the district, with the exception of Washington. 
The soils were not valuable for the better purposes of agri- 
culture; but they possessed a great variety of trees, many val- 
uable species growing to good size and desirable qualities. 
With the exception of the top of Big Hill, and one or two 
other high points in Madison county, pines, chestnut, moun- 
tain chestnut oak, sour-wood, laurel, and some other species, 
were exclusively confined to those soils. Fine poplar, white 
oak, white ash, black gum, white hickory, walnut. maple, and 
basswood were everywhere. Besides those, many shrubs, 
vines, and flowers were restricted alone to these soils. 


Upper Subcarboniferous.—The limestones of the 
upper part of the Subcarboniferous group make several 
classes of soils, but they are restricted in their development 
here, and do not, as a consequence, give much latitude for an 
investigation of the peculiarities of the plant life over them. 
White oak, red oak, scarlet oak, black jack oak, Spanish oak, 
post-oak, walnut, hickory, ash, and poplar were the principal 
trees. The black jack oak was nearly confined to this geo- 
logical horizon; the scarlet oak was rarely seen away from it, 
but the cedar was distributed over the more exposed beds 
of heavy limestones. 


Coal Measures.—The restricted areas, where remains of 
the conglomerate sandstones and the carboniferous shales had 


a 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. r5 


been left from erosion, gave little evidence of the distribution 
common to those soils where they are more extensive. The 
yellow pine and the cucumber tree were two species which 
marked the peculiarities of these soils; while poplar, oak, 
chestnut, and some other species, were distributed with them. 


Exceptions.—In Washington county, at a point situated 
nearly thirty miles from the nearest outcrop of the Lower 
Subcarboniferous, are several mountain chestnut oaks; they 
were native to the soil, and presented no differences in char- 
acter from those seen in their usual habitat. ‘They grew on 
calcareous clay soils, and it is the only instance where we have 
met them or heard of them on lower groups than the Sub- 
carboniferous series. In the flower part of Garrard county, 
situated on the Trenton Limestones, are several cucumber 
trees growing, but they are rooted in beds which have wasted 
from the conglomerate sandstone. We have seen several 
chestnut trees which were indigenous to the localities on the 
Trenton north of the Kenrucky ANTICLINAL, but they grew 
also among the silicious remains of the Coal Measures. In 
Garrard county is an isolated knob, containing Lower Subcar- 
boniferous shales, and fourteen miles from any remains of 
the same formation; it has on it, now, quite a number of moun- 
tain chestnut oaks. Formerly, the chestnut grew with them, 
yet neither of those species had spread on to the lower soils 
around them. The closeness with which some species retain 
their habitats on particular soils is an evidence that they 
require exact conditions or almost definite compounds for their 


food. 


DESTRUCTION OF TIMBERS. 


There is no truer aphorism than ‘Man marks the earth 
with ruin.”” The boasted axe of civilization (?) has swept like 
“a besom of destruction” through the grand old forests, and 
its sound is still heard on the air, ringing the death-knell ot 
every tree whose fall will add a penny to the pocket of 
avarice, 


16 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


A careful, intelligent clearing of forests is all right; but an 
ignorant destruction of the plant life of any locality is all 
wrong. One hundred years is not much in the life of some 
nations; but a hundred years from the opening up of a coun- 
try covered with a wealth of plant life, is too short a time for 
such widespread destruction as marks the timbers of this 
country. 

Had there been a power to control, and an intelligence to 
direct the clearing of forests for agricultural purposes, and the 
preservation of young trees in given conditions, this region 
would have been the fairest under the skies. Hill-sides now 
washed into deep hollows and covered with loose blocks of 
stone, would have been clothed in valuable trees. Licks 
which exhibit nothing but utter desolation, would have been 
robed in green. Creeks whose beds are either raging tor- 
rents or dry gulches, would have been hemmed with a garni- 
ture of shade ‘over purling waters’ flow.” Springs of sweet 
water would have gushed forth under leafy trees and amidst 
blooming flowers, where now only muddy seeps are seen. 
Along the margin of rivers, where wide bottoms extended, a 
strip of forest would have protected the rich fields, where now 
the freshet tears away the fruitful lands. Where now stand 
rayged clumps of injured and dying trees, long lines of valua- 
ble timbers would have shed their moisture to the thirsty air. 
Where great fields of corn are now grown, to be distilled into 
death, flowers and orchards would have wafted their perfumes 
on every breeze. ) 

For want of system and intelligence, despoliation has been 
the rule. Lands, which should have been left as wood nur- 
series for all time, have had their protecting trees removed, 
and the soils have been carried away by the action of water. 
Streams on which old men have gone to mill, or from which 
they have drawn fish in their youth, ‘are numbered with the 
things that were;’’ and where springs bubbled and flowers 
bloomed in sweetness, offensive slop-yards now ‘smell to 
heaven,”’ 


ae 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. L7 


So far we have only written of the destruction over the 
parts of those counties, which have been almost denuded of 
their trees, for farming purposes. When we come to examine 
the timbers of those regions that are above the Corniferous 
Limestones, the destruction has not been so large. The val- 
uable trees have mostly been culled out, while the poorer 
ones have been left, because there was no demand for them. 
Each day sees the better ones going ; and it is only a question 
of a very few years, when not a tree of value will be left. 
But, if even the last desirable tree of sufficient age for lumber 
had been destroyed, the loss would not have been irreparable, 
had they been removed with care. Over the entire section 
young trees remain, and in time would be of value, if any 
care were given them; but it is not done. In the destruction 
of one single tree, through ignorance and carelessness, often 
a hundred young ones are either destroyed or forever injured. 

Sometimes, persons passing through the woods gash every 
tree which comes within reach of axe or hatchet.’ Roads are 
cut in every direction, requiring the demolition of thousands 
of fine young trees. Wagons and logs are dragged over 
them, bending, breaking, and bruising every shrub or sprout 
in the way. The whole region has been nearly dismantled of 
its chestnut oak. The bark has been taken away, and the 
remainder—trunk and branches—lie rotting on the ground. 
The poplars and the walnuts are about gone; and the white 
oaks are fast following in their wake. Hundreds are felled in 
a few days; those that.are good have two or three sections 
cut from them, and the trunks and branches are left to decay. 
If others are not found to be so good in timber when felled, 
they are left to rot with the trunks and branches of the others. 
If we pass through those regions, we see on every side the 
most mischievous waste or the most criminal destruction. 

But the evil does not end yet; for often among the felled 
tops and withered shrubs, fires are lighted by careless or 
vicious hands, to sweep in conflagrations among the dead 
waste, the prepared lumber and the green trees. Sometimes 
these fires burn for weeks till the clouds, more merciful than 


GEOLOG. SUR,-2 


18 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


man, send rain to arrest the desolation. It has sometimes 
occurred that the leaves have been set on fire that a few 
chestnuts might be gathered, and, in consequence, many acres 
of land have been burned over, entailing utter extermination 
of the young growth. 


POLITICAL INJURY: 


Over part of this region there have been injuries of a differ- 
ent character, and which have extended over whole counties 
in the State, outside of this district. They have grown out of 
the extension of railroads through or near some of the wooded 
regions, where farms and pastures had been opened, but still 
surrounded by an almost untouched forest. The farms, with 
all farming and stock-raising interests, have been neglected, 
and every man almost has gone into some kind of timber 
destruction—tan-bark, hoop-poles, cross-ties, lumber, ete. 
Young men are led from home and its quiet agricultural 
pursuits, and few ever return. The introduction of vicious 
elements bring ruin in morals and manners; and the aged 
are dependent on their own exertions. What were once 
smiling farms and happy homes too often are now but neg- 
lected fields and saddened firesides. 

The lands ruined of their timbers have become almost 
worthless; farms overgrown with weeds, and pastures dis- 
regarded, have decreased in value. All these are direct and 
baneful losses to the State. The money received for those 
timbers has rarely been retained. It has gone into the pock- 
ets of speculators from a distance, or been spent in supplying 
the losses from the destruction of farming interests. The 
lands are poorer, the citizens are more needy, and the State is 
a loser. Had intelligence ruled, those lands would have been 
a continuous source of wealth to the people; the farms would 
have been improved with some of the proceeds of the forests 
cut at the proper time, and a part would have been invested 
in good teachers, books, and other means of improvement, 
which make homes brighter and people more intellectual and 


happier. 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. ite) 


Other countries have been so despoiled of their forests and 
afflicted with the consequent evils, that their governments 
have had to extend the strong arm of the law, take possession 
of all the timber growth, and protect what has been left from 
ultimate destruction. They have also encouraged its restora- 
tion under wise provisions, until the people could be taught to 
take care of it for themselves. It seems that here the same 
course will have to be taken, and the sooner the better for the 
good of both the individual and the Commonwealth. This is 
the only remedy. People educate themselves slowly, and the 
fostering care and encouragement given by the State to edu- 
cation is not, by any means, too generous. 

States pass bills creating sanitary commissions and boards 
of health; but neither State, commissioners, or boards prevent 
the accumulations of sawdust in towns and country, which rots 
and festers in the rain and sunshine, breeding disease and 
death among the people. A State may provide agents and 
money to place new species of fish in our streams, but it does 
not restrain the saw-mill from throwing its waste into those 
streams to the destruction of the fish. 


REPRODUCTION OF YOUNG TREES. 


In looking over this region, there appears to be no condition 
which prevents, if left to themselves, a return of the former 
distribution of forests. Every species which formerly grew 
over the country exists somewhere over the territory, and 
young trees are continually propagated by nature. We have 
not been able to see that the exhaustion of soils by the old 
forests or by grain-growing has unfitted them for the thriving 
of the same species over the same lands, where they flour- 
ished heretofore. The seed of many species are destroyed in 
a large measure, and in numerous localities entirely ; but this 
fact does not make their restoration impossible. 

The yellow poplar, where the right conditions exist, comes 
up in immense numbers and is of rapid growth. There area 
few places in Garrard county, situated on the Middle Hudson 
River beds, over which this valuable species has grown up 


20 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


thick, and delights the eye with its promised magnificence. 
The same facts are seen on the Subcarboniferous beds. 

It has been taught that on some soils in the State the white 
oak, as a second growth, has largely diminished in proportion 
to the number contained in the old forests ; but on the Lower 
Hudson River beds, wherever the seed are not destroyed and 
the proper conditions exist, this species gives promise of its 
former abundance. This may be noted in little woodlands, 
which have been fenced in for grass. The undergrowth is 
removed, the grass sown, and the ground raked; the surface 
is thus loosened, the light and warmth admitted, and the mois- 
ture retained. The acorns thus buried produce, as a conse- 
quence, young trees in great numbers. White oak trees are 
cut and their bodies taken away; but often the tops are left 
lying on the ground, and among them the acorns fall and are 
moistened, shaded, and saved from destruction, until they 
germinate and produce young trees. Over parts of the Crab 
Orchard Shale, whole areas of woodlands have been destroyed 
and used for fuel in the manufacture of salts. Families giving 
all their time to this industry, raised no corn and fed no hogs. 
The acorns consequently were not so largely destroyed as 
usual, and the result was that under these conditions the 
young white oaks came up in numbers as great as any other 
species. On the Subcarboniferous soils, persons who had 
farms raised hogs which had the freedom of the woods. 
These periods are often marked by the absence of young 
white oaks; but afterward, when the farmers abandoned stock- 
raising for the lumber interests, the disappearance of the hogs 
allowed the reappearance of the young oaks. 

Another interesting feature is the fact that nature protects 
from such entire destruction some seeds, as for example, the 
bitter acorns, which produce inferior trees for lumber, and dis- 
seminates widely such species as red-bud, dogwood, etc., and 
these often come up so thick that they prevent the propaga- 
tion of better kinds which require more favorable conditions 
for growth. Black walnuts flourish almost equally as well on 
all kinds of good soil, and if growing with other trees in thick 


st 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES, 21 


woods do well; by themselves or isolated, they give little 
promise of future value. The beeches seem to reproduce 
less than any other species in proportion to their original 
numbers. Moisture-loving trees, their fruit appears to blight 
by the increasing dryness of the summers. Other species, 
as chestnuts, hickories, etc., have their seeds more largely 
destroyed by insects than formerly. The destructive influ- 
ences at work are many. Ovcr some thin or exhausted soils 
there are species, like sassafras and sumac, which come up in 
dense thickets, and exclude every other species. This feature 
is evidently the work of nature to restore those soils for the 
growth of other trees; for no such conditions exist in old 
forests. 

Red cedar has spread from its former restricted limits ; but 
confines itself nearly to places with dry conditions and with 
limestone rocks. The ailanthus has spread more extensively 
than any introduced tree, partly because it seems well adapted 
to the soils, and partly because the seed are easily scattered 
by the wind. ‘Vhe American holly is seen here only in small 
bushes on the Black Slate, and in limited numbers on re- 
stricted areas. The catalpa, though introduced here many 
years ago, has not reproduced itself over the country. It 
spreads from its roots occasionally, but seldom otherwise. 
The Chickasaw plum has scattered over parts of the Lower 
Hudson River beds, and grows and produces well. It seems 
remarkable, that of all the trees and shrubs introduced here 
since the settlement of this region, the ailanthus as a tree 
and the Chickasaw plum as a shrub, are the only ones that 
have adapted themselves so as to appear native, unless it 
be the willows on the streams, some of which have probably 
been introduced. It would seem from these facts, the original 
dissemination of species required much more time than merely 
for the distribution of seed. The presence of some of the 
pines, of birches, of azaleas, and rhododendrons, within a score 
or two of miles of this region, and their entire absence here, 
where the same conditions appear to exist, is an unexplained 
problem. 


22 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


BERN; 
With the light of sunset glowing, Nature with her magic hand, 
Till their rival glories blending, painted flowers o’er the land; 
With the light of early morning, with her pencil dip’t in dew, 
She, the dainty fern-leaves sketching, all their lines of beauty drew; 
Waved she then her pencil dripping, on the rock and hill and dell— 


Dew-drops all to mosses turning, where the tiny crystals fell. 


Those lowly plants to which were given no true seed, and 
from which nature has withheld all semblance of flowers, are 
not without interest. Though they do not furnish us with 
shelter or food or raiment, yet they enter into the class of soil- 
making plants and assist in shading, moistening, and preserv- 
ing the surface of the ground. Ferns appeal to our admiration 
in the purity and delicacy of their parts, and the gracefulness 
of their outlines. A love for them seems to be natural in 
every heart. The rough man, who cares nothing for the 
names or the relations of general plant life, will often stop to 
gaze on a bed of ferns; the young maiden presses them be- 
neath her pillow, that she may have happy dreams, and the 
little children seek them, scarcely knowing why. 

While strolling through the woods one day, far from the 
homes of culture and refinement, we met a litthe unkempt 
boy, who knew not how to read the books of men, but who 
had stolen some lessons from the volume of nature opened to 
him. We had gathered some of the rarer flowers, which were 
in bloom under the shadows of the ancient trees; observing 
them, the urchin asked us why we did not get some *shak- 
ers?’’ Upon telling him we did not know them, he proposed 
to lead us to where they grew. Following him over the soft 
ground, under the shade of trees, and by the tendril- climbing 
vines, we reached a lovely bed of maiden-hair. As we seated 
ourselves on a downy bed of moss to talk about and admire 
the clustered beauties, we saw his bright eyes flash with a love 
born of the beautiful, and our heart grew tender towards him. 
Knowing no such name as bracken, brake, or fern, the tremu- 
lous motion of the dainty plant had suggested the name, and 
all the different species of ferns were called by him ‘“ shakers.”’ 


p titi ee es 
tht Soot 


ve ee 
bebe 


: 
j 


s 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 23 


When we sometimes in memory go back to the poor bare- 
footed boy, who roamed those grand old forests, these beau- 
tiful plants are still ‘‘ shakers” even to us. 

A few notes on their distribution over this region will not 
be uninteresting to the botanists and other lovers of these 
charming and diversified plants. 

The little scaly polypody is more often seen growing tn the 
mosses on the old sycamore trecs, on the banks of Chaplin 
and Salt rivers, in Mercer county, than any other localities in 
this district. It is to be sometimes found on the limestones 
near the Kentucky river, and also on the highest sandstones 
of the Knobs in Marion county. 

The matden-hair fern through the whole district, wherever 
the conditions of its growth have not been destroyed, may be 
found clustered in the rich soils where the shades lie all 
through the day. It seems to love equally well the deep 
shadows by the streams, and the secluded shelters in the 
Knobs. 

The clothed lip-fern is very rare, and we only found it on 
two occasions. It was growing in dense beds on sandstone 
rocks, tightly wedged in their crevices, at the top of the 
tallest Knobs which rise above the valley of the Rolling Fork 
of Salt river, in the neighborhood of Bradfordsville, Marion 
county. 

The common bracken is found only on the highest hills 
where the Carboniferous soils allow suitable conditions for 
its preservation. 

The cliff-brake is very hardy, and is to be seen nearly every- 
where that limestones are exposed enough to give provisions 
for its growth. Requiring little soil or moisture, it seems to 
feed upon the air and the rocks. 

The pinnatifid spleenwort was only once seen; a few plants 
grew on the face of a bluff, composed of Subcarboniferous 
sandstone, near the boundary line of Larue and Marion coun- 
TIES. 

Of that rare hybrid, the Asplenium ebenotdes, we found three 
plants, growing on a fallen mass of sandstone, near Salt Lick 


24 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


creek, in Marion county. They were surrounded by the 
ebony spleenwort and the walking-leaf fern. 

The maiden-hair spleenwort was not met with, strictly, in 
this district, but was seen at Broadhead Station, a few miles 
from the Lincoln county line. It was growing on the Subcar- 
boniferous shales, close to the banks of Dix river. 

The ebony spleenwort is a very common fern, and is to be 
seen, with its small relation, on nearly all the shaded rocks, 
and on many soils around the roots of old trees. 

The wadll-rue splecnwort has been mentioned as growing on 
the heavy limestones above the Kentucky river and Dix river. 
It is confined to one ledge of rocks, and follows the dips up 
and down the streams, but never appears on other ledges, or, 
as far as we know, at any other station in this region. 

The walking-leaf fern grows on nearly all the heavy lime- 
stones, and has several times been seen growing in moss for 
several feet up the trunks of old trees. 

The deech ferns are plentiful all through the Knobs, and are, 
besides, met with often in the deepest, shadiest woods in the 
other parts of the country. 

The New York shield fern is not found in a great many 
localities, but where it is seen the numbers are often great. 
It is among the most delicate of all the species. 

The marginal shield fern and the winter fern are very com- 
mon forms on the cliffs near the streams, and on the northern 
slopes among the hills in all the counties. 

The badder ferns ave the most widely and frequently dis- 
tributed of any other species, and may be found commonly in 
each of the counties, 

The sezsitive fern has few habitats in these counties, but 
has been seen in damp hollows in Marion and Madison coun- 
ties. 
~ The obtused-leaved woodsia clusters in the Corniferous lime- 
stones along the edge of the Knobs, and in the fallen rocks 
from the walls of the Kentucky river; the rich green of its 
fronds ever making a pleasing picture with the bare rocks in 
the background. 


TE ee ee Se a ey ee eae 


Se ee ae oN 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 25 


The royal fern and the cixnamon fern grow exclusively in 
the most remote parts of the district, where the mold of cen- 
turies covers the ground, and the leaves from tree and shrub 
have made them beds. : 

The moonworts are scattered through the woods all over 
the region wherever they have moisture, shade, and rich soils. 


CATALOGUE. OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS 
AND FERNS OF MADISON, LINCOLN, 


GARRARD, WASHINGTON, AND 
MARION COUNTIES. 


ORDER RANUNCULACEA—CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
Genus Clematis, Virgin’s Bower. 
1. Leather flower, Clematis viorna (L.) 
2. Common Virgin’s Bower, C. Virginiana (L.) 
Genus Anemone, Wind-flower. 
3. Virginia anemone, Anemone Virginiana (L.) 
4. Carolina anemone, A. Caroliniana (Walt.) 
5. Wind-flower, A. nemorosa (L.) 
Genus Flepatica, Liver-leaf. 
6. Round-lobed hepatica, Hepatica triloba (Chaix.) 
7. Sharp lobed hepatica, H. acutiloba (DC.) 
Genus Thalictrum, Meadow-Rue. 
8. Early Meadow-Rue, Thalictrum dioicum (L.) 
9g. Kue-Anemone, T. anemonoides (Michx.) 
10. Tall Meadow-Rue, T. Cornuti (L.) 
Il, —__—______, T. clavatum? (DC.) 
Genus Ranunculus, Crowfoot. 
White Water-Crowfoot, Ranunculus aquatalis (i5.) 
12, ——_________, Var. trichophyllus (Chaix.) 
13..Smalk ASproied Crowfoot, R. abortivus (L.) 


26 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


14. Hooked Crowfoot, R. recurvatus (Poir.) 

15. Bristly Crowfoot, R. Pennsylvanicus (L.) 
16. Early Crowfoot, R. fascicularis (Muhl.) 

17. Creeping Crowfoot, R. repens (L.) 

18. Tall Crowfoot, R. acris (L.) 

19. Small-flowered Crowfoot, R. parviflorus (L.) 


Genus [sopyrum, False Rue- Anemone. [& Gray). 

20. False Rue-Anemone, Isopyrum biternatum (Torr, 
Genus Aquilegia, Columbine. 

21. Wild Columbine, Aquilegia Canadensis (L.) 
Genus Delphinium, Larkspur. 

22. Tall Larkspur, Delphinium exaltatum (Ait.) 

23. Dwarf Larkspur, D. tricorne (Michx.) 

24. Azure Larkspur, D. azureum (Michx.) 


25. Field Larkspur, D. consolida (L.) 
Genus Zanthoriza, Shrub Vellow-Root. 

26. Shrub Yellow-Root, Zanthoriza apiifolia (L’ Her.) 
Genus Flydrastis, Yellow Puccoon. 

27. Yellow-root, Hydrastis canadensis (L.) 
Genus Actea, Baneberry. 

28. Red Baneberry, Actza spicata. 

—__—_—_—_————, Var. rubra (L.) 

29. White Baneberry, A. alba (Bigel.) 
Genus Cimictfuga, Bugbane. 

30. Black Snakeroot, Cimicifuga racemosa (Eu.) 

31. American Bugbane, C. Americana (Michx.) 


ORDER MAGNOLIACEA—MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 
Genus Magnolia, Magnolia. 
32. Cucumber-tree, Magnolia acuminata (L.) 
33. Great-leaved Magnolia, M. Macrophylla (Michx.) 
Genus Liriodendron, Tulip-tree. 
34. Yellow Poplar, Liriodendron Tulipifera (L.) 
ORDER ANONACEA—CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. 
Genus Asimina, North American Papaw. 
35. Common Papaw, Asimina triloba (Dunal.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 27 


ORDER MENISPERMACEAS—MOONSEED FAMILY. 
Genus Cocculus, Cocculus. 
36. Cocculus, Cocculus Carolinus (DC.) 


Genus Menispermum, Moonseed. | 
37. Canadian Moonseed, Menispermum Canadense (L.) 


ORDER BERBERIDACEAS—BARBERRY FAMILY. 
Genus Caulophyllum, Blue Cohosh. 
38. Pappoose root, Caulophyllum thalictroides (Michx. ) 
Genus Jeffersonia, Twin-leaf. 
39. Twin-leaf, Jeffersonia diphylla (Pers.) 
Genus Podophyllum, Mandrake. 
40. May apple, Podophyllum peltatum (L.) 
ORDER NYMPH EACEAS—WATER-LILY FAMILY. 
Genus Nuphar, Yellow Pond-Lily. 
41. Common Yellow Pond-Lily, Nuphar advena (Ait.) 
ORDER PAPAVERACEE—POPPY FAMILY. 
Genus Stylophorum, Celandine Poppy. 
42. Celandine Poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum (Nutt.) 
Genus Sanguinarta, Blood-root. 
43. Red Puccoon, Sanguinaria Canadensis (L.) 


ORDER FUMARIACE—FUMITORY FAMILY. 
Genus Dicentra, Dutchman's Breeches. 
44. Dutchman’s Breeches, Dicentra Cucullaria (DC.) 
45. Squirrel Corn, D. Canadensis (DC.) 
Genus Corydalis, Corydalis. : 
46. Pale Corydalis, Corydalis glauca (Pursh.) 
47. Yellow Corydalis, C. flavula (Raf.) 
ORDER CRUCIFER.E—MUSTARD FAMILY. 
Genus Nasturtium, Water- Cress. 
48, —________., Nasturtium sessiliflorum (Nutt.) 
49. Marsh Cress, N. palustre (DC.) 
Genus Dentaria, Toothwort. 
50. Two-leaved Pepper-Root, Dentaria diphylla (L.) 
51, —_______., D. heterophylla (Nutt.) 
52, —__-_____,, D.. laciniata (Muhl.) 


28 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Cardaminz, Bitter Cress. 
53. Spring Cress, Cardamine rhomboidea (DC.) 


Genus Arabis, Rock Cress. 


54. , Arabis Ludoviciana (Meyer). 
55. —— , A. lyrata (L.) 
56. ——— , A. patens (Sulliv.) 


57. ———_—__—_, A. levigata (DC.) 
58. Sickle Pod, A. Canadensis (L.) 
59. ———__—_—, A. hesperidoides (Michx.) 
60. Tower Abassard, A. perfoliata (Lam.) 
Genus Sisymbrium, Hedge Mustard. 
61. Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale (Scop.) 
Genus Brassica, Mustard. 
62. White Mustard, Brassica alba (L.) 
63. Black Mustard, B. nigra (Koch.) 
Genus Draba, Whitlow Grass. 
64. ——__—_—_, Draba ramosissima (Desv.) 
oS ———; De ctinetiona (Nutt, ) 
66. Whitlow Crass, D. -verna-(L.) 
Genus Capsella, Shepherd's Purse. 
67. Shepherd's Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris (Mcench). 
Genus Lepidium, Pepperwort. 
68. Wild Peppergrass, Lepidium Virginicum (L.) 
ORDER VIOLACEA—VIOLET FAMILY. 
Genus Solea, Green Violet. 
69. Green Violet, Solea concolor (Ging.) 
Genus Viola, Violet. 
- Round-leaved Violet, Viola rotundifolia (Michx.) 
. Lance-leaved Violet, V. lanceolata ee) 
. Sweet White Violet, V. blanda (Willd.) 
- Common Blue Violet, V. cucullata (Ait.) 
. Hand-leaved Violet, Var. palmata (Gray.) 
. Bird-foot Violet, V. pedata (L.) 
76. Long-spurred Violet, V. rostrata (Pursh.) 
, Var. bicolor. 
78. Pale Violet, V. striata (Ait.) 


“NI 
O 


Se SN SY 
mn & WwW bh = 


Genus 


Genus 


Genius 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 29 


79. Canada Violet, V. Canadensis (L.) 
80. Downy Yellow Violet, V. pubescens (Ait.) 
ORDER CISTACEA!—ROCK-ROSE FAMILY, 

HHudsonia, — 
81, ——_—__—_—_——, Hudsonia ericoides (L.) 

ORDER HYPERICACEA—ST. JOHN’S WORT FAMILY. 
Ascyrum—sSt, Peter's Wort. 
82. St. Andrew’s Cross, Ascyrum crux-Andree (L.) 
Flypericum, St. John's Wort. [( Ait.) 
83. Great St. John’s Wort, Hypericum pyramidatum 
84. Shrubby St. John’s Wort, H. prolificum (L.) 
85. Shrubby St. John’s Wort, Var. densiflorum. 
$6, et Ge a ciorme ( V ent, ) 
87. Winged St. John’s Wort, H. angulosum (Michx.) 
88. Common St. John’s Wort, H.-perforatum (L.) 
89. ——_—_—_—_——_., H.. corymbosum (Muhl.) 

ORDER ELATINACE/E—WATER WORT FAMILY. 


Genus Elatine, Water Wort. 


go. Water Wort, Elatine Americana (Arnott.) 
ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEA—PINK FAMILY. 


Genus Saponaria, Soapwort. 


Genus 


Genus 


Genus 


Genus 


91. Bouncing Bet, Saponaria officinalis (L.) 
Srlene, Catchfty. 

92. Starry Campion, Silene stellata (Ait.) 

93. Wild Pink, S. Pennsylvanica (Michx. ) 

94. Fire Pink, S. Virginica (L.) 

95. Royal Catchfly, S. regia (Sims.) 

96. Round-leaved Catchfly, S. rotundifolia (Nutt. ) 
Lychuis, Lychuis. 

97. Corn Cockle, Lychnis Githago (Lam.) 
Arenaria, Sandwort. 

98. ——_______, Arrenaria paluta (Michx.) 
Stellaria, Chickweed. 

99. Common Chickweed, Stellaria Media (Smith), 
100. Great Chickweed, S. pubera (Michx.) 


30 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Cerastium, Mouse-ear Chickweed. 

101. Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum (L.) 

102. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed, C. viscosum (L,) 
Genus Anychia, lorked Chickweed. 

103. Forked Chickweed, Anychia dichotoma (Michx.) 
Genus Mollugo, Indian Chickweed. 

104. Carpet-weed, Mollugo verticillata (L.) 

ORDER PORTULACACEAS—PURSLANE FAMILY. 

Genus Portulaca, Purstane. 

105. Common Purslane, Portulaca oleracea (L.) 
Genus Claytonia, Spring Beauty. 

106. Spring Beauty, Claytonia Virginica (L.) 

ORDER MALVACEA—MALLOW FAMILY. 

Genus Malva, Mallow. 

107. Common Mallow, Malva rotundifolia (L.) 
Genus Sida, Sida. 

108. Flux Weed, Sida spinosa (L.) 
Genus Abutilon, Indian Mallow. 

109. Velvet Leaf, Abutilon Avicenne (Gertn.) 
Genus Flibtscus, Rose Mallow. 

110. Swamp Rose Mallow, Hibisicus Moscheutos (L.) 

111. Bladder Ketmia, H. trionum (L.) 


ORDER TILIACEA—LINDEN FAMILY. 
Genus Tilia, Basswood. 
112. Basswood Linden, Tilia Americana (L.) 
113. White Linden, T. heterophylla ( Vent.) 
ORDER LINACEAS—FLAX FAMILY. 
Genus Linum, Flax. 
114. Wild Flax, Linum Virginianum (L.) 
115. Common Flax, L. usitatissimum (L.) 
ORDER GERANIACE/E—GERANIUM FAMILY. 
Genus Geranium, Gerantum. 
116. Wild Cranesbill, Geranium maculatum (L.) 


117. Herb Robert, G. Robertianum (L.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES 31 


Genus Impatiens, Balsam. 
118. Pale Touch me-not, Impatiens pallida (Nutt.) 
119. Spotted Touch-me-not, I. Fulva (Nutt.) 
Genus Oxalis, Wood Sorrel. 
120. Common Wood Sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella (L.) 
121. Violet Wood Sorrel, O. violacea (L.) 
foo. Sheep Sorrel, Or-stricta (a) 
ORDER RUTACE—RUE FAMILY. 
Genus Zan-hoxylum, Prickly Ash. [( Mill.) 
123. Northern Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum Americanum 
Genus FPtelea, Flop-tree. 
124. Wafer Ash, Ptelea trifoliata (L.) 
ORDER SIMARUBACEAS—QUASSIA FAMILY. 
Genus Arlanthus, Tree of Fleaven. 
125. [ree of Heaven, Ailanthus glandulosus (Desf.) 
ORDER ANACARDIACEE—CASHEW FAMILY. 
Genus Rhus, Sumac. 
126. Staghorn Sumac, Rhus typhina (L.) 
227. Smooth Sumac, R. glabra (L.) 
128. Dwarf Sumac, R. copallina (L.) 
129. Poison Oak, R. Toxicodendron (L.) 
130. Aromatic Sumac, R. aromatica (Ait.) 


ORDER VITACEA—VINE FAMILY. 
Genus Vitts, Grape. 


131. Northern Fox Grape, Vitis Labrusca (L.) 
132. Summer Grape, V. zstivalis (Michx.) 

133. Winter Grape, V. cordifolia (Michx.) 
Ue se Sa , VaR. riparia (Michx. ) 

135. —————_——_., V. indivisa ( Willd.) 


Genus Ampelopsis, Virginian Creeper. [(Michx.) 
36. Virginian Creeper, Ampelopsis  quinquefolia 
ORDER RHAMNACEA—BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 
Genus Rhamnus, Buckthorn. [(Pursh.) 
137. Lance-leaved Buckthorn, Rhamnus _ lanceolatus 
Genus Frangula, Alder Buckthorn. 
138. Indian Cherry, Frangula Caroliniana (Gray.) 


32 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


ORDER CELASTRACEA—STAFF-TREE FAMILY. 
Genus Celastrus, Staff-tree. 
139. Climbing Bitter-sweet, Celastrus scandens (L.) 
Genus Euonymus, Spindle-tree. 
140, Waahoo, Euonymus atropurpureus (Jacq.) 
141. Strawberry Bush, E. Americanus (L.) 
142, —_——_—_——., Var. obovatus (Torr. & Gray.) 
ORDER SAPINDACEA—SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 
Genus Staphylea, Bladder Nut. 
143. American Bladder Nut, Staphylea trifolia (L.) 
Genus A:sculus, Buckeye. 
144. Ohio Buckeye, A‘sculus glabra ( Willd.) 
145. Sweet Buckeye, A‘. flava (Ait.) 
146. Small Buckeye, A‘. Pavia (L.) 
Genus Acer, Maple. 
147. Sugar-tree, Acer saccharinum (Wang.) 
148. Black Sugar-tree, VaR. nigrum (Gray.) 
149. Water Maple, A. dasycarpum (Ehrhart.) 
150. Red Maple, A. rubrum (L.) 
Genus Negundo, Ash-leaved Maple. 
151. Box Elder, Negundo aceroides (Mcench.) 
ORDER POLYGALACEAS—MILKWORT FAMILY. 
Genus Polygala, Milkwort. 
£52, , Polygala fastigiata (Nutt.) 
153. Seneca Snakeroot, P. Senega (L.) 


ORDER LEGUMINOSA—PULSE FAMILY. 

Genus Crotalaria, Rattle-box. 

154. Rattle-box, Crotalaria sagittalis (L.) 
Genus, Trifolium, Clover. 

155. Rabbit-foot Clover, Trifolium arvense (L.) 

156. Red Clover, T. pratense (L.) 

157. Buffalo Clover, ‘I’. reflexum (L.) 

158. White Clover, T. repens (L.) 

159. Yellow Clover, T. agrarium (L.) 

160. Low Hop Clover, T. procumbens (L.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 33 


Genus Mellotus, Melilot. 
161. Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilotus officinalis (Willd.) 


(62. White Sweet Clover, M. alba (Lam.) 
Genus Medicago, Medick. 
163. Lucerne, Medicago, sativa (L.) 


Genus Psoralea, Psoralea. 
164. , Psoralea melilotoides (Michx.) 


Genus Robinia, Locust tree. 
165. Black Locust, Robinia Pseudacacia (L.) 

Genus Wistaria, Wrstaria. 
166. Lincoln’s Bower, Wistaria frutescens (DC.) 

Genus :schynomene, Sensitive Joint Vetch. [( Willd.) 
167. Sensitive Joint Vetch, A%schynomene _ hispida 


Genus Desmodium, Tick Treforl. 


168. , Desmodium nudiflorum (DC.) 
169. ——__—_—_, D. acuminatum (DC.) 

170, —_______, D. pauciflorum (DC.) 

171. —___—___., D. rotundifolium (DC.) 

172, —______—_, D. ochroleucum (M. A. Curtis.) 
173. - ——————_,, D.. canescens (DC.) 

174. —__——____., D. viridiflorum (Beck.) 

175. ——__——— , D. paniculatum (DC.) 

176, —___—___,, D. Canadense (DC.) 

177. ————-_——,, D. sessilifolium (Torr. & Gray.) 
178. , D. Marilandicum (Boott.) 


Genus Lespedeza, Bush Clover. 
17o. , Lespedeza violacea (Pers.) 
180. —_—_——., L. hirta (EIl.) 


Genus Stylosanthes, Pencil Flower. 

181. Pencil Flower, Stylosanthes elatior (Swartz.) 
Genus Vicia, Tare. 

LB 25. ee ——, Vicia Cracca (L.) 

183. ——_-——-___, V. Caroliniana (Walt.) 

184. ————, V. Americana (Muhl.) 
Genus Phaseolus, Kidney Bean. 


185. Wild Bean, Phaseolus perennis (Walt.) 
GEOLOG. SUR.-3 


34 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Centrosema, Spurred Butterfly Pea. 
186, , Centrosema Virginianum (Benth.) 


Genus Baptista, False Indigo. 
187. Blue False Indigo, Baptisia australis (R. Br.) 


Genus Cladrastis, Yellow Wood. 
188. Yellow Wood, Cladrastis tinctoria (Raf.) 


Genus Cercis, Judas Tree. 
189. Red-bud, Cercis Canadensis (L.) 


Genus Cassta, Senna. 
190. Wild Senna, Cassia Marilandica (L.) 
ror, Partridge Peéa,-C: chamecrista (L.) 
192. Wild Sensitive Plant, C. nictitans (L.) 
Genus Gymnocladus, Kentucky Coffee-tree. [(Lam.) 
193. Kentucky coffee-bean, Gymnocladus Canadensis 
Genus Gleditschia, Honey Locust. 
194. Honey Locust, Gleditschia triacanthos (L.) 


ORDER ROSACEA—ROSE FAMILY. 
Genus Prunus, Plum. 
195. Wild Plum, Prunus Americana (Marshall.) 
196. Chickasaw Plum, P. Chicasa (Michx.) 
197. Wild Red Cherry, P. Pennsylvanica (L.) 
198. Wild Black Cherry, P. serotina (Ehrhart.) 


Genus Spirea, Meadow Sweet. 
199. Nine Bark, Spirzea opulifolia (L.) 
Genus Gillenta, Indian Physic. 
200. Bowman's Root, Gillenia trifoliata (Mcench.) 
201. Indian Physic, G. stipulacea (Nutt.) 
Genus Agrimonia, Agrimony. 
202. Common Agrimony, Agrimonia Eupatoria (Ait.) 
203. Small-flowered Agrimony A. parviflora (L.) 
Genus Geum, Avens. 
204. ———, Geum album (Gmelin.) 
205. ————____, G. vernum (Torr. & Gray.) 


; 
4 
4 
;. 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 35 


Genus Potentilla, Cingue-forl. 
206. Five-finger, Potentilla Canadensis (L.) 
207. . Var. simplex (Torr. & Gray.) 
208. Silvery Cinque-foil, P. argentea (L.) 


Genus Fragaria, Strawberry. 
209. ————— , Fragaria Virginiana (Ehrhart.) 
210, —_—__-_—_, F-. vesca (L.) 

pe acted (et) 


i.e 


Genus Rubus, Bramble. 
212. Wild Raspberry, Rubus occidentalis (L.) 
213. Common Blackberry, R, villosus (Ait.) 
214. Dewberry, R. Canadensis (L.) 
Genus Rosa, Rose. 
215. Climbing Wild Rose, hoe setigera (Michx.) 
216. Swamp Rose, R. Carolina (L.) 
217. Dwarf Wild Rose, R. lucida (Ehrhart.) 
218. Sweet Brier Rose, R. rubiginosa (L.) 


Genus Crategus, Hawthorn. 
219. Evergreen Thorn, Crateegus Pyracantha (Pers.) 
220. Washington Thorn, C. cordata (Ait.) 
221. Hawthorn, C. Oxyacantha (L.) 
222. Scarlet-fruited Thorn, C. coccinea (L.) 
23. Black Thorn, C. tomentosa (L.) 
24. ——-——_————,, Var. punctata (Jacq.) 
225. Cockspur Thorn, C. Crus-galli (L.) 
226. Summer Haw, C. flava (Ait.) 
Genus Pyrus, Apple. 
227. American Crab-apple, Pyrus coronaria (L.) 
228. Narrow-leaved Crab-apple, P. augustifolia (Ait.) 
229. Mountain Ash, P. Americana (DC.) 
Genus Amelanchier, June-berry. [ Gray.) 
230. Service-berry, Amelanchier Canadensis (Torr. & 
231. ——_—__—__—_, Var. oblongifolia. 
ORDER CALYCANTHACEH—CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 
Genus Calycanthus, Sweet-scented Shrub. 
232. Calycanthus, Calycanthus floridus (L.) 


36 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


ORDER SAXIFRAGACEA—SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 

Genus Ribes, Gooseberry. 

233. Prickly Wild Gooseberry, Ribes Cynosbati (L.) 

234. Common Wild Gooseberry, R._ rotundifolium 
Genus Hydrangea, Hydrangea. [(Michx. ) 

235. Wild Hydrangea, Hydrangea arborescens (L.) 
Genus Saxifraga, Saxifrage. 

236. Early Saxifrage, Saxifraga Virginiensis (Michx.) 


Genus Heuchera, Alum-root. 


37. ——_—_———_, Heuchera villosa (Michx.) 
238. Common Alum-root, H. Americana (L.) 
239. —_—__———_, H. pubescens (Pursh.) 


Genus Mitella, Mitre-wort. 
240. Bishop's Cap, Mitella diphylla (L.) 
ORDER CRASSULACEA- ORPINE FAMILY. 
Genus Penthorum, Ditch Stone-crop. 
241. Ditch Stone-crop, Penthorum sedoides (L.) 


Genus Sedum, Orpine. 
242. Stone-crop, Sedum pulchellum (Michx.) 
243. Cliff Moss, S. ternatum (Michx.) 


ORDER HAMAMELACEA—WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 
Genus Hlamamelis, Witch-hazel. 
244. Witch-hazel, Hamamelis Virginica (L.) 


Genus Liguidambar, Sweet- gum Tree. 
245. Sweet-gum, Liquidambar Styraciflua (L.) 
ORDER ONAGRACEAS—EV ENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
Genus Circea, Enchanter’s Nightshade. 
246. Enchanter’s Nightshade, Circeea Lutetiana (150) 


eee eae nae 


Genus Gaura, Gaura. 
247. ———_———_, Gaura biennis (L.) 
248. —_-______.,, G. filipes (Spach.) 
Genus Epilobium, Willow-herb. 
249. Willow-herb, Epilobium coloratum (Muhl.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 


Genus Gnothera, Evening-Primrose. 


57 


Oa. 


250. Common Evening-Primrose, Cénothera biennis (L.) 


251. —_—__———_, Var. grandiflora. 
252. —___—__—., @. triloba (Gray.) 
253. ——___——, . pumila (L.) 


Genus Ludwigia, False Loosestrife. 
254. Seed-box, Ludwigia alternifolia (L.) 
ORDER MELASTOMACEAS—MELASTOMA FAMILY. 
Genus Rhexia, Meadow Beauty. 
255. Deer Grass, Rhexia Virginica (L.) 
ORDER LYTHRACEA—LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 
Genus Cuphea, Cuphea. ; 
256. Clammy Cuphea, Cuphea viscosissima (Jacq.) 
ORDER CACTACEA—CACTUS FAMILY. 
Genus Opuntia, Indian Fig. 
257. Prickly Pear, Opuntia Rafinesquii (Engelm.) 
ORDER PASSIFLORACEAS—PASSION FLOWER FAMILY. 
Genus Passtflora, Passion Flower. 
258. Small Passion Flower, Passiflora Lutea (L.) 
259. Common Passion Flower, P. incarnata (L.) 
ORDER CUCURBITACEA—GOURD FAMILY. 
Genus Stcyos, One-seeded Star-cucumober. 


260. One-seeded Star-cucumber, Sicyos angulatus (L.) 


ORDER UMBELLIFERA—PARSLEY FAMILY. 

Genus Sanicula, Sanicle. 

261. Black Snakeroot, Sanicula Canadensis (L.) 
Genus Daucus, Carrot. 

262. Wild Carrot, Daucus Carota (L.) 
Genus Pastinaca, Parsnip. 

263. Wild Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa (L.) 
Genus Thaspium, Meadow Parsnip. 

264. Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum (Nutt.) 
Genus Cherophyllum, Chervtt. 

265. Chervil, Cherophyllum procumbens (Lam.) 


38 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Osmorrhiza, Sweet Cacely. WDC.) 
266. Smoother Sweet Cicely, Osmorrhiza longistylis 
267. Hairy Sweet Cicely, O. brevistylis (DC.) 
Genus Evrigenia, Harbinger of Spring. 
268. Turkey Pea, Erigenia bulbosa (Nutt.) 
ORDER ARALIACEA- GINSENG FAMILY. 
Genus Aralia, Ginseng. 
269. Hercules’ Club, Aralia spinosa (L.) 
270. Spikenard, A. racemosa (L.) 
271. Wild Sarsaparilla, A. nudicaulis (L.) 
271. Ginseng, A. quinquefolia (L.) 
ORDER CORNACEA—DOGWOOD FAMILY. 
Genus Cornus, Cornel. 
273. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida (L.) 
274. Round-leaved Dogwood, C. circinata (L’ Her.) 
275. oiky Cornel, C,-sericea (L.) 
276. Red osier Dogwood, C. stolonifera (Michx.) 
277. Rough-leaved Dogwood, C. asperifolia (Michx.) 
278. Panicled Cornel, C. paniculata (L’ Her.) 
279. Alternate-leaved Cornel, C. alternifolia (L.) 


Genus Nyssa, Gum. 
280. Black Gum, Nyssa multiflora (Wang. ) 
281. Yellow Gum, N. uniflora (Walt.) 
ORDER CAPRIFOLIACEA—HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
Genus Symphoricarpus, Snowberry. 
282. Buckberry, Symphoricarpus vulgaris (Michx.) 
Genus Lonicera, Woodbine. 


283. Yellow Honeysuckle, Lonicera flava (Sims.) 
284. Small Honeysuckle, L. parviflora (Lam.) 


Genus Trtosteum, Hlorse Gentian. 
285. Fever-wort, Triosteum perfoliatum (L.) 


Genus Sambucus, Elder. 
286. Common Elder, Sambucus Canadensis Cie} 
287. Red-berried Elder, S. pubens (Michx.) 


40 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Aster, Starwort. 
ait: +. Aster cordifolius (L.) 
S12. +5, he saggittifolius CWilld.) 
313, ——+-___—_-, Ay. tenutiolivis €h.) 
$14; So, Ay carneus (Nees.) 


Genus Erigeron, Fleabane. 
315. Butter-weed, Erigeron Canadense (L.) 
316. Robin's Plantain, E. bellidifolium (Muhl.) 
317. Common Fleabane, E. Philadelphicum (L.) 
318. Sweet Scabious, E. annuum (Pers.) 
319. Daisy Fleabane, E. strigosum (Muhl.) 
Genus Bellis, Daisy. 
320. Western Daisy, Bellis integrifolia (Michx.) 


Genus Solidago, Golden-rod. | 
, Solidago speciosa (Nutt.) 


321. —— 
322, -—_____—, 5. altissima (L.) 
323. —_—_—_—_——_, S. ulmifolia (Muhl.) 


Genus Chrysopsts, Golden Aster. 

324. , Chrysopsis gossypina (Nutt.) 
Genus Inula, Elecampane. 

325. Common Elecampane, Inula Helenium (L.) 
Genus Polymnia, Leaf Cup. 

326. Leaf Cup, Polymnia Uvedalia (L.) 
Genus Silphium, Rosin Plant. 

327. Prairie Dock, Silphium terebinthinaceum (L.) 

328. , 5. trifoliatum (L.) 
Genus Ambrosia, Ragweed. 

329. Horseweed, Ambrosia trifida (L.) 

330. Ragweed, A. artemisizfolia (L.) 
Genus Xanthium, Clotbur. 

331. Cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium (L.) 

a62. = [VAR SChinatum (Mud) 
Genus Heltopsis, Ox-eye. 

333. Ox-eye, Heliopsis levis (Pers.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 39 


Genus Viburnum, Arrow-wood. 
288. Sweet Viburnum, Viburnum Lentago (L.) 
289. Black Haw, V. prunifolium (L.) 
290. Arrow-wood, V. dentatum (L.) 
291. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood, V. acerifolium (L.) 
ORDER RUBIACEA—MADDER FAMILY. 
Genus Galium, Bedstraw. 
292. Goose Grass, Galium Aparine (L.) 
293. Rough Bedstraw, G. asprellum (Michx.) 
294. Small Bedstraw, G. trifidum (L.) 
295. Sweet-scented Bedstraw, G. triflorum (Michx.) 
Genus Cephalanthus, Button-bush. 
296. Button-bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis (L.) 


Genus Floustonia, Floustonta. 


297. ——_-——-——,, Houstonia purpurea (L.) 
298. ——-—_—_—_——, Var. longifolia. 
299. —_———, H. augustifolia (Michx.) 


200. piuets, i. caerulea (1L:) 


ORDER DIPSACEA2X—TEASEL FAMILY, 
Genus Dipsacus, Tease. 
301. Wild Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris (Mill.) 
ORDER COMPOSITZ—COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
Genus Vernonia, Tron-weed. 
302. Iron-weed, Vernonia Noveboracensis ( Willd.) 


Genus Elephantopus, Elephant s-foot. 
303. Elephant’s foot, Elephantopus Carolinianus ( Willd.) 


Genus Lupatorium, Thoroughwort. 
304. Joe Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum (L.) 
305. Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort, E. hyssopifolium (L.) 
306. White Boneset, E. album (L.) 
307. Tall Thoroughwort, E. altissimum (L.) 
308. Upland Boneset, E. sessilifolium (L.) 
309. Boneset, E. perfoliatum (L.) 
310. White Snakeroot, E. ageratoides (L.) 


_ WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 4t 


Genus Rudbeckia, Cone-flower. 


334. , Rudbeckia laciniata (L.) 
SO. a , R. triloba (L.) 
336. ——_—_—_-_—, R. hirta (L.) 


Genus Echinacea, Purple Cone-flower. 
337. Purple Cone-flower, Echinacea purpurea (Meench.) 


Genus Flelianthus, Sunflower. 


338. Common Sunflower, Helianthus annuus (L.) 


339. i —, H. atrorubens (L.) 

340. ——__—_——-——, H. occidentalis ( Riddell.) 
341. —___——_—_,, H. giganteus (L.) 

342. ——-——-——, H. grosse-serratus (Martens. ) 
343. ———__—_—_—_, H.. strumosvus (L.) 

344. ———__———_., H. divaricatus (L.) 

345. ————__, H.. doronicoides (Lam. ) 


Genus Actinomeris, Actinomerts. 


346. —— , Actinomeris squarrosa (Nutt.) 
Genus Coreopsis, Tickseed, . 
347. ——_—, Coreopsis senifolia (Michx. ) 


349. Tall Coreopsi§8;-G, aripterts (12) 
Genus Bidens, Bur-marigold. 
349. Common Beggar-ticks, Bidens frondosa (L.) 
350. Swamp Beggar-ticks, B. connata (Muhl.) 
351. Spanish Needles, B. bipinnata (L.) 
Genus Dysodia, Fetid Marigold. 
352. Fetid Marigold, Dysodia chrysanthemoides (Lag.) 
Genus Flelenium, Sneeze-weed. 
353. Sneeze-weed, Helenium autumnale (L.) 
Genus Maruta, May-weed. 
354. Dog Fennel, Maruta Cotula (DC.) 


Genus Anthemts, Chamomile. 
355. Corn Chamomile, Anthemis arvensis (L.) 


Genus points “avvow. 


356. Milfoil, Achillea Millefolium (L.) 


42 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


- 


Genus Leucanthemum, Ox-eye Daisy. 

357. Ox-eye, Leucanthemum vulgare (Lam.) 
Genus Artemisia, Wormwood. 

358. Wormseed, Artemisia Absinthium (L.) 


Genus Gnuaphalium, Cudweed. [(Michx.) 
359. Common Everlasting, Gnaphalium polycephalum 


Genus Antennaria, Everlasting. ; [ Br.) 
360. Pearly Everlasting, Antennaria margaritacea (R. 
361. Plantain-leaved Everlasting, A. plantaginifolia 


Genus Senecio, Groundsel. : | (Hook.) 
362. Squaw-weed, Senecio aureus (L.) 


Genus Cirsium, Plumed Thistle. 
363. Common Thistle, Cirsium lanceolatum (Scop.) 
364. Tall Thistle, C. altissimum (Spreng.) 
Genus Lappa, Burdock. 
365. Common Burdock, Lappa officinalis (Allioni.) 
Genus Cynthia, Cynthia. 
366. Cynthia Varotinca (Don.) 
367. ——_——____,, C. Dandelion (DC.) 
Genus Hieracium, Hawkweed. 
368. Hairy Hawkweed, Hieracium Gronovii (L.) 


Genus Pyrrhopappus, False Dandelion. 
369. False Dandelion, Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus (DC.) 


Genus Taraxacum, Dandelion. [(Desf.) 
370. Common Dandelion, Taraxacum  Dens-leonis 


Genus Lactuca, Lettuce. 

371. Wild Lettuce, Lactuca Canadensis (L.) 
Genus Mulgedium, Blue Lettuce. 

372. False Lettuce, Mulgedium leucopheeum (G3 
Genus Sonchus, Sow-thistle. 


373. Common Sow-thistle, Sonchus oleraceus (3) 
374. Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle, S. asper (Vill. ) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 43 


ORDER LOBELIACE2—LOBELIA FAMILY. 
Genus Lobelia, Lobelia. 


375. Cardinal-flower, Lobelia cardinalis (L.) 
376. Great Lobelia, L. syphilitica (L.) 

377- —————_—. L. ameena (Michx.) 
378. Indian Tobacco, L. inflata (L.) 

270. Se ican a) 


ORDER CAMPANULACEE—CAMPANULA FAMILY. 
Genus Campanula Bellflower. 
380. Tall Bellflower, Campanula Americana (L.) 
Genus Specularia, Venus's Looking-glass. [OC 
381. Venus’s Looking-glass, Specularia perfoliata (A. 
ORDER ERICACEAS—HEATH FAMILY. 
Genus Gaylussacia, Huckleberry. : 
382. Box Huckleberry, Gaylussacia brachycera (Gray.) 
Genus Vaccintum, Blueberry. 
383. Deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum (L.) 
384. Farkle-berry, V. arboreum (Marshall.) 
Genus Oxydendrum, Sorret-tree. 
385. Sour-wood, Oxydendrum arboreum (DC.) 
Genus Kalmia, American Laurel. 
386. Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia (L.) 
Genus Chimaphila, Pipsissewa. 
387. Spotted Wintergreen, Chimaphila maculata (Pursh) 
Genus Monotropa, Pine-sap. : 
388. Indian Pipe, Monotropa uniflora (L.) 
389. Pine sap, M. Hypopitys (L.) 
ORDER AQUIFOLIACEAS—HOLLY FAMILY. 
Genus Ilex, Holly. 
390. American Holly, Ilex opaca (Ait.) 
ORDER EBENACE.E—EBONY FAMILY. 
Genus Diospyros, Date Plum. 
391. Persimmon, Diospyros Virginiana (L.) 
ORDER STYRACACEA—STORAX FAMILY. 
Genus Styrax, Storax. 
392. —_—_—_—_—_, Styrax Americana (Lam.) 


44 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


ORDER PLANTAGINACEAS—PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
Genus Plantago, Ribgrass. 
393. Common Plantain, Plantago major (L.) 
394. ——__, P, sparsiflora (Michx.) 
395. English Plantain, P. lanceolata (L.) 
396. ———_—_—_—_—_, P pusilla (Nutt.) 


ORDER PRIMULACEA—PRIMROSE FAMILY, 


Genus Dodecatheon, American Cowslip | 
397. Shooting-star, Dodecatheon Meadia (L.) 


Genus Lysimachia, Loosestrife. 
398. ——_—__———_, Lysimachia ciliata (L.) 
399. —_—__—__—__, L.. lanceolata (Walkt.) 
400. Moneywort, L. nummularia (L.) 


Genus Anagallis, Pimpernel. 
401. Common Pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis (L.) 


Genus Samolus, Water Pimpernel. 
“402. —__--—_—., Samolus Valerandi (L.) 
403. Brook-weed, Var. Americanus (Gray.) 
ORDER BIGNONIACEE—BIGNONIA FAMILY. 
Genus Bignonia, Bignonia. 
404. Southern Cross-vine, Bignonia capreolata (L.) 


Genus Tecoma, Trumpet Flower. 
405. Trumpet Creeper, Tecoma radicans (Juss.) 


Genus Catalpa, Indian Bean. 
406. Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides (Walt.) 
Genus Martynia, Unicorn-plant. 
407. Unicorn-plant, Martynia proboscidea (Glox.) 
ORDER OROBANCHACEA—BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 
Genus Epiphegus, Cancer-root. 
408. Beech-drops, Epiphegus Virginiana (Bart.) 
ORDER SCROPHULARIACEA:—FIGWORT FAMILY. 
Genus Verbascum, Mullein. 
409. Common Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus (L.) 
410. Moth Mullein, V. Blattaria (L.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 45 


Genus Scrophularia, Figwort. 

411. Figwort, Scrophularia nodosa (L.) 
Genus Collinsia, Innocence. 

412. Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia verna (Nutt.) 
Genus Chelone, Turtle-head. 

413. Snake-head, Chelone glabra (L.) 
Genus Pentstemon, Leard-tongue. 

414. —__—__—_—., Pentstemon pubescens (Solander.) 

415. —_-_—_—__—_,, P. Digitalis (Nutt.) 
Genus Mimulus, Monkey-flower. 

416. —— , Mimulus ringens (L.) 


Genus [lysanthes, 
417. False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes gratioloides (Benth.) 
Genus Veronica, Speedwell. 
418. Water Speedwell, Veronica Anagallis (L.) 
419. Thyme-leaved Speedwell, V. serpyllifolia (L.) 
420. Neckweed, V. peregrina (L.) 
421. Corn Speedwell, V. arvensis (L.) 
Genus Seymerta, Seymeria. 
422. Mullein Foxglove, Seymeria macrophylla (Nutt.) 
Genus Gerardia, Gerardia. 
423.0 ee, Cra Seiacea-| Wait.) 
424. Downy False Foxglove, G. flava (L.) 
425. Smooth False Foxglove, G. quercifolia (Pursh.) 
426. —_—___—_—, C-.. integrifolia (Gray.) 
ORDER ACANTHACEA—ACANTHUS FAMILY. 
Genus Dianthera, Water-willow. 


427, —+__ +, Dianthera Amer ema-( is. 
Genus Ruellia 

428, ——. eee, Ruelim ciliosa (P urs, ) 

429. ———————, R.. strepens (L.) 


ORDER VERBENACEA—VERVAIN FAMILY. 
Genus Verbena, Vervain. [(Michx.) 
430. Narrow-leaved Vervain, Verbena augustifolia 
431. Blue Vervainu, V. hastata (L.) 


46 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


2. White Vervain, V. urticifolia (L.) 
433. Bracted Vervain, V. bracteosa (Michx.) 
Genus Lippia, Fog Fruit. 
434. Fog Fruit, Lippia lanceolata (Michx.) 
ORDER LABIATAS—MINT FAMILY. 
Genus Teucrium, Germander. 


435. American Germander, Teucrium Canadense (L.) 


Genus Isanthus, False Pennyroya, 
436. False Pennyroyal, Isanthus ce#ruleus (Michx.) 


Genus Mentha, Mint. 
437. Spearmint, Mentha viridis (L.) 
438. Peppermint, M. piperita (i) 
439. Wild Mint, M. Canadensis (L.) 


Genus Cunila, Dittany. 
440. Common Dittany, Cunila Mariana (L.) 


Genus Pyenanthemum, Basil. 
441. Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum montanum (Michx.) 


Genus Melissa, Balm. 
442. Common Balm, Melissa officinalis (L.) 


Genus Hledeoma, Mock Pennyroyal. 

443. American Pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides (Pers.) 
Genus Collinsonia, Horse Balm. 

444. Rich-weed, Collinsonia Canadensis (L.) 
Genus Salvia, Sage. 

445. Lyre-leaved Sage, Salvia lyrata (L.) 
Genus Monarda, Horse Mint. 

446. Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa (L.) 

447. Horse Mint, M. punctata (L.) 
Genus Blephilia, Blephilia. 

448. , Blephilia ciliata (Raf.) 

449. ———_, B.. hirsuta (Benth.) 


Genus Lophanthus, Giant Hyssop. 
450. Giant Hyssop, Lophanthus nepetoides (Benth.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES, 47 


Genus Nepeta, Cat Mint. 
451. Catnip, Nepeta Cataria (L.) 
452. Ground Ivy, N. Glechoma (Benth.) 
Genus Synandra, Synandra. 
453. Synandra, Synandra grandiflora (Nutt.) 
Genus Physostegia, False Dragon-head. 
454. , Physostegia Virginiana (Benth.) 
Genus Brunella, Self-heal. 
455. Common Self-heal, Brunella vulgaris (L.) 


Genus Scutellaria, Skullcap. 


456, —___—_—_—, Scutellaria versicolor (Nutt.) 
457. ———__——_—,, S. serrata (Andrews. ) 
458. —__—_—_——,, S. nervosa (Pursh.) 


456. , 9. galericelata (L.) 

460. Mad-dog Skullcap, S. lateriflora (L.) 
Genus Marrubium, Horehound. 

461. Common Horehound, Marrubium vulgare (L.) 
Genus Stachys, Hedge-nettle. 

462. Rough Hedge-nettle, Stachys palustris (L.) - 
Genus Leonurus, Motherwort. 

463. Common Motherwort, Leonurus Cardiaca (L.) 
renus Lamium, Dead-nettle. 

464. Clasping Dead-nettle, Lamium amplexicaule (L.) 

ORDER BORRAGINACEA—BORAGE FAMILY. 

Genus Echium, Viper’s Bugloss. 

465. Blue-weed, Echium vulgare (L.) 
Genus Symphytum, Comfrey. 

466. Common Comfrey, Symphytum officinale (L.) 
Genus Onosmodium, False Gromvwell. 

467, +--+, Onosmodinm Carolinianum (DC.) 
Genus Lithospermum, Gromwell. 

468. Hoary Puccoon, Lithospermum canescens (Lehm. ) 
Genus Mertensia, Smooth Lungwort. 

469. Lungwort, Mertensia Virginica (DC.) 


48 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Echinospermum, Stickseed. 
470. —__———, Echinospermum Lappula (Lehm.) 
Genus Cynoglossum, Hound's Tongue. bdo 
471. Common Hound’s Tongue, Cynoglossum officinale ° 
472. Wild Comfrey, C. Virginicum (L.) 
473. Beg@ars Lice, C. Morison! (DC, ) 


ORDER HYDROPHYLLACEAZ—WATERLEAF FAMILY. 
Genus Hydrophyllum, Waterleays. 


474. , Hydrophyllum macrophyllum (Nutt.) 
475, ———___——,, H. Virginicum (L.) 
i760, = i, Gangectce (1) 
497. —___+—__,, H. appendiculatum:- (Micix,) 
Genus Phacelia, neta 
478, ——_—_—_—_——_, Phacelia bipinnatifida (Michx.) 
479. ——_—_—_—_——_, P.. Purshii (Buckley.) 


ORDER POLEMONIACEA - POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 
Genus Polemontum, Greek Valerian. 


480. , Polemonium reptans (L.) 
Genus Phlox, Phlox. 
"481. , Phlox paniculata (L.) 


482. Carolina Phlox, P. Carolina (L.) 

483. —_—_—___—_, P. glaberrima (L.) 

484. , P. divaricata (L.) 

485. Ground Pink, P. subulata (L.) 

ORDER CONVOLVULACEA—CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 

Genus [pomea, Morning Glory. 

486. Common Morning Glory, Ipomcea purpurea (Lam.) 

487. Small Morning Glory, I. Nil (Roth.) 

488. —__—_—_—__—_., I. lacunosa (L.) 

489. Wild Potato-vine, I. pandurata (Meyer.) 
Genus Calystegia, Bracted Bindweed. 

490. Bracted Bindweed, Calystegia spithamea (Pursh.) 
Genus Custuta, Dodder. ; 

491. —__—___—__, Custuta arvensis (Beyrich.) 


492, ——_——__, C. glomerata (Choisy.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 49 


ORDER SOLANACEA—NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 
Genus Solanum, Nightshade. 
493. Bittersweet, Solanum Dulcamara (L.) 
494. Common Nightshade, S. nigrum (L.) 
495. Bull Thistle, S. Carolinense (L.) 
Genus Physalis, Ground Cherry. 


496. —__—_—__—_, Physalis angulata (L.) ; 
497. ——__—_—_—_—_, P. pubescens (L.) 
AO eee P| viecosa’(1..) 


Genus Nicandra, Apple of Peru. 
499. ——— ——, Nicandra physaloides (Geertn.) 
Genus Datura, Thorn Apple. 
500. White Jamestown Weed, Datura Stramonium (L.) 
501. Purple Jamestown Weed, D. Vatula (L.) 
ORDER GENTIANACEAS—GENTIAN FAMILY. 
Genus Sabbatia, American Centaury. 
502. Rose Pink, Sabbatia angularis (Pursh.) 
Genus Frasera, American Columbo. 
503. Columbo, Frasera Carolinensis (Walt.) 
ORDER LOGANIACEA—LOGANIA FAMILY. 
Genus Polypremum, Polypremum. 


504. , Polypremum procumbens (L.) 
ORDER APOCYNACEA—DOGBANE FAMILY. 
Genus Apocyvnum, Dogbane. [(.) 


505. Spreading Dogbane, Apocynum androseemifolium 
506. Indian Hemp, A. cannabinum (L.) 
ORDER ASCLEPIADACEAS—MILK WEED FAMILY. 
Genus Asclepias, Sitkweed. 
507. Silkweed, Asclepias Cornuti (Decainse.) 
508. Poke Milkweed, A. phytolaccoides (Pursh.) 
509. Purple Milkweed, A. purpurascens rs.) 
510. Variegated Milkweed, A. variegata (L.) 
511. Four-leaved Milkweed, A. quadrifolia (Jacq.) 
512. Obtuse-leaved Milkweed, A. obtusifolia (Michx.) 
513. Whorled Milkweed, A. verticillata (L.) 
514. Pleurisy-root, A. tuberosa (L.) 
515. Swamp Milkweed, A. incarnata (si 


GEOLOG. SUR.-4 


50 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Acerates, Green Milkweed. 
516. ————— , Acerates viridiflora (Ell) 
517, —————__, A. paniculata (Decaisne.) 


Genus Enslenita, Enslenta. 
518. , Enslenia albida (Nutt.) 


Genus Gonolobus, Gonolobus. 


519. ———————.,, Gonolobus obliquus (R. Br.) 


ORDER OLEACEA—OLIVE FAMILY. 
Genus Fraxinus, Ash. 
520. White Ash, Fraxinus Americana (L.) 
521, Green Ash, P, viridis (Michx.) 
522. Black Ash, F. sambucifolia (Lam.) 
523. Blue Ash, F. quadrangulata (Michx.) 


ORDER ARISTOLOCHIACE—BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 
Genus Asarum, Wild Ginger. 
524. Wild Ginger, Asarum Canadense (L.) 


ORDER PHYTOLACCACEA—POKEWEED FAMILY. 
Genus Phytolacca, Pokeweed. 
525. Pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra (L.) 
ORDER CHENOPODIACEA—GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
Genus Chenopodium, Goosefoot. 
526. Pigweed, Chenopodium album (L.) 
527. Wormseed, C. Anthelminticum (a) 
ORDER AMARANTACEAS—AMARANTH FAMILY. 
Genus Amarantus, Amaranth. 
528. Careless Weed, Amarantus retroflexus (L.) 
529. —_—_-_———,, A. albus (L.) 
530. Thorny Amaranth, A. spinosus (Ez) 
ORDER POLYGONACEA2—BUCK WHEAT FAMILY. 
Genus Polygonum, Knotweed. 


531. Prince’s Feather, Polygonum orientale (L.) 

532. Smartweed, P. Hydropiper (L.) 

533. Water Smartweed, P. acre (H. B. Ka} 

534. Mild Water Pepper, P. hydropiperoides (Michx.) 
535. Virginia Water Pepper, P. Virginianum (L.) 


536. 
o7* 


538. 


539. 
540. 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 51 


Door-weed, P. aviculare (L.) 
———_—_—_——., Var. erectum (L.) 
Black Biedweed. P. convolvulus (Roth.) 


-, P. dumetorum (L.) 


Climbing False Buckwheat, Var. scandens (L.) 


Genus Rumex, Dock. 


541. 
542. 
543. 
544. 
545. 


Pale Dock, Rumex Brittanica (L.) 
Curled. Doek, R. crispus (L.) 


Smaller Green Dock, R. conglomeratus (Murray.) 


Bloody-veined Dock, R. sanguineus (L.) 
Field Sorrel, R. Acetosella (L.) 


ORDER LAURACEAS—LAUREL FAMILY. 


Genus Sassafras, Sassafras. 

546. Sassafras, Sassafras officinale (Nees.) 
Genus Lindera, Wild Allspice. 

547. Spicewood, Lindera Benzoin (Meisner.) 


548. 


-Spicewood, L. melisszefolia (Blume. ) 


ORDER THYMELEACEA—MEZEREUM FAMILY. 


Genus Dirca, 
549. Leathaewsad: Dirca palustris (L.) 


ORDER LORANTHACEAE~ MISTLETOE FAMILY. 


Genus Phoradendron, False Mistletoe. [( Nutt.) 
550. American © Mistletoe, Phoradendron  flavescens 


ORDER EUPHORBIACEAS—SPURGE FAMILY. 


Genus Euphorbia, Spurge: 


pees 


, Euphorbia maculata (L.) 
iS Typerticitotia (lL. ) 
———, E. dictyosperma (F. & M.) 

EE. corollata Gee 
, E. commutata (Engelm.) 


Genus Acalypha, Three-seeded Mercury. 
556. —___—_———,, Acalypha Caroliniana (L.) 


557: 
558. 


—_—_——__—— , A. Virginica (Walt.) 


————, Var. gracilens. 


Genus Tragta, Tragta. 


559: 


—_—_-———.,, Tragia macrocarpa (Willd.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES, 


Genus Carya, Hickory. 
579. Pecan-nut, Carya oliveformis (Nutt.) 
580. Shell-bark Hickory, C. alba (Nutt.) 
581. Small-fruited Hickory, C, microcarpa (Nutt.) 


33 


582. Large-fruited Shell-bark Hickory, C. sulcata (Nutt.) 


583. Mocker-nut, C. tomentosa (Nutt.) 
584. Pig-nut Hickory, C. porcina (Nutt.) 
585. Swamp Hickory, C. amara (Nutt.) 


ORDER CUPULIFERHZ—OAK FAMILY. 
Genus Quercus, Oak. 
586. White Oak, Quercus alba (L.) 
587. Post-oak, Q. obtusiloba (Michx.) 
588. Bur-oak, Q. macrocarpa (Michx.) 
589. Swamp White Oak, Q. bicolor (Willd.) 
590. White Chestnut-oak, Q. Prinus (L.) 
591. Mountain Chestnut-oak, Q. montana (Willd.) 
592. Yellow Chestnut-oak, Q. Muhlenbergi (Michx.) 
593. Laurel Oak, Q. imbricaria (Michx.) 
594. Black-Jack Oak, Q. nigra (L.) 
595. Spanish Oak, Q. falcata (Michx.) 
596. Scarlet Oak, Q. coccinea (Wang.) 
597. Black Oak, Q. tinctoria (Bartram.) 
598. Red Oak, Q. rubra (L.) 
Genus Castanea, Chestnut. 


599. American Chestnut, Castanea vesca (L.) 


Genus Fagus, Beech. 
600. Red Beech, Fagus ferruginea (Ait.) 
601. White Beech, F. sylvatica (L.) 
Genus Corylus, Hazel-nut. 
602. Wild Hazel-nut, Corylus Americana (Walt.) 


Genus Ostrya, Flop Hornbeam. 
603. Iron-wood, Ostrya Virginica (Willd.) 


Genus Carpinus, Hornbeam. 
604. Hornbeam, Carpinus Americana (Michx.) 


54 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


ORDER BETULACE#—BIRCH FAMILY. 
Genus Alnus, Alder. 
605. Smooth Alder, Alnus serrulata (Ait.) 


- ORDER SALICACEZZ2—WILLOW FAMILY. 
Genus Salix, Willow. 
G06. oe ee Sale fish (Ait.) 
607. Black Willow, S. nigra (Marsh.) 
608. White Willow, S. alba (L.) 
Genus Populus, Poplar. 
609. American Aspen, Populus tremuloides (Michx.) 
610. Necklace Poplar, P. monilifera (Ait.) 
——, P. balsamiferra (L.) 


611. Balm of Gilead, Var. candicans (Ait.) 
612. Silver-leaf Poplar, P. alba (L.) 


ORDER CONIFERAS—PINE FAMILY. 
Genus Pinus, Pine. ‘ 
613. Scrub Pine, Pinus inops (Ait.) 
614. Yellow Pine, P. mitis (Michx.) 
Genus Juniperus, Juniper. 
615. Red Cedar, Juniperus Virginiana (L.) 


ORDER ARACEH—ARUM FAMILY. 
Genus Arisema, Indian Turnip. 
616. Indian Turnip, Ariseema triphyllum (Torr.) 
617. Dragon-root, A. Dracontium (Schott. ) 
Genus Acorus, Sweet Flag. 
618. Calamus, Acorus Calamus (L.) 
ORDER LEMNACEAS—DUCKWEED FAMILY. 
Genus Lemna, Duckweed. 
619. Duck’s-meat, Lemna polyrrhiza (L.) 
ORDER TYPACEA—CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 


Genus Typha, ; 
620. Cat-tail Flag, Typha latifolia (L.) 
ORDER ORCHIDACEAS—ORCHIS FAMILY. 
Genus Spiranthes, Ladies’ Tresses. 
621, —__——_——,, Spiranthes gracilis (Bigelow.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 55 


Genus Bletia, Bletia. 
622. —________., Bletia aphylla (Nutt.) 
Genus Liparts, 
623. [Twayblade, iipanis liliifolia ( Rich.) 
Genus Corallorhiza, 
624. Coral-root; Comoe odontorhiza (Nutt.) 
Genus Cypripedium, Moccasin-flower. [cens ( Willd.) 
625. Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper, Cypripedium pubes- 
ORDER AMARYLLIDACEAS—AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 
Genus Agave, American Aloe. 
626. False Aloe, Agave Virginica (L.) 
Genus Hypoxys, Star-grass. 
627. —-—_—_—_,, Hyypoxys erecta (L.) 
ORDER HAMODORACEA—BLOODWORT FAMILY. 
Genus Aletris, Star-grass. 
628. Colic-root, Aletris farinosa (L.) 
ORDER ITRIDACEAS—IRIS FAMILY. 
Genus Irts, Flower-de-Luce. 
629. Large Blue Flag, Iris versicolor (L.) 
630. Crested Dwarf Iris, I. cristata (Ait.) 
Genus Pardanthus, Blackberry Lily. 
631. ————_————., Pardanthus Chinensis (Ker.) 


Genus Sesyrinchium, 
632. Blue-eyed Grass, Se adeniun Bermudiana (L.) 
ORDER DIOSCOREACEA—YAM FAMILY. 
Genus Dioscorea, Yam. 
633. Wild Yam-root, Dioscorea villosa (L.) 
ORDER SMILACEZ—SMILAX FAMILY. 
Genus Smilax, Catbrier. 
634. Greenbrier, Smilax rotundifolia (L.) 
635. ——______—__, S. glauca (Walt.) 
636, ——_—__-—_, 5. tamnoides (L.) 
637. Carrion Flower, S. herbacea (L.) 
ORDER LILIACEZ—LILY FAMILY. 
Genus Trillium, Three-leaved Nightshade. 
638. ——_—__—_-_—_—., Trillium sessile (L.) 


5) BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


035. ——-- - , T. recurvatum (ec) 
640. Wake Robin, T. grandiflorum (Salisb.) 
641. Purple Trillium, T. erectum (L.) 


642. , Var. declinatum. 
Genus Uvularia, Bellwort. 

643. —__————, Uvularia perfoliata (L.) 

644, —_—+- —__—_———_.,. U. Sessiliow (ba) 


Genus Convallaria, 


645. Lilly of the Walley. Convallaria majalis (L.) 


Genus Smtlacina, False Solomon's Seat. 
646. False Spikenard, Smilacina racemosa (Desf.) 


Genus Polygonatum, Solomon's Seal. CB) 
647. Smaller Solomon’s Seal, Polygonatum biflorum 
648. Great Solomon’s Seal, P. giganteum ( Dietrich.) 


Genus Erythronium, Dog’ s-tooth Violet. [canum (Smith.) 
649. Yellow Dog’s-tooth Violet, Erythronium Ameri- 
650. White Dog’s tooth Violet, E. albidum (Nutt. ) 


Genus Scilla, Squill. 
651. Wild Hyacinth, Scilla Fraseri (L.) 


Genus Allium, Onion. 

652. Wild Onion, Allium cernuum (Roth.) 

653. -—_——_—_—_., A. striatum (Jacq.) 

ORDER COMMELYNACE®—SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 

Genus Commelyna, 

654. Day Flower, Cammelyns Cayennensis (Rich. ) 

ORDER FILICES—FERNS. 

Genus Polypodium, Polypody. 

655. Scaly Polypody, Polypodium i incanum (Swartz. ) 


Genus Adiantum, Matdenhair. 
656. Maidenhair, Adiantum pedatum (L.) 
Genus Pterts, Bracken. 
657. Common Brake, Pteris aquilina (L.) 
Genus Cheilanthes, Lip Fern. 
658. Clothed Lip Fern, Cheilanthes vestita (Swartz.) 


WASHINGTON, AND MARION COUNTIES. 57 


Genus Pellea, Chiff Brake. 
659. Cliff Brake, Pellaa atropurpurea (Link.) 

Genus Asplentum, Spleenwort. [ (Nutt. ) 
660. Pinnatifid Spleenwort, Asplenium — pinnatifdum 
G6). — , A. ebenoides (R. RK. Scott.) 
662. Maidenhair Spleenwort, A. Trichomanes (L.) 
663. Ebony Spleenwort, A. ebeneum (Ait.) 
664. Small Ebony Spleenwort, A. parvulum (Eaton. ) 
665. Wall-rue Spleenwort, A. Ruta-muraria (L.) 
666. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort, A.angustilolium (Michx) 
667. Marsh Spleenwort, A. thelypteroides (Michx.) 
668. Lady Fern, A. Filix-foemina (Bernh.) 

Genus Camptosorus, Walking-leaf. : 
669. Walking-leaf, Camptosorus rhizophyllus (Link.) 

Genus Phegopterts, Beech Fern. 
670. Beech Fern, Phegopteris polypodioides (Fee.) 
671. Beech Fern, P. hexagonoptera (Pee) 

Genus Aspidium, Shield Fern. [(Swartz.) 
672. New York Shield Fern, Aspidium Noveboracense 
673. Marginal Shield Fern, A. marginale (Swartz.) 
674. Winter Fern, A. acrostichoides (Swartz.) 

Genus Cystopterts, Bladder Fern. [(Bernh.} 
675. Bulbous Bladder Fern, Cystopteris — bulbifera 

676. Common Bladder Fern, C. fragilis (Bernh.) 


Genus Onoclea, Sensitive Fern. 
77. Sensitive Fern, Onoclea sensibilis (L.) 
Genus Woodsta, Woodsta. 
678. Obtuse leaved Woodsia, Woodsia obtusa (Torr.) 
Genus Osmunda, Flowering Fern. 
679. Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis (L.) 
680. Cinnamon Fern, O. cinnamomea (L.) 
Genus Botrychium Moonwort. [(Swartz.) 
681. Virginia Moonwort, Botrychium Virginicum 
Ternate Moonwort, B. ternatum. 


682, ——_—___—_—, Va. obliquum (Milde.) 


52 BOTANY OF MADISON, LINCOLN, GARRARD, 


Genus Croton, Croton. 
560. Billy-goat Tea, Croton capitatus (Michx.) 
561. , C. monanthogynus (Michx.) 


ORDER URTICACEA—NETTLE FAMILY. 
Genus Ulmus, Film. 
562. Slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva (Michx.) 
563. White Elm, U. Americana (L.) 
564. Corky Elm, U. racemosa (Thomas.) 
565. Winged Elm, U. alata (Michx). 
Genus Planera, 


506, Planer Tree, Planera aquatica (Gmel. ) 


Genus Celtis, Nettle Tree. 
567. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis (L.) 
568. Small Hackberry, C. Mississippiensis (Bosc.) 


Genus Morus, Mulberry. 
569. Red Mulberry, Morus rubra (L.) 


Genus Urtica, Nettle. 


570. , Urtica dioica (L.) 
ee , U. chamezedryoides (Pursh.) 
Genus Laportea, Wood-netlle. [ichaud.) 


572. Stinging Nettle, Laportea Canadensis (Gaud- 


Genus Pilea, Richweed. 
573. Clearweed, Pilea pumila Salas 


Genus Cannabis, Hemp. 
574. Hemp, Cannabis sativa (L.) 


Genus Humulus, Flop. 
575. Wild Hop, Humulus Lupulus (L.) 
ORDER PLATANACEAS—PLANE-TREE FAMILY. 
Genus Platanus, Buttonwood. 
576. Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis (L.) 


ORDER JUGLANDACEE—WALNUT FAMILY, 
Genus Juglans, Walnut. 
577. Butternut, Juglans cinerea (L.) 
578. Black Walnut, J. nigra (L.)