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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

QUEENSLAND

FOR 1945

VOL. LVII.

ISSUED 21st APRIL. 1947.

PRICE ; FIFTEEN 8HILLINQ8.

Printed for the Society

by

A. H. TucKf'S,, Government Printer, Brisbane.

The Royal Society of Queensland.

Patron :

HIS EXCELLENCY, COLONEL THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR LESLIE
ORME WILSON, G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., P.C., D.S.O., LL.D.

OFFICERS, 1945.

President :

Professor H. J. WILKINSON, B.A., M.D., Ch.M.

Vice-Presidents :

F. A. PERKINS, B.Sc.Agr.
O. A. JONES, M.Sc.

Eon. Treasurer:
E. W. BICK.

Eon. Librarian:

R. PENNINGTON, B.A.

Eon. Secretary:

MARGARET I. R. SCOTT, M.Sc.

Eon. Editors:

S. T. BLAKE, M.Sc.

M. F. HICKEY, M.A., M.B., B.S.

Members of Council:

Professor J. BOSTOCK, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.M., F R.A.C.P.,
M. WHITE, M.Sc., Ph.D., A.A.C.I., H. J. G. HINES, B.Sc.,
S. B. WATKINS, M.Sc., E. M. SHEPHERD, B.E.

Trustees :

F. BENNETT, B.Sc., J. B. HENDERSON, F.I.C., and
A. J. TURNER, M.D., F.R.E.S.

Eon. Auditor:

L. P. HERDSMAN.

Bankers :

COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA.

CONTENTS

Vol. LYII.

No. 1. — The Mosquito Problems of Queensland. By F. A. Perkins,
B.Sc.Agr. (Issued separately, 9th October, 1946) . .

No. 2. — A Marine Early Cretaceous Fauna from Stanwell
(Rockhampton District). By F. W. Whitehouse , Ph.D.,
D.Sc. ( Lt.-Col ., B.A.E.). (Issued separately, 9th October,
1946)

No. 3. — Contributions to the Queensland Flora, No. 9, By C. T.
White. (Issued separately, 9th October, 1946)

No. 4. — The Origin, Distribution, and Mode of Occurrence of Mica
in Central Australia. By H. I. Jensen, D.Sc. (Issued
separately, 20th January, 1947)

No. 5. — Notes on Australian Muscoidea, VI. By G. H. Hardy.
(Issued separately, 20th January, 1947)

No. 6. — Revision of the Australian Psychidae (Lepidoptera). By
A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.B.E.S. (Issued separately,
20th January, 1947)

Flo. 7. — Contributions to our Knowledge of Australian Micro-
lepidoptera. By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.B.E.S. (Issued
separately, 20th January, 1947)

No. 8. — T. L. Bancroft Memorial Lecture. By H. J. G. Hines, B.Sc.
(Issued separately, 20th January, 1947)

Miscellaneous Notes

Report of Council

Abstract of Proceedings

List of Library Exchanges

Pages.

1-6

7-20

21-36

37-52

53-56

57-64

65-74

75-78

79

v-vi

VII-XVI

XVII-XX

List of Members

xxi-xxvi

Vol. LVIL, No. 1.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Queensland.

Presidential Address :

>THE MOSQUITO PROBLEMS OF QUEENSLAND.

By F. A. Perkins. B.Sc.Agr., Department of Biology, University of

Queensland.

(Delivered before the Royal Society of Queensland, 2 6t/i March, 1945.)

INTRODUCTION.

As retiring President, I should like to pay a tribute to the Hon.
Secretary and the members of the Council for their assistance during
the past year. As a general rule, the success achieved by a Society
depends very largely on the enthusiasm and ability of the executive,
and the Royal Society of Queensland is no exception to this rule.

During the year the death occurred of Dr. J. Lockhart Gibson, who
first became a member of the Society in 1923. He was one of the leaders
of the medical profession in Queensland and the author of many scientific
papers and treatises. The support of a man so high in the medical
profession was an asset to the Society, and his death is deeply
regretted.

For many years the library of the Society has been housed in
University buildings, and meetings held in University lecture rooms.
In the near future, the University is to be removed to St. Lucia, and
the present arrangement will no longer be in the best interests of the
Society. Moreover, as the premier scientific Society in the State, it must
start to make preparations for expansion after the war. The first
essential is a permanent home for the library and a central meeting
place. As usual, lack of money is the main obstacle in the way of such
a development, an obstacle which will be difficult to overcome. The
incoming council will be well advised to give this matter very earnest
consideration. The accommodation problem within the University is
rapidly approaching a critical state, and it is quite possible that in the
very near future the Society will be asked at very short notice to make
other arrangements to house its library. Suggestions the incoming
Council might consider are: — (1) The establishment of a building
fund; (2) a campaign to obtain financial assistance from members and
other influential people in the community: and (3) requests to the
State and Commonwealth Governments for aid.

It will take several years to make adequate provision for the future,
and a start should be made at the earliest possible moment.

THE MOSQUITO PROBLEMS OF QUEENSLAND.

In the first place, it is necessary to draw attention to the title of
this address. The plural is used deliberately, because in Queensland,
and elsewhere, mosquitoes constitute not one, but several problems. One
of the chief reasons why more has not been done to control mosquitoes
in Queensland is the fact that they have been regarded as one big

2

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

problem. Anyone starting out to control all the mosquitoes in a large
area is faced with an almost hopeless task requiring an expenditure of
millions of pounds, an abundance of labour, and endless patience. The
result is that such a campaign is rarely started, or soon discontinued.
There are at least three distinct problems, each of wvhich is caused by a
separate complex of species, each affecting the community in a different
way, and each requiring specialised methods of control. These three
problems can be described as follows, and will be considered in
detail —

(a) The Domestic Mosquito Problem;

(b) The Freshwater Mosquito Problem;

(c) The Saltwater Mosquito Problem.

(a) The Domestic Mosquito Problem.

The complex of mosquitoes responsible for this problem comprises
those breeding in city and suburban areas, in and adjacent to dwellings.
From the point of view of the majority of the people of Queensland,
this is the most important problem of the three. It is associated with
the spread of human diseases, and also with the existence of a very
definite nuisance. There are two important species of mosquito
responsible for this problem, and it is desirable and convenient to treat
them separately.

Perhaps the more important of the two is the Dengue mosquito
(Aedes aegypti). This cosmopolitan mosquito is well established
throughout Queensland and is responsible for periodical epidemics of
Dengue Fever. It is probably the most domesticated of all mosquitoes
and appears to have a definite preference for human blood. As a rule
it breeds only in vessels containing comparatively clean rain- or tap-
water. Tanks, faulty guttering, old tins, vases, rubber tyres, &c., are
the usual breeding places. Any artificial container capable of holding
water for a week or more is likely to breed this mosquito. Although
Aedes aegypti , which is essentially a day-biting mosquito, is a cause of
real discomfort, it is considered first because it is the chief carrier of
Dengue Fever, which has been all too common in Queensland during the
last few years. Dengue Fever is not a fatal disease, except, perhaps,
in the case of very young children, but it seriously affects the life and
health of the community. During the last few years, probably aided by
the war, it has been unusually prevalent; and unless a drastic change
occurs in the attitude of the householder, it will continue to cause a
great deal of loss of time and money. On the average a case of Dengue
means two or three visits by a doctor, medicine, and usually about two
weeks away from work. In one coastal town a firm engaged on war-
work lost 27,000 man-days from Dengue alone at a time when both the
firm and the country could ill afford the loss.

Control of Aedes aegypti.

The control of this mosquito is not difficult, and a determined
effort by members of the community could obtain most satisfactory
results in two to three years. As with all mosquito problems, under
peace-time conditions Aedes aegypti can be controlled by the permanent
elimination of all natural breeding-places. Perhaps the greatest single
factor in the maintenance of this mosquito in our midst is the prevalence
of large numbers of tanks not adequately protected from mosquitoes.
During the war, when labour and materials are not available, there is
some excuse for this state of affairs; but after the war, renovation of
house-tanks should receive very early consideration. It is to be hoped

THE MOSQUITO PROBLEMS OF QUEENSLAND.

3

that in future the house-tank will not continue to be a feature of Queens-
land architecture. In many towns, tanks are still a regular feature, in
spite of the fact that the town water-supply is quite soft enough for
ordinary domestic purposes. When the town water is hard, water-
softening, either at the source or in the home, will do away 'with the
necessity for a tank. From the point of view of mosquito control this
is most desirable; but it is also desirable for economic reasons, for the
upkeep and frequent need for replacement involves a heavy drain on
the house-owner. Also, tanks at their best are ugly, and the sooner their
use is discontinued the better.

The other important domestic species is Cxdex fatigans, the common
brown house mosquito. Like Aedes aegypti, it is found all over the world
and is well established throughout Australia. Culex fatigans is a night-
biter and throughout the summer is responsible for most of the mosquito
worry in houses and other dwellings. During the early years of the war,
in most of the camps in eastern Australia, this mosquito definitely
affected the efficiency of the men, causing loss of sleep, worry and fatigue.
Its nuisance is of more importance than its ability to carry disease. How-
ever, it is the chief vector of a disease known as Filariasis, which,
according to a survey made in 1926, is rather common in the coastal
towns of Queensland. In that survey, the average percentage of people
infected with Filariasis was 12 per cent. Amongst the native population
of many of the islands of the S.W. Pacific slightly more than 20 per
cent, have been found to be infected with some form of Filariasis.

Cidex fatigans is essentially a domestic species and breeds in
polluted water in and adjacent to towns and villages. The common
breeding-places are holes and gutters, and drains contaminated by the
sullage water from the kitchen. In many country towns the main town
sewer is run into a nearby creek, which becomes a permanent breeding-
place, producing enough mosquitoes to infest the vdiole towui area.
Gully-traps, small domestic drains, and small holes and tins containing
polluted water are all likely to breed this mosquito. It is most prolific,
and in a suitable water a single random scoop with an ordinary soup
ladle has yielded over 2,300 larvae.

Control of Culex fatigans.

Permanent control can only be achieved by the elimination of every
breeding-place in the city and suburbs and for a radius of about three
to four miles beyond the limits of the town area. It should be the
responsibility of the ratepayer to eliminate all breeding-places on his
own property. The Council or Shire should undertake the construction
of water-channelling, the extension and control of the town sewrer, and
the elimination of all breeding-places on vacant unclaimed land.

Considering the domestic mosquito problem as a whole, the most
essential requirement for its control is to educate the members of the
community to realise their duty and obligation in the matter. Any town,
provided the ratepayers have been taught what, to do and wffiy it is
necessary, can eradicate the domestic mosquitoes in five years. It is the
one problem which can be solved in a relatively short time. The weak
point is the difficulty in educating the adult section of the community.
Health inspectors can do a great deal, but they will have to be assisted
by a very intensive campaign, making use of the press, radio, and other
general means of propaganda. The campaign must be persevered with
for a number of years.

More success will probably be obtained by concentrating on school
children, and such a campaign has already commenced. The school child

4

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

learns more quickly, is more capable of receiving new ideas, and if he
develops the right attitude on mosquito control in his school days, that
attitude is likely to persist throughout his adult life. It is quite possible
that the ratepayer will be influenced more by his children than by direct
methods.

(6) The Freshwater Mosquito Problem.

Included in this problem are all the mosquitoes breeding in fresh
water other than the domestic species. Quite a variety of breeding-
places is involved, including small creeks, lagoons, swamps, rock-pools
and tree-holes. Of the 80-100 species of mosquitoes breeding in fresh
water, only five species can be considered as important. The other
species bite occasionally but are not sufficiently numerous to warrant
control measures. The important species are as follows: —

1. Anopheles annuUpes. This mosquito is found in all parts of
Australia and usually breeds in fresh, clean water containing aquatic
vegetation and exposed to sunlight. At times, it occurs in very large
numbers and bites viciously out of doors at dusk and for a few hours
afterwards. This species is an efficient vector of malaria and is
probably responsible for most of the cases of malaria contracted south
of Cairns.

2. Anopheles punctulatus. This species occurs in North Queens-
land, the southern limit being about Ingham. It breeds in a wide range
of breeding-places, particularly in man-made parts, such as wheel- ruts,
borrow-pits and other small excavations. It can also breed in brackish
pools exposed to sunlight. The adult mosquito readily enters dwellings
and bites from dusk to dawn. As a general rule it does not remain
indoors very long after it has taken a blood meal.

This species and its close relatives are the most efficient carriers of
malaria in the S.W. Pacific and it was responsible for the epidemics in
Cairns (1942) and New Guinta. The fact that it appears to show some
preference for seeking a blood meal indoors is possibly the main reason
why it is more important as a carrier of malaria than Anopheles
annulipes.

3. The third species in this complex is Culex annidirostris. It is a
very common mosquito out of doors throughout Eastern Australia, but
not as a rule found in large numbers indoors. It becomes very active at
dusk and continues to bite viciously throughout the night. This species
breeds in freshwater creeks, lagoons and in any clean water containing
an abundance of vegetation. Usually it is associated with Anopheles
annulipes. Sometimes, where a large freshwater creek or swamp occurs
close to dwellings, this mosquito can almost be regarded as a domestic
species and under such conditions is associated with Culex fatigans. It
is not considered that Culex annulirostris plays any important role in the
spread of disease; but it may be a real nuisance in urban and suburban
areas.

4. Two other species sometimes occurring in large numbers in
Queensland are Mansonia uniformis and Mansonia xanthogaster. Both
these species occur in fresh water containing aquatic vegetation, and their
larvae are noted for their peculiar habit of remaining attached to the
roots of aquatic plants for long periods. The siphon of the larva is
inserted into the root and the larva is able to tap the air contained in
the root, and at the same time is free to obtain food from the water.
The adults of these species are vicious biters day and night, both in and
out of dwellings. Mansonia xanthogaster is a smooth blood-red mosquito,
the conspicuous colour attracting attention whenever it is prevalent.

THE MOSQUITO PROBLEMS OP QUEENSLAND. O

Mansonia umformis is known to be an efficient carrier of Filaria spp.
and consequently is of some medical importance.

Control of Freshwater Species.

With regard to the control of these freshwater species, the problem
is divided into two distinct parts — ( a ) In the neighbourhood of Cairns
and further north, where Anopheles punctulatus is endemic, every
endeavour will have to be made to keep this species in check to eliminate
the possibility of epidemics of malaria. It is to be hoped that arrange-
ments will be made to retain permanently one or two of the Army
Malaria Control Units. If such a course is adopted, malaria will be kept
in check in the only bad area in Queensland, a very satisfactory training
organisation will be maintained for anti-malarial work, and trained
personnel will be available immediately in the event of another war.
(&) South of Cairns, control of freshwater mosquitoes is not justified.
To attempt such a task would require the expenditure of millions of
pounds, and their importance does not warrant such an outlay. None
of the freshwater species are important vectors of disease and the
nuisance they create, except on the fringe of larger towns or in country
villages, is not sufficiently great to need elaborate control measures.

(c) The Saltwater Problem.

This problem is easily the biggest of the three and its solution
most difficult and costly. Several species are considered to be saltwater
species, but the following are the most important: —

(1) Aedes vigilax. This exceedingly common species is found
throughout the coastal areas of Queensland. It breeds in countless
millions in the salt and brackish water swamps which are only too
common on our coast. The shallow swampy areas behind the mangroves,
particularly where, for some reason or other, fish are prevented from
gaining access to the swamp, are the usual breeding-place of this
mosquito. The adults appear to fly or be carried by winds into the
coastal towns, and occur in such large numbers as to make life unbear-
able. To give some idea of the abundance of this species, it can now be
stated that it was frequently used in experiments to test mosquito
repellents. In such experiments biting frequencies of over 200 a minute
were quite common. Although it frequently bites indoors, the usual
habitat is out of doors, particularly in gardens and similar situations,
where it bites viciously day and night. Aedes vigilax is not considered
to be very important as a carrier of disease, but it is a very great
nuisance, and eventually the permanent control of this species will have>
to be attempted.

(2) Culex sitiens. This mosquito is usually found associated with
Aedes vigilax, but does not occur in such large numbers. The habits of
both larvae and adult are similar to those of Aedes vigilax, and. again it
is important because of its nuisance effect and not because of its relation
to disease.

(3) Mucidus alternans. AVell known to all Queenslanders as the
“Scotch Grey”, this mosquito is usually associated with Aedes vigilax
and Culex sitiens. The larvae of Mucidus alternans are predaceous and
usually feed on the larvae of Aedes vigilax and similar species. The
mosquito itself is a large brown and white mosquito, the extraordinary
size invariably creating a great impression on the person being bitten.
Actually the pain of-rthe bite is not as sharp as that of Aedes vigilax,
a much smaller mosquito.

(4) Anopheles amid us. This species appears to take the place
of Anopheles annulipes, which is not often found in brackish water.

B

6

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Anopheles amictus is known to be capable of transmitting malaria; but
except perhaps in the far north it is unlikely to play any great part in
initiating or maintaining an epidemic. It is also capable of acting
as a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti (the cause of Filariasis) and
consequently is of potential, if not actual, medical importance.

Control of Saltwater Species.

The control of the saltwater species mentioned above is a very big
and difficult problem. At a conservative estimate approximately 3,000
square miles of breeding-grounds exist along the coast of Queensland. To
obtain satisfactory results, breeding must be eliminated permanently;
and the only efficient method of doing this is by a well-designed series
of drains and ditches accompanied by levelling and filling where
required. The cost of such an undertaking is very difficult to estimate,
but it would certainly amount to several thousand pounds per square
mile. Any attempt to control the saltwater mosquitoes throughout
Queensland is quite out of the question, but in a limited number of
small selected areas a beginning should be made. To the east of most
of the larger coastal towns breeding areas exist, and these are responsible
for most of the nuisance caused by the saltwater mosquitoes. It is quite
feasible and desirable for control work to be initiated in these areas, and
although noticeable results will not be obtained for some years, such
work is well worthwhile. Eventually the small controlled areas would
be linked up, and in the distant future some degree of permanent
control may be achieved.

On this saltwater problem, it is essential for the community to
develop a long-range view and to be prepared to meet the expense of
control measures, the results of which will not become apparent for
many years. Only permanent control measures should be carried out
and any attempt to undertake temporary control by weekly spraying
or other such methods should not be allowed. Temporary control is
inefficient and, in the long run, uneconomical. While on this point it is
probably wise to comment on the publicity given to D.D.T. in the press
recently. While D.D.T. has given excellent service under Army con-
ditions, its use for peace-time control is definitely limited. In the
prevention of mosquito breeding, D.D.T. can only be used as a temporary
measure of control, and has the same disadvantages as all other
temporary measures.

It is hoped that the above brief summary has made it quite clear
that there are at least three distinct mosquito problems. The most
important is the domestic problem, because of its association with serious
mosquito-borne diseases. Fortunately there is no reason why it should
not be solved in a few years provided the ratepayers, local authorities
and citizens co-operate and support a determined and sustained
campaign.

The freshwater problem, although big, is comparatively unimportant,
and at present does not warrant any time or expense being devoted to it.

The saltwater problem is a very big one and we must realise that
its solution will not come in our time. An attempt should be made to
start a control campaign which will bring results in the distant future.
Unfortunately, the citizen who does not understand that there are three
problems is discouraged by the presence of saltwater mosquitoes and
will not give his support to the control of the domestic species, which
affect his health and comfort to a much greater extent than the salt-
water species. Only a long-sustained educational campaign can correct
this state of affairs.

Vol. LVII., No. 2.

7

A MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA
FROM STANWELL ( ROCKHAMPTON
DISTRICT).

By F. W. Whitehouse, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lt.-Col., R.A.E.).

Department of Geology, University of Queensland.

Received March 12th, 1945; tabled before the Society 21th August, 1945;
issued separately, 9th October, 1946.

(Plate 1).

Summary. — A small molluscan fauna of early Cretaceous age is described from
a bed at Stanwell that apparently is within the Stanwell Coal Measures. The fauna
is typical of the Valanginian (?) Trigonia beds of the Indo-Pacifie region and, with
other evidence, makes the Lower Cretaceous history of Eastern Australia closely
parallel with that of India and of East and South Africa. From this evidence it
would appear that the Stanwell Coal Measures may be later than has been thought
— equivalent to the Blythesdale (pre-Aptian Cretaceous) and not Walloon (mid to
late Jurassic) Series. This is not at variance with the floral evidence.

Some years ago Mr. J. H. Reid, District Geologist for Central
Queensland, discovered marine mollusca on Portions 128 and 129,
Parish of Stanwell, a locality about 20 miles W.S.W. of Rockhampton.
There were many fragments, but few good specimens, preserved in a
hard, brownish, calcareous sandstone.

Quite apart from its local importance in being evidence of marine
Cretaceous conditions in a region far removed from other such beds,
the collection is of unusual general interest in being the first record
in Australia of a fauna, widespread in Indo-Pacific regions, that has
given rise in recent times to a considerable controversy. Three questions
arise : What precisely is the age of the fauna ; how are the beds related
locally to other sedimentary series; and what are the general palaeo-
geographical and stratigraphical relations to the Indo-Pacific region at
large ?

THE AGE OF THE FAUNA.

The decisive elements of the fauna are Iotrigonia limatula and
Pisotrigonia sp. These are members of a fauna rich in peculiar
Trigonias, that occurs only in the Indo-Pacific region. The trigoniid
genera have not been recognised in Europe. The Pisotrigonia at this
locality, although it has been collected only in fragments, is quite typical.
Trigonias with V-shaped ribbing, as is noted below, appear at several
horizons in the Jurassic and Cretaceous; but the type of V-ribbing in
7. limatula is not known in any group other than that of Iotrigonia.
Other features of the test agree, so that this assemblage may be correlated
confidently with the Iotrigonia and Pisotrigonia faunas of the Uitenhage
and Oomia beds.

The other elements of the fauna, although giving no precise evidence
of age, are of groups that are found or may be found in those faunas.
Pseudomonotis and Hibolites begin well down in the Jurassic and last
until the Aptian. Panope is essentially Cretaceous ; but it is very similar
to Jurassic and Cretaceous Pleuromya and details of the hinge that
distinguish the two genera are not shown in these specimens. Indotri-
gonia is another element of the Iotrigonia faunas in Kachh and East

C

8

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Africa. However there is no certainty that the imperfectly preserved
form now figured as I. (?) sp. is a true member of the genus; so
that the record, being indefinite, does not confirm the evidence of’ the
two other Trigonias in the collection although it does not oppose it.

This fauna, then, may be regarded as equivalent to that of the
Uitenhage and Oomia beds. It gives no new evidence about the age
of those faunas ; but the evidence that they give mav be used in niacin0,
the Stanwell bed.

The previous palaeontological evidence has been presented in great
detail by Kitchin, particularly in his last papers (1926 and 1929). In
one region this fauna is known definitely to be of Valanginian age —
the Uitenhage beds, with a decisive ammonite fauna. In Patagonia,
elements of the fauna are found with Neocomian ammonites; though
it has not been made clear at present to which division of the Neocomian
they belong. At other localities they are known to be pre-Aptian or
post-Upper Jurassic, or both. At Kachh, for instance (see Spath 1930,
p. 137), the sequence is as follows: —

Ukra Hill beds (with Aptian ammonites).

Sandstones — several hundred feet thick, 'k

Trigonia bed. i Oomia beds.

Sandstones — several hundred feet thick. J
Dhosa Oolite (with Lower Tithonian ammonites).

In Zululand the fauna occurs at some unstated distance below beds
with Aptian ammonites. At Tendaguru, as Kitchin has shown, the
beds with indigenous Trigonias are pre-Aptian and occur with apparently
derived Kimmeridgian ammonites.

In the Malone formation of Texas, elements of this fauna occur.
Kimmeridgian ammonites are present (like Tendaguru) but the lamelli-
branchs are of Cretaceous facies (Kitchin 1926). Kitchin has suggested
that here, and in Tendaguru, there is an admixture of endemic and
derived fossils.

These faunas are, at the earliest, late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) and
are pre-Aptian. With Kitchin, one may agree that they are so similar
as to form a stratigraphical unit; and since they are known to be
Valanginian in South Africa, a Valanginian or near- Valanginian age
may be assumed provisionally for the fauna.

A marine Hauterivian horizon (with Simbirskites ) is recorded
with some doubt1 from elsewhere in Queensland (near Morven) where,
as at Stanwell, the bed wmuld occur within a pre-Aptian lacustrine

1 The history of this record is as follows: — In the collections of the Queensland
Museum a group of five fossils, cemented with commercial cement, bears the locality
label ‘ ‘ Victoria Downs, Morven ’ \ The exhibit has been in the Museum for several
decades, but there is no record of how acquired. The ammonites (see Whitehouse
1927, p. Ill) are typically Hauterivian. The other shells are a species of Leptomarui.
No further material has been brought in from this region.

Victoria Downs was a property of some 200 square miles in area on which
richly fossiliferous Aptian beds with ammonites (Roma Series) are underlain con-
formably by lacustrine beds (Blythesdale Series). It is thus a likely locality.

In preservation the specimens are so like the Simbirskites from North Germany,
and specific relations are so close with North Germany forms, as Etheridge (1909)
noted, that a little uneasiness is felt about the locality record. No geologist yet
has searched the property for pre-Aptian fossils.

A MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA. 9

series. If the record should prove correct, the possibility #mst be con-
sidered that these two faunas are equivalent — whereupon the Iotrigonia
faunas might persist to the Hauterivian. But not only is the Morven
record doubtful but no species or genera are common to the two very
meagre collections. Thus for the present it is advisable to conclude
that the Iotrigonia fauna is Yalanginian (or near-Valanginian), but
that at least one other Neocomian marine incursion may have taken
place into the pre-Aptian lacustrine area of Queensland.

LOCAL ASPECTS.

Mr. Reid states that the bed with the fossils is apparently not more
than one foot in thickness and is interbedded in sandstones that are
presumed to be part of the Mesozoic sediments of the Stanwell coal
basin; and that the locality is but 100 feet from the prominent east-
west “ Stanwell fault” where the Mesozoic beds to the south are vertical
and in juxtaposition with andesites of the Lower Bowen (Permian)
volcanics to the north.

The rocks of the Stanwell area have been described by Dunstan
(1898). The major portions of the sediments, covering an area of
approximately 70 square miles, are sandstones, shales and coals of the
Stanwell Coal Measures. They have a minimum thickness of 700 feet
and have yielded the following flora2 which Walkom has determined
to be of Jurassic age :

Equisetites cf. rajmahalensis O. and M.

Taeniopteris spatulata McClell.

T. spatulata var. major Seward.

T. crassmervis (Feist.) Walkom.

T. tenison-woodsii (Eth. fil.) Dun.

PTiyllopteris feistmantelii Eth. fil.

Ptilophyllum pecten (Phillips) Seward.

Araucarites polycarpa (Ten.-Woods) Walkom.

Elatocladus planus (Feist.) Walkom.

Apart from the region beside the fault, the Mesozoic beds in this
basin are horizontal or very slightly dipping, dips not exceeding 10°.

Dunstan also records horizontal “ Desert Sandstone” beds lying
unconformably on the Stanwell Coal Measures though none are shown
in his map near the new fossil locality. The lithology of the Desert
Sandstone was not discussed. A passing reference stated that it is
ferruginous. Unfortunately, the term “ Desert Sandstone” has been
used in Queensland for a great variety of material, including, more
commonly than anything else, remnant of old lateritic soils. The refer-
ence to the ferruginous nature of the “ Desert Sandstone” suggests
that these also may be lateritic remnants.

It is not likely that the fossiliferous bed is part of the “Desert
Sandstone.” The hard, highly calcareous, brown sandstone is very
typical of Mesozoic series of sundry ages in Queensland and quite
unlike anything that any worker has placed in the 1 £ Desert Sandstone. ’ ’
As Reid has indicated in an unpublished communication, it is probable
that the sediments are part of the Stanwell Coal Measures.

2 Determinations by Walkom in his papers of 1915 and 1917.

10

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

If that is so and the age of the bed be accepted as lower Cretaceous,
what then is the age of these coal measures generally? It may be
pointed out that of the nine species of fossil plants mentioned above,
upon which Walkom based a Jurassic age for the Series, no less than
six are long-ranged forms — occurring not only in definitely Jurassic beds
but described also by Walkom (1918 and 1919) in beds of unques-
tionably Cretaceous age elsewhere in Queensland3. The three excep-
tions are Taeniopteris spatulata var. major, Phyllopteris feistmantelii
and Taeniopteris crassinervis. Of these the first is merely a variety
of a species that occurs both in the Stan well flora and in the Cretaceous
floras described by Walkom. Then it should be noted that Walkom
(1919, p. 23), when describing Phyllopteris lanceolata from the
Cretaceous rocks of the Burrum Series, stated that “it is possible that
P. lanceolata is a later, modified form of P. feistmantelii.”

Thus there is nothing against either of these two species being
of Lower Cretaceous age. There remains Taeniopteris crassinervis.
Taeniopteris is of course a form-genus, but nevertheless, as such, ranges
from Permian to Lower Cretaceous. Forms that are identified in
Queensland as of this species belong to at least three natural genera
(including Yabeiella) . Apart from this one record all the macro-
taeniopterids in Queensland are from beds of early Triassic age — the
Esk Series and the early part of the Ipswich Series. They are not
known locally in beds that are undoubtedly Jurassic.

Species, like the Stanwell species, with infrequent dichotomous
branching of the veins, occur in both Jurassic and Cretaceous beds
elsewhere ( e.g the lower Cretaceous beds of the Weald in England and
of Maryland in North America). Only its size makes it unusual for a
Cretaceous form — it reaches a diameter of five inches. I know of no
other Cretaceous Taeniopteris more than two inches wide — larger forms
that have been recorded in Cretaceous rocks as Taeniopteris (or Macro-
taeniopteris ) are usually Nilssonia.

In the nature of such evidence there is little against the flora
being of Lower Cretaceous age ; and accordingly it is suggested that
these Coal Measures generally are early Cretaceous — of Valanginian
or near- Valanginian age. That is, in the local record, they may be
regarded as approximate equivalents of the upper part of the Tiaro
Series and of the Blythesdale Series generally, both of which lie below
beds with Aptian ammonites.

PALAEOGEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS.

Lower Cretaceous marine beds now are known at two localities4
along the east coast of Queensland — in the Maryborough-Bundaberg
region where Lower Aptian marine beds interrupt a succession of
Coal Measures; and here at Stanwell where Valanginian (?) beds also
apparently are within a coal measure sequence.

The general geological history of the Lower Cretaceous of Queens-
land now becomes markedly similar to that of South and East Africa
and of India. In all these regions the earliest Cretaceous sediments are

3 The latter plants came from the Maryborough Series where they are inter -
bedded in marine shales with Aptian ammonites ( Australiceras ) ; from the Burrum
Series that overlies the Maryborough Series; and from the Styx River Series that
has, in addition, dicotyledonous plants.

4 That is, excluding remnants in Cape York Peninsula in the far north of
Queensland.

- A -MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA. 11

lacustrine beds, chiefly sandstones, in which Valanginian ( ?) beds with
the lotrigonia fauna are a transient marine phase. Then follow marine
Aptian sediments and then, after an interval, marine Upper Albian. The
possibility of a marine Hauterivian incursion in Queensland raises the
question whether other transient Neocomian marine phases may be
present.

Such is the similarity of succession. There is also a similarity of
faunas. The faunal agreement throughout this province of the first
marine phase has been noted. Although the relationships are most
marked with India and Africa, representatives of this limited Trigonia
assembly are known in the N.W. Himalayas, Kachh, Coconda (east coast
of India), Madagascar, Tanganyika, Zululand, South Africa, as well as
in Patagonia, Chile, Bolivia and Texas. The similarity continues. Little
is known at present of the Aptian faunas of Africa and India; but
records from Zululand by Rennie (1936) of Toxoceratoides,
Australiceras, T'ropaeum arctiou\m , etc., suggest that there may be a
close comparison with the Aptian beds (Roma Series) of Queensland.

In the Upper Albian the faunal similarities between East Africa
and Eastern Australia are particularly marked, as Spath (1925) and I
(Whitehouse, 1926) have shown. Several of the ammonite genera are
common to those regions and are known nowhere else.

As a further link, reference may be made again to the belemnite
family Dimitobelidae (Whitehouse, 1924) which is restricted to the
Indo-Pacific region (India, Australia and New Zealand), and to the
genus Maccoyella (chiefly Aptian), restricted, so far as is known, to
India, Australia, New Zealand and Patagonia.

Pacific relationships remain intimate in the Upper Cretaceous, as
Wilckens frequently has stressed (see, e.g., 1922, p. 31), but now they
are more evident in the eastern Pacific region. No Upper Cretaceous
marine beds occur in Queensland.

In these things this zone differs from the East Indies province.
There, for instance, Valanginian beds are known (in Borneo and
Sumatra) but they are of foraminiferal facies and have not yielded
the lotrigonia fauna. Later Cretaceous faunas of the Indies also are
markedly different in facies — e.g., Albian deposits have pseudoceratitic
ammonites.

FOSSIL PLANTS.

This is not the occasion to review in detail the palaeobotanical
evidence of the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland; but a few aspects
should be noted.

The typical early Mesozoic gymnosperm flora, with Taeniopteris,
Ginkgoites , Cladophlebis, Thinnfeldia , etc., begins in Gondwanaland
in the Permian. These four “genera/ ’ for instance, occur in the
Permian of Queensland. Throughout the whole of the Triassic period
the flora flourished and reached its local acme. It declined markedly
in the Jurassic of Queensland where only occasionally is there a flora
rich in species.

This flora was not well established in Europe until late, in the
Triassic — which accounts for so many of the Queensland Triassic floras
having been placed erroneously as Rhaetic from European comparisons.

12

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Typical Cretaceous gymnosperms, like Nathorstia, are spasmodi-
cally present in the Queensland floras. In the very far north, at
Pluto ville (see Walkom 1928), they are abundant in pre-Aptian beds
but are rare in the south. They are not present in the Aptian flora of
the Maryborough Series and are very sparingly present in the post-
Aptian Burrum Series. Some of the typical, abundant plants of the
Northern Hemisphere, notably the Cycadeoidea, did not reach Australia.
This suggests that the early Mesozoic-type flora ( Thinnfeldia Flora)
evolved in the Permian of Gondwanaland and spread late in the Triassic
to Europe; while in contrast the later (Cretaceous) gymnosperm flora
arose in the northern regions and spread south.

Generally, in the Lower Cretaceous floras of the southern areas
of Queensland, gymnosperms of types that dominated the Jurassic are
still overwhelmingly the dominant forms. Thus, if the Stanwell Series,
on the evidence of the mollusca, is very early Cretaceous, it is not
altogether surprising that all the forms so far found are of the early
gymnosperm types.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

(From material in the collections of the Geological Survey of

Queensland.)

Genus Iotrigonia van Hoepen 1929B.

(Genotype by original designation: Iotrigonia crassitesta van
Hoepen, p. 7, pi. II, figs. 4, 5; pi. Ill, figs. 1, 2. Lower Cretaceous
Ndabana beds, Umsinene River, Zululand.)

Trigonias with V-shaped ribbing on the disc have appeared on
several occasions. A middle Jurassic group was separated as Vaugonia
by Crickmay in 1932 (Type: V. veronica Crickmay), and another
of Lower Cretaceous age was named Iotrigonia by van Hoepen in 1929.
No other groups have been given generic recognition. These two are
but partial homoeomorphs, ornament on disc and area differing
considerably in the two groups." ^V-shaped ribbing arises in each
group by a marked angularity developing between the anterior and
posterior parts of the ribbing on the disc in the late nepionic or neanic
stage, and this becomes exaggerated quickly into an acute angle forming
a V. It may be regarded as the limiting stage of a tendency which in
other groups of Trigonias (e.g., Trigonia diversicostata Whiteaves, 1876,
p. 68, pi. X, fig. 1) is halted when the angularity does not exceed a right
angle. In Iotrigonia the tendency is more developed than in Vaugonia,
the angularity of the ribs being markedly more acute, reaching its
acme in 7. limatula. It may even be, as Ivitchin has suggested in
dealing with 7. van and 7. v-scripta , that the genus is not strictly
monophyletic.

Dietrich (1933, p. 33) has dealt briefly with the similarities of
the two genera, and Rennie (1936, p. 338) has discussed at length the
genus Iotrigonia. Reference should be made to two papers by Kitchin
(1903, p. 70 and 1908, p. 110) written long before the generic name
was given, in which the relationships and affinities of the group of
species now separated as Iotrigonia were discussed in admirable detail.

A MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA. 13

Hitherto Iotrigonia has been recognised with complete certainty
only in India and South Africa. The valid species of the genus5 include
I. vau (Sharpe) and I. stowi (Kitchin) from the Uitenhage beds of
South Africa ; I. crassitesta van Hoepen, I. inconstans van Hoepen and
I. kaughfoni Rennie from Zululand; and I. v -script a (Kitchin) and,
doubtfully, I. dubia (Kitchin) from the Oomia beds of Kachh in India.
Kitchin refers to Trigonia kuhni Muller from Neocomian beds in
Tanganyika as possibly related. I have not seen Muller ’s work.

Of the American early Cretaceous species to which attention was
drawn by Kitchin, Trigonia diversicostata Whiteaves, from Queen
Charlotte Islands, and Trigonia heterosculpta Stanton from Patagonia
are, I think, generically distinct. They and certain forms from the
Malone Formation in Texas (Cragin, 1905, pi. LX, figs. 4-6) give more
the appearance that Y-ribbing developed as a sudden late acquisition,
and it never assumes the perfect Y of the Indian and African species.
Chilean forms described by Phillipi ( T . arsinoe P. and T. foveata P.)
and an Alaskan species (T. doroschini Eichwald) also are mentioned
by Kitchin, though he does not stress close relationships. I have not
seen these two works.

The vertical ranges of Iotrigoma , from the African and Indian
records, is a little difficult to assess. Spath’s monograph on the
ammonites (1930) establishes definitely that the age of the Uitenhage
species is Yalanginian. Of the Zululand forms I. crassitesta and /.
inconstans occur in the Ndabana beds which lie below the ammonite-
rich Umsinene beds of Albian age. Yan Hoepen (1929 A, p. 10) refers
them to the Aptian, but the evidence for this is not yet published- — the
only ammonite in his list is Douvilleiceras sp., presumably Douvilleiceras
in a comprehensive sense. As Rennie points out, all the Ndabana
Trigonias are closely akin to Uitenhage species. I. haughtoni from
Northern Zululand was found below a horizon with an Aptian ammonite
( Tropaeum sp.) ; but whether it is Aptian or pre-Aptian remains to
be proved.

Similarly in Kachh, in India, the evidence is not precise. The
species of Iotrigonia are from the Oomia group, the Trigonia bed
occurring above the zone with Tithonian ammonites and below the
beds with Aptian ammonites (see Spath’s analysis of the succession —
1933, pp. 736-757). Thus there the genus may be of late Tithonian or
some pre-Aptian Cretaceous age. Once again the resemblance of associ-
ated Trigonias to Uitenhage species has been noted by Kitchin and
others.

Thus at present all that can be stated without question about the
range of Iotrigonia is that it is not known earlier than Kimmeridgian
or later than lower Aptian. But there is reason to believe that it may
be confined to beds of Yalanginian or near- Yalanginian age. It is

5 Bibliographic references to these and other species mentioned are as follows: —
I. vau : Sharpe 1856, p. 194, pi. XXII, fig. 5, redescribed by Kitchin 1908, p. 110,
pi. VI, figs. 1-3. I. stowi: Kitchin 1908, p. 115, pis. VI, figs. 4, 5; VII, fig. 1,
I. crassitesta : van Hoepen 1929B, p. 7, pis. II, figs. 4, 5; III, figs. 1, 2. I. incon-
stans: van Hoepen 1929B, p. 8, pis. Ill, figs. 3, 4.; IV, figs. 1, 2. I. haughtoni:
Rennie 1936, p. 340, pi. XLI, figs. 1-4. I. v-scripta: Kitchin 1903, p. 70, pis. VII,
figs. 6-8; VIII, figs. 1-3. I. clubia: Kitchin 1903, p. 67, pi. VII, figs. 3-5. Trigonia
diversicostata: Whiteaves 1876, p. 68, pi. IX, fig. 1. Trigonia heterosculpta:
Stanton 1901, p. 20, pi. IV, figs. 16-18.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

pertinent to remark that the marine Aptian beds (Roma Series) of
Queensland contain an assembly of Trigonias, mostly undescribed, but
none of the genera of this faunule.

7. crassitesta, 7. inconstans and 7. v-scripta all have a gerontic
stage in which the V-ribbing ceases and purely concentric rugae succeed.
This, of course, is not peculiar to Iotrigonia. Also, as in other Trigonias,
in the gerontic stage, the marginal carina and the area tend to smoothen.
In the nepionic stage the ribbing is concentric; and an intensification
of gerontic tendencies with progressive limitation of the normal adult
Y-ribbing would lead to simple, concentrically ornamented forms. Such
purely concentrically marked genera as Indotrigonia , Sphenotrigonia
and Butitrigonia are no doubt end-points of such a tendency in more than
one lineage of Trigonias.

Iotrigonia limatula sp. nov. PI. I, figs, la, b.

Diagnosis: Sharply triangular Iotrigonia with very regular

V-shaped ribs meeting at an acute angle along a straight axis and with
a sharp marginal carina and narrow cardinal area.

Description: Shell thin, evenly but
only slightly inflated, considerably longer
than high. Outline sharply triangular,
modified by a Avell rounded antero-ventral
angle and a slight rounding of the acute
postero-ventral corner. The umbo, which
is very sharply defined and incurved, is
slightly anterior to the median line (at
almost one-third of the transverse diam-
eter). Marginal carina very sharp in the
earlier growth stages (to 16 mm.), abruptly
bounding a very narrow lunate and slightly
concave cardinal area.

On the disc the first few costae are concentric, gradually assuming
a Y-shape. Then they become V-shaped, the two branches forming a
rib converging at a very acute angle. Occasionally an anterior rib
ceases at the V-axis and is not paired on the posterior side.

The axis of the V’s is remarkably straight and at right angles to
the major axis of the shell. Costae are broadly rounded and spaced
with narrower sulci. The posterior region being somewhat wider than
the anterior, the costae become wider in that direction and cease just
before the posterior angle. In the first 16 mm. of the marginal carina,
where it is very sharp, each costa of the disc reappears as a costa of
the area, extending slightly obliquely to the cardinal margin. Then,
when the marginal carina broadens, the area becomes smooth and develops
a faint longitudinal sulcus. The escutcheon is so narrow as to be
obsolescent. Both disc and area are marked also with faint growth
striae.

Internal structures not known.

Dimensions of holotype: Length: 36 mm. Height: 24 mm.
Thickness: 7 mm. (Single valve.)

Along the main axis the relationship of the region in front of the
Y-axis to that of the region behind it is precisely 1 : 2,

A MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA.

15

Remarks: Only one specimen, the holotype, has been collected. It
is a relatively small form for the genus and thereby possibly is immature.

In comparing it with other species, particularly the younger stages
of other species, attention is drawn to the thinness of the shell in this
form ; to its sharply triangular outline and very sharp marginal carina
in its early stage; to the very acute Y-ribbing and the straightness of
the Y-axis. In such features it is in sharp contrast with such forms as
Z. crassitesta van Hoepen and Z. inconstans van Hoepen with thick tests
and less incisive details of form. It is to Z. v-scripta that it shows most
resemblances. Some smaller specimens of that species figured by Kitchin
(1903, pi. YIII, figs. 1, 2) are very comparable, being similarly
compressed and having also a more strictly scalene outline and a sharp
marginal carina, while the ornament of the cardinal area also generally
agrees. The two, although close, are not con-specific ; for in T. v-scripta
the Y-axis is slightly curved and there is a median carina also on the
area. The development of the costae in the early stages of these two
species is rather similar. T. haughtoni, although thicker and more
inflated, also may be compared for its relatively incisive details in the
early stages and in the development of the early costae. But there the
V-ribs although more acute than the genotype are developed along
an axis with a very marked curvature.

The holotype of Z. limatula has no suggestion of gerontic characters.
Indeed in the preciseness of shape, details of ribbing and the sharpness
of carina, it has a particularly youthful appearance. Whether larger
specimens will show a cessation of the Y-ribs in the very last stage
remains to be proved. It is not to be concluded, of course, that
apparently youthful characters indicate an early species of the genus.
Spath (1935, p. 185) rightly has pointed out that arguments about
age based purely on the apparent stage of evolutionary development
within a group of Trigonias are apt to be misleading and in most
instances are valueless.

Genus Pisotrigonia van Hoepen, 1929B.

(Genotype by original designation: P. salebrdsa van Hoepen p. 20, pi. Y,
figs. 1-6 from the Ndabana beds of Zululand.)

(Synonym: Rinetrigonia van Hoepen 1929B, genotype Trigonia

ventricosa Krauss. Salebrosa and ventricosa probably are identical,

in which case ventricosa has precedence.)

Kitchin, who did such admirable work on the Trigonias of the
Oomia beds in Kachh and of the Uitenhage beds of South Africa, was
not able to separate forms from these two regions that he referred to
T. ventricosa Krauss. Yan Hoepen not only has made them specifically
distinct but placed them in different genera. Rennie (1936, p. 330)
has protested against this as wrong and unnatural, and I agree with
him in recognising one genus only for the group and probably a common
species in these two regions. Of the two names Pisotrigonia' has preced-
ence, since Rinetrigonia was proposed merely in the last sentence of
the description of Pisotrigonia.

Pisotrigonia occurs in the same beds as lotrigonia — that is, in the
Uitenhage beds of South Africa, the Ndabana beds of Zululand and the
Oomia beds of Kachh; so that the same reasoning that was used above
in determining the age of lotrigonia applies to Pisotrigonia.

D

16

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

The genus (part of the group of the section Scabrae of the Trigonias)
is lunate in outline with very concave dorsal margin and even more
curved, convex, ventral margin. The anterior portion is very inflated.
The costae run diagonally. Posterior costae are plain or papillate.
Anterior costae are coarsely tuberculate, with a median group that are
tuberculate only towards the ventral ends.

Pisotrigonia is very similar to Pterotrigonia van Hoepen and
Ptilotrigonia van Hoepen, in each of which, however, all costae are
tuberculate.

Species of the genus include P. ventricosa (Krauss)6 which occurs in
the Uitenhage beds of South Africa, in the “Trigonia smeei beds” of
Tendaguru (East Africa) and the Oomia beds of Kachh. P. salebrosa,
the genotype, is regarded by Rennie as a synonym of P. ventricosa , and
I agree. The forms recorded by van Hoepen as salebrosa are from the
Ndabana beds of Zululand. Trigonia subventricosa Stanton from
Neocomian beds in South Patagonia probably is correctly placed in
Pisotrigonia although the tubercles on the anterior costae are small.
This species is recorded but not figured by Piroutet from New
Caledonia (1917, p. 128).

It is doubtful if any other described species rightly can be placed
in Pisotrigonia. Most other forms that have been compared with the
ventricosa group belong to Ptilotrigonia.

Pisotrigonia sp. PL 1, figs. 2, 3.

Several fragments of external moulds and several internal moulds
are present of a species of Pisotrigonia. It has the typical form of the

Scabrae (strongly lunate outline and very
inflated anterior) and has also the character-
istic ornament and wide smooth marginal
carina of this genus. Two squeezes from
external moulds are figured, the smaller of
which shows the usual strong ventral curva-
ture ; and both showT a sharp change from
strongly tuberculate, oblique, anterior ribs to
simple, sharp posterior ribs. Both have
concentric growth striae that do not show well in the figures.

Sufficient is shown in these fragments to indicate that the species
is distinct from the three forms that have been described for the genus.
It is most similar to P. kraussi. Both forms have five posterior ribs
with an abrupt change to coarse anterior ribs that bear very strong
clavate tubercles. A study of the growth lines on the several fragments
of this species suggests that the changing shape of the individual, from
youth to maturity, is not unlike that of P. kraussi.

The available material is not sufficiently good to justify the intro-
duction of a new specific name.

6 The bibliographic references to these species are as follows: — P. ventricosa
Krauss sp. 1842, p. 30, redescribed and figured by Kitchen from the Uitenhage beds
(1908, p. 91, pi. Ill, fig. 1) and from the Oomia beds (1903, p. 104, pi. X, figs.
4-8); P. kraussi Kitchin sp. 1908, p. 95, pi. Ill, fig. 2; P. salebrosa van Hoepen
1929 B, p. 20, pi. V, figs. 1-6; P. subventricosa Stanton sp., 1901, p. 18, pi. IV, figs.
19, 20.

A MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA.

17

Genus Indotrigonia Dietrich 1933.

(Genotype, by original designation: Trigonia smeei J. de C. Sowerby
from the Oomia beds of Kachh.)

Indotrigonia (?) sp. Pl. I, figs. 4a, b; 6.

One external mould with the ornament abraded (pl. 1, fig. 4) is
of a shell with straight ventral and dorsal margin and uniformly
rounded anterior margin, with the umbones well towards the anterior
end. The ornament is of strong concentric ribbing. There is a wide,
shallow postero-ventral sulcus, a broad carina and a shallow trough-like
posterior cardinal area. In and posterior to the sulcus the ribbing
apparently ceases and the surface is marked only with growth striae.
One other external mould (fig. 6) apparently of the same species shows
the strength and simplicity of the concentric anterior ribbing.

This apparently is one of the purely concentrically ornamented
Trigonia groups that, as suggested above in the section on Iotrigonia ,
are probably end-points of several lineages. Four such genera have been
erected so far for Cretaceous forms — Butitrigonia and Pleurotrigonia
van Hoepen, Indotrigonia Dietrich and Sphenotrigonia Rennie.
Although it is not definite that it belongs to Indotrigonia , the species
is perhaps more comparable to members of that genus than any other.
Forms belonging to it have very strong concentric costae, although
there may be rudiments of other ornament in the umbonal regions (the
umbo of this specimen is too abraded to register the early ornament).
From the two species known in the genus (both from the Oomia beds of
Kachh, with the genotype occurring also in Tanganyika) this form is
distinct. The genotype, T. smeei (see particularly Kitchin, 1903, pis. Ill,
fig. 9;. IV, figs. 1-3) has a very narrow sulcus and a wide triangular
area. T, crassa Kitchin (1903, p. 44, pis. IV, figs. 4-6; V, figs. 1-3) is

18

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

more triangular, has no sulcus and a less defined area. Both those species,
which differ from this form in those features, also differ in being
strongly ribbed on the area.

Forms of the Indot rig onia type occur later in the Cretaceous
( Trigonia meridiana Woods, 1917, p. 6, pi. I, figs. 2-7, from the Albian
of New Zealand is one example). Whether these indicate an extended
range of the genus or a parallel development is problematical.

PSEUDOMONOTIS Sp. PI. I, figs. 7, 8.

A small pteriid lamellibranch is present with the following features :
The left valve is inflated, ornamented with fine radial costae arranged
as primary and secondary ribs, and with a small posterior ear. The
right valve is flat and circular and its ornament is unknown. It is
best placed in Pseudomonotis.

The related genus Oxytoma with longer posterior ears is rather
more common than Pseudomonotis; but although more characteristic of
Jurassic rocks, Pseudomonotis extends into the Lower Cretaceous, where
such species as Avicula ( Oxytoma ) tardensis Stanton (1901, p. 14,
pi. IV, figs. 6, 7) possibly represent it- Immature individuals of
Maccoyella of the corbiensis group also resemble the pseudomonotids.

Astarte (?) sp.

A few very badly preserved specimens may represent this genus,
but they are too poor for generic determination.

Panope sp. PI. I, fig. 5a, b.

There are several fragments and one complete internal mould of
a Panope. Differences between species in this group are so small and
variations within a species so great that the few fragments available
are not sufficient to link it with any described species. The one complete
specimen figured is very short. But short variants quite like this occur
in several species (see, e.g., one specimen of P. mandibida Sow. sp.,
figured by Woods — 1909, pi. XXXVII, fig. 5). Similar but unfigured
short variants are known in the Australian Aptian species P. rugosa
(Moore). The long range of Panope makes it of little use for delimiting
the age of the beds.

One external mould shows extremely faint radial striations from
umbo to ventral margin in a central zone of the test. Fine radial
striations or papillations, although rare, are not unknown on the genus.

Genus Hibolites (Mountfort) Mayer-Eymar 1863.

Hibolites sp. PI. I, fig. 9.

There are several impressions of a belemnite but only one (here
figured) shows the external groove. It is a member of the Hibolites
group, most possibly Hibolites itself ; but the material is not sufficient
to determine the species (the one form with a groove showing is the
youngest individual in the collection ; and the few other fragments are
not sufficient to determine the variation in shape of the species). Also,
it is not sufficient to determine whether it may not be a member of the
closely related genera Mesohibolites Stolley and N eohibolites Stolley.
Stolley (1919, p. 48) gives the range of these genera as: Hibolites
(Dogger to Aptian), Mesohibolites (Neocomian and Aptian), N eohibo-
lites (Aptian to Upper Cenomanian).

Note. — This paper was written during a period of military leave.

A MARINE EARLY CRETACEOUS FAUNA.

19

BIBLIOGEAPHY.

Cragin, F. W., 1905. Palaeontology of the Malone Jurassic Formation of Texas.
V .8. Geol. Surv. Bull. 266

Crickmay, C. H., 1932. Contributions towards a Monograph of the Trigoniidae I.
Amer. J. Sci., XXIV, pp. 443-464.

Dietrich, W. O., 1933. Zur Stratigraphie und Palaeontologie der Tendaguru-
Schichten. Palaeontographica, Supp. VII, Eeihe 2 (ii), pp. 1-86, pis.
I-XII.

Dunstan, B., 1898. The Mesozoic Coal Measures of Stan well and Associated
Formations. Geol. Surv. Queensl., Pub. 131.

Etheridge, B., Jr., 1909. Lower Cretaceous Fossils from the Sources of the Barcoo,
Ward and Nive Eivers. Part II — Cephalopoda (cont.) Bee. Aust. Mus.,
VII, No. 4, pp. 235-240, pis. LXV-LXVIII.

Kitciiin, F. L ., 1903. The Jurassic Fauna of Cutch. Vol. III. The Lamelli-
branehiata. No. 1, Genus Trigonia. Palaeont. Indica. Ser. IX, 122 pp.
pis. I-X.

1908. The Invertebrate Fauna and Palaeontological Eelations

of the Uitenhage Series. Ann. S. African Mus. VII part 11 (3) pp.
21-250, pis. II-XI.

1929. On the Age of the Upper and Middle Dinosaur Deposits

of Tendaguru, Tanganyika Territory. Geol. Mag., LXVI, pp. 193-220.

1926. The so-called Malone Jurassic Formation in Texas. Geol.

Mag., LfXIII, pp. 454-469.

Krauss, F., 1850. Ueber einige Petrefacten aus der unteren Kreide des Kaplandes.
Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., XXII (2), p. 489.

Piroutet, M., 1917. Etude Stratigraphique sur la Nouvelle-Caledonie. (Thesis,
Fac. Sci. Paris) Macon.

Bennie, J. V. L., 1936. Lower Cretaceous Lamellibranchia from Northern Zululand.

Ann. S. African Mus. XXXI (3), No. 9, pp. 277-391, pis. XXXVII-LV,
1 table.

Sharpe, D., 1856. Description of Fossils from the Secondary Bocks of Sunday
Biver and Zwartkop Biver. Trans, geol. Soc. Lond., Ser. 2, VII, p. 193.

Spath, L. F., 1925. On Upper Albian Ammonoidea from Portuguese East Africa.
Ann. Transvaal Mus., XI (3), pp. 179-200, pis. XXVIII-XXXVII.

1930. On the Cephalopoda of the Uitenhage Beds. Ann S.

African Mus., XXVIII (2), pp. 131-157, pis. XIII-XV.

1933. Bevision of the Jurassic Cephalopod Fauna of Kachh

(Cutch). Palaeont. Indica (N.S.), IX (2), Part 6.

1935. On the Age of Certain Species of Trigonia from the

Jurassic Bocks of Kachh (Cutch). Geol. Mag., LXXII, pp. 184-189.

Stanton, T. W., 1901. The Marine Cretaceous Invertebrates. Beps. Princeton
TJniv. Exped. to Patagonia, 1896-1899, IV, Part 1.

Stolley, E. 1919. Die Systematik der Belemniten. Jahresl). d. Niedersdchs. geol.
Vereins Hannover, 11, p. 1-59.

Walkom, A. B., 1915. The Mesozoic Floras of Queensland, Part 1. The Floras
of the Ipswich and Walloon Series (a) Introduction. (b) Equisetales.
Geol. Surv. Queensl. Pub. 252.

1917. Idem. ( c ) Filicales, etc. Geol. Surv. Queensl. Pub. 257.

1917. Idem. ( d ) Ginkgoales, (e) Cycadophyta, (/) Coniferales.

Geol. Surv. Queensl., Pub. 259.

1918. Mesozoic Floras of Queensland Part II. The Flora of

the Maryborough (Marine) Series. Geol. Surv. Queensl., Pub. 262.

1919. Mesozoic Floras of Queensland. Parts III and IV. The

Floras of the Burrum and Styx Biver Series. Geol. Surv. Queensl., Pub.
263.

1928. Fossil Plants from Plutoville, Cape York Peninsula.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, LIII, pp. 145-150, pis. XIII-XIV.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Whiteaves, J. F., 1876. On Some Invertebrates from the Coal-Bearing Rocks of
the Queen Charlotte Islands. Geol. Surv. Canada , Mesozoic Fossils ,
Part 1 (pp. 1-92, pis. I-X).

Whitehouse, F. W., 1924. Dimitobelidae, a new Family of Cretaceous Belemnites.
Geol. Mag., LXI, pp. 410-416.

1926. The Cretaceous Ammonoidea of Eastern Australia. Mem.

Queensl. Mus., VIII (3), pp. 195-242, pis. XXXIV-XLI.

1927. Additions to the Cretaceous Ammonite Fauna of Eastern

Australia, Part 1. Mem. Queensl. Mus., IX (1), pp. 109-120, pis. XVI-
XVII.

Wilckens, O., 1922. The Upper Cretaceous Gastropods of New Zealand. N. Zeal.
Geol. Surv., Palaeont. Bull. No. 9.

Woods H., 1904-1913. A Monograph of the Cretaceous Lamellibranchia of
England, vol. II. Palaeont. Soc. London.

1917. The Cretaceous Fauna of the North-Eastern Part of the

South Island of New Zealand. N. Zeal. Geol. Surv., Palaeont. Bull. No. 4.

Van Hoepen, E. C. N., 1929A. The Cretaceous Beds of Zululand. Internat. Geol.
Congr. South Africa. Durban-Zululand Guide Book, pp. 10-18.

1929B. Die Krytfauna van Soeloeland. I. Trigoniidae.

Palaeont. Navorsing, v.d. Nasionale Mus. Bloemfontein, D1 (1), 38 pp. Pis.
I-VII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

(All figures natural size.)

Fig. la, b. — Trigonia limatula sp. nov. Lateral and cardinal views of a left valve
(holotype).

Fig. 2, 3. — Pisotrigonia sp. Plasticine squeeze of two fragments showing change
in ornament from anterior tuberculate ribs to posterior plain costae.

Fig. 4a, b. — Inxlotri'gonia (?) sp. Lateral and cardinal view of a plasticine squeeze
of a left valve.

Fig. 5a, b. — Panope sp. The internal mould of a complete specimen. (a) right
valve, (b) cardinal view.

Fig. 6. — Indotrigonia (?) sp. Plasticine squeeze of a fragment showing

regular, prominent, concentric ribs that appears to belong to the
same species as figs. 4a, b.

Fig. 7, 8. — Psevdomonotis sp. Plasticine squeezes of two left valves; fig. 8,
showing the small posterior ear.

Fig. 9 — Hibolites sp. Plasticine squeeze of a small individual.

(Material from the collections of the Geological Survey of Queensland.)

Proc. Eoy. Soc. Q’land, Vol. LVII., No. 2.

Plate I*

Vol. LVII., No. 3.

21

^CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND

FLORA, No. 9."y

By C. T. White, Government Botanist.

{Received 21tli June , 1945; tabled before the Royal Society of
Queensland, 2 6th November, 1945; issued separately, 9 th October, 1946.)

The present paper contains additions to the flora of Queensland
since the publication of the previous Contributions (these Proceedings
Vol. lv, pp. 59-83: 1944).

Family Dilleniaceae.

Hibbertia cistifolia R. Br. in DC. Syst. Yeg. i, 431.

Cook District : 10 miles north-east of Iron Range, in grassy parkland
forest, H. Flecker (buds) 14-4-1944 (N.Q. Nat. Club, No. 8691).

A Northern Territory species not previously recorded for Queens-
land.

Hibbertia cistoidea n. comb.

Pleuramda cistoidea Hook, in Mitchell’s Tropical Australia 363
(1848).

H. strict a R. Br. var. canescens Benth. FI. Austr. i, 27 (1863) in
parte.

N.S. Wales. — New England, Stuart.

Queensland. — Maranoa District, Camp XXI, Drysdale (Mitchell’s
Expedition: type). Darling Downs: near Wallangarra, Mrs. M. S.
Clemens (fls.) Oct. 1944; Bald Mountain, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (old
fls.) Nov. 1944. Burnett District: Eidsvold, Dr. T. L. Bancroft.

Family Flacourtiaceae.

Baileyoxylon C. T. White in Journ. Arn. Arb. xxii, 143, pi. 1 (1941).

Flores foemini: Staminodia 5, petalis alterna. Ovarii placentae 3,
1-ovulatae; stigmata 3, libera, sessilia vel subsessilia, crenato-dilatata.

B. lanceolatum C. T. White l.c.

Flos foem. : Petala maris. Staminodia linearia, subcrassa, leviter
applanata. Ovarium globosum, glabrum; stigmata libera, sessilia vel
subsessilia, crenato-dilatata.

Cook District: Boonjee, nr. Malanda, in rain forest, alt. ca. 2,600 ft.,
S. T. Blake 15224 (fls.) 27-8-1943 (shrub 10 ft., leaves dull green, paler
beneath, corolla yellow, petal-appendages orange).

Female flowers were previously unknown. As surmised by Dr. I. W .
Bailey on anatomical grounds, Baileyoxylon has close affinities to
Trichadenia Thw. Female flowers in both genera are remarkably alike
except that the calyx is calyptrate in Trichadenia and there are no
staminodia.

Family Rutaceae.

Acronyehia pauciflora sp. nov.

Arbor parva, partibus novellis pubescentibus mox glabris. Folia
opposita, unifoliolata ; petiolus 1-1.5 cm. longus ; lamina elliptica, acuta,
subobtusa vel raro obtusa, basi cuneata, utrinque reticulata, nervis

E

22

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

praecipuis ca. 10 in utroqne latere, 5-10 cm. longa, 2.5-5 cm. lata.
Cymae paucae simplices et 3-florae vel ad florem singulum reductae,
axillares saepe ex axillis foliorum delapsorum orientes; pedunculus
validus 2-3 mm. longus ; pedicellus validus, costatus, breviter pubescens,
cum calyce 2 mm. longus. Calycis lobi subrotundi, minuti. Petala
linearia 5 mm. longa, in parte inferiore pilis albis brevibus paucissimis
obsita. Stamina 3 mm. longa, filamentis in parte inferiore applanatis
et pilis albis longis dense obsitis. Discus carnosus, glaber, stylo basin
versus hirsuto. Fructus carnosus, in sicco vix 1 cm. diam.

Moreton District: Mt. Glorious, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (type: fls.),
Jan. 1945. F. Bray (very young fts.), May 1943; Samford Creek,
C. T. White 12638 (fls.), 1-4-1945 (small tree 5 m., flowers greenish
white, scanty). Wide Bay District: Imbil, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (fts.),
Dec. 1943.

Closest affinities of the present species are with A. laevis Forst.,
but the two species can easily be distinguished as follows: —

Leaves very obtuse, cymes once or twice branched, peduncles and

pedicels slender, glabrous, common peduncle 0.7-2. 5 cm. long . . A. laevis.

Leaves mostly subacute, cymes reduced to 1-3 flowers, peduncles and

and pedicels stout, pubescent, peduncle 2-3 mm., long . . . . A. pauci flora.

Lunasia amara Blanco FI. Filip. 783 (1837).

Cook District: Iron Range nr. Portland Roads, in rain forest,
H. Flecker (buds) 13-4-1944 (tree) (N.Q. Nat. Club No. 8542).

Though the specimens are in bud only, I have no hesitation in
referring them to the above plant, previously, so far as known, confined
to the Philippines.

Family Vitaceae.

Cayratia eurynema B. L. Burtt in Kew Bulletin 1939, p. 179.

Moreton District: Mt. Glorious, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (fls.), Januarv,
1945.

Not previously recorded for Queensland.

Family Leguminosae.

Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Bentli. in Hook. London Journ.
Bot. i, 368 (1842).

N.S. Wales. — Richmond River to Queensland border.

Queensland. — All round the coast up to 75 miles inland.

Northern Territory. — Darwin.

North-West Australia. — Kimberley.

One of the most widely distributed species of the genus in
Australia.

Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. var. macrocarpa Benth. FI. Austr. ii,
410 (1864).

A. crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i, 369
(1842).

Queensland.- -Tropical coast from Iveppel Bay to Cape York
Peninsula (Temple Bay).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

23

Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. as understood by Australian botanists
is one of the most widely distributed of wattles. Unfortunately, I have
not seen any types and have placed A. crassicarpa A. Cunn. as a synonym
of Bentham ’s variety macrocarpa following his description and a drawing
of the pod of the type of A. crUssicarpa A. Cunn. by Maiden (Proc. Roy.
Soc. Queensl. xxx, pi. VII : 1918). In the field this variety can generally
be distinguished by its larger broader phyllodes up to 5 cm. wide, but
this is not an invariable character, the only true distinction being the
very broad and woody pod. It has not been found outside the tropics.

Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. var. fruticosa var. nov.

Frutex 0.75-3 m. altus, ramulis validis acute triangularibus ;
phyllodia ad 9 cm. longa, 1.5-2. 5 cm. lata, 3-5-plo longiora quarn lata;
spicae 2.5-4 cm. longae, floribus aurantiacis ; legumen ca. 5 cm. longmm
et 1 cm. latum, valvis crassis subligneis lineis obliquis valde elevatis
notatis.

Moreton District : Ngun Ngun, Glasshouse Mts., alt, 800 ft., common
on top and rocky slopes of the mountain, C. T. White 7651 (type:
fls. and old pods), 20-3-1931 (shrub or small tree up to 3 m. high, fls.
deep orange) ; Mt. Coolum, on the summit, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (very
young fl. spikes and old pods), April 1945 (shrub 2 ft.) ; Wide Bay
District: Mt. Cooroora, alt, abt. 800 ft., C. T. White 1889 (fls.), March
1923 (small bushes 3-4 ft. high with very bright flowers).

This variety is distinguished by its shrubby habit, strong acutely
triangular branchlets, deep yellow flowers, as opposed to the very pale
yellow of typical A. aulacocarpa A. Cunn., narrow pods with somewhat
more woody valves and the oblique lines or costae on them thicker and
in consequence more prominent.

As I understand the three varieties they can be distinguished as
follows : —

Trees, phyllodes including the petiole 7-18 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide,

4£-9 times as long as broad, spikes with the peduncle 2.5-7 cm.
long, flowers pale yellow.

Pods usually about 1.5 cm. wide but varying from 1-2 cm.,

valves rather thin, scarcely woody . . . . . . A. aulacocarpa.

Pods usually about 2.5 cm. wide but varying from 1.5-3 cm.,

valves thick and woody . . . ." . . . . . . A. aulacocarpa

var. macrocarpa.

Shrub or at most a small tree 3 m. high, phyllodes including the
petiole 5-9 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, 3-5 times longer than
broad, spikes with the peduncle 2.5-4 cm. long, flowers bright
yellow. Pods about 1 cm. broad, valves woody or almost so A. aulacocarpa

var. fruticosa.

Bossiaea microphylla 8m. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ix, 303 (1808).

Darling Downs District: Nr. Ballandean, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (fls.),
Oct. 1944.

A very common shrub in N.S. Wales and Victoria, not previously
recorded for Queensland.

Maniltoa sp.

Cook District: Chilli Creek, 5 miles S.W. of Portland Roads,
^ apt. W. L. Scott (leaves and leaf-buds), 10-4-1944.

The above specimens are sterile and therefore cannot be accurately
identified specifically, but they are recorded here as the genus is new
to Australia,

24

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Pultenaea dentata Labill. PI. Nov. Holl. i, 103, t. 131 (1804).

Darling Downs District: Eukey via Stanthorpe, Mrs. E. Goebel
(old pods), Nov. 1944.

Not previously recorded for Queensland. The specimen is a small
one and far advanced in pod but agrees well with southern material.

EUGENIA L.

(Sect. Syzygium.)

Though the three following species have the general appearance
of an Acmena, they would come under Syzygium as outlined by Merrill
and Perry (Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences xviii, pt. 3, 135-202:
1939). These authors restrict Eugenia to the New World and a few
Old World species. Most of the Australian species come under Syzygium ,
a few under Acmena and one under Cleistocalyx. Dr. H. E. Dadswell,
the well-known Australian wood technologist of the Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research, informs me that the woods of these,
at least as far as Australian species are concerned, are indistinguishable
generically but are all totally different from the American species of
Eugenia. The woods of our peculiar E. carissoides F. Muell. and

E. macrohila White & Francis have so far not been studied. These
probably belong to Jossinia Comm., if we recognise that genus. It
seems that Eugenia must eventually be removed from the Australian
flora, though the name among foresters and horticulturists has become
just as much a vernacular as Eucalyptus, Dahlia, Cosmos etc. Until a
critical examination of all the Australian species is made I am retaining
Eugenia in the present paper.

Eugenia oleosa F. Muell. Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. v, 15 (1865) ;
Benth. FI. Austr. iii, 287 (1866) ; Bailey, Queens. FI. ii, 664 (1900) ;
C. T. White Contr. Arn. Arb. iv, 80 (1933).

Cook District: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Bellenden Ker, Bailey,
Gadgarra, common along rain-forest creeks, Kajewski ; Head of Wild
River, J. F. Badley.

Eugenia Coolminiana C. Moore , Handbk. FI. N.S. Wales 207 (1893).

E. cyanocarpa F. Muell. ex Maid. & Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. Wales xxix, 740 (1905) ; Francis, Austr. Rain For. Trees 8, 293
(1929) ; Harris, Wild FI. Aus. 50, 110, tab. 48 (1932) ; C. E. Hubbard
Bot. Mag. tab. 9602 (1940).

Queensland and N.S. Wales. — This species is very common in
coastal Eastern Australia from Port Jackson District (N.S. Wales) to
Keppel Bay (Port Curtis District, Queensland). It is doubtfully distinct
as a species from E. oleosa F. Muell. and apart from the calyx-tube I
have failed to find any valid distinctions between E. Coolminiana C. Moore
and E. cyanocarpa F. Muell., in which case Moore’s name has priority,
though his description was meagre in the extreme. Specimens named
by him are in the National Herbarium, Sydney and have been distributed
by that institution. Maid, and Betche, l.c., regarded E. cyanocarpa

F. Muell. and E. Coolminiana C. Moore as distinct but evidently changed
their opinion later, for they omitted the latter name from their Census
of N.S. Wales Plants, 1916.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

25

Eugenia crebrinervis sp. nov.

E. cyanocarpa F. Muell. var. montana C. T. White herb.

Arbor magna, cortice lamellato, ramulis subvalidis ; folia elliptica,
elliptico-lanceolata vel lanceolata, apice acuminata vel eaudato-acuminata
basi cuneata, supra atro-viridia nitida, subtus opaca, pallidiora, nervis
lateralibus crebris numerosis subtus prominulis, e costa media angulo
ea. 60° orientibus, lamina 6-7*5 cm. longa 1-5-3-5 cm. lata, petiolo ca. 0*6-1
cm. longo. Inflorescentiae terminates trichotome ramosae ca. 3-4 cm.
longae, ramulis quam in E. oleosa et E. cyanocarpa rigidioribus et
validioribus. Calyx turbinatus vel anguste turbinatus basin versus in
pedieellum distinctum gradatim angustatus cum pedicello ca. 6 mm.
longus; petala 4 (raro 5) fere orbiculata vel oblata; stamina numerosa
tenuissima deinde patentia, ca. 6 mm. longa. Bacca globosa vel leviter
depresso-globosa, ad 2*5 cm. diam., came farinacea, subacidula, semine
plerumque solitario.

New South Wales. — Tooloom Scrub, common in rain forest,
C. T. White 12549 (fts.) 16-3-1944 (large tree buttressed at the base, bark
scaly, leaves dark glossy green above, paler and opaque beneath, fruits
purple slightly depressed globular up to 2*5 cm. diam., flesh mealy, very
slightly acidulous, with a single very depressed seed, usually very badly
grub-infested) .

Queensland. — Moreton District: Lamington National Park, alt.
3,000 ft., D. A. & L. S. Smith (type: fls.), 31-12-1943 (tree in rain
forest) ; Roberts Plateau, Lamington National Park, C. T. White (fls.),
27-2-1920 (very large tree with scaly bark) ; Mt. Mistake, Mrs. M. S.
Clemens (young fts.), Jan. 1944; Mt. Glorious, Mrs. M. S. Clemens
(young fts.), Jan. 1945.

I had at first regarded this as a variety of E. Coolminiana C. Moore
(E. cyanocarpa F. Muell.) and named it up as such in the Queensland
Herbarium. I quote my herbarium name as it is possible some specimens
may have been distributed under it. The tree has long been known to
us in the field and is represented in the Queensland Herbarium by several
sheets other than those quoted above, but the material in all cases is only
fragmentary. It is difficult to draw a sharp line between the three
species, but the outstanding features of E. crebrinervis C. T. White are
the close arrangement of the lateral nerves and the apparently constant
terminal inflorescence. They can be keyed out as follows : —

Small or medium sized trees, lateral nerves 3-4 mm. apart,
inflorescence axillary or terminating short lateral branches.

Calyx narrowly turbinate markedly tapering towards the

base into a pedicel. A tropical species . . . . . . E. oleosa.

Calyx broadly turbinate, sessile or more or less abruptly
tapering towards the base into an exceedingly short
pedicel. Port Jackson to Tropic of Capricorn . . E. Coolminiana.

Xiarge tree, lateral nerves 1-2 mm. apart, inflorescence terminal,
calyx turbinate to narrow-turbinate tapering into a distinct
pedicel, sometimes abruptly so. A mountain species of
Northern N.S. Wales and Southern Queensland . . . . E. crebrinervis.

C. E. Hubbard, l.c., describes the flowers of E. Coolminiana C. Moore
(E. cyanocarpa F. Muell.) as borne on pedicels of 2-4 mm., but after a
close examination of a number of Australian specimens I would call them
sessile or nearly so unless we regard the ultimate branches of the inflore-
scence as pedicels — which is sometimes done in Eugenia.

26

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Leptospermum minutifolium sp. nov.

L. flavescens Sm. var. minutifolium F. Muell. ex Benth, FI. Austr.
iii, 105 (1866).

Frutex glaber vel partibus novellis sericeis. Folia elliptica vel fere
spathulata, crassiuscula, patentia vel deinde leviter recurva, supra leviter
concava subtus convexiuscula, utrinque punctata vel subtus fere tuber-
culata, 2-3 mm. longa, 1-2 mm. lata. Flores brevissime pedicellati ; calyx
glaber, late campanulatus 4 mm. diam., lobis 5 oblongis albis fere
membranaceis tubum aequantibus mox deciduis; petala alba suborbi-
cularia 2 mm. diam., basi in unguem latum brevem angustata. Stamina
petala aequantia. Ovarium 5-loculare apice planum. Capsula semi-
supera ca. 7 cm. diam.

N.S. Wales/ — New England District: New England, C. Stuart ;
Guyra, Rev. E. Norman McKie 44 (a, b, & c), 45, 46 & 47 (all in Nat.
Herb. Sydney) ; Moredun Creek, N.W. of Guyra, on the western slopes,
Rev. E. Norman McKie W. 27 (Herb. Brisbane) ; Tungston via Deep-
water, T. D. Lynch ; Hanging Rock, via Nundle, E. Julius 5; Wilson’s
Downfall, R. H. Cambage 2825; Tenterfield, J. H. Maiden (all in Nat.
Herb. Sydney).

Queensland. — Darling Downs District: Base of Mt. Norman, via
Wallangarra, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (type: fls.) Nov. 1944; Eukey via
Stanthorpe, Mrs. E. Goebel per M. S. Clemens (fts.), Nov. 1944;
Ballandean, J. E. Young.

Mr. E. Cheel, the well known authority on Leptospermum and allied
genera, informed me in a letter that he had sorted this variety out as a
distinct species in the folders at the National Herbarium, Sydney, but
had not published anything on it. I am indebted to him for most of the
New South Wales localities. The present species has a very limited
geographical distribution so far as known, being confined to the New
England Tableland of New South Wales and the “granite belt” of
south-east Queensland.

It comes close to L. flavescens Sm. var. microphyllum Benth. and
L. Liversidgei Bak. & Sm., but the three can be distinguished as
follows : —

Only the very young parts sericeous, leaves without any citron

odour, spreading shrubs of sandy forest lands.

Leaves flat, 5-7 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, midrib clearly
visible (almost prominent) on the lower surface,
smooth, epunctate and faintly 3-nerved above, black
punctate beneath. Coastal sandy lands of N.S. Wales
and Queensland . . . . . . . . . . L. flavescens var.

microphyllum.

Leaves sightly concave above and convex beneath, 2-3 mm.
long, 1-2 mm. broad, midrib not visible on either
surface, punctate above, almost tuberculate-punctate
beneath. New England Tableland extending to
Queensland granite belt . . . . . . L. minutifolium .

Branchlets pubescent even in the older stages, leaves strongly

citron-scented, upright shrub of peat swamps.

Leaves flat or slightly concave above, about 5 mm. long,

2 mm. broad, midrib not visible but leaves sometimes
indistinctly 3-nerved, oil glands not always very
distinct and leaves frequently almost epunctate.

Coastal N.S. Wales from Port Macquarie to Wide

Bay District (Bundaberg), Queensland . . . . L. LiversUlgeu

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

27

Myrtus sericocalyx sp. nov.

Arbor ad 15m. alta, cortice atrobrnnneo aliquanto laminato, partibus
novellis pilis serieeis longis dense obsitis deinde glabris; folia elliptico-
lanceolata, longe acuminata basi cuneata, supra nitidula, subtus opaca
crebre punctata, nervis supra indistinctis, subtus invisibilibus, lamina
4-5 cm. longa, 1-5-2 cm. lata, petiolo 5-6 mm. longo. Flores albi,
fragrantes, in cymas racemiformas 5-9-floras dispositi; cymae 2 cm.
longae, pedicellis parce serieeis tenuibus 4-5 mm. longis, bracteis sub
calyce lineatis. Calyx dense sericeus, 5-lobatus, tubo late urceolato 1-5
mm. lato, lobis acuminatis late triangularibus 1 mm. longis; petala 5,
orbicularia, ciliolata, 4 mm. diam; stamina petalis breviora; ovarium
4-loculare ; bacca globosa limbo coronata, pisiformis, in sicco 6 mm. diam. ;
semina 2-3.

N.S. Wales. — Acacia Plateau near the Queensland border, common
in rain forest, C. T. White 12552 (type: fls. and fts.), March 1944 (tree
up to 15 m. high, 0-33 m. diam., bark brown, rather flaky, leaves very
glossy above, flowers white, fragrant).

Queensland. — Moreton District: Mt. Glorious, Mrs. M. S. Clemens
(fls.) Jan. 1945.

I am indebted to Mr. R. H. Anderson for comparing this species
with others from New South Wales. I thought it may be a form of
M. fragrantissima F. Muell., a species very poorly represented in
Australian herbaria. It differs in several characters, however, e.g.,

Leaves subacute, rounded or obcordate; veins discernible on

lower surface, calyx 4-merous . . . . . . . . M. fragrantissima.

Leaves long acuminate, veins not visible on the lower surface,

calyx 5-merous . . . . . . . . . . . . M. sericocalyx.

From the raceme-like inflorescence Mr. Anderson considers
M. sericocalyx C. T. White to come closest to M. Bidwillii Benth. but
this differs in the leaves being broader, the veins clearly discernible on
both surfaces and the calyx being quite glabrous. I have never been
able to distinguish satisfactorily M. Bidwillii Benth. from M. racemulosa
Benth. and M. acmenioides F. Muell.

Family Aizoaceae.

Macarthuria ephedroides sp. nov.

Caules numerosi, ramosi, 0-5-0-75 m. alti, suffrutices densos ca. 1 m.
diam. formantes, ramulis glabris complanato-quadrangularibus. Folia
sparsa squamiformia lineari-lanceolata, 3-7 mm. longa. Flores apetali,
singuli vel pauci apicibus ramulorum dispositi, pedicellis 1 mm. longis.
Sepala 5, libera, virescentia, ovata, acuta, 2-5 mm. longa, 1-5 mm. lata.
Stamina 8, filamentis tenuibus in parte inferiore late expansis et in
cupulam membranaceam connatis, antheris 2-locularibus. Ovarium
triloculare, glabrum, ovulo in loculis 1. Capsula submembranacea,
seminibus nigris vix 2 mm. longis dense et minute concentrice ruguloso-
punctatis.

Mitchell District: Enniskillen, in rocky sandstone hills, moderately
common in small patches, C. T. White 12417 (fls. and capsules), Nov.
1943 (subshrub, numerous stems — many of them dead — from a common
stock, forming dense masses abt. 1 m. diam.).

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

I had provisionally determined this as M. apetala Harv. but
submitted specimens to Mr. A. W. Jessep, Government Botanist, National
Herbarium, Melbourne, for comparison with West and North Australian
material, and he replied: 4 ‘I do not think your plant is referable to
M. apetala Harv. although superficially resembling the Northern
Territory form of that species, which constantly seems to have terete
branches and obtuse calyx lobes. We have nothing in our folders with
such strongly angled branches and acutely indurated perianth segments.
I am inclined to regard your recent discovery as an entirely new
species. ’ ’

Family Compositae.

u CALOTIS R. Br.

Notes on the Genus in Queensland with a Key to the Species.

The genus Calotis consists of 26 species, with two exceptions,
C. animitica Merr. and C. Gaudichaudii Gagnep., both from Indo-China,
all represented in Australia. Of the 24 Australian species 17 occur in
Queensland. The capitula of most species form unpleasant burrs which
are a frequent infestation in wool. By means of the barbed awns of the
pappus they very easily become entangled in wool or other soft material.
They are widely spread and the more objectionable ones — notably
C. hispidula F. Muell. and C. squamigera C. T. White are familiarly
known as ‘ 1 Bindi-eye ’ ’ or Bindie. One species, C. lappulacea Benth., is
most generally known as the Barwon Flea or Bogan Flea. Burr Daisy is
the generally accepted standardised popular name for members of the
genus. The finding of three new species among recent collections
examined by me, two species described by Domin, one by Maiden and
Betche and one by J. M. Black, since the publication of Bailey’s
4 ‘Queensland Flora” make a revision of the Queensland members of the
genus desirable. I have removed three and added seven species to that
account.

Dichotomous Key to Queensland Species of Calotis.

1. Heads terminal, pedunculate, rays usually conspicuous . 2

Heads very numerous, sessile in the leaf axils, rays

inconspicuous . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2. Pappus composed of barbed spines with or without alter-

nating scales . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Pappus composed of long soft plumose hairs . . . . C. inermis

3. Pappus of 1 or more rigid awns free or the reduced ones

or scales shortly united at the base, scales or reduced

awns present or absent . . . . . . . . . . 4

Pappus of 2-8 awns united in a cup at the base, twiggy

perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . C. erinacea

4. Pappus of several unequal awns distinct at the base

without alternating scales, reduced or scale-like awns

or setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Pappus of 1-several awns and 2 or more scales or reduced

or scale-like awns or setae .. .. .. .. 11

5. Achenes winged, glabrous or more or less clothed with

long hairs, the wings always ciliate ...... 6

Achenes not winged, glabrous, muricate or clothed with

short hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6. Achenes hairy, with wings narrowed downwards .... 7

Achenes glabrous, wings dilated at the base and curved
upwards . .

C. ancj/rocarpa

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

29

7. Pappus awns 4-7 shorter than the achene

8

Pappus awns 14-18 as long as the achene

C. multicaulis

8. Ac-henes pubescent all over, ray florets purple

C. porphyroglossa

Achenes thinly pubescent in the upper part only, wings
very shortly eiliate, ray florets white

C. pterosperma

9. Radical leaves persistent, stems stoloniferous

10

Radical leaves soon withering, stems much branched, leafy,
leaves linear, entire or toothed

C. lappailacea

10. Plant glabrous to hispid-hirsute, radical leaves spathulate,
often broadly and shortly so, toothed, fruiting heads
1 cm. or more in diameter; doubtful if distinct from
next species

C. scabiosifolia

Plant glabrous or hairy, radical leaves often narrow,
fruiting heads less than 1 cm. in diameter; doubtful
if distinct from the foregoing species

C. scapigera

11. Awns armed at the tip only with a few retrorse barbs . .

12

Awns smooth or armed with retrorse barbs for their whole
length or at least the upper half or more

13

12. Leaves linear lanceolate, oblong, remotely toothed or
pinnatifid, awns 1 or 2 very unequal ones

C. dentex

Leaves cuneate or spathulate-cuneate, toothed or lobed at
the end, hispidulous, awns 2 nearly equal ones

C. scabriuscula

13. Leaves cuneate, toothed at the end

14

Leaves linear, entire or with a single tooth on either side
towards the top

15

14. Awns 2 or 3, with 2 broad truncate scales and sometimes
a smaller one

C. cuneifolia

Awns 6-8 alternating with free scales

C. xanthosoidea

15. Twiggy much branched plant; leaves hispidulous, entire
or with a tooth on both sides of the margin, ray florets
yellow, awns 2 and numerous much reduced ones shortly
united at the base

C. sujfruticosa

Stems with few branches; leaves with very few hairs, very
narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a single tooth on
one side of the margin, ray florets white turning to
purple, awns various, 3-5 larger ones gradually merg-
ing into smaller scale-like ones

C. glabrescens

16. Achenes pale coloured, very pubescent, pappus awns 4-6
alternating with small subulate entire or lobed scales

C. hispidula

Achenes dark chestnut-coloured when mature, muricate-
hispid, alternating with as many broad, oblong or
rotund scales

C. squamigera

Excluded Species.

C. breviseta Benth., C. cymbacantha F. Muell.,

C. microcephala

Benth.

These three species were recorded for Queensland by Ferd. Mueller
and F. M. Bailey but are unrepresented in herbaria by specimens actually
collected in Queensland territory. Both these authors were in the habit
of recording species that occurred in neighbouring States and which
they considered must extend over the border and would sooner or later
be found in Queensland territory.

30

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Some New or Interesting Species.

Calotis ancyrocarpa J. M. Black Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aus. xlv,
18, pi. iv (1921).

Gregory South District: Birdsville, on alluvial flats, S. T. Blake
12230 (flg. and ftg. heads), July 1936 (bushy green annual to 6 in., ray
white, disc yellow).

Not previously recorded for Queensland.

Calotis cuneifolia R. Br. in Bot. Reg. vi, t. 504 (1820).

This species is exceedingly common in Queensland over a wide
range. Bentham in the “Flora Australiensis ’ ’ describes the awns as
3 in number, but in most Queensland specimens examined by me there
were only 2. Domin (Bibl. Bot. lxxxix (viii) 1209) describes a variety
biaristata, but apart from the 2 awns instead of 3 I can see no difference
in the specimens examined. Three awns do occur but are rare in
Queensland plants.

Calotis cuneifolia R. Br. var. glabrescens n. var.

Herba gracilis, pilis sparsis obsita ; folia anguste cuneata, plerumque
ca. 2 cm. longa et 5 mm. lata; achaenia 2-aristata.

Mitchell District : Torrens Creek, in Eucalyptus forest, sandy soil
near Warrigal swamp, C. T. White 8700 (ftg. heads), 20-3-1933 (type
of the variety). North Kennedy District: Warrigal, on Great Dividing
Range, alt. 1,400-1,500 ft., in Eucalyptus forest on reddish brown sandy
soil, C. E. Hubbard & C. W. Winders 7111 (ftg. heads), 2-2-1931;
West of Pentland, between Warrigal and Burra, alt. 1,500-1,650 ft., on
slopes of Great Dividing Range, on shallow sand overlying sandstone,
S. T. Blake 9949 (flg. and ftg. heads), 19-10-1935 (tufted rather spread-
ing and ascending to 1 ft., green, flowers scented, ray white, disc yellow).

Calotis glabrescens sp. nov.

Herba caulibus gracilibus parce ramosis ad 15 cm. altis vel
brevioribus et subcaespitosis e caudice subterraneo perenni (rhizomate)
orientibus, leviter costatis, pilis albis sparsissime obsitis. Folia
angustissime lanceolata integra vel uno latere dente instructa, pilis albis
sparsissime obsita, 3-6 cm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata. Capitula pedunculata,
sub anthesi plana expansa; involucri phylla lanceolata, pilis strigosis
plus vel minus sparse obsita, 3 mm. longa; ligulae numerosae, albae
deinde purpureae, 6 mm. longae. Capitula fructifera densissima,
sphaerica, diametro (aristis inclusis) 1 cm. lata. Achaenia obovata,
lateribus leviter incrassata, aristis 3-5 inaequalibus retrorse barbatis et
setis vel aristis reductis pluribus omnibus dense et longe albopilosis
terminata.

Darling Downs: Bybera, between Inglewood and Milmerran,
moderately common in open forest land, C. T. White 12623 (flg. and ftg.
heads), Sept. 1944 (herb, flowers white turning purple when dying).

C. glabrescens is most closely allied to C. su ffruticosa Domin but can
be distinguished by the characters given in Section 15 of the dichotomous
key.

Calotis scabiosifolia Sond. & F. Muell. in Linnaea xxv, 471 (1852).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

31

Calotis scapigera Hook, in Mitchell’s Tropical Australia 75 (1852).

I have attempted to separate these two species in section 10 of the
dichotomous key but failed to make the distinctions at all satisfactory.
Several specimens collected by C. E. Hubbard in Queensland have all
been distributed from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Eng.) as
C. scapigera Hook., though following the key by Bentham in the “Flora
Australiensis ’ ’ and that of J. M. Black in 4 * Flora of South Australia, ’ ’

1 would have identified them as C. scabiosifolia Sond. & F. Muell.
An examination of the types of the two species is highly desirable. It is
extremely likely that we are dealing here with one polymorphic species.
Bentham in the “Flora Australiensis” noted no less than five named
varieties of C. scabiosifolia Sond. & F. Muell., an indication of great
variability.

Calotis scabriuscula sp. nov.

Herba perennis erecta, scabriuscula, pilis plus vel minus erispis
plerumque glandula minuta terminatis dense vestita ; eaules foliosi.
Folia spathulata vel elliptica apice acuta vel subacuta basi sessilia vel in
petiolum semiamplexicaulem gradatim angustata, margine in parte
superiore dentata vel raro integra, 3-4 cm. longa, 0*7-1 cm. lata. Capitula
pedunculata ; involucri phylla lanceolata vel anguste ovata, acuta, 7 mm.
longa ; ligulae numerosae, albae, elongatae ; capitula fructifera 1*7 cm.
diam. Achaenia plana obovata hispido-muricata, 2*5 mm. longa, aristis

2 fere aequalibus quam achaeniis fere triplo longioribus basin versus
leviter dilatis, apicem versus retrorsum barbatis et squamis 2 oblatis
terminata.

Warrego District: Chesterton, approx. 25° 20' S., 147° 20' E., in
Callitris-Eucalyptus forest on very sandy soil ca. 1,900 ft., S. T. Blake
11140 (fig. and ftg. heads), 8-4-1936 (erect more or less spreading
branched annual up to 6 in., leaves subglaucous above, glaucous beneath,
ray white, disc yellow).

The present species comes closest to C. dentex R. Br. but the two
can be distinguished as follows : —

Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very
deeply toothed or almost pinnatifid in the whole length, sessile,
base semi-amplexieaul, achene with 1 or 2 awns, in the latter
case one markedly smaller than the other; a coastal or near
coastal plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. dentex.

Densely pubescent; leaves spathulate or elliptic, mostly narrowed at
the base into a semi-amplexieaul petiole, toothed in the upper
part or sometimes entire or nearly so, achene with 2 nearly equal
awns ; an inland plant . . . . . . . . . . . . C. scabriuscula

Calotis scabriuscula C. T. White var. lobata C. T. White var. nov.

Folia cuneata vel cuneato-spathulata, apice profunde lobata.

Darling Downs District : Eukey via Stanthorpe, Mrs. E. Goebels
(ftg. heads), Nov. 1944.

This variety has the appearance of a large form of C. cunei folia
R. Br. but the fruiting heads are twice as large, as in C. dentex R. Br.
and C. scabriuscula C. T. White, and the awns are only barbed at the
ends, as in those two species.

32

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Calotis squamigera sp. nov.

Herba annua, caulibus ca. 10 cm. longis plus vel minus
decumbentibus paucis obsitis, parce ramosis. Folia anguste spathulata
basin versus in petiolum gradatim angustata, pilis albis subtus parce
obsita, integra vel plerumque utroque latere dente acuminato instructa,
ca. 1-5 cm. longa, 3 mm. lata, sed folia inferiora saepe elongata in
petiolum longum attenuata, cum petiolo ad 6 cm. longa, 3 mm. lata.
Capitula axillaria, numerosa, sessilia, flores ligulati pauci, 2 mm. longi •
involucri phylla sparse hirsuta, lanceolata, 3 mm. longa. Capitula
fructifera densissima, sphaerica, diam. cum aristis ca. 1 cm. Achaenia
matura atro-castanea, cuneata, muricata, aristis 4 vel interdum 5
squamis oblongis vel fere rotundis 1 mm. latis alternantibus.

New South Wales. — Macintyre River, near Queensland border at
Goondiwindi, C. T. White 12621 (type: fig. and ftg. capitula), Sept.

1944.

Queensland. — Maranoa District: Bungeworgorai, nr. Roma, very
common in sandy soil, C. T. White 9532 in part (ftg. capitula), Oct. 1933
(a common weed, local name ‘ ‘Bindi-eye”). Warrego District: Murweh,
R. Cameron. North Kennedy District : Charters Towers, weed on race-
course, H . Flecker (ftg. heads) 6-8-1942 (N.Q. Nat. Club 7925). Burke
District: Maxwelton, on grassland, alt. abt. 550 ft., S. T. Blake 12650
(fig. heads), August 1936 (shortly creeping, ascending or erect, up to
4 in., green, flowers yellowish). More ton District: Eight Mile Plains,
nr. Brisbane, weed of cultivation introduced with sheep manure,
C. T. White (fig. and young ftg. heads), 26-10-1930.

The Section Cheiroloma Benth. FI. Austr. iii. 501 is characterised
by the numerous flower-heads sessile in the leaf axils and the ray florets
very inconspicuous. It contains only two species, C. hispidula F. Muell.
and the present one. They are the true “Bindi-eyes” of inland parts
though this term has become rather loosely applied to a number of burr
plants. C. squamigera C. T. White and C. hispidula F. Muell. grow
together and are difficult to distinguish in the field but can usually be
separated at a glance in the dried specimens due to the more glabrous
character of the burrs of the former. It is difficult to decide whether we
are dealing with a species or variety, but as the characters are constant
over a wide range the present plant seems worthy of specific rank. The
differences between the two are given in section 15 of the accompanying
key to the species of Calotis.

Calotis suffruticosa Donvin Bibl. Bot. lxxxix (viii), 1209 (1929).

Darling Downs District : Dalby, on open ground on dark brown clay,
alt. abt. 1,100 ft., S. T. Blake 5921 (fig. and ftg. heads), May 1934
(tufted, more or less erect, flowers bright yellow). Mitchell District:
Yalleroi, between Blackall and Jericho, in mixed open forest on reddish
sand, alt. abt. 1,160 ft., S. T. Blake 6774 (fig. and ftg. heads), July 1934
(diffuse rather glaucous, flowers yellow; local name Bindie) ; Oakley,
north of Longreach, on sparsely timbered low sandy ridge, alt. abt. 600
ft., 8. T. Blake 11649 (flg. and ftg. heads), June 1936 (base woody, stems
numerous, tufted spreading to erect ca. 6 in., plant rather deep green,
fls. yellow) (a hispid and robust form). Leichhardt District: Emerald,
on open sandy ground, alt. abt. 600 ft., S. T. Blake 6915 (flg. and ftg.
heads), July 1934 (tufted, more or less spreading perennial (?), flowers
bright yellow).

CONTRIBUTION S TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

33

This species was only previously known from the type gathering near
Jericho. Superficially it is very close to C. lappulacea Benth. but the two
species can be distinguished by an examination of the achenes.

Achenes with a pappus of 4-8 unequal free awns . . . . . . C. lappulacea

Achenes with a pappus composed of 2 awns and a number of very

reduced ones or setae united at the base . . . . . . . . C. suffruticosa

Calotis xanthosoidea Domin Bibl. Bot. lxxxix (viii), 1209 (1929).

Mitchell District: East of Jericho, in mixed open forest on sand, alt.
abt. 1,250 ft., 8. T. Blake 6813 (fig. and ftg. heads), July 1934 (tufted,
prostrate, dull green, ray white, disc yellow) ; same locality and habitat,
S. T. Blake 6827 (fig. and ftg. heads), July 1934 (tufted, ascending,
green, ray lilac, disc yellow) ; near Lochnagar, in Eucalyptus forest, on
fine sand, alt. abt. 1,100 ft., 8. T. Blake 10278 (fig. and ftg. heads),
Nov. 1935 (bushy dull green annual of abt. 6 in., ray white, disc yellow).
20 m. E. of Corinda Station in red sandy soil, 8. L. Everist 2569 (fig. and
fgt. heads), April 1946 (erect herb; leaves pale dull green; ray florets
white, disc yellow).

Gregory South District: Tenham Station, abt. 25 miles S.S.E. of
Windorah, on stony ridge with Acacia, S. T. Blake 12033 (fig. and ftg.
heads), July 1936 (bushy subglaucous annual of abt. 6 in., ray light
mauve, disc yellow).

Only previously known from the type gathering on sandstone hills
of the Dividing Range, near Jericho.

Superficially this species is very similar to C. cuneifolia R. Br. but
on the whole is larger in its parts. The two species, however, can
immediately be distinguished by an examination of the achenes.

Achenes with a pappus composed of 2-3 barbed awns and 2

truncate scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. cuneifolia

Achenes with a pappus composed of 6-8 barbed awns and at

least 4 smaller scales . . . . . . . . . . . . C. xanthosoidea

Coreopsis lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 908 (1753).

Burnett District: Kingaroy, in grassland about the town, M. 8-.
Clemens (old fls. and ripe seed heads), 17-3-1944.

A native of North America, much cultivated as a garden perennial
but subspontaneous around towns and settlements.

HeUpterum unifiorum J. M. Black Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aus. xli,
651, pi. XLIII (1917).

Warrego District: Offham, on edges and sometimes in clay-pans in
patches from a few square ft. up to 15-30 sq. yds. and only on very
isolated spots, N. Geary, Sept. 1943.

Not previously recorded for Queensland.

Family Goodeniaceae.

Groodenia subauriculata sp. nov. (Sect. Eugoodenia) .

Herba humilis probabiliter perennis, pilis longis hispidis plus vel
minus sparse obsitis; caulibus in sicco leviter complanatis et sulcatis ad
15 cm. longis. Folia linearia, apice acuta, basi subauriculata, margine
irregulariter et distanter dentata vel fere lobata vel in foliis superioribus
saepe integra, 3-9 cm. longa, 3-5 mm. lata, costa media supra impressa
subtus elevata, nervis secundariis utrinque invisibilibus. Pedunculi

34

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

axillares uniflori 1 mm. longi vel sub fructu ad 2 mm. longi. Ovarium
oblongum, 2 mm. longum. Sepala lanceolata ovario aequilonga. Corolla
flava (Flecker), in sieco in specimine Tatei pallida et purpureo-venosa,
extus pilis longis sparsis obsita, ca. 6 mm. longa ; lobi 3 inferiores apicem
versus alis instrueti, lobi 2 superiores profunde separati inaequaliter
alati. Staminum lilamenta tenuia; antheris oblongis minutis
minutissime apiculatis. Capsula oblonga, 5 mm. longa, sepalis 2 mm.
longis coronata; semina in quoque loculo 1, rugulosa, margine valde
incrassata instructa.

Northern Territory. — Pine Creek, R. Tate (type: National
Herbarium, Melbourne).

Queensland. — Cook District: Iron Range, H. Flecker (fls.), April
1944 (herb, fls. yellow) (N.Q. Nat. Club No. 8565).

According to Krause’s Monograph of the Goodeniaceae (Pflanzenr.
IV. 277) the present plant comes nearest to G. sepalosa F. Muell. and
between that species and G. hispida R. Br. The three can be
distinguished as follows: —

Herbs, more or less densely hispid, not at all glandular.

Leaves usually dentate, tapering into a petiole at the base,
peduncles shorter than the leaves or almost as long;
sepals leafy, longer than the ovary . . . . . . G. sepalosa

As above, but peduncles very short or flowers sessile . . G. sepalosa

var. bracliypoda

Leaves usually dentate or lobed, sessile, base subauriculate ;
peduncles short, 1-2 mm.; sepals lanceolate as long as
the ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. subauriculata

Leaves usually entire, lower ones petiolate, upper ones
sessile; peduncles exceeding the cauline leaves; sepals
subulate., barely as long as the ovary . . . . . . G. hispida

Dr. Flecker’s specimen was forwarded to the National Herbarium,
Melbourne, for comparison with type material of G. sepalosa F. Muell.
and its variety hrachypoda. The Director, Mr. A. W. Jessep, reported
that it differed from G. sepalosa F. Muell. in the stem-clasping foliage,
much smaller flowers and smaller calyx, not large and “leafy”, but that
it was identical with an unnamed specimen in the National Herbarium
from Pine Creek, Northern Territory, and collected by R. Tate. This
was kindly sent me on loan with permission to name and describe it if
I thought fit.

Family Convolvulaceae.

Merremia hederacea {Barm. /.) Hallier f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
xviii, 168 (1894).

E volvulus hederaceus Bunn. f. FI. Ind. 77, t. 30 f. 2 (1768).

M. convolvulacea Dennst. Schl. Hort. Malabar 39 (1818).

Cook District: Green Hill, near Cairns, S. E. Stephens (fls.)
19-5-1944 (herb, fls. yellow) (N.Q. Nat. Club No. 8713).

A common weed of S.E. Asia and the Malay Archipelago, not
previously recorded from Queensland.

Family Scrophulariaceae.

Limnophila fragrans ( Forst . /.) Seem. FI. Vit. 180 (1865).

Ruellia fragrans Forst. f. Prodr. 44 (1786).

Limnophila serrata Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 448, t. 57, fig. 2
(1826) ; Benth. FI. Austr. iv. 490 (1869).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE QUEENSLAND FLORA, NO. 9.

35

Cook District: Hammond Islands, F. M. Bailey 127, June 1897
(herb with strong peppermint odour) (detd. and recorded as L.
gratioloides R. Br.) ; Thursday Island, F. J. C. Wildash; nr. Clayton's
Creek, growing in swamp among Axonopus compressus , H. Flecker
3-9-1944 (N.Q. Nat. Club No. 8841) (herb with highly aromatic odour).

Not previously recorded for Queensland.

Limosella aquatica L. Sp. PI. 631 (1753).

Darling Downs District : Wallangarra, M. S. Clemens (nearly ripe
fts.), Nov. 1944.

Not previously recorded for Queensland.

Family Proteaceae.

Conospermum longifolium Sm. Exot. Bot. ii, 45, t. 82 (1806).

Darling Downs District: Eukey via Stanthorpe, Mrs. Goebels per
M. S. Clemens (fls.) Nov. 1944; Ballandean, J. E. Young.

Not previously recorded for Queensland.

Grevillea linearis R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. x, 170 (1811).

Darling Downs District : Eukey, nr. Ballandean, Mrs. M. S. Clemens
(fls.), Nov. 1944.

Not previously recorded for Queensland. These specimens agree well
with those from the type locality — Port Jackson.

Grevillea arenaria R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. x, 172 (1811), var.
canescens ( R . Br.) Benth. FI. Austr. v, 443 (1870).

G. canescens R. Br. Prot. Nov. 18 (1830).

Moreton District: Murphy’s Creek, E. A. R. Lord (fls.) March
(few fls. and fruits — not quite mature) April 1944.

Mr. Lord writes: “The shrub is common in our ranges and blooms
for the greater part of the year. It grows in the form of a spreading
shrub and the average height is abt. 5 ft.”

The present specimens are an excellent match for the illustration in
Botanical Magazine tab. 3185 quoted by Bentham l.c. There are several
small Grevilleas in the section Ptychocarpa and the distinctions between
many are very meagre. The specimens quoted above and the illustration
in the Botanical Magazine show one of the most outstanding of them
and to my mind one of the most worthy of specific rank. An examina-
tion of recent abundant material with types is highly desirable, however,
before making any changes from the arrangement by Bentham in the
“Flora Australiensis, ” adopted by subsequent botanists.

Family Liliaceae.

Stypandra grandis sp. nov.

Caules ad 1 m. alti, parte inferiore infra inflorescentiam simplici ad
0-5 m. alta. Folia pauca ad 1 m. longa et 4 cm. lata, dimidio inferiore
carinata, basi vaginante caules amplectentia et parte vaginale ad 10 cm.
longa; folia caulina ad vaginas gradatim redacta. Inflorescentia laxe
dichotoma in panicula terminal! ad 30 cm. longa et 25 cm. lata
disposita, bracteis sub ramulis praecipuis foliaceis et vaginantibus

36

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

superioribus gradatim redactis eis sub pedicellis 3-5 mm. longis. Pedicelli
tenues 1*5-3 cm. longi. Perianthii segmenta cyanea 1 cm. longa, vix 5
mm. lata, intus lineis 5 elevatis longitudinaliter notata. Stamina petala
ca. duplo breviora, filamentis tomento aureo dense vestitis. Capsula
oblonga, 8 mm. longa • semina opaca, rugosa.

Darling Downs District: Stanthorpe, F. M. Bailey (fts.), Dec. 1875
(detd. as 8. caespitosa R. Br.) ; Thulimbah, C. Schindler • Mt. Norman
via Wallangarra, Mrs. M. S. Clemens (type: fls.), Nov. 1944.

The present plant was previously recorded for Queensland as S.
caespitosa R. Br. but differs in being very much larger. The two can be
distinguished as follows : —

Plant under 0.5 m. high, leaves under 0.25 m. long and abt. 5 mm.
wide, perianth segments blue, yellowish or white inside; seeds
smooth and shining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. caespitosa

Plant 1 m. high, leaves 4 cm. wide, perianth segments deep blue,

yellowish or white inside, seeds dull, rough . . . . . . S. grandis

Mr. R. H. Anderson, to whom I submitted specimens of the new
species, thinking it might occur in the New England country, states that
he has not seen the plant in New South Wales and considers it quite
distinct from S. caespitosa R. Br., which is a common plant about Port
Jackson. This latter species should be deleted from the Queensland Flora
until .authentic material has been gathered.

Family Centrolepidaceae.

Centrolepis strigosa Roemer & Schultes Syst. Veg. i, 43 (1817).

Darling Downs District : Near Wallangarra and Eukey, Mrs. M. S .
Clemens (fts.), Nov. 1944.

Not previously recorded for Queensland. The closely allied C~
fascicularis Labill. grows in the same area.

Vol. LVII., No. 4.

37

THE ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND MODE OF
OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL
AUSTRALIA

By H. I. Jensen, D.Sc.

(Three Maps and Five Text-figures.)

{Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 21th August, 1945;
issued separately 20 th January, 1947.)

I. DEFINITION OF MICA.

Mica is mineralogically a general term applied to any one of a group
of minerals which are of a very glistening lustre, and highly cleavable
parallel with the basal plane. In commerce and industry the term is
applied principally to one variety of mica, namely white mica or mus-
covite, though the darker brownish phlogopite is also in great industrial
demand.

II. CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE MICAS.

The true micas form a peculiar group of primary hydrous silicates,
in which an alkali oxide enters into combination with an oxide of
aluminium, iron, or magnesium, and with silica, and a little water of
constitution. The alkali may be potassium, lithium or sodium. The
sodium-mica, paragonite, occurs in rocks as fine pearly scales, sometimes
forming a compact mass of mica rock, but it is of no commercial impor-
tance as it does not form large plates. The lithium micas, lepidolite and
zinnwaldite, are present as scales, or compact masses, in some gneisses
and pegmatitic granites, but are of no commercial value, except for the
extraction of lithium, for which purpose the occurrence would have to
be exceptionally large since these micas contain only about 4 per cent,
lithium. The commercially important micas are the potash micas,
muscovite and phlogopite. Black mica, the iron-potash mica, mineralogi-
cally called biotite, is of no commercial importance, although it frequently
occurs in pegmatite dykes as very large crystals, up to 12 inches or more
in diameter, and cleaves well ; it lacks the transparency and the dielectric
properties which are measures of the value of mica. The micas in demand
are muscovite, the potash-aluminium mica, and phlogopite, the magne-
sium-potash mica.

III. PROPERTIES AND USES OF THE COMMERCIAL MICAS.

The properties which give mica its present day wide commercial
use and high value are its perfect basal cleavage into sheets often as
thin as a thousandth of an inch, transparency or translucency, flexibility,
elasticity, lustrous sheen of cleavage faces, low thermal conductivity,
infusibility, and, for electrical applications, its dielectric property of
high resistance to the passage of electricity. This last property, in con-
junction with its low thermal conductivity and infusibility, accounts for
the high and ever-increasing demand for mica, which is absolutely
essential to the electrical industries in the manufacture of condensers,
telephones, dynamos, commutators, sparking plugs and various types of
heating equipment, in which the wires, or heating elements, are coiled
round the mica.

F

38

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Fig. 1.

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

39

Mica therefore possesses a unique combination of properties,
unequalled by any other natural or manufactured substance. As the
electrical industry is constantly expanding with the march of civilisation,
the demand for mica is constantly increasing. In ancient and medieval
times muscovite, or white mica, was in limited demand — on account of
the size of sheets obtainable — for making windows and skylights. With
the expansion of the metallurgical industry mica came into use for
making windows in furnaces to enable the operator to see the progress
of smelting, but even a generation ago the demand for muscovite was
only moderate. To-day production cannot supply the demand. Con-
sequently thinly split scrap mica, powdered mica, and fine mica from
the concentration of mica in river sands (recovered by dredging or
sluicing) are to-day employed in the manufacture of micanite, which is
composed of fine mica plates, or powder, cemented with certain shellacs
and gums, and compressed into sheets. Micanite can be used as a
dielectric where temperatures are not excessively high.

Ground mica is also used as backing for rolled asphalt roofing, to
prevent sticking ; also to give lustre to paints and wallpaper, to give a
finish to stucco and concrete, and as a dusting material to prevent rubber
goods from adhering to the moulds in which they are cast, and for many
other purposes.

A decade ago the market for mica was precarious, and in the hands
of speculators. The miner who faced hardship and risk did not get a
fair deal. These conditions are not likely to recur.

IV. MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF THE
COMMERCIAL MICAS IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

Phlogopite and muscovite are very different in their mode of
occurrence and mineral associations.

A. Phlogopite is a much rarer mineral than muscovite. It is in
great demand for the manufacture of aeroplane spark-plugs and com-
mutators.

While muscovite is a widespread mineral in acid igneous and meta-
morphic rocks, phlogopite is associated with basic igneous and
metamorphic rocks, and occurs in them only sparingly and sporadically.

There is only one phlogopite mine in Central Australia. It is
situated on the southern slope of the Strangway Range, a spur of the
Hart’s Range. (See plate I.) It was opened up by the Government in
1943, essentially because supplies of phlogopite from Madagascar and
Canada were cut off through the war with Japan. The mineral was badly
needed for Australian aeroplane manufacture.

The occurrence of phlogopite in this locality had been discovered
some years earlier by a prospector named Johannsen. The find attracted
some interest, and several government geologists had cursorily reported
on it before me, but they did not have the advantage of examining the
deposit after it had been properly opened up.

The phlogopite occurs in a dunite, a rock composed wholly of olivine.
The. geologists referred to above, Owen and Sullivan, regarded this
dunite as an alteration product of dolomite, which according to them,
had been intruded by a basic dyke (amphibolite). They attributed the

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

40

alteration of the dolomite to olivine and phlogopite to metamorphism
caused by the basic dyke. My own examination of the area of the mine
led me to entirely different conclusions, on which the following remarks
are based.

The area is composed of a highly metamorphosed series, consisting
of interstratified amphibolites (basic sills or altered basalts), felspathic
quartzites, acid gneisses, basic gneisses and schists. This series is
intruded by dykes of later amphibolite and, still later, by pegmatitic
dykes of an acid magma. (See figure 1.)

Ph/oqop/t?
fcoclk mar//

NW

Ph/ogop'ite QVAUTZITE

PocA hanging

K-/MBZRLJ T£__ _

A Ol/A//T£ '\ \ V

. Joint
Hit A 8ook
Ph/ogopite.

DyAe.

SE

HAZZBURGITE

foot

*/•

y/at/f

QUAZTZ /

Horizontal Cross Section of the Ph/oyopite Dyke .

Fig. 2.

The phlogopite occurs in a large basic dyke allied to gabbro, which
differentiated into three zones : — a harzburgite, consisting of hypersthene,
bronzite, augite, enstatite and magnetite, with a little basic felspar and
olivine, on the footwall side ; an olivine rock in the middle ; and gabbro.
allied to kimberlite, on the hanging-wall side. (See figure 2.) The hanging-
Avall rock consists in some parts of olivine-augite rock with spinel, in some
parts of the same minerals with some phlogopite. In places a rock consist-
ing mainly of phlogopite has been developed. In the footwall part of the
dyke there are also considerable lenses of pure magnetite. Whether this
differentiation of the magma took place in its first cooling period or in
the period of subsequent metamorphism is not clear.

The phlogopite dyke can be followed on the surface for about half a
mile varying in width of outcrop between 50 and 200 feet. It strikes
north-north-west, and appears to dip at a very high angle to the east-
north-east. Towards its northern end it is faulted in an interesting
manner by a pegmatite dyke. At two points on the outcrop, one near
the north and one near the south end, occur some small outcrops of
crystalline dolomitic limestone, which contributed to the idea that the
dyke was altered limestone. These occurrences are, however, only
secondary limestone. The gneissic series is variable in strike in the area,
but mostly west-north-west in the neighbourhood of the dyke. The
still later pegmatite intrusions branch considerably, but the largest strike
east-north-east. Several small pegmatitic veins occur in the immediate
neighbourhood of the phlogopite mine, but none have been noticed as
yet in the basic dyke rocks. Several intrusions of a rock resembling
aplite also occur in the vicinity, but this rock so closely resembles some
of the adjoining metamorphic rocks (the felspathic quartzites) that its
identity is doubtful.

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

41

The phlogopite (-bearing) dyke, on underground examination, is seen
to have a large number of sub-parallel partings, or major joints, dipping
gently to the south-south-east. In the weathered zone solutions pene-
trating along these joints have decomposed the olivine rock to form a
pug consisting of magnesite, with nodules of magnesium silicate
(saponite) . Along these major joints, and in neighbouring branch joints,
the best books of phlogopite wTere developed. Very abundant books of
phlogopite also occurred in a pipe-like olivine formation, which went
straight down only a couple of yards from the main shaft. It was missed
in sinking the shaft. (See figure 3.)

The parallel partings, joints, or floors in the dyke, which have per-
mitted decomposition into secondary magnesian minerals, were probably
also passages for solutions in the remote geological period when the
pegmatites were injected. It would therefore appear from the study of
this mine that phlogopite was not an original component of the dyke rock,
but was formed by the action of solutions containing potash, emanating
from granitic instrusions in the vicinity. Its occurrence in pipe-like
bodies, as well as in proximity to the floors and joints mentioned, points
to its being a pneumatolytic mineral. The occurrences of phlogopite
rocks, consisting almost Avholly of phlogopite, are sporadic, and mostly
near one or other of the walls. They are probably portions very severely
affected by hot solutions rich in potash. In these places the phlogopite
has not been able to grow freely into large books, but occurs as inter-
grown crystals up to 1 or 2 inches in diameter.

A little fine-grained phlogopite also occurs in similar association
in a large basic dyke known as the Black Pinnacle in the Hart’s Range,
and in metamorphosed limestone near Jenkin’s apatite deposit, on the
Hart ’s Range road, but no large books seem to exist in either locality.

The phlogopite mine (Johannsen’s) was developed at great expense,
but was abandoned in 1944, as soon as overseas supplies of the mineral
could again be obtained. Owing to the sporadic occurrence of good
books of the mineral, even in the best portions of the mine, the expense
of mining it was not warranted. It is of course quite possible that
further development of the mine may lead to the discovery of richer

A/ IV

S£

Fig. 3.

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

ground. Moreover, only about a fourth of the dyke outcrop has been
tested with shafts ; and shallow rootings in the other portions show that
phlogopite occurs right along it.

Before leaving the subject of the phlogopite mine and dyke some
interesting mineral associations should be mentioned. At the point
where the dyke has been faulted, and a later pegmatite dyke has been
intruded into the fault, there is a large development of phlogopite rock,
and lenses of anthophyllite rock also occur. A large mass of phlogopite
rock has also been developed on the hanging-wall side of the phlogopite-
dyke north-west of the main workings adjoining a supposed aplite
intrusion, and several others south-east of the main workings — also near
supposed aplite intrusions'. Alteration of the gabbro to anthophyllite
rock also occurs near the hanging-wall side south-east of the main shaft,
and portions of the adjacent country rock here have been altered to
aetinolite rock. The production of anthophyllite and actinolite is pro-
bably due to fault movements, as these minerals occur in several sheared
zones in basic rocks in other parts of the Hart’s and Strangway Ranges.
Whatever may be the origin of phlogopite in other countries, pneuma-
tolytic processes seem best to account for its presence in the Strangway
Range.

B. Muscovite. Considering the plentiful and wide distribution of
muscovite in rocks, it seems a strange thing that the mineral is so scarce
in large books.

Muscovite is one of the major minerals in a considerable section of
granite as well as of the gneisses and schists in the older formations
throughout the world.

In large crystals (called books, on account of cleavability of the
crystals and flexibility of the sheets) it occurs only in coarse granitic
dykes, known as pegmatites ; even in these rocks the mica books are
sporadic, or in some cases confined to lenses within the dyke.

It is only in those pegmatite dykes which invade the oldest gneisses
and crystalline schists of the earth’s surface that sheet mica in com-
mercial books is to be found.

The Hart’s and Strangway Ranges (see plate I.) are, as described in
my paper to this society last year, composed of Arcluean formations,
consisting of gneisses, amphibolites, quartzites, schists, marbleised
dolomitic limestones, and similar highly altered rocks1, traversed by
thousands of pegmatite dykes. Most of the pegmatites contain only mica
up to an inch or two wide in cross section, quite useless for cutting up
into sheets. Many pegmatites contain very little mica at all. Some
contain sporadic lenses rich in sheet mica. Very few of the dykes contain
large mica books throughout the whole length of outcrop.

These facts raise a number of important questions which are best
dealt with separately. They are : —

(a) What is the eause of the different nature of the granite-
pegmatite dykes ?

(&) What is the effect of the country rock on the dykes?

(c) What are the indications by which a prospector should be
guided in his search for commercial mica?

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

43

These problems are dealt with separately in the following sections.
( a ) Cause of the different nature of the granite pegmatite-dykes.

A large intrusion of igneous molten matter contains a considerable
amount of water and various gases which become saturated with mineral
matter. As the molten mass cools and crystallises out, the gases and
watery solutions are squeezed into cavities formed within, or near, the
apex of the cooling mass. If the enclosing rocks are sufficiently cool to
develop fault cracks the gases may escape through these ; with the gases
some of the hydrous solutions may also get away. If the intruded rocks
are devoid of cracks, as would be the case in that deep zone, the zone of
metamorphism, where temperature and pressure keep the minerals in a
plastic condition, the liquids and gases of the intrusion, together with a
certain amount of mineral in solution, are kept confined until cooling
has proceeded far enough in the enclosing rocks to allow the latter to
crack or fault. When cracking does take place, whether through general
earth movements, or through internal gas pressure, or through expansion
caused by crystallisation, not only can the gases and liquids escape, but
the release of pressure also liquifies part of the consolidated igneous rocks
near by, and that too is squeezed into the crack.

Assuming that a granite mass is suddenly thrust into a well-cooled
zone capable of cracking and faulting, normal granite and aplite dykes
and grano-pegmatitic (very coarse granite) dykes are thrust into the
cracks after the escape of solutions and vapours. The solutions and
vapours would effect mineralisation thousands of feet and even
miles away from the granite body. The less mobile dykes would
gradually close up the fissures and vents. If the cooling granite
body were very large there would still be pockets of mother-liquor, i.e.,
gases, liquids and mineral matter in solution, in parts of the intrusion.
This liquor, being the last to solidify, would again be squeezed to the
apex of the mass, where it would remain in a liquid and gaseous con-
dition until further earth-movements caused further cracking and fault-
ing, thus permitting its escape. But when the enveloping rocks are still
plastic and undergoing the process of metamorphism the mother-liquor
eats or stopes its way up through the plastic metamorphie formations,
forming large irregular pegmatite dykes, until it reaches a zone which
has attained a stage of cooling that has produced joints and faults.
Then the mother-liquor will follow the channels of easy passage.

Thus we can from the same large granite mass get an earlier series
of granite, aplite, and grano-pegmatitic dykes, and a later series of
pneumatolytic pegmatite dykes formed from the residual magma. If
release of pressure by great earth-movements should liquify a portion
of the already cooled granite mass, there can be a still later series of
porphyritic granite dykes.

The dykes containing books of sheet mica belong to the true pneuma-
tolytic series formed by the invasion of the enveloping metamorphie
rocks by masses of squeezed-out mother-liquor or residual magma. For
the production of muscovite the mother-liquor must be highly potassic.
Naturally this would most frequently occur in the case of a highly
potassic granite magma ; sometimes also in a normal granite magma in
which differentiation and chemical combination have left potash dominant
in the residual liquor.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Amongst the gaseous and liquid constituents of the mother-liquor
carbon dioxide is the principal mineralizer. The others are water,
chlorine, fluorine, and boron. These keep alkalies in solution. The car-
bonic acid is responsible for keeping a large amount of silica in the liquor,
and the haloids account for the presence of various heavy metals1. Conse-
quently, when at the comparatively low temperature of between 500°
and 1,000° C. the mother-liquor consolidates, it may contain a consider-
able number of minerals containing fluorine, chlorine and boron, as well
as others in the formation of which the haloids play a part. Amongst
such minerals are tourmaline, topaz, tin, wolfram, tantalite, &c.

A study of the pegmatitic dykes rich in sheet mica shows that most
of them have quartz blows developed within them. Often such blows
outcrop strongly on the surface. They contain no mica. Around each
such quartz blow there is usually a zone of graphically intergrown quartz
and felspar, a eutectic zone. Outside this there is a zone of massive
crystalline felspar. The eutectic and felspar masses rarely contain any
vestige of mica as inclusions. Odd interstitial veinlets of later origin
may contain some mica.

When quartz blows are absent along the outcrop there are usually
lenses or bands of quartz along the hanging-wall, and sometimes sub-
sidiary bands within the dyke.

Around and between the quartz blows, as described, the main body
of the dyke consists of a miarolitic coarse aggregate of quartz, felspar
and mica, in which good books may be developed in a manner described
later. Often the best books occur just outside the massive felspar, and
moulded on the felspar.

The mica books often contain inclusions of other minerals such as
tourmaline, rutile, quartz, felspar, &c., which spoil the value of the mica.
The inclusions show that the sheet mica was the last mineral to form.

In normal granites the order of crystallisation is usually that of
decreasing basicity. Mica commenced to crystallise before felspar,
though it might continue to grow while the felspar was forming. Mass
action and low content of pneumatolytic solutions are the causes of
crystallisation, in accordance with decreasing basicity of minerals, in
muscovite granite.

My predecessors in geological investigation on the mica field adopted
the sequence of crystallisation of muscovite granite as that of pegmatites
also. Hence they had to invent a second period of intrusion to account
for the quartz blows.

Actually the order of crystallisation of pegmatite dykes is, accord-
ing to my investigations, as follows: —

'(T) Quartz blows,

(2) Eutectic intergrowth of quartz and felspar,

(3) Massive felspar,

(4) Miarolitic pegmatitic mixture of quartz, felspar and mica,

(5) Mica and quartz.

The pegmatites do not follow the same order of crystallisation as
granites but behave like hydrous solutions, under great temperature and
pressure, but nevertheless much lower than those under which granites

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

45

crystallise. The pegmatites have formed at temperatures between
],000° C. and 500° C., the last solutions of potassie mother-liquor pro-
bably crystallising as mica and quartz at the last-mentioned lower
temperature.

In crystallising, the order of crystallisation of pegmatites depends
on the following combination of factors: — (a) specific gravity, (&) for-
mula or molecular volume, (c) oxide volume, (d) pressure and tempera-
ture and (e) stress.

( a ) and (b). Goodchild’s researches into the physical chemistry of
rock-forming minerals proved that minerals with the highest specific
gravity and lowest formula volume crystallised out first. This accounts
for the early crystallisation of minerals like rutile, magnetite, tourma-
line and other minerals occurring as inclusions in pegmatite minerals,
though most of these commenced to form early enough to be enveloped
by and retained in the parent granite.

(c) As regards the felspars, Goodchild found that the oxide volume
was the most important factor controlling the order of their formation.
Lime, with an oxide volume of 16-4 to 23-4, enters into combination before
soda, with an oxide volume of 22 to 22*7. Therefore most of the lime
is retained in the parent granite. But, as potash has the greatest oxide
volume of the common alkalies, it remains in solution longest and is the
last to enter into combination.

The mother-liquor from which the pegmatites are formed consists
mainly of soda, potash, silica, and the various mineralisers already men-
tioned which hold in solution alumina, iron, and traces of other heavy
metals. As the oxide volume of quartz (silica) is only 22*7 to 27, it is to
be expected from Goodchild’s work that it would start to enter into
combination about the same time as the lime and soda and before the
potash, at least in static solutions. In the Hart’s Range pegmatites
oligoelase and microeline, the soda felspars, almost always formed before
the potash felspars.

(d) Pressure and temperature become important factors in the
sequence of crystallisation. As stated before, carbon dioxide is, with
alkali, responsible for holding large quantities of silica in solution.
While the dyke is stoping its way upwards in plastic metamorphic rock
of the deepest zone, it is under very high temperature and pressure, and
the mineralisers are confined in it. As soon as it reaches cooler and
fractured rocks — like those of Grubenman’s Middle Zone — the carbonic
acid is enabled to escape together with much of the water and haloid gas.
The lowering of pressure, and concomitant lowering of temperature, and
the loss of the solvent gases, cause an immediate precipitation of silica,
which then closes the faults or cracks. The cooling of the magma now
brings about further precipitation of quartz and felspar as a eutectic
and later the formation of felspar. At this stage excess of silica has
been reduced. The closing of fissures causes a renewed rise of tem-
perature and pressure, and the hydrous potash-rich residual magma
crystallises as quartz, felspar and mica, but the excess potash and the
remaining mineralisers hold in solution silica and alumina, but not in
the proportion needed to form orthoclase. Then it is that this solution
with falling temperatures precipitates mica and even corrodes felspar
and sometimes the wall rocks, to abstract the alumina necessary to
crystallise out as mica and quartz.

46

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

(e) In the crystallisation of the final residual portion of the magma,
formation of mica is favoured in preference to orthoclase, because its
molecular volume is 140 to 142 as against orthoclase (98-7 to 109-4) ; and
also through the fact that the cooling of the dyke has proceeded so far as
to bring it into the zone of stress. Orthoclase is a deepest zone mineral,
muscovite a middle zone or stress mineral. Mica is usually oriented in
definite directions in regard to the wall of the dyke, indicating stress at
the time of its deposition.

Normal orthoclase consists of Si02 64-7 per cent., A1203 18-4 per
cent., K20 16-9 per cent. ; and ordinary muscovite Si02 45-2 per cent.,
A1203 38-5 per cent., K20 11-8 per cent., H20 4-5 per cent. Since pres-
sure increases solubility and release of pressure increases crystallisation,
the escape of much of the C02 causes rapid deposition of felspar crystals
as well as of excess silica, but when the escape vent is again sealed by
quartz or quartz-felspar deposition pressure again increases. The lower-
ing of temperature and pressure in the first place by escape of gas is
practically equivalent to changing crystallisation conditions from those
of the Lower Zone of Grubenman to those of the Middle Zone. That
change favours the formation of mica instead of felspar. When pressure
then again increases somewhat by the sealing up of vents of escape of
liquid, and solubility increases, the remaining potassic mother-liquor,
consisting largely of potash and water (caustic potash), will redissolve
already formed felspar to form mica and quartz. The final solutions
of redissolved felspar in potassic mother-liquor actually do not crystal-
lise out into book-mica and quartz before pressure is again reduced by
the cooling down of the enclosing wall rocks of the dyke. Magmatic
water combined with potash also plays a very important part in the
development of mica instead of orthoclase at the close of the consolidation
period.

Wherever the texture of the dykes is fairly open and miarolitic, the
mica may be somewhat evenly mixed with quartz and felspar in the last
part to consolidate ; but where the dykes are nearly flat, and crystallisa-
tion proceeded under great pressure, the final potash-rich solutions to
enter into combination are squeezed towards the walls, near which the
best book-mica occurs. The mica books often grow at the expense of
already consolidated felspar, when the residual magma has become too
low in aluminium even to form mica. Usually the hanging-wall side
of the dyke has the best mica ; sometimes both walls have good books.
In the flat-dipping' dyke of the Sister Mine at Carrara, on the south side
of the ITart ’s Range, the best books lay in saucer-like depressions in the
footwall, corroded out by the potassic liquors which formed the mica.
In some mines there are also lines of small lenses of greisen-like com-
position, forming expansions of narrow greiseny bands crossing from
hanging-wall to footwall (as in the Kismet Mine, fig. 4) and these con-
tain excellent book-mica. They suggest a fracturing of the consolidated
portions of the dyke, and the squeezing of the potassic residual magma
into the fractures. In some of the mines up Eldorado Creek (e.g.
Oscari’s Mine) there is clear evidence of felspar having been broken
down, and mica developed at its expense, a greisen-like mixture of quartz
and mica having formed by the action of the potassic solutions on
already crystallised orthoclase.

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

47

This theory of the origin of mica is the only one which will stand
critical examination in the light of facts observed in the mines. The
order of crystallisation in the mica-rich pegmatites is therefore : —

1. Massive quartz.

2. Eutectic quartz and felspar.

3. Felspar,

4. Muscovite with or without residual quartz.

Crass Seel ion of k'ismef Dyke showing Mica
developed on wat/s and in bunches along jomfs .

Tig. 4.

( b ) Effect of Country Rock.

The nature of the dyke retinue of a parent intrusion of large size is
largely dependent on the character of the rocks invaded. If the latter
contain great beds, or bodies, of limestone, which is calcined, silicated
and partly assimilated by the granitic mass, differentiation is promoted
into dioritic and acid, calcic and alkaline granites, giving off dykes of
different kinds. But the most important effect, from the point of view
of mica-rich pegmatites, is that the alteration of limestones in the contact
charges the acid portions of the granite differentiates with water and
carbonic acid. These constituents favour the production of pneuma-
tolytic dykes.

The pegmatite dykes themselves are also affected by the rocks which
they encounter in working their way up either through a fissure or by
the stoping process. Where they pass through limestones the consolida-
tion and crystallisation of potash is delayed and the production of mica
favoured above the calcic formation.

In the Spotted Tiger Mine, the most productive mica mine in the
Territory, the pegmatite seems to be richer in book-mica where it lies
between biotite gneiss walls than in the acid gneiss and quartzite. (See
figure 5). This has also been a matter of general observation with most
of the mines. Almost all the best mines are situated on pegmatites
intruding basic gneiss and amphibolite. This is probably due to two
causes — firstly, the open texture of the basic gneisses and amphibolites,
which permits pent up carbonic acid from the intrusion to invade the
formation; and, secondly, the greater susceptibility of basic minerals to
alteration by carbon dioxide and moisture — they become carbonated and
chloritised.

Dykes in very acid gneisses rarely contain payable mica, except when
the gneisses are interbedded with limestone or amphibolite and these
rocks occur nearby.

48

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Showing Occurrence of Best Mica in Basic Gneiss.

Fig. 5.

Dykes in fine-grained schists, and in medium and coarse mica-
schists in Central Australia, however rich in muscovite they may be, very
rarely contain any book-mica of sufficient size and quality to warrant
mining.

Coarse-grained wall-rocks, like coarse gneisses and amphibolites,
favour the production of a coarse-grained pegmatite. Where a steeply
inclined pegmatite dyke invades such rocks there is a tendency for large
mica books to form alongside either wall, as well as along certain cross
flaws in the body of the dyke.

The dykes also have a considerable influence on any basic country-
rock which they traverse. There is a great development of garnet and
of calcite veins. These are produced by the pneumatolytic solutions
permeating the country-rock. Garnetiferous gneiss so often lines the
mica-rich dykes that garnet can almost be considered as indication.

Highly potassic dykes which were charged with pneumatolytic solu-
tions when injected, often metamorphose a selvage of the country-rock
traversed into an all-mica rock, resembling a muscovite-biotite schist, the
schistosity of which is parallel to the dyke. This selvage maj^ range from
a few inches to several feet in width. It can be seen lining the walls
of many of the best mica-mines in the Territory, including the Spotted
Tiger, and can be said to be indication of the dyke ’s favourable chemical
composition for mica-production. Probably the dyke intrusion rendered
the original gneiss composing this selvage plastic. Potassic solutions
from the dyke entered into combination with the plastic wall-rock and a
complete rearrangement of minerals took place, the hornblende of
amphibolite and biotite gneiss being changed to biotite and the felspar
to muscovite, with the principal axis of the crystals at right angles to
the dyke.

Where mica-bearing pegmatites are not characterised by intermittent
quartz blows along the outcrop there is usually a band of massive quartz
near the hanging-wall side, and sometimes parallel bands within the dyke.
This quartz deposition takes place as the vapours and solutions work
their way into the country rock, escape of C02 being accompanied by
deposition of Si02. The various quartz bands may mark progressive
stages in consolidation.

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

49

(c) Indications for the prospector.

From the foregoing considerations it appears that the pegmatite
dykes which deserve most attention are : —

(1) Principally pegmatite dykes intruding coarse-grained basic-
gneisses. On the other hand, large coarse granite (grano-
pegmatitic) dykes do not merit much investigation.

(2) All pegmatites which are very rich in muscovite, especially
those which show some moderate or large books on the out-
crop.

(3) Pegmatitic dykes which have a zone or selvage of all-mica
rock, resembling a minette, lining their walls. That indicates
a potash-rich mother-liquor which has acted on the flucan
and wall-rock, producing mica.

(4) Pegmatitic dykes with intermittent quartz blows along the
outcrop (like the Billy Hughes) and pipes with a quartz out-
crop centrally situated (like the Caruso).

(5) Pegmatite dykes which have produced an extensive develop-
ment of garnet in the country-rock traversed by them.

From the considerations outlined in section (a) and (&) it can also
be seen that the scarcity of large book-mica is due to a great number of
special conditions which are necessary for its production. In addition
it might be stated that a large proportion of the book-mica from most
mica mines is only fit for grinding up as scrap mica, because many books
have defects or flaws which wholly spoil the mica for use in sheets. The
principal defects which condemn mica to the scrap class are (1) inclusions
of other minerals, especially those which are fair conductors of heat and
electricity, (2) the fishtail or herring-bone structure, and (3) ruling.

In fishtail or herring-bone mica the sheets are traversed by a number
of radiating ribs, like those of a fan. This appears to be due to twinning,
resulting from crystallisation pressure or strain at the time of formation.
This type of structure predominates in large books developed around
irregular quartz-felspar blows, instead of in parallelism to the lode
direction.

Ruled mica is mica in which all the sheets are traversed by equi-
distant lines which look as if they were made with a parallel ruler. The
ruling passes through every sheet of the book and is a plane of fracture.
As the lines are usually less than half an inch apart they spoil the mica.
The rulings represent a secondary cleavage parallel to a pinacoidal face,
developed by tectonic pressure. This structure is very common in the
mica of north-south pegmatite dykes near the western end of the Hart’s
Range where the strike of the country commences to change from east-
west to west-north-west.

It has been pointed out that payable book-mica is often confined to
particular lenses, or shoots, within the dyke, or plug. Mr. Archibald
A. C. Dickson, M.E. (U.S.A.) and A.I.M.M. (London), in a small work
called “The Mica Miners’ Gfuide,” which is based on his long experiences
in India as a manager of mica mines, states that these lenses or shoots
are always connected by a “bryle” or “indicator” which can be picked
up by an experienced mica miner. Such indicator floors or veins have
also been observed in several of the Territory mica mines, notably in
those which (like the Kismet) have their best mica in greisen-like lenses.

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Mr. Dickson found in India that the distance between successive
shoots was usually approximately equal to the average length of the
shoots.

In some of the Hart’s Range mines, notably the Spotted Tiger and
the Pannikin, the entire worked length has carried payable mica, and
might be considered one shoot. Over 300 feet have been worked out in the
Old Billy Hughes Mine, leaving only quartz and eutectic quartz-felspar
blows as pillars. These occur with great frequency and regularity every
30 feet or so. The New Billy Plughes Mine is on a different shoot on the
same lode higher up in the mountain.

Few of the mica occurrences have been followed up by exploratory
work. The mica-bearing lens occurring on the surface has been worked
out, and the mine lias been abandoned as of no further use. “Where
it be, there it be” has been the motto of the prospector.

Sporadic occurrence and apparently complete cutting out of ‘ ‘ lode ’ ’
is characteristic of all pneumatolytic minerals associated with pegmatites
and deposited by emanations from pegmatites. It is the same with
wolfram, tin, molybdenite. I have seen many tin mines in North Queens-
land which have been abandoned three or more times after a bunch of
tin ore has been taken out, all trace of ore having vanished. Enter-
prising prospectors entering these “shows” often pick up clues which
lead them to another bunch of ore. So it is with mica.

Mica apparently occurs in book form only in pegmatites in the
crystalline gneisses and associated very old formations, because it is only
in these formations that the plasticity of the rocks, caused by high
temperature and pressure, has sealed up all cracks and fissures, thereby
allowing pent up gases and mineralisers to act in the manner outlined.

V. MICA MINES OF CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

(See plate II. and plate III.)

It is not within the scope of this paper to describe all the mica mines
of the Territory or even to enumerate them. That has been done in my
official reports, the principal of which may in due course be published
by the government. The object of this paper is to bring to light certain
conclusions of a theoretical nature, based on observations, conclusions
which could not be properly and fully dealt with in official reports.

There are many hundreds of muscovite mines in the Hart’s Range
(see plate II.), most of them worked to a standstill and abandoned. The
most notable of these is the Spotted Tiger Mine, which has twice in its
history been abandoned as useless, only to be taken up again and found
richer than ever. It has produced over 300 tons of fine commercial
mica, not clear mica, but spotted ; and it is still producing.

Nearby is the Billy Hughes Mine, at an elevation of about 3,000
feet above sea level, on the steep slopes of Mt. Palmer, in the central
portion of the Hart’s Range metamorphic complex. On and near the
slopes of the same mountain are the Disputed, the Rex, the Spotted Dog,
the Ulgarna, the Caruso, the Rising Sun, and many smaller deposits.
About four miles north-east of Mt. Palmer, on the slopes of Mt. Brady,
are situated the Central mine and man}' smaller “shows.” East and
west of these centrally situated important mines, for a distance of 30 to
40 miles either way, i.e., both east and west, the hillsides are studded
with mica mines, and scrap-mica carried by the wind sparkles in the sun

OCCURRENCE OF MICA IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

51

here and there on the steep slopes far away from the dumps, which, when
the sun falls at the right angle on them, glitter like diamonds. Almost
all the principal mica mines of Central Australia are situated in the
Hart’s Range and in similar rock formations along the Plenty River
north of the Hart’s Range. A few pegmatite outcrops carrying a little
book-mica have been found in odd gneissic outcrops in the region of
Barrow Creek, and in a few places north of the Strangway Range. The
latter have been worked to some extent and have yielded a small quantity
of mica, but all other micaceous pegmatites have been found not worth
working.

The Plenty River mines (see plate III.) were only scratched until the
Government took over the development of one of the groups, the Ajax
Group. A strange theory existed amongst the old Italian, and other, mica
miners to the effect that no mica mines are of any value unless they occur
high up in the ranges. The Plenty River deposits were regarded by them
only as pockets which would not live in depth. This idea is, of course,
quite nonsensical, and the government work done in the Ajax Group, and
later work by a private syndicate in the Binkum mine, show it to be so.
In the steep ranges the mica deposits are eroded and exposed, so that they
are easily seen and the dykes are easily traced. The quality of the mica
is good from the outset, since there is no considerable superburden of
decomposed rock in wdiich the mica has undergone deterioration.
Tunnels or adits can be driven, and the waste rock slides down the
mountain-side and does not encumber the workings. These are the
advantages of the mountain mines. But there are serious disadvantages.
The slopes are generally far too steep for any vehicular road to be made
to the mine. In a number of cases it is impossible even to get a camel-
track or a mule-track to it. There is no ground level enough to pitch a
camp. The miners sometimes live a thousand feet or more lower down.
Tools and timber, food and fuel have to be hauled by manpower up the
steep slithery and rocky slopes. It is impossible to get drilling machinery,
winches and petrol up. Consequently the work is carried on in the most
primitive and arduous fashion. Every morning and night the men climb
up or down carrying or dragging tools sharpened or to be sharpened,
mica won during the day, and so on — a task more arduous than the hard
labour in the mines.

The mines in the low-lying flat to gently undulating country, as along
the Plenty River, have the disadvantages of the outcrops being largely
covered up with soil and difficult to trace, and of the pegmatite being
acted on by wet-season water sufficiently to damage much of the mica
down to water level, at 50 feet, or more, in depth. On the other hand
the advantages of mines so situated are very great. Roads can be
carried right up to them, and rock drills, engines, machinery, timber,
tools of all descriptions, explosives and necessities for the miners, can
be landed by truck at the very site where they are required. Conse-
quently work can be carried out cheaply by the most labour-saving
machinery and modern methods. It does not take long to sink a shaft
to the undecomposed dyke rock.

In 1943 and 1944 the government rendered good service in con-
structing, by means of graders, a number of good roads to various
points situated centrally to the mica mines of the Hart’s Range and
Plenty River. It also had a number of bores sunk which gave the miners
water supplies more reliable than those few natural holes and springs,
which had previously supplied them. Very useful work was also done

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

in sinking shafts and driving crosscuts to develop some of the principal
abandoned mines. However, the objective of getting mica to pay for this
work was not attained, because the mining methods adopted were
quite unsuitable, much valuable mica being damaged or destroyed by
indiscriminate machine-drilling and the excessive use of explosives.

The experienced mica miner always examines his drillings, and he
also knows when his drill touches a mica-book by the toughness of the
boring.

It may be wondered why there are no productive mica mines in the
far northern portions of the Territory, as in the Pine Creek to Maranboy
region. The rocks there are also very old Pre-Cambrian, and numerous
pegmatite dykes from adjoining granite masses occur in them. The
explanation is that the Pre-Cambrian rocks of the far north consist of
slates, fine-grained sericitic and mica-schists, quartzites and related rocks,
but they seldom contain any coarsely crystalline rocks, like the gneisses
and amphibolites of Central Australia. The Pre-Cambrian rocks of the
far north belong to Grubenman’s Middle Zone series of metamorphic
rocks. They were cool and much fractured at the time of the granitic
invasions, and therefore the gases and solutions escaped easily instead
of playing the intricate part involved in producing book mica.

VI. THE FUTURE OF MICA MINING.

There are many who think that Australian mica deposits will soon
become worked out. There is nothing to warrant this outlook. As the
Hart’s Range region becomes more accessible, and cost of transport lower,
and as scientific methods of searching for mica become more and more
adopted, a large number, if not most, of the abandoned mines will yield
new lenses, and many of the pegmatitic deposits may be worked to great
depths.

Diamond drilling may also greatly help in the discovery of new
lenses.

The mica deposits cannot be worked out, but they can be worked to
a standstill and become abandoned through continuing the old system
of surface scratching without developing on intelligent lines.

PROC. ROY. soc. Q'UAND.,

BEI^ jfrlsSM 1

HOC. ROY. SOC. Q'LAND.,

I., No. 4.

topographical map
Harts Range' Mica Region

Ol

PROC. ROY. SOC. Q'LAND., Vol. LVI1., No. 4.

PLATE III.

BOX HILL

Mtfeor* Crater
!• WeH \Camp

Topographical Map of the Plenty River and Moroni's Mica Region showing the

principal Mica Mines.

VOL. LVII., No. 5.

53

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN MUSCOIDEA, VI.

CALLIPHORA IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

By G. H. Hardy, Department of Biology, University of Queensland.

(. Received 13 th October, 1945; accepted for publication, 29 th October,
1945; issued separately 20 th January, 1947.)

Compared with European and North American species, the
Australian Calliphoras have a diverse appearance causing early authors
to regard them as belonging to several distinct genera. Each important
constituent in this fauna has been given one or more generic names, and
colour seems to have been the chief recognition factor. More modern
authors have attempted to advance beyond this plan. W. S. Patton
(1934-5) adopted Calliphora sensu lato as his basis of study and he used
a few characters of the terminalia for purposes of subdivision, resulting
in the formation of three groups, each containing species diverse in
appearance and structure. D. Miller (1939), taking a very conserva-
tive view, regards the terminalia as being liable to variation, and thus
small differences used for subspecific determination are inconstant; at
best he could admit only two subgenera in New Zealand, based upon
bare and hairy eyes which admittedly gradate from one to the other.
Hardy (1937), using colour characters for main divisions, attempts sub-
division on such terminal characters as might run parallel with colour,
thus keeping together species that are obviously related.

The New Zealand fauna falls into three divisions, namely,
Calliphora with one introduced species, N eopollenia with two species,
and all the rest included under N eocalliphora, being limited to these
islands ; whilst the orange or yellow thoracic spiracle can be used for
subgeneric discrimination. The Australian Onesia species possibly form
a complex, and if so, a few may have affinities with N eocalliphora ; but
terminal characters, more detailed than those given by Miller, are
needed. The Australian Adichosia also seems closely related to

N eocalliphora.

The following generic names have been proposed for these two
faunas : —

Onesia Desvoidy 1830 : type Musca sepulchralis Meigen, Europe.
This name has precedence over Calliphora, and the range of
the genus probably includes Australia but not New Zealand.
In the present studies the name is used for convenience.

Calliphora Desvoidy 1830: type Musca erythrocephala Meigen,
Europe.

f Anastellorhina Bigot 1885 : type bicolor Bigot, Australia. This
is said to be C. augur Fab., but Townsend, who saw the type
only through the glass of the cabinet drawer, may have seen
Lucilia fergusoni Patton, which needs close examination to
distinguish it from C. augur.

N eopollenia Bfauer 1889 : type Musca stygia Fabricius,

Australia.

N eocalliphora Brauer & Bergenstamm 1891 : type Musca

quadrimaculata Swederus, New Zealand. Originally based
on its hairy eyes and covered Adichosia.

G

54

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Adichosia Surcouf 1914: type Ochromyia hyalipennis Macquart
(preocc.) ; Tasmania is the quoted type-locality, but probably
it was from Sydney; and the fly is generally regarded as
being Calliphora ockracea Schiner, the species being
misquoted as the type of N eocalliphora by various recent
authors.

Proekon Surcouf 1914 : type Ochromyia lateralis Macquart,
Australia. The species is generally understood to be C. augur
Fab., and the name may be a synonym of Anastellorhina.

Tricho calliphora Townsend 1915: type C. villosa Desvoidy,
Australia. This is presumed to be C. stygia Fab., and later
Townsend placed the name as a synonym of N eopollenia.

Paracalliphora Townsend 1916 : type C. oceanea Desvoidy,
Oceanic islands and Australia. The identity of the type is not
known, but Townsend based his description on specimens
which are presumed to be C. augur Fab. The generic name
is a synonym of Proekon, and hence possibly of
Anastellorhina.

Xenocalliphora Malloch 1924: type C. eudypti Hutton (preocc.),
New Zealand. The species is now known as X. viridiventris
Malloch, of which only the female is known.

Philonesia Bezzi 1927 : type Pollenia aureonotata Macquart, New
Zealand, which is a synonym of C. hortata Walker.

EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES.

The diagrams represent the main features in the structure of the second segment
of the aedeagus, and the form taken by the struts (posterior flange), which are
stippled. Figs. A and B are as seen from the lateral position, and figs. C and D as
seen posteriorly.

A illustrates a free strut detachable from the socket in the anterior flange. Each
has a membrane (m.f.) that joins it to the central tube (c.L), at the apex of which,
occurs the genital orifice. The basal segment of the aedeagus is also given to show
the spine ( sp .).

B shows the strut as normally found, bound in with the rest of the aedeagus;
and such struts occur in two forms, shown in: —

(\ with the struts separated one from the other; and

I), with the struts fused together at their base, the length of fusion varying
with the species.

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN MUSCOIDEA, VII.

55

Key to Subgenera of Calliphora Based upon Characters in the Aedeagus.

1. Struts free at the apex and separated from each other at the base

(as in figs. A and C respectively) . . . . . . . . . . 2

Struts fused for their full length with the central tube of the

aedeagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Struts tapering to a pointed apex to where the attached membrane

reaches. Adichosia and probably Neocalliphora.

Struts similar but the attached membrane is short (as in fig. A).

Neopollenia stygia-g roup.

Struts expanded at the apex and the attached membrane short.

Calliphora. *

3. Struts distinctly separated at their base (as in fig. C).

Neopollenia (other groups) and froekon.

Struts fused together at their base for an appreciable distance (as
in fig. D but varying in length of fusion with the species).

Onesia.

Only some of the species of Onesia have been examined for the cited
character and these conform, but it seems possible that gradations will be
found in the future leading to N eo calliphora.

Subgenus Adichosia.

On C. ochracea Schiner, the aedeagus has its apical segment hinged
in the normal way upon the basal segment which carries the spine (fig.
A, sp.). The apical segment is in the form of a membranous central
tube with the genital orifice at its apex, and is supported by four flanges,
the bases of which are embedded in the membrane whence they arise
and spread slightly outwards, retaining connection with the tube by
membrane (fig. A, m./.) partly filled with fatty matter that gives rigidity
to the whole segment. The rear pair of flanges is in the form of a pair
of highly ehitinised struts (stippled in the figures), adjacent at their
base, and ending in a curve that brings the apex of each strut into a
socket on the anterior flange. The anterior flanges arise from the base
and flank that bulging part of the central tube which pulsates when in
action, and similarly they curve forwards, each ending in a point
anteriorly directed. Another membrane is attached to these, joining
them to the apical part of the central tube.

Comparing this with C. erythrocephala and allied species, Patton
(1935) described the aedeagus as having “the struts slender and ending
in a similar expansion, but not free as on the European and American
species ; the ends attached to membrane. ” If by this is meant not free
from the anterior flange, then Patton evidently misunderstood the struc-
ture ; further, the strut does not end in a similar expansion, but tapers
to a point, as his drawing shows. The membrane attached to the strut
differs from that of C. erythrocephala and also of the stygia-group (fig.

A, m.f.) by reaching the apex of the strut, but this in no way1 alters the
relation between the strut and the anterior flange other than by making
it not so easy to detach. This character has been confirmed on a male
captured in Brisbane on the 5th July, 1945, the struts being released
from their socket without breaking that attached membrane, the shape
being like that of Patton’s drawing where it is traceable as slightly
sinuous and without trace of an expansion. Patton gives two drawings
of the condition on C. erythrocephala, in both of which the strut is shown
as disconnected from the socket on the anterior flange; and the figure
by Miller shows the strut retained in the socket.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Subgenus Neopollenia.

On the stygia-grouip, the strut can be very readily released irom its
socket, and the membrane attached stops far short of the apex as seen
in fig. A. In all other groups the struts are fused with the central tube
for their whole length as in fig. B, just as they are on all species of
Proekon yet examined.

Brauer and Bergenstamm (1891, p. 440) state “ stygia Schin Nov.
Calliphora, Sydney. = vittata Macq. {Pollenia) I fail to trace
P. vittata Macquart, nor have I seen further references to it. so I presume
this is a manuscript name.

An error occurs in the key to species (Hardy 1937, p. 19) where
fulvithorax should read fulvicoxa ; also one species needs a new name,
which is given below.

Calliphora {N eopollenia) maryfulleri new name.

Musca australis Boisduval 1835, Voy. F Astrolabe Ent. ii. 669 —
preoccupied by Gmelin in Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i (1790), 2833.

Being unable to find a valid name for this well-known Western
Australian species, I have chosen one for it to commemorate the late
Mary E. Fuller, who carried out research on blowflies in Western
Australia and discovered this fly in the process.

A Correction.

In figure 25, on page 63 of the Proceedings of the Royal Entomo-
logical Society of London, series A, vol. 19, 1944, an error has been made
by inadvertently placing the sclerite formation of Sarcophaga around
the aedeagus of Calliphora.

On Sarcophaga, part of the sixth tergite and sternite are withdrawn
into the genital cavity and form the entrance to the phallic pouch, as
shown in that figure. There is no seventh tergite. Another remnant of
the sixth tergite has been traced by Patton in a very small sclerite
between T5 and S7, and this seems to be all the sclerite remnant preserved
in that position.

On Calliphora there is a considerable sixth tergite between T5 and
S7, but the chitinous border of the phallic pouch has lost both tergite
and sternite. Instead, the pouch entrance is bordered below by the
seventh tergite (T7) and no sclerite is present to mark the upper limits
of the phallic pouch. Thus it will be seen that in the original condition,
as on Syrphidae, the phallic pouch lies in the lateral area of the sixth
segment, having the lateral edge of the tergite and sternite to mark the
border of indentation. This is preserved on Sarcophaga, but it is lost
on Calliphora, where the phallic pouch is altered by the seventh tergite
marking its posterior limit.

REFERENCES.

Brauer, F., & Bergenstamm, J. V. (1891). Densk. Akad. Wiss. Wiem., lviii: 440.
Hardy, G. H. (1937). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, lxii: 17-26.

(1940). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, lxv: 484-493.

Miller, D. (1939). Cawthron Institute Monographs, No. 2: 68 pp.

Patton, W. S., & Cushing, E. C. (1934). Aim. Trop. Med. & Parasit., xxxviii:
205-16.

Patton, W. S. (1935). Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., xxxix: 19-32, and 200.

Vol. LVII, No. 6.

57

^REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN PSYCH I DAE

(LEPIDOPTERA).

By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.R.E.S.

(. Received 29 th October, 1945; accepted for publication, 2 6th November,
1945; issued separately, 20 th January, 1947.)

This small family is in some respects the most specialised of the
Lepidoptera ; but it also presents many primitive characters. The larvae
dwell in silken cases often with twigs or leaves attached. In these they
pupate. The adult female is without wings, feet, and mouth-parts, and
never leaves its case, in which the eggs are deposited. In the male the
head is rough-haired, the tongue is absent, the palpi very short and hairy,
the wings usually thin-scaled and often mostly hyaline. The neuration
is primitive, with a median vein (usually stalked) in the cell, and with
second cubital and two anal veins in both wings ; but there may be added
various anastomoses, and also veinlets or pseudoneuria may he developed.
The second cubital usually runs into the combined anal veins in the fore-
wings, but may be undeveloped except near its base. The second median
in the forewings arises below the middle of the cell. The first radial
may be present in the hindwings. The anterior tibiae often have a long
ventral spine.

Key to Genera.

1. Anterior tarsi with basal joint not elongate

2

Anterior tarsi with basal joint one -half

5

2. Forewings with 9 absent

3

Forewings with 9 present

4

3. Hindwings with 4 and 5 stalked or coincident

Elinostola

Hindwings with 5 separate

Hyaloptila

4. Hindwings with 5 absent

Hyalarcta

Hindwings with 5 present

Paracharactis

5. Hindwings with 4 and 5 anastomosing

Clania

Hindwings with 4 and 5 not anastomosing

6

6. Antennae simple towards apex

Oeceticus

Antennae pectinate to apex

7

7. Hindwings with 5 absent

Phasmyalea

Hindwings with 5 present

8

8. Both wings with median forked

Bathromelas

Both wings with median not forked

Plutorectis

1. Gen. ELINOSTOLA Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 193.

Antennae bipectinate to apex. Forewings with Cu2 running into
combined anal vein, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 absent ; median
forked in cell. Hindwings with 4 and 5 stalked or coincident, 6 absent ;
median in cell not forked. Type : E. hypomela .

H

58

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

1. Elinostola hyalin a n.sp.

vclXlvos, glassy.

22 mm. Head fuscous; face and palpi whitish. Thorax, abdomen
and legs dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched,
apex round-pointed, termen rounded, oblique; transparent; costal edge
narrowly fuscous. Hindwings with apex rounded, termen straight ;
transparent ; costal edge and cilia fuscous.

North Australia: Darwin (F. P. Dodd) ; one specimen.

I have not seen any other species of this genus.

2. Elinostola agriodes Meyr.

Exot. Micro, ii, p. 472.

Queensland : Brisbane.

3. Elinostola panagria Meyr.

Exot. Micro, ii, p. 473.

Queensland : Brisbane.

4. Elinostola hypomela Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 193.

Queensland: Brisbane.

2. Gen. HYALOPTILA nov.
vclAottt glassy- winged.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint not
elongate. Forewings with 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 separate,
10 and 11 absent ; median vein in cell not forked. Hindwungs writh cell
long; all veins present and separate; median vein in cell not forked.

5. Hyaloptila melanosoma n.sp.
lieXavoacjfios, black-bodied.

28 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Antennae dark
fuscous; pectinations 10. Legs fuscous. Forewings with costa straight
to middle, thence arched, apex rounded, termen straight, oblique ; wholly
transparent ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings with termen rounded ; trans-
parent ; some fuscous hairs in dorsal area ; cilia fuscous.

North Queensland: Cape York in October (W. B. Barnard).
Type in Queensland Museum.

3. Gen. HYALARCTA Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 193.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint not
elongate. Forewings with Cu2 running into combined anal vein, 5 absent,
7 stalked with 8, 9, and 10 sometimes stalked ; median vein in cell not
stalked. Hindwings with 5 absent, 6 and 7 approximated or
coincident ; median vein in cell not forked. Type : H. nigrescens.

59

REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN PSYCHIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)

6. Hyalarcta nigrescens Dbld.

Thyridopteryx nigrescens Dbld. Eyre’s Exped. i, p. 437; Meyr. and
Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 194.

Oiketicus herrichii Westw. P.Z.S. Lond. 1854, p. 232 ; Macalister Proc.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin 1869, p. 130 ; Wlk. iv, p. 950.

Hyalarcta ptiloclada Meyr. and Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 195.

I have examined the type of H. ptiloclada.

Queensland : Toowoomba, Cunnamulla. New South Wales :
Lismore. Victoria : Gisborne, Narnargoon, Kewell. South Australia :
Adelaide.

7. Hyalarcta huebneri Westw.

Oiketicus huebneri Westw. P.Z.S. 1854, p. 288 ; Meyr. and Low.
Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 195.

Oiketicus careyi Macalister. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin 1867, p. 133.

Queensland : Brisbane, Toowoomba, Stanthorpe. New South
Wales: Sydney. Victoria: Gisborne, Melbourne, Beaconsfield. South
Australia : Adelaide. West Australia : Perth.

4. Gen. PARACHARACTIS Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 205.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint not
elongate. Forewings with 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 10 sometimes
stalked with them. Hindwings with 4 and 5 connate. Type :

P. cautopsis.

I do not know any species of this genus, which should be
distinguished from Plutorectis by the basal joint of the anterior tibiae
not being elongate.

8. PARACHARACTIS LEWINII Heyl.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxix, p. 148; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907,
p. 205.

New South Wales : Broken Hill.

9. Paracharactis cautopsis Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 205.

New South Wales : Newcastle.

10. Paracharactis erionota Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1901, p. 63 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 206.

New South Wales : Broken Hill.

11. Paracharactis delocephala Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 206.

New South Wales *. Sydney.

60

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

5. Gen. CLANIA Wlk.

iv, p. 963.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint elongate
(one-half). Fore wings with Cu2 running into combined anal vein, 4 and
5 stalked, 7 connate with 8, 9, which are stalked. Hindwings with 4 and
5 stalked, 7 and 8 usually anastomosing before apex. Median vein
forked in cell in both wings. Type: C. lewinii Westw.

12. Clania dewitzi Heyl.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1886, p. 119 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907,
p. 196.

New South Wales: Sydney. Tasmania*. Launceston. South
Australia: Pinnaroo.

13. Clania tenuis Rosen.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiv, p. 422; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907,
p. 197.

New South Wales : Sydney. Victoria : Gisborne, Melbourne,
Geelong, Beaconsfield, Stawell. Tasmania: Launceston. South

Australia : Mt. Lofty, Pt. Lincoln.

14. Clania ignobilis Wlk.

Char. Undesc. Lep. p. 67 ; Meyr & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 197.

North Queensland: Cairns, Mt. Isa. Queensland: Brisbane,
Toowoomba, Dalby. New South Wales: Murrurundi, Scone, Sydney.
Victoria: Gisborne, Melbourne, Warburton. Tasmania*. Triabunna.
South Australia: Adelaide, Mt. Lofty. West Australia: Perth.

15. Clania lewinii Westw.

P.Z.S. 1854, p. 231 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 198.

New South Wales: Katoomba. Victoria: Melbourne, Gippsland.
South Australia: Mt. Lofty.

16. Clania photidias Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 199.

North Queensland: Cairns.

17. Clania variegata Snel.

Tijd. Ent. xxii, p. 114 ; Hmps. Moths Ind. 1, p. 291 = layardi Moore Lep.

Ceyl. ii, p. 102 = pryeri Leach P.Z.S. 1888, p. 598 = sikkima
Moore Ind. Mus. Notes ii, p. 67 = sciogramma Turn.
Tr. R.S.S.A. 1914, p. 247.

As noted by ITampson, the neuration of this species is variable. In
one example from Perth the anastomosis between veins 7 and 8 of the
hindwings is present, in three from Darwin these veins are unconnected.
In the latter several costal pseudoneuria are developed in the hindwings.

North Australia : Darwin, Melville I., Bathurst I., King R. Also
from Archipelago, China, Ceylon, India.

REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN PSYCHIDAE ( LEPIDOPTERA )

61

18. Clania persimilis n.sp.
persimilis, very similar.

30 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs fuscous. Antennae
blackish; pectinations 12. Forewings narrow, costa straight to two-
thirds, thence arched, apex obtusely pointed, termen nearly straight;
4 and 5 stalked to beyond middle; pale fuscous; veins outlined with
blackish ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings with termen nearly straight ; thickly
scaled; pale fuscous; cilia fuscous. Very similar to C. tenuis, but the
wings are much more thickly scaled and not translucent. In the latter
species veins 4 and 5 of the forewings are stalked near their bases.

North Australia: Bathurst I. (G. F. Hill) ; one specimen. Type
in National Museum.

6. Gen. OECETICUS Guild.

Tr. Linn. Soc. 1827, p. 375; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 199.

Antennae simple towards apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint
elongate (one-half)* Forewings with Cu2 running into combined anal
vein, 4 and 5 stalked, 7, 8, 9 stalked ; median vein forked in cell. Hind-
wings with 4 and 5 stalked; median vein forked in cell. Type : 0. kirbyi
from Central America.

19. Oeceticus elongatus Saund.

Tr. R.S. 1847, p. 43 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 200.

Queensland-. Brisbane, Tweed Heads, Toowoomba, Dalby. New
South Wales: Scone, Sydney. Victoria: Melbourne, Beaconsfield,
Birchip.

20. Oeceticus tertius Tempi.

Tr. E.S. 1847, p. 39 = templetoni Westw. P.Z.S. 1854, p. 234 = ulias
Low. P.L.S.N.S.W. 1899, p. 83.

North Queensland : Cooktown, Cairns.

7. Gen. PHASMYALEA nov.
c fiaopvaXeos , like phantom glass.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint elongate
(one-half). Forewings with 4 and 5 stalked, 8 and 9 stalked.
Hindwings with cell long (two-thirds) ; 5 absent. Median vein in cell
not stalked in both wings.

21. Phasmyalea pellucida n.sp.
pellucidus, transparent.

25 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Antennae fuscous ; pectinations
12. Abdomen reddish-ochreous. Legs fuscous ; tarsi grey-whitish. Fore-
wings rather narrow, dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex and
termen rounded ; transparent and scaleless except for a slight sprinkling
of minute fuscous scales in terminal area; costal edge whitish to one-
third, thence fuscous ; terminal veins and cilia fuscous. Hindwings with
termen rounded ; as forewings.

Queensland: Bunya Mts. in April (W. B. Barnard) ; one specimen
Type in Queensland Museum.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

8. Gen. BATHROMELAS nov.

Padpo/jLeXas, black-based.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint elongate
(one-half). Forewings with 4 and 5 stalked, 7, 8, 9 stalked ; median vein
in cell forked. Hindwings with 4 and 5 approximated throughout ; 6 and
7 remote ; median vein in cell forked. Monotypical.

22. Bathromelas hyaloscopa Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 203.

32 mm. Head pale grey. Antennae blackish ; pectinations 6. Thorax
fuscous ; tegulae grey. Abdomen and legs blackish. Forewings
triangular, costa straight, termen rounded; transparent; a broad
blackish basal fascia giving off broad costal and dorsal lines to beyond
middle and a slender line on lower edge of cell; cilia fuscous. Hind-
wings with termen nearly straight, slightly waved ; transparent ; base and
costal edge blackish ; cilia fuscous. Unless the structural characters are
noted, this species might be referred to Hyalarcta,

Queensland : Injune. Victoria : Wimmera.

9. Gen. PLUTORECTIS Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 201.

Antennae pectinate to apex. Anterior tarsi with basal joint elongate
(one-half). Forewings with 4 and 5 connate or stalked, 7 sometimes
stalked with 8 and 9, which are stalked. Hindwings with 4 and 5
approximated, stalked or coincident. Median vein in cell simple in both
wing. Type : P. boisduvalii.

23. Plutorectis pantosemna Turn.

P.L.S.N.S.W. 1931, p. 342.

West Australia : Lennox.

24. Plutorectis melanodes Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 201.

North Australia: Darwin. North Queensland: Cape York,
Townsville, Mackay. Queensland : Bundaberg, Brisbane, Tweed Heads,
Dalby.

25. Plutorectis xanthochrysa Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 202.

North Australia: Darwin. New South Wales: Jervis Bay.
Victoria : Moe. West Australia : Waroona, Perth.

26. Plutorectis zophopepla Meyr. & Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 203.

North Queensland: Cooktown, Townsville, Mackay.

27. Plutorectis boisduvalii West.

P.Z.S. 1854, p. 232 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 202.

New’ South Wales: Sydney, Katoomba, Jervis Bay. South
Australia : Mt. Lofty.

63

REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN PSYCHIDAE ( LEPIDOPTER A )

28. Plutorectis crocobathra n.sp.

KpoKofiaOpos, with saffron base.

25 mm. Head fuscous. (Antennae missing.) Thorax orange-
yellow. Abdomen fuscous. Legs ochreous ; anterior pair fuscous. Fore-
wings rather narrow, costa straight, apex and termen rounded ; 4 and 5
separate, 6 and 7 connate from end of cell; pale fuscous; near base
ochreous ; cilia pale fuscous, Hindwings with termen strongly rounded ;
4 and 5 connate ; pale fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous.

North Queensland: Atherton in June; one specimen. Type in
National Museum.

29. Plutorectis fulva n.sp.

fulvus , tawny.

28 mm. Head brownish-orange ; face paler. Antennae with stalk
whitish; pectinations 10, dark brown. Thorax and abdomen brownish-
orange. Legs brownish-ochreous. Forewings broad, costa straight, apex
and termen rounded ; fuscous-brown, darker near base ; cilia pale
ochreous. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded ; dark brown ; cilia
pale ochreous.

P. loisduvalii and P. xanthochrysa differ from this species in their
blackish antennal pectinations.

North Australia: Darwin (G. H. Hill) ; two specimens. Type in
National Museum.

30. Plutorectis dysmorpha n.sp.

Svcrpiopcfros, unattractive.

28 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Antennae fuscous ; pectinations 6.
Thorax whitish-ochreous with central fuscous suffusion. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa straight to near
apex, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; grey ; dorsal area
whitish-ochreous; a broad suffused fuscous bar from beneath one-third
costa towards tornus ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

North Queensland: Cape York in October (W. B. Barnard) ; one
specimen. Type in Queensland Museum.

31. Plutorectis grisea Heyl.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg. xxix, p. 120 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907,
p. 204.

Queensland : Emerald. New South Wales : Sydney, Broken Hill.

32. Plutorectis gymnophasa Low.

P.L.S.N.S.W. 1900, p. 39 ; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 204.

Queensland: Stanthorpe. New South Wales: Murrurundi,
Sydney, Broken Hill. Victoria: Melbourne, Ararat, Castlemaine.

33. Plutorectis pelloceros Turn.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1932, p. 188.

North-West Australia : Roebume, Wyndham.

64

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

34. Plutorectis lurida Heyl.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1886, p. 120; Meyr. & Low. Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907,
p. 204.

= muris-olens Luc. Tr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Q. 1894, p. 105.

North Queensland: Cape York, Cairns. Queensland: Duaringa,
Gympie, Brisbane, Injune. Victoria: Warburton.

35. Plutorectis capnaea n.sp.

kolttvollos, smoky.

22 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs blackish. Antennal
pectinations 6 ; blackish. Forewings with costa straight to three-fourths,
thence slightly arched, apex rounded, termen slightly rounded ; fuscous ;
cilia fuscous. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded ; fuscous ; cilia
fuscous.

Victoria : Mt. Buffalo, in January ; one specimen. Type in National
Museum.

36. Plutorectis paura n.sp.

Travpos , small.

16 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs blackish. Antennal
pectinations 8 ; blackish. Forewings narrow, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, termen nearly straight, oblique; rather thinly scaled; pale
fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded ;
fuscous ; cilia fuscous.

Queensland: Brisbane in September (F. P. Dodd) ; one specimen.
Type in National Museum.

INDEX TO GENERA.

Bathroinelas n.g.

8

Oeceticus Guild.

. .

6

Clania Wlk

5

Paracharactis M. & L.

4

Elinostola M. & L.

1

Phasmyalea n.g.

7

Hyalarcta M. & L.
Hyaloptila n.g.

INDEX

TO SPECIES

3 Plutorectis M. & L.

2

(SYNONYMS IN ITALICS).

9

agriodes Meyr.

2

luridi Heyl.

34

boisduvalli Westw. . .

27

melanodes M. & L. . .

24

capnaea n.sp.

35

melanosoma n.sp.

5

careyi Macal.

7

muris-olens Luc.

34

cautopsis M. & L.

9

nigrescens Dbld.

6

crocobathra n.sp.

28

panagria Meyr.

3

delocephala M. & L.

11

pantosemna Turn.

23

dewitzi Heyl.

12

paura n.sp.

36

dysniorpha n.sp.

30

pelloceros Turn.

33

elongatus Saund.

19

pellucida n.sp.

21

erionota Low.

10

persimilis n.sp.
photidias M. & L.

18

fulva n.sp.

29

16

grisea Heyl.

31

pryeri Leach

17

gymnophasa M. & L.

32

ptiloclada M. & L. . .

8

herrichii Westw.

6

sciogramma Turn. . . • . .

17

huebneri Westw.

7

siklcima Moore

17

hyalina n.sp.

1

templetoni Westw.

20

hyaloscopa M. & L.

22

tenuis Rosen.

13

hypomela M. & L.

~4

tertius Tempi.

20

ignobilis Wlk.

14

ulias Low.

20

layardi Moore

17

variegata Snel.

17

lewinii Heyl.

8

xanthochrysa M. & L.

25

Jewinii Westw.

15

zophopepla M, & L.

26

Vol. LVIL, No. 7.

65

^CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF
AUSTRALIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.R.E.S.

Received 29th October , 1945 ; accepted for 'publication 26th November , 1945 ;
issued separately 20th January , 1947.

Fam. CARPOSINIDAE.

Carposina hyperlopha n.sp.

VTrep\o(f>os , high- tufted.

, 28 mm. $ , 36-38 mm. Head grey ; face whitish. Palpi in
male 4, in female 8 ; fuscous mixed with whitish. Antennae whitish
with fuscous annulations ; ciliations in male 1 . Thorax and abdomen
fuscous mixed with whitish. Legs fuscous with whitish rings ; posterior
tibiae wholly whitish. Fore wings elongate, dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish
thickly sprinkled with fuscous and grey ; five rows of fuscous brown tufts
of raised scales edged whitish posteriorly, two before middle, one median,
and two after middle ; costal and terminal series of fuscous dots ; cilia
grey with narrow fuscous bars. Hindwings and cilia whitish-grey.

Queensland : Burleigh (Tweed Hds.) in September (W. B.

Barnard) ; three specimens. Type in Queensland Museum.

Carposina poliosticha n.sp.

77oXlootlxos, grey -lined.

(J , 30 mm. Head whitish. Palpi 5 ; grey, upper edge of second
joint whitish. Antennae grey- whitish with dorsal fuscous bars ; ciliations
in male 1. Thorax and abdomen grey- whitish. Legs grey- whitish ;
anterior pair fuscous with whitish rings. Fore wings elongate, costa
slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, slightly oblique ;
whitish ; markings grey sprinkled with fuscous ; a sub-basal inwardly
oblique fine from costa ; five fuscous costal dots ; an inwardly oblique
line from near first dot towards one-fourth dorsum ; a narrow suffused
fascia from fifth dot to tornus ; several terminal dots ; cilia whitish.
Hindwings and cilia whitish.

Queensland : Burleigh in September (W. B. Barnard) ; one

specimen.

Carposina trigonogramma n.sp.

TpLyovoypa/jLiAos , marked with a triangle.

$ , 16 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi 4 ; fuscous, upper edge
grey. Antennae whitish-ochreous annulated with fuscous. Abdomen
grey ; dorsum of basal segments whitish-ochreous. Legs fuscous with
whitish tarsal rings ; posterior tibiae mostly whitish. Fore wings narrow,
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish
sprinkled with grey, more densely towards base ; a large fuscous triangle
on costa from one -third to near apex, reaching half across disc, its apex
opposite two-thirds dorsum ; a slender interrupted terminal line ; cilia
grey- whitish. Hindwings and cilia pale grey.

Queensland : Bunya Mts. in March (W. B. Barnard) ; one specimen.

I

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Carposina sysciodes n.sp.

ovoKLtoSrjs, shaded.

£ , 22 mm. Head white. Palpi 4 ; fuscous, upper edge white.
Thorax white with four anterior blackish dots. (Abdomen missing).
Legs fuscous ; posterior pair grey ; tarsi with white rings. Fore wings
narrow, dilated posteriorly, costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen
obliquely rounded ; white ; dorsal and terminal areas widely suffused
with grey ; a grey costal line from base to apex ; a blackish subdorsal
dot near base, another larger beneath costa near base, one at one-fifth
beneath fold, a dot above fold at one-fourth, and a median dot shortly
before middle ; a slightly curved blackish line from beneath two -thirds
costa to near tornus ; a terminal line ; cilia grey. Hindwings in male
with large dense cubital pecten ; pale grey ; cilia pale grey.

West Australia : Denmark in March (W. B. Barnard) ; one
specimen.

Carposina autologa Meyr.

P.L.S. N.S.W. 1910, p. 149.

The cubital pecten in the male is large and dense.

West Australia : Denmark ; Perth ; Geraldton.

Carposina olbiodora n.sp.

oXfiboScopos, blissful.

(J , 18 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi 2 and a half ; white,
outer surface of second joint except apex dark fuscous. Abdomen
whitish. Legs fuscous with whitish rings ; posterior tibiae whitish.
Forewings narrow, slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; white ; a fuscous costal line from
base to one-fifth ; a large irregular blotch on dorsum from one-fourth to
middle, extending above fold, where it is produced posteriorly, its anterior
edge blackish ; four blackish dots on costa from one-third to two-thirds ;
a median blackish dot beneath costa ; a transversely elongate brownish
spot beyond this ; a subterminal brown shade ; four blackish sub-
marginal dots around apex ; a broad interrupted grey terminal line ;
cilia grey, bases and apices whitish. Hindwings and cilia grey- whitish.

Queensland : Toowoomba in November (W. B. Barnard) ; one
specimen.

Carposina tanaoptera n.sp.

TavaoTTrepos, long- winged.

$ , 22 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi very long (8) ; whitish
with some fuscous scales, lower edge broadly fuscous. Antennae grey,
towards base whitish. Abdomen pale grey. Legs fuscous with whitish
tarsal rings ; posterior tibiae whitish. Fore wings elongate, costa slightly
arched, apex round-pointed, termen strongly oblique ; whitish ; centre
of disc suffused with fuscous and brownish ; five fuscous costal dots from
two-fifths to apex ; slight subterminal suffusion ; an interrupted fuscous
terminal line ; cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia pale grey.

Tasmania : Mt. Wellington 2,500 ft. in January (W. B. Barnard) ;
one specimen.

AUSTRALIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

67

Carposina ceramophanes n.sp.

K€pafio(f>avrjs , like earthenware.

$ , 26 mm. Head brown- whitish. Palpi very long (8) ; dark fuscous,
upper edge brown- whitish. Antennae grey. Thorax brown- whitish

with four minute dark fuscous dots, two posterior and one on each tegula.
Abdomen brown- whitish. Legs fuscous ; posterior pair brown- whitish.
Forewings elongate, narrow, slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
pointed, termen straight, strongly oblique ; brown- whitish sprinkled
with fuscous on costal edge and on a small area in mid-disc ; 7 or 8 dark
fuscous dots, one subdorsal near base, one median slightly beyond it,
sometimes one on costa at one -eighth, one on fold at one -fourth and
another beneath fold before it, one in middle of disc and two placed
obliquely on end of cell ; a series of minute terminal dots ; cilia grey.
Hindwings and cilia pale grey.

Queensland : Toowoomba in August (W. B. Barnard) ; one

specimen.

Carposina loxolopha n.sp.

AofoAo^os-, with oblique ridge.

(J £ , 16-17 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi 6 ; upper half
whitish, lower fuscous. Antennae pale grey ; ciliations in male 1 and a
half. Abdomen whitish. Legs whitish ; anterior pair fuscous. Fore-
wings narrow, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen straight,
oblique ; whitish sprinkled with fuscous ; an oblique dark fuscous bar
from beneath one -third costa to above one -fourth dorsum crossing fold ;
a broad median fuscous suffusion ; cilia grey- whitish. Hindwings and
cilia grey- whitish.

West Australia : Denmark in April (W. B. Barnard) ; five

specimens. Type in Queensland Museum.

Carposina dascioptera n.sp.

SacrKLOTTTepos, dark- winged.

cJ ? , 18-19 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi 5 ; upper half grey,
lower fuscous. Antennae fuscous ; ciliations in male 1. Abdomen grey-
whitish. Legs fuscous ; posterior pair whitish. Fore wings narrow, costa
nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen oblique ; fuscous ; some whitish
suffusion at two-thirds and before termen ; an interrupted dark fuscous
terminal line ; cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey- whitish.

West Australia : Perth in August ; four specimens received from
Mr. W. H. Mathews.

Paramorpha tenuistria n.sp.
tenuistrius, with slender lines.

cJ ? , 12-16 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi 7 ; fuscous, upper
edge white. Antennae white with pale fuscous annulations ; ciliations
in male 2. Abdomen grey ; tuft whitish. Legs grey ; posterior pair
whitish. Forewings narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute, termen
straight, very oblique ; white with numerous slender fuscous lines
between veins ; six minute dark fuscous dots, first subdorsal near base.

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

second at one-fourth on fold, third beneath one-third costa, fourth
beneath middle of costa, fifth at three fifths, sixth beneath it ; an inter-
rupted dark fuscous marginal line around apex and on termen, not
reaching tornus ; cilia white. Hind wings and cilia white.

West Australia : Denmark in March and April (W. B. Barnard) ;
two specimens. Type in Queensland Museum.

Fam. BLASTOBASIDAE.

Blastobasis monozona Low.

Tr. R.S.S.A. 1907, p. 170.

This is, I believe, a synonym of B. tarda Meyr.

Blastobasis pallescens n.sp.

pallescens , pale.

(J , 10-12 mm. 5 , 10-14 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous-grey.
Palpi in male stout, obtusely pointed, fuscous ; in female slender, acute ;
grey, with apex of second joint whitish, or wholly whitish. Antennae
pale grey ; in male serrate. Abdomen pale grey. Legs whitish ; anterior
pair fuscous. Forewings narrow, costa nearly straight, apex pointed,
termen extremely oblique ; whitish sprinkled with pale ochreous-grey ;
markings fuscous ; in one example a short slender streak on fold ; in
another a streak on base of costa ; three or four minute dots in a transverse
line from costa to dorsum at two -fifths, preceded by whitish ; a dot on
tornus, sometimes with another on four-fifths costa, and a third between
them ; some minute dots on termen and on costa before apex ; cilia
grey- whitish. Hind wings and cilia pale grey.

North Queensland : Kuranda in September ; Dunk I. in May.
Queensland : Brisbane in January, April, and May ; Rosewood in
September. Eight specimens.

Blastobasis scotia n.sp.

oKonos , dusky.

(J § , 13-16 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous. Palpi greyish-
brown ; in male stout, apex obtuse, fuscous ; in female slender, acute.
Antennae grey ; ciliations in male one-half. Abdomen grey ; apices
of segments and tuft ochreous- whitish. Legs fuscous. Fore wings
moderate, costa straight to three -fourths, thence arched, apex pointed,
termen very oblique ; pale brownish-ochreous with slight fuscous irrora-
tion ; markings fuscous ; a triangular mark on base of costa ; a dot
on one-third costa and some suffusion between this and dorsum ; a dot
on tornus, another above it, and sometimes a third on costa ; these may
coalesce ; more or less distinct dots on termen and apical part of costa ;
cilia pale grey. Hind wings and cilia pale grey.

North Queensland : Townsville in August ; Ayr, Home Hill, and
Bowen in June ; Mackay in August. Queensland : Brisbane in

December, March, and May. Ten specimens.

Blastobasis tanyptera n.sp.

TavvTTTepos, long- winged.

(J ? , 18-20 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi in male stout,
tolerably pointed, fuscous ; in female slender, acute, grey. Antennae

AUSTRALIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

69

grey ; ciliations in male minute. Abdomen pale grey. Legs fuscous.
Fore wings narrow, lanceolate, costa straight, apex acute ; whitish thickly
sprinkled with grey ; markings fuscous ; a dot above and another
beneath fold ; a narrow outwardly curved fascia at two -fifths ; some
minute marginal dots around apex ; a larger dot on mid-termen ; cilia
pale grey. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia pale grey becoming whitish
towards tornus.

North Queensland : Lake Barrine (Atherton Tableland) : two
examples from fruits of Eugenia paniculata in August.

Blastobasis mesomochla n.sp.
fjL€<jofjL(>xhos , with median bar.

<J , 16 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi stout, tolerably
pointed ; dark fuscous. Antennae fuscous ; ciliations in male minute.
Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous. Fore wings narrow, costa nearly straight,
apex obtuse ; fuscous ; markings blackish ; a median longitudinal
bar from one-third to three-fifths ; a median dot at three-fourths ;
minute marginal dots around apex ; cilia grey, around apex fuscous.
Hindwings and cilia grey.

South Australia : Adelaide in November ; one specimen received
from Mr. J. 0. Wilson.

Blastobasis celaenephes n.sp.

KeXcuvec/jrjs, darkly clouded.

(J , 14 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi rather stout, grey
with four fuscous rings on second joint ; terminal joint very short, rather
acute. Antennae fuscous ; ciliations in male minute. Abdomen grey.
Legs fuscous. Forewings narrow, costa straight to three -fourths, thence
arched, apex pointed ; grey sprinkled with brownish and fuscous ;
markings blackish ; an obscure double transverse line at one-fifth ;
median dots at one-half and before apex ; a costal dot at one-third ; a
short median dash before apex ; minute pale dots around apex ; cilia
grey. Hindwings and cilia grey- whitish.

Queensland : McPherson Range (4000 ft.) in November ; one
specimen.

Blastobasis leucochyta n.sp.

A evKoxvros, suffused with white.

cJ , 10 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Palpi slender,
tolerably acute ; fuscous. Antennae fuscous ; in male simple. Legs
pale grey ; anterior pair fuscous. Fore wings narrow, costa slightly
arched, apex pointed ; grey ; a short slender median white streak from
base ; a white costal dot at one-fourth, followed by a fuscous dot ; two
suffused white dots, beneath middle at one-third and subdorsal at middle,
variable in size ; a white -margined fuscous dot at three-fourths ; a white
dot at apex and two on termen ; cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.
Exceptional in the slender male palpi.

Queensland : Tweed Hds. in May ; one specimen.

70

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Blastobasis phaeopasta n.sp.

<l>aL07TaGTos, darkly sprinkled.

, 17 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi stout, obtuse ; fuscous.
Antennae fuscous ; ciliations in male minute. Abdomen grey. Legs
fuscous with whitish rings. Fore wings with costa straight to near apex,
apex obtuse, termen oblique ; grey sprinkled with fuscous ; markings
fuscous, a spot on base of costa ; a transverse suffusion at two-fifths ; a
transverse subapical line ; minute elongate marginal dots around apex ;
cilia pale grey. Hind wing and cilia grey- whitish.

North Queensland : Mackay in October ; one specimen.

Blastobasis pentasticta n.sp.

TTevTacrTiKTos, five-spotted.

(J , 10 mm. Head ochreous- whitish. Palpi stout, obtuse, whitish.
Antennae grey ; in male simple. Thorax fuscous ; tegulae ochreous-
whitish. (Abdomen missing). Forewings with costa straight, apex
obtuse, termen extremely oblique ; ochreous -whitish slightly sprinkled
with fuscous and with fuscous dots ; a dot on base of costa, a discal dot
at one-fifth, and another just before it on fold ; a dot on four-fifths costa ;
a median dot, and a third on termen in a fine with the preceding ; cilia
whitish. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

New South Wales : Sydney in February ; one specimen.

Gen. EXAPATETER nov.

i£a7TaT7)T7)p, deceitful.

Palpi moderately long, ascending, recurved ; second joint reaching
base of antennae, moderately stout, rough-scaled anteriorly ; terminal
joint stout, acute. Antennae without basal pecten ; in male shortly
ciliated. Anterior tibiae smooth, short, and broad. Fore wings with
2, 3, 4 approximated from angle, 7 separate, 8 to termen, approximated
at origin to 9, 9 and 10 stalked from end of cell, 11 from well before middle.
Hindwings elongate- ovate ; cell long and produced at lower angle ; 3

and 4 approximated, 5 from middle, 6 and 7 remote, paralell. Very
different from any other genus.

Exapateter epierana n.sp.

i7nr)pavos, pleasing.

$ , 17-19 mm. $ 21-24 mm. Head and thorax purple-brown. Palpi
with terminal joint three-fifths ; whitish sprinkled with brown. Antennae
brown ; ciliations in male one-half. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs pale
ochreous ; anterior tibiae and tarsi sprinkled with brown. Forewings
suboblong ; costa slightly arched, apex rectangular, termen straight,
not oblique ; reddish-brown ; a pale dot in disc at one-third ; in male a
broad defined white costal crescent extending almost from base to
apex ; in female this area is pale orange-brown, undefined, and only its
costal edge is white ; terminal edge except extremities narrowly white.
Hindwings and cilia grey-brown.

North Queensland : Cape York in June, October, and November ;
eight specimens received from Mr. W. B. Barnard. Type in Queensland
Museum.

AUSTRALIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

71

Fam. GRACILARIADAE.

Lithocolletis agrapha n.sp.
aypa(f)os, without marking.

, 8-9 mm. Head and thorax glossy fuscous. Palpi and antennae
fuscous. Abdomen and legs fuscous. Forewings narrow-lanceolate,
costs straight to near apex, apex pointed ; glossy fuscous without
marking ; cilia fuscous. Hind wings linear-lanceolate ; fuscous ; cilia
fuscous.

Queensland : Milmerran in September ; three specimens.

Lithocolletis scythrodes n.sp.

GKv6pco$r]s, gloomy.

(J , 6 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs fuscous.
Forewings narrow, costa slightly arched, apex rounded ; whitish
sprinkled and marked with fuscous ; a basal patch ; a semioval spot on
midcosta ; another at three -fourths ; and a third smaller at apex ; cilia
fuscous. Hind wings linear-lanceolate ; fuscous ; cilia grey.

South Australia : Mt. Lofty in February ; one specimen.

Phyllocnistis nymphidia n.sp.

vvpL(/)L$Los, bridal.

<J , 5 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs white.
Forewings narrow, costa slightly arched, apex rounded ; shining white ;
a very short fine blackish oblique streak from costa at two-thirds ; a
rather more pronounced streak from dorsum at three-fourths ; a blackish
apical dot ; cilia white with two slender fuscous lines before apex. Hind-
wings linear-lanceolate ; white ; cilia white. Distinguished by its small
size, absence of colour and scanty short blackish markings.

North Queensland : Dunk I. in May ; one specimen.

Phyllocnistis dichotoma n.sp.

SiyoropLos, cut in two.

$ , 4 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs white.
Forewings with costa straight to two-thirds, thence arched, apex rounded ;
shining white ; a short oblique fuscous streak from midcosta ; a fine
fuscous transverse line from two -thirds costa to two thirds dorsum ; a
blackish apical dot ; a very short transverse fuscous line near apex ;
cilia white with a fine transverse fuscous line near apex, on apical dot
blackish.

North Queensland : Kuranda and Atherton in June ; two

specimens.

Phyllocnistis spilota n.sp.

ottlXotos, speckled.

cJ , 6 mm. Head white. Palpi white ; outer surface with subbasal,
median, and subapical fuscous bars. Antennae grey. Thorax and
abdomen pale ochreous. Legs grey with white rings. Forewings with
costa nearly straight, apex rounded ; pale ochreous sprinkled with

72

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

fuscous and speckled with dark fuscous dots ; a dot on one- third dorsum,
a second beneath midcosta, and a third in disc at three-fourths ; a terminal
series of dots ; cilia pale ochreous. Hind wings linear-lanceolate ; whitish-
grey ; cilia whitish-grey.

Queensland : Toowoomba in October ; one specimen.

Phyllocnistis zophosema n.sp.

^ocfroarjfjLos, with dark markings.

, 6 mm. Head white. Palpi white, external surface sprinkled with
fuscous. Antennae, thorax, and abdomen grey. Legs white with fuscous
rings. Forewings with costa straight, apex pointed ; white with fuscous
markings ; fine costal, median, and subdorsal fines from base to one-
third ; a broad transverse fascia beyond middle ; a short irregular
longitudinal streak running to apex ; cilia on costa and apex white, on
dorsum grey. Hindwings linear-lanceolate ; grey ; cilia grey.

Tasmania : Mt. Wellington (2,500 ft.) in January ; one specimen.

Epicephala bathrobaphes n.sp.
fiadpofiacffris, basally suffused.

, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antennae grey.
Abdomen fuscous ; tuft white. Legs white. Fore wings lanceolate,
costa straight, apex rounded ; grey with a white dorsal streak from
base to apex ; many narrow white blackish-edged streaks ; costal
and median longitudinal streaks from base to two-fifths ; two oblique
streaks from costa, at middle and three-fourths ; three heavily margined
oblique streaks from dorsum at middle, five-eights, and three-fourths,
a curved transverse fine from costa to tornus ; a blackish terminal fine
preceded by a blackish subterminal dot ; cilia white with blackish apices,
on dorsum grey. Hindwings linear-lanceolate ; grey ; basal half in
male blackish. Very distinct. The blackish suffusion on hindwings
is similar to that of the male of E. lomographa, but in that species it is
apical.

Queensland : Toowoomba in November (W. B. Barnard) ; one
specimen.

Epicephala acinacephora n.sp.
oiKivaKecfiopos, wearing a sword.

(J , 11 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antennae, abdomen,
and tuft grey. Legs grey ; middle and posterior tibiae white. Fore-
wings lanceolate, costa arched beyond middle, apex pointed ; grey ;
suffused whitish costal and dorsal streaks from base to two-thirds ; a
sharply defined curved white fine from tornus to apex ; a blackish
terminal fine ; cilia grey. Hindwings linear-lanceolate ; grey ; cilia
grey. Unusually distinct.

Queensland : Toowoomba in September (W. B. Barnard) ; one
specimen.

Epicephala spumosa n.sp.

spumosus , foaming.

$ , 11 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous. Palpi whitish.
Antennae and abdomen grey. Legs ochreous- whitish. Fore wings with

AUSTRALIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

73

costa nearly straight, apex rounded ; whitish suffused with pale ochreous-
grey ; a whitish costal streak from base to one-third ; suffused out-
wardly oblique streaks from costa at middle and two -thirds ; separated
by short slender fuscous streaks ; a blackish apical dot partly outlined
with pale ochreous ; cilia white with blackish median line.

Queensland : Stradbroke I. in August ; one specimen.

Acrocercops argyrosema n.sp.
dpyvpoarjpLos , with silvery markings.

2 , 8 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish. Antennae
whitish with fuscous annulations. Thorax and abdomen white. Legs
whitish. Fore wings with costa slightly arched, apex pointed ; pale
grey ; a broad silvery-white sub-basal fascia ; a broad semioval silvery-
white spot at two-thirds, nearly reaching costa, narrowly produced on
dorsum to near apex ; a slender obliquely transverse subapical line
edged blackish posteriorly ; cilia grey. Hindwings linear-lanceolate ;
grey; cilia grey.

Queensland : Yeppoon in October ; one specimen.

Acrocercops euryschema n.sp.
evpvcrx r)pL°s, with straight pattern.

g , 9 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antennae grey, towards
base white. (Abdomen missing). Fore wings with costa slightly arched,
apex rounded ; greyish- brown ; a white subdorsal line from base almost
to apex, wider anteriorly ; a slender white costal line from one-third
almost to apex ; a blackish apical dot ; cilia on costa white, on apex
blackish, on dorsum grey. Hindwings narrow-lanceolate ; grey ; cilia
grey.

North Queensland : Ravenshoe (Atherton Tableland) in Septem-
ber ; one specimen.

Acrocercops peratocapna n.sp.
neparoKaTTvog , dark at the apex.

$ , 7 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antennae white with
fuscous annulations. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous with whitish
rings. Forewings with costa slightly arched, apex pointed ; grey ; a
white dorsal line from base to three-fourths, with a slight prominence
at one-fourth ; a short blackish line on costa extending to apex ; cilia
on costa blackish, on apex white with blackish median bar, on dorsum
grey. Hindwings narrow-lanceolate ; grey ; cilia grey.

North Queensland : Kuranda in June ; one specimen.

Acrocercops Candida n.sp.

candidus, shining white.

$ , 6 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen white. Antennae
white with pale grey annulations. Legs white ; middle tibiae and tarsi
with fuscous rings. Fore wings with costa slightly arched, apex pointed ;

J

74

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

shining white ; faint grey transverse fasciae at one-fourth, middle, and
three-fourths ; cilia white. Hindwings narrow-lanceolate ; white ;
cilia white.

Queensland : Toowoomba in April ; one specimen.

Acrooercops albida n.sp.

albidus, whitish.

$ , 7 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish. Antennae
whitish with fuscous annulations. Forewings with costa straight, apex
acute, acuminate from three-fourths ; whitish with a few blackish points ;
©ilia whitish. Hindwings linear-lanceolate ; whitish ; cilia whitish.

Queensland : Brisbane in August ; one specimen.

Parectopa rhicnodes n.sp.

pu<v(D$ris, shrivelled.

$ , 11 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous ; face white. Palpi white
with fuscous rings on apex of second, and base and apex of terminal,
joint. Antennae pale greyish-ochreous, towards apex with fuscous
annulations. Abdomen fuscous ; basal segments grey ; tuft pale
ochreous. Legs whitish with fuscous rings. Fore wings narrow, costa
straight, apex rounded ; pale greyish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous ;
some blackish dots on costa and dorsum near apex ; an apical blackish
dot ; cilia on costa and apex pale greyish-ochreous, on dorsum grey.
Hindwings linear ; grey ; cilia grey.

Queensland : Brisbane in October ; one specimen.

Parectopa stictocrossa n.sp.

GTLKTOKpoaaos , with dotted edge.

(J , 10 mm. Head and thorax brassy. Palpi whitish ; apex of
terminal joint fuscous. Antennae fuscous. (Abdomen missing). Fore-
wings with costa slightly arched, apex rounded ; ochreous-brown ; a
series of blackish costal dots from base to near apex ; cilia brown with
blackish apices, on dorsum grey. Hindwings lanceolate ; grey ; cilia
grey.

Queensland : Carnarvon Range in March ; one specimen received
from Mr. N. Geary.

You LVII., No. 8. 75

T. L. BANCROFT MEMORIAL LECTURE.

Thomas Lane Bancroft, Pharmacologist. ,

>- ^ '

By H. J. G. Hines, B.Sc., Department of Physiology,
University of Queensland.

{Delivered before the Royal Society of Queensland, 2 6th November,
1945; issued separately * 20 th January, 1947.)

Last year your Council invited Mr. C. T. White to deliver a
memorial address on the life and work of Mr. Henry Try on. The present
Council decided that a memorial address might well he a recurring
feature of the Society’s programme, and as a result I am to speak to you
to-night on certain aspects of the work of one of our former
distinguished life-members. Dr. T. L. Bancroft.

Thomas Lane Bancroft died on 12th November, 1933 ; as is
customary, his death was noted by our then President previous to his
presidential address of the following year, but nothing was said of his
work. However, an adequate notice of his life appeared in the Medical
Journal of Australia for April, 1934. It is not my purpose to-night to
attempt anything approaching a full biographical memoir. Had I been
qualified to do so I could have spoken of Bancroft ’s work as an
entomologist, as a parasitologist, or in reference to public health. In all
of these branches of science he made considerable contributions to our
knowledge, and we cannot in these days of specialism fail to be
impressed with his versatility.

T. L. Bancroft was fortunate in his early upbringing. The scientific
prowess of his father, Joseph Bancroft, is well known; his discoveries
are now classics and his name is commemorated in Brisbane annually by
a memorial lecture delivered under a foundation of the British Medical
Association. Joseph Bancroft himself had made some notable pharmaco-
logical discoveries, which are recorded in the earliest numbers of our
Proceedings. These deal with the active constituent of pituri and with
the mydriatic properties of Duboisia myoporoides. This latter plant has
proved to be of outstanding importance. Hyoscine is the most efficacious
prophylactic known against sea- and air-sickness; and the safe landing
in fit condition of thousands of troops in sea- and airborne invasions has
been made possible through the extensive use of this drug, which has
been practically all supplied from the eastern coastal districts of Aus-
tralia. As a boy, T. L. Bancroft must have assisted his father in these
botanical and pharmacological investigations, and it is not surprising
that, when his turn came to take up the study of medicine at Edinburgh,
the home of so many great naturalists, he should have won the bronze
medal for botany.

Bancroft returned to Queensland in 1885 and, from then until the
time of his marriage ten years later, he wras actively interested in the
pharmacology of the local fiora. A short period of residence at Christ-
church gave him the opportunity to become acquainted with the New
Zealand fiora and to test the properties of some of its species. He
published the results of his enquiries in a series of short papers which
appeared for the most part in our Proceedings but also in those of the

K

76

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Royal and Linnean Societies of New South Wales. His purpose was
to make as thorough a survey as possible. His methods were simple. To
quote his own words: —

“The method which I followed in selecting plants for examination
was based on the fact that most of the active known drugs are bitter, and
consisted in tasting the bark, or occasionally other parts of the plant,
when if these were found bitter, acrid or pungent, a certain amount of
the plant was collected for experiments. ’ ’ “ About a thousand plants were
so examined and a large proportion were astringent. One hundred and
fifty plants selected because they had some decided taste, or reputed to
be poisonous, were examined as follows: —

“An extract of the dried parts was made of each by maceration in
dilute alcohol, and evaporation of the tincture in the sun or over a water-
bath. One to three grains of extract suspended in a few minims of
water were injected under the skin of a frog; if no symptoms manifested
themselves within an hour or so, the plant whose extract was under
observation was considered inert.” In this way in the first three years
of his work he was able to show that plants of fifteen genera —
Crypt ocarya, Zanthoxylwn, Daphnandra, Entada, Erythrina,
Excaecaria, Flindersia, Hernandia, Harpullia, Acacia, Arckidendron,
Cerbera, Colocasia, Nicotiana, and Pongamia — exhibited toxic

properties.

Bancroft next examined some New Zealand plants and records two
species of peculiar interest, Laurelia Novae-Z ealandiae (the “pukatea”)
and Myoporum laetum. His remarks on them serve to show the wrorth
of his observations. Of the pukatea he says : ‘ ‘ An alcoholic extract was
made, which when injected into frogs caused rapid death. A few
spasmodic jerks of the hind limbs were noticed before the animal became
flaccid. The muscles, motor nerves and heart were apparently influenced.
A solution of the extract in water gave the reactions of an alkaloid.”

In spite of this clear statement Aston was able to say in 1909: “In
the annual report of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture for
1901, ‘Attention was first drawn by the author to the occurrence of
alkaloids in the bark of the pukatea.’ ” Aston isolated three alkaloids
which have been further investigated by Barger, Girandet and Schlittler.
These Lauraceous and Myoporaceous alkaloids are structurally related
to the alkaloids of the Fumariaceae. Of Myoporum laetum , Bancroft
briefly remarks that preparations of this plant are poisonous, that the
plant contains an oil and a wax, and that the oil. at any rate, is
poisonous to frogs. The poisonous nature of the oil of the Myoporum
species, which have long been known to be stock poisons, has recently
been confirmed by observations in New Zealand and by observations on
M. acuminatum in progress here. Earlier experimenters had failed to
detect the poisonous principle, although the nature of this is clearly
indicated in Bancroft’s observations. Others, however, were directly
stimulated by Bancroft’s observations to carry out further chemical and
pharmacological investigations. Rennie and Turner investigated
Stephania hernandii folia and claimed to have isolated therefrom picro-
toxin, a claim which needs confirmation. They also confirmed that the
plant contains an alkaloid with a strong convuisant action. Maiden and
Smith worked on C anssa ovata var. stolonif era and obtained an impure
cardiac glycoside which they named carissin. Some mystery is attached
to this plant, as the variety stolonif era has never been satisfactorily

T. L. BANCROFT MEMORIAL LECTURE.

77

established. Further work on Bancroft's discoveries was carried out at
the Wellcome Institute by Pyman and his co-workers who investigated
Fagara brachyacantha ( Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum) in 1913 (1-a-
canadine methochloride and y-homochelidonine)} and Daphnandra
micrantha in 1914. The Erythrina species including the Australian
species have recently been fully investigated in Merck’s American
laboratories by Folkers and Unna in their search for curare-like
alkaloids. But it is obvious that Bancroft’s original design, the compre-
hensive pharmacological examination of the Queensland flora, has never
been carried out and that his work has never received the attention that
it deserves. There are. of course, reasons for this : in the first place his
papers are not immediately impressive by present day standards. His
work was carried out under great difficulty and often with no resources
beyond those to be found in a country doctor’s dispensary. His notes
were at times hastily written and the chemistry is often crude. It is
difficult to see how it could be otherwise at the time, since no skilled
assistance was available locally. Interest in vegetable drugs began to
wane at the turn of the century. Pharmacopeias were rigidly pruned
and the number of really useful drugs was found to be relatively small.
At the same time the rise of vaccine and serum therapy, of endocrines
and organotherapy, and the multiplication of synthetic medicaments
further detracted from the interest in plant products. The young science
of pharmacology was only just beginning to find its feet.

But of recent years interest has again revived. There are several
reasons for this revival. Among them we may mention : the usefulness
of pharmacological methods not only as a basis for therapeutics but also
to further the understanding of physiological mechanisms (the classical
example being Langley’s work with nicotine) ; the growing studies on
plant poisoning of livestock; and the general recognition that there is
no sharp distinction between plant and animal products, with the grow-
ing realisation of the dependence of animals on even the most obscure
products of plant synthesis. It follows, therefore, that the more we
know of plant products and of their actions, both acute and chronic, on
animals, the better shall we be in a position to understand the metabolic
activities of both.

The therapeutic interest in plant products has received tremendous
impetus from the discovery of penicillin and the subsequent discovery
of antibiotic substances in flowering plants. It is evident that T. L.
Bancroft’s plan for a thorough examination of the pharmacological
properties of the Queensland flora is well worth pursuing. To that end,
a number of workers, both in this State and in Melbourne, are carrying
out systematic investigations under the aegis of the Commonwealth
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, and promising results
have already been obtained. In other countries such work has received
substantial help from pharmaceutical firms. Had a medical school been
in existence in Queensland in Bancroft’s time, there is no doubt that he
would have taken a keen interest in the teaching of pharmacology and
materia medica. At present we have no chair or lectureship in this
subject. Should one become established, I feel that it might fittingly be
associated with the pioneer pharmacologist we remember this evening.

During the discussion which followed, in which Mrs. Bancroft took
part, it was mentioned that T. L. Bancroft was the first to discover the
mode of transference of the larva of Wuchereria bancrofti ( Filaria

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

bancrofti) from the mosquito to man. He experimented with several
species as vectors, and showed that mosquitoes, if fed on fruit, could be
kept alive in captivity for weeks. This work appears to have led to
his wider studies of mosquitoes. His interest always lay primarily with
the living insect, its habits and life history, as is shown by his detailed
and accurate observations, but he was also an enthusiastic collector.
Between 8th May, 1899, and 10th October, 1901, nine samples totalling
over 600 mosquitoes were received at the British Museum from T. L.
Bancroft, and his specimens formed the basis for Theobald’s work on
Australian species in “A Monograph of the Culicidae of the World.”
The Queensland Museum collection is composed mainly of Bancroft’s
specimens, and there are large numbers of them in the collections of the
Macleay Museum and the School of Public Health and Tropical
Medicine, Sydney. Of 48 described species of mosquitoes with type
localities in Queensland, the type specimens of 25 were collected by
Bancroft. In addition, he collected at least another 25 species, many
being the first records for this State. He collected also in New South
Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. In 1908 he published a “List of the
Mosquitoes of Queensland with the Original Descriptions and notes on
the Life History of a Number” (Annals of Queensland Museum, No. 8).
The descriptions are taken from Theobald and others, the notes on habits,
life history, eggs and larvae are Bancroft’s, and much of his work has
not been repeated.

T. L. Bancroft, in 1905, carried out the first transmission experi-
mental work on dengue in Australia, and went at least half-way to
proving that Aedes aegypti was the vector. He may justly be
regarded as the father of mosquito research in Queensland, and such
names as Anopheles bancrofti and Aedes bancroftianus bear tribute to
his work.

In addition to his work on mosquitoes, Dr. T. L. Bancroft paid much
attention to fruit flies, and many of the species described by Mr.
Henry Tryon were first collected by him. He also sent a large collection
of fruit Hies to the British Museum, including many species not yet
rediscovered. At least two species of fruit flies bear the specific name
bancrofti in recognition of his work. As with the mosquitoes, he was
more interested in the biology of the fruit flies and their relationship to
native flora than in the taxonomy.

In other fields of biology T. L. Bancroft was equally enthusiastic in
his pursuit of knowledge. He made numerous investigations on
parasites of domestic and native animals and birds. He studied in
detail the life history of the Ceratodus, and was able to rear specimens
to over two years old in his aquarium.

He has set a standard in experimental biology in Queensland, which
should be an inspiration to all who follow him in this field.

79

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Fossiliferous Sandstone from Cairncross Rocks. — Before the
war-time construction of the dock, the Cairncross Rocks on the Brisbane
River extended several feet above high-water mark, with banks of
alluvium on either side.

They consisted of poorly bedded argillaceous sandstones slightly
tilted towards the river — that is, in a northerly direction. They were
backed by a low sandy knoll, which was separated from the highlands
of Bulimba by a swampy belt on the site of a former channel of the
river.

On lithological and stratigraphical grounds the sandstones had been
relegated to the Triassic and tentatively correlated with the Bundamba
sandstone, which should overlie the coal measures exposed downstream
towards Doughboy Creek and on the Hamilton Hills across the river.

The dock excavations revealed that, interstratified with the
generally massive sandstone, there are lenticular beds of shale, at most
2 ft. in thickness, some of which are coaly and yet almost completely non-
f ossilif erous ; but unexpectedly the sandstones were found to be rich in
plant stems and strap-like leaves, in many places massed and occasionally
coalified. Mr. 0. A. Jones, who is palaeobotanist to the Geological
Survey, advised me that at least one of them (a Schizoneura ?) might
be a new form.

L. C. Ball.

Fossils from the Rocks at Cairncross Dock. — At Cairncross
Dock a number of the common species of the Ipswich Series were found
by Mr. L. C. Ball, but most interesting was a new species probably of
the genus Schizoneura. This was larger than any described from
Mesozoic deposits anywhere in the world. Many fragments of this were
found, including one with the undivided leaf sheath attached. It is
probable that most of the structure of the form can be reconstructed from
the specimens. The assemblage indicates that the beds are part of the
Ipswich Series.

0. A. Jones.

Two New Species of Equisetites. — Several specimens of two new
species of Equisetites have been found at Brighton, near Sandgate. The
material, though fragmentary, is very well preserved, and this has
enabled much fine structure to be worked out, even the outlines of the
cells of the epidermis of the sporangia being observed in one instance.
Fertile specimens of Equisetites are uncommon, and the detail with
which the structure of the cones and sporophylls can be worked out
makes the find an important one.

J. T. Woods.

A Yellow Pigment from Denhamia Pittosporoides. — The root of
Denhamia pittosporoides contains a yellow pigment. The properties
of this latter agree with those described for celastrol, the pigment of
Celastrus scandens , which is identical with tripterine, the pigment of
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. The powdered roots of the latter plant
have been used in China for centuries as an insecticide ( J. Amer. Chem.
Soc., 1942, 64, 182).

H. J. G. Hines.

L

The Royal Society of Queensland.

Report of Council for 1944.

To the Members of the Royal Society of Queensland.

Your Council has pleasure in submitting the Annual Report of the
Society for the year 1944.

At Ordinary Meetings throughout the year four addresses were
given, and two exhibit evenings held, while one evening was devoted t<?
films, and another to a demonstration with short addresses. The annual
Memorial Lecture was held this year in honour of Mr. H. ’Tryon, and
was delivered by Mr. C. T. White under the title of “Henry Tryon and
his place in Queensland Science/ ’ Twelve original papers were
accepted for publication in the Proceedings.

It has been decided that the Society may include in the Volume
each year a section devoted to Miscellaneous Scientific Notes approved
by the Council. Such notes should not in general exceed half a page
in length, and if separates are desired by the author he should make the
subject of the note an exhibit at a meeting, when, if the Hon. Secretary
is notified immediately, he may obtain copies of the abstracts.

The Chief Secretary’s Department has agreed to pay a £1 for £1
subsidy for printing on papers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 published in Volume LV.
of the Proceedings and judged of value from a governmental point of
view. The Council acknowledges this subsidy with gratitude.

There are 3 honorary life members, 6 life members, 3 corresponding
members, 204 ordinary members, and 8 associate members in the Society.
This year the Society has lost one member by death and 3 by resigna-
tion, while 8 have been elected to ordinary membership and 4 to associate
membership.

Attendance at Council meetings was as follows: — F. A. Perkins 9,
H. J. Wilkinson 6, J. Bostock 9, E. W. Bick 9, M. Scott 10. I. R. Bick 7,
S. T. Blake 10, M. F. Hickey 6, T. G. H. Jones 6, 0. A. Jones 8, E. M.
Shepherd 6, D. H. K. Lee 4, R. Pennington 8.

F. A. PERKINS, President.

Margaret I. R. Scott, Hon. Secretary.

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

VII.

Abstract of Proceedings, 26th March, 1945.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the Geology
Department of the University on Monday, 26th March, 1945, at 8 p.m.
The Chair was occupied by the President (Mr. F. A. Perkins). An
apology was received from the Patron, His Excellency the Governor.
About fifty members and friends were present. The minutes of the
previous Annual Meeting were read and confirmed. The Annual Report
was adopted, and the Balance-sheet received. Miss B. Baird, Miss M.
Pezet, Mr. J. A. Ferguson, Mr. R. Gradwell, and Mr. J. T. Woods were
nominated for Associate Membership. Mr. F. Bennett was made an
Honorary Life Member. Mr. W. Boardman was nominated for Ordinary
Membership.

The following officers and Council were elected for 1945
President, Prof. H. J. Wilkinson; Vice-Presidents, Mr. F. A. Perkins
and Mr. 0. A. Jones; Hon. Secretary, Miss M. Scott; Hon. Treasurer,
Mr. E. W. Bick; Hon. Librarian, Mr. R. Pennington ; Hon. Editors,
Mr. S. T. Blake and Dr. M. F. Hickey; Councillors, Prof. J. Bostoek,
Dr. M. White, Mr. H. J. G. Hines, Mr. S. B. Watkins, and Mr. E. M.
Shepherd ; Hon. Auditor, Mr. L. P. Herdsman.

The Presidential Address entitled “Mosquito Problems of
Queensland” was delivered by Mr. F. A. Perkins. A vote of thanks was
moved by Prof. T. G. H. Jones, seconded by Dr. D. A. Herbert, and
carried by acclamation.

Abstract of Proceedings, 30th April, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 30th April, at 8 p.m.,
with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About thirty
members and friends were present. The minutes of the previous meeting
were read and confirmed. Mr. W. Boardman was elected to Ordinary
Membership, and Miss B. Baird, Miss M. Pezet, Mr. J. A. Ferguson,,
Mr. R. Gradwell, and Mr. J. T. Woods to Associate Membership.
Mrs. K. Avery, Miss Y. Tarnogurski, and Mr. N. Shaw were nominated
for Ordinary Membership, and Miss E. Haylock for Associate
Membership.

Mr. S. B. Watkins exhibited a fossil ammonite with the original
mother of pearl layer on the outer surface and a collection of fossils, all
from the Grey Ranges adjacent to the Queensland Border. The
specimens were forwarded by Mr. F. F. Forster, of Tiboobuna, New South
Wales.

Professor H. J. Wilkinson demonstrated a simple practical method
for obtaining photomicrographs showing general features of microscopical
preparations under low magnification, which compare very favourably
with those obtained by the equipment necessary for the Kohler method of
critical illumination. As evidence of the standard of work that could be
obtained, a series of about fifty photographs of a representative variety
of specimens was exhibited, including ordinary histological preparations
of human tissue, whole mounts of insects and embryos, Weigert Pal
preparations of the brain stem, &c. t .

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

tan.

Mr. 0. A. Jones exhibited a specimen of the ammonite Beaudan-
ticeras flindersi found near Aramac and presented to the University
by Mr. D. Wearne. The specimen is nearly complete and shows the
Septal sutures particularly well. It comes from the Tamho Series of
Cretaceous age.

Mr. F. A. Perkins exhibited a map showing the distribution of
the more important vectors of malaria in the Dutch East Indies and
Burma. He dealt briefly with the habits of the larvae and adults of
the following species : — Anopheles minimus, A. maculatus, A. sundaicus,
A. punctulatus, A. hyrcanus and A. umbrosus.

Dr. M. White exhibited a ground glass assembly for the vacuum
distillation of foaming liquids. Incorporated in the column was a
patent anti-foam splash head. The receiver was a special adaptation
of the Kon modification of the Perkin triangle.

On behalf of Dr. W. H. Bryan, Mr. E. V. Robinson exhibited several
specimens of Staurolite from the Cloncurry district exhibiting very
regularly developed cruciform twinning. Similarly twinned crystals
from Virginia County, U.S.A., are popularly known as ‘‘Fairy Crosses.’ ’

Mr. E. Y. Robinson exhibited a diamond-shaped specimen of
-Phlogopite — the diamond shape being determined by the phenomenon
of secondary cleavage along gliding planes brought about by a permanent
rearrangement of the internal molecular structure of the mineral due
to stress. An optical mineralogical analysis reveals that it is Biaxial
and negative in sign with a small axial angle 2Y = 5°. Its Refractive
Index is < 1-57 and it is Non pleochroic.

Mr. Y. A. Weddell exhibited a life history case showing the various
stages of the banana fruit-eating caterpillar, Tiracola plagiata. This
Noctuid was recorded as a serious pest in the autumn of 1919 in certain
areas. In 1927 a large scale outbreak destroyed a tremendous amount
of fruit in banana plantations from Kilcoy to Gympie. In March, 1945,
after a period of 18 years, the insect was again present in outbreak
proportions, fortunately in a limited area just north of Dayboro.

Abstract of Proceedings, 28th May, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 28th May, at 8 p.m.,
-with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About fifty
members and friends were present. The minutes of the previous meeting
were read and confirmed. Mrs. K. Avery, Miss Y. Tarnogurski and
Mr. N. Shaw were elected to Ordinary Membership. Miss M. Grice and
'Mr. T. Whalley were nominated for Ordinary Membership.

A symposium on “Detoxication Mechanisms” was held. In opening
the symposium, Dr. White stressed the importance of using the term
detoxication in an unrestricted sense. For example, Aspergillus niger
converted sodium telluride to dimethyl telluride (cultures showing this
reaction were exhibited), and this might be regarded as micro-organism
detoxication. The conversion of benzoic acid to hippuric acid by
bovines was an example of detoxication by higher forms of life. The

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

IX.

main defences used against abnormal molecular configurations in the
diet of all animals were oxidation, reduction, conjugation. Sometimes
combinations of two or more methods were used. For example, nitro
benzaldehyde had the nitro group reduced to an amino group and the
aldehyde to acid which finally conjugated with glycine. The method of
administration, the amount used and the frequency of treatment all
influence the type of metabolite produced and it is therefore important
in all detoxication studies first to define the conditions of the tests
accurately.

Mr. H. J. G. Hines dealt with detoxication mechanisms in man.
He said that detoxication as ordinarily understood was called into play
to deal with: — (a) what might be called ordinary or normal substances
occurring in the food or produced in the intestine and ( b ) extraordinary
substances introduced as drugs or encountered by reason of the subject’s
occupation. These latter often called for special studies and he gave
some recent examples of such investigations. Added point had been
given to the study of the detoxication of aromatic hydrocarbons since
their carcinogenic properties had been discovered. Detoxication is
largely brought about by the liver and the hippuric acid conjugation
test is now extensively used as a test of liver function.

Mr. S. Wright stated that the detoxication mechanisms used by
herbivora conform with the more modern theories which assert that
detoxication is to be regarded, not as a special branch of metabolism
provoked to action when foreign molecules enter the body, but as part
of the process leading to complete oxidation. The view is taken that the
detoxified substances isolated from the urine are the portions of the
metabolite which have escaped oxidations only because of the rapidity
of excretion. To support this view the methods used by the rabbit in
detoxifying vanillin, and by the rabbit and the sheep in detoxifying
menthol and phellandrene were discussed. Comparisons were made
between the methods used by the rabbit in detoxifying citral and
citronellal, the latter probably undergoing cyclisation in the stomach.
The recent work dealing with the excretion of selenium from selenised-
animals following administrations of brom-benzene was discussed.

Abstract of Proceedings, 25th June, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 25th June, at 8 p.m.,
with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About fifty
members and friends were present. The minutes of the previous meeting
were read and confirmed. Miss M. Grice, and Mr. T. Whalley were
elected to Ordinary Membership. Mr. I. F. B. Common was proposed
for Ordinary Membership.

Mr. H. J. G. Hines exhibited the root of Denhamia pittosporoides and
a specimen of the pigment extracted from it. The properties of this
latter agree with those described for celastrol, the pigment of Celastrus
scandens, which is identical with tripterine, the pigment of Tripterygium
wilfordii Hook f . The powdered roots of the latter plant have been used
in China for centuries as an insecticide ( J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64,
182).

X.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

A symposium on “The Atherton Tableland’ ’ was held. Mr. A. K.
Denmead discussed the geology of the district. He stated that the
Atherton Tableland, with an area of some 300,000 acres and an altitude
of 1,500 to 2,500 feet, is a region of undulating country with volcanic
hills rising 600 feet above the general level. Its origin is thought to be
due to a vertical uplift (the Kosciusco Uplift) at the close of the Tertiary
period, the surface having previously been reduced to a state of pene-
plantation. The scarps at the eastern edge of the Tableland are believed
to be due to faulting. The geological formations of the Tableland are
(1) The Barron River Series, comprising strongly folded schists, slates
and greywackes of probably pre-Silurian age. (2) Granite and associated
dykes which are intrusive into the Barron River schists. (3) A thin
lacustrine deposit consisting of silt, sandstone and gravel. (4) A roughly
horizontal basalt sheet overlying (3), and (5) volcanic cinders which
occur in the vicinity of craters. This phase of volcanic activity is con-
sidered to be of quite recent date. Some of the craters are filled with
water and are known as the Crater Lakes, such as Lake Barrine. Gold,
tin, and ores of tungsten occur in lode in the Barron River schists and
in the granite, while alluvial deposits containing gold and tin are found
in existing watercourses and in the lacustrine deposits that underlie the
basalt.

Mr. S. T. Blake, in discussing the botany of the district, said that
on the relatively small iarea of the Atherton Tableland there is to be
found quite a range of climate, soils, and vegetation-types. The rainfall
varies from a yearly average of 35 inches falling almost entirely in
summer to an average of about 150 inches without any pronounced dry
season. Although situated between approximately 17 degrees and 17£
degrees south latitude, frosts occur in some of the areas which have been
cleared of timber. For the most part the soils are either podsol or red
loams or modifications thereof. Open forests are found on areas where
the rainfall is about 35-50 inches and where there is a pronounced dry
season. The forests are dominated by Myrtaceae, chiefly Eumlpytus spp.
with abundant grass on the ground. In the drier parts the trees
rarely exceed 30 feet in height, are rather widely spaced, and are often
crooked with open crowns. Several small, often partly deciduous trees
are associated. The grasses tend to be tall, Heteropogon triticeus attain-
ing 8-10 feet when in flower. Communities of Melaleuca spp. replace
the eucalypts on sandy ill-drained soil; the associated grasses are lower
and more frequently annual. In the wetter parts the forest is much
denser and taller and the grasses rather lower with broader leaves; the
floristic composition is different. Herbaceous plants other than grasses
and underscrubs occur in all types. Rain-forests at one time covered
large continuous areas, but to-day they are rather fragmentary. They
occupied areas with a yearly average rainfall of about 60 inches and
upwards, usually without a pronounced dry season. These rain-forests
have the usual characteristics of such communities. They attain a height
of 90-100 feet and are higher than the lowland forests and have, on the
whole, larger leaves than extra-tropical communities. The young foliage
is often brightly coloured. One peculiarity is the tendency shown by
some trees and shrubs to produce aerial roots from the trunks and by
the latter from the branches. These forests have a number of species not
known elsewhere, but there are also to be found many widely distributed
plants. Many valuable cabinet timbers are cut from the area. Large
areas have been denuded of forest to make way for artificial pasture and
vhe cultivation of crops.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

XI.

Mr. E. C. Tommerup gave an account of the soils and agriculture
of the Atherton Tableland, which was illustrated by pictures. After
briefly reviewing the tobacco areas at Mareeba and Dimbulah, he passed
on to a discussion of the soil problems of the Atherton maize and dairy
pasture zones. Those red soils which are near neutral in reaction are
fertile and show no response to any mineral fertiliser. After many years
of continuous maize cropping they show a small response to some break
in the maize continuity. The red soils which are acid, p H below 5.5,
frequently show a response to applications of superphosphate and to
lime, but not to rock phosphate. If they are very acid, p H less than 5.0,
they may also respond to potash and magnesium fertiliser. Cowpea is a
good indicator of potash deficiency; soils lacking potash grow cowpeas
whose leaves are curved, crinkled and carry necrotic spots. Soil analyses
indicate that as the p H value falls the amount of exchangeable Ca, K
and Mg diminish to deficient levels. The phosphate is present in the
red soils but is unavailable at p H 5.3 and higher acidity levels. It is in
these acid soils that the White Grub ( LepicUota caudata larvae) does its
damage to the Paspalum dilatatum pastures, vide J. H. Smith, Queens-
land Agricultural Journal, October, 1936, and D. 0. Atherton, Queens-
land Agricultural Journal, November, 1939. In general, the acidity
of the soils increases as one travels from the 50 inches isohyet at Atherton
to the 100 inches isohyet at Millaa Millaa, but there are some notable
exceptions which seem to be most logically explained by the assumption
that these soils were produced during a past climate which was more
humid than the present. The more recent volcanic rocks produce
chernozemic rather than lateritic soils. The lecturer then described some
experiments on pasture improvement species during which it was found
that local surviving plants of lucerne ( Medicago saliva) and white clover
(. Trifolium repens) were very superior types with a high degree of per-
sistence in comparison with numerous other strains and species of
legumes. Unfortunately, this line of research has now been almost
completely suspended.

Abstract of Proceedings, 30th July, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 30th July, at 8 p.m.,
with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About thirty
members and friends were present. The minutes of the previous meeting
were read and confirmed. Mr. I. F. B. Common was elected to Ordinary
Membership. Mr. F. C. Nommenson and Dr. W. J. Chamberlain were
nominated for Ordinary Membership, and Mr. H. J. T. Bake for Associate
Membership. On the recommendation of the Council, Dr. A. J. Turner
was proposed for Honorary Life Membership, and will come up for
election at the next Ordinary Meeting.

Dr. D. A. Herbert exhibited a specimen of a fungus Exobasidium
azaleae from a plant of Azalea indica cultivated at Southport. This is
the first Queensland record of the fungus. He also showed specimens
of a smut, Ustilago hieronymi, from Triodia pungens collected by
Mr. S. T. Blake near Charters Towers, and from T. Mitchelln collected
by Mr. Allen at Cunnamulla.

XII.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Dr. White gave an address on endemic fluorosis in artesian areas
of Queensland. After outlining the history of fluorosis and showing
its world distribution, the events leading to its discovery in Queensland
were given in some detail. A large number of specimens, showing various
stages of the malady from lambs to full-mouth sheep, were exhibited.
All specimens showed marked wear of molars and the definite “pitting”
and banding of incisors was commonly featured. The abnormal develop-
ment of incisors when animals were forced to subsist on fluorided waters
continuously, i.e., when there was no period on surface water, was well
illustrated in the case of two, three, and four-year old sheep. The
seriousness of this disability was stressed by reference to recent drought
losses which were accentuated by the inability of affected sheep to chew
old fodder stands. In some cases the pulp cavity was exposed. The
lecturer indicated that when the fluorine intake of water for inlamb ewes
reached a level of 12 parts per million, there was a serious risk of the
unborn lamb being affected, and this was illustrated in the case of a
lamb whose deciduous teeth showed a high fluorine content and abnor-
malities in structure. A number of specimens showed exostoses which
develop when the fluorine level in the water exceeded 2 parts per
million. Interest was added to the lecture by the use of an ultra-violet
lamp (mercury vapour) which delineated the affected areas in bones
quite well by a marked fluorescence.

A lengthy discussion followed, in which Dr. Carter, Medical Officer
in one of the affected areas, gave his clinical findings. Dr. Carter had
tendered a large selection of human teeth taken from patients in the
endemic zone, and these were a source of interest to a number of medical
officers present. Others who joined in the discussion were Professor
Wilkinson, Dr. Roberts, Mr. Ogilvie, Mr. Hines, and Dr. Hickey.

Abstract of Proceedings, 27th August, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 27th August, at
8 p.m., with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About
thirty members and friends were present. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. F. C. Nommensen and Dr. W. J.
Chamberlain were elected to Ordinary Membership, and Mr. H. J. T.
Bake to Associate Membership. Mr. A. Millingen was nominated for
Ordinary Membership.

Dr. A. Jefferis Turner was elected to Honorary Life Membership.
Dr. Turner arrived in Brisbane in 1889, and since then has collected and
studied Lepidoptera all over Australia. His first paper was published
in 1894, and dealt with the description of Micro-Lepidoptera from
Moreton Bay. From then on, he has been a regular contributor to all
scientific journals of Australia, and, in all, has published over one
hundred articles. Undoubtedly, he is the world’s authority on the
Lepidoptera of Australia. He has devoted particular attention on that
difficult group known as the “Micro-Lepidoptera” and such big families
as Oecophoridae. Dr. Turner has also been a trustee of the Society for
many years.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

XIII.

Mr. L. C. Ball briefly described the geological conditions at
Cairncross Dock on the Brisbane River, and exhibited fossil plants
collected by him during excavation.

Mr. 0. A. Jones spoke of the fossils collected by Mr. Ball. A number
of the common species of the Ipswich Series were found, but most interest-
ing was a new species probably of the genus Schizoneura. This was
larger than any described from Mesozoic deposits anywhere in the
world. Many fragments of this were found, including one with the
undivided leaf sheath attached. It is probable that most of the structure
of the form can be reconstructed from the specimens. The assemblage
indicates that the beds are part of the Ipswich Series.

Mr. J. T. Woods exhibited several specimens of two new species of
Equisetites from Brighton, near Sandgate. The material, though frag-
mentary, is very well preserved, and this has enabled much fine structure
to be worked out, even the outlines of the cells of the epidermis of the
sporangia being observed in one instance. Fertile specimens of
Equisetites are uncommon, and the detail with which the structure of the
cones and sporophylls can be worked out makes the find an important
one.

Dr. H. I. Jensen gave an address on the Origin and Distribution of
Mica in Northern Australia. He first outlined the nature and composi-
tion of the various classes of mica. Thereafter he gave the properties
and more common uses of the commercial micas. The mode of occurrence
of phlogopite in Central Australia was fully described, and its origin
was attributed to alteration of olivine is an ultrabasic dyke by potassU
solutions from later pegmatite and aplite intrusions. The occurrence of
large books of muscovite in certain very coarse pegmatitic dykes of acid
nature, was fully described. As regards the origin of large books of
muscovite it was shown that pneumatolytic pegmatites crystallise in the
same way as water solutions under high temperature and pressure, and
the sequence of crystallisation of the minerals in them is entirely different
from that which obtains in muscovite granite. The sequence of consolida-
tion in the mica-bearing pegmatites is (1) the quartz of the massive
quartz blows, (2) a eutectic of graphic quartz and felspar, (3) massive
felspar, (4) an aggregate of crystals of quartz, felspar and mica, and

(5) lastly muscovite books and glassy quartz. The reasons for this
aberrant mode of crystallisation are the presence, in the mother-liquor
which forms the pegmatite, of abundant water and carbon dioxide gas.
The escape of much of the gas into fissures causes the early precipitation
of much of the quartz in solution. After that the sequence of crystallisa-
tion is governed by the following factors: — ( a ) Specific gravity,

(6) formula-volume, (c) oxide volume, ( d ) molecular volume,
(e) pressure, (/) temperature, and (g) stress. Potash, being the alkali
oxide with the highest oxide volume, enters into combination later than
the other alkali oxides, in fact, last. It is still in solution when the zones
of the earth’s crust intruded has cooled sufficiently to come into the zone
of stress, for which reason, together with the presence of water, mica, a
hydrous stress mineral forms in preference to orthoclase. The potassic
solutions corrode and absorb earlier-formed felspar to form mica and
quartz, if sufficient alumina is not present in the residual magma.
Various mica mines in the Territory were described and the future of
mica mining was also touched on.

XIV.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Abstract of Proceedings, 24th September, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting' of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 24th September, at
8 p.m., with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. Thirty-
three members and friends were present. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. A. Millingen was elected to
Ordinary Membership, and Mr. R. Riek, Mr. 0. T. Fenwick and Dr. S.
Julius were nominated for Ordinary Membership.

A paper on “A Marine Early Cretaceous Fauna from Stanwell
(Rockhampton district) ” by F. W. Whitehouse, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Major) was
read by Dr. W. H. Bryan. A small mulluscan fauna of early Cretaceous
age was described from a bed at Stanwell that apparently is within the
Stanwell Coal Measures. The fauna is typical of the Valanginian
Trigonia beds of the Indo-Pacific region and, with other evidence, makes
the Lower Cretaceous history of Eastern Australia very closely parallel
with that of India and of East and South Africa. From this evidence
it would appear that the Stanwell Coal Measures are later than has been
thought, being equivalent to the Blythesdale (pre-Aptian Cretaceous)
and not Walloon (mid to late Jurassic) Series. This is not at variance
with the floral evidence.

A symposium on “ Potability of Water” was held. The first speaker,
Mr. C. Ogilvie, traced ground water through its course, stressing the
investigational importance of soaks and springs, and briefly reviewing
the theory of encroachment of sea water. Typical analyses of ground
waters were then considered, and reasons were put forward, based on
artesian statistics, for his opinion that a substantial proportion of the
chlorine in ground water is of connate origin.

Dr. W. J. Chamberlain stated that modern water purification plant
comprises facilities for coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, chlorina-
tion and correction of acid water. In coagulation for removal of
suspended solids, adequate mixing after distribution of the applied
coagulant — generally aluminium sulphate — is imperative if economical
treatment is to be expected. Mixing periods of 20 to 30 minutes are
essential, with velocities ranging from 0*6 to 2-0 feet per second. The
sand of filter beds is not a true filter in itself, but serves as a framework
upon which the actual filtering medium is imposed — in slow sand filters
this , medium is a natural biological growth of algae, diatoms, zoological
material, &c., in rapid filters part of the “floe” formed in coagulation
is carried over to film the sand. Modern practice combines ammoniation
with chlorination, whereby chloramines are formed. These compounds
are efficient bactericides and much more stable in water than free
chlorine. By their use chlorine may be carried throughout the distribu-
tion system and after-growths of bacteria controlled. Correction against
acid water is carried to the point of saturation to calcium carbonate by
addition of soda ash.

Mr. C. R. von Stieglitz drew attention to the fact that the figure
for total soluble solids was not a satisfactory criterion to use in assessing
the quality of water for irrigation and that consideration should be
given to the percentage composition of the various basic ions expressed

m Ca -f- Mg

as milligram equivalents. The use of the formula ~ (where

the bases are expressed as milligram equivalents) to assess quality was
explained, and it was stated that when this ratio fell below 0-5, the

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

XV.

water must be regarded as unsatisfactory for irrigation, unless the total
soluble solids were very low. Limiting values used in assessing water
suitability for stock were also discussed and the need to consider such
factors as the access of stock to green feed, &c., was stressed.

Abstract of Proceedings, 29th October, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 29th October, at
8 p.m., with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About
forty-five members and friends were present. The minutes of
the previous meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. 0. T. Fenwick,
Mr. R. Riek and Dr. S. Julius were elected to Ordinary Membership.

The meeting celebrated both the jubilee of the discovery of X-rays
and the centenary of the birth of W. C. Rontgen. Dr. H. C. Webster,
the first speaker, said that the discovery of X-rays arose from experi-
ments with a cathode-ray tube and a fluorescent screen of barium
platinocyanide. When the screen was placed near the cathode-ray tube
(previously covered with black paper) it glowed when the current
passed through the tube. The discovery of the penetration of tissues
and of the differential absorption of bone and tissue followed almost
immediately. Since Rontgen ’s days immense strides have been made
in producing X-rays of greater intensity and penetrative power and
generators of up to 100 million volts have now been constructed.
Exact controllability of output is also a feature of modern equipment.
The remainder of the paper was devoted to a review of the non-medical
uses of X-rays. The discovery of X-ray diffraction gave rise to two
fields of investigation — firstly, of the wavelengths of X-rays, and,
secondly, of the structure of crystals. The first has aided in the
discovery of new elements and in the identification of impurities. It
has been most fruitful in providing information regarding the structure
of certain parts of atoms. The second has provided information
concerning heat treatment of metals, strains in castings, the structure
of wool and other animal and vegetable fibres, &c. The radiography
of materials has also had widespread uses, such as differentiation
between lead and soda glass, detection of foreign bodies in packaged
goods, examination of defective wood, fruit, &c., detection of faked
pictures, and many others. The paper concluded with a warning against
the dangers of use of X-rays for frivolous purposes.

Dr. Yal McDowall stated that in 1895 W. C. Rontgen discovered the
rays which he called X-rays, on account of their so far unknown charac-
teristics. The first improvement to be made in the production of
X-rays, the placing of the target or anode in the vacuum tube, was
made by Herbert Jackson. In 1896 Dr. C. F. Marks, Brisbane,
imported the first X-ray apparatus in Australia. Advances in radio-
graphy can be divided into four periods: — (1) The induction coil and
gas tube period from 1896 to 1914. (2) The interrupterless transformer

and hot cathode tube period, which overlapped the induction coil
period, but which came into general use about 1918. (3) The period

of valve rectification and mechanical interruptors was replaced by

XVI.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

valves somewhat similar in construction to X-ray tubes. (4) Shock-
proofing of tubes and apparatus in general was the next advance.
Radiology can be divided into Diagnostic and Therapeutic, each a
speciality on its own. In the early stages of diagnostic radiology with
low-powered X-ray machines bones only were possible, owing to long
exposures. Moving organs such as the heart and lungs were possible
with more rapid exposures. Invisible organs were artificially outlined
by means of contrast media, introduced either directly, such as by the
mouth or rectum, or by ureteral catheter. In therapeutic radiology there
was a tendency generally towards higher voltages — 400 to 600 K.V’s
now being commonly used. Then came periods of low voltage therapy,
Grenz ray and contact X-ray therapy. Results of X-ray therapy have
gradually improved with improving methods of measuring dosages and
by means of heavier filtration, but there is still room for some
improvement in results.

Abstract of Proceedings, 26th November, 1945.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the
Geology Department of the University on Monday, 26th November, at
8 p.m., with the President (Prof. H. J. Wilkinson) in the chair. About
twenty-five members and friends were present. The minutes of the
previous meeting were read and confirmed.

A paper entitled “Contributions to the Queensland Flora, No. 9,”
by C. T. White, was presented by Dr. D. A. Herbert. It included
descriptions of new species and records of new localities of Queensland
plants.

Mr. Hines gave a short address on the pharmacological work of
Thomas tLane Bancroft, a former life member of the Society. He
recalled that Bancroft planned to survey as widely as possible the
pharmacological properties of the Queensland flora, and in a series
of papers to this and other Societies recorded the more interesting of
his discoveries. His work is still being followed up and has proved
the starting point for a number of investigations of considerable interest
and merit. At present, under the aegis of the C.S.I.R., his original
plan for a pharmacological survey is being considerably extended.

Miss E. N. Marks exhibited a collection of Queensland mosquitoes
of which T. L. Bancroft had collected specimens. Of 48 described
species of mosquitoes with type localities in Queensland, the type
specimens of 25 were collected by Bancroft (specimens of 23 exhibited).
In addition, he collected at least another 25 species (20 exhibited),
many being the first records for Queensland. He collected also in
New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania.

XVII,

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

The following Institutions and Societies are on our Exchange List, and their publications
are hereby gratefully acknowledged. Owing to war conditions some exchanges have

temporarily lapsed.

Argentine —

Dereccion general de Estadistica,
Buenos Aires.

Observatorio M. Lasagna.

Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Universidad National de La Plata.

Australia —

General —

A.W.A.

Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science.
Australasian Institute of Mining
Engineers.

Australian Chemical Institute.
Australian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy.

Australian Journal of Experimental
Biology and Medical Science.
Australian Science Abstracts.
Australian Veterinary Society.
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research.

Standards Association of Australia.

Federal Government —

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and
Statistics, Canberra.

Department of Health.

Forestry Bureau.

New South Wales —

Australian Museum, Sydney.

Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Department of Agriculture, Sydney.
Department of Fisheries, Sydney.
Department of Mines, Sydney.
Geological Survey.

Linnean Society of New South Wales.
Naturalists’ Society of New South
Wales.

N.S.W. National Herbarium.

Public Library, Sydney.

Royal Society of New South Wales.
Technological Museum, Sydney.
University of Sydney.

Queensland —

Crohamhurst Observatory.
Department of Agriculture, Brisbane.
Department of Mines, Brisbane.

Government Statistician, Queensland:
North Queensland Naturalists’ Club.
Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
Queensland Naturalists’ Club, Bris
bane.

Queensland, University of.

Royal Geographical Society of Aus-
tralasia (Queensland), Brisbane.

South Australia —

Adelaide, University of.

Department of Mines, Adelaide.
Geological Survey, Adelaide.

Public Library, Museum and Art
Gallery, Adelaide.

Royal Geographical Society of Aus-
tralasia, Adelaide.

Royal Society of South Australia.
Royal Society of South Australia,
Field Naturalists’ Section.

Waite Agricultural Research Insti-
tute.

Tasmania —

Geological Survey.

Mines Department.

Queen Victoria Museum, Launeeston.
Royal Society of Tasmania.
Tasmania, University of.

Victoria —

Department of Agriculture, Mel-
bourne.

Department of Mines, Melbourne.
Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria.
Geological Survey.

McCoy Society, Melbourne.

National Museum, Melbourne.

Royal Society of Victoria.

Western Australia —

Geological Survey.

Mines Department, Perth.

Royal Society of Western Australia.

Austria —

Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Belgium —

Academie Royale de Belgique.

Soeiete Royale de Botanique de
Belgique.

Soeiete Royale Zoologique de Belgique,

XVIII.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Brazil —

Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Bio de
J aneiro.

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Bio de Janeiro.
Government. Departmento Nacionale da
Produccao Animal.

Government. Servico Geologieo e
Mineralogico.

Ministerio de Agricultura Industria y
Commercio, Bio de Janeiro.

Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo.
Universidade de Sao Paulo.

Canada —

Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Department of Mines, Ottawa.
Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Nova Scotian Institute of Science.
Boyal Astronomical Society of Canada.
Boyal Canadian Institute.

Boyal Society of Canada.

Ceylon —

Ceylon Journal of Science.

Colombo Museum.

Chile —

Soeiedad de biologia de Conception.
Cuba —

Soeiedad Geografica de Cuba, Habana.
Universidad de Habana.

Czechoslovakia —

Acta botannica Bohemica.

Charles University, Prague.
Czechoslovakian Entomological Society.
Masarykova Universita, Brno.

Denmark —

The University, Copenhagen.

Estonia —

Tartu University.

Finland —

Societas pro fauna et flora fennica.
France —

Marseille Faculte des Sciences.
Montpellier, University of.

Museum National d’Histoire naturelle,
Paris.

Society botanique de France.

Societe des Sciences naturelles de
l’Ouest, Nantes.

Societe entomologique de France.
Societe franqaise de microscopie.
Societe geologique et mineralogique de
Bretagne, Bennes.

Societe scientifique de Bretagne, Bennes.
Station Zoologique de Cette.

Formosa —

Taihoku Imperial University.

Germany —

Akademie der Wissenschaften, Leipzig.

Badische Landsverein fur Naturkunde.

Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaf-
ten, Munich.

Botanische Garten u. Museum, Berlin.

Deutsche Entomologische Institut.

Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft,
Berlin.

Deutsche Kolonial- und Uebersee
Museum, Bremen.

Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde, Berlin.

K. Leopoldinisch-Carolinische deutsche
Akademie der Naturforscher,
Halle.

Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin.

Naturhistorisch-medizinischer Vereins,
Heidelberg.

Naturhistorischer Verein der preus.
Bheinland und Westfalens, Bonn.

Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu
Bremen.

Beichsamt fiir Wetterdienst, Berlin.

Sachsische Akademie der Wissenschaf-
ten, Leipzig.

Senckenbergische Bibliothek, Frankfurt
a. Main.

Zentralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, etc.

Zoologisches Museum, Berlin.

Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg.

Gold Coast —

Geological Survey.

Great Britain —

Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

Bristol Museum and Art Gallery.

British Museum (Natural History),
London.

Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Conchological Society of Great Britain
and Ireland, Manchester.

Imperial Agricultural Bureaux.

Imperial Bureau of Plant Genetics,
Aberystwyth.

Imperial Institute of Entomology,
London.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary
Society.

Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society.

Bothamsted Experimental Station.

Boyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Boyal Empire Society, London.

Boyal Society of Edinburgh.

Boyal Society of London.

Wales, University College of.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

XIX.

Hawaii —

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Hono-
lulu.

Holland —

K. Akademie van Wetenschappen te
Amsterdam.

Royal Netherlands Academy.
Technische Hoogeschool, Delft,
University of Amsterdam.

India —

Geological Survey of India.

Imperial Agricultural Research Insti-
tute, New Delhi.

Ireland —

Royal Dublin Society.

Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.

Italy —

R. Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Insti-
tute di Bologna.

R. Instituto superiore agrario di
Bologna.

Museo civico di storia naturale, Genoa.
R. Scuola superiore d ’agricoltura in
Portici.

Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali,
Pisa.

Japan —

Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan.
Japanese Journal of Zoology.

Kyoto Imperial University.

National Research Council of Japan,
Tokyo.

Ohara Institut, Kurashiki.

Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku.

Tokyo Imperial University.

Mexico —

Academia naeional de ciencias Antonio
Alzate.

Instituto Geologico de Mexico.
Observatorio Meteorologico Central,
Tacubaya.

Secretario de Agriculture y Fomento.
Netherlands Indies —

Jardin Botanique, Buitenzorg.

K. Naturkundige Yereeniging in Ned.-
Indie.

New Zealand —

Auckland Institute and Museum.
Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Wellington.

Dominion Laboratory, Wellington.
Dominion Museum, Wellington.
Geological Survey of New Zealand.
Royal Society of New Zealand.

M

Peru —

Soeiedad Geologica del Peru.

Philippines —

Bureau of Science, Manila.

Poland —

Geological Institute, Warsaw.
Panstwowe museum zoologiczne.

Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodnikow im
Kopernika, Lwow.

Societes Savantes Polonaises.
University of Lwow.

Portugal—

Academia Polytechnicada, Oporto.
Instituto Botanico, Coimbra.

Sociedade Broterniana, Coimbra.

Russia —

Academy of Sciences, Leningrad.
Bureau of Applied Entomology, Lenin-
grad.

Laboratory of Palaeontology, Moscow
University.

Lenin Academy of Agriculture
Sciences, Leningrad.

South Africa —

Durban Museum, Natal.

Geological Society of South Africa,
J ohannesburg.

Natal Government Museum, Pieter-
maritzburg.

National Museum, Bloemfontein.

South African Museum, Capetown.
Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

Spain —

Real Academia de Ciencias, Madrid.
Academia de Ciencias de Zaragoza.
Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de
Barcelona.

Museo de Historia Natural, Valencia.
Sweden —

Goteborgs K. Yetenskaps-och Vitterhets
Samhallet.

K. Fysiografiska Sallskapet, Lund.
Uppsala University.

Switzerland —

Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zurich.
Societe de Physique et d’histoire
naturelle, Geneve.

Trinidad —

Imperial College of Tropical Agricul-
ture.

XX.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Uraguay —

Museo de historia natural, Montevideo.
United States —

Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia.

Academy of Science, St. Louis.
American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Boston.

American Geographical Society, New
York.

American Museum of Natural History,
New York.

American Philosophical Society, Phila-
delphia.

Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains.
Boston Society of Natural Sciences.
Buffalo Society of Natural History.
California Academy of Sciences.
California, University of.

California, University of, Los Angeles.
Carnegie Institution, Washington.
Cornell University.

Federal Government —

Bureau of Standards.

Department of Agriculture.
Geological Survey.

Library of Congress.

Public Health Service.

Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago. (Now under new name.)
Florida State Geological Survey.
Harvard University.

Illinois Natural History Survey.
Illinois, University of.

Indiana Academy of Science.

Institute of Biological Research, Balti-
more.

Iowa, University of.

John Crerar Library, Chicago.

Johns Hopkins University.

Kansas Academy of Science, Lawrence.
Kansas, University of.

Lloyd Library, Cincinnati.

Michigan Academy of Arts, Science,
and Letters.

Michigan, University of.

Minnesota Geological Survey.
Minnesota, University of.

Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard.

National Academy of Science, Wash-
ington.

National Research Council, Washington.
New York Academy of Sciences.

New York Zoological Society.

Ohio State University.

Portland Society of Natural History.
Puget Sound Biological Station,
Seattle.

Rochester Academy of Science.

San Diego Society of Natural History.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
State College of Washington, Pullman.
United States National Museum, Wash-
ington.

Vanderbilt Marine Museum, Hunting-
ton.

Western Society of Engineers, Chicago.
Wisconsin Academy of Arts, Science,
and Letters, Madison.

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and
Biology, Philadelphia.

Yale University —

Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory.
Peabody Museum of Natural History.

XXI.

List of Members.

Honorary Life Members.

.. .. “Irby, ” 25th North Street, Mackay.

F.C.S., c/- Mrs. L. Crawford, Laurel Avenue,
Chelmer, S.W. 3.

Hillsdon Road, Taringa, Brisbane.
Dauphin Street, Highgate Hill.

. . Australian Museum, College Street,
Sydney.

Life Members.

. . 38 Charlton Street, Ascot.

. . Penney 's, 3rd Floor, Queen Street,
Brisbane.

P.O., Caboolture.

Riddell, R. M. . . . . . . . . Department of Public Instruction, Bris-

bane.

Tilling, H. W., M.R.S.C. (Eng.), Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.

L.R.C.T. (Lond.)

Corresponding Members.

•Domin, Dr. K. . . . . . . . . Czech University, Prague.

•Bennett, F., B.Sc.
*Henderson, J. B., O.B.E.,

F.I.C.

•Simmonds, J. H., senr.

* Turner, A. J., M.D., F.R.E.S.
Walkom, A.B., D.Sc. . .

Higginson, H. L., B.Sc.
Hulsen, R.

•Jensen, H. I., D.Sc. . .

Gregory, Professor W. K.
•Skeats, Prof. E. W., D.Sc.

Columbia University, New York.

The University, Melbourne, Victoria.

Ordinary Members.

Archibald, Dr. L., M.Sc., M
Atherton, D. O., M.Agr.Sc.

Avery, Mrs. R. H.

B., B.S.

Bage, Miss A. F., M.Sc.

•Ball, C. W., M.Sc. ..
Ball, L. C., B.E.

Bambrick, R.

Barker, F

Barker, G. H
•Beasley, A. W., B.Sc. . .

Bick, E. W

Bick, I. B., M.Sc.

Bieske, D.G., B.Sc.

•Blake, S. T., M.Sc. ..
Boissard, G. P. D., B.Sc.
Boardman, W., M.Sc. . .

Health Department, Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,

Brisbane.

Physiology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Women's College, Kangaroo Point, Bris-
bane.

Geological Survey Office, Brisbane.
Geological Survey Office, Brisbane
Stock Office, Boonah.

Railway Audit Office, Brisbane.

Adelaide Street, Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Coronation Avenue, St. Lucia, Brisbane.
The University, Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Biology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Booth, F. G., M.D.
•Bostock, J., M.D.,

M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

B.S.,

D.P.M.,

113 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Bosworth, F. O., B.A.

Boys, R. S., L.D.S. ..

Braes, E. M

•Briggs, Mrs. C.
Brimblecombe, A. R., M.Sc. .

•Briton, N. W., B.Vet.Sc. .

Agricultural College, Lawes.

P.O. Box 135, Toowoomba.

“Myora, " Junction Terrace, Annerley.
First Avenue, Eagle Junction, Brisbane.
Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Agricultural College, Lawes.

* Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

XXII.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Broe, J. J., M.Sc.

Brown, Graham, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
F.R.A.C.S.

Brown, Jaa., B.A., M.D., Ch.B.

(Edin.), D.Ph. (Cambridge)
•Bryan, W. H., M.C., D.Sc. . .

•Bryan, W. W., M.Agr.Sc. . .

Buzacott, J. H., M.Sc.

Caldwell, N. E. H., M.Agr.Sc.

Callaghan, J. P., M.Sc.

Campbell, Miss B., B.Sc.

Carson- Cooling, Geo., M.Sc. . .

Carter, S. B.Sc.

Cary, J. G

Chamberlain, W. J., D.Sc.

Chapman, C. C.

Chippendale, F., M.Agr.Sc.

Christian, C. S., M.Sc.

Cilento, Sir R. W., M.D., B.S.

Clark, C., M.A

Clarke, Miss H. . .

Collins, Mrs. E., B.Sc.

Coleman, F. B.

Common, I. F. B., B.Agr.Sc.

Connah, T. H., M.Sc.

Cottrell-Dormer, W., M.Agr.Sc.

Cribb, H. G., B.Sc.

Croll, Gifford, M.B

Cummings, R. P., M.A.

Daniels, C. L. . .
de Jersey, N. J., M.Sc.

•Denmead, A. K., M.Sc.

Dimmock, T. D., B.Sc.

Dixon, G. P., C.B.E., M.B., Ch.M. . .
•Dodd, Alan P., O.B.E

Donaldson, R. J.

Earnshaw, P. A., M.B., Ch.M.,

F.R.A.C.P.

East, J. D., B.Sc.

Edmiston, E. S., M.Sc.

Elliott, T. M. B.

Ellis, C., B.E.

Central Technical College, Brisbane.

371 Queen Street, Brisbane.

“ Widmoo-rene,” Margaret Street, Too-
woomba

The University, Brisbane.

Agricultural High School and College,
Lawes.

Sugar Experiment Station, Meringa, via
Gordonvale.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Toowoomba.

Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney.

The University, Brisbane.

Boys' Grammar School, Brisbane.

187 Waterworks Road Ashgrove, W. 3.

9, Macaulay Street, Coorparoo.

City Chemist, City Hall, Brisbane.

Coronation Drive, St. Lucia, Brisbane.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Biloela.

Division of Plant Industry, C.S.I.R.,
Canberra.

Department of Health, Brisbane.

Bureau of Industry, Brisbane.

c/- W. Peterman, Box 194C, G.P.O., Bris-
bane.

4 Pearl Avenue, Chatswood, Sydney.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Cotton Research Station, Biloela.

Geological Survey Office, Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture, New Guinea
Administration, Port Moresby, New
Guinea.

Geological Survey Office, Brisbane.

Sherwood, Brisbane.

University of Queensland, Brisbane.

Mount Isa Mines Ltd., Mount Isa.

Durack Street, Moorooka, Brisbane.

Geological Survey, Brisbane.

Department of Supply and Shipping,
Canberra.

Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Prickly-pear Laboratory, Sherwood, Bris-
bane.

care of Gibbs, Bright, and Co., Queen
Street, Brisbane.

Ballow Chambers, Wickham Terrace,
Brisbane.

District Geologist’s Office, Rockhampton.

The University, Brisbane.

. . Stanford X-ray Co. Pty., Ltd., Wickham
Terrace, Brisbane.

Co-ordinator-General ’s Department, Bris-
bane.

Erskine, T. W., T.T.S.C. .. .. Brisbane Boys’ College, Toowong

Evans, C. K., M.Sc. . . . . . . Fifer Street, Ipswich.

Everist, S. L., B.Sc., . . . . . . Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.

Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

XXIII.

Fenwick, O. T., M.E.

Ferguson, Miss G., B.Sc.

•Fisher, N. H., D.Sc.

Fison, D. G., M.Sc., M.B., B.S. ..

Fogarty, H. C.

Fraser, C. S.

Fraser, K., B.Sc., B.Sc.App., B.E. . .
Fraser, K. M

Frew, A. E. Harding, B.E

Gaffney, T.

Gasking, D. A. T.

Gipps, F.

•Goddard, Prof. E. J., B.A., D.Sc. . .

Gray, D. F., B.Vet.Sc

Greenham, R., B.Sc.

Grenning, V. . .

•Grey, Mrs. B. B., F.L.S.

Grice, Miss M. A., B.A.

•Gurney, E. H. . .

Gutteridge, N. M., M.B., B.S.

Haenke, Miss D., B.Sc.

•Haenke, W. L., M.Sc., B.Sc.App. . .
Hall, G., B.Sc. . .

•Hamlyn-Harris, R., D.Sc.

Hamon, W. P., B.Agr.Sc.

Handley, Mrs. J. N. . .

Hardie, Sir David, M.D., M.S.

•Hardy, G. H

Hardy, Miss M., M.Sc.

Harris, V. E. G., B.Sc.

•Hawken, Professor R. W., B.A., M.E.,
M.Inst.C.E.

•Herbert, D. A., D.Sc.

Herdsman, L. P.

Hickey, M. F., M.A., M.B., B.S.

•Hill, Miss D., D.Sc., Pb.D

*Hines, H. J. G., B.Sc

•Hitchcock, L. F., M.Sc.

Hirschfeld, E., M.D.

Hirschfeld, O. S., M.B., M.Sc.
Hoeben, J. G. H., B.Vet.Sc

Hossfeld, P. S., M.Sc.

Hoyling, N., B.Sc.

Hyland, R. H., B.Sc.

Jack, Thos.

c/- W. J. Reinfold, Equitable Life
Building, Queen Street, Brisbane.

Rode Road, Nundah.

Department of Shipping and Supply,
Canberra, A.C.T.

Children’s Hospital, Brisbane.

Hillside Crescent, Hamilton.

246 Queen Street, Brisbane.

Central Technical College, Brisbane.

“Shellbourne, ” 187 Toorak road, South
Yarra, Melbourne.

Los Angeles, 456 St. Kilda Road, Mel-
bourne.

Engineer in Charge, Pumping Station,
Pinkenba.

Canberra University College, Canberra.

1 1 Corymbosa, ” Eagle Heights.

The University, Brisbane.

Medical School, Herston Road, Brisbane.

Australasian Petroleum Co., Port
Moresby.

Director of Forests, Lands Department,
George Street, Brisbane.

care of Queensland Trustees, Toowoomba.

26 Augustus Street, Toowong.

Inchcolme, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

57 Chatsworth Road, Greenslopes.

“Rockton,” Limestone Hill, Ipswich.

Mount Isa Mines Ltd., Mount Isa, N.Q.

1 1 Pegwell, * ’ Margaret Street, Queen ’s
Beach, Redcliffe.

“Clifton,” Ubobo, via Gladstone.

Brockley, Ballina Road, via Lismore.

“ Blythsdale, ” Hamilton, Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

McMaster Lab., University, Sydney.

The Southport School, Southport.

The University, Brisbane.

Biology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Government Printing Office, George
Street, Brisbane.

Medical School, Herston Road, Brisbane.

Geology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

The University, Brisbane.

School of Veterinary Science, Yeerong-
pilly.

33 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

231 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Veterinary Science School, Fairfield Road,
Yeerongpilly.

132 Fisher Street, Fullarton, South
Australia.

Shell Co. of Australia, Ltd., Bowen Hills.

45 Ascog Terrace, Toowong.

Cunningham Street, Dalby.

Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

XXIV.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Jones, B.

Jones, C., B.Sc. . .

Jones, Inigo, F.R.A.S., F.R.Met.Soc.,
F.Am.Geog.Soc., F.R.S.A.

* Jones, Owen A., M.Sc.

•Jones, Professor T. G. H., D.Sc.,
A.A.C.I.

Julius, S., M.B.

•Just, J. S.

Kemp, J. R

Kesteven, K. V. L., B.Vet.Se.

Knight, C. L., M.Sc

Kyle, W. M., M.A.

*Lahey, F. N., D.Sc

•Langdon, R. F. N., B.Agr.Sc.

Le Breton, E. G., B.Sc.

Lee, Dr. Alan

*Lee, Professor D. H. K., M.Sc., M.B.,
Ch.M., D.T.M.

•Legg, J., D.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.
•Longman, H. A., F.L.S.

Love, V. N

Lumb, Professor S. F., D.D.S., L.D.S.
Lynch, A. J., M.B., Ch.M. . .
•Mackerras, Mrs. Ian, M.B. . .
MacMahon, P. G., B.Sc.

Marks, A. H., C.B.E., D.S.O., M.D. . .
•Marks, E. O., M.D., B.A., B.E.

•Marks, Miss E. N., M.Sc

Mathewson, J. H. R., M.B., Ch.B, . .

McConnel, Miss U., M.A. . .
McDonald, S. F., M.D., M.R.C.P. . .

McDowall, Val., M.B., Ch.M.,
F.R.A.C.P., F.F.R.

McGrath, L.

McKenzie, A. D., M.B., Ch.M.
Macpherson, R. K., M.Sc., M.B., B.S.
Meyers, E. S., M.B., F.R.A.C.S.

Millingen, A.

Morton, C. C., A.C.T.S.M

*Munro, I. S. R., B.Sc.

Murphy, Ellis, M.D.

•Murray, J. K., B.A., B.Sc.Agr.
Newman, Miss A. W., B.Sc.
Nommenson, F. C., B.Sc.

Nye, Jarvis, M.B., Ch.M., F.R.A.C.P.

Superior Oil Co., Ltd., of New Zealand,
Suite 4, National Bank Chambers,
Palmerston N., New Zealand.

Norfolk Street, Coorparoo.

Crohamhurst Observatory, Beerwah, Q.

The University, Brisbane.

Chemistry Department, The University,
Brisbane.

Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane.

Box 1067N., G.P.O., Brisbane.

Main Roads Commission, Albert Street,
Brisbane.

Animal Health Station, Yeerongpilly.

Department of Supply and Shipping,
Canberra, A.C.T.

The University, Brisbane.

Department of Chemistry, University of
Melbourne.

The University, Brisbane.

Thynne Road, Morningside.

Brisbane Clinic, Wickham Terrace.

The University, Brisbane.

Animal Health Station, Yeerongpilly.

River Terrace, Chelmer.

85 Kintore avenue, Prospect, South
Australia.

Dental Hospital, Turbot Street, Brisbane.

413 Brunswick Street, Valley, Brisbane.

Box 109, Canberra, A.C.T.

Health Department, Brisbane.

109 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

101 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

101 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Ballow Chambers, Wickham Terrace,
Brisbane.

Cressbrook, via Toogoolawah.

* 1 Fancourt, ’ ’ Wickham Terrace, Bris-
bane.

131 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Taylors & Elliots Pty., Ltd., Charlotte
Street, Brisbane.

Russell Street, Toowoomba.

Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane.

Ballow Chambers, Wickham Terrace,
Brisbane.

Phillip Street, Hawthorne.

Geological Survey, Brisbane.

C.S.I.R. Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box
21, Cronulla, N.S.W

14 Sutherland Avenue, Ascot.

Administrator, Port Moresby, Papua.

Bilsen Road, Nundah.

Campbell Bros. Pty., Ltd., Campbell
Street, Bowen Hills.

Brisbane Clinic, Wickham Terrace, Bris-
bane.

Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

XXV.

O ’Connor, E. A., M.Se.

Ogilvie, C., B.E.

*Paltridge, T. B., B.Sc.

Payne, W. L. . .

•Pearce, Mrs. T. R., M.Sc.

Pennington, R., B.A. . .

•Perkins, F. A., B.Sc.Agr

Peters, R.

Preston, G.

Price, T. A., M.B., B.S.

•Reid, J. H., A.S.T.C

Reimann, A. L., D.Sc., Ph.D.

•Reye, A. J., M.B., B.S

Reye, E. J., M.B., B.S.

Reye, Mrs. E. S.

•Richards, Professor H. C., D.Sc. . .

Riek, E. F., B.Sc

Riek, R. F., B.Y.Sc

•Roberts, F. H. S., D.Sc

•Robertson, W. T.

Robinson, E. V., B.A.

The University, Brisbane.

Lands Department, Brisbane.
Agricultural College, Lawes.

Lands Department, Brisbane.

Box 332, P.O., Lismore, New South
Wales.

The University, Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture, Brisbane.
Gregory Terrace, Brisbane.

Toowoomba.

Geological Survey Office, Rockhampton.
Physics Department, The University,
Brisbane.

97 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Health Department, Brisbane.

4 Fortitude Buildings, Valley.

The University, Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Physiology Department, University,
Brisbane.

Animal Health Station, Yeerongpilly.
Assistant Bacteriologist, City Hall, Bris-
bane.

Geology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

•Robinson, Miss K. W., M.Sc.

Roe, R., B.Sc.

Roulston, W. J., B.Sc.

Schafer, Hannaford, D.P., M.R.C.R.

M.R.A.C.P.

Schindler, C., M.A.

Schofield, J. L., B.Sc.

Scott, Miss F. E., B.Sc.

Scott, Miss M. I. R., M.Sc. . .
Shaw, J. G., B.Agr.Sc.

Shaw, N. H., B.Agr.Sc.
•Shepherd, E. M., B.E.
•Simmonds, J. H., M.Sc., M.B.E.

The University, Brisbane.

. C.S.I.R., Orient Buildings, 113 Eagle
Street, Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Brisbane Clinic, Wickham Terrace, Bris-
bane.

The University, Brisbane.

Food & Agriculture Division, Zonal
Executive Offices, Shell House,
Hamburg, Germany

Northumberland Hotel, Gympie.

The University, Brisbane.

Children’s Hospital, Brisbane.

Agricultural College, Lawes

131 Gladstone Road, Highgate Hill.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Simonds, Prof. E. F., M.A., B.Sc., The University, Brisbane.
Ph.D.

Sims, G. W.

Sloan, W. J. S., M.Agr.Sc. . .

Smith, D. J. W., B.Sc.

•Smith, F. B., D.Sc., F.I.C. . .

Smith, J. H., M.Sc., N.D.A. . .

Smith, L. S., B.Sc

Steel, W. H., M.B

Stoney, A. J., B.E.E

Strong, T. H., M.Agr.Sc. . .

Grove Crescent, Toowong.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Department of Health, Brisbane.
Rosecherry Street, Highgate Hill, Bris-
bane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Care of Government Botanist, Botanic
Gardens, Brisbane.

Rosemount Hospital, Windsor.

The University, Brisbane.

Waite Institute, Adelaide, S.A.

* Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

XXVI.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Summerville, W. A. T., D.Sc.

Tabrett, Miss D., B.Sc.

Tarleton, A., M.B.

Tarnogurski, Miss Y., B.Sc.

Taylor, G. C., M.B., Ch.M

Tesch, J., B.Agr.Sc.

Thelander, C., M.B., Ch.B., F.R.A.C.S.

Thomas, L., M.Sc.

Thorn, St. G

Tilse, Miss I., B.Sc.

Tod, Miss L., B.Sc.

*Tommerup, E. C., M.Sc.

Trist, A., M.F., B.Sc.

Tuffley, Mrs, A. M., M.Sc.

*Veitch, R., B.Sc.Agr., B.Sc. For.,
F.R.E.S.

Waddle, I., M.Sc.

*Wade, A., D.Sc., A.R.C.Sc. .
Wadley, J. B. . .

Watkins, S. B., M.Sc.
Watson, Miss K., B.A.
Webster, H. C., M.Sc., Ph.D.
F.R.M.S.

Weddell, J. A

F.I.P.

Wells, W. G

Whalley, T. G., B.Sc.

* White, C. T

White, M., M.Sc., Pli.D., A.A.C.I. . .

*Whitehouse, F. W., D.Sc., Ph.D. . .
Wilkinson, Professor H. J., B.A.,
M.D., Ch.M.

Williams, W.

•Yeates, N. T. M., B.Sc

Department of Agriculture and Stock,

Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

69 Vulture Street, West End, Brisbane.

Physiology Department, University,
Brisbane.

Ballow Chambers, Wickham Terrace,
Brisbane.

Care of Becker’s Pty., Adelaide.

Ballow Chambers, Wickham Terrace,
Brisbane.

Post Office, Stanthorpe.

Animal Health Station, Yeerongpilly.

The University, Brisbane.

Health Department, Brisbane.

Agricultural High School and College,
Lawes.

Forestry Department, Brisbane.

Physiology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane.

Brisbane State High School, Musgrave
Park, Brisbane.

Shell Oil Co., Ann Street, Brisbane.

Salt Street, Albion.

Mount Cootha Road, Brisbane, S.W. 1.

Department of Public Works, Brisbane.

Physics Department, University, Brisbane,

Department of Agriculture and Stock,

Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,

Brisbane.

Chemistry Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Government Botanist, Botanic Gardens,
Brisbane.

Department of Agriculture and Stock,

Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Medical School, Herston Road, Brisbane

P.O., Kilcoy.

The University, Brisbane.

Baird, Miss B.

Bake, H. J. T.

Ferguson, J. A.
Gradwell, R.

Haylock, Miss E,

Pezet, Miss M.

Tuffley, A. M.

Woods, J. T.

Associate

Members.

Geology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

. c/- Miss Bain, Gowrie House, Wickham

Terrace.

. Geology Department, University.

Geology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Biology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Geology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

. Physiology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

Geology Department, University, Bris-
bane.

* Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

A H. Tucker, GoverB™?J?t Printer, Brisbane.

CONTENTS.

Yol. LVII.

Pa«es.

No. 1. — The Mosquito Problems of Queensland. By F. A. Perkins,

B.Sc.Agr. (Issued separately, 9th October, 1946) . . . . 1-6

No. 2.— tA Marine Early Cretaceous Fauna from Stanwell
(Rockhampton District). By F. W. Whitehouse, Ph.D.,

D.Sc. ( Lt.-Col ., B.A.E.). (Issued separately, 9th October,

1946) 7-20

No. 3. — Contributions to the Queensland Flora, No. 9, By C. T.

White. (Issued separately, 9th October, 1946) . . . . 21-36

No. 4. — The Origin, Distribution, and Mode of Occurrence of Mica

in Central Australia. By H. I. Jensen, D.Sc. (Issued
separately, 20th January, 1947) . . . . . . . . 37-52

No. 5. — Notes on Australian Muscoidea, VI. By G. H. Hardy.

(Issued separately, 20th January, 1947) 53-56

No. 6. — Revision of the Australian Psychidae (Lepidoptera). By
A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.B.E.S. (Issued separately,

20th January, 1947) 57-64

No. 7. — Contributions to our Knowledge of Australian Micro-
lepidoptera. By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.B.E.S. (Issued
separately, 20th January, 1947) . . . . . . . . 65-74

No. 8. — T. L. Bancroft Memorial Lecture. By E. J. G. Hines, B.Sc.

(Issued separately, 20th January, 1947) .. .. .. 75-78

Miscellaneous Notes . . . . . . 79

Report of Council

Y-VI

Abstract of Proceedings
List of Library Exchanges

List of Members

xxi-