SERKET The Arachnological Bulletin of the Middle East and North Africa Volume 13 Part 3-4 November, 2013 Cairo, Egypt ISSN: 1110-502X SERKET Volume 13 Part 3-4 November, 2013 Cairo, Egypt Contents Page Prey-capture behaviour of the Egyptian scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpiones: Scorpio nidae) Moustafa M.H. Sarhan, Ahmed B. Sayed, Mohsen A. Mostafa & Ahmed E. Yasin 201 New records for the spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae: Salticidae) ilhan Co§ar & Tank Dam^man 211 A ne woonopid spider record from Turkey (Araneae: Oonopidae) Meryem Arslan, Tank Dam§man & Kadir Bo gag Kunt 215 The effect of some new miticides on the spider mite Tetranychus urticae in water melon crop and their side effects on spiders (Araneae) at Fayoum governorate, Egypt Marguerite A. Rizk, Mona M. Ghallab, Ayman Y. Zaki & BassemS. Wahba 218 Preliminary list of Lebanese spiders and other arachnids (except ticks and mites) His ham K. El-Hennawy 228 Volume 13 (2012-2013) Back issues: VoL 1 (1987-1990), Vol. 2 (1990-1992), Vol. 3 (1992-1993), Vol. 4 (1994-1996), Vol. 5 (1996-1997), Vol. 6 (1998-2000), Vol. 7 (2000-2001), Vol. 8 (2002-2003), Vol. 9 (2004-2005), Vol. 10 (2006-2007), Vol. 11 (2008-2009), Vol. 12 (2010-2011). Correspondence concerning subscription, back issues, publication, etc. should be addressed to the editor: His ham K. El-Hennawy Postal address: 41, El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt. E-mail: el_hennawy@hotmail.com Webpage: http://serket2008.multiply.com ISSN: 1 1 10-502X Serket (2013) vol. 13(3/4): 201-210. Prey-capture behaviour of the Egyptian scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) Moustafa M.H. Sarhan \ Ahmed B. Sayed 2 , Mohsen A. Mostafa 1 & Ahmed E. Yasin 3 1 Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, A1 Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt 2 Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, A1 Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 3 Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, A1 Arish, Egypt Abstract The scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus, a desert dwelling burrower (Family Scorpionidae) is common in the North African and Middle East countries. In Egypt, it is recorded from Wadi Natrun, Cairo, Faiyum, Western Mediterranean Coastal Desert, Southern & Central Sinai, and Elba protected area. Despite of its wide distribution, little is known about its behavioural aspects. In this study, prey-capture by Scorpio maurus palmatus was observed in the laboratory. The behaviour components displayed in prey- capture were identified, compiled into a flow chart (ethogram), analyzed and discussed. Keywords: Scorpions, Scorpio maurus palmatus, prey-capture behaviour. Introduction Scorpions are predatory arthropod animals, feeding on small arthropods. Scorpions are common and ecologically important arthropods in arid and semi-arid ecosystems throughout the world (Polis, 2001; Brown, 2004). They are among the most important predators in arid region communities in terms of density, biomass and diversity (Polis, 1990). Moreover, scorpions exert predatory pressure on a wide variety of insect and spider populations, having an impact in the flow of energy of these ecosystems (McCormick & Polis, 1990). Generally, scorpions have two types of prey-capture strategies: 1. most species hunt prey by the use of a sit and wait strategy, where prey is either located in the opening of the scorpion’s burrow/hiding place or just outside it, 2. they actively hunt prey away from their hiding place (McCormick & Polis, 1990). Many previously published descriptions of the prey- capture behaviour have been observed in nature (Lankester, 1883; Fabre, 1911; Smith, 1927). The first pub lication that described the prey-capture behaviour appeared by the end of 19 th century (Pocock, 1893). Pocock described the feeding behaviour of two scorpion species Parabuthus capensis (Buthidae) and Euscorpius carpathicus (Euscorpiidae) and their reactions to common cockroaches. Several articles include brief descriptions of prey-capture for various scorpion species appeared (Vachon, 1953; Baerg, 1961; Clouds ley- Thompson, 1961; Williams, 1963; Stahnke, 1966). More detailed studies with the prey-capture behaviour for many scorpions were reported including flow charts (etho grams); Heterometrus spp. (Scorpionidae) (Palka & Babu, 1967), Smeringurus mesaensis (Vaejovidae) (Hadley & Williams, 1968; as Paruroctonus), Hadrurus arizonensis (Caraboctonidae) (Bub & Bowerman, 1979), African Pandinus imperator (Scorpionidae) (Casper, 1985), two buthid species from East Africa, Parabuthus leiosoma and P. pallidus (Rein, 1993, 2003), Aidroctonus crassicauda (Buthidae) (Stewart, 2006), and Heterometrus petersii (Jiao & Zhu, 2009). The studied scorpion, Scorpio maurus palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) is recorded in north Egypt (near Alexandria, Wadi Natrun, Cairo, and Faiyum) (El-Hennawy, 1992), Northern and Central Sinai (Levy & Amitai, 1980) and Southern Sinai (Abdel-Nabi et al., 2004). Recently, this species was recorded in Gabal Elba protected area (Sayed, 2013). It lives there among 7 buthid species (El-Hennawy, 2008; Sayed, 2013). Adult scorpions weight 2-3 gr and about 60 mm in length. It is found on brown sandy soils, loess and alluvial soils, and in stony desert. It burrows and can move stones heavier than itself. Each scorpion lives alone in a burrow, but as many as hundreds of burrows maybe found in some areas (Abdel- Rahman et al., 2009). The burrows have a crescent- shaped opening and run parallel to the ground for about 30 to 70 cm The animals leave the burrow at night or stand at the entrance with the pincers slightly raised. This scorpion does not sting readily and the sting is not very painful to humans (Levy & Amitai, 1980). The most frequently captured preys are isopods, ants and beetles. Studies on S. m. palmatus life histories, however, are few in number. The lack of data is due in part to difficulties in rearing scorpions in captivity (Polis & Farley, 1979). Therefore, it is not surprising how little is known about behaviour and general biology of this species. This paper represents the first description of the prey-capture behaviour of the scorpion S. m. palmatus and its characterization. Material and Methods Ten individuals of the scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus were collected from Western Mediterranean Coastal Desert, Alexandria, Egypt. Collected scorpions were kept and maintained individually in terraria (20cm x 20cm), with 5 cm deep sandy- soil substrate, which permitted them to burrow, in the room temperature ranged between 25 °C and 30°C. Scorpions were provided every week by water and fed on insects especially crickets and cockroaches. Remains of dead preys were regularly removed from the containers. Scorpions were starved at least for three weeks before testing. During starvation period water was provided by misting. To investigate the prey-capture behaviour, the scorpion was removed with long forceps from its terrarium to cylindrical observation chamber (15 cm in diameter) and kept for 30 minutes to acclimate. After the acclimation period one adult American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was dropped into the centre of the chamber as a prey for the tested scorpion. The scorpion behaviour was monitored and filmed with Panasonic HDC-TM70 video camera, and analyzed by Sony Vegas® Movie Studio 11.0 software. Data acquisition started at first recognition of prey item by the scorpion and finished upon ingestion. 202 The behavioural components involved in prey-capture of S. m. palmatus were identified and the corresponding ethogram was constructed. The following behavioural components were identified according to Bub & Bowerman (1979), Rein (2003) and Stewart (2006): Active: walking in the chamber, prior to contact with the prey, the pedipalpal chela closed and opened. Alert Stance: a posture in which the scorpion is supported above the substrate by the legs, the pedipalps are extended opened, with the movable fingers of the pedipalpal chelae and the pectines in contact with the substrate. Orientation: movement of the scorpion directly towards the prey. Grasp Attempt: the scorpion try to obtain a hold on the prey with the pedipalpal chelae. Grasp Failure: the prey escapes after a grasp attempt. Grasp Success: the scorpion obtains a firm hold on the prey by its pedipalpal chela. Sting: a behavioural unit consisting of a forward sweep to the metasoma, telson contact with the prey, and aculeus penetration with presumed venom injection. Inactive: after a grasp success; no detectable activity seen of chelicerae, pedipalps or walking appendages. Manipulation: handling of the prey by the pedipalps and first pair of legs, including turning of the prey for head-first ingestion. Cheliceral Activity: protraction of one chelicera and retraction of the other, alternating with retraction of the first and protraction of the other (chelicerae are opened during protraction and closed during retraction). Sand Thrust: a pedipalp is pushed into the substrate, withdrawn, and frequently brushed off by the distal segments of the first and second pair of legs. Travel: moving throughout the chamber, holding the prey in a pedipalp and/or chelicerae. Ingestion: the intake of the pre-digested fluid prey, as indicated by cyclical movements of the coxae of the first legs. Results Prey-capture sequence For studying the prey-capture behaviour in S. m. palmatus, the scorpion was placed in the observation chamber and kept for 30 minutes to acclimate. During the acclimation period, the scorpion walked around the area in an exploratory behaviour with its pedipalpal chela opened and closed. After the acclimation period, the prey (P. americana) was dropped into the centre of the observation chamber. Once the prey was detected, 83% of the investigated scorpions adopted alert stance (Fig. la) with the pedipalpal chela opened, extending interiorly, and slightly bowed. The scorpion in alert stance was able to induce orientation by moving towards prey to make a grasp attempt (Fig. lb). On most instances, the scorpion still in alert stance with a few centimetres from the prey, waiting for the prey first move, then the scorpion successfully grasps the prey (Fig. lc). When the scorpion moved before, the prey would be able to avoid the scorpion grasp. The frequency of the first grasp success was low 4%. The second time of grasp success was estimated as 75%, or it paid no further attention to the prey. Prey resistance to capture was often observed. After a successful grasp, scorpions caught the prey with both pedipalps and then pulled the prey. At the same time, the first pair of legs supported the scorpion to handle the prey. The second, third and fourth pairs of legs extended to 203 maintain stability. After successful grasp, scorpions used their venom apparatus to sting the prey with several successive stings in different positions depending on the prey resistance. Some scorpions stung three times in three different sites; first the cockroach was stung in the latero-ventral side of the abdomen, followed by the thorax and finally in the first leg (Fig. Id— f). Fig. la-f. Prey-capture behavioural units of Scorpio maurus palmatus: a. Alert stance, b. Grasp attempt, c. Grasp success, d. Sting use in abdomen, e. Sting in thorax, f. Sting in the first leg. 204 After the sting behaviour, 60% S. m. palmatus held the prey with both pedipalps and stayed without any detectable activity, the body of the scorpion and the metasoma is in contact with the substrate, this behaviour is called the "inactive" (Fig. lg). After the inactive behaviour the scorpion handled the prey by the pedipalps chela and the first pair of legs and oriented it for head first ingestion, this is called "manipulation" (Fig. Ik). Fig. lg— 1 . Prey-capture behavioural units of Scorpio maurus palmatus: g. Inactive, h. Travel with prey, i. Travel without prey, j. Sand thrust, k. Manipulation, 1. Cheliceral activity. 205 S. m. palmatus showed two types of travel, the first one is walking around the observation chamber holding the prey by one pedipalpal chela (Fig. lh). In the second type of travel, the scorpion left the prey and walked alone around the observation chamber (Fig. li). In most instances, after the first type of travel, the scorpion pushed the substrate by its pedipalps, withdrawn, and frequently brushed or cleaned its pedipalpal chela between chelicerae in a behaviour called "sand thrust" which is a unit of cleaning behaviour (Fig. lj). The second type of travel observed after the sand thrust (estimated at 80%), the scorpion walked around the observation chamber without prey for several times and returned directly to the prey. Following that the S. m. palmatus started protraction and retraction of both chelicerae, the alternative protraction of one chelicera and retraction of the second. Observations on the prey-capture sequences were terminated when the alternative chelicera activity signalled that ingestion had commenced (Fig. 1). Notably, any behavioural unit followed the sting maybe followed by any others as shown in the ethogram (Fig. 2). For example, sting behaviour can be followed by travel, manipulation, inactive, sand thrust or cheliceral activity. Sting M Inactive manipulation Cheliceral Sand thrust activity Travel 2 Ingestion Fig. 2. Ethogram of the prey-capture behaviour sequence and its constituent behavioural units for the scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus. Individual terms are defined in the text. Arrows indicate the direction of the prey-capture sequence. The framing of the behavioural components inactive, manipulation, cheliceral activity and travel refers to any of these behaviours observed either prior to, or after any of the others. 206 Discussion Before starting the experiment for prey-capture, each scorpion was first placed in the observation chamber alone for acclimation. During this period, the scorpion walked with pedipalps outstretched in front of it, and the movable fingers of the pedipalpal chela closed or opened and pectines in contact with the substrate and the metasoma was curved above the scorpion’s back or the pedipalps in the same plane of the scorpion's body. The stereotyped placement of these appendages in this behaviour may be critical in permitting central nervous system integration of environmental information concerning prey location (Murphy, 1971). Scorpions detect their prey with the help of substrate vibrations and some species can detect prey up to a distance of 50 cm (Brownell, 1977; Brownell & Farley, 1979). When the prey was placed in the centre of the observation chamber, all scorpions detected the presence of the prey immediately and oriented directly towards the prey. An explanation for the fast detection of the prey, that hungry scorpion had quicker responses and was more aggressive than satiated individuals (Stahnke, 1966). After a successful grasp, S. m. palmatus used venom apparatus to sting the prey. We noticed that scorpions stung several times at different sites of the prey. Consecutive stings were also observed during prey-capture in other Egyptian buthid scorpions such as Leiurus quinquestriatus, Androctonus amoreuxi and Parabuthus leiosoma (Elbitar et al., 2012). On contrast, Euscorpius italicus (Euscorpiidae) and Anuroctonus phaiodactylus (Chactidae) seldom, if ever, employ a sting during prey-capture (Schultz, 1927; Clouds ley- Thompson, 1955; Baerg, 1961; Williams, 1963; McDaniel, 1968). It was pointed out that scorpions with large pedipalps and reduced metasoma probably do not use the sting for immobilizing prey (Baerg, 1961). It seems that this is not the case in S. m. palmatus as it was noted to sting the prey during all observed captures. Variation of sting use among different scorpions was reported; Hadrurus arizonensis stung every prey offered. Buthus occitanus sting was frequently employed to subdue struggling insects (Fabre, 1923). Urodacus manicatus (Scorpionidae) invariably stings its prey as soon as it is captured (Southcott, 1955). Interestingly, young scorpions of the African Pandinus imperator usually use sting for prey subdual while adult scorpions refused to utilize the sting in prey subdual, apparently rejecting prey too large to subdue with the pedipalps alone (Casper, 1985). Such variation of sting styles may refer to the size of scorpion in relation to the captured prey. In our case, we used only adult cockroaches with the same or larger size than tested scorpion. Thus, the adult cockroaches may resist the scorpion too hard which renders the scorpion to use sting several times. Moreover, mapping of predatory digger wasp sting sites on cricket prey correlated with the location of major ganglia (Steiner, 1976) but it appears that no such correlation in the sting sites of S. m. palmatus on cockroach prey. Rather, the sting site distribution appears to reflect the sites of the first penetrable tissue encountered. Adult cockroaches received stings on their ventral surface, even though the dorsal surface was usually encountered first by the telson. The heavy wings and thoracic sclerites appear to prevent dorsal penetration. The first sting in the thorax causes a transient front leg paralysis lasting for few minutes. Following the head sting, the venom represses the activity of head ganglia neurons. Variation in venom composition has been documented for successive stings by scorpions (Yahel-Niv & Zlotkin, 1979; Inceoglu et al., 2001; Elbitar et al., 2012). This indicates that similar mechanisms may work in scorpion venom to subdue captured prey. It will be interesting to find out the venom components and their corresponding molecular targets that are involved in behavioural modifications. With the available tools of biochemical and molecular biology techniques, it may be possible to characterize the biochemical 207 composition of S. m. palmatus venom and identify bioactive components by their introduction in vivo and in vitro into the cockroach’s central nervous system S. m. palmatus was noted to be inactive after the sting behaviour. Similar inactivity was observed in Paruroctonus boreus (Vaejovidae), which stayed inactive for 10-30 minutes after rendering the prey harmless (Cushing & Matherne, 1980). Scorpions may stay inactive after prey-capture to let the venom work before starting ingestion or to avoid the effect of intake fresh injected venom from the prey. Following to inactivity, scorpions show travel behaviour. Two types of travel were observed in S. m. palmatus. Two similar types of travel behaviour were reported when studying prey-capture of Parabuthus palhdus (Rein, 2003). This type of combined travel behaviour is likely reasonable for scorpions that live most of time in burrows. The first type of travel, with prey, may aim to move prey into a more secure location such as the burrow. In this case the scorpion is safe and less vulnerable to predation. The second type of travel, without prey, may arise inside the burrow when scorpion needs to recover after encounters with hard struggling prey. This point awaits check in the field. In the present study, S. m. palmatus showed cleaning behaviour. This type of behaviour referred as sand thrust (Bub & Bowerman, 1979). The purpose of sand thrust is removing irritating substances from the pedipalps and/or metasoma which contains numerous hairs (setae). Many of these hairs are innervated and play an important role in the sensory system of scorpions (Brownell, 1977). It is possible that these sensory hairs are impaired if exposed to body fluid from injured prey and this might reduce sense capabilities or irritate the scorpion. Heterometrus peter sii use leg claws as cleaning tools (Jiao & Zhu, 2009) but S. m. palmatus used sand of the substrate or the chelicera to clean its pedipalp. Thus, different types of cleaning behaviour could be related to scorpion habitats. Just before start feeding, S. m. palmatus handled the prey by the pedipalps chela and the first pair of legs and oriented it for head first ingestion. This behaviour is not an unusual among the arachnids and has been described in Hadrurus arizonensis (Bub & Bowerman, 1979) and Opisthophthalmus latimanus (Scorpionidae) (Alexander, 1972). These scorpions identified the position of the prey's legs as being one of the clues used for feeding orientation. Head first consumption may be used in subduing the prey by immediately damaging the brain. Cheliceral activity behaviour was observed in the scorpions and usually occurred after manipulation. The reciprocate grasping and retraction by the two chelicerae slowly tears the prey's exo skeleton, exposing the inner tissues to the digestive enzymes of the scorpion (Snodgrass, 1948). Rhythmic movements of the coxae of the first pair of legs help in transporting the pre-digested prey into the scorpion's oral cavity by means of a pumping action (Shrivastava, 1955). Observations on the prey-capture sequences were terminated when the rhythmic movements of the coxae signalled that ingestion had started. The current study provides an informational foundation for further studies on the feeding behaviour of S. m. palmatus as well as for comparative studies of other species of scorpions that are closely and distantly related. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Prof. Victor Fet (Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, USA) for reviewing this paper and to Mr. H.K. 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New records for the spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae: Salticidae) • i 2 Ilhan Co§ar & Tank Dam§man 1 University of Kirikkale, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Kirikkale, Turkey 2 University of Kirikkale, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Biology, Kirikkale, Turkey Abstract Two salticid spider species, Chalcoscirtus catherinae Proszynski, 2000 and Heliophanus curvidens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) are recorded for the first time from Turkey. Their morphology is briefly described and illustrated. Keywords: Araneae, Salticidae, Chalcoscirtus catherinae, Heliophanus curvidens, new record, Turkey. Introduction The Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 is the largest family of spiders with 5615 described species (Platnick, 2013). A total of 99 species in 36 genera are known in Turkey (Bayram et. al., 2013) from Salticidae. In this paper, we add two jumping spider species to the spider fauna of Turkey. These species are Chalcoscirtus catherinae Proszynski, 2000 and Heliophanus curvidens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872). Material and Methods This study is based on the material collected in 2012 from §anhurfa province of Turkey. Specimens were collected by means of hand aspirator from stony ground and preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification was made with Leica S8APO stereomicroscope. Identification depended on Proszynski (2000, 2003). Specimens were photographed and SEM photographs of male palps were taken by Jeol JSM 5600 Scanning Electron Microscope. Abbreviations used in the text are as follows: Cx: coxa, Tr: trochanter, Fe: femur, Pa: patella, Ti: tibia, Mt: metatarsus, Ta: tarsus. All measurements are given in millimetres. Specimens are deposited in the collection of the Arachno logical Museum of Kirrkkale University (KUAM). Results Chalcoscirtus catherinae Proszynski, 2000 Material examined: 1$, §anhurfa Province, Birecik District. (37°03'09"N, 38°07'02"E, 798m), 04.05.2012, from stony ground. Leg. T. Dam§man. Fig. 1. C. catherinae, male. A. dorsal view. B. ventral view. C. ocular area, frontal view. Fig. 2. C. catherinae, male pedipalp. A. ventral view. B. retro lateral view. 212 Morphology: Male. Total length: 2.0; prosoma length 1.05, width 0.80; opisthosoma length 0.95, width 0.70. Prosoma is dark brown and shiny that reflects the light. Anterior ocular area is black. There are few white hairs around anterior eyes. Sternum is dark brown. Abdomen is shiny black with scutum All legs' femora are greyish- yellow and include brown spots, however other segments are yellow (Fig 1). Pedipalp's bulb is large, embolus is outwardly curled and ends with a slim part (Fig 2). Tibial apophysis curved, with ventral and dorsal sides serrated. Leg formula: IV-IH-I-n. Lengths of legs: I leg. Cx: 0.15, Tr: 0.10, Fe: 0.47, Pa: 0.22, Ti: 0.32, Mt: 0.22, Ta: 0.20, Total: 1.68. II leg. Cx: 0.12, Tr: 0.07, Fe: 0.45, Pa: 0.20, Ti: 0.27, Mt: 0.20, Ta: 0.17, Total: 1.48. IH leg. Cx: 0.15, Tr: 0.12, Fe: 0.50, Pa: 0.22, Ti: 0.30, Mt: 0.25, Ta: 0.22, Total: 1.76. IV leg. Cx: 0.20, Tr: 0.10, Fe: 0.52, Pa: 0.22, Ti: 0.40, Mt: 0.32, Ta: 0.25, Total: 2.01. Heliophanus curvidens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: \S, §anhurfa Province, Birecik District. (37°03'09"N, 38°07'02"E, 798m), 04.05.2012, from stony ground. Leg. t. Co§ar. Morphology: Male. Total length: 2.90; prosoma length 1.50, width 1.10; opisthosoma length 1.40, width 1.05. Prosoma has bright hairs and black colour. Abdomen is black and its anterior part is covered with white hairs. Patterns formed by white hairs are present on the middle of the abdomen and close to spinnerets. Prosoma is black and hairy, chelicerae are dark brown and palps are black. Dorsal sides of palpal patella, tibia and cybium are covered with white hairs. A long femoral apophysis with slant end is found in palp. Ventral tibial apophysis is long, straight and its apical tip is inclined. Bulb is large with a triangle- shaped end piece extending toward the front close to embolus ventrally. While base part of embolus is large, its end is thin and slant. Femur, patella, and tibia have black and partly white hairs on all of the legs. Metatarsus and tarsus segments are light brown. Fig. 3. H. curvidens, male. A. dorsal view. B. ventral view. 213 Leg formula: IV-I-III-II. Lengths of legs: I leg. Cx: 0.30, Tr: 0.20, Fe: 0.80, Pa: 0.40, Ti: 0.55, Mt: 0.45, Ta: 0.35, Total: 3.05. II leg. Cx: 0.25, Tr: 0.15, Fe: 0.70, Pa: 0.35, Ti: 0.50, Mt: 0.40, Ta: 0.35, Total: 2.70. III leg. Cx: 0.25, Tr: 0.15, Fe: 0.75, Pa: 0.30, Ti: 0.50, Mt: 0.50, Ta: 0.35, Total: 2.80. IV leg. Cx: 0.35, Tr: 0.15, Fe: 0.95, Pa: 0.35, Ti: 0.65, Mt: 0.65, Ta: 0.45, Total: 3.55. Fig. 4. H. curvidens, male. A. ocular area, frontal view. B. pedipalp, ventral view. References Bayram, A., Kunt, K.B. & Dam§man, T. 2013. The Checklist of the Spiders of Turkey. Version 2013 Online at http://www.spidersofturkey.com Platnick, N.I. 2013. The world spider catalog, version 14.0 American Museum of Natural History, New York. Online at http://research.amnh. 0 rg/entomology/spiders/catalog/.html DOI: 10.553 1/db.iz. 0001. Proszynski, J. 2000. On mostly new species of Salticidae (Aranei) from Levant. Arthropoda Selecta, 8: 231-262. Proszynski, J. 2003. Salticidae (Araneae) of the Levant. Amis. zool. Warsz., 53: 1-180. 214 Serket (2013) vol. 13(3/4): 215-217. A new oonopid spider record from Turkey (Araneae: Oonopidae) 12 3 Meryem Arslan , Tank Dam § man & Kadir Bo gag Kunt 1 Kirikkale University, Graduate School ofNatural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, 71451, Yah^ihan, Kirikkale, TURKEY 2 Kirikkale University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 71451, Yah§ihan, Kirikkale, TURKEY 3 Poligon Site 71/27-B TR-06810 Dodurga, fayyolu, Ankara, TURKEY Corresponding author e-mail address: meryemarslanl988@hotmail.com Abstract This short paper reports one oonopid species which is new for the Turkish araneo- fauna. The characteristic features and photographs of Orchestina simoni (Dalmas, 1916) are presented. The total number of oonopid species recorded from Turkey becomes now 5 species. Keywords: Araneae, Oonopidae, Taxonomy, New record, Turkey. Introduction Oonopidae members are ecribellate, haplogyne and small sized (1-4 mm) spiders. These spiders can be distinguished from other haplogynes in having large and contiguous six eyes (eyes may be reduced or absent in some species), an abdomen with scutum. Oonopids have two tracheal spiracles near epigastric furrow, their tarsi with onychium bearing two claws. They are mostly yellowish to orange. Oonopidae family have a worldwide distribution and consist of 1135 species belonging to 93 genera (Platnick, 2013). The genus Orchestina was described by Simon in 1882. It includes 71 species all over the world. This paper deals with the characteristic features and distribution of Orchestina simoni (Dalmas, 1916) and adds a new oonopid species to the araneo- fauna of Turkey. The total number of oonopids recorded from Turkey becomes now 5 species (Bayramet al., 2013). Material and Methods Specimens examined were collected from Izmir Province using hand aspirator from the ground and were directly taken into 70% ethanol Species identification was managed under Leica S8AP0 stereomicroscope. Chiefly well known identification keys were used for identification (Brignoli, 1967 ; Dalmas, 1916; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991 ; Le Peru, 2011). Specimens were photographed using a Leica DC 160 camera attached to the microscope. Photographs were taken in dishes of different size with paraffin on the bottom Different size holes were made in the bottom to keep specimens in the right position Images were montaged using “Combine ZM” image stacking software and ‘Photoshop CS5” image editing software. For SEM photographs, the male palps were dried at 30°C and coated with a thin layer of gold by Polaron SC 500 sputter coater, examined at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV under Jeol JSM 5600 Scanning Electron Microscope, and the electron micrographs were recorded. The specimens were deposited in the collection of the Arachno logical Museum of Kirikkale University (KUAM). All measurements are in millimetres. Results Orchestina simoni (Dalmas, 1916) (Figs. 1-5) Material examined: 1?, 1$, Izmir Province, Qandarli (38°56'25.78"N, 26°55'3.68"E), 07.04.2012. leg. K.B. Kunt. Figs. 1-2. Orchestina simoni, habitus. 1. female. 2. male. Scale line = 0.2 mm. Figs. 3-4. Orchestina simoni, male. 3. pedipalpus. 4. psembolus. Scale line = 0.1 mm. 216 Description of male Total length: 0.97 ; prosoma length 0.48, width 0.36; opisthosoma length 0.49, width 0.42. Prosoma is yellowish orange, smooth and bright (Fig. 2). Abdomen without scutum, pale with dark hairs, oval- shaped with dark terminal part. Legs are pale yellowish orange. Femur of fourth leg is thicker than other legs' femora. Bulb oval, psembolus simple and cylindrical Tip of psembolus beak-shaped. Embolus sticks out an approximately half of psembolus length (Figs. 3-4). Description of female Total length: 1.37, prosoma length 0.57, width 0.40; opisthosoma length 0.80, width 0.44. Colouration as in male (Fig. 1). Epigastric area without any external specializations. The female without scutum Internal genitalia with concave and crescent- like structure. It has a short median column with simple and elliptical spermathecae. Spermathecae adjoined to the epigastric furrow (Fig. 5). Distribution: France, Italy, Greece (Platnick, 2013). 5 Fig. 5. Epigastric area of female. Scale line = 0.1 mm With this study, the number of oonopid spiders in Turkey has increased to 5 species. The size of this species is smaller than European specimens (Le Peru, 2011). References Bayram, A., Kunt, K.B. & Dam§man, T. 2013. The Checklist of the Spiders of Turkey. Version 2013 Online at http://www.spidersofturkey.com Brignoli, P.M. 1967. Su alcuni Oonopidae delle isole Ponziane. Fragm ent, 4: 141-148. Dalmas, R. de. 1916. Revision du genre Orchestina E.S., suive de la description de nouvelles especes du genre Oonops et d'une etude sur les Dictynidae du genre Scotolathys. Am. Soc. ent Fr., 85: 203-258. Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 543 pp. Le Peru, B. 2011. The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Mem Soc. linn. Lyon, 2: 1-522. Platnick, N.I. 2013. The world spider catalog, version 14.0 American Museum of Natural History, New York. Online at http://research.a 1 nnh. 0 rg/entomology/spiders/catalog/.html DOI: 10.553 1/db.iz. 0001. 217 Serket (2013) vol. 13(3/4): 218-227. The effect of some new miticides on the spider mite Tetranychus urticae in water melon crop and their side effects on spiders (Araneae) at Fayoum govemorate, Egypt Marguerite A. Rizk, Mona M. Ghallab, Ayman Y. Zaki & Bassem S. Wahba Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt Abstract The efficiency of different groups of pesticides for suppressing the population of the two- spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on water melon plants was studied. The pesticides include: I. three biochemical compounds: Yurmak 1.8% EC (Abamectin), Veto 5% EC (Abamectin), and Bio fly 30xl0 3 WP (Beauvaria bassiana), II. three acaricides: Ortus 5% SC (Fenpyroximate), Acarots 5% EW (Fenpyroximate), and Prince 10% EC (Hexythiazox), and III. two mixture compounds: Nest 20% SC (Abamectin 2% + Spirodiclofen 18%) and Perfect 12% EW (Abamectin 2% + Chlorfenapyr 10%). They were applied for one time to control T. urticae infesting water melon plants during the experiment period. The different acaricides formulations were effective control of T. urticae at least two weeks after application. Abamectin (biochemical) was more effective in reducing T. urticae population than spiders and with less effect against associated predators, while Hexythiazox was the most harmful acaricide in reducing spider populations. The results will be used to develop IPM Programs with spiders in agricultural crops. Keywords: Abamectin, acaricide, Beauvaria bassiana, Chlorfenapyr, Hexythiazox, Fenpyroximate, miticide, Tetranychus urticae, spiders. Introduction The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which is based on selective toxicity of the phytophagous mites and harmless to natural enemies became the most relevant strategy of plant protection (Leake, 2000). Several acaricides including Flufenoxuron, Fenpyroximate and Abamectin are currently used in Egypt. However, the side effects of the acaricides to natural enemies are unidentified. The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (TSSM) is one of the most important pests with a wide range of host plants and world distribution (Bolland et al., 1998). Many efforts have been undertaken to manage TSSM problems in agricultural crops such as the application of new acaricides with low concentrations to save predator mites and spiders. Failure of chemical control to TSSM caused by resistance has been reported in several countries for compounds such as Hexythiazox (Herron & Rophail, 1993), Fenpyroximate (Sato et al., 2004) and Abamectin (Beers et al., 1998). Also, some previous studies have examined the effects of some acaricides on non target soil fauna and beneficial species such as spiders (Amalin et al., 2000; Kim & Yoo, 2002; Rizk et al., 2005). Ahn et al. (2004) found that miticides were more toxic to TSSM than to its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis. In the present study, the effect of eight acaricides frequently employed in Egypt to control TSSM such as Abamectin, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox and Beauvaria bassiana product and their harmful effect on population density of spiders in water melon crops using topical applications and time exposure of pests. The acaricide concentration tested initially approximated field rates as recommended in 2012 by Agricultural Research Center (A.R.C.), Ministry of Agriculture. Material and Methods The study area The experiment was conducted in Fayoum Govemorate, Egypt in 2012. Water melon plant was sown in 1 st June in an area of 2100 m 2 divided into 36 equal plots, each of ~58 m 2 that received 8 acaricides of four replicates for each treatment and a control. Plots were distributed in a randomized block design. Synthetic acaricide treatments were initiated based upon state recommendation. The evaluated acaricides rates and order of spray in treatments were as follow: Trade name Active ingredient Rate / 100 L. Type Biofly 3 Gx10 3 WP Beauvaria bassiana 250 cc Biochemical Yurmak 1.8% EC Abamectin 50 cc Biochemical Veto 5% EC Abamectin 15 cc Biochemical Ortus 5% SC Fenpyroximate 50 cc Acaricide Acarots 5% EW Fenpyroximate 50 cc Acaricide Prince 10% EC Hexythiazox 20 cc Acaricide Nest 20% SC Abamectin 2% + Spirodiclofen 18% 20 cc Mixture Perfect 12% EW Abamectin 2% + Chlorfenapyr 10% 30 cc Mixture Pest assessment Sprays were applied for the tested compounds in 11 July. Pre- treatment count was recorded before spraying for each treatment. Ten leaves were randomly collected from each plot (replicate) and movable stages of spider mites were counted in 1 inch 2 area before spraying and after one day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. Percentage of reduction was calculated according to Henderson & Tilton (1955): 219 Percentage of reduction = [1 - Ta x Cb 1 xlOO Tb xCa Ca: number after treatment in check plot. Cb: number before treatment in check plot. Ta: number after treatment in treated plot. Tb: number before treatment in treated plot. Survey of spiders in water melon fields To evaluate the side effects of these synthetic acaricides on spider population, samples of spider fauna were collected weekly by pit- fall trap method as described by Southwood (1978) and Slingsby & Cook (1986). Forty five traps were placed in the water melon fields according to the arrangement of acaricides used. Frequency and abundance values The frequency values of the most abundant species were classified into three classes according to the system adopted by Weis Fogh (1948); “Constant species” more than 50% of the samples, "accessory species" 25-50% of the samples and "accidental species" less than 25%. On the other hand, the classification of dominance values were done according to Weigmann's system (1973) in which the species were divided into five groups based on the values of dominance in the sample; eudominant species (> 30% individuals), dominant species (10-30% individuals), subdominant (5-10% individuals) resident species (1-5% individuals) and sub resident species (1% individuals). Species diversity The biodiversity of ground spiders collected were estimated by using equilibrium Diversity of collected spiders was determined for samples pooled over one summer season by a lot of different acaricides used to control spider mite. It was measured in each tested acaricide plots by diversity index that reflected the number of species (richness) in the samples. Two common indices were computed, Shannon- Wiener index "H” and Simpson index ”S”. They were calculated as described by Ludwig & Reynolds (1988). H' = -£ (ni / n) In (ni / n) and S = £ (ni / n) 2 where ni is the number of individuals belonging to the i th of "S" taxa in the sample and "n" is the total number of individuals in the sample. "H" is more sensitive to changes in number of species and diversity, while "S" is more responsive to changes in the most dominant species (Ludwig & Reynolds 1988). Results and Discussion The effect of tested compounds against T. urticae population Data in Table (1) show the effects of acaricides on spider mite populations. All the compounds tested significantly reduced spider mite counts on water melon plants compared with the untreated check. Regarding the initial effect (one day after spraying), the chemical acaricide, Prince 10% EC (Hexithiazox) was more effective in controlling the spider mite mobile stages than other compounds resulting in 96.28% reduction followed by the mixture compounds, Perfect (90.93%) and Nest (89.12%), while the lowest reduction percent of spider mite mobile stages count 50.36% and 61.46% occurred from the acaricide, Ortus (applied at 50cc/100L FLO) and the biochemical compound Yurmak (applied at 50cc/100L FLO), respectively, being insignificantly with the remaining compound treatments and significantly with the control check. 220 Table 1. Effects of tested materials against spider mite Tetranychus urticae in water melon crops, 2012 (LSD at 5% = 8.2). Acaricides Pretreatment count / leaf |£jHg % R Post treatment count / leaf (Residual effect) Total Mean % R 3 days 7 days 14 days 21 days Biofly 15.6 2.4 88.84 2.8 7.6 8.8 15.6 34.8 8.7 85.50 Yurmak 12.8 6.8 61.46 3.2 0.8 1.6 2.4 8.0 2.0 95.90 Veto 8.0 2.4 78.24 3.8 2.4 2.4 7.2 15.8 3.95 87.13 Nest 16.0 2.4 89.12 1.6 0.2 0.4 1.1 3.3 0.83 98.70 Perfect 16.0 2.0 90.93 0.3 0.4 0.8 4.0 5.5 1.38 97.75 Ortus 7.6 5.2 50.36 0.2 1.2 0.8 2.8 5.0 1.25 95.70 Acarots 12.0 2.0 87.91 0.3 0.4 0.6 3.2 4.5 1.13 97.55 Prince 15.6 0.8 96.28 1.6 0.8 10.4 4.8 17.6 4.4 92.65 Control 14.8 20.4 22.0 59.2 62.0 84 227.2 56.8 R = reduction After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days of spray, the reduction percentages of spider mite increased with the time elapsed after treatment. All the tested compounds significantly reduced the spider mite counts compared with the untreated check except of plot treated with Biofly (Beauvaria bassiana), the efficacy of the compound decreased in reduction percentage from 88.84% to 85.50% which indicates that Biofly caused spider mite populations rebound. This maybe due to some abiotic factors. Moreover, the mean counts of reduction percentage of the tested compounds throughout 3, 7, 14 and 21 days recorded that both mixture compounds Nest 20% SC (Abamectin 2% + Spirodiclofen 18%) and Perfect 12% EW (Abamectin 2% + Chlorfenapyr 10%) showed the highest reduction 98.70 and 97.75%, respectively, compared to other compound treatments; followed by the acaricide Acarots (97.55%) being significant with untreated check and insignificant with other compounds. While the biochemical compounds Biofly and Veto gave the lowest mean percentage of reduction (85.50 and 87.13%), respectively, being significant with untreated check and insignificant with other compounds. The remaining compounds Yurmak (biochemical), Ortus and Prince (chemicals acaricide) took intermediate efficacies by causing 95.90, 95.70 and 92.65% reduction, respectively; the differences between means were insignificant. Spider assemblages As shown in Table (2), a total of 377 spiders were collected during the experiments; they belonged to 8 families, 11 genera and 12 species. Juveniles comprised 46.7% while males and females were 53.3%. The sex ratio was 1 $ : 3.4 The highest percent of their occurrence was presented by Wadicosa fidelis (166 individuals), Hogna ferox (64), Pardosa sp.i (52) and Pardosa sp .2 (38), all of family Lycosidae; Rizk et al. (2004) indicated that the Lycosidae are more frequent in pitfall traps and showing a certain degree of resistance to acaricides. Family Salticidae was 221 represented by 2 genera (Phlegra flavipes and Pellenes sp.). Members of the remaining families Philodromidae (Philodromus sp.), Miturgidae (Cheiracanthium sp.), Linyphiidae (Prinerigone vagans), Gnaphosidae (Zelotes sp.), Thomisidae (Ihomisus spinifer), and Theridiidae (Steatoda erigoniformis) were represented in few numbers by only a single species for each of them. Efficacy of tested compounds against spiders associated with T. urticae Different applications influenced spider abundance. The effect of tested compounds against spiders associated with the spider mite T. urticae is presented in Table (2). Results showed that the acaricides Prince (Hexythiazox) and Acarots 5% EW (Fenpyroximate) were the most effective pesticides against predators whereas the total numbers of collected spiders were lower than other tested compounds, recorded 14 and 33 individuals, respectively. The results are consistent with results reported for Fenpyroximate by Abd-Elhady & Heikal (2011) who reported that the use of this compound in the field would probably result in severe reduction of the predator, Phytoseilus persimilis; while the lowest numbers in male, female and juvenile spiders found in plot treated with chemical compound Prince received 14 individuals belonged to 6 species and 4 families. Marris (1988) studied the toxicity of Hexvthiazox on mite eggs and the larval stage, and reported, using microscopic examination of eggs treated with a lethal dose of Hexythiazox, that embryos reach an advanced stage of development before dying. Rizk et al. (2004) cited the danger of acaricides use on the biodiversity of the spider fauna. The highest numbers of individuals (88) recorded in the plot treated with Nest (Abamectin + Spirodiclofen) included 8 species belonged to 5 families; decreased to 39 individuals in plot treated with Perfect (Abamectin + Chlorfenapyr) included 6 species and belonged to 4 families. These results agreed with Maeyer et al. (2002) who proved that Spirodiclofen provided excellent control of Eepidosaphes ulmi and showed no adverse effects on natural predators of pear Psylla (Anthocoridae). While the higher dose of Chlorfenapyr (125 g'ha) was at par in reducing the predatory population level to the tune of 31.13 as proved by Sarkar & Samanta (2010) and also he concluded that, Chlorfenapyr at 75g/ha was safe for the natural enemies in chilli eco-system In this respect, we can record that Nest had the lowest toxic effect against predators associated with the spider mite T. urticae and it was the most toxic pesticide against the spider mite. The microbial pesticides Bio fly and Veto showed intermediate reduction percent ofpredator’s population. This result is in agreement with the results of Sabra et al. (2005) who indicated that Biovar was moderately effective against Thrips but less effective against associated predators. Moreover, Gillespie (1986) proved that Thrips tabaci was susceptible to Beauvaria bassiana which killed all treated insects within 4 days. Also, Riechert & Eockley (1984) indicated that pesticides not always seen as disruptive spider population. Plots treated with the biochemical compounds, the Veto (Abamectin 15cc) had 61 individuals belonged to 8 genera and 6 families decreased to 7 genera and 4 families of 44 individuals in plot treated with Yurmak (Abamectin 50cc); Miranda et al. (2005) found that the predators, Anthicus sp., Orius sp., Xylocopa sp., and staphilynid populations were severely reduced by excessive pesticides, Abamectin and Chlorothalonil applications in water plant plantations. 222 Table 2. Effects of different acaricides on spiders collected by pitfall traps under Water- melon plants in Fayoum Families, Biofly Yurmac r Veto □ Nest Perfect Ortus Acarots Prince | genera & species mm D ii a m IB a ■B D m i D a B D ■ a ffl a B m Lycos idae Wadicosa fidelis 13 5 6 8 3 15 10 7 - 13 3 1 9 3 3 12 4 25 13 2 4 3 1 3 Pardosa sp.i 2 - 2 - 1 3 2 1 30 1 - - 4 - 1 1 - - 2 1 - 1 - - Pardosa sp .2 6 1 - 4 1 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 13 2 - - 1 - 1 2 - - Hogna ferox Philodromidae 1 - - 1 1 - 2 2 - 3 1 52 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - Philodromus sp. Linyphiidae 6 - 1 1 - 1 2 - - 2 - 3 1 - 2 3 1 - 2 1 1 2 - - Prinerigone vagans Miturgidae 1 1 Cheiracanthium sp. Gnaphosidae - 1 ” “ ” ” “ ” ” “ ” ” “ ” ” “ ” “ ” “ “ “ “ Zelotes sp. Salticidae 2 1 “ - 2 “ 1 “ 1 1 “ ” 1 “ ” ” “ “ “ ” “ “ “ “ Phlegra flavipes - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - Pellenes sp. Thomisidae “ ” " “ ” “ ” ” “ ” 1 “ ” “ “ “ ” ~ “ ” “ Thomisus spinifer Theridiidae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - 1 Steatoda erigoniformis _ 2 - _ _ “ 1 1 “ 1 _ “ _ _ “ _ _ “ _ _ “ _ Total 30 8 To" 16 8 20 7T 11 32 25 ~4~ ~59 ~16 ~4 ~19 20 T ~25 21 ~ T □ D ■ Grand Total 48 44 61 ~88 ITT 50~ ~33 □ 14 □ In general, the chemical compounds Prince and Acarots had high toxic effect against the spider mite T. urticae and reduced spider population while the mixture compound Nest, the biochemical Veto and the acaricide Ortus showed the highest total number of individuals recorded 88, 61, and 50 individuals, respectively with lesser effectiveness against associated predators. Also, Rizk et al. (2005) concluded that applications of different synthetic acaricides affected to a great extent the functional trophic groups of soil fauna. Frequency and abundance values Table (3) showed the frequency and abundance values of the most abundant spiders. Family Fycosidae was considered constant according to the system adopted by Weis-Fogh (1948) under different applications in all plots and it was recorded by 75, 86.3, 90.2, 88.6, 87.2, 88, 75.8, and 71.4% in plots treated with Bio fly, Yurmak, Veto, Nest, Perfect, Ortus, Acarots and Prince, respectively. Wadicosa fidelis was the most common member recorded as Eudominant in all treatments except of plots treated with Veto and Nest (recorded as dominant). Families Philodromidae, Finyphidae, Miturgidae, Gnaphosidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae and Theridiidae were considered Accidental famihes under different applications in all plots. 223 These results agree Rizk et al. (2012) who indicated that members of Lycosidae were represented by three most common species, Wadicosa fidelis, Pardosa injucunda and Pardosa sp. and all their developmental stages were collected by pitfall traps below four examined plants (the Spearmint, Castor bean, Roselle and Red pepper). Also, Shuang-lin & Bo-ping (2006) indicated that Lycosidae was dominant family and occupied more than 60% of individual community. Table 3. The dominance-frequency relationship of spider communities (2012). Fam. Biofly Y urmac Veto Nest F.% Freq. Dom. Total F.% Freq. Total Total F.% Freq. A C E 38 86.3 ma ■a 55 B B C B B 7 A D 2 4.5 m 2 ■j B A C 1 m A R - - - - 1 B - - - - D 1 m A R - - - - - - - - - - E m A Sd 2 4.5 b wa 1 m B 1 m A B F - - - - - - - - 1 m m A B G - - - - - - - - - —j - - H - - - - 2 4.5 m - 1 WM B m A B Total 48 44 61 88 Fam. Perfect Ortus Acarots Prince F.% Freq. Dom. Total F.% Freq. Total Total F.% Freq. A C E 44 88 ■a b 25 C B B C B B b A Sd 4 8 - B B m A B C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E l A R - - - - - - - - - - - - F - A R 1 2 m wa 2 B l m A G - - - - 1 - A m - - - ■ l m A H - - - - - - - 2 B - - - | Total 39 50 33 14 A : Lycosidae; B : Philodromidae; C : Linyphiidae; D : Miturgidae; E : Gnaphosidae; F : Salticidae; G : Thomisidae; H : Theridiidae. Frequency (abundance) (Weis-Fogh, 1948): > 50% = Constant (C); 25-50% = Accessory (Ac); <25% = Accidental (A). Dominance (Weigmann, 1973): > 30% = Eudominant (E); 10-30% = Dominant (D); 5-10% = Subdominant (Sd); 1-5% Resident (R); < 1% = Subresident (Sr). Species diversity The biodiversity of spiders in the eight plots treated by different acaricides is compared using Shannon Wiener "H"' and Simpson "S" Indices of diversity (Table 4). The cover plantation of water melon in different plots varied in their spider species richness; the plot treated with Nest recorded the highest population of total number 88 individuals (Table 2). Its ecosystem is made of 5 families, 7 genera and 8 species; followed by Veto recorded 61 individuals, belonging to 6 families, 8 genera and 8 species. While the plot treated by the acaricides Prince and Acarots recorded the least species richness of 14 and 33 individuals, respectively. 224 Table 4. Estimation of Shannon- Wiener and Simpson Indices of diversity in different cover cultivations. Type of index Biofly Yurmak Veto Nest Perfect Ortus Acarots Prince Shannon- Wiener Index 0.83 0.55 0.47 0.4 0.5 0.46 0.80 0.89 Simpson Index 0.59 0.75 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.59 0.5 The biodiversity index calculation indicates that Bio fly, Acarots and Prince were the most diverse; the species richness of spiders in different families and their equitability (evenness) were higher. According to Simpson Index which is a measure of dominance (responsive to changes for the most dominant species), it was found that Veto and Nest included the highest number of dominant species of values 0.82 and 0.79, respectively. Conclusion The relative toxicity of pesticides to pests, predators and immature stages of the predators should provide an adequate indication for selectivity of pesticides, which is essential for development of pest management programs (Jeppson et al., 1975). Results showed that treatments of acaricides had a higher rate of TSSM mortality when compared with non treated plot and also affected the activity density of spiders. TSSM numbers on plots treated with acaricides were significantly lower than plots treated with Bio fly and control plot. Among the acaricides evaluated, Prince (Hexythiazox) was harmless to spiders; Nadimi et al. (2008) indicated this result with Phytoseiulus persimilis; while the two products of Fenpyroximate (Acarots and Ortus) gave different effect on spiders, Acarots was more harmful to spiders than Ortus. Our results are consistent with results reported by Blumel & Hansdorf (2000) and Nadimi et al. (2008). Also, spiders have responded differently to the two products of Abamectin. Abamectin efficacy against T. urticae varied. Results obtained had the reduction of spiders in plots treated with Yurmak more than that obtained from Veto, but the compound Nest (Abamectin + Spirodiclofen 18%) was harmless to spiders and might cause hatching of eggs to increase the total number of individuals. This result proved that Abamectin was moderately harmful to spiders. Nadimi et al. (2008) confirmed that Abamectin has a direct effect on survival and reproduction of the predator mites. Moreover, Lagziri & El-Amrani (2009) concluded that Abamectin appears to be remarkably good fit for strawberry mite management because of its strong efficacy, the persistence of control and its limited negative impact on important natural enemies. Abamectin, Fenpyroximate and Biofly are very toxic. They should be used carefully and may be classified as LPM compatible acaricide in integrated pest management programs against T. urticae in Egypt. 225 References Abd-Elhady, H.K. & Heikal, H.M.M. 2011. Selective toxicity of three acaricides to the two- spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and predatory mite Phytoseuilus persinilis in apple orchards. Journal of Entomology, 8(6): 574-580. Ahn, K., Lee, S.Y., Lee, K.Y., Lee, Y.S. & Kim, G.H. 2004. Selective toxicity of pesticides to the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and control effects of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae by predatory mite and pesticide mixture on rose. Korean Appl. EntomoL, 43: 71-79. Amalin, D.M., Pena, J., Yu, S.J. & McSorley, R. 2000. Selective toxicity of some pesticides to Hibana velox (Araneae: Anyphaenidae) a predator of citrus leafminer. Llorida Ent., 83: 254-261. Beers, E.H., Riedl, H. & Dunley, J.E. 1998. Resistance to abamectin and reservation to susceptibility to Fenbutation oxide in spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) population in Pacific North West. J. Eco. Entom, 91: 352-360. Blumel, S. & Hansdorf, H. 2000. Results of 8 th and 9 th IOBC joint pesticides testing programmed persistence test with Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). IOBC/ Wprs, 25:43-51. Bolland, H.R., Gutierrez, J. & Flechmann, C.H. 1998. World catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill Pub. Leiden, 392pp. Gillespie, A.T. 1986. The potential of entomogenous fungi as control agents for onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. Monograph, British crop Protection Council, 34: 237-243. Henderson, C.F. & Tilton, E.W. 1955. Test with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. J. Econ. Entom, 48: 157-161. Herron, G.A. & Rophail, J. 1993. Clofentezin and Hexythiazox resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch in Australia. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 17 : 433-440. Jeppson, L.R., Mcmurtry, J.A., Mead, D.W., Jesser, M.J. & Johnson, H.G. 1975. Toxicity of citrus pesticides to some predacious phytoseiid mites. J. Econ. Entomol., 68: 707-710. Kim, S.S. & Yoo, S.S. 2002. Comparative toxicity of some acaricides to the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Biocontrol, 47: 563- 573. Lagziri, M. & El-Amrani, A. 2009. Effect of a microbial-based acaricidal product on spotted and predatory spider mites. African Crop Science Journal, 17(3): 119-123. Leake, A. 2000. The development of integrated crop management in agricultural crops comparisons with conventional methods. Pest Manage. Sci., 56: 950-953. Ludwig, J.A. & Reynolds, J.F. 1988. Statistical Ecology: A primary methods and computing. New York, 337pp. Maeyer, L.de, Peeters, D., Wijsmuller, J.M., Cantoni, A., Brueck, E. & Heibges, S. 2002. Spirodiclofen: a broad-spectrum acaricide with insecticidal properties: efficacy on Psylla pyri and scales Lcpidosaphes ulmi and Quadra spidiotus perniciosus. The BCPC Conference: Pests and diseases, Volumes 1 & 2. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 18-21 November 2002: 65-72. 226 Marris, J.W.M. 1988. The toxicity of hexythiazox to two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) adults and eggs. Master of Applied Science, 73 pp University of Canterbury. Miranda, M.M.M., Picango, M.C., Zanuncio, J.C., Bacci, L. & Silva, E.M.da 2005. Impact of integrated pest management on the population of leafminers, fruit borers, and natural enemies in tomato. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 35(1): 204-208. Nadimi, A., Kamali, K., Arbabi, M. & Abdoli, F. 2008. Side effects of three acaricides on the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory condition. Mun. Ent. Zbol., 3(2): 556-567. Riechert, S.E. & Lockley, T. 1984. Spiders as biological control agents. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 29: 299-320. Rizk, M.A., Iskander, A.K.F., Habashi, N.H. & Ghallab, M.M. 2004. The effect of some new miticides on spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and their side effect on true spiders in cucumber crops in Fayoum, Egypt. J. Agricult. Sc. of Mansoura Univ., 29(7): 4245-4251. Rizk, M.A., Ghallab, M.M., Habashi, N.H. & Allam, S.A. 2005. The effect of Acaricides treatment on some non target soil fauna in cucumber crops at Fayoum Govemorate, Egypt. Egypt J.^gric. Res., 83(1): 293-300. Rizk, M.A., Sallam, G.M.E., Abdel- Azeem, N.A. & Ghallab, M.M. 2012. Spider occurrence in fields of some medicinal and ornamental plants in Fayoum. Acarines, 6: 41-47. Sabra, I.M.M., El-Nagar, M.A. & Khewa, M.M.I. 2005. Efficacy of some non chemical insecticides against Thrips tabaci Lind, and its associated predators. Egypt. J. ^ric. Res., Special issue, 3 rd Internat. Conf. of PPRI, 26-29 Nov. 2005: 653-659. Sarkar, P.K. & Samanta, S.K. 2010. Sustainable management of chilli yellow thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) and chilli broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) in India. 11pp. Online at http 7/users . ugent.be/~sdene ve/Full% 20paper/Sarkar_full. docx Sato, M.F., Miyata, T., Silva, M.de & Souza Filho, M.F. 2004. Selection for Fenpyroximate resistance and susceptibility and inheritance, cross resistance and stability of Fenpyroximate resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Appl. Entom and Zbol., 39: 293-302. Shuang-lin, J. & Bo-ping, L. 2006. Composition and distribution of soil spider assemblages in three natural secondary forests in Ziwuling, Gansu. Zool. Res., 27(6): 569-574. Slingsby, D. & Cook, C. 1986. Practical Ecology. Macmillan, London: 213 pp. Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological Methods with particular reference to the study of insect population. Chapman and Hall, London: 524 pp. Weigmann, G. 1973. Zur Okologie der Collembolen und Oribatiden in Grenzbereich Land-Meer (Collembola, Insecta - Oribatei, Acari). Z. wiss. Zbol., Leipzig, 186(3/4): 295-391. Weis-Fogh, T. 1948. Ecological investigation on mites and collembola in the soil. Nat. Jutlant, 1: 135-270. 227 Serket (2013) vol. 13(3/4): 228-275. Preliminary list of Lebanese spiders and other arachnids (except ticks and mites) Hisham K. El- Henna wy 41 El-Manteqa El-Rabia St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt E-mail address: el_hennawy@hotmail.com Abstract Six orders of class Arachnida were recorded from Lebanon; in addition to Acari (ticks and mites are outside the scope of this work). They are: Araneae (38 Families, 109 genera, 165 species), Scorpiones (2 Families, 10 genera, 12 species), Pseudoscorpiones (7 Families, 8 genera, 10 species), Opiliones (3 Families, 8 genera, 10 species), Solifugae (1 Family, 1 genus, 2 species), and Palpigradi (1 Family, 1 genus, 2 species). The total is: 52 Families, 137 genera, 201 species. Each order section includes recorded taxa with their localities, list of species, keys to scorpion species and families of spiders and pseudo scorpions. Keywords: Arachnida, Araneae, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Solifugae, Palpigradi, Lebanon. Introduction Lebanon (10,452 km 2 ), the home of the Phoenicians (c. 1550-539 BC), the Switzerland of the East, attracted so many tourists and its capital, Beirut, was referred to as "the Paris of the Middle East". Lebanon has a moderate Mediterranean climate. In coastal areas, winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid. In more elevated areas, temperatures usually drop below freezing during the winter with heavy snow cover that remains until early summer on the higher mountaintops. Although most of Lebanon receives a relatively large amount of rainfall, when measured annually in comparison to its arid surroundings, certain areas in north-eastern Lebanon receive little because of rain shadow created by the high peaks of the western mountain range. In ancient times, Lebanon was covered by large forests of cedar trees, the national emblem of the country. The forests cover 13.4% of the Lebanese land area (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon). Some of the tourists attracted to Lebanon collected arachnids. The available publications dealt with their specimens were consulted to prepare this preliminary list of 228 Lebanese spiders and other arachnids. Six orders of class Arachnida are recorded from Lebanon; in addition to Acari (ticks and mites are outside the scope of this work). Orders Amblypygi, Schizomida, Uropygi, and Ricinulei are not recorded yet, although a species of Amblypygi is recorded from adjacent and surrounding countries (El- Henna wy, 2002). The six recorded arachnid orders are: Araneae, Scorpio nes, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Solifugae, and Palpigradi. The numbers of recorded taxa are as follows: Order Families Genera Species Araneae 38 109 165 Scorpio nes 2 10 12 Pseudoscorpiones 7 8 10 Opiliones 3 8 10 Solifugae 1 1 2 Palpigradi 1 1 2 Total 52 137 201 Each order is dealt with in a separate section that includes recorded taxa with their localities, list of species, keys to scorpion species and families of spiders and pseudo scorpions. All the references are collected together. The authorship and date of publication of both Savigny and Audouin (1825) are according to El-Hennawy (2000). The abbreviations used for collections mentioned in the text are: HECO, HEC = Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford, U.K. IRSNB = Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussel, Belgium IZPAN = Instytut Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland MIZST = Museo ed Istituto di Zoologia Sistematicn, Torino, Italy (MIZST: material of Festa defined by Pavesi). MNHN, MNHP = Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France NHM = Museum of Natural History, London, U.K. NMB = Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland NHMW, NMV, NMW = Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria SMF = Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ZISP = Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia ZMB = Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany Map of Lebanon and its districts. 229 I. Spiders of Lebanon Ten years ago, David Penney described Palaeomicromenneus lebanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Araneae: Deinopidae) from Upper Neocomian-basal Lower Aptian (ca. 125— 135 Ma) Cretaceous amber from the Hammana/Mdeyrij outcrop, Lebanon. This is the oldest known, and possibly the first true fossil, deinopid (Penney, 2003). In the same year, Samuel Zschokke (2003) described the oldest spider silk in the world dates from the Early Cretaceous Period, more than 120 million years ago (about 127-132 Myr). The specimen was collected in 1969 from amber beds located near Jezzine in Lebanon and deposited in Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Germany. The extant spiders are poorly studied in Lebanon. The history of the previous studies is reviewed below: The Reverend Octavius Pickard- Cambridge (1828-1917) visited Lebanon in May 1865 after a long visit to Palestine and Syria. His journey was on horseback 'during a two- months' ride through the Holy Land, between the 16 th of March and the 18 th of May 1865" and his route began from Jaffa (Palestine), to Jerusalem, everywhere in Palestine, the plains of the Jordan, the adjacent part of Syria, then "from Banias by Hasbeiya and Rasheiya over the skirts of Mount Hermon to Damascus, from Damascus by the river Abana, Abila, Suk Wady Barada, and Surghaya to Baalbec and the Lebanon, and so to Beirut". He added: "I regretted much not being able to work the Lebanon district more thoroughly than the mere ride through some portion of it enabled me to do; just at the time of my visit to that part (middle of May) insect life was becoming abundant, and I do not doubt that among the Araneidea the number of species in the families Theridiides and Epeirides (some groups of both which families are but scantily represented in my collection) might have been greatly added to; the time and money, however, allotted to my eastern trip had come to an end; and I took leave of those most interesting regions with the greater regret" (Cambridge, 1872: 212-215). In spite of this, Pickard-Cambridge recorded 79 species of spiders of 28 families from Lebanon; 41 of them were described as new species and still bearing his name as an author. The majority of recorded species belong to: Salticidae (16), Gnaphosidae (8), Linyphiidae (7), Lycosidae (7), Theridiidae (5), Araneidae (4), and Zodariidae (4) (Cambridge, 1872). Also, he had interesting notes written in his diaries like this one: 'May 18. (At Beyrout.) ‘An old gentleman at dinner told the old story about a scorpion stinging itself to death when surrounded by a fire, but with this variation, that he put his scorpion under a tumbler, and hot coals all round outside. I don't believe a word of it, unless it was that the coals were so close to the tumbler that the scorpion was baked when there would be no necessity to sting itself to death. I ought to have tried it myself while in this country, but I detest such experiments.’" (Cambridge, 1918: 28). The work of Octavius Pickard-Cambridge (1872) is the first and the most important work on the spiders of Lebanon. Eugene Simon (1873) described five species collected from Lebanon by the French entomologist M. Charles Piochard de la Brulerie. Two of them were Avicularia tetramera and the new species Avicularia striatocauda which became synonyms of the theraphosid Chaetopelma olivaceum. The other three species were described as new species of Gnaphosidae and Agelenidae, transferred to other genera but still valid. They are: Habronestes islamita & H. libani (now in genus Pax) and Tegenaria maronita (now in genus Malthonica). Later, Simon described other spiders collected from Lebanon by De Brulerie; the endemic liocranid species Mesiotelus libanicus (Simon, 1878a) and two new Dysdera species, one of them is still endemic, i.e. D. dentichelis (Simon, 1882). Simon (1884), in his study of arachnids collected by M. l'abbe A. David from Smyrna, 230 Beirout and Akbes in 1883, described 31 species of 16 families (according to current classification) from Beirout: 7 Gnaphosidae, 4 Salticidae, 3 Agelenidae, 3 Lycosidae, 2 Segestriidae, 2 Zodariidae, and one species of each of Dysderidae, Miturgidae, Oxyopidae, Pholcidae, Selenopidae, Sicariidae, Sparassidae, Theraphosidae, Thomisidae, and Zoropsidae. Pavesi (1895) studied arachnids collected by Dr. E. Festa from Palestine, Lebanon and adjacent regions and reported one agelenid and two araneids from Lebanon. Kulczynski (1911) studied arachnids collected from Syria by Rev. P. Bovier- Lapierre and Palestine by Rev. E. Schmitz. From Lebanon, he recorded two species of Agelenidae, one of them as new species: Maimuna bovierlapierrei; the endemic species Anyphaena syriaca (Anyphaenidae); and one species of each of Linyphiidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Zodariidae, and Zoropsidae. The French scientist Henri Gadeau de Kerville (1858-1940) visited Lebanon in 1908 and collected spiders and harvestmen with other animals and plants. His collection of spiders was listed in a paper pub lished after 18 years (Kerville, 1926). Jacques Denis (1955) described the spiders collected by the French entomologist Henri Coiffait (1907-1989) from Lebanon (1951). He described five endemic species; Devade libanica (Dictynidae), Harpactea rugichelis (Dysderidae), Cataleptoneta edentula (Leptonetidae), Lepthyphantes speculae and L. vividus (Linyphiidae) with other species which situations were discussed by Brignoli (1979) and Levy (1987). Paolo Marcello Brignoli (1942-1986) published five important papers on Lebanese spiders: I. on the oonopid Opopaea punctata (Brignoli, 1975). II. on Holocnemus pluchei with the decription of the endemic Pholcus maronita as new species (Pholcidae) (Brignoli, 1977). III. Notes on spiders of three families from Lebanon (Brignoli, 1978a): 1. Agelenidae: Maimuna bovierlapierrei, Malthonica maronita, M. pagana, and the endemic Coelotes caudatus with the description of Tegenaria michae as new endemic species named after his Lebanese wife, Micha. 2. Oxyopidae: Oxyopes lineatus. 3. Pisauridae: Pisaura mirabilis. IV. on Harpactea rugichelis with the decription of Dasumia sancticedri as new species, both are endemic dysderids from Lebanon (Brignoli, 1978b). V. on Hoplopholcus subterraneus of pholcidae again (Brignoli, 1979). De Blauwe (1973, 1980a, 1980b) recorded, in her studies of Mediterranean species, four agelenid species from Lebanon, one of them as new species; the endemic Coelotes caudatus. Farkad Zaouk Assi, the first Lebanese araneologist, (1980 & 1982a) studied the biogeography, ecology and biology of Agelena affinis Kulczynski, 1911. Assi (1982b) studied Opopaea punctata (Oonopidae) of Lebanon. In 1986, Assi identified 20 species of Thomisidae and Philodromidae from five stations on the eastern and western slopes of Mont Lebanon. She recorded most of those species for the first time from Lebanon. Gershom Levy (1977-2007) studied the spiders of the "Fauna Palaestina" and surrounding countries, including Lebanon in 19 papers and 2 books. His studies included species of families: Agelenidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae, Ctenidae, Cybaeidae, Gnaphosidae, Philodromidae, Pisauridae, Sparassidae, Theridiidae, Thomisidae, Zodariidae, Zoridae, and Zoropsidae. His works included many species from Lebanon. Norman Platnick (1981) recorded the palpimanid Palpimanus simoni from Lebanon. In his catalog, he recorded the gnaphosid Nomisia excerpta and the salticid Leptorchestes sikorskii from Lebanon (Platnick, 2013). Deeleman-Reinhold (1988) described the new species Dysdera simoni from Lebanon and recorded both Dysdera dentichelis and D. spinicrus too. 231 Gasparo (2003) described five species of genus Dysdera from Lebanon: D. cristata, D. spinicrus, D. westringi, D. maronita, and D. vignai. The two last species were described as new species to science. Thaler et al. (2006) discussed the situation of Zoropsis libanica named but not described by Simon (1884). The species was later described by Levy (2007) as Zoropsis thaleri. Bolzern et al. (2010, 2013) examined agelenid spiders from Lebanon and recorded Eratigena atrica, and three Tegenaria species. Order Araneae Clerck, 1757 Family Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837 Genus Agelena Walckenaer, 1805 cJ° Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) Agelena labyrinthica Cl., variete orientalis C. Koch - Simon, 1884: 86, Beirut, c?? Agelena orientalis C.L. Koch, 1837 Agelena Syria ca Koch - Cambridge, 1872: 273, on the Lebanon and at Beirut. Agelena orientalis C.L. Koch, 1841 - Levy, 1996: 87, Lebanon: Beirut (O.P. Cambridge, 1872: 273, $ syriaca, not 2$$ = afinis; HECO, B.421, t. 10; Simon, 1884: 186; Pavesi, 1895: 6, 3 $9 syriaca, also from Bukefeija, according to De Blauwe, 1980b: 18; Kerville, 1926: 68, fromBrumana, Beit Meri). Genus Agel escape Levy, 1996 c?9 Agel escape affinis (Kulczynski, 1911) Agelena affinis - de Blauwe, 1980b: 4, 5, Beyrouth (Liban). Agelescape affinis (Kulczynski, 1911) comb. n. - Levy, 1996: 90, 91, Agelena affinis Kulczynski, 1911:45, pl.2, fig. 53 5; Syntypes, 4 $$ from Beirut, Lebanon (IZP AN). c?? Agelescape livida (Simon, 1875) Agelescape livida (Simon, 1875) comb. n. - Levy, 1996: 89, 90, probably in Lebanon. The biological studies of Assi (1980, 1982) in Lebanon probably refer to livida since affinis, seemingly, is confined to habitats of river banks, near running water. ? Agelescape gideoni Levy, 1996: 91, 92, presumably in Lebanon. Genus Coelotes Blackwall, 1841 $ Coelotes caudatus de Blauwe, 1973 Only in Lebanon Coelotes caudatus n.sp. - de Blauwe, 1973: 31, f. 29, 1$ holotype + 3$ 5 paratypes from Lebanon, without precise locality, inE. Simon's collection, MNHN t. 1.097. p.34. "Repartition geographique. - Liban (malheureusement, l'endroit precis de capture n'a pas ete mentionne)." Coelotes caudatus de Blauwe, 1973 - Brignoli, 1978a: 207, Bcharre - Col des Cedres, 2300-2600 m, 31.V./3.VL72, P. Brignoli leg., 2??. - Cedres de Bcharre, 1950 m, 3/5.VL72, P. Brignoli leg., 3$$. Metn- Baskinta, 1400m, 22.V.72, P. Brignoli leg., Genus Eratigena Bolzern, Burckhardt & Hanggi, 2013 Eratigena atrica (C.L. Koch, 1843) 232 Eratigena atrica (C.L. Koch, 1843) - Bolzern et al., 2013: 749, Lebanon 1$; p.760 "Additionally, there was a specimen from Lebanon in the collection at SMF, unfortunately with insufficient locality information written on the related label. " Genus Lycosoides Lucas, 1846 c?9 Lycosoides coarctata (Dufour, 1831) Textrix coarctata - de Blauwe, 1980a: 17, Liban. Genus Maimuna Lehtinen, 1967 c5 ° Maimuna bovierlapierrei (Kulczynski, 1911) Maimuna bovierlapierrei (Kulczynski, 1911) - Brignoli, 1978a: 207, Chouf - Beit ed Din, 900 m, 29/30.V.72, P. Brignoli leg., 499 Jazzine - Jazzine, 950m, 29.V.72, P. Brignoh leg., 1$. Textrix b. de Blauwe, 1980a: 3, f. 1-3 (c?9), 4. Textrix bovierlapierrei Berytum, Libaa Textrix libanica de Blauwe, 1980a: 51, Ain Zhalta, Liban. Maimuna bovierlapierrei (Kulczynski, 1911) - Levy, 1996: 114, Textrix bovierlapierrei Kulczynski, 1911: 41, pl.l, figs 49 and 50, pi. 2, fig. 52, (59; syntypes $ +299 from Lebanon: Beirut, leg. Rev. P. Bovier-Lapierre (IZPAN). Textrix libanica De Blauwe, 1980a: 49, figs 75 and 76, 9; ho lo type 9 from Lebanon: Ain Zhalta, leg. G. Fagel (IRSNB). ? Maimuna meronis Levy, 1996: 114, probably in Lebanon. Genus Malthonica Simon, 1898 c?9 Malthonica maronita (Simon, 1873) Tegenaria maronita Simon, 1873: 141 (D(59)- Tegenaria annulipes O.P.-Cambridge, 1872: 275 (D(59; preoccupied by Lucas, 1844) - Cambridge, 1872: 275, Tegenaria annulipes, sp.nov., in crevices of rocks on the sides of the Lebanon range. Tegenaria maronita sp.nov. - Simon, 1873: 142. Cette Tegenaria a ete trouvee dans le Liban par M. Ch. de la Brulerie. Tegenaria annulipes Cambridge, 1872 - Simon, 1884: 186, Beirut. Tegenaria maronita Simon, 1873 - Brignoh, 1978a: 207, Bcharre - Cedres de Bcharre, 1950m, 3/5.VL72, P. Brignoli leg., Lv. Baalbeck - Ainata, 1500m, 31.V./5.VI.72, P. Brignoli leg., 1(5, 299- "Liban/Syria", Ch. de la Brulerie leg., 1(5, 19 (types; ColL Simon, Mus. Paris 4(59? w ith label annuhpes = maronita). Comments: this species is probably the commonest Lebanese Tegenaria; I found it under stones in the famous cedar grove of Bcharre and in crevices of rocks in open ground at Ainata. Tegenaria maronita Simon, 1873 - Levy, 1996: 100, Tegenaria annulipes. O.P.- Cambridge, 1872: 275; type, adult 9 from Lebanon (HECO, B. 456, t. 5). Tegenaria maronita. Simon, 1873: 141; type adult S from Lebanon, leg. Ch. de Brulerie (MNHN, B. 469). Synonymized with annuhpes by Simon, 1884: 186. (59 Malthonica pagana (C.L. Koch, 1840) Tegenaria pagana C.L. Koch, 1841 - Brignoh, 1978a: 207, "Syria", Ch. de la Brulerie leg., 1(5, 19 (Coll Simon 478, part of the type series of T. concolor; labeled pagana by Mrs R. de Blauwe). Comments: I agree with Mrs de Blauwe that these specimens belong to this common Mediterranean species (described from Greece, Naupha) which has often been mis identified. 233 Tegenaria pagana C.L. Koch, 1841 - Levy, 1996: 96, 97, Comments. There are, however, records by Kerville (1926: 68) from Lebanon (Cedar groves near Bcherre). Genus Tegenaria Latreille, 1804 Tegenaria dalmatica Kulczynski, 1906 Malthonica dalmatica (Kulczynski, 1906) - Bolzern et al., 2010: 172, Lebanon: Mount Lebanon, NMB: AB 577. Tegenaria dalmatica (Kulczynski, 1906) - Bolzern et al., 2013:795, Lebanon 1 ( 5 , 1$. (55 Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1758) - Bolzern et al., 2013: 796, Lebanon 1(5. 5 Tegenaria michae Brignoli, 1978 Only in Lebanon Tegenaria michae n.sp. - Brignoli, 1978a: 208, f. 9, Bcharre - Cedres de Bcharre, 1950 m, 3/5.VL72, P. Brignoli leg., 355 (1?> dissected, holotype, the other two paratypes; in my collection). Derivatio nominis. This species is named after my Lebanese wife, Micha, as an acknowledgement for her constant help in my work. (55 Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy, 1785) Tegenaria parietina Frc. - Simon, 1884: 186, Beirut. Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy, 1785) - Levy, 1996: 104, Comments. Tegenaria parietina was previously recorded from Lebanon, Beirut, by Simon (1884: 186). Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy, 1785) - Bolzern et al., 2013:807, Lebanon 5$, Family Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 1878 Genus Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833 (55 Anyphaena syriaca Kulczynski, 1911 Only in Lebanon Anyphaena syriaca Kulczynski, 1911 - Levy, 2003: 3, Kulczynski's (5 and 5 types from Beirut, Lebanon. Family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 Genus Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 (55 Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskal, 1775) Epeira opuntiae Duf. - Cambridge, 1872: 280, 301, found in abundance among the prickly pears at Beirut. Levy, 1985a: 106, O.P.-Cambridge (1872: 280) found Argyrodes syriaca in Lebanon on webs of Cyrtophora (Araneidae). Genus Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 (55 Hypsosinga albovittata (Westring, 1851) Hypsosinga albovittata (Westring, 1851) - Levy, 1984: 127, 129, The only previous record of H. albovittata from the Middle East was that by Pavesi (1895, p. 7) of a specimen taken in July by E. Festa in Bakefaya, near Beirut, Lebanon (MIZST, 15, AR. 594). Genus Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 (55 Leviellus inconveniens (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Epeira inconveniens sp.nov. - Cambridge, 1872: 298, found on low- growing plants at Beirut. 234 Zygiella inconveniens (O.P. -Cambridge, 1872) - Levy, 1987: 247, Epeira inconveniens O.P.-Cambridge, 1872, 298; types, adult $ and 1 immature from Beirut, Lebanon (HECO, B.1072, 1. 18). "The only Zygiella ever reported from the entire Middle East is Z. inconveniens known thus far solely by the female from Lebanon". Genus Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 c?9 Lipocrea epeiroides (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Lipocrea epeiroides (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872), new combination - Levy, 1986: 7-8, Pavesi's (1895: 8) record from Beirut, Lebanon unfortunately is worthless since his determination combined L. chloris with L. epeiroides; this Lebanese specimen was the only araneid out of E. Festa's material from our region (determined by Pavesi) that could not be located. Genus Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889 c?9 Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) - Levy, 1987: 252, Lebanon (near Beirut; Kerville 1926, 66). Genus Neoscona Simon, 1864 c?$ Neoscona subfusca (C.L. Koch, 1837 Epeira perplicata sp.nov. - Cambridge, 1872: 301, found on low- growing plants in geometric snares at Beirut. Genus Singa C.L. Koch, 1836 c?9 Singa ludna (Savigny, 1825) Singa lucina (Audouin, 1827) - Levy, 1984: 122, Comments. It is recorded herein for the first time from Lebanon (NMV, 2 $$, Beirut, Rihbe 1880). Singa lucina (Audouin, 1825) - Levy, 1991: 232, Lebanon. Family Cithaeronidae Simon, 1893 Geus Cithaeron O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 c?9 Cifhaeron praedonius O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 Cithaeron praedonium sp.nov. - Cambridge, 1872: 273, under a stone on the Lebanon, and at Hasbeiya. Cithaeron praedonius - Platnick, 1991: 6, 'both specimens* are actually penultimate females rather than adults" [* Cambridge's specimens from Lebanon.] Family Corinnidae Karsch, 1880 Genus Phrurolithus C.L. Koch, 1839 5 Phrurolithus flavipes O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 Only in Lebanon Phrurolithus flavipes sp.nov. - Cambridge, 1872: 252 (Plate XVI, fig.35) at Hasbeiya, under stones, on an old wall, and another in a similar situation on Mount Lebanon. Family Cybaeidae Banks, 1892 Genus Cedicus Simon, 1875 c?? Cedicus flavipes Simon, 1875 Cedicus flavipes Simon, 1875 - Levy, 1996: 118, 120, Cedicus flavipes Simon, 1875: 48, pi. 5, fig. 15, c?9; syntypes, S + 299 from Syria of Ottoman period (MNHN, B.1936, t.431, t.491). p.120 Lebanon (Kerville, 1926: 68, Brumana). 235 ? Paracedicus baramLevy, 2007:8-10, Figs. 16-22. Probably occurs in Lebanon. Family Dictynidae O.P.-Cambridge, 1871 Genus Devade Simon, 1884 5 Devade libanica (Denis, 1955) Only in Lebanon Pseudauximus libanicus - Denis, 1955:452, f. VI (D$). Genus Dictyna Sundevall, 1833 Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Dictyna benigna BL - Cambridge, 1872: 261, on low plants on the Lebanon. Family Dysderidae C.L. Koch, 1837 Genus Dasumia Thorell, 1875 S Dasumia sancticedri Brignoli, 1978 Only in Lebanon Dasumia sancticedri - Brignoli, 1978b: 174, f. 1-2 (D(?). Genus Dysdera Latreille, 1804 S Dysdera cristata Deeleman- Reinhold, 1988 Dysdera cristata - Gasparo, 2003 : 230, Lebanon. c?9 Dysdera dentichelis Simon, 1882 Only in Lebanon Dysdera dentichelis - Simon, 1882: 208, Liban(Ch. De Brulerie). Dysdera dentichelis - Deeleman- Re inhold & Deeleman, 1988: 218, Materiel etudie. Liban: 1 <$, 1$, holotype et paratype "Syrie, Ch. De Brulerie" (MNHP, ColL Simon 1.159). c?9 Dysdera westringi O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 Dysdera kollari Doblika - Simon, 1884: 190, Antoura near Beirut ?? doubtful identification Dysdera westringi Cambr. Dysdera westringi - Gasparo, 2003a: 220, D. westringi O. Pickard- Cambridge (together with a single male specimen dubiously attributed to this species). c?$ Dysdera maronita Gasparo, 2003 Only in Lebanon Dysdera maronita - Gasparo, 2003:225, Lebanon. Dysdera simoni Deeleman- Re inhold, 1988 Dysdera simoni - Deeleman- Re inhold, in Deeleman- Re inhold & Deeleman, 1988: 208, Materiel etudie. Liban: Beyrouth, 2 c?, 3 $. "crocota", 1886, Leuttmer (NMW 223). Dysdera spinicrus Simon, 1882 Dysdera spinicrus - Simon, 1882: 209, 209 Liban, (Ch. De Brulerie). Dysdera spinicrus - Deeleman- Reinhold & Deeleman, 1988: 206, Liban. Dysdera spinicrus - Gasparo, 2003:213, Lebanon. S Dysdera vignai Gasparo, 2003 Only in Lebanon Dysdera vignai - Gasparo, 2003:209, Lebanon. Genus Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 Harpactea straba Denis, 1955a: 440 (j, Lebanon) - Brignoli, 1978b: 174. Nomen dubium. $ Harpactea rugichelis Denis, 1955 Only in Lebanon 236 Harpactea rugichelis - Denis, 1955: 440. Harpactea rugichelis - Brignoli, 1978b: 174. Family Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867 Genus Filistata Latreille, 1810 Filistata hirsuta sp.no v. - Cambridge, 1872: 218, under a stone on the skirts of the Lebanon. Filistata hirsuta O.P.-Cambridge, 1872: 217 (j, Lebanon) - Brignoli, 1982a: 70. Nomen dubium. Family Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898 Genus Drassodes Westring, 1851 (59 Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) Drassus lapidosus - Simon, 1884: 187, Beirut and Antoura. c59 Drassodes uni col or (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Drassus unicolor sp.no v. - Cambridge, 1872: 241 (Plate XV, fig. 18), under a stone on the Lebanon. Drassodes unicolor Cambridge, 1872 - Levy, 2004: 8, 10, Drassodes unicolor Cambridge, 1872: 240, pi. 15, fig. 18; 9 type from Lebanon (HECO, cannot be traced). 10 99 from Beirut, Lebanon, (NMV, No. 12706, leg. Leuthner, 1886). Drassodes unicolor (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) - Bosnians & Chatzaki, 2005: 81, Lebanon. Genus Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 (59 Gnaphosa dolosa Herman, 1879 Gnaphosa barroisi - Levy, 1995: 977, Gnaphosa barroisi Simon, 1892: 81; f from Lebanon, near Lake Yamoune (MNHN, B.644, Ar.2991) E. Simon det. (Kerville, 1926: 26). (59 Gnaphosa rufula (L. Koch, 1866) Gnaphosa ? rufula - Levy, 1995: 977, 978, Lebanon (no precise locality; specimen collected in 1934 along trip in the north). 1 adult female from northern Lebanon (July). Genus Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 (59 Leptodrassex simoni (Dalmas, 1919) Leptodrassus simoni - Levy, 1999b: 446, Only Lebanon, no locality of the male genitalia drawn from Lebanon. Genus Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (59 Leptopilos tenemmus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Drassus tenerrimus sp.nov. - Cambridge, 1872: 233 (Plate XV, fig. 10), under a stone at Hasbeiya. Genus Mcaria Westring, 1851 (59 Mcaria pallipes (Lucas, 1846) Micaria septempunctata sp.nov. - Cambridge, 1872: 250 (Plate XVI, fig. 32), under stones on an old wall at Hasbeiya and on the Lebanon, near Ain-Ata. Genus Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 (59 Nomisia aussereri (L. Koch, 1872) 237 Nomisia aussereri - Grimm, 1985:85, Libanon, 1$ (SMF RII/11800). Nomisia aussereri - Levy, 1995: 929, 931, Grimm, 1985: 84, figs. 81-83; c?$ from Lebanon (no precise locality; SMF 33838, 33849, Grimm det.). c?9 Nomisia excerpta (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Gnaphosa excerpta - O.P.-Cambridge, 1872: 226, found under a stone at Nazareth. Nomisia excerpta - Platnick, 2013: ..., Lebanon. c?9 Nomisia ripariensis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Pythonissa ripariensis Cambr. - Simon, 1884: 187, Beirut (one specimen). Nomisia ripariensis - Levy, 1995:931, 933, Lebanon (Beirut). Genus Pterotricha Kulczynski, 1903 Pterotricha kochi (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) Gnaphosa kochii sp.no v. - Cambridge, 1872: 230 (Plate XV, fig. 6), beneath a stone near Ain Ata, under the Lebanon range. Pterotricha kochii - Levy, 1995: 969, Pterotricha kochii Cambridge, 1872: 229, pL 15, fig. 6; <$ ho lo type from Lebanon, Ain Ata, cannot be traced (c? in HECO, B.277, t.31, incompatible with data; mislabeled; presumably appertains to species in the southern fauna). Pterotricha kochi Dalmas, 1921: 252, figs. 2, 16 $; S 5 mm 14 14. Two tarsal claws; third pair of legs directed backwards; sternum extended around coxae Dysderidae -. Three tarsal claws; third pair of legs directed forwards; sternum normal Segestriidae 15. Anterior pair of legs much stronger than other legs; metatarsi and tibiae I with strong pro lateral scopulae Palpimanidae -. Anterior pair of legs different 16 16. Eyes in three rows (4:2:2); anterior median eyes very large; jumping spiders Salticidae -. Eyes arranged differently 17 17. Legs laterigrade, directed towards sides 18 -. Legs pro grade, directed forwards (I, II) and backwards (III, IV) 21 18. Flat spiders with eyes in two rows (6:2) Selenopidae -. Eyes differently arranged 19 19. Tarsi and metatarsi without scapulae; legs I and II usually much longer than legs III and IV Thomisidae -. Tarsi and sometimes metatarsi with scapulae; legs different 20 20. Small to medium-size spiders (3-16 mm); chelicerae without teeth or at most one on retro margin; tarsus- metatarsus allowing movement in one plane only Philodromidae -. Medium- size to large spiders (6-35 mm); chelicerae with at least two teeth (rarely one) on retromargin; membranous connection to metatarsus permits free movement of tarsus Sparassidae 21. Tracheal spiracle about l A abdominal length from spinnerets Anyphaenidae -. Tracheal spiracle in front of spinnerets 22 22. All tarsi clearly curled (in preserved specimens), pseudo -segmented .... Cithaeronidae -. Tarsi straight, not pseudo- segmented 23 23. Posterior median eyes flat, without dome-shaped lens; endites obliquely depressed 24 -. Posterior median eyes with dome-shaped lens; endites usually not obliquely depressed 25 24. Anterior spinnerets displaced forwards; spigots elongated with long plumose setae; eyes in circular arrangement or in two rows Prodidomidae 257 Anterior spinnerets terminal; without long setae on spigots; eyes in two rows Gnaphosidae 25. Eyes in three rows (2:4:2); anterior lateral eyes situated just in front of posterior lateral eyes; anterior legs with numerous ventral pairs of spines Zoridae Eyes in two rows (4:4) 26 26. Posterior spinnerets clearly two-segmented with distal segment distinctly conical Miturgidae (in part Eutichurinae and Miturginae) -. Posterior spinnerets with one segment only or if two -segmented, distal segment rounded 27 27. Median spinnerets of female with three, posterior spinnerets with two large cylindrical gland spigots Corinnidae (Trachelinae & Corinninae) -. Posterior spinnerets of female without such spigots, median spinnerets of females laterally flattened, with at least one row of large spigots Liocranidae 28. Tarsi with trichobothria, often in a row 29 -. Tarsi without trichobothria 34 29. Eyes either in three to four rows or in three groups 30 -. Eyes in two rows 32 30. Clypeus very high; posterior eyes and anterior lateral eyes forming a hexagonal group in front of small anterior median eyes; numerous long spines on legs Oxyopidae -. Clypeus not as high; eye position and setae on legs different 31 31. Eyes sessile, not on tubercles; abdomen oval, smoothly rounded posteriorly; male palpal tibiae without retro lateral apophysis; egg cocoon carried attached to spinnerets; anal tubercle with one segment Lycosidae -. At least one pair of eyes on shallow tubercles; abdomen usually elongate, tapered to back; male palpal tibia with retro lateral apophysis; anal tubercle biarticulate ... Pisauridae 32. Posterior spinnerets long and two -segmented; trochanters not notched Agelenidae -. Posterior spinnerets not particularly long or with one segment only; trochanters often notched 33 33. Anterior lateral spinnerets closely set, with short dome- shaped distal segment; trochanters not notched Cybaidae -. Anterior spinnerets either with one segment or distal segment shaped differently; trochanters maybe notched Zodariidae 34. Eyes in three groups, anterior median eyes apart, remainder in two triads; legs thin and long, tarsi pseudo segmented Pholcidae -. Eye pattern and legs different 35 35. Anterior tibiae and patellae with prolateral row of alternating long and short curved spines; chelicerae with peg teeth Mimetidae -. Legs without such spines 36 36. Paracymbium a separate sclerite; tarsi usually cylindrical (anteriors sometimes fusiform); chelicerae often with stridulating file; small spiders (1.5-6 mm) ... Linyphiidae -. Paracymbium fused to cymbium or rudimentary; no cheliceral stridulating file; tarsi variable 37 258 37. Tarsi IV with ventral comb of serrated hairs; brownish rings around eyes; femora without spines Theridiidae Tarsi without ventral comb of serrated hairs; eyes without brownish rings 38 38. Male palp fairly simple, without median apophysis; conductor wrapping embolus; paracymbium elongate or squat Tetragnathidae -. Male palp complex, with median apophysis; embolus not wrapped by conductor; paracymbium often hook- shaped; chelicerae often swollen but not modified for courtship; epigyne often with scape Araneidae * Modified from Jocque & Dippenaar-Schoeman (2006). II. Scorpions of Lebanon I could find only one Lebanese study of the scorpions of Lebanon by Abdul Jabbar I. Sammak (1963). It was a M.Sc. thesis submitted to the American University of Beirut. The author collected three species of two families: Buthotus judaicus and Compsobuthus acutecarinatus of Family Buthidae and Scorpio maurus of Family Scorpionidae. The thesis included a map of distribution of the two families in Lebanon. Prof. Max Vachon (1966) recorded five species from Lebanon: Buthotus judaicus (Simon, 1872), Leiurus quinquestriatus (Hemprich et Ehrenberg, 1829), Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brulle, 1832), Orthochirus innesi Simon, 1910, and Scorpio maurus Linne, 1758. Levy & Amitai (1980) recorded four species from Lebanon: Buthotus judaicus, Compsobuthus werneri judaicus, Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, and Scorpio maurus fuscus, with the possibility of more one species: Nebo hierichonticus. In the "Catalogue of the scorpions described from the Arab countries (1758- 1990)" El-Hennawy (1992) recorded 12 species (+3 subspecies) of 10 genera of 3 families from Lebanon. The following list of Lebanese scorpions includes 12 species of 10 genera of 2 families (Buthidae and Scorpionidae). Order Scorpio nes C.L.Koch, 1837 Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 Genus Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 Androctonus amoreuxi levyi Fet, 1997 Androctonus amoreuxi has a wide distribution from Senegal to Egypt and Sudan, to the southern border of Lebanon and to Afghanistan in the east (Levy & Amitai, 1980: 42). Androctonus amoreuxi hebraeus (Werner, 1935); Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 107 Lebanon. Androctonus amoreuxi levyi Fet, 1997; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 67 Lebanon. Androctonus bi col or bi color Ehrenberg, 1828 Androctonus bicolor Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829; Levy & Amitai, 1980*: 29, Map 2 A bicolor is recorded near the borders between Israel and Lebanon; Kinzelbach, 1985; El- Hennawy, 1992: 108 Lebanon. Androctonus bicolor bicolor Ehrenberg, 1828; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 70, 71 ?Lebanon. *Levy & Amitai, 1980: 31, "A young specimen of A bicolor was collected by Hemprich & Ehrenberg (1829) in Beirut, Lebanon. This northernmost record was doubted by later authors. The 259 species is, in fact, mainly found in southern Israel, but it ranges north along the Mediterranean coast as far as the northern border with Lebanon". Androctonus crassi cauda (Olivier, 1807) Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807); Levy & Amitai, 1980: 29, Map 2 A c. crassicauda is recorded near the borders between Israel and Lebanon; Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 110 Lebanon. Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 Buthacus leptochelys leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829) Buthacus leptochelys (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829); Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 113 Lebanon. Buthacus leptochelys leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829); Fet & Lowe, 2000: 84 Lebanon. Genus Buthus Leach, 1815 Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789) Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789); Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 120; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 94 Lebanon. Genus Compsobuthus Vac ho n, 1949 Compsobuthus wemeri schmiedeknechti (Vachon, 1949) Compsobuthus acutecarinatus; Sammak, 1963 Lebanon. Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908); Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 124 Lebanon; Fet & Lowe, 2000*: 128, 129 Lebanon with very important notes in p.129. *1. Buthus acutecarinatus judaicus Birula, 1905 is A senior synonym of Buthus acutecarina- tus wemeri Birula, 1908. However, the former name is also a junior primary homonym of Buthus judaicus Simon, 1872 (= Hottentotta judaicus) (Article 53 of the Code). Therefore, the name Buthus acutecarinatus judaicus Birula, 1905 is permanently invalid (Article 52b) and has to be replaced by the next available junior synonym which is Buthus acutecarinatus werneri Birula, 1908. Correspondingly, the subspecies inhabiting Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon should be called Compsobuthus werneri schmiedeknechti (Vachon, 1949) (Fet, 1997b: 246). 2. The type locality of Birula's specimens of Buthus acutecarinatus judaicus was not pub- lished; Levy & Amitai (1980: 67) give it as Jerusalem which is incorrect. Original SYNTYPE LABELS IN ZISP REFER TO JORDAN AND LEBANON. 3. K. Kraepelin labeled specimens from Nazareth in MNHN as Buthus schmiedeknechti BUT NEVER PUBLISHED THIS name (Vachon, 1949a: 98; Levy & Amitai, 1980: 62). It was published, however, as Compsobuthus schmiedeknechti with a very brief (two-line) DIAGNOSIS BY VACHON (1949a), AND REPEATED IN VACHON (1952D). Compsobuthus werneri judaicus (Birula, 1905); Vachon, 1966: 211 Lebanon; (^schmiedeknechti Vachon, 1949) Levy et al., 1973: 114 Lebanon; Levy & Amitai, 1980: 60 Compsobuthus werneri judaicus (Birula, 1905) (= C. schmiedeknechti Vachon, 1949) Central and northern Israel, Lebanon, 68 Lebanon: The Museum National, Paris, has a female from Ba'albek - leg. Kerville, 1911, wrongly identified by Simon as B. gibbosus; El-Hennawy, 1992: 124 Lebanon. Compsobuthus werneri schmiedeknechti Vachon, 1949; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 129, 130 Lebanon [Buthus acutecarinatus judaicus Birula, 1905. Syntypes: (among them) 4 specimens (ZISP 648), near Beirut, Lebanon.] Genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908 Hottentotta judaicus (Simon, 1872) Buthus judaicus Simon, 1872; Simon, 1884: 191 Beirout, Lebanon. 260 Buthotus judaicus (Simon, 1872); Sammak, 1963; Vachon, 1966: 210; Levy & Amitai, 1980: 59, Lebanon: Beirut; new record from the Museum National, Paris (Dahr el Ain); the British Museum has specimens from Amiyun and the Hebrew University has specimens from Sin-el- fil and Kariye; Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 116 Lebanon. Levy & Amitai, 1980: 54 Beirut; Dahr el Ain; Amiyun; Sin-el- fil; Kariye, Lebanon. Hottentotta judaicus (Simon, 1872); Fet & Lowe, 2000: 140, 141 Lebanon. Genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 Leiuras quinquestriatus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) Leiurus quinquestriatus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829); Vachon, 1966: 211; Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 126 Lebanon. Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (Birula, 1908); Levy & Amitai, 1980: 51, Lebanon: the Museum National, Paris, houses a specimen from El Kah, in the north; El-Hennawy, 1992: 126 Lebanon; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 156, 157 Lebanon. Genus Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950 Mesobuthus nigrocinctus (Ehrenberg, 1828) Buthus nigrocinctus Hemp, et Ehr.; Simon, 1884: 191 1 juvenile fromBeirout, Lebanon. Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brulle, 1832); Vachon, 1966: 213; Kinzelbach, 1985; El- Hennawy, 1992: 128; Fet & Lowe, 2000*: 176, 177 Lebanon. * Androctonus (Prionurus) nigrocinctus Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828. Holotype: juv. (ZMB 139; damaged), mountains near coast at Beirut, Lebanon.] with important note on nomenclature in p.177. Mesobuthus nigrocinctus (Ehrenberg, 1828); Fet et al., 2001: 293. [Material Examined. Lebanon: "mountains near Beirut", 1824, F.W. Hemprich and C.G. Ehrenberg (holotype, 1 juv., ZMB 139). Distribtion. Known only from the Anti-Lebanon range in Lebanon and Israel. Genus Orthochiras Karsch, 1891 Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873) Orthochirus innesi Simon, 1910; Vachon, 1966: 213; Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 129 Lebanon. Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873); Fet & Lowe, 2000: 196, 197 Lebanon. Family Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802 Genus Nebo Simon, 1878 Nebo hierichonticus (Simon, 1872) Nebo hierichonticus (Simon, 1872); Levy & Amitai, 1980: 122 Map 9, N. hierichonticus is recorded near the borders between Israel and Lebanon; Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 134; Sissom & Fet, 2000: 353 Lebanon [Family Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880]. Genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 Scorpio maurus fuscus (Ehrenberg, 1829) Scorpio maurus Linne, 1758; Sammak, 1963; Vachon, 1966: 215; El-Hennawy, 1992: 139 Lebanon. Scorpio maurus berytensis (Simon, 1884) (= Heterometrus maurus var. berytensis Simon, 1884: 191-192; near Beirout and at Nahr-el-Kelb, Lebanon.); Birula, 1910: 139 Heterometrus maurus berytensis E. Simon - "aux environs de Beirut et aux Nahr-el- Kelb"; El-Hennawy, 1992: 139 Lebanon. 261 Scorpio maurus fuscus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829) (= Buthus (Heterometrus) palmatus fuscus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 116: Beirut, Lebanon.); Birula, 1910: 139 Buthus (Heterometrus) palmatus fuscus Hemprich et Ehrenberg - "in Syriae littore ad montis Libani radicem prope Berytum"; Birula, 1910: 176, 177 Scorpio maurus fuscus (Hemprich und Ehrenberg) (Libanon - 9.IV.1904 und Ain Zahalte - 19.IV. 1904) from the collection of Prof. J. Sahlberg. Beiruth und Nahr-el-Kelb (E. Simon, 1884, sub var. berytensis, leg. Ab. David); Levy & Amitai, 1980**: 114 Lebanon: 'En Zahalte, Beirut, Nahr-el-Kalb.; Kinzelbach, 1985; El-Hennawy, 1992: 139, 140 Lebanon. Scorpio maurus fuscus (Ehrenberg, 1829); Fet, 2000*: 476, 477 Lebanon. *Buthus (Heterometrus) palmatus fitscus Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 352. Types lost; mountains near Beirut, Lebanon. Synonyms Heterometrus palmatus var. minor Simon, 1872a: 258 (synonymized by Pocock, 1900a: 363). Syntypes: (sex unknown), (MNHN), Lebanon. Heterometrus maurus var. berytensis Simon, 1884b: 192 (synonymized by Birula, 1910: 176). Syntypes: (MNHN), Beirut, Nahr el-Kalb, Lebanon.] **Levy & Amitai, 1980: 104, 112 Buthus (Heterometrus) palmatus fuscus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 116 (= Scorpio maurus fuscus) Type Locality: Beirut, Lebanon. Heterometrus palmatus var. minor Simon, 1872, 2: 258 (= Scorpio maurus fuscus) Type Locality: Lebanon. Heterometrus maurus var. berytensis Simon, 1884, (6) 4: 192 (= Scorpio maurus fuscus) Type Locality: Beirut, Nahr el-Kalb, Lebanon; type in the Museum National, Paris. List of Lebanese Scorpions Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 Androctonus amoreuxi levyi Fet, 1997 Androctonus bicolor bicolor Ehrenberg, 1828 Androctonus crassi cauda (Olivier, 1807) Buthacus leptochelys leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829) Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789) Compsobuthus wemeri schmiedeknechti (Vachon, 1949) Hottentotta judaicus (Simon, 1872) Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) Mesobuthus nigrocinctus (Ehrenberg, 1828) Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873) Family Scorpio nidae Latreille, 1802 Nebo hierichonticus (Simon, 1872) Scorpio maurus fuscus (Ehrenberg, 1829) 2 Families, 10 Genera, 12 Species Key to Species * 1. Sternum subpentagonal; anterior margin of carapace with distinct notch; Pedipalp patella with ventral trichobothria Family Scorpio nidae ... 2 -. Sternum sub triangular; anterior margin of carapace not conspicuously notched; Pedipalp patella without ventral trichobothria Family Buthidae ... 3 2. Telson with distinct subaculear tubercle Nebo hierichonticus -. Subaculear tubercle absent Scorpio maurus fuscus 262 3. Carapace, in lateral view, with a distinct downward slope from median eyes to anterior margin; Small scorpions (usually less than 30 mm long); Me tasomal segment V punctuate Orthochirus scrobiculosus Carapace, in lateral view, with entire dorsal surface horizontal, or nearly so (possibly with slight anterior downward slope); Size variable 4 4. Mesosomal tergites I and II with five distinct carinae Leiuras quinquestriatus Anterior tergites without carinae, or with 1 to 3 carinae 5 5. Carapace smooth, lacking distinct carinae Buthacus leptochelys Carapace with distinct carinae 6 6. 4 granules on pedipalp- chela movable finger, just proximal to terminal denticle 7 3 granules onpedipalp-chela movable finger, just pro ximnl to terminal denticle 9 7. Central lateral and posterior lateral carapacial carinae joined, forming a continuous linear series of granules to posterior margin .... Compsobuthus wemeri schmiedeknechti -. Central lateral and posterior lateral carapacial carinae not joined as above, usually separated by a small gap, with central lateral carinae continuing distally beyond origin of posterior laterals 8 8. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with posterior granules enlarged, often lob ate; Central, lateral, and posterior median carapacial carinae joined, forming a lyre- shaped configuration Mesobuthus nigrocinctus -. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with all granules more or less equal in size, never lobate; Carapacial carinae not forming a lyre-shaped configuration Hottentotta judaicus 9. Central, lateral, and posterior median carapacial carinae joined, forming a lyre -shaped configuration; Metasoma with all segments more or less equal in width and depth; Metasomal segment IV with weakly developed dorsolateral carinae .... Buthus occitanus -. Central, lateral, and posterior median carapacial carinae not joined as above; Metasomal segments robust, increasing in width and depth posteriorly; Metasomal segment IV with well- developed granulate dorsolateral carinae Androctonus ... 10 10. Third segment of metasoma longer than wide Androctonus amoreuxi -. Third segment of metasoma wider than long 11 11. Hands of pedipalp s broad and stout Androctonus crassicauda -. Hands of pedipalps slender Androctonus bicolor * Modified from Sissom (1990), El-Hennawy (1992) and Levy & Amitai (1980). III. Pseudoscorpions of Lebanon * Order Pseudoscorpiones deGeer, 1778 Suborder Iocheirata Superfamily Cheliferoidea Family Che life ridae Risso, 1826 Subfamily Cheliferinae 263 Genus Dactylochelifer Beier, 1932 Dactylochelifer kussariensis (Daday, 1889) Dactylochelifer kussariensis; Beier, 1955: 219, 3(5 c?, 2 km south of Her me \ Syria, under stones, 7.3.1952. (Hermelin Lebanon) Dactylochelifer syriacus Beier, 1955 Only from Lebanon and Syria, N. of Himata (Type Locality). Dactylochelifer syriacus nov.spec. Beier, 1955: 219, Paratype: \<$ tritonymph, Lebanon, cedar forest, 1900 m, 2.5.1953. Genus Hysterochelifer Chamberlin, 1932 Hysterochelifer cyprius (Beier, 1929) Family Chernetidae Menge, 1855 Subfamily Lamprochernetinae Genus Pselaphochemes Beier, 1932 Pselaphochemes scorpioides (Hermann, 1804) Pselaphochemes scorpioides; Beier, 1955: 216, 1$, Wadi Jahhuam, NW Tripoli- Pro v., 30.-31.7.1952; 1$, 1 deuto nymph, Hammanha, Lebanon, 1900 m, under stones and wood. Superfamily Garypoidea Family Garypinidae Daday, 1888 Genus Garypinus Daday, 1888 Garypinus asper Beier, 1955 Lebanon, Ouadi el Fouar [33°59'N, 35°35'E] (as Anteljas- Fluss), Mont-Liban (Type Locality). Garypinus asper nov.spec. Beier, 1955: 215-216, Types: 1$, 1.9, Syria, Antelias River, under stones, 11.9.1952 (American Museum Beirut [American University Beirut] and Vienna Museum [NHMW]). Family Olpiidae Banks, 1895 Subfamily Olpiinae Genus Calocheiridius Beier & Turk, 1952 Calocheiridius libanoticus Beier, 1955 Lebanon, Vi Baht Atahe (Type Locality). Calocheiridius libanoticus nov.spec. Beier, 1955: 213-215, Types: 1?, Vi Baht Atahe, Lebanon, under stone, 7.-10.4.1953 (American Museum Beirut and Vienna Museum). Paratype: 1 tritonymph, Min Zahle, cedar forest, 1700-1800 m, 15.-17.7.1952 (American Museum Beirut). Superfamily Neobisioidea Family Neobisiidae Chamber lin, 1930 Subfamily Neobisiinae Genus Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 Neobisium (Neobisium) validum(L. Koch, 1873) Neobisium (N.) validum; Beier, 1955: 212, 1$, 1$, 1 protonymphe, Chamlane, oaks and pines; 10 deuto- and tritonymphs, Ante has, riverbed , under stones, 11.9.1952. Family Syarinidae Chamberlin, 1930 Subfamily Chitrellinae Genus Mcrocreagrina Beier, 1961 Mcrocreagrina hispanica (EUingsen, 1910) 264 Suborder Epiocheirata Superfamily Chthonioidea Family Chthoniidae Daday, 1888 Genus Chthonius C.L. Koch, 1843 Chthonius (Chthonius) jonicus Beier, 1931 Chthonius (Neochthonius) jonicus; Beier, 1955: 212, 1$, Lebanon, from a tree hollow, I. 2.1953; probably belong to this species: 1 protonymph, Lebanon, Dimane, Bet Hasroun-Hadeth, 6.8.1953, and 1 pro to nymph. Wadi Jahhuam, NW Tripoli- Pro v., 30.- 31.7.1952. Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus; Beier, 1955: 212, 1$, 1 tritonymphe, Wadi Jahhuam, NW Tripoh-Prov., 30.-31.7.1952; Lebanon, from a tree hollow, 1.2.1953; 1 ($, AinZahlta, cedar forest, 23.11.1952; 1 tritonymphe, Ante has, riverbed, under stones, II. 9.1952; 4 tritonymphs, Beit-Ed-Dina, pine grove, 28.11.1953. * This list of Lebanese pseudos scorpions is extracted from Harvey (2011) in addition to Beier (1955). List of Lebanese Pseudos scorpio ns Orde r Pseudoscorpiones Suborder Iocheirata Superfamily Cheliferoidea Family Cheliferidae Risso, 1826 Dactyl ochelifer kussariensis (Daday, 1889) Dactyl ochelifer syriacus Beier, 1955 Hysterochelifer cyprius (Beier, 1929) Family Chernetidae Menge, 1855 Pselaphochemes scorpioides (Hermann, 1804) Superfamily Garypoidea Family Garypinidae Daday, 1888 Garypinus asper Beier, 1955 Family Olpiidae Banks, 1895 Calocheiridius libanoticus Beier, 1955 Superfamily Neobisioidea Family Neobisiidae Chamber lin, 1930 Neobisium (Neobisium) validum (L. Koch, 1873) Family Syarinidae Chamber lin, 1930 Mcrocreagrina hispanica (Ellingsen, 1910) Suborder Epiocheirata Superfamily Chthonioidea Family Chthoniidae Daday, 1888 Chthonius (Chthonius) jonicus Beier, 1931 Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) 7 Families, 8 Genera, 10 species 265 Key to Superfamilies and Families * 1. Tarsi of legs 1 and 2 consist of one segment each while tarsi of legs 3 and 4 consist of two segments each (Le. Hetero tar sate); Chelicerae large, sometimes 2/3 the carapace length; Eyes usually 4 or absent) Superfamily Chthonioidea, Family Chthoniidae Tarsi of legs 1-4 consist of one segment each; Chelicerae small, not more than 1/3 the carapace length; Eyes 2 or absent Superfamily Cheliferoidea 2 — . Tarsi of legs 1-4 consist of two segments each; Chelicerae moderately large, about 1/2 the carapace length or shorter; Eyes usually 4, maybe 2 or absent 3 2. Venom apparatus developed only in the movable linger, vestigial or absent in the fixed finger; Fingers of palpal chela usually have accessory teeth, located externally and internally to the marginal row Family Chernetidae Venom apparatus well developed in both fingers of the palpal chela; Fingers of palpal chela without accessory teeth Family Cheliferidae 3. Carapace usually rectangular or square; Chelicerae about 1/2 the carapace length; Eyes often 4, but may be 2 or absent; Abdominal tergites and sternites undivided Superfamily Neobisioidea 4 -. Carapace maybe rectangular, or more or less triangular; Chelicerae shorter than 1/2 the carapace length; Eyes usually 4; Abdominal tergites and sternites may be divided or undivided Super family Garypoidea 5 4. Carapace rectangular or square, and often bears an epistome on the anterior margin; Abdomen pleural membranes distinctly granulated; Leg 4 line of articulation between the basifemur and telofemur is perpendicular to the long axis of the femur Family Neobisiidae -. Carapace rectangular; Abdomen pleural membranes may be granulated, but usually are smoothly and longitudinally striated; Leg 4 line of articulation between the basifemur and telofemur is at least slightly oblique to the long axis of the femur Family Syarinidae 5. Carapace mostly rectangular; Body surfaces usually smooth; Setae of the body and appendages usually long and acuminated; Abdomen usually long and oval, pleural membranes usually smoothly, longitudinally striated, tergites and sternites either divided or undivided; Legs femora 3 and 4 short and stout Family Olpiidae -. Carapace distinctly triangular; Body surfaces usually granulated; Setae of the body and appendages often toothed, but small and inconspicuous; Abdomen broad, pleural membranes granulated or rugose, and often bear small setae, tergites and sternites divided; Legs femora 3 and 4 moderately slender Family Garypinidae * Modified from El-Hennawy (1988). IV. Harvestmen of Lebanon The study of harvestmen of Lebanon began with the description of a female specimen, collected by Charles de la Brulerie, as a new species named Dasylobus eremita by Eugene Simon (1878b). The same author described Phalangium hebralcum [now Zacheus hebraicus] as another new species from Beirout and Antoura (Simon, 1884). Sprensen (1911) described three new species from Lebanon collected by Henri Gadeau de Kerville: Phalangium coxipunctum from Broumana, Beit-Meri, and Baalbek, Phalangium conigerum from Doummar, Anti- Lebanon, and Leiobunum albigenum from Beit-Meri The first species was transferred to genus Opilio by Roewer (1923). 266 Starpga (1973) described a new species collected from Beirut by P. Bovier- Lapierre and named it Graecophalangium punicum. Also, he identified specimens collected from different localities in Lebanon and recorded: „Nemastoma ” haasi (Roewer, 1953) [now Mediostoma haasi due to Snegovaya (2008)], Phalangium savignyi, Metaphalangium propinquum [now M. cirtanum due to Starpga (1984)], Zacheus hebraicus, Opilio coxipunctus, Leiobunum seriatum (a species described by Simon (1878b) from Asia Minor: Latakieh [now Syria]. The following list of Lebanese harvestmen follows Kury (2002 onwards) and its references mainly depend on Kury (2010). It includes 10 species of 8 genera that belong to 3 families. Order Opilio nes Sundevall, 1833 Dyspnoi Hansen & Sprensen, 1904 Superfamily Troguloidea Sundevall, 1833 Family Nemastomatidae Simon, 1872 Subfamily Nemastomatinae Simon, 1872 Genus Mediostoma Kratochvil & Miller, 1958 Mediostoma haasi (Roewer, 1953) „Nemastoma" haasi (Roewer, 1953). Starpga (1973: 132) Lebanon: Beirut, park in the American University, vegetated lime gravels, 12.V.1961, leg. A. Riedel - \S (IZPAN). Mitostoma haasi Roewer, 1953:209-210, figs. 6a-c. Snegovaya (2008: 272). “Nemastoma’’ haasi : Starpga, 1973: 132-133, figs. 7-9. Snegovaya (2008: 272). Lebanon (Roewer, 1953; Starpga, 1973). Eupnoi Hansen & Sprensen, 1904 Superfamily Phalangioidea Latreille, 1802 Family Phalangiidae Latreille, 1802 Subfamily Opilioninae C.L.Koch, 1839 Genus Opilio Herbst, 1798 Opilio coxipunctus (Sprensen, 1911) Phalangium coxipunctum Sprensen (1911: 211-213). 2c? 2$ New species from Broumana, Beit-Meri, and Baalbek, Lebanon. Opilio coxipunctus (Soerensen, 1912). Roewer (1923: 772) Syrien: Libanon (Beit-Meri, Broumana, Baalbek) - 2c?, 2$. Opilio coxipunctus (Soerensen, 1912). Starpga (1967: 59). Lebanon (terra typica) Opilio coxipunctus (Sorensen, 1912). Starpga (1973: 142). Lebanon: Beirut, park in the American University, vegetated lime gravels, 12. V. 1961, leg. A. Riedel - 1 c?, 2 $$, 1 juv. (IZPAN); TalNahr elKelb at Beirut, among limestones, II. V. 1961, leg. A. Riedel - 1 juv. (IZPAN); Tripoli (Tarabulus esh Sham), vegetated limestones, 15. Y. 1961, leg. A. Riedel - 1 <$, 4 $ ? (IZPAN). Opilio coxipunctus (Sorensen, 1912). Snegovaya (2008: 277). Lebanon (Starpga, 1973). Subfamily Phalangiinae Latreille, 1802 Genus Dasylobus Simon, 1878 Dasylobus eremita Simon, 1878 Dasylobus eremita Simon (1878b: CCXX). New species from Lebanon (Ch. de la Brulerie) 5 only. 267 Dasylobus eremita Simon, 1878. Simon (1884: 192) Akbes. [nord d'Antioche] Cette espece avait ete decouverte dans le Liban par feu Charles de la Brulerie. Genus Graecophalangium Roewer, 1923 Graecophalangium punicum Starega, 1973 Graecophalangium punicum Starega (1973: 140-141). New species from Lebanon: Beirut, 1910, leg. P. Bovier-Lapierre (coll. W. Kulczynski) - 1 $ (Holotypus) (IZPAN). Genus Metaphalangium Roewer, 1911 Metaphalangium cirtanum (C.L. Koch, 1839) Opilio Cirtanus C.L. Koch, 1839: 35 - D. Starega (1984: 39). Phalangium propinquum (Lucas, 1846): 286-287 - D, t. 20, f. 4-4c. Starega (1984: 39, syn. n.). Metaphalangium propinquum Starega (1973: 138). Lebanon: Beirut, 1910, leg. P. Bovier- Lapierre - 2 1 ?, 2 juv. (IZPAN). Metaphaclangium cirtanum (C.L. Koch, 1839). Starega (1984: 39) Lebanon. Genus Phalangium Linnaeus, 1758 Phalangium conigeram Sprensen, 1911 Phalangium conigerum Sprensen (1911: 213-214). One specimen. New species from Doummar, Anti- Lebanon. Phalangium conigerum Soerensen, 1912. Roewer (1923:746) Anti- Lebanon - l. Phalangium savignyi Audouin, 1825 Phalangium savignyi Starega (1973: 133-134). Lebanon: Beirut, 1910, leg. P. Bovier- Lapierre - 2