VOL. 101, PART 1 28 FEBRUARY, 1977 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED CONTENTS Jenkins, R. J. F. A new fossil homolid crab (Decapoda, Benehonney, pee Ter- tiary, southeastern Australia - - - 1 Barker, S. Astraeus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): a description of three new species and new locality records - - - - - =f} Brooker, M. I. H. Eucalyptus CveROR YEG: anew ¥ apether from South Australia and Victoria - - - - - - - - 15 Mawson, P.M. The genus Cyclostrongylus Johnston & Mawson (Nematcda: Trichonematidae) - - - - - - - - - 19 Buonaiuto, M. F. Revision of the Australian Teriiary species ascribed to Limatula Wood (Mollusca, Bivalvia) - - - - - - = > 21 Butler, A. J., Depers, A. M., McKillup, S. C. and Thomas, D. P. Distribution and sediments of mangrove forests in South Australia - - 35 Twidale, C. R. and Harris, W. K. aks ane of Ayer Rock and ee Olgas, sige Australia - i 45 : PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS STATE LIBRARY BUILDING NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000 A NEW FOSSIL HOMOLID CRAB (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA), MIDDLE TERTIARY, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA BY RICHARD J. F. JENKINS Summary Two new fossils decapod localities are reported in, respectively, the Oligocene and Miocene of the Mount Gambier area, and a new species of homolid crab, Paromola pritchardi sp. nov., is described from the fragmentary remains collected at the older of these occurrences. The description of this form provides an opportunity for a review of the genus. A NEW FOSSIL HOMOLID CRAB (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA), MIDDLE TERTIARY, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA by RICHARD J. F, JENKINS* Summary JENKINS, R. J, F, (1977).—A new fossil homolid crab (Decapoda, Brachyura), middle Ter- tinry, southewstern Australia. Trans. R, Soe, 8. Aust. VLC), 1-10, 28 February, 1977. Two new fossil decapod localities are reported in, respectively, the Oligocene and Miocene of the Mount Gambier area, and a new species of homolid crab, Paromola pritchardi sp, nov,. is. described from fragmentary remains collected at the older of these occurrences. The descrip- tion of this form provides an opportunity for a review of the genus. latroduction In 1953 Professor M. F. Glaessner discovered fossil decapod remains in the Gambier Lime- stone (Sprigg 1952) near Mount Gambier, South Australia (Fig. 1)..A second discovery of fossil decapods jn the same formation, and also near Mount Gambier, was made in 1955 by Dr Mary Wade. The Gambier Limestone ts of Late Eocene to Miocene age and occurs within the Gambier Embayment, a deep tectonic-sedimen- tury depression which forms the western pan of the Otway Basin in southeastern Australia (Ludbrook 1969), The formation reaches a thickness in excess of 150 mj; iL consists largely of the fragmented remains of bryozoans and often includes abundant foraminifers (Lud- brook 1961, 1969; Abele 1967), The discovery made by Glaessner is in the row of building stone quarries on sections 26, 28, 29, 30, 144 and 145, hundred of Blanche, 12 km west of Mount Gambier. Foraminiferal assemblages collected from section 28 and studied by McGowran (1070)! and myself sug- gest 4 dating within the Globigerina labia- crassata zone of Lawibrook & Lindsay (1969) of approximately Zone P. 19/20 of Blow (L970). With reference to Berggren (1972), this is late Barly Oligocene. Coccolith studies made on the same samples by Mr S, Shafic Were also suggestive of a late Early Oligocene or late Rupelian age (R. J, F. Jenkins 1974). The fossil decapods from this locality are the richest and most diverse assemblage yet known from the Palaeogene of Australia, Either Glaessner or I* have identified representatives of Pagurus Fabricius Trizopagurus Forest, Munida Leach, Dynomene Latreille, Paromela Wood- Mason & Alcock, Ebalia Leach, Lyreidus de Haan, Leptomithrax Miers, Tutankhamen Rathbun, Qvalipes Rathbun, Nectocarcinus A. Milne-Edwards, Pseudocarcinus H. Milne- Edwards, Carcinoplax H, Milne-Edwards, and Homoioplax Rathbun, Three other unidentified genera are also present. The decapod remains occur most numerously in the interval of well bedded, coarse grained, pink and yellow, bryozoal limestone which immediately overlies the homogeneous, even grained, white bryozoal limestone cut for build- ing blocks, These limestones are part of the “middle member” of the Gambier Limestone {McGowran 1973). The occurrence discovered by Dr Wade is in the quarries on sections 601 and 606, hun- dred of Blanche, 7 km south of Mount Gam- bier, Foraminiferal studies made by MeGow- ran! indicate an age within the later part of the the Globigerina woodi woodi zone of Ludbrook & Lindsay (1969) or the Globigerina woodi connecta zone of D, G. Jenkins (1967); these * Depurlment of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, S. Aust, 5000, ' McGowran, B. (1970).—Age of six samples of Gambier Limestone, Unpublished Geol, Survey Report, Dept Mines, S, Arvest. (459), 1-8. * Jenkins, Bo J. F. (1972) —Austrelian fossil decapod Crustacea: faunal and environmental changes. Ph.D. thesis, 2 RICHARD J. F. JENKINS Y KILOMETRES BURNDA 4 < "MURRAY. Aaa Nt SIN WS oo 200 300 400 K/LOMETALS Area oO eniargement a 1oo 200 300 MILES MACOONNELL ATED INT Fig. 1, Southeastern Australia and the Mount Gambier area. The fossil decapod occurrences described are in the quarries on the numbered sections shown on the map of the Mount Gambier area. datings are in the vicinity of the lower part of Zone N,6 of Blow (1969), or middle Early Miocene. The decapod fauna is less prolific than at the first locality; it includes representa- tives of Axitus Leach, Paguristes Dana, Paro- mola, Lyreidus, Ovalipes and Nectocarcinus and an unidentified parthenopid. The crabs mostly occur in the fine grained bryozoal limestone at the bottom of the quar- ries. Two fragments identified as Paromola cf. pritchardi are from section 606, one from un- certain level and the other in coarse grained bryozoal limestone from probably high in the exposure, The rocks in the quarries are part of the upper member of the Gambier Limestone, The repository of the fossil specimens studied is the palaeontological collection of the South Australian Museum (catalogue numbers pre- fixed “P” in the text). Observations were also made on dried specimens of the extant Paro- mola petlerdi (Grant 1905) in the collection of the South Australian Museum (numbers pre- fixed "C"), Systematics Order Decapoda Infraorder Brachyura Section Dromiacea Superfamily Homoloidea Family Homolidae White, 1847 Type-genus: Homola Leach, 1815. Remarks: Workers such as Ihle (1913), Gor- don (1950), and Williamson (1965) have con- cluded from neontological studies that the division between the Latreilliidue (type-genus Latreillia P, Roux, 1830) and the Homolidue ‘is less clear than previously supposed and unite these two families. This unity is rejected by Wright & Collins (1972) on palaeontological grounds; they consider that one of the most important diagnostic features of the Homolidae Footnote added in proof: The following publication was not seen. Serene, R. & Lohavanijaya, P, (1973)—The Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda) collected by the Naga Expedition, including a review of the Homolidae. Naga Rep. 4(4), 1-187. A NEW FOSSIL HOMOLID CRAB 3 is the presence of dorsal linede homolicae, and indicate that these structures are absent in Let- reillia and not present in other Cretaceous forms winch they refer 10 the Latreilliidae, They conclude that the Homolidae and Lat- reilliidae “have probably been independent stocks since Upper Jurassic times, albeit develapme to some extent in parallel”. This viewpoint is accepted herein, Wright & Collins (1972, p. 31) consider that Latreillapsir Henderson. 1888, which does have Iltiede, is probably not allied to Larreillia, but is a hamolid, Genus Paromola Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Type species: Dorippe cuvieri Risso, 1816, by monotypy, Paramola Wood-Mason & Alcock, 189L: 267: Rathtun, 1937; 68; Bouvier, 1940; 190; Gordon, 1950: 222; Griffin, 1965; 86 (but not the pew species thereunder described }, Alvarez, 1968; 301. Nomotle (Paromola) Alcock, 1899: 156; 1901: 64; Ihle, 1913: 69 fin key); Sakai, L956: 47, Thelziope (Molofia) Barnard, 1946; 371; 1950: 341. Diagnosis; Carapace urneshaped or sub- rectangular, longer than broad, widest across branchial! regions; rostrum a simple spine Nanked on either side by a single supraorbital spine (occasionally with small side branches) of equal or greater size; lineae homolicae con- spicuious, Well inside lateral margins; surface usually granulate with scattered spinules, spines and tubercles, smooth in one extant species, Merus of third maxilliped elongate with a dentate prominence or a spine near middle of length of outer margin. inner margin of joint usually denticuljte. Mert of pereiopods usually spmose along their length. Palms of chelae of ist pair of pereiopods smooth or granulate. Extant species with 13-14 gills plus 5-6 epipods. Remarks: tn the literature Paromola has often been confused with two other genera of homo- lids, Homola Leach, (815 (= Thelxiope Rafinesque, 1814) and Carrei/lopsis Henderson, 1888. These genera all have an urn-shaped or sub-rectangular carapace and slender, elongate pereiopods. In Paromela and Homola the meri of the pereiopods are spinose. The branchial formula of extant species of Homola is 13-14 gills + 6 epipods, similar to or little different from that in Paromola (see Bouvier 1940, p, 191- 193; and Gordon 1950, p. 220-221), Dif- ferences between the two are indicated in Table 1, The extant, New Zealand Paromola spini- piatia Griffin, 1965, which has two prominent spines above each orbit, a conspicuous spine on each epigastric region, and the palms of the chelipeds spinose, is referable to Hamola. The genua Larreillepsis has as its type- species the extant, Indo-West-Pacific Latreillop- sis bixypinosee Henderson, 1888. This, and a second living species, the Japanese Larreillop- sty laciniata Sakat, 1936, are distinguished from Paromola by their branchial formula of 10 gills plus four epipods (Gordon 1950, p. 220). However the gill structure is not preserved in fossils. External morphological differences between these two species and members of Paromola ate given in Table 2, The following previously described extant species have been included in Paromola or appear referable to this genus; Paramole cuviert (Risso 1816) Mediterranean (excluding the Adriatic) and eastern Atantic, from Angola, Cape Bojador and the Azores nomh to Cork, the Shetland Ts. TABLE L Summary af differences distinguishing Paromola Wood-Meson & Alcock, 1891, from Homola Leach, 1865. Charter fomols Paromola Supraorbylal spines Two spines project above each orbit, a Jaleral rostral spime near base of rostrum, A single spine projects above cach orbit und 4 second spine more lateral Rostrum Byigastric tibercles or spines rostral apne Chelae of Ist pair of perciopads Usually bidentate, less commonly single A prontinent wbercle or spine is situated on. each epigastric region behind lateral Palms casually spirnoce Invariably single Epigastric regions usually without conspicuous tubercles or spines Palms cither smooth or bearing pointed granules EE 4 RICHARD 5. F. JENKINS TABLE 72 Summary of external skeletal differencex distinguishing Paromola from Latreillopsis Choracter Surfuce of carapace tubercles Width of carapace Apparently mature swollen Third maxilliped Ist pair of perelopods (cheli- peds) Latreillopsis Upper surface wrinkled with few distinet individuals across hepatig regions, which are very Merus quadrats in shape; both merus and ischium without spines Merus bearing only a lerminal spine Puromola Usually spinose with granules and pointed tubercles between Except in juveniles, carapace widest seross branchial rezions widest Merits elongate, with dentate pray minence or spine about midway along its outer margin; external distal angle of ischium sometimes produced to a spine; inner margin of both joints usually denticulate Merus spinose along length in most species and west coast of Norway; 150-1320 m, rarely in shallower waters, Paromoala prafundorum (Alcock & Anderson 1899) Travancore coast of India: 786 m. Maldive area; 256 m Eastern coast of Africa; 1362 m, Paromola petierdi (Grant 1905) Figs 31 & 4G-H. Paromola petterdi—Gordon, 1950; 220, Southern and southeastern Australia, from near Grafton south to Bruny L, Tasmania, and west to Eucla; 91-1460 m, North Island of New Zealand from the Cavalli Is, to Banks Penin- sula; 183-541 m. The specimen photographed, 3, C 83, is from 32 km S,W. of Cape Everard, Victoria, ata depth of 164 m, Paromola rathbuni Porter, 1908 Isla de Mas-Afuera, Juan Fernandez, Chile. Latreillopsis multispinosa Uhle, 1912 Latreillopsis multispinosa The, 1912; 78, pl. 4. figs 19-21, Kei Is,; 204 m This species is: referable to Paramola because of the numérous long spines on its carapace and the form of the third maxillipeds, which have an elongate merus with a luteral spine and a terminal spine on the ischium, It markedly resembles and is evidently a near relative of Paromola acutispina (Sakai 1962) from Japan, Paromolu japonica Parisi, 1915 [= Latreillopsis hawaiiensis Edmondson, 1932] Japan: Tanega Shima L, Izu Peninstila, Sagami Bay: 183-392 m. Hawaii; 55 m, According to Sakai (1936) the species inhabits a rocky bottom. Paromola alcocki (Stebbing 1920) [Apparently > Latreillopsis major Kubo, 1936; ? = Homola (Parhomola) majora Edmondson, 1951.] Southern Africa: Algoa Bay, South Africa; Mozambique; 73-312 m. Maldive area: 229 m. Japan |Paromola major (Kubo)]: Izu Pen- insula, Sagami Bay, Tokyo Bay; 100-200 m- tHawaii = [Homola (Parhumola) — majora Edmondson}; 12-107 m, The Japanese form inhabits a muddy bottom (Sakai 1936), Puromola faxoni (Schmitt 1921) Off San Diego, California: 122-370 m,. A remarkable photograph of this species in ils natural environment at a depth of 370 m (Church 1971, p. 113) shows the subchelate hind limbs holding a piece of sponge above the back of the animal. Paromola macrockira Sakai, 1962 Japan; Tosa Bay and Kii Peninsula, Hamola (Moloha) acwtispinosa Sakai, 1962 Homola (Moloha) acutispinesa Sakai, 1962; 147, pl. 4 fig. 4. Japan: Tosa Bay. Characters of this species which indicate that it is referable to Puromela are the single large spine above each orbit, single rostrum, absence of epigastric spines and the smooth palms of the chelipeds. One previously described fossil species can probable be referred to Paromela; Hamolopsis japonicus Yokoyama, 1911 fHomolopsis japonicus Yokoyama, 1911: 12, pl. 3, fig. 4. Paleocene or Eocene: Miike Coalfield, Japan. A NEW FOSSIL HOMOLID CRAB 5 The single median portion ot a carapace from which this species was deseribed unfertunately has the frontoorbital region damaged, bu closely resembles P. priréhardi and P, petterdi in the shupe of the other regions and in the positioning of the major tubercles. The modern species belonging to Paremela can be divided into three informal species- groups which may be characterized as follows: |. FP. cuvier? group. Carapace more or less covered by granules and spinules and bear- ing short to moderately long spines ow lateral and anterior-dorsal aspects. Palas of cheli- peds smooth or bearing pointed granules, particularly in mature individuals. P. cuviers, P. petterdi, P, rathbuni, P, japonice, P. aleoeks, P. faxoni, P, macrochira, 2. PF. prefundorwn group. Carapace mainly smooth, with one hepatic spine and ane cer ticle on branchial margin. Palms of chelipeds smooth. . profundorum. 3, FP. multixpinesa group. Carapace bearing elongate spines, between which jt is mainly smooth, Palms of chelipeds smooth, P, mul- tixpinasa. Po aeutiypinosu. The early Tertiary Paromola { Yokoyama) crviert group. Paramols prifchardi sp, nov. Figs 2, 3A-G, & 44-6 Name: Natmed after Pritehards Quarry, of sec- tion 28, hundred of Blanche, South Australia, Material: Seventeen incomplete specimens of vunous pas of the carapace and four speci- mens of isolated abdominal tergites, Holotype, Pi5631. Median part of carapace with rostrum and supraorbital spines lacking, japonicus is a fossil member of the P, Oecnrrence: Gambier Limestone in quarries on sections 26, 28 and 30, hundred of Blanche. Age; Late Early Oligocene. Description: Curapace subrectangular, gently convex above, extremely deep in lateral axpect: regions well marked, delimited and subdivided by mioderately deep grooves; preater part of sutlace covered by variably sized granules and spinules, nine short spines on dorsum in advance of cervical proave, lateral aspects of varnpace Omamented by short spines and blunt §pitules. Portion of carapace between /ineue homoliewe 1.5 limes as long as wide, broadest across mesobranchial regions. Rostrum a single, forwardly directed, slender spine about a sixth lequth of carypace, slightly deflexed basally, smoothly upeurved distally, Fig. 2. Paremoale pritchard! sp. nov, reconstruc- tion of carapace; lettering indicates repsons: QO, supraorbital, Eg, epigastric; Pg, protegastric, 1, anteromedial Jobe, 2, anterolateral lobe, 3, posterolateral Jobe; H, hepatic; Mg, mesogustric; M, metagas- tric; Eb, eprbranchial; (6, inner-branchial lobe; U, urogastric; C, cardiac; Mb, meso- branchial; Mt, metabranchial; I, intestinal, Approximately x3_ Orbits forwardly directed and with wo Jarge supraorhital spine above; inner part of supra- orbital margin smoothly concave and with a narrow border; supraorbital spine directed obliquely upwards, forwards and slightly out- wards, about twice length of rostrum, with a lateral spinule at about half length; a short spine on lower corner of lateral margin of orbyt, Epigastric regions relatively small, slightly raised, with only a few granules. Protogustric regions each subdivided jnto three lobes by an oblique Y-shaped groove, anteromedial lobe: with a central spine and two spinules on posterior part. anterolateral lobe with a single prominent spine; posterolateral lobe with # prominent spine on lateral aspect, a lesser spine an inner portion, and several small spinules between. Hepatic regions strongly inflated, bearing a erescentic row of four acute spines dn anterolateral aspect and a group of spinules behind, Mesogastric region with a median spine 6 RICHARD J, set at centre of a circlet of five, or a triangular arrangement of three small spinules; a pair of granulate ridges adjacent to posterior margin of tegion. Cervical proove strongly impressed, containing slit-like posterior gastric pits at .5)— 52 length of carapace, Metagasinc region in form of two oblique, elongated, granulate lobes and with a pair of more prominent granules Positioned submedially. Urogastric region saddle-shaped, its lateral margins marked by two incised, crescentic grooves, Cardiac region moderately inflated, subtriangular, with three prominences, two side by side before and one behind. Intestinal region depressed, progres- sively broadened rearwards. Epibranchial regions obliquely elongated, with a spine just outside lineae homolicae and an irregular line of spinules on lateral aspect. Inner-branchial lobes on either side of Urogastric region obliquely elongated and with one more prominent granule. Branchiocardive groove well marked, Mesobranchial regions gently ta- flated, each with a line of al least three short spines just outside finede homolicae, most anterior of these spines the largest and situated on a slight ridge behind fateral portion of branchiocardiac groove. Metabranchial regions relatively small, two-lobed, with a spinule on posterolateral portion of Inner lobe. Sub- branchial margin with a narrow border Paos- terior margin fairly wide, raised, with median third indented, A spioule at anterolateral corner of buccal frame, Muscle attachment scars only faintly marked an interior surface of cyrapace except for the two small depressions forming the gastric apo- demes, Third and fifth segments of male «hdomen each with a prominent median lobe and a4 spinuile at centre of cach of the lateral lobes, Fifth segment subrectatgular, with posterior angles slightly produced; median lohe apparently bearing a few scattered granules and with a spinule on anterior portion; lateral lobes obliquely sulcate and apparently ornamented by coarse granules. & JENKINS Fourth sezment of female abdomen with the lateral lohes slivhtly inflated and curved down- wards (iF abdomen was straightened behind crab) jind the surface nearly smooth except for a few, scatlensd weak granules; an obscure tubercle on anterior portion of median lobe, Measurenents: Holotype (P15631), length of carapace excluding rostrum, 13 mm; width of median part of carapace between lneae fronu- lice at level of mesobranchial regions, 12 mm- Paratype (P15632). length of carapace exclud- ing rostrum, 23 mm; length of rostrum (incom- plete), 3.6 mm; width of median part of cana- ace between Iinede hornolicue at level of meso- ranchial regions, 16 mm, The largest indi- vidual known is represented by an incomplete carapace (paratype P) 5638) approximately 1.3 times the size of that of ['15632, Remmaks: The precise arringement of the minor spinules on the carapace of P, pritehard/ is very Variable and the relief of the regions also ¥aries slightly in different specimens. FP. pritchard’ belongs to the PL envier specics-group and closely resembles P. pererdé and FP. alcecki, It seems slightly more similar to P. perterd than to P. alcock/, but is possibly uncestral ta both, tt differs fram P, perterai in the more rectangular shape of Ils carapace, ts more uplurned rostrum, und in the less pro- nounced sculpture of the mesobrunchiul regions. The posterior gastric pits are situated at about .50-—52 the length of the carapace m P. pritchardi, but at about .41—43 the length in FP pesterdi. As well, the fossil species his a prominent spine on the anterolateral lobe of the protogastric regions, while only a small lubercle ts sifuated in this position In P. petterdé, The fossil species differs from P. alcehi again in its more rectangular carapace, and if having longer supreorbital spines and many fewer spinules present on the branchial regions. P. alvocks has the posterior gastric pits situated at about .A3 the length of the curapace- P. pritchard: apparently differs from the Eocene or Paleocene Paromeler japonicus Fig. 3. A-G—Paremole pritchardi sp. nov. A, holotype, P15631, median par of carapace, dorsal view, x3; B, paral laters! part . P15632, median part of carapace, dorsal view, x2,5; C-D, paratype, P15637, carapace, with spinule(s) on lower corner of Lateral margin of orbit, left side, C, dorsal view, x3, D, lateral view, x3; E-F, paratype, P1566, fragment broken from lateral part of carupace, feft side, E, dorsal view, x3, PF, lateral view, x3; G, paratype, P15639, fragmentary rermaius of median part of carapace with rostrum and one supraorbital spine present, view of int- terior surface, x2, H—Paramole ef. pritchard? PISROG, fragment of median part of curipuce, view of interior sur- face, x24. I—Peromela perterd? (Geant 1905), Specimen C83, d. dorsal view, x1.4. A NEW FOSSIL HOMOLID CRAB 7 _< _ 4 2 . yO | = _ 3 RICHARD J, F. JENKINS (Yokoyama) jn lacking a distinct transverse ridge over the anterior part of each meso- branchial region and im bearing several additional spines. The dilferences which occur between FL japonicus and P. pritcherd!. and between these fossils and the modern species, FP. petterdi and P. alcocki, seem relatively minor and are indicative of an extremely stow rate Of evolitionary change. If this rate of change is at all comparable to rates of evolu. tionary change experienced by Paronpola prior to the Eocene or Paleocene, then the genus miy date from a moch carlier time, probably fram within the Mesozoic. The fossil record of the Homolidae extends back to the Late Juras- sic (Glaessner 1969), None of the other fossil venera of homolids yet described appears likely to be the direct ancestor of Parortela. Paromola cf. pritchardi Figs 3H & 4F Material; A fragment of the median part of a carapace, P15806, and a fragment of the lateral part of a carapace, P15805. Qccurrence: Both specimens from Gambier Limestone in quarry on section 606, hundred of Blanche; P15806 from a loose piece of rock 3.5 m below the ground surface. Age: Middle Early Miocene. Measurements: P15806, Width of median part of carapace between lineae homulicae, approxi- mately 13 mm. P1S805, height of lateral part of carapace approximately 8 mm, Remarks; These remains are too fragmentary to be positively identified to the level of species, but in all features closely resemble the corfes- ponding parts of P, pritcharsdi, Palaeoecology The abundance of planktonic foraminifers st the Gambier Limestone (though fot at the fossil decapod focality 12 kin West of Mount Gainbier) is indicative of an open marine environment of deposition (Ludbrook 196!). The scarcity of terrigenous detritus in the formation, particularly the middle member, shows that it accumulated |A very clear waters. Sleniler branching forms of bryozoans com- prise the major component of the limestone (Abele 1967), In the present day seas of fouthern Australia, living bryozoans alound at depths of 90-220 m, and their remains are accumulating, as sediments over wide arcas of the continental shell and the upper part of the continental slope (Conolly & von dev Borel 1967, Wass, Conolly & Maclotyre 1970), Many of these sediments strikingly resemble those composing (he Gambier Limestone in the kinds of bryezaans present, the proportions of foraminifers and other skeletal remains (such as Molluses, echinoids, and serpulid worms), their degree of sorting, and in the associated sedimentary structiires (ctulrrent ripples and mounds). It seems reasonable to suppose that the Gambier Limestone is a fossil equivalent nf these deposits and that Wt formed in waters of comparyble depth. (approximately 90 to 220 m), This View contrasts la some degree with that of Abele (1967) who noted that the shape ul certain foraminifers present in the forma- tion js characteristic of forms Which live attached to seaweed, He inferred that deposi- tian occurred between approximately 4h and 100 rm depth. The range of depth of deposition suggested aboye overlaps the depth range in which the extant species of Petramole are most frequently recorded, between approximately 100 and 500 Mi. Thus P. pritchardi probably lived at similar depths as modern meinbers of the venus. The living species to which the other fossil decapods known from the Gambier Limestone are most closely allied, also occur typically on the outer part of the continental shelf or on the upper part of the continental slope. Photographs of the sen bottom in the wreas just mentioned (Conolly & von der Borch 1967; Wass, Conolly & Macintyre, (970) show living bryozoans cocurring in forests and associated with spatiges, ur itore sparsely distributed on open areas of sediment, Peremoly seers well adapted to live In bryozoan forests, its long Fig. 4. A-E—Puremoala pritchardi sp. nov. A, paratype, P15643, hepatic region of carapace, sight side, with # spinule(s) on the part of the murgin corresponding to the afMterolateral corner of the buc- cal frame, lateral view, x2.5; B, paratype, P| 5635, incomplete Jaleral part of carapace, right side, lateral view, x3; C, paratype 3 P1564, tergite of third segment of abdomen, view af interior surface (fOp anterior), x6; D, paratype d, P15641, tergite of fifth sewnent of abdomen, view of interior surface (Lop anterior), x3; external surface (top anterlor), x2.9. paratype 9, P15634, tergile of fourth segment of abdomen, F—Paraniola cf. pritchardi PAS805, fragment of lateral part of carapace, left side, lateral view, x35. G-H—Paramole petterdl (arant, (905). Specimen C8], 2. G. anterior-ventral aspect, x6, H. dor- sal View, X2.5, : S) Q < = fe) = fe) Se el wn WA e) fo 3 jaa) Zz < 10 RICHARD J. F. JENKINS legs and high stance (Church 1971: fig. on p. 113) probably enabling it to step over the bryozoans. Acknowledgments The writer is indebted to Professor M. F. Glaessner, University of Adelaide, and Dr pod occurrences which they discovered; Pro- fessor Glaessner is also thanked for his con- structive criticism of the manuscript. Dr B. McGowran, University of Adelaide, kindly examined and provided age data on various foraminiferal samples. Mary Wade, Queensland Museum, for This research was supported by an Australian encouraging the study of several fossil deca~ Commonwealth Postgraduate Award. References ABELE, C. (1967).—Bryozoal sedimentation: IxHie, J. E. W. (1913).—Die Decapoda Brachyura Gambier Limestone. In: J. McAndrew, der Siboga—Expedition. I. Dromiacea. Siboga M. A. H. Marsden and B. Marshall, eds, Sum- mary papers for section C—Geology, 39th A.N.Z.A.A.S. Congress, Melbourne, January 1967, A7-A8. Atcock, A. (1899).—An account of the deep-sea Brachyura collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship “Investigator”. Calcutta. ALoocx, A. (1901).—Materials for a carcino- logical fauna of India, No. 5, The Brachyura Primigeria or Dromiacea. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 68, 3(3), 123-169. ALVAREZ, R. Z, (1968).—Crustaceous decApodos Ibéricos. Investigacién presq., Barcelona. BARNARD, K. H. (1946).—Descriptions of new species of South African Decapod Crustacea, with notes on synonomy and new records. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 13, 361-392. BARNARD, K. H. (1950).—Descriptive catalogue of South African decapod Crustacea. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 38, 1-837. BERGGREN, W. A. (1972).—A Cenozoic time- scale—some implications for regional geology and paleobiogeography. Lethaia 5, 195-215. Biow, W. H. (1970).—Validity of biostratigraphic correlations based on the Globigerinacea. Micropaleontology 16(3), 257-268. Bouvier, E. L. (1940).—Décapodes marcheurs. Faune Fr. 37. (Paul Lechevalier: Paris.) Cuurcu, R. (1971).—Deepstar explores the ocean floor. Natn. geogr. Mag. 139(1), 110-129. Cono_ty, J. R. & VON DER Borcu, C. C. (1967) — Sedimentation and physiography of the sea floor south of Australia. Sediment. Geol. 1(1), 181-220. Epmonpson, C. H. (1932).—A giant Latreillopsis from Hawaii. Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 9(24), 3-9. GLAESSNER, M. F. (1969).—Decapoda. Jn R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on invertebrate paleon- tology (R) Arthropoda 4 (2), R399-R533, AS552-R566, addendum R626-R628. Univer- sity of Kansas & Geological Society of America. Gorpon, I. (1950).—Crustacea Dromiacea. I. Systematic account of the Dromiacea collected by the “John Murray” expedition. II. The morphology of the spermatheca in certain Dromiacea. Scient. Rep. John Murray Exped. 9, 201-235, text-figs 1-26, pl. 1. GriFFIN, D. J. G. (1965).—A new species of Paromola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thelxio- pidae from New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 7(4), 85-91. Exped. 39b (71), 1-96, 1-4. Jenkins, D. G. (1967).—Planktonic foraminiferal zones and new taxa from the Lower Miocene to Pleistocene of New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 10(4), 1064-1078. Jenkins, R. J, F. (1974).—A new giant penguin from the Eocene of Australia. Palaeontology 17(2), 291-310. LupsBroox, N. H. (1961).—Stratigraphy of the Murray Basin in South Australia. Bull. geol. Surv. S. Aust. 36, 1-96. Lupsroox, N. H. (1969).—Tertiary Period. Jn: L. W. Parkin, ed., Handbook of South Aus- tralian geology. Geol. Surv. S. Aust. chapter 5, 172-203, figs 83-101. Lupsroox, N. H. & Linpsay, J. M. (1969).— Tertiary foraminiferal zones in South Aus- tralia. Jn: P, Brénnimann and H. H. Renz, eds, Proceedings of the first international con- ference on planktonic microfossils, Geneva, 1967, 2, 366-374. (Brill: Leiden.) McGowran, B. (1973)—Observation bore No. 2, Gambier Embayment of the Otway Basin: Tertiary micropalaeontology and stratigraphy. Mineral Resour. Rev., S. Aust. 135, 43-55. RATHBUN, M. J. (1937).—The Oxystomatous and allied crabs of America. Bull. U.S. natn, Mus. 166, 1-278 Saka, T. (1936).—Studies on the crabs of Japan. I. Dromiacea, Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Diag. (B) 3, Supp. |, 1-66. Spricc, R, C. (1952).—The Geology of the South- East province, South Australia, with special reference to Quaternary coast-line migrations and modern beach developments. Bull. geol. Surv. S. Aust. 29, 1-120. Wass, R. E., Conoity, J. R. & Macintyre, R. J. (1970).—Bryozoan carbonate sand con- tinuous along southern Australia. Marine Geol. 9(1), 63-73. Wixuiamson, D. I. (1965).—Some larval stages of three Australian crabs belonging to the families Homolidae and Raninidae, and obser- vations on the affinities of these families (Crustacea: Decapoda). Aust. J. mar. Fresh- wat, Res. 16, 369-397. Woopmason, J. & Atcock, A. (1891).—Natural history notes from H. M. Indian Marine Sur- vey steamer “Investigator”, Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R.N., commanding, No. 21. Note on the results of the least season’s deep-sea dredging, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)7, 1-19, 186-202, 258-272. WricHT, C. W. & Coxruins, J. S. H. (1972).— British Cretaceous crabs. Palaeontogr. Soc. [Monogr.], 114 pp. ASTRAEUS (COLEOPTRA: BUPRESTIDAE): A DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES AND NEW LOCALITY RECORDS BY S. BARKER Summary Three new species of the Australian buprestid genus Astraeus are described, and new data on the distribution of several species are presented. ASTRAEUS (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE): A DESCRIFTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES AND NEW LOCALITY RECORDS by S. BARKER* Summary Barxer, 8S. (1977).—Astraeus (Coleoptera: Buprestidac): a description of three new species and new locality records. Trans, R, Soe, §, Aust, WI(1), LI-14, 28 February, 1977, Three new species of the Australian buprestid genus Asirdeus are described, and new data un the distribution of several species are presented. Introduction Following my review of the genus As/raeus (Barker 1975) more material is available including three undescribed species and several range extensions. I have also referred to the work of Cobos (1955, 1973) who placed Astracus close to the newly defined tribe ACHERUSINI Cobos, which ocurs in South America, whereas | followed Carter (1929) in placing Astrdeus in the BUPRESTINI, As yet no information is available in the literature on the life history of Astraeus, because apart from the knowledge that the larvae are trunk and root borers and that many feed on Casuarine species, little is known of the biology of Astraeus, All specimens referred to are lodged in the collection of the South Australian Museum, New Locality Records Astracus (Depollus) irregularis van de Poll 3¢& 19 19 km E of Kimba, S, Aust. on Casuarina helmsi, 8. Barker, 291.1976. This is the first record of the species and sub- genus outside Western Australia to which | stated it was confined (Barker 1975, p. 107). Astracus (Astraeus) obscurus Barker 4a &1919 km E of Kimba, 8. Aust. on Casuarina helmsi, 8. Barker, (2.xi1,.1975; 3 & & 2 9 Pindar Mill, Tallering Stn, Pindar, W.A. on Casuarina dielsiana, S. Barker, 27.x1i.1975. This extends the range by approx. 500 km N and 1,300 km E. Astraeus (Astraens) smythi Barker 53 & 2% 4 km west of Glasshouse Moun- tains, Qld, on Casuarina littoralis, 8, Barker, 5.xi, 1975, Astraeus (Astraeus) watsoni Barker PIG. 4A 1 do, Badjaling, W-A. on Casuarina huege- liana, S, Barker, 20.xii.1975. Size. Male 10.9 x 3.9 mm. General remarks. A. watsent was described from female specimens. A male is now avail- able and its genitalia is figured below, On the basis of external features and shape of male genitalia this species shows closest allinity with A. macimillani, A, carnabyi, A, badeni, A, jan- soni, A, oberthuri and A, carteri, New Species Astraeus (Astraens) mourangeensis sp. nov. FIGS |, 4B Types. Holotype: ¢& 4 km SW Mourangee Stn, Edun- galba, Qld on Cuswarinu sp., B.E. & 8. Adams, 26,xii.1974, SAM FT 20 985. Allotype: ¢ 4 km SW Moitirangee Stn, Edun- galba, Qld on Casuarina sp, EE. & 8. Adams, 26.xi1.1974. SAM 1 20 986. Colour, Male. Head blue-green at the apex, dark blue ut the base and sides with golden reflections. Antennae blue-green with golden reflections, Pronotum wrquoise at the sides with golden reflections, dark blue in the middle with purple reflections. Elytra black with blue reflections, each elytron with the following yellow mark- ings: a basal spot; a clubbed-shaped fascia before the middle covering the humeral fold and running towards the suture but not touch- * Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, North Tce. Adelaide, S. Aust. 5000, 12 S. BARKER 5 mm Fig. 1. Astraeus mourangeensis sp. nov. ing it; a fascia after the middle touching the margin but not reaching the suture; a preapical spot. Undersurface dark metallic blue with blue reflections; Ist tarsal segment testaceous with dark brown tips; 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal seg- ments dark brown with metallic blue reflections on the supper surface; hairs silver. Female. Head black with blue and purple reflections, Antennae black with purple reflec- tions. Pronotum black with purple reflections in the middle, blue and purple reflections at the sides. Elytra as in the male except that the first fascia is broken to form two spots. Under- surface black with purple reflections. Legs: femur and tibia black with purple reflections; tarsi as in the male; hairs silver. Shape and sculpture. Head with even, shallow punctures; a thin median keel; hairy. Pronotum with shallow even punctures; with a thin median longitudinal glabrous line which extends forwards from the basal crypt but does not reach the middle, from its end a wide shallow depression extends forwards almost to the anterior margin; rounded at the sides from the base, tapered before the middle to the apex; apical edge rounded and projecting forwards in the middle; hairy. Elytra costate, the inter- vals flat; slightly concave at the sides from the base to before the middle then rounded and tapered to the marginal spine which is sharp but barely curved; humeral fold well developed, angled. Undersurface evenly punctured, the punctures shallow in the middle, slightly larger and deeper at the sides; sparsely haired. Over- all the body shape is long and narrow. Size. Male 6.6 x 2.7 mm. Female 8.0 x 2.9 mm. Distribution. Queensland. General remarks. On the basis of external morphology and shape of male genitalia this species shows closest affinity with A. mastersi and A. samouelli. A. mourangeensis differs from these species; in outline being compara- tively narrower; in colour of the head and pro- notum; in that only part of the first tarsal seg- ment is testaceous. Specimens examined. Types only. Astraeus (Astraeus) blackdownsensis sp. nov. FIG. 2 Type. Holotype: ? Blackdowns Tableland Forestry Reserve, Qld on Casuarina inophloia, 3.xi.1975, E.E. Adams & S. Barker. SAM 1 20 987. Colour. Female. Head blue-green. Antennae black with green and blue reflections. Pronotum with a heart-shaped dark purple mark in the centre, green at the anterior margins, blue laterally. Elytra black with the following yellow mark- ings on each elytron: a basal spot; a spot before the middle near the suture but not touching it; a fascia after the middle not touching the suture or lateral margin; a small preapical spot: on the margin a spot near the shoulder cover- ing the humeral fold, midway between this spot and the fascia there is a laterally elongate mark commencing at the margin and extending for four intervals between the costae. Under- surface: prosternum metallic blue-green, remaining undersurface and legs metallic blue; hairs silver. Shape and sculpture. Head uniformly and shallowly punctured; with a median longi- tudinal keel; hairy. Pronotum with shallow punctures in the middle, deeper and closer at the sides; a broad median longitudinal impressed line clearly defined at the apex run- THREE NEW SPECIES OF ASTRAELS 13 5mm A Fig. 2. Astracus hlackdownsensis sp. nov, ning 4 of the distance to the base; at the sides rounded and tapered from base to apex; hairy. Elytra costate, the intervals flat but slightly wrinkled; sides parallel to before the middle then gently rounded and tapered to the apex; marginal and sutural spines sharp and moderately Well-developed; humeral fold moderately developed and angled. Undersur- fuce evenly, shallowly but closely punctured; hairy. Size. Female 10,1 x 3.8 mm, Distribution. Queensland, General remarks. The elytral pattern is similar to A, watseni but the species differs being smaller, the elytral intervals are wrinkled and the body is comparatively hairless, It also differs in colour, Specimens examined, Type only. Astraeus (Astraeus) crockeri sp, nov, FIGS 3, 4C Types. Holotype: of Juranda rockhole 106 km § Balla- donia, W.A, on Callitris preissti, 15.xi1,1975, S. Barker. SAM I 20 988. Allotype: @ Juranda rockhole 106 km § Balla- donia, W.A. on Callitris preissii, 9.xti,1974, S. Barker, SAM T 20 989, Paratypes: 5 ¢ & 5 9 Juranda rockhole 106 km S Balladonia, W.A, on Callitris preitssii, 9.xi1,1974 & 15,.x11.1975, S. Barker. Colour. Head and pronotum metallic purple Antennae black with blue reflections. Elytra black with purple reflections, cach elytron with the following yellow markings: a basal spot: before the middle a fascia covering the humeral fold, concave towards the base and rumning close to the suture but not touching it; after the middle a fascia commencing on the margin concave towards the apex running towards the suture but not reaching it, Undersurface purple. Legs with blue and purple refiections, Hairs silver, 5mm Fis. 3. Astracus crocker! sp. nav l4 5. BARKER A B Cc LIimm Fig. 4. Outline diagram of dorsal surface of para- meres of male Astraeus (Astracus) species A: A. watsoni; B: A. mourangeensis; C: A. crockeri. Shape and sculpture. Head with shallow even punctures, no median keel, slightly excavated between the eyes, hairy. Pronotum with shallow even punctures, basal crypt very elongate and with a short impressed line projecting forwards from it and continuous with the basal end of a median Jongitudinal glabrous line which does not reach the anterior margin: at the sides rounded and tapered from base to apex; hairy. Elytra costate, the intervals flat; more or less parallel-sided from the base to the middle then rounded and tapered to the strongly developed marginal spine, sutural spine well developed; humeral fold moderately developed and angled. Undersurface shallowly but evenly punctured; hairy, Overall the body shape is rounded when seen from above. Size, Males 6,4 = 0,2 x 2.8 © 0.1 mm (6), Females 6.8 = 0.1 x 2.9 + 0.1 mm (6). Distribution. Southeast Western Australia. General remarks. On external characters this species shows closest affinity with A. badeni, although male genitalia are similar in shape to those of A. fraseriensis, It differs from A. hadeni in being smaller in size, the intervals between the costae on the elytra are smooth hence the elytra are shinier than in A. badeni in which the costal intervals are wrinkled. Also the humeral fold is better developed as are the marginal spines. The colour also differs. In the specimens of A. crockeri | have examined, none has q preapicul spot on each elytron although in A. badeni this is a variable character. Named after Mrs A. BE, Crocker, With the addition of the above new species the key to Astraeus (sensu stricto) (Barker 1975, pp. 114, 115) needs the following modi- fications. Add under the appropriate couplet— 6. Only ist tarsal segment testaceous mourangeensis sp. nov. 11. Head green, pronoltum with heart-shaped purple mark in centre, green in front, blue at sides — _ blackdownsensis sp. nov. 21. Humeral fold ipdorapely developed and angled* 4 _ crockeri sp. noy. * See Barker (1975) Fig. 1. Acknowledgments I am indebted: to Mr B. Levey for advice; to Mr G, F. Gross and Dr E. Matthews, South Australian Museum for advice and assistance; to Mrs A. E. Crocker and family, Balladonia Sin, W.A. and Mr E, EB. Adams and family of Mourangee Stn, Qld for hospitality and assis- tance; to Dr E, Wollaston, Department of Botany, University of Adelaide, for identitica- tion of plant specimens. I was in receipt of a grant from the Interim Council of the Aus- tralian Biological Resources Study, References Bareer, S, €1975)—Revision of the genus Astraens LaPorte & Gory (Coleoptera: Bup- restidae). Trans. R, Soc. S. Aust. 99, 105-142, Carter, H, J, (1929}).—A check list of the Aus- tralian Buprestidae Aust. Zool, 5, 265-304, Coros, A. (1955),—Hstudio sobre los Ptosionites de CH. Kerrernans (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Bull, fnst, R. Soe. Nat. Belg, 31, 1- Copos, A. (1973).—Revisién del género Tylau- chenia Burm., y afines (Coleoptera, Bupres- fitiae), Archiv. Inst. Aclimatacidn 18, 147- 173. EUCALYPTUS CYANOPHYLLA, A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND VICTORIA BY M. I. H. BROOKER Summary A new species of mallee eucalypt, belonging to series DUMOSAE, and distributed in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia and northwestern Victoria, is described and figured, and its affinities discussed. KLUCALYPTUS CYANOPHYLLA, A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND VICTORIA by M, I. H. Brooker* SUMMARY Beoower, M. 1, H. (1977) —Eucalyptus cyanophylla, a new species from South Australia and Victoria, Trans, A, Soe, §, Aust, WIL), 15-18, 28 February, 1977. A new species of mallee eucalypt, belonging to series DUMOSAE, and distributed in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia and northwestern Victoria, is described and figured, and its affinities discussed. Description Eucalyptus cyanophylly Brooker sp. (SLE:H).1 Figs 1-3. Eucalypio dumoso A.Curm, ex Schau, affinis a. qua foliis latioribus et schistacioribus, alabastils et fructibus grossioribus, et florescentia differt. Frutex “mallee” ad 6 m_altus, cortice basin versus fibroso, supra laevi. Glandulae oleosae in medulla. Lignotuberum formans. Cotyledones reni- formes, Folia plantulae petiolata, lanceolata vel ovala, 1-6 x 04-3 em, Folia juvenilia petiolata, ovata, atroviridia, 7-12 x 4—7 cm, Folia adulta petioluta, lato-lanceolata, schistucea vel glauca, 10-16 x 2-3 com. Inflorescentiae axillares 7(11)- florae. Pedunculi crassi, 05-12 em longi, Alabastra breviter pedicellata vel subsessilia, 0,8— 13 x O.5-0.8 om. Hypanthiurm cylindricum vel obconicum, rugosum vel costatum. Operculurm hemisphacricum Vel turbinatum, costatum. Fila- menta in alabastro primum erecta demum inflexa, Antherae oblongae vel obovatae, sub-basifixae, ver- satiles, in rimis longitudinalibus dehiscentes, Locul: 4-5, Ovula verticaliter eae Fructus cylindrica vel obconica, 0.7-! x 0.7-0.9 cm, rugosa vel costata. Discus declivis, Walvae non- exsertuc. Semina rufa, nituntia, reticulo non-pro- fundo, Holotypus ca, 3 km northeast of Berri, South Australia (34°)5'S, 140°37'R) B. Copley 3799, 5.viii. 1972 (ABD), Isotypus: FRI, A species with affinity to E, dyumosa A Cunn, ex Schau, but differing in the broader, bluer leaves, coarser buds and fruits, and in the flowering time (late summer-autumn for £. dumosa; Winter-spring for EB. cyanophylla), A mallee to 6 m tall with grey-brown, fibrous bark towards the base, smooth above. Oil glaids in pith, Capable of forming lignotubers, Ceryledons reniform, Seedling leaves petio- late, lanceolate to ovate, 1-6 x 04-3 cm. nov. Juvenile leaves petiolate, ovate, dark green, 7- 12 x 4-7 cm, Adult leaves petiolate, broad- lanceolate, bluish grey (o glaucous, 10-16 x 2-3 cm, Inflorescences axillary of 711) buds, Peduncles thick, 0.5-1.2 em long. Buds shortly pedicellate to subsessile, O.8—1.3 x 0,5-0.8 em, Hypanthium cylindrical or obeonical, rugose or ribbed, Operculum hemispherical or turbinate, ribbed, Filaments in bud at first erect then inflected. Anthers oblong to obovate, sub- basitixed, versatile, opening in Jongitudinal slits, Locules 4—5, Ovules in 4 vertical rows, Fruit cylindrical or obconical, 0,7—1 x O.7= 0.9 cm, rugose or ribbed. Dise sloping inwards, Valves to rim level, Seed red-brown, |ustrous, with a shallow reticulum. Collections examined: South Australia—Overland Corner, 2.xii.1913, J. B. Cleland (NSW): Ala- woona, Dec. 1913, J, B, Cleland (AD); Morgan- Renmark, July 1914, W. Gill (NSW); Berri, Jan, 1921, J, B, Cleland (AD); Mindarie, S.iv.1947, ©, D, Boomsma (Woods & Forests Dept Adelaide, FRI): Berri, 20.%.1962, B, Dangerfield (AD); udjucent to northwest corner of Berri Irrigation Area, 11.x%.1965, D. E. Symon 3789 (NSW); Winkie, Dalziel Rd, 23.xii.1967, B. Copley 1672 (AD, FRI); Renmark-Berri, 18.viii 1968, L A. S, Johnson (NSW 47194); 20 km from Barmera towards Overland Comer, 27.viii 1968, M, E, Phil- bps (NSW); | km N of Alawoona, 6.Vi.1970, . Anderson (AD): Overland Corner, Th vi.1970, A, G. Spooner (AD); Berri, July 1970, F. van der Sommen (FRI); 25.9 koi E of Waikerie on road to Kingston, 3.iv,1975, M. I. H. Brooker 4905 (FRI, AD, MEL, NSW, PERTH); 24 km yaw Karoonda, 24.vii.1975, F. van der Sommen tf ). + CSIRO Division of Forest Research. Banks St. Yarralumls. A.C.T. 2600. ' Code derived from Pryor & lohnsan (1971). 16 M. I. H. BROOKER Vig. 1. Eucalyptus cyanophylla sp. nov. A—Seedling, x .9. B, C—Buds and fruits from type, x .9. D, E Buds and fruit from Berri, July 1970, F. van der Sommen, x .9. F—Adult leaves, x .6. EUCALYPTUS CY ANOPHYLLA NEW SPECIES 7 Fig. 2. Eycalypiuy cyanophylla sp. nov. A—Anthers, x 15. B—Bud section, x 3. C— Ovules, x 14, D—Seed(s) and chaff (c), x 15. j38° @ Distrihution of E. cyanophytla o Fig. 3. Distribution of Eucalyptus ¢yanophylla sp, nov, Victoria—6.4 km § of Meringur, Apr. 1971, H. Gorge (NSW); ca. 2 km E of state border between Renmark and Mildura, 3.iv.1975, M. I. H. Brooker 4904 (FRI, MEL, AD, NSW, K). Discussion Eucalyptus cvanephylla is the species of the Murtay Mallee of South Australia and of northwestern Victoria (Fig. 3) which has been incorrectly referred to as EF. pileata Blakely by Burbidge (1947), Black (1952), and Willis (1972). The type of &, pileata is from Des- mond, Western Australia and the typical form extends eastwards as far as southern and western Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. Related forms on Yorke Peninsula should be interpreted as intergrades between E. pileata to the west and E. dumosa and E. anceps (Maid.) Blakely to the east. &. pileata differs strikingly from E£. cyanophylla in the narrower, bright green, glossy leaves which are often held more or less erect on the branchiets. Both &. pileata and E. cyanophylla belong in the series DUMOSAE (Pryor & Johnson 1971) which is segregated in the proposed subgenus Symphyomyrius by the association of several constant features, viz., reniform cotyledons; strict inflection of the staminal filaments each of which bears fertile, versatile anthers; glandu- lar pith; placentae with four vertical rows of oyvular structures; and lustrous, reddish seed with a shallow reticulum. These characters have been discussed by Carr & Carr (1969) and Brooker (1971, 1972). The species name is given for the con- spicuously blue-grey leaves which distinguish it from E. dumosa and other mallees growing 18 M. I. H. BROOKER near or within its area of distribution. Willis (1972) commented on the “silver aspect” of the trees so noticeable in the field. My observations agree with those of Mr C. D. Boomsma (pers. comm.) that E. dumosa does not ocur within the area of distribution although it overlaps along the margins as might be expected. Key A revision of part of Black’s Key (1952, pp. 616-617) for the South Australian species of the section DUMARIA (Pryor & Johnson 1971) is as follows: CC.1 Leaves alternate, thick and stiff. DD. Seed reddish-brown, lustrous with a shallow reticulum. EE. Buds and fruit quite sessile, hypanthium not wholly tapering if at all . E. conglobata EE. Buds and fruit subsessile to pedicellate, hypanthium tapering. FF. Leaves green, more or less glossy. GG, Buds and fruit more or less sessile, oper- culum conical to hemispherical, smooth or .Tibbed nates teeter E. anceps GG. buds and fruit pedicellate, operculum beaked or hemispherical, usually pro- minently ribbed ...........0....00..... E. pileata FF. Leaves grey-green or bluish gray, dull. HH. Leaves grey-green, 1-2 cm wide, Flower- ing in late sumer and autumn ................ E. dumosa HH. Leaves bluish grey 2—3 cm wide. Flower- ing in winter and spring ..........00.0...00..... E. cyanophylla DD. Seed grey and deeply pitted; or blackish- grey, more or less smooth on the dorsal side and with sharp ribs on the ventral side. Il. Seed grey and deeply pitted. JJ. Operculum flattened-hemispherical, as wide or wider than the hypanthium, hypanthium not conspicuously ribbed ........ E. concinna Jj. Operculum obtusely conical or hemispheri- cal and pointed, rarely as wide as, usually narrower than the hypanthium, hypanthium obscurely or conspicuously ribbed. KK. Fruit small, to 0.5 cm diameter, leaves narrow lanceolate .......... E. brachycalyx2 KK. Fruit larger, more than 0.6 cm diameter, leaves lanceolate .........-...0:n..06 E. rugosa II. Seed blackish-grey, more or less smooth on the dorsal side and with sharp ribs on the ventral side. LL. Fruit barrel-shaped, 1.5-2 cm long, pedi- cellate, smooth or with shallow ribbing; fruiting peduncle reflexed or rarely erect . E. pimpiniana LL: Fruit cylindrical or urceolate, 1-2 cm long, pedicellate or sessile, smooth, shallowly or coarsely ribbed; fruiting peduncle reflexed or erect. MM. Fruit pedicellate, cylindrical or urceo- late, 1-15 cm long, smooth or shallowly ribbed; fruiting peduncle erect or reflexed ............,. E. incrassata? MM. Fruit pedicellate or sessile, cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm _ long, ribbed; coarsely peduncle erect .. d .. E, angulosa CC.1! Leaves Pepatts, ‘Slagtons, hasigs: connate at Le : . E. gamophylla 1CC only, as in Black (1952). 2E. brachycalyx and E. rugosa are intergrading species. E. rugosa is usually coastal and is more robust in leaves, buds and fruit. 8. incrassata and E. angulosa are intergrading species. E. angulosa is usually coastal and is more robust in leaves, buds and fruit. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Mr C. D. Boomsma for his encouragement and assistance in the prepara- tion of this paper, and Mr G. Moss for the drawings and map. References Back, J. M. (1952).—‘‘Flora of South Australia.” Part 3, 523-683 (Govt Printer: Adelaide). Brooker, M. I. H. (1971).—Studies in the genus Eucalyptus, Series Dumosae. Nuytsia 1, 210- 216. Brooker, M. I. H. (1972).—Four new taxa of Eucalyptus from Western Australia. Nuytsia 1, 242-253. BursBipGe, N. T. 1947).—Key to the South Aus- tralian species of Eucalyptus, Trans. R. Soc, S. Aust. 71, 137-163. Carr, S. G. M. & Carr, D. J. (1969).—Oil glands and ducts in Eucalyptus L’Herit. I. The phloem and the pith. Aust. J. Bot. 17, 473- 513. Pryor, L. D. & JOHNSON, L. A. S. (1971).—“A Classification of the Eucalypts.” (Aust. Nat. Univ.: Canberra.) Wits, J. H. (1972).—“A Handbook to Plants in Victoria.” (Melb. Univ. Press: Melbourne.) THE GENUS CYCLOSTRONGYLUS JOHNSTON & MAWSON (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) BY PATRICIA M. MAAWSON Summary Cyclostrongylus is redefined. The type species of the genus Oesophagonastes (O. gallardi), is a synonym of C. wallabiae, so this genus falls and its species are transferred to Cyclostrongylus. Cyclostrongylus spp. Considered valid are C. wallabiae (type sp.), C. gallardi, C. kartana (s. O. kartana), C. leptos (s. O. leptos) and C. parma (s. O. parma). Of the three other species formerly assigned to Cyclostrongylus, C. clelandi belongs to another genus, C. dissimilus belongs to Macropostrongyloides, and C. medioannulatus (of which no specimen can be found) is regarded as sp. inq. THE GENUS CYCLOSTRONGYLUS JOHNSTON & MAWSON (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) by Patricia M, Mawson* Summary Mawson, P, M. (1977).—The genus Cyclostrongyluy Johnston & Mawson (Nematoda; Tricho- nematidae). Trans. R. Sue. 8S. Anse, W1(1), 19-20, 28 February, 1977. Cyclostrongyluy is redefined, The type species of the genus Oeswphagonastes (QO. vallurdi), is a synonym of C. wallabiae, so this genus falls and its species are transferred to Cyelo- stroneylus. Cyclostrangylus spp. considered valid are C. wallabiae (type sp.), C. gallardi, C. kartana (s. O. kartana), C. leptoy (s. O. leptos) and C. parma (s. O. parma). Of the three other species formerly assigned to Cyelostrongylus, C. clelandi belongs to another genus, C, dissimilis belongs to Macrapastrongyloides, and C, medieannulatus (of which no specimen can be found) is regarded as sp. ing. Introdoction The genus Cyclostroneyvlus Was erected in 1939 to include four species, C. wallabiae, C. clelandi, GC. gallardi and, doubtfully, C, dis- similis. C. medioannulatux was added by John- ston & Mawson (1940). These species were similar in having a cuticular collar waround the anteriot end, a deep buccal cavity and, in the first three, an oesophagus of distinctive shape. The Walls of the buccal cavily showed different degrees of thickening. The types of these species, and fresh material of C. dissimilix and C. clelandi, have been examined, and it is now possible to clarify the position of the genus. Results The most striking fact emerging from this study is that the type species of Cyclostrongylus (C. wallabiae) is identical with the type species of Cesephagonastes, O, gallardi (Johnston & Mawson 1942), described from the same host Species and from a relatively close locality in New South Wales, Qesophagonastes, now becomes a synonym of Cyclostronyylus, and the species assigned to Oesophagonastes must be transferred to Cyclostrongylus, Some of the species originally placed in Cyelostroneyluy vary considerably from the type, and are not now gonsidered as valid species of the genus. These are: C, clelandi in which the shape of the oesophagus and of the cephalic papillae are quite different, and in which the walls of the buccal cavity do not appear to be sclerotized at all. A new genus will be necessary for this species (in preparation). C. dissimilis described from a single damaged male specimen is now referred to Muacropo- wtrongyloides beewuse of the shape of the ocsophagus, tail, and bursa, It differs from other M. spp. in having very long spicules. The speci- men Was apparently moribund when collected, and the buccal, capsule is atypical, Several specimens of Mucropostrongyloides have recently been found in which the buccal cap- sule i in a similar condition. In the case of C. medioanhulatus, the speci- men labelled as type is a female Rugopharynx dustraliy, obviously placed in the tube in error. No representative of ©. medioanniilatus has been found, and the species must he regarded as a species inquirendum, A revised diagnosis of Cyclostrongylus and a key to the valid species follows. Trichonematidae: Small worms, anterior end with more or less well developed cuticular collar pierced by amphids and cephalic papil- lac; well developed usually transversely striated buccal capsule; ocsophagus with anterior cylin- drical part followed by constriction surrounded by nerve ring, before terminal bulb; cervical * Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, North Tce. Adelaide. S000. 20 PATRICIA M. MAWSON papillae setiform, near nerve ring. Male: bursa not deeply lobed, externo-dorsal ray arising separately or with laterals, dorsal ray bifurcate each branch giving off a lateral stem. Female: tail more or less conical, vulva near anus. Parasites of stomach or oesophagus of macropod marsupials. Type species C. wal- labiae Johnston & Mawson, 1939 (syn. Pharyn- gostrongylus gallardi Johnston & Mawson, 1942; Spirostrongylus gallardi: Mawson, 1955; Oesophagonastes_ gallardi: Mawson, 1965). From Macropus bicolor, N.S.W. Other species: C. gallardi Johnston & Mawson, 1939. From M. rufogriseus, N.S.W. C. kartana (Mawson 1955), (syn. Spiro- strongylus kartana; Oesophagonastes kar- tana: Mawson, 1965). From M. eugenii, S. Aust., and M. rufogriseus, Qld. C. leptos (Mawson 1965), (syn. Oesophago- nastes leptos). From Macropus dorsalis, Q\d. C. parma (Johnston & Mawson 1939), syn. Pharyngostrongylus parma; Spirostrongylus parma: Mawson, 1955; Oesophagonastes parma: Mawson, 1965. From Macropus parma, N.S.W. This genus differs from Rugopharynx Monnig mainly in the presence of a cuticular collar, in the shape of the oesophagus, and in the shape and character of the bursa. Key to species of Cyclostrongylus 1. Buccal capsule wall wider anteriorly than pos- 2 GOST OP EY: 83 ys 1,55 OG ee SERS ober Shes phe. Wall of buccal capsule not markedly wider PUENIOT NY | seca he Fld Ath Metis axtstin, atacanh ec 4 2. Cuticular collar not well developed ..................... C. parma Cuticular collar well developed ...............00.000.. 3 3. Buccal capsule short, about equal to its external diameter at anterior end .............. C. wallabiae Buccal capsule long, at least twice external diameter at anterior end ................ C. kartana 4. Cuticular collar well developed; buccal capsule wider than long ...................000006 C. gallardi Cuticular collar not well developed; buccal cap- sule wider than long ......................... C. leptos References JoHNsTon, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1939).— Strongylate nematodes from marsupials in New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 64, 514-536. JOHNSTON, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1940).—New and known nematodes from Australian mar- supials. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 65, 468-476. Jounston, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1942).—The Gallard Collection of parasitic nematodes in the Australian Museum. Rec. Aust. Mus. 21, 110-115. Mawson, P. M. (1965).—Notes on some species of nematodes from kangaroos and wallabies, including a new genus and three new species. Parasitol. 55, 145-162. REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY SPECIES ASCRIBED TO LIMATULA WOOD (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) BY M. F. BUONAIUTO Summary Limatula crebresquamata Tate (Late Eocene-Miocene) and Limatula jeffreysiana Tate (early Miocene) are revised. The Late Eocene L. margaritata sp. nov. and the Pliocene L. ludbrookae sp. nov. have hitherto been mistaken for L. jeffreysiana. The Early Pliocene L. subnodulosa Tate is shown to be a synonym of Limea (Gemellima) austrina Tate. A brief discussion and revision of the Tortachilla Limestone is given and a new procedure for S.E.M. photography is described. REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY SPECIES ASCRIBED TO LIMATULA WOOD (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) by M. F. BUoNAluToO* Summary Auwanaiuto, M. F, (1977).—Revision of the Australian Tertiary species ascribed to Limatula Wood (Mollusca, Bivalvia), Trans, R, See, S. Aust, 101(1), 21-33, 28 February, 1976. Limatula crebresquamata Tate (Late Eocene-Miocene) and Limatula jeffreyslana Tate {Barly Miocene) are revised. The Lute Rocene L. mergaritata sp. nov. and the Pliocene L, Ind- hroakae sp, nov. have hitherto been mistaken for L, jeffreysiana, The Early Pliocene L, sub- nodulosa Tate is shown to be a synonym of Limea (Gemellima) austrina Tate. A brief discus- sion and revision of the Tortachilla Limestone is given and a new procedure for §8,6.M. photography is described, Introduction Hitherto only three fossil species of Limatula Wood were known or recognized in the Aus- tralian Tertiary: L, jeffreysiana (Tate), now known to be Early Miocene in age, the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Lb, crebresquameata Tate, und the Early Pliocene Limarula sub- nodulasa Tate, here believed to be a worn specimen of Limea (Gemellima) austrina Tate. Observations made during a current revision of the Eocene Molluscan faunas have revealed that two specimens of the series of L, jeffreysiana borne on the tablet SAM T972. from Tate's collection, represent two other species: the Late Eocene L, mergaritata sp. nov, (T972-M) and the Pliocene L, ludbrookae sp. nov, (T972-D). The material here examined is in the Tate Collection and Molluse Collection housed in the South Australian Museum (SAM), which remains the property of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Ade- laide. Optimal S.E.M, results were obtained by pre- treating the specimens by exposure to osmium- tetraoxide vapour for twelve hours, followed hy coating with carbon and gold-palladium, Car- bon or silver dag or tragacanth glue did not influence the resultx, and problems of high charging were eliminated other than where there was iniperfect specimen-stub connection or coating, It produced excellent resolution even of very rough surfaces at high magnifica- tions, and represents an extreme simplification of Robertson’s (1971) technique, Systematic descriptions CLASS BIVALVIA Linné, 1758 SUBCLASS PTERIOMORPHIA Beurlen, 1944 ORDER PTERIOIDA Newell, 1965 SUBORDER PTERIINA Newell, 1965 SUPER- FAMILY LIMACEA Rafinesque, 1815 FAMILY LIMIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 GENUS Limatula Wood, 1839 Diagnosis, Shell small, oval, higher than long, inflated, Without Wmbonal ridges; auricles small, subequal; margins not gaping; hinge edentu- lous; ornaments of primary radial riblets and secondary concentric costellae, more conspicu- ous on the dorsal and ventral regions; concen- tric ornaments can develop into primary in the anterior and posterior regions; median sulcus can occur (after Cox & Hertlein, 1969, p. NGR9)., Limatula margaritata sp. nov, FIGS |, 6-9 Derivation of name. From the Latin mareari- tatus, beaded, because of its beaded ribs. Holotype. SAM P18343, figs 6-7, 9. Type-formation, Tortachilla Limestone, Late Eocene. * Department of Geology & Mineralogy, University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, 8. Aust. 5000. 22 M. F. BUONAIUTO Type-locality. Maslin Bay, Willunga Sub-Basin. St Vincent Basin. Material. 172 specimens (21 RV, 22 LV, 129 VV) generally very badly preserved; the topo- type SAM 1972-M from Tate’s collection, Description. Shell small, oval, higher than long, inflated, slightly inequilateral; umbo central, in- flated with little protruding orthogyrate beaks. Margins: anterior and posterior subelliptical, winged; ventral very elliptical. Margin connec- tions: postero-ventral imperceptible; antero- ventral rounded, angular. Auricles small, sub- equal, longer than high, with protruding ends. Longitudinal shell section convex with maxi- mum at the posterior ridge. Regions: anterior flatter and steep; posterior convex and steep; dorsal and ventral more convex and steeper to the ventral margin. Commissure region crenu- late. Cardinal area narrow and rather long, resilifer deep, hinge edentulous. Ornament. About 40 radial triangular costae with narrow trapezoid trough-shaped_inter- spaces, wider to the anterior and posterior regions. The costae fade to the auricles; marked concentric grooves separating concentric weak costellae; the costellae thicken to the auricles. Costa-costella intersections bear triangular beads. Auricles with concentric costellae and growth lines. Observations. This form was included by Tate in L. jeffreysiana which is Miocene. A topotype is mounted on the tablet SAM T972 labelled Limatula jeffreysiana (Tate). Distinctive differ- ences between the species are tabulated in the comparative synopsis in Table 1. The holotype, although rather juvenile, was chosen because it is the only specimen in a good state of pre- servation, and has a sure stratigraphic location. Stratigraphic range. Tortachilla Limestone to Blanche Point Transitional Marls (lowermost member of Blanche Point Marls); Late Eocene. Limatula jeffreysiana (Tate, 1885) FIGS 1-5 1877 Lima (Limatula) subauriculata Tenison Woods, p. 113 (non Montfort). 1885a Lima jeffreysiana Tate, p. 208 (nom. nud.). 1885a Lima subauriculata: Tate, p. 213 (non Montfort). 1885b Lima jeffreysiana Tate, p. 230. 1886 Lima (Lima- tula) jeffreysiana: Tate, p. 119, pl. 4, fig. 8 (pars). 1896 Limatula jeffreysiana: Pritchard, p. 128. 1897 Lima (Limatula) jeffreysiana: Harris, p. 311. 1899 Lima (Limatula) jeffreysiana: Tate, p. 273. 1924 Lima jeffreysiana: Marwick, p. 323. Material. 11 specimens (4 LV + 5 RV + 1 BV) generally well preserved. (SAM T1972 A-C, E-L; Coll. Tate.) Description. Like L. margaritata. Differs from it by greater height, less inflation, narrower ventral margin, by longer and narrow ears with more protruding ends. Ornament. 34-37 triangular thin radial ribs. more spiny on the ventral region, with broad concave to flattened interspaces, narrower on the dorso-ventral region. broader to the an- terior and posterior, where ribs fade to the auricles. Very fine growth lines; broadly inter- spaced concentric costellae, more marked in the anterior and posterior regions. Auricles with concentric costellae, Median radial sulcus shallow and observable only in younger speci- mens. Observations. The tablet SAM T972_ bears specimens of L. jeffreysiana (Tate), together with specimens here described as L. margaritata sp. nov. (T972-M) and L, ludbrookae sp. nov. (T972-D), Tenison Woods referred the species to the living L. subauriculata (Montfort, non Mon- tagu). Tate (1885a, 1885b) distinguished it as a new fossil species and remarked its close affinity with the living L. strangei Sowerby (MacPherson & Gabriel 1962, p. 308, fig. 3501; Cotton & Godfrey 1938, p. 108, fig. 97; this study, fig. 20-26). Later, Tate (1899) also referred to L. jeffreysiana a New Zealand fossil form, mistaken for the living L. bullata Born (Hutton 1873, p. 33). Marwick (1924, p. 323) separated the New Zealand form, that was later named by Finlay L. maoria (Finlay 1927, p. 454, figs 104-6). The holotype has not been located; it does not appear to be in the Tas- manian Museum, Hobart (Ludbrook 1967). The two specimens found in Tate’s collection are both juveniles and one (T972-L) is broken. Hence, it is here considered inappropriate to choose one of them as neotype. Distribution. Table Cape, Bass Basin (type); Muddy Creek, “Murray River” Snapper Point, Blanchetown, “Spring Creek”, Other localities Fig. 1. Tablet SAM T972 (Coll. Tate) bearing specimens of L. jeffreysiana (Tate). T972-D: a paratype of L. ludbrookae sp. nov.; T972-M: a topotype of L. margaritata sp. nov. (x 1.1). Figs 2-5. Limatula jeffreysiana (Tate), plesiotype (SAM T972-A), LV, Muddy Creek; (2) dorsal view (x 2); (3) ornaments, particular from ventral region (x 4); (4) anterior auricle (x 9.3); (5) umbonal region and posterior auricle (x 3.8). Fs « Ake ee TP Spreng Cre Cafan— “4 asa, S OF LIMATULA WOOD « nN alt Se. Leos os é ‘ —b Irnvecelon Adagio. SPECIE . Mas hike Cree Sef, S | ~ VF a tally appen Pe* uchi frum | la Name fey AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY [Z la 1.24 M. F. BUONAIUTO Figs 6-9. Limatula margaritata sp. nov., Maslin Bay; (6) Holotype, SAM P18343, RV, antero-dorsal view (x 14); (7) holotype, anterior view (x 15); (8) topotype, SAM T972-M (x 3.6); (9) ornaments, particular from holotype’s postero-ventral region (x 44). Figs 10-11. Limatula ludbrookae sp. nov.; SAM T972-D, Aldinga; (10) dorso-ventral view (x 6); (11) ornaments, particular from ventral region (x 16.2). AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY SPECIES OF LIMATULA WOOD Figs 12-15. Limea (Gemellima) austrina Tate, holotype of Limatula subnodulosa Tate, SAM T1799, Muddy Creek; (12) dorsal view (x 8); (13) interior view (x 8); (14) hinge and cardinal area (x 17); (15) ornaments, particular from dorsoventral region (x 20 c). Figs 16-19. Limatula crebresquamata Tate, holotype, SAM T978-A, “Spring Creek”; (16) dorsal view (x 3.75); (17) umbo and anterior auricle (x 11.25); (18) posterior auricle (x 11.25); (19) ornaments, particular from dorso-ventral region (x 15). M. F. BUONAIUTO Figs 20-26. Limatula strangei (Sowerby); (20) type figured by Cotton & Godfrey, SAM 15145, Hard- wicke Bay, South Australia, LV (x 1.2); (21) hinge and cardinal area, specimen SAM D9431-B (Coll. Verco) (x 15); (22) dorso-umbonal region, SAM D15146-A (x 10); (23) posterior auricle, SAM D15146-A (x 40); (24) anterior auricle, SAM D15146-A (x 40); (25) ventral region, SAM D15146-A (x 10); (26) ornaments, particular from the dorsoven- tral region, SAM D15146-A (x 80). 27 AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY SPECIES OF LIMATULA WOOD je11uUaA uO soul[ YJMO13 SeAo013 sautds [jews pur Jouajsod pue auy A19A pue spus prog ‘MoTTeYys oys AAA JBI JOUVE ay} 0} “sou ‘ds ANAOOMId Sulpnioid yum &q payeiedas YA iemsuriy = sapra‘padeys-7~ so paynyur yoys apyooigpn] ALV1 “MOE *13].10Ys SuIpej alow ael[a1soo auy ‘ey *peolg o¢ ‘daap ‘lamoleu sow Jayiel ‘]eao DINIDUTT aPT[a}sOo torajsod d1ua9u09 d¥T[aSOD UOISas [BI}UIA pure 1OlI3]Ue oy ANADOIN pue spua peysew erow pasedssajul ay} 0) Aurds =O} JapIM ‘pausley sel AIAdIWN Surpnsjoid yUM oO} gqndeaiad = ATPBOIg YIM Saul] a1ow Jeynsueiy 0} BABNUOD = aye punts faa fal -ATYVA JaMO1IBU “1asu0] wiOosj Ing SUIpEy YJAO13 auy AIBA ‘guy Iaylel (¢-pe ‘MoqTTRYS ‘yapeoig 883] yaly ‘]2Ao pinoy sajeos padeys FNAOOIN ART[9}SO9 IL} uOLAaYyS Sulse3q ATYVa -udDU09 pur spua SnOWO}OYIIP Japeoiq Jay10ys ae -ANAODODIIO Sulpnioid yA Sa] Bos saovjd sulos ul AWWSI[S padeys-A = payeyur = ‘[euosrqns pipwupnbsaiqasd ALVI MOLIBU PUe BUC] poy [jam puk saul] Mois = ‘uty ‘YSIYy AIA pp “ramoleu ‘d3aap AIA 01 [kao DINIVUT ap[[a}soo d14juasU0D SdA0013 Jolajsod pue auy puke spua Aq pajeiedas IOL9]UL 34} OF “sou ‘ds ANAO0F Surpnijoid yi a1qudaoied aey]aIsod = Papeaq ‘iejnsurin = japim ‘padeys- 7 —s paeyul woys pipiLipdio ALvV1 JAMOLIBU “JASU0] TMs 1nq Surpey ysipunos ‘auy ‘peoig dp ‘amolieu MoTpeYys asoul = Jaye ‘[eAO DINIDUT aay Jenbaqns UOIsayy S]USUTEUIQ sqry [eIpey saoedsioquy uoneguy aulyno saidadg ipjnguevlsy sieq IOLI3}SOg ainuesue;d jerpey pue 1olajuy uo sqry [eIPed SoustajavADYD jwasojoydiou fo sisdouds aatvsnduiay T ATaVL 28 M. F. BUONATUTO quoted by Dennant & Kitson (1903) are here omitted because specimens from those localities were not available for checking. Stratigraphic range. As known at present, Eatly to Middle Miocene (Quilty 1966; Ludbrook 1973). Limatnula tudbrookae sp. nov- FIGS |, 10-11. 27-38 Derivation of name, From Nelly Hooper Lud- brook of Adelaide for her devotion to Palae- ontology, Holotype. SAM P8360, figs 27-28. Type-formation. Dry Creek Sands (Late Plio- cene, Yatalan), Type-loeality, Salishury Bore, 1942, hd. Munna Para, sec. 4000), at 100 m depth. Material, \0 specimens from Salisbury Bore (6 LV +3 RV +1 VV); 1 LY specimen from Tate Collection (SAM T872-D}, Two hroken specimens from Abattoirs Bore- Deseriptian. Shel) oval, auriculated, very high and narrow, very inflated, sub-inequilateral; \imbones with small protruding and prosoclite beaks. Nonegapingt margins; anterodorsal and posterodorsal represented by two subequal auricles, longer than high; anterior subellip- tical very long; posterior very lony, slightly more ellrptical: yentral yery elliptical. Margin confections: ntenoranterodorsal and pos- lervor-posterodorsal angular and concave: others imperceptible, Longitudinal shell section, subtrapezoidal. yery convex, Regions: anterior and posterior very declivous, subconvex; dorsoventral con- vex, more gently declivous, Connections be- iween [he regions imperceptible. Cardinal area broad, longer than high, horizontally striated: resilifer triangular, broad, rather deep with curved margins. Hinge edentulous. Inner sep- tum below the cardinal plate, Interior with marked median rib and fine regular striae. Maonorniyariin, posterior scar at high middle posterior position near to the median mb. Pal- lial line marked, Commissure region smooth excep! on ventral margin where uw ts highly erenilated. Ortament. 29 triangular radial costae with broader trapezoidal interspaces. From the beak to the ventral (Malgin a marked broad median sulcus, Fine concentric growth lines; fine vrowth rugae in odult-senile stage. At costa- line/ruga intersections short spines. On the anterior and posterior region, the costae fade abruptly and the growth lines and rugae pre- demimate. Auricles with concentric yrowth Imes anid fugae, Observations, This form was initially mistaken by Tate for L, Jéeffreysiana, The juvenile SAM T972-D from Aldinga is broken at the umbo and is the only specitmen available from out- crop. A search in the uncatalogued part of Tate's collection still kept in the Departmeut of Geology and Mineralogy of the University of Auelaide, led to the discovery of 8 juveniles, 1 adult, and 1 semle specimen from Salisbury Bore, These specimens corroborate the: distine- tion of this form from ZL, jeffreysiana on the basis of rib and interspace shape and shell geo- metry. The senile was chosen as holotype be- cause of its perfect preservation, The specimen of L, jeffreysiana (Tate) reported by Reynolds (1953) in the Pliocene of Aldinga should be more probably referred to L, ludbrookae, Distribytion, St Vincent Basin} Aldinea Bay, Hallett Cove Sandstone; Abattoirs Hore. Salis- bury Bore (type), Dry Creek Sanets. Stratigraphic ringe. Yatalan (Late Pliocene}. Limutula crebresquamata (Tate 1399) FIGS 16-19 4 Mais Lime (ULiniwirla erebresyucrmeta Tate, p. Material, Three specimens borne on the tablet SAM T978 (3 LV): T978-A, the holotype hroken and glued up on the untero-ventral region; T978-B, well preserved, juvenile) TIT8-C, broken, with the dorsal region, the umbo und the aurictes missing. Description. Like the above described species, but differs by a shorter oval to subtrigonal out line, more inflation, and the occurrence of ribs on the unterier and posterior regions. Cardinal area narrow, longer than high, horizontally striated; resilifer triangular, concave, rather deep. Hinge edentulous. Interior with marked radial ribs and narrower interspaces, Pallial line and adductor scar imperceptible. Commis- Figs 27-34. L. ladbrowkae sp, nov., Salisbyry Bore; (27) Holotype (SAM P18360) dorsal view (x 22); (28) holotype, interior (x 2.2); (29) paratype (SAM PI83960) A/LV. darsal view (S 9): (30) Paratype (SAM PI8360B) LY, interior view (x 9); (31) pirnivpe (SAM PISSG0A) anterior auricle (x35); (32) paratype A, posterior auricle (xX 37), €33} para type B, cardinal urea (x 27); (44) paratype A, particular median sulcus (x 72) <—e eo _ |. hl SS - 2 Q e) fe) S NX <) » NN X = — a) i, e) n aa — ©) ea} oy an ~ ~ < fe a4 ea) & Z < = < [4 7 22) ~ < 32 M. F. BUONAIUTO Distribution. Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vin- cent, recent deposits; Muddy Creek, Grange Burn Coquina; Otway Basin; Limestone Creek, W. Victoria (fide Dennant). Stratigraphic range. Early Pliocene (Kalimnan)- Holocene. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Dr N. H. Ludbrook for con- tinuing advice and encouragement; to Dr B. McGowran (Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Adelaide), to S. Shafik (Department of Palaeontology, B.M.R., Canberra), and to J. M. Lindsay (S.A. Geo- logical Survey) for stratigraphic information. I would also like to thank Dr McGowran for reading the manuscript, Dr C. A. Fleming (New Zealand Geological Survey), whose interest in this group initiated this study, and the Director of the South Australian Museum for lending specimens studied. The work was carried out in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Adelaide, during tenure of a University Research Grant. This paper is dedicated to Mr B. C. Dawes, Ashland Oil, Canada, remembering our fruitful and stimulating discussions. References Cotron, B. C. & Goprrey, F. K. (1938).—The Molluscs of South Australia, Part 1. The Pele- cypoda. (Govt Printer: Adelaide.) Cox, L. R. & Hertiein, L. G. (1969).—Family Limidae. Jn Moore R. C. (Ed.) “Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6. Bivalvia’. 1. (University of Kansas & Geo- logical Society of America: New York.) DENNANT, J. & Kirson, A. E. (1903).—Catalogue of the described species of fossils (except Bryozoa and Foraminifera) in the Cainozoic fauna of Victoria, South Australia and Tas- mania. Rec. Geol. Surv. Vict., 1(2), 89-147. Fintay, H, J. (1927).—A further commentary on New Zealand Molluscan systematics. Trans. N.Z. Inst., 57, 320-485. GuILcHeR, A. (1953).—Essai sur la zonation et Ja distribution des formes littorales de dissolu- tion du calcaire. Ann. Géogr., 62, 161-179 Harris, G. F, (1897).—Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). Part 1. The einai nite Tertiary Mollusca. (Lon- don. Hutron, F. W. (1873).—Catalogue of the Ter- tiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand in the collection of the Colonial Museum. (Govt Printer: Wellington. ) IREDALE, T. (1929).—Mollusca from the Con- tinental Shelf of Eastern Australia. No. 2. Rec. Aust. Mus., 17(4), 157-189. Jaanusson, V. (1961). Discontinuity surfaces in Limestones. Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala, 40, 221-241. Jenkins, R. J. F. (1974).—A new giant penguin from the Eocene of Australia. Palaeont., 17(2), 291-310. Krawiec, W. (1971).—Solution hole breccias. Jn Multer, G. H. (Ed.) Field Guide to some car- bonate environments. Florida Keys and Bahamas. (Farleigh Dickinson University.) Linpsay, J. M. (1969).—Cainozoic foraminifera and stratigraphy of the Adelaide Plains Sub- basin, South Australia. Bull. Geol. Surv. S, Aust., 42, 1-60. Linpsay, J. M. & LupBrook, N. H. (1966).—The Aldingan Stage. Quart. Geol. Notes Geol. Surv, S. Aust., 19, 1-2 Lupsrook, N H. (1963).—Correlation of the Ter- tiary rocks of South Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 87, 5-15. Lupsroox, N. H. (1967),—Tertiary Molluscan types from Table Cape, in the Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tas., 101, 65-69. Lupsproox, N. H. (1973).—Distribution and stratigraphic utility of Cenozoic Molluscan faunas in Southern Australia. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 2nd ser. (Geol), Spec. Vol., 6, 241-261. McGowran, B., Harris, W. K. & Linpsay, J. M. (1970).—The Maslin Bay flora, South Aus- tralia. 1. Evidence for an early Middle Eocene age. N. jb. Geol. Paldéont. Mh., 1970 (8), 481- 485. McGowran, B., Linpsay, J. M. & Harris, W. K. (1971).—Attempted reconciliation of Tertiary biostratigraphic systems. Otway Basin. Jn H. Wopfner & J. G. Douglas (Eds), “The Otway Basin of southeastern Australia.” Special Bull., Geol. Survs. S. Aust., Vict., 273-281 Marwick, J. (1924).—An examination of some of the Tertiary Mollusca claimed to be com- mon to Australia and New Zealand. Rep. Aus- tralas, Ass, Ady. Sci., 16, 316-331. PrircHarD, G. B. (1896).—A revision of the fos- sil fauna of the Table Cape Beds, Tasmania, with description of the new species. Proc. R. Soc, Vict., 8, 74-150, Quitty, P. J. (1966).—The age of Tasmanian Marine Tertiary Rocks. Aust. J. Sci,, 29(5), 143-144. ReYNOLDs, M. A. (1953).—The Cainozoic succes- sion of Maslin and Aldinga Bays, South Aus- tralia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 76, 114-146. ROBERTSON, R. (1971).—Scanning electron micro- scopy of Planktonic Larval Marine Gastropod Shells. Veliger, 14, 1-13. Tate, R. (1885a).—Notes of a critical examina- tion of the Mollusca of the Older Tertiary of Tasmania, alleged to have living representa- tives. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tas. (1884), 207-214. TATE, R. (1885b).—Description of new species of Mollusca of the Upper Eocene Beds at Table Cape. Pap. Proc, R. Soc. Tas, (1884), 226- 231. AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY SPECIES OF LiIMATULA WOOD 33 Tate, RK. (1886)—The Lamellibranchs of the Older Tertiary of Australia, Part 1, Trans. Re Soc. 8. Aust., & 96-158. Tate, RK. (1887),—Description of some new species of South Australian marine and fresh- water Mollusca. Trans. R. Soc. 8. Ausr., 9 OR-TS Tare, R- €1899}—A revision of the Older Ter- vary Motlusea of Australia. Part 1. Trans. R- Sec. 8. Aust., 23, 249-277. Veroo, 1. C. (1907).—WNotes on South Australian Marine Mollusca, with description of new species—Part VIL, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 31, 305-315, Wrntworte, ©, K, (1939}-—Marine bench-form- ing processes: Pt. Ll, solution benching J. Geormorph,, 2(1), 3-25, Woons, J. E. (1877)—WNotes on the fossils referred to in the foregoing paper. Pap. Prac, R, Soc, Tas. (1876),91-116 Appendix Stratigraphical observations on Tortachilla Lime~ stone Reynolds, 1953 (Lower Aldingan Stage). A study of the lithostratigraphy of the fos- siliferous Eocene beds at Maslin Bay will be presented elsewhere. Meanwhile a summary is necessary for adequate stratigraphic characteriza- uon of Limaiula and other molluscs. The Tortachilla Limestone (Reynolds 1953) considered by Ludbrook & Lindsay (1966) and Ludbrook (1973) to be the lowest rock unit in the stratotype for the Aldingan stage (Late Eocene), displays erosional unconformities, The major un- conformity (Jenkins 1974, figs 1, 3) separating the lower member (Polyzoal Limestone Member of Reynolds) from the upper one (Blanche Poimt Glauconitic Limestone Member ot Reynolds), is a deeply pitted erosional surface on the topmost limestone in the Polyzoal Limestone. The abun- dant subvertical pits are filled by the pladconitic sands, in places cemented by sparite, of the Blanche Point Glauconitic Limestone Member. By analogy with the studies of Jaanusson (1961 p, 232 ef seq.), Krawiec (1971), pp. 128-31), and chiefly by Guilcher (1953) and Wentworth (1939) thrs unconformity could be interpreted as produced by sub-aerial dissolution of the emergent limestone, i.e. karst. The constant widespread occurrence of the pits can be explained in the negligible slope of the formation at the time of emergence, thus pre- venting the accumulation of beach deposits thick enough to protect the limestone from the action of erosive and dissolutive agents. The discovery of this karst surface leads to 4 stratigraphic revision of the Tortachilla Limestone, restricting the formation to its previous lower mem- ber and referring the Glauconitic Limestone Mem- ber to the Blanche Point Transitional Marls, to which it belongs in a new episode of sedimenta- tion. The record of this karst surface ts the evi- dence of a lacuna that covered a span of time still unascertainable but longer, however, than has been considered until now, A precise correlation of the Tortachilla Lime- stone in terms of planktonic foraminiferal zone is not yet possible, 5. Shafik (pers. comm. 1974) stated “the ranges of the few calcareous nannofossils extracted from Tortachilla Limestone are confined mainly to the Middle to Late Eocene", McGowran & Lindsay (pers, comm, 1974-5) und Ludbrook (1973) support a probable early Late Eocene age for this formation. Lindsay (1969) considered the undifferentiated deposits of Tortachilla Limestone (or its equivalent) and Blanche Point Transitional Marls, in the Adelaide Plains Sub-basin to be early in the Late Eocene. At present, the only two biostratigraphic con- trols on the older part of the section at Maslin Bay are; —the microfloral asemblage occurring in North Maslin Sands and belonging to the Proteacidites confragasus zone, earliest Middle Bocene in age McGowran, Harris, & Lindsay 1970), but pos- sibly latest Early Eocene (MeGowran pers, comm 1975}. — The Hanrkenina primitiva sub-zone occurring in the Transitional Marls at Maslin Bay, south- ward of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin", 80-115 cm above the described karst surface und estimated to be Mid-Late Eocene in age (McGowran, Lindsay & Harris 1971). DISTRIBUTION AND SEDIMENTS OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA BY A. J. BUTLER, A. M. DEPERS, S. C. MCKILLUP AND D. P. THOMAS Summary A survey of forests of the mangrove Avicennia marina in South Australia was conducted in summer, 1974-75. This paper describes the distribution of the forests and contains detailed maps of the major stands. Smear slides of the sediments have been examined and on this basis two geographically distinct types are identified. The dynamic relationship between the sediments and the organisms growing within them is discussed. Extinct mangrove swamps at three sites are described and the past distribution of mangroves is discussed. Finally we comment on the composition of the communities of organisms in South Australian mangrove swamps. DISTRIBUTION AND SEDIMENTS OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA by A. J. Butier,* A, M. Derers,7 S.C. McKitiupe* and D, P. THomast 5 inary Buriex, A. J., Deeers, A. M., McKitiue, 8. C. and Tuomas, D. P. (1977),—Distribution and sediments af mangrove forests ln South Australia. Trans. Ro Soc. §. Aust, 101(1), 35-44, 28 February, 1977. A survey of forests of the mangrove @vicennia marina in South Australia was conducted in slimmer, 1974-75. This paper describes the distribution of the forests and contains detailed maps of the major stands, Smear slides of the sediments have been examined and on this basis two geographically distinct types are identified. The dynamic relationship between the sedi- ments and the organisms growing within them js discussed. ExtincL mangrove swamps at three sites are described and the past distribution of mangroves is discussed. Finally we comment on the composition of the communities of organisms in South Australian mangrove swamps. Introduction Mangrove forests are most complex and luxuriant in the Wet tropics of the Indo-West- Pacific region (Macnae 1968), but extend onto desert shores and to latitudes at high as that of Westertiport Bay, Victoria (38°22'), South of the Queensland/New South Wales border there are Only two species of mangroves, Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculatum, and south of Sydney there is only Avicennia marina (Forst.) Vierh, (Macnae 1966), The stands of this species at Westernport Bay, Victoria, are the southern-most mangroves in the world. In South Australia, the flora and fauna of mangroves are briefly mentioned by Womersley & Edmonds (1958). Wester (1967)! surveyed the distribution of mangroves throughout South Australia using both aerial photographs and inspections on the ground. There is evidence that the South Australian mangroves have been more extensive than they are today; Cotton (1949) reported the exposure of an old man- grove mud-flat under the sand of the beach at * Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, N- Glenelg and he suggested that mangroves lived “until a comparatively short time ago’ as far south as Port Noarlunga, It has frequently been argued that South Australian mangrove forests are important com- munities in a number of ways, for example in the support of fisheries and the stabilization of sediments, and for these and other reasons steps have been taken to conserve them.* Whilst it is Clear that mangroves in various places in the world have such functions it is now obvious that “mangrove forests” occur in widely vary- ing conditions and vary considerably in their composition and functioning (Davis 1940, Thom 1967, Bird 1971, Carlton 1974, Lugo & Snedaker 1974, Walsh e al. 1975°). Thus it is desirable to obtain information, in South Aus- tralia, about the dynamics of mangrove ecosys- tems here. This paper is merely a preliminary step towards such knowledge, It is based on a sur- vey* with the following aims: to check the dis- tribution of mangroves In South Australia and Tee, Adelaide, § Aust, SODD. {Present address: Department of Geology, University of Wollangang, Wollongong, N-S.W. 2500, | Present address: Department of Botany, University of Adelaide, N. Tce,, Adelaide, S. Aust, 5000. 1 Wester, L. L. (1967),—The distribution of the mangrove in South Australia. B.A. {Hons.) thesis, University of Adelaide, Unpublished, * Butler, A. J.. Depers. A. M., McKillup, 8. ©. & Thomas, D. P. ((975).—The Conservation of Man- grove Swamps in South Australia. Report to the Nature Conservation Society of S.A, * Walsh, G, &., Snedaker, §. C. & Teas, H, J, (1975) (Bds).—Proceedings of the International Sym- posium on Biology and Management of Mangroves, Honolulu, October 1974. (Institute of Food and Agricultucul Sciences, University of Florida, Guinesville.) 36 A.J. BUTLER, A. M, DEPERS, S, C, McKILLUP and D. P. THOMAS ta record as well as possible their biota, the nature of the sediments jn which they grow, the condition of each forest in terms such as the health of the trees and whether the sedi- ment be accreting or eroding, the types of com- munities to landward and seaward, and human activities in and near mangrove forests. Ln general, it was beyond the scope of the project to seck explanations for our observations, This paper records the distribution of mangrove forests in South Australta at that time, obser- vations on the sediments, notes on past distri- bution and brief comments on the composition of mangrove communities, More detailed biological and general notes will be published elsewhere, Methods During the summer of 1974-75 almost all stands of mangroves in the State were visited at least once; selected areas were re-Visited for more detailed inspection. On these trips we were guided by copies of Wester’s! maps, and 4erial photographs! of most of the mangrove stands. In addition to stands recorded by Wester, we Visited several areas where they might have been anticipated to oceur. For each location, map accuracy was checked aguinst the 1972 aerial photographs and also by ground surveys. Notes were made of human activities, and of the types of habitats lying to landward and to seaward of the mangroves. Special note was taken of the health and size distributions of the (rees, the extent of leaf-damage, and apparent sedimentary processes al each frea. Sediment samples were collected and stored in polyethylene contatners. Preliminary tests for carbonate content were made In the field using dilute hydrochloric acid. In the laboratory, smears of the samples Were mounted on micrp- scope slides in Caedex resif and eXamined hy transmitted light at a maximeam of 400% map- nification, Surface scrapes and the sedimei smcars were examined for the presence of microfiora (digtoms, blue-green algae, other algae), and collectlons of animals were taken at each site. Observations and Discussion DISTRIBUTION Stands of Avicenaia marina oecur at the locations shown in Figure t. All are in sheltered sites as noted by Womersley & Edmonds (1958), The most extensive stands (Figs 2-8) are near Ceduna on nerth western Eyre Penin- sula, at Franklin Harbour on Spencer Gulf, aftound the heads of both Gulfs, and near both Port Pirte und Port Adelatide.” We found no evidence to extend the past distribution of mMungroves any further soth than the stand at Glenelg reported by Cotton (1949), SEDIMENTS Generally the South Australian mangroves grow in carbonate-rich sediments, but the per» centage carbonate varies considerably, both within and between mangrove communities, In 4 mangrove community the seaward side is flanked by extensive inicrtidal shell-grit sands with or without seagrasses (¢,2, Heterozostera or Posidonia) whilst to landward the man- groves are flanked by samphires and necusionally by extensive supratidal lagoons. Beach ridges of sheli-grit and dead Posidonia ure commonty found here, marking the posi- lion of a previous coastline, prior to large sea- level changes, Sediment types The mangrove sediments were classified according to depositional texture using Dun- ham’s (1962) classification, Two different types of mangrove sediments could be distinguished on the basis of grain- size, One, a wackestone-packstone-boundstone, is confined to Eyre Peninsula; the second, a boundstone, is found in northern and eastern Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent, (1) The wackestone - packstane - boundstone type of sedimenc was found in all the areas on Eyre Peninsula, from south of Whyalla to Davenport Creek. We shall refer to this as the “West Const” type. it geverally has particles in the clay to medium sand size category (Folk 1974, p. 25)_ Boundstone sediments are usually found within the mangroves away from tdal channels and ¢recks. They are covered by a mal of blue-green algae thal hinds the top 2-5 cm of sediment together. Laminue uf such algae eau be found in long-established sediments. The houndstone consists dominantly of clay to sill sized particles, The Wackeslone-packstone sedi ments are usually found closer to the main tidal channels where coarser purticles of silt to sund size are introduced durine the tides. 4 The aenal photographs were taken by the Deparcmend af Lends, S. Aust. in November (972, for the Fisheries Department, S. Aust. which gow holds them, "Maps of all sangrove stands are presented in Butler et al (1975)2, MANGROVE FORESTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 37 Toy . PT AUGUSTA FIG 49¥REDCLIFF. PT ATALA H \CEDUNA ACRAMAN CK “QySMOKY BAY STREAKY BAY \ SQIVENUS BAY Oo 20 40 60 8010 EE a KILOMETRES PT GERMEIN PT _ PIRIE FIG 5 PT BROUGHTON WALLAROO PT WAKEFIELD PRICES Yric 6 PT PRIME PT GAWLER FIG g@PT ADELAIDE @ ADELAIDE Fig. 1. Distribution of stands of Avicennia marina in South Australia, showing locations of stands mapped in Figs 2-8. They contain a lower percentage of clay sized particles, partly attributable to the winnowing effect of the tides; the tidal waters suspend the the fine material and whilst in suspension it is carried to the backwaters of the mangrove com- munity where it is deposited. The “West Coast” sediments consist dominantly of quartz, carbonate clay, algal and shell fragments, foraminifera and diatoms. Most of the quartz is rounded to sub-rounded, with some particles subangular (Powers 1953). The percentage of organic carbon, mainly decomposing mangrove and seagrass leaves, varies greatly with location within a given man- grove community, with depth in the sediment and between communities. Minor constituents are echinoid spines, aragonite rosettes and * needles, sponge spicules (silica), radiolarian tests (opaline silica) and minerals from the hinterland (e.g. amphiboles and feldspars). Due to the low-energy depositional environ- ment in which these sediments are found, it is deduced that the quartz is introduced from the extensive beaches and sand-dunes in or near the mangrove stands. These are, or were, environments of much higher energy. The quartz-grains are introduced into the mangrove community either by long-shore drift in the beach environment and then via tidal water, or else by saltation from the surrounding sand- dunes. Other constituents in the sediments find their way into the mangrove communities via tidal channels, or live and die on the sediments and hence are incorporated (e.g. diatoms). (2) The boundstone sediments found in Spen- cer Gulf north and east of Whyalla and in Gulf St Vincent, will be referred to as the “Gulf” type. The particles are predominantly of clay to fine silt size, although there is local varia- bility. These sediments too are covered by an algal mat. The major constituents are similar to those of the ‘““West Coast” sediments. How- ever, the quartz grains are rounded to sub- rounded and clear, whereas in “West Coast” sediments they usually have rutile and tourma- line needle inclusions. Some minor constituents, especially radiolarian tests and sponge spicules, A.J, BUTLER, A. M. DEPERS, 8. C. McKILLUP and D, P. THOMAS DENIAL BAY? NARDIA LANDING Fig. 3, Franklin Harbour, Spencer Gulf, are absent. The lack of minerals such as amphi- boles and feldspars, like the lack of inclusions in quartz grains, results from the absence of significant metamorphic rock sources in the hinterland of the ‘“\Gulf* areas. By comparison, the hinterland of the “West Coast” areas con- lains a variety of metamorphic (Glaessner & Parkin 1958). Areas studied in mere detail (1) At Port Gawler in Gulf St Vincent (Fig. 7), very rapid sedimentation, with a con- sequent relative drop in sea-level, has left a very thick pile of sediment in which the present well-established mangroves grow. Deep tidal channels supply the area with seawater. Near the present beach a new mangrove colony has become established, and from a series of aerial photographs it is clear that the lower-tide region of the beach has been progressively colonized within the last 10 years. Statistics from the smear slide results (Table |) show certain trends from colonizing man- groves to mature stands. Generally, quartz con- lent decreases as does the grain size of quartz (from medium sand size to fine silt size), car- bonate clay increases, the contents of algal and shell fragments decrease along with their grain size (medium sand size to medium silt size), and organic carbon increases. Clearly the trends are not statistically significant in several cases, because of wide variability. However, it was sources MANGROVE FORESTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 39 Fig. 4. Northern Spencer Gulf. not possible to obtain more data and it seems unwarranted to carry out a more complete statistical analysis of these data. The apparent trends suggest that as mangroves begin to colonize, usually in a shell-grit grainstone of fine sand size, the stabilizing effect of the trees and pneumatophores allows sedimentation of much smaller particles to commence. The final result is an algal-covered fine-grained sediment. The depositional texture of the sediments changes from grainstone to wackestone-pack- stone then to boundstone. A major factor in these changes would appear to be the activity of species of the blue green alga Oscillateria and the golden brown alga Vaucheria. fy werure > SAND DUNES er" Lt ARK Fig. 6. Northern Gulf St Vincent. All of the mangrove sediments are under- lain by a coarse grainstone composed of shell fragments from gastropods, bivalves and forams. The influence of this layer is not known, but we suggest that it is important in the growth of the mangroves. Being a coarse 40 A. J, BUTLER, A. M. DEPERS, S. C. McKILLUP and D. P. THOMAS TABLE 1 Statistics from examination of smear slides of sediments from S.A, mangroves Port GAWLER Type of No. of Algal + shell Org colony samples Quartz Clay fragments Forams Aragonite Cc Diatoms Others Juveniles up 10 Mean 37.00 14.90 42.30 1.50 0.20 2.70 1.40 0.00 to 50 cm high 8.D, 8.13 7.59 11.18 0.71 0.42 3.05 1.43 0.00 Saplings up to 5 Mean 37.00 8.60 45.60 4.00 2.00 2.01 0,80 0.00 2m high S.D. 13.51 9,24 2.88 3.67 1.73 2.73 0.84 0.00 Mature trees 12 Mean 30.00 28.33 24.58 1,27 0.42 13,75 2.09 0.00 2 m and more S.D. 13.98 18.56 13.65 0.37 0.66 9.32 2.02 0.00 DAVENPORT CREEK-CEDUNA Type of No. of Algal +- shell Org colony samples Quartz Clay fragments Forams Aragonite Cc Diatoms Others Juveniles up 2 Mean — 5.00 27.50 59.00 1.00 0.51 3.50 3.50 0.00 to 50 cm S.D. 0.00 3.54 2.83 0.00 0.70 2.12 2,12 0.00 Trees 2m 27 Mean 25.00 22.74 34.45 1,82 1.12 12.22 1,78 1.30 and more S.D. 22.63 15.67 27.46 1.84 1,74 12,92 1.88 2.30 —_—_ eee layer it is also very porous and permeable, so that seawater can move through it freely. This may be important in the functioning of the soil ecosystem and in the nutrient-balance of the trees, Within the mangrove stands deep burrowing by the crab Helograpsus haswellianus (White- legge) and other organisms, especially various polychaete worms, bioturbate the sediment extensively. The result is that the algal lamina- tions are destroyed and a mottled texture is commonly found in cross-sections of the sedi- ment. Through these crab holes the water is able to permeate. (2) In the Davenport Creek area near Ceduna (Fig. 2) extensive, mobile, carbonate-rich sand- dunes are present. These are very coarse- grained (medium sand to coarse sand size) and are composed of about 95% shell fragments and 5% rounded to sub-rounded medium sand size quartz. The prevailing southwesterly wind blows the dunes directly onto the mangrove community to the north-east of the beach, and the mangroves are gradually dying near the sand-dunes due to the “blanketing” movement of the dunes. Not far from its mouth the tidal channel called “Davenport Creek” has cut through the highly organic mud of a former mangrove forest which appears to have been killed by saltation with marine sand. The mangrove sediments from Davenport Creek are rich in carbonate and quartz (Table 1). Except for the variation in organic carbon the changes from colonizing to mature stands are less clear, but we assume that a process like that described in (1) above occurs here. The sediments here are much coarser-grained than at Port Gawler, and again a coarse grainstone underlies the mangrove sediments. In the tidal channels, extensive burrowing by polychaete worms has left a mound-covered terrace, not seen in any of the other areas studied, but the crab Helograpsus is rare; this seems to be general for “West Coast” sedi- ments. Within the mangroves are to be found a series of stranded beach ridges (probably cheniers). Since these represent previous shore- lines (the ridges are built up during storms and contain extensive beds of dead Posidonia sp.) we infer that this area has been subjected to a number of sea-level changes. There are three such ridges visible and probably several more buried under the dunes. They are grainstones composed of coarse gastropod-bivalve-shell fragments, now overlain by a soil profile sup- porting small bushes and grasses. Similar stranded beach ridges are found in the other Mangrove areas (e.g. Yatala Harbour, Port Pirie, Port Gawler). (3) Yatala Harbour, south of Red Cliff Point in Spencer Gulf (Fig. 4) was studied in detail prior to this survey.6 This area exemplifies the “Gulf” type of sediment described above. ee eSeeeeSFSFSsSSSSSSmmsFhFhFesesesese 8 Depers, A. M. (1974).—Sedimentary facies at Yatala Harbour and a geochemical comparison with Port Pirie sediments, Spencer Gulf, S.A. B.Sc. (Hons.) thesis, University of Adelaide. Unpublished. MANGROVE FORESTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 4) a Mature COLONISING Ez, DEAD i CONSERVATION PARK SAND DUNES hip. 7. Middle Beach und Port Gawler, Gulf St Vincent, Fig. 8. Port Adelaide, Gulf St Vincent. A thin sequence of Holocene sediments occurs in a prograding carbonate shoreline. To seaward, the area is flanked by shell-grit grain- stones and Heterozostera seagrass banks; in deeper water are banks of Posidania seagrass. On the landward side are extensive supratidal carbonate lagoons and samphires. The mangroves grow in grey sediments con- sisting of from 60% to 100% carbonate mud as estimated by areas on smear slides. Terri- genous clay can be as high as 35% and organic matter up to 20%. Smear slides of the sedi- ments show that the carbonate is dominantly precipitated calcite rhombs (45-87%) with minor aragonite rosettes (<1%) and some dolomite rhombs (<1%). The remainder of the carbonate fraction (6—30%) consists of mainly algal fragments and smaller amounts of foraminifera, echinoid spines and bryozoan fragments. Most of the particles are clay to medium silt sized. Quartz grains are generally rounded to sub-rounded, with the occasional ungular grain present. Similar sediments have also been found at Port Pirie. The algal mats which grow on bare mud and hold the surface sediments together are par- tially laminated in section. Subaerial exposure causes them to crack and curl, The mud crab Helograpsus plays an important role in_ bio- turbating the sediment. The tidal channels are lurge and usually contuin water at low tide. Some of the channels are very rich in decaying organic matter, especially masses of dead leaves of Poxidonia sp., and smell strongly of hydro- gen sulphide. In one channel, 12 cm of solid 42 A, J. BUTLER, A. M. DEPERS, 8. ©. McKILLUP and BD. P, THOMAS black peat was found, The tidal channels com- Monly contain 4 channel-lag wackestone, Cons sisting of a concentration of bivalve and gas- tropod shells. Extine Mangrave Stands Extinct mangrove stands have been recorded al Cilenela (Cotton 1949), at Webb Beach near Parham, and at Davenport Creek (above). We examined only one, Baker's Creek at Webb Beach, in any detail, Here we fouind two well preserved platforms of sediment bound by algal mats, one overlying the other with about 15 em of shell fragment grainstone between them, Dead tree slumps Jie within the platforms. Smear slides showed that the sediments gre similar in composition to those found in other areas, Both are carbomate-rich; they are extremely cich in organic carbon, and this is true of all the extinct stands we have seen. Prebably the algal layer protects the sediment and, because it does not break apart, decam- position is extremely slow, There is some evidence of considerable sea level changes in this area (S, Curr, pers. comm.; Ward & Jessup 1965) and the presence of two mud platforms one above the other may also indicate such changes, But the evidence from the extinct mangrove platforms is not conclusive, because Mangroves can live over a range of altitudes in the interlidal zouc (But- jer unpubl, ), To the south of the extinct stand is a small stand of living mangroves in a fidal channel relatively protected fram the dominant sen swell, The deaths of the two Webb Beiich stands seem likely to be che result of encreachnenc of shell-grit facies over the mangrove bound- stone. Extensive dunes on the landward sicte also Could have had an effect on the mangroves. Sedimentary Dynamics—Conclusion Within the mangrove community, a dynamic relationship exists between the sedinient and the plants growing in and on it, Some sediment must be present for colonization by the plants, but once they have colonized rootlets, pneu- matophores and algal mats stabilize the sedi- ment; algal mats Facilitate the entrapment aud precipitation ef carbonate grains (Buthurst L971: Carlen (974; Gebelein 1969: Neumann et al, 1970; Seoffin 1970), This relatlonship is a delicate one, a4 Gach supports the other, It is clear that the persistence of a mangrove forest Jepends greatly on sedimetitary pro- cesses, There are places (2g. Part Clinton) where erosion of the sediment is leaving the trees Withoul Support and they are dying with: out replacement. In others (e.g. part of Daven- port Creck) saltation or encroachment by dunes is Killing the forests; it appears that in sume such cases mature trees survive but seed- lings eannot establish, so that the forest eventually disappears, We cannot cite clear cases OF the opposite, where death of man- Broves results in erosion of the sediment, but is possible, EXTINCT MANGROVE FORESTS, AND NOTES ON HISTORY We have found sheets of mangrove mud con- taining dead stumips at Davenport Creek, west of Ceduna, and al Webb Beach, Gulf St Vin- cemt. Cotton (194%) reported such a mudflat briefly exposed at Glenelg, and suggested “from fauital studies” that mangroves existed “until a comparatively short time ago” as far south as Port Noarfunga- Cotton postulated that mangroves are gradually relreating northwards in Giulf St Vincent. Independently of that, he also surge fested because some of the mollusc shelly in the mud were larger than present-day specl- mens that when the forest at Glenelg Auurished conditions were a little warmer than at present, We have found, in conversation, a poptilar local belief thal mangroves are retreating northwards because conditions are becoming cooler, so that they cannot survave further south. We do wot think this is the best inter- ‘pretation of the facts. The distribution of the known extinct stands &% nol consistent wilh uw simple retreal up the Guilt. Cotton postulated that the mungrove forest at Glenelg Was contemporary with the red sund-dunes which lay behind the recent, White dunes and that it fourished 1000-3000 years ngo, finally being killed by “sand-silting™, As noted atrove. we think that the death or reduction of forests in several ureas cau be explained mm terms of sedimentary proccsses-— encroachment by dines, saltation or erosion, It is beyond the scope of this paper to dis- cuss broad pallerns of changes in sea level, climate, wind, wave and current pallerns and coastal morphology into which these cases might fit, but we think im clearly not u simple case of mangroves retreating north as the climate Cools. That would be Inconsistent with the tact that they @ecur much further soulh at Westernport Bay, Victoria, Ruther, we see mon- graves us living i very dynamic sediments with MANGROVE PORESTS IN SOUTH ALISTRALIA 43 siltation, saltation and erosion taking place in different stands according to the local condi- tions at this time. We have also encountered (“popular belief” that mangroves were much more extensive in South Australia oo the arrival of while settlers than they ure now, for exumple, that they occupied the beach at Glenelg and occurred at Port Noarlunga. It is said they were cleared because people feared malaria. This belief may be accounted for by a misreading of Cotton's (1949) paper, by a misidentification of the plants, or by its being true, We decided to find what we could from the writings of early seutlers. Cotton (1949) noted thut “a sketeh of [Lhe Cilenele) area by Colonel Light in about 1835 depicts the beach pretly well as aft present’, Light (1839: also quoted by Bull 1884) gave a bearing and latitude which clearly placed him off Ouler Harbour when he noted “to the north- ward and eustward mangroves growing Lo the water's edge”. These must have been the man- eroves of Torrens Island, St Kilda and north- wurds tu Port Gawler, At another time sailing northward long Holdfast Bay he recorded “hurd sandy beach the whole way", Certainly extensive areas of tidal swamps in the Port Adelaide revion und to the south have heen filled 7 Much of this has been dene within reeent memory, bul the beach at Glenelg Way not creattd in this way; the mangroves there appear to have been buried more than 130 veurs ago. We cannol be surc about Port Noarlunga, COMMUNITIES GF ORGANISMS IN S.A. MANGROVE SWAMPS Lists of Mory and fauna collected will be presented elsewhere but the following remarks bused on those lists are worth recording here, We [our no trends across the State that would be ipteresting, biogeographieully: rather, any of the species could be expected if con- ditions Were appropriate, This is not surprising, ug all the mangrove forests Fall within the Flin- dersian Province defined by Womersley & Bdimoands (L958). By definition, A vicennia Was always present; mast commonly there was an extensive Saltmarsh to landward, dominated hy Salieornia or with Salicornia and Arthree- yeni codominunt, snd bare mud Mats or sea- aiass beds usually lay to seaward of the man- proves, The fauna vaned between sites, Ij doves not appear that there is a unique assemblage of organisms which might be called a “typical South Australian mangrove com- munity", Le. an assemblage of species which nearly always oo¢ur together. Even the animal species most commonly associated with man- proves, such as the crab Aclograpius lNay- welliaays unc the snail Bombiciunt auratus, are somelimes rare Or absent, and they do oecur commonty in the absence of mangroves, These observations mdicate that the distribu- lion and abundance of species in the tidal swamps depends primarily on the requirements of the individual species, and on Factors such as substrate type and height of scdiment above mean sea level, rather than on the presence of the mangrove itsell. Uhis is in yeneral agree- ment with the conclusions of Clarke & Hannon (1971) on plant zonation in tidal swamps. in the Sydney district, and of Macnae (1968) on the distribution of animals within mangrove forests. All aureus of owngroves in South Australia have features in common, because A virerinia pueine has certain requirements (Clarke & Hannon 1967, 1964, L970, 1971; Farrell & Ashton 1974"), But the mangrove is Aexible in ils requirements and ip mast respects if appears tu have wide tolerances. This is reflected in the variable communities of organisms that live wilh it, Keferences Barursr, ROG ©. (1971) —"Carbonute seudt- ments and when dingenesis.” (Elsevier: Am- Srerdam, ) fieb, F.C. PF. (1971).-—Mangraves hiilders ler Nae. 8B, 189-197. as Tand- Ruut, J, W. (1k84).—"'barly experiences of life in South Australia, sid an Extended Colonial History,” (Wigs: Adeluide,) Camron, 1M. (1974),—Land-building and slabization by mangroves. Kavi, Conser- vation U4), 285-244, a 7 Mangroves ro the south of North Arm, and along creeks south of (he docks at Port Adelaide, cun he seen an 19235 aerial photographs held by the Geography Depr, University of Adelaide, Eden Area (Adelaide Sj vey) (9-11-35) Frames 03894,5.7.8.9 and 03918, 19,20.) vertul phatovraphy (RAAF Mew! af these have been filled: thus they ure absent from our Fig. 8. Fig. 8 shows those filled since 1967. ‘Farell, Mot & Ashton, BH. 11974) -—Eny ronment! factors ulfecting Me growth und extablish- ment of marigroves oy Westernport Bay (Report te Westernpor! Bay Enyironmental Study, Mel- hau. November 19741). 44 A. J. BUTLER, A. M. DEPERS, S.C. McKILLUP and D. P, THOMAS Crarke, L. D. & HANNON, N. J. (1967).—The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. I. Vegetation, soils and climate. J, Ecol. 55, 753-771. Crarke, L, D. & Hannon, N. J. (1969).—The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. 11. The holocoenotic complex with particular reference to physio- graphy. J. Ecol. 57, 213-234. CiarRKe, L. D. & Hannon, N. J. (1970).—The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. IM. Plant growth in relation to salinity and waterlogging. J. Ecol. 58, 351-369, Ciarke, L. D. & Hannon, N. J. (1971)—The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. TV. The significance of Species interaction. J. Ecol, 59, 535-553. Corron, B. C. (1949).—An old mangrove mud- flat exposed by wave scouring at Glenelg, dey Australia. Trans. R. Soc, §. Aust. 73, 59-61. Davis, J. H. (Jr.) (1940).—The ecology and geo- logic role of mangroves in Florida. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pap, Tortugas Laboratory, 32, 305-412. DunuHaM, R. J. (1962).—Classification of carhon- ate rocks according to depositional texture. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol, Mem, 1, 108-120. Fork, R. L. (1974).—“Petrology of sedimentary rocks.” (Hemphill: Austin, Texas.) Gesetem, C. D. (1968).—Distribution, morpho- logy, and accretion rate of recent subtidal algal stromatolites, Bermuda. J. Sed. Petrol. 39, 49-69, Graessner, M. F, & Parkin, L, W. (Eds.) (1958). —The Geology of South Australia.” (Mel- bourne University Press: Melbourne.) Licgut, W. (1839)—*A brief journal of the pro- ceedings of William Light, late Surveyor General of the province of South Australia: with a few remarks on some of the objections that have been made to them.” (MacDougal: Adelaide.) Luco, A. BE. & SNEDAKER, S.C. (1974).—The eco- logy of mangroves. Ann. Rey. Ecol. Syst, 5, 39-64, MAcNak, W. (1966).—Mangroves in Eastern and Southern Australia, dust. J. Bot. 14, 67-104, MAcNAE, W. (1968)—A general account of the fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the Indo-West-Pacific region. Adv. Mar. Bial, @, 73-270. Neumann, A. C,, GEBELEIN, C. D. & Scorrin, T.P. (1970).—The composition, structure and erodability of subtidal mats, Abaco. Bahamas. J. Sed. Petrol. 40, 273-297. Powers, M. C. (1953).—A new roundness scale for sedimentary particles. J, Sed. Petrol. 23, 117-119, ScorFin, T, P. (1970),—The trapping and binding of subtidal carbonate sediments by marine vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas. J. Sed. Petrol, 40, 249-273. THom., B. G. (1967).—Mangrove ecology and del- taic geomorphology: Tabasco, Mexico, J, Ecol, 55, 301-343. Womers.ey, H. B.S. & EpMonpbs, S. J. (1958).— A general account of the intertidal ecology of South Australian coasts, Aust. J. mar. fresh- wat. Res. 9(2), 217-260. Warp, W. T. & Jessup, R. W. (1965)—Changes of sea-level in southern Australia, Nature 205, 791-792_ THE AGE OF AYERS ROCK AND THE OLGAS, CENTRAL AUSTRALIA BY C. R. TWINDALE AND W. K. HARRIS Summary Large areas of the desert plains of the southwestern part of the Amadeus Basin, central Australia, are underlain by Cainozoic terrestrial deposits which rest on an irregular land surface eroded in folded Proterozoic and Cambrian strata. This pre Cainozoic surface embraces the broad massifs now surmounted by the Olgas and Ayers Rock, and the broad bedrock depression separating the two, as well as many minor valleys and hills. The main depression is part of an ancient valley system which drained to the southwest. THE AGE OF AYERS ROCK AND THE OLGAS, CENTRAL AUSTRALIA by C. R, Twipave* and W, K. Harrist Swinmary Twroane, ©. R. & Harris, W. K. (1977). —The age of Ayers Rock and the Olgas, central Aus- tralia. Trany. R. Soe. §. Ause. W1(1), 45-50, 28 February, 1977. Large areas of the desert plains of the southwestern part of the Amadeus Basin. central Australia, are underlain by Cainozoic terrestrial deposits which rest on an irregular land surface edded in folded Proterozoic and Cambrian strala, This pre Cainozoic surface embraces the broad massife now surmounted by the Olgas and Ayers Rock, ahd the broud bedrock depression sepiraling the Lwo, ws Well as many minor valleys and hills. The main depression is part of am uncient valley systern which drained to the southwest. The lower parts of the old landscape have been buried by lacustrine, alluvial und acolian sediments. The age of the basal Cainyzoic strata deposited in the lower parts of the old relief provides a minimum age for the erosional surface including the upland precursors of the comlemporiury inselbergs, though it is emphnsised that the present steep-sided morphology of these bornhardts is a comparatively recent development. Palynological evidence from carbonaceous sediments lying directly on the old lund surface indicates « Middle Paleocene age. Thus the Olgas and Ayers Rock viewed as upland masses canoot be younger than this, and probably evolved during the later Cretaceous, They were Upland remnunts standing above a late Cretaceous surface of low relief that extended over wide areas of central Australia, the northern Flinders Ranges and northwest Queensland. Introduction Since their discovery by Buropeans just over a hundred years ago (Gosse 1874, Giles 1875, 1889), Ayers Rock and the Olgas complex have fascinated earth scientists and the lay public alike. Both uplands are bornhardts or domed inselbergs (Figs 1 and 2). Ayers Rock is a single, isolated, monolithic dome thal stands 877 m above sealevel and 340-350 m above the surrounding desert plains (Fig. 3), The Olgas, on the other hand, consist af a group of topographic domes of varied mor- pholagy, some being hemispherical, others towers with rounded crests, and yet others are the pitons emoussées or bevelled towers. of the French literature (¢.g. Mainguet 1972), The highest, Mt Olga itself, rises 1,069 m ahove sealevel and SQ0-550 m above the plain level. Both inselbergs are noteworthy by virtue of their size alone, but they gain further dramatic impact from their splendid isolation, from the steepness and intricate etching of their bound- ing slopes and their consequent abrupt rise from the surrounding essentially flat desert plains, and from the marked contrast between the latter and these towering red massifs. From a geomorphological point of view the bornhardts are unusual in thal they are both eroded from folded sedimentary formations, Bornhardts developed in granitic rocks are fairly commonplace and Widely distributed (see Wilhelmy 1958; Twidale 1971, 1976a) but Ayers Rock has been sculptured from very steeply dipping Cambrian arkose, and the Olgas group from the moderately dipping, mas- sive and coarse Mount Currie Conglomerate of the same age (Tate & Watt 1896, Jokilk 1952, Forman 1966, Wells ct ul, 1970), deposited in the piedmont of the Musgrave Block, and with- in the intracratonic Amadeus Basin (Fig. 2). The processes responsible for shaping these spectacular Jandforms have been discussed else- where (Twidale 1977, Twidale & Bourne 1977), However the age of the inselbergs as topographic forms, as ef any landforms, is critical, for this provides a framework for the climatic and tectonic conditions under which the features evolved, and an essential perspec- * Depariment of Geouraphy, University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide. S. Aust. 5000 | Geolovical Survey of South Australin, Box 191, Eastwood, S. Aust. 5063, 46 ott 4. oe 7 ee Nie ——— Ce Ms ae - - a TEP tf a Fe ake Le Sarl C. R. TWIDALE & W. K. HARRIS ee a . sme — = ks woe allt: Fig. 1. Oblique aerial view from the southeast of Ayers Rock (foreground) and the Olgas in the dis- tance. Note the steep dip of the strata in Ayers Rock, the flat desert plains, and the approximate location of bore G 394855-44 (circled). (S. Aust. Tourist Bureau.) tive when problems of survival are contem- plated (Twidale 1976b). Geomorphological setting Drilling has confirmed inferences drawn from their morphology, namely that the plains that surround the two residuals are deposi- tional. They are underlain by Cainozoic sequences comprising lacustrine, alluvial and aeolian beds, the thickness of which varies. Though the plains surface slopes gently down from west to east and displays only minor local relief amplitude due to the development of dune ridges on the one hand and playa depres- sions on the other, the surface underlying the terrestrial deposits and eroded in folded Pro- terozoic and Cambrian beds is irregular. To the west and north of Ayers Rock, for instance, fresh arkose is nowhere more than a few metres beneath the surface (Fig. 3) and there are indeed outcrops of fresh arkose not only in the northern piedmont zone but also 700-800 m west of the base of the Rock. Immediately to the south of the inselberg the Cainozoic cover is more substantial (20-35 m) but about 300 m south of the cliff line it suddenly thickens as it passes over a (?) fault-line scarp separating the arkose from the older Protero- zoic strata. The surface cut in the older rocks is here irregular, the Cainozoic being com- monly 70-90 m thick but bores have pene- trated through 181 m without entering the Pro- terozoic (Fig. 3). To the west of the Olgas the Cainozoic cover is thin, and there are many outcrops of the Mount Currie Conglomerate in the form of low domes and platforms. To the east the younger sequence is thin near the dome complex (Fig. 3) but its thickness increases to the east where it buries a broad depression which is more than 100 m deep and is believed to be part of an old valley system draining to the southwest (R. E. Read, pers. comm.). This depression separates the broad platforms or massifs sur- mounted by the two bornhardts. Thus the Cainozoic sequence has inundated the lower parts of an irregular land surface cut in the Proterozoic and Cambrian sediments. As there was a broad valley depression prior to their deposition, it follows that the two adjacent higher massifs also predate the deposition; and though there is reason to believe that neither AGE OF AYERS ROCK 47 ARUNTA BLOCK M. “COONNETT RA AMa - 2 = AL Nea EUS L. Amadeus Ayers Rock ALICE SPRING PEDIRKA AMt Conner BASIN DESERT EVERARD RA ®)QODNADATTA (% ARCKARINGAS Fig. 2, Generalised tectonic map of southwestern part of the Northern Territory showing locations men- tioned in text. Ayers Rock nor the Olgas were then as steep sided and of such dramatic appearance as they now are (Twidale 1977), there must have been ancestral uplands in the same locations. Thus the age of the basal Cainozoic provides a mini- mum age for these residuals. Bremer (1965) surmised that Ayers Rock is of some antiquily but was unable to cite any specific evidence on the point. Age of the basal tertiary strata According to Wells et al. (1970) the Caino- zoic sequence of the southwestern part of the Amadeus Basin includes lacustrine strata of early Tertiary age, but they were unable 10 be more exact. In a general way, however, their estimate is borne out by the fact that some of the Cainozoic beds have been duricrusted, both ferruginous (laterite) and siliceous (sil- crete) carapaces having been developed in the course of prolonged deep weathering. The sil- erete of central Australia is generally con- sidered to have formed during the early-middle Tertiary, reaching its climax in the Miocene (Wopfner & Twidale 1967, Wopfner et al. 1974) so that the lake sediments beneath these duricrusts appear in general to be of early Tertiary age. Fortunately it is now possible to give a more precise age for the basal Tertiary sediments. Lignites resting directly on the old land surface eroded in the folded Proterozoic and Cam- brian rocks occur in four bores near Ayers Rock and the Olgas (Fig, 3), A sample (S.A. Dept. Mines Sample No. 84065) of one lignite from bore G394855-44 located in the broad vulley between the Olgas and Ayers Rock (Fig. 3), and from a depth of 81-84 m beneath the surface, contains a diverse palynomorph assem- blage, which includes the following strati- graphically useful species: Anacolosidites acu- tullus Cookson & Pike, Beaupreaidites elegansi- formis Cookson, 8. verrucosuy Cookson, Cumarozenosporites bullatus Harris, Cyathi- 48 C. R. TWIDALE & W. K. HARRIS } “ > Pa { 2 { oa . | 7 ee | A i ("= . 3 ant 4 a = — < aa 77 266 an \ / ; 39 1 { ; J iy y 066 4a oy \ ost “5 4 4 Py “ a 3B an - y " a ane Aa s. 7 wr #63 . a a LL pene Fi qe a 2 oaeousise Bt Lt EO aALS pak OEP ne! " ey a9 \ PT at ral . sao. i f ‘ \ etal SoD = - Pol oe a 936 ok 06 | os i ——J. C 2 pamilse- 43 az s=yen * = se * a ns cL Sy “a ’ st LIT 39638 570. THE OLGAS > ‘he E pi 1 ae 4 ‘ ae a : = - ha * bore depth to bedrock a © bore depth of bore oe \ e + bore lignite within sequence f+ bore lignite dated tracks — — interred tauit — — park. boundary Fig. 3. Drilling sites in the Ayers Rock and Olgas region. Depth to Proterozoic or Cambrian bedrock in metres. Bores with lignite starred. Position of G 394855-44 shown. (After Water Resources Branch, Dept of Northern Territory, Alice Springs). b p e Fig. 4. Spores from carbonaceous sediment from depth of 81-84 m in bore G 394855-44. a Latrobosporites ohaiensis (Couper) Stover, b Quadraplanus brossius Stover, ¢ Gambierina rudata Stover, d Tetracol- porites verrucosus Stover, e Tricolpites reticulatus Cookson. All x500. dites splendens Harris, Ephedripites notensis Cookson, Gambierina rudata Stover, Gephyrapollenites wahooensis Stover, Herko- sporites elliottii Stover, Krauselisporites papil- latus Harris, Proteacidites angulatus Stover, P. fromensis Harris, P. kopiensis Harris, Quadra- planus brossius Stover, Tetracolporites verruco- sus Stover and Tricolpites reticulatus Cookson. These species and other elements not reported herein have features in common with southern Australian Paleocene spore-pollen assemblages. Biostratigraphic schemes for the early Tertiary have been proposed for the Gippsland Basin by Stover & Partridge (1973) and for the Otway Basin by Harris (1971). More recently these schemes have been extended from the coastal basins to the continental basins of South Australia (Wopfner et al. 1974). Paleocene sediments of the Eyre Formation in the Ero- manga Basin contain palynomorph assemblages closely similar to that described here. The absence of the nominate zone species which characterise the biostratigraphic zones of Harris (1971) and Stover & Partridge (1973) does not preclude correlation and whilst there are significant differences between this assem- blage and those of both the Otway and Gipps- land basins, there are, nevertheless, many ele- ments in common. In particular Camarozono- sporites bullatus, Gambierina rudata and Krauselisporites papillatus are late Cretaceous to Middle Paleocene forms, Herkosporites elliottii and Proteacidites angulatus commence their stratigraphic range in the Middle Paleo- cene, Tetracolporites verrucosus is an Early to Middle Paleocene form and Quadraplanus brossius is restricted to the Early Paleocene of the Gippsland Basin. Anacolosidites acutullus, AGE OF AYERS ROCK 44 Beaupreaidites elegansiformis and B, verruco- wus appear luter in the Paleocene or Early Eocene of the Gippsland Basin but A, eufullus occurs in the Middle to Late Paleocene of the Otway Basin The weight of evidence thua favours a Middle Paleocene age for the assemblage which correlates with the Garnbhicrina edwardsii zone in the Otway Basin and the Lygistepallenites halme7 zone in the Gippsland Basin, This is supported by the absence of the younger Mal- vecipellis diversus Harris and the older elements such as Pricelpitey longuy Stover, The assemblage differs from the correlatives of the Ganbierina edwardsi7 zone in the Eyre Forma tion in the very rare occurrence of Notho/agi- difes spp, and absence of Australopollis obyeurus Harris. Kemp’s (1976) assemblages from Central Australia are younger and quite distinct, There are na indications of marine influence and abundance of conifer pollen of the Microcachrys and Podacarpus types indi- cates high rainfall. A systematic account and a full discussion on the implication of this assemblage wil! be presented elsewhere. Conclusion As the lignites resting on the old land sur- face cut in Proterozoic and Cambrian sedi- ments are of Paleocene age the old landscape including the precursors of the present Ayers Rock and the Olgas cannot be younger than Palcozene in age. They may thus be part of the late Cretaceous land surface described from other parts of central Australia (Mabbutt 1965) and from other areas marginal to the Great Artesian Basin (Woodard 1955, Twidale 1956, 1966, 1969, 1976b, Twidale, Bourne & Smith 1976), and contemporary with the crests of the higher granite inselbergs on Eyre Penjnsuly (Twidale & Bourfe 1975). Acknowledgments The writers are indebted to Mr R. E. Read, Water Resources Branch, Department of the Northern Territory. Alice Springs, for supply- ing the all-important sample of lignite, and for giving us the benefit of his extensive expenence and knowledge of the subsurface geology of the southwest of the Amadeus Basin, The paper is published by Kind permission of the Director of Mines, South Australia, References Bremen, H, (1965).—Ayers Rock, ein Beispicl fiir klimagenetische Merphologie. 2. Geo morph. 9, 249-184. Forman, D. |, (1966),—The geology of the soulh- weslern margin of {Ie Anradeus Basin, cen- tral Australia, Repr Bar Mine Res. Ceal- Geophys. Aust. 87. Gipes, FJ, (1875)—"Geowraphie travels m cenr tral Australia trom 1872 ta 1874," (MeCar- ron, Bire: Melbourne.) Gues, EF, J. (1889) — Australia ‘Traversed.” (Sampson Low-: Landon, ) Gosse, W. C. (1874).—Report and diary of Mr W. C. Gosse's central and western exploring expedition. 1873, Parl, Pap. ¥, Aust. 48. Hannis, W. K. (1971).—Tertiary stratigraphic palynology, Otway Basin, én H, Woptner & I. Douglas (Eds), “The Otway Basin of south- cast Austrailia’, 67-87. Spec, Bull. Geol. Survs. S. Aust. & Vier. Jokiic, G. PF. (1952) —Geolagical reconnaissance of 30uth-western portion of Northem Terri- tory. Repr Hur, Min. Resour. Geal. Geophis. Anse, Kempe, BE. M_ (1976). Early Tertiary patlen trom Nupperby, central Austraha. J, Bur Min Resor Geel, Geoplivs. Aust. 1, (09-114, Massury, J. A, (1965}—The weathered land sur- Sepik centval Australia 2. Geomorph, 9. Matnuuer, ML (1972)—"Le Modelét des Cis.7 MInstit. Geogr, Natl, Paris.) Twice Stover, L. & & Parrringe, A. BD. (1973).—Ter- liary and Late Cretaceous spores and pollen from the Gippsland Basin, southeastern Aus- tralia, Proc, R, Soc. Vict. 88, 237-286, Tare. R. & Wart SF. A, (1896).—General geology. fn B. Spencer (Ed.), “Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedrtion to Central Aus- tralia”, 26-75, (Melville. Mullen & Slade- London), TWIDALE, C. R. (1956).--Chronology of denida- tion in north-west Queensland. Bull. Geol, Sac. Aust, 67, 867-882, Twipace, C, R. (1966).—Chronology of demuda- tion in the southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. Trans. Ro Soe. S. Apst. 90, 3-28, Twinstx, C. R, (1969),—Geomarphaology of the Flinders Range, 57-137. Ja DO W. PL Corben (Ed.). “Natural History of the Fiindere Range”. (Publ. Libr: Adelside, } Twiiace, ©. R. (1971) —"Structural Landforms,” {A,N.U, Press: Canberra_} Twibate, C. R, (197 6a).—'Anatysis of tanl- forms,” (Wiley; Sydney.) Twinare, ©. R. (1975b)—On the survival of pialaeoforms, Aim, I. Sei, 276, 77-94, Twipace, C. R, (1977).—On the origin of “Ayers Rock. central Ausimilia, 2. Geavrrearph. (in press) Twrpare, C. RO & Bourne, I A (1975) Epi yodic exposure of inselbergs. Geal. Soe, Aner Bull, 86, 1,473-1,48) Twinace, ©, R. -& Bourse, I, A, (1977),—Horn- hardts developed in scdimenmey rocks trom ceritral Australia. Geepr Rev. (submitted). VOL. 101, PARTS 2, 3, 4 31 MAY, 1977 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED CONTENTS Mawson, P.M. Revision of the genus Macropostrongylus and descriptions of three new genera: Popovastrongylus, Dorcopsinema, and Arun- delia (Nematoda: Trichonematidae) - - - - - 51 Twidale, C. R., Bourne, J. A. and Twidale, N. Shore platforms and sealevel changes in the Gulfs region of South Australia - - - - 63 Buonaiuto, M. F. Revision of the composite Rea Lima bassi Tenison Woods (Mollusca, Bivalvia) - - - - - - er i Tyler, M. J. Pleistocene frogs from caves at Naracoorte, South Australia - 85 Butler, A. J. and Murphy, C. Distribution of introduced egy ae on Yorke Peninsula, South Australia - - - - - 91 Houston, T. F. Nesting biology of three ailodapine bees in the subgenus Exon- eurella Michener (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) - ~ - 99 PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS STATE LIBRARY BUILDING NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000 REVISION OF THE GENUS MACROPOSTRONGYLUS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW GENERA: POPOVASTRONGYLUS, DORCOPSINEMA, AND ARUNDELIA (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) BY PATRICIA M. MAWSON Summary The genus Macropostrongylus is redefined and revised. Species retained in the genus are M. macropostrongylus, M. macrostomata, M. yorkei, M. lesouefi, and M. irma. New genera are proposed: Popovastrongylus for M. wallabiae, M. pearsoni, and M. irma n.sp.; Dorcopsinema for M. dorcopsis; Arundelia for M. dissimilis. M. australis, M. cornutus, and M. minor are referred to Cloacina; M. labiatus to Zoniolaimus, and M. baylisi to Macropostrongyloides. The genus Gelanostrongylus is suppressed. Cloacina daveyi nom.nov. is proposed for C. australis Johnston & Mawson nec C. australis (Yorke & Maplestone). REVISION OF THE GENUS MACROPOSTRONGYLUS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW GENERA: POPOVASTRONGYLUS, DORCOPSINEMA, AND ARUNDELIA (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) by ParriciA M. Mawson* Summary Mawson, P. M. (1977) Revision of the genus Mucropostrongylus and descriptions of three new genera: Popovastrangylus, Dorcopsinema, and Arundelia (Nematoda: Trichonema- tidae), rans, R, Soe. S. Aust. 101(2), 51-62, 31 May, 1977. The genus Macropostroneylus is redefined and revised, Species retained in the genus are M. macropostrotieylus, M. macrostoma, M. yorkei, M, lesouefi, and M. irma, New genera are proposed: Pepovastrongylus lor M. wallabiae, M, pearsoni, and M. irma 0.8.5 Dorcapsinema for M. dorcepsis: Arundelia for M. dixsimilis. M. australis, M, cornutus, and M. miner are referred to Cloacina; M, lahiatus to Zoniolaimus, and M. baylixi lo Macropastroagyloides, The °. australis genus Gelanosirongylus is suppressed, Cloacina daveyi nom.noy. is proposed for C. Johnston & Mawson nec C. australis (Yorke & Muaplestone). Introduction As a result of the availability of new collec- tions of nematodes from kangaroos and wallabies it is now possible to revise some des- criptions, in particular those of species attributed to Afacrepastrongyluy Yorke & Muplestone. Where possible comparison has been made with type material, and a complete revision of the genus has been undertaken. New spectes undoubtedly await description, as the parasites of macropod marsupials, especially those in western and northern parts of Aus- tralia, have seldom been collected system- atically. It is hoped that the present work will aid future studies. Most measurements of specimens have been omitted from descriptions, they are available on request from the author or Librarian. Historical Although it has not been possible to examine the type material of M. macropestrengylus and M. australis. the species for which the genus Macropostrongvlus was erected by Yorke & Maplestone (1926), specimens so identified by Baylis (1934) have been studied. The species are re-described from this material and from specimens from the same host (M. agilis) trom Papua, The revised generic diagnosis is given below, From Yorke & Maplestone’s figures M. australis appears referable to Cloacina Linstow 1898; the specimens identified by Baylis are certainly Cloacina sp. As C. australis (Yorke & Maplestone) predates C. anstralis Johnston & Mawson (1938). 4 new name must be given to the latter, and €. daveyi is proposed. Baylis (1927) added M. yorkei to the genus; this is redescribed below from the type host. The paratype material of four new species assigned to Macropostrongylus by Davey & Wood (1938) has been re-examined, M. cornu- tust and M. minor belong to Cloacina, as was suggested from a study of the figures by John- ston & Mawson (1939). M. labiatus belongs to the genus Zoniolaimus, close to 2. setifera Cobb, 1898. MM. macrostoma, partially described below is a true Macropestrangylus. Paratype material of M, dercopsixs Baylis, 1940, from a wallaby in New Guinea has been examined, and is considered so different from Macropostrongylus spp. as to necessitate the erection of a new genus, Dorcopsinema, des- cribed below. Johnston & Mawson in several papers (1939, 1940) added five species: M. dissimilis, M. inpma, M. lesouefi, M. pearsoni, and M, wallahiae, Of these, M. dissimiilis is referred to i * Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, S. Aust. S000. 7M. cernuius has recently been described by Mawson (in press}. 52 PATRICIA M. MAWSON Arundelia i.e. Mf. wallabiae and M. pearsont lo Popovastrengylus n.g., and the others retained in Macropastrongylus. Yamacuti (1961) placed M, lasiorhini Maw- son, 1955, from a wombat, as the type of Mac- rapostrangyloider, Macropostrongylus bavlist Wood, 1930, is pow transferred to this genus. Mavrepostrengylus macropostrongylus was described as having a leaf crown, Popova (1952) erected 4 new genus Gelanostrongylus for species which had been assigned to Macre- postrongylus but in which the leaf crown is absent, She placed the following species in the new genius; M, mracrostoma (type species). M. disstmilts, M_ labitatus, M. irma, M, lesowefi, M, wallahiae, and M. dorcopsis, However, the morphology of M, macrostema is essentially similar to that of AZ. macropestrangylus, and therelore Gelanastrongylus cannot stand, How- ever jl certainly appears that there are two dis- linct groups of species left in Macroposrrongy- lus, even afler those belonging to other venera, as noted above, are excepted, The species M. macrepostrongyhis, MM. miaerasterna, M.- lesouefi. M. yorker and M-irma form a natural group, as do M, wallohiae ad Md, pearseni. A new genus, Popevasironey/ns, is now proposed for the latter group. In Macropostrengylus the perioral cuticle forms eight lobes, the buccal capsule is ridged longitudinally and ends anteriorly in eight small projections, and the oesophagus is more or less ¢ylindrical ending in an elongate bulb, In Popevastrengyles the perioral cuticle con- tinues into the buceal eavity without Forming lobes, the buccal capsule is more or fess cylin- drica) (or oval in section) without ridges and without anterior projections, «4nd the oesophagus is relatively shorter, marrows sud- denly in its posterior half, and ends in a bulb, Macropostrongyloides ig distiaguished from Moaeropostrougylus by the presence in the bue- cal capsule of four large lecth, by the shape of the oesophagus. and by the position of the externo-dorsal ray, Which rises from the dorsal ray. Muecropestrengylus spp. and Pepove- stromeylus spp. occur in the stomach of the host; Macropostrongylotdes spp. in the large intestine. Macropostrongylus Yorke & Maplestone Generic diagnosis (revised } = Trichonematidae: Anterior end with four submedian setigerous papillae and two lateral eleva- fons bearing amphids; buccal capsule and mouth more or less laterally compressed; perioral cuticle forming eight lobes; buccal capsule folded longitudinally into eight ridges which, variously thickened, project anteriorly under the cuticular lobes; oesophagus long, stender, with oval terminal bulb. Male: dorsal lobe of bursa longer than laterals, ventral lobes distinct from laterals and more or less joined ventrally; externo-dorsal rays arising separately or with laterals, dorsal ray bifurcating before mid-length, cach branch giving off a fateral branch, spicules alate; gubernaculum present. Female: Tail short, conical, vulva near anus, Parasites of the stomach of macropod mar supials, Type species: M, macrepostronpylis. other species; M. macrosromea: M- yarkei) M, lesouefi; M- irma. In Macropostrongyles the anterior end is simple, without a collar roll. A slightly raised ridge surrounds the cephalic papillae. The sub- median papillac: usually setigerous, and the lateral elevations ate more or less prominent. Lateral compression of the mouth and buceal capsule, but not of the entire lateral end, is variable. Anteriorly the eight longitudinal ridges of the buccal capsule project as lobes but these are covered by the corresponding cuticular perioral lobe, formimg structures which are apparently erectile (Fig, 2), and the huceal capsule varies in shape with this, giving a more or less open mouth, The lobes thus form a sort of leaf crown, but one quite dis- tinet in appearance from that in Cleacina and Murshidia though both are formed from the peribucesl and perioral cuticle, Macropostrongylus macropostrongyhius Yorke & Maplestone FIGS 1-7 vena & Maplestone, 1926, from Mavropus sp, d, Baylis, 1934 fi 129, from M- agilis, Qh. Johnston & Mawson, 1939 p, 143, M1. agiliv, M, wellsbyi, Old, 1939 p. 209, Mf, avilis, Old, —_—ereeeee rr Fies (-7. Macropestrongylas Macreposirangyles. 1, median view of head; 2. lateral view of head, with mouth witely opened; 3. en face yiew of head: 4. oesophageal regions 5. bursa; 6 dorsa) rag; 7, posterior end of female; Figs 1-3 10 same scale. Pigs 4. 5, and to Sate scale. Figs 4, 7, 6 to same scale. Figs. 8-12. Mucropostrongy lis winerestome, B. anterior end; 9, anterior end. on face; 1M, oesophageal region; 11- bursa} 12, posterior end of female, Pigs ¥ and 11 to «ime scale. REVISION OF MACROPOSTRONGYLUS (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) 53 FIGS 1-12 54 PATRICIA M. MAWSON Host and locality; M, ayilis, from Weam, Papua New Guinea (BBM-NG.S0820, BBM-NG-S0798}; Vhylogale branti, from Weam, Papua New Guinea (BBM-NG- 50850), The specimens from Papua New Guinea are shorter than those originally described, but they agree generally with them, and with those iden- tified by Baylis (Yeerongpilly N5.28.1.2) and others recorded by Johnston & Mawson, Some redescription of the anterior end can now be made. (Figures were drawn from Papua New Guinea material from M, agilis,) Amphids le on apices of two prominent lateral clevations, Buccal capsule, somewhat laterally compressed, is not strongly chitinised; the two largest of the longitudinal ridgrs are lateral, and the two smallest dorsal and vestral. Ratio length: spicule length 3.0-3.6, and of length: oesophagus 3,3-4,2, Cervical papillae thread-like, about twice the length of buccal capsule from anterior end, Egg aa. 80 x 40 um, Macropostrongylus macrostoma Davey & Wood FIGS. 8-12, 47 Davey & Wood, 1938 p. 260, from Maerapues robustus, Queensland, Macropostrongylus yorker (ted Baylis): Johnsian & Mawson, 1939 p, 143, p.p., from M, parey! Gelanestrongylus macrestoma: Popova, L952 p, 176, The paratype material of this species has been examined and figured, The anierior end is similar to that of Av. macropostroneylus, The main — differences between these species are 1, Buceal capsule longer and more strongly chitinised in M. pnaerestoma, ond is anterior projections more strongly developed ahd reinforced hy extra sclerotisation in the form of an encircling bell at ahout ils mislength, and hy a thickening arownd base, greater dorsally. .Oesephuyus swollen in middle third of its leneth i Af, macrastorna not swollen if M. snacropostronyy lis, . Pormof the dorsal ray differs. Tu Ad. macrapostronevius distance between Vulva and anus is less Than tail length: in M. macrostomea. it ig distinctly greater. Macropostrongylus yorkel Baylis FIGS 13-19, 51 Baylis, 1927 p, 215, fram Macropus sp, Toews: ville, Old; 1934 p. 124%, from MW. evilis, Barke- town, (ld, Jobnston & Mawson, 193% p. b43; 1979 p. 209, from MM. agilis, Old. ta = ia Host and locality; Marroprs azilis (stomach), Tipperary Sun, N.T- The material identified by Johnston & Maw- sen is scanty and in poor condition. That reported from M. parryi by Johnston & Maw- son (1939) is now referred to M. macrostoma (q.v.), and the single female worm from Aq. wellshyi (now Wallabia hicolor wellsbyi), pro- bably belongs to an as yet undeseribed genus. The type and paratypes have not been seen, Nhe following partial redescription is based on some recently collected specimens of M. agiliy. Length of male, 6.5-8.6 mm, of female 14.2-20.5. Anterior end outlined by a low ridge, oval in en face view, with the long axis dorsoventral, Within this, submedian cephalic papillae and aniphids. are on slightly raised cuticular swellings, Bueeal capsule ore rounded-triangular than oval al its base, the longitudinal ridges developing in its anterior half and surrounded near base by a sclerotised nng, The whole area inside the anterior ridge probably eversible. Eversion is ussociated with ain upthrust of the anterior end of the ocso- phagus, While the buccal capsule appears to widen, so becoming a longer oval in Lransverse section (Pig, 14), Oesophagus long (body length: oesophagus 3.6-4.3 in male, 5.8-6.2 in female), more or less cylindrical anterior to spindle-shaped ter- minal bulb, Nerve ring surrounds oesophagus at about a third to a quarter of its Jength from head in male, less in female; thread-like cervi- cal papillae lic about half way between anterior end and nerve ring, and excretory pore close to postenior end of oesophagus. Tips of spicules enlarged and alate. Ratio length; spicule 10.9— 14.0. Eggs measure 98-110 x 53-55 am, The species is most like M. macrastama, dif- fering chiefly in the size and form of the buccal capsule. Macropostrangylus Jesouefi Johnston & Mawson FIGS 20-24 Macropostronovias, Jesoucfi Johnston & Mawson. 1939 p, $25, from Macropus rrfovrisea, Sydney Zoological Gardens. Gelanestrangy lias lesouefi: Popova, 1952, p. 769. No fresh material of this species is available, The type and paratype material have been examined, and some redeseription is possible. The species is distinguished by the very pro: minent Wweral cuticular clevations, bearing at (heir apices the Openings of the amphids. Hue cul capsule lalerally compressed only in some REVISION OF MACROPOSTRONGYLUS (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) 55 Figs 13-19. 50 pm FIGS 13-24 Macropostrongylus yorkei. 13. head of male; 14. head of female, in mouth wide open posi- tion; 15. head, en face; 16. oesophageal region; 17. lateral view of bursa; 18, dorsal ray; 19. posterior end of female. Figs 20-24. Macropostrongylus lesouefi, 20, anterior end, lateral view; 21 and 22. anterior end in dorsal view, with mouth in closed and open positions, res- pectively; 23, oesophageal region; 24. tail of female. Figs 13-15 to same scale. Figs 17-18 to same scale. Figs 19 and 23 to same scale. Figs 20-22 to same scale. 56 PATRICIA M, MAWSON specimens, suggesting that this is a movement connected with feeding. Anterior projections of the capsule strongly developed, those in dor- sal and ventral positions directed outwards, Oesophagus long and more or less cylindn- eal, with elongate terminal bulb, Nerve ring further back than in other species, almost at the end of the anterior half of the oesophagus. Excretory pore just behind nerve ring; cervical papillae half way between nerve ring and head. In the only specimen in which the spicules are intact, they measure 480 4m, Aus of female closer to vulva than to pos- terior end of body; vagina short, Eggs 145-155 x 70-75 #m, Macropostrongylus irma Johnston & Mawsoau Johnston & Mawson, 1940 p. 363, from Macropus irmna, Wi A. Gelanastronevlus fenia: Popova, 1952 p, 769 These specimens ate immature, probably fourth stage larvae, as the vulva is not patent, ‘Two referred to as “females differing some- what" are in fact fourth stage larval males This species should perhaps be declared a nomen nudum, but it may be possible to recog- nise jt should fresh material become available from the same host species. For the tlme being it is retained. Key lo species of Macropostrongylus (ex- cluding MM. trea), 1. Amphids 6n Very prominent cuticular elevations BPlevations bearing amphids not higher than sub- median papillae 3 2. Nerve ring about | length of oesophagus from head; [nteral branches leave dorsal ray immediately after its bifurcation .,, ,,, M, macropostrongy lus Nerve ring at nearly 4 Jength of oesophagus from head; lateral branches leave dorsal ray neur edge of bursa : M, lesorefi 3, Buccal capsule longer than its width M,. macrestoma Buccal capsule not longer than its width , ; M. yorkei Popovastrougylus 1y.gen. Syn. Mucropostrongylus Yorke & Maplestone Pp. Trichonematidae: Antenor end with outicu- Jar collar bearing four setigerous submedian papillae and two amphids, buccal capsule and mouth opening circular to oval; extension of perioral cuticnle lines buccal cavity and may project as shelf inside mm: buccal capsule thickest in its midleneth, anterior border with- out projections. ocsophagus cylindrical anteriorly, usually narrowing abruptly in second half, ending in bulb, Male: spicules alate, gubernaculum present; bursal lobes dis- (tinct, ventrals not joined, ventral rays separate from laterals, cxterno-dorsals arise with laterals, dorsal ray bifurcate, each branch with shorter lateral off-shoot. Female; tail long, vulva near anus. Parasites of the stomach of macropod marsupials. Type species: P. wallabiae, syn. Macropo- strongylus wallabiae Johnston & Mawson, 1939, Other species: P. pearseni, syn Macropo- sirongylus pearsoni Johnston & Mawson, 1940, P. irmea, o.sp. Popovastrongylus wallabiae (Johnston & Mawson) FIGS 25-30, 44 Macropostrongylus wallablae Johnston & Mawson, 1939 p. 526, from Wallabie bieolor (M_ walla- bars) from NS.W. Gelanastrongylus wallabiae: Popaya, 1952 p. 785. Host and locality: Macropus rufogriseus, Logan Village, Qld) Launceston, Tas. Collections of this species from three hosts in the same area in Queensland and in one from Tasmania permit an elaboration of the original description, in regard to head structure and shape of the dorsal ray. The small anterior collar is less obvious in some specimens than in others, as it appears partly retractable. In the type specimens 4 narrow shelf is present towards the anterior end of the boccal cavity, but this is not clear in all specimens. Figs 25-30 were drawn from the type specimens. In the new material from M, rujogrivea the eggs measure 105 x 50 ym, The length:spicule ratio is 9.0. Popovattrongylus pearsoni (Johnston & Mawson) FIGS 31-33, 48 Macropostroneylus pearson’ Johnston & Mawson, 194¢) p. 95, Mawsan, 1971, 171; fram Petrogale penteillnta pearsont from Pearson 1,, 8. Aust, Host and jocality: Macrepys eugenii, Kan- garoo L, S. Aust.; Mecropus rufogriseus from Launceston, Tasmania. Pepevasrrongylus pearseni was redescribed by Mawson (1971). It is similar in many features to P. wallabiae, particularly in’ the structure of the head. As both species have now been identified from the same host species in Tasmania (though not as yet from the same host specimen) the main features distinguish- ug them are given: Figs 25-30, Popovastrongylus w 2 ventral views: 29. genital cone, ventral view; id -In P. REVISION OF MACROPOSTRONGYLUS (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) 57 300 pm 3! 33 FIGS 25-33 allabiae. 25. Head; 26. oesophageal region; 27 and 28. bursa, lateral and 30, posterior end of female. Figs 31-33. Pepo- vastrongylus pearsoni. 31, oesophageal region; 32, bursa; 33, genital cone, dorsal view. Figs 26, 30 and 31 to same scale. Figs 28 and 32 to same scale. Figs 29 and 33 to same scale. _In P. wallabiae terminal bulb of oesophagus is spherical; in P. pearsoni it 1s more oval. wallabiae nerve ring surrounds oesophagus well in front of the point where it narrows, in P. pearseni it lies at this point. . Dorsal lobe of bursa is much longer than lateral lobes in P. wallahiae, but about the same length in P. pearsoni. . Shape of the dorsal ray differs (Figs 28, 32). . Appendages of the dorsal lip of the cloaca, on the genital cone, differ (Figs 29, 33). .Spicules rather shorter in relation to body length in P. wallabiae. Popovastrongylus irma n.sp. FIGS 3440, 50 Host and locality: Macropus irma (stomach), from Perth, W.A. Males 8.7—-10.1 mm long, females 11.1—13.0 mm. The cephalic papillae, borne on a well developed cuticular collar, are not prominent. The buccal capsule, its base thickened by an outer sclerotised ring, is a little more oval than circular in transverse section, with the long axis not exactly dorso-ventral; it lacks an in- ternal shelf. 3k PATRICIA M, MAWSON The oesophageal balh ts slightly elongate. Ratio length: oesophigus ts 7,2-8,4 in male, 78-91 in female. Nerve ring surreands ocsophagus at the point of narrowing, and excretory pore is behind this; the thread-like cervical papillae lie shortly behind anterior end, Spicules alate and end in u rounded Up, without enlargement; ratio length: spicule is 6.7-8.6. Bursa voluminous, all lobes of more or less even length; ventral lobes joined. Genityl cone bears two small bilobed processes of dorsal hp of clowea. Bursal rays are shown in Figs 37, 38. The female has an unusual constriction between the yulya and the anus; in older females the body is markedly swollen in the region of the vigina, as far back as this con- striction, Tail conical, ending in a point, Ezes absent in all specimens. This species is distinguished from P. wallabiae and Po pearseni chielly by the absence of a “shelf in the buccal cavity and by the shape of the dorsal tay. Key to species of Popovastrongyl is: t, Nerve ring surrounds oesophagus alietnetly ant terior to ils narrowing P, wallablae Nerve ring surrounds oesophagus al point o narrowing 2 2. Lining uf buceal capsule forms distinct “shelf : P_ pearsoni Lictng of baccal capsule withour “shelf” Py irvine Arundefia o.gen. Trichonematidye: Cloacininae: Small worns with heavily fringed cuticle; anterior end with small cuticular collar, four small, bipartite, sub- median, cephalic papillae; external leaf crown of 6 elements; lips absent; bu¢cal capsule short, stoutly built, circular in transverse section; base of buccal cavity with large hollow oesophageal projechion, associated with dorsal duct in oesophagus: oesophagus widening posteriorly but without bulb, Male: bursa short, wide; ven- tral rays arising together, ventro- afd miedio- laterals arise together, postero-laterzl and externo-dorsals arise separately: dorsal ray shown itt the 6.8, Micrographs (Fig. 52), They bifurcates twice, spicule stoutly built, alate: subernaculum and telamon present. Female: vulva close to anus, Parasites of the stomach of macropod marsuprals. Type species: A_ dissimilis, syn. Macropo- strongyluy dissimilis Johnston & Mawson, 1939. A small dorsal tooth associated with an oesophageal duct has been described in the buccal capsule in Cloacina dahli \instow, 1898 and in C. murday! Mawson, 1972, but int Cloaeina an internal leaf crown, arising from the baccul capsule, is present. In Popevastronpylus species the buccal cap- sule is oval to circular in section and a leat crown is absent, but there is a cuticular lining inside the buccal capsule, no tooth in the buccal cavity, and the oesophagus is quite a different shape. In Mucropostronyylus the shape of the buceal capsule is quite different. Arundelia dissimilis (Johnston & Mawson) o.conib. FIGS 41-44, 52 Mucrepostrongyluy dissimilis Johnstan & Mawson, 1939 p. 526, from Wallabia bicalor (M_ walla. batus), NSW, Hust and localities: Wallabia bicolor, trom Keyneton, Bemm River, Yarra Valley, and Dartmouth, Victoria. This species is apparently a relatively com- mon though not numerous parasite of Wallabia bicolor, and has not been found in any other macroped, Details of the buccal capsule are Visible in the fresh material so the descrip- jion can now be amended. Measurements of the specimens are similar to those of the original description, Cuticle strongly ringed; body widest in pos- terior half, tapering slowly to head, very rapidly behind vulva, and very little to bursa. A low, thick cuticular collar anteriorly bears submedian papillae and unobtrusive, slittike, amphid openings. Mouth cireular without tips, Six short, triangular, cuticular projections around mouth not easily seen in side view but Figs 34-40, Popovastronyylas irina. 34, bead; 38, bead with buccal capsule dorsoventrally compressed; 36, oesophageal region: 37-38, bursa jn lateral and dorsal views} 39 and 40, Posterior ends of younger and older females, respectively, Figs 34 and 35 to same scule. Figs 37 und 38 to same scale. Figs 39 and 40 to sume scale. Figs 41-44. Arundelly dissimilis, 41-43. Head, in lateral, dorsal and en face views respectively; 44, oesophageal region, Bigs 42-43 to same scale, Pigs 45-46. Dorcopsinemu dercopsis. 45. Head of male, antero-lateral view; 46, head of female, sub-lateral view. REVISION OF MACROPOSTRONGYLUS (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) 59 FIGS 34-46 MAWSON wf “FIGS 47-53 REVISION OF MACROPOSTRONGYLUS (NEMATODA: TRICHONEMATIDAE) fl form) a sort of leaf crown hut do not appear to arise from the buccal capsule as do the elements of the leaf crown in Cloacinu species. Buccal capsule, circular in transverse sections, shallow, but with thick walls, Large, conpeal, chitinised structure rises dorsally in buccal cavity from anterior end of oesophagus; this is hollow, open at apex, and connected al its base with u duct in dorsal wall of ocsophagus. In en face view, a ventral thickening snd groove in the capsule wall is associated with a similar but smaller duct from oesophagus, which has not been seen in any side view of the anterior end, Ocsophagus cylindrical im its anterior third. at end of which lies the nerve ring, and then widens gradually to its posterior end, No ter- minal hulb. Thread-like cervical papillae lie anterior to nerve ring; excretory pore at about three-quarters length of oesophagus [rom anterior end. Size of eggs in the vagina, and newly lanl in the Vaginal extrusion, is 130-132 x 65-70 pm, much greater than in original material (possibly measured in the uterus), Dorcopsinema n,gen, Trichonemiatidae: Zontalamminae: Large worms; anterior end with wide collar bearing cephalic papillae and amphids, perioral cuticle forming eight lip-like processes; buccal cap- sule lightly chitinised, more or less cylindrical; oesophagus long, cylindrical Male: spicules alate, long: bursa entire, dorsal Jobe long, ven- tral ritys arising logether, externo-dorsal aris- ing with laterals, dorsal ray bifurcating and with two lateral branches from point of bifur- cation. Female: tail conical, vulva shortly in front of anus. Parasites of macropod mar- supials. Type species: D. doreapsis (Baylis). Macropostronyylus dorcopsis Baylis, 1940. The structure of the head does not closely resemble that of any other species. The lip-like processes around the mouth are very like those of Luhiostrongylus and Zoniolaimus but the cephalic papillae are borne on the collar. In 2. lahiarus Johnston & Mawson (1939) there is a collar around the anterior end bearing the cephalic papillae, and surrounding the “lips”, but the ocsophagus ends ina bulb. svn, Dorcopsinema dorcopsis (Baylis) n.comb. ViGs 45-46, 53 Mocrapastroiaylus dorcopas Baylis, 1940, p. 313, Som Dorcepsis mullers CD. veterum) trem Papua New Guinea. A Male atid a ferale paratype have been examined, The presence of a very thick collar, the structure of the buccal capsule (no tongi- tudinal rides, no anterior projections) and the shape of the oesophagus differentiate the species from those of Maecropostrongylus. The “tosth-like processes" around the mouth “like a leaf crown” described by Baylis are tm fact not thi and chitinised like teeth (or uw leaf crown) hut are more like fleshy lobes, with broad bases, mucronate at the free ends and grooved on their outer surfaces, In the male these processes are almost closed over the mouth and in the female are drawn back in a “mouth open” position (Figs 45, 46), As described by Baylis, the anterior end is sur- rounded by a wide collar on whieh ate the small pointed submedian papillae and the amphids, Acknowledgments The greater part of the new material examined in this work was provided by Profes- sor Arundel and Dr Beveridge of the Mel- bourne University School of Veterinary Science. That from Macropus irma was obtained through the kindness of Dr de Chancet of the Animal Health Laboratory, Perth. Paratype material was lent by the Sehool of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in Sydney (Mavrapostrongylis macrostoma, Mf. cormutus, Mf. miner and M. lebiatus), and by Mr 8. Prudhoe of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (At. dorcopsiy and M. baylivi). Speci- mens identified by Baylis as M, macropo- veongylus and M. australir were lent by Dr Green of the Animal Health Luboratory at Yeerongpilly, T am very grateful for all this help. The micrographs (Figs 47-53) were taken by E.T.E.C, Autosean jn the Central Electron Optical Laboratory of the University of Adelaide. | am indebted to Dr Karl Bartusek of this Laboratory for help in taking the micro- graphs and to P. G. Kempster for developing and printing them, Fig. 47. Muatropostroneylas macrastena (<404): Fie 48. Popavavronevine wintlahlae CxA0); Pig. 49. Pe péarsont (x600); Fig. 50. P. fema (x600); Pu St AL. vorker (2404) Fie. 52. drandelia aliy- sillis (x1,500)5 Fig, $3, Dareapsaenid darcapsds (x240\ 62 PATRICIA M. MAWSON References Bayuis, H. A. (1927) Some new parasitic nema- todes from Australia. Ann, Mag. nat. Hist. 20, 102-105. Baytis, H, A. (1934) Some parasitic worms from Australia. Parasitol. 26, 129-132. Bay is, H. A. (1940) A new species of the genus Macropostrongylus. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 29 401-416. Coss, N. A. (1898) Extract from M.S. Report on parasites of stock. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 9 296-321. Davey, D. G. & Woop, W. A. (1938) New species of Trichoneminae (Nematoda) from Australian kangaroos. Parasitol. 30, 258-266. Jounston, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1938) Strongyle nematodes from Central Australian kangaroos and wallabies. Trans. R, Soc. 8. Aust. 62, 263-286. Jounston, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1939a) Sundry nematodes from Eastern Australian marsupials, /bid. 63, 204-209. Jounston, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1939b) Strongylate nematodes from Queensland mar- supials. Ibid. 63, 121-149. JoHNsTON, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1939c) Strongylate nematodes from marsupials in New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 64, 513-536. ’ : JOHNSTON, T. H. & Mawson, P. M. (1940) On a collection of nematodes from Australian marsupials. Rec. Aust. Mus. 20, 360-366. Linstow, O. von (1898) Nemathelminthen gesam- melt von Herrn Prof. Dr. Dahl im Bismarck- Archipel. Arch. f. Naturg. 1, 281. Popova, T. I. (1952) Jn K. I. Skrjabin (Ed.), Key to parasitic nematodes. 3. Strongylata. (In Russian) Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Mawson, P. M. (1971) Pearson Island Expedi- tion. 8. Helminths. Trans, R. Soc. §, Aust. 95, 61-64 Mawson, P. M. (1972) Three new species of the genus Cloacina Linstow (Nematoda: Strongy- lata) from macropod marsupials. Jbid. 96, 109-113, Mawson, P. M. (in press) Excerta Parasitologica en memoria del Doctor Eduardo Caballero y Caballero. Woop, W. A. (1930) Some new parasitic nema- todes from Western Australia. Rep. Director Inst. Animal Path. Univ. Cambridge (1929- 1930), 209-219. YAMAGUTI, S. (1961) Systema Helminthum, Vol. Ill. The nematodes of vertebrates. (Inter- science: New York.) York, W. & MApLestone, P. A. (1926) “The nematode parasites of vertebrates.” (Churchill: London, ) SHORE PLATFORMS AND SEALEVEL CHANGES IN THE GULF REGIONS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA BY C. R. TWIDALE, JENNIFER A. BOURNE AND NICHOLAS TWIDALE Summary The platforms that occur along the shores of Kangaroo Island and the Gulfs region of South Australia are developed in Precambrian crystalline rocks, Palaecozic sedimentary strata and Pleistocene dune calcarenite. Evidence from these areas suggests that many platforms cut in granite and gneiss are etch surfaces, or weathering fronts developed in late Pliocene and early Pleistocene times, exposed by erosion in Recent times, and only fortuitously situated within the present tidal or spray zone. Elsewhere the unconformity between crystalline rock and aeolinate has been revealed by marine processes. Contemporary platforms cut across the structure of contorted sediments and of the aeolinate are widespread and occur as much as 8 m above present sealevel. Since they must postdate the aeolinate which is regarded as of last-glacial age, they attest to considerable erosion in a short time. Only on the coast of Kangaroo Island is there unequivocal evidence of an earlier and higher stand of the sea 5-6 m above present sealevel. SHORE PLATFORMS AND SEALEVEL CHANGES IN THE GULFS REGION OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA by C. R. Twibace,* JENNIFER A. BouRNE* and NicnHoLas TWIDALeEy Summary Twibacr, C. R., Boukne, J. A, & TwibaLe, N. (1977) Shore platform und seulevel changes in the Gulfs region of South Australia. Trans, R. Soe. §, Aust. 10102), 63-74, 31 May, 1977 The platforms that occur along the shores of Kangaroo Island and the Gulfs region of South Australia are developed in Preeambrian crystalline rocks, Palacozoic sedimentary strata and Pleistocene dune calcarenite, Evidence from these areas suggests that many platforms cul in granite and gneiss are etch surfaces, or Weathering fronts developed jn late Pliocene and early Pleistocene times, exposed by erosion in Recent times, und only fortuitously situated within the present tidal or spray zone. Elsewhere the unconformity between crystalline rock and aeolianite has been revealed by marine processes. Contemporary platforms cut across the structure of contorted sediments und of the aeolianite are widespread and occur as much as 8 m above present sealevel. Since they must postdate the aeolianite which is regarded as of last-glacial age, they attest to considerable erosion in u short time. Only on the coast of Kangaroo Island is there unequivocal evidence of an earlier and higher stand of the sea 5-6 m above present sealevel, Introduction Several of the shore platforms that occur on the coasts of western and southern Eyre Penin- sula, and Kangaroo Island (Fig. 1) are anomalous, albeit in different ways, In cach of these areas Precambrian ecrystal- line rocks (granite and gneiss) or Cambrian sediments, metasediments (mainly schists), and granites are exposed from beneath the widespread Pleistocene dune calcarenite. The latter is commonly referred to as acolianite (Crocker 1946a) for it was deposited in coastal dunes and subsequently lithified through secondary calcification. The old dunes are extensively preserved in coastal areas of Western Australia, South Australia and Vic- toria, They stand up to 50 m above sealevel and as has long been appreciated the rock extends well below present sealevel ut many places (Tate 1879; Sprigg 1961; Cooney 1965); for example, it is recorded that aeolianite rests on bedrock of probable Precambrian age at a depth of some 61 m just east of Elliston.’ There is thus no doubt that the acolianite is related to a glacial phase or phases of the Pleistocene but there is as yet no more precise age determination, Many relic soil profiles are revealed within the aeolianite sequences in cliff sections but the permeability of the old dune rock is such that water readily infiltrates into the mass, and weathering and soil formation are rapid, Despite appearances to the contrary the building of the dunes and the deposition of the acolianite probably did not occupy a long period of time. As Fairbridge & Teichert (1952) state of the Western Australian aeolianite dunes “the periods of soil formation were not of long duration and, . , the dune developments were in rapid, sequence”. The dune calcarenite exposed in the areas under investigation was probably all deposited in a single glacial phase. Certainly there is no evidence of cut and fill, such as might be expected had the dune rock presently exposed been built up in the course of several glacial periods and subjected to dissection during sub- * Department of Geography, University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, 5S, Aust. 5000. { Medical School, Flinders University of South Australia, 1. G, Shepherd (1962) Report on groundwater prospects, Hundred of Ward, Elliston Police Station. Geal. Sury. 8S. Aust, Rept, Bk, $8/32. 64 Cc. R. TWIDALE, JENNIFER A. BOURNE & NICHOLAS TWIDALE 9 Pt Brown High Cliff, 7 STREAKY BAY Smooth Poo!|—€-——Westall Peninsula Speed Pt Cape Labatt EYRE PENINSULA -Talia Caves Wellesiey Pr7 XE ttISTON Drummond Pt. Redbanks Cape Carnot Cape Wiles Stenhouse Bay Cape du Couedic G-Northumberland (J Daly Head — Gym Beach PORT RICKABY Brown Pt. Pl. Turto: ADELAIDE Hallett Cove Wentworth Pt, Cape Cassini. Windmill Bay \ Fig. 1. Location map, sequent periods of glacial low sealevel, and to planation during the interglacial high stands of the sea. But which glacial phase: the last, the first, or some intermediate phase? There is no direct evidence on this point. On the other hand there is nothing to show that the acolianite so widely exposed on the South Australian coast is not all related to the last glacial (Wisconsin) period of low sealevel. And there are several inferences to suggest that they are. For instance, if the dunes predate the Wisconsin they ought, judging from the rate of postglacial erosion, to be more extensively baselevelled than they now are. There ought to he signs of interglacial high stands of the sea imprinted on the dunes, and of these there is no indica- tion, If it is argued that the evidence has been destroyed by erosion, again, why have the dunes survived at all? And if the dunes are of great antiquity why were they not deeply eroded during the Pleistocene glacial low sea- levels? Further reference is made to some of these arguments below, but the aeolianite is taken to be of late Wisconsin age in the areas under discussion. The shore platforms of the coastal sectors under consideration are developed in both the older crystalline and sedimentary rocks and the younger aeolianite. They pose _ several problems, Platforms deyeloped in fresh granitic bedrock According to Jutson (1940) and Hills (1949; 1971), shore platforms are poorly developed in fresh granitic bedrock, yet along considerable sectors of the west coast of Eyre Peninsula which is exposed to westerlies sweep- ing in off the Bight, shore platforms are com- monly developed in granite and in places extend some 200 m from the base of the cliffs. How have they formed and in what way, if at all, are they related to the contemporary sea- level? SHORE PLATFORMS AND SEALEVEL, CHANGES, GULFS REGION calcrete DRUMMOND. POINT etch surlace high tide platform intertidal platform 6S aealianite << UnGontarmity (lerruginised) ~) Weathered Pa gneiss ey we: aay ie Pfft ff fff fresh P€ gneiss fi / if / y / } / 1) //, 4) WELLESLEY POINT aeolianite calcrete = Fig, 2a, Diagrammatic com high tide eM _-~+~ intermediate ratrorm 25m mean sea level site section at Drummond Point, The tiny remnant of calerete on the } isolated hill (left) is developed on acolianite, Fig, 2b, Section of the acolianite cliffs at Wellesley Point (see also Fig. 7b), 1. Point Brown, northwestern Eyre Peninsula Point Brown (Fig. 1) is typical of several sites on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in that Pleistocene acolianite clearly overlies granite; but this locality, and that at Drum- mond Point (see below), together provide the clearest evidence concerning the probable origin of the granitic shore platforms. The granite is even grained but coarsely granular. Tt is gneissic in places and there ure veins of aplite and quartz, but most of the exposure is of the coarse-grained “sugary” granite. This is not fresh for it is iron-stained and disintegrates. when hit with a heavy harm mer; but it is cohesive and by no means friable. Some of the eranite exposures are bouldery, and concentric zones of flaking are preserved around some of the boulders, suggesting that they are corestones or kernels (see Senvenor 1931) Larsen 1948; Linton 1955; Twidale 1971), But elsewhere the surface of the granite, though criss-crossed by joint crevices and clefts, is essentially even, and though in detail composed of many individual joint blocks, forms a platform that in places extends as much us 30m from the base of the cliffs, However, both on Point Brown itself and on the next headland to the south a _ rego- lith of weathered granite separates the lresh granite from the aeolian calcarenite, This wWeuthering profile must have developed beneath a near-stable surface of low selief. Regional considerations suggest that it was the late Pliocene-Pleistocene Koongawa Surface (Twidale, Bourne & Smith 1976). The weather- ing profile, 2-4 m thick, is mottled red, yellow, white and grey, but the granulay texture is retained and the joints remain clearly dis- cermible. The regolith is obviously belng eroded hy wave action and by pool weathering: there ate undercut visors on the seaward-facing bluffs, and alveolar forms and weather pits are commonplace, The strippmg of this regolith has exposed the former limit of weathering— the weathering front of Mabbutl (1961a), The weathering front is, as might be anticipated, irregular because of the deeper penetration of water and alteration along afd near joint planes. Hence, in some places, corestones are exposed but where the front is even platforms are revealed. In other words the platforms are etch surfaces (see Wayland 1934; Mahbutt 1961b; Twidale 1976), 2. Drummond Point, southwestern Eyre Peninsula At Drummond Point (Fig. 1), Precambrian gneisses with well developed steeply dipping lineation are exposed beneath the dune cal- 66 C. R. TWIDALE, JENNIFER A. BOURNE & NICHOLAS TWIDALE a . Part of Drummond Point, showing cal- carenite overlying gneiss. A—calcarenite; B—gneiss exposed in platforms. . Smooth Pool showing the calcarenite cliffs, the massive joint blocks exposed in the granite platform, and the many granite boulders and cobbles, which were originally corestones. Fig. 3c. Granite platform at Smooth Pool show- ing large joint blocks, the one in the fore- ground displaying raised rim and saucer- shaped depression. carenite that forms the upper half or three- quarters of the high cliffs (Figs 2a and 3a). The unconformity between the Precambrian and Pleistocene rocks is irregular, but, though eroded, is nevertheless expressed in many places as a gently sloping bench standing well above high tide level? but within the spray zone (Fig. 2a). A narrow platform serrated in pro- file has developed at about mid-tide level but there is another prominent flat located at, or more commonly just above, high tide level. It is everywhere coincident in elevation with the weathering front, the junction between the in- trinsically fresh gneisses below and_ the weathered rock above. The coastal exposures at Drummond Point suggest very strongly that the high level plat- form, standing 6 m above the intertidal plat- form which is located at about mid-tide level, is of etch character. Here perhaps even more clearly than at Point Brown is the nature of some of the platforms revealed: the compara- tively high platform at Drummond Point (and the mid- to high-tide platforms at Smooth Pool, Cape Labatt and Talia Caves—see below) are etch surfaces and they have no significance so far as former stands of the sea are concerned. They have developed only because the weather- ing front happens to be located within the tidal and spray zone of contemporary sealevel. The weathered gneiss consists of quartz grains and fragments set in a matrix of kaolinised material, and with abundant iron oxides. There is, however, no sign of a ferruginous capping or horizon within the gneiss; rather are there patches of iron dis- colouration following lineation within the rego- lith. Whether there was originally a’ferruginous carapace that has been destroyed by chemical attack following burial by the aeolianite is not known (cf. Twidale & Bourne 1975). However, though particularly well displayed there, Drummond Point is not the only site where there is evidence of the etch character of some of the platforms cut in pre-aeolianite crystalline and, in one instance, sedimentary rocks, 3. Westall Peninsula, northwestern Eyre Peninsula The term Westall Peninsula is used of the complex promontory that lies to the west and southwest of Streaky Bay (formerly Flinders) $< ? The evidence of jetsam on beaches, distribution of lichens, etc. at particular sites has been taken in preference to theoretically derived tidal ranges. Thus “high tide level” implies “near the top of the evidenced tidal range”. SHORE PLATFORMS AND SEALEVEL CHANGES, GULFS REGION 67 High Cliff ( WESTALL PENINSULA V ~ Smooth Pool \=> Fig. 4. Westall Peninsula showing the extent of the shore platforms cut in granite and gneiss. Major joint trends are shown. township. Most of the exposures, notably in the 60-70 m high cliffs, are of aeolianite but over long sectors granite and granite gneiss are exposed at and near present sealevel. At High Cliff, located 14 km southwest of Streaky Bay, strong structural control is evident in the plat- form. The bedrock is subdivided into massive slabs by prominent joints which dip 2° sea- wards. However, despite the many minor joint- block “cuestas” developed in the massive granite slabs, the outcrop has been eroded and overall the granite forms a platform extending as much as 80 m beyond the base of the aeolianite cliffs, though with clefts well developed along joints. The granite outcrops at Smooth Pool have also been eroded to form a platform which slopes gently (4°) westwards from the base of the aeolianite cliffs (Figs 3b and 4). At low tide the platform extends about 200 m from the base of the cliffs, but at high tide is covered by the sea. Over wide areas it is coincident with horizontal or sub-horizontal joints but in many places the surface transects the joint blocks, so that there are innumerable minor platforms within the larger feature. In detail the blocks that comprise the plat- form display a varied morphology. Some have slightly raised rims, and are in consequence dis- tinctly saucer-shaped (Fig. 3c). Others are a —- _—. — - : a eS a tie ee Fig. Sa. Flared slope of granite boulder at Smooth Pool. Fig. 5b. Granite platform cut in granite at Went- worth Point, Yorke Peninsula. It stands below the unconformity between the cal- carenite above and the granite below but the platform seen in the middle distance is essentially coincident with the uncon- formity. Fig. 5c. Calcified grus with granite boulders set in it at Wentworth Point. slightly humped with broad rises a few centi- metres amplitude standing above the general level of the edges of the platforms. Some dis- play both saucers and humps. The joint-con- trolled margins of the blocks are uniformly steep and some are slightly concave. There are 68 R. TWIDALE, JENNIFER A. BOURNE & NICHOLAS TWIDALE inany Jonse rounded boulders (diameter $0 om and fess) strewn over the platform und 4lso, particularly in the region close to cliff-feat, many larger joint blocks are rooted in the plat- forms, Some of the latter are distinctly Mared (Fig. 5a). One block has been ereied to form a platform on the landward side and the hump standing above il is slightly fared so that the total effect is that of an elephant rock (Twidale & Bourne 1976), The platform can be traced continuously round the Peninsula at approximately the same elevation for several kilometres. The tncon- formity between the crystalline rocks and the overlying limestone is obscured by the coarse blocky rubble that has fallen and accumulated at the base of the cliffs, but to jude from the Upper limits of fixed gneiss and pranire boulders in the oliff-foot regien [t occurs |-2 m above the present high tide limit, On Westall Pemnsula, evidence of the etch ongin of the wide platform is fragmentary and diffivult to Rnd However, at one site at Smooth Pool there is a patch of Weathered granite, motel in red and yellow preserved beneath the bouldery grarite sind blocky aeolianite rubble, This and the many loose houlders suz- gest that thers was wl onc time a regolith cam- prising corestones set in a matrix of ers over the fresh rock, Wave action must have stnpped all but one small remnant of the gris away though many of the