VOL. 125, PART 1 31 MAY, 2001 Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia Incorporated Contents Barker, 8. & Bellamy, C. L. Stanwatkinsius, a new genus of Australian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: evade sera with a Key to known species - - Conroy, T. J., Cook, P. L. & Bock, P. E. New species of Otionellina ia Selenaria (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) from the South West Shelf, Western Australia - - McArthur, A. J. & Shattuck. S. O. A taxonomic revision of the Camponotus macrocephalus eas Cas (Hemenopreng: eoumiedse) in Australia - Davies, K. A., Makinson, J. & Purcell, M. F. Shearaiuns on the cacanee and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Australia - - - Pichelin, 8. & Cribb, T. H. MNeoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Scarus ghobban and S. psittacus (Scaridae) from Western Australia Smales, L. R., Gerhardt, K. & Heinrich, B. Embryogenesis, culture and description of the free-living stages of two nematode parasites of the northern hairy-nosed wombat Eitan krefftii) (Vombatidae: Marsupialia) - Vaillancourt, R. E., Boomsma, D. B. & Nicolle, D. A disjunct population af Pucatypius globulus ssp. bicostata from South Australia - - Brief Communication: Phillott, A. D. Pisonia grandis does not appear to harbour fungi known to invade sea turtle nests at Heron Island, Eastern Australia - PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000 15 A 45 31 57 65 69 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED VOL. 125, PART 1 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INC. CONTENTS, VOL. 125, 2001 PART 1, 31 MAY, 2001 Barker, S. & Bellamy, C. L. Stanwatkinsius, a new genus of Australian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae Agrilinae) with a key to known species - - Conroy, T. J., Cook, P. L. & Bock, P. E. New species ef Otionellina und Selenaria (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) from the South West Shelf, Western Australia - - McArthur, A. J. & Shattuck. S$. O. A taxonomic revision of the Camponctys macrocephalus species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia - - - - - - - Davies, K. A., Makinson, J. & Purcell, M. F. Observations on the development and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Australia - - - Pichelin, S. & Cribb, T. H, Neoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Scarus ghobban and S. psittacus (Scaridae) from Western Australia Smales, L. R., Gerhardt, K. & Heinrich, B. Embryogenesis, culture and description of the free-living stages of two nematode parasites of the northern hairy-nosed wombat WLaslostings krefftii) (Vombatidae: Marsupialia) - Vaillancourt, R. E., Boomsma, D. B. & Nicolle, D. A disjunct population of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata from South Australia - - Brief Communication: Phillott, A, D, Pisonia grandis does not appear to harbour fungi known to invade sea turtle nests at Heron Island, Eastern Australia - 15 25 45 51 69 PART 2, 30 NOVEMBER, 2001 Souter, N. J. & Williams, W. D. A comparison of macroinvertebrate communities in three South Australian streams with regard to reintroduction of the platypus - - Bailey, P. T., Martin, J. H., Noyes, J. S. & Austin, A. D. *Paxbtusny ond biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby Downs, South Australia - - - - Barker, S. Descriptions of twenty one new species of Cisseis (sensu stricto) Gory & Eaporie 1839 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae: Agrilinae) - Williams, C, R., Kokkinn, M. J., Snell, A E., Fricker, S. R.& Crossfield, E. L. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in mebopelitan Adelaide, South Australia - - - Ferguson, M. A., Smales, L. R. & Cribb, T. H. ney species, Pretestis lati- caecum, (Trematoda: Cladorchiidae) from Emydura krefftii Gray, 1871 (Pleurodira: shellac) from Central Queensland, Australia - - - - - - O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Diprotodontia: Phalangeridae) - - O’ Callaghan, M. G., Andrews, R. H., Davies, M, & Spratt, D. M. Species of Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) from the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) - - - Beveridge, |. Cervonemella reardoni gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Cloacinidae) from the stomachs of scrub wallabies, Dorcopsis spp., in Papua New Guinea - - - - Riley, 1. T. & Wouts, W. M. Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in agricultural soils and native vegetation in southern Australia Brief Communication: Mackness, B. & Godthelp, H. The use of Diprotodon as a B Hlostraliprapnic marker of the Pleistocene - - Obituary: Joan Burton Paton AM, BSe(Hons), MSc - - - - - ~ - Insert lo Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, Vol. 125 parts | & 2, 30 November, 2001 71 83 97 115 STANWATKINSIUS, A NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: BUPTRESTIDAE: AGRILINAE) WITH A KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES By S. BARKER* & C. L. BELLAMYf Summary Barker, S. & Bellamy, C. L. (2001) Stanwatkinsius, a new genus of Australian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae) with a key to known species. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 1-14, 31 May, 2001. Seven species of jewel beetles previously placed in the genus Cisseis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae) are recognised as different and a new genus Stanwatkinsius is proposed to accommodate them, their synonyms and nine new species. The species ascribed to the new genus are Cisseis perplexa (type species), C. careniceps, C. cincta, C. constricta, C. lindi, C. subcarinifrons (= C. occidentalis), C. uniformis (- C. coraeboides), Stanwatkinsius crassus sp. nov., S. demarzi sp. nov., S. grevilleae sp. nov., S. kermeti sp. nov., S. powelli sp. nov., S. macmillani sp. nov., S. rhodopus sp. noy., S. speciosus sp. nov. and S. viridimarginalis sp. nov. A key is provided for the indentification of these species. The relationships of the genus to other members of the tribe Coraebini are discussed. Key Words: Australia, Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Cisseis, Stanwatkinsius, new genus, new species. Freie ants of the Ravel Society of S Aish b2Q01), b25Ch4, L-l4e STANWATKINSIUS, A NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE: AGRILINAE) WITH A KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES by S. BARKER & ©, L, BeLEAMY™ Summary BARKER, Sk Berramy, Co L. 12000) Saiiwatklasin, avew genus of Australian jewel beetles (Colcoptens Buprestidae; Agrilinue) with wu key to Known species, Tray. A, Soe d. Ant, P2501), Tel, 31 May, 2007. Seven species of jewel beetles previously placed inthe genus Césvery (Coleoptera; Buprestidae: Agrilinue) are recounised us different and a new genus Smee iisias os prapescd to aecommodeale then. their syilonyins and ning new species. The species ascribed ta the mew genus ure Chisels perpleva (ype species), ©) carenicepy. ©. eietu, Co constricta. C. Hind, Co subcurinifrais (= CO. oecidennilis), ©. imifarnis t= C. daradehoidés), Sromwarth situs Crassus spy now, Sy demarmeosp, n09., 5. ayadtlecne sp.nov. 4d. keeeri sp now, § pearetl spe now. So anecmillant sp. nays, & rhedupas sp. nov, S&S apeciusis sp. nov. and 3. udetedinereinatis sp. tov, A key th provided for the idenitieaivan of hese species. The relitionships of the genus te other meothers wf the tribe Coricbini ure discussed, Kiy Workbs: Austrailia, Coleoptera, Buprestidac. Oyasedy. Steurarkisis. Hew uertis. New species. Muterials and Methods Specimens examined were borrowed from or are deposited in the following institutions and colleetious: ANIC - Australian Canberra. BMNII) The Natural blistory Muscum, London, CLBC - C. L. Bellamy collection, Los Angeles, California, HDWA - H, Dematz, Woodridge, Western Australi. MGWA - M. Golding, Beverley, Western Australis, MHSA- M, Hanlon. Sydney. New South Wales. MNHN- Museum National d'tlistoire Nuturetles, Paris, MPWA.- M. Powell, Melville, Western Australia, NMVA - National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria. SAMA ~ South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, SWLA- S, Watkios. Lismore, New South Wales, WAMA - Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia. Type numbers lisied below for specimens from the Blackburn collection, BMNH, dire not type accession HuMbers assigned in the BMNEH system, but ruther Blackburn collection lype numbers. All of the specimens were examined under a binocular microscope. They were photographed with National Insect Collection, Deyprurtment at Entomology, Souch Atstraliin Muse, Adchide SA S000. TEntotology Section, Matti! Oistary Museum, YOO Paypestiin Blval Los Atveles CA YONO7T LSA, at Nikon 35 min camera wilh extension tubes and the transparencies were seanned ound digitally inunipulated by computer using Adobe Photoshop. Specimens were prepared for electron mivroscopy hy vacuum coating with gol and then photographed using an Hitachi S-450 Scanning EM. Tntroduction The buprestid genus Cisseis Gory & Laporte. 1839 (Agrilinae: Coraebini) oecurs thoughout Australia and its distribution extends north and cast into New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the Philippine archipelavo, In Australia, most species of Civseiy ure assovidted with Acacia spevies: the lurvae bore into decaying wood and the udults are mostly foliage feeders, Occisionally the udults visit flowers of the host plants and other locally blooming species. The last revision of Australian Cisseix was by Carter (1923): subsequent collecting has reveuled many undescribed species. In the vourse Of re-examining species attributed to the genus, We Found that seven species originally placed in Ciyyers are ditferent front all other deseribed species. Blackburn (18912300). when describing Cissery perplexed Blackburn. the fist of the seven. outlined the differences between at and typical Cisvely species. Stan Watkins. a prolific collector in NSW, drew our attention to un Undeseribed Species allied (ao Cisse?s perpleva differing from typical Cisseiy sppa we have revogmised eight additional species which fil this calegory, Some of the species are oassociuted with either Cusmarina or Allocasuaring spp. Many ot the orbers huve been S BAKKER A&C found on the leaves of Grevillea spp. and Lake spp. The major morphologic) departure fron Chysely iS the structure of the ovipositon which 1s supilar to bul not identical wilh the structure of the ovipositor in Meliheeihon Obenberger, Both have incurving setae, Sharp to Meliboeithon, blunt at the lop and sharp farther down im all species of this distinet vroup. Cisweds species buye a tubular OV positon without meurving setae. This: dillercnce anothers duve prompted fis 6 erecta new genus for their placement. We propose the name Sreawautkinaiis Tor the new gents: Stanwatkinsius Sov, Nov, Type species. Cissely perplexa Blackbum, 1891 (present designation), Diagnosis: Siath length less than lO mn stiheylindricul: general form somewhal resembling \sirens Gory & LaPorte and Melihoeiene, surtice puncte and/or wansversely vuydise. iridescent, sparsely pubeseent, the sexes are diehromatic th SOME Species, Desert Houd: eves sinall widely separated, inner margins subparallel; frontovertex broad, transverse, offen with feeble longitudinal medial costa: antennal msceuons hire. moderately ta widely sepuried with sintate caring dorsud to each (Pig 1): epistome declivous ventrad of antennal insertions, gen with single rounded acule prayection below eye; with nuvrow depression to reecive basal aietennomeres repose: labrum punetite: mandible robust, Antennae trinmgularly serie from tintenmomere 4 or 5 Pronolumt wider (han long, witlest al posterior ng; unterior margin evenly areustes. posteria murdin bisinuates kteril margin nurrawing before subacute luteraposterior angle, even before narrowing fo aitenion mareiny dise fattened medially, evenly rounded laterally; one preapical caring lo well betove Injdpoint extend areugitely wway from lileral margin and extending anterior to luteropostecior angle to well beyond muidpomt, Seutclluny moderate size, sabecordiform, wider than Jom; anterior Margin even, transverse; posterior mirgin strongly (ittenuate, Elytra much longer tan W jles widest Wed postey iar third, bul wider ppH ye tlee hummer than al posterior mirein oF pronotum; lateral marines subparallel trom opposite bunieri to abou mid-point, widening lo posterior third before gradually ourrowing to separately subuuneate apices: posterior portion of lateral margin serrate on sdrruluic, epipleuton short, extending opposite length of metepisternum, separited fram cise by sntall carina Prostermal process with iuneale apex 1 BELLAMY and Iwo ucute lateral projections posterad wl procoxaey Metepimeran Pot Visible; aiterioy mace) OF meneame! plate concave mediiths posterior margin feebly emarginate abdonminl siernw each progressively shone than preceding, suteral marinas feebly arcuale medially: stem 3-5 wiih visible Iauteral ineins cach with) prehiteral straight groove, complete wround murgin of 5. Femorn fusiform Hbie longer than tomeru, cuch with pair ol spines ial Uist tipexy Tetutibiae With setigeris on distal portions tirsi f=)each wilh ventral pulvillus, ee pubvillus browder (han the previous one, those on lursomeres 3 und 4 bilobed: tarsoimere S with chiws fecbly Uppendiculate and fotehed basally ane usymimnetie, outer chow thicker thin inner ehiw, Genitalia: male, allvery similar relatives: ovipositor “Svonwebibe type. soil ta thot higured ri Belhuny (O88: 423, Fi, 61) for Mefiboeithon except ventrtl setae bluabnotsharp, Ovipestoria Crhsei i lori a fips | hetween he even a € Sayers wii Glory de Laltorte. bh. Sanding chactponqigrogeyh of the head vezron Stmmathiinitty porlecis OBliok burn) tiecach aaby the We Pas anlenneainieres Me wows dicate the juretion horweern the rows and the epsstomie. Scale hur aye present (Lo rn NIW GENUS Ob AUSTRAL DAN JEWEL BEETLES 5 Hurtened tube. withour ventral setae (Bellamy LOSS ALO). Remarks Srmwearkinaus dillers Tram Céixveiy in the following combination of characters and character states. The plant assuciitions of the various species: most are associated with species of Grevillea or Hakea. some with either Cesuerina ot Allavasuaring, and ditfer trom the general C)ysers SPECLES USSOCHITON WIth mainly various species of Acacia. The morphology of the ovipositor differs between these venera. In Chey (bas a Miatlened tube with short, paired stylin In Syamwearkiisiis it is 4 scoop formed from ineurvings selec. None of the species of Stamwvaikinstias has spots on the elyira formed from setae as im various Ciysers, Neaspitiles Blickburn and Paeliyveisveis Thery species. AlL have pliin metallig colouration, Ly Stcqewetkiiscies the mitndibles are more robust und a different shape rom (hose in Cissels: the antennal josertions are Nigher thin in Cissery an Ciyvers the cdge of the rons lacks punctures and is very distinel, there ts 4 step between (his structure and the epistume whereas in Sramwerkiniee the junction between the frons and cpintome is indistmet and the fovea surrounding the insertion Of the basal untennomere is less promincnt (Pig. 1) In Stanwarkioviey (ie labrum is narrow iad has a brush of stout wdpressed setae along the apical imurgin, On the pronotum. the dorsal carina does hot reich the apical margin in any species, whereas m Ciysety Uhe dorsal carina Meets the apical margin in all bul a few species. The asymmetrical tarsal claws wre quire different from Cisyefy speetes. and Lucemon in bupresdids in general, One example ak tarsal claw asymmetry in coruebines was discussed hy Bellamy (1990) lor the Asian and) Philippine venus Cordeboaxond Obenberger Key to Stanwatkinstes species | Bodyallyren Te Ol . 3 Bouy ober than green oo... 2 ee 3 7 GF & F dark green, southern speeies Fe anct tent ave teesttacle Se tpt nadfornys | Kerremians) a bright green, northern species Kermeti sy, ow, 3 ft head green apically, dark blue basally: 2 head COPMELY 12 een : cel Uy, becats 4 B head waiher thin green nd blue Pig. eigaace 5 4.4 & F prenurum cappery -. specfusay sp. ney, F pranorum dik blues 2 pronoun coppery o sata, wet Somes oo dain neta ene conmsiriciiy (Blackbur) 4. 8 & 2 hed purple or purple-blue, ventral slinfuce purple 2.2222 222---- powell sp Wow, Head other (har purple oo. oa ern 6 Y head & pronotum rosy, elytra dark blue it ea A As ERY Lhadapus sp NOV. ¥ teal & pronotuin other than rosy yo... 7 & & 2 head. pronotum ventral surlace bronze. 8 3 & 2 head. pronotum ventral surface uther than bronze rOVbig hs Se 0re & Saks elytra bronve -, perplesus (Blackburn) 2 elytra blue, 3 elytra bronve with rea apical WIENS calenivepy (Carter) Yd & F head, ventral surface green. pronotuni& elytetnostly browa, .. subecrimifrons (Thomson) o & & elytra other than all brown. 2... . - WwW 10. Ebytra with green literal margins 1] Elytra with red lateral mareins.. 60.0... 12 IT, 2 head, pronolum blue... mec sp.nov. 2 head green. pronolum medially brawn laterally green:4) head & pronotunt brow OS ee vindimeremalis sp, NOV, j2¢ & FY head, pronetiim — coppery Diels lat y yy aHete ace aleletatajatete lind? (Blackburn) ao ®& F head, pronotum other than eoppery . 14 13.4 head. pronotim. ventral surlice green... 14 Gd heal, pronotum, ventral surface blue... 05 hewl pronze-yellow, small S-6 mm ces (xerremans | 2 head green: larger. >7 mim... crewiy Sp. nov. 15. Smaller species, head finely punctured, occurs on WA coustal pun o. .) 2... demarsi sp. nov. Larger species, head coarsely punetured: occurs mkind WA... .-.-.-22-- wrevillede Sp. NOV. Stanwatkinysius perplexus (Blackburn, 1891), vomb, nev, (RIGS th. 2a) Cisseis perpleca Blackburn PSY1;300, Kerremans 19032230. Carer 1923:167; 1929/2709, Obenberger )934852_ Holotype: Blackburn ( 2185), BMNEH, examined. Other specimens examined: WAS ot. Wannamil. 8ax.1970. 8. Barker, SAMA: 3. Korrelocking. MaK.AYTO, S. Barker. SAMA; 2 6 &~ Quairiding, 7ax.1970. 8, Barker, SAMA: &. 77 km ETO. Old York Ra, 7.x, 970, 8. Barker. SAMA, 5 22.4 25 South Tummin Flora Res. 8.x 1970. 8. Barker, CLEC & SAMA: > > 2, Wannamal, JX. 1970. 8, Barker, SAMA: 9, 77 kin. EB -T.0. Old: York Ra, 2).x).1970. S. Burker, SAMA, 2 84. 3S. South Tammin Flora Res 6a. 1971-8, Barker, SAMA, 2, 3 kun S Israelite Buy TO. SW MIL Ragged, LON A974, S. Barker, SAMALS . 3 kin b Norseman, I4.xn.0974. 8. Barker, SAMA; &. South Tammin Ploru Res., 20.01.1975. 8. Barker, SAMA; “, South Tummin Flora Res, &.s.1976. 8 Barker. SAMA: 4 §. BARKER & 25 km & Lake Gree. 19.18.1979, FH. Uther Baker. SAMA, SAr4 4, 2, 18 kor E Kitmba, 8.4.1979, 8. Burke, SAMA; of, Lake Gilles CP) E Kitiba, I4ex.1990.S. Barker, SAMA; no data. SAMA, Male size, 6.0% 2.9 nim (20), Colour; Head mostly coppery-purple. green il buse, ull green ina few specimens, Antennae bronze. Pronotum mostly coppery-purple, anterior margin green, Scutellum coppery-purple. Blyta bronze. Ventral surface and legs coppery-purple. Shape amd sculpture: Head deeply punctured. selose. low medial carina from apex, projecting into mediin impressed line post-medially, reaching base, Antennomeres: 1-3 obconic; 4-11 triangular, Pronotum stiolate, apical margin projecting medially over hall its length, basal margin bisinuate: dorsal carina diverging from lateral margin at base, conves, upprouching but not reaching angle, laterally setose, Scutellum scutiform, without punctures, Mat, basal margin slightly caneave. Elytra heavily striolite basally, rugose along suture, scutellate lulerally. more or less parallel-sided, narrowed post- medially to rounded apices, apical murgin sub serrate. Ventral stirfaee scutellate, densely covered by long sete us are legs, Female Size: 8.5% 3.0 mim (17). Colour: Head coppery-purple. Prongium bronze with coppery-purple reflections, Flytra bronze. Ventral surface and legs coppery purple, Shape and sculpture: as in male. Disiribulion WA: Common in drier heath areas ussociated will Miovastaring spp. SAs Kimba on Alfecesmerrine helmsii (Ewart & M. Gurdon). Remarks ‘This species is he hatgest in the genus dnd the only one that is entirely bronze. Stanwathinsius carenteeps (Carver. 1923). comb. mov. (FIG, 2b) 1993; 171; Ciyseiy careniceps Caller 1990:978_ Obenberger 1934:843, Halorpe: 33 3 syntypes, BMNH, exarmined, Other speciineny examined: WA: 2 ¢d,2 5 4.4% kim FE. Geraldton, 22.18.1958. 8. Burker. SAMA: ©. Tultaning, Tos. S. Barker, SAMA: &, Ballidu - LL. BELLAMY 168.1970, 8. Barker, SAMA &, Payne's Pind. (7ix.1970, 8, Barker, SAMA: @, Wiulki, Sax 1970, 8. Barker, SAMA: 3 &. 53 km W Mutlewa, 20.15 1996, T.M-S. Hanlon, MHSA:3 2 Watherou, 3.x7.1990, HH. Demure, HDWA, Tammin Res, 284.1975, AH. Demarz, HIDWA: of, 9, 3 kin EB Tallering Homestead, 23.47.1989, S. Barker, CLBC; Tallering stn, 23.1%, 1989, on Allocastaring cantpesiris. Barker/Watkins, SWLA: G. 9, 13 kin N Galena, §.1%,1998, on A/locasnarina campestris, T.M.S, Hanlon, MASA: ¥, 49 kin N Galena, 8.ix.1998. on Allocasuaring campesiris, T.M.S. Hanlon. MASA, a, h “ 2, Male Size; 8.3 x 2.8mm (11). Colour: Head. antennae, pronotum. and scutellim hronze. Hlytra either deep violaceous with red margin around the apices or grey-blue with red margin around the apices and red along suture on such elytron rom middle to apex. Ventral surface, lees bronze, Shape und sculpture: Head deeply punctured, sctose, With a incdian apical carina extending to base as impressed line, Antenmomeres; 1-3 obconic; 4-11 (angular. Pronotum deeply striolate. apieal margin broadly projecting medially, basal margin. bisinuate, dorsal carina separated widely from margin except at buse. nol reaching apical margin; literally setose, Seutellam flat, without punctures. Elytra striolite, laterally parallelsided from huse, rounded post medially, ther narrowed to rounded apiees, Ventral surface striokite, with moderately long setae, Female Size! 8.7 X 3.0 mm (¥), Colour; Head. antennae, scutellum bronze, Elytra bronze, apical margin red. Ventral surface and legs bronze, Shape and sculpture: as in male. Distribution WA; most common on the porthern edge of the wheathell, Associated with Alfocusuarinag campestris (Diels) Remarks Stanwathinistus careniceps (nd 8. perpleyvas ure elosely allicd species, Males are easily distinguished by their different colour combination. The females of this species are distinguished from females of, perplexiy by their elytra whieh have a red apical fark. abseac in the other species. Srna sind. Cinedes CRerreniains } (FIG, 2a) NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES Fig. 2. Habitus illustrations of the following Stamvatkinsius species: a, Stamwatkinsius perplexus (Blackburn). b. S. careniceps g & I | | (Carter). c. S. crassus sp. nov. d. S. rhodopus sp, nov, eS. powelli sp. nov. f. S. speciosus sp. noy. g. S. kermeti sp. nov. h. S. constrictus (Blackburn). 1. 8. /indi (Blackburn). j. S. viridimarginalis sp. nov. k. S. grevillede sp. noy, |. 8. macmillani sp. noy m. $. demarzi sp. nov. n. S. wtiformis (Thomson) o. S. cinctus (Kerremans). p..S. subcarinifrons (Thomson). Scale bar = 5 mm by 8. BARKER & ©, L, BELLAMY Cisveiy einera Kerremans T898: 1662 1903:229. Carter 1923:167 (syn, subcarinifrons); 19292279, Obenherzer 1934;855 syn. nov. Haloivper |, Cissets cineta Kerremans, Australia, Oberthut, BMNH, examined, Ornlter specinens evsamined: WA: 3 3 4. 3. Coorow, W.A., 245 kit) Nyon non-prickly Haken, 16.538, Du BK. ANIC? od, Marloo sti, 1931-1941, A, Goerhng. ANIC; &, 17 kin S Northampton, boa t98h, 1D. Maun & LC, Cardale, ANIC; 2 do. 80 kin N Maora, 20.%.1996, Kershaw/Golding, MGWA; <{, Woodridge, intercept trap, 10,.X1, 199% H. Demarz, SAMA; 2 & &. 13 kim N Galena. 1 1.7x.7998, T.M.S, Hlanlun. MHSA, Male Size: 5.6.x 2.2 mm (10). Colour: Head green. Antennae: antennomeres 1-2 green: 3611 black with green reflections, Pronotum, seulellum green, Elytra dark brown anedially, bronze-red Juterally. Ventral surface und legs green, Shape and seulpture: Head punetured. shallow median sulcus at the apex extending as impressed line reaching base, Atitennomeres: 1-3 obeonic; 4-11 triangular, Pronotuin siriolate; apical margin broadly projecting medially, basal margin bisinuate; dorsal varing diverging from lateral margin at base then curving towards it post-medially, bot reaching the mirgin, Seutetlum Mat. without punctures, basil margin eoneave. Elytra shallowly punetured along suture rest scutellate; Kiterally parallelsided from base. rounded postemedislly and narrowed to rounded apices. Ventral surface shallowly scutellate; very short setae, Pemele Size: 5.0% 2.2 win (2), Colour, Head — yellow-bronae. Antenne; unlennomercs 1-2 yellowebrongze; 3-1) bhick wilh green reflections, Pronolim, seutellnim yellow- bronze, Elytra dark brown medially, bronze-red llerally, Sternum and legs yellow- bronze. Abdomen green, Shape und sculpture: us in male, Divirthution WA: Constal plain and Geraldton district, ussockited witht Heke spp Renirks Srunvathuisiiey eniecms bs one of the siatlest species, Iocan only be confused wath, crass sp. nov whieh has a similar colour eombinarion but ps pne ol the hirgest species. The straceure of the mule venitiia easily separates them. I 8. caret the ucdeayus is nurrow and the parameres are slightly folded dorsally, [In 5. craysuy sp. noy. the aedeagus 1 browd and (lat. Stanwatkinstas constrictus (Blackburn, 1897), comb. noy, (FIG. 2h) Ciyveiy conyiricia Blackburn 1687:254, Kerrentins 1892294: 1903:220. Carier 1923-167: 1929-978 Obenberger 1934:844, Halonpe. 3, Ciyeis constricke Blackburn, We Aw C1 1714) RMNH, examined Orher specimens examined: WAL 2 92, Coorew, 245 kiN, 16.838. on prickly Hakea., IWR, ANIC. 3 Aa, 2 9¥_ Corow (sie), 17x, 1938, on prickly Hakea, Du Boulay eollection, WAMA; 9 44, 7 ? F,Coorow, 17/18.x.1938, on prickly Hakea, H, W Brown, MHSA, 2 9 2. Spencers Brook, [6.aib PYa8, RP. MeMillan, WAMA: 5 bo, 3, 99, Wilga, 1 30x74, Ko & E. Curmaby, ANIC; 2 dey 7. Watning. 12.%1,50, RP MeMillan, SAMA, ¥ Pind, 22.4x.58, on Casierina, S. Barker, SAMA, 4 32.098 TIG,07E, Canning Reservoir, 11 kin 2, Armidale. 8.40.77. 0 A, Weir ANIC: 6 oo, 2 08. 120.1977, 3 km SW Quairading, Ko Kershaw. MPWA; 2 2d, Stiring Raw 15.4179, D. Knowles. MPWA,; &, 26 km § Ravensthorpe, on Av fanilin, 22.x11.91, Golding/Powell, MPWAs 9. 56 kn NE Wuhin, 18ix.01, on Hekea leaves, M. Powell, MPWA; 3. 2, 12 km N Guleng Bridge. on A, campestris, 30.08.92, Golding/Powell, MPWA ©, Wicherina Dam. on Grevillea leaves, 17.193, Golding/Powell, MPWA; 4.97. 25 hin EE York. an Hak, trifurcan, 25.%.1997, M. Powell, MPWA; 2 OP) 2h km SE Armidale, Hake (rifiereete, 14.81.1997, Golding/Powell, MPWAy 3, '/. 13 ker of Gulena, Tax t906, TMS, Thinlom MASA: 2 36, 65 km W Watheroo, on Aakea, 21%.08, M, Powell, MPWA: 3. 9. Swan R., Lea. SAMA. Male Sive: 6.0% 2.4 mint (33). Colours Head blue-green apreally, purple basally. Antennomeres 1-2 blue-green, 4-1) black, Pronotini purple, Scuiellum bloe-green. Elyire black medially with red margin encroaching over homeral catlis 1H basal margin. Ventral surfuee ane les purple with blue-green reflections, Shape and sealptarer Head closely punctured, Median sulcus wl apex. short median wlibrous line il base. Anlennomeres: 1-3 obconic; 4-1) triangulan Pronolum stiekite: apical margin propecting medially, basal margin sinuate, dorsab carina NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEBTLES 7 diverging from venteal carina al base, more or less parallel to ventral carina but sinuate. not reaching apical margin, Scutelliim flat, without punetures. Blytra scutellite, literally more or less parallel-sided from base, rounded post medially and narrowed Lo rounded upex. Ventral surface sculellite. with short sehae pointing posteriorly. Female Sizer 6.) x 2.4m (30), Colour: Head esppery. Antenmonmieres 1-2 coppery, S11 black. Pronotuin and seulellum coppery, Blytra black inedially with » coppery margin encroaching over tumeral callus to the basal murgin. Ventnal surtice and legs coppery. Shape suid seulplures its i pale, Distribution SW WA. Remarks Blackburn deseribed Co conseriete: from Western Australia and ©) Jind? from South Australia, Carter (M924) synonynused ©) findh with ©. cortyértei Neither form is found in the other stale and because of differences ta the structure of male genitalia and colour, herein we consider them separate species. This species is closest to S) demurcé sp. now They cun be distinguished on (he followings 8, demearsi is smaller than 8. eimerisy the ventral surface of S. vines males is purple but in So demiersi ibis bloe- ween, Sranwatkinsius erassus sp. no. (PIG. 2e) Holoiypes 3 Lake Grace, WAL, DS.ai 971K. & E Carnaby, ANIC, Allatwpe: &, Lake Cruce, WAL. I4.xi RO, E. Sutton Callection, OMBA, Paratypes: WA, do, 74 km W Balladontit, 21.08,1978, TANLS. Hanlon. on Grevi/lea lowers, WAMA; /, SLAVS 1 20.308.67 kin WSW Coolgardic, 71x. LO8 1. D.C. Rentz, ANIC. SA: &, 2. no dau SAMA: 4. no data, Blackburn collection, SAMA: of. ne dita, NMVA2 @, 11,1913, NMVA, Male Siver 7.6 8 3.0 mm (5) Colour: Head green. Antennomeres: |-2 green: 3- 1) black. Proootum and seutellum green. Bbyira bhick medially, purple-red laterally. Ventral surface, legs vreen, Shape dnd seolprure: Head punetured, median carina from upex to middle extending fo hase as iMipressed lines pre-medial glabrous area on each side. Antennomeres: 1-3 obconie: 4-11 triangular. Pronowim deeply striolate: anterior margin broadly projecting medially, basal margin bisinuale: dorsal carina diverging from lateral margin at buse ina curve which approaches the lateral inargin post- mediilly but does not reach if, Seatellunn that, without punctures. anterior margin concave, Ehytra shallowly punetare medtilly. seutellate laterally: lwerally more or Jess purallel-sided until rounded post-niedially and then narrowed ty rounded apices. Ventral surface striolate wilh sparse short setae. Female Sizer 7. x 3.4 ane (4. Colour: Head purple apically, green basally: Antenmomeres, P purple: 2-11 bhick. Pronotum dull green. Scutellum black. Elytra black medially, purple-red laterally, Ventral sterna purple with green reflections; abdomen green except for Sz purple, Legs purple. Shape und seulpture: us inmate. Distribution WA: Lake Grave, Balladonia, SA: no locality dala availible, One specimen collected on Greville. Remarks The colour combination of tis species is siinilitr to that found in S. cinetuy. Their distinguishing features ure discussed earlier, Eninalog This species is named for its shape cress L.. broad Stanwatkinsius demarzi sp. nov. (FIG. 2m) Holotype: &, Woodridge, W.A., intercept trays, Yt 1997. H, Demarz. SAMA L 21493, Alluiyper &, Woodridge. WIA, intercept trap, 10.81.1998, H, Demure, SAMA LT 21494, Paratypess WAv 3, 2, Woodridge, 20.%.96. H, Demure, SAMA; , Fy 4.81.06, Woodridge, intercept trap, H, Demary, SAMA; fy 7.41.96, Woodridge. intercept trap, HL Demure, SAMA; ¢. 10.4096. Woodridge, intercept wap, Hy, Demure, SAMA: 2 44, Woodridge, intercept trap, WIS xL1997 TL. Demarz. SAMA 2 da. Woodridge. intereept trup, H. Demure, 30.4. 1998 SAMA; ¢. Woodridge, intercept trap, 18.41.1998. LL Demarz, CLBC & SAMA; ¢, Woodridge, intercept trap, 3.40, 1998, FL. Demarz, HDWA, 8 8. BARKER & © Male Size SA 22mm C1). Colour: Head green with yellow reflections apically. blue-green basally, Antennomeress | blue- green: 21) black. Pronotuim and seutellum blue. ereen, Elytra dark brown medially with red margin encroaching over humeral callus to basal margin. Ventral surfiiee and legs blue-green, Shape and sculpture: Head finely punctured, small incditn upienl sulcus. Anlennomeres: 1-3 obconic; 4- 11 triangular Pronotum striokite: ypieal margin projecting medially, basal margin sinuate, dorsal caring diverging from ventral carina basally then parallel to il not reaching marein, Seutetlum soutiform, flat. wrinkled, Elytra seutellite; Teterally inore OF less straight-sided from hase. sides eradually: converging, rounded post-medially and narrowed to rounded uptees, Ventral surface seutellate with sparse very short setae pointing posteriorly, Fonvale Size, 5.48 24m (3), Colour: Head, pronotum und scutellum coppery, Elytrcas in mate, Ventral surfiece and legs coppery, Shape and sculplure: as in male, Dist (butions Banksia moncies!i KR. Br woodland on WA costal plain, Remarks comsieretis, “There been discussed iy ulosest tas. lentures lmive Chis species (istinguishing previously, Ervinoloey Named alter the vollector EL Demure, Wandndge, WA Stranwatkiastus erevilléae spy. Woy, (FIG, 2h) Holomwpe. SAS Kio oN Galen WAL Tax, OKT M.S. Hanlon. SAMA | 21495, Aflatype: 2 saine dhita as holotype. SAMA 12 (503, Paraiypes, WA; 7 4%, Tammin, 264%.1936. on Tuken TH Wy. Brown, MHSA: Wy Burracoppin MN MYR. on Make, PL W. Brown, MISA: Oe) 7 Wo. Comtow. bO/E7 x, 1938) on Hakea, H.W Krown, MUSA, 4. Spencer's Brook, (6.4.45, R. P. McMillan, SAMA: 2.24, Yellowdine. | 4.53, BIL Uther Baker, WAMA: @, Lake Varley, 21ix. 54. 7H Uther Baker, WAMA:! dc, 34 kin EB Yellowelne, 160.77; M. Peterson, MPWA; 4. 00 7 liamk, «1077, L, BELLAMY M. Powell. MPWA, &. N7T Radio, (2...77. M. Powell, MPWA: 3) dad. N7T Radio. 144,77. M. Powell 2 99, 34 km E Yelluwdine, |3.x.77 5, Wilson, MPWA; 2. Carrabin, [3.<.1980, on Melaleuca, T, M.S. Hanlon, MHSA; 2 42. 9 kan NN Zanthus, on Grevillead leaves. 21.8 8G. M. Powell. MPWA; 2, 10 km by Norseman, 24.2.86.0n Casuurion, M- Powell, MPWA; &. 10. km SW Moir Rock, [S.xi.88, on Grevilled leaves, M. Powell, MPWA: 3 34. 9, 34 kin E Yellowdine, 28.x.89, on Grevillea leaves, Golding/Powell, MPWA, ¢& 19 km N Galena, 22.18.90, on Casing, Golding/Powell, MPWA, N71, A2 kin B Yellowdine, 21.8, 1991, of Casuarina, To M.S. Hanlon, MESA; 2. 60 kin N Galen Bridge. 28.i%.92. on Grevillea tol. Golding/Powell, MPWA; (4, 12 ki No Galena Bridge, 30,1%,92, on A, canmpestriy, Golding/Powell, MPWA; 3 4, 3 2%. 49 km N Galena Bridge, 10.x.92, Golding/Puwell, MPWA: ¥. 53 hin Fk Yellowdine, 23.,.93, Casuering, Mo O./M. P, MPWA, 3,2 99, 15 kin’ S Billabong, 20.4, 1996, Kershuw/Golding. MGWA, ¢&, 48 km N Galena Bridge. 7.i¥.1996, on Greville, Golding/Powell. MPWA; 2 6 ¢.5 92. 80 km N Moora, 20.8, 1996, Allo, canipestris, BD. Knowles, MPWAL4 dod 4 So km BNE Komarina, 27.viil997, on Grevillea leaves, 9, Knowles, MPWA; 3,5 {0 7, same datas hololype, MHSA: 2 dd. 2 94. 40 km WN Koolyanobhing, 9.8.98, on Grenlled, M. Powell, MPWA; ¢, 3 99, 40 km N Koolyatobbiig, 9.4, )998, Greville leaves, T. M.S. Hanlon, MUSA; 300. 499.92 km W Useless Loop, 15.4,1999, an Crevillea leaves, S. Barker. SAMA; Mele Size: 62 8 24 mim (41), Colows Head blue-green, coppery on the apieal margin between the antennal fovea, Pronotuny blue ereen someones wilh iedial yellow refleedons, Scutetlun) blueeereen with yarnible yellow rellections. Elytra dark brown with red lateral Inurgins continuous lor short distance alons basal margin Ventral surface and legs bhie-areen Shape and sculpture: Head coarsely punctured, inedian apical fovea, Antennomeres: 1-3 Ohearie: 4- Hh tehaitguha) Pronetun striolate, apical pare) straght, basal margin siouale, dorsal curiae diverging from ventral carina ot base then more or less parallel-sided until terminating belore reawhing the anterior margin, Seutelliim That without punctures, Bhytra seutellate, laterally paratlel-sided from base, rounded post-medially and narrowed ta rounded apices. Ventral surface scutellate with short seliic. henuale Size: 6.5 x 2.5 mim (49), NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES 9 Colour: Head. pronotum scutellum, Ventral surface and lews rose-red. Elytra dark brown with rose-red: lateral margin extending tor short distance along busal margin, Shupe and sculpture: as m male, Distribution SE and SW WA, associated with Grevilled spp. Remarks This species is closest lo 8. demarsi sp. nov. They can be separated on the following: SL erevillede is larger, 6.2 mm agains! 5.5 mm, dnd does not oecur on the coustal plains i ines, the margin dorsad to (he wumlennal love is cupreous, but is not ind, Jemarzir We bead punctition ty noticeably coarser in S. grevillede than in S. demarsi Etymology The speeies is tamed for its association with Crrevillea spp. Stanwatkinsius kermeti sp. nov. (FIG. 22) Holowpe 3, Boyne R., 120 km S Rockhampton, Qld, 4.x8.1975, on Casuarina caminghamniana 3, Barker, SAMA 1 21496, Paratypes: Qld: 2 4 &, Gladstone, 20.11.45, 8. Brock, ANIC. NSW: 3, Charity ck. Bridge, Manning Re vin Karobricki, TO.Ai.91, 5, Watkins, SAMA. Mele Size: 6.9 8 2.4 mim (4), Colour: Head. antennae, pronotum, sculelliuns green with yellow reflections. Ventral surface green. Leys green with yellow reflections Shape and seulptuve: Head punetured, flat, with thin vlabrous median tine from apex to middle. cCoOnNLNing to hase us impressed tine, with a round shibrous patch on eweh side eloser to apex than base. Antennomeres: 1-3 abconies 4-1 triangatien Pronotum striglute, interior imurgins projecting medially, basal margin bisinuale: lateral curina diverging from lateral niargin basally, thea more ov less paratlel to it until afer middie where i terminates, Seutellum Clat, without punctures, unterfor mae convex. Elytra with shallow punctures medially, striohite laterally. margin parallel sided Trom base until postemedial, tipered to rounded apices, Ventral surface faintly scutethite, Wil sparse short setac, hennile Unknown Distribution Qld: Gladstone, on Casdarina canninghaniana Mig. NSW. Northern coustal, on Casueriie OuMnie hana Remarks This is. an clongate species, [differs from all but §. powelli sp. nov, in the position of the dorsal cara on the pronetuin, Viewed from above, the sides of the pronotuin diverge trom the base; they converge to the apical margin at the point where the dorsal carina vonverges on the ventral carina. forming a slight protuberance on each side, Male genitalia are a diflerent shape from males oF 8. anifernriy the only other all green, but smaller species. Lryatalogy The species is named after Rermet the green frog fram the Muppets. Stanwatkinsius lindi (Blackburn, 1897), comb. nev (FIG, 31) Cisseis lined? Blackburn 1887:254; 1891300, Kerremans 1892:225; 1903:229. Curter 1923:167: (929:978, Obenberger 19342844. Holowpe: 3, Cissets lindi Blackburn, 5.A,, (1 319) BMNIUL examined. Other specinerny evanined: SAL 4 dd) 2 23 Tanunda, 1,4u.7887, Tepper, SAMA; 8, Williamstown, 22.x.1888, Tepper. SAMA: 2 od .2 YP, Lucindale, Fouerheerdt, SAMA, 2 44. Warunda, Lyre Peoinsula, 4.1909, S.A. White, SAMA, ©, i138, NMVA; do. 2. no dal, OMBA, J, no dita, SAMA, dG. t8km W Viyonne Bay, Kangaroo Ishind, 12.8. 1966, N, MeBarlaned, M. Pate. SAMA: 2 @@_ Verran Hill, Ilineks N, FL Eyre Peninsula, 74.1979, D. Lacis, SAMA, Vieo “i, Liule Desert, |] ko S Kiala, 9.x. 1978, S. Barker. SAMA: Y. Big Desert. 12 kin N Broken Bucket well 16.47, JOST. S, Barker, SAMA, Male Size. 59x 2.4 wm (1), Colour: Head coppery, Aniennomeres; | coppery, 211 black, Pronotun and sculellurn coppery or coppery bronze. Elytra dark blue medially, red laterally. Ventral surface and legs eoppery, Shipe and sculpture: Head with close, shallow punctures, shallow median sulcus al apex sour projecting into an impressed line reaching base, Antennomeres: 1-3 obconie; 4-11 triangular Pronotun) strighkute, apreal iargin projecting medially over half its length, busal margin 10 5S. BARKER & C1, BELLAMY bisinuite, dorsal carina convex, widely separated from ventral carina except at base, not reaching apieal margin, imterval between wrinkled. Sculellum Plat. glabrous. basal margin slightly concave, Elyta punctured medially, scutellate Juterally, margin purallel-sided from base, rounded post-mediilly and narrowed to rounded apex. Ventral surface sculelhite. with moderately long sclie, Fentale Size: 6.0% 2.5 ni (10). Colour: as in male Shape and sculpture; as in male. Distribution SA. Barossa Valley, SE. Katigaroo |. View Big arid Little Deserts, Remarks The only species known to overlap the distribution ofS. findi is 8. aadformis, a smallall green species, Dilferences between S$. find? and 3. cenyériciiy ace discussed earlier. Stunwatkinsius macmillani sp, nov, (FIG, 2) flalorpe: &, Watning, WA. 19.x1, 1950, RL P McMillan, SAMA fT 21497, Paratypes: 4 fd same data as holotype. SAMA: 3 fd, Bejoording. W,A., 19.51, 1950, RL BR MeMillan, WAMA Male Size: 6.0% 2.2 mim (8). Colour Head green apically with yellow reflections. blue-green basally, Antettiomeres: |2 greeny 3-11 black, Pronotum and scutellun blue- green, Elytra brown medially green laterally, Ventral surface and legs blue-green. Shape and sculpture: Head punctured, very snl Sulcus al upex projecting post-medially as impressed line, Antennomeres: 1-3 Gbconie, 4-El triangular, Pronotum striolate; apival margin more or less stright. basal margin bisinuate; dorsal carina diverging Irom ventral carina at basal margin then more or less purallel-sided, convex post-inedially but not reaching apical margin or ventral carina. Seutcllum flat. without punetures, Elytra seutellate: laterally more or tess parallel-sided from base. rounded post-medially and) narrowed to rounded apices. Ventral surface seutellate with short setae. Female Unknown, Distribution Known only from two localities im WA, both devastaled by land clearance lor agriculture, Remarks This species is closest to .8, demearsi sp. nov. They can be separated on the following: the male genitalia are a different structure: their colour patterns are different, Erymolagy Named aller the collector, R.P. McMillin, Kallaroo. Stanwatkinsius powelli sp. nv. (PIG, 2e) Holotype: 3, 74 km SE Yalgoo, WeA,. 1929.91, on Grevillea leaves. M, Powell, SAMA L 21498. Allotype: 3, same data as holotype, SAMA | 21499, Paratypess WA; & same dati us holotype. MPWA: ¢. 2. Cue, H.W. Brown, MHSA, Mate Sive: 6.2 x 2.2 mm (3). Colour) Head green or purple with) cupreots reflections. Antennae bronze. Pronotuin green or purple medially, cupreous laterally, Scutetlum cupreous. Elvira purple medially, merging into a very narrow violet band whieh abuts kueral bronze mark anteriorly und lateral blue mark apically. Ventral surface and legs purple with cupreous reflections, Shape wnd sculpture: Head shallowly punctured. with medial carima at apes projecting to buse as impressed tine, with a protuberance on cach side closer to base than apex, Antennomeres: 1-4 obeonic, 3-11 (rianvular, Pronolum striolale: apical inurgin projecting medially, basal margin siniate; dorsal carina diverging from ventral carina al base. convex reaching ventral carina post-medially, Scutelluin (lat. without punctures. Elytra scutellire, laterally more or less parallel-sided, round post- iInedially and narrowed to rounded apices. Ventral surface scutellale, with short setae. Femule Size: @.7 x 2.4 mm (2). Colour: as in male. Shape and sculpture: as in male, Disuibution The specimens were collected from two localities in WA. Those from Cue had green heads, those trom near Yalvoo had purple heads. NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES I Remarks The dorsal caring on the pronotum is positioned in the same way asin &. kermeri sp. nov, ats previously discussed, That feature and (he volour pattern Jistinguishes the species: from all others. kEtymoalawy Named after M. Powell, Melville. Stanwatkinsius rhadopus sp. nov. (FIG, 2d) Helonpe: &. Marsupial Ck Ro Croydon. NOM, 26.1v.1996, J, & BP Hasenpusch. SAMA I 21492, Mirtle Wuknown. Femile Sizer 8 xX 3 mm (1), Colour: Head roseate. Antennomeres: 1-2 cupreous; 3-11 black. Pronotum black medial band, roseate laterally. Scutellum mainly black. cupreous at ends of lateral extensions. Elytra dark blue along sulure and al apex, green-blue laterally. Ventral surface and Jegs cupreous purple, Shape und sculpture: Head punctured. small median carina at apex located ina depression with a glabrous unpanetiuvred area on gach side, continuing ly hase as impressed — line. Antennomeres: [-3 obeonic; 4-11 triangular. Pronotum punctured medially, striolate laterally: anterior tire) projecting medially. basal margin bisinuatey dorsal carina diverging simuously trom Jateral margin basally approaching lateral margin post-medially but not reaching it, Scutellim flat. withoul punctures, basal thargin straight. Blytra punctured medially, scutellate laterally: margin parallel-sided front base rounded post-mediilly and arrowed to rounded apices, Ventral surface shallowly punctured medially. scutellate laterally will) very short setae. Distrifution This species is known from a single locality in N Qld Remarks This species occurs further north than any other known species. Because of its unique colouration ih cannot be contused with any other species. Eryinalowy The species is niined for tts rose Coloured head und provotum trom chodapos. Gk rosy. Stanwatkinsius speciasus sp. nov, (FIG, 21) Holotype: 3, 25 km N Eneabba, W.A., 24/25.%.1984, at night, A. A. Calder, ANIC, Alloiwpe: ©. same date as holotype, ANIC, Pardixpes. WA: 2, no data, Blackburn, SAMA: ©. 17 km S Northampton, 1.x.)981, LD. Naumann, J. ©. Cardule, ANIC. Male Size: Male, 6.6% 2.7 mim (1). Colour; Head green apically, violet basally. Antennomeres: 1-2 green: 3-11 bronve. Pronotum violet laterally brassy-bronze medially. Scutel/am violet. Elytta brassy bronze luterally, bronze medially. Ventral surface and legs violet, Shape and sculpture: Head punctured, shallow median sulcus apically, merging into impressed line reaching base, Antennomeres: |-3 obconic, +- 1} triangular, Pronotun striolate, apical margin broadly projecting medially, basal margin bisinuate: dorsal carina diverging from lateral margin basally then ere or tess parallel-sided dintil postmedial, not reaching apical margin. Seutellum flat, without punctures, basal margin concave. Elytra punctured medially, scutellate laterally: lateral margins more or less parallel-sided Irom base until rounded posi-medially then narrowed ty rounded apices, Ventral surface scutellate, with short sete. Female Size: 6.7 x 2.6 mm (3). Colour: entirely coppery-red. Shape and sculpture: as in mate. Disiribution WA: Coustal plain’ between Eneabba and Northampton associared with dikea spp. Remarks This species is closest la S. consrriciys, Tecan be distinguished by: being larger species than 4. consiriciuy; male genitalia ure broader than 8. comnmictis: the colour pautlem of mates and females of both species is dillerent, Enimolagy This species ts named for its Colour speefostey L., bestuty. (2 S. BARKER & C |. BELLAMY Stanwatkinsiay subcarinifrons (Thomson, 1879), comb, hoy, (FIG, 2p) Cisseiy ynbedrinifrans Thomson 1879254. Kerremans 1892:227) (yuheurenifrons); 1Y03:230 (subcurenifrans), Carter 1923-167 (sabearenifrans), 1929;279 (subcureni{runs), Obenberser 1934:855 (subcureni{rons ).. Cisseiy occidentalis Blackburn TA87: 255, Kerremiuns 1892;226; 1903:230, Carter 1923:167 (2 var. sWbearenifrans): 19297279. Obenberver IYABS I. syn. nov. Holoivpes &, C2 subcariniirons Thorson. Kine George's Sound, MNHN, examined. Holotype od, © veetentaliy Blackburn, Western Australia, BMNH exiumined. Other specimens examined: WA: Ll dd. 3 92. %.6 kin W Goomalling. 2.81.56, 8. Barker, SAMA; 2 fs, 2, 64 kin E Bejoording, 2.41.56, 8, Barker, SAMA, 4 2d. 109 kin N Geraldton Hway, Lx 956. S. Barker, SAMA: , V, 3 km NE Gasnells. Lxi.l057, 8. Barker, SAMA, ©. [3 kn North Bannister, 19.xi.1970, S. Barker, SAMA; ", 58 kin W Tuminin, Goldfields Ra. 23.x71,1972, 8. Barker, SAMA; o, 2, Woodridge, intereept tap. TXiIV97, Hh Demure CLBC: &, Woodridge, K.xW1997, H Demarz, SAMA, 9, Woodridge, ISX, 1998, H, Dens, SAMAP3 89, Woodridge, Sx, 1998. H. Demure, HDWA: ), Swan R.. Lea. SAMA. Male Size 5.9 x 23 Min (19), Colours Head brown or green, Pronotum brown inedially, green laterally. Seutellum brown, Elytra usually browh, some specimens green faterally. Ventral surface and legs preen, Shape and sculpture: Head punetured, with short median caring from apex continuing tO base as Hhpressed bine, Antennomeres; 1-4 obeonic; 5-11 triangular. Pronotuny striolite: anterior miurgin broadly projecting medially. basal margin bistnuate: dorsal curmnd diverging from lateral margin basally, curving towards huteral margin post-medially but not reaching iL, Scutelluny Mat, without punctures, agterioy margin straight. Elytra seutellate, falouly medially, heavily faterally; hiterally parallel-sided until rounded: post medilly, then narrowed to rounded apices, Ventral surface sculellates with short setac. Fenale Size: 6.2% 2.4 mim (10). Colour: as in male Shape and sculpture; as in male. Diytribution SW WA. associtted with Aflocasuearine spp: Remarks This species is One of (he smallest in the genus. bts colour combination is unique and i camot he confused with any other species. Stanwatkinsius uniformis (Thoiisen, (879), comb. noy, (PIG, 2n) Cisseis vniformis Thomson 1879:53, Kerremans 1892:227; 1903:230, Carter 1923:167; (929979. Obenherger 1934-856, Cisveis cardeboides Kerremiuns 1898: 166; 1903229, Curler 1923:167 (syn, aadfoeninys 1929:2749, Obenberger 1934-856, Halorype: MNEHN, not exunined. 4 a4 syritypes Cisseiy corueholdes Kerrenuns, BMNI, examined, Cher spectinens examined: SA. 2 4 4. Nurinolpay J. G, 0), Tepper, SAMA; &, Y, Ardrossan J. G, 0. Tepper, SAMA; “'. York Peninsula. Jung, SAMA, 3S, Adelaide Wills, Casuarina strict, 29.87.64. 8, Barker, SAMA: 3 dd. 3) 22, Monart South, 2.411967, S. Barker, SAMA: 4 ft. 9 Suri Mi Barker, 16.xi1, 1967, 8, Barker, SAMA; 26 8.67 9, Sellicks Serub, 24.x1,.7979, §, Burker, CLBC & SAMA, View 4. Monbulk, Jarvis, SAMA, Mile Size, 5.5.4 2.2 mm (13). Colour: Most specimens entirely green, A few wilh bronze pronotum, very few with green head, bronze on the dorsal surface and green-bronze on ventral surface dnd legs. Shape and sculptures Head pumetured. Mat. thin mediin glabrous tine frank apex to premedial continuing to apex as impressed tine, Antennunieres: 1-4 obeconiey S-ll triamgulan Promotun strinhiute: apical margin stramht basal margin bisinuiate, dorsal canna divergmg from lateral margin ut base not continued past middle. Scatellun tat, rough without punctores. Elytra striolate; laterally parallel-sided front base rounded post-medially und tipered to rounded apex, Ventral surface striolate, with short setae, Female Sive: 6.0 8 2.3 mm (43). Colour: as io male. Shape and sculpture: as im male. Distribution SA und Vie., verlicillata (Lam). ussociled with Apes NEW Ob Remarks This is one of the smallest species in the gens. The only other all green species is the hirger S. hermeti sp. nov. They differ in tbe position of (he dorsal carina on the pronotum. visible when viewed fon above in So hewmen but net ins. snares, Stanwatkinsius viridimarginalis sp. noy. (FIG. 3)) Haloipe: Oo. 34 km EO Yellowdine. W.A., 168.1077, M. Peterson, SAMA EF 215017. Alloiypes 2) sume dali as holotype. SAMA I 21502. Parcaiypes: WA: 4, Dryandia Stite Porest ¢. 27 km NW of Narrogii, 34.0982, C0. AL Howard & TF. Houston, WAMA; ‘', Durokuppin Nature Reserve, 25 kin N of Kellerberrin, 22-24.41.1996, T. 1 Houston, WAMA: ¢. Swan R., bea SAMA, Male Siver 6.5 x 2.5 mim (3). Colour Head and untennie green, Pronotum dull purple medially, bright green laterally. Scuteliiim green medially purple iuerully. Elyara dark purple Thedially merging inte a narrow coppery bind literally which ubuls a baghtyreen hiteral margin Ventral surtace and legs green, Shape and setulptare; fed closely punctured without setae. Antennomeres: |} obeome; 4-1] tiridngular Provotum stiolate: apical marain projecting medially, basal margin bisinuate; dorsal carina diverging from vente carina at base then more or less parallel to yk dou postmedial, ve teaching apical margine Scutellum Plat, without punctures, elytra seutellate, literally parallel-sided from base, rounded post-medially and narrowed to rounded apices. Ventral surface seutellite with sparse shart setae ine mile, dense longer setue in female, Female Size: 8.2 x 4.2 om (2). Colour: head and antenae dark purple with coppery reflections. Seutellum and elytra as. i male. Ventral surfice ane leas coppery. Shape and sculpture: as i male excepr heal SOTONL. Distribution This Species. is only known trom Yellowdine, Narrogin and Kellerberrin districts. all in WA, 5 OF SUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES 14 Remarks This is um clongute species. Tis colour combination makes it distinet (rom all other species, Enymology Named for the fateral green stripe around the elytris Wridis L., green, mersine 1. furnish with a border Discussion Species of Sramwarkinsiuy, although similar in gener! appearance To several groups of Australian buprestids, wre true coruebines and thus likely: to have diverged frony the lineage that also gave rise (0 Cisseis und its relatives. The similarity i ovipositar morphology to Meliboei lon is likely less diagnostic of common descent than of the fHiidity of these orgins in response to oviposition requirements froin specific plimt associitions and placement of cegs on the host, e.@. above or below the substrate. From the phylovenclic perspective suggested by Bellamy (O88). and subsequent discussion wilh: colleagues ubout coraebine evolution, it would seem that the use of ovipositor morphology as un indicator ul evolutionary divergence is perbaps Hot well-founded since ji some generu, ee. Cordehus Gory & LaPorte. there is a wide range of oviposilor morphology, both in the su-called general buprestid form and in the “cormebine eyipasitor which possess ventral brushes, However, in the Austell voruebine genera studied by the authors, either one type or the other ts present. Since Sreawerhinsnay is obviously velgted to but divergent from the Civseds Jineage, (he different oyipositor would) split) the former genus lo the opposite side of the suggested phylugeny (Bellamy P98) from Césseva ane ibs relatives such us Neaypidey Blackbur. Alemiors Kerremans und Pocfverssers Théry, Pending, the completion of a revision of Ciywedy, there is no reason) fo venture into further phylogenetic speculation al this Lime. Acknowledgments We thunk the followiig for assistance: TAL Weir, ANIC: M. Moulds, AMSA: K. Walker & C. MePhee. SIMVA: B. Hanisch & T. F, Houston, WAMA; M. Kerley, BMNH2 &. G, Matthews. SAMA; J, Menier. MNHN; TL. Demare. Woodridge; M- Golding, Beverley: T. M.S. Hanlon. Sydney; L) Hasenpuseh. Innisfail: RF MeMillan. Kalhiroo: G.. B. Monten. QMBA; M, Powell, Melville, oS. Watkins. Goonellaba; A. McArthur is thanked for the coloured. photographs, J. Borrest. for the seanning microphotographs and $, Walker Tor the digital illustrations. Id S. BARKER & C. L. BELLAMY References BELLAMY, C, L. (1988) The classification and phylogeny of the Australian Coroebini Bedal, with a revision of the Genera Paracephala, Meliboeithon and Dinocephalia (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Invertebr, Taxon. 2, 413-453. (1990) A revision of the Coroebine genus Coraebosoma Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Entomologica Scandinavica 21, 197-210. BLACKBURN, T. (1887) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera with descriptions of new species. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 10, 177-287. (1891) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera with descriptions of new Genera and species. /bid. 14, 292-345. Carter, H. J. (1923) Revision of the Genera Ethon, Cisseis and their allies (Buprestidae), Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 48, 159-176. (1929) A check list of the Australian Buprestidae. Aust. Zool. 5, 265-303. Gory, H & LaPorte, F. L. (1839) “Histoire naturelle et iconographie des insectes coléoptéres, publiée par monographies séparées.” Volume 2, livraisons 25-35 (P. Duménil, Paris). KERREMANS, C. (1892) Catalogue synonymique des Buprestides décrits de 1758 4 1890. Mém, Soc, Ent. Belg, 1, 1-304. (1898) Buprestides nouveaux de I’ Australie et des régions voisines. Ann Soc. Ent. Belg, 92, 113-182. (1903) Coleoptera, Fam. Buprestidae pp. 49- 338 In Wytsman, P. (Ed.) “Genera Insectorum” Fasc. 12b; 12c; 12d. (Verteneuil & Desmet, Bruxelles). OBENBERGER, J. (1934) Buprestidae 4 pp. 782-934 In Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds) “Coleoptorum Catalogus” Part 143 (W, Junk, ‘s-Gravenhage). THOMSON, J. (1879) “Typi Buprestidarum Musaei Thomsoniant” Appendix 1A (Paris, Emile Deyrolle, rue de la Monnaie, 23). NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA (BRYOZOA-CHEILOSTOMATA) FROM THE SOUTH WEST SHELF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA By T. J. Conroy*, P. L. COOK? & P. E. BOCKT Summary Conroy, T. J., Cook, P. L. & Bock, P. E., 2001 New Species of Otionellina and Selenaria (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) from the South West Shelf, Western Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 15-23, 31 May, 2001 Recent sediment samples recovered from the mid-latitude South West Shelf (SWS) of Western Australia (23°- 32° S) by a scientific team aboard the RV Franklin have produced large numbers of free-living, lunulitiform bryozoans. Among these are three undescribed species, Otionellina boneae sp. nov., Selenaria kayae sp. nov., and Selenaria meganae sp. nov. The Australasian lunulite fauna is both diverse and abundant and the new species bring the total of described taxa to sixty (P. Cook unpub.). Twelve lunulite species have been recorded from the SWS. These findings have extended the known geographical range of several lunulite species. Key Words: Otionellina boneae sp. nov., Selenaria kayae sp. nov., Selenaria meganae sp. noy., new species, lunulite bryozoans, South West Shelf, Western Australia. Trmiaetions of lie Kovedl Sacre ef 8. Ausr (2001), 1511). 15-23. NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA (BRYOZOA-CHEILOSTOMATLA) FROM THE SOUTH WEST SHELF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA hy T.J. Conroy”, P. L. Coon? & PE. Bockt Summary Caoskov. T J. Conk, Rob. & Book. Po oR 2001 New specs of Orionelfing and Selenertic (Beryozin- Cheilostomuiy tram the South West Shelf Western Aastealin. Trav, R. See. 8. Atise 125C1). 15-23. 31 May 2004. Recent sediment samples recovered from the miclatitude South West Shelf (SWS) of Western Australia (23! - 32°S) bya scientific team abourd the RY Franklin have produced large numbers of free-living, lunulititorm bryoveais, Anion these ace three undesenbed species, Oonelline boneue sp. nov. Selenuria kiyae sp. ney. and Selenarie megande sp. nov. The Austealaskit Jonulite fauna ts both. div ind wbundint and the new species bring the tolalot described tiga to sixty (P Cook Unpab.). Twelve lunulite species huve been recorded from the SWS. These findings have extended the known geographical cange of several lunulite species, Kiy Worps: Qronelling Honeae sp, nov. Srlequrta kiyae sp. noy Selenearia megunae sp. nov. ew species, Junulile bryozoans. South West Shelf, Western Australia, Introduction The mid-latitude continental margin of Western Australia represents a (ransidion from cool water cor- bomite production to warin-Wwater tropical carbonate production (Vig, [Conroy 1996!) This paper pro- vides the frst documentation of the nature. density und distribution of Recent lunulite bryozoans on the SWS. Despite extensive research on the Leeuwin Current, the bollam sediments of the wive-dominal- cd. open continental shelf are relatively unreported upon. Detailed analysis Of the sediments collected by a selenite (eam abourd the RV Franklin in 1896 has revealed the presenee of 12 species of lunulite bry- ozoans, three of which ure hitherto undescribed. These bryovouns include two Helisolionella, He spiralis (Chapman 193) and HW, scutita (Cook & Chimonides 1984b). three of Orionellina, O. australix (Cook & Chimonides 198Sb). 02 nite Maplestone. 1909 and OL Ponede sp. nov.. live of Selenearia. So meculita (BY (Busk TSS52b). 8. piettien (Tenison-Woods 1880), 8. vert “Rep OL Geol ihe Geophysics, Phe Friversityoah Achthathe Sa SvUS Cullen -delfess: Santos Dad. Sattes Mouse Ob Ringe Wil St Adelle SA S000, Po Sehaol of Beology and Favirvament Busden Cuiipis Benkia Livery Clayton Vics 3b6a. Coston, P1996) Vagrant Brvozordne Hom the South West Shell) WAG Then GIST U Lon TOOT. Seeichiical Chane ren stress AN relevance 1 pilaececoliiwal studies, BSe Chom Thsrs, Liniversily ot Adehnde LL species oof dats (Cook & Chimonides 1987), 8. kevae sp. hoy, and $. meganae sp. nov. and two of Lamularta, L. cupulus (Busk (8520) und 2. reper (Maplestone 1904) (Table 1), Lunulite bryazouns may be locally abundant und Jive upon or within the upper layers of the bottony sediments, supported und stabilised by ihe extended mandibles of the peripheral and subperipheral avicu- lari. The avicularian morphology of O. boneae sp, hoy, Makes it uolikely Uhat it is capable of colony locomotion like that of OQ. svwanerica (Cook & Chimonides 1984a), the only species of this genus which has been observed alive. The colonies of 5. kayue sp. nov ind S. meganae sp. nov, have no avie- ulaniin mandibles preserved but their skeletal mor phology suggests that they had the capacity for loco- motion, as mt all observed species of Selenarie Observations on diving material of the three new species Would assist in the understanding of the cor relation between skeletal and mandibular morpholo gy and avicularian Function. Materials and Methods Abbreviations ol institutions whieh are reposity fies of the Specimens referred to in this paper ares South Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA), Department oF Geology and Geophysics, University oF Adelaide (UA). Museum Victoria, Melbourne (MU) British Museum (Natural tistory), London (BMNH). Sediment sumples were collected by towing an epibenthie sled along the sea Poor at ad speed of two knots for three te five minutes, This provided 4 mixed sample of surhice and subsurlkice miterial ih T, J. CONROY, PL. COOK & PE, BOCK Fig. |. Map of the South West Shelf, Western Australia showing transects, location sites ind bathymetry. NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA, Vv Tanne | Species eons (rom the SWS, ——_—_—_——— Species Living Non-hving Total speciinens — specimens Al scunterter 52 O16 Yor AL ypuraitty 5 XW 24 Lo sapulas 44 Ro Wo Loorepunda 0) 1 ne C2 cresteerlin 3 1340 \42 Cd nitiedis 4 13 Le O), bontede sp, now 4 64 7 S. center 414 7a LOSS S. puncreta \2 1924 1936 S. veerns x 309 4u1 S. hee sp, nov. 0 106 1G S. megane sp, nay. 0) 356 Ie from adept ol approximately [OO - 150 mom. The sampling was conducted along (rinseets across (he continental shell shell edge. slope and abyssal plain ofthe SWS between 23° and 32'S and from depths rinvings from 39 - 314 in (Tables 2, 3). Measure- ments of Ofionellind and Selenaria species wre revorded in Table 4, Sea floor sediment samples minge trom 0.4 ke ta 2 ke in weight. Recorded lupulite bryozoan olimbers are the Lotal number oF lunulite bryozouns present ul the available sediment samples. Specimens. were cleaned ullrasomealhy ia 1:50 solution of commercial strength bleach und water before being wihsed jn detonised water, dried and coated wilh a gold-pulladiuar mixture for scanning eleetron microscopy (SEM). Identification af colonies Many of the colonies, preserved wilhih the tihe- grained sea-bottom sediments where they had tryed und died. were relatively tndamaged and inched ciiculir structures such as Opercula and uviculirian miundibles iluer Byen if these were absent, the skele- fal structure was complete, The amount of wear and breakage depends both on the nature of (he sediment and the initial robusiness of the species. Ofenelfing bone sp.nov, colonies are up Lo Spin in dhameter and are heavily culeified and flat basally, They are se robust that they aire generally found as whole colonies Wilh Uidamaged 7ooids ane so the species are readi- ly Wentified, Colonies of Seleiaria Aavue sp, nov, are also basally thickened with Phitlence margins iat (he periphery of sexually mature colonies forried by cul- cificd kenozoords: this helps to preserve then in their entirety. In contrast. colonies Ob dS. megane sp. Woy are flat and thinly ealeified basally and ure generully fragile. ‘This species is diffleult (o distingiish from others unless its colomes arc sexuidly mature and have an undamaged ancestrulir region, Systematics Order Cheiostomutida Busk, (852 Family Otionelidae Bock & Cook, 199% Genus Offenellind Bock & Cook, 1998 Type speetes: Oifonelle ausiralts Chimonides. 1985 Cook & Colonies budded radially fram an dneestrula which has one distal and one proximal adjacent aviculaci- um. Basal surlace Mat or coneave, formed by sectors of porous extrazooidal caleificution, Autozooids with small rounded or oval opesia and well-developed cryptoeyal. Brooding vooids marginal with an enlurged opesia: skeletally distinet male vooids linknown. Avicularia smaller than autozooids, with paired condyles, which may be fused in some species; Opesia symmetrical or asymmetrical, open, or Closed by a porous eryptoeyst lamina. Mandibles spoon-shaped, or more clongated, with two expan- sions and serrate margins, Note that Back & Cook (1998) separated this genus trom Olionedla devised by Canu & Bassler (1917). Otionellina boneae sp_ nov. (PIGS 2-4} Material examined Holawpe: Sarnple 85B. Transect S$, 23° 26.57) 5. 1)3° 45,22" &, 50m, 211.1996, SAMA, SAM L&04 Panuypes. Sample SSB, Trunsect 8, 23° 26,577 5, }13" 45,22" 2, 50m, 21.40.1996, SAMA. SAM L895, Orher material, Sumple |OLB, Tramseet Q, 25° 18.29 8, 112° 48.36" BL lOO m, 234.1096, MV, FH6428; Sumple 1W2B. Transect Q, 25° TK.OL' S, 112° 33.97" BL 121 m, 231.1996, MV, FROA2, Sample 1O02B. Transect Q. 25° PS.01S, 112" 33.97! FL I20-1 om, 234.1996, BMNH, 1999.11.18.1, Sainple 102B, Transeet Q. 25° E8.01' 8, |) 2° 33,97" BE, 120.1 rm, 23.1-1996, UA. Deserviption Colonies bubshaped. solid basally. with ai few irregular seetor boundaries and small pores: sexually mature with peripheral brooding zooids by the filth WO eighth astogenetic generations, Autozooils with Fie. 2, Onenella Ponede sp, nov, Mandible. Seale bir = O50 ie Is T. J. CONROY, P. L, COOK & P.-E, BOCK TABLE 2. Eenlagical ranges af species fram the SWS, Species Transects Depth in m, Bottom temp.’ C Salinity. Ye H. sentata A,D.1.M,Q,8 77,1-221 18.8-22.8 35-35.8 I. spiralis A,D,1.M.N 139-221 17,.3-19.7 35,7-35.8 L. vapulus A,D.M,N 39-139 1§,9-22.2 35,7-35.8 L. repanda A.D 97.158 18.9-19 35-45,8 O, iustralis A,D.1.M.Q,S 50-221 [88-24 35.2-35.8 O, nitide N,Q.S 50-100 22, 8-24 35,2-35.36 O. bonene sp. nov. A.N,Q\S 50-121 22,3-22.5 35-35.4 S, maculata A,D.M.N.O.S 50-22 | 1K, K-24 35-35.8 S. mevanae sp. nov. D\.M,N.Q.S 50-170 18,824 35-36 S. punctate A,D,I,M\N.Q,S 44-203 17.3-22.8 35,2-33.8 5. kavae sp. nov. A,D.M.N.Q 66-221 18.9-23 35.4-36 SL variais A,D.M,Q.S 66-158 18.9-23 35-30 TABLE 4, Deturls of transects. Line Location Starting latitude and Finishing latitude and longitude of transect longitude of transect A NW of Perth 31°45.21" S. 115924. 17' E 31°43.36' S, 115°00.47' B dD Of Green Head 30°09.47' 8. 114°53.50" E 30°20.31 S, 114°35.57' E I NW of Geraldton 28°32. 14'S. 114°21.90' EB 28°52.49" §, 113°43.50' E M NW of Bluff Point 27°27.21" S. 113°57.94' E 27°50,18" S, 1130613" E N S of Zuytdorp Cliffs 26°54.45' 8, 113°42.33'E 23°18.18" 8, 113°08.65" F Q N of Shark Bay 25°11.52" §, 113°35.12' E 24°42.00' 8, 113°23.00' E Ss Cape Farquhar 2328.89" 8, 113°37.02' LE 23°17. S. 113°02.71' B TABLE 4. Measurements in mm of species ef Otionellina and Selenaria described here, Otionellind banede sp. nev. Selenaria kavae sp. nov. Selenaria meganue sp. nov. Lan 0.46-0.50 0.13-0.16 0.18-0,24 lan ().23-0.25 O11-0.13 Q.12-0,15 Le 0,30-0,39 0).21-0.25 ().24-0,27 Fa 0.27-0,37 0).25-0.27 Q),.24-0.27 Lop O1LON3 O.08-OL.13 O.08-0, 12 lop 0.09-0, 01 0,08-0.09 O.O8-0.11 Lhrz, 0.28-0,38 0),20-0.26 0).20-0.25 Ihrz 0).35-0,40 (.25-0.31 ().22-0,25 Lhrop O.13-O.15 O.1T-0.14 0.08-0.10 Ibrop O.13-O.15 O11-0.13 0,08-0.09 Lm —_ 0,23-0.35 0,25-0.33 Im a 0,29-0.35 0),25-0.26 Linop a 0.07-0.09 Q,18-0.22 lmop aos. 0.07-0.08 0,.07-0.08 Lav 0.14-0.3 0.25-0.35 (),22-0.37 lay Q.15-0,26 0.29-0.40 0, 19-025 Length and width of ancestrula (Lan, lan); length and width of autozooid (Lz, 12); length and width of autozooid opesia (Lop. lop): length and width of brooding zooid (Lbrz, Ibra): length and width of brooding zooid opesia (Lbrop, Ibrap): length and width of male zooid (Lim, Im): length and width of male zooid opesia (Lmop, Imop); ); length and width of avie wlarium (Lay. lav}. NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA. 19 Fig. 3. Onionella boneae sp. nov. Whole colony with ances- trula, directed to the right and periancestrula autozooids with long gymnocysts, Seale bar = 0.50 mm. Fig. 4. Otionella boneae sp. nov. Autozooids, marginal brooding zooids and avicularia. Scale bar = 0.20 mm. raised margins but rim of cryptocyst deficient distal- ly with small protuberances. Opesia oval. Brooding zooids with circular opesia and no protuberances. Avicularia in contiguous radial series, symmetrical with elongated open opesia and paired condyles. Mandible clongated with a terminal expansion and slightly serrated margins. Basal avicularia absent Etymology Named for Y. Bone, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Adelaide. Remarks QOnonelling boneae sp. nov, resembles QO. nitida from the southern and eastern coast of Australia in its raised zooids and contiguous radial series of avicu- laria. The avicularia differ in having an open opesia with no cribriform cryptocyst lamina, Another some- what similar species, O. zelandica (Cook & Chimonides 1984a), has distinctly asymmetrical avicularia which only rarely occur in distal contigu- ous pairs marginally. The distal cryptocyst protuber- ances of O, boneae sp, noy, resemble those of fossil O. cupola (Tenison-Woods 1880), However, QO, cupola has distinct brooding zooids with tubercules which O. boneue sp. noy. lacks (Cook & Chimonides 19856), Otionellina honeae sp. nov. appears to be a distinct Western Australian species. The two colonies from Site 85 ure significantly larger (diameter 5 mm at the cighth astogenetic generation) than those [rom Site 101 (diameter 2.5 min at the sixth astogenetic gener- ation). The opercula and mandible are dark brown, the mandibles are longer than those of O. zelandica which they otherwise resemble. The longest, from a seventh generation position, measures 0.82 mm com- pared to 0.5-0.65 mm for O, zelandica, No basal avicularia are present at colony maturity. Family Selenariidae Busk, 1854 Genus Selenaria Busk, 1854 Type species: Lunulites maculata Busk, [852 Description Colonies budded radially from an ancestrula which rarely has any adjacent avicularium. Basal surface formed by extrazooidal calcification with radial sec- tor boundaries and pores. Autozooid opesia some- times with paired opesiules. Colonies composed of concentric zones. of closed central zooids, auto- vooids, female zooids and marginal male zooids. Avicularia very large, scattered, with a complex condyle and musculature system and, very often, a complete cryptocyst. Mandibles elongated and setiform. ait) Lo CONROY PI Selenaria appears to be distinet from all other lunulitey genera and 18 revarded as (he only member allribuluble to the Pamily Selenanidae by Bock & Cook (1998, 1999), Selenaria kayae sp. nov. (FIGS 5, 4) Muterial exanineel Holotype: Sample TOOB, Tramseet Q, 257 1796'S. 112° S913" BO 771 om, 231.1996, SAMA, SAM LAY, Puratypes: Sample 1O0B,“Transeet QO, 25° 17,96' § 1/2" 59.13! BE, 770 om, 23,1996, SAMA. SAM L897. Other mneteriak. Sample LOU, Trinseet Q, 25° I¥.29' 5, 112" 48.36' BL 100 m, 234.7906, MV, PS6427; Sample 102B, Tramseet QO, 25° 1%.05' 8, 112° 33.97" BL t21. om, 24.0,1996. MY, rh 20; Sumple 102B, Transect Q, 25° 18.05’ S, 119° 33.97! FE, 121.1 m, 234.1996, BMNH, 1999.1),18.2; Sample 1028. Transeet Q, 25° 18,05" S, 112° 33.97' BK. 127.1 m, 23,7,1996, UA Dexseription Selenaria with colonies reaching a diameter of 4 HT ah astogenelic generations and sexual maturity Basal surtaee becoming Mattencd, with thick caleit- cation and a distinct *edge* murzinally, formed by bin “Uisfinet citcihed edae maraintly., Scale bar =O0.50 nin 5. Sefleria have ap. how Whole colony, mature, will COOK & PLE. BOCK kenozooids on the frontal surface. Sector boundaries very faint and pores absent except at the periphery, Autozooids with slightly clongaled D-shaped opesia. lomuale brooding zooids wilh higer opesia and very slightly raised distal cit, Male vooids with minute vpesmt and paired opesiules proximally. Aviculuria large, with punetate eryplocyst and S$ shaped condyle system. Colonies have no itaet mandibles, which are assumed to have been setiform. Eryniology Named for K, Conroy, the mother of the priucipal duithor Remarks Selena kavee sp. nov, closely resembles minor (Muplestone lOll) which heen redescribed by Cook & Chithonides (1985). tt dil fers frond. miner in a shorter aulozooid opesia. in lacking a raised overhanging fhinge atthe distal end of the brooding zooid and in the presence of paired opesiules in the male zooids, The that henozoordal ‘edge” Of Mature colonies and the large avicularia wilh S-shaped condyles are very dike those at 8. miner, Two other species of Selenaria, &. pulchella (Mactiillivray [895) and & (Cook & Chimonides }985a), also have only the male zootbs has Waller sy hi G Selenerid kaye sp. moy. Autovneids feraule and Toe Indra kenowonils aod aviduloen erly PUINELe CY ploeyet Seale bar =() 2mm. NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA, 2\ with opesiules but have quite different autozooidal opesiae. Se/enaria pulchella and S. watersi: have rounded and trifoliate opesia respectively, whilst S. kavue sp. nov. has elongated D-shaped opesia. Selenaria pulchella and 3S, watersi have avicularia with C-shaped, reflexed condyle systems in contrast to §. kayae sp. noy. which has S-shaped condyle sys- tems (Cook & Chimonides 1985a). Selenaria meganae sp. nov. (FIGS 7-9) Material examined Holotype: Sample 100B, Transect Q, 25° 17.96" S, 112° 59.13" E, 77.1 m, 23.1.1996, SAMA, SAM L898. Paratypes: Sample 1OOB, Transect Q, 25° 17.96’ S, 112° 59.13’ E, 77.1 m, 23.1.1996, SAMA, SAM L899, Other material: Sample 101B, Transect Q, 25° 18.29’ S, 112° 48.36’ BE, 100 m, 23.41.1996, MV, F86425; Sample 101B, Transect Q, 25° 18.29" S, [12° 48.36’ KE, 100) m, 23.13.1996, BMNH, 1999.11.18.3; Sainple 101B, Transect Q, 25° 18.29! S, 112° 48.36" B. 100 m, 23.1.1996, UA. Fig. 8. Selenaria meganae sp. nov, Ancestrula area, direct- ed upwards, with distinct proximal cryptocyst and na adjacent avicularia. Scale bar = 0.20 mm. Deycripiton Colonies thinly calcified, basal surface not much thickened. with radial sector boundaries and numerous . ‘ Fig. 9. Selenarie meganee sp. noy, Autozooids, female Fig. 7, Selenaria megenae sp. nov. Whole colony, mature, brooding zooids, raised distally, mule zooids with nar ancestrula directed left. Seale bar = 1,00 mm. row opesia and avicularia. Scale bar = 0.20 mm. ra] TJ. CONROY. PLA € pores. Sexually mature ula diameter of 4 mm and the eit astogenene genenition. Anvestrula wilh a dis- finel proximal eryptocyst and ne adjident avicularia, Autozooid opesia clongated, D-shaped, not hecoming, proportionally longer with wstogeny. Pemale broodiny, zoids very slightly raised distally: male zooids small, will very narrow opesia, slightly constricted lateral- ty. Avichhuia not very large, 0,22-0.37 mm in length amb O,19-0,25 mom in width, with sparrow rinvef gym Hoeystamd eryplocyst and an clongated, “pen opesia, Condyle system reflexed, C-shaped; mandible jot pre- served, bulussumed to be setilprm, Etymology Numed tor M. Sivith of Santos Ltd, Remarks Selendria meganee sp. nov. closely resembles both S. varity and S. evasperansy (Cook & Chirnondes 1987). [differs from §, varias in the consistency of (he proportions of the autozooid opesit, which do vol beeome more clongated with astogeny. Also 5. mevenae sp. Ov hus narrower male zooids, (0,07- 0.0% i) Compared to those OFS, varios (024-024 niin, Hedhiffers from 8, exeasperaas in the absence of any avicularia adjacent to the aneesirutia anc its more clongated, D-shaped autosuoid Qpesia. The three species of Se/enaric appear Wy be closely related and far a witerestit complex, It is dill cull lo distinguish individuals of each Lason witless the colony has a well-preserved aneestrulir arew wid is sexually mature. Selenearia variaas occurs with & Inegdnhae sp, nov, fron Western Australia, Both S, varie and §, exayperans occur together from the Grear Australian Bight (Bock & Cook 199) but most records are from Bass Strait. Selenite werrieains is also found in New South Wales (Cook Chimonides 1987), Discussion The collections of bryozouns from Western Australia otter an estimate of the diversity and COOK & BoE, BOCK ubundanee of lanulite hryozouns from the Sauth West Shell This so includes range extensions for sever species, Helinolionella spiralis and My weita- moawere previously known from the Jurien Bay dis- trict of Western Australia (Parker & Cook 1994). The sulviples from the South West Shelf extend: the reeorded range ef A. seutate north lo Cape Farquhar (approximately 23°30" S) and of Mf. spiralis north ro Zuytdorp CHIL (upproxtacly 26°45" $8) where Lunulirid capulas (lse appears. Lighidleavia repetnda fas How heen recerled from Green Head (approxi- imately 30° S) The range of Onerelling aiyrealiy and O. pire. together with Selenenta maculata. 5, pune fete and SL veiriee has alse been extended even further to vortraf Cape Furqubian Phe bathymetric: minge ol UL spirativ und A, seufaia has been extend ed by 73 m te 221 Selenide macitera and S. panetie tre The Iwo mest commat spectes collected from the SWS and account for more than 25% ofall {tinuliles recovered, Tas interesting la mote (hal, ulthough a large number of tuouliie colonies wats col fected. the majority (79%) were not living when retrieved (Table 1), The ceological and geographies! ranges of all species, mchiding O. bonede sp. rave S. kava sp my. and 3S. megane sp. neve and are babulared: on Table 2 Acknowledgements We should Tike to thank Yo Bone (University uf Adeliide) for providing most al the funds for tris research project from an ARC Grant, S. Hagen (Appalachian State University, USA) for discussions on bryozoan taxonomy und life forms. M. Spence Jones (British Museum Natural History, Landen) tor providing registration puimbers, L, ‘Talbot and Tatlett for scanty electron microscope training for the principal author (CEMMSA). P. Chinnock for his support during the prmeipal authier’s honours yveur. The Oceanography Department of the CSIRO, and the Master anu crew of CSIRO RV. Arauklit lor theit ecoopeniuon and assistinee in the collection af sum- ples trom the South West Shelfol Westen Austealit References Bock, PE, & Cook, PL, (1998) Otionellidie, a new fan ily oof five frow-living, lunwitiferm Bryozeu (Cheilostomuatida), Mer, Sci Geol, 50, 195-211, & (1999) Notes an Ternary aml Recent “lomlite’ Bryuzus from Australia. (Aid, $1, 415- 4a). Bosr. G. 1 t852i) An account ol the Polyvou and sertihiri- un Zoophytes. Appendix, pp. 345.385 7 Maceilliveay, J, (huh Nararive af the Voyuie ot BIMS aries 1 (Lowden. (NS 2b) Catulogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, Purt 1. Cheilostomann (part). Lrustecs of the British Musewn (Natural History). vi-vili, 1-54. (1854) Catalogue of Marine Polyzon in the Collection of the British’ Museum, Part Uh, Cheilostomuati (part). (bel. iii-vili, 55-120), Camu, b & Bassin, BROS. (L917) A synopsis of Aerian Tertiary chevlostomme Bryazow Ball 18 nel Mis 96. I-KT Cr Cook, P. L. & CHIMONIDES, NEW SPECIES OP OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA. 23 1APMAN, FP. (1913) Descriptions of new and rare fossils obtained by deep boring in the Mallee. Proc, R. Soc. Vict. 26, 165-191, P. J. (1978) Observations on living colonies of Selenaria (Bryozoa Cheilostomata). Cah. Bio, Mar 19, 147-158. & — (l98&4a) a and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Chelalosicmatas The genus Otionella from New Zealand. J. Nat. Hist. Ke 227-254, (1984b) Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Cheiolostomata) 2. Species of Helixotionella gen. nov. trom Australia 2. [bid, 18, 255- 270. & (1985a) Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa Cheilostomata) 3. ‘Opesiulate’ and other epeciés of Selenaria, sensu lato, (bid. 19, 285-322, — (1985b) Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa Cheilostomata) 4, American and Australian species of Otionella, Ibid. 19, 575-603. & —— (1987) Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa Cheilostomata) 7. Seleneria maculata (Busk) and allied species from Australasia, Ibid. 21, 933-966. Mapetestone, C, M. (1904) Notes on the Victorian fossil Selenariidae, and descriptions of some new species (Recent and fossil), Prac, R, Soe. Viet, 16, 207-217. (1911) The results of deep-sea investigations in the Tasman Sea, No. 5, Polyzoa, Supplement. Rec. Aust. Mus. 8, 118-119. MAcGILLIVRAY, P. H. (1895) ‘A monograph of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria’. Trans, R. Soc, Vict. 4. 1-166. (1909) The Results of the deep-sea investigations in the Tasman Sea, 1. The Expedition of HCMS “Miner”, 5. The Polyzoa. Rec. Aust. Mus. 7, 267- 273. Parker, S, A. & Cook, P. L. (1994) Records of the Bryozoan family Selenariidae from Western Australia and South Australia, with a SeneHP yon of a new species of Selenaria Busk, 1854 Rec. S. Ausi. Mus, 27.1-11. TrENNISON-Woons, J. E. 1880. On the recent and fossil species of Australian Selenariadae (Polyzoa), Trans. Philos. Soc. Adelaide for 1880, 1-12. A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE CAMPONOTUS MACROCEPHALUS SPECIES GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA By A. J. MCARTHUR®* & S. O. SHATTUCKT Summary McArthur, A. J. & Shattuck, S. O. (2001) A taxonomic revision of the Camponotus macrocephalus species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 25-43, 31 May, 2001. Australian ants in the Camponotus macrocephalus species group are reviewed. The group is defined here for the first time and contains eleven species including three new and one raised from subspecific to specific rank. In addition, five new synonyms are proposed. The species placed in this group are: C. anderseni sp. nov., C. annetteae sp. nov., C, conithorax Emery. C. howensis Wheeler, C. gasseri (Forel), C. janeti Forel, C. janforrestae sp. nov., C. mackayensis Forel (previously a subspecies of C. reticulatus), C. macrocephalus (Erichson), C. sanguinifrons Viehmeyer and C, vitreus (Smith). The new synonyms are: C. gasseri coloratus Wheeler, C. gasseri lysias Forel and C. gasseri obtrusitrumcatus Forel with C. gasseri and C. fictor augustulus Viehmeyer and C. semicarinatus Forel with C. macrocephalus. The queens and major workers of these species display varying degrees of phragmosis from weak to very strong and the worker caste is dimorphic. Most are arboreal nesters. Key Words: Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae, Camponotus, arboreal ants, phragmosis. Drnsartiony of the Reval Seeiety ofS Vast. (2001), 1251), 25-45. A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE CAMPONOTUS MACROCEPHALUS SPECIES GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA by A, J. MeArtiur® & 8.0. Saarruck’ Summary MeARTHER. ALL xe SHAPPUCK, SO. (20010) 4 taxonomic revision at the Clomponotis macroephaliy species group (hlymenoplera: Formicidae) i Australia. Tes. Ay Sue 3 Aus, T2500). 25-43-31 May. 2001 Australian ants in the Ceenperoltis macrerphales species poop are reviewed. The sroup is defined bere lor the Mrs tine mid contains eleven species including (hree new aud yne raised from subspeeiic lo specific rank. In uddition, five new Synonyms are proposed. The species placed in this group are: OC) cvidersent sp. nov. © winettede sp. ney. Co conthoruy Emery, C. howensis Wheeler, Cl xisser? (Forel Co jane Borel. ©. junferreside sp Nov C. qeckedvesiy Forel (previously a subspecies of Co rencufati), (2 macrocephalas (Lrichson). ©) seeweuiifions Vichmeyer and CL vitrens (Sanit), The new synonyiis abe: C gassel coloritis Wheeler, © gaaserr fyoteay Forel ind ©. gesseri obbowiirimmcatis Borel with Co casseer, ad ©) fieter cui stilis Viehmever ane OC. aenueurmaits Vorel with Co marncephalis, The queens and major workers of Ihese species display varying deyrecs of phriuzmosis From qweuk to very streng and the worker custe is dimorphic. Most are dvhoreal Westers Ky Wowbs: Hymenoplerd. Formicidae. Formicinae, Camponalis, arboreal ants, pheaginosis. Introduction Species in the genus Cuiponotuy Mibyr ure widespread in Austria yet few ob the 120 deserted species can be identified with certainty becuse revision ofthe group is lacking. Charucters detining Camponotus in Australia ave deseribed by Shattuck (1990). Our objective bere ts to define a small group of apparently related species and revise them at spevies level, ldendlication of the mudintand speeies is based on characters af minder workers us majors seldon) leave the nest andeare therefore infrequently encountered. This will be especially uselul fur those USINg iits as environmental iodivators particularly when manloring disturbunve (Hoffman etal. 2000). The subseas Colobopsis Most of the speeies treated here have been placed inthe subyenus Celabapsty Maye by earlier workers. The exceptions are Camponotus janeti Forel and ©. Muckavensiy Forel which were pliccd in subgenis Mvyrmamblys Forel. Mayr (1861) established both Cuapetetis und Colobopsix as Vall venera, Emery (1869) first proposed Colobapais as a subgenus of Camponelis although Bingham (903) cantinued to recognise Colohupyiy as a genus. Wheeler (1904) supported Lmery’s subgeneric concept and subsequent works have followed suit. The subgeneric classification of Camponotus Was fot pravern particularly usetil. Amery (1896) was the (Pst to attempt lo subdiyiue = South AUAUHN MUSEU fyorthe Force Adehude SA StOOL * CSIRO Entomology, PO Box | 700 Canberra ACT en the genus ilo subsets by creating 26 subgenera, Tlowever Borel (1914) disagreed wilh the proposed classification ais be found if impossible to “disentangle the muluril phylogeny of the genera”, Later, Emery (1925) listed 40. subgenera created by himsell and olbers and produged a key bused on morpholayieal characters: He characterized Colohopsis as “head more or less cylindrical and obliquely ttuneated™ and Mynnanblys as head more or less distinctly truncated or obluse anterioriy. He placed conihoray Emery, fictor Forel, gasseri Forel, senguinifrony Viehmeyer and witrevy Smith in the subvents Colohupsis and fanen Forel and meackayensiy Borel in the subgenus Adyrarniblys. These placements have heen followed, withoul vomment, since. The subgencric classification was quened by Brown (1972), He deseribecd it as “weak aad inconsistent, This view was repealed by Bolton (1995) who stressed that many of the subgenera in Camponerns “were weak. poorly defined jind untrustworthy’. We suppert this view and can lind Titde utility te the ecorrent chissification. This. is especially true for the subgenus Colehopsiy, The subgenus has accnimulated species of Camponanis which ure phragmotic with little crotieal analysis of how they mity be related to other phragmotie species. It 1S wppurent (hat w number of unrelated groups has been artificially assembled within this subgenus and the group is Undoubtedly polyphyletic. This is based on the morphology of the mesosama. especially that of the propodeum, the mandibular dentiion and the clypeal structure and its relationship with phragmotism 1 major workers Gif soine speeies the 26 AT MoARTIIUR & 5.0. SHATTUCK posterior region of the clypeus ts angled: in others it is flat), Unfortunately, resolving the Celatapysiy predicament will require examining a wide range of lixa On wu world-wide basis, an lindertuking well outside The scope of (he Curent projeet, Because ol (his, lhe species group proposed here muy be broken into wd number of wroups in the future. However, the purpose Of this paper is to resolve the species-level taxonomy Of part of the Australian Coampenetian fauna, We believe the recognition of this group is aceeptuble as it Forms aimoderite sized group that is Well defined, a situation not found previously, The Campanolis nacrocephaliy species eroup as described here should not be confused with the ephippium species group, the deseription of whieh ts in preparation, Camponotis ephippiin group major workers Have been observed using their heads to hlock soil nest entrances bul the truncated portion ol the unteriar head is rounded and noras Pat, We lore lemurs are not swollen, and the cheeks are swollen compared with Co meerocephalis group species. Also, ©, ephippiue group species nest in sail whereas C. macrevephalis group species generally Hest in wees, Material Mevisurenenttn CAR W = inaxiinum frontal carina width; CLY W =clypeus width measured between lentorial pits; LL = vye Jength in dorsal views HW = maximum head width in dorsal views HT = maximurni head thiekness i) lateral views HE = head length measured trom anterior imiurgin of elypeus to yverlea, PW = maximum pronotal width in dorsal views NW = node width if dorsal view: Tho= length af mid tibiae. Seale lines = | mim, Location of inalerial examined ANIC = Australian National Tnseet Collection, Cinberru, ACT; Curtin = Curtin University, WA; COMNE = Museum d’istoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland, MCG = Museo Civies dt Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria’. Genoa, Italy; MCZ = Museoin of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cumbridge, USA; SAMA = South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA; ZAMB = Museurn tur Nalurkunde an der Universitaet Pumboldl 4u Berlin, Germany, Collectors af material examined AC, A. Calder; AIM, A_d. MeArthur: ALE, ALL. Hertog; AML, A. M. Lea; AS. A. Salvaranis AZG, Adelaide Zoo Guides; BBL, B. B. Lowery; BFR. B. I. Rogers: BIW, B. J, Walkers BPM, B. PM, Hylind, CDM, C.D. Michener: DUC, D. H. Colless: DIC. DB. J, Cook: DPIQ, Department of Primary Industry, Queenshind: EC. EB, Cameron: MPR, E. E. Rick; BOM, E.G. Mathews; EK, Keuney, EY, Bs, Youunant PAC) FA, Cudmere; PPD. BR, P. Dou: Peu, Feuerherdt; GCh, G. Churchelty GBM. G. B. Monteith; GFG.G, 7. Gross; GPH, G. hb, Hitk GT G., Turner; HON, LD. Nauimanny J&L, J de oN. Lawrence; JAR J, A, Porrest: JAH. J, A, Herridge; JAh. J. Ahlers: JBS, J. B. Stuckey; ICC, 1 ©. Cardale; ICG, C, Goudie: JOLL Chirk JDM, 1 BD Majer: JER J.B. Feehan: JID. 11. Davis; JMe. J McAreavey; IS. J. Sedlavek, JT, J. Toma KP K. Pullen: LHM, L. Ho Minchin, EW, L. Weatheril, MIN, MJ, Neave; MLS, M. [.. Sippsons NMI. N- M. Pludsons PIED Pod. Barghers PIM. PM. Greenslade, PSW, PS. Ward: RAB, R. A. Barrett: RAP, R.A, Perkins, RE, R, Bostwood; RHM, R. HH, Mew: RR, R, Robinson; RSB, R, S, Bungey: RVS, R. VY. Southeort, RWT. RW. Taylor; SOS. 8. ©. Shattuck; SEP, South Australian National Parks South East Fauna Survey: TAW, TA. Weir TC, f. Cro, TG, T. Greaves; Tur, Turmer; WOO, Woe Crawley; WLB, W. L. Brown, WMW. W. M. Wheeler: WR, W. Raflertys YS. Yo Sakuri, Genus Camponotus Mayr [S61 Diagnosiy af Camponotus macrocephalus species eroup workers In Aistalta Fore Temurs swollen, niuch greater rm diameter than imiddle and bind femurs, generally more swollen than in anost other Cammpunaltis species (Pi. 1), Major workers and queens show. distinet phragmosis, ie. the anterior of the head is iruhested Swollen favs Lot at ba thiyyrirnatay sromp Cire with Hyrethve on ianhe oh ibid Die. |, Compononis neaeror phates group, Morphology ot {he lone lee showing the swollen Fore lemurund absence of bial bristles compared with C, eramsebrinns. Seale bar = |omm, REVISION OF MACRKOCEPHALUS ! Pip 2. Companories sangitiiifians. Anterior view al head at mageir worker showlie phmginosis and chive setae, Seale bat = (nin and (Mattened (Pig. 2). Workers are dimorphic, he. mayor abd) miner workers have practically no inlermediwies as shown by head measurements (Fh. (1). Spines or bristles on the lower surfuces of the tibiae lacking, Or ab most, only one or two (most Cuponolis species possess two rows of Sto 10 spines) (Pig. 1), The Camponotus qacrocephulus species group “an be divided into diree complexes as Tollows: | Wrreas Complex: comprises ammetieae, CONMAOPE, vasser, jdnlorrestde and vitreis This group is characterised by the depressed mebuwotal groove anid high, arched propodeum. 2, Mdecrecepliliy, Complex: comprises anderseni, howensis and jraerocephaliy, all possessing u thn mesosonil dorsal surface and an cleyated propodea| mle 4. janeti complex comprises junend, mackayvensis and sen guinifrans, all possessing a@ more evenly convex Wiesasoma, Bialowy Nests of these antsare penerally found iy galleries or tunnels which had been constructed in trees. and Shrubs by another insect. The nests are common in dead and living branches where the diameter exceeds 40 mm, Nests dsually baye only one entrance which is blocked ina remarkable way, A major worker tses its head dike a cork to close the circular entrance, Ihe dhimeter of which is only slightly greater tha the worker's head. The heads ol nmiajor workers and queens dire more or less circular in Cross section with (he witeriog partion truncated, Mat ind atten deeply und coursely sculptured, cumoullaging (he entratice when tt is blocked, When the ‘door keeper removes its heal from the hole, there is enough spuce to allow anes mute to pass. Major workers are able tonuct us living dours becuse they have evoalved a chanteteristie Wit or phragmoue face (front Greek phraumos, Verner or feneing in). Wheeler (1904) 7 has shown that workers wishing lo gain entry upped to Conmmunicute to the “door keeper” by its clypeus or mandibles, as all other sensitive parts, notably the eyes and antennie, are loo fu out of reach to receive sumuli from outside the entrance, Wheeler (1904} and Donisthorpe (1948) suggest ‘that in) Burape, workers af Camponoatis (Colobopyixy truncate Spinola (1808) are capable oF excavating hard wood for their homes. a babit pet found in Australi species Which show a preference for rotten wood or preformed cuviies. In Australia. galleries used by hese ants ure probably excavated primarily hy rermites, Key to the minor workers Camponotus macrocephalus species group in Australia 1. Number ol ereet setac on dorsuntof mesosoma greater than 3.022222... - -. a Number of reel sctue on dorsum of Mecsosoni fess than 5 Collen O) , attitet te, vign 2. Erect setae on dursum of mesosonmu short (Vengih < hal GL) (Pigs 5,6) 02.2. dimeneae sp. nay Erect setae on dorsulty) of inesosome long (engl Sha El) ce re-Bid-t bad 3. Dorsal surface of propodcunt coneave (Pigs 1h, 1) ean oer ee ROI an MACkKUvennty Dorysil surface of propodeun fat or convex . 4 4, Doprsil surhice of propodeum thik or weakly wonvex (Pigs I IEP junelf Dorsal surfiee of peveaideuin strongly COnVes and dome-like. 22 a: » Underside of hewed with Steer stile (Fi igs LO, 17) Sy egw aitlas'p ate ) jaufurrestue sp. nov, Underside of head hieking erect setae (Figs 24, a 25). ea hee acl Poa ces . VIreuts 6 Propadeum separated from mesonotyin by un angina metunolul groove . an dee dle 7 Propodeum and mesonoium in uppronximately the same plane and forming a eantinuous surfdces Metanotal groove essentially absent... 8 7. Propodeum cone-like, ity dorsal and) posterior faces meeting io an ungle bein 7, isectiepehel cafe de ejebre cups Ah ate CONMMEIN Propodeun hemispherical, ats “dorsal und posterior faves rounding gradually into each other (Pigs 8 TO ee ee maser 8. Dorsal face of propodeutn relatively lone cofpared 1 posteriog fee cratio propodeal dorsum/declivity > 1.5) (Rigs 22, 23) ban aoa abe aee ape ett tt te ttett lene wre eh saneuialf[rons Dorsal face of propodenm relatively short compared to posterior Tawe (ratio propadeal dorsum/declivity < 1.5). ae S14 9 Eyes placed unteriorly, much closet: rt) 2 mandibles than vertex (Pigs 3, 4) _anderseni sp. Wwv. Eyes pliced near midline of head, slightly closer 28 A I MbARTHUR & S.O. SHATTUCK to vertex than mandibles... ¢. 0.02262. 10 10. Mandibles tn major workers smooth and with shallow fovae, rayae weak und limited to the anterior region of fhe dorsal suefiees limited to iinitand Australia (Figs 20, 21) (Pe He ee ns macracepheluy Mandibles tt major workers with distinet rugae superimposed over shallow fovae, the pugae vovering the entire dorsal surtice. ovcurring on Lord Howe Island (Figs 12.13)... hewensiy Camponatus anderseni sp. nov. (PIGS 3, 4) Hofeinpe: One inajor worker. pinned. Northern Territory, Leaders Ck, Guin Point, 9/5/98, ALH (SAMA), Paraiypes: Three major workers und three minor Workers im alcohol, same data as holotype (SAMA, ANIC), Warker ditenasis Mesosoima glossy with only a few oreer setae ancl very sparse indistinet fla-lying setac, Ubiae with Slightly raised setae; eyes large. clonvated, placed closer to mandibles than vertex (Pig. 3). Worker description Major worker I hitend view, Head: Yellowish brown, grading darker posteriorly. side with plentiful smut punetations spaced jast eredter that their diameter, Plentitul, short, erect setae tending sparse Pies 3.40 Crmpeneruy andersent sp, nov, 3. Minor worker, head and mesosoma, ‘The eye is kuree and close to (he miundibles, Pigs “h Known distribution. Seale bur= | mim. on the side. with sparse flatlying sekie; antennae same color as anterior head, vertex with w few short, thiek setae, underside of head withoul erect setuc, cye large. much longer dan wide, closer tw mandibles than vertex. Pronoun: Light red brown, similar to anterior head, flatly convex with distinet prosternal stracture, dorsam wilhoul setae or pubescence, Mesonatumy Light red brown slightly darker thin head. mostly straight. dorsum without setae. Metanotuin: Distinet, narrow, spiracle scarcely protruding. Propodeuny Light red brown, slightly darker Uhm rest of mesosema, dorsum and declivity Mostly Straight separated by widely rounded rivht wigle, glossy. withoul pubescence; declivity shart, Straight, Upright, spiaele sittated four or five dhamieters anterior to deetivity, Node and gaster: Brown, darker than mesosana, Node: Withou pubeseenee, anterior Mice conver, summit rounded, posterior fade mostly straight, Gasters Glossy, bore femur; Brown grossly swollen, Mid tibiar Without pubescence, will lew adpressed short setae outside. without bristles inside. tn dorsal view. Head: Sides, parallel mostly straight; vertex and angles forming even convexity, seape without pilosity, thiekened towards funiculis, Frontal carinue siraighh diverging to wider (han halP PAW: frontal area dikmend shaped. Amerior inangin distiier, mux IW oa eye contre. Clypeus, frontal lobes and mest of trontal area sunken. Clypeus; Anterior margin projectiny, conves. Tnlegument finely shallowly punetace wilh plentiful very short, crect setae. without pubeseence. without cari, In front or rear view. Node summit: Straight, wide, with few long setae, lh lop view. Node; Posterior surfiee (Mal, anterior conver. Minor worker, Tn lateral view. Mesosani, node. guster und) posterior head similar reddish brown, amerior Head lighter, Head: Side with few small Indistinet panekitions, sparse, short, Hitlying selue, underside of head withoul long setae: seape ane Funiculus sume color as anterior head: vertex walt one or two short thick selie: eye nearly dwite as long as Wide, closer to mandibles than vertex, Pronotun: Antetior and posterior halves Mat. separated by widely rounded angle, without setae, Mesonotuiy Flatly convex, dorsum with one or lwoovery short ereet sete, Metinoatuns Thinsverse, narrow, spiracle prominent, well below dorsum, Propodeuny: Glossy: dorsum and declivity form even convexity, dorsum with few very short adpressed sete, ratig dorsum/deeclivity approximately dy spiiele surrounded by glossy inteviiment, withent pubescence, sitdated four or five diameters anterior jo decliyity, Node; Without pubescence, anterior fice mostly straight: suninit rounded: posterior face mostly straight. Gaster: Glossy. Pore coxa: | ight red brown. sliwhily darker abowe. Fore femur: Red brown, sume color as mesosoma, grossly swollen. REVISION Ch MACROCEPHALUS ay Fore tibia dnd Fore tarsus: Red brown same as mesosorma, Mid tibia; With few decumbent and udpressed short setae. wilhout bristles insides Ta dorsal view. Head: Sides and vertex evenly rounded: seape without pilosity, thickened towards funiculs: frontal carinae straight, diverging: to wider uhin Holl HW: frontal area diamond Shaped (ith distinct anterior mitrging max. HW at eye centre. Clypeus: Finely and sparsely punctate. without pubescence. few setae around margin, withoul carina, anterior marin projecting. convex, Wide. Th front or rear view, Node summits Widely rounded with a few Sele. Mevannurenrents HW 0O.80-1.20 mm. HL. 0.90-1,30 mm. PW 0,60- 090 min, HT 0.60-0.95 tin BL 032-035 min, CARW 0.45-0.95 mm. CLYW 0.15 mm. Th 0.65- O75 mm, Envimneilouy Named alter AN, Andersen who recognised (ie migueness of this dal Remarks This species his been found nesting tn the mungrove Suaneratia alba J, Smith in the Northern Territory and Kirnberley region of Westem Austria Wig. 4). At high tide the nesis ure submerged und during these times major workers use their heads to block nest entrances (A, N, Andersen. pers, Comm, 2000). While this species is rare and knows from only a small numberof specimens. iis distinct from ull others in this group. Camponvius annetlede sp, nov. (PIGS 5, 6) Halawpe: One minor worker pinmed. Carries. Quecnstand, 9/8/75, BBL (ANIC). Pardiype: One minor worker, same dala ay holotype UANIC). Warker diagieasis Whole ant clothed in short ereet setic. Mesasoniu with a deep, wide depression alicud of the propodcum whieh is raised into a dome (Fig. 5). Worker deseripuian Minor worker, Whole ant covered wilh plentiful while, short, apstaunding setite: red except tor slightly fighter limbs and dark brown posterior guster, In lateral view, Head: Glossy, indistinetly reticulite, few punctalions, vertex bluntly margiped, Pronotim: High dome with anterior and posterior halves hiss 5.6. Chnponedis cainelieae sp, noy, 5. Minor worker head amt mesosomia. Pilosity ts plentilil 6. Kavews distribution, Seale bar =} mim, sirmelt. dorsum with few fat-lying additional sete. feebly punctate, Mesonotuim Suaight, long, Metunotum: Wide deep trough 0.25 mm wide swith spiracles protruding to level of dorsal surface. Propodeum: Domed. near hemispherical, angle well rounded, declivity sudight; spiracle protruding rearward surrounded by smooth, glossy, uilegument with a few short erect and fMat-lying setae, Node: High, anterior face strongly concave; sumoit sharp. leaning forward) posterior face convex, Guster: Red anterior, black posterior, glossy. smooth. fine (lar lying pubescence, Pore femur: Swollen, Mid (ibis: Plentilul sub-erect setae outside, without bristles inside, La dorsal view. Head: Sides, posterior halves slivhily convex, lapering it slightly; wbterior halves straight, parallel; cheeks slightly swollen, vertex, nearly strait. scape with plentiful short erect setae. Frontal carimaé very wide diverging strongly scurecly converging pasteriorly, Anterior extremities of frontal curinae continuing transversely, lorming a step along postenor elypeus. frontal area narrow (ransverse; max LEW well antenor ta eye centre, eyes situled less than hull eye wid(h from corners, Clypeus: Wide. slightly strate with elongated punetations, no uuneation. glossy with plentiful short setae, carina distinet as nurrow Adge on Hattish elypeus, anterior margin lateral fifths intruding, median three filths projectitig evenly convex. Tn front or rearview. Node: Summit widely and deeply indented with plentiful short erect setae, Measurements HW 14 mm, FIL 15 nin, PW LOS mm. PP 0.05 min. EL 0.3 min, CAR W O85 mm, TL 1.3 min. Aa) NOY MeARTHDR & $. O. SHATTUCK Kiynmloe: Named ufter A. Vineent, w scientific Wistratar Remarks This tare spocies is uppurently restricted to Tn North Queensland (Fig. 6). B, B, Lowery collected speciinens from street trees in Cairns und noted {hal iL uppeared Lo mimic a red species of Podemnveni. Although ©. aanerece is known from only two specimens i is highly distinetive and willkely (a be confused with any other species, Cumpondtts conithorar limery (FIGS 7, §) Campanas (Calahopstx) contin Emery 1914 4G). Type examined: One mile labelled “Carap vonithorax, Emery’ “Port Sandwich? “Mus Civ Gen” “Museum Paris Nouv Hebrides WL Malliealo Dr Toly 1903" (MEG), Oner marerial exdinined: Queensland: Lockerbie, 10°48" § 142°28" BE, 15/6/69, GBM (ANIC): Banta, (0° 53" S$ 142°24' 2, Feb-80, BPM (ANIC), Worker efferenanns Propodeum appears conical when viewed from side, upper and posterior surfaces straight and separated by an angle just greater than 90", Seapes and vibive with plentiful short tine setae, raised fo an tingle oF about (O°, Very few erect setae on the ouler surface of (he head and none on the under side (Fig, 7). Worker deseription Major workee, In kiteral view, Pronotum, anterior mesonpliun. limbs and gaster brown. posterior mMesonotuni. prapodeum anc node darker brown, neurly black. Head: Dark brown, lighter in front: side wlossy, smoothly reticulate with very sparse [Mat- lying short setae; scape dark brown like posterior head; funiculus lighter like anterior heads yertex with one or two erect sete; Underside of head without erect setae, wilh lew yery short udpressed setae. Pronotuin; Glossy, flatly convex, dorsum with one or two long setae, without pubescenve, Mesonotum: Glossy, evenly convex without setae or pubescence. Metanotum: Separated from mesonotum and propodeum by deep transverse cots raised up in centre; spiracles placed well below dorsum, slightly protruding upward, Propodeum: Posterior dorsum inclined upward, conical, glossy, with few short idpressed setae; angle approximately 90°, sharply rounded: deelivity mostly straight: ratio Vorsunvdechivity approximately ot; spiracle Ca WA ef \ Leis’ e \ Hips 7% 8. Counponeney coniovisy. 7. Minor worker, lend wid Hesosoma. Propadeal angle is coniedh # Knows distribution OF CL vonitharax. Seale bars = Ltn protruding 10 veut, surrounded by glossy inteyument With i few short indistinet flat-lying sevice, Node: Glossy with sparse flat-lying and sparse ereet, short sclue, uinlerior face convex ubove: summit blink posterior face straight, Gaster) Dark brown, lighter posteriorly; Glossy. Fore femur Swollen, Mid tibia: Plentiful short, decumbent setae, without bristles inside, Tn dorsal View. Heads Sides straight, parallel: verlex straight; scape with sparse. short flat-lying setae: Frontal carmac wide. diverging strongly then converging slightly at posterions frontal area dimond shaped With wi anterior pil, mits TW at eye centre, Trunedtlion: Near posterior elypeus. Clypens: Sides mostly parallel long. diverging anteriorly, with few feeble striations and punctations, without furrows, glossy, with few very sparse. Nal-lyine selie. unlerior murgin projecting, mostly straight with weak median concavity. with few loog setae; without cari, To from orrear view. Nodes Narrow. SUIMMmIE Straight with few short setae. Minor worker. In lateral) view, Pronotuimn, anterior Mesonovim and gastee browns posterior mesonolum, propodeum and node darker brown, limbs a Tittle lighter coloured than mesosoma, Head Dark brown, grading to yellowish brown antertorly, side with sparse Hal-lying short setae; glossy, smoothly reticulate: scape dark brown, like posterior hee funiculus lighter, like anterior head. vertex with sparse. short. Phi-lying setae: underside of head without erect setae. with few very short, adpressed seuuic. Pronotum: Anterior third convex, otherwise straight without setae or pubescenee, Mesonatuin: Evenly flatly convex, dorsum without selue or REVISION OF MACKROCEPHALUS a puhescence. Metanotum: Separated front mesy- notum and propodeum by deep transverse cies, raised in the centre: spiracles placed well below dorsum, slightly protruding op. Propodeum: Dark brown with few short adpressed setae; dorsum slightly convex, slighily inclined upward: angle blunt 90°: deelivity very stright: catia dorsuin/ declhivity near ot: spiracles protruding Lo rear surrounded by glossy integuinent with few short, sparse setae, Node: Glossy with few very short, erect sctue; petiole with ventral protubermee; lower tall of anterior face of node straight, otherwise Convex: summil blunt: posterior face mostly stramht. Gaster: Glossy. Tore Jemur: Swollen, Mid libia; With short decumbent setae. lackimy bristles inside, tn dorsal view. Head: Sides flatly convex, tapering to Front; vertex Conver, scape with sparse, short, fat-lying setae: Hronlal carinae wide, nearly paratlel, frontal area diamond shaped. indistinet: pax HW at eye centre. Clypeus: Glossy with few sparse flat-lying amd cree’ selue, without carina; ailerion margin wide mostly straight, proyecting bal nol beyond cheeks, In front or rear view. Node: Narrow. summit rounded with lew erect Jong selie, Meadsnerements HW 15-2.) mm, AL 1.6-2.3 mm, PW 11-13 in, HY 12-16 nm. BL OA-0.5 nm, Th 1.4- 1.9 nim, Remarks Linery (1914) deseribed minor workers from Vanuatu (“hen the New Hebrides). The major worker is deseribed here for the first time, The identity of the Australian specimens ts based on compariion with the only known type specimen Gi mole parulype) and the brie! description (fimery 1914, including Pig. (8 in Plate 13). BMP collected specimens nesting Wa hallow twin of Endosperinii ul Barmaya, Qld. Componotis gayvert (Forel) (FIGS 9-11) Colobopsiy saysert Forel 1894: 233, Camponotus (Colabapsis) gassert Borel 1902, 507 Combination. Canponutuy (Calabopyts) gasseri Forel 19 (2: 90 Cramponatus (Colobapsis) vasseri lysiay Vorel 13. 193. Comiponots (Calobapsis) gasserd Ob usirrunients Pore] L902, 508. Campenoiiy (Colobopsix) seassert vblrusitrancalas Emery 1925; 148 Spelling change, Cumponoms (Colebapsis) sassert Wheeler 1934. 162. eolordln Hypes examined: Camponotus gaxseri.. Typus, Tham Perth, W. A. major and jninor workers. Box 176 (GMNA), Campenetuy xessert oblruslrulealis, Typus. from Mackay. Olu. major und minor workers, Box 176 (GMNE Canponams gasseri Lyvicsy Typas. from Ulverstone. Tus, three workers, Box 176 (GMNEN. Other jnenerial examined: Austaaliu Capital Territory: Black Mountain, 1931, TG (ANIC): Canberra, 945. TG (ANIC): Kowen, Brindabella Range. 1932, TG (ANIC): Red Till l931. TG (ANIC): Urturva, 1981. TG (ANIC). New South Wales: Armidale, 1982, YS (ANIC): Berrigan State Forest, 1979, BBL (ANIC); Braidwood Rowl, L935, TG (ANIC); Brookvale, 1931. TG (ANIC); Barns Buy. Line Cove. 1959. BBL CANIC): Guyra. 2 mi 949. TG (ANIC): Kialow State Forest, 1998, SOS (ANIC). Mt Wor Wos, 4 kin NE, 1986, TAW (ANIC): Nyngan, P948. IMe (ANIC); Port Macquarie. 1968. KP (ANICK Ryde Curayin Ph. 1966, RIIM (SAMA); Wyong National Forest Ourinba. 1967, BBL (ANIC), Queenstind: Beerwah, 1958, CDM (ANIC): Beerwah, JDM (Curtin, Beorwah State Forest, 195%, CDM (ANIC); Cairns 1971, BBL (SAMA): Upper Gayundah Creek. 1984. GBM, DIC (ANIC). South Australia: Adelaide Bolanic Park, 2000, AZG (SAMA; Aldiliga, 1987, JAP, RGM (SAMA); Aldinga, 2000, AJM. PIP (SAMA): Aldinga. 3 km SW. 1989, PSW (ANICHE American RK. 1973. PIM (SAMA); Banil, 1975, PIM (ANIC); Belair, 1999, AJM (SAMAI Belair, 1973, PIM (ANIC); Beltana, 15 kin ENE. 1975, PJM (SAMA): Breakneck R.. 19732. PIM (ANIC). Burnside. Undelcarra, 1996, MLS (SAMA): Cape err : os ee Pies 9) TO Comiponetin gasseri, 2 Minot worked, head wind fessor Propodeain is hiimped and glabrots., Le Known slistribtition, Seale bars = | mn, ! A.J. MCARTHUR & §. 0, SHAPTUCK LA — “ tl . 4 . MI i ts gee 7 7 1-1 HH i Aes + RF rl | Re. a — »~- a -* ft 1 . ' ' Pat rien ai big TE Graph showng dimerphisn ta head eimensions al Comparars cayyver’ from Glen Osmonih South Austeatian in = 0. RO = 0.08) and Jrom Beerwah, Queenstand (y= 1 R= 0.94). Queensland specimens Were snaller Honda & mi BO 1973. PIM (SAMAY: Ceduna. CO nt SH. 1975. JAH AMAA Clare. 1950, JMe (ANIC): Dudley CP GCh (SAMA), Ferries Macdonald CP, 1964, GG (SAMAL, Flinders b. 1987, JERS MIN (ANKE); Glen Osmond, 1976, PIM (ANIC); Cireenly L. (SAMA Kunguroo [AML (SAMA): Elainson Bay, 1973. PIM (ANIC); Head of Creat Australian Bight, 198K, JAP (SAMA lites CP. 1976, PIM (SAMA): Kalaungadoo, 15 km W. 1995, BPR (SAMA): Kelly Hill Caves. 1972, PIM (ANIC: Kongorony, 1997, SEF (SAMA) Lith Dip CF 197K, PIM (SAMA): Lottia Pk, 1990, SAF (SAMA); Lucindule, Feu (SAMA); Meningie, LEIM (SAMA; Meningie. HW) km SW. 1974, PIM (SAMA), Minehool, 1987, AIM (SAMA). Mt Benson, 21 kin NE. 1997, SEP USAMA) Mi Compass, 1969, BRL, (SAMA), ML Compass. 1969, BBL CANIC), Mi Lolty, Y7k, EY (ANIC): Mt Remarkable CP. 1974. PIM (ANIC). Mt Rough. S kn Wo 1972. PIM (ANIC): Naracoorte Cave CP 1O58, FG (SAMA): Nappyalla, | kin Wl 484, RR (SAMA Norwood, N71, BBL (SAMA), Oriparinnu, 1971. PIM (ANIC) Portes, 1999, AIM (SAMA Ravine Des Causours, 7 Ki N, F990, THGM. JAE (SAMAS Reeveshy Lo 1936. JC) (SAMA): Riverton, 1975, PIM (ANIC): Rocky R.1972) PIM (ANIC), Sandy Ck, 1972. PIM (ANIC: Sevenhill, 1957, BBL (ANIC: Spalding Cove, (973, PIM: (ANIC) Strauky Bay, M987, BRL (ANIC): Piatinara, 10 mn E, 1958, TG (ANIC), Uinberakii, 1975, PIM (ANIC), Umberatianis, 13 kim Nb, 1975, PIM VANIC): Western Flak Rok S. 1894, TC (ANIC), ‘Tasniunue Asbestos Ra 199), BBL (ANIC): Ashestns Ru. 1890, BBL (SAMA); Bakers Beach. }992) BBL (SAMA: Bakers Beuch, 1993, BBL (SAMA}: Bruny L Aerodrome, 1992, BRL (SAMA): Burnie, A key B, 19d, BBL (SAMAR Devonport, The Binh, 1993, BBE USAMA): linders 1, 1992, BBL. (SAMA), Furneaux Lookoul, 1992, BBL (SAMA), Greal Bay, North Bruny 1. 1992. BBL (SAMA); Hoban AML (SAMA), Ploburt, 193%, PAC (ANIC): Hobart. 19S), NMET (ANIC): Hobart, 19345, WR (ANIC): Launveston, 1915 (SAMA), Lavinia Res, King |. 1992, BBL (ANIC); Mari L., 1992) BBL (SAMAI: Mt Tanner 1991, BBL (SAMA), Mi Wellington S00im slope, 1991, BIT (SAMA), North Bruny f., (1992, BBL (SAMA: Port Sorell, 1992, BBL (SAMA); Rocky Cape Sisters Beach. 1994. BBL (SANMLA), Seal Rocks. King 1, 1OOL, BBL (SAMA); Surprise Buy, 4 kn Ny 1904, ABL (SAMA): Swansed. 1962, LW (SAMA); Swinsed, Nine Mile Beach, 1996, BBL (ANIC); Hoburt, AME (SAMA): Tunbridge, 1997) GAL (SAMAr Walkers Lookout 2 km N. 1995. BBL (SAMA). Victoria: Aireys Inlet, 1945, Me (ANIC): Greensborough, IMe (ANIC), Hursibridge, 1958, BBL (ANIC); Orbost 1959, GFG (SAMA): Springvale. RVS (SAMA): Ultinit, JOG (SAMA). Western Australia! Cunderdin, | km B, 1985, PSW (ANIC), Darlington, 1969, BBL (ANIC), Dryandra, 1982, JDM (Curtinys Esperance, 1970, BBL (SAMA): FEsperunee, 1970, BBL (ANIC): Junana Rock. 1977. RW (ANIC); Kings Park, 1969. BBL. (ANIC): Mt Ragged, 11 kan NW hy N, 1969, RWT (ANIC); Mundaring Wein JCL (ANIC); Nornialip, ION4. WANE (ANIO©): Norseman 19 kin ENE. 1969, RWT (ANIC), Norseman, + km NNE, 1969, RW'T (ANIC): Northampton, 5 km N, 1985, PSW LANIC): Pingcup, 1958, TG (ANIC) Stirling Ra. NPL 198d, J&NEL (ANIC, Widgiemooltha, 8 mi N hy Wy 1969, RW'T CANIC): Worsley. JDM (Curtiny: Yanebop, JOM (Curtin): Zanthas, | mile SE by E, M6 RWT (ANIC) Worker diagnosis A Tew ereet setae on the front of the head and gusier., nune clsewhere. Mesosomi lossy wath propodeum raised to hemispherical dome (Pig, 4) Worker deseriplion Major worker, Whole ant varies Tron) black wilh pulches Of red or red brown le occasionally all red. i lateral view, Heads Side without erect setae, posterior three quarters, very Finely punetates anterior quarter sural, truncation 135° abrupt: vertex with wo few setae; Underside of head without sete, Pronotam and mesonotuin forming rounded syrometrieal hurnp, shehtly Mitlened on top, without setae, Metanotun: ‘Two distinc! (ransyverse sutures al boltonyof a trough. spiracle direeted upward, phiced below dorsum. Propodeum: Without sete. dorsum hemispherical dome: unvle rounded: deelivity straight: rats dorsuni/declivity approximately Ls spiracle placed inidway between dersuni and coxa, sureounaded by Hae rohculations sind very sparse. short, Mitely ing, course setae, Node: Finely reticulate, glossy. withoul REVISION OF MACROCLPHALLES wi pilositys: anterion face mostly stright saint rounded: posterior face mostly straight. Gaster: Very finely striate, no pubescenec. few short setae along merabranes, Fore femur: Swollen. Mid abia: Withsut vec setae, wilh very sparse, mndistinel, Mat-ly iu setae without bristles inside, In dorsal view. Head: Sides. posterior Hall straight. parallel anterioe hall slightly conve, lapering to the trom vertex Tidy conves, widely rounded corners, scape Without erect setae: frontal cavinae wider than half WW frontal aren Indistinet. mike HW posterior to eye cenre: mundibles with many fine teeth, Clypeus: Coursely striate loagitudinully, withaut pubescence. carne replaced wilh groove; unlerior margin conves, nurrow. prajeetiig, tn front or rear view. Nove: Wide, summit widely bidented, without setae, Mijor worker, Whole ant varies from bhack witht palehes of red or red brown ta gecustanully all red, In Lateral view. Head: Side. giossy, finely retieulule wath sparse. Short, Cut lying setaes vertex with a lew lui setae! underside of head without sefte, Mesosoma and trode wailliout elect setae or pubeseenee. Pronotum amd mesonotimt bumped lommims even convexity higher than mewnotum. Matunotiii: Deep wide dough with convex bast: prominent spiracles pointing Upward, placed mear level of dorsum, Propodeum: Blevated, high, fumped. evenly convex: angle well rounded: dechivity, mostly straight) ratio dorsum/deely ty approxtimately: | spiracle pluced midway between dorswuin wi coxa, pointing rearward, surrounded by vlossy, Covly reticulite tafegument, Node: Anterior face lower hall stright upper eonyexs suman rounded: posterior face strenght. Gaster: Microscopically striate, Pore lemurs Swollen. Mid fibiac Sparse short, fine, adpressed setae, walhoue bristles inside. Tn dorsal view: Head: Sides, flatly conves. fipering fa front, vertex and angles Uniformly convex: scape without erech setae, with indisiinel adpressed setae, Frontal carinae short, very Wide upurk, mostly diverging; fronpal area indistinct: max HW oat eye centre. Clypeuss Wide. without Iruncation. few Sele on inarins. wossy. finely Poneale-reviculaie, carina distinc); Anrertor muni convex. In Trantor rear view. Node: Sami thithy convex, Wide, WiTholf Setac. Moasnrenennts HW. 0,.80- 1-60 nim, HL 00-14-70 nim, PW 065 1.20 nun. TL. 0.90- 1.10 nn. Remarks Wheeler (1994) deseribed the subspecies colar eins bused on “smaller average stze und diflecent colout paver” und admitted that i was “only uw stiysht variant af the typteal torn.” Borel (1913) deseribed the subspecies /vviny us “differing in heud shape from C. gasyeri bul otherwise jdenticyl with the type". Forel (1902) established the subspecies vhirnyiruncatry based on slight differences to head and mesosoma shape, seulpluriiy and colour, with the minor worker “having a shorter head and more conyes pro-mesoooluim, wilh the pest identical bo the typical form. We ean find Titthe to support the retention of any of these subspecies beewuse the differences are tryial Camponeliy gasserl specimens, collected ul Beerwah, Queensland were light brown aod smaller than those collected at Glen Osmond, South Australia as shown in big. DL. The Stiled differences in major workers are of Hille value in diagnosing these lorms its (hey seem lo be based on allometric variation within this caste patter Chan species-level (lifferences, Camponotis assert miior workers aire often observed Toruging on trunks of eucalypts in te Adelaide metropolitan are. On 20 Jan (999, AJM when wateling the removal of so large live Bucalypnis caitaldilensix Detink at Glen Osmond. a south-eastern suburb of Adelaide. collected 4 sawn off Joe which housed a colony of ©) gasyerr. The diameter of the log was 120 om and the ants’ entrance was netrly 2 mm in diameter at the qunction of a dead offshoot of the log. On cutting open the log, [142 workers, three dealile queers, ove date made aod pomerous eges und naked luryae were foun The volume ol the gallery. measured by filling it with water, was 125 ml About 10 mt of {russ resembliiye sawdust was alse tiken from tbe gallery. The gallery jippewred lo hiaye been excavated by terntites (determined by examination af the frass, P. Gleeson, perscomm, 1999) and wats located an the central heart wood and extended for about 300 m0, wilh (he entrinee (inet about equidistant froin each end. The width of the main gallery was aboul [0mm diumeleratihe centre. Mostotthe wats were jet black with a litte red at the anterior head, the umount ol red being variable, 1) afew individuals the bhick was replaced by yellow-brown, Wheeler (1934) described nests of C. vessert near Perth, WA in) branehes of varying sive Lepospernian spp. Acacia spp. Eneahyntis spp und Celliris spp. Most of the specunens of € caer? examined here have heen collected while the wots were foraging on vegetlulion, eXcepl for one collection from. a piliill (rap dnd one trom teat litter wid those collected from the sawn olf log describes ubeve, Camponotns feiwvensis Wheeler (FIGS 12, 13) Commpencins (Culolapyts) heawensis Wheeler LO27 \52. ‘4 AJ. MCARTIUER & S. OO SHATTUCK Types examined: Nine minor workers Irom Lord Howe Island. A.M. Lea (MC), Ofher material examined: New South, Wales: lord Howe Ishind, Erskine Valley, 1966, RWT (ANIC); Lord Mowe Cshend, Middle Beach Track. 2000, AJM & PIF (SAMA), Worker didunosty Mundibles in major workers with distinet ragae superimposed over shallow fovae, rugue covering the entire dorsul surface of mandible, A few long, erect setae on head and gaster. none elsewhere, In Jaleral view, dorsal surfaces ef pronotum: mesonolum und propodeum form a contimuaus weukly conves surfer; posterior propodeal faee slightly concuve (Fig. 12), Worker descripiiou Major worker, In lateral view. Red brown, gaster venerally darker, Vinbs simile in colour but with first and tibiae slightly tivhler, Head: Side with no erect setae: posterior glossy, sntootly, anterior sharply truncated, anterign striations extending from truncation one/third distange to eye: vertex. with few long setae; underside of head without ereet setae, willl very sparse, short, flal-lying selae. Mesosomie Without erect setue. Pronotum and) Mesonotum: Evenly conves. Metanotum: Wide trough, spiracle well below dorsum. Propodewm: Dorsum evenly curved, angle, rounded: declivily slightly coneaye, ray dorsum/declivily approximately |: spiracle well forward of deelivity, closer to coxa (han dorsuin surrounded by indistinetly reticulate, glossy integument. without pilosity. Node: Without setae, anterior face Tower half, straight, upper half evenly vonvexs sumoit blunts; posterior fice straight. Custer: Glossy indistinctly striate. Pore femur: Swollen, Mid tibia: Without erect setae, with sparse, Hlul-lying pubescence, without bristles inside, Tn dorsal yiew, Head: Nearly reclungular, sides straight, parallel; vertex straight; ungles blunt; scape with very sparse, short, flat-lying setae, Frontal earinae mostly sthaieht, diverging; posterior very wide, Frontal areca, very small, depressed. Clypeus sides hordered hy sharp ridge, narrow, widest al Hiinealions sides vearly straight. Gipering anteriorly. srossly ridecd longitudinally, similar lo cheeks; three fourths of clypeus anterior to truncation. Anterior head comprising elypeus, mandibles and cheeks lying on Mat circular planes max TW at eye centre: eyes oval, Clypeus: Without erect setae, Carine present, among striations: anterior margin narrow, projecting, evenly convex, ta front oF rear view, Nodes Sunil wide, slightly indented, without setae. Minor worker, Heads Reu-browr to dark brown, limbs andointeroee slightly lighter colour. anterior of ad ‘ \ rn cre ae] Na, af ‘g Pigs (04. Cipenenis howensts.. bh Minor worker heat and mesosoma, 13, Known distribution, Scale bars = bon head yellow brown, vertex with fow setae; underside of head without erect sete, Mesosoma: Glossy, mmieroscopically — reliewate without — pilosity. Pronotum: Anterior and posterior thirds straight, ventre third convex. Mesonotum: Mostly straight, slightly fused above prosetiin and propodeum, Metanolun: Sheht ridge, spiracle near middle ol side, Propadeum: Darstim straight to flatly convex; ingle abrupt; deelivity eoneave: ratio darsumé declivity about 1.5; spirucle situated tiidiway between dorsiun and cox surrounded hy elossy microscopically: reticulate integument, Node Without pilosity; antertur luce lower hall straight, conves, above: summit sharp: posterior face straizht, Gaster Finely strate. Fore lemur Swollen, Mid tibia; With indistine! sparse, short. (Mal-lying setae, withoul bristles inside. In dorsal view, Plead: Sides straight. slightly tapering to the front, vertex and ingles forming ah even convexity: seape with indistinet, sparse, short, Mat setae; Tontal carina diverging Widely: frontal area indistinet, diamond shaped; maa HW just posterior lo eye venire, Clypeus: Glossy, finely reticulate, few sparse, erect sehie: caring feeble, anterion margin convex, wide, projecting. La frontor rear view, Node: Sumit wide, sometimes indented, without setae Mecsurenients PW 0.90°1.06 mm, TIT 1,06-1.28 tinm, EL 0.44 O4S mo. HW (41-164 mm, Wh b48-).82 mn, CAR W 0.63-0.89 nim, C'LY W 0.60-0.63 man Th (95-105 nm, NW O48-0.55 nin, Romarks Wheeler (1927) described Champometis livwewnaia REVISION OF MACROCEPHALUS 1S based on minor workers (rom Lord Howe Island. Hits description includes compalisons With number of species [rom nearby Pacilie islands bul makes fo reference Lo thuintand Australian speems such as 0. macrocephalus, A more recent collection from Lord Howe Ishind by RWT includes both major and minor workers, minors OF whieh maleh Wheeler's types. The specimens from Lord Howe Island are very similar to mdiniind speeiinens placed aa CL macrocephalus. They differ in having the dorsal surface of the mandibles of major workers sculptured with longitudinal rugae superimposed over shallow fovae, The mandibles in CL mecrocepheadis ure smooth with siiilir fovae and with. ail most. weak rugae along the anterior (he region away from the head capsule) one-halh or tess. Addifionully, Une sculpiuring on the anterolateral region af the head between tie eye aod the base af the mandible in major workers OF Cy Trawensiy tends ta be: less vxtensive and weaker than the sculpturing found in C, macrocephatus, Finally. the colour of the Lord Howe Island material (all castes) is consistently dark brown While maintind material varies from yellow-brown to dark brown. No significant differences could be found bewween the minor workers (rom these regions. Based on this, these two taxi ane treated as distinet wilh all acknowledement that they are very closely related und may swell prove lo be conspeeiic, Camponoliy janet bored (FIGS 14, 15) Cumponanis janet’ Forel A. (895b: 417. Camponotus (Mtyrmanthhys) jane Forel (Ol4: 271 Combination, Camponaus paneti Emery 1975: 138, {ype examined: Major and minor workers. labelled “Typus trom Queenshurnd. Mackay” Box 174 (GMNH, ANIC) Other material examined: Queensland: Cains Parkhinls. 1975, BBL (ANIC); Mackay, 1949. TC (ANIC). Worker elfegneysts Mesosona low and long in profile wath plenusul fom, ercet setuc, Head, treludibg underside, and Seupes Wilh plentilil long, eruct setae (Fig. 144), Worker deseripiian Major worker Very dark brown to black all ever exeeph red teeth, red brown amtennue.. Washter Livins. In daterul view, Head: Side glossy. finely reticulate. finely punctate with plentiful mid length setae (about 0.2 nin long), yerles with plentifirl ereet setae und no pubescence: underside of head with plentiful short und long, erect setae, Pronotum; Unitority flatly convex. dorsum with plentiful mid leg erect und few Mat-lying setae, Mesonotums Fluly conver, dorsum with plentiful erect setag, sides reticulate, more strongly below Whi ubeve, Metinotiun: Indistinet. Propodeum: Dorsum with pleniital ereel selec, Uniformly vonvea, sides reticulate, more strongly below than above: angle widely rounded: degiivity straight: rani dorsum/declivity approximately |: spiracle projecting rearward, well forward of declivity. and ntidway between cosa and dorsum, surrounded by erect andl flat-lying serae. Node; With long. erect and short, Mlat-lying setae) aiterion face, lower fall stramtil, upper conyea: summit blunt: posterior face. lawer hall) straight Upper hal conver. Guster: Finely striute, Pore femur: Swollen, Mid tibke Plenitiful upstanding long setae, without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Very finely densely punctate with few coarse punctations: sides stratght. slightly tapering too fron. vertex conves, scape will erect and flat-lying setue. Frontal carinae wide. strongly diverging al front, posterior hull straight: frontal area small diamond: shaped, smoother than surroundings: mix AW just posterior lo eye centre, Clypens: Without striations, scarcely lrunculed, sides widest at centre, less than one third TW, with few erect setae and no pubescence, without Curinis anterior iInargin projecting. straight. narrow Ih front or rear view. Node: Summit wide. outer thirds conyes, centre third straight or slightly concave: with plentiful long setae, Minor worker: to heteral view. Very dark brown to black all over except red mundibles. ighterantennae durker red brown limbs, Head; Side glossy, finely reticulate with plentiul mid Tength and longer setae, Fives 14 15) Cenupeeenis janeri. 14. Minor worker, fei and mesosoma. Mesosonit is law and long 15) Rnuwe disinbutiomoel GC, ped. Seale burs = bomen. MG A.J, MeARTIIUR & 5,0. SHAPT OCR vertex wilh plentiful, erect setae, ne pubescence: linderside of head with plenutul longish erect setae, Pronoun: Rodded lateral margin, uniformly Cathy conves; dorsum with plentifil erect and few Mae lying sclue. Mesonotum: Blitly convex, dorsum with plentiful long wreet setae, Metanotun: Ao slight depression. Propodeum: Dorsum with plentiful ereet selue OF various lengths: aniformly convex, making whole mesosoma evenly conver: sides more strongly reficolute below than above, angle widely rounded, declivily Matly conyeas ratie dorsum/declivily about 15: spiracle projecting outward. well forward of dechvity and midway between coxu and dorsum, surrounded by erect and (lat-lying sere. Node, Long, with long erect und short, (lat-tying setae: anterior lace lower half straight convex above: summit rounded with weak ridge; posterior lec lower hall straight, upper hal! convex. ‘Caster Glossy shebthy (inely striate, Fore femur: Swollen, Mid tibia: With plentiful coarse, mostly decumbent setae, Wilhoul bristles inside. Dorsal view. Head: Very linely and densely puncte, sides straight, strongly lipering te front, vertex convex, ianeles widely rounded; seape with erect und) Mat-lying selae: Frontal carinae wide, strongly diverging: frontal area distinctly dkamond shaped, depressed; imix HW at eve centre; eyes close tO earners, Clypeus: Wide, with few short decumbent sete; curina distinct; anterior margin projecting. mostly eonves. Front oor rear view. Node: Summit wide. conver, with plentiful long setae. Mevasuremenis HW 0.95-1.70 om, HL b.00-2.00 min, PW ().70- LS omm, UT 0.75-1.00 mom. EL 0.25-0.35 mm, CAR WoO S04L90 tam, CLY W 0,50-0.65 nay. TL O90 L20 jm, Remarks This rare species has been collected only a few Hines From northern Qaeenshindk The only biologica! notes refer Lo une collection from a (lee in parkland, Camponotus janforrestaé sy, Way. (FIGS 16, 17) Melotype: One minor worker pinned. Queensland, Citirns, Barklunds, 2/8/75, BB. Lowery (ANIC), Onley malertal examined: Queenslind: St. Georue, fear Balonne River, 66, BBL (ANIC): SL George, Bubonne River bank, 966, BRT. (ANIC). Worker dieeniyiy Whole unt iwith the exception of the funiculus) clothed in erect setae, On mesosoma sete vary fron short to long. Dorsal surface of propodeunt straugly convex wand dome-like (Pig. 16), Worker deseription Minor worker, All black except for dark brown teeth and lirmbs. In lateral view, Head: Side with lew erect setae, without Mat-lving pubescence, glossy, smooth: vertex with plentiful Jong setae; Underside ot head with plentiful long and short setae, Pronolum: Evenly convex wilh plentiful erect setae of vuwious lengths. Mesonormin: Fhitly convex qwith plenriful sere. Metanotum: Deep trench, with spiracles projectig up, apertures below level of dorsum. Propodeum: Plentili) long setae, wlossy, dorsum domed, nearly circulars angle rounded: deehyity mostly straight, spiracle projecting Gutwurd, surrounded by slightly punetate InfegumMent with Hlat-lying and erect setae. Node: Thick with plentiful long erect setae: anterior face short upright: summit blunt: posterior liee lower halh suaght upper convex. Guster: Glossy, hairy Pore Femur: Dark red brown, swollen, Mid tibia; With plentiful long and a te short, ereet setae, without bristles on inside, tn dorsal view. Head Sides straight, strongly tapering to front. posterior angles and yertes forming even convertty, scape with plentiful long sind short, erect setic, Frontal carinae wie, diverging £0 rear, Hol converging, posterior width twice anterior; fromal area elongated diamond. small nag HW posterior to eye centre. Clypeus: Wide, glossy, smooth, withont (lat-lying pubeseenee, With few ercel, Jong setae, carina inelistinek anterior margin: lateril quarters projecting: forward. median half indented between two teeth. Ln front or rour view, Node: Summit Plat, between conves literal thirds, with plentifil long setae of varying length. Mensirements HW 0.6 im. PLL 18 mm. PW 1.2 mim, HPP 1 35 mn, EL O35 mm, Th 17 mm, Etyitelowy Named after J. A, Forrest OAM, SAM, Adelame, Remarks This rure species Has heen collected only three times. The limited biological information jidicates (hat it Was Common on box and wun trees on black soil und was foraging all afternoon al St Gearge. His highly distinctive and unlikely to be confused with oOlher members of this species group. Camponotus mackayensis Forel (PIGS Va, 19) Camiponolty. veticulalus jnackeyeasis Forel 1902: 506, REVISION O} MACROCEPHALUS 7 Camponotus (Myrniamblys) rericulatus mackayernyis Emery 1925: 139 Subgeneric assignment. Type examined: Major and minor workers. lubelled “typus”. Box 174 (GMNH, ANIC), Other material examined: Northern Territory: Caiman Ck, 1977. TAW (ANIC); Darwin, 1961. LW (ANIC), Howard Springs, 1951, WLB (ANIC): Kukadu NP. 1994, BBL (SAMA); Sitath Point, 1977, RAR (ANIC): Smith Point, 1977, TAW (ANIC): Sinith Point, 5 mi. E by 8, 1977. TAW (ANIC): Wanei Pally. 1994, BBL.(SAMA); Wessel E., Rinilyji 1. 1977. TAW (ANIC). Queensland: Cairns. L962, RWT (ANIC): Cairos Edge HL, 1975. BBL (ANIC), Kdee Hill (ANIC), Lake Eacham NP, 1972, RWT (ANIC); Mingela, | km E. 1977, BBL (ANIC): Missionary Bay, 1977, RWT (ANIC). Worker diaanosiy Dorsal surface of propodeum with shallaw concavity. Sparse to plentiful erect, long setae on most surkices, including scupe (Fig. 1s). Worker deseriptroi Major worker. In lateral view. Head: Red brown, anterior hull coarsely punctate With plentiful short, whilish, sub-erect setae. posterior half smooth, glossy. with few shallow punctations: scape brown, funiculus lighter red brown, vertex with plentital Short setae, few shallow punckitions; underside of head with short setae. Pronotuin; Red brown, lighter thin mesonotun, evenly convex, dorsum with few long and short sclae, Mesonotum: Brown. evenly Pius 16. 17, Camponotus janforiestie sp. nov, 16, Minur worker, hed and mesosomua, Underside of head with ervet sel. 17, Known distribution. Seale bar = 1 mane convex, dorsum with plentiful Short setite Metanotum: Distinet, wide. shallow groove Propodeum: Brown, dorsum with few long setac, anterior dorsum marked by narrow ridge, otherwise straiwhe: angle abrupt: declivity straight, ratio dorstinvdeelivity approximately |}; deeply striate near spiracle, Node: With few long setae, brown; amerior face Jower hall straight, upper convex: summit blunt: posterior face straight. Gaster; Brown, finely striate. Fore coxa: Mostly red brown with some yellow. Pore femur: Red brown, swollen. Pore tibia and tarsus: Red brown, Mid tibia: Outside with sparse (at-lying. short setae. without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Sides straight uipering to front: vertex straight. slightly coneave in some views; frontal area small, depressed and extended longitudinally: frontal carinae nearly parallel. unterior half diverging. posterior half wide. plenutul Short, sub-ereet setae on clypeus and cheeks. Clypeus: Oval shaped, widest al truncation, coarsely punctate. similar to cheeks: galerior juargin projecting, convex. marrow, less than half head width al mandibles. Front or rear view, Node: Summut wide. straight, with few long setae. Minor worker. In kuteral view. Head: Red brows, side glossy with sparse short flat selae: scape red brown; funiculus lighter red brown, vertex with few long setae. underside of head without erect setae, with sparse, short, fat-lying setae, Pronotum: Red brown. lighter than mesenotum. Pronotum und imesonotum: Even convexity with few, very lony setae, Metanotuin: Distinet yee, Propodeum: Brown, dorsum with few scultered setae, anterior dorsum inclined upward to ridge, then shallow coneayily to a “ yh Figs 18. 19. Camponotus mackayeosix. US. Minor worker, head and mesosona. Dorsuim of prapodeum is concave. 19, Khowa distribution. Seale bars = | mm. aK Ad Meak THUR G&S. 0, SHATTUCK widely rounded gigle: declivity mostly straight, ratio Uursun/declivity about 1.5; glassy, deeply striate mai spiricks Node: Brown with few long sete, without pubescences anterior face mostly straighe: summit taunded: posteriur face straight. Guster: Brown, glossy, “inely suriie. Pore coxa: Mastly red hrown with some yellow, Fore femurs Swollen, Tarsus; Red brown, Mid tibta; Red brown with sparse. Hal-lyinge setae. without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Sides, unterior hall tapering to fronts vertex Mitly convex berween widely roundea comers: scupe sumelimes with few long selaes Trontul caurmuc diverging -wide> frontal area depressed: roax HW posterior to eye centre: five course (eeth visible. Clypeus: Glossy with few long and short, scattered Mablying setae; carina indistinet: anlerior margin convea, projecting, Mn front or reu view. Node: Summit wide. suuieht with lew long, selac, Measurements PW. 0.80-1.05 mm. AT O.7-1 15 nim. AW 1.Ub- |_tSonm, HL 100-1. 70mm. CAR W OLS ti, CY W 040.45 mm, TL O80 oi. Remarks Workers of (his species have been found of) Wees ats well as the ground in rumnforests. munyroyve arid sevainnaly woodland, Alb known best have been Vound in dead (wits und branches. Componoins macrocepheatas (Erichsen (PIGS 20, 21) Farnica macrieephata richson, 1842-259. Camponotus (Golobopis) fielor Forel V02, 508 Synonym Shattuck and MeArhur (995: (2 ¢- Company fiero cuguytiis Viehmeyer 1925: 145 New Synonym. Coluhopts rufifrmy semicarinidea Porel, 95h 418 New Synonyni Craipaneus (Colobapis) semearinvans Forel (90% S08 Combination. pes examined: Cumponotis fie Major and minor workers hibelled “Typus Com Newuustle New Souu) Wales.” Box L7S (GMNID). Campana ficlor destin. Major and minor workers labelled “Typus from Trial Bay. New Sonth Wales? (ANIO), Camponains senicarinatas, Mayor and minor workers labeled “Typus Thom Maekay, Queenshind” (CiMNH). Other material examined: Australian Capital ‘Lerritory: Blondeil’s Farm, 1955. TO (ANIC): Brindabella, 1933, TG (ANIC); Brindubella Ra, 1930, TO (ANIC): Canberra Sutton Rd, 2025, TG (ANIC), Kowen, 1992, TG (ANIC), Lees Spring. 1930, TG (ANIC): Lees Spring. 1931, 1G (ANIC): Uriarra, L931. TG (ANIC): Yarruluimla, 1976, BBI (ANIC). New South Wales: Braidwoou Ra, 1937, TG (ANIC); Burs Bay, Lune Cove, 1959, BBL (SAMA), Ibor, 1973, BRE. (ANTO); Gerri. 1962. BBL (ANIC): Kiundra. 1960. EFR (ANIC), Nerriga Braidwood Nowrnt Rd, 1937, TG (ANIC Neweustle, JICL(ANIC), Pine CK Stile Forest, 1957, TG (ANIC); Pymble. 1956, BBL (ANIC) Pymble, 1944. IMe (ANICI: Springwood. 1945, BBL. (ANIC); Timbulgum, 1962, BBL GANIC): Tunt, 1962, BBL UANIC), Queenshind, Brisbane, JDM (Curtin: Brisbane, 1945, RAP (ANIC); Bunduhers, 1968, JD CANTO): Bundaberg, JID (ANIC): Cuirts, 1975. BBL. (ANIC): Cuirus, 1975, BBL (ANIC: Cuirns, 30 mi. N, 1966, RWT GANIC), Giru Haughton &, 1980, RWT (ANIC); Linnington Plateau, Nuptial Flight, 1994. RE (SAMA): Missionary Bay, Hinehinbrook Lb, 18772 RWT (ANIC). South Australia: Littlehampton, 1995, 77 CSAMA); Luieindale, Feu (SAMA), Tasmania, Asbestos Rin. 1991, BBL (SAMA): Bakers Beuch. 19904. BRL (SAMA), Big Kiver. 1901, BBL. (SAMA) Bridport, 1995, BBL (SAMA): Dulverii, 1995, BBL. (SAMA): Emita Flinders 1. 1991, BBL. (SAMAY, Epping Forest, 1993, BBL (SAMA); Flinders [2 Mt Sirevlueki. 1991, BBL (SAMA) Freveinet Peninsulit. BBL. (SAMA): Isthinius Bay, 1992, BBL (SAMA); Low Head, 3 km E, 1992, BBL. (SAMA) MU William, 1993, BBL (SAMA); North Bruny Le 1992, BBL (SAMA): Port Soncll, 4 kn &- 1992, BBL. (SAMA); Sassulrus, 1993. BRL (SAMA): Seymour, 1994, BBL (SAMA). Victoria: Greensboyough, JMe (ANICK Loengatha, 1457. BBL. (ANIC); Portland, 1958, Me (ANIC). Worker dietenosis Miandibles in mujer werkers smoetht, Will) stalew lwae, rovae weak and Tinited to unterior region of dorsal suctice of the mindible. Few lone, erset sete of head und guster, none elsewhere, In lateral view, dorsal surfuces of pronofum, mesonotum and propadeum forma continuous weakly convex suelyee. The posterior’ propodeal Mee nrostly stright (Pig. 20), Worker deseviptivnn Major worker tn literal view. Yellosy brown, waster sometines darker, linths, especiilly coxa yery much Highter than mesosoma. Plead: Side with no erect seni. anterion sharply truneaedk posterior wlossy. SMOOTH aUNterior saviors extendiig from truncation nearly Hall wary lo eye: vertex will few long setae: underside of head without erect setae, with very sparse short. (hw lying setae. Mesosoma: Without erect setae, Pronotiim dnd Mesonatiin: Evenly conver. REVISION (? MACROCEPHALUS Ww Metunoium: Wide trough. spiracles well below dorsum, Propodedin: Dersum evenly eurved, angle rounded, deeliviiy omestly strajght rauo dorsum/declivily, approximately f; spitacle well forward of deelivity, closer to coxa than dorsurn, surrounded by tndistiner reticuline micgument. glonsy. Williout. pilosity, Node: Withait setae. anterior fee lower hall slight. upper evealy convex; sumynit blunts posterior luce straight Guster; Cilossy, indistinctly striate. Kore femar: Swollen. Mid tibia: Without erect sete, with sparse, flat Lyin pubescence, without bristles (iside, I dorsal view Head: Nearly reetangulan sides siramht, parallel: verter stiughit. wigles blunt: scupe with very sparse, short, flat-lying Sette. Frontal curiae mostly straight. divereim, posterior very wide. Frontal area. very small, depressed; clypeus. sides bordered By sharp ridge. narrow, widest al truncation, sides nearly strani. uipering woteriorly, grossly ridged lonmitgdinally, similar to eheeks, three fourths of clypeus unlener to truncation. Anterior head comprising elypeus, mandibles and cheeks lie on [kal vireulitr planes max HW at vye centre: eyes oval Clypeus; Without erect sehie, curinit present within striations; anterior’ murgih narkow, projecting, evenly conves. In front or rear view. Node: Summit wie, slightly indented. without setae, Minor worker. Head: Browaish yellow to brown, limbs aid antennae more yellowish, much lighter than mesosoma; se of head, mesosoma. node yellow brown vertex with few setae; underside of head without erect sclae, = Mesosoma: Glossy. microscopically — reticulate, without — pilosity. Pronolun: Antenor atid posterior thirds straight Figs. 20, 21. Camponomy macrecephalis, 20, Minor worker, head and mesosuma, Dorsum of mesosomu is mostly straight 21 Known distribution of C. macreephalus. Scale bar= 1 mm. justification for centre third convex. Mesonotum, Mostly straight, slightly raised above provotum and propodeurn. Metunotum: Slivht ridge: spiracle near middle of side, Propodcum; Dorsum siriight 1 Thitly gonves, angle ubruph dechwity pearly straight rao darsuni/ devlivity about LS: spiracte situdled midway between dorsum and cosa. glossy. Surrounded by micrascapir reticulation. Node: Without pilosity, anterior fave lower half stuight. convex above: summit sharp: posterior fuce straight, Guster: Finely strate, Fore femur: Swollen, Mid tibia: With indistinel sparse. short, flat-lving setae, without bristles mside. In dorsal view. Heal: Sides straight, slightly tapering to fronts vertex and dngles form even conyenily, seape with indistinet.. sparse, short. flat setye: frontal carina wide. diverging: Trontal area fidistinet. dhimane shapedk mix LEW just posterior to.eye centre Clypeus: Glossy, finely reticulate. few sparse. erect, setae, carina indistinct anleriar margin. convex, wide, projecting. In front or rew view, Node: Summit wide, sometimes indented, without sete. Measurenwnts PW 0.7-1.2 mim, HT O.8- 1.25 mim, BL 03-04 mm, LW 6.95-1.7 nim, HL 11-19 mm, CAR W 05-05 mm, CLY W 0.5-026 mim, TL 0,95-7.0 mm, NW 0, 35- 0.65 min Remarks Forel (1902) distinguished sem/cerinaius trom macrocephalis (as fictur) by differences in the shape of the head, propodeum and petiolar node and in having the sculpturing 6n the truncated portion of the clypeus “more clearly lengthwise und not wrinkled- reticulate as in the case of semicarinatus”. Viehmeyer (1925) deseribed the subspeetes aveustidus as. having “head of the major worker noticeably narrower than i the type, the trumeate surface of the anterior head less sharply delineated and less concave. apd the longitudinal grooves.of the head and clypeus mach stronger”. However, the chirently available materisl shows considerable variation in all of these characters and we can find ne recognising the subspecies separately from ©, macrocephaluy. For septation trom the closely related C. howensis. see Remarks under that species. Cumponotty macrocephalus is generally found nesting in branches of trees und shrubs in eastern Australia, Camponotus sanguinifrons Viehmeyer (FIGS 2. 22, 23) Camponatus (Colobopsis) sanguinifrons Viehmeyer 1925: 143. 4 A J, MeARTIUR & 5, O, SHAPPUOCK Type examined: Major and minor workers labelled “Typus” from ‘Vriul Buy, New South Wales, Box {65/3 (ZMB), Other material examined: New South Wales: Leoppinghin, 1966, El (ANIC); Mt Warning, 1964, BBL (ANIC), Tumut, 1962, BBL (ANIC): Leslie Dun, 1997, AIM & RE(SAMAY, Tumut, 1962, BBL (ANIC). Notthern Territory: Kakadu NP, 1992, BBL. (SAMA), Queensland: Mackay, 1977, BBL.(ANIC'): Mingelu, | kin E, 1997, BBL (SAMA); Mt Tozer, 3 km ENE, 1986, JOC (ANIC); Mackay, GT (ANIC). Worker diaenosiy Minor worker with a lew long, ereet setae on linderside of head, few more on waster and none elsewhere. Dorsal surface of propodeum abour liree unies as ling as declining surface. Major differs wreatly from minor Thynajor worker, doterlor regions of head clothed a plentifw short, chivate setae (Pin. 2) particularly on and pear truncation: absent from posterior regions: few long setae on underside of head, coxaand guster (Fig. 22). Worker eweription Major worker. Ii literal view, Head: Posterior dark brown, anfierior reds posterior without pilosity, wileror Wi detise, fine, short, white, chivale sete (Vig, 2) especiilly on cheeks and clypeus; antennae red brown. underside of head with few long setae. Mesosonia and node: Dark brown without pilosity, lossy, Uinely striite. straight, next quirler rounded, then Pally convex. Posterior half of pronorum, mesonotum., metaneiuin und dorsum of propodeum Form uninterrupted gentle curve, Metanatum; Wide, marked by two tralisverse sutures, Propodeum: Angle about 150°; declivily mostly straigtit; mutio dorsum/deelivity abour 1.5. Node: Anterior face lower hall straight. otherwise convex: summit rounded; posterior face straight, miehined forward. Limbs: Lighter coloured than mesosoma, fore femur swollen. Mido tibia: With short, sparse, Hit-lying setae, without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Sides straight, parullel: vertex mostly straight, scape with indistinet, flat short, prime setae, Frontal curiae wide, short. straighe, diverginw behind: anterior head trunedted. ¢elypeus Wundibles und cheeks forming Mal circular urea coarsely punetute with few coarse longitidinal striations and central Keel) plenritul short, ercet, stubble-Tike, Chivale setiue; clypeus bueral mureins Widest al centre of circular areas Trontal area extended laterally al truncation, Clypeus: Anterior margin well posteriar to mandible josertions. straight. short. tn front or rear wew. Node: Summit Nal, wide, Minor worker, iy luteral view, Dark brawn, limbs, Pronotunn Anterior quarter anterior head and antennae a little lighter coloured, Heads Side glossy without pilosity, finely. striate: veriex with a few foug sete. underside of heud without prlosity, Mesosomar Without pilosity, finely striate, reticulite, Pronotun Anterior hall conves, posterior hall straighter. Mesonotum: Anterior and posterior sixihs inalined, centre flatly conver, Metanotum: Shallow trough, spiracle well below dorsuing Propodéum: Dersum ynterior quarter inclined Upward, otherwise straiwht and sloping downward; angle rounded 135°) declivity upper hall straight, dower hall strongly coneuver ratio dorsum/declivily approximately 3; spiracle situated well forward of deelivity amd midway between dorsuil and coxa, Node: Without pilosily, anterior and posterior faces parallel anterior fave short, Sti Summ sloping upward rounded; posterior luce Straight, longer (han anterior, Caster; Finely striate, scattered upstanding: sclae wilhoul visible pubescence, Fore femur: Swollen. Mid tibia Sparse, fine, flat-lying seme, withaut bristles inside. In dorsal view, Head: Sides straight, tapering slightly to fronts vertex Tha wath rounded corners; scupe with indistincl, sparse, line, fMat-lying setae; frontal carinae short, wide: frontal area iadistinet: max PEW neav eye centre, Clypeus and cheeks: Pinely reticulate with few setae; Carina distinet posteriorly; unterior margin projecting, evenly convex, wide. In front or rear view, Node: Summit siaieht, withou pilosity. Measurements PW 0.45 —0.55 mim WT 155 — 0.65 mi. BL O20- 0.22 nm MW OTS - 110mm. HORS | AO min x i oh Sad Figs 2223, Campetioniy seigati{rons, 22. Minor worker, hodd und tresosonia, Dorsui at propodeum is longer that declivity, 24, Known distribution, Seale bars = 1 min. REVISION OF MACROCEPHALUS Al CAR W 0.4 mm, CLY W 0.38 mm, TL 0.72 -0.75 mm, NW 0.2 - 0.25 mm. Remarks In this species the major workers and queens possess plentiful distinctive short, clavate setae (Fig. 2) on the anterior head. Setae on the anterior head of minor workers are sparse, longer, uniform diameter and not clavate. (Clavate setae resemble a forest of miniature matches with enlarged extremities.) Such clavate setae are uncommon in Camponotus although Donisthorpe (1948) refers to similar clavate setae in Camponotus (Colobopsis) excavatus from Maffin, West Irian, AJM and RE collected an alate female at Leslie Dam, Eatonsville, NSW at 10 p.m. on 29 Noy. 1997, This suggests that nuptial fights of this species might occur near the last week in November, Camponotus vitreus (Smith) (FIGS 24, 25) Formica vitrea Smith 1860: 94. Prenolepsis adlerzii Forel 1886: 209: Forel 1895: 458 Synonym. Camponotus (Colobopsis) vitreus: Emery 1893; 225 Combination, Camponotus vitreus: Forel 1895a: 455. Cumponotus vitreus: Viehmeyer 1916: 160. Camponotus vitreus: Emery 1925: 148, Camponotus vitreus: Karavaiey 1933: 319, Material examined: Northern Territory: Darwin, 10 mile Jungle, WCC (SAMA); Darwin, Holmes Jungle, 1997, AJM (SAMA); Howard Springs, AS (SAMA); Howard Springs, 1951, WLB (ANIC); Litchfield. 1994, BBL (SAMA); Mt Brockman, Radon Ck, 1979, GBM (ANIC); Mt Gilruth, NE Gorge, 1979, GBM (ANIC), Queensland: Bamaga, 1983, JS (ANIC); Brisbane, JOM (Curtin); Cairns, 1970, DPIQ (DPIQ); Cairns, 1996, JIBS (ANIC); Cairns, 1914, WMW (SAMA): Cairns, 20 km N, Cook Hwy, 1975, BBL (ANIC); Cairns, Lake Placid, 1975, BBL (ANIC); Cairns, Parkland, 1975, BBL (ANIC); Cape Tribulation, 1980, GBM (ANIC); Cape Tribulation, 2.5 km W, 1982, GBM (ANIC); Cardwell, 10 km NW, 1976, PJM (ANIC); Clump Point, 6 km W, 1971, RWT, JEF (ANIC); Cooktown Bot. Gdn., 1990, BBL (ANIC); Daintree, Cooper Ck, 1971, RWT, JEF (ANIC); Deeral Landing, 1975, BBL (ANIC): Edge Hill, 1971, BBL (ANIC); Etty Bay, 1980, GBM (ANIC); Goodna, 1956, BBL (ANIC); Hayman L, 1996, RSB (ANIC); Heathlands, 12 km SSE, 1992, IDN (ANIC); Hope Vale Mission, 15 km W by N, 1981, JEF (ANIC); Ingham, 1975, BBL (ANIC); Iron Ra., 1971, RWT, JEF (ANIC); Kuranda, 1914, AML, WMW (ANIC): Kuranda, 1919, FPD (SAMA); Kuranda, 1914, WMW (SAMA); Lake Eacham, 1972, RWT (ANIC); Lakefield, Laura, 1980, GBM (ANIC); Mackay, Tur (ANIC); Magnetic I., 1981, BBL (ANIC); Magnetic I,, GFH (ANIC); Mareeba, 1937, TG (ANIC); Mareeba Clahesy R., 1937, TG (ANIC): Mission Beach, 1962, RWT (ANIC); Missionary Bay, Hinchinbrook 1., 1977, RWT (ANIC): Mossman Gorge, 1966, RWT (ANIC); Mt Baird, 3.5 km SW by S, 1981, IDN (ANIC); Mt Cook NP. 1980, DHC (ANIC), Mt Coot-tha, 1961, BBL (ANIC); Mt Tozer, 3 km ENE, 1986, TAW (ANIC): Mt Webb, 1981, IDN (ANIC): Packers Ck nr Portland Roads, 1985, GBM, DJC (ANIC); Palm [., GFH (ANIC); Palmerstone NP, 1969, RWT (ANIC): Rounded Hill, | mile N, 1981, JEF (ANIC): Silver Plains, Massey Ck, 1979, BIW (ANIC); Somerset, 1976, EC (ANIC); Townsville, 1902, FPD (SAMA): Townsville, 1974, JAh (ANIC); Yarrabah Aboriginal Community, 1988, RWT (ANIC). Worker diagnosis Whole ant clothed in plentiful long erect setae except absent on most of underside of head. [n lateral view, metanotal groove is depressed, mesonotum and propodeum form high, arched convexities (Fig. 24), Worker description Major worker. In lateral view. Dark red brown, limbs and funiculus lighter coloured, gaster darker. Head: Truncation rounded 135°; side glossy with sparse extremely short, adpressed setae, without erect setae; few long and short, erect setae on vertex and posterior head, absent on anterior head: underside of head without erect setae, Pronotum and mesonotum: Uniform semicircle scarcely marked by pro-mesonotal suture, plentiful long and short, erect setae and sparse flat-lying setae. Metanotum;: Trough with distinct sloping sides; spiracle directed upward, aperture level with dorsum. Propodeum: Humped high, also forming semicircle, slightly flattened on top: angle near right angle, rounded: declivity straight aboye, concave below; ratio dorsum/declivity about 1.5; spiracle situated midway between coxa and dorsum, directed backward, surrounded by glossy surface with very sparse, short, fine setae. Node: Short longitudinally, few long setae, without pubescence, lower and upper halves of anterior face straight, separated by rounded 135° angle; summit sharp; posterior face mostly straight, Gaster: Glossy. Fore femur: Swollen, Mid tibia: With plentiful sub-erect setae, without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Sides weakly convex, tapering to front; vertex straight; scape with plentiful distinct setae raised 45°; frontal carinae wider than half HW, more or less continuous with Jateral margins of 42 A. MCARTHUR & $0 SHATTUCK clypeus; Frontal grea clongaled. chamond shaped, depressed; niax HW at eye contre; five teeth, Clypeus slightly raised ahove cheeks and separated on sides by ridge; anterior third of clypeus, surrounding cheeks anid mandibles for a truncated pline separated from surroundings by rounded angle WILhOut striabons: sides of clypeus narrow. widest at truncation then lipering to front: glossy without pobescence, With oue or (Wo creck setae; withoul curima; anleror margin very narrow. projecting, vonvex. Front or rear view. Node: Sunmit straghe sometings widely indented, with plenuful, short, fine selie, Minor worker. Lateral view, Dark red brown, limbs und fomeulus lighter, Head: Side glossy with sparse. extremely short, adpressed setae, vertex with lew long and short fine setae: Underside of head withou erech setae, Mesosoma: Similar to major worker vacept uperture of metanotal spiracle placed ubove dorsum. Node: Short longitudinally with few long selic, lacking pubescence; lower and upper halves of anterior Face straighl, separated by rounded 135° ungles summit sharp but not as sharp as major: posterior face mostly suaight. Gaster: Slightly darker than head, glossy, Pore femur: Lite lighter coloured than coxa, swollen, Mid tibia: Plentitul sub-erect, Jong. setae. lacking bristles on inside, Dorsal view, Head: Sides neurly straight, tapering to front: vertex Figs 24, 25. Canponoris vitreus. 24. Minor worker, head and mesosoma. Underside of head lacks erect setae. 25, Known distribution of C. vitrens. Scale bar = | mm. conver, flattened al centre; seape with plentiful distinet setue cused 45°) Tromtal curiae wider than hall AWs frontal area indistinet triangles mux AW at eye centre, Clypeus: Without Wuneation, finely punctate, anterior margin convex. projecting, very wide: sides of clypeus straight, glossy. without pubescence with few line erect setaes with indistines caring. Front or rear view. Node: Summit wide, strught, wilh plentifuls shorky fine setae, sometimes indented. Measiirements HW 0.85-1.55 mim, Hi U.85- 1.55 mm, PW 0.60- 1.05 mm, AT 0.65-1.20 mm. CARW 0.45-0.85 mm, TL O.80-0.95 tom. Remarks Camponotus vitreds is contined to the tropies and is offen Seen foraging on wee trunks und on the wround in rain forest. Srinth (1860) desermbed iis species Irom specimens collected by A, R. Wallace, aw “Bachian, running in numbers up and down tree trunks. probably mn search of Aphides” (the Joeality is now Batjan, Molucen tshinds, Indonesia)- Viehmeyer (1916) noled that in Singapore, C. vitreus “nests inthin bamboo, in rotten wood and in hollow branches of Mangifera. Females [requently on the lamp. One such caught female had raised 6 sterile females ina plaster nest’. WCC collected specimens of ©. vitreus from “a hole in a tree” near Darwin, Staff of the Quarantine Service, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland collected speeimens Of C, \itrety (vial Hy77) from a wooden window sill ul Cairns, Qld on 5 June 1970, No attempt has been made here ta determine the distribution of C. virreds outside Australia. We have been unuble to examine type material of C. vitreus and the concept accepted here is based on Smith's onginal description. Acknowledgments This work has been made possible by grants. from Australian Biological Resources Study and the Sir Mark Mitchell Trust, and the support of the South Australian Museum and CSIRO Entomology. Thanks are due to the referees A, Andersen, A, Austin and B, Heterick for their helpful comments, A. Vincent for the finest of the drawings, M, Anthony and N. Barnett for library assistanee and EF. G. Matthews and 8. Burker for their encouragement. REVISION OF MACKOCEFPHALUS 4a References Binciiam, C2 T. (1903) ~The Mauna of British India including: € ‘eyton and Burma, Hymenoplera, Ants and Cookou Wasps” (Paytor & Francis. London), Botros, BR. (1995) “A new general catalogue of the ants ol the world” (farvard University Press, Cambridge, Mauss.) Brows. Wo f,. (1972) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo West African rain forest ant faunas pp. 61-185 In Meggers, Be J. Ayensu E, 5, & Duckworth W. D, (Bas) * “Tropicill fores) ecosystems in Africa und South Anigiea a comparative review (Smithsonian InsOlution Press, Washington, DC). DowisrHorre, FH, (1948) A new species oF Colohups's Ulym. Pormentie) fron) New Guinest with afew notes onthe subgenus. Gironmal. Man, Mag 84, 121-122. Exmey, © (1889) Viagein di Leonardo Fea in Birmaniz ¢ reviont viene, 20, Furiniche di Birinania e cel Tenusserim ricealte da Leonardo Fua (1885-1887), Ani, Mus, Ciw Star Nat 7, 485-520. B93) Voyiie de MM. Bedot et Pictet dias PArehipel Malais. Vormicides de lArchipel Makts. 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(2000) Responses of ant communities to dry sulfur depositions trom mining emissions in semi-arid tropical Australia, with implivations for the use of functional groups, Aus Ecol, 25, 653-063, Kavravaley, V. (1933) Anienen dus dem inde Australlisehen Gebiet, 7. Monewia LE, d05-420. Mayr. G. (1861), “Die Burepaischen Formiciden, (Amersen)” (Carl Gerolds Solin, Vienna), Sravruck. SO. (1999) “Australian Ants. ‘Their Biology and Identification. Monographs on Invertebrate Taxonomy Vol, 3° (CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood), & MeAriue. A.J. (1995) Generic placement of Australi ants deseribed by W. P) Erichson (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), J) Aust, Entunel Soe, 34 121-123, SMiTH, FO UI860) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mra. R, Walhice in the ishinds of Bachian, uisia, Amboyne, Gitole and at Dory in New Guinea/. Linn. See, Lond, Zool. 5, 93-143, Srivona, M. (E808) “Insectorum Liguriite species noyae ane ranores” (Genuaes), VituMbver, H. (1916) Ameisen von Singapore, Beobuchter und vesammelt von HH, Overbeck. Arch, Nanirgeach, 8h, 108-168, a (1925) Pormiciden der dustralisehen Faunenregion, (Schluss). Entomol, Min. ta, 139-149, Wiirkbik, Wo M. (1904) ‘The Amertcun ants of the srb- genus Colobopsix. | Historical notes on the Taxonomy aod Habits of Colubapsis. Bull. Am. Mus, Nat Tiss, 20, (39-[S8. (1927) The ants of Lord Howe Ishind and Norfolk Islund. Prow. Ant Acai, Avty Sed. @2, 121-153, (1934) Contributions ta the tion oF Rotthest Island, Wester n Austrailia No. IX. Phe ants, 4. 2) Sen, West Aust. 20, 137-103, OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PARASITOIDS OF FERGUSONINA/FERGUSOBIA GALLS ON MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA (MYRTACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA By K. A. DAVIES*, J. MAKINSONT & M. F. PURCELLT Summary Davies, K. A., Makinson, J. & Purcell, M. F. (2001) Observations on the development and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 45-50, 31 May, 2001. The gall-forming Fergusonina/Fergusobia association is being considered as a potential biocontrol agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, where it has become a serious weed. This paper reports observations on the development of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on M. quinquenervia in coastal and sub-coastal south- eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. The morphology of the gall and the relationship between gall size and numbers of developing cavities and insects are described. Nematodes were found in cavities containing first and second or early third stage fly larvae. Eight species of hymenoptera parasitoids were reared from galls. Key Words: Galls, field surveys, Fergusonina, Fergusobia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, flies, nematodes, parasitoids, gall inquilines. Transesions af the Kaya Seetery ofS. Aust (2001), T28E), b5-S0- OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PARASITOIDS OF FERGUSONINA/IFERGUSOBIA GALLS ON MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA (MYRTACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA hy K. A, Davinis®, J. MAKINSONT & M. EL PURCELET Summary Davins. KOA. MANSON, J & PERCH, M. FO 12001) Observations on the development aid: parasitoids ol Fersusonne/Fercuvebia galls on Medalenea qidngienervia (Miyrhicene) in Australis. Trans, Ry Soo 8 Aust 125 (1. 45-50. 36 Miy, 2001, The sall-forming Pergusiiia/Fergivohia assooation ts being considered us a potential biocontrol agent ot Mehileuca yuinguenerviitin Flordiy where it las hecome a serious weed. This paper reports observations on ihe development of Fereasenina/bergusebia galls on M quinquererdia it coastal and sub-coastal south-eastern Queenstind and narthern New South Wales, The morphology of the gall iim (he rehitionship hetyeen pall size dnd ntimbers of developing cavities and inseets are deseriheal Nematodes were found in eavilies containing first dnd second or carly thitd stige tly larvae. Bight species of hymenoptecaun pacasitnids sere peuned from galls, Kny Worps; Gulls. field surveys, Fergaveniny, Peruusohia, Melelenca quingkuiivid, Mes. neniutedes. ) ‘8 ; naib parasitoids, call ciquilines. Introduction The obligate associition between Pereuvonma spp. (Diptera: Fergusonimdier and Ferunsehie spp. (Nematode Tylenchida: Sphaerularidac) in galls on members of lamily Myrtaceae is amongst the most complex known (‘Taylor er af 1996, Giblin-Davis ez af, 2001). The [ly/nematode association was irst deseribed by Currie (1937) and development of the nematode Was further cliritied by Fisher & Nickle (1968), The nematode has two types of life cyale, with a parthenogenetic generation followed by a helvrosexual Senertion. In the datter male and female neniatiodes develop to the adult stage i the plant gall, where young females ye inseminated, nid then enter the mature third stave larva ot the female fly. They became purasites of the fly. growing wind laying eggs in the buemolymph of the adult Ty developing in the puparium. Juvenile nemauues hutch and some move into the fly ovaries. When the adult fly emerges from (he gull, ib deposits iis eves and juvenile nematodes within primordial leal and Mower bud ossucs, where ney galls develop and in Which the purthenogencic genenition al the nennilode occurs, Giblin-Davis (unpub. 2000) bas preliminary evidence sigeesting thar lin Wz yuingnenervie the netatode (itaites gall farmaion before the Ply eges have hatched. The Tleeding activity of the Thy lurvae apparently leads lo Department of Applied aint Moteculin Leology, Waite Carats Advhode University Glen Osinond SA S004 Lomil kerries davies @iaceloile cath au CSIRO Lotomology, 120 Moters Rel Indooroopilly Gil aba formation of the characterise cavities within the gall (Cure 1937, Giblin-Davis unpub.) Associations between the nematode wid Hy appear to he species-specific (Giblin-Davis ef af, 2001). The 21 species of Ferguvenina described fron Australia are from Ecedypos (Tonneir 1937) wilh one species from Indiit on Sveyedenr (Hurray 1982). Mast records of Ferisebut nematodes tre froin Euealyphis spp, trou Australia (MeLeod ef di, 1994, Giblin-Davis er al 2001). Eight new species ot Ferguvenina (hes. with paral deseriptions of another six un-named species (Taylor pers, con. 2001) and seven new species of Ferysseblea. with purdul deseriplions of another Uree Un-named spevies (Davies pers. com. 2001) are currently being dleseribed fram Melalenca. Lathe is known of the biology and development of Ferghsonine/ Fergusebia galls on Melaleuca, Meluleitca quinquenervia (Cay.) ST. Blake, the hrowd-leafed puperburk tree, iy widely distributed along coastal streams and in swamps fram neue Sydney to Cape York iv Australia (Holliday 1989) and fas become a popular ornamental tree in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Gagné ep a/ 1997). Th was introduced into Florida in 1906 (Sehinity ef ah (997) and is now regarded as the most problematic weed there (Mlorida Conservation Foundation 1993), [causes extensive environmental dnd econontic damage (Bulciunas & Center 199) ) and has invaded more thin 200,000) heetares including wetkuids (Bodle ef af (994). Conventional control methods, including burning. slashing and application of herbicides have proved inetlective, costly or environmentally unsound (Guzne ef ul, dy KL A. DAVIES. I. MAKINSON & MF PURCELL (997) To Austin Mo gaiiguenervia is asseuinted with more than450 herbivorous tiseets (Baleiunas 0 d/, (995a) thal Suppress its growth (Balciyiias. & Burrows 1993) and sone tive potential as foconlrol agents (Baleiunas eral M945. Varios vall-formers found meluded three species ol qall intdges (Diptera: Ceewomyiidae) (Gagne ef ih 1997) anid the Pergayonina/Pergusebia association (Baleiunas. er uf 1995b), Galls of the Penouser- mi/Pergwsabia wet us a “Maderutely powerful” Metubolie sink, and could polontiilly siippress sced pladietion and redtice (ree vigour (Guolsby en ul 2000), Hence this association is hein cansidered among suite OL fscets ws biocontrol agents of M, qainguenervia (Balewmas et al (995bh: Goolsby ef af, 2000), Fergusonina/Pergusobia galls on Eacalypris spp Frequently coniain a eomplex of hymenopteran purasitaid Species und herbiverous lepidopteran inquilines, but there have been few studies on these assochled qascets (Currie 1937) Taylor ef al 1996), There ix considerable variability beoween Balls ti terms of punusiloid populiions and species and their omermence (Taylor er ah 1996) However, little (6 hyowraboul heir eflecton Feruusoniie/lerenvobig sully on Melaleuca spp. ‘To assess the porential of Fergusontina/Pergusabic spp. as blocuntrabayents ot Melaleaed spp., the role of their parasitoids needs ty he examined, This piper reporls on the development of Fereusuninal/Pergusebia galls on Ad gamnyuenerv tie in southern Queensland and northern NSW and the parasitoids found in them, as determined fram tied surveys, Bath the nematode ane the tly are uew species, and will he described elsewhere Materials and Methods Galls were collected from specimens af ar ginger id i JULY L997 trem coustial and sub. coastil seasonally inindated, sites i south-eastern Queenshiid and jorth-castern New South Wales: Peresiin National Park (26° 30° 8, [S3" 05" Fi. Coolum (26° 44° S. 153° 05" BL Coolune Airfield (16° 30'S 1S7° US Ei. Roy's Rowd (267 51s. 152° 34° bE). Morayfield (27> 07’ S. 152° SR" BE), Burpengary (27° 09'S. 152° 58’ FE), Bravken Ridve (27° 10S, 153° O11), Nudgee (27° 23° 8, 154" 06! EB), Chelmer (27° 3" S, 152" Sk! ey, Corinda (27° 32) §, 152° SR!) Potlsville (289 22° S. 153° 34" B), Oatley Park (27° 33" 8, 152" 59° Ey, Donlantella (2797 SL 1S 3! and Woodburn (29° 13'S. 153° 16) By. Geeusional colleetions were alse ntude from siime of these sites in 1996, in Deeember (907 und July 190% Gals that appeared to consist of living Gssue and Hit Wid det Tave obvious exi holes were stored in plashie bags ab 3° © unlit examination (within 7 days). Using a scalpel blade, galls were sliced it tp wiler under a dissecting microscope, Laree galls were cul ia half and only ane purl wis dissected, some mature third stage Ty larvae and puparia extrieted Were rinsed. und then dissected ja O8% NaCl for extraction of parasitic nematodes. The morphological characteristics, number ol cavities: presence or absence of nematodes. number of fly hirvae and/or pupa. Humber OF wasp larvae and/or pupae, and number of lepidopteran trquilimes fey wich Yall were recorded, Nematodes were collected und dined to hel formalin acetic avid (4:0). processed through alcohol/lyeerol into pure glycerol by slow evaporation at 40°C. und mounted in glyeerel on glass slides for examinition (Davies & Lloyd [84e). Popac and puparit were either preserved in aleahol or kept fresh in plastic yials and cheeked daily for wmergence of tiseets. Adults energing from galls were cither preserved in 70% alcohol or pinned (or Wentifieation, Undissected hall walls were moniiured lor emergence of flies, parasitoids and inquilines wn Uny Mseets emerging were treated as above, Nematode specimens trom this stuily were deposited in (he Waite Tnstiture Nematode Colleton (WIN®), accession numbers 977 - ORT, OS4. URS, 994 YOR. (nseet voucher material was deposited: tu the United States Depariment of Agrivulture, Agricultural Research Service, Australi Biolosical Control Laboratory (ABEL) insect collection, Results Dexeviption of gall Gulls (Pigs 1, 2) are found throughoul the yeur jhough they ae more prevalent between April and Oelober. In partioukir, they eccuron the Plush af new vegetitive growth that oegors vihiloly duriie the winter months (Goolsby et af 2000). They usually develop in terminal buds (137 of (77 galls examined lrom 13 sites in July 1997), either on stems (89.85%) or Mower spikes (10.29%). but ocedsionully devel as ashe galls (39 Of 177) orat the base oa lower spike (1 of 177). Mature calls were nodular with the uppearanee of a skull bunch of grupess dissections showed that cach codule contiifed a cavity, Those on Tlower spikes were sessile (Vig, 1) bul terminal bod galls were shilked (Fig 2). Some were covered with fine hairs (Pig. 2). others appeared sovoothy aed hairless (Pig. t). Galls appear to have arisen froma single hud, with the Ventral surtiee of the leat/fleaves ferrin the exernal fae of the gall, Some galls, deseribed as ‘Tealy wills” (Big. 2), had the ouler leaves erowing as Hormal lea? lisse heyond the tip. When seetioned. (he walled lissue was seft. excepr around cavities ovcupied by suine hymenopterun tiquiline larvae, I EERGUSONING/PERGUSOBIA GALLS A Vig. 2, Ries 12. Perwusontine/Ferguvebia galls on Melalenea yumguederia. Fla. 1. Mature flower bud gall with exit holes. Seale bar = 1 em. Fig, 2, Leah bud esills with feat material crowing beyond the gall Seale bur = 1 en, transverse section. galls were rounded in outline jind tinsuies frequently hid a reddish or pinkish Gage. Cavities contuining adeveloping fly larva were oval in Jongitudinal section aid) appeared woe surrounded by young, while, undifferentiated plant cells. These cells were absent uy cavities containing puparas and around seme cavities that contained lymenoptenin mquiline furvae. Gall nodules with Waivities Conlining puparnkt had a window-like area of thin pluntepidermis through which the adult Hy could emerge, The average number of nodules per gall collected i 1997 was (mean + SD) 7.6 45.5 (n= 175, range | - 27), In duly 1998. [resh weights and lengihs jmd breadths of 43 galls From Chelmer and Corinda wore measured. und the number ol nodules for each gall was counted. The galls were then sliced ap and the number and locution of the cavities was noted. Rewression auilysis showed a linear relationship between (he numbers of nodules and the actual 4 number of caviues fy = 1.8763 + 1.0353ax. 6° = 0.716), The average number of nodules wis 104 + 5,6 (ange 2~ 24) and cavities 12.6 +0.9 (range 3-25), i.e, (here was an average underestimate of cavities of 18% resulting from galls large enough to contain internal cavities, One small and some larger galls contained some cavilics pot inside 4 nodule, There was a linear relationship between tresh Weight and number of cavites per gall (y = 3.7995 4 TO04x; = 0.584), Small, soft galls lacking clearly defined nodules averaged 57.2 + 2).7 mg in weight, 5.0 +0.7 min in length and 4.8 + 0.5 mm in diameter (n= 4). galls with defined nodules bur lacking “windows’ averaged 119.0 + 55.9 ing in weight, 6.3 41.9 niin fengtl and 5,9 + 1.6 min in diameter (n = 12) und galls with both defined nodules and ‘windows’ averaged 151.0+ 82.7 my in weight, 7.5 + 2.3 nm in length and 744 1.4 mm in diameter (n = 14), Small, soft gulls contaimed 8.7 + 5.1 cavities (runve 4 16), galls with defined jodules 11.7 4 7.5 unvilies (ange 6-27) and galls wilh ‘windows’ 13.4 + 6.9 cavities (range 3 - 2). In December 1997, very sinall galls (about 3 fin diameter) relerred ta as ‘curled leaf galls’ were collected at Morayfield, Leaves growing beyond the galls were uneharacteristically small and distorted The average number of cavities in these galls was 4 + 1.4 (range b- 8) = 10) Nunther of taseets per gall The 175 galls collected Frontal sites and examined in July 1997 hadan average of 6.1 + 5.2 inseets of all Lypes (runge 0 — 28) per gall, Seventy galls (40% of the total examined) contained more developing wasps thin flies, These galls hid an average of 4.02 74 wasps per gall (ange | - th) and 0.8 + 1.1 flies per gall (range O - 4). Eaghty-six galls (49%) conlained more flies than wisps, will a average of 6.2 + 3.6 Hies (range | - 15) and 0.7 + 1.7 wasps (range 0 - 6) per gall. However, regression analysis showed that there wits a poor rehittonship between the oumbers of wasps and pumbers of flies developing ova pall G2 = 0.086). Thirty of these walls (17%) contained lepidopteran inquilines. ustully assaviated with webbing and frass. Only ane lepidopteran lurva, from either of two indétermined species, was present in any one gall, The average pumiber of other insects (developing flies und wasps) per gall containing a lepidopteran larva was 144 2,0 (range 0-7), In 33% of the gulls with lepidopteran inquilines. the larva had eaten oul most af the gulland few flies or wasps survived. Th one gall. six small fy larvae were found in the remaining shell oP pliant tissue. Mites, psyllids and raters were found in or assockued with galls and thrips occasionally. Other gall inquilines recorded were a coleoplerui larva 4h KOA DAVIES. 1. MAKINSON & M. f PURCELL from one gall, ind unidentified dipteran Jarvae from three others. Bialogy af Fergusobia associated with Melileuea walls Nematodes were found im 54 (30.5%) galls collected from all sites in July 1997. associated with first and second stage and young third stage tly larvac, They Were not found in cavities with mature third stage fly larvae. puparia, wasp parasitoids or lepidupteran myutlines. Very few infective female nematodes were collected. and then from only four galls, Examipation of infective females front the vully showed (hal they were inseminated belore enterme the fly kuvae. No parasitic nematodes were found trom dissections of male larvae und pupuria (n = 18), Pemile lirvae contained an average of &.3 + 2.7 parasitic nemidodes (range 3 — 1]. n = 9) and female puparia 3.9 + 2.4) (range 0 - 9, n = 15), Unexpectedly, one fy larva contained not only parasitic females but also several male neniatodes, Nematode eges were found in the haemolymph of some puparia, Le. egg deposition begun before the adult fly enierged, and newly emerged fernule Mies contained many juvenile nematodes in the haemolymph, Galls collected from Moruylield in’ December 1997 were venerally earlier in development than those Collected in July and mostly contained only first stage fly larvae. Nematode development wis similarly alan curly stage, and most of the galls examined contained only parthenogenetic females und juveniles. OF LO) galls dissected, two were parasitised by wasps and contained no nematodes, OF those containing nematodes, only two had males und these were the only galls with second stage fly larvae, The average number of parthenogenetic nematodes per cavity in the galls was 2.2 + 0.7 (range 1 - 3, = 8). The average total number of nematodes per cavity was 8.3 + 5.6 (range 3 - 20), Wasp diversity, distribution and status In July 1997, eight species of Hymenoptera were reared from pupae dissected fram 38 galls from 12 sites (Table 1). Most galls (27) contained wasps of only one species, nine galls contained two species und two galls contained three species. The wasps were Bracon sp. (Braconidae), Buryiema sp. (Eurylomidae). Coeloeyba sp, (Pteromalidae), Nednastatus sp. (Bupelmidiae), Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae), Mevastigmus sp. (Torymidae), and two unidentified species, OC these, Buryvieme ippeured lo be the most widely distribuled, being reared from 16 galls at LO sites, Coelaeyhe (rom 1 galls) and Neanastatus (rom 12 galls) were each reared from six sites, Bracon (rom 9 galls) frou five siles, Megastigiues (from 3 galls) from two sites and Cirraspilus (from 3 galls) from two sites. Observations were made of feeding behaviour and/or emergence of particular Wasps frei isolated puparit, Coeleevha sp. emerged from a pupurnim dissected froma gall, ie. itis a primary parasitoid of Ferguyonina. Eurviome sp. emerged from tsoluted pupae, Which had developed from larvae observed feeding eeloparausiticully on Ferguyenina larvae. Eurytoma larvae had long, curved mandibles that were protruded for fecding. In two galls. cavities were noted which contained the remains of young second instar flies and whieh were connected by smull ‘lunnels’ lo other cavities containing fy and TABLE |, My menopreran spp, reared fram pupae iselated from Percusonina/Pergusobia dally collected on M. quinqucnervi é 4 in July 1997, Collection Site Bracea sp. Eurviorse sp, Coeloeybe sp Neeiastaduy sp Mevastignus sp. Cirrospilys sp, Unknown sp. Coplum ! | Coolum | i Atrhield Roy's Road Moray tielet Bracken I | 1 Ridge Nucdoee \ Chelmer Corinda Pottsville Oxley Purk Doolandellit Woodhurn \ ta Ie + ra a) > — piesa — oe Figures indicate the number of galls contuming the particular insect. PERGUSUNINAAFERGUSOBIA GALLS I wisp larvae identical to those which developed into Burytont, Ply larvae attacked by Enryrenn tad characteristic brown tyarks on their cutivle. presumably resulting from wounding, Pupac that give ise to Breen sp. were enegased ina loose, sof cotoon surrounded by frtss, and were dissected from indivietial cavities. There was ho evidence that they moved [rom cavity to cavity, Tardening of gall eclls, ussacrited with the presence of some hymenopteran mqtilings. was observed m four galls, Discussion Given thatthe lenguof the Pergusainine life eyele, from eee (oad Tivo ts approximately six weeks (Baleiunas eba/. 1995b) and the flowering period for M. quinquenervie is front April to October annually. iL seems likely dhat thete are several generations of the fly per year. Lt remains unclear what happets ts (he fly over the simmer period. Thawas not possible to determine if the small curled feat galls colleeted in December $997 coniained the same species of tly found inthe larger nodular gulls: (f they did. the [ly could Survive the somimer and woul pop require a Uhapauses The work described here bas provided the tyrst information on dumbers af parthenogenetic female nematodes in young gulls on Ad qainguenervia but Ihe rumbers of juvenile nematodes deposited hy emule Mies was not established, This work also tis comlienied that infective femule nematodes do not enter mule fies (Curnic 1937) bot nothing is kntown about bow they distinguish the sexes. As with bergavela species on Eucalyplas spp, (Fisher & Nickle 1968: Davies unpub. ). infective females From Mo ingdenervie are inseminated while in the gall. ‘Lhe quimbher af female nematodes parasiie in female larvae, puparia and Mies front a2 grinquencevin 1s hivber than for most Feruevntia species bub ihe purasiic females were smnuller than reporied for species On Enculynus spp (Carrie 1937, Fisher & Nickle 1968; Davies unpub.) Galls on MM. guingnenervie are much smaller (iat) those foundoon A. cometdidenyis Deboholin Cray lor eo 1990) und contain lewer inserts, This supports the sugvestion (Taylor ecaf 1996) thal gall size is a reusiinable esdmate of resource and hence of currying capacity OF the gull. The biology of pallaissoented Hymenoptera ts eoyaples and itis offen difficult io determine wher her @ wasp is a pritary parasitoid, Meullative parnsthand, hyperparasitomd ar inquiline Chilling the tesjdent inseet and then feeding on the gall tissue) (Bouter 198s. ‘Paylor er af 1996). Prom studies of Fersivoutnal Ferguyobia galls oo Bo cartteleduteryes. Tavlaretal (1906) deseribed Coelecvba sp. as most likely to be an inquiline ora primary endoparastaid. Here, its ermergence from a pupil from a gall confirmed ats status as a primary parastioid, Rurvionia is a very large genus, conwinin species with divergent biologies (Taylor er al. 1996). Here. Eurviema sp, was observed feediig-cctoparasitically. on Fergusoning larvae. Papae of Braces sp, were disseeled from) individual cavities in galls Sugevesting thal this species of Bracan is a solitary ectopurasiloid oof Fergusenmia larvie. The pecurrence of Neanustanes in these galls wis ol particular mferest, becutise this seers co be the first record of this genus from Ferensonine/lerguyabia galls, Some Neanaytuus are hyperpardsiternds (Schmid pers. com. 2001). Vhere are several records of it from southern Queenstand |Boncéek OSS): ib 1s Lyoughe to be pargsitie i céevidomivid pulls. Twelve species of Hymenoptera Were reared from leaf bud galls on & cotmatdulensiy at Goohyva, South Australia (Paylor eras, 19896). six Crom Flower bal galls all on Fucalypri spp. in the Canberra ares (Currie 1937) and four from salls On Svevedien in India (Harris 1982), Bight genera have been reared here from galls on Mo yunguerernia, oF which five hive been previously associated with Ferguyanina Fewer species Of hymenopterun purasiloids were ussucuiled oawith individual galls on Ad q“uingheveriia compared ty those oon &, ciraldudensis (Taylor et uf 1996), This may be attributable ta the Smuller sive ot the galls. In audition. in the Titylor ered study walls were bagged inthe field. so that ull wasp species emerging were vollected. Here, pupae were collected from dissected galls. so that larval Sluges were generally unidentified. and rare species eOuld have been missed. OF the genera collected [rom Melidleari walls, Euryrene sp. Cocleesvke sp. and Bracur sp, appeur to be most wilespread. Currie (1937) coneluded that parasiords have un ioportant role in the regulation of populations ot ereiyeming spp. on Eucubipuis spp. White this study represents u short lime. uml gives ne information about temporal variation. 1h cantirnis thar when bymenopterin parasites and pquilies wre present within galls on ML gilfiquenervia, dhe number of flies js offen reduced. Lepidopterian inquilines offen consumed the intertor of whale galls. destroying boll developmg flies anu wasps, The efficacy of Fergusoniia in potential biocontee! programs ob M. gulingnenervia in Merida ts therefore likely to be reduced by parasiusm. predation and herbivery hy local hynrenopterans und lepiopteratis, However. this may be somewhat compensated for hy jhe oils and terpenes echaractedistic of Melafepiee (Afiman 1989) whieh may act as deterrents to panisitisn and herbivary bit) KA, DAVIES, I. MAKINSON & MEF PURCELL Acknowledgments Aloju with finds from the USDA-ARS Office of International Research Progrins, the biglogicul control of Melaleuca projeet is tunded by & US Vederul und State of Florida Agencies: US Army Corps of Engimeers Jacksonville District); National Park Service: Florida Department of Natural Resources; Florida Departent of Environmental Regulation (West Palo Beach anid Fort Myers offices); South Florida Water Management District: Lee County, PL: Dade County, PL. The USDA-ARS Aquatie Weed Laboratory in Fort Lauderdale, FL, assisted in obtaining fulds Crom the above upencies, KAD thanks the USDA und CSIRO for allowing her lo visit the Australian Biological Control Laboratory at Indooroopilly. and for use of their facilities, C, Burwell (Queensland Museuni) identitied the Hyihenoptent We thunk G. Taylor and A. Austin for critical reading of The manuseript. References ALTMAN, POM, (1989) Australian tea tree oil alitiseptic. Win A Beteehnnl. 3, 247248, BAtaiewas, TK. & Bekwows, D. Wo (1993) The rapid supprewsion Of Ue growth al Melaleuca yuinquenervin suplings in Austalit by inseces. 4. Magia Plane Mun 31, 265-270). 4 ratural ' & Porenth, Mob (1994) Field ana Tahorloey host ranges of (he Australian weevil. Cryops Wins (Coleopteny Curcilivaidae). ao potenti biological contri agent fur the paperbark tree. Melalened gainquenenid. Biol, Cor 4, 351360. : ‘ (J99Su) Australian insects for fhe bioligieal control of the paperburk. ree. Mehilevca quinguenervid. al serious pest of Merida, USA, wetlands pp. 247-267 fr Delfosse, GS, & Seoll, R, BR, (Eds) Proeeedings, Tighth — tnternarinal Syoipostin on Biolowical Control of Weeds, Lineelt IIniversity, Canterbury, 27 February, 192 (DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne), : (19956) Trsects: te vontrol Melalevicd Uk prospects for additional agents fron Australia, Aqudttes 17, b6e2b- & Centers, T. DL C1991) Biological conrrot of Melalenea quinguene nia: prospecieand cantliets pp. |- 27h Center TD., Doren ROE, Holstetier, Ro L Myers, R.LO& Whitcaher, LD. (eds) Proceedings, Symposium on Exotic Pest Pints, University of Minin, Herida, 2-4 Navembher, 1968 (United Stites Department of the Interior, National Purk Service, Denver, Colorado). ObLE, Mod. Prertres, ASP & Thavin, 2. D. (1994) The hiplogy, distibution and ceological consequenees ol Melalencva quingnenevia inthe Everglides pp. 341-455 Mn Davis, SoM. & Onden, IC) (Bes) “Everekwes (he Reosystern and Ths Restoration” (St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Colorado), One ei 2. (1988) "Australian Chaledoidea (Hymenoptera), A Biosystematic Revision al Genem of Fourteen Families, with a Reelassifiention af Species? (CAB International, Wallingford) pre CA, (1997) Calls on Eucalyptus irees. A new type wih assoaciiion beuyveen flies and nematodes, Mra. Lin. Now NOW 2, 147-174. Davies. KOA. & Liuve. J. (19960) Neniitades associated With Diptera i Seuth Atistralias a new species ut Femmsohin Currie und a new record of Svephonene Lawnend sind Cyon, Trav. A, Seo, S. a 120, 13-20), = z= L = Pistia J, M2 & Nickie. WR, (1968) On the clussilieation and life history ol Pencivabie career (Sphacrulariidaes Nematic). Prac elnino Soe Wash 35. abel PLOKIDA CONSERVATION BOuUsDATION (L994) "Guide to Florida Environmental Issues and Information” (Winter Park. Florida, Gagne, Rok BarciewAs, 1K) & Burrows. DOW, (1997) Six new species of gall midges (Diptera: Ceentomytidaet from Meldleuen (Myrtaceae) in Australias Prev Entnnal Seo Wash. 98 At -334, GikiIN-Davis, R, Mo Dayins, Ke Aw Taytok, Ge 5. & Thomas, WOK, (20017 Eotomophilie enitade modets for studying bradiversity and cospeciation fy Chea. 7, ® Chen S.¥. & Dickson, DLW. (Eds) “Nernulolowy, Advances and Perspectives” (Springer Veoh, New York) (in press), Gouisty, FAG Maygissos, J. & PorRonii. 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Symposium on Exotic Pest Phiits, University al Miumi: Florida, 2-4 Navernber, 198s (nied Stites Department ol the Titerior, National Park Service, Denver, Coloradn), Pavhork, GS. AbSTING AL DL Davis. RO OAL (1996) Biology of the eovalypt wall forming fly, Ferguson flivicornis Matloch (Diptera: Pergusoninidie) ind its associiled lymengpterans im South Australia, wilh a deseyiplion of a new spevies.ol Bracwa CHyinenoptene Braconidae), Try. Ro See 8 Any 120, 141-146. Tosnoik, AL (1937) Revision of the penus Fergnsonmne Mall Pre, hint Soe. NSW Ixii, 120 ble. NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NINGALOOENSIS SP. NOV. (ACANTHOCEPHALA: NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE) FROM SCARUS GHOBBAN AND S. PSITTACUS (SCARIDAE) FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA By SYLVIE PICHELIN® & THOMAS H. CRIBB* Summary Pichelin, S. & Cribb, T. H. (2001) Neoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Scarus ghobban and S. psittacus (Scaridae) from Western Australia. Trans. R. Soc. 8, Aust. (2001) 125(1), 51-55, 31 May, 2001. Neoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov. is described from Scarus ghobban Forsskal, 1775 and S. psittacus Forsskal, 1775 (Scaridae) from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The new species is distinguished by having a combination of the following: three circles of six hooks on the proboscis; anterior hooks equal in size (66-68 jam long), middle hooks (50-58 jam long), 79% smaller than anterior hooks, posterior hooks (40-44 ym long) smallest; lemnisci equal in length and extending beyond the proboscis receptacle but not to ovoid testes; terminal papilla absent. This report is the first published account of an acanthocephalan from parrotfish (Scaridae) and the first record of an eoacanthocephalan from the western coast of Australia. Key Words: Acanthocephala, Neoechinorhynchidae, Neoechinorhynchus, parrotfish, Western Australia, Scaridae, new species. Primsacnons of the Raval Seetetol S. Ani (2001s. V25(1), SPSS. NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NINGALOOENSIS SP. NOV. (ACANTHOCEPHALA: NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE) FROM SCARUS GHOBBAN AND S, PSITTACUS (SCARIDAE) FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA by Syivie PICHELIN” & Thomas H. Crips” Summary Pichletis, So & Crips. J, Hh (QO01) Neoeehinoriwnichis ningataoensts sp. now (Acaithoceplialic Neoechinorhyhchidae) front Scares ehobban ands. psiracus (Searidie) from Western Australia, Trans, RE See, SN. Avyt (2001). T2501), 51-95, 31 May, 2001 Nevechinorivnctiis niwdoeensis sp. nov is described trom Scaruy wheres Porsskal (77S and §. paaritccyes: Forsskal, 1775 (Scuridie) from Ningaloo Reet, Western Australia, The new species is distinguished by hiya acombination of the following: three cireles of six hooks on the probasers: anterior hooks eqtal in size (64-48 Him dong). middle hooks (50-38 pan dong), 79% sinaller than anterior hooks, posterior hooks (40-44 pin Jong) smallest: lemmnise) equal in length and extending beyond the proboscis receptiele bul not to ovoid Lestes: termi Oa! papilla absent. This report is the fest published account of an acanthocephalan from parrottish (Scariduc) und (he first record of an eoacunthocephalan tron the western coust of Australia, Ky Warps Aganthoeephala Neoechinochynelidue, Neveehiorivnelis. parrots. Western Australia. Seuridae, new species, Introduction Neoechinorhynchns (Neoeehinorhyachidae: Acanthoeephuky bas been recorded from about 50 fumilics of fishes world-wide. Three species of Nevechinorhynchus, N. dgilis (Rudolphi, (819), N. Wlosuri Yumagul. 1939 and MN. aldrichetiae Edmonds, 197} are present in’ Australian fishes. Anorber Australian species N. magaiy Southwell & Maelie, 1925, wis described by Southwell & Mactie (1925) but Edmonds (1982) considered that it miytht be conspecific with NM. tylosuri. Neoechinorhynclias magnus is currently considered a species lquirenda (see Edmonds 198%), The new Species described here was recovered from Iwo speetes of parrolishes (Searidae) from Ningaloo Reef in) Western Australia. To Qur knowledge. no acanthocephalan has previously been recorded from purrotfishes anywhere in the world, Materials and Methods Acanthocephalans were removed [rom the imtesunes of Searus spp., washed m lipwater. compressed slightly between two glass slides to evert the proboseis, fixed in 10% Berland’s fMuid (YS% glacial acetic acid and 5% formalin) in tapwater and stored in 70% ethanol, Specimens were examiged and measured in temporary glycerol mounts ander a * Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Universiy of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072, coverslip. Drawings were made with the aid of i camera lucida and added to by hand, Measurements, presented us the ringe wilh the meun in parenthesis, we given in micrometres unless otherwise stated, Width measurements refer to maxiniim width, Trunk length does not include neck, proboscis or male bursa. In order to compure relative hook sizes of different species. the median of each hook length for each species was determined from the ranges given in the literature. Abbreviations used: AHC ~ Ausiratian Helminthological Collection, South Australian Museum. Adeluide. WAM — Western Australian Museum, WA, Neoechinorhyachus ningalovensis sp. nov. (FIGS }-3) Holaype: 3 trom intestine of Searus ghabhan Forsskil, 1775 (Scaridae), Ningaloo Reef WA, (22" 40'S, 113° 37" E), coll S. Pichelin, T. H, Cribb, Dy Capps and K. Hall. April, 2000, WAM V4144. Pararypes: 1d and 222 (rom intestine of Scurns ghobban Forsskal, 1775 (Searidue), Ningaloo Reef, WA, (22° 40" S, 113° 37’ E), coll: S. Pichelin, 'T. H. Cribb, D, Capps and K, Hall, April, 2000, AHC 31406-31408. Other material examined: | & from intestine of Scaruy psittacus Forsskal, 1775 (Scaridac), Ningaloo Reef, WA, (22° 40' 8, 113° 37° B), colk: S. Pichelin- T. H. Cribb, D. Capps and K. Hall, April, 2000, WAM V4145. bl i) S. PICHELIN & T. H. CRIBB 1b Fig, 1, Male (holotype). a. Proboscis, b, Whole mount. Scale bars = 100 ym, a; 2 mm, b. Legend: cg, cement gland: er, cement reservoirs n, nucleus; s, Safftigen’s pouch; sv, seminal vesicle; 1, testis. Fig. 2. Proboscis hooks of holotype. a. Hook in anterior circle = anterior hook. b. Hook in middle circle = middle hook. c. Hook in posterior circle = posterior hook. Scale bar = 50 tim. Fig, 3. Female, immature (paratype). a. Proboscis. b. Whole mount. c. Terminal genitalia — the outline of the uterus (represented by a dashed-line) is estimated by considering the position of the selector apparatus and the vaginal sphineter. Seale bars = 100 wim, a,c: | mm, b. Legend: gp, gonopore; sa, selector apparatus; sp, vaginal sphincter: u, uterus: y, vagina. NEOULCTINORIVYYNCHUS NING ALQOENSIS SPLNQY, FROM SCARIDS at Deseripfion (Measurements of specimens fram Scurus vhobhau) ‘Trunk eylindrical, (apering posteriorly, meres, Proboseis globular, armed with 3 cirei¢s of 6 hooks of sunilar size teach circle. Hooks fn anterior cucie rohusk stightly curved, equal in size, 668 (68); routs robust 44-37 (30) bur lacking dtstinet Hanubriam. Hooks in nmddle cirele 30-58 (3.4). aipprex, 72% smatler than anterior hooks, similar on Shape to anterior hooks, roots less developed, stumpiern 27-35 (30). Posterior hooks 40-44 (42), slender, approx, G19 smaller than antenioe hooks, appres, 7H sriutler than middle hooks: roots i defined. Neck jheolspiclotis or absent Proboseis receplacle single-walled) brain near posterior end. Hypodenpmal nuclei present in trunk walk 3) in holotype. Lense: equul in length, single nucleus in One, 3 or more in other: extend beyond prabosers receplucle, whout 15% trunk length. Genital pores terminal in both sexes. Terminal papitlae ubsent. Males (n=2 specimens) Trunk %4 «15.8 a (12.6 AML x OSE) ein cb 3 mm), Proboscis 176-200 (188) x 160-208 (184), Antcnur hooks 68-68 (65): roots 41-32 (471. Middle hooks 51-58 (S54): roots 27-32 (30), Posterior howks 40-44 (42), Proboseis receptacle 400-736 (S68) x 158-240 (199), 31% oF lemniser length. Lenineser 10 - 2b mim (8 mn x 128-272 (198) extend beyond proboscis receplicle but not fo testes, oecupying 14e of trunk leneth. Testes 2, ovoid, equatorial, on lundem. contigtious of slebtly overlapping: aiteriot testis SOOT 136 (MOR) x 400-704 (552): posterior ists 746-1088 (912) x 480-592 (536), Cetnent gland multinucleate (4 vucler observed in holotype). Cement reservoir lage, posteriod to cement ghar, SaMfligen’s pouch long, pestertar to cement ehyud, udjucent cy seminal vesivle, Females (n= 7 specimens) Trunk 4-8 moi (6 nin) & 448 - br (Oi), Proboseis 144-145 (145) 6 158-197 (177), Anterior hooks 66-68. (67). roets 57-57 (57). Middle hooks 30-34 (52); roots 24-35 132), Pasterior houks +0-+1 (40). Proboseis receptacle 442-595 (498) x 145-192 (169), 46% of lemnised length. Lemmise: 656-1440 (L072) & 64-176 (120), oeeupying TS of trunk length. Uterme bell fol visible, Selector apparatus about 1G from yvagiial sphincter, Vlerus nolclearty visible, Vagina thick-walled, (35 long. Gonupore renin butslightly ovaginwted. Eggs not observes) Remarks A fenmie specmmen oF Neoeclinerhyrclity miureilovensix sp, doy. was also recovered Tron 4. paliraces in Western Australia, Ws measirements sire as (ollows. Pronk 28 % 2.1 mn. Probuyeis 189 «215 Anterior hooks not medsurable. Middle hooks 33, rooly 27-32. Posterior hooks 41, Probaseis receptacle 976 « 272, Lemnise) 3.2 - 3.4 rom x 304-384, Five species of scurids were exumined trom Ningaloa Reef: wo of wo 8. ehohhen and one oF one A. pavilacus were infected but nene of sever Lepioscarus vaigiensis (Quay & Gaimard, 1524), one Chiaruruy serdiduy (Borsskal 1775) and one Seurus chameleon Chout & Randall, 1986 was infected. A further 66 scaurids were examimed fro Heron b. Queensland bul no acunthocephalins were found. These species of fish were Ceraycars bicolor (Riippell, 1829) (n= 1), Scaruy dintiifiatey Blecker, ISU (= 3). S. [rertetins Lavepede, 1807 (n= 7h, 8 ghobhan Korsskal, 1775 (no = 2). 4, glebivep,s Valenciennes. 1840 (n= 5)05) tieverhinus Bleeker IhS4 Gn = 1), So ttheer Porsskal 1775 fn = 4). 3. oiceps Valeaciennes, 1840 (1 = 1), S. psineaciis Rorsskiil, (775 (n = 3), 8) reenietis Valenciennes, S40 (n= Ti. sehlevell (Bleeker, 1861) (r= 4). 5. sardidas Forsskil (775 U1 = 27). 8. spiay CRnet, ISO) (n= 1), Enynnilouy The specific name of (he new species reters to the Australiana loeason in which ibwas discovered. Discussion Amin (1985a) lists 75 species uf Nevechinorhyachus, A Turther 12 have been deseribed sinve. namely: No cernates Bockoer & Buckner, 199% (see Buckner & Buckner 19934), NV dimarphospliins Amm & Sey, L996 (sce Amin & Sey 1996), N, wibyort Khan & Bilgees, FY8Y (sce Khan & Bilyees [O8Y). NL tdulmensiy Amin & Heekrmuon, 1999 (see Amin & Lieekinami 1992) AN. lireulety Nivkal & Ernst, 987 (see Nickol & Ernst 1987). NV. nickol’ Khan. Bilqees, Noor-Un-Nisa, Ghazi & Ata UrRahim, 1999 (see Khan, ep ul. 1999). N. pimelodi Brasil-Sato & Payunelli, 199K (see Brasil-Sato & Pavanelli VOSS) No pligiognethopiis Wang & Zhing., (Y87 (see Wang & hare RT NV toberthauert’ Amine |Y85 (see Antin JO8Sb), N rosmraidn Amin & Bullock, JY9S8 (see Amin a& Bullock 199), No saree? Yo de Wa, 1989 (see Vu & Wu 1959) und No prdleddod Vireuing, 1992 (see Vizcaino 1992). Descriptions were examined lor all species except Neverhinorhynchus karachiensiy Bilqees. 1972. VN. quinghaicasys Liu, Wang & Yang 108), No weir Rurougi, 1980 und N. lerrtssries Faroogi, 1980. Neoechinoriivnehus kuradechiensiy anil MN gttitgiamnsts are listed by Amin (19Y8Sa) but could not be found i the literature. The only reference by Piurgoqi we could find which contained st S TICTIELIN d& To CRI the deseuiplrons ah A, deat and NW. loneesstnnis was in the form at an abstraen HW this is the only refentce deseribing No aed and oN. foneissiaies, then the species are reoene rele because they five oof been formally deserbed Neovehiioehyitoliis tialooensis sp. Wow. hus heen pluved in Neoeehitarivitelus because it les three Cireles GF sis HOOKS OF The ploboseis, a siiywle- Walled proboscis reveplacle, a single cement ghd und ne trunk spines. It can be distinguished fron all uther spevies by the combination oF the following Vhardcters: lured hooks of the antertar circle eqtial i size und measure 66-68 (68) 7 leneth; hooks ta the middle cirele SASK (53). 79% srtaller than anterion hooks. posrerion houks sialest 4U-44 (42): lenmises equal ip length dnd estendintg heyend the probose|s receplacte but nol to the gv testes; ihe drink withoul aw Leminal papible Many Neeeohiieriynelii species oeeur only in the Americas in echer freshwater fsties or turtles and we (herefore unlikely to be confused with A, nragaogensis whieh Oecurs in un Australian marine fish, There ge 1S species. thar ocaur ooly ourside Austrati., which fave equal sized hooks i the anterior circle ay the proboseis wl have antesion hwoks (58-75 long) similar in length to the new. species (66-681, Nine of these also bave distinecty ulequal Temmser and/oe the middle and posterior hooks uhout the same Size (the posterior hogks are abou) 90% or qore the length of the middle hooks in these species). Nepechinorhvachus ningalovensis has lemmaser oF equal lengttts ind the posterior hooks are 78% the leneth of the middle linoks. SIX species are similar to (he new Australian species, These are N. formeosenitis (Harada, 1938) Kaw. MOST. AN. longilemmiscus Yamaguri, (930. 4, Higeriensiy Farooyi, 981). No rterduy (Van Cleave, 1028) Kaw. 1051, N yevinetis Van Cleave & Bangham, 1949 and N, salmeniy Ching, 1984 (females only). The middle hooks of No farnasenins. N, longilenmisens, N, nigericnaix, No saginaras and N. salons awe about half the size of the anterior hooks (middle hook SO-57% of anterior hook lengths) whereas the middle hooks of W. ningalooensis are about 79% Of the length of the amerior hooks. The very long lemnisei whieh extend almost to the posteriar end of the trunk of N. longilemniscus also readily distinguish this species fram oN. ningalooensis. Neaeclinerhynehis migeriensis iS further distinguished from the new Species because its postenor hooks are half the size of its middle hooks. The orginal descnipuon of N, rigiduy from an Indian fish (Sehicothorar zarundayi) by Van Cleave (1928) is brief. Van Cleave (1928) gave the lengths of the anterior, middle and posterior hooks. as 70, 47 wid 41 pm respectively but yery little other information. The simtuiry heweer the middle ane posierioy hook lengths HUTS species is Suen ly distinguish it from No wingaleoensis Monier & Amin (VO78) desermbed AL riviedits (rom lahes at Afgluinistin aind gave the leret) nutes for the wolenior, middle and posterior hooks ws (-Sh 45-03 and 42-6 respectively, Their figure at the haaks ol No srgidia (See Fig, 7 in Morayee & Apt (1a7sys abo shows the sinikirily between the middle jind posterior hook lengths. There ure onnty three valid species at Nepveciinertvichiy in Australi = Nepertia- crhwavhas aldriehenae 1s kiwowr tram Afdereheia forster? (Cuvier & Valenciennes) i South Apstralia and the wiher ove species Mose’ and Ny usliy are known Tron Avena sp. and from. Crevrnite crenfubras wad Mell ceplalis (respectively) ot Queenstunu! (Edmonds 198%), Neoeednerhy actus auiliy ts-also kerown from MA eephadies (ron up and TaN Clype loaility) O8drnonds 197), Nepechinerhyachas tylesad is & long slenderwom With clongate testes, anequad Jemnnsci aml ts oiddle and posterior houks aire similar oe leneth and about hall the size oF the anterior hooks (Edmonds [98?) Whereas No ringaloaensis Ts mure conipucl this avoid testes and its posterion Hooks are sialler thar ils middle hooks, The anterior hooks of AN. etlés deseribed by Ldmonds (1982) tnay be almose twice the size of those of No iileetlouensn, Nevechiaorhyachius aldrichetiae can be distin guished easily fron No mingalawenvin by the differences in the shape and size of the proboscis hooks and the relative lengths of (he lemmisci, The middle and posterior hooks of NV. aldrivhenae une more slender and smaller than tts. anterior robust hooks whereas the middle hooks of N. ningalopersytn are more robust and larger than its posterior hooks. The lemnrsen oF N, addricherrae are about one (hind as long as the trunk (Rdmonds 1982) whereas those at N. ningaloeensiv ure ubout a seventh (tS¢%) of the trunk length. Neweehinarhvnehuy ninseloaetwis was recovercil from Searts: ghobban (ype host) and 8, pysittacns, This is the first record of an acanthoeephalan infecting species of the family Scaridae. [tis also the first recard of un eoucanthocephalan from the Indian Ocedn olf the coast of Western Australia, Acknowledgments This study was supported financially by the Austrahan Biological Resources Study to SP. We wish to thank DB, Capps and K. Hall for their assistance in collecting und dissecong fish from Western Australia NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NINGALOOENSIS SP. NOV, FROM SCARIDS A an References Amun. O. M. (1985a) Classification pp. 27-72 fn Crompton, DW. T. & Nickol, RB. B. (Buds) “Biology of the Acanthocephala” (Cumbridge University — Press, Cumbridge). (1985b) Acanthovephala from Jake fishes in Wisconsin: (USA): Neoeehinarivnehus rabertbauert n- sp, from Erintyzon sucetta (Lacépede), with a key to species of the genus Neoechinarhynchus from Narth American freshwater fishes. /. Parasitol, 71, 312-318. & BeLLock, W. L. (1998) Neoechinarhynesiuy rosrruta) sp, n. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidue } from the eel, Anguilla rostrati, in estuarine waters of hortheastern North America. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 65, 1O9-173, & HECKMANN. R.A, (1992) Description and pathology of Nevechinorhyachus idahounsis i spy (Acunthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in Cofostenns columbianns from bdaho. .. Paresitel, 78, 34-39. & Sey, O. (1996) Acanthocephala trom Arabian Gull fishes off Kuwait, with descriptions ol Neavelinorivachus dimorphaspinus ap. n (Neoechinorhynehidae), Tegorhyrclis holospinasay sp- i (Mliosentidue), Micracanthoriynchina kuwaitensty sp. n. (Rhadinorhynchidae). and — Slendrorhvaclies breviclaviproboscis geo. n,, sp. 1. (Diplosentidac); and key to Spectes of the genus Micracanthorlivachina. J, Helminthal. See, Wash, 63, 201-210. Brasu-Sato, M.D, C, & PaAvanecur G, C, (1998) Neoechinorivncliis pimelodi sp. i. (Boacanthocepha lin Neoechinorhynchidae) paresitizing Prmelodus macila- IMS Lactpede, “mandi-umarelo” — (Siluroidei. Pimelodidae) from the basin of the Sao Franciseo River. Tres Marias. Minas Gerais, Brazil, Rev, Brasil, Zool. 15, LOO3-101L. Bucksrr, ROL, & Buokwer, S.C. (1993) Deseription of Neeechinerfivachus carinaiuy ao sp. (Acanthocephala: Neovchinorhynchidae) from the sharpfin chubsucker, hrinyson tenttis, OF Louisiana and Mississippi, d Parasttal. 79, 32-36. Epmunps, S.J. (1971) Australian Acanthocephala No. 13: three new species. Trams. K. Soc. 8. Aust. 95. 55-60, (1982) Australian Acanthocephala No, 15; four species. hr. 106. 71-76, (1989) A Tist of Australian Acanthocephala anc their hosts, Kec, 5. Aus/, Murs, 23, 127-134. Kiran, A, & Bitoers, FM. (1989) On a new Acanthocephala, Neoechinarhyichus gibsani, aew species from a freshwater fish, Leheo roline CHam,). Proo, Pak. Congr Zoal, 9, 259-264, _ : . Noor-Un-Nisa, Grazie RB. Ry & ATA-UR-RAHIM (1999) Neoechinorhynchus utckoli, new species (Acanthovephala: Neoechinorhynehidae) from Lubeo bog (Ham.) of Punjab, Pakistan, Pak, J, Zool, 31, 241-243. Moravec, F, & Amin, A. (1978) Some helminth parasites, excluding Monogenea, from fishes of Afghanistan. Acts Se. Nat. Brnv., 12, 1-45, Nicko, B. B. & Ernst, C. H. (1987) Neoechinarhvichus lingilatus sp.o, (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidue ) from Psendemyy nelsent (Replilias Emydidae) of Florida. Proc. Helminthol, Soc. Wash, 54, 146-149. Souruwent, To d& Macrib, J. W.S, (1925) On a collection of Acanthocephala in the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 19 |41-184, Van Cleave, H. J. (1928) Two new genera and species of Acanthocephala from fishes of India. Ree. Jind. Mus. 30, 147-149. Vizcaino, S$. 1, (1992) Especie nueva del género Nene hinorhynelis (Acanthocephala-Nevechinorhynehidae} purisita de peces de Argentina. Analey Inst. Bral, Uni Nac. Autin. Mexico, Ser Zaal. #3, 179-184. WANG, P.-Q. & ZHANG. J.-¥. (1987) On five new species of Acanthocephala from Vertebrate hosts in China. JJ, Fujian Teachers Uni. (Nat. Sei.) 3, 62-69. Yu. Yo & Wu. Th (1989) Stodies on the tuuna of Acanthocephala of fishes from middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Acta Aydrebiol. Sinica, 13, 38-50) EMBRYOGENESIS, CULTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TWO NEMATODE PARASITES OF THE NORTHERN HAIRY-NOSED WOMBAT (LASIORHINUS KREFFTID) (VOMBATIDAE: MARSUPIALIA) By I. R. SMALES*, K. GERHARDT* & B. HEINRICH* Summary Smales, L. R., Gerhardt, K. & Heinrich, B. (2001) Embryogenesis, culture and description of the free-living stages of two nematode parasites of the northern hairy- nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) (Vombatidae: Marsupialia). Trans. R. Soc. 8. Aust, 125(1), 57-63, 31 May, 2001. Faecal pellets were collected from the only extant population of Lasiorhinus krefftii, the northern hairy-nosed wombat, at Epping Forest National Park, Central Queensland. Nematode eggs and larvae, extracted from these pellets, representing 24 h samples from the total host population, were cultured in the laboratory. The eggs, all presumed to be Oesophagostomoides eppingensis hatched as first-stage larvae after 19 —23'/, h in distilled water at 25° C, The optimum temperature for larval hatch in faecal culture was 26° C. All larvae had moulted to second-stage by day 3 and to third-stage sheathed larvae by day 5. Third-stage Strongyloides sp. larvae, smaller than larvae of S. spearei occurring in Vombatus ursinus, the common wombat, were also found in the cultures. The developmental strategies of O. eppingensis free-living stages, optimum temperature for hatching and unprotected first and second-stage larvae, are congruent with those of strongylid species native to temperate regions outside Australia but not those of the Australian strongyles Hypodontus macropi, Rugopharynx rosmariae, Labiostrongylus eugenii and Cloacina similis, all of which have protected second-stage larvae and in the case of the latter two species protected first-stage larvae also. Key Words: Lasiorhinus krefftii, wombat, Oesophagostomoides, eppingensis, Strongyloides sp., nematode life-cycle, free-living stages. Fromanetions of the Bosal Seelery ots. Aust (2001), 12801), 57-63 EMBRYOGENESIS, CULTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FREE-LIVING STAG S OF TWO NEMATODE PARASITES OF THE NORTHERN HAIRY-NOSED WOMBAT (LASIORHINUS KREFFTID) (VOMBATIDAK; MARSUPLALTA) by L. R. SMALES*, K, GERHARDT® & B. FLEINRICH" Suntmary SMabbs DR, Guinivwbi, Ky & Mersin, B. (200) Embryogenesis, culture and description of the free-living stages Of two nematode parasites of the porthen Natey-nosed wembar (Lusrachinas degli, (Vombaticue: Marsupttia). Tras. A Soe. 8 Aust $25 01). 57-64 31 May. 2001. Paveal pellets were collected from the only extant population of Lewtarhiets drepfil, the wecthern hiucy-nosed wolnbat, af Bppiie Forest Nahonal Park, Central Qaeenshkind, Nematode eves und larvae, extracted from these pellets, representing 24 h samples from the toGd host pepulitlion, were cultured tthe laboratory. The egys. all presumed la he Cesopfimesronoldos eppingeanes hurchedt as first-stage firvae after 19-2342 hin distilled water 25°C. The optimum temperauire for dana) hath in freee! eablare was 26°C. AT) hurvae had mouledt ta secomul-stige Ay dlvy 3 amd to third stage sheathed lurvae by div 5. Third-stage Sone wWoides sp. li Vue. anatler than larvae OLS, sped Oecurring In Voiihates mayan he conmmon wormbal were vse found in the cullures, The developmental sigdegies oF OL eppingensis: (ree-living sGiges. oplimiun temperature for batching and dinprotected First ynd second-stiwe larvae, are congruent with those of sthongylid species tative: la temperate regions outside Ausinilia bur ner those of the Australian strongyles Aypadoniis mecropr Rugepleteynn rusmenriee. Labrstristas engend aad Claaeina vinilis, allot which have protected second-stage larvae and in Hhe casi oF the Latter fwo species protected firsledtase farvie als, Key Warns: Lastoriiiie krefith, wombat. Oesuphazestonatdes enpinvensis, Aoneyloides sp. nematode litt-eyely, Mree-living stages. Introduction Lastorhinus kregitit (Owen, 1872) (Yombatidac: Marsepialiay (ie northern hatry-rosed wombat (4 now restricted to a single population of about 05 individuals in Apping Forest National Park (EFNV) 120 kin north west of Clermont (22° 19S, 146° 47! by, Centr! Queenstund (Crossman ef al POO4), AMihough (his species was previously distribured through Oneensland. New South Wales and ueross the border into Victoria, the present reduction yn range and nimbers 16 thoueht ta have occurred over he past 120 years (Taylor ef af 1994). The northern hairynosed wombat ts listed as critically chdangerea (Maxwell eral 1996) and a Recovery Phin is heii managed through the Brvipontent Proteetion Agency of Oucenshind (Horsup 19991), The wombats ogcupy a single hurrow system. a senies OF large burrows arranged in loose clusters along the banks olf a sandy golly lohnsen tk Crosson 1997). These annals spend 2 - 6h, only utnight above bround. Burrow entrances are mirked Wilh piles Of fresh faeeal pellets with sinaller piles deposited alone the paths between the burrows but Scheel ool Biologroal id Govironmnental Setenees. Cental Queostind Giiversilt, Rock bari Qld 4702 Horse AU TYO07 Reerwery RI For the narthenn hitryaeisod UTE (hastens: Arcee) TOYS ANC Ruport sulted be Fvivicenment MISHOTaL bv the Nother) Hilly iosed) Wornbat Recovery Team Uircueh the Departnent at Gavirooment and Horitipe. Queenstane! (inpabe), not elsewhere Woltnson & Crossman 1991). Fresh. that is shill moist, pellets catlecteal from the burrow systen) at dawn Gad therclore provide a 24 h sumple from the toll extunt population of the wombat. Two species of gastro-intestnal nematode Oevaphagaviomoeides eppingensts Smales. 194 (Strongylida: Stongylidae) und Sframeyvloides sp, (Rhabdilidie Strongylodidae) have been found inthe northern hairy-rosed wombat (Smales 199s: Gerhardt eral. 2000), OF these Iwo species only one, O. eppingensis, produces edges that pass oul with the faeces, Any Caps extracted trom wombul faeces vol- lected from EPNS-ure herelore probably eges of O CPpPINVeNsis Duong 1996 and again in 1999 the opportuniry urose 16 Collect fresh faecal Samples from the wom bul population in ENP, This acvily was sanctioned by the Recovery Team, From these samples we were able both to isolate nenmntode veges and culture larval nermulodes. This enabled us to javestigate: the embryogensis und hatching of epys af QO. eppinien- yay and to determine the morphology of QO. eppingen sie and Srroley aides sp, larvae. Materials and Methods Fresh faceal pellets. collected (rom EPNP in Jane und August 1996. and August und September 1909 were (rumsported to Rockhampton on ice and stored ab oC. Byes for embryological study were extract cd from small aneunts OF fieeal material that bad been sedimented with distilled walter Filleen eas 5k 1, SMALES. K, GERHARDT & B. HEINRICH were meusured, pliced i hanging drops, held at room temperalure (25° C), observed hourly using an Olympus CH3 differential interference microscepe. and photographed, The number of eggs per gram of fieees in the pel- lets was determined by the standard McMaster tech- nique’. Puecal cultures were then established asing |g facees, | g activated charcoal (8 mm diameter), S ml water und 5 drops 4% Nystatin, pliced on filter paper in Peui dishes, Preliminary trials were curried ontin 1996 and cultures were set up at 18°, 22", 26" and 24°" C for seven days in 1999. The larvue col- lecled were examined live in water or after killing in hot 70% ethanol and clearing in uw mixture ob 70% ethanol and glycerine and being left until the aleohol had evaporited. Larvae were differentiuted into strongyloidid and strongylid) forms and the total number of strongylids hatching aller seven diya, it each temperature, was recorded, Six strongylid larvae were measured on hatching lrom the hanging drop preparations described above Pirst-stuge strongylid larvae, collected Hon) a fieea! culture one day after its establishment, were trans- ferred into a Petri dish and maintained ina ineubator i 28" C for Four days, Pen larvae were recovered and measured on establishment of the cultures and a for ther 10 larvae Were removed and measured cach diy for the next three days. Results By the lime the exes bad been transported from EFNP, extracted from faecal pellets and established in hanging drops, embryologieal development had already commenced, with the embryos having reached aboul a 16 cell stage. Eggs measured 749-92 (88) pin by 42 51 (46) pan. The stages of develop- ment ave shown im Fig. | and a time chart of the sequence is given in Table |, Elongation of the embryo began at about 9 h, the larvilurm embryo began wetively moving after 10h, the oesophagus was clearly visible after about 16! h and the intestine could be differentiated from 18 th. Hatching as first-stage larvae occurred after 19 23'/) h, Hatching involved the larva Uwisting actively ina continuons figure-of-cight pater followed by a pulsating Movement aginst the side of the ege. This pulsiiting was associated with a bulge in the ege- shell followed by the shell rupturing and the larva emerging us a first-stage larva head or tail first, The hatching process took 2 — 10min. Results from the preliminary trials indicated that hatching Oecurred successfully between TS" and 30° C bul not al 4° C. The cumulative numbers of nen odes that had hatehed after four days in lieeal cul ture ure given, as the percentage hatch, mm Pig. 2, and were compared among the four (emperature [real ments using a Chi squared 2.x 4 contingency table unalysis uf the propertion of hatched versus unhatched. ‘There was.a significant difference among treatinenits (¥')=47.49, P< 0.001), so an iterative 7 posterior? analysis wis done by progressive temoval of the most exveme treatment group. The results ol this analysis Showed there was no difference in the proportion hatehing at 18 or 22°C (47) = 0.27, NLS.) bul the proportion hatehing differed significantly among temperatures of 18, 22 und 28°C (with a smaller proportion hatehing at 28° Cry?) = 11.72) Ps 0.01) and also among temperatures 18, 22, and 26°C (with a larger proportion hatehing Ht 26° Cr yA) = 20.36, P< 0.001), Finally, there was a signuficant dit ferenee between 260 and 28° C in the proportion hatching (4) = 12.31, P< 0.001). Taken together, these testis differentiated three statistically significant groups. Halehing was lowest at 28° C, intermediate al 18 and 22° C, and higher than both of these groups m 26°C, Although during collection, transport and storage TARDE Lo Time chat of developmen sequence ef Oesophigostomoides eppingensis eves kept in Fangine drops of divcilled wiler ar 2a ©, Stage Time (h) 3 6 s) \2 Is 21 4 morula elbngulion begins vermilora embrya mouth visible ousophiigus visible embryo 3x length of ees intestine well defined hatching Sehoil ul Vetetinaey Setence (1998) Laberarory Manual toy Vietoriney Puoditplogy. University of Melbourne (unpub, LARVAL NEMATODES FROM LASIORHINUS KREFFTIL sy Fig. |. Oesophagostomoides eppingensis eggs kept in hanging drops in distilled water at 25° C. A, After 4 hours, B, After 5 hours. C. After 7 hours, elongation beginning. D. After 9 hours. E. After 11 hours, larviform embryo, elongated to twice the length of the egg, now active. F. After 13 hours, oesophagus forming. G. After 15 hours, larva about three times length of egg. H. After 18 hours, intestine visible. I. After 20 hours, beginning to hatch, Arrows indicate developing mouth, Scale bars = 20 um. oi L. R. SMALES, K, GERHARDT & B. HEINRICH % hateh Days ig, 2. Percentage of Qesophagestommides eppingensis eggs harvested as larvae from faecal cultures held ata range of temperatures for 7 days —*—-— = 18° C, eB = 12 0. Oo = 0 Ct et = 28° C. N= the number of eggs hutehed for each Ireatment. faecal pellets were kept moist al about 4° C, the time iN storage May have affected the viability of the eygs and henee the overall relatively low hatching rate at all lemperatures. Further, the logistics of the exercise precluded both the collection of large amounts of inaerial at any one time ghd multiple collection events, Notwithstanding these linititions. an infor mative set of data has been collected. Measurements of the strongylid larvae are given in Table 2, All larvae had moulted to second-stage by day 3 and to sheathed third-stage by day 5 (Figs 3 & 4), Before moulting the larvae attached themselves to the substrate by the anterior end, Starting from the posterior end, the cuticular sheath became loose and the larva wriggled backwards until it was free, leav- me the sheath tirmly atlached to the substrate, These larval sheaths were detected in the culture on day 3. Although moults to third-stage were not observed, some cuticularisation of the buccal region and grealer definition of the lips was apparent by day 5. A small genital anlage could be seen in the third- stage larvae. Also detected in all faecal cultures on day one was a nuinber of farvae with rhabditiform oesophayus morphology and by day four, forms with a laa ilar iform oesophagus ancl a notched tail, eypical of infee- tive larvae Of species of the genus Sfroigyloides, were also apparent. These larvae were 425 —470 pm Jong with the oesophagus 200 — 230 prim Jong, the tail 40-58 pan dong and the genital anlage 240 — 300 pm from the anterior end (Fig. 5). Discussion The Australian strongylids studied thus far, have free-living lirval stages that retaia the cuticle of pre- vious moults to sheath subsequent stages, Rugopharyax rosmariae Beveridge & Presidente, 1978 and Hypoederniis mecrope Monnig, 1929 both hatch as first stage-larvae and retain the sheaths of the first and seeond moulls, so that the second-stase lurva is sheathed and the third-stage larva has a dou ble sheath (Bevertuge & Presidente 197%: Beveridge 1979). Lahiastroneylus cugent{ Johnston & Mawson, 1940 hatches ats a secondestage sheathed larva and moulls to oa third-stage double sheathed larvae (Smales 1977) and Cloacind similis Johoston & Mawson, 1939 hatches as a third-stage double- sheathed larva (Clark 1971"). By contrast O. eppiigensts hatehes us a Lirst-stie unsheathed Jarva and retains only the second-stage cuticle as a single sheath around the third-stage larva. These differences in stage of hatching are reflected in the time taken from the beginning of embryogenesis to hatching, 19 — 23 h for QO. eppin- vensix, 12h for HT. macrapi. 20 — 40 h for A. rose maria? and 67 — 14h for L. engenii (Smiles 1977; Beveridge & Presidente 197%; Beveridge 1979), The ume @. eppingensiy took to hatch und then develop to third-stage sheathed larva (4 days at 28° C) is eon- sistent with the life cyele patterns given by Anderson TABLE 2, Measurements (tt) ef Oesophivostomoides eppingensis it distilled water culrare at 25° C. Ten larvae were removed wid measured cach day. The minge is followed hy the meyn. Day Larval Stage Length Width OcsophiuLus lenuth 0) 1 277 - 323 (292) 22 —27 (24) 58 —77 (69) | | 325 - 365 1344) 19 — 25 (22) 73-847) 2 \ 355 — 383 (369) 21 —27 (24) BR 98 (O49) 3 2 384 - ho (400) 22 —28 (35) 93 — 103 (98) +4 2 438 — 462 (450) 26 — A (28) 95 EET GN0a) 5 3 440) 545 (528) 28 —41 (34) HY — 132. ( 12k) Chari, (E971) A preliminary investigation inty the freestving sliges OF wee nemitlode purasties af the Kaneda [slind Walkithy (Mecropys oomernd) BS (tlons) ‘Thesis, The Unirersaty of Adelaide Ginpub LARVAL NEMATODES FROM LASIORHINUS KREFFTI ol Fig. 3. Oesophagostomoides eppingensis larval development when cultured in distilled water at 25° C lor 4 days. A, Hatching. B. First-stage larva, day |. C. Second-stage larva. day 3, D. Third-stage larva, day 4. Scale bars = 40 pm A — C, 70 um D. (2000) for the superfamily Strongyloidea, to which Oesophagostomoides belongs. The process of hatching, including increased larval movement, for O. eppingensis follows the basic pat- tern suggested by Bird & Bird (1991) as common to all nematodes. The escape of the larva by mechani- cal disruption of part of the egg shell is similar to that described for L. eugenii (Smales 1977) and could therefore also involve enzyme action to effect a change In permeability of the egg and increase plas- ticity of the shell (Smales 1977). Examination of eggs and larvae confirmed previ- ous suggestions (Smales 1994; Gerhardt et a/. 2000) that only two species of intestinal nematode occur in L. krefftii. Measurements of eggs in this study (88 — 92 um x 42 — 50 pm) are consistent with measure- ments of eggs of O. eppingensis and fall within the size range of eggs of other intestinal nematodes occurring in wombats (Beveridge 1978). The range of temperatures at which egg hatching occurred, 18 — 30° C is consistent with that recorded for other strongylids. For example, the eggs of Chabertia ovina (Fabricius, 1788) hatch between 6 and 36° C, Strongylus vulgaris (Loass, 1900) between 8 and 39° C, Oesophagostomum columbianum Curtice, 1890 between 15 and 37° C and Castorstrongylis castoris Chopin, 1925 between 18 and 25° C (Anderson 2000). Given the hot, dry climate of EFNP, we expected that the optimum temperature for hatching would have been at the high end of the range such as, for example, 30° C recorded for S. vulgaris and O. columbianum (Anderson 2000). The optimum was, however, 26° C, a temperature reported as optimum for C. ovina and close to the 25° C optimum report- ed for a number of strongylids, such as Ostertagia ostertagit (Stiles, 1892), Trichostrongylus axel 62 L. R. SMALES, K. GERHARDT & B. HEINRICH Fig. 4. Oesophagostomoides eppingensis free-living stages. a. First-stage larva. b. Second-stage larva. c. Third-stage infec- tive larva. Scale bar = 50 um. Fig. 5. Strongyloides sp. Free living stages. a. Rhabditiform first or second-stage larva. b. Filariform third-stage infective larva. Scale bar = 50 um, (Cobbold 1879), Syngamous trachea (Montagu, 1811) and Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859), found in temperate climates (see Anderson 2000). One possible explanation is that eggs might go into a state of arrested development at high temperatures, as has been reported for the eggs of animal parasitic and plant parasitic nematodes (Waller & Donald 1972: Bird & Bird 1991), to ensure survival. Of the three morphotypes of larvae found in faecal cultures, the first morphotype was a_ typical strongylid. No obvious differences in size, growth rate or morphology of this type were detected during culture, lending weight to the presumption that these larvae represented a single species, namely O. eppin- gensis. The other two morphotypes could clearly be des- ignated developmental larval stages of species typi- cal of the family Strongyloididae. Although both genera Parastrongyloides and Strongyloides occur in marsupials, only a Strongyloides species has been reported from vombatids (Skerrat 1995). Consequently these larvae are presumed to be Strongyloides sp., possibly S. spearei Skerrat, 1995, occurring in the common wombat (see Skerrat 1995). The infective larvae we found, however, were smaller (mean lengths of 445 um compared LARVAL NEMATODES FROM LASIORHINUS KREFE TI 03 with S529 win) with wa shorter oesophagus (210 ym compared with 236 pin) a shorter tail (47 wot car pared with 79 jam) and with the genital anlage clos- er to the anterior end (277 pm compared with 324 un) than in 8 speare?. They may, therefore. be either a distinct species or represent a population pf smaller worms that populations ofS. ypearer fram the common wombat. A more detailed examination of all stages of the life eyele, particularly by culliu- ing larvae through to adults, is needed before the specific status of the Syronevieides sp. from the Northern hairy nosed wombat can be determined, The hatching af £. event as a sheathed secand- Neither this strategy nor a preference for higher temperatures for hatehing success has evolved iO. eppingensiy. Monitoring for the presence of intestinal helminths in the EPNP population through 1996 (Gerhardt ef al, 2000) has shown that O eppingensis is presedt throughout the year. Larvae must. nevertheless. be sufficiently robust to survive the hot summers and dey winters typical of Central Queensland. Further work is needed lo determine the Jevel of heat tolerance and responses to desiccation of QO. eppingensiy und how they relate to the life-eyele strategies of the parasite. A better ufiderstanding of the dynamics of the freeliving stage ava was thought by Smales (1977) lo be a stages could be useful when developing protective response lo the polential fordesiccation of management strategies for the wambut host eggs und larvae under Australian climatic conditions. population. References ASBiKSaK, R. CL (2000) “Nematode parasites of yerue brates their development and transmission (CAB International, Wallingford), Breveripar, b (1978) A laxonamic reyision of the gener Phascolusrrongylius Canavan aod Oesapliagestomailes Schwiute (Nematoda: Trichonematidie), Awan 2 Zand, 2, 585 — 602. (1979) Aypedluniies macipi Monnig. 1920-4 hook Worm-tike parasite of macropodid harsupials. 1 Helminthol 33, 229. Jad _ & Prustpenrr, Po AL (978) Ritvapharvi rosmariae New species (Nematodes Pharyagee stronpylidae) from grey kangaroos (Micrpits giganteas and ML fitiginesay) with fife cyele stages and associalud pathology, dat dh Pacasital, 8, 379 — 387. Biep AB & Biko. 1, (1991) The structure of nematodes” (Academic Press, Sun Diego). CHOSSMAN, D.G,, JOHNSON, CN. & Horsup, A.B. (1904) Trends in the pepulation of the northent hairy-nesce wombat Lasiortiins kreffir in Epping Forest National Park, Central Queensland Paes Cony Biol L141 149, Granagpi, K. Smarhs. b, Re & McKinnor 8. C2 (2000) Parasites oF the northern hairy-nosed wembvat Lisohinys kreffit and the implications for cousery.e ion, Ausr. Manned, 22, 17-22. Jounsos, CON, & Crosswan. 2. G. (1991) Dispersal and social ofsanization of the orthern huiry-nesed wombat Laslorhinus keel. Zool Land, 228, (05 — 413. Maawriw. S$. Bursinge, A.A. & Mogkus, K. (1996) “The 1096 Action Phin for Austrulian Mirsupials.” Wildlife Australia Species Prosrant Projeet Number 150 (Wildlife Australia, Canberra), SKERRAL LP. (1995) Strungvlaides spearei ne sy. (Sematoda: Strongy loididae) fron the common wombul Vombates vesinus (Miarsupralian Yombatidae), Svan Parasite 32, #1 - BD. SMALHS. L. Ro (1977) The lite history of Leb iustroptis engeni’ a pemilode parasite OF The Kanearoe [shan Wallaby (Meerapus ergeniis development and hatching of the eve and tree ving: stuwes. dnt J Parasitol. 7. 449 — 456. (1994) A new species ob Gesepligastaioiules (Nematoda: Cloacinidie) from the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus kepiill with a key ta the species of the genus. /. Peardsiral. 80, 638 — 643. (1998) Helminth purasilus of wombuats pp, 312 — 316 fi Wells, ROT. & Pridmore PA. (Eds) “Wombats” (Surrey Beatty & Sonus, Chipping Nurton). TAYLOR, AOC, Srmuwin. W. & Waynr, K. (1994) Genene variation of microsatellite loci in a bottleneck species: the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lastoriinus Arefptit Mal, Ecol, 3, 277 - 290, Waring. Pod. & Dosarp. ALD. (1972) Elfeets of changes in temperature and saturation deficit of the survival of egus of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda: Trichostromgylidae). dat J, Parayitel, 2.439 - 447 A DISJUNCT POPULATION OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS SSP. BICOSTATA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA By R. E. VAILLANCOURT*, D. B. BOOMSMAT & D. NICOLLE# Summary Vaillancourt, R. E., Boomsma, D. B. & Nicolle, D. (2001) A disjunct population of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata from South Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 65-68, 31 May, 2001. A population of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata was recently discovered at Mt. Bryan (SA) which is more than 600 km from the nearest other population of this taxon. The aim of this study was to determine whether this population is natural or whether it might have been planted after the arrival of pastoralists to the area. To achieve this aim we used RAPD molecular marker analysis of a large (10 m diam) lignotuberous stand of E. globulus ssp. bicostata that roughly formed a ring. The RAPD analysis indicated no differences between samples taken from the lignotuberous stand, although individuals from outside it were all different from it and from one another. Because the lignotuberous stand of E. globulus ssp. bicostata is likely to originate from a single individual and is very large, it is likely to be very old (possibly as old as 4,000 years) and this would imply that the population was not established by pastoralists. How did the E. globulus spp. bicostata become established on Mt. Bryan? Four possibilities are discussed, namely, natural long distance seed dispersal, seed dispersal by humans before the arrival of pastoralists, long distance pollen dispersal and connection to the Victorian Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata forest in the past. Key Words: Lignotuber, clone size, RAPD, fingerprinting. Trcetions of the Ravel Seerey op 8, Aust 12001), P2108 68. A DISJUNCT POPULATION OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS SSP. BICOSTATA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA by R. BE. VAILLANCOURT*, D. B. Boomsma’ & D. Nico nt ummary VallbaAncovin, ROE, Boomsma, D, B. & Nieonie D, (2001) A disjunct population of Laeulypnes globules asp bieostane from South Australie Trans. Ro See SL Ast 925 (1 85-68. 3) May. 2007 A popakition al Bncalyiptes glabalis ssp. bicasiere was recently diseavercd at Mi Bryan PSA) whieh is mare Han GOO ka frou the nearest other population of this xen, The aii ob Mis study was ta deterniine whether this population is Nalitalor whether might hive heen phinted after the arrival of pastoralists to (he area, To achieve Tis ain) we used RAPD molecule tairker analysis oF linge (10m didi liinotuberous stand of & wobulus ssp. bicostare thar coughly formed acing The RAPD analysis dicated no differences between san ples fiken From the Hignoatiberous stem, aithaugh pilwidtials fram outside i were ull different from) jtand trom bne another Because the Jignotuberous stand of lo wlabuliys Sop. blcostatd is likely to originate fron a single individual and is very large. iis likely te be very old (passifhy ats ald as 4000 years) ancl (is would inply (het the population was Wat estiblished by pastonilst: Mow did the Bo clebufiw ssp, bicosiate become established on ML Beyai? Pour possibilities swe discussed, namely, nalural long dishinee seed dispersal, seed dispersal by humus before the arrival of pustonilists, lone distanee pollen dispersal and cannection to the Victorian Maculypias glidiilis ssp. bioesteaey Torest in the past fly Wokps: Lighotuber clone size, RAPD, finperprintine. Introduction A populition of Eneaulypiiy globulay ssp. bicoslata (Manlen, Blakely & J. Simm.) Kirkpate was recenrly discovered at Mt Bryan SA (33" 26'S. 138° 57° Ey by B. Baltes. This population is anusual im that i is more than 600 km from the neatest know E, wlobulus ssp. bicostate population (Otway Ranges. Victoria) and ts the only population of that specres west of the Murray-Darling drainage system The population is sited an the slopes of y high ridae south-west of (he sumint of Mi Bryan, at an allitie between 680 and S90 m, The entire population consists OF approximately 80 apparently very old, liurge individuals and between 160 and 180 “sapliag stage” individuals with a stem diameter of less than 300 min just above ground level, Smiull seedlings at the cotyledon to the filth leal-pair stage were observed at the site in 1996/97 but seedlings were nol observed 7 August 2000. They may have been removed by sheep. The population hay w range of approxinmitely TO00 mi and forms three sith populations separated by c, 200 m each, the western sub population bemg the largest, Sapling stige ~ Suhre of Plant Scenes aid Coopenmive Research Centre tr Sustinible Proddetion Borestey. Wonversity bt Tustin, G1 Box 252-55 Waban Tas. Ha Periail: RB Vatbincodr (rutin Adie vu Fy Soumern Vee Breedihe Associa He ane Couperlve Resear Centre for Susytiimible Prodoetion Forestry TOb [hos IS) Mount Gambier S520 Rehool ol Hinlemeal Saenges, Plidar Clverseny ab Soult Saetniliy GPO Box 2200 Adehuue SA S001 individuals were more plentilal in although aot restricted la, the relutively lower elevations within the population, The A. elohulias sxp. bicostete tees ranged jn height from less (han 3 lo som, The understorey was dominated by native grasses and herbs. although some A/Mocasiiarind verticillata (Lam) Lo Johnson ane Bursarta spiresea Cas. occurred within the population. Six plank species occurring at the site are classified as rare or enclingered. numely, Asplentuntflabellifadiin Cay, Derweitia decorosa (PF. Muell.) Bo G. Briggs & Ehren. Ayvinenunthera dentita Ro Brews DC, Lepidinm pxeude-rasmanican Thell. Qlearia pannesa Hook. ssp. pannasa. and Rhodeitle dathemaides (Sprengel) Paul G. Wilson (Pod Lang, pers. comm. 2000) Noother evenly pts oecurped wilh Eucalyptus globuluy ssp. bicoyiate, Further down Mi Bryan the ssp. bleasrie population 1s grassland down to fdwiy oi the south-western slope. Beliw this grassland is open B, leveesyvlon B Mull, /E. perasa b Muell.ex Mig. /A. verticilara woodland. The local area is one of the caldest in’ South Australia, with the nearest temperatuire-recording wealher station ab Yongals recording ayerige winter minima gf 2,5° Cand an extreme (July) minimum of minus #.2° Cy the lowest in SA (Bureau of Meteorology: hitp://www, BoM GOY.AL/climate/). In cuculypts. vegelalive propagation oceurs through lignoatubers. A lignotuher is a semi subterranean woody mass Of stem-like tissue that #ives protection lod kage reserve of epicormic buds. These allow rapid regeneration aller stem destruction or damage by lire or other cuuses Glacobs 1955: init) ROL, VAILLASCOLIRT, 1 BH RBOOMSMAA 1 SICOHT LE Chatawity 1958). Lignotubers Gecur in the majority WW Lucelyplis (LOHGriL) species at sole stage a their life cyele (acobs 1955), Repealed damage to it fee cin result te extensive lignotuher development ond fomution of ad anulli-stemmed stand (Licey & Jolinston (990), Buealypis capable of vegetative reprawlh cin hve longer [ban staglestenimned: toes (Tyson er ad, 1998) The question hay been mifsed as ta whether uhis South Austruliin population of AL global ssp. frivostata is nalural or whether ib Might have beet planted after the arrival of pastoralists ta the: iired, A large sumd of Eo alobadis ssp. bieesrata thal roughly formed a ring, Shape wits Todnad at the site at abour S50 moaltitude fa the Wester sub-pupularion, This stam is very Janse, being Lom in diwnieter ane potentiaiy could have arisen From Tignotuberous vrawth, Other lignotuberous stands of a simile size und possibly even larger tue also present at the site. hur are more difficult ta identify because of lignotuber = fragmentiioan and) mn-circular development af the scind, Molecukin markers dire essential in denaryane individual genotypes und sidyine Vvegeitive propugition beewuse the clonal nature of some vevelation cannot be-estublished with confides by nurpholopgioal assessment done. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Willhins ef ah 1990, Welsh & MeClelland 1990) is a useful type ol molecular marker for the study of generic variation since mimerous toe cun be sumplad. RAPD analysis Tas been used extensively in euealy pes, in detecting differences bebween closely relied species id hybrids (Sale era 1996; Rossetto er ak 1997), tn Siidies Of wenoic diversity and populitiin structure (Nesbit ep af, 1995; Skaho ef e/ 1998), In lingerprinting studies ( Kei] & Griffin 19¥d4: Nesbitt eral 1997: Vailluncourl & Skubo 1999), in studies at breeding systems (Gaiotia era 1997) and inostudies of vevdlilive propagation by lgnotuber (Reniington abel. 19962 Tyson er ah L948: Rosserto er ad L990), The dim of this study was to determine whether the lange lignotiberous E. glahidus ssp. hicestiuta stand iy Chonul, [itis then its large size would imply that itis very old suggesting (hal (he popubatron coutel (et live been estublished hy pastoralists. Materials and Methods Mature adole leaf material fram eight Eucedypniy vlolniuy ssp. bicostate sainples Was Weighed und frozen in liquid nitrogen prior la use. Boar ob these sumples were from the possible clone and four other simples came from trees. away from the liwnotuberaus stund. The four samples from the possible clone came fram the four curdinal povaty of (he Nenotwber “Total penomie DNA was isolated from 2.0 9 of lear miuterkdl ueeording ta the CTAB method af Doyle & Doyle (1990). The DNA from each thee Was assayed lop Rincon Amplified Polymorphie DNA (RAPID) iha'kers (Welsh & MeClelland 1990: Williums ve at 1990), Amplification conditivns were us in Nesbitt ee el. (1997), Privers Were obtuined (ram Opera Technologies Ine. (T0000 Atlantic Ave. Alianeda CA D450) USA) am the University of British Columbia (6174 University Boulevard. Vaneouver, BC. VOT (73). Twenty dour primers previously showin to produce polymorphic bands: (Vallhiweaun We Skah 1009) were used; OPA-02, OPA-1[4, OPA-1S, OPA- 17. OPA20. OPES. OPC-19) OPD-05, OPE-7, OMA. UBC 30, URC 210, UBC 215. UBC 117. UBC 2)%, UBC 232, UBC 154, UBC 237, UBC 23. UBC 249, LiBC 266 and LBC 290, Aynplitied lraemenis were vleciroplorelically sepuritedt ji a 50) WA figatose gel. using |X TBE buffer nim photowraphed after staining with ethidium bromide. Consistency Of interpretation was cstublished by repenting three samples with each primer, In general bands were Wot seored i they were (aint or diffuse. ar occurred in the extremes ol the amplified size rings, Only bands that were present th 25% to 75% of the samples- were used in the analysis, as reported in Skabo et af (99K, The prosence/ubsence of RAPD bands was used ta caleuhite a similurity matrix OF simiple matching coellivients (Sokal & Sneath (964), usin the N'TSYS program (Rohl 1993). The sinple inalehing coclfieent (SM) ts delined us the total namber al matches (shared absenee or presence) belween wwo individuals, divided by the total ntiber of bands yepred, The same program was (het used (Oo cilcurltbe the Clustenng of inees with the UPGMA algerithm and a déendroyrain showing the relutedness ob the samples was-pyodiices Results and Discussion Putry eight polynorphie hands (hal met vy avleelion eolerkt were scored for the eight DNA sumples. Samples 1-4 frum the possible Iienoluberous stad Were ideptiod! with a sini bintty vf 1.0 (Table 1), Samples 5-8 were all difterent fran one another and front siumples OF the Trsnetaberaus stand (Pig. 1). The tree most closely related ta hie liznotuberous stand, ree 5, joined the Tignoluberwis suind sumples at iwdevel (SM = 0.58) chat shows thar is not clokely related to it. Neshitt er at (i897) found thar RAPD variation within elones was trniviul conipared tor the Valiation found even hetween full Siblings and that samihirity decreased wilh pedighee distinee. The lack of any variution between samples fron the lignetuberois sind cand fhe niueh lower devree of similarity wath the eestor the samples. aver A DISJUNCT EUCALYPTUS POPULATION FROM S, AUSTRALIA b7 TABLE |, Siiple marching coeplicient (SM) icasure of sinilaray beeen saniples frond Lucalyptus globulus ssp. bicosta- fa population at MI Bryan in South Nustratia caleutated with RARD inirkers Sanyple muiiber ( ne.) no. | 2 3 4 5 in} qT $ | ua) 2 1.00 1.00 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5 0.61 (59 {),37 (57 100 (y 44 (La5 1). 34 (34 47 1a) 7 43 143 43 (43 Qoi0 v.40 1.00) A (32 0.33 0.34 0.34 (38 40 0.66 100 Samples | are front the 10m wide lignormberous stand. while samples 5-6 are trom individual trees iH (he vicinity OF the stan 2s k Fig. |. UPGOMA clustering al samples (ont a Bacal Wohulus ssp. bicastate population at Mt Bryan in Seuth Australia bused) on w simple nuuteching coelficient thyM) incusure Ol similurity culeulated with RAPD markers, Samples b-4 are from the LOm wide lignotuberous stand, While samples 5-3 are fram individual trees in the vicinity oF the stand. i relatively large number of polymorphic binds. is very strong evidence for the clonality of samples |- 4. Assuming the growth orate of the &. globulin ssp. bicaylala Vinotuber was similar to that given by Tyson ef cf (1998) for 2. rivdenti Mook. Poand A. amnyedaling Labill, of about 2.5 mm/yeur, then it would have taken 4000 yeurs for the A. glade ssp. hicostata Wenotuber to achieve its present size. This growth rate was comparable 16 that observed in é. aleosa F Muell. ex Miq by Wellington ep a/. (1979), but greater (han that obtained for a two metre diameter lignotuber of fe. ceecifere J, D. Mook (Head & Lacey 1988) We cannot say how old) this individual really is. bat itis probably much more than 200 yeurs old. This population of A. glabnluy asp, bicestata is therelore most likely to be natural and indeed an interesting remnant that deserves conservation. Although the site is being grazed by sheep (which would affeet (he rire understorey species and (he cuculypt regeneration), the trees are long lived and nol noticeably alfected by grazing. Thus the population is not under any short term risk from the current land practices, How did the &. globulin ssp. bicestala get established on Mt Bryan? One possibility is that a moved to this site through natural Jong distance seed dispersal. However, this eucalypt taxon, like most euealypts, lacks adaptation for long distance seed dispersal (Potts & Wiltshire 1997). A related possibility is that this population was established from seed transported by uborigines, Another possibility is that it could have moved us ssp, hicestate pollen coming from afar and hybridising with an unknown resident eucalypt species, such us the related £, gontocalys FL Muell. ex Mig. whieh occurs within 60 km ol the site (see Potts & Reid 1988 for un exumple of this evolutionary mechanism). This would explain why the chloroplast DNA of this population is of a type very different from that encountered in: oiber populations of 2. globules so Far surveyed (hickson ef wl, 1999). None of these hypotheses can be disproved. However, perhaps the simplest exphination for the veourrence Of BL vlobulis ssp, bicostata at Mt Bryan iy Uhat the Victorian &. vlebulus ssp. bicestate populations were once connected to Mt Bryan at some time in the past. When this would have occurred is a matter lor speculation, [is unlikely to fave been im the last 35,000 yeurs since the current aricity and the even greater aridity around (he glacial maximum make it unlikely that the Murray Basin could have sustumned /. globultty ssp. bicestate populations, Lt his often been assumed that this aridity muy have been fairly constant from the Eocene to mid Miocene murine incursion into the Murray Basin (Marginson & Ladiges 1988). However, reeent evidence from Lake Eyre suggests that there might have been weuer Os Rb. periods between 50,000 and 35,000 years BP (Magee & Miller 1998), Therefore. itis possible that during these or other previous wetter periods, an LE. wlobultis ssp. bicostate lorest could have been more or less continuous from Vietorat to Mt Bryan im South Australia, VAILLANCOURT, D, B, BOOMSMA & 2. NICOLLE Acknowledgments We are grateful to B, M. Potts for providing the impetus for this project, some ol the informittion on the site and for helping with the colleetion of specimens. und S. Skabo for technical ussistance. References Crarraway, MM. (1958) Bud development and lignotuber lormation in cuvalypts. Ai. Bat 6, 103-115, Dowib, i & Dovir fb. (1990) Isolation of phint DNA Jrom fresh tissue, Foeny 12, 13-15, Gaiorro, PA. Bramucct, M.& Grartaragiia, D, (1997) Estimation of outerossing rate ina breeding population of Rucalyplas cropiiyila with dominuit RAPD und AFLP markers, Thea, & Appl Gen, 95, 842-849, Heap, M. 2 & LaAcry, C.J. (198%) Radiocarbon age determinations from lignotubers, Aus. 4 Ber. 36, 93- 100. Jackson, MH. Th, Steam. DB. A. Pores. Be M. & VAEANCOURT, RL BE. (1999) Chloroplast DNA evidence for reticulate evolution in Bacelvpins (Myrtaceae), Mal, Keal, 8, 73975), Jacops, M. R. (1955) “Growth Habits of the Eucalypts” (Government printer, Canberra). Kennington, W. J, Waveorr M.& Jamms, S. H. (1996) DNA fingerprinting supports notions of clonality in it fare Wallee Bucelyptis abgutifolia, Mol, Kool. 5, 693 696, hacky, ©. h. (1983) Development of large plate: like Jignotubers in Eucalyptus botyeides Sime in relation ba environmental factors, Adin A Bot Jt, 105-118, & JOHNSTON, R.D. (1990) Woody clumps and chimpwoods. (bid, 38, 299-434. Maghn. J. W. & Mitier, G. H. (1998) Lake Eyre palacohydrology from OOka to the present, beach ridges und oplucial maximum aridity. — Palaeoveour Palacoctimarel, Palaeaveal, WA, 307-329, MARGINSON, JC. & LAbIGES, PY. (198%) Geographical variation in Lucalypies beater’ s.. and the recognition of Anew species, £. arenacec. Must, Syst, Bor b, 151-170. Nessire, R.A. Porrs, BLM. VAILEANCOURT. R, EL. WEST. AWK. & Rep, J. A. 1995) Partitioning and distribution of RAPD variition ina Torest (ree species, Eyeculypties clobulus (Myrtaceae), fered, 74, 628-637, ®& Reiv. dl B. (1997) Fingerprinting and pedigree analysis in Buecelypris dlobuluy using RAPDs. Silvae Genetica 46, 6-11, Ports, BoM. & Rib, J.B. ClO88) Hybridisation as a dispersal mechanism. Evel. 42, 1245-]255. & Witiseike RB. IE, (1997) Euculypt genetics and genecology pp. 56-91 Jn Williams. J. & Woinurski, J. (Eds) “Eucalypt beology: Individuals to Keosystenia” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge). Rossevro, ML, Lecwrorrn Bi, Horper, S, D, & Dixas, K. W. (1997) DNA fingerprinting of Buculyias grauiticole - Acritically endangered relict species ora rare hybrid. Hered. 79, 310-314, WJEZERSKL G., Toner, 5, BD. & Dixon, K. W, (1999) Conservation geneties and clonaliry in twe critically endangered eucalypts fram the highly cndennie south-western Australiin flora. Biel Convery. 88, 321- aa. Ronin. Fd, (1993) “NTSYS-pe, Numerical luxonomy und multivariate analysis system (v1.8) (Department of ecology und evolution, Ste University of New York. New York). SoKAL, RoR. & Savant PEL A. (19603) “Principles of numeral taxonomy” (Freeman, San Franciseo). Sat. M. M., Ports. BoM. Wesn ALK. & Reid, dB. (1996) Molecular differentiation within aod) between Pnvalypiny risdonii, Bo anyedatina and their hybrids using RAPD markers. Air. Bor. 44, 559-569, Skano, S., VAInLAWCOURT, Ro EL & Potts. Bo ML (1908) Finesseale genetic structure of Euca/ypiis globylus ssp, globulus forest revealed by RAPDs, dhit 46, 583-594, Tysox, Mo. VAILDANCOURT. Ro BK Rib, J. Bo (1998) Determination of clone size and age inv mallee eucalypt using RAPDs. fhid 46. 161-172, VAiLApCouRI, R. E.. Skaba, S. & Gort, Pi (199%) Fingerprinting for quality control in breeding and deployment, Aus, For 6b. 207-210 Wretincton. A.B. Poracn. Th AL & Noun, b RR. (1979) Radiocarbon dating of lignotubers (roan mullee forms of Muealypuis. Seared MW), 282-283. Weist J & MeCLeniaAnn, M, genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Acts Kes, 18, 7213-7218. WILLIAMS, 1. Ch Ik, KUIK, ALR, LAVAK. Kd, KADALSKI, OAL & Tineny, S. Vo (1990) DNA polymorphisms wmplitied by arbitrary primers are usetul us penetie markers, (hid 18, 6531-6535, (M90) Finmerprinting Nucleic PISONIA GRANDIS DOES NOT APPEAR TO HARBOUR FUNGI KNOWN TO INVADE SEA TURTLE NESTS AT HERON ISLAND, EASTERN AUSTRALIA BRIEF COMMUNICATION Summary Hatching success of loggerhead sea turtle nests is significantly lower at Heron I. (23°26° S, 151°55° E-Capricorn Group, southern Great Barrier Reef), than on the adjacent mainland’. Fungal invasion appears to play a major role in inter-specific and inter-habitat variation in egg mortality between loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) and green (Chelonia mydas L.) sea turtles at coral cay and mainland rookeries’, and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata L.) and flatback (Natator depressus Garman) turtles at other major rookeries in eastern Australia*. Prisca Hats of He Rove Sacvety af S Aist (2001) T2801). 69-70, BRIEF COMMUNICATION PISONIA GRANDIS DOES NOT APPEAR TO HARBOUR FUNGL KNOWN TO INVADE SEA TURTLE NESTS AT HERON ISLAND, EASTERN AUSTRALIA Llutching success of loggerhead sea lure nests 1s sitnificantly lower at Heron 1. (23°26' 8, 15 1°55" E- Capricorn Group, southern Great Barrier Reef), (han on the adjacent intinland'. Fungal invasion appears lo play wmajor role in interspecific and inter-habitat variition if egg mortality between lopgerhead (Curetla caretia b,j) ane green (Chelonia mydeas |.) sea turtles al coral cay and mainiand mokeries . and hawksbull (remochelys tmbricate Loy and PMatbuek (Natitor depressus Garman) turdes at other major rookenes in astern Australia’, The fungi /iwartian ovysparun Schlechne # satan’ (Marto Sace. and Pyeudallescheria hoylii Nevront und Piseber have been isolated front failed Wurtle eggs al Heron 1 Pyeadallescheria bovdii is an Opportunistic infectant of humans and other animals bur there is na record of its bemg iivolved in plant disease. However numerous strains of &, eevsparion are wilt pathogens and Fo solani moy cause rool pol, cunker and wilts' Since one of the most distinguishing features of Heron Lis the dense, central Piveae grandiy RO Br. forest, ib seems possi- ble that this inight be acting as a reserveir for anthracnose Msaria Which are also able to Tnyade seu lurile nests. Tn its wild stare 2 grandis (Nyctaginaeene) is almost exclusively confined to small uninhibited islands with large seabird colonies*", (Hroughout the Indian utd Pacihe Oceans’ 8 Tn the Cupricota/ Bunker group af the southern Great Barrier Reef, 2 yrandiy os found on all of the islands. A central forest is usually surrounded by natural fringing vee- clarion, although erosion May bring the forest to the beachlront’, ‘The presence of such forests appeurs heavily cehant upon abundant seabirds and a specil- ic soil and rock base", The Jemo Series!” are rich'y organic. acidic, phosphatic, soils i association wilh A hardpan or Coral conglomerate transformed into calcium phosphate! This edaphic condition acctirs only on cond and coral debris beneath bird colonius® and is almost exclusive (oy forests dominited by P eramdin "ON 1D Mutiore tanh), Piveniet eradis is offen associated with islands hosting piveons. gannels (Sia spp.) or nodaly terns (Anos spp). Uothe bird colonies desert the ishinds. for whatever reason, the B gadis forest disappears as it Seems undble (survive without the phosphite coached soil! thal aids zermination und early devel opment’ 1lis believed 2 grandis utilises seabirds for epizoic dispersal’, although this has been disputed!” Previously, the only funeus associated with / vrdvdiy wt Hero to was an dmdeathed busid- iomycele ectomycorrhizal symbiont! This fungus Appears to be winique to 2 wremelfy or at least have u limited host range, and could not he one of the three turtle nest mycoflons reported? as Hone OF these is w busidiomyeete, To determine whether grandty barboured any of Ue fungal species isolated from failed cays im sea turtle nests, five individual /” granedis trees at the Heron Island Research Staton. whese foliage showed anthracnoses, were examined. Two leaves from euch tree were collected and washed witli sterile, distited water Lo remove bird guanine helore refrigerated storage, Leaf tragmerits (Lem?) were sur face sterilised in 19% AGNQOs for 2 iin then rinsed in 5% NaCl for | min, A final wash in sterile distitled water lor 2 mm was undertaken lo remove any resid ual silver cations, Fragments were Culturedas a cen tral inoculum on halestrengt Potato Dextrose Awa ar 2s! C for 7 days prior to identification. Colletorrichunt gloeaspertaidey (Penz.) Penz. anc Suec. wis molited from all leat lragments with teal’ spots, Culture of Unblemished fragments did) not resulta any fingal erowth, Callelairichia 1s one ol the most important genera of phot pathogenic fungi worldwide" and can uffeet stems, shoots, fruit, pods, flowers anil leaves". Tt has por been isolated: from failed sea turtle ees and so it seems unlikely Uhal the Po grandis torest ot Heron [sland is festing fing likely to have an adverse efleet on sea turtle nests. R. Shivas, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, is thanked for the identification of © cloeusportolidles. 70 'Limpus, C. J., Reed, P. & Miller, J. D. (1983) Islands and turtles. The influence of choice of nest- ing beach on sex ratio pp. 397-402 Jn Baker, J. T., Carter, R. M., Sammarco, P. W. & Stark, K. P. (Eds) “Proceedings: Inaugural Great Barrier Conference, Townsville, Aug. 28-Sept. 2” Press, Townsville). *Phillott, A. D., Parmenter, C. J. & Limpus, C. J. (2001) Chel. Consery. Biol. In Press. ‘Rippon, J. W. (1982). “Medical Mycology. The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes 2nd Edn” (W. B. Saunders and Co., Philadelphia). * Booth, C. (1971) “The Genus Fusarium” (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Surrey). St John, A. (1951) Webbia 8, 225-228, " Airy Shaw, H. K. (1952) Kew Bull. 1952, 87-97. ’ Stemmerik, J. F. (1964) Flora Malesiana Ser. 6, 450-468. (JCU Reet ‘Hunt, D. R. (1967) Kew Bull, 21, 251. ’ Cribb, A. B. (1969) Qld Nat. 19, 110-114. ' Fosberg, F. R. (1954) Soil Sci. 78, 99-107. '' Christophersen, E. (1927) Bishop Mus. Bull. 44, 1-79, "Walker, T. A. (1991) Atoll Res. Bull, 350, 1-23. Ashford, A. E. & Allaway, W. G. (1982) New Phytol. 90, 511-519, ' Cairney, J. W. G., Rees, B. J., Allaway, W. G. & Ashford, A. E. (1994) Jbid. 126, 91-98. ' Sutton, B. C. (1992) The Genus Glomerel/a and its anamorph Colletotrichum pp. 1-26 In Bailey, J, A. & Jeger, M. J. (Eds) “Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control” (CAB International, Wallingford). ' Dodd, J. C., Estrada, A. & Jeger, M. J. (1992) Epidemiology of Colletotrichum gloeesporioides in the tropics pp. 308-325 Ihid. ANDREA D, PHILLOTT, Schoo! of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central Queensland University Rockhampton Qld 4702. E-mail: phillota@topaz.cqu.edu.au VOL. 125, PART 2 30 NOVEMBER, 2001 Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia Incorporated Contents. Souter, N. J. & Williams, W. D. A comparison of macroinvertebrate communities in three South Australian streams with eae to reintroduction of the platypus ~ - Bailey, P. T., Martin, J. H., Noyes, J. S. & Austin, A. D. Wenudacy aad biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby Downs, South Australia - - - - - - Barker, S. Descriptions of twenty one new species of Cisseis (sensu stricto) Gory & 2 1839 aaa it cae eons Agrilinae) - = Williams, C. R., Kokkinn, M. J., Snell, A. E. ; Fitoked, S. R. & Crossfield, E. ie Mosquitoes (Diptera: Sueiite) in panncponitass Adelaide, South Australia - - - Ferguson, M. A., Smales, L. R. & Cribb, T. H. Aree species, Pretestis lati- caecum, (Trematoda: Cladorchiidae) from Emydura krefftii Gray, 1871 (Pleurodira: ie ae from Central Serena. Australia - - - O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. A new species of ‘Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Diprotodontia: Phalangeridae) - - O’ Callaghan, M. G., Andrews, R. H., Davies, M. & Spratt, D. M. Species of Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) from the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) - - - Beveridge, I. Cervonemella reardoni gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Cloacinidae) from the stomachs of scrub wallabies, Dorcopsis spp., in Papua New Guinea - - ~ 4 Riley, I. T. & Wouts, W. M. Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in agricultural soils and native vegetation in southern Australia Brief Communication: Mackness, B. & Godthelp, H. The use of Diprotodon as a ey marker of the Pleistocene - - - - Z Obituary: Joan Burton Paton AM, BSc(Hons), MSc - - = . e Z ” PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000 71 83 97 115 123 129 133 141 147 155 159 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED VOL. 125, PART 2 A COMPARISON OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN THREE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN STREAMS WITH REGARD TO REINTRODUCTION OF THE PLATYPUS By NICHOLAS J. SOUTER** & WILLIAM D. WILLIAMS* Summary Souter, N. J. & Williams, W. D. (2001) A comparison of macroinvertebrate communities in three South Australian streams with regard to reintroduction of the platypus. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2), 71-82, 30 November, 2001. The macroinvertebrate benthos of Scott Creek, an intermittent stream in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, was assessed to determine whether it could sustain a population of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), a species that has been locally extinct for about 100 years. The benthic fauna was compared to that of Rocky River and Breakneck River, two streams on Kangaroo Island where platypus have been introduced. Little difference was observed in the abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates in the three streams, suggesting that Scott Creek in common with the two island streams contracts to pools in late summer/early autumn where the platypus populations are limited by this habitat truncation. Further assessment is needed of the physical suitability of Scott Creek for platypus reintroduction (e.g. consolidated banks, over- hanging plants, permanent pools) and the risk of predation by foxes. Key Words: Macroinvertebrates, platypus, reintroduction, Onkaparinga River, Mt. Lofty Ranges, Kangaroo Island. Titans af le Koval Sackere of S. Vast (2001), 12502). 77-R2 A COMPARISON OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN THREE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN STREAMS WITH REGARD TO REINTRODUCTION OF THE PLATYPUS by NICHOLAS 1. SOUTER EY & WILLIAM D. WILLIAMS ® Siomumary SotUrpR: Ne Low Withiams., Wo 2. (2001) A compitison of maconivertebrute communities up thee South Austiilian streatis Will regi to reintraduetion of the platypus, Tram. Ro Soe. S. Aus 125(2). 71-82. HW) Novernber, 2004. The acroinvertebrite benthos of Scull Creek, aie imerniticnt straint inthe Mt Lotty Ranges. was assessed We UETeRM Ene Whethed T eon sustiita populition of plitypis (Qruitariviehiisy cients La species Mat hes heen toeally extinct Far abeut WO yeurs. The benthic Gina was compared to thatol Racky River and Breakneek River two Siiihs On Kangaroo Ishiid where platypus have been iitroduced, Lite difference was ubseryed iy the abundance sd bioniss of nigeroinverWbrtles tH (he three streams, sugvestiog that Seoul Creek dhes produce aulligivnt food supply. The resouree may be marginal, however us Seott Creek in common with the two ishined SUMS CONES To Pols Ti tate sumimenearly autumn where the pkitypus populations are limited by this Jabitt trineation, Pirther assessment is needed of the physical suitability af Seat Creek for plitypus reMroddetion (e.g, consolidated hattks, Gveehangeue phints, pecmanent pools) and the rsh ot predurion by foxes, Riv Worps: Macromvertebrates, plitypiis. contredietion, Onkaparinga River, ME LGtty Runoes, Kangatoe YI \ ! E Isham Introduction The last peliible peeard oof a platypus (Oraithorhynchas anutines (Shaw) ia the Mt Lotty Ronges, South Australia. wierd curcass Touma after a Nued in the River ‘Torrens in 1892 (Hale Somerville 1943). Before Europea settlement, the Rayer Torrens, Oukapiringa River and ofher regional streams contracted fo pools Ta summer and provided OME Habit for platypus (Cirant 1992) Crant de Denny!) Pollution. river regulation, aucieultiire, torestry and urban development may have contributed to the local extinetion af the platypus. Predation by the lox (Cami (Wipes) vidpes 1.) une other introduced animals is probably dso significant, Reintroduction provides a valuable tool an the miinhigement of vulnerable species: A provranime of platypus reinteaduetion nite the Mr Lally ranges would expand the vane of the species and enable the collection Of information on the ecology of the phityptis im marginal areas. A possible site fay platypus reintrodiuction is Sea Creek, in Onkaparinga wibutary (hat is partly within oa conservation park and) a protected SA Water catchment. | Departinentol Ervironnenial Miele, Adelaide Piypwersiny Sa SiUS | Corespondiog athe Mresent ddeess) Scbrmih ad Hveleeiyy! Serves, Uleaders Livers cl Seth Austiatiin Bedloed Park 84 S002. La nequterto catia Gwin TR 8 DNs MAE STU DIS iubin OF tae PhIWAns, Criiiiicdiy cuales, 1 Mistnitian WH auideliios FOP UHI CRT VOTE) Miia Paths ail Witdlile Sereice. Me As u first step toward dn assessment of tabitat suitability for phitypuses, we investivaled the potential Food supply Le, benthie miteroimvertebrates (ef, Gram & Carrick LOTS) Faragher er val 1979: Gram POS, 1995: Griffith ef af 1989: Kleiman (989), Phe availability and productivity of benthic macromyveriebrales, upon which pliaiypuses feed. is believed to be the main factor fiiniting platypus abundinee (Grant & Carrick 197K: Muragher eral, 1970: Grant 1995), Plalypuses are opportunistic carmiyores, generally selecting invertebrares in direel proportion to their abundance i the benthos (Farugher ev af. 1979; Grant 1982). Paragher er al, (1979) compared quantititive macroinvertebrale sumiples collected from pools (dredge netling) aim rifles (surber sampling) with the contents uf platypus cheek pouches und found that the test ubundinet animals in the henthos were iost abupeait iy the platypuses” check pouches, ayilh some aclechion for lureer jovertebraules und seleetion awainst smaller ones. We compured — the mucroinyerlebrake benthos of Seal Creek with thit in Rocky River and Breakneck River on Kangaroo Ishin. where platypuses were — introduced sticcesslully between 1929 and (946 (Grant & Denny!) Benthic samples were collected in autumn ond spring as they are times of sivess for the plarypus. Harly autumn generally sees a considerable reduedion i platypus habitat on Karmaroo tskind as the two rivers are reduecd Lou string al water holes (Grane & Denny!) This results in widespread dispersal and horkility OF juvenile plitypuses (Grant & Denny!) 777 Spring is seen as the harshest season for plarypuses (Grant 1995) dis ale winter and early spring rainfall cause flooding and scouring of feeding areas and an increase in flow makes feeding difficult. At the end of winter platypuses ure in poor physical condition (Gram & Duwson 1976: Grant 1995), with juvenile males being the most affected as they possess negligible reserves of body fat (Hurlbert & Grant 1983). To make up for this loss of condition platyptises need an abundance of food inthe autumn, Materials and Methods Study Sites Scott Creek (35°06' S, 148"42" E) an intermittent, spring-fed stream with a 27) kar citvhment that is partly cleared for urban development and pasture (Fig. 1). Three 20-m sites were chosen as representative stream sections in order to sample a broad range of microbabitat types (Table 1), Ste SC] was on the border of Scott Creck Conservation Park, where the stream banks ure dominated by the exotic weeping willow (Salix behylonica L.). Sites SC2 and SC3 were in the Mt Bold Reservoir catchment, in messmate (stringy- Is vo Adelaide 3 | } ‘4 gee Pale at ol, fy . iw Kangaroo \ Island | if & r | \y \ Ret Hiv. 1, Sample sites on Scalt Creek, Roeky River and Breaks ~s ie a Mt Bald RRA \ Reservoir | A Fa Pong a Nob SOUTRR & WD, WILLIAMS bark) woodland (Eucalyptus eblique LHe, Hydrological records for = 1970-94 (Dept Environment & Heritage (DET), Adelaide, unpub.) indivale a mean annual discharge of 3.501 MI, with periods of no flow in November (20 of monthly records), December (4%), January (8%). February (16%). March (10%) and April (2%). Rocky River (35°57' S, 136°42' E) drains 190 kin’ of eucalypt sclerophyll forest: in Flinders Chase National Park, Kangaroo Island (Fig. [). Here. one sumpling site (RRI) was chosen (Table 1)- Hydrological data for 1974-94 (DEH, unpub.) indicale a mean annual discharge of 17.620 MI, with po-flow periods in December (4% of montlily records), January (22%). February (62%). March (5806), April (26%) and May (6%). Breakneck River (35°56' S, 13635" E) drains 92 kn’ of eucalypt sclerophyll forest in’ the seuth- western area of Flinders Chase National Park, Siles BNI and BN2 were 50 m and | km downstream, respectively, from a road crossing (Table 1). Whilst no hydrological data are availuble. Breakneck River is known to dry to a series of isolated pouls at the end of summer (Grant & Denny!). wok River 73 ) PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION SAND RTEBRATI MACROINVI WLU] < (JaNPYAY NURTIO avpNaNeg asivogy) WOdd A SS a ee quasalg asad quasaig Wuasaig jUasaig juasqy. syueq inoepuy, (uurnyne) [ILO + 6? OPO F IVE CULL F86L 06) * CEP 88'0 + CLT LOLF COL (tu) (ApIM (SF) uv O8'T OFC 09'9 Os'l O¢'T 00'S (ULM) (LU) TApPEM UAL OTS O8'e 09°6 OCL 06’ £9'6 (WW) YIPIM xe (uuimaine ) 0c 0 F £0 810 + LEO tc0 ¥ 6E°0 LTO + 690 rlO0FCCO tr'0 + 6t'0 (W1) (SF) tadap uray 880 cL ro'0 601 Lr0 tL I (uuunine) (Wu) ydap xe Ol OL OS 00T OIC OFT (tu) epmnyy ‘ds myoojs lay supnnpf sidajosy “ds win sydores py “ds sniquiy ‘ds snqiy *sipp.isnp UONRIOSIA pasiauigns UOHBISBIA ‘ds ponajnjay ‘ds nanaynjay SASSPAD *91/PAISHD SAMUADAY "SMS DAY DIIMO]AGDG X1DS IudSIOUIA/UBLIV Ty yporpag - - a1qqoD > [AARIS “‘purs ayelsqns umy WOd) WOd) US INOdD “PUPS WOd) "UIS \polped a]qqosoo.1peg — “[PAwss “Avjo “purg ayetlsqus [OO yooipag - - - 21qq0D S1OO.1 MOTTA, AIASANS IJ f1Yf UNI ‘ALJfLI “SLIgap {poom asie] [Oo suigap APOOM BBM] “00g saycydoseul [ood und ‘Toog ALE [00d (Ajuo Suuds) UNI ‘ayfl ‘sugap APOOA\ ABA] “TOOg SAPAQAIIAULOIIVU Jo} paydues sieigeyo.stpy _:.C ee ere error ee cNd INd JOATy yoauyeag Iva JOAry AYIOY £OS COS IOS yaar 09g “SLUNAALS PUB)S] VOLVSUNY ayd PUY YIesD NOISY uo pajduiws sans Nis ays fo yova wos ssajaiunivd jvaisojoydsoul pun jwugePy_ *| FEV, 74 N, J. SOUTER & W, 1D. WILLIAMS Simiihitdae (1) Cyloowlase €1) laschereniur spp tlt Porerniap rene spy (4) 1 crresivetdcen fees (1) Mirreancehr spp. Chis Tinselieeomeciis spp (2) LP? castrealicvests (1) Hellveitirn sy Copepoda (1) Lo casrytrvites (-B) Linpididac (2) lIyvictte (1) Ceternegapraus sp tly ieiSipeasix (1 } ae i Dicrdorneies tl) RR E12) RRI (ft) SOE qa) SCZ«S) SC L(HZ) rm Ses, 25 s./t sip. rhs pets. 3 mi Ae BNL (10) sCc'2lUS) RR (2) iS HN2 (2) pes. rs sa. pee! BN2 (8) SC3CIO) BN2Z (ta) po los. 4 Pp. sins 255.2; rma | Fig, 2 TWINSPAN dendrogram of samples in uutimn. The size of each sample group is shown m square boxes, with indicator species (pseudospeeies cat levels in parentheses). The total number af samples fram each site is shown, followed by a breakdown of samples from each habitat type (p. pools s. Linge woudy debris; m, macrophyte; en. run, rl. riffle). Sanyple groups ure denoted A-h. Siunmpling The benthic omacroinvertebrate — sumpling programme was designed with the assumption that platypus will lake food in proportion ta tts ubundance in the benthos (Puragher er a/, 1979) Thus a wide range of microhubitals was sampled for wuicroinvertebrates. using a range of sampling lechniques. Five replicate samples were taken trom up to five microhabitats at each site (Table [) in wutumn (22 Mar - 5 Apr) and spring (28 Aug, - % Sept.) 1993, In autumn, 0.1 m deep cores were obtained from pools, riffles und runs with a O.154 m diameter PVC tube (area O.O18 ie, volume 1.8% 10% im) or. when this Was not possible, with 4 moditied O18 oF Surber sampler and sieved through a 250 mm mesh dip net. Large woody debris was sumpled using a dip net over 0.3 nv for | min, und buited ‘yabbic trips’ also were set. Spring samples were reduced in size to expedite sampling. Species area Curves were generated for samples collected in wulumo to ensure that no loss of information gecurred with reduced sample areas, This change in sumple area should not have impacted on the results us no attempt wis made to compare temporil differences. (Cores were limited to 0.05 m depth (volume 9.0 x 10% im?) and Surber and dip-net sunples were rédticed wo 0.09 m7). Samples were preserved in 70% ethanol and sreyed (2, 1. 0.5 mm mesh) prior to determination of the numbers of organisms per sample, Macroinvertehrates were identified to a level according to their importunee as platypus food, following the results of Faragher e7 cl. (1979). Where possible, larze invertebrates were identified to species. Smaller taxa, those identified in Faragher ef al, (1979) as less common in the platypus diet. such as chironomiids were not idenuitied heyond family. Large were — selected subjectively on the basis of size and us significance us food with reference to Faragher ence. (1979) and are listed in the Appendix. Conversions to biomass were mide after drying samples (autumn only) at 55° C for 2 days to constant woght, Water temperatures were recorded On site using an alcohol thermometer: conductivity (Radiometer CDM2e meter) und turbidity (Hach Turbidimeter) were determined in the laboratory, invertebrates Pai analysis Al] abundance and biomass values were converted to a common unit (number of incividiids per tom and grams per | om) prior to analysis. Abundance dita were log(x+)) transformed ta reduce skew, range-standardised and rendered as a Bray-Curtis distance matrix belore Two-Way [Ndicutor SPecies MACKOINVERTEBRATES AND PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION ; ANalysis (TWINSPAN) (untransformed pseudo- spevics were defined by the cut levels of 0, 25, 100, 200 und 1000; delault values were employed elsewhere) and ordination by Semi-Strong Hybril mullidimensional scaling (SSH) (PATN: Belbin 1993), Ordination solutions were derived from S00 randont starts. A Monte Carlo procedure (MCSSH in PATN) was usec to determine whether the three- dimensional SSH ordinations produced reliable patierns, The PATN. Principal Axis Correlation procedure (PCC) was used to cxaumine the relationship) between ordination vectors and environmental variables (conductivity, current velocity Gis a ranked variable: T. riflfe; 2, run: 3, pool), lititude, lonviltude, turbidity and temperature ). PCC correlations were tested for stitistical sreniticance (77 < 0,03) using the PATN Monte Carlo procedure (MCOA) over LOO runs (Faith & Norris 1989), Groups ol sumples were compared using Analysis of Similarities (Clarke 1993) (ANOSIM in PATN), Suruples were grouped according to river, site, microhabitat (large woody debris, pool, riffle, run, mucrophyte bed) substratum (large woody debris, sand/gravel. cobbles, bedrock, willow routs, Hine sil) and current velocity (sull. pool/larre woody debris/macrophyte bed; medium, run and fast, riffle), Mediin invertebrate abundances, the abundances of large laxcand bromiass in pool and rittle samples (sce Appendix) were compared hy Kruskal-Wallis a ANOVA as the duty were non-normal. Between-site differences were located using Zar’s (L984 pp. 199) “Lukey-type’ multiple comparison test. a non- parametric analogue to the Tukey test. Results Autianii Seott Creek yielded 35,295 specimens in 35 samples. Sixty seven taxa. mostly insects (70%), were recorded. with the amphipod Austrachiltonies australis (Sayce) being the most abundant taxon ii the greatest number of samples collected (Table 2) Rocky River and Breakneck River yielded 9-415 specimens in 45 sumples. Fifty six taxa were recorded: these were mainly insects (74%). with chironomids being the most abundant taxon in the largest, number of samples collected from both Kungaroo Island rivers (Table 2). TWINSPAN analysis (Fig, 2) first Separated groups correlated with current velocity and. site (groups D-E were riffle samples trom SCI and BN2 plus non-rilfle samples Irom RRL and BN2). The remaining Separations were correlated with location (groups A-B from Kangaroo Island: group C from Scott Creek) und site within location. SSH ordination yielded a 3-D model (stress 0.19) (Pig. 3a-c). As the stress OF the 3-D model wits less than that derived from the MCSSH procedure (stress 0.28) the original TAME 2. Most abroident tac per seme from Seer Creck, Rocky River and Breakneck River in autine ured springy. Autumn Seoll Creek (45 swnples) (15 simples) Taton Rocky River Breakneck River (30 samples) Spring SeatiCreck Rocky River” Breakneck River (40 samples) (15 samples) (30 samples) Auserechitienin costae 16 + Por dilopy eels sp. Micrentecta spp. - Chirononiidiae I) Simubidae Baetiday eenus | MY sp. 5 Parad aistealien yes Spurte ray Sp. Linvloe POSH ACHES SP, Hydrapiila seumenielrit - Newnaneperta thoveyt Dinwiaperta evansi - - Nematoui - OWigochseta Ostracoda - Culocidie : i eS a Chrysenmelidae - - \") ra 2 4 “4 - | “ : > | —_ — — — — — — — —— The tombers indicate the numberof samples ia which the given taxon wils mast abundant 70 N. J. SOUTER & W. D. WILLIAMS ordination is credible. Samples from Scott Creek and the island rivers formed two groups on the third axis, and sites tended to aggregate within these groups. ° PCC indicated significant correlations for all environmental variables (Table 3). Vectors show two 07 main gradients: an altitude/geography gradient comprising altitude, latitude, longitude, conductivity and temperature and, at right angles on axis three, a current velocity gradient also comprising turbidity (Fig. 3a-c). The altitude/geography gradient delineates the geographically distinct and high 07 altitude Scott Creek samples from the geographically 14 TaBLe 3. Maximum PCC correlations and significance of 14 environmental variables and sample ordination scores in 14 0.7 0.0 07 autumn and spring (* significant at p = 0.05; ** Axis 1 (a) significant at p = 0.01). 14 = ‘i Habitat feature Correlation Autumn Spring 0,7 0.649% 0.345% Conductivity (mmho) 0.916** Turbidity (NTU) 0.519" Water temperature (°C) 0.872: Current velocity (ranked) 0.67 Altitude (m) 0.927 Latitude (decimal degrees) 0.900% * 0.885** Longitude (decimal degrees) —0.907** 0.893% -0.7 closer and lower altitude Kangaroo Island river 44 samples, whilst conductivity and temperature were 14 0.7 0.0 0.7 14 higher in the Kangaroo Island rivers. The gradient of decreasing current velocity corresponded with an 14 increase in turbidity. This gradient delineated groups of samples from riffle, run and pool sites. ANOSIM results revealed differences between each group of 07 samples analysed: significant differences were located between river (R = 1.240, p < 0.001), site (R = 1.356, p < 0.001), microhabitat (R = 1.158, p < 0.001), substratum (R = 1.226, p< 0.001) and current velocity (R = 1.096, p < 0.001) sample groups. Differences in median total macroinvertebrate abundance in the three streams were not significant for microhabitats within and between sites (H7 = 13.72, p = 0.057) (Fig. 4a). There were no significant differences between the numbers of large taxa from habitats within or between sites, with one exception eS 01 00 07 14 (Fig. 4b). The exception was that the number of large Axis 2 () macroinvertebrates in the macrophyte beds at RR1 was greater than that in the run at BN2 (7 = 21.95, Fig. 3. SSH ordination (a: axis 1 v. 2, b: axis | y. 3. c: axis 0.0 Axis 3 p = 0.003). With regard to biomass there were no 2 v. 3) for all samples collected during autumn. The site significant differences between sites or habitats (Fig. of origin is marked 0, SCI; 1, SC2:; 0, SC3; A. RR1: @, 4c), with the exception that the median biomass from BN1: MM, BN2. Significant PCC vectors are superimposed a rocky pool at SC2 was higher than that from a on the ordination plot (Al, altitude; Cn, conductivity: Cy, rocky pool and bare sediment pool at BN2 (H7 = current velocity (ranked); La, latitude; Lo, longitude: Tp, 19.62, p = 0.007). water temperature: Tb, turbidity). MACROINVERTEBRADES AND PLATYPUS REIN TRODUCTION t7 7000 2 soap 5 1 S 5000 | o ci] 2 4000 a! ge fe © 3000 a : wy | = 2000 | e i WU) pol | Mil SC4(p). SCAp) RRA) BN2(p) SC2{p) RRA(p) BN1i(p) BN2(r) Sit@ (macrahabwtal) (a) - 5000 = 400 | i i & 2000 | 3 | a ‘© 2000 g % yop c 0 > E— 5 Fa) "I - | ! To SC1(p) SC3(p) RR1v(in) BN2(p) SC2(p) RR1(p) BN1(p) BN2(r) Site (inaorohabitat) (b) = 4 5 8 = 7 = bey 6 2 | 34 5 a 5 4 a 3 q a] rd 2 wl | = al ! | —1> een —— - SC4(p) SC3(p) RRA(m) BN2(p) 5C2(p) RRA(p) BN4(p) BN2(r) Sile (Mmacronabilat) (c) hike 4+. Mayor patch type comparison (median & 75-25 pereentiler ol autumn samples: Gy) awbundanee, ch) sbundance HC large orgunisms. (ce) biomass (p. pools i, nucruphye bee punt Spring The 40 samples from Sear Creek yielded 13.409 invertebrates in 54 taxa. the majority being insects (68%). Chironomids and the snail Pondnopyreus sp, were the most abundant asain the largest number af samples (Table 2), A total of 2.964 invertebrates in A+ las (81% Insects) was collected in 45 samples from Kangaroo tslind. Oligochaeles were the most abundant taxon from the largest number of samples collected trom Rocky River but chironamids were most abundant in the greatest number of samples collected rom Breakneck River (Table 2). bare Inaeromvertebrales were represented i both Sevott Crech und Kangaroo Istand saniples, tadieaine (haat reduced sample sizes in spring were effeetive in collecting favourable food mems. TWINSPAN analysis Thdicuted seven sroups (Fig, 5). The first division sepurited inte groups correlated with current velocity. Pool and macrophyte samples from RRI. BNI and BN? (group A-E) separited from the remaining rifle. run, snad and pool simples (gfoup F-G), The remaining divisions broadly sepurited into groups containing samples of similar focalion, Then site. SSH ordination yielded a 3-D solution (stress O19), As the stress oF the 3-D model was less than that derived Team the MCSSEH procedure (stress 0.27) the oriinal ordination. ts credible. Samples from Svott Creek separated fram the two other sites ata angle along Axis b (Big. 6a- by). Sites tended to cluster within. these groups (Fig Ga-e), Principal Axis Correlation yielded staniticauit correkitions forall environmental parameters (Table 3). The veetors show tye main gradients: a altitude/geography gradient and oa current velocity gradient. The altitide/geography gradient, comprising allude, kuitude. longitude and water lemperature separates the higher altitnde/ geogriphicully separite Seou Creek samples from the lower altitide and geographically Kangaroo Tshind yer samples (rig. @a-c). This aradient also corresponds with an increase in water (temperature. The current velocity gradient delineates groups of riffle, rin und pool samples, whilst an ineredse in clirrent Velocity coreesponds will a decrease in conductivity, The orientation of lurbidity does not correspond with the other two gradients ucross the three axes and its level of signiticanee is lower (Table 3), ANOSIM) results revealed differences between euch group ol samples analysed (with the exception of current yelouily): sigeificant differences were located between river (R= 1.243, p 0.001), site (R= 1.273, p< 0,001). microhabitat(k = 1.178, p< 0,001) od substratant (= P2284. pe O.O0T) simple groups, Current velocity (R= | OPS, p <0, 16) Was not signilicant, Mediun invertebrate numbers in the miucrophyte beds at RRT and bare sediment frany BNL were greater than those from the rocky pools at BN2 and SC3 (A) = 28.37. pp = 0.0002) (Pig. Tay. Otherwise, there was no significant difference between mecian numbers from habitits wibhin or between sites. The Median ubundance oF hirve taxw in samples from the three streams was different (5 = 26.40, p = 0.0004) (Pig, 7b), Fewer large organisms occurred jn the bare sediment pool al RR than the rocky runat SC2 and there were fewer hinge taxa in the pool at BN2 than cither the rocky run al SC2 or macrophyte beds at closer 1S eva Sivbiehies (1 Moron Jasanrioveenis spp tl) Th cumin’) ) AL swamithulia (2 SUC CE A ecazipbasices (1 N. tharevt (1) Morprdidue (Ly Calovidae (1) Ponrapy peas sp, (1) Chicorcinidie (9) B D C SCAT BNI (GH) SO2 (6) SC2 (4) wl Ley rh Somme | ry 4. RRS) BN2 (14) SORT) HEF (h) mi mn 3 fel paim4d BNI (2) 45 BNZUN) 2 rele hig. 5. TWINSPAN dendrogram of samples in spring. "The si Haetidue Gents | MV aps (1 N.J. SOUTER & W.D, WILLIAMS Fenn eacuents spp (20 Conatopopanidie (3) Objocliieti (3) Chirunomislae (8) ivi (1) apvrans sp, (1) Vo oneyi (1) Vinpicidie (1) Teese lennenies spy (2) 1 prinitii dy) Piven ops, (1) Poldihop irais spy, (4) E F G SOL) SO wT SC) Th Ay. 3. pl mt HSS BNLi4} RR ped hans BNI (1) fd (Lh pl nl BN2 (4) ied ve of cach sumple group is shown i squire boxes, with iidicator species (pseudospecies cul levels in parentheses). The total number of samples from each site ds shows, followed by a breakdown of samples trom each habitat type riffle) Sample groups are denoted A-G. RRI. There was no difference in the abundance of large organisms from other babitats. within or between sites. Discussion There were no major differences io the hiontass or the abundance of total fruna or larger taxa in Scout Creek und the Kangaroo [sland rivers. This finding suggests that Scott Creek is a potential platypus reintroduction site, based on the available food resource in aulump and spring. However further information is needed on the food resource during i dry year and over.a wider area before reintroduction of the platypus inta the Scott Creek area is considered. The key food groups for platypus the Shoalhaven River, New South Wales, were ‘Trichoptera, Odonata, Diptera and) Ephemeroptera (Faragher er cl. 1979), These are well-represented in Seott Creek. and the decupods Cherax destructor Clark and Peratya australiensix Kemp also are in (p. pool; 5. large woody debris: m. anaceophrytes rm, run, rf, potential prey (cf Paragher er of (979: Krueger ef al. 1992). The dominant macroinvertebrate in Scott Creck the amphipod, Atstrach(lonia causiralis, 1s another potential food source, In contrast. the Kangaroo Island rivers (and Scott Creck in spring) were dominated by chironomids, considered a less substantial food for platypus by Fiaragher ef al, (1979). The macroinvertebrite community in Scott Creck differed from that in Rocky River and Breikneck River, with samples from similar streums and sites (for example Rocky River and Breakneck River and sites within Scott Creek respectively) showing vreatest alfinity to one another. Dilferences in community structure between Scott Creek und the Island rivers were consistently correlated with a number of river specific habitat and environmentiul variables, such as altitude. latitude and Jongitude. Seow Creek and the two Kangaroo Island rivers are geographically distinet (separated by more than 200 km) and differ markedly in ullitade and microhabitit types. These three factors have been shown to MACROINVERPEBRALTES AND PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION 74 3) 0 1 2 Axis 2 (c) Fig. & SSH ordination plot on axes (ay lv. 2.¢b) by. Bote) 2.3 for all samples collected during spring, The site of origin is marked 0. SC1: OL SC2; 0, SC3; A. RRL, BNI; BN2. Significam PCC yeetors are superimposed on the ordination plot (AL altitude; Cn, conductivity, Cy, current velocity (ranked): La, latitudes Lo, lomsitude: Tp. water temperature; Th, Lurbicity )- 14000 Macroinvertevrate abundance (na.m I SCi(p) SC3(p) SC2(p) RRVUm) BN2(p) RR1(p) BNi(p) BN2(r) Site (macrohabitat) {a) Large taxa abundance {no.m*) | 200 E | | a | 6 ma 1 | | SC1(p) SC3(p) RRUm) BN2(p) SC2(p) RR1(p) BN1(p) BN2(r) Site (macrohabitat) (b) a hig. 7. Major patch type comparison (median + 75-25 percentile) of sprog sumpless (a) abundance, (b) abundance of large organisms, (p, pool, m, macrophyte bed: nr run), explain differences in aquatic muacroinyertebrate structure of spatially distinct sites (ef, Corkum 1992; Marchant ef af. 1994; Marchant ef al. 1999). Despite the differences in Community structure belween streams, samples from similar microhabiliats and substrates were similar. This similarity was also related to differences in current velocity, Autumn riffle samples from Scott Creek and Breakneck River showed more similarity to one another than to other microhabitats at the same sites (cf Delucchi 1988: Boulton & Lake 1992). Samples from Rocky River and Breakneck River were more similar to one unother than to samples from Scout Creek but were iso different from one another. The two island stream communities are likely to ditter from those of Scott Creek since they have been subjected to prolonged platypus predation, In this study, chironomids and other small organisms dominated in the streams subject to) platypus predation and larger organisms dominated in Scott Creek. There was little difference in total launal abundance or biomass between the three Sites, suggesting that platypuses may nol have a great influence in that regard. It is hikeby. however, that a) NOL SOLTPEROA® WoL WILE TAMS reintroduction © platypuses ito Scou Creek would reduce the density und ablindaiee of larger oraunisimis, SO (hal the benthic fauna in Scot Creek would become more like thar inthe two ishind rivers: There are also likely to be diflerenees i predation pressure between the (hree steams, die to differences in the Tish fauna. Predation by fish, Car example. causes behavioual changes tn love Hicroinvertehrates (Cowan & Peckiursky 1904, Kolar & Rahel }993; Tikkanen er al 1996) and reduces ubundanee (Closs T4896) and density (Diilgeon 1993: Melntosh & Townsend 19944, Brook trout may sclectively reduce the biortass anu density Of large organisms (eg. Ephemeropterns, ‘Trichopleray, promoting smaller ones (ear Chironomidae) (Bechara ef af, 1992, 1993), Sean Creek supports populiions Gf climbing gahes ies (Gadlavias brevipiiies Giinther). redline (Perc Hluyialiliy Lo, brown lout (Sade tretie 1) areal gambusia (Crmbusier affinity bolbreokt (Girard)) (M, Hhonner. Adelaide University. pers. conmm, 2001) th Rovky River, common gailasis (G. aaenlatis Jenyns) and climbitig gahaxiis hive: been recorded (SA Museunt dali, whilst aecordines ta Clover (1982) ratobow prone CO@rorhyaechus uykivs (Richurdsony) vind brown trout (S20 fee) ure porentidly present having been inteodueed inte barn Wins on Kanigarcde bshand i the (9508. Th is nor possible to evaluate further (he potential tood fusouree in, Seow Creek without quantifying the jopact of plutypis predation on the istuad rivers, bul Halves appa Hihely that plitypuses would not be excluded Tran Seoul Creek for want at lood, The three seetions of Seau Creek tvestigated tn Ibis study are insufficient to evaluate filly Seott Creek in terms of philypus habitat, As (he home runge ofa platypus has heen estimated to be between 12.3 Ka (Gram 1992), 0.33-2.28 kim (Serena 1993) and 2,9-7.0 kin with one male travelling up te ES kin (Cirdner & Serena P995) jp witler assessment of Seoul Creek and surrounding walter bores is required to determing enough suitible loud and habitat ure present to support a Viable plarypus population, Phe contiied How of both Seat Creek and the twe Kangaroo Island rivers al the time of autumn sampling dil vor alow fim an assessment ofthe food resouree When (he habitat wits al its Most nimi. Before nesintrodvetion can be further considered: an capunded study of Scot! Creek and surrounding witter bodies is required wit actinw al na Plow. This Survey is roqaired ia contin the presence ol consolidated banks, Overhanging vegeditien. adequide food resources and the deep permanent pools favoured hy platypuses, The potential threat sl predation by foxes must also he assessed) helore reintrodtetion is Considered, Acknowledgments ‘This paper is drawn froma BSe (Hons) thesis by NIS, supervised by WOW. We are indebted. to the Department of Environment & Land Manigenent for financial and other support, under pernit O23779-01, Our thanks go alse to AL Boullon and T Grant for advice, K. Walker tor cditori)assishinee and S. Paul tor Help inthe field, References Brotbva oA. MorbaAl, Goat Hake Lh. 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C147) Pood al the platypus (Oeiiiacivocties corinne) with notes an the lood af brow trout GMadfare deadfery a the Shoalhaven Kiver, New South Wiles, Aran Boel 4, 17) 179, Garba. J L & Shai, M. (19957 Spatial organisation wid omavement pattems of udlaly ynale phutyyusy Onuthortivachis oietiiins UNienotre nia Onn Mynchidae) aan A foal 43,91 103, MACROINVERTEBRATES AND PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION Xt Goviits Cod, M2 (1082) bisties pp, 139-153 de Tyler, Mod, Twidile, ©) Ro & Ling. JK. CBds) “Natural History of Kamgaroo Island” (Royal Society of South Australia Ine, Adelaide), Guast. TR. (1Y82) Food ot the phitypus, Gratharlvachies aeutits (Monotemata: Ornithortiyiiehidae), frern various watler bodies in New South Wales. Avr Manual. 5, 235-230, (1992) Phistorica! aod current distribution of the plilypus, Gratherivachus aaatiniy ia Australia pp. 232-254 ln Augee, ML, (Ed) °Plutypas and echidnaas” (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney). C1995) Phe Platypus = A Unique Maranal” 2nd edn (University of New South Wales Press. Sydney) & Canuck, b N. C978) Some aspeets of the cology ol the platypus Ornithorhynchas enatings, in the upper Shoulliiven River. New South Wales. Adan Zoe, 20 LS 1190, & Dawson. To ot, (1978) Temperature resulition in the platypus. Gevitherhvachius anatinus: Production andl toss of metibolie heat in ain and water. Physiol, Zool, SY, 315-332. CHenrrri, B., SCOT J. ML. CoMRPENTER, J WL & REEB TC, (1989) ‘Translacation as 40 species conservation. tool: status and strategy. Sefenee 245, 477-480. Hani HLM. & Sombrviniie J.D, (1942) ‘The phitypus in South Australia. S. Ans. Nat 24. 11-12. Hiner, AW & Gran TR. 1983) A seasonal study of hody condition und water turmaver in w free living population al platypuses Ornitherhyachus anarinits, (Monotrenmai), Aas A Zeal 31. 109-116. Kiem an, DOG, (1989) Reintroduction of captive maninials for conservalion. Bioscience 39 152-161. KoLarn, CS. & Rathi, BE C1994) Interaction of a biotiv factor (predator presence) and ain abiohe tietar (low Oxyeen) us ain influence on benthie iivertebriite communities, Gerologia 95, 210-219. REOHOER, B., Hiri, S. & SeRDN ALM. (1902) Husbandry, diet und behaviour of platypus Ornithorhyvachus anatines it Healesville Sanctuary, dan Aon Yeh. 31. 64- MARCHANT. R.. Barowitia. Le A. & Chissmas, Boe, (199d) Preliminary study oof the ardination ani Classification of macroinvertebrate conimunites fron running waters in Victoria, Austratia, Adan A Mian Frestoy, Kes, 45. 945-902, - bike AW Nobis, Ro & Mertakuine, 1. (1999) Classifivation of maeromvertebrate communities getoss drathiwe basins in Vietoria, Australia: consequences of siimpling ona broad spatial seale for predictive modelling, Frestavarer Biol 4. 254-268. Metnrosn, AL Ro & Towssenp, Co. R. (1994) Interpopulation variation in maytly antiepreditor lacties: Differential effects of contrasting predatory fish. Eealowy 78, 2078-2090, Sienna, M. (1994) Use al tie ail space by phitypus (Ornithorhwachas anatins: Monotremita) along a Victorian stream, A. Zeal. Lonel, 232, 117-131 TIRRANEN, PB, MiOrkKAL T. & Hupra, AL (1996) Fishless- stream omayflies express behavioural flesibiliry in response 16 preditory fish, Adin Belin, Sb. |30}-1399. Zar. J. He C1984) Biostatistical Anulysis’ 2nd can (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey). Appendix Miaicromvertebrile species, itssigniments of “large” oraanisms (designated by 7), site (SC Scott Creek: RR Rocky River: BN Breakneck River) and season (a, autumn: s, spring) im 1993, Major Grou Larse — Tuxon Stte/Season TEMNOCEPHALIDEA SCas, BNas Teamoacenhila spp TURBELLARIA Duyesiidae Cura pinguis Weiss, 1910 SCas: RRs NEMATODA Unidenmilicd spp. SCas. RRs. BNats ANNELIDA OLIGOCHAETA Unidentified spp. SCas.RRas. BNas HHIRUDINEA Unidentified spp, SCas MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA Aneyclicie Pervissia spp SCus, RRa, BNas Hydroblidue Polamapy rus sp SCaus, RRas. BNas Plinorbidie Pisa sp, SCas, BNus Jsidorellt sp. SCas, BNu BIVALVIA Sphueriidae Spherion tasmeanicun (Venison Woods, 1876) SCas HYDRACARINA Unidentified spp, SCa, RRa, Bout CRUSTACRA AMPHIPODA Ceinidac Austrochiltinia australis (Sayee, M01) SCas, RRas, BNu DECAPODA Atyidite Partiiva ausiralionsix Kemp, (207 Parasticidie Cheras destructor Clark. 1936 OSTRACODA Unidentitied spp, 2 COPEPODA CLADOCERA ISOPODA Janiridae INSECTA DIPTERA Chironomidae Simuliidac Ceratopogomidae Empididae Tipulidae Museicdiae Stratiomyidae Culicidae EPHEMEROPTERA Buchidite Leplophiebiidac Caenidie TRICHOPTERA Caloacidae Leptoceridae Calamoceratidie Atriplectidae Ecnomidae Hydroptilidac Hlydropsychidie Hydrobiosidue COLEOPTERA Elimdae Dytiscidie Gyrinidae Setmidae Chrysomelidac Hydrophilidae PLECOPTERA Gripapteryeidae Notonemouridie HEMIPTERA Mesoveliidue Corixidae Velie Notonectidae ODONATA Cocnugrionidae Corduliidue Aeshnidiae Gomphidae LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae N, J. SOUTER & W. D. WILLIAMS = Jmdenttied spp. Unidentified spp. = midentified sp. nidentificd spp. nidenutied spp, nidentilted spp. nidentified spp. Inidentified spp. Unidentified spp. Unidentified spp. Unidentified spp. —=aeco Baeuidac Genus 1 MV spS Centroptilim elongatum Suter, 1986 Clocon sp. Aftalophlebia ausiralasica (Pictet, 1845) Nousia incoaspicua (Baton, 1871) Teasmanocoenis spp. Unidentified spp. Triplectides spp. Oecelis spp. Netalind spp. Anisocentropus bicaloratus (Martynoy. 1914) Unidentified spp. Ecnomus spp- Hellyeihira spp. Orplitotvichia sp. Oxyethirin sp, Hydraptila scamanidra Neboiss. 1977 Chenmiatopsvche spp. Apsilochoremua sp. Ulmerochorema sp. Taschorema species comples. Unidentified sp. arvae) Unidentified spp. (irvae) Aatiporiis sp. Necterosemit sp. Srernopriscus muliimaculaius (Clark, 1862) Unidentified sp. Unidentified sp. (adults) Unidentified spp. (larvae) Unidentified sp. Unidentified spp. (adults, larvae) Unidentified sp. Dinetoperta evansi Kimimins, 1951 Newmanoperla thoreyt (Banks, 1920) Lepioperla primitiva MeLellaun, 1971 Mllexsaperle mayi (Perkins, 1958} Austrocera lasmanicu (Tillyard, 1924) Mesovelia spp. Micronecta spp. Sivara sp. Unidentified spp. Antsupy sp. fyehnura heterostieta (Burmeister, 1839) Hemicordulic tau (Selys, 1871) Austroaeychia parvistignid (Selys. E883) Austrade vehinir unicornis unicornis (Martine 90d) Henpiunay papiensis (Burineister, 1839) Austrogamplius ochracens (Selys, 1809) Austrogemplis sp. Unidentitied spp. SCas, RRa, BNa SCa, BNa SCus. BNs SCas, RRas, BNas SCas, RRas, BNas SCus, RRus. BNus SCas, RRa. BNas S$Cas. RRas. BNas SCa, RRs, BNs SCus, BNa SCu SCus 5Ca. RRas, BNas SCas SCas, RRa, BNas SCas, RRas, BNas SCas. RRas, BNas $Cas, RRa, BNas SCas. RRas. BNas Tas. RRas. BNils as, BNas SCus, RRa, BNa SCas, RRa, BNi SCi RRa, BNas SCits, BNas SC us BNa SCu SCas. RRas, RNas SCa SCas. BNas SCas SCu SCs. RRa, BNa sCa RRa SCas, RRas, BNas RRs SCus. BNa SCas, RRa BNis SCas, RRs, BNas SCus. RRs, BNas SCs, RRs SCs, RRs, BNs $Cas. BNa sCas, RRa. BNs S$Cus, RRas, BNa S8Ca. RRu SCas. RRus SCu, RRa, BNu SCas, RRa SCa. RRa. BNa SCus SCu, RRa. BNus BNu RRa. BNa SCu, RRa, BNas RRa UE EEE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF A NEW SPECIES OF ZAPHANERA (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE WIDESPREAD DEATH OF WESTERN MYALL TREES, ACACIA PAPYROCARPA, NEAR ROXBY DOWNS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA By P. T. BAILEy*, J. H. Martin7, J. S. NOYES? & A. D. AUSTINE* Summary Bailey, P. T., Martin, J. H., Noyes, J. S. & Austin, A. D. (2001) Taxonomy and biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby Downs, South Australia. Trans, R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2) 83-96, 30 November, 2001. An outbreak of western myall whitefly, a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is associated with dieback and death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, in a desert area of about 10,000 km? in South Australia. Both young and mature trees up to several hundred years old are affected, Death of foliage appears to be related to large numbers of the whitefly feeding on phyllodes. A new species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) emerged from whitefly pupae and appears to be the first encyrtid authenticated as a true parasitoid of aleyrodids. Possible causes of this outbreak are discussed and include (1) a temporary parasitoid asynchrony with its hosts population, (2) the possibility that western myall whitefly has been newly-introduced to the area on another plant host and has adapted to western myall trees and (3) that the outbreak is symptomatic of a widespread decline in the health of trees. All life-history stages of the new species of Zaphanera and the new species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides are described. Key Words: Zaphanera, Zarhopaloides, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, western myall whitefly, western myall tree, outbreak, tree death. Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Aust, (2001), 125(2), 83-96, TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF A NEW SPECIES OF ZAPHANERA (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE WIDESPREAD DEATH OF WESTERN MYALL TREES, ACACIA PAPYROCARPA, NEAR ROXBY DOWNS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA by P. T. Baitey’. J. H. MARTIN", J. S. Noyes* & A. D. Austiné Summary Batry, P.T., Martin, J. HL, Noyus, J. S. & Austin, A. D, (2001) Taxonomy and biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby Downs, South Australia. Trams. R. Soc, S. Aust, 125(2) 83-96, 30 November, 2001. An outbreak of western myall whitefly, a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is associated with dieback and death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, in a desert area of about 10,000 km° in South Australia. Both young and mature trees up to several hundred years old are affected. Death of foliage appears to be related to large numbers of the whitefly feeding on phyllodes. A new species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides (Ilymenoptera: Encyrtidac) emerged from whitefly pupae and appears to be the first encyrtid authenticated as a true parasitoid of aleyrodids. Possible causes of this outbreak are discussed and include (1) a temporary parasitoid asynchrony with its host population, (2) the possibility that western myall whitelly has been newly-introduced to the area on another plant host and has adapted to western myall trees and (3) that the outbreak is symptomatic of a widespread decline in the health of trees. All life-history stages of the new species of Zaphanera and the new species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides are described, Key Worps: Zaphanera, Zarhopaloides, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, western myall whitefly, western myall tree, outbreak, tree death. Introduction Western myall, dceacia papyrocarpa Bentham, is a desert adapted tree of chenopod shrublands on calcareous soils in the 150-300 mm (predominantly winter) rainfall zones of northern Spencer Gulf, along the margins of the Nullarbor Plain of South Australia, and in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia. Much of this area is used for grazing sheep and cattle for which the trees provide shelter. Western myall shares the castern parts of its range with mulga, deacia aneura F. Muell., to form a mixed species woodland. Western myall trees are slow-growing and may reach 5-6 m before becoming recumbent (Lange & Sparrow 1992). Age estimates of mature trees vary South Australian Research & Development Institute. Entomology Section, Waite Campus, GPO Box 397 Adelaide SA 5001 E-mail: bailey.peterT @saugoy.sa.goy.au * Department of Entomology. The Natural History Museu Cromwell Road London SW7 SBD UK. £ Department of Applied & Molecular Ecology and Centre for Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity, Adelaide University Waite Campus Private Bag | Glen Osmond SA 5064. ' ConpMaAn. D., IRELAND, C. & West, N. E. (1996) The lifespan ol western myall (Acacia papyrocarpa Benth.) “Rangelands in a sustiinable biosphere’. Proceedings of the Fifth International Rangeland Congress Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 23-28 July, 1995 Volume [| contributed presentations. 1996, 99-00. (Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA) (unpub. ). Ikrh AND, C. (1997). Sustaining the western myall woodlands: ecology and management. PhD Thesis, Department of Environmental Science and Rangeland Management, Adelaide University (unpub.). from 250 years (Coleman ef a/. 1996!) to 350+ years (Ireland 19977), Foliar growth flushes are produced by the tree during summer (November to February) and appear to be independent of rainfall (Ireland 1997?) This paper describes an outbreak of an apparently native whitefly species in the genus Zaphanera on western myall which has killed trees over a wide area of north-eastern South Australia. There is no historical evidence of previous outbreaks of this species on western myall trees anywhere in Australia (nor of any other insect capable of killing so many trees so quickly). We are not aware of previous reports of any whitefly species causing widespread death of perennial trees. Both the whitefly and its encyrtid wasp parasitoid are described as new and possible reasons for the outbreak are discussed. Materials and Methods 7Jaxonomy Terminology for whitefly morphology follows that of Martin (1999) and that for the encyrtid parasitoid is after Noyes & Hayat (1994). The following abbreviations are used for institutions: ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra; BMNH., The Natural History Museum, London, UK: USNM, US National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC; WINC, Waite Insect and Nematode Collection, Waite Campus, SA. POP UATE BY TEE MARTIN the Jollowiig abbreviations are used i the parasitoid descripiion: Ab.- vedeagus length IL. - maxtinuin eye length EW -masimum eve wislth Fl-G - Luniche segments 1-4, 1a, sewments afer the pedicel FY -nitiinun frontovertes width EWI. - fore wing length PWW - fore wink width GL - gonostylus length HW ~ head width TIWL, - hind wing length LAW AW - hind wine width MI anid tibia length MS - nvaliir space QC, - mini distatiee between posterior ocellis and occipital margin Ol, - ovipositor length QOL