‘The Victorian Naturalist Va a Vol. 108 (1) 1991 KC ee eee Published by The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria since 1884 FNCV Calendar of activities For any enquiries about the following activities, contact the group secretaries. Addresses and contact numbers can be found on the back cover. May NOTE: Wed | Sat 4 Sun 5 Tues 7 Thurs 9 Sat 11- Sun 12 Mon 13 Wed 15 Sat 25 June Sun 2 Tues 4 Wed 5 Sat 8- Mon 10 Mon 10 Thurs 13 Sat 15- Sun 16 Wed 19 Sat 22 August There will be no meeting of any group at The National Herbarium in May. Geology Group meeting. Leadbeaters Possum watch. Contact Ray Gibson (874 4408) General excursion. Ferns at Mt Worth State Park. Transport by bus. Leader Rod Hill. Fauna Survey Group meeting. ‘Some aspects of the identification and ecology of Victorian bats’. Lindy Lumsden (Arthur Rylah Institute). Botany Group meeting. ‘An introduction to fungi’. Mrs Hilary Weatherhead. Fauna Survey Group. Werribee Water Rat survey. Contact Julian Grusovin (543 8627) or Alex Kutt (419 0752). Annual General Meeting. At the Astronomers Residence. Microscopical Group meeting. ‘Mounting in glycerine and glycerine jelly’. Dan McInnes. At the Astronomers Residence. Botany Group excursion. Fungi at FNCV Kinglake property. Leader: Tom May. General excursion. Fungi at Blackwood Range. Leader: Tom May. Fauna Survey Group meeting. To be announced. Geology Group meeting. Fauna Survey Group. Queens Birthday campout. To be announced. General meeting. Microscope work and social evening at the Astronomers Residence. Botany Group meeting. Members night. Werribee Water Rat survey. Contact Julian Grusovin (543 8627) or Alex Kutt (419 0752). Microscopical Group meeting. Display of old microscopes. John Dawes and Geoff O’ Loughlin. Botany Group. Morning: The work of the Herbarium. Leader: ‘Tim Entwisle. Afternoon: Rainforest trees of northern Australia. Mary Doery. Proposed tour to Binna Burra Mountain Lodge, Lamington National Park, Qld, in August for 1 week. Approximate cost: cabins, twin share $597-$821 each excluding transport. Camping available. The excursion secretary would like an indication of the number of people interested in going, Further information will be available soon. Election of FNCV office-bearers Election of office-bearers will take place at the Annual General Meeting on Monday May 13 at 8.00 p.m. in the Astronomer’s Residence. All currently held positions will be vacated and we urge members to torward their nominations for office-bearers to the Secretary, Julian Grusovin, prior to this meeting. The nominations should be sent c/- the FNCYV address on the back cover, The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (1) 1991 Editors: Tim Offor and Robyn Watson Contributions Naturalist Notes A note on the longevity of the Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus caninus, by D. B. Lindenmayer et Al. cercecccscscsssscccos. 4 The first record of the dragonfly Dendroaeschna conspersa ILOMaVACtOGIag DY Jeph HAWKING Gt oe cceteoaceca le 6 A guide to the echinoids of the Middle Miocene Rutledge Marl eVactoriay DyiKeJ, MCNGIMGPG ...fccccccecp.stessesssle cscs... 8 Dorrigo Daisybush, Olearia flocktoniae, re-discovered LSP ID. AL, INTUTE ve ee 20 Cover photo: What is it? See page 6 to find out. (photo J.H. Hawking) Contributions A note on the longevity of the Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus caninus in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria D. B. Lindenmayer', R. M. Warneke!, R. A. Meggs', T. Linga’, and J. H. Seebeck'. The Mountain Brushtail Possum, 7?i- chosurus caninus is a species of arboreal marsupial confined to forest habitats in eastern Australia (How 1983, Smith and Winter 1984, Lindenmayer et a/. 1990). It is common in montane ash-type eucalypt forests in the Central Highlands of Victoria (Lindenmayer 1989, Lindenmayer et a/. 1990) where the plant communities are dominated by Fuca- lvptus regnans, E. delegatensis or E. nitens. Detailed studies of the diet of 7: caninus were completed at Cambarville (37°33’S latitude latitude and 145"53’E longitude) in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria between 1980 and 1982 (Seebeck et a/, 1984). A total of thirty (30) animals were ear tattooed with chisel point numbers and green dye during this study (Warnecke and Seebeck unpublished data). A radio tracking program has recently commenced at Cambarville (Lindenmayer ef a/. unpublished data) and this has involved extensive and intensive trapping of arboreal marsupials in the area. Several 7: caninus were captured in late August and early Sep- tember 1990, Of these, two (2) adult 7; caninus were trapped that had been ear- marked during studies by Seebeck ef al. (1984) and Warneke and Seebeck (unpublished data). One of these animals (male #45) was first captured in March 1982 and weighed 2.55 kg. This animal weighed 2.40 kg when it was recaptured in September 1982. The body weight of male #45 when caught in September 1990 was ' Department of Conservation & Environment, 123 Brown St., Heidelberg Victoria 3084, * Hoejsgards, Alle 81, Hellerup DK-2900, Denmark, 4 2.79 kg. The other individual (male #32) weighted 2.60 kg in June 1981 and 2.88 kg when captured again in 1990, Changes in observed body weight in the interval between captures were relatively small (< 400g). As 7. caninus completes matura- tion at three (3) years of age (How 1981) these differences in body weight are more likely to be associated with seasonal variation in (Warneke and Seebeck unpublished data) than increases in body size, Data on body weight indicate that the two 7! caninus were adult when first captured and were therefore at least 10 or more years old when recaptured in spring of 1990, Information from previous studies (Warneke and Seebeck unpublished data) also showed that these animals were trapped within approximately 250 m from where they were first caught and marked. How (1972, 1978) found that some adult 7? caninus lived in excess of 10 years which is a similar result to those reported here. Our findings show that 7) caninus has strong range affinity remaining in, or close to the area where the animals were first trapped. These data support the results of How (1978, 1981) who proposed that post-dispersal adult 7: caninus are both long lived and relatively sedentary, Our findings indicate that fluorescent dye used to mark the external ear-conch of mammals remains legible for a long period. Thus the technique has considerable merit for use in long term studies of wildlife particularly those where animals need to be readily and regularly identified in the field. Furthermore, the age of animals marked in this manner can be relatively accurately determined when re-captured, This has an advantage over Victorian Nat. Contributions techniques of age determination based on external body characteristics such as head, pes and ear length used by How (1976). These allowed older animals to be categorised as only those 3 or more years old (How 1976). Acknowledgements S.A. Craig provided many useful suggestions for incorporation in the manuscript. This project was supported by the Department of Conservation and Environment. Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) References How, R. (1972). ‘The ecology and managment of Trichosurus spp. (Marsupialia) in N.S.W’. Ph.D thesis, University of New England, Armidale. How, R. (1976). Reproduction, growth and survival of young in the Mountain Possum, Trichosurus caninus (Marsupialia). Aust. J. Zool. 24, 189-99. How, R. (1978). Population strategies of four species of Australian possums. Jn ‘The ecology of arboreal folivores’, (Ed. G. G. Monto- gomery). pp. 305-313. (Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington, D.C.). How, R. (1981). Population parameters of two congeneric possums, Trichosurus in north- eastern N.S.W. Aust. J. Zool., 29, 205-15. How, R. (1983). Mountain Brushtail Possum. /n ‘Complete book of Australian mammals’. (Ed. R. Strahan). pp. 147-148 (Angus and Robertson: Sydney). Lindenmayer, D. B. (1989). ‘The ecology and habitat requirements of Leadbeater’s Possum’. Ph.D thesis, Australian National University, Canberra. Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Tanton, M. T., Smith, A. P. and Nix, H. A. (1990). The habitat requirements of the Mountain Brushtail Possum and the Greater Glider in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria. Australian Wildlife Research, 17: 467-478. Seebeck, J. H., Warneke, R. M. and Baxter, B. J. (1984). Diet of the Bobuck, Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby) (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in a mountain forest in Victoria. Jn ‘Possums and Gliders’. (Eds. A. P. Smith and I. D. Hume). pp. 145-154. (Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney). Smith, A. and Winter, J. (1984). A key and field guide to the Australian possums, gliders and Koala. Jn ‘Possums and Gliders’. pp. 579-594. (Eds. A. P. Smith and I. D. Hume). (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney). Contributions The first record of the dragonfly Dendroaeschna conspersa from Victoria J. H. Hawking* Introduction The larva of the dragonfly Dendro- aeschna conspersa (Tillyard 1906) was described by Tillyard (1916) from speci- mens collected from streams near Sydney, New South Wales. Watson (1974) expanded the known distribution to include north-east and south-east New South Wales, and south-east Queensland (Watson 1977). This paper reports the first record of Dendroaeschna conspersa in Victoria, a discovery which necessitates some modification to the odonate larval key (Hawking 1986). A new couplet is provided for inclusion in the key along with additional information on specific characters to assist in identification of the larvae. Four larvae of Dendroaeschna con- Spersa were collected from the La Trobe River at Rosedale (38°10’S., 146°47’E.). A specimen was collected by D. P. Robinson on 6.1.1983 and three more by J. H. Hawking on 4.2.85. The larvae were found in crevices on submerged logs, in a slow flowing section of the stream. The larvae were compared with Tillyard’s original material (Australian National Insect Col- lection, Canberra) and positive identification was confirmed by G. Theischinger, The specimens are held at the Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre. Addendum to Hawking (1986) The second half of couplet 26 (25) of Hawking (1986) should now go to a new couplet, 31.1. 31.1 (26) Posterior corner of head with large postocular lobes (Fig. 1) avira Dendroaeschna conspersa Posterior corner of head rounded (Fig. 2) or jagged (Fig. 3) ........ 32 * Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, P.O. Box 921, Albury, NSW 2640 6 Specific characters Head with prominent eyes; posterior corner of head with large postocular lobes. Labium flat; palps with 24-26 teeth (final instar larvae), end tooth short, movable hook strong; lateral margin of prementum and mentum with stout setae. Strong lateral abdominal spines on segments 6-9, No dorsal abdominal hooks. Epiproct marginally longer than half the paraproct length; cerci short, c. 1/3 length of the paraprocts, Discussion D, conspersa is presently the only known Victorian aeshnid whose larvae have large postocular lobes. The lobes are very distinctive, being produced into pointed projections which extend out from the posterior lateral margins of the head. This feature plus the other characters should be adequate to identify the larvae. Acknowledgements Thanks are extended to Dr J. A. L, Watson for his comments on this paper, D. P. Robinson for collecting larval material, G. Theischinger for checking the identity of the dragonfly larvae and an unknown referee for constructive comments. References Hawking, J. H. (1986). ‘Dragonfly larvae of the River Murray System. A preliminary guide to the identification of known final instar larvae of south-eastern Australia.” Technical Report No. 6. (Albury-Wodonga Development Corpora- tion: Wodonga.) Tillyard, R. J. (1906). New Australian species of the family Aeschnidae (Neuroptera:Odonata). Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 31: 722-30. Tillyard, R. J. (1916). Life histories and descriptions of Australian Aeschninae; with a description of a new form of Telephlebia by ore Campion. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 33: Watson, J. A. L. (1974). The distributions of the MoE dragonflies. J. Aust, Entomol. Soc. H -49, Victorian Nat. Contributions Fig. 2. Austroaeschna pulchra, dorsal viewof Fig. 3. Telephlebia brevicauda, dorsal view the head of the head Watson, J. A. L. (1977). The distributions of the Australian dragonflies (Odonata): first supplement. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 16: 277-79. Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) 7 Contributions A guide to the echinoids of the Middle Miocene Rutledge Marl, Victoria K. J. McNamara* Abstract Six species of echinoids (sea urchins) are described from the Middle Miocene Rutledge Marl Member of the Port Campbell Limestone in the vicinity of the mouth of the Sherbrooke River. In addition to discussing their diagnostic characters, an attempt is made to reconstruct the life habits of the different echinoids, particularly with regard to the depth to which they buried in the sediment. Introduction The coastal cliffs of southwestern Australia, between Portland in the west and the Otway Ranges to the east consist mainly of sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age. Some of these marine limestones which form the spectacular cliffs in regions such as the Port Campbell National park, and the vicinity of Anglesea and Torquay are locally quite fossiliferous, being dominated by echinoids and, to a lesser extent, molluscs, bryozoans, brachiopods and crustaceans. It is well over one hundred years since the first species of echinoid was described from this part of Victoria. Since that time, a number of other species have been described in a variety of scientific journals. While there is an interest in echinoids among many professional palaeontologists and amateur naturalists, there is a dearth of general guides to the tich fossil faunas of the southern Victorian coast, and none dealing with the rich echinoid faunas. The aim of this guide is to remedy this to a small degree by providing a practical field guide to the echinoids of the most fossiliferous unit within the Port Campbell Limestone: the Rutledge Marl. Because detailed descrip- tions of the echinoids which are to be dealt * Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6000. 8 with have been provided in a number of scientific papers (detailed below), only descriptions of the diagnostic characters of each of the species found in the Marl will be given. Particular reference will be made to features that allow them to be distinguished from one another. In addition to providing a guide to the identification of the species, this guide also sets out to show how the comparison of a number of morphological characteristics of the fossil species with their living counterparts allows aspects of their life history and habitats to be analysed. The most significant feature that can be determined is the depth to which the echinoids burrowed in the sediment. Stratigraphy The Rutledge Marl Member of the Port Campbell Limestone is a 9 m thick unit of bluish-grey, fossiliferous, calcareous clay, marl and clayey limestone (Abele et al. 1976). It is Middle Miocene in age (about 15 million years old) and forms a distinctive band in the coastal cliffs east of Port Campbell, showing up as a darker layer in an otherwise creamy-yellow cliff. Because of a gentle dip of the strata, this unit is only accessible at beach level in the vicinity of the mouth of the Sherbrooke River (Baker 1944). While the Port Camp- bell Limestone as a whole is a relatively fossiliferous unit, yielding bryozoans, molluscs, echinoids and brachiopods, the Rutledge Marl contains a fauna over- whelmingly dominated by echinoids. Furthermore, all of these echinoids belong in the order Spatangoida: the so-called ‘heart urchins’. While this echinoid fauna shows some similarities to that found in the coarser- grained parts of the Port Campbell Limestone (known as the Peterborough Member), there are important differences. Analysis of the morphological character- Victorian Nat. Contributions istics of the Rutledge echinoids reveals that many of these differences arise from distinctive morphological features possessed by the echinoids, that enabled them to inhabit the finer-grained muds. History of Research A total of seven echinoid species have been described from the Rutledge Marl. All are spatangoid echinoids (heart urchins). Duncan (1877) described Maretia anomala and Eupatagus laubei. These have since been redescribed as Eupatagus anomalus and Spatagobrissus laubei, by Kruse and Philip (1985) and McNamara et al. (1986), respectively. Hall (1907) described two further species, Brissopsis tatei and Schizaster sphenoides. The former species has been redescribed by McNamara ef al. (1986), the latter by McNamara and Philip (1980a). The other three species described from the Rutledge Marl are Peraspatagus depressus Philip and Foster (1971), Pericosmus quasimodo McNamara and Philip (1984) and Hemiaster (Bolbaster) callidus McNamara (1987). Identifying the echinoids To aid in the identification of species, line drawings of the aboral (dorsal) and lateral surfaces are presented. With these it is often possible to identify species from fragments of specimens. Many of the echinoids have suffered post-mortem damage due to crushing of their very thin tests by the weight of the overlying sediment. Furthermore, because the echinoids are found jutting out of the cliffs in the intertidal zone in a very soft sediment, mechanical damage by wave action frequently causes damage to the echinoids. It should be borne in mind that virtually all of the accessible localities of the Rutledge Marl lie within the Port Campbell National Park. Consequently, under Department of Conservation and Environment regulations, fossils cannot be collected without a permit. Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) Like many other echinoderms, echin- oids possess an outer shell (known as the test) that is made up of a series of plates. These are arranged in columns of five ambulacra, between which are five inter- ambulacra. Each ambulacrum and inter- ambulacrum comprises (generally) 2 rows of plates. In regular echinoids, the test shows radial symmetry, and the mouth (peristome) is ventral in a central position, while the anus (periproct) is dorsal, also in a central position. However, heart urchins are characterised by the possession of an anteriorly positioned peristome which is situated on the ventral surface, and a periproct that is either on the posterior margin of the test or, if ventral, is close to the margin. Behind the peristome is a single plate, the labrum, which is followed by a pair of large plates known as sternal plates. These combine to form the plastron (Fig. 1). This bears tubercles that support spines adapted for locomotion and burrowing. Around the peristome are pore pairs arranged in a phyllode, These pore pairs support highly adapted, mucus- secreting tube feet that are used in feeding. The lateral areas support tubercles that carry spines adapted just for burrowing. The dorsal (aboral) surface of most heart urchins has an anterior and posterior pair of sunken petals. Pore pairs in these petals support respiratory tube feet. The anterior ambulacrum (ambulacrum III) may be sunken or not. Its pore pairs carry tube feet adapted either for sensory purposes or for secreting mucus to line a funnel that connects the sunken burrow with the sediment/water interface. Heart urchins are also characterised by their possession of fascioles (Fig. 1). These are discrete linear areas of minute tubercles that bear tiny spines. Their function is to increase current flow over particular areas of the test, and to secrete mucus that completely envelops the echinoid in its burrow. This prevents sediment from coming into contact with the test and clogging up the respiratory tube feet. The fascioles occur on specific areas of the test. Four types 9 Contributions anterior notch peripetalous fasciole anterior petal — pore pairs lateroanal fasciole posterior petal occur in the Rutledge heart urchins: peripetalous, lateroanal, subanal and marginal. Descriptions of the echinoids Order Spatangoida Family Hemiasteridae Genus Hemiaster Hemiaster (Bolbaster) callidus McNamara (1987) (Fig. 4 1,J) Description. Test small, never more than 35 mm in length. Spherical in shape, with very high posterior; almost as wide as long. No anterior notch. Apical system with four genital pores and situated slightly anterior of centre. Petals short, straight, broad and shallow. Peripetalous fasciole broad. No other fascioles present. Labrum with prominent lip. Horizon. Only known from the Rutledge Marl. Remarks. Of all the Rutledge Marl echinoids, Hemiaster (Bolbaster) callidus is the smallest. The other Rutledge Marl echinoids with which it might be confused are the small species Brissopsis tatei and Spatagobrissus laubei. But H.(B.) callidus can be distinguished from B. tatei by its more spherical shape, its straighter petals, which are not confluent towards the apex, and the absence of a subanal fasciole. It differs from S. /aubei in lacking the overall scattering of primary tubercles, having 10 ambulacrum III AD Ong oO tL %: "aoe periproct Fig. 1. Basic heart urchin (spatangoid echinoid) morphology; left, dorsal surface, right, ventral surface. sunken petals, a prominent labrum and no subanal fasciole. Hemiaster (Bolbaster) callidus is the youngest species in a lineage of five species of this genus that is found in Eocene to Miocene rocks of South Australia and Victoria. It can be distinguished from the other species by its deeper, shorter petals; apical system set closer to the anterior margin of the test; its broader and higher test; and longer labrum. Family Pericosmidae Genus Pericosmus Pericosmus quasimodo McNamara and Philip (1984) (Fig. 2) Description. Test very large, up to 130 mm in length; strongly vaulted with steep anterior. Apex and apical system set close to anterior of test. Apical system with three genital pores. Anterior notch very deep and narrow. Petals deep, straight and narrow. Possesses irregular peripetalous fasciole plus a marginal fasciole. Peristome sunken with labrum projecting most of the Way across it. Horizons. This species occurs in both the Rutledge Marl and in the Peter- borough Members of the Port Campbell Limestone. In this latter member it has been found in the coastal cliffs at Portland. Victorian Nat. Contributions U 1s ERS “piTHTTTTE I ss ra RECESS 7 SSS5 Fig. 2. Pericosmus quasimodo McNamara and Philip, 1984; A, dorsal view, B, side view; x1. Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) 11 Contributions Fig. 3. Schizaster sphenoides Hall, 1907; A, dorsal view, B, side view; x1. Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) 13 Contributions Remarks, The only other echinoid from the Rutledge Marl with which Pericosmus quasimodo could be confused is the other large echinoid, Schizaster sphenoides, But P. quasimodo can be differentiated by its anteriorly positioned apex, apical system and petals; its marginal fasciole and possession of only three genital pores. Pericosmus quasimodo is the youngest species in a lineage of five species of Pericosmus that tanged from the late Oligocene to Middle Miocene in Victoria and South Australia (MeNamara and Philip 1984), It can be distinguished from all other species by its deeper anterior notch; steeper anterior face of the test; deeply sunken peristome and strongly projecting labrum, Family Schizasteridae Genus Schisaster Schizaster sphenoides Hall (1907) (Fig, 3) Description. Large, subcircular test up to 100 mm long; low anteriorly, but rises steeply posteriorly. Apical system with four genital pores and set well posterior of centre, Ambulacrum IIT and anterior notch very deep, Anterior petals long, narrow, deep and gently curved, Posterior petals very short, Peripetalous and latero- anal fhscioles present, Plastron strongly raised, Labrum projects across mouth, Horizon. This species has only been found in the Rutledge Marl, Remarks. This large echinoid is hard to confuse with any of the other Rutledge Marl echinoids, principally in its possession ofa very long, deep, trench-like ambulacrum TL This is the largest of all known fossil and living species of Schizaster to occur in’ Australia, The oldest is found in Paleocene strata in Western Australia (McNamara and Philip 1980a), The deep anterior notch and ambulacrum IL attain depths not seen in any other species of this genus, Some specimens have been found in which the spines are still preserved, These show it to have had stout paddle-shaped spines on the plastron, and finer spines on the ventro-lateral parts of the test. On the dorsal surface the spines were very much smaller and more slender. Family Brissidae Genus Brissopsis Brissopsis tatei Hall (1907) (Fig. 4 C,D) Description, Test ovoid and small up to 50 mm in length; highest posteriorly, Apical system with four genital pores situated centrally, Ambulacrum III quite deep and narrow. Apical notch shallow. Petals sunken and strongly curved, anterior and posterior on each side curving to form an are, Inner rows of pore pairs in posterior petals confluent close to apical system, Peripetalous fasciole curves in between petals. Small subanal fasciole present, Plastron narrow and labrum projecting only slightly across peristome, which is set about one-quarter test length form anterior border, Horizons, This species has also been found in the Peterborough Member of the Port Campbell Limestone and in the Morgan Limestone (which is slightly older than the Port Campbell Limestone) in the river cliffs of the Murray River, near Morgan in South Australia, Remarks, The strongly curving petals that form a sweeping arc are the most characteristic feature of this species. This is the youngest of three Australian fossil species of Brissopsis (McNamara ef al. 1986), Differences between the species are relatively slight, but involve differences in degree of divergence of petals, depth of petals and ambulacrum II] and shape of the labrum, Genus Fupatagus Eupatagus anomalus (Duncan 1877) Fig, 4 A,B) Description, Relatively large species of Eupatagus, up to 75 mm in length, with flattened test. Apical system with four genital pores and situated anterior of centre, Petals broad, not sunken, but tapering, Ambulacrum HI and anterior notch very shallow, Thin peripetalous fasciole demarcates area of dorsal surface Victorian Nat, Contributions fouoma H Fig. 4. A, dorsal view, B, side view of Eupatagus anomalus (Duncan, 1877); C, dorsal view, D, side view of Brissopsis tatei Hall, 1907; E, dorsal view, F, side view of Spatagobrissus laubei (Duncan, 1877); G, dorsal view, H, side view of Peraspatagus depressus Philip and Foster, 1971; I, dorsal view, J, side view of Hemiaster (Bolbaster) callidus McNamara, 1987; all x1. 14 Victorian Nat. Contributions of test covered by large, primary tubercles. Ventral surface flat, with small plastron and broad, adjacent untuberculated areas, Subanal fasciole present. Horizons. In addition to its occurrence in the Rutledge Marl, this species is also known from slightly younger strata at Beaumaris, Victoria, where it occurs in the Black Rock Sandstone (Kruse and Philip 1985). Ropar Eupatagus anomalus can be distinguished from all the other Rutledge Marl echinoids by its possession of large tubercles in the area of the test between the peripetalous fasciole and the petals, and by its broad, but not sunken, petals. Eupatagus is probably the commonest, most widespread genus to occur in Tertiary rocks in Australia, eight species in all having been recognised (Kruse and Philip 1985). £. anomalus differs from all the others in its large size, flat test, combined with the large number of primary tubercles, and very broad petals, Genus Spatagobrissus Spatagobrissus laubei (Duncan 1877) (Fig. 4E Description. Small, globose echinoid, less than 50 mm in length. Apical system with four genital pores, situated slightly anterior of centre. Petals, short, straight not sunken. Ambulacrum III not sunken. No anterior notch. Test entirely covered by small primary tubercles. Peripetalous fasciole circular in outline. Peristome and plastron small, Subanal fasciole narrow. Horizon. In addition to its occurrence in the Rutledge Marl, this species also occurs rarely in the Peterborough Member of the Port Campbell Limestone. Remarks. Spatagobrissus laubei can be distinguished from all other Rutledge Marl echinoids by its densely tuberculate, globose test, combined with short, straight petals that are not sunken, and narrow, circular peripetalous fasciole. Prior to the assignment of this species to Spatago- brissus by McNamara et al. (1986) the genus had only been known from a single, living species from the western Indian Ocean (Mortensen 1951). Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) Family Spatangidae Genus Peraspatangus Peraspatangus depressus Philip and Foster 1971 (Fig. 4 G,H) Description. Test small (15 mm long), ovate, with no anterior notch, Ambulacral petals not sunken and poorly defined, with few pore pairs; none near apical system. Apical system anterior of centre. Some specimens, interpreted as female, have a broad shallow depression, known as a marsupium, in the centre of the dorsal surface of the test. On ventral surface peristome with well-defined labrum; peristome set only a little anterior of centre. Subanal fasciole present. Horizon. This species is only known from the Rutledge Marl. Remarks. The marsupium possessed by this echinoid indicates that it was a direct developer. In other words, instead of eggs being released into the water to be fertilized, the echinoid exuded large, yolky eggs into this depression on its upper surface, where they were fertilized in situ. The young echinoids would then have been brooded in this marsupium until they were large enough to fend for themselves. Today such marsupiate echinoids are known mainly from cold, Antarctic waters. P. depressus probably represents the youngest marsupiate echinoid preserved in Australia’s fossil record. In its small size, weakly developed petals and presence of a marsupium in the females it cannot be confused with any other echinoid from the Rutledge Marl. Palaeoecology of the Rutledge Marl echinoids Of the seven genera of heart urchins that occur in the Middle Miocene Rutledge Marl, all, except Peraspatangus, are still living today. Of these living forms, all, except Spatagobrissus, are found in the seas around Australia. What is known about the ecology of each of these genera varies considerably. For some we know the type of sediment into which they burrow; the depth to which they burrow in the 15 Contributions sediment; the depth of water they inhabit; how they feed; how they respire; and so on. For others our knowledge of their life habits is poorly known, and so interpreta- tions of the life styles of their fossil representatives are based on analyses of the nature of their morphologies, and interpretations of their functions. By using the information gleaned from living species, combined with morphological details, and sediment characteristics, it is possible to build up a picture of the depth in the sediment to which the various species burrowed. On a broad scale, one can see that species lacking large spines and possessing only a dense array of fine spines were relatively deep burrowers, whereas those with large dorsal spines were shallow or non-burrowers, the spines serving a de- fensive role. In both cases the adaptation was one of defence from predators: the burrowers by seeking a refuge in the sediment, the spinose forms by the development of primary defensive structures, notably the large spines. The depth of the petals and the width of the fasciole are morphological characters that enable us to interpret the depth of burial of the various heart urchin species. Generally speaking, the deeper the petals and the broader the fascioles, the deeper the urchins burrowed. The deepest burrower was probably Hemiaster callidus (Fig. 5G). McNamara (1987) has suggested that it burrowed to a depth similar to that of living species of Hemiaster. The living species Hemiaster expergitus Loyén from the Atlantic Ocean is known to burrow to a depth of about 12 cm in mud, in water depths between 950 m and 3200 m (Gage et al. 1985). Compared with its ancestral form in Australia that inhabited coarser grained sediment (McNamara 1987), H. callidus has deeper petals and a broader fasciole. Almost certainly H. callidus would have built a funnel to form a connection to the sediment-water interface, The burrowing behaviour of living 16 species of Brissopsis has been studied in some detail by Chesher (1968). He found that Brissopsis alta inhabits muddy sediments and burrows to such a depth that its dorsal surface is about 5 cm below the sediment surface. A funnel connects the echinoid to the surface. Morpho- logically B. alta is very similar to the Rutledge Marl Brissopsis tatei, indicating that this fossil species burrowed to a similar depth in the sediment (Fig. 5D). Living species, such as B. alta, have been collected from depths between 90 and 310 (Chesher 1968). Species of Schizaster are also known to be adapted to living in muddy sediment (McNamara and Philip 1980a,b). An Australian species of Schizaster, S. (Ova) myorensis McNamara and Philip, has been found living in burrows up to 10 cm below the sediment surface. The deep petals, ambulacrum III and anterior notch possessed by Schizaster sphenoides from the Rutledge Marl are all adaptations to inhabiting relatively deep burrows in mud (Fig. SF), as they optimise the flow of water that comes down the funnel and flows over the echinoid’s test. Living species of Schizaster have been collected from water depths between the littoral zone and 365 m (Mortensen 1951). While species of Pericosmus have been found living in muddy sediment in water depths between 200 m and 420 m off the north-west Australian coast (McNamara 1984), no information is available con- cerning the depth to which species in this genus burrow. However, as the pore pairs in ambulacrum III are characteristically very small, and quite unlike those found In spatangoids that are mucus-secreting and used in funnel building (Smith 1980), it is unlikely that species of Pericosmus burrowed to any appreciable depth (Fig. 5C). The presence of both a marginal and peripetalous fasciole indicates that it did burrow, but probably to only just below the sediment surface. Again, nothing is known of the depth to which Eupatagus burrows. However, Victorian Nat, Contributions ASS ee ew Fig. 5. Variations in depth of burrowing in the Rutledge Marl echinoids: A, Spatagobrissus laubei; B, Eupatagus anomalus; C, Pericosmus quasimodo; D, Brissopsis tatei; E 2 Peraspatagus depressus; F, Schizaster sphenoides; G, Hemiaster (Bolbaster) callidus. closely related genera, such as Lovenia and Breynia, that also have primary spines on the dorsal surface of the test, do not burrow any deeper than just below the surface of the sediment (Ferber and Lawrence 1976). It can be presumed that | Eupatagus anomalus was likewise a shallow burrower (Fig. 5B). The only | species of this genus still living around Australia, Eupatagus valenciennesi Agassiz, is a relatively shallow water inhabitant, occurring between about 10 and 65 m (Mortensen 1951). Nothing is known of the life habits of _ Spatagobrissus. However, it is similar in | morphology to a number of outer shelf echinoids, such as Linopneustes and Heterobrissus. These forms have reverted to the possession of a complete covering of primary spines. Linopneustes is known to live fully exposed on muddy substrates (Ohta 1983). The complete covering of | Spatagobrissus with relatively large tubercles, which support large, defensive spines, argues that this genus may not burrow into the sediment, or if it does it was unlikely to burrow completely (Fig. 5A). Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) In order to assess the life habits of the extinct Peraspatangus, it is likewise necessary to interpret the functional significance of its morphological features. In lacking an anterior notch, sunken petals and a peripetalous fasciole Peraspatangus is unlikely to have burrowed in the sediment at all (Fig. 5E). This is supported by the fact that it was a marsupiate echinoid. Thus, on the basis of a combination ofa comparison with living genera and assessment of morphological characters, it is proposed that the seven Rutledge Marl echinoids existed in 4 depth zones (Fig. 5): 1. Surface dwellers. Spatagobrissus, Peraspatangus (Fig. 5A,E); 2. Shallow burrower: Eupatagus (Fig. 5B); 3. Moderate burrowers: Pericosmus, Brissopsis (Fig. 5C,D); 4. Deep burrowers: Schizaster, Hemiaster (Fig. 5F,G). 17 Contributions Table 1. Distribution of ec! hinoid species in the Rutledge Marl and the Peterborough Member of the Port Campbell Limestone i Rutledge Marl Peterborough Species gi est Hemiaster callidus 4 Pericosmus quasimodo x x Schizaster sphenoides 4 Brissopsis tatet x xX Eupatagus anomalus 4 Spatagobrissus laubei Xx x Peraspatagus depressus ».4 Lovenia sp. nov. : Amoraster paucituberculata Amoraster paucitubercula@la It is interesting to see that in the reconstruction of burial depths (Fig. 5), although Pericosmus and Brissopsis have their dorsal surfaces at quite different depths below the sediment-water interface, because of their different body sizes their ventral surfaces (and thus depth in the sediment at which they feed) are at similar depths (about 8 cm). Similarly for Schizaster and Hemiaster, which both have their ventral surfaces about 15 cm below the sediment surface. The Rutledge Marl, because of the characteristic fine-grained nature of the sediment and its fauna, is likely to represent deposition on the middle to outer shelf, perhaps at depths of between about 200 m and 300 m. Compared with the Peterborough Member of the Port Campbell Limestone, which is a coarser- grained calcarenite unit that was probably deposited in shallower water, the Rutledge 18 Marl echinoid fauna shows some distinc- tive differences. Eupatagus, Schizaster, Hemiaster and Peraspatangus are all confined to the Rutledge Marl (Table 1). Pericosmus and Brissopsis also occur in the Peterborough Member, while Spatago- brissus, a common element of the Rut- ledge Marl, occurs only rarely in the Peterborough Member. In contrast, Lovenia and Amoraster (McNamara and Ah Yee 1989) are confined to the Peter- borough Member of the Port Campbell Limestone. Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Director of National Parks and Wildlife, Victoria, for giving me permission to collect echinoids from the Rutledge Marl. I would also like to thank Kris Brimmel for her help with the illustrations. Victorian Nat. ontributions eferences Abele, C., Gloe, C. S., Hocking, J. B., Holdgate, G., | Kenley, P. R., Lawrence, C, R., Ripper, D. and Threlfall, W. F, (1976). Tertiary, pp. 177-274, In Douglas, J. G. and Ferguson, J.A. (eds) ‘Geology of Victoria’ (Geological Society of Australia: Melbourne). aker, G. (1944). The geology of the Port Campbell district. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 56: 77-108. \Chesher, R. H. (1968). The systematics of sympatric species in West Indian spatangoids: a revision of the genera Brissopsis, Plethotaenia, Paleopneustes and Saviniaster. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Miami 7: 1-168. (Duncan, P. M. (1877). On the Echinodermata of | the Australian Caenozoic (Tertiary) deposits. Q. J. Geol. Soc, Lond. 33: 42-71, \IFerber, I. and Lawrence, J. M. (1976). Distribution, | substratum preference and burrowing be- haviour of Lovania elongata (Gray) (Echin- oidea: Spatangoida) in the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba), Red Sea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 22: 207-225. (Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. and Tyler, P. A. (1985). Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothuroidea, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 48: 173-213. (Hall, T. S. (1907). Four new echinoids from the Australian Tertiary. Pro. Roy. Soc. Vict. 19: 47-53. Kruse, P. D. and Philip, G. M. (1985). Tertiary species of the echinoid genus Eupatagus from southern Australia, Spec. Publ., S. Aust. Dept Mines and Energy 5: 167-185. lIMcNamara, K. J. (1984). Living Australian species of the echinoid Pericosmus (Spatangoida: Pericosmidae). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 11: 87-100. ol. 108 No. 1 (1991) McNamara, K. J. (1987). Taxonomy, evolution, and functional morphology of southern Australian Tertiary hemiasterid echinoids. Palaeontology 30: 319-352. McNamara, K. J. and Ah Yee, C. (1989). A new genus of brissid echinoid from the Miocene of Australia. Geol. Mag. 126: 177-186. McNamara, K. J. and Philip, G. M. (1980a). Australian Tertiary schizasterid echinoids, Alcheringa 4: 47-65, McNamara, K. J. and Philip, G. M. (1980b), Living Australian schizasterid echinoids. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 104: 127-146. McNamara, K. J. and Philip, G. M. (1984). A revision of the spatangoid echinoid Pericosmus from the Tertiary of Australia. Rec, West. Aust Mus, 11; 319-356. McNamara, K. J., Philip, G. M. and Kruse, PD. (1986). Tertiary brissid echinoids of southern Australia. Alcheringa 10: 55-84 Mortensen, T. (1951). ‘A monograph of the Echinoidea 5(2), Spatangoidea II’ (Reitzel: Copenhagen). Ohta, S. (1983). Photographic census of large-sized benthic organisms in the bathyal zone of Suruga Bay, central Japan. Bull. Ocean Res. Inst., Uni. Tokyo 15: 1-244, Philip, G. M. and Foster, R. J. (1971). Marsupiate Tertiary echinoids from south-eastern Australia and their zoogeographic significance. Palaeontology 14: 666-695. Smith, A. B. (1980). The structure, function, and evolution of tube feet and ambulacral pores in irregular echinoids. Palaeontology 23: 39-83. 19 Naturalist Notes Dorrigo Daisybush, Olearia flocktoniae, re-discovered D. J. Murray* In their review of extinct and endan- gered plants in Australia, Leigh, Boden and Briggs (1983) list the Dorrigo Daisy- bush Olearia flocktoniae, family Aster- aceae) as extinct (status 2X). Of the 279 species discussed in this book, the Dorrigo Daisybush is the only one where “forestry” is listed as a cause of extinction, with agricultural clearing also regarded as having contributed to its demise (though in another 19 cases forestry is thought to have contributed to the current status of endangered species). Dorrigo Daisybush was first collected in 1909 by J. Boorman about 3 km east of Dorrigo. It was found in clearings in rainforest dominated by Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus moorei), created either by logging or following land clearing for agriculture. It was named Olearia flock- toniae in honour of Margaret Lillian Flockton (1862-1953), a botanical artist who worked for more than 40 years on the staff of what is now the National Her- barium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney. The plant was collected a number of times in the same general area between 1909 and 1916 but not subsequently, so that more than 60 years later Leigh et a/ could justifiably comment “The species now appears to be extinct” However in April 1984 Dr J.B. Williams, of the University of New England’s Botany Department, found Dorrigo Daisybush growing adjacent to the Dorrigo-Coramba Road near Coopernook Creek, about 21 kilometres northeast of Dorrigo. About 20 plants, with abundant white flowers, were noted growing in a small cleared area adjacent to the road. This area had been cleared in the warm temperate rainforest by earth- * Forestry Commission of N.S.W., Dorrigo 20 moving machinery in order to improve visibility for traffic. Early in 1987 members of the Coffs Harbour Ulitarra Society found a second viable population of the Dorrigo Daisy- bush in, of all places, a quarry on Wild Cattle Creek State Forest near the Bobo River, approximately 8 kilometres north of the 1984 finding. This population has been monitored since the first sighting and plants have been observed in flower, bearing seed and young seedlings have developed. Following this finding the secretary of the Society, M. Lamont, described the species as a “remarkably inefficient opportunistic species which needs recently disturbed soil”. During the remainder of 1987, Dorrigo Daisybush was found at three other locations, all several kilometres apart, within State Forest. The environment at all three sites had been manipulated by routine forest operatons: two sites in- volved roadside disturbance as a result of road grading, while the third site was within an area where Brush Box (Lopho- stemon confertus) trees had been harvested adjacent to a rainforest fringe. The dis- tance between localities suggests that sites suitable for the plant may be relatively widespread, requiring some disturbance for regeneration of the species. The plant grows as a non-woody shrub, reaching a height of 2 metres. It usually has a number of stems arising from near the base. Leaves are slender, about 5 mm wide and 50 to 100 mm long with a prom- inent mid rib, petals are predominantly white although lightly tinged with purple. The fruit is the typical one-seeded cypsella of the family; it is silky, small, and surmounted by a bristly pappus of about equal length. The longevity of the seed, Victorian Nat. Naturalist Notes and its capacity for storage in the soil, are not known, but would appear to be topics worthy of some investigation. The initial re-discovery site was recently revisited after 4 years, and the site had been taken over by Callicoma (Callicoma serratifolia) and Tickbush (Helichrysum diosmifolium), suggesting that the Daisy- bush is relatively shortlived, occupying suitable sites after disturbance of the soil but disappearing after 2 to 3 years. It is now apparent that Dorrigo Daisy- bush, which has been dubbed locally the “Lazarus Daisybush” (having come back from extinction), requires disturbed sites | to survive: in fact forest activities, far from being a cause of its extinction, would seem to have assisted in the survival of the species. It also seems likely that, had it not been for the exposure given to Olearia | flocktoniae by Leigh et al, the correct status of this undoubtedly rare plant ) would still not be known. The life history of this species is currently the subject of a research study by the Forestry Com- mission of N.S.W. Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) Reference Leigh, J, Boden, R and Briggs, J. (1983). Extinct and Endangered Plants of Australia. (Macmillan: Melbourne). 21 22 EDITORIAL POLICY Title The Victorian Naturalist is the bi- monthly publication of the Field Nat- uralists Club of Victoria. Scope The Victorian Naturalist publishes articles on all facets of natural his- tory. Its primary aims are to stimu- late interest in natural history and to encourage the publication of articles in both formal and informal styles on a wide range of natural history topics. Research A succinct and original scientific communication. Preference is given to reports on topics of general interest. Contributions Contributions may consist of re- ports, comments, observations, sur- vey results, bibliographies or other material relating to natural history. The scope is broad and little defined to encourage material on a wide range of topics and in a range of styles. This allows inclusion of material that makes a contribution to our know- ledge of natural history but for which the traditional format of scientific papers is not appropriate. Naturalist Notes Short and informal natural history communications. These may include reports on excursions and talks. Commentary Informative articles that provide an up-to-date overview of contem- porary issues relating to natural his- tory. Whilst commentary articles are invited, the editors welcome dis- cussion of topics to be considered for future issues. Book Reviews Priority is given to major Aus- tralian publications on all facets of natural history. Whilst reviews are commissioned, the editors welcome suggestions of books to be considered for review. News Any items of news concerning the FNCV. Diary Notice of coming events including activities of FNCV groups and any other activities of interest to Vic. Nat. readers. Review Procedures Research reports and contri- butions are submitted to the editors and are forwarded to the appropriate member of the editorial board for comment. All research reports are as- sessed by two independent qualified referees prior to publication. Contri- butions are assessed by the appropri- ate member of the editorial board and may be refereed at the editors’ discretion. All other articles are sub- ject to editorial review. Victorian Na — ——S——S a Submission of Manuscripts The following general statements apply to all submitted manuscripts. Three copies of the manuscript should be provided, each including all tables and icopies of figures. Manuscripts should be ‘typed, double spaced with wide margins sand pages numbered. The name and jaddress of all authors should appear ‘beneath the paper title. The full postal yaddress, telephone number and fax number (if available) of the author who is “to receive correspondence and check the »proofs should be provided. _Abbreviations and Units SI units (metre, kilogram, etc.) should ‘be used wherever possible. Statistics and ‘measurements should be given in figures i(ie. 10 mm) except where the number Ibegins a sentence. When a number does tnot refer to a unit of measurement it is rspelt out, unless the number is greater than tnine. The word ‘figure’ should be abbrevi- sated to Fig. unless starting a sentence. | Tables and Figures All illustrations (including photographs) tare considered as figures. All figures tshould be referred to in the text. Original \figures or high quality photographic copies tshould be provided with the manuscript. Each figure should bear the figure number jand author’s name on the back in pencil. {Line drawings should be in black Indian jink on stout white paper or high quality Itracing paper. Lettering should be added fbearing in mind legibility after reduction. {Bar scales are preferred to numerical sscales. Figure captions should be num- Ibered consecutively (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.) sand provided on a separate page at the end sof the manuscript. | Tables should be numbered consec- yutively (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) and should thave an explanatory caption at the top. ‘The presentation of the same data in both tabular and graphical form should be savoided. Tables and figures should be lesigned to fit within a page width (115 Vol. 108 No. 1 (1991) GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS mm) or a column width (55mm) following reduction. References References should be cited in the text by author and year and listed at the end of the text in alphabetical order and in the following form: Ashton, D. H. (1976). Phosphorus in forest ecosystems at Beenak, Victoria. Aust. J. Ecol., 64: 171-86. Gill, A. M. (1981). Adaptive responses of Australian yascular plant species. Jn ‘Fire and the Australian Biota’. Eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and T. R. Noble, pp. 243-72. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra). Leigh, J., Boden, R. and Briggs, J. (1984). ‘Extinct and Endangered plants of Australia’. (MacMillan: Australia), Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the most recent (4th) edition of the World List of Scientific Periodicals (available at most libraries). Other methods of referencing (e.g. footnotes) may be acceptable in manu- scripts other than research reports. The editors should be consulted prior to the submission of a manuscript that uses a method other than author-date. Research Reports A research report is a succinct, formal, original scientific communication. Prefer- ence will be given to reports that make a significant contribution to natural history literature and are of general appeal. The manuscript should consist of an abstract not exceeding 250 words, an introduction, methods, results, discussion, acknow- ledgements and references. Contributions and Naturalist Notes The general comments on figure and table presentation, referencing and units also apply to these manuscripts. The appropriate style and format will vary with the manuscript but concise simple English should be used at all times. The use of sub-headings is encouraged where they improve comprehension. 23 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria In which is incorporated the Microscopical Society of Victoria Established 1880 Registered Office: FNCV, ¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. OBJECTS: To stimulate interest in natural history and to preserve and protect Australian fauna and flora. Members include beginners as well as experienced naturalists. His Excellency, The Rev Dr John ete The Governor of Victoria. Key Office-Bearers 1990-1991 President: Dr, ARTHUR FARNWORTH, 47 The Boulevarde, Doncaster 3108 (848 2229) Hon. Secretary: Mr. JULIAN GRUSOVIN, | Warriner Court, East Oakleigh, 3166. (543 8627 A.H.)) Hon. Treasurer: Mr. BRUCE ABBOTT, 4/597 Orrong Road, Armadale, 3143. (529 4301 A.H.) Subscription-Secretary: FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Editors: ROBYN WATSON and TIM OFFOR, VCAH Burnley, Burnley Gardens, Swan St,, Richmond, 3121. (BH 810 8833, AH 419 3532). Librarian; Mrs. SHEILA HOUGHTON, FNCYV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Excursion Secretary: DOROTHY MAHLER (850 9379 A.H.). Conservation Co-ordinator: Mr. WIL ASHBURNER, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue,, South Yarra, 3141, Sales Officer (Victorian Naturalist only): Mr. D.E. McINNES, 129 Waverley Road, East Malvern,, 3145 (541 2427) Publicity Officer: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125. (889 2779). Book Sales Officer: Mr. ALAN PARKIN, FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (850 2617 A.H.) Group Secretaries Botany: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Geology: Miss HELEN BARTOSZEWICZ, 16 Euroa Avenue, Nth. Sunshine, 3020 (311 5106 A.H.) Fauna Survey: Mr. ALEX KUTT, 75 King William Street, Fitzroy, 3065 (419 0752). Microscopical: Mrs. ELSIE GRAHAM, 147 Broadway, Reservoir, 3073 (469 2509). MEMBERSHIP Membership of the FN.C.V. is open to any person interested in natural history. The Victorian Naturalist is distributed free to all members, the club’s reference and lendi ng library is available and other activities are indicated in reports set out in the several preceding pages of this magazine. Membership rates 1991 Club subscription . Within Australia... Overseas The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (2) 1991 fs O% \ Published by The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria since 1884 NOTE: All meetings are held at the Herbarium at 8pm, except the Mi CALENDAR OF CLUB ACTIVITIES croscopy Group, which meets at the Astronomer’s Residence. August Sun 4 Tues 6 Wed 7 Thurs 8 Sun 11 Mon 12 Sat 17 Sun 18 Wed 21 Sat 24 September Sun | Tues 3 Wed 4 Sun 8 Mon 9 Thurs 12 Wed 18 Sat 28 October Tues | Wed 2 Sun 6 Thu 10 Sun 13 Mon 14 Wed 16 Sat 26 General Excursion. Cape Schanck. Leave from Batman Avenue at 9 am Birds, botany and geology. una Survey Group — To be announced. ; auiies Shap —“Victorian Volcanoes - After and Before” Dr Chris Gray. Botany Group - “Reproductive Biology of Orchids” Malcolm Calder. Geology Excursion - Contact Graham Love. General Meeting - “The Sky at Night” Norman Plever. Fauna Survey Group Frog Census: Eastern Otway Ranges. (Contact: 481 4926 or 419 0752). Microscopy Group ~ “Video and the Microscope”. Botany Excursion - 10.30am. Wattles at 100 Acres, leader Cecily Falkingham, Melways 35 F10. General Excursion - Hosted by the Fauna Survey Group — Royal Zoological Gardens — meet at Education Centre at 11am where we will be addressed by the Curators of the Butterfly House and the Reptile House. No bus, ring 617 0900 for information on public transport times. Fauna Survey Group — To be announced. Geology Group meeting. Speaker: Dr Gordon Samson. Kangaroos and Diet. A study on the evolution of form and function. Geology Excursion - Contact Graham Love. General Meeting - “Nature Photography” Wendy Clark and Arthur Farnworth. Botany Group - “Biology and Conservation of Spider Orchids” Geoff Carr. Microscopy Group - Address by Mr Slocum. Title to be announced. Botany Excursion — 10am Courtney’s Road, leaders: IIma Dunn and Hillary Weatherhead. Melways 84 E6. Fauna Survey Group - To be announced. Geology Group - “New Work on Permian Faunas from Australia and Asia” Neil Archbold. General Excursion - Hosted by Geology Group to Mt ?0oyoora, near Inglewood, by bus. Botany Group — To be announced, Geology Excursion - contact Graham Love. General Meeting - To be announced. Microscopy Group - “Pathology” Brian Waldron. Botany Excursion - Orchids at Anglesea with Mary White. ‘The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (2) 1991 Editor: Robyn Watson Papers Changes in bird abundance between summer and autumn in East Gippsland montane forests, by D. Robinson ....... 28 Comparison of the diets of foxes, dogs and cats in an urban park, by H. Brunner, D. Moro, R. Wallis and A. Andrasek :. 34 A provisional classification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladia: Terricola: Geoplanidae), DVIS Orem ersea is, 2a), ce A, PE Lah. 42 _ Contributions Recommendations for listing of taxa, communities and potentially threatening processes under the FFG Act, by the Flora and Fauna Support Group ............. 38 Botany Group excursion to the Skipton area .......... 50 Cover photo: Diuri’s fragrantissima, Sunshine Diuris, an endangered plant endemic to the basalt plains near Melbourne. The latest recommendations for the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act are on p.39. Photo, courtesy of Doug Frood. Changes in bird a bundance between summer and autumn in East Gippsland montane forests. Doug Robinson* Introduction , Many fauna surveys conducted in south eastern Australia allude to sea- sonal changes in bird species composi- tion and abundance at particular sites (Chesterfield et a/. 1983; Carr et al. 1984; Horrocks ef al. 1984; Opie et al. 1984; Chesterfield et al. 1988; Henry et al. 1988)), but few actually document the extent of the changes, or which species move. Notable exceptions have been studies of bird dispersal in eucalypt forest in the Brindabella Range (Lamm and Wilson 1966; Tidemann et al. 1988), population studies in open forest on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales (Recher ef al. 1983; Recher and Holmes 1985), and’ studies of bird populations in Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forest (Loyn 1985a). Each of these studies showed that approximately 50% of the breeding bird community was absent in winter Species which migrated were aerial in- sectivores, insectivores that fed on foliage-dwelling arthropods and several honeyeaters, Species which stayed included birds that fed on ground-dwel- ling invertebrates, birds that fed on bark substrates of trees and wattles, and some nectarivores, Winter influxes of some of these latter species were recorded from each study site. These studies all were done at alti- tudes of 600 to 1000 m above sea level. During the course of other work, the opportunity was taken to supplement their findings by conducting surveys of birds in montane and wet sclerophyll forests at similar or higher altitude, in a different region of southeastern Australia. * 28 Bath St, Mornington, 3931, 28 Study area and methods The study area forms the northern portion of the Goolengook Forest Block in Victoria, and is located approx- imately 55 km northeast of Orbost, in East Gippsland. It lies below the southern edge of the Errinundra Plateau and was surveyed in January and February, 1989. Repeat censuses were performed at 13 of the summer bird census sites in early May, 1989. Unmarked strip-transects of variable length and width were sampled over a 20 minute period, during which all birds seen or heard within the prescribed area were recorded. Birds flying through or over the transect were not recorded, with the exception of raptors and aerial feeders. The width of transects varied between 25 and 50 m either side of the transect line, depending on the density of surrounding vegetation. The length of transects varied between 200 and 600 m. Knowing these values, bird numbers were later converted to numbers/ha. Censuses were done mostly in the morning and late afternoon. Census sites were categorized by alti- tude (above or below 800 m) and vegeta- tion community. Communities were defined according to the classification of vegetation commmunities for the block (Lobert er al. in prep.). Vegetation communities sampled were Montane Sclerophyll Forest, Wet Sclerophyll Forest and Damp Sclerophyll Forest. Montane Sclerophyll Forest was char- acterized by the presence of Eucalyptus nitens. Wet Sclerophyll Forest and Damp Sclerophyll Forest were characterized by E. fastigata, E. obliqua and £. cypellocarpa. These latter two communities are considered together here as Wet Sclerophyll Forest, Data were tested by Welch’s t-test (Ferguson 1976), which adjusts degrees Victorian Nat. of freedom to compensate for unequal variances between two samples. Because the surveys in May were done incidentally to other work, the results presented here should only be con- sidered as preliminary. More extensive surveys are needed to corroborate some of the patterns reported below. Results An average of 16 species was recorded from each census site in summer, and 13 species from the same sites in May (Table 1). Average bird densities decreased from 22 birds/ha in summer to 18 birds/ha in May. These seasonal differences in bird abundance and species’ densities were most marked in Montane Forest and at higher altitudes (Table 1). No overall differences were apparent at lower altitudes or in Wet Sclerophyll Forests. Nonetheless, signi- ficant seasonal changes in abundance were recorded for individual bird species from each vegetation com- munity and altitude class. Altogether, 41 species of bird were recorded from the study area in summer, 31 (76%) of which were re- - corded in May (Table 2). Eight species were reported significantly more often in summer than May, notably: Eastern Yellow Robin (P < 0.05), Black-faced Monarch (P < 0.01), Rufous Fantail (P < 0.01), Grey Fantail (P < 0.05), Pilotbird (P < 0.01), Crescent Honeyeater (P < 0.05), Eastern Spinebill (P < 0.05) and Silvereye (P < 0.01) (Table 2). A further eight species were reported more often or only in summer. These comprised: Gang-gang Cockatoo, Fan-tailed Cuckoo, Shining Bronze-Cuckoo, White’s Thrush, Rose Robin, Flame Robin, New Holland _ Honeyeater and Satin Bowerbird (Table p 2): Five other species conversely were recorded more often in May than summer. These comprised: Yellow- faced Honeyeater (P < 0.05), White- Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) eared Honeyeater (P < 0.01), White-naped Honeyeater (P < 0.05), Spotted Pardalote (P < 0.001) and Striated Pardalote (P < 0.01). Laughing Kookaburra, Superb Fairy-wren, White- eared Honeyeater, White-naped Honey- eater and Striated Pardalote were recorded from the study area only in May (Table 2). In addition to such large-scale, seasonal changes in individual species’ densities, some other species showed local changes in density within a vegeta- tion community or altitude class. For example, Pink Robins (P < 0.05) and Brown Thornbills (P < 0.05) were recorded significantly more often in Montane Forest in summer than May. Neither species showed any significant change in abundance in Wet Sclerophyll Forest between summer and May. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that four Pink Robins were recorded from ridge- line Wet Sclerophyll Forest in May, but none in summer. Two other rainforest species, Olive Whistler and Large-billed Scrubwren, similarly were recorded from ridgeline Wet Sclerophyll Forest only in May. The Brown Gerygone, another rainforest species, was recorded more often from lower altitudes in May than summer (P < 0.10). Golden Whistlers likewise appeared to show some local movements to lower altitudes in May. They were recorded more often below 800 m than above 800 m in May (P < 0.10), whereas they showed no altitudinal difference in abundance in summer. By contrast, Pied Currawongs became more abundant in the study area in May, particularly in Montane Forest (P < 0.10). They showed no changes in abundance at lower altitudes or in Wet Sclerophyll Forest. Discussion Results from this study were similar to those obtained from other forest bird communities in southeastern Australia 29 Table 1. Overall densities (x/h study area in February and May. i indivi ded from the + .d.) of species and individuals record : Habitat and altitude classes are defined in Methods. Sample sizes are given in brackets. May P ) SS eee ee February Pooled (13) No. of species 16.2+ 3.0 No. of individuals/ha 21.9+ 8.3 Above 800 m (7) No. of species 164+ 3.5 No. of individuals 22.2 + 10.5 Below 800 m (6) No. of species 16.0+ 2.8 No. of individuals irae. TSR). Montane Forest (6) No. of species Wier ces No. of individuals 240+ 9.3 Wet Sclerophyll Forest (7) No. of species 150 258 No. of individuals DUGere a5 (Lamm and Wilson 1966; Recher et al. 1983; Loyn 1985a; Tidemann ef al. 1988). Many species present during the summer had migrated or dispersed from the study area by early May. A further group of species such as the par- dalotes, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, White-naped Honeyeater and Pied Cur- rawong appeared to be passage migrants through the study area in May (cf. Lamm and Wilson 1966; Recher et al, 1983; Tidemann et al. 1988). Some other species remained in the study area but appeared to move into different habitats, for example Pink Robin, Golden Whistler, Olive Whistler, Brown Gerygone and Large-billed Scrubwren. Summer migrants notably included foliage-snatching and hawking insectiv- ores such as the cuckoos, Rose Robin, Black-faced Monarch, Grey Fantail and Rufous Fantail. Gang-gang Cockatoos also appeared to be summer visitors to the area, especially to sites above 800 m. 30 14.2 + 3.2 < 0.05 17.5 + 6.1 ns. RE omp < 0.10 15.7 + 4.1 ns. 15.0 + 4.1 ns. NGL See of T/ n.s. aa at) < 0.05 Lares < 0.05 133 n.s. 20.8 + 6.0 n.s. Lamm and Wilson (1966) similarly found Gang-gang Cockatoos to be a summer migrant to their study site in the Brindabella Ranges, ACT, and it is probable Gang-gang Cockatoos in Goolengook Forest Block dispersed to lower altitudes in winter in search of food (Emison et al. 1987; Recher et ai. 1987). The three species of honeyeater found to be significantly more common in summer presumably also had to dis- perse from higher altitudes once their food resources disappeared there. New Holland Honeyeater, Crescent Honey- eater and Eastern Spinebill are nectarivores. During the summer surveys, they were recorded feeding on flowering mistletoe on mature E. nitens, and on flowers of Correa lawrenciana. However, these plants had finished flowering by early May, and no other plants were recorded flowering then. The honeyeaters hence had dis- Victorian Nat. appeared. One further species, Australian King-Parrot, also foraged on the flowering mistletoe and subse- quently became less common in May. Possibly, it dispersed to lower altitudes (Emison et al. 1987). Several other species of honeyeater became more abundant in the study area during May. The influx of Yellow- faced and White-naped Honeyeaters into the area was probably part of a more-extensive, annual migration northwards (Lamm and Wilson 1966: Keast 1968), and individuals probably did not remain long. Similar autumn influxes of White-naped and Yellow- faced Honeyeaters have been recorded at high altitudes in other forests (Loyn 1985a; Recher and Holmes 1985; Tidemann et al. 1988). The influx of White-eared Honeyeaters may have been related to seasonal availability of a carbohydrate resource. White-eared Honeyeaters forage extensively on carbohydrates and invertebrates deposited behind peeling bark (Recher and Holmes 1985), a food resource that becomes accessible in autumn as eucalypts shed their bark (Recher and _ Holmes 1985; Kavanagh 1987). Thus, White-eared Honeyeaters were recorded foraging on the bark of E. nitens and E. ' cypellocarpa in May. Two other bird species recorded more often in May than summer - Grey Shrike-thrush and Pied Currawong - also were recorded foraging on the peeling bark of EF. nitens. Overall, results from this study appeared to show less seasonal variation in bird species’ densities than reported from other mountain-forest sites (Recher et al. 1983; Loyn 1985a). This difference partly may have been due to the comparatively large proportion of fruiting plants at the Goolengook site _ (Lobert et a/. in prep.). It probably was ' also due to the brevity of the summer/ autumn surveys, small sample sizes and comparison of summer/autumn counts rather than summer/winter ones. None- Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) theless, it is clear that many species (24% of those recorded in summer) departed from the study area for the non-breeding season and that other species showed smaller, more local movements. Appropriate management of native forests needs integration of wildlife con- servation and timber harvesting demands (Loyn 1985b; Recher et ai. 1987; State Conservation Strategy 1987). This requires knowledge of re- sources and habitats needed by wildlife in different seasons. Sadly, though, recommendations for wildlife conservation have too often been based on brief surveys done in a single season (see references in Introduction). Results from this and other studies of forest bird communities in southeastern Australia (Lamm and Wilson 1966; Recher et al. 1983; Loyn 1985a; Tidemann ef al. 1988) indicate, however, that: (1) many birds disperse seasonally between dif- ferent habitats; (2) seasonal movements may be on a local or long-distance scale; and (3) the fauna of a particular vegetation community changes through the year as some species emigrate and others immigrate. It is essential that forest managers recognize these seasonal changes in bird species’ distributions and respond to migratory species’ conservation needs. Forest management plans should pro- vide for retention of large, interlinked forest patches through the State Forest system. They should provide for habitat continuity on a local and long-distance scale (Recher ef al. 1987; Recher and Lim 1990). More specifically, research is needed on the feeding ecology and dispersal patterns of forest migrants - for example of Yellow-tailed Black- Cockatoo, Gang-gang Cockatoo, Australian King-Parrot, honeyeaters and bark-feeding birds. Without such information, and without continuity and protection of native vegetation, populations of forest migrants may 31 soon disappear (Lynch 1987; Recher and Lim 1990). Acknowledgements ; It was a pleasure to work in the forests of Goolengook Forest Block with Mark Collins, Susie Duncan, Graeme Gillespie, Bert Lobert, lan Lunt, Bill Peel and Ross Peacock. I am indebted to all of them for cheerful companionship and ideas on wildlife conservation. My thanks to Paul Gullan for logistical sup- port, and Richard Loyn, John McLaughlin and John Woinarski for comments on earlier drafts. References Carr, G. W., Horrocks, G. F. B., Cherry, K. A., Opie. A. M., Triggs, B. E. and Schulz, M. (1984). Flora and Fauna of the Coast Range Forest Block, east Gippsland, Victoria. Ecol. Survey Rep. No. 4. (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands: Melbourne). Chesterfield, E. A., Macfarlane, M. A., Allen. D., Hutchinson, M. N., Triggs, B. and Barley, R. H. (1983). Flora and Fauna of the Rodger Forest Block, East Gippsland, Victoria. Ecol. Survey Rep. No. |. (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands: Melbourne). Chesterfield, E. A., Hurley, V. A., Henry, S. R., Schulz, M. and Pyrke, A. F. (1988), Flora and Fauna of the Brodribb Forest Block, East Gippsland, Victoria. Ecol. Survey Rep. No. 19. (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands. Melbourne). Emison, W. B., Beardsell, C. M., Norman, F. L, Loyn, R. H. and Bennett, S. (1987). ‘Atlas of Victorian Birds’, (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands, and the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union: Melbourne). Ferguson, G. A. (1976). ‘Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education’, 3rd Ed, (McGraw- Hill Book Company: New York). Henry, 8. R., Cherry, K. A., Hurley, V. A., Opie, A. M. and Sculz, M. (1988). Flora and Fauna of the Tennyson Forest Block, East Gippsland, Vic- toria. Ecol. Survey Rep. No. 21. (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands: Melbourne). Horrocks, G. F. B., Opie, A. M., Carr, G. W, Cherry, K. A., Craig, S. A. and Triggs, B. E. (1984), Flora and Fauna of the Ellery Forest Block, East Gippsland, Victoria. Ecol. Survey Rep. No. 3. (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands: Melbourne), Kavanagh, R. P. (1987). Forest phenology and its effect on foraging behaviour and selection of habitat by the Yellow-bellied Glider, Petaurus australis Shaw. Aust. Wildl. Res, 14: 371-384. Lamm, D. W. and Wilson, S. J. (1966). Seasonal fluctuations of birds in the Brindabella Range, Australian Capital Territory. Emu 65: 183-207. Loyn, R. H. (1985a). Bird populations in succes- sional forests of Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans in central Victoria. Emu 85: 213-230. Loyn, R. H. (1985b). Strategies for conserving wildlife in commercially productive eucalypt forest. Aust. For. 48: 95-101. ; F Lynch, J. F. (1987). Responses of breeding bird communities to forest fragmentation. /n ‘Nature Conservation: the Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation’. Eds D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins, pp. 123-140. (Surrey Beatty & Sons with CSIRO and CALM: Sydney). Opie, A. M., Cherry, K. A., Horrocks, G. F. B., Carr, G. W., Schulz, M. and Triggs, B. E. (1984), Flora and Fauna of the Yalmy Forest Block, East Gippsland, Victoria. Ecol. Survey Rep. No, 2. (Dept of Conservation, Forests and Lands: Melbourne). Recher, H. F. and Holmes, R. T. (1985). Foraging ecology and seasonal patterns of abundance ina forest avifauna. /n ‘Birds of Eucalypt Forests and Woodlands: Ecology, Conservation, Management’. Eds A. Keast, H.F. Recher, H. Ford and D. Saunders, pp. 79-96. (Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney). Recher, H. F, and Lim, L. (1990). A review of current ideas of the extinction, conservation and management of Australia’s terrestrial verte- brate fauna. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 16: 287-301. Recher, H. F., Gowing, G., Kavanagh, R., Shields, J. and Rohan-Jones, W. (1983). Birds, resources and time in a tablelands forest. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 12: 101-123. Recher, H. F, Shields, J., Kavanagh, R. and Webb, G. (1987). Retaining remnant mature forest for nature conservation at Eden, New South Wales: a review of practice and theory. Jn ‘Nature Conservation: the Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation. Eds D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A, Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins, pp. 177- 194, (Surrey Beatty & Sons with CSIRO and CALM: Sydney). State Conservation Strategy. (1987). ‘Protecting the Environment; A Conservation Strategy for _ Victoria’, (Government Printer: Melbourne). Tidemann, S, C., Wilson, S. J, and Marples, T. G. (1988). Some results from a long-term bird- banding project in the Brindabella Range, A.C.T, Corella 12: 1-6. Victorian Nat. Table 2. Mean densities of individual species recorded from the study area in February and May (x/ha + s.d.). N = 13 for both seasons’ data. Common Name Scientific Name Density (x/ha + s.d.) February May Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans 0.08 + 0.28 0.08 + 0.28 Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo — Calyptorhynchus funereus 0.04 + 0.14 0.15 + 0.38 Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum 0.12 + 0.30 0.00 + 0.00 Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis 0.46 + 1.03 0.06 + 0.16 Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans 0.85 + 0.72 0.56 + 0.61 Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cuculus pyrrhophanus 0.04 + 0,14 0.00 + 0,00 Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus 0.08 + 0.28 0.00 + 0.00 Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae 0,00 + 0.00 0.15 + 0.38 Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae 0.27 + 0.33 0.49 + 0.71 Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae 0.02 + 0.08 0.08 + 0.19 White’s Thrush Zoothera dauma 0.19 + 0.33 0,00 + 0.00 Rose Robin Petroica rosea 0.15 + 0.38 0.00 + 0.00 Pink Robin Petroica rodinogaster 0.27 + 0.44 0.12 + 0.42 Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea 0.25 + 0.48 0.00 + 0.00 Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis 1.10 + 0.78 0.49 + 0.46 Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus 0.12 + 0.42 0.05 + 0.19 Olive Whistler Pachycephala olivacea 0.27 + 0.60 0.08 + 0.19 Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis 0.64 + 0.72 0.29 + 0.32 Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica 0.15 + 0,32 0.25 + 0.32 Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis 0.42 + 0.40 0.00 + 0,00 Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons 0.69 + 0.60 0.00 + 0.00 Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa 0.98 + 1.21 0.10 + 0,28 Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus 0.23 + 0.48 0.22 + 0.25 Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus 0.00 + 0.00 0.36 + 0.78 Pilotbird Pycnoptilus floccosus 0.60 + 0.51 0.12 + 0.22 Large-billed Scrubwren Sericornis magnirostris 0.08 + 0.28 0.29 + 0.40 White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis 2.29 + 127 1.78 + 0.97 Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki 0.02 + 0.08 0.14 + 0.22 Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla 2.71 + 1.17 2.08 + 0,86 Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata 2.50 + 1.00 fA 8 INP White-throated Treecreeper Climacteris leucophaea 0.73 + 0.33 0.65 + 0.25 Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops 0,52 + 0.62 0.27 + 0.39 Lewin’s Honeyeater Meliphaga lewinii 0.12 + 0.30 0.24 + 0.24 Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops 0,04 + 0,14 0.99 + 1.18 White-eared Honeyeater Lichenostomus leucotis 0.00 + 0.00 0.22 + 0.25 Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris 0.52 + 0.69 0.22 + 0.38 White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus 0.00 + 0.00 177 2 V7 Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera I27 Peg 0.27 + 0.33 New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae 0.38 + 1.39 0.00 + 0.00 Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 0.68 + 0,60 0.22 + 0.32 Mistletcebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum 0.15 + 0.32 0.27 + 0.34 Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus 0.18 + 0.31 0.91 + 0.59 Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus 0.00 + 0.00 0.35 + 0,38 Silvereye Zosterops lateralis 1.46 + 1.49 0.60 + 0.95 Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 0.04 + 0.14 0.00 + 0.00 Pied Currawong Strepera graculina 0.08 + 0.19 0.35 + 0.99 Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) 33 i i d cats in an urban park arison of the diets of foxes, dogs an sh Brunner*, Dorian Moro*, Robert Wallis* and Anna Andrasek* Introduction ; Predator scat analysis is a convenient method used to analyse the diets of predators. The limitations and advantages of this technique have been summarized by Brunner and Wallis (1986) who also reviewed the dietary studies that had been conducted in Australia. They found that dogs Canis familiaris tended to take larger prey than foxes Vulpes vulpes and cats Felis catus, but that all three species were opportunistic showing only minor selectivity in their choice of prey. Most comparative studies of the diets of foxes, dogs and cats have been conducted in non-urban or undisturbed environments (Brunner 1978; Triggs et al. 1984; Brown and Triggs 1990). In this report we present data from scat analysis in a large urban park in Melbourne. Methods Predator scats were collected from all parts of Dandenong Valley Metropolitan Park (DVMP), a linear reserve in Melbourne’s eastern suburbs divided into fragmented areas of bushland and parkland by a network of roads, and surrounded by houses, industries, market gardens, grazing paddocks, sporting facilities and a garbage transfer station. The Park stretches for about 9 km along Dandenong Creek between Boronia Rd to the north and Wellington Rd to the south and occupies about 736 ha. The Park is managed by the Board of Works and was one of the first of its metropolitan parks to be established. This study forms part of a comprehensive vertebrate fauna survey of the Park which was undertaken by Wallis et al. (1990), * Department of Science Victoria College Rusden Campus 662 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, 3168, Vic, 34 Scats were mainly collected on paths and tracks. They were identified using smell, size and shape characteristics (Triggs 1984; Triggs et al. 1984; Lunney et al. 1990) and placed in small manilla envelopes on which was recorded details of predator, site and date. Since predator scat analysis was used as a vertebrate survey tool in the larger study, only scats that contained what appeared to be remains of vertebrate prey were collected. About half the dog scats encountered contained the remains of processed pet food; these scats were not collected. A few fox scats which only contained the remains of fruit were also not collected. The scats were sterilized at 100°C for at least 24 hours to destroy parasites. They were then washed through a fine sieve into a large white tray. Presence of various food categories was then recorded. Mammalian remains were removed, dried and identified. Skeletal remains were compyred with reference collections held at Victoria College (Rusden) and hair was microscopically analysed and the mammal species identified using the keys in Brunner and Coman (1974) as well as comparing the specimens with hair from known mammals. Scat collections covered all seasons from December 1988 to October 1990. Results and Discussion A total of 391 scats were analysed of which many individual scats contained a combination of mammal, bird, inverte- brate and vegetation remains. The Purpose of the scat collection was to provide supplementary data for the vertebrate fauna survey of DVMP, especially its mammals. Not surprisingly, therefore, mammals were the most common item in the predators’ scats — hair and/ or bone occurred in 68% of all scats (see Table 1). The percentage occurrence of Victorian Nat. Table 1. Food types identified from scats of foxes, dogs, cats and unknown Carnivora j f y ora in the DVMP. The number is the number of scats of that predator collected and which had that particular food type; the percentage (in parenthesis) is the % this represents of the total scats collected for this predator which had identifiable foods. Ss ee SE EE a PREDATOR FOX DOG CAT UNKNOWN Total No. % No. % No. % No. % FOOD TYPE ee Se ee le MAMMALS 162 (75) 38 (84) 46 (54) 22 (50) 268 BIRDS 45 (21) 2 (4) 14 (16) §(11) 66 VEGETATION 139 (64) 28 (62) 45 (53) 22 (50) 234 OTHER 65 (30) 4(8) 17 (20) 6 (14) 82 Number of scats 217 45 85 44 391 mammalian prey items was greatest for in dog scats (compared with fox and cat dogs (84% of scats) and least for unidenti- _scats) suggesting that these may have been fied predators (i.e. scats which could not —_ grooming hairs. Comparatively more dogs be assigned to any particular predator). and cats than foxes consumed Common Remains of birds were found in 21% offox Ringtail Possums, whereas House Mouse scats, 16% of cat scats but in only 4% of | was more common in the scats of foxes dog scats. Vegetation often included justa and cats. Why more Common Ringtail few pieces of grass as well as blackberries, Possums were taken than Common apples and other fruits. Insects were more _ Brushtail Possums may well be due to the common in fox scats than in scats of the higher abundance of ringtails relative to other predator species. Other items found _ other possums in the area. in the scats included the remains of Twenty two fox scats contained hair lizards, molluscs and crustaceans, as well from dogs. Furthermore, some dog scats as pieces of foil, plastic and garbage. contained such large quantities of dog hair Rubbish was commonly foundin DVMP that not all could have come from - alongside Dandenong Creek, especially grooming. Two dog carcasses were found after its frequent flooding. by us during the study; we believe that all Table 2 shows the specific mammals three predators consumed dogs which consumed by each of the three predators. could have died from car accidents or Overall the most common mammal other causes. Cattle carcasses were also species were the Black Rat Rattus rattus observed during our survey; there is little (60 scats contained its remains),Common doubt that foxes consumed these as Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus carrion. (53), House Mouse Mus musculus (51), Our results support the findings of other Dog C. familiaris (48),Common Brushtail _ workers (e.g. Seebeck 1978; Triggs et al. Possum Trichosurus yulpecula (26) and 1984) in that smaller prey species (€.g. Cattle Bos taurus (23). House Mouse, rats) were important All three predators appeared to be dietary items of the fox and cat. In feeding on similar mammal species. These addition, all three species appear to be included Common Brushtail Possum, opportunistic as they take a wide range of Black Rat, Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus foods depending on their availability, and Cattle. There were, however, some including carrion, rubbish, fruit and notable differences in the occurrence of _ insects. certain species taken by the predators; for Although the consumption of birds by instance, many more dog hairs were found dogs in the Park was minimal, birds Vol, 108 No. 2 (1991) 35 formed an important component in the diets of both foxes and cats. Two hundred and six bird species have been recorded from DVMP, including 40 which warrant special conservation attention (Wallis et al, 1990). Especially important are the Park’s water birds - details on the bird species taken by mammalian predators are not tabulated; however, we believe that a significant number of bird prey were aquatic species. Well over half of the dog scats collected from the Park contained mammalian remains. The majority of these consisted of only the dog’s own grooming hairs suggesting that the relative numbers of native mammalian prey taken by dogs is lower than those taken by foxes and cats. This is not to say, however, that dogs have little impact on the fauna in the Park. Of the dog scats which contained mammal re- mains, 21% contained Common Ringtail Possum and 5% contained Common Brushtail Possum. Also, we have often observed dogs in DVMP, many not on a leash, and several in the Conservation Areas where dogs are prohibited, Dogs can have a negative impact on native vertebrates by harassing them, and by spreading disease and odour. It is possible that young cattle and sheep were harassed by dogs and drowned in Dandenong Creek. (Two carcasses of calves were found in Dandenong Creek during our survey). The likelihood of feral (non-domestic) dogs in the Park is tenuous because substantially few areas in the Park provide affordable cover, suggesting that those dogs which are feeding on the Park’s wildlife would be domestic pets. The presence of feral cats in the Park, however, cannot be dismissed, Our data from DVMP Suggest cats have a greater immediate impact on native fauna than dogs, particularly in terms of native prey consumed. One quarter of cat scats analysed contained the remains of pos- sums and gliders. For species which are uncommon in the Park (e.g. Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps), even low predation can have an undesirable effect on the 36 species’ long-term survival and ultimate elimination from the Park. The role of cats in transmitting disease to other mammals has been well documented (Barker et al. 1963; Attwood et al. 1975; Kerr 1981; Presidente 1984; Obendorf and Munday 1990), suggesting that diseases such as Toxoplasmosis, which are transmittable by cats via their faeces, could have devastating effects on the Park’s marsupial hosts that become exposed to the protozoan parasite. Of interest was the occurrence of Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus and Human Homo sapiens hair in the scats of cat and fox respectively. Wombats were last reported from DVMP in 1984 (Wallis et al. 1990). One wombat guard hair was found in a cat scat, which also contained hair from the Black Rat and some plant material. We believe wombat remains may have been washed down from upstream in Dandenong Creek, and subsequently been fed upon. The presence of human hairs in the fox scats are believed to have been of incidental occurrence; foxes may have ingested hair remains while they fed on household garbage. The fragmented nature of DVMP makes it a special area important for providing habitat to a complement of native vertebrate species in an urban environment. Unfortunately, the survival of many native vertebrates, particularly those which are locally uncommon (e.g. Sugar Gliders, waterbirds) suffer because of the impact of predators such as dogs, foxes and cats, whose diet appears to concentrate around those mammal, bird and no doubt, reptile and amphibian species inhabiting the Park. Consequently, efforts to reduce the impact of predators on native animals need to be implemented by combined predator control and public education programmes. Our findings present evidence which suggests that dogs, foxes and cats are feeding on a variety of native vertebrates within the DVMP; predation on these wildlife is undesirable and should therefore be controlled. Victorian Nat. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Board of Works for their permission to undertake this research, and the Victoria College Research and Development Fund for financial assistance. References Attwood, H. D., Woolley, P. A. and Richard, M. D. (1975). Toxoplasmosis in dasyurid marsupials. J. Wildl. Dis. 11: 543-51. Barker, S., Calaby, J. H. and Sharman, G. B. (1963). Diseases of Australian laboratory marsupials, Vet. Bull. 33: 539-44, Brown, G. W. and Triggs, B. E. (1990). Diets of wild canids and foxes in East Gippsland 1983 - 1987, using predator scat analysis. Aust. Mammal. 13: 209-14. Brunner, H, (1978). The diet of dingoes and foxes in the Dartmouth Reservoir area. Jn Victorian State River and Water Supply Commission: Dartmouth Dam Project Report on Environmental Studies. Part 2, pp. 19-28. Brunner, H. and Coman, B. (1974). ’The Identification of Mammalian Hair’. (Inkata Press: Melbourne). Brunner, H. and Wallis, R. (1986). Roles of predator scat analysis in Australian mammal research. Victorian Nat. 103: 79-87. Kerr, D. (1981). Feral cats - a new threat. Aust. Ranger Bull. 1: 25. Lunney, D., Triggs, B., Eby, P. and Ashby, E. (1990), Analysis of scats of dogs Canis familiaris and foxes Vulpes vulpes (Canidae: Carnivora) in coastal forests near Bega, New South Wales. Aust. Wildl. Res, 17: 61-68. Obendorf, D. L. and Munday, B. L. (1990). Toxoplasmosis in wild Eastern Barred Bandicoots, Perameles gunnii. In ‘Bandicoots and Bilbies’. Eds J. H. Seebeck, P. R. Brown, R. L. Wallis and C, M. Kemper. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Chipping Norton). Presidente, P. J. A. (1984). Parasites and diseases of brushtail possums (Trichosurus spp.): occurrence and significance. Jn ‘Possums and Gliders’. Eds A. P. Smith and I. D. Hume. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Chipping Norton). Seebeck, J. H. (1978). Diet of the fox Vulpes vulpes in a western Victorian forest. Aust. J. Ecol. 3: 105-108. Triggs, B, (1984), ‘Mammal Tracks and Signs: A Field Guide for South-eastern Australia’. (Oxford University Press: Melbourne). Triggs, B., Brunner, H. and Cullen, J. M. (1984). The food of Fox, Dog and Cat in Croajingalong National Park, south-eastern Victoria. Aust. Wildl. Res. 11: 491-99, Wallis, R. L., Brown, P. R., Brunner, H. and Andrasek, A. M. (1990), The Vertebrate Fauna of Dandenong Valley Metropolitan Park. Report prepared for the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works. Victoria College (Rusden Campus), Melbourne. Table 2. Mammalian prey identified in predator scats from the three species of Carnivora, including those of scats in which the predator could not be identified. = = Total. The data represent the actual number of scats which contained that species of prey. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the percentage occurrence of mammal species found in each predator scat containing mammal remains. PREDATOR FOX DOG CAT UNKNOWN 2& Prey species Pseudocheirus peregrinus 21 (13) 8 (21) 19 (41) 5 (23) 53 Petaurus breviceps - - 1 (2) - 2 Trichosurus vulpecula 15 (9) 2 (5) 3 (7) 6 (27) 26 Vombatus ursinus - 7 1 (2) - 1 Rattus rattus 35 (22) 5 (13) 15 (33) 5 (23) 60 Mus musculus 33 (20) 1 (3) 16 (35) 1 (5) 51 Oryctolagus cuniculus 9 (6) 1 (3) 2 (4) 1 (5) 13 Lepus capensis 1 (1) 1 (3) - 5 (23) 7 Canis familiaris 22 (14) 20. (53) E52) 5 (23) 48 Vulpes vulpes 14 (9) - - - 14 Felis catus 2 (1) - 5 (11) - 7 Homo sapiens 7 (4) - - 2 (9) 9 Ovis aries 6 (4) 2 (5) - - 8 Bos taurus 15 (9) 1 (3) 3 (7) 4 (18) 23 37 Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) Recommendations for listing of taxa, potentially threatening processes un communities and der the FFG Act Flora and Fauna Support Group* The following list comprises the first series of recommendations released by the Scientific Advisory Committee. The Committee has made recommendations supporting the nomination for listing of the following 126 taxa, communities and potentially threatening processes. Many more taxa, communities and processes still require listing, and we encourage interested people to contact the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Unit (03- 4124567) or Flora and Fauna Guarantee Officers in their DCE region for more information about the procedure. Under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1987), native taxa and communities may be nominated for inclusion in Schedule 2 of the Act (a list of threatened taxa and communities). Potentially threatening processes likewise may be nominated for listing in the Act, in this case in Schedule 3. These are defined as processes “which may have the capability to threaten the survival, abundance or evolutionary development of any taxon or community of flora or fauna”. A taxon or community is eligible to be listed if “it is in a demonstrable state of decline which is likely to result in extinction or if it is significantly prone to future threats which are likely to result in extinction” “A potentially threatening process is eligible for listing if in the absence of *19 Abbot St, Abbotsford, 3067. 38 appropriate management it would pose a significant threat to a range of flora and fauna.” Criteria for determining the eligibility of taxa, communities or processes are the responsibilty of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Scientific Advisory Commit- tee. This Committee meets regularly to discuss nominations for listing. Its preliminary recommendations either supporting or not supporting a nomination are released periodically for public comment. After a period of 30 days, and after considering any public comments received, the Committee may make a recommendation to the Minister that the nomination should be supported or not supported and give reasons for its recommendation. The Minister then may decide whether or not to recommend to the Governor in Council that the taxon, community or potentially threatening process be added to or repealed from Schedule 2 or 3. Once a taxon, community or process is listed, the Director General of the Department of Conservation and Environment (DCE) must prepare an action statement for that taxon, community or process. The action statement must set out what has been done to conserve and manage that taxon or community or process and what is intended to be done. Victorian Nat. Recommendations of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Scientific Advisory Committee Items for addition to Schedule 2 Abutilon fraseri Dwarf Lantern-bush Acacia glandulicarpa Hairy-pod Wattle Acacia pendula Weeping Myall Acrodipsas brisbanensis Large Ant-blue Butterfly Acrodipsas myrmecophila Small Ant-blue Butterfly Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous Bettong Agrostis adamsonii Adamson’s Bent Allocasuarina luehmannii Buloke Ambassis agassizii Agassiz’s Chanda Perch Aprasia aurita legless lizard Archaeophylax canarus caddisfly Ardeotis australis Australian Bustard Astelia australiana Tall Astelia Austrogammarus australis freshwater amphipod Bettongia gaimardi Tasmanian Bettong Bettongia penicillata Brush-tailed Bettong Burramys parvus Mountain Pygmy-possum Caladenia audasii Audas’ Spider-orchid Caladenia calcicola Limestone Spider-orchid Caladenia rosella Rosella Spider-orchid Calochilus richiae Bald-tip Beard-orchid Calyptorhynchus magnificus Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Carex cephalotes Wire-head Sedge Casuarina obesa Swamp Sheoke Chaeropus ecaudatus Pig-footed Bandicoot Comesperma polygaloides Small Milkwort Cyathea leichardtiana Prickly Tree-fern Dasyornis broadbenti Rufous Bristlebird Dasyurus maculatus Tiger Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus Eastern Quoll Delma impar Striped Legless Lizard Dendrobium speciosum Rock Orchid Dillwynia capitata Slender Parrot-pea Discaria nitida Shining Anchor Plant Discaria pubescens Hairy Anchor Plant Diuris punctata Purple Diuris Edelia obscura Yarra Pigmy Perch Eragrostis trachycarpa Rough-grain Love-grass Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale Eucalyptus cadens Warby Swamp Gum Eucalyptus crenulata Buxton Gum Eucalyptus froggattii Kamarooka Mallee Euphrasia scabra Rough Eyebright Eusthenia nothofagi Otway Stonefly Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) 39 Species Galaxias cleaveri Galaxias olidus var. fuscus Galaxiella pusilla Geijera parviflora Grevillea barklyana Grus rubicundus Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Heleioporus australiacus Hemichroa diandra Hemiphlebia mirabilis Lagorchestes leporides Lepidium hyssopifolium Leporillus apicalis Lichenostomus melanops cassidix Litoria spenceri Maccullochella macquariensis Maccullochella peelii Macquaria australasica Manorina melanotis Megascolides australis Melaleuca halmaturorum Myoporum floribundum Myrmecia sp. 17 Nannoperca variegata Neophema chrysogaster Ogyris otanes Olearia astroloba Onychogalea fraenata Paralucia pyrodiscus lucida Pedionomus torquatus Perameles bougainville Perameles gunnii Petaurus norfolcensis Petrogale penicillata Phascogale calura Phascogale tapoatafa Philora frosti Planigale gilesi Platydoris galbana Polytelis swainsonii Potamalosa richmondia Potorous longipes Prototroctes maraena Psophodes nigrogularis leucogaster Psoralea parva Psoralea tenax 40 Tasmanian Mudfish Brown Galaxias Dwarf Galaxias Wilga Gully Grevillea Brolga Leadbeater’s Possum Giant Burrowing Frog Mallee Hemichroa Hemiphlebia Damselfly Eastern Hare-wallaby Small Pepper-cress Lesser Stick-nest Rat Helmeted Honeyeater Spotted Tree Frog Trout Cod Murray Cod Macquarie Perch Black-eared Miner Giant Gippsland Earthworm Salt Paperbark Slender Myoporum bull-ant Ewens Pigmy Perch Orange-bellied Parrot Small Brown Azure Butterfly Marble Daisy-bush Bridled Nailtail Wallaby Eltham Copper Butterfly Plains-wanderer Western Barred Bandicoot Eastern Barred Bandicoot Squirrel Glider Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Red-tailed Phascogale Brush-tailed Phascogale Baw Baw Frog Paucident Planigale marine opisthobranch Superb Parrot Freshwater Herring Long-footed Potoroo Australian Grayling Western Whipbird Small Psoralea Tough Psoralea Victorian Nat. Species Pterostylis baptistii Pterostylis cucullata Pterostylis truncata Pterostylis woollsii Pultenaea graveolens Rhinolophus megaphyllus Rhodope genus Riekoperla darlingtoni Rulingia pannosa Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides Sarcochilus falcatus Senecio macrocarpus Sterna albifrons Sterna nereis nereis Stictonetta naevosa Swainsona plagiotropis Swainsona stipularis Thaumatoperla flaveola Thelymitra epipactoides Thesium australe Thylogale billardierii Tympanocryptis lineata lineata Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla Tyto novaehollandiae Tyto tenebricosa Westringia crassifolia Communities Butterfly Community No. 1. San Remo Marine Community. King Greenhood Leafy Greenhood Brittle Greenhood Long-tail Greenhood Scented Bush-pea Eastern Horseshoe-bat marine opisthobranch Mount Donna Buang Wingless Stonefly Clustered Kerrawang Button Wrinklewort Orange-blossom Orchid Large-fruit Groundsel Little Tern Fairy Tern Freckled Duck Red Swainson-pea Purple Swainson-pea stonefly Metallic Sun-orchid Austral Toad-flax Tasmanian Pademelon Lined Earless Dragon earless dragon Masked Owl Sooty Owl Whipstick Westringia Limestone Pomaderris Shrubland Community. Montane Swamp Complex Community. Western (Basalt) Plains Grassland Community. Potentially threatening processes for addition to Schedule 3 Loss of hollow-bearing trees from Victorian native forests. Predation of native wildlife by the introduced Red Fox Vulpes vulpes. Removal of Wood Debris from Victorian streams. Use of Phytophthora-infected gravel in construction of roads, bridges and reservoirs. Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) 41 A provisional clas sification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola: Geoplanidae) By L. Winsor* Abstract ; . A provisional classification of Austra- lian geoplanid terrestrial flatworms is pro- vided, and is placed in context with earlier and current studies. The genus Caenoplana is emended, and the hetero- geneous genus Artioposthia divided into five groups. Diagnoses are provided for six new genera: Australoplana gen. nov.; Parakontikia gen. nov.; Reomkago gen. nov.; Fletchamia gen. nov.; Lenkunya gen. nov. and Jasmanoplana gen. nov. Introduction Terrestrial flatworms (or land plan- arians as they are also known) are entirely free-living carnivorous members of the phylum Plathelminthes. Normally nocturnal in habit, they frequent dark, humid, but generally not wet micro- habitats beneath fallen rotting logs and leaf litter. They occur in a variety of habitats ranging from tropical rainforest to arid semi-desert. The first record of these flatworms in Australia was made by Charles Darwin during the Beagle voyage in 1836 who collected specimens of one species from Hobart, Tasmania. Interest in the group increased with the majority of species in Australia being described between 1888 and 1901. The Terricola worldwide were monographed by Graff (1899), the prepar- ations for which undoubtedly provided impetus for much of the research on the group undertaken in the colony. Apart from Wood (1926) and Fyfe in New Zealand (1956) there was little scientific interest expressed in the Australian terrest- rial flatworms until the 1970s. The Australian terrestrial flatworm fauna presently comprises over 82 species and seven varieties belonging to two principal *Department of Zoology, James Cook Universi A of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld 4811. x 42 families, the Rhynchodemidae and the Geoplanidae. There are a number of problems which confront the modern taxonomist working on Terricola. Many early species descrip- tions were published in obscure journals and are thus difficult to obtain and correlate, if indeed workers are aware of them. Type specimens are often in European or other overseas museums and are difficult to trace and obtain. Early species descriptions rest almost entirely upon external morphology. Modern tax- onomy of the Terricola is based upon a combination of external morphology, and internal anatomy revealed by histological investigations. As terrestrial flatworms can exhibit considerable external morpho- logical intra-specific variation and inter- specific similarities it is essential that type specimens are histologically examined and that these form the basis of modern descriptions and classifications. The immense task of indexing the Terri- cola of the World is currently being under- taken by R.E. Ogren and M. Kawakatsu (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990). However in the forthcoming “Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae — Part II} modern taxonomic treatment of Australasian taxa is hampered as published anatomical descriptions are only available for some 12% of described species. This has already unfortunately resulted in problems in the genus Caenoplana, reinstated without reference to the type specimens by Ogren & Kawakatsu (1988a,b). When histologic- ally examined, the types of species in the genus were found to represent two genera (Winsor, 1991). Both type and other specimens of a large portion of Australian taxa have been examined by the author within the context of taxonomic revisionary studies on the terrestrial flatworms. Unfortunately this work is still some way from completion Victorian Nat. and publication. It is therefore appropriate that a provisional classification of the Aus- tralian Terricola is provided now. This synopsis should assist in the higher classi- fication of Australian taxa to be listed in the forthcoming “Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae — Part II” (Ogren & Kawakatsu, MS in press). The purpose of this paper is to (1) re- define the genus Caenoplana and erect a new genus to accommodate the resulting excluded species as foreshadowed (Win- sor, 1991) and (2) provide a provisional classification of the Australian geoplanid Terricola (and where appropriate, New Zealand taxa). Explanatory notes The types examined are held by State and overseas museums. Additional mat- erial was obtained from the author’s collection. Histological methods em- ployed have been indicated elsewhere (Winsor, 1983). Terminology for dorsal regions follows Graff (1899) and for ana- tomical structures Cannon (1986). The cu- taneous muscular index (CMI) is the thickness of cutaneous musculature rela- tive to the body height (the mc:h index of Froehlich (1955). The parenchymal mus- culature index (PMI) (Winsor, 1983) is similarly calculated from the sum of the heights of the dorsal and ventral ring zone, or the ventral muscular plate, whichever is present. In the genus Artioposthia acces- sory auxiliary organs are termed adenodactyls (finger like glandular organs that project into the genital atria), adeno- chiren (comb-like organs in which the multiple adenodactyls are embedded in muscular flaps) and adenomuralia, a new term coined here (Greek - aden, a gland + Latin - muralis, of walls) to describe _ glandulo-muscular organs that are embedded in the walls of the copulatory organs. _ Generic diagnoses Genus Caenoplana Moseley, 1877 The original definition: Body long and wormlike, much rounded on the back, Vol. 108 No, 2 (1991) flattened on the under surface, without an ambulacral line. External longitudinal muscular bundles largely and evenly developed over both dorsal and ventral regions. Lateral organs distinct and iso- lated as in RAynchodemus, and, as in it, connected by a transverse commissure. Eyes absent from the front of the anterior extremity and scattered sparsely on the lateral margins of the body for its entire extent. Mouth nearly central, pharynx cylindrical. Emended: Geoplanidae of elongate body form, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical; mouth situated just posterior of mid ven- ter; gonopore closer to mouth than to posterior end; creeping sole 60% or more of body width; eyes mostly small in a single row around the anterior tip, crowded antero-laterally in an irregular cluster, and extending posteriorly in a stag- gered submarginal row; cutaneous circular and paired diagonal muscle layers are mostly poorly differentiated, presenting as a circulo-oblique layer; cutaneous longitudinal muscles very weak and equally developed dorsally and ventrally; CMI ranges from 1.6 - 4.5%; parenchymal longitudinal muscles present as single fibres or as small isolated bundles embedded within circulo-oblique muscle fibres arranged in a distinct ring zone, PMI (for ring zone) 20 - 28.5%; anterior glandulo-muscular organs and sensory papillae absent; cylindrical pharynx; testes and sperm ducts ventral; penis of the eversible type, without papilla; vagina enters ventrally or horizontally; ovovitel- line duct enters vagina ventrally; copulatory organs without adenodactyls or adenomuralia. Localities: principally in south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, with species introduced into urbanized areas of the United States of America, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Type species: Caenoplana coerulea Moseley, 1877; designated by Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1988a. Note: Two groups are recognized here. 43 The coerulea group: C. coerulea Moseley, 1877; C. spenceri (Dendy, 1890); C. walhallae (Dendy, 1891); C. dendyi (Spencer, 1891), characterized by the presence of blue-green pigmented rhabdoids: inner and outer and pharyngeal musculature comprised of longitudinal muscles underlain by circular fibres, internal to which is a layer of inter- woven longitudinal and circular muscle fibres; musculature of the copulatory organs comprises interwoven longitudinal and circular fibres. Cutaneous circular and diagonal musculature of C. dendyi are well differentiated. The subviridis group: C. sub-viridis Moseley, 1877; C. variegata (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); C. su/phurea (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); C. hoggii (Dendy, 1891); C. bicolor (Graff, 1899), C. dubia (Dendy, 1892a); C. citrina (Wood, 1926); C. barringtonensis (Wood, 1926). Most of the members of this group are yellow or brown in colour with green or dark brown longitudinal stripes. The musculature of the body wall, pharynx and copulatory organs of species within this group exhibit greater differentiation than those of the coerulea group. The following species are provisionally placed within Caenoplana: G. viridis (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); C. Aillii (Steel, 1897); C. ponderosa (Steel, 1897); C albolineata (Steel, 1987) and Geoplana daemeli (Graff, 1899), in part. Two New Zealand species, G. purpurea (Dendy, 1895b); G. tenuis (Dendy, 18985b) are also assigned to the genus, Genus; Australoplana gen. nov. Body elongate, strap-like; broadly convex dorsally, flat ventrally; mouth situated in posterior third of body; gono- pore closer to mouth than to posterior end, creeping sole less than 25% of body width; eyeless, or with a single row of minute eyes around the anterior tip and laterally to the posterior tip; cutaneous 44 musculature comprised of circular, diag- onal and longitudinal muscle layers, with the longitudinal muscles equally devel- oped dorsally and ventrally; CMI ranges from 10 - 16%; parenchymal longitudinal muscles very weak or absent; anterior glandulomuscular organs and sensory papillae absent; pharynx cylindrical or bell-form (glockenformig); testes and sperm ducts ventral; ventro-posterior diverticulum may be present in copulatory organs; intra-antral papilla present in penis of some species; vagina enters horizontally; ovovitelline ducts open ventrally into vagina; adenodactyls and adenomuralia absent. Localities principally in eastern Aus- tralia and New Zealand. Two or three species have been introduced into New Zealand and Great Britain, Type species: Caenoplana sanguinea Moseley, 1877, here designated. The generic epithet is derived from austral (Latin — southern), and plana Greek - roaming; a wanderer) often used in the names of flatworms. Note: Three groups are recognized here. The first two are Australian, the third a New Zealand group (species of which have been introduced into Great Britain), The sanguinea group: A. sanguinea (Moseley, 1877); 4 rubicunda (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); 4. alba (Dendy, 1891); A. alba var. roseolineata (Dendy, 1892a). A. minor (Dendy, 1829b) may also be referred to this group. All species in this group have eyes, and a cylindrical pharynx, An intra- antral penis papilla is present in the first three species. The typhlops group: A. typhlops (Dendy, 1984); together with undescribed species. All are eyeless, with bell-form pharynx. A ventro-posterior diverticulum is present only in A. typhlops. The New Zealand group: A. sanguinea var alba (Jones, 1981); and undescribed species. They are characterized by the presence of small bundles of ventro-lateral parenchymal muscles, and bell-form pharynx. Victorian Nat. Genus Parakontikia gen. nov. Body elongate, cylindrical to subcylin- drical; mouth situated just posterior to mid venter; gonopore closer to mouth than to the posterior end; creeping sole ranges from 54-84% body width; eyes generally large, in a single row around the anterior tip and in a submarginal row pos- teriorly without antero-lateral crowding; cutaneous musculature comprised of circular, diagonal and longitudinal muscles, the latter layer strong and generally equally developed bundles dors- ally and ventrally; CMI ranges from 6.7- 13.1%; parenchymal longitudinal muscles present in a ventral plate or ring-zone; PMI for ring zone or plate ranges from 5.5-13.8%; anterior glandulomuscular organs and sensory papillae absent; pharynx cylindrical; testes and sperm ducts ventral; penis of the eversible type without a papilla; vagina enters horizont- ally; ovovitelline ducts open ventrally into vagina; adenodactyls and adenomuralia absent. Localities: eastern and Western Aus- tralia; Papua-New Guinea. Type species: Geoplana ventrolineata Dendy, 1892a, here designated. Etymology: The generic epithet alludes to the similarities between this genus (para, Greek - beside) and the Indo-Pac- ific genus Kontikia. The genus includes P. ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892a); P. atrata (Steel, 1887); P. coxii (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); P melanochroa (Steel, 190la) and P lyra (Steel, 1901b). In the Papua-New Guinea species P. chapmani (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1988b) there are only 16 eyes present around the anterior tip and for a short distance laterally. However other char- acters accord with this genus to which the species is transferred. Genus: Reomkago gen. nov. Body elongate, quadrangular in cross section with rounded corners; dorsal and ventral surfaces flat; lateral surfaces inwards sloping; mouth posterior of mid- Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) venter; gonopore half way between mouth and posterior end; creeping sole less than 50% of body width; small eyes in a single row around the anterior tip and in a staggered sub-marginal row posteriorly without anterolateral crowding: cutaneous musculature strong, comprising circular, diagonal and longitudinal muscles; with greater development of the longitudinal muscle layer ventrally than dorsally; CMI 18%; longitudinal parenchymal musculature weak, generally confined to a ventral plate; PMI 8.5%; very strong laterally situated dorso-ventral muscles (largely responsible for the quadrangulate shape); anterior glandulomuscular organs and sensory papillae absent; pharynx cylindrical; testes and sperm ducts ventral: copulatory organs complex; with penis papilla; prostatic region anterior of penis bulb; ducts rise dorsally before entering penis bulb horizontally; vagina enters horizontally; ovovitelline duct enters vagina ventrally; adenodactyls and adenomuralia absent. Localities: eastern Australia (mainland and Tasmania) Type species: Geoplana quadrangulata Dendy, 1891, here designated. Etymology: The generic epithet is a combination of the initials of R. E. Ogren and M. Kawakatsu with the suffix -ago, from the Greek ago - to lead, guide, stimulate, promote. The gender is masculine. It honours the industry and magnificent achievement of these two compilers in indexing the species of the Terricola, thus greatly facilitating future taxonomic studies. Note: the genus includes R. quadrangulatus (Dendy, 1891); R. ventropunctatus (Dendy, 1892d); R. wellingtoni (Dendy, 1892d) and R. flynni (Dendy, 1915). These agile species have a pale ground colour with distinctive brown mottling. Genus: Fletchamia gen. nov. Body elongate, sub-cylindrical; mouth approximately central; gonopore generally nearer mouth than the posterior end, 45 creeping sole ranges from 50-70% body width; eyes equally large and small, ina single row around the anterior up, crowded antero-laterally, then continued posteriorly in two to three staggered sub- marginal rows, antero-lateral eye patch lens-shaped extends to the lateral region of the dorsal surface; cutancous musculature weak, with circular, diagonal and longitudinal muscles, the latter in bundles; CMI ranges from 2.3-6.2%, parenchymal musculature weak, comprised chiefly of a loose ring zone of circulo-oblique fibres; parenchymal longitudinal muscles present as isolated fibres largely confined to a weak ventral plate; PMI for plate ranges from 2.3—4,3%:; anterior glandulomuscular organs and sensory papillae absent; pharynx cylindrical; testes and sperm ducts ventral; copulatory organs complex; prostatic region anterior to penis bulb; ducts enter prostatic region dorsally; penis of eversible type; rudimentary intra-antral papilla present in penis of some species; female atrium elongate, the posterior end communicating with a diverticulum; vagina horizontal, enters floor of atrium anterior to the diverticulum; ovovitelline ducts enter vagina ventrally or horizont- ally; adenodactyls and adenomuralia absent, Localities: eastern and Western Australia; possibly introduced into New Zealand. Type species: Geoplana quinquelineata Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888, here designated, Etymology: The generic epithet is derived from the surnames of J.J. Fletcher and A.G. Hamilton, It commemorates the valuable contributions of these two colonial naturalists to our knowledge of the native terrestrial flatworms. Notes; Included in this genus are F quinquelineata (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); F m'mahoni (Dendy, 1891); F sugdeni (Dendy, 1891); F mediolineata (Dendy, 1891); F quinquelineata var accentuata (Steel, 1897) and Fletchamia sp. (Winsor, 1977). The species F. fusco- 46 dorsalis (Steel, 1901a); & mediolineata var simularis (Steel, 1901a): / dakini (Dendy, 1915) and F: flavilineata (Dendy, 1915) may also be referred to the genus. Genus: Lenkunya gen, nov. Robust body, broadly convex dorsally, flat ventrally; mouth central; gonopore closer to the mouth than to the posterior end; creeping sole ranges from 70-80%; eyes in a single row around the anterior tip, crowd antero-laterally, then continue posteriorly in a staggered submarginal row to the level of the pharynx; very sparse thereafter; antero-lateral eye patch lens- shaped and extends to the lateral region of the dorsal surface; cutaneous musculature weak, with circular, diagonal and longitudinal muscles, the latter in small bundles; CMI ranges from 3.6-5.5%,; parenchymal longitudinal muscles strong, present as isolated fibres in a ring zone of circular and diagonal muscles; PMI ranges from 12-28%; anterior glandulomuscular organs and sensory papillae absent; pharynx cylindrical; testes and sperm ducts ventral; copulatory organs simple with well developed penis papilla, vagina enters horizontally; ovovitelline duct approaches ventrally; adenodactyls and adenomuralia absent. Localities: south eastern and Western Australia, Type species: Geoplana munda Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888, here designated. Etymology: The generic epithet is an aboriginal word meaning beautiful. The dialect and language group are unknown. The species in this genus are most attractively marked. Notes; In the genus are included; L. munda (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); L. adae (Dendy, 1891); L. frosti (Spencer, 1891); L. adae var extralineata (Dendy, 1892c) and L. adae var fusca (Dendy, 1894), The species L. ornata (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888); L. virgata (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888) and L. arenicola (Steel, 190 1a) may also be referred to the genus. Victorian Nat. Genus: Tasmanoplana gen. nov. Body elongate, sub-cylindrical, flat ventrally; mouth just posterior of mid venter; gonopore nearer to mouth than to posterior end; creeping sole over two thirds of body width; eyes small, in a single row around the anterior tip extending posteriorly in a single staggered sub- marginal row without antero-lateral crowding; cutaneous musculature strong with circular, diagonal and longitudinal muscles, the latter in bundles; CMI 6.6- 9.7%; parenchymal musculature mainly comprised of very strong, compact longitudinal muscle fibres in a ring zone; PMI 11.5—20%; anterior glandulomuscular organs and sensory papillae absent; pharynx cylindrical; testes and sperm ducts ventral; copulatory organs simple with small penis papilla; vagina enters horizontally; ovovitelline duct enters vagina ventrally; ventro-posterior diver- ticulum present ventral to the female atrium, opening into copulatory canal; adenodactyls and adenomuralia absent. Localities: south eastern and south western Australia. Type species: Planaria tasmaniana Darwin, 1844, here designated. Etymology: The generic epithet alludes to the first record of terrestrial flatworms in Australia. Charles Darwin collected the type species during the visit of H.MLS. Beagle to Hobart, Tasmania, 2nd-17th February, 1836. Notes: The genus includes: T. tasmaniana (Darwin, 1844) and T. tasmaniana var flavicincta (Steel, 1901b). The species T: balfouri (Graff, 1899) and T. comitatis (Dendy, 1915) may also be referred to the genus. Genus: Artioposthia Graff, 1896 Original definition (translated from _ German): Geoplanidae without creeping ridge and glandular margin, of elongate form, with body apertures on the ventral surface, and with at least a pair of acces- sory auxiliary organs in addition to the male copulatory organ. Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) Emended: testes and sperm ducts ventral Graff assigned six species to the genus. Since then numerous species, chiefly New Zealand taxa investigated by Marion Fyfe during the period 1937-1956, have been included in the genus on the basis of the presence of accessory auxiliary organs in the copulatory organs. Unfortunately the majority of descriptions are incomplete and lack details of body musculature. Full anatomical studies on several species of Artioposthia undertaken by the author reveal that the genus is hetero- geneous. At least five groups, at this stage chiefly based upon musculature, can be re- cognized. All have ventral testes and sperm ducts, and most taxa have a penis papilla. Formal re-definition and restriction of Artioposthia, and subsequent allocation of excluded species into new genera should only be undertaken following examination of type material. At present few relevant type specimens of Australian taxa have been examined, Sectioned type specimens of New Zealand taxa need to be aug- mented by new material. The following groups are present within Artioposthia. As these data, including that provided by Graff, 1899, have mostly been derived from non-type specimens, the assignment of species of these groups must be regarded as provisional. Artioposthia Group 1. Body elongate, broad, convex dorsally, flat ventrally; with weak cutaneous longi- tudinal muscles in bundles, evenly developed dorsally and ventrally. Paren- chymal longitudinal muscles weak, comprised of isolated fibres arranged in a very loose ring zone. Included in this group: A. fletcheri (Dendy, 1891) (this species was the first species assigned to the genus); A. fletcheri var borealis (Dendy, 1895a). Artiopasthia Group 2. Body elongate, broad, convex dorsally, flat ventrally; with weak cutaneous 47 longitudinal muscles, equally developed dorsally and ventrally. Parenchymal longitudinal muscles strong, not firmly united in bundles but exhibiting grouping of fibres, present in a ring zone. Included in this group: A. /ucasi (Dendy, 1891); A. adelaidensis (Dendy, 1893) and A, diemenensis (Dendy, 1894). The species A. mortoni (Dendy, 1894); A. grubei (Graff, 1899); A. nichollsi (Dendy, 1915) and the Adelaide specimens of Caenoplana daemeli (Graff, 1899) may also be referred to this group. Artioposthia Group 3. Body small, elongate, sub-cylindrical; with strong cutaneous longitudinal musculature, equally developed dorsally and ventrally; parenchymal longitudinal muscles in ring zone or ventral plate. Included in this group: A. alfordensis (Dendy, 1896), a New Zealand species. Artioposthia Group 4, Body small, elongate, cylindrical to sub- cylindrical; cutaneous longitudinal muscles weak, more developed ventrally than dorsally; parenchymal musculature weak, largely confined to a ventral plate. Included in this group: A. gramnicola (Steel, 190la) and Artioposthia sp. (Winsor, 1979), both Australian species, and A. polyadoides (Fyfe, 1956), a New Zealand species. Artioposthia Group 5. Body robust, elongate; convex dorsally, slightly concave ventrally; with strong cutaneous longitudinal muscles, the ventral muscles slightly more developed than those dorsally; parenchymal longit- udinal muscles very weak or absent. Included in this group: A. howitti (Dendy, 1892c); A. howitti var obsoleta (Dendy, 1892c) and A. robusta (Steel, 1897). A. regina (Dendy, 1892b); A. parva (Steel, 1897); A. warragulensis (Graff, 1899); 4. scaphoidea (Steel, 1901a); A. dovei (Steel, 1901b). 4. harrisoni Wood, 1926 may also be referred to this group. 48 Localities: Artioposthia species have been described from the Philippines, Aus- tralia and New Zealand. One species has been introduced into Great Britain from New Zealand. Acknowledgments A considerable portion of the author’s collection of terricola used in part as a basis for this work, was obtained with the willing help of members of the EN.C.V. Field Survey Group to whom | am most grateful. Dr Lester Cannon, Queensland Museum, kindly read the manuscript and his advice and support are deeply appreci- ated. Support for these taxonomic studies by the C.S.I.R.O. Science and Industry Endowment Fund and the Australian Biological Resources Study is gratefully acknowledged. References Cannon, L.R.G. (1986). Turbellaria of the world. A guide to families and genera, Brisbane: Queensland Museum: 136p. Darwin, C. (1844). Brief description of several terrestrial planariae, and of some remarkable marine species, with an account of their habits. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 14: 241-256 + pLv. Dendy, A. (1890), The anatomy of an Australian land plananan. Trans. Roy. Soc, Vict. 1 (for 1889): 50-59 + pls. VII-IX. Dendy, A. (1891). On the Victorian land planarians. Trans, Roy. Soc. Vict. 2 (for 1890): 65-80 + pl. 7. Dendy, A. (1892)a. Short descriptions of new land Verdned Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 4 (for 1891): 5-38. Dendy, A. (1892)b. Descriptions of some land planarians from Queensland. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 4 (for 1891); 123-129 + pl. XI, Dendy, A. (1892)c, Notes on the planarian worms obtained on the Upper Wellington. Vic. Nat. 8 (for 1891): 43-44, Dendy, A, (1892)d. Additional observations on the Victorian land planarians. Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 2 (for 1891); 25-41 + pl. 4, Dendy, A. (1893), Notes on some land planarians from Tasmania and South Australia, Rep, Aus- tralas. Ass, Advmt. Sci. 4 (for 1982); 369-374. Dendy, A. (1894). Notes on some new or little- known land planarians from Tasmania and sou Australia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 6: 178-188 + pl. x, Dendy, A. (1895)a, Notes on some land planarians collected by Thos. Steel, Esq. F.C.S., in the Blue Mountains, N.S.W, Proc, Linn. Soc, N.S.W. 9: 792-734, Dendy, A, (1895)b. Notes on New Zealand land planarians. Part J. Trans, N.Z. Inst. 27: 177-189. Victorian Nat. Dendy, A. (1896). Notes on New Zealand land planarians. PartII. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 28: 210-214. Dendy, A. (1915). On land planarians collected from Western Australia and Tasmania by mem- bers of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 48: 693-703. Fletcher, J.J. and Hamilton, A.G. (1888). Notes on Australian land planarians with descriptions of some new species, PartI. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 2: 349-374 + pl. V. Froehlich, C.G. (1955). Sobre morfologia ¢ tax- onomia das Geoplanidae. Bolem. Fac. Filos. Cienc. Letr. Zool. 19: 197-251 + pls. I-XIV. Fyfe, M.L. (1956). The classification and reproduc- tive organs of New Zealand land planarians. Part IV. Trans. Roy, Soc. N.Z. 83: 504-514. Graff, L. von (1899). Monographie der Trubellarien, II, Tricladida, Terricola (Land- planarien). Leipzig, W. Englemann: 574p (Text and Atlas). Jones, H.D. (1981). A specimen of the Australian land planarian Geoplana sanguinea (Moseley) var. alba (Dendy) from the Isles of Scilly. J. nat. Hist, 15: 837-843. Moseley, H.N. (1877). Notes on the structure of several forms of land planarian with a description of two new genera and several new species, and a list of all species at present known. Q. Ji. microsc. Sci. 17: 273-292 + pl. XX. Ogren, R.E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1987). Index to the species of the genus Bipalium (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola), Bull. Fuji Women’s College 25: Ser. II: ;79-119. Ogren, R.E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1988)a. Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola). Part I: Rhynchodeminae. Bull. Fuji Women’s College 26, Ser. II: 39-91. Ogren, R.E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1988)b. A juvenile land planarian of the genus Caenoplana Moseley, 1877, from Papua New Guinea (Turbellaria, Terricola, Geoplanidae). Bull. Fuji Women’s College 26, Ser. I: 93-103. Vol. 108 No. 2 (1991) Ogren, R.E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1989). Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola). Part II: Microplaninae. Bull. Fuji Women’s College 27, Ser. II: 53-111, Ogren, R.E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1990). Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbel- laria, Tricladida, Terricola), PartI: Geo- pee Bull. Fuji Women’s College 28, Ser. II: Spencer, W.B. (1891). Notes on some Victorian land planarians. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict, 3 (for 1890): 84-92 + pls. XI-XII. Steel, T. (1897). Australian land planarians: des- criptions of new species and notes on collecting and preserving. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 22: 104- 119 + pls. 6-7. Steel, T. (1901)a. Australian land planarians: descriptions of new species and notes on col- lecting and preserving. No. 2. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. W. 25 (for 1900): 563-580 + pl. 34. Steel, T. (1901)b. Tasmanian land planarians. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 25 (for 1900): 618-631 + pl. 41. Winsor, L. (1977). Terrestrial planarians and nemerteans of the Otway Region. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 89: 137-146, Winsor, L. (1979). Land planarians (Tricladida: Terricola) of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Mel- bourne, Victoria. Vic. Nat. 96; 155-161. Winsor, L. (1983). A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 79: 61-100. Winsor, L. (1991). A new genus and species of terrestrial flatworm from the central highlands of New Caledonia (Tricladida Terricola). Jn; J. Chazeau & S. Tillier (eds), Zoologia Neocale- donica, Vol. 2, Mem. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., (A), 149: 19-30. Wood. L.W. (1926). On some land planarians from Barrington Tops, N.S.W., with descriptions of some new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 51: 608-613. 49 Botany Group excursion to the Skipton area, on : 27th October, 1990. The Botany Group visited Mooramong, north west of Skipton, to see efforts being made to re-establish rare and endangered plants of the Western Volcanic Plains. Mooramong is a National Trust owned grazing property where a substantial area of land is being converted to a nature reserve. The reserve is centred on areas that contain remnants of native grassland vegetation, and where experiments in re- establishment are being conducted. Our leaders were Neville Scarlett (Botany Dept., Latrobe University), and Laurie Lees, the ranger at Mooramong. Neville is primarily responsible for the re- establishment efforts. His work is mainly financed by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWE), Laurie is responsible for the property on a day to day basis. Seed from rare plants is collected from the nearest known source - often from small vegetation remnants on road or rail reserves, This seed is either grown to the seedling stage and then planted out, or is sown directly into prepared plots in the reserve. It 1s hoped that, in time, the rare plants will become self perpetuating. This will depend on the ability to restore the remaining areas of native grassland to a more natural state (i.e. reducing the amount of exotic vegetation cover), and establishing large enough populations of rare plants to provide an adequate seed source. Various techniques are being tested in an effort to improve the condition of the grassland remnants, and to provide plots suitable for growing the rare plants. These include burning at various intervals and during different seasons, placement of Straw containing seed harvested from nearby grassland remnants, hand weeding, removal of top soil containing weed seeds, use of weed mats, limited use of herbicides on problem weeds and selective planting to enrich and strengthen existing stands of plants, 50 Problems noted include predation by destructive pests - slugs, nematodes and caterpillars, and grazing by sheep which occasionally invade the reserve many of the rare species are very palatable so are preferentially grazed. Severe climatic and soil conditions make re-establishment difficult e.g. exposed wind-swept plains with hard cracking clays. High nutrient levels in the soil, due to the application of fertilisers, favours rank weed growth. There is a tendency for native plants to be smothered once grazing ceases, (Some native plants that are still present in grazed areas are being lost when stock is excluded, Experiments in maintaining limited grazing prior to more active management are being conducted in an effort to over- come this problem, It is too carly to know whether the re- establishment programme at Mooramong will be successful. Everyone was concerned about the apparent difficulties being faced by those involved in the project. Rare plants planted in the reserve and seen on the excursion include Senecio macrocarpus, Rutidosis leptorrhyn- choides, Lepidium hyssopifolium, and an apparently undescribed Podolepis. Non- endangered species which had been planted include Acacia retinodes and Helipterum anthemoides. Unfortunately many of the endangered species are either inconspicuous or unspectacular and con- sequently lack general horticultural appeal. For that reason, reserves like Mooramong are important for their continued existence. The day finished with an inspection of the planted exotic garden around the homestead, before the group moved on to Maryborough for the second day of the excursion, = John Eichler Victorian Nat. CALENDAR OF CLUB ACTIVITIES General Excursion — To be announced. Fauna Survey Group - To be announced. Geology Group — To be announced. Geology Excursion - Contact Graham Love. General Meeting — Australian Natural History Medallion presentation, Botany Group - “Banksias” Ron Pearson. Microscopy Group - “Bacteria” Botany Excursion — To be announced. General Excursion — To be announced. Fauna Survey Group - To be announced. Field Naturalists Club of Victoria In which is incorporated the Microscopical Society of Victoria Established 1880 Registered Office: FNCY, ¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. OBJECTS: To stimulate interest in natural history and to preserve and protect Australian fauna and flora. Members include beginners as well as experienced naturalists. Patron His Excellency, The Rev Dr John Davis McCaughey, The Governor of Victoria. Key Office-Bearers 1990-1991 President: Dr. ARTHUR FARNWORTH, 47 The Boulevarde, Doncaster 3108 (848 2229 or 435 9019) Hon, Secretary: Mr. ED GREY, C/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Ave. (650 8661/543 8627 A.H.) Hon. Treasurer: Mr. BRUCE ABBOTT, 3 Chatham St, Flemington, 3031. (376 4668 A.H.) Subscription-Secretary: FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Editor: ROBYN WATSON, VCAH Burnley, Burnley Gardens, Swan St, Richmond, 3121. (BH 810 8833, AH 419 3532). Librarian: Mrs. SHEILA HOUGHTON, FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Excursion Secretary; DOROTHY MAHLER (850 9379 A.H.). Conservation Co-ordinator: Mr. JULIAN GRUSOVIN, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Sales Officer (Victorian Naturalist only): Mr. D.E. McINNES, 129 Waverley Road, East Malvern, 3145 (541 2427) Publicity Officer: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125. (889 2779). Book Sales Officer: Mr. ALAN PARKIN, FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (850 2617 A.H.) E.N.C.V. Office: 650 8661. Group Secretaries Botany: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Geology: Miss HELEN BARTOSZEWICZ, 16 Euroa Avenue, Nth, Sunshine, 3020 (311 5106 A.H.) Fauna Survey: Mr. ALEX KUTT, 75 King William Street, Fitzroy, 3065 (419 0752). Microscopical: Mrs. ELSIE GRAHAM, 147 Broadway, Reservoir, 3073 (469 2509). MEMBERSHIP Membership of the F.N.C.V. is open to any person interested in natural history. The Victorian Naturalist is distributed free to all members, the club’s reference and lending library is available and other activities are indicated in reports set out in the several preceding pages of this magazine. Membership rates 1991 Club subscription . . . Libraries within Australi Overseas The Victorian Naturalist MOF VI Vol. 108 (3) 1991 AS SM Top a a we Vm) tenn gp a FNCV Calendar of Activities November Thur. 14 Botany Group - ‘Banksias’ Ron Pearson. 16-17 FSG - Water Rat study, MMBW Farm, Werribee. Julian Grusovin (H) 571 4997 Wed. 20 Microscopy Group - ‘Bacteria’. Sat. 23 Botany Excursion - Labertouche. Mett at 10 am on Princes Hwy at Labertouche signpost on left side of road. Membersof Latrobe valley Field Naturalists will join us. Mel. 284 T/U 6 Sat. 30 FSG - Leadbeater’s Possum survey. Contact Ray Gibson (H) 874 4408. December Sun. 1 General Excursion - A stroll, not a hike, for all the family, along Gardiner’s Creek Valley, from Glen Iris Railway Station to Hughesdale Railway Station. Leader Dan McInnes. Tues. 3 Fauna Survey Group - Members night and Christmas breakup, Wed. 4 Geology Group - Members night. Sat7-Sun8 FSG - Frog survey Eastern Otway Ranges. Cantact Laurie Conole on (H) 481 4926. Mon. 9 General Meeting - Members night - members bring along your slides and exhibits. Thu. 12 Botany Group - Members night and Annual General Meeting. Sat. 14 FSG - Leadbeater’s Possum survey. Contact Ray Gibson (H) 874 4408. Wed. 18 Microscopy Group - no meeting until January, 1992. January Wed. 15 Microscopy Group - Members night. February Sun. 2 General Excursion. March 6-9 Assoc. of Field Naturalists Clubs of Victoria Annual Camp, The Basin. New Members Metropolitan Ms Maggie Allmand 58 Hornby St, Windsor, 3181 Mr Scott Brunton 24 Kingston, St Yarraville, 3013 Mr Kevin Edgar 4 Weafgreen Court, Burwood, 3125 Ms Cathy Molnar 6 Warrien Rd, Croydon, 3136 Mr Michael Loughnane 18 Ethel St, Oak Park, 3046 Mr Scott Watson 178 Beverley Rd , Rosanna, 3084 Joint Metropolitan Mrs Patricia Grey 8 Woona Court, Yallambie, 3085 Country Mrs Jacquelyn Stump Lot 2 Tucks Rd, Main Ridge, 3928 The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (3) 1991 Editor: Robyn Watson Review Management of remnant lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands for nature conservation: a review, Lakp eun1D. TUTE: ahs hei a OR 56 Contributions Threatened birds in Victoria: their distributions, ecology and PULUTCRDSOUCERODINSON. oc tescck ult > spoos punois ult > $]09SUI punoIs $]09SUI punols Spoess punois spods punois spue[poom AsseiZ Spue[poom Asseiz Spue[poom Asseis do]]eul do][eul $1D9SUI QnIYs sa]]eur S1D9SUI QnIYs da][eUI do]]eul $1D9SUI qnIys da][eul so][eur aaqyew Spue[poom Asses ‘ao][eUI so];eur lajvaqpva] DNIDIDD 001¥4D0D AuUlg SnIYiusdU snyIUAYAOIdA]DD 0018490D-AIe[_ Pellel-poy SIISOAIUSDU SNUIYANG Salis Fy 1 RSG | Snjnuinjd snuojsouaynT Ia]V2AQUOH Pouoy-AdIDH SIJOUDJAU DULIOUDY JSUT] Peies-yoeIg la]Dpadl DZ1YJUuDIP Tiqui0y | Pe[[iq-1apus[s SNAUUNAG SIULONIAAS 1BOIYIpIy SNIDIAIS SIUAOJAUL USIMSSBID polelis sdaoifna snanjidijs UdIM-NUIY so] SLuDjnso1s1u Sapoydosg PrIQdIy AA W1sIS2A\, suDjnsofna Djpydartyovg TOPSTY MA P2lO[-Ppoy snjdadoyjun sijajAjog 1oLied juasay D1D]]290 vod1aT [MOJoo Te Fo i258 a}IS JSANJ v1 yeGUH SN}EIS saneds Se ea a “UOTIDES SPOYI2W 2Y} UT 1e1IQeY YOR Joy payst] SoNTUNUIUIOD UONEIaB—A [|e IpNjoUr saui0sayeo ieugey oy] (0661 9qeD-sexeg) (q) UMoUy ApuoIoyynsur pue (q) pouaieary} Ajqissod ‘oyeuruuajaput ‘(D) aes “(g) a[quiouyna ‘(y) posoduepua ‘ose salio8aj¥9 smieIg “BLIOJOIA UI soldeds piIqpUR] Poua}eoIY} JO soyIs jsouU puke sIzIp ‘suONNqUIsIp 1e1IQey “T P1983 75 Vol. 108 No. 3 (1991) Iejoau Adouro MOT[OY sjso10y AIp (qd) AOJOISIP SNUIDY JOT JOLIE YIMS MOTO, spoos Adours s}so10j} AIp (qd) muvyID] SnYyoUAYysO]dA]DD 00184907-HeIg ASSO[H Adoues $9] B1Q9119A SPpUL[POOM ‘s}so1OJ AIP (a) DANS1 D1U1JJ1I0YdOT dy porei-orenbs punog sjoosul punols SPpUP[POOM ‘spuR|sseIs (Vv) SIJDAISND S1JoapAy pieisng uelensny punois3 spoos punoi3 spurysseis (a) SnIONbAO] SNULOUOIpAg I919PULM-SUIP[ punois spods punoi3 spurysseis (a) XDAOYIOYIAAA X1UANT, [renb-uo01jng pojsoyo-poy Adoueo $9}.1qQ91.19A SpUv[POOM ‘spuRIsseIs (q) soanajoday o2[D.-7 uoogey AID Adoues sjosul punols spue[poom Assia (dD) DadsIUul) DAP1YINAIS! piiqopsody AgiIoysiapun yng Adoues spue[poom Assvi3 (Vv) DIDINIDU DéapAUD]YD Pliqiomog pov10ds MOTIOY syoosut Adoueo spue[poom Asses (d) SIUYJD S14BJIDUYD 19d9019991], PO&MO1g-31TY AA Aod10\sispun s1]OOSUI punols spur[poom Asses (gq) S1JDAOdUA] SNULOJSOJDULOT Iajqqeg PouMOII-ADIDH Adoueo sjO9SUI puNnoIs spue[poom Asses (D) DULIXDUL DUIIDAOD dyLIYys-OoyoND punoiH MOT[OY $9] 8.1Q91.19A spur[poom Assvi3 (9) SUAAIUUOD XOUINN IMC BuTyieg MOTO, spoos punoi3 spur[poom Assei3 (dO) pyayojnd puaydoany joleg sstonbiny, MOTIOY spoes punoi3s spur][poom Assei3 (dD) 11UOSUIDAS S1Ja]A]Od joLeg qiodng HIS JSON] IG yIqeHR = SNYBIS sapads Victorian Nat. 76 MOTTOY 1000S a) ul [> 1OgU if Ses punoi3 Aoi0}siopun MOTIOY MOT[OY MOT[OY Adoues Adoues Adoueo Ssposs punols $]09SUI punol3 sjO9suI puNnoIs sposs punois $]O9SUI punol3 3Ie1o0u Adouers $9} B1G91IOA $9} BIQOIIOA $918.1Q9].10A $2}V1Q9}.19A sim Adouro zejoou Adouers ysieuunyes spuryieoy spuryy}eoy spurlyiesy spuryyiesy S}SOIOF JOM S1SO1OJ 19M S]SOIOJ 19M S1SO10} 19M S1SOIOJ 19M SPUP[POOM ‘s}so10J AIP SPUP[POOM ‘s}so10J AIP (v) (O) (a) (O) O) (Vv) (<9) (a) (<9) (9) (qd) (v) Ad SDBOSAAYI DULAYAOANT JOLLY Pol]jaq-s3uL1O 1UIGPVOAG SIUAOASDG Prgepisiig snojny SNAIIAAYIDAG SIUAOASDG Pllgopisug u1o}seq snoyjoM SnsOdozad joe punoip SISUBUIYD XIUANJOD [rend sury XIPISSDI SdOUDJAU SNULOJSOUBYIIT JoyeoAOUOY poawyjoyH DSOD1AGQUA] OAT, IMO Al00S avIpunjyjoyavaou OjAT, IMO porysey DNUAAIS XOUIN IMO [Nj1oM0d IDIPUD]JOYaVAOU sAajIdIIIp yMeysoy AdH pjII1d DIJA1JUuDAD) JojeaXauo0HY pojureg p1sdayd pzAuoyjudy qoreakou0H 1U9doy 77 Wol. 108 No. 3 (1991) Obituary Mrs May Salau (nee Vale) Late 1990 saw the passing of one of the Club’s oldest and longest serving members, Mrs. May Salau, in her 96th year. She was born in Heathcote and lived all her early years on a farm and then to the town to further her education. From there she began a teaching career. It was at one of her postings she met her husband Fred, Fred Salau became a Nurseryman and after several positions was sent to Clarinda to set up and manage a wholesale nursery. Mrs. Salau was elected to the Club at the meeting of the 15th of June, 1931, four months after her husband joined. On that same night Mr. Stan Colliver, a long time Secretary of the Club and then President, was also elected. Soon after a group was set up, unofficially called the “Gang”, or the Colliver Gang. These were a group of enthusiasts, both amateur and professional who got together about every two months to further their interests. The Salau home was the venue for many of these workshops. What an environment to raise a young family! Fred Salau was an authority on plants and forays were made into the nearby bush and heathland looking for rare species including orchids. These tracts have long since gone. The Colliver home was a popular venue because of Stan’s large library and fossil collection. This “Gang” was no doubt the forerunner to the formation of the Geology and Botany groups. The “Gang” broke up during World War II. Stan, a gifted amateur Palaeontologist moved to Queensland where he became long time curator of fossils at the Queensland University. He gained an Honorary Doctorate and later an O.B.E. for his services, When her husband died, Mrs Salau moved closer to Melbourne, first to Deepdene and then to East Kew. She became a long time member of the Nature Show committee, under the leadership of Mr. Dan McInnis, helping to organize and arrange exhibits. These Annual Shows were a feature of the Club’s activities and ran over a long period of time, Many of the main exhibits were of a rather ambitious nature and Mrs. Salau will be remembered by the professional way in which she approached the tasks. She was frequently heard telling fellow helpers that “near enough wasn’t good enough”, it had to be right. Mrs. Salau was a prominent member of the Geology Group and the Botany Group over a long period of time. She received her Honorary Certificate in 1971 after 40 years membership. Although in the last years of her life she was confined to a Nursing Home she kept her interest in Natural History. During this time, one thing she would not miss was the A.B.C. Science Show. She was without doubt a true Naturalist. Tom Sault P Victorian Nat. GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Submission of Manuscripts The following general statements apply to all submitted manuscripts. 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References References should be cited in the text by author and year and listed at the end of the text in alphabetical order and in the following form: Ashton, D. H. (1976). Phosphorus in forest ecosystems at Beenak, Victoria, Aust. J. Ecol., 64: 171-86. Gill, A. M. (1981), Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species. In ‘Fire and the Australian Biota. Eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and T. R. Noble, pp. 243-72. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra). Leigh, J., Boden, R. and Briggs, J. (1984). ‘Extinct and Endangered Plants of Australia’. (MacMillan: Australia). Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the most recent (4th) edition of the World List of Scientific Periodicals (available at most libraries). Other methods of referencing (e.g. footnotes) may be acceptable in manuscripts other than research reports. The editors should be consulted prior to the submission of a manuscript that uses a method other than author-date. Research Reports A research report is a succinct, formal, original scientific communication. Prefer- ence will be given to reports that make a significant contribution to natural history literature and are of general appeal. The manuscript should consist of an abstract not exceeding 250 words, an introduction, methods, results, discussion, acknow- ledgements and references. Contributions and Naturalist Notes The general comments on figure and table presentation, referencing and units also apply to these manuscripts. The appropriate style and format will vary with the manuscript but concise simple English should be used at all times. The use of sub-headings is encouraged where they improve comprehension. 79 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria In which is incorporated the Microscopical Society of Victoria Established 1880 Registered Office: FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. OBJECTS: To stimulate interest in natural history and to preserve and protect Australian fauna and flora. Members include beginners as well as experienced naturalists. Patron His Excellency, The Rev Dr John Davis McCaughey, The Governor of Victoria. Key Office-Bearers 1991 President: Dr. ARTHUR FARNWORTH, 47 The Boulevarde, Doncaster 3108 (848 2229) Hon. Secretary: Mr. ED GREY, C/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Ave. (650 8661/435 9019 A.H.) Hon. Treasurer: Mr. BRUCE ABBOTT, 3 Chatham St, Flemington, 3031 (376 4668 A.H.) Subscription-Secretary: FNCY, ¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Editor: ROBYN WATSON, VCAH Burnley, Burnley Gardens, Swan St, Richmond, 3121 (BH 810 8858, AH 419 3532). Librarian: Mrs. SHEILA HOUGHTON, FNCY, c¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Excursion Secretary; DOROTHY MAHLER (850 9379 A.H.). Conservation Co-ordinator; Mr. JULIAN GRUSOVIN, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Sales Officer (Victorian Naturalist only); Mr. D.E. McINNES, 129 Waverley Road, East Malvern, 3145 (571 2427) Publicity Officer; Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Book Sales Officer; Mr. ALAN PARKIN, FNCY, c¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (850 2617 A.H.) E-N.C.V. Office: 650 8661. Programme Secretary: Dr, NOEL SCHLEIGER, | Astley St, Montmorency (435 8408) Group Secretaries Botany: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Geology; Miss HELEN BARTOSZEWICZ, 16 Euroa Avenue, Nth. Sunshine, 3020 (311 5106 A.H.) Fauna Survey; Mr, ALEX KUTT, 75 King William Street, Fitzroy, 3065 (419 0752), Microscopical: Mrs. ELSIE GRAHAM, 147 Broadway, Reservoir, 3073 (469 2509). MEMBERSHIP Membership of the F.N.C.V. is open to any person interested in natural history, The Victorian Naturalist is distributed free to all members, the club’s reference and lending library is available and other activities are indicated in reports set out in the several preceding pages of this magazine. Membership rates 1991 Metropolitan $30 Joint Metropolitan $35 Country/Interstate members { , : : ‘$27 Joint Country/Interstate ; * I ? Concessional rate (Students/pensioners) st Joint Concessional ‘$27 Junior (under 18; no Vietorian Naturalist) $5 Subscripti Club subscription ign 4 hoi Ba ak Libraries within Australia Meas Overseas uch Aah eaty 2 "Si see The Victorian 4 (47 JAN 1982) i Published +y The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria FNCV Calendar of Activities Bee General Excursion - A stroll, not a hike, for all the family, along Gardiner’s Creek Valley, from Glen Iris Railway Station to Hughesdale Railway station. Leader Dan McInnes. : Tues. 3 Fauna Survey Group - Members night and Christmas breakup. Wed. 4 Geology Group - Members night. ; Sat7—Sun8 FSG - Frog survey eastern Otway Ranges. Contact Laurie Conole on (H) 481 4926, : Mon. 9 General Meeting - Members night - members bring along your slides and exhibits. ; Thu. 12 Botany Group - Members night and Annual General Meeting. FSG - Leadbeaters Possum survey. Contact Ray Gibson (H) 874 4408. Sat. 14 Wed. 18 Microscopy group - no meeting until January, 1992. January i Wed. 15 Microscopy Group - Members night. February Sun. 2 General Excursion March 6-9 Assoc. of Field Naturalists Clubs of Victoria Annual Camp, The Basin ALPINE ECOLOGY COURSE BOGONG HIGH PLAINS 5-11 JANUARY 1992 Designed for teachers, rangers and conservationists interested in the alpine environment Study alpine flora, fauna, soils and conservation issues in the field with expert instructors. Two days are spent on individual projects enabling participants to apply the knowledge and skills learnt. Accommodation is at Howman’s Gap Alpine Centre, only 5 km below the Bogong High Plains. Course Fee: $475 includes accommodation, meals, instruction and course notes. Some subsidised places are available for people on low incomes. Limited to 45 participants. Enquiries and application forms: Deirdre Slattery (03) 412 4532 Fax (03) 412 4136 Bruce West - Howman’s Gap (057) 583 228 Enjoy studying ecology at the peak of the wildflower season Presented by the Department of Conservation and Environment The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (4) 1991 ISSN 0042-5184 Editor: Robyn Watson Research Report The invasive potential of Genista monspessulana (Montpellier Broom) in dry sclerophyll forest in Victoria, by Robyn Adams (PALATE SST Saree ng AUee ees Oe es 84 | Contributions The genus Cryptandra (Rhamnaceae) in Victoria and a new species record for the state, by David AIbrecht ....cccccccessceseesseeeees 90 Reports PSOE TEIN KOA | 22ey Yon rial SSO rec perenne Wen e mys rn Attra eer 95 | GeO GPVAGTOUP RS DOM O DOG, srrsverscs aierusreecsecenas ste ieee erence? 98 Obituary MIS SulbaNC AMV MILL CHeE Macs She tater th aio teedat a vik Renee 99 Cover photo: Gorse, a declared noxious weed in Victoria by Jim Watson. See the article on another serious weed, Montpellier Broom by Adams and Simmons. Research Report The invasive pot ential of Genista monspessulana (Montpellier Broom) in dry sclerophyll forest in Victoria Robyn Adams and Dianne Simmons* Abstract Genista monspessulana, a woody perennial species native to Mediterranean Europe, is a widespread weed of dry sclerophyll forests in Victoria. It has the potential to become 4 serious environ- mental weed because of its spread, and the promotion of germination, by manage- ment activities such as road maintenance, roadside slashing and burning, Seeds are initially dispersed by explosive dehiscence, but subsequent dispersal of seeds by ants increases the potential of the species to invade relatively undisturbed vegetation. Genista monspessulana is polymorphic in its germination behaviour, with 82% of seeds being ‘hardseeded’ and 18% of seeds being able to germinate as soon as suitable conditions allow. The dormant seeds remain as a substantial pool of soil-stored seed which is able to germinate prolifically after fire. The dispersal of Genista monspessulana, combined with its polymorphic germination behaviour, the size of the soil seed bank and a number of other characteristics, results in a species with great invasive potential, and which poses serious problems of control. Introduction The Brooms are a group of European species, now found widely distributed as weeds throughout Victoria, and all species (Table 1) are declared noxious weeds out- side the metropolitan area of Melbourne (Parsons 1971). Cytisus scoparius (English Broom) is already a serious weed in New Zealand (Williams 1981) and has invaded large areas of grazing land and public forest in northern New South Wales (Smith and Waterhouse 1988). Genista *Faculty of Applied Science, Victoria College, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, 84 monspessulana (Montpellier Broom) is becoming increasingly noticeable as a weed along roadsides, in many small bushland reserves and remnants, and in some larger areas of public forest in Victoria. Species of Genista are sold widely in nurseries and supermarkets as attractive ornamental bushes, but their invasive potential has clearly established them, and their close relatives, as serious bushland weeds. Genista monspessulana, which is a woody leguminous shrub, forms dense thickets and excludes other desirable native species. It is a native of Mediterranean Europe, and is recognized as a weed in North America and New Zealand (Parsons 1971). If Genista monspessulana follows the pattern indicated by other Broom species overseas, the potential for the rapid spread of Genista monspessulana into remnant native forest is very high. Although Genista monspessulana is a widespread weed in dry sclerophyll forest in Victoria, its present distribution is patchy. It appears to be initially spread along roadsides and tracks, often as a re- sult of road maintenance activities. During these activities soil containing seeds is rapidly redistributed, and mech- anical damage to the seed coat promotes rapid germination, Roadside slashing activities also spread seed widely, in the pods attached to fragments of the adult plant. However, our observations sug- gested that the spread of Genista monspessulana was more rapid in unburnt/ “undisturbed” sites, than might be expected in a “hard-seeded” species, and a preliminary investigation into seed production, the characteristics of the seed bank in the soil and the germination re- quirements of Genista monspessulana Victorian Nat. Research Report Table 1 Current taxonomic status and synonomy of the Broom species (family Fabaceae) occurring in Victoria. Nomenclature follows Forbes and Ross (1988). Species Synonyms Genista monspessulana (L.) L.A.S. Johnson (Montpellier Broom or Cape Broom) Genista linifolia (L.) (Flax-leaf Broom) Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (English Broom) Calycotome spinosa Link (Spiny Broom) Cytisus canariensis (L.) Steud. Cytisus monspessulanus (L.) Teline monspessulana (L.) K. Koch Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer ex W. Koch seeds was commenced. Some preliminary observations and findings which have immediate implications for management, | are reported here. Methods Site 1: Site 1 was a dense infestation of | Genista monspessulana located in dry | sclerophyll vegetation in the Christmas Hills area 40 km north-east of Melbourne. Bulk seed was collected in January 1987, separated from the pods and stored for 2 years in air-tight jars at room temperature. Seeds collected in January 1987 were divided into ten replicates of 80 seeds each. Five replicates were immersed in boiling water for 60 seconds to crack the testa. Treated seeds and controls were germinated on wet filter paper in petri dishes in the light at 20°C constant temperature. Comparisons of final mean % germination of treated and untreated seeds was tested using a t-test on arcsin transformed data (Sokal and Rohlf 1969), Ten pods were collected from each of ten plants (January 1987) and the mean number of seeds per pod, and the percentage of damaged pods was determined. Samples of litter and soil at 0-2.5 cm depth were collected from five plots of 38 cm x 38 cm in January 1988, immediately before the release of the ‘current seed crop. The seeds were ‘separated by sieving in order to determine | Vol. 108 (4) 1991 minimum levels of soil-stored seed, Mass germination of seedlings occurred following autumn rains in April 1988, and “maximum” seedling densities were determined from five undisturbed plots 25 cm x 25 cm. Seedling roots were also examined for the presence of nitrogen fixing nodules. Site 2: A second site near site 1, comprising a small colonizing population with juvenile and mature Genista monspessulana, was burned in October 1987. All above ground plants were reduced to ash, and there were no apparent post-fire introductions of seed into the site by soil disturbance or from nearby plants. In April 1989 (18 months after burning) seedlings ranging in height from cotyledon stage to the maximum height of 17 cm were counted from five 25 cm x 25 cm plots. In September 1989 (23 months after burning) several of the seedlings were observed to be over 20 cm tall and flowering. Results and Discussion Seed Production and Predation Genista monspessulana produces numerous small pods covered in fine silky hairs. On average 5 seeds per pod are produced, resulting in large quantities of seeds each season (Table 2). Seed is usually released in January, and as the pods dry 85 Research Report out they split explosively, ejecting the seeds. Seeds were observed to be ejected up to 3 m from the seeding adult plants. For the purposes of weed management, Genista monspessulana, as a member of the family Fabaceae, has been assumed to have seeds all of which are “hard-seeded” and to require damage to the testa before germination can occur. Pre-dispersal seed predation in native legumes from fire prone communities similar to those being invaded by Genista monspessulana, is known to be significant (Auld 1983). Pre-dispersal loss due to external seed predators was not measured, but only 5% of pods collected in January 1987 showed damage to individual seeds within the pod (Table 2). This is in marked contrast to native Acacia species, where seed loss may vary between 10-60% (Auld and Myerscough 1986), and of the closely related Cytisus, where predation may reduce seed yield by 75% in plants in their native habitat (Waloff and Richards 1977). Seasonal variation in predation rates may explain the low proportion of seed loss, but it may also be due to a lack of natural predators in these introduced populatons of Genista monspessulana. Seed Dispersal The secondary dispersal of seeds of Genista monspessulana may also increase the invasion of this species into native bushland. Seed transport and the removal of the elaiosome by ants has been observed in Genista monspessulana by the authors. Seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is well documented for native plant species, especially woody sclerophyllous shrubs of heaths and dry forests, and it is particularly common within the families Fabaceae and Mimosaceae (Berg 1975). Woody weed species such as Genista spp. and Cytisus spp. are unusual in that they do not show the secondary myrmecochorus features, such as an herbaceous habit and loss of normal dehiscence in capsules, usually found in plants from the northern hemisphere (Berg 1975), but have the characteristically Australian dispersal combination of explosive fruits coupled with the subsequent dispersal by ants (Berg 1975). Although the dispersal distance may be only up to 50 cm (Mossop 1989), the similarity of the dispersal mechanism of Genista monspessulana to that of native shrubs makes it a species Table 2 (a) Final mean % germination (5 replicates) of treated and untreated seeds of Genista monspessulana at 20°C constant temperature. *** 5 <(0.001. (b) Details of the soil stored seed bank, seed production and seedling counts at two sites (a mature, dense population and a colonizing population). Standard errors are given in brackets. (a) Mean % germination of 20°C (treated) Mean % germination at 20°C (untreated) (b) Mean Number Seeds Per Pod Mean Number Pods per Bush Percentage of Pods Damaged by Insects Mean Seed Dimensions Mean Seed Weight Mean Number Soil Stored Seeds Number Seedlings Emerged Site | —- Dense infestation (without burning) Site 2 - colonizing population (after burning) 86 96.7 *** 1g. 5 22% 4.8 (0.2) (5 x 10 pods) 7,400 (1122.5) (n=5) 5% 2.83 (0.09) mm (5 x 10 seeds) 7.3 (0.1) mg (5 x 100 seeds) 3774 (978.5) perm? (n=5) 790 (51.7) per m? (n=5) 174 (34.2) per m2 (n=5) Victorian Nat. Research Report particularly well adapted to Australian conditions. The interaction of seed dispersal, seed burial, and the germination stimulus provided by fire, may maximize the invasive potential of this species into dry sclerophyll vegetation. Nitrogen Fixation Seedlings of the closely related genus Cytisus are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen (Dancer et al. 1977; Wheeler et al. 1979; and all seedlings of Genista monspessulana examined, even at the first leaf stage, also had well developed root nodules. The ability of Genista monspessulana to fix nitrogen may convey a significant advantage to seedlings establishing on the low nutrient soils which support native dry sclerophyll vegetation. The Soil Seed Bank Observations of hard-seeded native and weed species suggest that a long fire free period will result in the loss of the adult plants, and that the regeneration of the species is dependent on stimulation of soil stored seed to initiate germination (Lee et _ al. 1986). The stimulus is frequently the _heat from fires, and without such a stimulus there will be no germination of these obligate seed regenerators. Vegetation managers have generally assumed that Genista monspessulana also follows this pattern, and have concentrated their efforts on the removal of adult plants by methods such as | burning, slashing or herbicide application, _ but with minimal attention being given to the future potential of the soil seed bank. Large quantities of seed are held in the soil seed bank: an average of 3774 seeds/m? were recorded during this study (Table 2) and a similar seed bank estimate of 2563 seeds/m? (range 368 to 7056 seeds/m2) was »obtained from a mature thicket in dry »sclerophyll forest near Smythesdale ‘(Adams and Simmons 1988, unpublished » data). Vol. 108 (4) 1991 Germination The seeds which which were heat treated to simulate the cracking of the testa by fire confirmed the expected ‘hard-seeded’ response. They germinated rapidly at 20°C, with over 50% of viable seeds germinating within 12 days, and 90% within 14 days (Fig. 1). However, it is also apparent that Genista monspessulana is polymorphic in its germination behaviour. It has a significant proportion of seeds, about 18%, which do not require ‘treatment’ and which are able to germ- inate immediately on exposure to suitable temperatures and soil moisture levels (Fig. 1). These seeds usually germinate in the first months of autumn and spring, and under dense mature stands the average seedling counts in study plots were 790 seedlings/m? (7.9 million seedlings/ ha, Table 2). Thus, even in the absence of fire, the annual germination of non- dormant seed is more than sufficient to enable the continuous advancement of an ‘invasion front’ of Genista monspessulana into bushland, Observations at one site indicate that the invasion front has moved over 3 m in 12 months. Managers need to take this into account when the shrubs are removed by spraying with herbicide or slashing with the assumption that soil stored seeds will not germinate in the absence of a suitable stimulus. Annual inspection of these areas will be necessary in order to remove seedlings resulting from germination of the non-dormant soil stored seed. Weed Management The occurrence of bushfires in invaded vegetation, or in the use of prescribed burning as a fire prevention or weed control measure, presents managers with a massive problem in terms of seedling recruitment and the increased size of the invaded patch. Although post-dispersal seed predation was not measured, the high rate of seed production and low rates of pre-dispersal seed predation will result in the rapid build-up of soil stored seed, and 87 Research Report allow a large potential seedling recruit- ment following a fire (Auld and Myerscough 1986). The eradication of Genista monspessulana from these situations may take several years. The persistence of the species is exemplified by the authors’ observations in a small colonizing population resulting from road maintenance earthworks, and burned with the objective of eradicating the popula- tion. Following burning, seedling emergence was quite dense (174 per m?, Table 2), and seeds were observed to con- tinue germinating without further disturb- ance for up to 3 years (October 1990) after the fire, The rootstocks of some adult plants were also observed to resprout after burning, and seedlings as young as 24 months were capable of flowering and producing seed. The removal of only the established plants of Genista monspessulana by burning, spraying or slashing will do little more than provide cosmetic control, as the soil stored seed provides a vast reservoir % Germination 100 S 6 10 Time (days) Fig. 1. The germination of tg enista monspessulana al 20 constan . JI INSPeSSU a C t temperature += untreated seeds, e= heat treated seeds. 88 for the rapid re-establishment of Genista monspessulana. Prevention of further seed production at the site is essential, and follow-up seedling removal is necessary for at least 3-5 years after the initial treatment. However, the most serious and costly management problem is the prevention of establishment of new patches of Genista monspessulana due to the rapid spread of non-dormant seeds by road maintenance and roadside slashing equipment. In order to prevent the distribution of this source of seeds, changes in the practices involving slashing and grading equipment will have to be considered, and may incorporate regular cleaning of all equipment. Co-operation between management agencies and groups such as rural fire brigades is also vital, as a common cause of the proliferation of patches of Genista monspessulana, once the initial seed is present, is burning the roadsides for fuel reduction. Areas burned — should be regularly checked, and seedlings removed before they reach reproductive 16 so as 3 *— Treeted Seeds —t— Unpirested Sood Victorian Nat. Research Report | maturity. However at present, there is no organization which has the clear responsi- bility for weed management at this level. | The continued sale of Genista in nurseries also poses a serious difficulty in curtailing its spread, and it may be necessary to consider legislative restric- tions on the sale of “weeds” such as the Brooms, if new infestations are to be prevented. The present distribution of Genista monspessulana is probably grossly under- | estimated due to the presence of soil | stored seed and isolated individuals likely | to proliferate after burning, and may not become obvious until more areas of dry sclerophyll vegetation which are presently ‘at risk’, are subjected to fire. The informa- tion presented here indicates that the potential for the rapid spread of Genista monspessulana into remnant native vegetation is very high, due to the dispersal combination of explosive seed dispersal and myrmecochory, combined with a high proportion of non-dormant | seeds and the ability of seedlings to ‘fix’ | nitrogen. Once established, the rapid build-up of seeds in the soil seed bank, _ high rates of seed production, and the germination characteristics of both dormant and non-dormant seed make it extremely difficult and costly to eradicate. If the species is not eradicated Genista monspessulana will become a major | problem in dry sclerophyll vegetation in the future. Acknowledgements This project was supported by a grant from the Victoria College Research Fund. References Auld, T.D. (1983). Seed predation in native legumes of south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 8; 367-376. Auld, T.D. and Myerscough, PJ. (1986). Popula- tion dynamics of the shrub Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.: seed production and pre-dispersal seed predation. Aust. J. Ecol. 11; 219-234. Berg, R. Y. (1975). Myrmecochorous plants in Aus- tralia and their dispersal by ants. Aust. J. Bot. 16: 475-508, Vol. 108 (4) 1991 Dancer, W.S., Handley, J.F. and Bradshaw, A.D. (1977). Nitrogen accumulation in Kaolin mining wastes in Corwall I. natural communi- ties, Plant and Soil 48: 153-167. Forbes, S.J. and Ross, J.H. (1988). ‘A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria? (Department of Conservation Forests and Lands: Melbourne.) Lee, W.G., Allen, R.B, and Johnson, BN. (1986). Succession and dynamics of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) communities in the Dunedin Ecological District, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot. 24: 279-292. Parsons, W.T. (1971). ‘Noxious Weeds of Victoria’ (Inkata Press: Melbourne), Mossop, M.K. (1989), Comparison of seed removal by ants in vegetation on fertile and infertile soils, Aust. J. Ecol. 14: 367-374, Smith, J.M.B. and Waterhouse, B.M. (1988). Invasion of Australian forests by alien woody plants. /n: ‘Australia’s Ever Changing Forests’ Eds K.J. Frawley and N, Semple, (Proceedings of the First National Conference on Australian Forest History, Department of Geography and Oceanography, Australian Defence Force Academy: Canberra.) Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1969). Biometry, Free- man, San Francisco. Williams, P.A. (1981). Aspects of the ecology of broom (Cytisus scoparius) in Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot, 19; 31-43. Waloff, N. and Richards O.W, (1977). The effect of insect fauna on growth mortality and natality of broom, Sarothamnus scoparius. J. Appl. Ecol. 14: 787-798. Wheeler, C.T., Perry, D.A., Helgerson, O. and Gordon, J.C. (1979). Winter fixation of nitrogen in Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) New Phytol, 82: 697-701. 89 Contributions The genus Cryptandra (Rhamnaceae) in Victoria and a new species record for the state. David Albrecht* Introduction Extensive areas of heathland occur in the extreme south east corner of New South Wales in the Nadgee Nature Reserve, and several heathland species are not known to extend south of this reserve into Victoria (Gilmour, 1983), With this in mind, a small group of walkers hiked into several patches of comparable heathland in the extreme eastern corner of Victoria during September 1988, with the expec- tation of finding some of these heathland species just within Victoria, One species new to Victoria, Cryptandra ericoides Sm. (Heathy Cryptandra) was located. This article provides a description of C. ericoides, together with information on distribution, habitat and conservation status. In addition, some general notes on Cryptandra are provided along with a key to the Victorian representatives. Description of Cryptandra ericoides Low decumbent shrub to c.60 cm high. Branchlets covered with appressed simple hairs (which sometimes overlay minute fine stellate trichomes), becoming glab- rous with age. Leaves shortly petiolate, clustered or occasionally alternate, subtended by small brown scarious stipules. Leaf-blade terete, 2-10 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide; apex acute or obtuse; margins tightly revolute, concealing the undersurface or rarely with the undersurface vestiture slightly exposed; outer surface glabrous or minutely scabrid. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered terminal cluster, often surrounded by leaves. Flowers sessile, subtended by several imbricate bracts. Bracts brown, lanceolate-ovate, acute-acuminate, ciliate * National Herbarium of Victoria, Department of Conservation and Environment, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141, 90 and + with appressed hairs on the outer surface. Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, consisting of a floral tube terminated by sepals and hood-shaped petals, the latter attached at the summit of the tube and enclosing the anthers; sepals usually shorter than the floral tube, together (2.7-) 3-4 mm long, with indumentum of appressed or ascending simple hairs overlaying minute fine stellate trichomes, often dense on sepal tips and becoming glabrous towards base of floral tube. Style equal to or exceeding the level of the petals, densely covered by stellate trichomes in the lower third to two thirds. Ovary semi-inferior, densely covered with stellate trichomes above the point of attachment of the floral tube, the portion below the point of attachment of the floral tube expanded and conspicuous in fruit. Fruit a capsule surmounted by persistent perianth, separating into 3 fruitlets. Fruitlets convex on outer surface, keeled on the inner surface. Seeds ovoid, dorsally compressed with a basal aril. See Fig. 1. Distribution The known distribution of C. ericoides is shown in Fig. 2. It is an uncommon species in N.S.W. (D. Keith pers. comm.) where it is known from the Central Coast, Central Tablelands and South Coast botanical divisions (Harden 1990). C. exilis D.I.Morris, a recently described species from Cape Barren Island and coastal eastern Tasmania has close affinities to C. ericoides and for some time was filed as C.sp.aff.ericoides at the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL). The morphological similarities and distribution patterns of C. ericoides and C. exilis suggest that the pair are of biogeographical interest, particularly with Victorian Nat. Contributions } vi NZ y \ , Ve) | y Fig. 1. Cryptandra ericoides a. habit x1; b. leaf x9; c. transverse section through leaf x9; d. flower x13; e. fruit x10; f. seed x10. Vol. 108 (4) 1991 91 re Contributions regard to the role of Bass Strait in plant speciation. However, it is yet to be established whether the pair are sister species. Habitat In N\S.W. C. ericoides occurs in wet heathland from almost sea level to an altitude of c.1000 m. The habitat in which the Victorian population was found is consistent with the known habitat in N.S.W. The Victorian population occurs in an area of low, open, wet heathland on a gentle north facing slope above a drainage line. The soil is sandy with a fairly high organic content. Associated species include Allocasuarina paludosa, Leuco- pogon esquamaius, Epacris paludosa, E. obtusifolia, Boronia parviflora, Mitrasacme polymorpha, Tricostularia pauciflora, Tetraria capillaris and Phylloglossum drummondii. Conservation Status Unfortunately time restrictions pre- cluded a thorough investigation of the extent of the population. However it is estimated that there is in the order of 1000 plants occurring over an area of c. 0.4 ha. The population occurs within Croajingolong National Park. On the basis of this information, Gullan et al. (1990) consider C. ericoides to be a vulnerable species in Victoria. The genus Cryptandra and its Victorian representatives The genus Cryptandra with approximately 40 species is endemic in Australia and occurs in all states except the Northern Territory. The generic name is derived from the Greek words Kryptos (hidden) and andros (man or male) (Baines, 1981) in reference to the feature of the anthers being hidden within the hood- shaped petals (see Fig.1d). However, within the family Rhamnaceae this feature 92 is not restricted to Cryptandra. Of the other genera that share this character, Spyridium and Trymalium are the two most likely to be confused with Cryptandra. Cryptandra can be readily separated from both genera by the floral tube which extends well beyond the ovary and disc. Willis (1973) lists four species of Cryptandra for Victoria, viz C. armara, C. leucophracta, C. propinqua and C. tomentosa, The addition of C. ericoides brings the state total to five species. C. amara is the only one of these species with recognised infraspecific taxa. The recent account of Cryptandra for New South Wales (Harden, 1990) divides C. amara into three intergrading varieties, viz. var. amara, longiflora and floribunda. Using the key provided in this treatment, it appears that the Victoria specimens of Cryptandra housed at MEL can be divided more or less into the three varieties. However, some of the key characters in Harden’s treatment break down in Victorian material due to the greater level of variation within each variety. For example, var. floribunda is either spines- cent or non-spinescent in Victorian populations. The key characters distinguishing var. amara and var. longiflora in particular break down in Victorian material. Most Victorian specimens appear to best fit var. amara, though four collections from the Suggan Buggan-Tubbut area appear to conform to var. /ongiflora. It is with some hesitation that the latter variety is recognised for Victoria, as it only differs slightly from var. amara. A detailed study of the C. amara complex across its entire distribution range is much needed. Such a study would not only need to reassess the infraspecific taxa but also investigate the relationship between the infraspecific taxa and other species (C. amara var. floribunda and C. tomentosa being an obvious example as possible intermediates have been collected). Victorian Nat. Contributions Key to the taxa of Cryptandra in Victoria. *The term perianth used in this key refers collectively to the floral tube and sepals above the point of insertion on the ovary.’ The known occurrence of each taxon based on specimens at MEL is given for each taxon using the Victorian Plant Distribution Grids 1° x 1.5°, see Churchill & de Corona (1972) or Willis (1973). Indumentum terminology follows Hewson (1988). The key has been designed for the identification of pressed and dried specimens, 1. Leaves flat or with recurved or incurved margins, the lower surface ClEATIVEVISiB|ermtians cc ceerene eran eee 2 2. Flowers sessile in dense terminal heads surrounded by two or more felted, whitish spathulate floral leaves: leaves densely silky pubescent on the under surface: perianth with a silky indumentum; shrub of the Mallee region......C. /eucophracta (Grids ABCFG) *2. Flowers sessile or shortly stalked , solitary or in few-to many-flowered spike- like clusters at the end of the branchlets; specialized floral leaves absent; leaves glabrous on the under surface or with a few sparse hairs; perianth with a close hoary indumentum + overlaying hairs on the SEDANS Ex nriges se eae eerste kop ivaedhsa tease eetT 3 3. Perianth 2-4 (rarely to 5) mm long; sepals usually not spreading, with a close hoary indumentum; widespread + spinescent shrub (except for the farther WEST) eco erseecs C. amara var. amara (Grids JMNRSVWZ) *3. Perianth 3.5-6 mm long; sepals usually spreading, with longer hairs overlaying hoary indumentum; + spinescent shrub apparently confined in Victoria to the Deddick River valley and Suggan Buggan area............. C. amara var. longiflora (Grid VZ) *1. Leaves terete or almost so, the margins strongly revolute so that the undersurface is not or scarcely visible .....4 4. Perianth greater than 3 mm long, or if slightly shorter, the lower third to two Vol. 108 (4) 1991 thirds of the style covered with TNOMIDS casita tah eenet 5 5. Perianth (2.7-)3-4 mm long: the lower third to two thirds of the style covered with trichomes; bracts acute-acuminate, not covering most of the floral tube: decumbent, tenuous shrub of far East Gippsland ..00000...0...., C. ericoides (Grid Z) *5. Perianth usually greater than 4 mm long; trichomes present on style only near base; bracts broad, obtuse, + mucronate, often covering most of the floral tube; rigid, divaricate shrub of the far north- western part of the Mallee region, with an outlying occurrence in the rainshadow area of the Upper Snowy River Pon ns pene C. propinqua (Grids ABV) *4. Perianth less than 3 mm long; trichomes present on the style only about the junction with the Ovary ...eececssseeesoees 6 6. Perianth with a vestiture of very short matted trichomes: base of floral tube and inferior part of ovary glabrous or becoming so when in fruit; shrub of scattered distribution but absent from the far north-western part of the Mallee region Resgasiee C. tomentosa (Grids BCDEHJNPT) *6. Perianth with longer hairs overlaying shorter hoary vestiture; base of floral tube and inferior part of ovary with persistent indumentum; commom shrub of the Mallee region, with an outlying occurrence in the rainshadow area of the Upper Snowy River..............C. amara var floribunda (Grids ABCGV) Acknowledgements I wish to thank Estelle Canning for confirming the identification of the Victorian material of C. ericoides, David Keith for providing distribution and habitat information, Anita Barley for preparing the illustration and Neville Walsh for useful comments on the manuscript. References Baines, J.A. (1981). Australian Plant Genera. (Society for Growing Australian Plants: N.S.W.). 93 Contributions Churchill, D.M. & de Corona, A. (1972). The Distribution of Victorian Plants. (Royal Botanic Gardens: Melbourne). Gilmour, P. (1983). Vegetation Survey of Nadgee Nature Reserve. (Unpublished report to National Parks & Wildlife Service: N.S.W). Gullan, P-K., Cheal, D.C. & Walsh, N.G. (1990). Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria. (Department of Conservation & Environment: Melbourne). Harden, G.J. (1990). Rhamnaceae — Cryptandra. In Flora of New South Wales. Vol.1. Ed. GJ.Harden, pp. 372-76. (New South Wales University Press: N.S.W.). Hewson, H.J.(1988). Plant Indumentum. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra). Willis, J.H.(1973). 4 Handbook to Plants in Victoria. Vol.2. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne). 150" Byes 150° } = Fig. 2. Distributi 1 g. 2. Distribution of Cryptandra ericoides based on herbarium specimens lodged at MEL and NSW. 94 Victorian Nat. Reports Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Annual Report for Year Ended 31st December 1990 The year 1990 proved to be a difficult one for the Club. Declining membership and attendance at meetings and at excursions led to special meetin g of Councillors, Office Bearers, Group Leaders and other interested persons to discuss the future of the Club. This meeting and its major conclusions led the Council toimplement several actions which hopefully will improve the situation over the next year or two. 1. Council and Officer changes During the Year the following changes occurred in the composition of Council and Office Bearers: Resignations: Michael McBain (Councillor) Graeme Gillespie (Councillor) Ron Pearson (Appointed President by Council 27.8.91; Resigned 24.9.91) Alan Parkin (Assistant Secretary) Replacements: Bruce Abbott (Councillor) Noel Schleiger (Councillor) Arthur Farnworth (President) Graeme Love (Vice President) Bev Vonarx (Assistant Secretary) Appointments: Alan Parkin (Book Sales Officer) Noel Schleiger (Activities Coordinator) 2. Communications and Coordination For a variety of reasons, particularly some unavoidable delays in the printing of “The Victorian Naturalist’, there was a severe breakdown in communicating to members informa- tion about meetings, excursions, group activities etc. In order to overcome this problem several steps were taken: (i) publication of a bi-monthly, up-to-date newsletter to be distributed with ‘The Victorian Naturalist’ except when that publication is delayed, when the newsletter will be despatched as a stand-alone item. This arrangement is to be reviewed after six months; (ii) amalgamation of the positions of Programme Secretary, Club Reporter, Diary Coordi- nator and the new position of Editor of the Newsletter into a position of Activities Coordinator; (iii) establishment of an Activities Coordination Committee to assist the Activities Coordi- nator to discharge his/her responsibilities and hopefully achieve coordination between the groups, the Club in general and overall activities. The Committee comprises the Coordinator as Chairman, a representative of each group, the Excursion Secretary and the former Diary Coordinator; (iv) termination of the arrangements with the current printer of ‘The Victorian Naturalist’ effective December 31st 1990 and invitation of submissions from other appropriate printers. Vol. 108 (4) 1991 95 Reports 3. Publications _— ' ‘ In addition to “The Victorian Naturalist’, two other publications with which the Club has been actively and financially involved went on sale during the year. These were: (i) Down Under at the Prom, (A guide to marine life and dive sites at Wilson 8 Promontory). Authors: Marg O'Toole and Malcolm Turner, A joint activity with the Bicentennial Aathority and the Victorian Department of Conservation and Environment; (ii) Wildflowers of the Stirling Range, Authors B, Fuhrer, N. Marchant, 4, Accommodation When the Club was forced to vacate its premises during the reconstruction of the National Herbarium, a firm commitment was given to the Club to make appropriate office, library and meeting accommodation available on completion of the work, Consistent with this commitment, the former arrangements for general, group and council meetings have been reinstated and late in the year an office was made available and immediately occupied. Appropriate facilities and rostered assistance was established as soon as possible. Space for the Library is to be made available when a room in a building behind the Astronomer's Residence is renovated by the Botanic Gardens Staff. However there is some doubt about the suitability of these premises for the purpose and further discussions are to be held. Meanwhile the Club's longer term requirements are being investigated by a Premises Subcommittee which will consider arange of options, including purchase of our own premises, either alone or jointly with a kindred organisation. The Subcommittce’s activities have been deferred for a few months at the request of its Convener/Chairman (Dr Jack Douglas). 5. Australian Natural History Medallion The Club is responsible for the administration of the above prestigious medallion which, this year, was awarded to Mrs Ellen McCulloch, a dedicated, enthusiastic and widely acknowl- edged ornithologist. The medallion was presented to her by the President of the Royal Society of Victoria, Dr W. Briggs, at the December Meeting, Mrs H, Weatherhead and Messers P. Kenley and P, Menkhorst, having served the statutory maximum term of four years on the Medallion Award Committee which selects the medallionist from the many nominations received, retired from the Committee. The Club is deeply appreciative of their great contribution to this onerous but rewarding task. Mrs B, Longannir, Dr M, Calder and Dr N, Schleiger have kindly accepted the invitation of the Award General Committee to fill the resultant vacuncies for the next four years. Mis B. Vonarx efficiently and enthusiastically performed the functions of Secretary to the General and Award Committees and presentation function organiser when the long-serving Mts Houghton resigned to take up an appointment in China for 6-12 months, Grateful thanks for her totally outstanding service were conveyed to Mrs Houghton, 6. Special Items (i) The Specialist Groups have all engaged in activites and meetings appropriate to their interests and membership. However, the Day Group recommended its disbandment during the year and this was agreed to by Council which is grateful to Dan McInnes for his enthusiastic work as Convenor of this group for so long, as wellas for his outstanding contribution to many other Club activities, e Victorian Nat. Reports (il) The Club participated in the Maranoa Gardens Festival, with all groups contributing exhibits and assisting on the day. Miss Margaret Potter excellently coordinated the whole activity. (iii) The Minister for Conservation and Environment advised that his Conservation Advisory Committee on which the club was represented, was to be abolished. The Club expressed its disappointment to the Minister and volunteered assistance to an alternative advisory mechanism which the Minister foreshadowed. (iv) Since 1975 the Victorian Government has made a grant of $1,500 towards the production of “The Victorian Naturalist’ but this is to be cancelled. Atthe appropriate time the Club will protest strongly and seek not only its reinstatement, but at a significantly increased level to reflect the greater production costs in 1990 compared with 1975. 7, Meetings and Excursions During the year an interesting series of addresses were presented at the monthly general meetings. The thanks of the Club are extended to the speakers, Feb. 12 - Mr David Clindworth: The New VCE Geology Course for Years 11 and 12. March 3 - Mr Peter Kelly: The Diversity and Life History of Beetles. April 9 - Mr Clarrie Handrek: The Work of the Marine Research Group of the National Museum. May 14 - MrG. Love: President’s Address. June 18 - DrJ. Bowler: Museum Development on the South Bank. July 9 - Dr T. Gooney: The Impossible Dream - The Reconciliation of Resource Development and Conservation. Aug. 13 - Mrs Marshall: Marine Life of Heron Reef. Sept. 10 - Mr Gary Backhouse: A Year of Orchids on French Island. Oct. 8 - Miss M. Doery: Gannets of the Oceans. Nov. 12 - Bro. MO’Loughlin: Breeding Fissiparity in the Shallow Water Echinoderms of Southern Australia. Dec. 10 - Mrs E. McCulloch: Birdwatching By-ways (A.N.H.M. Medallionist’s address). Excursions were arranged each month to a variety of interesting areas related either to the subject of the preceding general meeting and/or a particular growing season. Responsibility for arranging the excursions was taken over by Mrs Dorothy Mahler from Miss Marie Allender who willingly, efficiently and enthusiastically had carried out this onerous task for more than 30 years—truly a remarkable contribution. 8. Acknowledgements The club could not operate without the dedicated service of its Councillors, Office-bearers, Group Leaders and numerous individuals who give most generously of their time and skills. Their efforts are gratefully acknowledged by me and their fellow members. A.J. Farnworth (President) Vol. 108 (4) 1991 97 Reports FNCV Geology Group Annual Report for 1990 Well, what a year! First, it was back to meeting in the first time since 1988. Second, the year saw a record average attendance, actually the highest average since the 1960s. For this we must thank the former members of the AEA Geology Group who chose to join us. From our group we must thank Noel Wigmore for the part he played in inducting these new, and most welcome members. Third, our new clubroom (office) became available, which gaveus a chance to havea central contact and collection point. Our group, for the second year running, eagerly participated in, which included an exhibition, the Maranoa Gardens day on the 14th October. Subjects for the year were just as exciting and varied, just to mention a few: African rift valley system; the greenhouse effect; cliffinstability on the Victorian coast (this followed two unfortunate cliff deaths in Victoria); metamorphism; along with reports covering the Newcas- tle earthquake of December 1989; VCE geology paper and not to forget the ‘Argyle’ diamonds. A disappointment during the early part of the year was the comet ‘Austin’. Our speakers varied between members and visitors, such as: Mr Tyler (Ashton Diamonds), Dr Eric Bird (Melb. Uni.), Mr Barrie Hunt (CSIRO), Mr Powel (Melb. Uni.) and locals like Mrs Gabi Love (as a speaker and reporter). And finally on asad note we wish to record the passing (on the 10th of October 1990) of Mrs Salau (Emma May). Mrs Salau was 96 years old and to us older members a much loved and valued member of our group. To the faithful I must say, thank you, I will be trying in 1991 to lead us back onto the path of excursions. Herbarium (with new addition plus alterations) for the Graeme C. Love Chairman 98 Victorian Nat. OBITUARY Laura White 20 August 1895 - 13 October 1990 There is probably no-one in recent experience as Laura White who so fully deserves the accolade given in the parable recorded in the gospel according to St Matthew 25.21: “Well done, thou good and faithful servant’. Laura was born on 20 August 1895 at Dunbulbalane nearNumurkah, Victoria, eldest of two daughters to Mathew and Margaret White. Mathew was a farmer and Laura’s love of the land and nature was undoubtedly a brush-off from him. Laura attended a small primary school with the intriguing Aboriginal name of Naringaningalook where, as an outstanding pupil, she won a scholarship as a boarder to Methodist Ladies’ College, Hawthorn, from 1910 to 1913 when her parents moved to Canterbury. Laura remained as a day pupil until she commenced her Science course at the Melbourne University in 1914. She graduated in Science in 1917 and obtained the Diploma of Education in 1920. December 1914: | Chemistry Part I Zoology Part I, First Class Honours and Exhibition Botany Part I, First Class Honours and 2nd Brunning Prize December 1915: Zoology Part II, First Class Honours and divided Exhibition Botany Part II, First Class Honours and Exhibition Physiology Part I, Second Class Honours and Exhibition December 1916: Botany Part III, Honours Psychology, Logic and Ethics March 1917: Chemistry Part II She was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science on the 21st April, 1917. Her standard was ‘excellence’ and her students understood what she expected of them and strived to respond adequately. Three such students came to Presbyterian Ladies’ College one year before entering the Melbourne University Medical Course, two having not attempted Botany or Zoology previously. They obtained the Exhibition, second and third placings in the final State examinations in both subjects after only twelve months of Laura’s tutelage. There are many such success stories in Laura’s teaching history. Laura White’s philosophy was always one of optimism and a continual search for truth. She inspired her pupils and always had faith in them. She had an acute sense of humour. One day during an outdoor biology lesson near the music school at PLC, East Melbourne, one of the singing pupils nearby let out Vol. 108 (4) 1991 er bright and fair!”, and Laura White looked up d, “Was that acat in pain?”, which lasted for 14 years —at Canterbury Girls’ High School, until her 70th birthday, and it is known that at least one of her previous PLC students sent her children to Canterbury Girls High School because “Miss White’ was a teacher there; such was their faith and her fame as a teacher. x In 1955 she joined the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and exhibited her skills as an occasional lecturer, but mainly she was a superb field guide and was kept busy on excursions identifying specimens of native flora. She was always enthusiastic about such plants and reliable in her identifications and will be sadly missed on field days. At the age of 94 years, she was discovered ‘looking out her waders’ for an excursion on aquatc plants, and the week before her sudden, quiet and dignified death, alone in her own home on 13 October 1990, she greatly enjoyed a week at Gypsy Point Lodge with the Field Naturalists Club members and her nephew, Dr Brian Faragher and his wife. Her family were most important in her life. She retained her membership of the National Parks Association, The Native Plants Preservation Society, the Society for Growing Australian Plants and the Royal Horticultural Society, and she endeavoured always to attend the Royal Agricultural Society’s show each year. She worshipped each Sunday at the Canterbury Uniting Church and was a member of the Uniting Church Fellowship. Three days before her death she listened and made minor corrections to her biography being written for publication in the MLC paper, “The Star’, by Val Kerr. For a few years before her death she had been studying Molecular Biology and valiantly tried to keep up with the rapid changes in botanical nomenclature. Truly we have lost a very great and gallant figure but so many of us have been blessed by having her as a friend. a piercing wail “A-a-a-ngels —ever br. at the members of the biology class and innocently aske After her retirement she undertook a temporary appointment— Elizabeth Turner, M.D. Victorian Nat. THE WAR YEARS At the commencement of 1939, Cato welcomed Miss Laura White as its new head, and at the start of second term, Rev. A.H. Wood became the new Principal — resident at M.L.C. in Kew, but visiting each Friday. SeOHS ae. Miss L. White, Vice-Principal M.L.C. 1939-1945 ol. 108 (4) 1991 101 Laura White talking to Emeritus Professor Sir Douglas Wright at the Science Congress 1987 Victorian Nat. ALPINE ECOLOGY COURSE BOGONG HIGH PLAINS 5-11 JANUARY 1992 Designed for teachers, rangers and conservationists interested in the alpine environment. Study alpine flora, fauna, soils and conservation issues in the field with expert instructors. Two days are spent on individual projects enabling participants to apply the knowledge and skills learnt. Participants are shown how to collect and interpret environ- mental information and use it to understand alpine ecosystems. The methods used can be applied to other areas. Accommodation is at Howmans Gap Alpine Centre, only 5 km below the Bogong High Plains. Course Fee: $475 includes accommodation, meals, instruction and course notes. Some subsidised places are available for people on low incomes. Limited to 45 participants. Enquiries and application forms: Deirdre Slattery (03) 412 4532 Fax (03) 412 4136 Bruce West - Howmans Gap (057) 583 228 Vol. 108 (4) 1991 103 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria In which is incorporated the Microscopical Society of Victoria Established 1880 Registered Office: FNCY, ¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141, 650 8661. OBJECTS: To stimulate interest in natural history and to preserve and protect Australian fauna and flora. : Members include beginners as well as experienced naturalists. Patron His Excellency, The Rev Dr John Davis McCaughey, The Governor of Victoria. Key Office-Bearers December 1991 President: Dt. ARTHUR FARNWORTH, 47 The Boulevarde, Doncaster 3108 (848 2229). Hon. Secretary; Mr, ED GREY, C/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Ave. (650 8661/435 9019 A.H.). Hon. Treasurer: Mt. BRUCE ABBOTT, 3 Chatham St, Flemington, 3031 (376 4668 A.H.). Subscription-Secretary:; FNCV, ¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (650 8661). Editor: ROBYN WATSON, VCAH Burnley, Burnley Gardens, Swan St, Richmond, 3121 (BH 810 8858, AH 419 3532). Librarian: Mrs. SHEILA HOUGHTON, FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Excursion Secretary; DOROTHY MAHLER (850 9379 A.H.). Conservation Co-ordinator: Mr, JULIAN GRUSOVIN, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Sales Officer (Victorian Naturalist only): Mr. D.E. McINNES, 129 Waverley Road, East Malvern, 3145 (571 2427). Publicity Officer: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Book Sales Officer: Mr. ALAN PARKIN, FNCYV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (850 2617 A.H.). Programme Secretary; Dr. NOEL SCHLEIGER, | Astley St, Montmorency, 3094 (435 8408). Group Secretaries Botany; Mrs, WIN BENNET, 22 Echuca Road, Greensborough, 3088 (435 1921). Geology: Ms. HELEN BARTOSZEWICZ, 16 Euroa Avenue, Nth. Sunshine, 3020 (311 5106 A.H.). Fauna Survey; Miss FELICITY GARDE, 30 Oakhill Road, Mt. Waverley, 3149 (808 2625 A.H.). Microscopical: Mrs. ELSIE GRAHAM, 147 Broadway, Reservoir, 3073 (469 2509). , MEMBERSHIP Membership of the F.N.C.V. is open to any person interested in natural history. The Victorian Naturalist is distributed free to all members, the club’s reference and lending library is available and other activities are indicated in reports set out in the several preceding pages of this magazine. Metropolitan Joint Metropolitan Country/Interstate members Joint Country/Interstate 5p) ele! Concessional rate (Students /pensioners) Joint Concessional ......,....., 5 a Junior (under 18; no Victorian Naturalist) . - Club subscription Libraries within Australia Overseas , 7 et 2 Pe es ae ae Re eee CAG Ue ROLY Ok eR _. . AUD $50 Se ee a ee Pe. ictorian Naturalist Vol. 108 (5) 1991 VICTORIA | WLP Sccctss 01194 MUSEUM O FNCV Calendar of activities out the following activities, contact the group secretaries. Addresses For any enquiries ab e back cover. and contact numbers can be found on th ber , ae 1" ‘ General Excursion - A stroll, not a hike, for all the family, along Gardiner’s Creek Valley, from Glen Iris Railway Station to Hughesdale Railway Station. Leader Dan McInnes. : Tues 3 Fauna Survey Group - Members night and Christmas breakup. Wed 4 Geology Group — Members night. Sat 7- Sun 8 FSG - Frog survey Eastern Otway Ranges. Contact Laurie Conole on (H) 481 4926. Mon 9 General Meeting - Members night - members bring along your slides and exhibits. : Thu 12 Botany Group - Members night and Annual General Meeting. Sat 14 FSG - Leadbeater’s Possum survey. Contact Ray Gibson (H) 874 4408. Wed 18 Microscopy Group - no meeting until January, 1992. January Wed 15 Microscopy Group - Members night. February Sun 2 General Excursion. March 6-9 Assoc. of Field Naturalists Clubs of Victoria Annual Camp, The Basin. Great Ocean Road Appeal The appeal, authorized by the Victorian Conservation Trust, is aimed at securing maximum protection for coastal heathland, the habitat of rare and endangered flora and fauna, between Anglesea and Aireys Inlet. The very best protection is public ownership. Appeal funds will be used to purchase privately held coastal heathland between Anglesea and Aireys Inlet as it becomes available. It is our intention that each acquisition will become an extension to the Angahook-Lorne State Park. If you can help please contact ANGAIR - 052 63 1975 THE VICTORIAN CONSERVATION TRUST, SECRETARY GREAT OCEAN 8th Floor, 49 Spring Street, ROAD COMMITTEE Melbourne, 3000. Phone - 03 651 4040 — 03 722 1776 The Victorian Naturalist | Volume 108 (5) 1991 ISSN 0042-5184 Editor: Robyn Watson Assistant editors: Pat and Ed Grey Contributions Funding Notes from the National Herbarium of Victoria. The names of plants - introduction, DV SLOT GLA emer ante te its Pte Me ac, eax eee ee eng, ees) SIS 108 A sub-fossil site on New Year Island, by N.P. Brothers, D. Pemberton and N. SMiUth cececccccccccccsesescsceeees 110 Buttressed Booyongs at Binna Burra, Mt. Lamington plateau, by Noel W. Schleiger ..c.ccccccsscssssssesesesees 112 A retrospective look at the discovery of the Western Whipbird in the mallee of Victoria and South Australia, by Leo Joseph .... 115 Antique Microscopes, by Geoff O’LOUGHIIN wo.cceececcesesessecescseeeeeees 118 eMieArainoramnuinush...cee cele uhictiaeta ere itn lot ee 122 Cover illustration: Eucalyptus camaldulensis by Jeremy Wallace. Contributions Notes from the National Herbarium of Victoria The names of plants — Introduction Ian Clarke* The following notes mark the beginning ofa small introductory series, continuing under the general title of ‘Notes from the National Herbarium of Victoria, dealing with aspects of botanical nomenclature — the naming of plants. Subjects to be covered include the construction of plant names, ‘correct names’ and why name changes occur, authorities, the concept of nomenclatural types, and possibly a few other related topics. Although each article will be complete in itself, later ones will build on the information presented previously. The ‘scientific’ or ‘botanical’ name of a plant, called a binomial, always consists of two words (minimum), and there can only be one correct name. In contrast, common or vernacular names are not so restricted — there may be more than one for a particular kind of plant, they may contain one or a number of words, and the same common name may be used for more than one kind of plant. The rules that govern the construction and application of plant names are set out in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). In botanical names, the first word denotes the genus (plural genera) to which the plant belongs. This is equivalent to our surname, The second word is the specific epithet (equivalent to a first name), and together the generic name and the specific epithet constitute the name of a species. Eucalyptus globulus generic specific name epithet species name In this example, the genus is Eucalyptus. The generic name always begins with a capital. The specific epithet begins with a small letter, In many cases the endings of the generic name and the specific epithet will be the same (*-us’ in the above example). This is because botanical names are treated as Latin, and thus have gender (i.e. they are * National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue. South Yarra. 3|4] 108 masculine, feminine or neuter) and follow the rules of Latin grammar. In scientific literature a botanical name is often followed by the name(s), usually abbreviated, of the original author(s) of the plant name. This abbreviation is called ‘the authority. For the name Eucalyptus globulus the authority is Labill., an abbreviation for J. J. H. de Labillardiere, the name of a French botanist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In popular books authorities are usually omitted. The same specific epithet can be used in more than one genus. Thus Eucalyptus alpina and Grevillea alpina are two totally different species that share the same epithet. If a botanist decides that a particular species is better placed in a different genus, the original epithet must be retained unless this would contravene the rules — e.g., in the case where the epithet is already in use in the new genus. The ‘genus’ and the ‘species’ are two of | the lower ranks in the sequence that constitutes botanical classification. The main ranks are shown in the accom- panying list (there are many more!), using Eucalyptus globulus as an example. The most commonly encountered ranks are FAMILY, GENUS and SPECIES. Species that are botanically similar are grouped into genera, similar genera into families, and so on. The family Myrtaceae includes many other genera besides Euca- lyptus, for example Callistemon (bottlebrushes), Melaleuca (paperbarks, Victorian Nat. Contributions Kingdom Division Class Order FAMILY Subfamily Tribe - GENUS SPECIES Subspecies Variety - honeymyrtles), and Leptospermum (teatrees). Not all ranks have to be used for a particular species; thus ‘tribe’ and ‘variety’ are not formally used in this case. The names used in the list for the groups of higher rank are taken from a recent text (Raven, 1981) and represent one current view. There is considerable debate about the limits of these groups and the names that should be applied to them. For example, the fungi are no longer considered to be part of the plant kingdom but are placed in a kingdom of their own. In the new Flora of Australia series, following the American botanist Arthur Cronquist’s classification, the flowering plants are called ‘Magnoliophyta’, the dicots ‘Magnoliopsida’, and the monocots ‘Liliopsida. The traditional names for some of these groups, for example the gymnosperms, angiosperms (flowering plants), monocots, and dicots, remain very useful for practical purposes. The endings of the names of the higher ranks are standardized. The names of orders end in ‘-ales. The names of families end in ‘-aceae’, although for eight of these there are alternative names that are sanctioned by long use: Myrtales _ Traditional name Recommended name Compositae (daisies) Asteraceae Cruciferae (cabbages) Brassicaceae Gramineae (grasses) Poaceae Guttiferae Clusiaceae Leguminosae (legumes) Fabaceae Labiatae (mints) Lamiaceae Palmae (palms) Arecaceae Umbelliferae (carrots) Apiaceae | Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) Plantae (plants) Anthophyta (flowering plants, angiosperms) Dicotyledones (dicotyledons, dicots) Myrtaceae (myrtle family) Leptospermoideae Eucalyptus (eucalypts) E. globulus (blue gum) E. globulus ssp. globulus Sometimes the Leguminosae are split into three smaller families (a procedure followed at the National Herbarium of Victoria). In this case the name Fabaceae is used for one of these smaller families, and in this sense it is a recommended alternative for the older name Pipilionaceae (peas). The other two segregate legume families are the Mimosaceae (wattles) and the Caesalpiniaceae (sennas and cassias), References and further reading: The recent booklet by Lumley and Spencer provides a useful and inexpensive introduction to plant nomenclature, including that for garden plants. Acknowledgements Thanks to David Albrecht and Jim Ross for their comments on the manuscript. References Greuter, W. ef al. (eds), (1988). International code of botanical nomenclature. (Internat. Assoc. Plant Taxonomy: Utrecht). Part of the series, Regnum Vegetabile, 118. Jeffrey, C, (1973), Biological Nomenclature. (Edward Arnold: Lond), Lumley, P. and Spencer, R. (1990), Plant Names. A guide to botanical nomenclature. (Royal Botanic Gdns: Melbourne). Raven, P. H. et a/. (1981). Biology of Plants. 3rd ed. (Worth: N.Y.). 109 Contributions A subfossil site on New Year Island N.P Brothers*, D. Pemberton* and N. Smith** Introduction Aeolian calcarenite sub-fossil sites are common on the islands of Bass Strait, being usually located in wind eroded sand dune formations (blowouts). They contain mammalian and avian remains (Hope 1973, Sutherland and Kershaw 1970). The faunal components of many of these deposits and the biogeography of the mammals present in relation to the formation of a land bridge between Tasmania and Victoria are described by Hope (1973). This paper describes the mammalian component of a hitherto unreported sub-fossil site on New Year Island located off the north-west up of King Island, at 143°49’ east and 39°41’ south. Christmas Island is located off the southern tip of New Year Island (Fig. 1) and collectively the two are referred to as the New Year Island Group or the New Year Islands by various authors (e.g Plomley and Henley 1990, Micco 1971). The subfossil deposit The island has an area of 1.2 square kilometres and the fossil site is in a typical unconsolidated sand dune blowout on the north western end of the island. The site covers an area of approximately one hectare and is strewn with bird and mammal bones. No attempt was made to quantify the number of species present in the deposit, but it was apparent that the bird bones were far more numerous than the mammal bones and short-tailed shearwaters, Puffinus tunuirostris, are by far the most common in the deposit. A representative sample of mammalian bones were collected. This material was lodged at the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston, where it was identified by Dr. * Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, 134 Macquarie Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, * PO. Box Stanley, Tasmania, 733], 110 B. Green. Table 1 shows the species list of mammals collected on the site. A more extensive investigation of the site is likely to reveal the presence of additional species. Table 1. The mammalian components of the subfossil site on New Year Island. The catalogue numbers of the specimens are shown, Species Catalogue Number Arctocephalus pusillus 1988/1/18/A-F Thylogale billardieri —1988/1/19/A-L Vombatus ursinus Macropus rufogriseus Dasyurus maculatus Sus scrofa 1988/1/20/A-D 1988/1/21/A-E 1988/1/22/A-H 1988/1/23 Discussion The presence of Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, and pig, Sus scrofa, bones in the deposit is uncharacteristic of such subfossil sites. Seals have not been recorded from similar subfossil deposits. Sealers were living on the island collecting seal skins here in 1802 when Peron visited (Micco 1971) and sealers from the brig the Harrington are reported to have collected both Elephant seal and ‘other’ species of seals from the New Year Island Group (Hooper 1973, Plomley and Henley 1990). Seals were therefore using the island at least as a haulout site and possibly Elephant seals were breeding as they were on nearby King Island (Micco 1971). Pigs are recent introductions by European settlers to the | Victorian Nat. Contributions Bass Strait islands with documents of this for Flinders and Swan Islands (Pullar 1953, Hope 1973). The remains of a pig in the New Year Island deposit indicate that they were also present in western Bass Strait. The date of the introduction is unknown but could have either been by the sealers who occupied the island in the early 1800’s, or by the Chinese market gardeners who farmed the island in 1861 (Hooper 1973). Cabbages, probably remnants of this enterprise, are found growing on the island today. The dune systems of King Island are of Holocene age and the subfossils in them of comparatively recent age (Hope, 1973). All the marsupial species found in the New Year Island deposit are also present in the subfossil deposits of King Island (Hope 1973) suggesting that elements of the deposit are of a similar age. The pig material, and perhaps the fur seal may be far more recent accumulations than the rest of the fossils as the erosion of the dunes results in mixing of strata of different ages. Certainly the pig material would be more recent that the marsupial remains. As the sea level rose New Year Island would have become separated from King Island and the area of suitable habitat supporting the herbivores would have decreased. Hope (1973) calculated that a Bass Strait island had to be at least 6.1 km square in area to support two or more species of herbivores. New Year Island is 1.2 km? and three herbivores, Thylogale billardieri, Macropus rufogriseus and Vombatus ursinus are found in the subfossil deposit. It is probable therefore that the terrestrial ' mammals here became extinct as the sea _ levels rose creating what is now New Year Island, an area insufficient in size to support the herbivores once present. The lack of fresh water on the island would probably have prevented the survival of the Tiger cat, Dasyurus maculatus as many species of Dasyurid require access to standing water to survive (Green and Eberhard 1979, 1983; Green and Newgrain Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) 1989). The terrestrial mammals were therefore most likely to have been absent from the island by the 19th century so sealers did not contribute to their extinction which probably would have been the case had these terrestrial animals still been present, as happened on the larger King Island (Hope 1973). References Green, B. and Eberhard, I, (1979). Energy requirements and sodium and water turnovers in two captive marsupial carnivores: the Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, and the Native Cat, Dasyurus viverrinus. Aust J. Zool. 71-8. Green, B. and Eberhard, I, (1983). Water and sodium intake, and estimated food consumption in free-living eastern quolls, Dasyurus viverrinus. Aust J. Zool. 31: 871-880, Hooper, R.H. (1973). ‘The King Island Story* (Peko-Wallsend Ltd: Sydney). Hope, J,H. (1973). Mammals of Bass Strait. Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 85(2); 163-195. Micco, H.M. (1971). King Island and the Sealing Trade 1802. Roebuck Soc. Publ. Tas. 3: 1-51. Plomly, B. and Henley, K.A. (1990). The Sealers of Bass Strait and the Cape Barren Island Community. Tasm. Hist. Res. Assoc. Pap. and Proc. 37 (2,3). Sutherland, FL, and Kershaw, R. C, (1970). The Cainozoic geology of Flinders Island, Bass Strait. Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 105: 151-175. AUSTRALIA | = is, island u fossi ste NEW YEAR ISLAND Fig. 1. Location of subfossil site on New Year Island. KING ISLAND scale :1 50000 111 Contributions Buttressed Booyongs at Binna Burra, Mt Lamington plateau Noel W. Schleiger* The setting Ona recent FNCV visit to Binna Burra, on the Mt Lamington plateau, SE Queensland, most of us spent some time on excellent walks on well graded tracks through the sub-tropical rain forest in the dry, sunny conditions of late August. The forest trees have special adaptations of their roots to cope with the steep slopes and the thin veneer of soils developed on the lavas extruded from the huge Miocene ‘Tweed Volcano”? The Tweed Volcano was a shield volcano similar to that of Hawaii today, being over 120 km in diameter. Twenty three million years ago the volcano extruded first basalt, then a rhyolite phase, finishing with basalt again. The volcanic phases extended well into Miocene time and there were parasitic vents (e.g. Egg Rock) as well as the central one now occupied by Mt Warning (Willmott 1986). The verticality of the tallowwoods, white ironbarks, booyongs, Ficus spp., etc. is quite remarkable. Likewise are the number of species with buttressed tree roots to ensure stability by using the jointing in the lavas below the soil (Churchett 1982). Such trees usually have a prominent buttress downslope with another longer one transverse with the slope. Yet another buttress is directed in the upslope direction. The downslope buttress is usually short, having a deep anchor root. The transverse buttress can be quite long, with its ends even curving up slope. The problem The question arose as to how buttressed trees would develop on flat ground. One would expect a radial development of buttressed roots from the trunk. “| Astley Street, Montmorency, 3094 Vic. 112 The summit of Mt Roberts, on which the Binna Burra Lodge stands, is a narrow spur of flat land trending meridionally. This spur extends southerly to Koolanbilba and Tullawallal Lookouts. Methodology To test the behaviour of buttressed trees on flat ground, two trees were chosen in the forest. No. | close to the Koolanbilba Lookout, the other, No. 2, on the flat part of the Tullawallal circuit, (Fig. 1). A mini compass-tape traverse was conducted around the base of each tree, from buttressed root to buttressed root until the traverse closed on the starting point. Every 25 cm, an offset was taken from the transverse line to the tree trunk. Where roots intersected the transverse line, the thickness and direction was recorded. Results Figures 2 and 3 show the tree bole plots for two booyong trees, | and 2. Tree No. | close to Koolanbilba LO showed sub- parallel roots in the SE direction with tran- sverse roots westerly and northeasterly. The expected radial pattern was not there. Figure 3 of Tree 2 on the Tullawallal circuit had a decided trunk lean from the SE with a general small slope from W to E. Again the buttressed roots were dominantly NW to SE aligned or transverse to this and certainly not radial. Interpretation The striking morphometric feature of both tree boles is the SE-NW orientation of the buttresses which is independent of slope. This suggests that the tree roots orient themselves to combat the sway of the canopy, set up by the SE trade winds. In another study, the author has shown (Schleiger 1983, 1991 in press) that trunk lean is a significant indication of the Victorian Nat. Contributions A FROM BEECHMONT 4 BINNABURRA LODGE ; MT ROBERTS \ a RAINFOREST CIRCUIT COOMERA RIVER oe VALLEY \ 5) a \ Cy TULLAWALLAL Ss CIRCUIT } . MAIN BORDER TRACK COOMERA FALLS TRACK TREE PLAN 1s gia ges eet —— FseGaet Ve _ ee CMS Fig. 2. Tree bole plot of Booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum) close to Koolanbilba Lookout. IVol. 108 No. 5 (1991) + Ecc ROCK 425M LOCALITY Map BINNA BURRA OF SOUTHPORT © NERANG BURLEIGH BINNA BURRA f~ ~-.- COOLANGATTA 7 ’ 8 Fig. 1. Locality map of Binna Burra to show Booyong samples and trunk lean populations. LOW SLOPE ANGLE —m it ee { 50 100, — CMS x TRUNK LEAN FIG. 3 Fig. 3. Tree bole plot of Booyong (Argyro- dendron trifoliolatum) on the Tullawallal Circuit. 113 Contributions prevailing wind direction. A minimum sized sample (1 to 2 dozen) of leaning trunks usually 1s enough to give a significant wind direction. A search of leaning trees on flat ground on the Tullawallal circuit is shown on Fig. 4 whilst those on Mt Roberts (Fig. 5) demonstrated that SE trades were the dominant winds at Binna Burra. The minor westerly mode at Tullawallal would mean that westerlies can blow across the Coomera Valley. Binna Burra is more open to the SE and NE and is protected from the west. Conclusions 1. Buttressed trees on sloping ground have a strong buttress deeply rooted downslope and very long buttresses transverse to slope. 2, The root system tends to be symmetrically oriented with the major slope direction, with strong along slope cross slope elements. 3. On flat ground the root geometry tends to be parallel and perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. 4. This orientation is supported by the major direction of trunk lean where this exists. BDINNABURRA MT. ROBERTS, Fig. 4. Rosette showing direction of leaning trunks of trees with lean angles of 70 or less in the Binna Burra Lodge area ir eke Circles in 8% frequencies, n= 50. 114 5. Depending on the position of trees on the ridges, cast and south east winds as well as westerly winds are dominant in influencing tree growth in this part of SE Queensland. Acknowledgements The author thanks Dorothy Mahler and Andrew Wilson for help with the field work and Dorothy for typing the manuscript. References Churchett, G. (1982). ‘All in a Day’s Walk. The flora and fauna of the Lamington National Park and Other Parks in SE Queensland’, pp.33-63. (Swift Printing Services: 22 Payneham Rd., Stejoney). Schleiger, N.W. (1983). “Tree Growth in a Wind Break’. MAV Conference Handbook. (Mathematical Association of Victoria: 191 Royal Pde, Parkville 3052, Victoria). Schleiger, N.W. (1991). Wind Effects on Tree Growth at Bundoora Park. ‘*MAV Conference Handbook’. (Mathematical Association of Victoria; 191 Royal Pde, Parkville 3052, Victoria, in press). Willmott, W.F. (1981). Rocks and Landscapes of the Gold Coast Hinterland. ‘Geology and Excursions in the Albert and Beaudesert Shires’ (Geol. Soc. of Aust., Queensland Div.: GPO Box 1820, Brisbane, Queensland 4001). aN . TULLAWALLAL circuit Fig. 5. Rosette showing direction of trunk lean of 70 or less in the Tullawallal Circuit area. 8% frequency circles for n = 50. Victorian Nat. Contributions A Retrospective look at the discovery of the Western Whipbird in the Mallee of Victoria and South Australia Leo Joseph * The Western Whipbird Psophodes nigrogularis was discovered by John Gilbert, who collected birds in Australia for John Gould, at Wongan Hills, Western Australia on 14 September 1842. The subsequent history of the bird’s discovery in Western Australia has already been reviewed by McNee (1986) and Serventy and Whittell (1976). It was not until after 1910 that the long discovery of the eastern Australian populations of this species began. Although much of the story was told by Howe and Ross (1933), there are a few points in their account that have been overlooked by later writers and these, and other points, can now be placed in better perspective. Some of these concern the late Hugh Collins, an egg-collector from Edenhope, who collected widely in southern Australia and whose extensive collection is still in the care of his family at Edenhope. Therefore, I hope that a retrospective look at the story will both be of some interest and use to today’s naturalists. Western Whipbirds in the Murray Mallee — a brief history In September 1913, three egg-collectors, FE. Howe, J.A. Ross and E.W. Bunn, began more or less annual collecting trips to the Manya and Panitya districts in the mallee of north-western Victoria. Six years elapsed before, on 22 September 1919, they heard at Manya a strange and unfamiliar call, which, by a process of elimination, they suspected to be of the Singing Honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens. We can suppose here that they probably would not have dreamt of considering the Western Whipbird relevant to this * Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, 4072 Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) problem. The species was after all at that time known only on the other side of the continent; also it was about then that fears surfaced of the Western Whipbird having become extinct (e.g. Mathews 1917). In September 1920 the trio again were in the area and collected a nest and eggs, which they ascribed to the species today known as the Chirruping Wedgebill Ps. cristatus, But again they heard the strange call. On comparing known wedgebill eggs in Melbourne collections with these and other, similar eggs they collected in the following days, they noted that the new eggs were appreciably larger and of a lighter blue. In 1921 and 1922 they again heard the calls and found more nests and eggs. On 16 September 1926 they flushed a bird with an olive-green back (wedgebills have grey backs) from another of the strange nests with its pair of bluish-tinted eggs. And again they heard the strange song. ‘By this time we were completely mystified, Howe and Ross (1933) later wrote. ‘We had jumped to conclusions on two occasions: when the call notes were first heard in 1919, we attributed them to those of the Singing Honeyeater, and in 1920, when we found the first set of eggs, we called them Wedgebill’s. What else could they be? We had now found that our so-called Wedgebill had an olive green back? September 1927 found them searching again. The trio located another nest and Ross even observed the sitting bird, noting the black V-shaped throat markings, green back and brownish tail. That Ross had seen the sitting bird and still not realized that the Western Whipbird was involved should remind us that in 1927 one did not have the ready 115 Contributions access to descriptions or illustrations of birds that exist today, ; Despite patient waiting and the location of other birds nearby, no specimen was secured. About this time, Howe and Ross wrote to a Western Australian colleague and asked for a description of the call of the wedgebill. The description they obtained ‘in no way resembled that of our mys- terious stranger, they later wrote. In fact, we now know that the wedgebill consists of two very similar-looking taxa that have very different calls: the Chirruping Wedgebill Ps. cristatus of eastern Australia and the Chiming Wedgebill Ps. occidentalis in other, more western parts of southern Australia (Ford and Parker 1973). September 1929 again saw the trio at Manya. Again the birds were heard and again they were not even seen. Also in 1929 another ardent Victorian egg-collector, Hugh Collins of Edenhope, visited Ongerup, Western Australia where he had earlier seen the birds in 1903 and effectively rediscovered Western Whipbirds there. The few details of Collins’ 1903 and 1929 sightings that are available are in a letter written by Collins and quoted in Howe and Ross’s (1933) paper, Both sightings have been overlooked by later writers (i.e. McNee 1986, Serventy and Whittell 1976 and Chisholm 1946). In 1930, Hugh Collins, by then back in Victoria, brought Western Whipbird tail feathers and relevant notes he had made, all from Western Australia, to George Mack of the National Museum, Mack contacted Howe and Ross who then corresponded with Collins. Finally, Howe and Ross began to ask whether the Western Whipbird, then known only from Western Australia and until recently thought extinct, might be the bird they were pursuing in the Victorian mallee. This possibility must have taken on a certain enormity in 1930, In retrospect, Mack’s role in thinking to acquaint Howe 116 and Ross with Collins was also a critical step. Two more years passed before, finally, on 19 September 1932, nineteen years after first visiting the area and thirteen years after first encountering the bird, Ross secured a specimen of the Western Whipbird in the Murray Mallee. This specimen, the first of the Murray Mallee population, revealed minor differences in size and colouration from the Western Australian birds. Subsequent work revealed the consistency of these differences. The population was later also reported from nearby South Australia (though it had in fact been recorded there earlier — see below). After the 1929 Ongerup record, Western Australian birds have been reported more or less steadily though with some local declines evident. Some comments on the discovery of Western Whipbirds in Victoria Howe and Ross (1933) commented that it was in 1926, 13 years after their first trip, when they thought they were meeting with a new species of Sphenostoma, the genus in which wedgebills were then placed. This suggestion was in fact probably first made by J. Neil McGilp 1923 after he examined the so-called Wedgebill eggs (see McGilp and Parsons 1939: 19), Howe (1928 — presumably written early in or before 1928), noted without comment that he and his colleagues had collected six sets of wedgebill eggs in the Manya area. Yet it was in 1926, according to Howe and Ross (1933), that doubts of the birds being wedgebills arose. And it was about 1927 that they obtained notes on the calls of Western Australian wedgebills so strengthening their doubts. Discovery of other populations News of a third population came unexpectedly from the foot of Yorke Peninsula, near Pondalowie Bay, in South Australia. B. Glover first noted strange calls there in January 1965 and later Victorian Nat. Contributions searches, in particular by F Chapman, M. Waterman and M. Daley in October 1965, confirmed the species’ presence there (Condon 1966). Two more populations remained to be discovered. On Kangaroo Island, South Australia, the birds were first recorded in January 1967 by H. Crouch (Condon 1967) and are now known to be common and widespread on the island in mallee. The presence of a population on Eyre Peninsula became widely appreciated in 1966 (McNamara 1966) though here again the Edenhope egg-collector Hugh Collins appears in the story. It has generally been overlooked that Hugh Collins had sometime prior to 1930 recorded not only the Murray Mallee population at Lameroo, South Australia but also the Eyre Peninsula population between Cowell and Kimba. Again, the only reference to these reports is in a letter written by Collins to, and quoted by, Howe and Ross (1933: 142). Finally, fears of extinction also surfaced in the 1960s, this time relating to the Murray Mallee population. But it, too, was rediscovered in South Australia in 1967 and in 1968 in Victoria (Hunt and Kenyon 1970). It has been observed regularly ever since and a significant north-westward range extension of this population to Malinong, South Australia became apparent as late as 1981 (Woinarski ef al. 1988). Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) Acknowledgements I thank Alan Danks for his comments on a draft of this article. References Chisholm, A.H. (1946). Observations and reflections on birds of the Victorian mallee. Emu 46: 168-186. Condon, H.T. (1966). The Western Whipbird. Preliminary notes on the discovery of a new subspecies on southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. S. Aust, Ornith. 24: 79-92. Condon, H.T. (1967). Kangaroo Island and its vertebrate land fauna. Aust. Nat. Hist. 15: 409-412. Ford, J. and Parker, S.A. (1973). A second species of wedgebill? Emu 73: 113-118 Howe, F.E. (1928). Notes on some Victorian birds. Emu 27: 252-265. Howe, F.E. and Ross, J.A. (1933). On the occurrence of Psophodes nigrogularis in Victoria. Emu 32: 133-148. Hunt, T.J. and Kenyon, R.F. (1970). The rediscovery of the Mallee Whipbird in Victoria. Aust. Bird Watcher 3: 222-226. Mathews, G.M. (1917). ‘Birds of Australia! Volume 9. Witherby: London. McNee, S. 1986. Surveys of the Western Whipbird and Western Bristlebird in Western Australia, 1985. RAOU Report no. 18. McGilp, N.J, and Parsons, FE. (1939), Mallee Black-throated Whipbird (Psophodes nigrogularis leucogaster). S. Aust. Ornith. 15: 19-25, McNamara, D. 1966. The Western Whipbird on Eyre Peninsula. S. Aust. Ornithol. 24: 93, Serventy, D. and Whittell, H.M. (1976). ‘Birds of Western Australia: Fifth Edition. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. Woinarski, J.C.Z., Eckert, H.J. and Menkhorst, P.W. (1988). A review of the distribution, habitat and conservation status of the Western Whipbird Psophodes nigrogularis leucogaster in the Murray Mallee. S. Aust. Ornithol. 30: 146-153, 117 Contributions Antique Microscopes Microscopy Group Geoff O’Loughlin In commendation of ye Microscope. Of all the Inventions none there is Surpasses the Noble Florentine’s Dioptrick Glasses For what a better, fitter guift Could bee in this World’s Aged Luciosity To help our Blindnesse so as to devize a paire of new and Artificial eyes By whose augmenting power wee now see more than all the world Has ever doun Before. Henry Powers 1664 On Wednesday, October 16th, we had a display of 50 antique microscopes selected from the collections of John Dawes and Dr Geoff O’Loughlin. Referring to examples from this comprehensive display, John Dawes, with his profound knowledge of microscopy, demonstrated the important events in the development of microscopy from the time when, it is said, Galileo turned his telescope the wrong way round, until the early twentieth century. One of these landmark inventions was the Leeuwenhoek Microscope. John has a replica of the tiny single lens Leeuwenhoek microscope with which this Dutchman in 1674, single handedly founded the science of microbiology. The single glass bead lens is housed in a beaten brass plate, while the specimen is fixed to a screw operated pointer in front of the lens. It is held close to the eye and according to John Leeuwenhoek had the advantage of being short sighted. Another is the ‘Compass’ Microscope of the middle 1700s, of brass and steel with an ivory handle, shaped like a compass, with the specimen on one point and on the other, a single lens. Interchangeable lenses in turned wood, ivory, or brass cells were provided. At this time, lenses were often surrounded by a parabolic silvered mirror of ‘Lieberkuhn’ which concentrated reflected light onto an opaque specimen, giving excellent illumination, 118 The early Compound Microscopes in the display included three replicas (Figs. |-3) made by Dr. O’Loughlin. Fig. | is a replica of a John Yarwell side-pillar microscope typical of the period 1670-90. It is 20 inches high and made of walnut, paste-board, gold tooled leather and brass. It has three simple bi-convex lenses — an eye lens, a large diameter field lens within the body, which provides a much wider field of view, and a small objective lens. Coarse focussing is by sliding on the side pillar, fine focussing by rotating the body on the brass threaded nose piece. This style is the prototype of the modern microscope and is similar to that used by Robert Hooke, a pioneer of microscopical investigation. Italian makers produced models such as the ‘screw barrel’ type of 1670 in Fig. 2, focussing by means of a coarse wooden thread. It is made from beech and tooled leather. A later replica (Fig. 3) is possible Italian and has decorative turning in mahogany. Pond life was a favourite source of material for the popular hobby of microscopy throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. An ‘aquatic’ microscope of 1820 by Bancks & Son Instrument Makers to His Majesty was shown. This is almost identical to the Bancks microscope taken by Darwin on the Beagle voyage in 1831, and to Robert Brown’s microscope with which he discovered ‘Brownian’ move- ment. The microscope screws to the box lid and the single lens may be moved in two dimensions horizontally to observe the movements of tiny water creatures in a watch glass on the stage. The Culpeper Tripod Microscopes were all brass with elegantly curved tripod legs to support the stage, and a second tripod on the stage to support the body tube. Culpeper introduced the substage mirror (Fig. 4). Victorian Nat. Contributions The improved Compound Microscope (Fig. 5) shown was an English ‘Newman’ typical of the early 19th century when a great variety of accessories were available. The flat mahogany box (Fig. 6) has a lid padded with purple velvet, an instruction booklet describing the accessories and listing the specimens which are held between discs of mica in ivory mounts. Accessories include a hand magnifier, compressor for holding live specimens between glass, brass box for mica discs and split rings, stage forceps, glass trough with brass ring for pond water, diffusing glass to place under stage, bulls-eye lens with candle? holder, tweezers, needles and brush for lens cleaning, Lieberkuhn reflector for ‘opake’ objects, and seven objective lenses. Several examples of the ‘Wenham Binocular’ were on show. Wenham’s ingenious contribution was the invention in 1861 of a new beam splitting prism of peculiar design which was interposed directly above the objective lens and covering only half of it. This diverted half the rays to a second tube which emerged at an angle to the vertical tube. A great advantage was the true stereoscopic view obtained. ‘No one’ says a writer in 1906, ‘can fail to be struck with the beautiful Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) appearance of objects viewed under the Binocular microscope, when the wonderful relief and solidity of the bodies astonish and delight even the adept. Foraminifera always beautiful, have their beauties increased 10 fold’ This characteristic inclination of the tubes set the pattern for British binocular microscopes for the remainder of the 19th century. Their popularity was enhanced by the ease with which monocular vision could be restored — by pulling out the prism, as was necessary at high power. In a book on Collecting Microscopes, LE Turner says, ‘The collector of old microscopes is in a particularly fortunate position. Not only does he enjoy the satisfaction of tracking down an antique, and the pleasure of owning a piece of fine craftsmanship from an earlier age, he can actually use the instrument as its earlier owners used it, to broaden his knowledge of the natural world’ If any reader has interest in old microscopes, or knows of someone who does, a phone call to John Dawes on 592 4230, or to Geoff O'Loughlin on 589 3103, would be greatly appreciated. 119 Contributions Fig. 1. A replica of a John Yarwell side-pillar Figs. 2 and 3. Screw barrel models typical of microscope typical of the period 1670-1690. those produced by Italian makers. 120 Victorian Nat. Contributions Fig. 4. A Culpepper Tripod Microscope. Figs. 5 and 6. An English ‘Newman’ improved Compound Microscope together with the mahogany box. Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) 121 The M. A. Ingram Trust A Perpetual Trust for the Preservation and Study of Australian Mammals and Birds The Objects The objects of this trust, stated more precisely, are: 1. The preservation, and 2. Education, research, and increase of knowledge with respect to the origin, history, habits, life and use, and the scientific benefits if any, of indigenous Australian (especially Victorian) mammals and birds, and the flora providing their food, cover, ete., and the relationship of one or more to the other. The Founders The trust was established by the late Janet, John, Mary and Will Ingram, who each left their residuary estates upon identical trusts, which they directed to be known as the ‘The M. A, Ingram Trust’ in memory of their mother. Born in Victoria, the twin Ingram brothers were clock makers who started in business in Melbourne in 1886. During their lifetime they installed the first electric clocks in the City and for half a century Will Ingram clocked every record of the Victorian Amateur Athletic Association. They were both keenly interested in their native countryside and its natural history. For many years up to the time of their deaths they were members of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Applications for Grants The trustees will entertain applications by persons or bodies engaged in, or desiring to pursue, some activity promoting any of the objects of the trust, for the grant of funds in aid of such activities. It must be understood that the trustees have a discretion as to the application of the fund, and that refusal of an application does not necessarily imply that the purpose of the application is considered to be outside the scope of the trust, or without merit. The trustees do not generally give, or agree to give, their reasons for declining an application. Meetings of Trustees | The trustees meet quarterly on the third Thursday in February, May, August and November, and applications for their consideration should be sent in not less than 14 days before the next meeting date. Applications in aid of research being carried on under a supervisor must be sponsored by the supervisor. Communications Applicants for grants, inquiries, or other official communications should be addressed to: The Trustees of the M. A. Ingram Trust, State Trustee Corporation Exhibition Street Melbourne. 3000. Victorian Nat. | -——— EDITORIAL POLICY Title The Victorian Naturalist is the bi- monthly publication of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. Scope The Victorian Naturalist publishes articles on all facets of natural history. Its primary aims are to stimulate interest in natural history and to en- courage the publication of articles in both formal and informal styles on a wide range of natural history topics. Research Report A succinct and original scientific communication. Preference is given to reports on topics of general interest. Contributions Contributions may consist of reports, comments, observations, survey results, bibliographies or other material relating to natural history. The scope is broad and little defined to encourage material on a wide range of topics and in a range of styles. This allows inclusion of material that makes a contribution to our know- ledge of natural history but for which the traditional format of scientific papers is not appropriate. Naturalist Notes Short and informal natural history communications. These may include reports on excursions and talks. Commentary Informative articles that provide an up-to-date overview of contempo- rary issues relating to natural history. Whilst commentary articles are invited, the editors welcome discus- sion of topics to be considered for future issues. Book Reviews Priority is given to major Australian publications on all facets of natural history. Whilst reviews are commissioned, the editors welcome suggestions of books to be considered for review. News Any items of news concerning the FNCV. Diary Notice of coming events including activities of FNCV groups and any other activities of interest to Vic. Nat. readers. Review Procedures Research reports and Contri- butions are submitted to the editors and are forwarded to the appropriate member of the editorial board for comment. All research reports are assessed by two independent qualified referees prior to publication, Contributions are assessed by the appropriate member of the editorial board and may be refereed at the editors discretion. All other articles are subject to editorial review. Vol. 108 No. 5 (1991) 123 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria In which is incorporated the Microscopical Society of Victoria Established 1880 Registered Office: FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141, 650 8661. OBJECTS: To stimulate interest in natural history and to preserve and protect Australian fauna and flora. Members include beginners as well as experienced naturalists. Patron His Excellency, The Rev Dr John Davis McCaughey, The Governor of Victoria. Key Office-Bearers December 1991 President: Dr, ARTHUR FARNWORTH, 47 The Boulevarde, Doncaster 3108 (848 2229), Hon. Secretary: Mr. ED GREY, C/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Ave. (650 8661/435 9019 A.H.). Hon. Treasurer; Mt, BRUCE ABBOTT, 3 Chatham St, Flemington, 3031! (376 4668 A.H.). Subscription-Secretary: FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 314] (650 8661). Editor; ROBYN WATSON, VCAH Burnley, Burnley Gardens, Swan St, Richmond, 3121 (BH 810 8858, AH 419 3532). Librarian: Mrs, SHEILA HOUGHTON, FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Excursion Secretary; DOROTHY MAHLER (850 9379 A.H.). Conservation Co-ordinator: Mr. JULIAN GRUSOVIN, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141, Sales Officer (Victorian Naturalist only): Mr. D.E. McINNES, 129 Waverley Road, East Malvern, 3145 (571 2427), Publicity Officer: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Book Sales Officer: Mr. ALAN PARKIN, FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (850 2617 A.H.), Programme Secretary: Dr. NOEL SCHLEIGER, | Astley St, Montmorency, 3094 (435 8408). Group Secretaries Botany: Mrs. WIN BENNET, 22 Echuca Road, Greensborough, 3088 (435 1921). Geology; Ms. HELEN BARTOSZEWICZ, 16 Euroa Avenue, Nth. Sunshine, 3020 (311 5106 A.H.). Fauna Survey: Miss FELICITY GARDE, 30 Oakhill Road, Mt. Waverley, 3149 (808 2625 A.H.). Microscopical: Mrs. ELSIE GRAHAM, 147 Broadway, Reservoir, 3073 (469 2509). MEMBERSHIP to any person interested in natural history. The Victorian bers, the club’s reference and lending library is available and set out in the several preceding pages of this magazine. Membership of the FNC, is open Naturalist is distributed free to all mem other activities are indicated in reports Metropolitan Beye A: F Membership rates 1992 Joint Metropolitana ap usew) pelt eran nous ai eepe snes Country/Interstate members | || Joint Country/Interstate Concessional rate (Students/pensioners) ye ensioners) , |. Joint Concessional _ , ( . Junior (under 18; no Victorian Naturalist) et Club subscription ; Libraries within Australia Overseas The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (6) 1991 Ve) ais SEUM OF VICTORIA “TUM The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria since 1884 FNCV Calendar of Activities January } Wed. 15 Microscopy Group. Members night. Sat. 18 Fauna Survey Group. Leadbeaters Possum Watch. Contact Ray Gibson (874 4408). February } Sun. 2 General Excursion. Contact 850 9379 or 435 8408 for details. Tues. 4 Fauna Survey Group. Owls, Ed McNab. Wed. 5 Geology Group. Santorini Volcano and Archaeological Dig Site. Slide show. Joyce Leveson. Mon. 10 General Meeting. Natural History of Wattle Park. Ian Faithfull. Thurs, 13 Botany Group. Orchids. Dr. G. Carr. Wed. 19 Microscopy Group. Art Under the Microscope. Sat. 22 Botany Group Excursion. Tooradin Salt Marshes. March Sun. | General Excursion. Wattle Park. Tues. 3 Fauna Survey Group. Forestry and Wild Life. Richard Loyn. Wed. 4 Geology Group. Fri. 6- Mon. 9 Assoc. of Field Naturalists Clubs of Victoria. Annual Camp. The Basin. Thurs. 12 Botany Group. Speaker - Malcolm Calder. Mon. 16 General Meeting. Natural History of South-West Queensland. Helen Aston. Wed. 18 Microscopy Group. Plant Section. An explanation of what we see. Sat. 28 Botany Group Excursion. Native Berries. Upper Thomson River. New members Metropolitan Mrs Joan Hill, 322 Warrigal Road, Burwood, 3125 Mr Doug Robinson, 19 Abbot St., Abbotsford, 3067 Mr Gil Smith, 278 Tooronga Road, Glen Iris, 3146 Joint Metropolitan Mr Mark Moorey 13 Church St., Mr. Malcolm Brown \ Beaumaris, 3192 Country Ms Val Himmelreich, 27 Glenvalley Cres, Seville East, 3139 Miss Annette Robertson, c/o Health Centre, Woods Point, 3723 Mrs Lola Twentyman, 69 Paterson St., Numurkah, 3636 Photographic Competition To all budding photographers. Send i conch Heart meas your slides to the office. Three to be Deadline for February issue, volume 109, is Feb 12th 1992. The Victorian Naturalist Volume 108 (6) 1991 | ISSN 0042-5184 Editor: Robyn Watson Assistant Editors: Ed and Pat Grey Contributions Report |\Naturalist Notes 00k Review A note on the occupancy of nest trees by Leadbeater’s Possum at Cambarville in the montaine ash forests of the Ceniral Highlands of Victoria, by D.B. Lindenmayer ...cccccccccccssscseecse0es Xanthorrhoea: Consequences of ‘Horticultural Fashion’, by Alistair Phillips and Robyn Watson ...c.ccccscsccssssecsesssesssessssesesese ihcamanineslite- omHeron Recthuren ck kena erent ae ee Flowering of the Lizard Orchid, Burnettia cuneata, on slashed firebreaks, by Clive and Fay Gordes ...ccccccccccscsssssvsssesestssavavsveees Matsnpialicnitics:bV7ROd*BAEKeIas @ 9 ener. Apne ck len Skink as prey of Hooded Robin, by Jan Faithfull ......0.cccc0ccc0000. The Platypus, A Unique Mammal, author T. Grant, reviewer OGIO 110s BR see te a's 6 5B West UI A Me BYR Bie Orc ee eine Cover photo: Xanthorrhoea australis, by Alistair Phillips. 128 130 Contributions A note on the occupancy of nest trees by Leadbeater’s Possum at Cambarville in the montaine ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria. D.B. Lindenmayer* Leadbeater’s Possum, Gymnohelideus leadbeatert McCoy 1s an endangered species of petaurid arboreal marsupial that is virtually confined to the montane ash- type cucalypt forests in the Central Highlands of Victona (Lindenmayer et at. 1991). Groups of up to nine animals of this species share a communal nest con- structed of strips of bark inside a large tree with hollows (Smith 1980), The first detailed study of the biology of G. leadheateri was conducted at Cambarville (37°33’S, 145°53’E) between 1978 and [980 (Smith 1980). During this study, wooden ladders were attached to seven large dead trees with hollows or Stags 10 allow access to nest sites used by (7, leadheateri, One of the marked trees collapsed whilst the study was in progress. The remaining trees were located in July 1983 and stag-watched as part of an investigation of the habitat requirements of G. leadbeateri (Smith and Lindenmayer 1988). Stag-watching involves observing animals in silhouette as they emerge at dusk from large trees with hollows (Lindenmayer e¢ a/. 1990a). The six trees which supported ladders were Slag- watched at an interval of every 6-8 weeks between August 1990 and March 1991. Trapping also took place on, and close to, two of these trees, Radio transmitters were fitted to those animals that were caught, OF these six trees, four were used by G. leadbeateri in July 1983, but only two trees were inhabited by the species between August 1990 and March 199}. Over the seven years, four of the nest trees had apparently been deserted by the species. *Department of ¢ ‘onservation & Environment 123 Brown St., Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084 128 The two trees most recently occupied by G. leadbeateri were approximately 100 m apart and radio tracking showed that the animals swapped regularly between nest trees, G. leadheateri shared one of these trees with an adult female Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus caninus. The Brown Antechinus, Antechinus Stuartil, was found to co-occur with G. leadbeateri in both trees. These species used a different entrance to the nest tree from G. leadbeateri. The four trees with ladders not used by G, leadbeateri between August 1990 and March 1991 were amongst a suite of den sites used by several 7: caninus that have been fitted with radio collars. These findings demonstrate the long term use of particular trees with hollows by G. leadhbeateri, although it was not possible to determine if habitation was continuous during this time. The results also suggest that over time, some trees become unsuitable as nest sites for the species, This conclusion is supported by studies by Lindenmayer et al. (1990b) that found six of 36 trees with hollows occupied by G. leadbeateri in 1983 had collapsed by 1988 and did not contain the species, Four trees with ladders at Cambarville were measured for decay in 1983, 1988 and 1991. All showed sub- stantial decay over the eight year period. Acknowledgments I am grateful to the dedicated and enthusiastic volunteers from the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria for their assistance with the numerous nights of stag-watching at Cambarville. Organisation of these surveys by R, Gibson has been greatly appreciated. Victorian Nat. } Contributions Field assistance from R. Meggs, T. Linga and B. Morris is gratefully acknowledged. The manuscript was improved by comments from L. Lumsden, K. Cherry, V. Thomas, Prof. A. Lee, J. Seebeck and R. | Loyn. || References Lindenmayer, D.B., Cunningham, R.B., Tanton, M.T., Smith, A.P. and Nix, H.A. (1990a). Characteristics of hollow-bearing trees occupied by arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south eastern Australia. For. Ecol. Manage., 38: 289-308. | Lindenmayer, D.B., Cunningham, R.B., Tanton, M.T. and Smith, A.P. (1990b). The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia. II. The loss of trees with hollows and its implications for the conserva- tion of Leadbeater’s Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy (Marsupialia: Petauridae). Biol. Conserv., 54: 133-45. \\Lindenmayer, D.B., Nix, H.A.. McMahon, J.P. Hutchinson, M.F. and Tanton, M.T. (1991). Bioclimatic modelling and wildlife conserva- tion — A case study on Leadbeater’s Possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri. J. Biogeog., 18: 371-83. ‘|fSmith, A.P. (1980). The diet and ecology of Leadbeater’s Possum and the Sugar Glider. Ph.D thesis, Monash University, Melbourne. _}/Smith, A.P. and Lindenmayer, D.B. (1988). Tree hollow requirements of Leadbeater’s Possum and other possums and gliders in timber production forests of the Victorian Central Highlands. Aust. Wildl. Res., 15: 347-62. ol. 108 (6) 1991 129 Contributions Xanthorrhoea: Consequences of ‘Horticultural Fashion’ Alistair Phillips and Robyn Watson* In recent times a popularity has developed for the use in horticulture of an arborescent member of the Xanthorr- hoeacae family Xanthorrhoea australis (Austral Grass-tree), The Grass-trees are harvested as mature plants from natural vegetation, legally, via the mechanisms of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (refered to herein as FFG), from private land and illegally from public land. Xanthorrhoea australis may occur in heathlands, open eucalypt forest, and in Banksia woodland in Victoria and up the eastern seaboard to southern Queensland. Although the use of Xanthorrhoea as an urban garden plant was promoted in the late 1970's it was the following decade saw the fashion set and the availability of the plant from commercial sources broadened (Anon., 1981), The popularity of this plant continues in the 1990's, specifically as a feature plant in the landscape. A survey of nurseries carrying native plant stocks has shown that some nurseries conduct a consistent trade in Grass-trees. All stocks are mature plants that have been removed from the natural environment, with the exception of one nursery, which sells both propagated ‘grass-like’ tube stock of the Small Grass- tree, Xanthorrhoea minor, as well as advanced plants of X. australis removed from the bush, The reason mature plants of X. australis are removed from the natural environment is due to their slow growth rate, so commercial propagation of X. australis to an arborescent size is not a workable option when catering for the immediate demands of a present day horticultural fashion. Although the myth that Grass-trees grow | foot per hundred years is over *VCAH Burnley, Swan Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121 130 stated, at 1 cm per year Xanthorrhoea area } slow growing plant. How slow an) Xanthorrhoea grows has been a point of interest for years. Different methods of aging Xanthorrhoea have been proposed | over time. It is often said that | Xanthorrhoea grow | ft. (30 cm) every 100 | to 120 years. This idea originates from | Lewis (1955). His method estimated the | age of living plants by observing, over | time, the number and dimensions of the | annually produced leaves. Lewis, whilst being on the right track appears to have » overestimated the slowness of growth, probably due to the difficulty in assessing | the dimensions of leaf bases on growing specimens due to the production of resin, — which obscures the leaf base waves. These waves of annual growth can only be identified if dead sections of the trunk, particularly the leaf bases, were longi- tudinally cut. It appears that Lewis under- — estimated growth rates approximately — three fold. LaMont and Downes (1979) report that Xanthorrhoea growth rates approximate a mean of 1.0 — 1.5 cm per year. Their work on X. preissiiin Western Australia, showed that Xanthorrhoea spp. produce an annual ring of leaves, typical in monocots, and glands at the base of the leaves secrete a resin that bind the leaf bases together in a bundle or fasicle. This annual leaf initiation forms an annual ring of leaves around the trunk. Ifa longitudinal section is taken through the leaf bases each year’s production of leaves can be clearly counted, a little like counting tree growth rings. Although the work was carried out on the West Australian species XY. preissii Lamont and Downes (1979) suggest this ageing technique is applicable across the Xanthorrhoea genus. A study presently being conducted by the author has analysed samples of leaf base material from X. australis from sites at Port Victorian Nat. Contributions Welshpool, the Brisbane Ranges, Anglesea -and Greens Bush using the Downes/ LaMont ageing method. Sample material collected (which was not from living plants), was cut longititudinally and revealed a mean growth rate of 0.9 cm/ year with a 0.7 cm to 1.4 cm range. Once growth rates had been established the conversion of height to age can be undertaken. For example, a mean annual growth rate of 1.2 cm will indicate a two metre high plant approximates a one hundred and sixty six year old plant. It is not intended to suggest that precise ageing Xanthorrhoea species is a simplistic task; one must be wary of variables such as how one ages multi stemmed plants, and take into account that Y. australis have a sub- terreanean trunk for their first years of growth, 20 years in the case of X. preisti (La Mont pers, comm. 1991). Gill and Ingwersen (1976) found X. australis \ develops a subterranean trunk 15 cm deep | before the arborescent trunk appears. The smallest plants offered for sale have a 30 cm trunk. Thus, in order for the plants to be of a marketable size they have to be at least 50 years old. Many X. australis for sale in Melbourne are 200 years old or older. A range of trunk sizes, 20 cm to 300 cm are offered at nurseries around Melbourne. Flowering and the recruitment of new plants in the natural environment is closely linked with fire. After fire the plant’s produce a flowering spike, which will grow at rates of up to 7 cm per week (Staff and Waterhouse 1982). Costermans (1989) has noted the spikes of a fire affected population will develop simultaneously. Seed set rates can be high, with 10 000 seeds per inflorescence in X. australis (Gill and Ingwersen 1976). X. resinosa have the potential, given the appropriate conditions, to produce 180 000 seeds per metre of infloresence (Staff 1976). Seed germination follows around 6 to 12 months after fire (La Mont and Downes 1979). The genus Xanthorrhoea has contractile roots and in the species X. Vol. 108 (6) 1991 australis these roots may draw apices to depths of 15 cm (Gill and Ingwersen 1976), or even further (Gill 1981). In particular the contractile roots pull the shoot apices underground during the passage of fire. The protected apices of Xanthorrhoea result in the first spots of ‘green’ after a bushfire. Although fire seems to be intrinsically linked to flowering in Xanthorrhoea species (Specht et al 1958) the stimulus is not well understood. There is mounting evidence indicating ethylene stimulates the production of inflorescences in Xanthorrhoea. Smoke contains small amounts of ethylene, and plant tissue injury causes ethylene release. Gill and Ingwersen (1976) observed that either cutting of leaves or fire contibute to inflorescence production, with fire in particular having an 86.7% success rate in triggering the shoot apex to develop an inflorescence. Any recruitment by the population in the absence of fire will have to take place as a result of the occasional inflorescence produced in the interfire period (Gill 1981). The structure of Xanthorrhoea populations also indicates that recruitment is strongly linked to fire because plants can be readily placed into discrete age groupings at a site, indicating episodic recruitment events (Phillips and Watson, unpub.). All harvested plants from Victoria should be collected under the Department of Conservation and Environment permit system, which 1s administered under the Flora and Fauna Gaurantee (FFG) legislation, The harvesting of Xanthorrhoea australis for nursery stocks, under FFG criteria, from private bushland must be practised on a sustainable basis (Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988). Each harvested plant must bear an FFG certificate at the point of sale. It is specified on the permit precisely how many plants can be harvested. Additionally, under FFG legislation, stock imported from interstate must also display the tag approving their sale. Under 131 Contributions FFG legislation it is illegal to remove Xanthorrhoea from public land. A survey of Melbourne nurseries advertising Australian plants for sale revealed that at least 14 sell Yanthorrhoea and 2 would procure the plant if ordered. Two nurseries reported they formerly sold Xanthorrhoea but have since ceased because they could not keep the plants alive. Two of Melbourne’s major native plant nurseries claim a small but steady stream of sales of the plant. Both these businesses say that their main sources of sales are the general public, rather than landscaping projects. Costs ranged between $45.00 for a 14 cm trunk to $400.00 for a 3.3 m trunk. Prices seem to vary according to the number of trunks — a 300 year old triple trunked X. australis may sell for over $400.00. Plants that were showing signs of mortallity, leaf ends at different stages of chlorosis, were lower in price, whilst nurseries that had kept stock for a year generally asked high prices. Should one decide to purchase untagged illegally harvested stock (for instance from the back of a truck on the Mulgrave freeway) then only $20.00 may be required. Living vegetative history is going cheap in Melbourne. Interestingly some nurseries offer X. australis from Queensland, whilst others sell plants from South Gippsland, the South Australian border and Victoria’s western district. Although sold under the name _X. australis the Queensland species X. johnsonii is often the plant sold in Melbourne. The current popularity of Xanthorrhoea has led to the illegal practice of harvesting the plant from public land. Evidence of such activities unmistakeably apparent on public land in areas as far ranging as the Brisbane Ranges, Greens Bush, Port Welshpool and the Grampians. The opportunism associated with such practices was well illustrated on the occasion of a field trip to Port Welshpool. Whilst examining a remnant stand of 132 Banksia serata and X. australis close to housing, a local resident offered to sell the remaining X. australis on this publicly owned block of land. A visit to nine nurseries in Melbourne selling Xanthorrhoea revealed that only one nursery complied with FFG regulations. Some nurseries had no permits, others had only one permit for a collection of plants and some displayed permits issued for tree ferns, not Xanthorrhoea. Two proprietors offered south Gippsland plants for sale, one collection was FFG permitted. These plants had Banksia serrata leaves lodged in the leaf bases — B. serrata and Xanthorrhoea australis can grow as co- dominants at limited coastal Gippsland locations. Yet there are no permits issued for commercial harvest in this area. One might suggest on the above evidence the FFG protection of Xanthorrhoea australis is a failure, particularly when major nurseries in Melbourne are quite openly selling illegal plants. Not many people interested in matters ecological would condem the formulation of the FFG policy. However the disconcerting thing about the FFG policy is that there appears to be few resources for its implementation. The FFG appears to have limited departmental backing to either prosecute or educate. In addition to pressure placed on Xanthorrhoea populations by the horti- cultural industry, florists and associated industries are also influencing the future of this plant. Foliage of Xanthorrhoea has been established in the 1980’s as popular green filler for floral displays. Along with this is the use of the spike inflorescence in florist shop products. There are many plants in the Brisbane Ranges that have had foliage shaved off- they appear to have been given a ‘hair cut’. The rise in this horticultural fashion is driving the rise of illegal harvesting of the plant both in Victoria and Queensland. Given the recruitment ecology of the Victorian Nat. Contributions plant, the sanctioning of X. australis harvesting under the FFG permit system begs the question; is the practice sustainable? One might hypothesise that the legal or illegal removal of X. australis is unsustainable and if the current removal practices are not ceased, Xanthorrhoea australis in areas of Victoria (and other states) will eventually reach the state of being locally extinct. References Anon., (1981). New Garden Plant Our Old Friend Xanthorrhoea in, Landscape Australia, No. 4, November, Landscape Publications, Melbourne, 287-290. Bedford D.J. (1986). Xanthorrhoeace, in George A.S.(ed) Flora of Australia Volume 46, Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae, AGPS, Canberra. Costermans, L., (1989). Native Trees and Shrubs of South-eastern Australia Weldon Publishing, Smithfield. Gill, (1981). Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plants to fires in, Gill A. M., R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble (eds), Fire and the Australian Biota, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra. 243-272. Gill, A.M., and FE. Ingwersen, (1976). Growth of Xanthorrhoea australis in Relation to Fire, The Journal of Applied Ecology Vol 13 No.1, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 195-203. LaMont, B. B., and S. Downes, (1979). The Longevity, Flowering and Fire History of the Grasstrees Xanthorrhoea preissii and Kingia australis, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol.16, No.3, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 893-899. Lewis, C. F., (1955). Observations on the Age of the Australian Grass Tree, The Victorian Naturalist, Vol. 72, 124-125. Specht, R. L., P. Rayson and M. E. Jackman (1958). Dark Island Heath (Ninety Mile Plain, South Australia). VI. Pyric Succession; changes in composition, coverage, dry weight and mineral status. Australian Journal of Botany, Vol 6, 59-88. Staff, I. A., (1975), The Fruits and Seed Productivity in Xanthorrhoea, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Vol.100 Part 1, 95-104. Staff, I. A., (1976). Regeneration in Shoots of Xanthorrhoea australis after Injury, Phytomorphology, Vol 20, 6-8. Staff 1.A., and J.T. Waterhouse (1982), The Biology of Arborescent Monocotyledons, with Special Reference to Australian Species. in Pate J.S. and A.J.McComb (eds), The Biology of Australian Plants, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands W.A. 216-257, Legislation Acts 1988 No.47. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. ALPINE ECOLOGY COURSE BOGONG HIGH PLAINS 5-11 JANUARY 1992 Designed for teachers, rangers and conservationists interested in the alpine environment. Study alpine flora, fauna, soils and conservation issues in the field with expert instructors. Two days are spent on individual projects enabling participants to apply the knowledge and skills learnt. Participants are shown how to collect and interpret environmental information and use it to understand alpine ecosystems. The methods used can be applied to other areas. Accommodation is at Howmans Gap Alpine Centre, only 5 km below the Bogong High Plains. Course Fee: $475 includes accommodation, meals, instruction and course notes. Some subsidised places are available for people on low incomes, Limited to 45 participants. Enquiries and application forms: Deirdre Slattery Fax Bruce West - Howmans Gap Vol. 108 (6) 1991 (03) 412 4532 (03) 412.4136 (057) 583 228 133 Report Report on ‘The marine life of Heron Reef’ This talk was given by Julie Marshall to the August General Meeting, FNCV, at the Herbarium, August 13th, 1990. Location The Great Barrier Reef stretches for almost 2000 km parallel to the North East Australian coastline. Heron Island is situ- ated in the Capricorn-Bunker Group which is at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef about 70 km from the Queensland coastal town of Gladstone. Background Heron Reef is approximately 1] km long and 4-5 km wide. Originally discovered during the surveying trip of the H.MLS. Fly in 1843, the island was first used by turtle canners. Eventually the island was taken over in 1932 by Christian Poulson who established a small resort. In 1973 the P & O Shipping Line took this over and greatly expanded it so that it now caters for over 200 guests. They have also recently dredged out a large harbour to accom- modate a ‘wave piercing catamaran’. Heron Island is a coral cay, and, apart from Green Island, this is the only resort situated on a cay. The University of Queensland also has a research station on the island. The marine life of the reef has been protected since the 1960s. The Beach Zone Bird Life The dominant bird life consists of terns, herons and shearwaters. The White-Capped Noddy Tern (Anous minutus) provides guano for the Pisonia trees in which it nests, and also dis- perses the seeds of the tree which stick to its feathers. The nests are made from the leaves and twigs of the Pisonia trees. Reef Herons are common. They have two colour varieties within the same species, and both white and grey phases are found at Heron Island. 134 The Wedge-tailed Shearwater nests on the island from November to March. From April to May the large fluffy chicks have trial flights. Turtles Green and Logger-head Turtles come ashore on the rising tide at night during the summer months. They lay their eggs in a chamber (hollow dug in the sand) above the high tide mark. They lay a clutch of 100 to 150 eggs, which are soft and rather like ping pong balls. They hatch in 50 to 80 days. The temperature of the sand controls the sex of the hatchlings. The biggest day time predator of the hatchlings are sea gulls, whilst the ghost crab and the red-eye crab lie in wait on the beach and rocks at night for emerging turtle hatchlings. Marine Life in the Intertidal Zone At low tide a large amount of the reef rim and reef flat is exposed. This area can be divided into a number of zones. There is the beach rock which houses chiton populations which graze on algae at night. Then a shallow gutter off shore which always contains about | metre depth of water. Here, underneath dead coral boul- ders are terebellid worms which live in a tube made of fine sediment and which have long feeding tentacles. The swim- ming bivalve, Lima fragilis, is also found. It moves by clapping the valves of its shell together and expressing the water —a form of jet propulsion. In the inner or sandy zone are broad expanses of sand with sparse clumps of living coral. The main animals here are holothurians (commonly known as sea cucumbers because of their shape). These have mouths ringed by tentacles which sweep the sand into the gut, extract the food, and expel the remains through the anus. Many species when molested throw out part of their internal organs (called Cuverian tubules) through the cloaca. These tubules elongate and become very Victorian Nat. Report: sticky. They also contain toxic substances which can poison a predator. Minute calcium carbonate spicules are embedded in their skin. Some species are still a popular food for the Chinese. Many species of nudibranchs are found in the shallows including one of the largest = the Spanish Dancer, Hexabranchus Sanguineus. Nudibranchs are molluscs although they all lack shells as adults. Their name means ‘naked gills’ and many species carry their gills clearly visible on their back (mantle). Most species of nudi- branch are brightly coloured and this seems to warn other animals that they are unpalatable and they in fact have few predators. Nudibranchs are carnivorous, feeding on a variety of organisms such as sponges, bryozoans, ascidians and coelent- erates, especially hydroids. The Spanish Dancer is one of the few nudibranchs which can swim. It does this by unfurling and undulating its mantle. It is about 25 cm in size but most nudibranchs are much smaller, some only being a few mm. Gastropod molluscs can be divided into three main subclasses — the pulmonates (e.g. the common land snail), the opisthobranchs (which include the nudi- branchs) and the prosobranchs which include most of the small shells which can be found in the reef shallows such as the baler shell, volutes such as Amoria maculata, spider shells (Lambis lambis) and mitre shells. Large numbers of the clam Tridacna maxima are found in the coral clumps. Corals include the massive coral, Goniopera, brain corals, soft corals such as Sarcophyton, and the staghorn coral (Acropora). The main predator of corals are starfish but some nudibranchs also feed on corals (e.g. Phestilla lugubris on Goniopera). Starfish can regenerate an arm if it is broken off. Many extrude their stomach externally to digest their prey. They use digestive enzymes to dissolve the tissue before ingesting. Heron Reef is largely free of the Crown-of-thorns Starfish which Vol. 108 (6) 1991 devastate coral reefs further north. Sea urchins are also common e.g. Diadema which is light sensitive. Little black fish live symbiotically with it, In the living coral zone, coral is well developed forming an even topped plat- form encrusted with pink calcareous algae. Cowries are found in this area and also the abalone Haliotis asinina. It has holes in the distal part of its shell through which it expels water after the oxygen has been removed by the gills. Hermit crabs which inhabit dead univalve shells are common, There are many beautiful shrimps. A sacoglossan which resembles a nudi- branch, Cyerce nigricans lives in this area. It is herbivorous and feeds on the turtle grass, Chlorodesmis. It has numerous flattened leaf life cerata on its back. These contain branches of the gut and also glands which secrete noxious substances when the animal is attacked. The reef crest or rim is the highest part of the intertidal zone. It is littered with large coral boulders. The underside of these shelter a large variety of life such as bryozoans, ascidians, sponges, flatworms, cowries and nudibranchs. Some nudi- branchs such as Pectinodoris trilineata are very small and up to 50 can be found in one patch of sponge. ‘Sponge crabs’ carry a protective covering of sponge held in place by two of their legs. Sponges are unpalat- able to most marine life and thus form a protection for the crabs. Many sea hares (Aplysia) are found in this area. They produce a violet-purple ink like fluid when irritated. Brittle stars and shrimps are also common. Marine Life in the Subtidal Zone The reef slope falls sharply down to about 20 m. The brilliant yellow Tubastrea coral can be found in caves and under overhanging ledges. Sometimes the polyps are eaten out by the mollusc, Epitonium. Gorgonian corals are large and branching and portray beautiful colours. Crinoids have numerous long, brightly coloured feather arms which catch plankton in the 135 Report currents. They use small jointed append- ages known as cirri to cling to the substrate. Fish are various including the Blue Angel fish, the Butterfly fish and the Trumpet fish. Moray eels are large and can be aggressive and bite. It is a common sight to see larger fish with smaller ‘cleaner fish’ eating parasites in the larger fishes’ gills and mouth. Manta Rays are some- times seen. There are many -beautiful flatworms and colourful nudibranchs, especially Chromodorids. A feature of all these descriptions was the clear, colourful and typical environ- mental photography, which made the talk a valuable introduction to the life of the Heron Reef. Naturalist Notes Flowering of the Lizard Orchid, Burnettia cuneata, on slashed firebreaks. Clive and Fay Gordes* The Lizard Orchid has become a feature of Spring on French Island. With the burning involved in the Pine eradication programme and the annual burning of firebreaks, Burnettia cuneata can usually be found in burnt wet heath. The orchid is noted for flowering after fire. It flowers profusely under Melaleuca squarrosa for the first year after a fire with the odd flower coming through in the second year. An unusual feature of this plant’s flowering regime is recurring in the Park. In October 1988 we found sixteen plants flowering on a slashed firebreak. The closest burnt vegetation was twenty metres away. More plants were found flowering on an unburnt firebreak in September 1991. This time over fifty flowering plants were counted. The firebreak was ten metres wide and the plants were evenly * 14 Kiah Court, Patterson Lakes, Victoria 3197 136 distributed over twenty metres of the slash. The area adjacent to the firebreak had been burnt six months prior to flowering. The unburnt and unslashed vegetation beside these areas contained no flowers. Burnettia cuneata is a common orchid in French Island State Park provided the ground has not been disturbed. Thus plant has actually become a very good indicator of disturbance to the soil. In many areas of the Park the vegetation has appeared intact with all the appropriate small herbs and shrubs. However, after burning very few orchids are found, and in particular, few or no Burnettia. After reference to old records and local knowledge of clearing associated with settlement and crops farmed, these sites have generally been traced back to having a history of soil disturbance, sometimes dating back a hundred years or more. Victorian Nat. Naturalist Notes Marsupial critics Rod Barker* We live in the hills near Healesville, where my wife operates a ceramic studio, specialising in Australian wildlife. You’d think, in this day and age of ecological disaster and extinction that they would be grateful for all the publicity they can get. Ha! Our problems began with a small sculpture of a Brown Snake rearing to strike. This was drying in the spare room, preparatory to bisque firing, so it was still only clay. One morning, disaster! A bite size chunk had been neatly removed from Just behind the eyes, nearly severing the entire head. Inspecting the scene of the crime, we located a series of muddy footprints. From the backdoor, into the room, onto the chair, then the table. Chomp. Possum footprints! We could find no trace of the missing mouthful. We suppose the animal in question jumped onto the table and was startled to find itself facing a ‘snake’. That single bite was so placed to have killed the real thing instantly. It got us to wondering how often this happens ‘in real life’ and whether small snakes are included in the average Possum diet. Their paths would certainly cross On warm summer evenings. Then there was the Dinosaur. This Camarasaurus had been a particularly difficult piece, taking well over a week to complete, Finally finished, much to everyone’s relief! Next morning... The still wet clay sculpture was covered in tiny little footprints! Not content with this graffiti, the culprit/s had chewed an earhole, the snout and the tip of its tail! This time it was those dear little native mice (Brown Antechinus), of which there was somewhat of a plague at the time. These ‘dear little mice’ are one of the most * P.O. Healesville 3777 Vol. 108 (6) 1991 voracious predators imaginable, and eat anything that moves - or even stands still long enough, apparently! They even chewed up our boxes and packing material. This leads us to a new theory of Dinosaur extinction. You can forget all that stuff about comets, volcanoes or little mammals eating their eggs. They were all chewed to pieces by a plague of Antechinus! Most recently, we were firing a Water Dragon for an Exhibition that opened in the very near future, This was the bisque fire, a very long and tedious process necessitating an early start and very late finish (usually around twenty hours), with much to-ing and fro-ing to adjust the gas. Around dusk, a problem presented itself. A very large and grumpy problem in the form of an outsize wombat that obviously thought just outside the studio door was the place to be. It resisted all attempts at shooing, and just sat there, grunting loudly if approached. Adult wombats are not noted for their good manners. Not working to any deadline, it was nearly two hours before it decided the grass was greener elsewhere. We got to bed around three! In all honesty, the problems are not confined to marsupials. Our elderly feline placental loves to help too. By sitting on the heater, meowing hideously to get in (or out) of the studio, walking all over the studio table and drinking the water in the work bowl (rather than its own fresh water!). It’s no wonder that my wife has given up on furry animals completely, and now specializes in Reptiles and Amphibians. And if you are thinking of taking up wildlife art, I suggest you rent a city penthouse, and stick to pen and ink. It’s a Jot easier on the nerves! 137 Naturalist Notes Skink as prey of Hooded Robin Jan Faithfull* During a circumambulation of Lake Powell, 16 km SSE of Robinvale, Victoria, on September 1991, Hooded Robins, Melanodryas cucullata, were observed on the western side in Black Box, Eucalyptus largiflorens, woodland that fringes the Lake. One or more of these birds continually returned to a long-dead Red Gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, a few metres from the water’s edge, and perched at the end of one remaining large branch which jutted out to the north with its end nearly upright. The obviously hollow end of this limb and the behaviour of the birds led me to suspect that a nest was concealed there. Such a nest location is commonly chosen by this species (Beruldsen 1980). While I watched, one bird, a female, landed on the outer edge of the limb above the suspected nest with the body of a skink, 10 cm long, in its bill. It seemed like a very large prey item for a bird of this size. The corpse was pale and silvery underneath, dark grey above with indications of dark lateral striping, prominent fairly smooth scalation and a thick body. The tail seemed to be missing and the head could not be discerned. Later *7/20 Adam Street, Burnley, Victoria, 3121 138 reference to Cogger (1983) suggested it might have been a tree skink, Egernia striolata. In the same manner as a kookaburra, Dacelo novaeguineae, with a snake, the robin macerated the skink by moving it lengthways through the bill, and knocked it several times against the branch, evidently softening it up before consumption or feeding to nestlings. However the great disturbance resulting from my presence caused the bird to fly into the woodland where it was lost to sight, and me to move on, the fate of the skink being unrecorded. Upon checking the records of the food of birds (Barker and Vestjens 1990), which show that Hooded Robins mostly eat insects, I found that no vertebrate material had previously been identified in its diet. References Barker. R.D. and Vestjens, W.J.M. (1990). The Food of Australian Birds. 2. Passerines. (CSIRO: Melbourne). Beruldsen. G. (1980). A Field Guide to Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds. (Rigby: Adelaide). Cogger, H. (1983). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Revised Edition. (Reed: Frenchs Forest). A Victorian Nat. Book Review The Platypus, A Unique Mammal by T. Grant University of New South Wales Press, Kensington, NSW, Australia. 73pp. 1989. Price (Sofi-bound) $414.95, The Platypus, written by Dr Tom Grant and illustrated by Dominic Fanning, was first published in 1984. It presented a most readable, knowledgeable and concise work, with a fresh approach to the subject, linking together old and new research findings. The earlier jacket belied the ' nature of the work; it was a simple platypus drawing, which to some | indicated that the book was aimed solely at a children’s market. This was not so, but ' the book may not have attracted as many readers as the second edition is likely to do. The jacket of the new edition shows a colour photograph ofa Platypus, and has a new sub-title, 4 Unique Mammal, which immediately evokes a response in potential buyers. Layout and contents of the work have been revamped, and the figures by Fanning re-drawn, without losing their original character. There is a clear reference to both contents and figures throughout the work. The division of each chapter into succinct sections is a great improvement. New information is incorporated throughout, often in the caption to the figures, as in Fig. 1.1, which discusses modern Platypus systematics, utilising recent research information. Although the figures are well referenced, this is not the case with the few coloured plates, which are however, well-captioned and informative. Information on distribution has been revised and expanded, which results in a good overview of the range of the species throughout Australia. Grant has again maintained the Vol. 108 (6) 1991 division of his work into the four seasons; winter, spring, summer and autumn. These divisions allow him to comment in depth on dietary components of the Platypus over the year, and to give an ongoing account of the unique breeding cycle. Not only does he discuss general biology of the Platypus, but he includes descriptions of his own work on various aspects of their behaviour. He covers tagging of individuals, recapture data, population studies and ageing, all of interest, and mostly dealt with only in specialist literature. In recent years, there has been extensive study of the sensory mechanisms of platypuses, and the methods by which they locate their prey, In this edition Grant expands the information presented in his earlier text, but does not refer to it in his index. The biological profile of the Platypus at the completion of the text is very useful. It includes many facts often required for general information, such as status, longevity and mortality, These facts are grouped for easy reference. The excellent bibliography has 21 more references than the 1984 version, reflecting the interest and research on the species in recent years. I recommend this book to a broad audience, to include school children, the lay person and the academic. It should appeal to a wide market, in Australia and overseas. Joan M. Dixon, Curator of Mammals, Museum of Victoria, 328 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia. 139 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria In which is incorporated the Microscopical Society of Victoria Established 1880 Registered Office: FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (650 8661). OBJECTS: To stimulate interest in natural history and to preserve and protect Australian fauna and flora. Members include beginners as well as experienced naturalists. Patron His Excellency, The Rev Dr John Davis McCaughey, The Governor of Victoria. Key Office-Bearers December 1991 President: Dr. ARTHUR FARNWORTH, 47 The Boulevarde, Doncaster 3108 (848 2229), Hon. Secretary: Mr. ED GREY, C/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Ave. (650 8661/435 9019 A.H.). Hon. Treasurer: Mr. BRUCE ABBOTT, 3 Chatham St, Flemington, 3031 (376 4668 A.H.). Subscription-Secretary: FNCV, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (650 8661). Editor: ROBYN WATSON, VCAH Burnley, Burnley Gardens, Swan St, Richmond, 3121 (B-H. 810 8858, A.H. 419 3532), Librarian: Mrs. SHEILA HOUGHTON, FNCY, ¢/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Excursion Secretary: DOROTHY MAHLER (850 9379 A.H.). Conservation Co-ordinator; Mr. JULIAN GRUSOVIN, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141. Sales Officer (Victorian Naturalist only): Mr. D.E. McINNES, 129 Waverley Road, East Malvern, 3145 (571 2427). Publicity Officer: Miss MARGARET POTTER, 1/249 Highfield Road, Burwood, 3125 (889 2779). Book Sales Officer; Mr. ALAN PARKIN, FNCY, c/- National Herbarium, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141 (850 2617 A.H.). Programme Secretary: Dr. NOEL SCHLEIGER, | Astley St, Montmorency, 3094 (435 8408). Group Secretaries Botany: Mrs. WIN BENNET, 22. Echuca Road, Greensborough, 3088 (435 1921). Geology: Ms. HELEN BARTOSZEWICZ, 16 Euroa Avenue, Nth. Sunshine, 3020 (311 5106 A.H.). Fauna Survey; Ms FELICITY GARDE, 30 Oakhill Road, Mt. Waverley, 3149 (808 2625). Microscopical: Mrs. ELSIE GRAHAM, 147 Broadway, Reservoir, 3073 (469 2509). MEMBERSHIP Membership of the F.N.C.V. is open to any person interested in natural history. The Victorian Naturalist is distributed free to all members, the club’s reference and lending library is available and other activities are indicated in reports set out in the several preceding pages of this magazine. Metropolitan ..._.-._. Joint Metropolitan ......... Country/Interstate members , . Joint Country/Interstate . . Concessional rate (Students/pensioners) Seip COR ERATOR meen. uy medic r ek: oa) Cre Mee aM tes her 4. pete retoe Hallet al Club SUbECIBHGN ever, Wego. Genes ety ate, ae, ere ee eee Libraries within Australia. “bite ee, Se Evehseds-hts 4) ela Snotcge ee pe Ge besfebt bare eee The Victorian Naturalist Index to Volume 108, 1991 Compiled by K.N. Bell Authors Adams, R. and Simmons, D., 84 Albrecht, D., 90 Andrasek, A., Brunner, H., Moro, D. and Wallis, R., 34 Barker, R., 137 Brothers, N.P., Pemberton, D. and Smith, N., 110 Brunner, H., Moro, D., Wallis, R. and Andrasek, A., 34 Clarke, I., 108 Dixon, J., (book review), 139 Eichler, J., (excursion report), 50 Faithfull, [., 138 Farnsworth, A.J., FNCV annual report), 95 Flora and Fauna Group, 38 Gordes, C. and Gordes, F., 136 Hawking, J.H., 6 Joseph, L., 115 Lindenmayer, D.B., 128 Lindenmayer, D.B., Warneke, R.M., Meggs, R.A., Linga, T., and Seebeck, J.H., 4 Linga, T., Lindenmayer, D.B., Warneke, R.M., Meggs, R.A., and Seebeck, J.H., 4 Love, G.C., (Geology annual report), 98 intel os es McNamara, K.J., 8 Meggs, R.A., Linga, T., Seebeck, J.H., Lindenmayer, D.B., and Warneke, R.M., 4 Moro, D., Wallis, R., Andrasek, A. and Brunner, H., 34 Murray, D.J., 20 O’Loughlin, G., 118 Pemberton, D., Smith, N. and Brothers, N.P., 110 Phillips, A. and Watson, R., 130 Robinson, D., 28, 67 Sault, T., (obituary for May Salau), 78 Schleiger, N.W., 112 Seebeck, J.H., Lindenmayer, D.B., Warneke, R.M., Meggs, R.A., and Linga, T., 4 Simmons, D. and Adams, R., 84 Smith, N., Brothers, N.P. and Pemberton, D., 110 Turner, E., (obituary for Laura White), 99 Wallis, R., Andrasek, A., Brunner, H. and Moro, D., 34 Warneke, R.M., Meggs, R.A., Linga, T., Seebeck, J.H. and Lindenmayer, D.B., 4 Watson, R. and Phillips, A., 130 Winsor, L., 42 Birds Abundance changes, summer, autumn, East Gippsland forests, 28 Hooded Robin, prey on skinks, 138 Threatened Birds in Victoria, 67 Western Whipbird, early discovery in Victoria and S.A., 115 Book Review The Platypus: A Unique Mammal (T. Grant) 139 Botany Burnettia cuneata, flowering of, 136 Buttressed Booyongs, 112 Cryptandra in Victoria, 90 Dorrigo Daisybush, rediscovery, 20 Genista monspessulana, invasive potential of, 84 Lizard orchid, flowering of, 136 Management of lowland grasslands, woodlands, 56 Montpellier Broom, invasion potential of, 84 National Herbarium, notes from, 108 Olearia flocktoniae, rediscovery of, 20 Plant names, an introduction to, 108 Remnant grasslands, management of, 56 Xanthorrhoea, ‘Horticultural fashion’, 130 Conservation FFG Act, recommendations for listings, 38 Excursion Skipton, Botany, 50 EN.CV. Annual Report, 95 Group Report, Geology, 98 Fossils, Geology Echinoids, Middle Miocene Rutledge Marl, Victoria, 8 Subfossil site, New Year Island, 110 Insects Dendroaeschna conspersa, dragonfly, first Victorian record, 6 Invertebrates Flatworms, provisional classification of Australian, 42 | Localities ' Binna Burra, Mt. Lamington, Buttressed Booyongs, 112 East Gippsland forests, bird abundance changes, 28 Heron Reef, marine life, 134 New Year Island, subfossil site, 110 Skipton, Botany excursion, 50 | Mammals Diet of urban cats, dogs and foxes, 34 Leadbeaters possum, nest trees, Central Victoria, 128 Marsupial critics, 137 Mountain brushtail Possum, longevity,4 Trichosurus caninus, longevity, 4 Urban diets, cats, dogs and foxes, 34 Miscellaneous Antique Microscopes, 118 Heron Reef, marine life, 134 M.A. Ingram Trust, 122 | Obituaries Salau, May, (T. Sault), 78 White, Laura, (E. Turner), 99 1 Reptiles | Skinks, prey of Hooded Robin, 138