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Vol. IX.

APRIL, 1912

No. 4

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

^#THE®^

Hawaiian forester

AND

Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaii.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO

DANIEL LOGAN,
EDITOR "THE FORESTER,"

P. O. BOX 366,
HONOLULU, H.T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,
von Holt Block, 65 S. King St,, Honolulu Hawaii.

35=

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARIES..,,

M^%*g

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The New President 105

Records of Ayrshires 105

Arbor Day Reminiscences 106

Teaching of English (Scott) , . . . . 107

Fruitfly Control (GifTard) 108

Division of Forestry 114

Division of Animal Industry 118

Division of Entomology 122

Street Tree Planting (Hosmer) 123

Review of Current Literature (MacCaughey) 127

Recent Investigations in Insect Parasitism (Swezey) Con-
cluded t 130

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAB1ENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced

trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10
to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2V 2 cents each,
except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER,
Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes
it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207,
HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Siperintendent.

THE JHAWAIIAN

FORESTER I AGRICULTURIST

Vol. IX. APRIL, 1912. No. .4

THE NEW PRESIDENT.

Mr. W. M. Giffard, the new president of the board of agricul-
ture and forestry, was the first member to receive a commission
when the board was organized under the act creating it. For
some years he was out of the board, having resigned on account
of pressure of business while manager of the late corporation of
W. G. Irwin & Co., Ltd. It was during his former membership
of the board that Mr. Giffard established the Hawaiian Forester
and Agriculturist, being its editor for the first few years of its
existence with the present editor as his assistant part of the time.
Incidentally to his devotion to domestic arboriculture, which is
well-known in Honolulu from the beautiful cultures wherewith
he has always had his home surrounded, Mr .Giffard has long
been an enthusiastic amateur in entomology, so much so that
he takes rank among the professional entomologists. When for-
merly a commissioner of agriculture and forestry, he made a
record as chairman of the committee on the division of en-
tomology. A few months ago Mr. Giffard was induced to take
the direction of the fruitfly control work, as an honorary mem-
ber of the same committee. His management of the campaign
thus far is familiar to the Forester's readers, who will find his
latest report thereon in the present number.

RECORDS OF AYRSHIRES.

A report of the annual meeting of the Ayrshire Breeders' Asso-
ciation, held in January at the Manhattan Hotel, New York, has
been received. The following data will be of interest to Hawaiian
cattle raisers and dairymen:

"The report for the past year showed an addition of 91 new
members, and a largely increased addition to the number of
registered animals.

"In the mature class, Netherhall Brownie 9th, owned by Mr.
J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash., gave a record of 18,110 lbs. of

106

milk, 820.91 lbs. of fat, equal to 958 lbs. of butter, with 4.69 per
cent. fat.

"In the three-year-old class McAlister's Betty, owned by Mr.
Percival Roberts Jr., Narberth, Pa., gave a record of 14,208 lbs.
of milk, 581.41 lbs. of fat, equal to 678 lbs. of butter, with an
average of 4.19 per cent. fat.

"The average result of the advanced registry work during
the past year was, 68 two-year-olds averaged 7610 lbs. of milk,
306.52 lbs. of fat, equal to 353 lbs. of butter, with an average of
4.04 per cent. fat.

"Thirty-six three-year-olds averaged 9318 lbs. of milk, 374.41
lbs. of fat, equal to 432. lbs. of butter, with an average of 4.14
per cent. fat.

"Twenty-four four-year-olds averaged 8723 lbs. of milk, 349.93
lbs. of fat, equal to 408 lbs. of butter, with an average of 4.12 per
cent. fat.

"Ninety-seven mature cows averaged 9923 lbs. of milk, 332.03
lbs. of fat, equal to 442 lbs. of butter, with an average of 3.875
per cent. fat.

"The average of the whole, cows and heifers, is 8850 lbs. of
milk, 351.21 lbs. of fat, equal to 408 lbs. of butter, with an aver-
age of 4.04 per cent. fat.

"The exhibit at the National Dairy Show was particularly fine,
with five full herds shown by J. F. Converse, Woodville, N. Y.,
W. P. Schanck, Avon, N. Y., Ryanogue Farms, Brewster, N. Y.,
Branford Farms, Groton, Conn., and Willowmoor Farms, Red-
mond, Washington. The exhibit as a whole was of high quality
and type, and attracted a great deal of attention.

"Perhaps the most conspicuous animals in the ring were Beu-
chan Peter Pan, imported and owned by Mr. J. W. Clise, of Wil^
lowmoor Farms, a bull that had never been beaten in the show
ring, either in Scotland or America.

"The most sensational exhibit in the ring was the champion
cow Oldhall Ladysmith 4th, owned by Mr. P. Ryan of Ryanogue
Farms, Brewster, N. Y., who was not only champion and grand
champion in her class, but also the winner of the $500 silver
trophy offered by Mr. John R. Valentine, President of the Ayr-
shire Breeders' Association, for the cow representing the most
perfect type of her breed shown."

ARBOR DAY REMINISCENCES.

Someone has sent the Forester a clipping from the Sunday
Advertiser's collection of events of twenty-five years ago, con-
taining the following item:

107

"A meeting of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society was
held last evening. The date for the Stock Fair and Horticul-
tural Show was fixed for next May. The desirability of estab-
lishing an 'Arbor Day' here was discussed at some length and it
was arranged to communicate at once with the president of the
boaVd of education on the subject with the view of having a gen-
eral holiday for school children established for this excellent pur-
pose/'

If recollection serves truly, the present editor of the Forester
was one who agitated the institution of "Arbor Day" in Hawaii,
if not the first one, having in the East before coming here taken
an active part in "Arbor Day" exercises. As a representative of
a press organization he assisted in planting a "press tree" on
Montreal city hall square, upon an "Arbor Day" about thirty
years ago.

TEACHING OF ENGLISH.

Professor M. M. Scott, principal of McKinley High School, de-
livered an address before the teachers' meeting, at that institu-
tion recently, on "Essential Points to be Emphasized in the Teach-
ing of English."

After a few preliminary remarks on China and Japan and a
comparison of the Chinese and Japanese languages with the
English language, Professor Scott showed that these people failed
to grasp the English language by not mastering the tenses of
verbs, the plural of nouns, the sounding of the aspirate "th," final
"t" and final "ed." He said that the problem in this country was
the English problem and that if anything was to be accomplished
in this mixed nationality the teachers must exert themselves to
make the pupils speak good English and write good English. He
suggested that the foundation be drilled into the pupils in the third
and fourth grades of the primary; emphasized more in the fifth
and sixth grades of the grammar and then smoothed off in the
seventh and eighth grades so that when they entered the high
school, the English language would be "jack-planed" for the high
school teachers. "Teach them at the beginning when they get a
little vocabulary to write and talk correctly. Children should not
be taught from books alone. Have them write a sentence every
day and then a paragraph. Mark the errors and put them on the
board. First, pronunciation ; second, tenses. Have them think
what they wish to say and then speak it or write it."

Prof. Scott said that the teachers in the lower grades should
insist on these points and the student would improve and then
these difficulties would not be met with to so great an extent in
the high school. The deficiency of so many of the students en-
tering the high school this last year necessitated having a special

108

class in English every Wednesday afternoon in which they re-
ceived such drill as should have been received in the lower grades.
Prof. Scott remarked that even high school seniors continued to
make these common errors, already mentioned, and the only solu-
tion to the problem was to constantly drill them in good Engjish
and insist on their using it in speaking and writing. He said the
Chinese made the most mistakes, and second the Hawaiians and
part-Hawaiians, who spoke Hawaiian at home. He asked that
the primary and grammar grades do their part in preparing the
students for the high school and then the high school teachers
would do the rest.

Apropos of tree planting by sugar plantation companies, the
suggestion made by Mr. James Gibb, manager of Honolulu Plan-
tation, Oahu, at the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association, is of interest as indicating the trend of
opinion among plantation men. Mr. Gibb recommended that each
plantation company set out one tree for every ton of sugar pro-
duced during the past year. As the total output for the Territory
for 1911 was 566,821 tons, this would make a very creditable
showing.

FRUITFLY CONTROL.

Honolulu, February 26, 1912.

To the President and Commissioners of the Board of Agriculture
and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen : — As previously advised, the Mediterranean fruit-
fly made its appearance in the North Kohala district on the Island
of Hawaii during the latter part of January. In consequence of
this and in order to prevent, if possible, its introduction into other
districts of that Island, your director suggested that he and the
superintendent of entomology visit Hawaii for the purpose of
hastening the organization of committees to take charge of such
campaign as might be found necessary. With the permission of
the president of the board, I requested that Mr. Ehrhorn be sent
direct to Kohala to investigate that district and to, if possible,
secure data as to the limits of infestation. He was also requested
to secure the organization of a special committee to handle con-
ditions in such manner as any subsequent regulations of your
board might make necessary. Mr. Ehrhorn's visit to Kohala and
the result of his work and investigation are given in detail in his
report to me under date of Feb. 20, a copy of which I beg to
submit herewith. His report is self-explanatory.

The organization of campaign committees in the Hilo, Kau
and Kona districts was personally attended to during a recent visit

109

to Hawaii. In Hilo the matter of organization for that district
was handled by the Hilo board of trade at a meeting held on the
7th inst. At that meeting I fully explained the situation in so far
as the district of Hilo was concerned and outlined a plan of cam-
paign to prevent, if possible, the introduction of the pest from
adjacent districts, as well as from the port of Honolulu or any
other infested ports in the Territory, which Hilo was in commu-
nication with. The whole matter was thrashed over with the
members of the board of trade and they were assured of the
cooperation and assistance of the Territorial board of agriculture
in any campaign they might efficiently organize. The result of
the Hilo meeting was that a committee of five members were
appointed to handle the situation there, consisting of A. Lindsay
(chairman), H. V. Patten, E. F. Nicolls, D. S. Bowman and
Brother Matthias.

From Hilo I proceeded to Kau and Kona and in both of these
districts I met the prominent members of local organizations and
explained matters to them in the same manner as I had already
done in Hilo. In Kau Messrs. W. G. Ogg and C. Wolters pro-
mised to handle the campaign, and in Kona three members
(Messrs. Macfarlane, Curts and Wallace) of the executive com-
mittee of the Kona Improvement Club also assured me that they
would keep in line with what was done in the other districts of
Hawaii. The Kona coffee growers appeared to be somewhat wor-
ried (and rightfully so), because of the possibility that the fruit-
fly pest might be brought into their district from Kohala by road
conveyances coming from the latter district and were anxious
that any regulations formulated by the Board would include the
prohibition of all Hawaiian fruit from any section of North and
South Kohala, in addition to the seizure and destruction of any
which might be landed at any of their ports. I assured them that
the object of the board of agriculture was that any regulation
passed and having force of law would not only provide for the
conditions which already existed in Kohala but also would, as far
as was possible, protect the other districts of the island against
the introduction of the pest by way of both ports and public high-
ways. The organizations in all the above-mentioned districts have
been informed in a like manner.

Before leaving Hawaii I gained the impression that each of
the organized committees would endeavor to secure funds either
through the county supervisors or by private subscription, or
both. The general opinion prevailed, however, that the Terri-
torial government should, if at all possible, assist financially in
their campaign and I would therefore suggest that this important
question be taken up by your board at an early date.

Since my return from Hawaii I have communicated with the
agents of the several plantations located in the Hamakua dis-
trict and have asked for their assistance and cooperation, in get-
ting the managers together and forming an organization, to

110

manage the campaign in that section and quarantining it against
North and South Kohala, in so far as the introduction of Ha-
waiian fruits are concerned. The ports of Hamakua are' to be
included in any organization of inspection the same as the ports
in other districts are intended to be.

As regards the transportation of any Hawaiian fruit by means
of the belt roads leading out of the Kohala district, so far as 1
could learn from the committees in Kona and Kau more particu-
larly, it was the, intention to have gates placed on these at certain
points of entry and there hold up and inspect all conveyances and,
if necessary, seize and destroy all Hawaiian fruit which may be
found in these.

As a result of correspondence with the Maui chamber of com-
merce, it has been learned that that body has already organized a
campaign to prevent the introduction of any Hawaiian fruits at
its ports of entry. So far as is at present known, the Mediter-
ranean fruitfly is not yet established on Maui, but it will not be
long before we hear of its establishment there unless the most
rigid precautions are taken against the entry of any Hawaiian
fruits at its ports. In addition to its weekly importations of
freight and passengers from Honolulu, it has the further disad-
vantage of having almost daily intercourse with its neighbor,
Molokai, by means of sampans and other small craft. Any new
regulations passed by your board should, therefore, make it pro-
hibitive for Hawaiian fruits to be shipped or taken on any inter-
island carrier when said carrier is plying from any infested to a
clean port of entry.

Immedately upon my return from Hawaii, I took up the matter
of the necessary regulations with your president and. the attorney
general and the latter is now formulating such as I trust will
not only meet with your approval but will also meet present re-
quirements on the islands of Hawaii and Maui. As soon as you
have adopted these regulations and have given them the force of
law by the Governor's approval, I would respectfully suggest that
the necessary authority be given to issue commissions to all the
members of the organized committees on the islands of Maui
and Hawaii, as well as to the inspectors which the said commit-
tees may officially appoint.

In conclusion, I desire to say that whilst a rigid, efficient and
continuous method of inspection, seizure and destruction of all
Hawaiian fruits, vegetables, etc., at any ports of entry, and, where
necessary, along any belt roads on any island or in any district
not at present infested with the Mediterranean fruitfly pest may
prolong the period of immunity, it is my candid opinion that there
will always be an element of danger of infestation because of the
failure of inspectors to appreciate the grave danger in allowing
or accidentally passing a single Hawaiian grown fruit of any
kind whatsoever in the belongings of any passenger or in freight
packages. Again the possibility, at some future time, of the

Ill

fruitfly migrating from one district to another by means of a con-
tinuous forest belt as prevails in some districts on Hawaii is not
to be ignored. It is well known to entomologists that much of
the Hawaiian or indigenous flora in the mountain regions on these
Islands produce fleshy fruits which are just as liable to infesta-
tion as those of the kamani, which flourish on the lower eleva-
tions. The fruit of the kamani has but little fleshy material in it,
yet we know it to be very badly infested in sections where the
fruitfly has become established. The same may be said of the
pulp of the coffee berry. The guava in a wild state, as is known
to exist at even very high altitudes, is the greatest menace we
have on all the islands in the Territory because of its well known
adaptability for the reproduction of fruitfly. Like Oahu, there
are districts on Hawaii and Maui where, because of the large
areas of wild guava, it would be next to impossible to either eradi-
cate or use any practical methods of culture were the pest once
established in that region. Kohala on Hawaii I believe has to
some extent the conditions I speak of and it will be the sheerest
luck if its committee succeeds in exterminating the fruitfly, not-
withstanding that it is said to be established as yet in only a
comparatively small area. Hamakua, Hilo and Kona have similar
conditions on the mountain slopes up to a fairly high elevation,
whilst Kau, I believe, is somewhat more fortunate in the above
respect.

Preventive natural conditions are certainly almost ideal in the
districts of Kona and Kau, in so far as the introduction of the
fruitfly from other adjacent sections, as there, there are either
extensive aa flows or sand deserts which are practically, if not
altogether, bare of vegetation, and which, as barriers, should nat-
urally protect these districts. The infestation in Kau and Kona,
therefore, will almost altogether be made possible only by the
introduction of Hawaiian fruitfly by means of the various ports of
entry in these districts or by means of transportation (autos or
wagons) along the belt road leading from Kohala on the one
side or Hilo on the other.

Respectfully submitted,

W. M. GlFFARD,

Director, Fruitfly Control, Board of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu, T. H.

FOURTH MONTHLY REPORT.

Honolulu, March 4, 1912.

To the President and Commissioners, Board of Agriculture and
Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Honolulu Fruitfly Control.
Gentlemen : — I beg to submit you a report of the work of

112

this department for the month ending February 29, 1912, viz:

Inspection. Since the beginning of February there have been
eight inspectors employed to cover all the districts and precincts
within the quarantined area extending from the western boundary
of Waialae to the eastern side of Moanalua, but excluding the
"heights" and valleys back of -Honolulu. These latter sections
will from now on receive as much attention as prevailing condi-
tions and the small working force will allow.

General Conditions. These I am pleased to report are much
more satisfactory than they have yet been. Considering that up
to a month ago only four inspectors were available under the
financial conditions then prevailing, it is gratifying to find that
the present fruit and pest conditions are so satisfactory. The
addition of four extra men in February, made possible through
the financial cooperation of California, has helped very materially
in cleaning up many infested sections which could not previously
be satisfactorily attended to. Continuous daily and systematic in-
spection of the various precincts and the cooperation of the large
majority of householders have very materially assisted in ridding
the whole quarantined residential section of infested fruits. These
must not, however, include the mango, which is now coming into
full bearing. As a whole, I should say that the present infesta-
tion is very much less than it was during last summer before the
campaign started. In previous reports I mentioned the lack of
cooperation on the part of many citizens, who failed to respond
when called upon to strip their trees of ripe or overripe and in-
fested fruits. These householders, although comparatively few
in numbers, have caused much extra work and have also been
the cause of repeated inspections on the part of inspectors. Many
have had to be continually reminded of the penalty called for by
the regulations. Fortunately the department has been able up to
this time to cope with the situation without having recourse to
the courts, although it may be that one or two delinquents may
shortly make it necessary to bring about such an undesirable pro-
ceeding. It is certain that, had it not been for such lack of coop-
eration, conditions of infestation in some districts would be much
better than they are or are likely to be.

Preliminary inspections on the "heights" and valleys back of
Honolulu, all of which include the most northerly precincts in the
quarantined districts, appear to show that the infestation of wild
guava is by no means as great as might have been expected, in
view of the conditions which existed in the residential area be-
fore the clean culture campaign started. I hope to be able to
report to you further as to this as soon as the mango season is
over. The full force of inspectors will be required during the
next month or two to see that all fallen mangoes are daily cleaned
up and thoroughly destroyed. In many cases this labor will be
forced on the department, as many of the poorer householders are

113

without yardmen and have no means of paying for any extra
labor arbitrarily thrust on them.

Insular Conditions. In my last report I referred to the con-
dition which had made itself manifest in North Kohala, Island
of Hawaii. In consequence of this, I was requested to visit the
districts on Hawaii and there organize committees of control, the
idea being that each district would handle its own peculiar condi-
tions. The results of my visit and that of Mr. Ehrhorn, the
superintendent of entomology, have already been submitted to you
by a special report. Since my return from Hawaii your board
has adopted a new regulation (Rule XIV), having particular
reference to any fruitfly conditions on the island of Hawaii. I
am pleased to report that the Governor approved of this regula-
tion the day it was transmitted to him and copies thereof have
already been sent by me to the chairman of the committee in each
of the districts of Hawaii. The regulation in question will be
printed in due course.

In my last report I referred to a questionable case under ob-
servation in the laboratory, from Kona, Hawaii. I am now much
pleased to say that the breeding of the fruit under suspicion pro-
duced melon fly (Dacus cucurbitas) and not the Mediterranean
fruitfly (Certitis capitata). We still have other fruits under
observation from Hawaii, which may have to be reported on later.

I would also report that the attorney general is at present
formulating another regulation suitable to present conditions on
Maui and Lanai, where the fruitfly, as yet, has not been found.
This rule will give power to local authorities on the above named
islands to prevent the introduction of any Hawaiian fruit (ex-
cepting bananas and pines) at the landings. Just as soon as this
regulation has been drawn it will be submitted to your board for
consideration.

General Remarks. In view of the fact that Rule X has not
been found to exactly fit conditions as regards fallen fruit, your
director has requested the attorney general to formulate an
amendment whereby it will be compulsory on the householder to
clean up and destroy fallen mangoes and other fruit daily. This
amendment will shortly be submitted to your board for adoption
or for such other action as may be deemed necessary.

Since my last report the following Honolulu fruits have been
found by us to be infected with the Mediterranean fruitfly and
should be added to the long list of those already reported on,
viz.: Kumquat (Citrus japonica), Murraya exotica (small red
fruit locally known as mock orange), Eugenia (species).

I would further report that coffee berries, varieties of orange,
loquats, varieties of eugenia, and kamani seeds (species) appear
to be among the worst infected fruits so far examined. It is not
to be inferred from this, however, that other fruits are not also
more or less attacked. Peaches are again coming into season
.and these will have to be specially watched, as that variety of

114

fruit is one which always receives the early attention of the fly.

Application has been made by your director to the superin-
tendent of education to have its teachers educate the younger
scholars in the public schools as to "clean culture" methods in
the fruit garden. This is intended more particularly to secure
the assistance of the youngsters in keeping the grounds of their
parents free of fallen fruit and the proper disposal of same. The
habits of certain classes of school children as to gathering ripe
mangoes from trees and throwing the refuse on the sidewalk or
thoroughfare, or in undue handling of infested but otherwise fair-
looking fruit waiting for the garbage collector, is well known to
many of us. It is quite possible that the teacher and scholar can
cooperate with and assist this department on the lines suggested.

The superintendent of entomology has now in preparation a
circular on the Mediterranean fruitrly, which, as soon as pub-
lished, will be distributed to householders and to the board of
education. This circular will no doubt be desirable as filling a
much felt want.

Mr. H. A. Weinland, representing the California horticultural
commission, has, among other duties assigned him by that body,
continued to cooperate with the work of this department. Mr.
Weinland has been paying special attention to the trapping of
adult flies, as well as exploiting general conditions in and out*
side of the quarantined area.

Respectfully submitted,

W. M. Giffard,
Director, Fruitfly Control, T. H.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Honolulu, Feb. 29, 1912.

Hon. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — I have the honor to submit as follows the
routine report of the division of forestry for February, 1912:

Forest Reserve Work.

On February 2, in company with Messrs. L. L. McCandless
and H. M. von Holt, I visited the Government land of Kuokala,
near Kaena Point, Oahu, to look into the question of fixing a

115

forest reserve boundary across its upper end. During March it is
expected to have this line definitely laid out by a surveyor.

February 5 and 6, I was at Nanakuli with Mr. H. E. Newton
of the Territorial government survey, marking out the forest
line on the ground. Eight forest reserve monuments were erected
at Nanakuli. The other points on the line were, marked with
small iron pipes.

During the month further progress has been made on several
other forest reserve projects, which will be reported on in detail
later.

At the board meeting held on February 12, I submitted reports
on a plan for starting the reclamation of Kahoolawe and on a
proposal from Mr. C. G. Owen to plant with forest trees a portion
of the Pupukea forest reserve, Oahu.

Tree Planting Contract.

Mr. Owen's offer was to plant, mainly with eucalypts, an open
tract of between 30 and 35 acres, a part of the area formerly
known as " Water Reserve C," adjoining the section planted with
trees under contract two years ago in return for the privilege of
using the area for growing one crop and one ratoon crop of pine-
apples. The area is a narrow strip lying along the bluff over-
looking the Kaleleiki gulch.

Ever since the Pupukea forest reserve was set apart it has been
the intention of the board to plant up this area. Only lack of
funds prevented its being included when the adjoining area was
planted. By the present arrangement the planting is done with-
out any cash outlay by the government, the trees, however, which
are to be set out upon the removal of the ratoon crop getting the
benefit of the cultivation given the pineapples.

The board having approved the general proposition, carefully
worded specifications covering the planting were drawn up and
embodied in a contract which was signed on February 23. The
faithful performance of the contract is guaranteed by a bond
deposited by Mr. Owen with the board.

Tantalus Forest.

On February 12, I published, as chief fire warden, a notice re-
newing for one year the period during which permits must be
obtained before fires for burning brush may be started on Tan-
talus.

Later in the month an arrangement was effected with Mr.
J. W. Caldwell, the new county road supervisor, in regard to com-
pleting the cutting of trees along the Tantalus road begun but
soon after discontinued last year, under a previous administra-
tion. By having our Tantalus forest ranger exercise a general
supervision over the Tantalus road cantoniers it is believed that a

116

good deal more can be accomplished than heretofore in putting
the road into shape and keeping it so.

Experiments with New Rubber Trees.

Through the courtesy of Dr. A. Marques, the French consul,
there was received in February a small consignment of the seed
of Ficus Schlechterii, a tree from New Caledonia supposed to be
of value as a rubber producer. Samples of this seed were sent
to the managers of the several rubber companies and to the sub-
nurseries of the board for trial.

From Puuwaawaa, Hawaii, Mr. J. F. Rock, consulting botan-
ist, has recently sent in samples of the latex of a native Hawaiian
tree, Euphorbia lorijolia, that appears to have possibilities as a
rubber producer. The Hawaii agricultural experiment station is
now making analyses of the latex of this tree. As yet there is
nothing tangible to report. Mr. Rock writes that there are several
thousand acres covered with this tree in North Kona.

Botanical Exploration.

Mr. Rock is now on Maui, having gone over from Kona on
the last steamer. He reports having secured much interesting
material from that district. Incidentally, he made an ascent of
Mauna Loa from one of the dairy stations on the Greenwell ranch,
establishing a new record as to time, in that he started at 4 a. m.,
reached the summit crater, Mokuaweoweo, and got back to a
temporary camp in the edge of the forest the same night; from
his account a somewhat strenuous excursion.

Mr. Rock is now collecting on the slopes of Mt. Haleakala.
He expects to return to Honolulu about March 20.

Repairs to Office Building.

During the latter part of February the roofs of the main office
building at the Government nursery and of the recent addition
to the stables were painted with "Elastikote" paint. This ought
to add considerably to their durability.

Report of the Forest Nurseryman.

As usual there is transmitted herewith the report of the forest
nurseryman, covering the work of the month that comes under
his direct charge.

Very respectfully,

Ralph S. Hosmer,

Superintendent of Forestry.

117
nurseryman's report.
R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry.

Dear Sir : — The following report gives the principal work done
during the month of February:

Distribution of Plants.

Sold .
Gratis

In seed

In boxes

boxes.

transplanted.

Pot-grown.

Total.

400

1,520

1,975

3,895

1,500

474

1,974

400 3,020 2,449 5,869

Collections on account of plants sold amounted to $45.65.

Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.

No new orders have been received during the month. Tree
planting on most of the plantations is practically finished for the
season owing to the dry weather coming on and the labor being
required for other work. The number of trees distributed under
this head during February amounted to 26,200 seedlings. The
roof of the potting shed has been extended to cover the soil and
sand bins, and a new bench has been made for the workshop and
toolshed.

Experiment Garden, Makiki.

The men at this station have been doing routine work, such
as potting plants, transplanting and doing other work in connec-
tion with replenishing the stock, which was nearly exhausted
owing to the numerous demands that we have been receiving dur-
ing the? past few months.

U. S. Experimental Planting, Nuuanu Valley.

The two men are kept busy hoeing and keeping down the
grass, During the month of March we expect to plant more
trees which are now ready at Makiki.

Very respectfully,

David Haughs,

Forest Nurseryman

118
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Honolulu, February 29, 1912.

To the Board of Commissioners, and Hon. W . M. Giffard, Presi-
dent and Executive Officer, Board of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen : — I beg to report on the work of the division of
animal industry for the month of February, 1912, as follows :

Animal Quarantine Station.

Pursuant to the instructions from the Board, I have engaged
Mr. Albert Davenport, until recently farrier in the 5th U. S.
Cavalry, to take charge of the animal quarantine station. Mr.
Davenport reported for duty on March 1, and is now in full
charge of the station. His compensation is to be $45 per month,
quarters, light, fuel, and feed for one horse.

The construction of the kennels has been considerably delayed
on account of inclement and rainy weather, which has practically
made it impossible for the concrete work to be finished in time
for the carpenters to do the construction of the fences. Provision
has been made for the quarantine of twelve dogs in separate
kennels, as follows : Four kennels for lap dogs ; five for medium
sized dogs up to pointers ; and three for large dogs as Great
Danes, etc. Care has been taken to have the entire construction
made as sanitary and modern as possible with the means allowed
and even then it has been found that the $600 allowed for the
purpose will barely suffice for the finishing of the kennels, leav-
ing nothing for the provision of quarters for the keeper. It is
estimated that an additional $250 will be required for the exten-
sion of the present office so as to provide sleeping room and
kitchen and to install the necessary conveniences such as wash-
stand, shower bath and toilet, as well as a cook stove and utensils
for the preparation of food for the quarantined animals.

Tuberculin Test of Dairy Cattle in the City and County of

Honolulu.

The assistant Territorial veterinarian, together with the milk
inspector, detailed by the city and county physician for this pur-
pose, has practically finished the test of all the dairy cattle in
the city proper, and will begin testing the cattle belonging to the
railroad ranches at the commencement of next week. The test
has proved very satisfactory, the percentage of reactors remain-
ing below 5% as compared with 11% at the former test and 27%
on the first test. The present percentage will, however, be per-
ceptibly lowered, as it is safe to conclude that but a very small
percentage of reactors will be found among the range cattle and
the dairy cattle in the outlying districts, which are kept in a stable

119.

only for a short period of each day, or else never come into a
stable.

Of the 1600 head of dairy cattle tested in the city, less than
90 have given reaction, and it is a pleasure to state that with very
few exceptions the owners of reacting animals have been ready to
sacrifice them without question. The further fact that up to this
date not a single animal among the reactors has been condemned
on post mortem examination as unfit for food, demonstrates the
fact that all of the bad cases of tuberculosis have been wiped out
during the first two tests and those which are now reacting have
been but recently infected, and in most cases as a result of the
owners retaining reactors from the former tests on their premises,
and thereby continuing the infection in their stables and yards.

Importation of Livestock.

The usual number of steamers have arrived during the past
month, and, as will be seen from the report of the assistant Ter-
ritorial veterinarian, a large number of horses and mules have
arrived here, the greater number, however, coming from Seattle,
and only two shipments requiring quarantine as coming from or
through California. No dogs have arrived so far, but sufficient
quarters have been finished to accommodate them should any
arrive from this time on.

Very respectfully,

Victor A. Norgaard,

Territorial Veterinarian.

REPORT FOR FEBRUARY.

Honolulu, February 29, 1912.

Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, Chief of the Division of Animal Indus-
try, Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry.

Sir : — I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work
accomplished during the month of February.

Tuberculosis Control.

The work of testing the dairy herds is progressing rapidly and
is meeting with no opposition on the part of owners. Less diffi-
culty is experienced this year in getting owners to dispose of their
reacting animals immediately. In fact, they now appear anxious
to get rid at once of any source of infection and to have and main-
tain herds free from tuberculosis. It has taken time, and the ex-
perience of heavy loss on the part of some, from one or two
reactors being kept in the herd, to bring about this much desired

120

spirit. Such cooperation on the part of owners makes the task of
fighting this disease to a finish much easier.

The following is a list of the different dairies tested up to the
present time, giving the total numbers of cows tested; the num-
ber passed, and the number condemned:

T. P. C. Remarks

Wm. Gomes 10 9 1

J. H. Cummings 5 5

D. P. R. Isenberg 337 312 25 1 bull

Marshall & Azevedo 28 26 2

P. M. Pond ....37 36 1

M. Gomes 28 28

H. B. Brown 13 13

S. J. Grace 5 5

Capt. Hartman 3 3

J. E. Faria 20 20

R. Compos 12 12

Frank Gouveira 24 24

J. Quintal 2 2

J. M. Whitney 10 9 1

T. F. Farm 45 42 3

Omai Tatsuichi 10 10

F. C. Krauss 1 1

K. Inouye 8 8

W. P. Alexander 5 5

I. Nagaki 15 15

j. H. Cummings 4 4

Mrs. C. M. White 10 9 1

Frank Medeiros 12 12

P. Miyakawa 13 13

J. Allencastro 7 7

K. Yamashita 7 6 1

S. Hirata 14 14

C. K. Quinn 6 6

Chas. Frazier 1 1

College of Hawaii 15 13 2

H. E. Cooper 15 15

Frank Andrade 81 80 1

Kawaiahao Seminary .... 15 15

Mrs. Mary Quintal 8 8

S. Tsumoto 9 9

M. Kawamura 6 6

Mrs. W. W. Hall 1 1

G. L. P. Robinson 5 5

Frank Valph 6 6

Chas. Bellina 138 112 26

S. de Nobriga 13 13

121

Oahu College 12 12

Manuel Abreu 3 3

John Rezants : . . 13 13

C. J. Day 5 5

Geo. Wond 18 18

Antone Pires 8 8

Geo. Holt 37 35 2 1 bull

Kamehameha Schools .... 44 42 '2

W. E. Miles 17 16 1

Frank Correa 13 12 1

Mrs. Mary Riedell 10 9 1

Victorino Souza 35 33 2

Alexander Young Dairy . . 46 46

Desidero Tello 2 2

John P. Mendonca 10 10

L. C. Fernandez 8 8

J. G. Silva 4 4

A. Wilder 2 1 1

Richard Kapena 2 1 1

A. Tavash 3 3

Mrs. E. Johnson 2 2

S. M. Damon 148 143 5

Gait & Carter 13 13

M. Ota 1 1

Chas. Bellina 28 28

Chas. Lucas 90 80 10 2 bulls

Total 1,578 1,488 90 4 bulls

In 1911 S. M. Damon ranch 185 181 4

The following is a list of the importations of livestock at Hono-
lulu since the date of the last meeting, February 9, 1912:

S. S. Lurline, Feb. 14, 7 crates poultry; S. S. Mexican, Feb.
16, 48 mules, Q. M. Dept, 3 horses ; S. S. Sierra, Feb. 19, 3 crates
Japanese games ; S. S. Korea, Feb. 26, 3 dogs ; S. S. Honolulan,
Feb. 28, 2 bulls (shorthorn), S. M. Damon, 1 bull (shorthorn),
1 dog, 7 crates hogs, 2 crates poultry; S. S. Hyades, Feb. 28 r
43 mules, Schuman Car. Co., 11 horses, E. E. Paxton.

Respectfully submitted,

L. N. Case,
Asst. Territorial Veterinarian.

QUARANTINE KENNELS.

Itemized Statement of Expenditures to date in construction of

kennels at Quarantine Station, Honolulu.
Concrete work, contract price 27c per square foot, 560

square feet in 13 separate squares (O. Oss) $151.20

122

Wire fence, 60 in. high at 250 ft. at 40c (Axtell) 100.00

Wire fence, 42 in. high at 270 ft. at 38c (Axtell) 110.60

Wire fence, 36 in. high at 150 ft. at 25c (Axtell) 37.50

Lumber, staples, hinges, nails (Allen & Robinson) 126.37

Sewer pipe, strainer, lead pipe (Hon. Iron Wks.) 11.00

Labor, supervision to March 9, incl. (O. Oss) 122.00

$658.67

With an additional bill for labor, not exceeding $40, the ken-
nels proper will be finished, all the required material being on
hand.

In regard to the keeper's quarters, the contract estimates that
the same can be made habitable for approximately $200 to
$250. As the room which is now used as office and laboratory
must be continued as such and at the same time be made into a
living room for the keeper, it will be necessary to build an addi-
tion or lean-to in which he can prepare his meals, sleep and dress.
A kitchen sink will act as wash basin also and a shower bath
and water closet at a slight distance can be constructed cheaply.

Respectfully submitted,

Victor A. Norgaard,

Territorial Veterinarian.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY,

Honolulu, February 29, 1912.
Hon. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen: — I respectfully submit my report of the work of
the division of entomology for the month of February as follows :

During this month we boarded 40 vessels and found vegetable
matter on 24 of them. Careful inspection of all shipments was
made with the following result:

Disposal with principal causes: Lots. Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 771 21,622

Fumigated 14 410

Burned 16 38

Total inspected 801 22,070

Rice Shipments.

Twenty-five thousand four hundred and twenty-four bags of

123

rice arrived during the month, and being found free from insect
pests was permitted to enter the Territory.

Pests Intercepted.

Thirty-eight parcels of fruit and vegetables were taken from
immigrants at the U. S. immigrant station, and several lots of
plants were destroyed on account of blights and scale-insect in-
festations.

Beneficial Insects.

One lot of Japanese beetle fungus was sent to Wailuku, Maui.
Hilo Inspection.

Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of five vessels at the
port, finding three carrying vegetable matter, consisting of 83 lots
' and 1606 parcels, all passed as free from pests.

Inter-Island Inspection.

During the month of February 60 steamers were attended to,
and the following shipments were passed on: 158 bags taro, 53
cases plants, 14 bags taro tops, 2 cases sugar cane, 1 case cabbage.
Total, 228 packages.

The following packages were refused shipment : 24 packages
fruits, 11 packages vegetables, 3 lots of plants, 1 box of sugar
cane. Total, 39 packages.

At the suggestion of the director of fruitfly control, the presi-
dent of the board of agriculture and forestry requested me to
visit the Kohala district, where the fruitfly has made its appear-
ance. I left Honolulu on February 13, remaining in the Kohala
district until February 16, on which day I took a return passage
for Honolulu. I have handed the director of the fruitfly control
a report on the findings of my visit there.

Respectfully submitted,

Edw. M. Ehrhorn,

Superintendent of Entomology.

A copy of the Sugar Industrial World, "devoted to the research
of sugar industry and tropical agriculture/' as a note to the For-
ester says, has been received. It is published in Tokio and in it-
self the periodical is an evidence of the agricultural progress of
Japan at home and in her colonies.

STREET TREE PLANTING.

A paper read before The Outdoor Circle, Kilohana Art League,
by Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry, January
30, 1912.
Of the means of civic beautification that lie within the reach

124

of every community there is nothing that so adds distinction to
a town or city as well grown trees along its streets. Whether
planted for shade or for ornament, tree lined streets give an air
of character and individuality that can be secured in no other
way, and not only does street tree planting satisfy merely esthetic
ends. It is, if properly done, translatable directly into terms of
cash value, for it heeds no argument to convince even the most
thorough going materialist that a home surrounded by trees and
approached through tree lined streets, will, other things being
equal, fetch a higher price than a house standing alone in the
open.

The following paper deals with certain of the principles that
underlie street tree planting and their application. In general
these principles are simple and for the most part the reason for
applying them is self evident. The planting and proper care of
trees are not in themselves difficult tasks. Good common sense
and perseverance are the most needed requirements. But it is
essential that the several steps in the program be systematically
and faithfully carried out if real success is to be attained.

The planting of street trees differs essentially in its purpose
from other forms of tree planting*. In forest planting, for exam-
ple, the object is the production of wood or timber or the protec-
tion of a water shed. In orcharding, to make the grove yield the
most and the best fruit, while along the street the object of the
planting is to add to the attractiveness of the street by securing
shade or by adorning it with trees beautiful in color or in form.

To be adapted for street planting a tree must have a fairly erect
habit, or at least be amenable to being brought into shape through
pruning. It must be hardy enough to stand more or less neglect,
and it should be of a species that is not continually dropping its
leaves, twigs or fruit. Further, and especially here in Honolulu,
where within an incredibry short distance natural conditions are
decidedly unlike, it is essential that the tree be adapted to the soil
and local climate of the immediate locality where it is to be
planted.

But before coming to the choice of species there are other con-
siderations that have first to be taken into account. Street tree
planting is essentially a matter of cooperation. The first step is
to work out a general plan, which, when adopted, shall have be-
hind it interest and support sufficient to see it through. It is
obvious that on certain streets trees would be out of place ; that on
others the requirements are already met by vegetation now grow-
ing along the way, within private grounds. Other things being
equal street tree planting should begin on residential streets, and,
again obviously, it is better to do a little well than to attempt so
elaborate a program that the whole thing falls of its own weight.

Practically all the authorities are agreed that in street tree plant-
ing the best results both as to effect and as to management are

125

to be had by using a single species within a given unit of street
length. Usually, this unit should include several blocks, both sides
of the street. Here again is emphasized the necessity for coopera-
tion.

Because of the many details that have to be attended to in tree
planting, many of them requiring some technical skill to carry out,
far better results will be got if the work is entrusted to some one
body, such as a committee of the local improvement association,
rather than if it is left to individuals. In Honolulu we are prone
to over-organization. In this matter there is already in existence
plenty of machinery. The proper organization to do the active
work of street tree planting is the improvement club, backed by
the Central Improvement Association, when questions arise that
involve territory covered by more than one local club. What is
needed now is to bring pressure to bear on the local clubs to have
them take up and carry through this class of work. How such in-
fluence can best be exerted we need not here discuss, though per-
sonally I think that much more would be accomplished by the
local improvement clubs, not only in this but in other ways as
well, if there were more women members.

Having decided that a given section of a certain street should
be planted with trees, the next step is to determine the location
of trees, whether in the "parking" between curb and side walk,
or within the boundaries of the lots. Much depends on the width
of the street, and into the consideration comes, too, the question of
where there is likely to be the least interference with the poles and
wires of electric companies. We must, of course, recognize that
until that happy day comes when all the wires go underground, it
is only just that the electric companies have the right to keep
their lines clear. But there is a great difference in the way the
necessary pruning is done. Some of the foremen exercise care
as it is now. Others, unfortunately, do not do so. Under the
law the superintendent of public works has the power and author-
ity to grant the right to set poles and to plant trees on the streets,
and to make regulations governing the same. The question of
how this control can be more strictly enforced is now receiving
the attention of the Territorial authorities. But so far as possi-
ble it would be well to avoid friction by choosing for street plant-
ing those species which will keep below the wires, or by so placing
the trees that they will not interfere with them.

Mention has already been made of the desirability in street
planting of using trees of upright habit. It is extremely annoy-
ing to have low hanging branches extend over the sidewalk, and
it is unnecessary, for only those trees should be used that will nat-
urally, or that can be made to assume a proper shape.

Incidentally it may be said that in general the pruning of trees,
while not a difficult matter, is one that should receive a larger share
of personal attention from the householder than it now does.
'Every kind of tree has its individual habit. The object of prun-

126

ing is to assist nature by cutting out interfering branches and en-
couraging symmetrical development. If a clean cut is made as
close as possible to the limb from which the branch is severed, if
the work is carefully done so as not to tear down the bark, and
finally if the wound is coated with a dressing to keep out fungi
and insects, — and for this, ordinary green stain, carbolineum, is
as good as anything — a great gain will be made over the senseless
"topping" that now goes on in many local grounds regardless of
age or kind of tree. In this connection attention may be called to
the fact that the staff of the Territorial Division of Forestry, with
headquarters at the government nursery, is always glad to give
advice as to pruning and other tree work, either there or on the
ground, as may best meet the needs of the applicant.

Of the kinds of trees that have successfully been used for street
planting in Honolulu, the following deserve special mention:
For ornamental effect : Golden Shower, Pink and White Shower,
Royal Poinciana, Pepper and Rosewood or Jacaranda. For
shade: Monkey pod, Siris tree, Silk Oak, Ironwood and several
species of Eucalyptus. Some of the Palms are highly effective
but because of their slow growth and need of attention are not
so well adapted for street use as for private grounds. This list
by no means exhausts the trees that have been and can well be
used for street planting in Honolulu. But it will serve for the pur-
pose of this paper.

Seedlings of suitable size for planting of most of the kinds
named, except Palms, are kept constantly on hand at the govern-
ment nursery and are furnished free for street planting. Upon
due notice other species will be got ready if it is so desired.

In the planting out of trees the members of the Division of
Forestry will be glad to give advice as to details. These are
matters that need not be gone into now beyond the general obser-
vation that obviously those tress will grow best that receive the
most care and attention at the start in the way of preparation of
the soil, watering and subsequent protection.

Indeed it is the care given street trees subsequent to planting
that determines largely if the result be marked by success or
failure. It is easy enough to get people worked up with en-
thusiasm for an Arbor Day, but it is quite another matter to be
sure that there wiil be some one on the job six months later to
see that proper care is being given to the little trees until they
become established, and later still to prune them properly, to
place and replace stakes, and to give them water in dry times.
Because all this is necessary is the reason why street tree planting
can be done better by a permanent organization than by an in-
dividual or a temporarily appointed committee.

Some few years ago Honolulu was swept by a wave of interest
in Civic Improvement which resulted among other things in the
setting out of trees on several residential streets in the Makiki clis-
trict. The start was a good one, but it was not followed up, and

127

today, in consequence, the streets planted stand more as a re-
proach and reminder of things left undone, than as they might
well have been, avenues of brilliant color that would have been
one of the features of the city. It is with no spirit of blame for
any individual that this criticism is made, but rather with the hope
that the experience so gained may be an incentive to more sys-
tematic efforts in the future.

Returning to a matter of detail in street tree planting, one of
the most important points to be observed is the proper protection
of the little tree by suitable guards. Especially is this true here
in Honolulu where small sized seedlings are so generally used,
and where on many of our streets it is not uncommon for the
street trees to be exposed to cows on their way to and from their,
pastures.

Taken by and large there is certainly a great opportunity for
street tree planting in Honolulu. There is enthusiasm among
those who, if they will go about it right, can accomplish wonders.
The machinery is already at hand in the local improvement clubs,
in the Central Improvement Association and in the special com-
mittees of other organizations that can help by bringing the mat-
ter to a head in any one locality. There is expert advice to be
had for the asking on all technical points and there are free trees
waiting to be called for. Everybody is ready for the individual
or group of citizens who can start the ball rolling and keep it
under way. The result of their labors will be to make Honolulu
a pleasanter place to live in, a better as well as a more beautiful
city.

REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE.

Vaughan MacCaughey.

Principles of Rural Economics, by Dr. Thomas Nixon Carver,
Professor of Political Economv in Harvard University. Ginn
& Co., Boston. 1911. 386 pp. 5y 2 x8 ins.

This is an authoritative and well-written text. It consists of
six large chapters — General Principles; Historical Sketch of
Modern Agriculture ; The Factors of Agricultural Development ;
Management in Agricultural Production ; The Distribution of the
Agricultural Income, and Problems of Rural Social Life. There
is no specific mention of Hawaii in this book, but the point-of-
view and concise style of the author should engage the attention
of any one seriously interested in the welfare of Hawaii's agri-
cultural enterprises. The sketch of modern agriculture is particu-
larly illuminating in its exemplification of the significant economic
interpretation of history. The work is true to its title, in that
it elucidates the fundamental principles of the subject. The mate-

128

rial is well classified and ably presented. The book contains an
excellent bibliography.

Fundamentals of Agriculture, edited by James Edward Halligan,
Chemist in charge, Louisiana State Experiment Station. D.
C. Heath & Co., Boston. 1911. 492 pp. 5^x8*4 ins.
A well illustrated text-book on general agriculture, of the type
now largely used by secondary schools offering agricultural in-
struction. There is a brief introduction by Pres. Butterfield, of
Mass. The chapters are : The Soil ; Plant Life ; Manures and
Fertilizing Materials ; Farm Crops ; Trees and the Garden ; Plant

'' Diseases ; Insects and Birds ; Live Stock and Dairying ; Feeds and
Feeding; Miscellaneous. A unique feature is that "every subject

' in this book is written by an expert in his line. This idea was
carried out in order to furnish the student with the best informa-
tion that could be obtained." The section on sugar cane, for ex-
ample, is written by Prof. H. P. Agee, then of the Louisiana
Sugar Experiment Station, now of the H. S. P. A. Station. The
book is distinctly southern in its point-of-view, and is thus of
interest to Hawaii. The accounts of cotton, rice, sugar cane and
tobacco, are explicit and well written. Each chapter contains a
good set of references for collateral reading. The illustrations
are of good quality throughout. The appendix contains a num-
ber of useful tables, and suggestions for an agricultural school
library. Teachers in Hawaii's rural schools could make good
use of this book.

Cultivation of Tobacco in the Philippine Islands, by B. E. Brewer.

Philippine Bureau of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 16. .

1910. ^Pp. 23, plates 3, figs. 3.
This is a brief handbook of information for the tobacco grower
in the Philippines.

Sisal Hemp in Fiji, bv C. H. Knowles. Dept. of Agric. of Fiji.
Bui. 1, 1911. Pp. 16, plates 2.
directions for growing and harvesting sisal, and for extracting
the fiber; with statement of results obtained at the experiment
station.

Australian Timber; Its Strength, Durability and Identification,
by J. Mann. Melbourne. 1909. Pp. xvi-148, figs. 19.
A compilation of data, available prior to 1900, relative to the
strength and durability of about fifty of the best known engineer-
ing and construction timbers of Australia.

The Orange Thrips, by P. R. Jones and J. R. Horton. U. S.
Dept. Agric. Bur. Entomol. Bui. 99, part 1, pp. 16, plates 3,
figs. 2.
A report of progress for the years 1909, 1910. An important

129

paper, dealing with an important group of citrus pests. The
orange thrips were found, not only on citrus, but also on pome-
granates, grape, California pepper tree, dock, pursland, and a
wide variety of other plants.

The Unification of Reducing Sugar Methods, (A Correction),
by Percy H. Walker, Chief* Contracts Laboratory, U. S.
Dept. Agric. Bur. of Chemistry, Circular 82, pp. 6.

Grape Propagation, Pruning, and Training, by George C. Hus-
mann, pomologist in charge of viticultural investigations,
U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bulletin 471, pp. 29, figs. 30.

The Avocado in Hawaii, by J. E. Higgins, C. J. Hunn and V. S.
Holt. Hawaii Agric. Expt. Station, Bui. 25, 48 pp., 7 plates,
13 figs. 1911.

This excellent bulletin is heartily welcomed by all in Hawaii
who are interested in local horticultural problems. It fills a long-
waiting gap in the scant literature of tropical fruit production.
The text is well classified and fully illustrated. The main sec-
tions are: botany and history of the avocado; natural and cul-
tural requirements ; control of insects and diseases ; the crop and
its marketing ; breeding the avocado ; the avocado as food ; vari-
eties. The sections of particular fulness and interest are those
dealing with propagation, marketing, methods of serving, and
descriptions of varieties. The blank or form for describing vari-
eties is unusually complete. Of the many Hawaiian varieties,
about sixty-five have been described by Mr. C. J. Hunn. Experi-
ments with sprays are now in progress, to control scale (Psuedo-
coccus), green caterpillar (Amorbia), and fungus (Gloeos-
porium).

The following extract from the introduction illustrates the pres-
ent market situation, " * * * the growing of this fruit is
only an infant industry. For a long time it was impossible to
develop it because of the lack of a ready means of rapidly mul-
tiplying a good variety and thus establishing the uniformity in
product which is necessary in all market fruits. This difficulty
has now been removed and development is in progress. There
are probably more than 100 acres now planted in orchard in
Florida, and inquiries are coming to Hawaii from California for
thousands of seeds to start nurseries. "

(To be Continued)

130
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN INSECT PARASITISM*

By Otto H. Swezey

(A paper read before the Agricultural Seminar, College of Hawaii,
February 15, 1912.)

(Concluded)

In the wonc of introducing parasites from foreign countries,
care has always been taken lest hyperparasites be introduced
along with them, and thus, if they also became established, lessen
the effectiveness of the parasite. It has sometimes been sup-
posed that a parasite thus taken to another country without
being accompanied by its native hyperparasites, would be more
effective when successfully established in a new *^ace than it was
in its native place. The above experience has tended to modify
the stand taken on the question of hyperparasites, and it is
seen that the benefits to be derived from tne exclusion of hyper-
parasites are not so great as has always been supposed, and the
danger from their introduction is much lessened — that is, in
cases where there are native hyperparasites which are counter-
parts of the foreign ones.

With the Tachinid flies that have been introduced, there has
been better success. These parasitize the gipsy-moth caterpil-
lars. Nine species have been colonized, some from Europe and
some from Japan. Most of these were satisfactorily colonized,
and at leasst two species seem to have become established, while
there are good hopes for some of the others.

In the work with the Tachinids, a great deal of new informa-
tion was gained as to the habits of the different species of this
family of parasites. The ordinary method of oviposition for
Tachinids has been known for a long time. The adult female
deposits her eggs on the surface of the caterpillars ; they hatch
and the young maggots penetrate the body of the caterpillar to
feed upon the fat-bodies, juices, and eventually the vital organs ;
then, when full-grown, they emerge to pass through the pupal
stage in the ground. Among the species studied at the Gipsy
Moth Parasite Laboratory, were some that were found to have
different habits from that, so a careful study was made of the
habits of all of them in so far as possible. Sasaki, a Japanese
entomologist, had, about twenty years previously, in studying the
parasites of the silkworm, ascertained that a Tachinid deposited
its eggs on the leaves. When eaten by a caterpillar feeding on
these leaves, they hatched inside the alimentary canal, bored
through its walls, and located for a time in ganglia. Later on,
they became fixed with the posterior end in close connection with
spiracles and feeding on the juices and fat of the caterpillar,
eventually killed it.

131

Among the species studied at the laboratory, this method of
oviposition was found, as well as several others. One species
was found to deposit living maggots on the surface, another
beneath the skin of the host caterpillar; and one deposited liv-
ing maggots on leaves where they awaited a convenient oppor-
tunity to attach themselves to a caterpillar and penetrate its body.
There are now known to be these five methods by which young
Tachinids gain access to their host caterpillars : host-oviposition ;
leaf -oviposition ; supra-cutaneous host-larviposition ; subcutaneous
host-larviposition ; and leaf-larviposition.

Another matter of great interest was brought out in these in-
vestigations — that is, that many Tachinids are physiologically re-
stricted in their host relationships. For instance, if larvae of any
Tachinid gained access to a caterpillar in any of the above men-
tioned ways, conditions might be found such that they might
fail to develop, if the conditions, chemically or physiologically,
were different from those in their own special host. It is for
such reasons probably that many parasites have come to have
such intimate correlation with certain hosts that they cannot sur-
vive or thrive satisfactorily on any other host. Hence, in the
consideration of the introduction of parasites, the most valuable
one* would be those thai were restricted or closely correlate!
with the particular host that they are desired for, other circum-
stances being favorable.

Several Hymenopterous parasites of gipsy-moth pupae have
been introduced. One of them (Monodontomerus) has become
established, and very widely spread throughout the region infest-
ed by the Gipsy Moth. Investigations show that it has spread at
the rate of ten miles per year. After colonization of this species
had begun, it was pronounced a hyperparasite by Dr. Ashmead ;
colonization was then stopped, even though they were emerging
in large numbers from imported parasite material under condi-
tions which pointed toward it being an important primary para-
site. Later investigations showed that it was chiefly a primary
parasite, even though it was also sometimes a secondary on' Tachi-
nids and others. Colonization was again resumed, with the result
that it is now the most widely spread of all the parasites thnt
have been introduced. In fact, it has been found spread nearly
throughout the infested region. It attacks Brown-tail Moth
pupae to a greater extent than it does Gipsy Moth pupae. It
has also been found to attack pupae of native moths. As a hy-
perparasite, it has been bred from Tachinids and from the co-
coons of the Braconid, Apanteles.

Many of the parasites that I have found so far mentioned, at-
tack both the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth. Besides
these, other parasites have been investigated and their introduc-
tion attempted, which attack the Brown-tail Moth and pot the
Gipsy Moth. Some of these have been more successful than
those on the Gipsy Moth.

132

It will be seen then that an attempt has been made to secure
as many parasites as possible to attack each of the different
stages of the moths ; and to produce as nearly as possible the
same kind of sequence of attack that prevails in the native habitat
of these pests — that is, to establish as many as possible of the
parasites attacking each of the different stages : egg f larva and
pupa.

Summary of parasites introduced or colonized : Egg Parasites,
4 species ; 2 species established. Parasites of caterpillar, 20
species ; 7 established. Parasites of the pupae, 5 species ; 1
established. A total of 29 species, 10 of which have become
established.

It was confidently expected that several others would be found
established when the time came for making the necessary inves-
tigations. Some of them were so recently colonized, that it is
not expected that it can be determined yet whether established
or not, though some additional ones may have been found estab-
lished by the investigations in 1911, of which we have no report
at hand.

The situation at present is considered satisfactory, but it is
expected that five or six years time may yet be necessary before
proof is reached as to whether these two pests can be controlled
by the introduced natural enemies. In the meantime, plans are
being made to continue the introduction of parasite material.

In the course of all this work, many observations of extreme
biological significance have been made, particularly with regard
to the interrelation of host, parasite and hyperparasite. Some of
these have already been mentioned, as for instance the five differ-
ent methods by which the different Tachinids attack their hosts.

Another interesting habit is in the case of one of the egg-para-
sites from Japan (Schedius). The egg of this parasite is sup-
plied with a long stalk. It is placed within the body of the un-
hatched caterpillar within the egg of the host, but usually with
the end of the long stalk projecting outside the host egg. "When
the parasite egg hatches, it does not entirely leave its shell, but
remains with its anal end thrust into it, and the stalk which is
hollow, becomes functional and acts like a life-line attached to
a submarine diver in supplying a connection with the outer air."
As the larva grows through its two first stages it retains this con-
nection with the life-line. This is one of the parasites which
also act as hyperparasites ; for example, if the host egg had al-
ready been parasitized and now contained the full-grown larva
of that parasite, it would be the victim of this parasite, which in
turn might be destroyed by yet another hyperparasite, according
to the conditions in Japan where it came from.

A more particular hyperparasite is one, that, having gained
access to the body of the host, wanders about in search of any
parasites that might be there, apparently not injuring the host.

133

and not being able to survive unless it finds a parasite larva in
which to live.

Another place where a study of the interrelation of parasite
and host are being minutely studied is at the laboratory of the
Agricultural School at Portici, Italy. Many new and interesting
habits are being brought to light. Dr. Silvestri, at this place,
has made some most minute investigations of polyembryony.
Polyembryony is that method of development by which a large
number of embryos is produced from one egg f as occurs with
some of the Chalcididae. Dr. Silvestri investigated this phe-
nomonon with Litomstix, a parasite of Plusia, and a number of
other moths. According to his investigations, the process of de-
velopment is as follows : the adult female parasite deposites one
egg in an egg of the moth. It does not destroy the egg as egg-
parasites do. It does not interfere with the embryonal develop-
ment of the host nor the hatching of the caterpillar, nor does
it prevent the latter growing to its full size; on the contrary, a
parasitized caterpillar attains a somewhat larger growth than a
normal healthy one. Returning to the egg of the parasite, a
peculiar nuclear division takes place in its development, which
results in a segmentation different from usual, by which, event-
ually, a large number of minute embryos is formed from this
one egg. These embryos then feed and grow in the growing
caterpillar, not killing it till after it has become full-grown and
spun its cocoon; when they soon finish their growth, having
eaten the entire contents of the caterpillar skin which they en-
tirely fill, giving it the appearance of being crammed full and
stretched beyonu uie normal size. These parasite larvae pupate
in this position, and in due time the adults emerge to the num-
ber of several hundred, even thousands. As high as 3000 has
been reported as produced in this way in one caterpillar, and all
having originated from a single egg. This method of develop-
ment is known for a number of parasites. We have in the Ha-
waiian Islands a parasite on native wasps which probably re-
produces in this way, though the details of it have not been
worked out for this species.

Some mention should be made of the investigation of para-
sites in connection with the cotton Doll weevil in the Southern
States. No parasites have been obtained from foreign coun-
tries, but in the study of the native parasites, 26 species have
been found attacking the boll weevil These sometimes have
been found killing quite a good percentage of the weevils, and
thus becoming one of the important factors in their control, in
1909, producing an average destruction of i6 per cent. A good
deal of work has been carried on in distributing the more effi-
cient of these parasites from one place to another in Texas, and
also to those places in Louisiana and Mississippi to which the
weevil has spread.

Considerable experimenting has also been done in the transfer

134

of Aphis parasites from southern points, into Kansas wheat
fields, for the destruction of the spring grain aphis or so-called
"green bug," that made such severe outbreaks a few years ago,
particularly in 1907. Definite results have been prevented by the
occurrence of the parasite throughout the range of the destruc-
tive insect, parasitic as it is upon other species of plant lice. It
could not always be determined definitely whether the parasites
might not have come from this source to the wheat fields and had
accomplished as much or more good than those which were
brought from a distance.

Recently an egg-parasite has been introduced from Europe for
the eggs of the elm leaf-beetle in the Eastern States; and at-
tempts are being made to introduce parasites for the alfalfa
weevil in Utah, and the "white fly" in Florida. From the United
States parasites are also being sent to other countries, for differ-
ent pests. I mention these few out of many similar investigations,
as evidence of the amount of this kind of work that is being done.

I should not close without dwelling a little upon one of the
latest feats in parasitic work here in Hawaii, though you no
doubt are mostly already familiar with the facts. I refer to the
introduction of the Tachinid fly from New Guinea, by Mr. Muir.
This is a parasite on the sugar cane borer, a pest known to exist
in these Islands for about half a century. Mr. Muir was en-
gaged in searching for parasites for this weevil for two years be-
fore discovering any. After searching such regions as Fiji,
Southern China, Malay States, Java and Borneo, he finally dis-
covered this Tachinid at Amboina, one of the islands of the
Malay Archipelago, between Boreno and New Guinea. All at-
tempts to transport it from there to Honolulu failed. On further
search, the same parasite was found in New Guinea. From there,
overcoming many difficulties, it was finally successfully received
in 1910 in Honolulu, via Australia and Fiji, in which places colo-
nies were reared to send on the next stage of the journey.

From the time the parasites arrived safely in Honolulu, they
have been successfully reared in cages, continually to the present
time, and colonies distributed to all sugar cane districts of the
Islands. Nearly all of the sugar plantations have already been
supplied with them; and on those where first established, they
have already become widely spread, in but little more than a
year's time. The prospects are very favorable of their becoming
a considerable help in checking this very destructive cane pest.

This Tachinid presents still another method of reaching its
host, different from the five methods previously mentioned, by
which the different species attack caterpillars. Briefly, this
borer Tachinid deposits her eggs (and sometimes maggots in-
stead) in the minute openings in the rind of the cane produced
by the borer larvae coming close to the rind while eating inside
the cane. The tiny maggots wander about in the channels pro-
duced by the borers in the cane, on finding a borer larva, pene-

135

trate it, living inside, feeding on the fat-bodies of the host, finally
killing it. The deJath of the host does not take place usually till
it has constructed its cocoon ; then the one or more parasite mag-
gots emerge from it and form their puparia within the cocoon
of the host, from which the adult parasites emerge in due time.
We have here a parasite with habits perfectly correlated with its
host. One that will probably not attack any other species of in-
sect, unless perchance a different species of weevil, in sugar
cane, should any exist.

60 YEARS'
EXPERIENCE

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to work with. We carry a most complete line of every-
thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the
smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We
also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel
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farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

B. (X HALL & SON, LTD.

OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-
SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS.

W. M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer.

J. M. Dowsett P. R Isenberg

H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY,

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden.

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Consulting- Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii.

Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Homestead, Kauai.

David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintende?it of Entomology and Chief Inspector.

Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Inspector.

Miss Louise Gulick, Laboratory Assistant.

Fred Muir, Beneficial- Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Haiuaii.

Robert R. Elgin, ] f Mahukona, Hawaii.

W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Plant \ Kahului,Maui.

W. D. McBryde, \ Inspector at \ Koloa, Kauai.

Dr, W, B. Deas, | | Hana, Maui._

Capt. C. F.Turne J L Kaanapali, Maui.

G. C. Munro, Keomuku, Lanai.

W. M. Giffard, Director, Fruit Fly Control.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Atiimal Industry and Territorial

Veterinarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawaii.
J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

CLERICAL STAFF

Geo. R, Clark, Secretary to the Board.
Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk.
Miss Anna K. Harrison, Librarian.
Daniel Logan, Editor of the "Forester"

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked

* ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to
Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box .207, Honolulu.

BOABD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp."

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, irom

July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 3 70 pp. "

Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for tht

year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figure*.
Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures.
Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.
Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.
"Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.
"Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetable*

etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION-Continucd.

"Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherc. Rules and Reg*;"
tions Piohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri-
tory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

"Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey."
General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

"The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist," a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII;
1904-1910, To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price
$1 a year.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press

Bulletin No. 1 ; 3 pp.; 1905.

* "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin

No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905.
"An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.
"Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government

Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* "Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees." Press Bulletin No.

4; 4 pp.; 1906.

"Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees." Press Bulletin
No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909.

"Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa."
Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

"Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii," by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12
plates; 1911.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re-
print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re-

print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re-
print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re-
print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31,
1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.
DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

"The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1;
38 pp.; 1903.

** "A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae," by G. W. Kirkaldy, and
"Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species," by Jacob
Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 pbte; 1907.

* "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper

Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin

No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904.
"A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.
"The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular

No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.
Rule VII: "Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit

Fly"; unnumbered leaflet; 1910.
Rule VIII: "Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or

Plants"; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905.

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures,
leport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31,

1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

♦"Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis."

Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905.

* "Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3 ; 1 p. ; 1905.

* "To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 4 ; 1 p. ; 1907.

* "Quarantine of Horse Stock from California." Rule 8; 1 p. ; 1908.

"Rules and. Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock." Rules and Laws;

11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.
Beport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.
Jteport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending Decembei

31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates.

•Out of *rt»l