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Vol. IX.

JUNE, 1912

No. 6

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1,00; Foreign, $1.25.

-^THE§k~

Hawaiian forester

AND

Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE

BOARD OF. COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL. COMMUNICATIONS TO

DANIEL- LOGAN,
EDITOR "THE FORESTER, 77 "^

P. O. BOX 366,
HONOLULU, H. T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,.
von Holt Block, 65 S. King St,, Honolulu Hawaii.

5*=

OMIJglVERSlTi OF. MICHIGAN LIBRARIES;

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Editorial 173

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry:

Fruit Fly Control 174

Division of Forestry 180

Division of Animal Industry 183

Division of Entomology 189

Review of Current Literature 191

Mechanical Rubber Tappers and Gatherers 194

. Prickly Pear for Whitewash 195

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced
trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10
to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2V 2 cents each,
except a few kindc which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii,

RALPH S. HOSMER,

Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes
it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207
HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

THE JHAWAIIAN

f ORESTER I AGRICULTURIST

Vol. IX. JUNE, 1912. No. 6.

The Forester acknowledges the receipt of a small library
in one package, of Proceedings of the California Academy of
Sciences, fourth series. There are four treatises bearing on
the expedition of the Academy to the Galapagos Islands,
1905-1906, in which, respectively, Francis X. Williams deals
with the butterflies and hawk-moths, John Van Denburgh with
the snakes, Alban Stewart with the botany, and Mr. Van Den-
burgh, again, with the geckos of the islands. Mr. Van Den-
burgh is also the author of "Notes of a Collection of Reptiles
from Southern California and Arizona ;" James Perrin Smith,
of a pamphlet on the "Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate
Fossils of California, " and Frank M. Anderson, of one con-
taining 146 pages besides many interleaved illustrations on
"The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the
Temblor Basin." These documents will be a valuable addi-
tion to the scientific works in the library of the Territorial
Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry.

Work conducted at the Pasteur Institute at Nha-Wang,
Cochin-China, has shown that the employment of a special
virus for producing epidemics among rats is not to be con-
sidered as a serious method of reducing the numbers of these
rodents. The disease produced by the virus shows at first ;i
great activity, but the ultimate effect is to produce a race of
rats that are immune to it.

Somewhat peculiar results have followed the rubber boom
in Singapore. More and more land has been planted in Para
rubber, until at the end of last year the area under cultiva-
tion was about 14,000 acres. The planting of this tree in every
corner, even in quite unsuitable localities and in small patches,
caused a remarkable diminution in the supply of vegetables,
fruit, poultry, and even pigs, many Chinese abandoning other
occupations to plant rubber.

174

Natal has experienced the advent of the San Jose scale, but
the agricultural authorities hope to keep it in subjection
through the methods of control which severe experience has
brought to a high standard in the United States, and of which
other countries that may be visited by the pest can now have the
benefit.

The exports of cacao from Trinidad continue to increase in
quantity, 57, 858,640 pounds, of the value of $6,150,485, having
been exported in the year 1910. Rubber is receiving much
attention in that island. There has been a considerable im-
portation of thoroughbred livestock the past year.

Experiments made in cotton growing at the agricultural
station, Tamale, on the Gold Coast, Africa, have given most
unsatisfactory results. An official report says that unless bet-
ter returns can be shown in the future it would appear that
cotton cannot be successfully grown for export.

Mr. D. P. R. Isenberg has tendered his resignation as a
member of the board of agriculture and forestry, on account
of intended absence from the Territory for some time. It will
not be easy to find one to take his place, with the practical
knowledge and business sagacity he has brought to the board.

Attempts made the past two or three years to introduce the
Lima bean into Manchuria have been abandoned, on account
of the expense incurred in protecting the seedlings from high
winds.

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

FRUIT FLY CONTROL.

Seventh Monthly Report.

Honolulu, Hawaii, June 1, 1912.

To the Commissioners, Board of Agriculture and Forestry,
Territory of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Gentlemen: — I beg to submit the following report for the
month ending May 31, 1912, viz.: —

It is quite fortunate that the quarantined area in Honolulu
and suburbs has been kept fairly clear of all ripe and overripe
fruit other than the mango, of which latter there is an unpre-
cedented crop. Our small staff of inspectors has been kept
busy in an almost futile endeavor to keep all grounds clear of

175

this fruit, the tree of which is now in full bearing. It takes
but a glance at the number and fruiting conditions of these
scattered trees to realize the stupendous work of efficiently
gathering and destroying a fruit which during the season is
continuously falling from all these large trees day and night.
It is almost unnecessary to say that with such immense crops
of mangoes extending over a period of three months or more
perfect work in gathering and destroying these cannot be ex-
pected, more particularly under the peculiar local conditions
which exist in the area of approximately 50,000 acres under
quarantine between Kaimuki and Moanalua. To properly
cope with such conditions, it would take a force ten times as
large, and even then the work would be partially ineffective
unless a very much larger proportion of householders co-
operated. Of course, there are many who keep their grounds
fairly free of fallen mangoes, but the large majority of resi-
dents, and particularly those who can ill afford to employ a
yardboy, leave the gathering of this fruit to our inspectors
and such laborers as we are now forced to employ at odd times
to help out the situation. Even where mangoes are not used
by householders, there are but few, including the wealthier
class, who voluntarily strip the trees or care to have this done
for them. Again, there are a large number of vacant lots con-
taining mango trees, the owners or controllers of which it is
difficult to locate. In the majority of such instances as these
we will be obliged to strip and gather the fruit ourselves, as
well as cart the same to the incinerator, if there is not suffi-
cient brush to burn same on the premises. During the month
we have had a wagon busy hauling several loads of such fruit
every day, and during June, if the payroll will stand it, several
more carts and day laborers will have to be employed. It is
surprising what immense quantities of this fruit have been
burned on the ground or else carted away to the incinerator
since the season opened, all of which would have been left as
formerly, to ferment and rot on premises, causing not only a
very insanitary condition in localities, but also would have been
the means of an altogether unnecessary reproduction of fruit
flies in countless numbers. Unfortunately there is a very bad
fungus condition existing in much of the mango fruit which is
causing it to rot and ferment before falling. This fermenta-
tion attracts numerous species of vinegar flies, the small mag-
gots of which give the impression that the fruit is all infected
with the Mediterranean fruit fly. Such is not the case, but
nevertheless many of the fruits are really attacked by the latter
pest and it is impossible to discriminate amongst such large
quantities as daily fall to the ground. Whilst there is much
good fruit on many of the trees and on the ground it is best
to be on the safe side and sweep up and destroy every one
that has fallen. I am dwelling at some length on these pecu-

176

liar conditions, as they are liable to happen to a more or less
extent every summer during the mango season, and they go
far to prove what I have tried to impress upon the authorities
and others from the start, that it is useless to expect either a
perfect control of the Mediterranean fruit fly in Honolulu and
suburbs with a comparatively small appropriation and with-
out that unity and cooperation of all residents which is so
necessary in all artificial methods of control when these are
performed in non-commercial areas. Without such unity and
without such cooperation, even an appropriation of many more
thousands of dollars will not be as effective as it should be.
With conscientious and efficient work, however, clean culture
and allied artificial methods, together with the proper cooper-
ation of householders, will produce results in proportion to
the amount expended. To a great extent this has already
been manifest to proficient and unprejudiced investigators.
Such mechanical work when performed by all in a proper
spirit of cooperation can do no more than partially control
this pest. In a tropical country like ours the so-called eradi-
cation or extermination of such a pest as Mediterranean fruit
fly by mortal man is not possible. That it has been in a
measure controlled or lessened in numbers by climatic condi-
tions and artificial methods in other parts of the world is fairly
well accepted, but such countries as have recorded these facts
practically all have their fruits growing in orchards on a com-
mercial scale, and again some of them have a mild winter frost
which occasionally checks the pest. Few places have a similar
environment and tropical jungle of fruits all the year round
as we have at our back doors. To a more or less extent very
good results should obtain here, provided the same unity and
cooperation existed amongst all our residents as occurs in
other places where large commercial interests are at stake.
The point was raised by me early in the campaign as to the
desirability of expending such a comparatively small appro-
priation as that which we are working with and then expect-
ing great results in view of local economic conditions, not only
on this island, but also on others of the group. We have few
fruits of commercial importance other than the banana and
pine, and these latter, under natural conditions, are so far not
attacked by the fruit fly. When it is considered that artificial
methods of control, such as clean culture, spraying, etc., etc.,
means a continuity of immense appropriations, are not some
people expecting too great results all at once from a com-
paratively small fund? Even the $35,000 which it appears
Congress will eventually appropriate to assist in this cam-
paign will be but a drop in the bucket considering the scat-
tered jungles of fruit trees in Honolulu and vicinity and the
wild and mountainous expanses of territory here and on all
the islands. These large areas not only have the guava and

177

mountain apple on the slopes and in the valleys, but also fleshy
seeds of indigenous trees, most of which latter are just as sus-
ceptible or adaptable to the pest as is the kamani and coffee
berry of the lower lands, two of the most infected fruits grow-
ing in the Territory. However, as before stated, results as to
artificial methods of control in any one region will be in pro-
portion to the amount continuously appropriated for the work,
provided that the latter is conducted under the well accepted
methods of other countries and that unity and cooperation is
at all possible.

The only hope I have, as has been repeatedly stated in pre-
vious reports, is in the discovery of a specific parasite. To find,
introduce and successfully establish such a parasite would be
worth the best part of any one large appropriation which
either this Territory or Congress would set aside for clean cul-
ture methods. With the successful establishment of such a
beneficial insect, nature's methods would accomplish much
more in a general way of perfect control than we can ever ex-
pect by the usual artificial methods, more particularly if both
of these were combined in a systematic and scientific manner.
To this end every effort should be made to push the entomo-
logical research work in suitable tropical countries where this
particular species of fruit fly is known to have its habitat in
exceedingly small numbers. Such work, to be successful from
a scientific and economic standpoint, should only be under-
taken by entomologists of the highest order and who have had
previous experience in successful work of a similar nature.
In Dr. Silvestri, who is already preparing for the field, we
have one of these men, and the very best authorities indicate
tropical West Africa (where he is going) as the most suitable
place to explore for a parasite of the Mediterranean fruit fly.
If later on funds are available, I believe it would be money well
spent to assist this research work by the addition of another
equally good economic entomologist and have him sent to an-
other section of Africa where the fruit fly is not known to be
a pest but exists only in small numbers. It is quite possible
that in such a locality the fly is being controlled by either a
parasite or predaceous enemy, either of which might be found
to some extent suitable to our requirements. Of course, such
parasitic research work (particularly that of the Mediterranean
fruit fly) is altogether problematical as to results, but the Ter-
ritory has already succeeded on similar lines under private
organization, and there is no reason why, under government
auspices and with sufficient funds, a proportionate amount of
success should not be obtained. In any case it would be set-
tled once and for all whether future search for such a parasite was
to be negative in results. The success of such work to a very
great extent depends on the selection of the entomologist, not
only for the field work, but also as to those who handle the
material after it arrives safely at its destination. For obvious

178

reasons only the most experienced of men in this class of work
should be allowed to handle such material.

Since my last report I have received a communication from
the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C,
in which he informs me that the congressional appropriation
to assist the Territory in the fruit fly campaign has passed
both houses and would eventually find its way to the Presi-
dent for signature. If signed, the appropriation will become
available on July 1, and will, of course, be expended under the
direction of the federal bureau. The Chief Entomologist, Dr.
L. O. Howard, in asking for cooperation and advice, states
that he has engaged a Dr. Back to direct the expenditure, and
that the gentleman would in all probability be in Honolulu
early in July. After the arrival of Dr. Back, the board will
cooperate with the federal department in extending the work
which will no doubt be possible with the larger sum available.
It goes without saying that Dr. Back will also have to under-
take work of control on the other islands, which our small
local appropriation has not made possible. As you already
know, the insular inspection and control has been in the hands
of district committees appointed by the island commercial or-
ganizations. The board, however, has kept in communication
with the chairmen of these committees, has issued commis-
sions to such inspectors as the latter have appointed, and it
has furthermore arranged with the Territorial administration
to apportion the two larger islands a small sum to assist the
various districts in the exclusion of the pest. Unfortunately,
the fruit fly has since been discovered in almost every district
on both islands, and it will not be long before the infestation
will be general owing to the uninterrupted large areas of guava
and wild fruits which prevail along the upper slopes.

In view of changed conditions as to prevalence of fruit fly
on the other islands, there may perhaps be necessity for a
slight modification in the Territorial regulations as now in
force. I do not think, however, that any change should be
made until we have received an expression of opinion from the
district and commercial organizations on each island.

The alleged complaints because of a failure to export fruits
and vegetables from any of the other ilsands to Oahu were
based on a wrong interpretation of existing regulations by
officials over whom this board had no control. There have
never been any legal restrictions as to the importation of such
supplies on Oahu since the fruit fly was first discovered here.
The misunderstanding was easily and satisfactorily settled as
soon as investigated.

In addition to the usual inspection, gathering and destruc-
tion of fruit, which has been maintained during the month,
there has also been considerable spraying of large sections of
fruit gardens in and about Honolulu. Experimental trapping
for adult fruit flies under the Australian method (kerosene

179

and other solutions) has also continued. Much more of this
latter work, as well as spraying, will no doubt be possible as
soon as the congressional appropriation is available after Dr.
Back's arrival. The spraying solution used is the well-known
Cape Colony (Mally) formula, viz., proportions of arsenate of
lead, molasses and water. Our small appropriation, which had
to last for over a year, or until the next legislature convened,
has not made it possible to spray beyond the experimental
stage, although during May much has been done by a special
gang on these lines. 1 have refrained from this method in the
large colonies of honey bees, as it is quite possible that the
solution may poison the workers in more or less numbers. As
the honey business in the Territory has increased to large pro-
portions of late years and is in fact equal, if not greater, than
any commercial interests in fruits other than pines, I am in-
clined to disfavor spraying with poisoned solutions in sections
where hives are kept on a commercial scale. When Dr. Back
arrives I shall present this feature 'to him most forcibly and,
if possible, prevail upon him to restrict spraying, as I am doing
now, to such areas as are not frequented by large numbers of
bees seeking food.

I have also to report that as a result of laboratory work the
fruit fly has been bred naturally out of fleshy seeds of the sugar
palm (Arenga saccharifera) and the fruits of the elengi tree
(Mimusops elengi). The foregoing list may be added to the al-
ready extensive breeding results from our laboratory.

As there is a possibility that the labor gangs of the Sanitary
"Clean-Up Day" Committee may mix quantities of fruit with
other garbage on June 20 (Clean-Up Day), I shall communicate
with the above organization and request its cooperation in order
that the fruit gathered may be sent immediately to the inciner-
ator and not left indefinitely on sidewalks or dumps. I intend
further to show that the board has a desire to cooperate in the
general clean-up of the day by loaning them our full staff of in-
spectors.

Mr. Weinland, the representative of the California Horticul-
tural Commission, has during May increased his staff of inspec-
tors of fruits, etc., intended for shipment to the coast. This has
proportionately reduced our own gang for the time being. I shall
immediately bring up our own staff to such proportions as the
monthly apportionment of both the California and Territorial ap-
propriations will permit.

During May I made a short visit of inspection at Hilo, Kau and
Kona. In the latter district I stayed the best part of a week in-
vestigating fruit fly conditions in coffee. As the pest distributed
itself throughout the district in a very short time after its first
discovery, the planters were somewhat alarmed as to what might
be the result to their coffee and other crops. I found the district
well organized as to a "Control Committee" and the members of

180

the district club appeared alive to the fact that they would have to
take preventive means to stop an overproduction of the fly.
Owing to the nature of the ground, which is mostly disintegrated
"aa," it is hardly possible to do any systematic clean culture work,
but there is no reason why the spraying and trapping method
should not be carried out with some success, if properly attended
to. Kona's coffee is grown in fairly large and uninterrupted
areas, and therefore the spraying could be done by each small
planter and by others interested on a commercial scale and with
less difficulty than in other sections on the islands.

Futhermore, the berries are in most instances pulped at cen-
tral mills and the pulp pile can be treated with lime or acid and
an enormous percentage of maggots destroyed. It has not been
demonstrated to what extent the coffee berry or the bean is dam-
aged by the maggot. Apparently it does no particular harm, but
it would be rash to finally conclude that such is the case. The
question involves a series of experiments by both chemist and
plant pathologist. During this visit I was accompanied by Mr.
D. Fullaway of the U. S. Experiment Station, and both of us
had several conferences with the Kona Control Committee, look-
ing to the further organization of artificial methods of control to
suit conditions in that district.

I am indebted to Dr. Wilcox and Mr. Fullaway, both of the
U. S. Experiment Station, for official courtesies and cooperation
rendered in the control work during the past month. The office
also extends its thanks to Mr. G. Wilder for samples of infested
fruits used for laboratory purposes.

Respectfully submitted,

W. M. Giffard,
Director, Fruit Fly Control, T. H.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Honolulu, Hawaii, June 8, 1912.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu,
Territory of Hawaii.

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit as follows the routine
report of the Division of Forestry for the month of May, 1912 :

During the first half of May, I was in Honolulu engaged in
part in the preparation of reports and statements desired by the
board, including an estimate of expense for the fiscal year July
1, 1912- June 30, 1913.

On May 9, at the request of the trustees of the Bishop Estate,
I visited lands belonging to them at Kaneohe, Oahu, subsequently
submitting a brief report recommending a forest boundary and
outlining a program of tree planting for a portion of the tract.

181

Trip to Hawaii.

From May 17 to 31, I was on the Island of Hawaii, engaged on
a general inspection trip that included an examination of the con-
dition of the forest in the Kau Forest Reserve, a visit to the Hilo
Nursery in charge of Bro. Matthias Newell, where about 10,000
seedling trees of various kinds were seen, awaiting distribution,
an inspection of the tree planting now in progress on waste lands
of the Hawaiian Agricultural Company's sugar plantation at Pa-
hala, and a careful checking up and inspection of the forest plant-
ing that has been going on, under contract, on the government
reserve of Puukapu, above Waimea village. Incidentally, I saw
a good many people along the way who had interests in one and
another forest matters.

The tree planting at Pahala is especially to be commended as
being just the sort of work which this division has been persist-
ently advocating for a number of years — the utilization of gulch
sides and other waste areas not adapted for sugar cane, by the
planting of trees useful for fuel or wood. Eucalyptus robusta and
E. Globulus are the trees that have mostly been planted. Along
some of the roads and about the newer laborers' camps lines or
shelter belts of these and other trees have been set out. The work
is receiving not a little of the personal attention of Mr. W. G.
Ogg, manager of the Pahala Plantation, who has become an en-
thusiastic tree planter.

The tree planting at Waimea is being done under a contract en-
tered into last year between this department and Mr. A. W. Car-
ter. Some forty odd acres of Eucalyptus robusta have been set
out. The trees are spaced six feet apart, 1210 to the acre. The
stand is in excellent condition, only a very small percentage of
the seedlings set out having died. Under the contract, Mr. Carter
furnished the seedlings from the Parker Ranch Nursery at Wai-
mea. This forest plantation is now being extended by him on
the fee simple land of Waikoloa, owned by the ranch. In all there
will be planted a considerable block of forest.

Work at the Government Nursery.

The routine report of the Forest Nurseryman, transmitted
herewith, gives the details of the work carried on at the Gov-
ernment Nursery and the Makiki Station during the month.

New Circular.

During the month a new circular of the Division of Forestry
has been issued, No. 2, entitled "Instructions for Propagating
Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees," by David Haughs, Forest
Nurseryman. This circular is a revision and enlargement of an
earlier press-bulletin. It contains practical directions about va-

182

rious sorts of tree planting. Copies may be had free upon re-
quest.

Very respectfully,

Ralph S. Hosmer,

Superintendent of Forestry.

REPORT OF EOBEST NURSERYMAN.

R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.
Dear Sir : — The following report gives the principal work done
during the month of May :

NURSERY.

Distribution of Plants.

In seed In boxes

boxes. transplanted. Pot-grown. Total.

1000 3110 3071 7181

Sold. 700 250 854 1804

Gratis

1700 3360 3925 8985

Included in the gratis number is 1000 transplants oi Casuarina
quadrivalvis sent to Pupukea Water Reserve; 1000 assorted
transplants, and 1625 pot-grown trees to Mr. Owen in payment
of part of planting contract; 800 transplants and 687 pot-grown
Cryptomeria japonic* were sent to South Kona Ranch Co.

Collections.

Collection on account of plants sold amounted to $10.20

From Division of Animal Industry for manure sold; . . . 18.00

$28.20
Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.

From the stock raised with labor supplied by plantation com-
panies and other corporations, we have received orders and sup-
plied the following plants:

In seed In boxes

boxes. transplanted. Pot-grown. Total.
. 1900 . 750. . 2650

Collecting Seed. . ' '

The two seed boys have been collecting Eucalyptus seed on
Tafttalus and assorted seed around the city.

183

Experiment Garden, Makiku

The two men employed at the garden have been busy trans-
planting and doing other routine work. The stock raised for the
use of plantation companies and other corporations will have to
be looked after by the regular men after the end of June, as the
fund coming from that source will, by that time, be entirely ex-
hausted,

U. S. Experimental Planting, Nuuanu Valley,

The man has been hoeing and clearing away grass from the
trees. More planting will be done as soon as the weather is suit-
able, the ground being too dry at present for tree planting.

Respectfully submitted,

David Haughs,

Forest Nurseryman.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Honolulu, Hawaii, May 31, 1912.

Hon. W. M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer, and the
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen: — I beg to report on the work of the Division of
Animal Industry for the month of May, as follows :

The month of May was characterized by an unusually heayy
influx of dogs, no less than thirty-six animals arriving during
this period. With the quarantine station already full to over-
loading, it became necessary to take measures to dispose of these
dogs, as it was found impossible to construct additional premises
for the first bunch of sixteen animals which arrived on the trans-
port Sherman on May 18th.

Under date of May 7th an application had been received from
the chief veterinarian of the 5th U. S. Cavalry, tor the establish-
ment of a sub-quarantine station for military dogs at Schofield
Barracks. With the arrival of the Sherman it became necessary
for this board to take action on the application without delay,
and when a delegation of officers, headed by Col. McGunegle, of
the 1st U. S. Infantry, called on the acting chairman of the com-
mittee on animal industry, it was decided to allow the military
dogs to be quarantined under the immediate supervision of the
military veterinarians, and steps were taken without further de-
lay for the construction of kennels and enclosures for the, ac-
commodation of the sixteen dogs at Schofield Barracks. The
colonel, as well as the other officers, gave their personal guarantee
that the quarantine would be rigidly enforced and especially that
owners would ;not, be allowed to handle, or tq care for their dogs
in person, but that. t regular keepers would be appointed t6 t act

184

under the supervision of the military veterinarians. Under these
circumstances it was decided to detain the dogs on board the
transport while the kennels were being constructed and that the
animals should be shipped by train as soon as the kennels had
been inspected and approved of by the Territorial Veterinarian.
On the following day, therefore, I went to Schofield Barracks,
where the frames for the kennels had been put up, but as the
wire had not arrived it became necessary to quarantine the dogs,
who by mistake had been sent out the same day, in box stalls.
On the trip down one of the dogs was lost by jumping out of a
window while the train was moving at full speed, and even
though the train was stopped and backed up, the dog was not
recovered. I have since been assured that this dog, a greyhound,
returned to Honolulu and was placed on board of the transport
and taken to Manila. This incident, however, shows the danger
of shipping dogs to Schofield Barracks unless better precautions
are taken to prevent their escaping. This, I have been assured,
will be done in the future, and from observations made on a
number of subsequent visits of inspections, I believe that the mili-
tary authorities will carry out the quarantine regulations as
stringently as is being done at the board's station in Honolulu.

On the 21st of May the steamship Makura arrived from Syd-
ney with fourteen dogs belonging to a theatrical company known
as Lordy's Dog Show. Here again it was found impossible to
accommodate so large a number of animals at our station on the
Beach road, and as the company was very anxious to give a num-
ber of performances here before proceeding to the mainland, ap-
plication was again made for the establishment of a sub-quaran-
tine station within the confines of the Bijou Theatre. The com-
mittee on animal industry submitted the question of the board's
authority to take such a step to the Attorney-General, who was
of the opinion that it was well within the scope of the board's au-
thority to do so if sufficient guaranty of the enforcement of strict
segregation could be obtained. The fact that these animals came
from Australia, where rabies is supposed not to exist, operated in
favor of granting the application, and when, upon investigation,
it was found that two small rooms in the back of the Bijou The-
atre were available for the segregation of the dogs it was decided
that the animals should be allowed to be quarantined there on the
condition that they be kept under constant surveillance of two
specially appointed policemen, one of whom was to have charge
of the dogs at all times, both day and night. The theatrical com-
pany also agreed to put up a bond for the purpose of guarantee-
ing the payment of all expenses in connection with the quaran-
tining of their dogs.

In the meantime other steamers had arrived, and as practically
every boat brought one or more animals, it became necessary
for the board to take action on my application for the enlarge-
ment of the quarantine station on the Beach road. Under date
bi May 22, authorization was granted this division to construct

185

six additional enclosures and twelve kennels, each enclosure to
contain two kennels, it being suggested that concrete work be
dispensed with and that the kennels instead be elevated some dis-
tance above the ground. Authorization was also granted for the
furnishing and equipment of the keeper's cottage and for the
purchase of burlap awnings to protect the dogs against the heat
of the sun. No special amount of money was stipulated for this
purpose save that no expenditures should be made other than
were absolutely required. As will be seen from the itemized
statement herewith appended, tfte additional cost of enlarging the
station has amounted to $400 up to May 31, and it is estimated
that about $150 will be required to finish the work.

As stated in my last report, the keeper of the quarantine sta-
tion, Mr. Davenport, resigned at the end of last month, and con-
siderable difficulty was experienced in finding a suitable man to
take charge of the place. On May 12 I succeeded in getting an-
other man, Mr. Nathan Haskins, who at that time was at work
on the construction of the drydock at Pearl Harbor. Mr. Haskins
was very highly recommended as being sober, industrious and
reliable, and while I had no authority to offer him more than $45
per month, he agreed to go to work until the board could decide
on more suitable wages for him. I would therefore recommend
that he be paid $65 per month, together with lodging, fuel and
feed for one horse, with the understanding that he must live at
the quarantine station and give his entire time to the care of the
animals and to the maintenance of the station insofar as he is
able to do so. It is, however, in my opinion, very doubtful
whether one man will be able to attend to the constantly increas-
ing amount of work if the same continues at the same rate as # it
has done since Mr. Haskins took charge. The care of the dogs
alone practically requires his entire time, and when' at the same
time a number of horses and mules have got to be attended to
and the premises and enclosures kept in a clean condition, it seems
to be really more than one man can do without working night
as well as day. I must, however, say that I have been absolutely
satisfied with Mr. Haskins' work during the past month, and I
trust that the board will see its way clear to insure retaining him
by providing satisfactory wages.

In my report of last month it was recommended that steps be
taken to have the proper authorities enforce the dog license act,
and that the same be requested to impound and destroy as many
stray and ownerless dogs infesting the streets of Honolulu as
would be possible. As no definite action was taken by the board
on this suggestion, I took the matter up with the sheriff, who im-
mediately promised his cooperation and issued instructions for
the dog catchers to begin work without delay. In the meantime
I had obtained from San Francisco's Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals plans and specifications for a so-called
"lethal chamber" — that, is, an air-tight box in which the dog to
be destroyed is enclosed and asphyxiated by me^ans of ordinary

186

illuminating gas. Such a chamber has now been constructed
within the yard of the county jail, and the capture of unlicensed
dogs has been going on for some time. I expect to be able to re-
port on the effectiveness of this new method for destroying dogs
at the meeting of the board on June 10, as the first bunch of
dogs will be destroyed before that time.

In order to maintain reliable data in regard to the prevalence
of rabies in California, a communication was sent to the federal
inspector in charge at San Francijco with a request for all infor-
mation at his disposal pertaining to this subject. His reply has
come to hand and is herewith submitted for perusal by the mem-
bers of the board. From this correspondence it will be seen that
the measures taken by the board for the purpose of protecting
the Territory against the introduction of rabies are more than
justified by the facts contained in this official communication. Not
less than nine human lives have been sacrificed during the present
outbreak of rabies in California, and it is estimated by the director
of the State Hygienic Laboratory at Berkeley, California, that not
less than 3200 cases of rabies among dogs and other animals have
occurred within the State during the past two years. To this he
adds that the disease is rapidly spreading, and in my opinion there
can be no doubt that unless the present regulations are effectively
enforced it would b.e a very simple matter for the disease to gain
entrance here. In fact, I have been informed that a dog that
passed through here on one of the steamers for the Orient de-
veloped rabies before the steamer reached Yokohama and bit his
owner. If this dog had been destined for this port we would have
had the disease here, and it can only be hoped that the same
would have been recognized in time to prevent the infection of
the keeper, or the spread of the disease to other animals. From
a communication signed by the State Veterinarian it is learned
that not less than eight laboratories for the administration of the
Pasteur treatment to persons who have been bitten by rabid dogs
have been established in various cities of California, among which
may be mentioned Berkeley, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Francisco
and Sacramento. In case, therefore, the disease should gain en-
trance here, bitten persons would be removed only from six to
twelve days from treatment, dependent upon the departure of
steamers. But as one of the human cases of hydrophobia men-
tioned in the appended correspondence developed the disease iti
fifteen days after having been bitten, and before the Pasteur treat-
ment was little more than half finished, it will be seen that we are
not any too well protected in case the disease should get in here,
and it is suggested that the attention of the local Board of Health
be called to the advisability of being prepared to administer the
Pasteur treatment, in case it should become necessary.

An application has been received from Mr. Lordy, the owner
of the performing dogs now quarantined at the Bijou Theatre, .for
permission to perform at Wailuku, Maui, and at Hilo, Hawaii*

187

In case the board considers it advisable to grant this request I
would suggest that it be stipulated that the same two policemen
who are- now in charge of the dogs here must accompany the
troupe and remain in charge of the animals at all times, the same
as is now the case. The manager has suggested that in order to
save traveling expenses and hotel bills, it might be possible to
obtain local police officers at the places visited for the purpose,
but I am very much in doubt whether the same would be as effec-
tive as a continuation of the men in charge who have become
.familiar with the requirements of the position. I am further of
the opinion that the granting of stich a permit would give rise to
a great deal of criticism, and it will establish a precedent which
may cause inconvenience at future times when similar requests
may be made.

The report of the Assistant Territorial Veterinarian on the rou-
tine work of the division for the month of May is herewith sub-
mitted for the consideration of the bbard.

Very respectfully,

Victor A. Norgaabd,

Territorial Veterinarian.

report of assistant territorial veterinarian.

Honolulu, Hawaii, May 31, 1912.

Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, Chief of Division of Animal Industry,
Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Sir: — I have the honor to submit herewith a report for the
month of May.

Tuberculosis Control.

The work in this line has been confined to testing several lots
at different points on this island, and is as follows:

T. P. C.

May 1— Kaneohe Ranch 102 94 8

May 3— Waimanalo Plantation 28 28

The number tested at Kaneohe Ranch represents merely what

■ were at that time in the ihilking corral and a few of the bulls of

the main herd which they were able to round up. The final test

will be made when they make their drive some time next month.

No test of the entire herd has ever been made on this ranch,
last year's test only taking in 100 head, out of which four cows
were condemned. This year's test consisted of a re-test of prac-
tically the same animals, with the addition of the breeding bulls
above mentioned; out of which number eight weW condemned,
two cows and six bulls.

188

These condemned animals had all received the test for the first
time, a fact which would seem to indicate that considerable dis-
ease exists among the main herd. It is a rule, almost without
exception, that where the disease exists in a herd, the bulls give
evidence of being infected and the disease is, perhaps, more rap-
idly and surely disseminated through them than through any other
means. The results of the test of the main herd will be awaited
with interest.

The test at Waimanalo Plantation contains no points of inter-
est. The animals tested were the same as were tested last year,
the record being clean for each year.

There is still considerable work remaining before this test is
completed, and will be started as soon as weather conditions are
such that the animals can be kept up the necessary length of time,
which means that there must be a rainfall to put the pastures in
condition. A rough estimate puts the number still to be tested a:
two thousand.

Inspection and Importation of Livestock.

Pursuant to a request from Hind, Rolph & Co. for inspection
of stock landed at Honoipu and by order of the Board of Com-
missioners, I left for Mahukona on the Mauna Kea, May 21.
Upon my arrival I proceeded directly to Kohala, and the follow-
ing day set out to inspect the one stallion, two boars and one
Merino ram which had been landed there. The stallion was the
only animal of the shipment still confined, as permission for the
release of the others had been obtained from the board a week
previous. I was able to examine the stallion and the two boars,
which were found to be apparently free from any contagious or
infectious disease, and were admitted into the Territory. I re-
turned on the Mauna Kea, May 25.

List of Importations.

May 6 — S. S. Siberia (Orient), 1 ct. Jap. games.

May 8 — S. S. Lurline (San Francisco), 1 horse, S. W. Hansen;
2 horses, C. M. Apple ; 1 Jersey heifer, W. E. Wall ;
12 cts. poultry.

May 14 — S. S. Wilhelmina (San Francisco), 14 cts. poultry.

May 16 — S. S. Korea (San Francisco), 3 horses, 2 cows, 3 dogs,
2 cats, 4 cts. poultry, Mrs. A. Dias.

May 17 — S. S. Sierra (San Francisco), 16 cts. poultry.

May 18 — U. S. A. T. Sherman (San Francisco), 16 dogs — quar-
antined on reservation at Schofield Barracks.

May 21 — S. S. Manchuria (San Francisco), 2 dogs, F. Baldwin —
quarantined at station.

May 21 — S. S. Makura ( Sydney )> 14 dogs, Lordy Company —
quarantined at Bijou Theatre,

189

May 22 — S. S. Honolulan (San Francisco), 8 horses and 2 mules,
E. A. Eames ; 1 horse, H. G. Smith ; 1 stallion (white
three-quarter Arab), D. P. R. Isenberg; 1 ct. rats —
quarantined at station.

May 27— S. S. Chiyo Maru (Orient), 4 cts. poultry.

May 31 — S. S. Siberia (San Fiancisco), 1 dog (Skye Terrier),
Mrs. F. Martin — quarantined at station.

Respectfully submitted,

L. N. Case,
Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, Hawaii, May 31, 1912.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen : — I respectfully submit my report of the work of the
Division of Entomology for the month of May, as follows :

During this month there arrived 35 vessels, of which 20 carried
vegetable matter, two carried building sand, and one carried bal-
last. The usual careful inspection was made with the following
results :

Disposal with principal causes. Lots. Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 541 8709

Fumigated 30 166

Burned 13 165

Total inspected 584 9040

Rice Shipments.

Rice to the amount of 20760 bags arrived from Japan during
the month of May and was passed, after careful examination, as
clean and free from pests. Notice has also been given to the
several importers of rice to notify their agents in Japan regard-
ing the fumigat r on of rice at the ports of Japan and not to have
any weevily rice shipped here in the future.

Sugar Cane.

On May 11 the American-Hawaiian S. S. Company's steamer
Columbian brought a large case of sugar cane and 15 cases of
soil from Salina Cruz. This was consigned to Theo. H. Davies
& Co., of Honolulu. We were unable to locate the shipment and
received the report that it was a short shipment and would prob-
ably arrive on the next vessel. However, it seems that the ship-

190

ment was on the vessel and was taken to Kahului, Maui, and un-
loaded there and then brought back to Honolulu by the Claudine.
We were notified about the shipment through the customhouse,
and after entry was made we took possession of the shipment.
The agents were notified and told of the law regarding soil and
sugar cane, and we then hauled the 16 boxes to the incinerator
and remained there until the last of them was burned. We un-
derstand that this shipment was sent here for analysis, and that
the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station were to be asked to perform
the work. I believe that should such be the case it would have
been a very dangerous undertaking on account of the possibility
of introducing some disease into the station grounds, where ma-
terial for every plantation in these islands is propagated. How-
ever, as the matter now stands, the danger has been removed
by the destruction of the sugar cane as well as the soil.

Pests Intercepted.

Fifty-one packages of vegetables and 47 packages of fruit were
confiscated from passengers and immigrants during the month,
much of which was infested with pests as well as prohibited by
law. In the soil around the roots of plants from Japan we found
three, large larvae of a Mclolontha species, as well as a colony of
ants. On another shipment of plants from Japan we found the
following scale insects : Pseudococcus azaleae, Psendoaomdia
duplex, Lepidosaphes curiae, Parlatoria pergandci and Parlatoria
Proteus. Some rice owned by a Filipino we found infested with
Tribolium ferrugeneum, a cosmopolitan pest. From beans and
acorns in the baggage of the Harpalion immigrants we found
the pea weevil Bruchus pisorum and a Curculionid.

Hilo Inspection.

Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of seven vessels, four of
which carried vegetable matter consisting of 84 lots and 1508
packages.. One lot of palms was fumigated on account of scale
insects.

Inter -I si and Inspection.

During the month of May 64 steamers were attended to and
the following shipments were passed on :

447 bags taro
10 bags of taro tops
2 bags cocoanuts
I box sugar cane
95 boxes plants

Total 555 packages inspected and passed.

191

The following packages were refused shipment:.

183 packages of various fruits
20 packages of vegetables
4 packages of plants
2 packages of green awa roots

Total 209 packages inspected and refused shipment.

I beg to report that Mr. Arthur E. Carter, inspector of inter-
island inspection, tendered me his resignation on May 21. I have
temporarily appointed Mr. Robert K. Kanakanui as assistant in-
spector for the work, pending further arrangements to be made
regarding inter-island inspection after the end of June.

Respectfully yours,

E. M. Ehrhorn,
Superintendent of Entomology.

REVIEW OF CURRENT LITER A TURE.

The Hawaiian Annual, for 1912, contains a number of articles
pertaining to agricultural matters. "A Synopsis of the Hawaiian
Flora/' by J. F. Rock, occupies 10 pages, with 5 illustrations.
This article deals mainly with the geographic distribution of the
native plants of Hawaii; and the affinities of the Hawaiian flora
with those of adjacent regions. "The Present Status of Cotton
in Hawaii," by E. V. Wilcox, covers five pages, and gives special
attention to local soil conditions, protection of cotton from wind,
and selection of varieties. Caravonica and Sea Island are com-
pared, to the favor of the former. Directions are given for the
control of the cotton-boll worm. "An Entomological Potomac," by
D. L. Mackaye, fills nine pages, and summarizes in a popular man-
ner the various lines of entomological investigation and enter-
prise that are carried on in this Territory. "The Future of the
Rice Industry," by F. G. Krauss, is a succinct forecast, based upon
prolonged and accurate observations, both in Hawaii and Japan.
Prof. Krauss predicts increased production of Japanese varieties,
to suit the demands of our steadily increasing Japanese population.
"Volcanic Observances at Kilauea Inaugurated," is the title of a
12-page article in which Mr. F. A. Perrett's valuable weekly re-
ports to the Advertiser have been collaborated and reprinted.
Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands, by Gerrit P. Wilder. Hawaiian
Gazette Co. 1911. 247 pp. 122 plates. 10^ x 7J4 inches.

This convenient handbook, the work of one of Hawaii's leading
amateur horticulturalists, is very satisfactory from a book-man's

192

standpoint. It is well-printed on a heavy glazed paper that brings
out to advantage the half-tone plates. The plates are the leading
feature of the book, and in general are large size and satisfactory
in finish. Facing each plate are brief descriptive and cultural
notes. One wishes that these notes were more detailed and com-
plete, especially as regards methods of propagation. In this par-
ticular phase of tropical pomology Mr. Wilder's unusually wide
and varied experience might have been more generously shared
with a public that knows very little of the technique of plant
propagation. The following genera are treated with special ful-
ness : Jambosa, Eugenia, Citrus, Artocarpus, Anona, Psidium,
Passiflora, Persea, Ficus, Chrysoplyphum, Carica, Mangifera, So-
lanum. In all about seventy genera are discussed. In many of
the plates structural details of the flowers and fruits are shown.
Notwithstanding the brevity of the text, this book is a wel-
come addition to the scant literature pertaining to Hawaii's horti-
culture. •: j tM !/ ;

The Influence of Molasses on Soil Fertility, in Agricultural News,
Barbados, Vol. 9, 1910, No. 222, and Vol. 10, 1911, No. 238.
These articles briefly summarize the results of experiments in
Mauritius, Antigua, and Hawaii, with molasses as fertilizer for
sugar cane, indicating "that the application of molasses to fallow
land, or to land in which sugar cane is to be planted after several
weeks have elapsed, may have a beneficial effect in stimulating
the action of the nitrogen-fixing organisms and thus adding to the
store of nitrogen for the crop that will be growing after such a
time has elapsed as will have allowed this stimulus to have had its
proper effect. ,, In the Antigua experiments the application of 400
gallons of molasses per acfe increased the yield of cane 1.2 tons
per acre.

Experimental Tappings With Rubber, by T. B. McClelland, Re-
port of the Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Station for 1910, pp. 39,
40; 1 plate.
This reports results of experimental tappings of 7- and 8-year-
old Castilla trees, on station grounds, using herring-bone system.
Since the cuts heal over very slowly, the herring-bone system is
not considered suitable for Castilla. The relative amounts of dry
rubber bore no relation to the quantity of latex per tree.
An Important Banana Disease, by S. K. Basu, in Quarterly Jour-
nal of Bengal Dept. Agricult, Vol. 4, 1911, No. 4.
This fungus disease is said to be increasing to an alarming ex-
tent in certain parts of India. The main symptoms are: 1, the
yellowing of the older leaves; 2, the formation of one or more
much reduced leaves at the crown; 3, the gradual withering of
the younger leaves, the final breaking down and death of the
plant, which often occurs within 10 or 15 days from the first ap-
pearance of the disease. The fungus has not been determined.
Clean culture methods are recommended.

193

The Report of the Entomologist, W. V. Tower; in the 1910
report of the Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Station, contains notes on
the guava fruitfly ; an ant which is a source of serious injury to
coffee; citrus pests; bees and bee-keeping; and the sugar-cane
insects of Cuba.

Citrus Fruit. Insects, by H. J. Quayle, in Calif. Agric. Expt.
Station Bulletin 214, is a summarized account of the more impor-
tant insect enemies of citrus fruits, their natural enemies, and
means of control. Methods of fumigation are briefly described,
and the text given of the section of the state law on orchard and
nursery inspection.

Another California paper, (Cal. State Commissioner of Horti-
culture, Circular, 1911, pp. 3-7), calls attention to the danger of
introducing the Morelos orange maggot from Mexico, and the
melon-fly and the Mediterranean fruit-fly from the Hawaiian
Islands, into California.

Ripe and Unripe Bananas, by R. Reich, in Ztschr. Untersuch.
Nahr. u. Genussmtl., Vol. 22, No. 4.
In this article, according to a recent Experiment Station Record,
"analyses are reported of dried ripe bananas of different sorts, un-
ripe bananas, banana flour, skins from ripe and unripe bananas,
and fresh bananas of different sorts. The conclusion is reached
that in the case of bananas which are shipped green and then
allowed to ripen, the transformation of starch into sugar takes
place normally. The inversion of saccharose, however, proceeds
slowly under such conditions. It appears further that bananas in
which the saccharose content is higher than the invert sugar are to
be regarded as 'unripe/ The flavor is flat, and there is little or
no aroma."

Breeding and Feeding Sheep, by J. .W. Wilson, South Dakota
Agric. Expt. Station, Bui. 127.
This bulletin reports the results of six years work, the object
of which was to ascertain which of six, breeds of sheep, Cots wold,
Hampshire,. Oxford, Southdown, Shropshire, or Rambouillet, is
the best to use on th^ \,western-bfed ewe, both wool and mutton
being considered. ."'"..

Poultry House Construction and Yarding, by H. L. Kempster.
Michigan Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 266.
This illustrated bulletin deals with the general principles of
poultry house construction. ; . >

Practical Poultry Buildings, by H. L. Blanchard. Washington
Agfte. Exp. Sta., Bulletin No. 4. Special series, revised.
This bulletin is another recent and well illustrated summary of
methods and appliances.

PiOuifry House Construction, by J. G. Halpin and C A, Ocock,
Wisconsin Agric. Exp. Sta;., Bulletin No. 215. > :

194

In this pamphlet the colony and long house systems are de-
scribed, and bills of material for different houses are given.

Milk Standards. A study of the Bacterial Count and the Dairy
Score Card in City Milk Inspection by W. K. Brainerd and
W. L. Mallory. Virginia Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 194.
This bulletin discusses the use of the dairy score-card in regu-
lating the sanitary condition of city milk, and reports results of
studies to determine the relation between the bacterial content of
milk and its rating as measured by the score card, and the value
of the bacterial count as a supplement to the score card in city
milk inspection.

Relation of Calcareous Soils to Pineapple.

Chlorosis, by P. L. Gile. Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 11.
A chemical study of chlorotic soils and plants.

MECHANICAL RUBBER TAPPERS AND GATHERERS.

The late J. B. Carruthers when at the head of the Botanical Gar-
dens in Trinidad, expressed himself as doubtful of the possibility
of planters of Hevea anywhere in the Americas competing with
those in the Far East. He acknowledged that everything in the
way of climate, soil and moisture was ideal in the Guianas, for
example, but the labor cost seemed to him an insurmountable
obstacle. That is to say, 15 cents a day as against 40 cents for
a coolie was enough to make a marvelously profitable business in
Malaya unprofitable in Guiana. Were Para rubber to drop to
50 cents a pound and stay there, it doubtless would cause those
who are considering planting in the Americas to pause, but such
an eventuality is hardly possible for years to come, at least. Plan-
tation Para costs in the Far East, say, 25 cents a pound. In the
Guianas it may cost 35 cents, perhaps 40 cents, but even at that it
will be a marvelously profitable crop.

Then, again, it must be remembered that labor costs in the East
are gradually going up. It is not improbable that with the enor-
mous expansion in planting in Ceylon, the Federated Malay
States, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc., labor will become scarcer
and wage scales appreciate considerably. Then, too, there is the
mechanical faculty of the American planter to be taken into ac-
count. It is by no means thinkable that the last word has been
said upon methods of tapping, gathering and coagulating. With
trees set in orderly rows equally distant one from another, who
can say that it is impossible to operate mechanical tappers -and
gatherers that will do the work of hundreds of coolies? When
the Yankee gets too far behind in the race for any sort of
supremacy, he is likely to discover some short cut that lands him
at the goal with the rest. He certainly is far behind in the pro-

195

duction of systems of tapping and gathering now. Nearly all of
the successful ones are of English origin, and are the result t>f
much labor and experiment. To better them is to possess and
utilize genuine mechanical genius. — India Rubber World.

PRICKLY PEAR FOR WHITEWASH.

The use of the sections of the stem — commonly called leaves —
of prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) in making whitewash is frequently
met with in the West Indies,

In regard to this matter, a note contained in Thq Coloniser for
November, 1910, drawing attention to a similar employment of
the prickly pear in Uruguay, is of some interest. It is stated
that the white color of the farm buildings in that state serves for
special attraction, even during the wet season.

The mode of employing the "leaves" is stated to be to slice
them, macerate them in water for twenty-four hours, and then
to add the lime and mix well. The endurance of whitewash thus
made forms a matter for particular comment.

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tions 3trictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents
sent free. Oldest azency for securing patents.

Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive
special notice, without c harg e, in the

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and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools
to work with. We carry a most complete line of every-
thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the
smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We
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OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-
SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY..

COMMISSIONERS*

W. M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer.

J. M. Dowsett P. R Isenberg

H* M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden.

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii.

Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Homestead \ Kauai \

David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector.

Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist.

D. B. Kuhns, Inspector.

Miss Louise Gulick, laboratory Assistant.

Fred Muir, Beneficial- Insect Collector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo } Hawaii.

Robert R. Elgin, "] f Mahukona, Hawaii.

W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Plant \ Kahului,Maui %

W. D. McBryde, \ Inspector at \ Koloa, Kauai.

Dr, W. B, Deas, | | Hana, Maui.

Capt. C. F.Turne J I Kaanapali, Maui.

G. C. Munro, Keomuku, Lanai.

W. M. Giffard, Director, Fruit Fly Control.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial

Veterinarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawaii.
J. C Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

CLERICAL STAFF

Geo, R, Clark, Secretary to the Board.
Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk.
Miss Anna K. Harrison, Librarian.
Daniel Logan, Editor of the "Forester"

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked

# ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to
Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box , Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, iron*

July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.
Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for ths

year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.
Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures.
Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.
Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.: 34 plates.
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.
"Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.
"Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Traits, Vefttrita

etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp.

V

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION-Continued.

"Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherc Rules and Reg*."*
tioris Piohibi,ing the Introduction of Certain Pests and Aniu^ls into the Terri-
tory of Hayv.tii. ' General Circular No. 2; 3 pp. ; 1904.

"Law and Regulu^ns, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey."
General Cii'.-ulai JNo. 3; 7 pp v ; 1908.

— ~ . ^

"The Hawaiian Forever and Agriculturist," a monthly magazine. . Vols. I to VII;
1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price
$1 a year.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* "Forest a'rtd Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press

-Bulletin No/"l; 3 pp, ; 1905.

* "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin

No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905.
"An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.
"Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Vhe Government

Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906.

* "Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees." Press Bulletin No.

4; 4 pp.; 19'J6.

"Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees." Press Bulletin
•No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909.

"Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa."
Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. ' ^

"Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii," by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12
plates; 1911.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re-
print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re- ,

print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907., Re-
print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. .Re-
print from Fifth Report of the Board ; 85 pp.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31,
1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.
DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.

'"The Leaf -Hopper of the Sugar Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin 'No. 1;
38 pp.; 1903.

** "A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae," by G. W. Kirkaldy, and
"Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions * of New Species," by Jacob
Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper

Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin

No. 1; 4 pp:; 1904.
"A Circular of Information," by Jacob Xotinsky. Gircular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.
"The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular

No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.
Rule VII: "Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit

Fly"; unnumbered leaflet; 1910.
Rule VIII:* "Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or

Plants"; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.
Report of . the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905.

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from. Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.
leport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.: 1 plate.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprjnt from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.: 2 plates.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 31,

1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

* "Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.* *

Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905.

* "Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3 ; 1 p. ; 1905.

* "To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 4; 1 p.; 19Q7.

* "Quarantine of Horse Stock from California." Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908.

"Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock." Rules and Laws J

11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for. the year ending December 31, 1905

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.
Report of the Division ef Animal Industry* for the year ending December 31, 1906L

Reprint from Third Report of the Board \ 41 pp,; 3 plates.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from the Fourth Tfceport of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.
Beport of the Division # of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908r

Reprint from Fifth Report. of the Board: 44 pp.
Jteport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December

81,1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; as plates.

* Out of yriaX