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Vol. IX.

DECEMBER, 1912

No. 12

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

. ..<#THE^.- .

Hawaiian forester

AND

Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL OO M M U N I O AX I O N S TO

DANIEL LOGAN,

EDITOR "THE FORESTER,"

P. O. BOX 366,

HONOLULU, H.T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,
von Hoi.t Block, 65 S. King St., Honolulu Hawaii.

25=

--K

THE UN'VFRSiTY OF Wlimi VARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Editorial 353

College of Hawaii as Promotion Asset 355

Division of Animal Industry 356

Division of Entomology 360

Division of Forestry 362

Cooperation in Agriculture 363

Some Needed Name Standards (Barrett) 368

Outline of an Examination of the Horse for Soundness

(Gresswell) 372

Tobacco Cultivation in Java 374

Venerable Forest Monarchs 375

Dietic Value of Sugar . .- 376

Dried Mango 376

Pests of Pests 377

Locusts Die of Germ Disease 377

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.
The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced
trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10
Zo 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each,
except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER,
Superintendent of Forostry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or Bend the right kind of useful insects for relief we like* and sometime!
it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimen* are
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207
HONOLm.IT, HAWAII.

EDW. M. BHRHORN,

Siperintendent.

THE JHAWAIIAN

P0R&5T&R I AGRICULTURIST

Vol. IK. DECEMBER, 1912. No. 12.

With agriculture in the broad as the mainstay of Hawaii, it is
strange that the legislature is always disposed to trim the ap-
propriations for the agricultural service to the bone.

One infected animal out of thirty-two head of dairy cattle
tested for tuberculosis in November speaks eloquently for the
campaign of the past three years to cleanse the dairy herds of
Oahu. In all probability, the coming year will see the campaign
extended to the other islands.

Surely, with the millions invested in live stock in this Terri-
tory, the legislature ought to be able to find the salaries for
veterinarians in all stock-raising districts. At present the assist-
ant territorial veterinarians employed are paid in part by plant-
ers and ranchmen, who already pay their share of general taxes
for the upkeep of all public services.

At the last meeting of the board of agriculture and forestry,
the projects of erecting animal quarantine stations at Hilo and
Kahului were reported as making satisfactory progress. The
plans for the Hilo station are in hand and the lease of the Ka-
hului station site will soon be executed. With Hawaii and Maui
thus provided for, Kauai will next be in order to equip for direct
live stock importing.

With the earnest cooperation of the sugar planters' associa-
tion, the board of agriculture and forestry will make special ef-
forts the coming year in protecting the forests and sources of
water. At its meeting this month, in response to a resolution of
the planters' association communicated to it, the board ap-
pointed President W. M. Giffard, Albert Waterhouse and H. M.
von Holt as a committee to cooperate with a committee of the
planters in this work. The planters' committee consists of Albert
Horner, E. D. Tenney and E. Faxon Bishop.

Two things of great importance are shown in the report of the
assistant territorial veterinarian on importations of live stock
in November. One is the progress being made in the improve-
ment of beef and dairy stock, indicated by the introduction of

354

thoroughbred bulls by several breeders and dairymen. The other
inference from the report is not so gratifying, in that it shows
the importing of animals and fowls in large numbers which
might all be raised in the islands.

An interesting article appears in this issue, by O. W. Barrett,
chief of the Philippine division of horticulture, on needed name
standards. Wrong names are among the most curious things in
philology, and it is harder to stifle the popular usage of one of
them than to kill a cat. It is more difficult to get "coconut," for
instance, into a newspaper proofreader's "cocoanut" than Dr.
Johnson said it was to drive a joke into a Scotchman's cranium.

In its. first year the Forester gave considerable advocacy of co-
operation on the part of small farmers in Hawaii, with special
reference to establishing standards of packing fruits, etc., and to
the advantageous marketing of products. In this issue will be
found an interesting article on cooperation in agriculture, with
special reference to India. It will be noticed that, while state
aid to such cooperation is held by the writer of the article to be
desirable to some extent, a completely self-reliant movement is
regarded as the ideal — government assistance being considered
by him as only a means to an end which "can never be a substitute
for popular inspiration and direction."

At the recent meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso-
ciation, contradiction was given to an imputation of undue secrecy
regarding the operations of the association's experiment station.
Refuting evidence was in part that of the issuance of bulletins
of results of experiments. Interesting corroboration of this is
found in four late numbers of the Agricultural News, organ of
the Imperial department of agriculture for the West Indies.
Bulletins of the station mentioned are quoted — one on the rela-
tion between the crushing of cane' and the volume of the fibre,
another (the annual report) on the hibiscus in Hawaii with refer-
ence to the hibiscus exhibition here, a third on manganese in
Hawaiian soils, a fourth on the influence of molasses on nitrifi-
cation in cane soils and a fifth on the fuel value of megass. Evi-
dently the Hawaiian sugar planters are doing their full share in
making Hawaii known abroad.

It makes the imagination shudder to picture the condition that
might exist in Hawaii if there were no division of entomology,
with strict inspection of imported plants, to ward off invasions
of pests. When the many pests intercepted each month by this
division are considered, it may fairly well be concluded that the
absence of protective measures would simply mean that agricul-
ture and horticulture would be impossible in these islands.
There is also to be remembered the invaluable work done, both

355

by the government entomologists and those employed by the
sugar planters, in exterminating or controlling such enemies of
vegetation as have gained an entrance to the group. This eternal
vigilance and this interminable warfare mean untold millions to
the wealth of Hawaii. Like remarks would fit the work of the
division of animal industry in combating and repelling the mala-
dies of live stock, several known ones among them being menaces
also to human life. If it were not for the unceasing vigilance
and exertion of those directing this division, it would be a mat-
ter of but a short time when there would not be a head of live
stock in the islands worth a week's purchase.

COLLEGE OF HAWAII AS PROMOTION ASSET.

In a former number of the Forester comment was made on
the advocacy by Tropical Life (London) of agricultural colleges
in the tropics, with the suggestion that the College of Hawaii,
eventually, might be in a position to bid for students from distant
parts for training in specialized tropical agriculture. Students
of this institution would have an advantage over similar colleges
elsewhere, from being in touch with the highly developed experi-
ment station of the sugar planters here. H. Hamel Smith, editor
of Tropical Life, in a letter to the Westminster Gazette, urges the
need of agricultural colleges in the tropics for the benefit of
Englishmen desirous of entering a career of tropical agriculture.
In the following remarks, extracted from his letter, there is the
germ of a big idea in Hawaiian promotion for development with
regard to the College of Hawaii :

"The very fact that one or more agricultural colleges have
been established in the tropics would attract the attention of an '
energetic, ambitious, and extremely useful class of capitalist to
those centers as channels for investment and trade. These at
present hold aloof because they see no reliable means of training
themselves for such a life. With many fathers of families hav-
ing sons to place out in the world, or younger men with capital,
once they can see their way clear to obtain a good return on the
labor and money they are willing to expend on one or other of
the tropical agricultural industries, a very large number, with
only a few thousands to invest, would be willing to pay for their
training first at an agricultural college on this side on general
principles, and then at the college in the tropics to specialize. "

356
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

GLANDERS IN WAIPIO VALLEY.

Honolulu, Dec. 11, 1912.

Mr. W. M. GifTard, President and Executive Officer, Board of
Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Sir: — In compliance with instructions received I returned to
Waipio Valley on November 13th.

As outlined in my last report it was to be feared that many,
if not all, of the horse stock belonging to the Chinese rice planter
Akaka was suffering from or at least had become affected with
glanders from the seven clinical cases which I had destroyed on
my previous visit.

The quarantine of the Valley has been continued, no horse
stock from there being allowed to pass the Hamakua gate leading
to Waimea and only the pack animals belonging to the taro plant-
ers, all of which had been found to be sound, had been allowed
to carry paiai as far as Paauhau and to return immediately.

The first step upon my return was therefore to reinspect these
animals, 41 in all, which was done at the mouth of the Valley
at the top of the trail. When the animals fully loaded have
climbed this steep trail, a continuous effort requiring about three-
fourths of an hour, they are sure to show symptoms, especially a
discharge from the nose, which otherwise might remain con-
cealed ; but, as stated, they were all found to be sound.

As far as Akaka was concerned there remained quarantined
at his place twenty-eight horses and one mule colt. One animal'
had died since my previous visit and three showed physical
symptoms of the disease not visible when they were first ex-
amined. It was decided to submit all of these animals to the
intradermal mallein test, a method which originated with this
division. I first injected the saddle horses which my assistant
and myself were riding, animals known to be absolutely sound,
after which with the same, syringe and with mallein out of the
same bottle the twenty-eight animals belonging to Akaka were
injected. This was no easy matter, as the operation is very deli-
cate, requiring the use, of an extremely fine hypodermic needle,
and several of the animals had to be thrown down in order to
secure them sufficiently to allow of the needle being inserted into
the hide without penetrating it. On this point the success of the
operation depends. If the needle penetrates the hide no reaction
is obtained no matter how severely the animal might be affected.
Only two drops is injected, generally on the side or the n'eck, the
place of operation having first been disinfected.

The test proved an absolute success. Within one hour from
the time of injection the minute swelling, originally the size of a

357

small pea, had enlarged to the size of a hazelnut and in a num-
ber of cases the swelling had reached dimensions of four to five
inches before we left the Valley that evening.

When the animals were seen again early the next morning
they presented a very sorry appearance. In most of the cases
the swelling was so painful that it was almost impossible for the
animals to move the leg, and when approached for manipulation
several of them nearly fell over in order to avoid being touched.
In extremely contrasting condition were the swellings exhibited
by my saddle horse and those of my assistants which had been
injected at the same time. The swellings were barely the size
of a bean and were neither sore nor hot.

This test must be considered an absolute triumph, and I have
no doubt will be adopted the world over as soon as it becomes
known. The method was first suggested by Dr. Case as a direct
result of our work with the intradermal method of tuberculin
testing. There is, however, a decided difference between the two
tests, especially in the speed with which the mallein test appears
and, furthermore, in the size of the swelling resulting from the
injection. It can easily be understood, especially in a case. like
the present one where a man was going to be deprived of
practically all of his work animals, depending upon whether they
reacted to a test of which he had no knowledge whatever, that
the fact that he could see for himself and compare their appear-
ance with those that we were riding, that the method is far more
satisfactory than the old subcutaneous method, which depends
upon a series of temperatures being taken before and after in-
jection, and which are absolutely unintelligible to an ignorant
layman. There was consequently no objection, even though two
of the animals did not give a decided reaction. These two were,
however, retested two days later when they were found to re-
spond to the test as well as any of the others. This demonstrates
that in the first test the mallein must have escaped from the small
pocket in the hide before it had time to set up any inflammation.

At this same time three more horses, also belonging to Akaka,
the possession of which seemed to have escaped his mind, had
been located and were found to react to the test. Further action
pertaining to this matter is contained in my report to Mr.. Water-
house, acting chairman of the board, of November 21 and 29.

Instructions had been received by wireless message to have
the animals appraised and for this purpose I appointed a com-
mittee consisting of Deputy Sheriff Lindsay from Waimea, Mr.
R. S. Renfrew and Yung Hin, the latter representing the owner.
Every animal was appraised separately and the value written on
a piece of paper by each member of the committee, and handed
to me, who folded and took charge of them for further use. It
has, however, been reported already that the aggregate of the 28
animals came to $1,765, or approximately $61 per head. This
sum therefore would constitute the basis upon which to attempt

358

to obtain indemnification for Akaka by the coming legislature.
But it is needless to say that with the present price of horse stock
hardly half of the number destroyed could be purchased with this
sum of money.

On November 26 I received a wireless from Mr. Waterhouse
instructing me to kill the animals referred to in my letter of No-
vember 21, stating that it was probable that Akaka would receive
assistance in securing other animals. In the meantime a large
grave had been dug in the sand near the beach in Waipio Valley
and on the 27th all of the animals were taken down there and
destroyed and buried.

The subsequent work consisted in the total dismantling of
Akaka's stables. By the courtesy of the board of health thirty
pounds of corrosive sublimate were obtained and a trough built
in which to dissolve the disinfectant so that all boards and other
lumber which had been used in the old stables might be thor-
oughly soaked and disinfected before being placed in the new.

A virgin piece of ground at some distance from the old loca-
tion and at a considerable elevation over the same was cleared
and leveled for the erection of the new stables.

As stated in my report of November 21, I had all of the horse
stock in Waimaumau Valley rounded up under the supervision
of a police officer accompanied by three cowboys. Only 17 head
of horses and donkeys were found, altogether, and all of them
were found to be perfectly sound. The remaining days were
spent in repeated inspections, and I feel certain that no cases of
glanders remain in the Valley so far as it is possible at all to
ascertain. It is, however, recommended that the animals in the
Valley be inspected again, at least twice, at intervals of two or
three months.

Upon my return I was pleased to meet Mr. O. Sorenson, as-
sistant manager of the Parker Ranch, who informed me that he
had been designated to act as an agent for a number of planta-
tions as well as the Parker Ranch and the Hawaii Irrigation
Company, for the purpose of purchasing horses wherewith to en-
able Akaka to harvest his rice crop, thereby saving him from un-
necessary loss. Mr. Sorenson requested me to return to Kukui-
haele with him, but as I considered Mr. Renfrew, the board of
health inspector, perfectly capable of furnishing him all required
information I decided that it would be better to return to Hono-
lulu.

Very respectfully,

Victor A. Norgaard.
Territorial Veterinarian.

359

REPORT OF ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN.

Honolulu, Dec. 3, 1912.

Dr. V. A. Norgaard, Chief of Division of Animal Industry,
Honolulu, T. H.

Sir: — I beg to submit herewith the following report for the
month of November:

Tuberculosis Control.

Thirty-two head of dairy stock have been submitted to the
intradermal test during the month, the results of which appear
below in tabulated form.- Most of these animals are newly pur-
chased cows from Kona, Hawaii:

T. P. C.

Oct. 30-Nov. 2— P. M. Pond 4 4

Nov. 10-Nov. 14— C. M. White 1 1

Nov. 12-Nov. 15— Bernal Stock Co 8 8

Nov. 12-Nov. 15— H. B. Brown 7 6 1

Nov. 12-Nov. 15 — F. Grouviera 3 3

Nov. 26^Nov. 29— P. M. Pond 5 5

Nov. 26-Nov. 29— Bernal Stock Co 2 2

Nov. 26-Nov. 29— A. Bomke 2 2

The one condemned animal taken from Mr. Brown's dairy
was purchased by him from the F. M. Swanzy Ranch, Koolauloa.
This ranch and the Kaneohe Ranch are two places where little
testing has been done, principally because they have held their
drives at times when we were busy testing at other points on the
island. There are undoubtedly some tuberculous animals on
each of these two ranches, and we expect to make a complete test
upon their next drives.

Inspection Service.

In connection with the inspections of live stock entering this
Territory the captain of the S. S. Ventura and Maurice Brasch,
a passenger, were fined fifteen dollars and costs each because of
the violation of certain of the rules and regulations of this
division pertaining to the furnishing of a list to the inspector
and the quarantining of all dogs entering the Territory. A
minimum fine was imposed as it was a first offense, but it is
hoped from the publicity given the affair that a similar occurrence
will be prevented.

Because of failure to furnish the inspector with a list of live
stock consigned to this Territory, thereby imposing upon the in-
specting officer considerable unnecessary work, it was deemed
advisable to write to the companies concerned a letter asking that

360

more attention be given to this subject by steamship officials.
Consequently a letter was prepared for and signed by the presi-
dent and executive officer of this board, and sent to the following
steamship agencies: Castle & Cooke, C. Brewer & Co. and
H. Hackfeld & Co. A copy of the letter sent to H. Hackfeld &
Co. was sent to Mr. Schwerin, general manager of the P. M. S.
S. lines of San Francisco. Copies of these letters are herewith
attached to the original of this report.

List of Live Stock Imported During the Month.
S. S. Mexican, Tacoma and Seattle, Nov. 6 — 24 mules, Schuman ;

6 Hereford bulls, P. Isenberg.
S. S. Honolulan, San Francisco, Nov. 6 — 15 horses, Honolulu

Const. & Draying Co. ; 2 horses, Standard Oil Co. ; 1 Hol-

stein bull, P. Isenberg; 1 Holstein bull, P. M. Pond;

1 dog, Dr. Aiken, Hilo, Hawaii ; 12 crates poultry.
S. S. Kilauea, San Francisco, Nov. 6—1 crate white Leghorns,

Capt. Nelson.
S. S. Sierra, San Francisco, Nov. 10 — 4 dogs, P. Isenberg; 1 dog,

T. B. Buck ; 9 crates poultry.
S. S. Manchuria, San Francisco, Nov. 15 — 1 cat, W. E. Wall;

4 crates birds, W. Macfarlane.
S. S. Lurline, San Francisco, Nov. 21 — 34 mules, Schuman;

1 Belgian stallion, C. B. Miles, Hilo, Hawaii; 37 crates

poultry.
S. S. Tenyo Maru, Orient, Nov. 25 — 2 crates Japanese games.
S. S. Ventura, San Francisco, Nov. 25 — 1 crate turkeys, W. F.

X. Co.; 1 dog, W. F. X. Co.
S, S. Wilhelmina, San Francisco, Nov. 26 — 1 crate turkeys, E.

D. Tenney.
S. S. Hijonian, San Francisco, Nov. 26 — 22 mules, Schuman;

6 horses, Macpherson ; 2 horses, California Feed Co. ;

1 Holstein bull, P. M. Pond.

Respectfully submitted,

Leonard Case,
Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, Nov. 30, 1912.

Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — I respectfully submit my report of the work of
the Division of Entomology for the month of November, as fol-
lows: .

During the month there arrived 33 vessels of which 23 carried
vegetable matter and one vessel clean sand for cement work.

361

The usual careful examination was made with the following re-
sults:

Disposal with Principal Causes. Lots. Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 1168 27,390

Fumigated 18 328

Burned S3 74

Total inspected , 1239 27,792

RICE SHIPMENTS.

During the month 25,463 bags of rice arrived from Japan
which was found free from weevil and passed.

PESTS INTERCEPTED.

Sixty-two packages of fruits and vegetables were found in
baggage of foreign passengers and immigrants and all were de-
stroyed by burning. We found several lots of chestnuts from
Japan badly infested with weevils. Some apples from Japan
were infested with a fungus resembling the bitter rot. On a
shipment of plants from Manila we found mealy bug (Pseu-
dococcus virgatus), the bamboo scale (Asterolecanium bam-
busae), a leaf bug (Capsus species) and some ants. One queen
bee arrived from Yokohama and on examining the package was
found dead. It was thought advisable to burn the box with the
bees.

HILO INSPECTION.

Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of seven vessels — six
steamers and one sailing vessel. Five steamers carried vege-
table matter consisting of 174 lots and 3247 parcels. One hun-
dred and eighty-five sacks of potatoes were not very clean and
the consignee had to sort them over. Two cases of cauliflower
were infested with caterpillars and were destroyed.

INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION.

During the month of November 62 steamers were attended to
and the following shipments were passed: Plants, 60 packages
(mostly forestry trees); fruits, 4 packages; taro, 798 bags.
Total, 862 packages inspected and passed.

The following packages were refused shipment: Various
fruits, 24 packages; plants, 18 packages; Kry root, 1 package
(clinging dirt). Total, 43 packages inspected and refused*

Our honorary inspector, Mr. Robert R. Elgin, at Mahukona;

362

Hawaii, has left Mahukona and I would recommend that Mr. E.
Madden be appointed in his place. Mr. Madden is Mr. Elgin's
successor at the Mahukona railroad depot.

Respectfully submitted,

E. M. Ehrhorn,
Superintendent of Entomology.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN.

Honolulu, November 30, 1912.

Hon. W. M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer, Board of
Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Dear Sir :— I herewith submit a report of the work done during
the month of November, 1912:

Nursery Distribution of Plants.

Sold .
Gratis

[n seed

In boxes

Pot

boxes.

transplanted.

grown.

Total.

700

50

750

5000

200

481

5681

5000 900 531 6431-

Collections on Account of Sales of Plants and Dead Wood from

Tantalus.

On account of plants sold $ 10.25

On account of sale of dead wood taken from Tantalus. . . 100.00

Total $110.25

V

From the 1st to the 9th of the month all hands were busy at-
tending to the delivering and shipping of trees for Arbor Day
planting. An account of the distribution is given in special re-
port under date of November 11.

Experiment Garden, Makiki.

One man from this station, also the wagon man with horse and
wagon, were assisting at the Nursery for about two weeks dur-
ing the Arbor Day rush.

363 1

Tantalus Forest.

The cutting down of the dead trees in the forest is complete
with the exception of a few scattering trees which will be cut
down and used for firewood in sterilizing soil at Makiki station.
One hundred cords have been sold to Mr. Tanabe who cuts it up
and sells it for firewood.

The matter of people taking soil from the government lands
on Tantalus has been investigated. After an examination of the
lands along the main road and trails we have not been able to
find any indications that would lead us to suspect that soil has
been removed. The main road has also been watched but with-
out success. One Japanese was found in town who was selling
soil at 75 cents per bag. This soil be assured us came from Mr.
Frank Cooke's place in Palolo Valley and that he had received
permission from Mr. Cooke to take it.

Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.

During the month orders have been received for 30,000
eucalypt seedlings and we have distributed 64,000 seedlings in
seed boxes and 13,000 trees in transplant boxes ready to set out.

U. S* Experimental Planting, Nuuanu Valley.

One day with all the available men at the Nursery and Makiki
was spent in planting more varieties of eucalyptus. The eighteen
new species of eucalyptus planted on this plot are with few ex-
ceptions doing very well and will soon be large enough to take
care of themselves.

The writer spent one day at Nanakuli inspecting the work that
is being done in thinning the algaroba forest. The Japanese
contractor is working according to contract and is anxious to do
satisfactory work.

Very respectfully,

David Haughs,
Forest Nurseryman.

COOPERATION IN AGRICULTURE.

HISTORY OF PROGRESS.

There has recently been published a collection of monographs *
which trace the history of the cooperative movement in the prin-
cipal countries of the world. The volume is commended to the
attention of those to whom agricultural interests appeal. It is a

* Monographs on Agricultural Cooperation in various countries, pub-
lished by the International Institute of Agriculture, Borne.

364

revelation of the power of a new economic force which has its
beginnings in remotest history.

To the ordinary Englishman the word cooperation suggests
vaguely a form of urban shop-keeping/ In -Great Britain co-
operative methods have made little headway outside the towns.
The country is still one of large holdings farmed by men, indi-
vidualists by instinct, who have not yet felt the need of combina-
tion. If the movement towards small holdings, inaugurated by
the act of 1907 and officially blessed by both parties, develops, it
will shortly be found that an effective cooperative organization
is an indispensable condition of success. But for the present we
must look to Ireland and to foreign countries in order to see
what cooperation in agriculture can effect.

These monographs tell the story ; it is a plain tale of facts and
figures, all the more remarkable because it covers a period of little
over 50 years. Last century was one of awakening and activity
in every branch of human affairs. The strain and competition
and the progressively centralizing tendency of commerce and in-
dustry reacted on the agricultural world. The stress of life grew
steadily harder : a growing population demanded more intensive
cultivation and a more productive soil, and these could be ob-
tained only by utilizing the costly improvements of technical
science ; while the increasing opposition of the commercial world
and the growth of outside economic concentration compelled the
closest attention to the interests of agriculture. Had the small
farmer clung to his isolation he would have gone to the wall.
Fortunately, when the economies and saving power of association
for common ends were demonstrated to him, he developed a
genius for it. The amazingly rapid development of cooperation
is the one great fact of recent agricultural history in Europe; it-
extends not to one or two countries, to certain branches of agri-
culture, but to every country where the small holder exists and
to every department of rural economy. And the movement has
been wholly for good. In towns association is to some extent a
dividing force, applied to the defence and assertion of sectional
and class interests at the expense of others. But in rural areas it
is more purely utilitarian and is generally a bond uniting all
classes.

CO-OPERATIVE WORK IN INDIA.

India, short though her cooperative history is, occupies a seri-
ous place in this volume. The inclusion of her monograph is
useful, because it brings her methods and lines of work and re-
sults into prominent contrast w r ith those of other countries. The
comparison is instructive, and those who are interested in the
Indian movement will find the volume suggestive and illumin-
ating. . .

Of all the points of variance by far the most prominent is the

365

relation of the state to the cooperative movement. The uncom-
promising opponent of State assistance in any form will find no
support in these monographs. There is no country which does
not accord more than mere legislative recognition to the co-
operative idea. The .aid is rendered variously in different
states, in the form of legal privileges, assistance in propaganda,
financial facilities, direct subvention and otherwise. One may
hold that the State aid is often unnecessarily and sometimes in-
judiciously given. One could prove that where the movement is
strongest dependence on the state is lightest. Yet on the other
hand it is not to be denied that the help of government has been
of great service in most countries and especially to certain
branches of cooperative work, and that but for that help coopera-
tion would not be the vigorous growth that it is today. State
aid is not a principle to be condemned or approved in the ab-
stract. There is a time to give and a time to withhold aid. Like
every other principle it is relative, and must be applied with direct
reference to the circumstances of each country and people and
the requirements of each form of cooperative activity.

. STATE AID — WHERE POSSIBLE.

But the writers of these monographs hold no brief for State
aid. Their straightforward narrative ought to convince the
straightest theorist that there are circumstances in which such
assistance is permissible and even advisable, and that it is a mat-
ter on which a man may not dogmatize. But no attempt is made
to uphold State aid as a good thing in itself. On the contrary,
the inference everywhere is that a completely self-reliant move-
ment is the ideal, and that Government assistance is only a means
to that end — it can never be a substitute for popular inspiration
and direction. The essential thing to notice is that in Europe
the initial impulse has invariably come from the people. The co-
operative idea was evolved to meet changing economic conditions
by those who actually felt the pressure of them. Only when that
idea had been put to the test of practical working and its efficacy
proved did the State come forward with its assistance, an assist-
ance which was not always gratefully received. First and above
all things the movement in Europe is a self-conscious and popu-
lar one, deriving its impetus from private enterprise and depend-
ent upon its appeal to the people's sense of interest.

UNIQUE POSITION IN INDIA.

It is here that the Indian movement occupies a position by it-
self. The writer of the monograph on India sums up the pro-
gress made as;" an illustration of State aid effectively adminis-
tered rather than of organized self-help. ,, We reversed the nor-
mal process by beginning at the top. Government not only intro-

366

duced the idea to India but appointed official Registrars to make 1
it known and to organize and guide a cooperative movement.
It was the only possible course. The condition of agricultural
India obviously called for cooperative societies, although the peo-
ple had not thought the matter out and there was no conscious
demand for them. The great danger of the arrangement was the
possible officialization of the movement. Every Registrar on his
appointment at once becomes an enthusiast. He is convinced,
and rightly, ; that a widespread cooperative system would mean
the regeneration of -the rural population. But he finds that the
educated classes, the natural organizing agency, are apathetic,
and the temptation to form societies by official means is strong.
The reports show that in most provinces this temptation has been
resisted.- In India, as in every other country, the teaching of
experience is that excessive artificial fostering produces a weak-
ling growth. Government has shown the way. There are in
every province the beginnings of a healthy movement, which
grows more self-conscious every year, and which is gradually at-
tracting the interest of the educated classes. The future rests
with the people of India. An officially run movement on a wide
scale is a thing unthinkable. A popular movement, appealing
consciously to the interests of the agricultural classes, under gen-
eral official guidance, but supported by the energy of numbers of
local organizers, is eminently practicable. That is the ideal
aimed at. It is certain that without that propelling popular force
the movement can never have vitality or spontaneity.

INDIA IS PREDOMINANTLY AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY.

Agriculture in its many phases is by far the most important
interest, and merits the greatest share of attention. Much has
been done and more attempted to improve the situation, but the
picture is still dark enough. The agriculturist, the pillar of the
State, is paradoxically its weakest member. To the Mahajan's
credit one may, almost without exaggeration, apply the cele-
brated phrase attributed to Louis XVI that it "supports agri-
culture as the rope supports the hanged/' From first to last the
ordinary ryot is dependent on that credit; he is scarcely even a
free agent. His methods of cultivation are primitive and often
wasteful, and in disposing of what crops he gets he can only ac-
cept such prices as the middleman chooses to offer. Weak and
isolated, he is in no position to improve his fortunes. And the
economic conditions are rendered harder to assail by the con-
servation of centuries and the improvidence that accompanies
blank poverty. The picture has been painted a hundred times.

CO-OPERATION A FACTOR FOR UNITY.

It is possible that four years' work in connection with co-

367

operative societies affects one's sense of proportion. But there
is no one who has taken part in the work who does not regard
cooperation as incomparably the most promising means of at-
tacking the agricultural problem. And a perusal of these mono-
graphs confirms that conviotion. To compare agricultural Europe
of the present day with the same Europe of the early nineteenth
century is to gain fresh hope for India. If rural India is back-
ward and her outlook discouraging, there was a time when conti-
nental Europe was little better. In the change, astonishing both
in its magnitude and rapidity, that has taken place in the West
cooperation is probably the most important factor. Rural credit
has been organized. The cooperative society enables the small
farmer to cultivate scientifically, to get good seed and manures
and agricultural machinery at cheap rates, to sell his crops to
the best advantage while avoiding the profit of the middleman, to
manufacture his dairy produce and sell it in the best market, to
improve the breed of his livestock and to insure his possession
against all risks. These are only a few of the directions in which
the cooperative principle has been applied. The movement en-
courages agricultural education and reaps the benefit in improved
cultivation and a stronger and more intelligent force within itself.
The societies form practically a huge unpaid agency for making
known and bringing into practical use in all parts of the country
the improvements of agricultural science and economy.

Unless such a development is regarded as attainable in India
our present work is meaningless. We are still a long way off it,
and before it is reached there is much to be done in the way of
education and the breaking down of old prejudices and habits.
But the instinct of association is deeply implanted in the people
and the success that has attended the first experiments in coopera-
tive credit offers the promise of greater things in other direc-
tions. Hitherto the departments of agriculture and coopera-
tion have worked independently. In future their orbits must in-
creasingly converge. When the scientific department has demon-
strated the value of a particular method of cultivation or of an
improved implement, the cooperative society ought to supply the
channel, so greatly wanted, by which these improvements will be
carried down to the ryots. Even now some use is made of the
societies in this direction, and more might be done. If the two
departments so work together, and if, most important of all, the
people themselves and especially the more enlightened classes co-
operate, the history of the next fifty years will have much to tell
of improvement in the lot of the Indian peasantry. — Agricultural
Journal of India, July, 1912.

368
SOME NEEDED NAME STANDARDS.

By O. W. Barrett,

Chief, Division of Horticulture.

(The Philippine Agricultural Review.)

In the matter of stopping the usage of undesirable words pre-
vention greatly excels attempted cure. Horticulturists in general
regret that prompter action was not taken in regard to some
words which have now gained so strong a foothold in the English
language that it will be almost impossible to eradicate them.
Botanical nomenclature is necessarily a more or less confused af-
fair, but that is a matter for scientists themselves to worry over;
whereas the terms and names in daily use in the line of horticul-
ture, and for that matter in general agriculture, are words used
by the majority of people. Here lies an interesting fact in the
sociological, or rather the psychological, side of the question : we
are always prone to associate one word with others which re-
semble it in sound or appearance, and by that association of ideas
much good or ill may befall the object or word in question.

While it is true that there are plenty of cases of splendid profits
being made, sometimes without a substantial reason therefor,
through the fortuitous employment of a word or "catchy" phrase,
there are probably just as many cases to the contrary. The
writer has in mind, for instance, the case of a very promising
industry that was said to have been ruined by the inadvertent use
of the word "tubercle" instead of "tuber" ; one can readily see
that for a company to use, even accidentally, a word which is so
frequently associated with a certain serious disease is to court
disaster — even if we blame the result on phthisiphobia.

The following cases of misspelling, misapplication, and misuse
of more or less good synonyms are worthy of interest.

Coconut. — Fortunately in the Philippines there is practically no
need to warn the public against the old-fashioned spelling "cocoa-
nut/' The British forms of the word, "coco-nut" and cocoa-nut,
should be discontinued as soon as possible, since strictly speak-
ing, the object is a fruit just as much as a nut, and since it is
now such a common and well-known article there is no excuse
for inserting the hyphen any longer. By the same token copra
is the correct name for dried coconut "meat"; the addition of
"h" (British system or "x" (Spanish style) is neither decorative
nor useful.

Cacao. — This refers not only to the tree itself but to the seeds
produced therefrom. The term "cocoa' should be applied only
to the product ^manufactured from the seeds — a trade term, like
chocolate. By the way, the final vowel in "cocoa" is interesting
as being one of the very few cases of an absolutely useless vowel

369

in English ; the original suffixion of the "a" was possibly excuse-
able to distinguish the word from the six or eight other dissyl-
lables using "c," "o" and "a" in various combinations.

Avocado. — Objection to this word is gradually dying down,
but, for some unknown reason, there still lingers in the minds of
thousands of people an apparent preference for the hideous name
"alligator pear" ; this is probably due, however, to the plebeian
shrinking from any foreign-sounding word, especially - if it has
more than. three syllables. It is said that the first use of the
abominable epithet was by one Jack Tar who had been allowed
shore leave somewhere in Central America where the days are
not alone in being hot, where alligators make lasting impressions,
and where some of the people still call the fruit "ahuacate," after
the old Aztec 'ahwacatl." Yet because one tired tongue refused
to encompass the full measure of the really euphonious avocado
is no reason why a perfectly good fruit, which ought long ago
to have been exceedingly popular, should continue to struggle
under such an opprobrious name. By the same token, many of,
the avocado types have no more resemblance to a pear than to
a plum or pomegranate either in color or shape, to say nothing
of the interior. To illustrate the obstinate attitude of the retail
merchant, the writer recollects a case in Washington, District of
Columbia, where the disgusting sign "Fresh Alligator Pears
Today" was flaunted in the people's face, year after year, al-
though the proprietor admitted that most of the purchasers of the
fruit asked for avocados.

Mango. — The plural of this word is properly written without
an "e." There is no good reason for adding a useless "e" to
the other analogous foreign words which would not, when at
home, so to speak, be given such a decoration, viz, tomato, potato, "
pomelo, chico, bauno, and, of course, avocado.

Pomelo. — This good old word has been discountenanced in
most parts of the United States and a rather weird and quite
unreasonable substitute has been upheld, even by a few horti-
culturists. This substitute flourishes as "grapefruit," "grape-
fruit," and "grape fruit." There are two theories anent the
origin of this pseudonym : a gentleman at the Boston docks, com-
ing upon a sample package of pomelos from the West Indies,
and being quite unacquainted with the fruits, tested one and not
having in mind just then anything else with which to compare
the fruit declared that it reminded him of grapes (presumably
of the Frost variety). The other and perhaps more reasonable
theory is based upon a tourist's remark in passing some pomelo
trees for the first time in the Tropics : noting that the fruits were
sometimes clustered together near the ends of the branches he
innocently opined that in that character they reminded him of
grapes. The flavor, however, is so unlike that of any grape and
the clustering habit of the fruit is so inconstant and so unfami-
liar to 99 per cent, of the users of the fruit, that it is strange

370

if there is not a twinge of conscience in the mind of every per-
son applying that false name to one of the best citrus fruits the
world has ever seen — and the one which has made the most
money for its growers, with the exception of the orange, perhaps,
since the two species left their ancient home in India and the
Far East.

Chico. — This excellent Tropical American fruit has traveled
under several names, such as "naseberry," "sapodilla," "chico
zapote," and others ; but since it is not a berry nor any kind of a
zapote, let us adopt the convenient little name which even Mrs.
Grundy should have no difficulty with — except that it sounds
" foreign" and therefore might have a meaning (sic) less nice
than its flavor.

Yautia. — This good old Arawak word originally meant "place
of the Hutia," or so-called Spiny Rat of the Antilles. This
tuber vegetable is supposed to be the very oldest crop cultivated
by man; and we can imagine the savages of twenty thousand
years ago being obliged to choose a word which would clearly
signify that object which was always to be found in the places
frequented by their common game animal, the now early extinct
Hutia. This plant has been called "coco," "eddoes," "oto," and
"macal" in various countries of Tropical America. Worse than
having a number of names is the fact that the yautias were for
many years confused even by botanists with the taros which be-
long to quite another genus of plants with peltate leaves instead
of arrow-shaped.

It will be an interesting question to note whether it will be pos-
sible to accustom the Filipino planters to the use of the word
before they get the idea settled in their minds that it is only
*a kind of "gabi" — which it resembles, of course, in habit.

Feijoa. — The name of this new fruit is to be spelled in English
as in Latin but the Portuguese pronunciation (fay-zho-a) is to
be given it out of honor to Snr. Feijoa/ a Brazilian gentleman,
after whom it is named. This fruit will be very widely known,
we believe, within a few years on account of its remarkably
strong perfume and fine flavor, and now is the time to correct
the spelling and pronunciation of the name.

Cherimoya. — This Central American fruit is now successfully
introduced into the Philippines in the form of several varieties
and even hybrids between Anona cherimolia and other species
of Anona, and it is rapidly becoming very popular in California.
It is also spelled Chirimoya, Cherimolia, and Cherimoyer, and,
especially in California is often confused with the custardapple.

Custardapple. — This, not being an apple in either shape, size,
color, or flavor, should either be written as one word, or better
still a new word should be decided upon to take the place of the
rather awkward and long name it now bears. The once fairly
common West India name of "Bullock's Heart" has fortunately
been dropped.

371

Sugarapple. — This also should be written as one word. It is
also called Sweetsop in many British colonies. A new name is
needed.

Mamon. — This fruit has also suffered under the names "Alli-
gator Apple/' "Monkey Apple," and "Pond Apple," but since it
has nothing to do with any of the indicated objects it should be
given a square deal.

Hevi. — This fruit has passed under the name of Otaheite (or
Tahiti) Apple, or Vi, but the old Polynesian name used in its own
home, so to speak, is much to be preferred. It is properly known
to botanists as Spondias cytherea (nee S. dulcis).

Roselle. — This promising new vegetable-fruit came near being
called "Jamaica Sorrel" a few years ago; the principal reason
for such a name was the sour taste of the leaves and the so-called
fruits. By the way, it has recently been misquoted, purposely or
otherwise, as "Grosella," which is translated currant.

Bauno. — This new fruit in its very brief period of existence
before the horticultural world has already been called Balun,
Balona, Bayuno, and Bayono ; but, there being little choice among
these names, we should follow the native name mentioned in the
original description by Mr. Robinson, of the Bureau of Science.

Papaya. — This word is probably Polynesian in origin and,
therefore, of very easy pronunciation. It is not a "tree melon"
and since another fruit (Asimina triloba), quite unrelated, is also
called "Pawpaw" the latter word should be dropped as a synonym.

Cassavg,. — While there may be some reason for using the old
Brazilian word "manioc," or "mandioca" for this crop, there is
no good excuse for the Spanish-American "yuca," nor the fortu-
nately rather rare British East Indian "tapioca." It is pardon-
able to sometimes use the commercial product when figuratively
speaking of a raw material crop but we should no more speak of
a "tapioca plantation" than of a flour field.

Sour so p. — Unfortunately there seems to be no escape from
using this objectionable name for a perfectly good fruit. It is
known as "Araticu" in Brazil, as "Guanabano" in Spanish Amer-
ica, and "Guyabano," etc., in the Philippines, but since we are
dealing with English words we must fall back upon soursop for
Anona murieata.

Yambo. — This fruit certainly does smell like roses and taste
as roses ought to taste, but it is not an apple in any sense of the
word and; therefore, we should relinquish the beautiful but in-
appropriate name "roseapple." "Jamrosade" is also too much
of a good thing; but yambo is the old name for this excellent
f ru it — which, we hope, will soon be much more popular here.

Mandarin.— -Let us not use the word "tangerine" any longer.
Tangiers, or as we should say, Tanger, is the adopted home of
many good citrus fruits but it is hardly fair that we should
accredit that city with the so-called "kid glove" type of oranges

372

(Citrus nobilis) which was quite recently brought out of south-
ern China where mandarins have raised them for centuries.

Maize. — Out of deference to the Spanish "mais" and our Brit-
ish neighbors who more or less correctly regard several other
grains as corn, let us adhere firmly to the old (pre-Columbian
Arawak "mahiz") correct name by which it is known practically
everywhere outside of the United States ; at this late date it would
be useless to attempt to substitute the correct for the popular
term there, but we are just in time here in the Philippines to
start right.

OUTLINE OF AN EXAMINATION OF THE HORSE FOR
SOUNDNESS.

(Lecture delivered at the San Francisco Veterinary College, 1818
Market street. San Francisco, California, bv Prof. Charles
Gresswell, M. R. G., V. S. L.)

If possible, see the horse in the stable before owner has a chance
to ''warm him up/'

In the stable look for evidence of "crib-biting," "windsucking"
and "night-kicking/' Watch the animal for signs of "weaving/'
Notice the character of the excreta, to see if the grain is properly
masticated, if there are any worms or bots, or for signs of urinary
sediment, etc. Notice if there are any extra appliances in use for
handling the animal — throat straps, or hobbles, etc. — or, if the
animal for any reason is stabled alone, away from other horses,
examine the manger to see if the food is all cleaned up, or if
there are evidences of his eating the bedding. Look around the
stable for proofs of medical treatment.

Then have the horse bridled or brought to the stable door with
the halter on. Notice if there is any trouble during this attention.
Have the horse brought quietly to the door, allowing no bustling
or excitement. At the stable door examine the eyes carefully,
using, a black hat. to cast the proper shadow over the eye. Look
for any difference in the convexity of both eyes ; examine the cor^
nea for opacity or cloudiness, and the lens for cataract ;. notice the
contraction of the pupils to determine the effects of light. Exa-
mine the eyes and breath for signs of opiates or other drugs.
Listen to the heart. At this time give the horse a drink of water,
and watch the process of drinking and swallowing. Have the
horse then taken qui: of the stable into the open. Examine the
nostrils for color, character or discharge, ulceration, abrasions,
chancre and polypi. See that the orifice of the lachrymal duct is
freely open. Examine the outside 01 the face for nasal gleet.
Examihe the ears for wafts or any abnormal tenderness, and also
for deafness. Examine 'the teeth and mouth, and smelLthe breath.
Determine the age and make note of this, and also at this time
of any distinguishing marks and color, and sex of the animal.

373

Examine the glands under the jaw and the glands in and around
the throat, especially the parotid gland.

Examine the poll for poll evil.

Examine the neck for any signs of a strap having been used
for wind-sucking; the jugular vein for evidence of having been
bled. If this evidence exists, at once associate it with any other
evidence which there may be of founder or of nervous or brain
disease.

Examine the shoulders for fistula, sweeny and shoulder- joint
concussion, or chronic sore shoulders from bad conformation.

Proceed down the fore legs and examine for any enlargement
of the elbow joint or old scars denoting previous operation ; the
knees for enlargement or evidence of having fallen; the cannon
bone for splints ; the ligaments and tendons most carefully for
any enlargements ; the fetlock for sprain or bursal enlargements ;
the coronet for ringbone or sidebone ; and then the foot for corns,
quittor, founder, sandcrack, quarter-crack, seedy-toe, canker,
thrush, contracted feet and navicular disease. Compare the size
and shape of the feet and notice if shoes are of equal wear. Com-
pare both fore limbs carefully for conformation, as well as for
any enlargement.

Pass the hand over the back and loins to determine any irregu-
larity in the bones of the spine or for any signs of abnormal ten-
derness of the skin or muscles.

Then proceed to examine the hind quarters and limbs. Com-
pare both hips, standing behind and passing the hand over the
hip joints. Look out for dropping of the hip bone. Examine
the tail and notice if there is anything abnormal. Frequently a
shiver can be detected by suddenly forcing the tail upward.

Examine the anus for signs of worms, at the same time the
genital organs.

Examine next the stifle joints and compare one with the other.

The hocks must then be very carefully inspected for capped
hock, curb, spavins of all kinds, thoroughpin, and for cracks or
fissures of the skin in front of the joint.

Next examine the hind limbs for enlargements of ligaments or
tendons, and the fetlock joints for bursal enlargements and thick-
ening due to old sprain ; the inside of the fetlock joints for what
is commonly called brushing or interfering. Examine the pan of
the heel for fissures, cracks and sores, constituting "scratches. "
Examine the feet for quittor, founder, thrush, sand-crack, quar-
ter-crack, seedy-toe and canker. Compare inside of the hocks
by standing in front and looking between the fore legs and also
by standing behind and by feeling with both hands on and off and
on the near side. After this general manipulation have the horse
walked and trotted on level, soft and hard grounds, and also, if
possible, on uneven ground. Have this repeated until you are
quite satisfied there is no lameness or imperfect action such
as stringent, etc. Back the horse, turn him sharply around to the

374

left and quickly back again to the right, in order to determine
any chronic disease of spine or nervous system.

The next thing will be to have the horse saddled or harnessed
or put to drawing heavy loads, depending upon the character of
the horse and the business for which he is intended. Examine
under these conditions for action and lameness.

The next in order is to examine carefully for wind, by galloping
or driving hard up hill or by putting the animal to drawing a
heavy load. In case of a young, unbroken horse, have him lunged
by hand.

Examine for whistling, roaring or broken wind. Before doing
this it is as well to cause the animal to cough and make a pretense
of striking the animal with a stick, in order to bring out the char-
acteristic grunt of roaring or the wheeze of broken wind.

After the examination of the wind, have the horse put back in
the stable and remain perfectly quiet for fifteen to thirty minutes,
if the patience of the owner will allow you that time. At any
rate, allow the animal to get perfectly cool, and let it be brought
out again and trotted up and down both with the rider and with-
out. Together with other evidence, this will generally settle the
question of the presence or not of navicular disease, and it will
also bring out latent lameness in some cases of obscure bone
spavin. It will, at the same time, test the permanency or not of
cures of slight sprains. Take note of the general health and con-
dition of the animal, and how it has stood the work given during
the examination. If severe distress is noticed, coupled with an
apparent high state of healthy conditions, look out for evidence
of drugging, especially with strong alteratives, such as arsenic,
very commonly used by unscrupulous dealers to produce an arti-
ficial appearance of good condition. After severe exercise, the
evidence of arsenic will appear in a vivid red, and sometimes a
blue, line along the gums, and also at times by severe diarrhoea,
and abnormal thirst. The use of digitalis, in order to hide the
incipient symptoms of broken wind will be detected both before
and after exertion by an intermittent pulse. The use of cocaine,
opium or morphine can be detected during the examination by
the abnormal varying of the size of the pupil of the eye, and also
occasionally by the breath after galloping.

The determinations as to whether any imperfection constitutes
unsoundness must be governed by the purposes for which the ani-
mal is intended to be used.

TOBACCO CULTIVATION IN IAVA.

In the course of a paper on the cultivation of cigar tobacco,
the Imperial Institute Bulletin has some interesting remarks with
regard to soil and method of cultivation.

Not a little of the success of the Java industry is due to the
peculiar character of the soil. The upper layers are chiefly made

375

up of very fine sand and clay, the result of the washing down of
volcanic dust. The deposits are composed essentially of an
andesite, a rock which usually contains from 5 to 1.34% of
potash, so important an element in tobacco soils. An analysis
of the volcanic ash shows that it is rich in lime (7.6%) and
potash (2.1%) and moderately rich in phosphoric acid (.3).

In Java each piece of land is only cultivated every other year
and is allowed to go under peasants' crops, usually rice, for the
intervening period. As rice only occupies the land for about a
hundred days, three crops are obtained between every two of
tobacco. The distribution of crops is somewhat as follows:
January to May, first rice crop; June to October, second rice
crop; November to March, third rice crop; March to August,
preparation for tobacco ; August to December, tobacco crop.

The estimated yield of rice is given as 100 piculs (1 picul=
136^ lbs.) per bouw (1% acres). This, taking 45 lbs. to the
bushel, is at the rate of about 170 bushels per acre. The to-
bacco crop is given as 20 piculs per bouw, equivalent to 1554 lbs.
or nearly 14 cwt. per acre.

These excellent yields, remarks the Bulletin, are due in the
first place to the depth and richness of the soil, and also to the
careful and thorough methods adopted by the Javanese peasants
in preparing the soil. The rotation of the two crops may also
have a specific influence.

The rice crop is not manured but the irrigation water is gener-
ally rich in organic matter of manurial value. Where the water
supply is deficient for w£t paddy, maize, soy bean, groundnut, or
dry rice is grown.

Water being of such importance in tobacco culture, the avail-
able supply is carefully conserved and utilized by means of reser-
voirs and channels.

VENERABLE FOREST MONARCHS.

The oldest living things in the world are the sequoia trees in the
General Grant and Sequoia National Parks. The government has
just issued a bulletin telling all about them and how to get to
them. These trees are also the tallest trees known. Within the
two parks there are 13 groves containing over 12,000 trees larger
than 10 feet in diameter.

It is estimated that some of these trees were growing 4,000
years ago. In fact, annual wood rings have been counted on one
of the fallen giants in the Sequoia park showing that it had
reached that age.

The great pines of the Pacific coast, 400 and 500 years, old,
have reached old age, but the sequoia trees, several times as old
as the great pines, are still in the bloom of youth*

They do not attain prize size or beauty before they are 1,500
years old, and are in their prime when 2,000 years old, not be-

376

coming old in less than 3,000 years. Not only do these trees
stand in a class by themselves because of their long life, but they
are classed among the wonders of the earth because of their giant
size.

In the giant forest in Sequoia National Park, where the giants
are named for men who have been prominent in public life, the
General Sherman is 286 feet high and 36 feet in diameter, the
Abraham Lincoln 270 feet high and 31 feet in diameter, and the.
tallest is the William McKinley, 291 feet high and 28 feet in
diameter.

In the General Grant Park the principal trees are the General
Grant, 264 feet high and 35 feet in diameter, and the George
Washington, 255 feet high and 29 feet in diameter.

DIETIC VALUE OF SUGAR.

Professor Metchnikoff, the famous savant, speaking before the
Academy of Sciences, stated that, as the result of long experi-
ments, he had discovered that senility was caused to a great ex-
tent by poisons which were set up by the intestinal bacteria.
These poisons, originating in the intestinal flora, were chiefly re-
sponsible for the production of lesions (injuries) in the liver,
brain and arteries, and produced an effect which was practically
the same as old age.

Experiments showed that vegetables which were rich in sugar,
such as dates, beetroot and carrots, produced none of these
poisons. Professor Metchnikoff's object; therefore, was to create
a sugar-producing centre in the large bowel, where the fight be-
tween the healthy and unhealthy microbes takes place. As sugar
consumed in the ordinary way is practically all absorbed before
reaching the large bowel, he decided to form it by means of a
microbe.

The necessary microbe was discovered in the flora of a dog.
Experiments made on human beings with this microbe, which
Professor Metchnikoff calls the glyco bacter, have had most con-
clusive results. A diet of two meals a day, consisting of 4% oz,
of meat, 7^4 oz. of sour milk, and vegetables and fruit, to which
were added glyco bacteria, reduced these intestinal poisons to a
minimum which had never before been attained with any diet. —
London Produce Markets' Review.

DRIED MANGO.

An observer in North Queensland thug describes a method of
drying mangoes that is carried out successfully in that part of
Australia. The description appears in the Queensland Agricul-
tural Journal for February, 1912:

The mango is picked just before turning color. It is then cut
up with a large knife in chips or small slices some 2 inches in

377

length, 1 inch or so wide, and perhaps ]/2 inch thick. These
slices are laid in the sun to dry, and become dry enough to store
in three or four days. Sheets of galvanized iron (roofing) are
used with sheets of paper laid on them. Cloth was not found
satisfactory, and the paper could not be dispensed with, as the
acid juice of the fruit turned the product a dark color if in direct
contact with the iron. The fully dried chips are of a very pale-
yellow or brownish-white color, and if only cut into similar
shapes could hardly be distinguished in appearance from the best
dried apples. These chips when thoroughly dry are stored in
air-tight receptacles and may be packed quite tightly in them.
The best receptacles are large earthenware jars. Hermetical
sealing is very necessary and is generally done with ordinary
beeswax.

When cooked, the dried fruit darkens in color a little and is
not so decided in flavor as is the typical fresh mango — in fact, to
one who did not know what it was, it looks somewhat like a mix-
ture of dried apples and apricots. It makes excellent tarts and
pies, and could equally well be used for jams or chutneys.

PESTS OF PESTS.

Two English physicians have discovered a germ which is fatal
to flies and its propagation promises to rid the human race of the
ubiquitous fly pest. The germ is easily grown on vegetable
gelatin and when flies are inoculated with the germ and turned
loose an epidemic disease is rapidly spread to other flies from
which they die.

The germ in question is harmless to other forms of life, having
a selective action on flies.

It is reported that the government bacteriologists in the United
States are securing cultures from England with a view of start-
ing a campaign against flies during the next summer season.

We hope this remedy will prove more practicable and wide-
spread in its application than a highly recommended bedbug
remedy the recipe of which was sold for a price.

The bug was first to be caught and made to laugh by tickling
it under its chin, when the remedy was to be poured down the
bug's throat, strangling it. The remedy was to be repeated until
effective. — Mindanao (P. I.) Herald.

LOCUSTS DIE OF GERM DISEASE.

A discovery which promises much for the Philippine Islands is
credited to a French physician, M. Felix d'Herelle, who has re-
cently successfully fought a locust plague in Argentina. Two
years ago Dr. d'Herelle while visiting Mexico noticed an epidemic
among the locusts, and succeeded in isolating a bacillus which
produced the disease. The Argentine government invited him to

378

make a test of his discovery there with the result that his first
experiment was successful. Grass fields where locusts were
feeding were inoculated by sprinkling cultures of the germs on
the grass. Barriers confined locusts for observation and those
that ate of the grass died in six days.

Infected locusts liberated rapidly spread the disease to other
fields 30 miles away. Forty days later the epidemic had spread to
locusts 250 miles away.

It is claimed that animals grazing on the infected grass were
not injured.

From the fact that this epidemic disease of locusts was dis-
covered in the tropics, it should be applicable here. — Mindanao
(P. I.) Herald.

proves Its Worth

at Harvest Time

Crops must have Nitrogen, and the most avail-
able is that in

Nitrate of Soda

Moreover, because of this 100% availability, it is
the cheapest form of Nitrogen. Nitrate of Soda
is odorless, clean to handle and easy to apply.

We Want to Send YOU a Book— FREE

that we have prepared on the use of Nitrate of Soda. Send
for it, follow it and get bigger crops. Address a Post Card to

Dr. WILLIAM S. MYERS. Director Chilean Nitrate Propaganda
No Branch Offices 17 Madison Avenue, New York

proves Its Worth

at Harvest Time

Crops must have Nitrogen, and the most avail-
able is that in

Nitrate of Soda

Moreover, because of this 100% availability, it is
the cheapest form of Nitrogen. Nitrate of Soda
is odorless, clean to handle and easy to apply.

We Want to Send YOU a Book— FREE

that we have prepared on the use of Nitrate of Soda. Send
for it, follow it and get bigger crops. Address a Post Card to

Dr. WILLIAM S. MYERS, Director Chilean Nitrate Propaganda
No Branch Offices 17 Madison Avenue, New York

Car Irons—Steel Cars— Portable Track

ORENSTEIN-ARTHUR KOPPEL CO.

Pittsburg, New York, San Francisco, Berlin, London
Plant at Koppel, Pa. 5 Plants in Europe. 60 Branches

H. HACKFELD & CO., LTD. FRED F. LACKS,

Agents, Honolulu Resident Sales Manager

WE FURNISH CAR IRONS TO FIT EXISTING EQUIPMENT

60 YEARS'
EXPERIENCE

Trade Marks
Designs
Copyrights Ac.

Anyone sending a sketch and description may
quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an
invention is probably patentable. Communica-
tions atrictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents
sent free. Oldest a ?ency for securing patents.

Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive
special notice, without c harg e, in the

Scientific American.

A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir-
culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a
year ; four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers.

MUNN & Co. 36tBroadwa ^ New York

Branch Office. 6% F 8t„ Washington, D. C. ,

Garden and Farm Tools

and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools
to work with. We carry a most complete line of every-
thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the
smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We
also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel
Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades,
Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden
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