i

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Vol. X.

JULY, 1913

No. 7

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

THE

3k.- ■

Hawaiian forester

AND

Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawaii.

ADDRESS ALL OO M M U N I O AT I O IN S TO

DANIEL LOGAN,
EDITOR "THE FORESTER,"

P. O. BOX 366,
HONOLULU, H.T.

For business .relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,
• von Holt Block, 65 S. King St., Honolulu Hawaii.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Editorial 173

Division of Animal Industry ' 174

Division of Entomology 4 181

Division of Forestry 183

The Kalo in Hawaii (I) 186

Insect Control 193

Cinchona 196

Coconut and Cocoa 196

Watering of Cuts in Rubber Trees 197

Lime Juice and Scurvy 197

Cotton Picker 198

Fate of Tubercle Bacilli Outside the Animal Body 198

Legume Inoculation 200

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOB
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced
trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies* from 10
So 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2^ cents each,
except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.'

RALPH S. HOSMER,
Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. \

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or send. the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes
it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens art
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTokoLOGY, P. O. BOX 207
HONOLULU. HAWAII

EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

K

THE ^HAWAIIAN

rORE5T£R < AGRICULTURIST

Vol. X. JULY, 1913. No. 7.

Some idea of what the Territory of Hawaii owes to the Di-
vision of Animal Industry may be obtained from a perusal of
the monthly reports thereof in this number. The promptness
with which suppressive and preventive measures are taken when-
ever any disease among live stock is reported saves many thou-
sands of dollars of loss every year.. It is very gratifying, also,
to have evidence that the methods of the official veterinarians
exemplify the latest word in scientific practice.

It would be impossible to imagine, after considering the reports
from month to month of the Division of Entomology, what trje
condition of agriculture in Hawaii would be were the constant
fight to exclude and exterminate pests suspended even for one
month.

Attention is directed to the notice by Mr. Hosmer of the bul-
letin on Hawaiian names of plants and the book on indigenous
trees of Hawaii, both written by Mr. Rock.

"The aim of the Division of Forestry," Mr. Hosmer says in
his June report, "is to be of direct and practical use to the people
of the Territory/' This none can gainsay who have knowledge
of the progress made in forestry in these islands since the small
practical beginning made in governmental forestation a little over
a quarter of a century ago, the greatest strides having been made
since Mr. Hosmer, subsequent to annexation, placed the work on
a scientific basis. Prior to that time, however, the sugar planters
were taking a lively interest in tree planting, as a result of which
there are many fine growths of forest throughout the islands.
How their interest continues is evidenced by the demands they
are making on the government nursery, of which the 16,000
plants taken by them in June last past constitute but an ordinary
monthly incident. In the Eastern States just now municipalities
are planting forests with the expectation of returns in due time
which will do away with the necessity of civic taxation. If that
cart be done there, what possibilities of forestry are not present
in Hawaii, where the growth of trees is so much more rapid?

174

In this issue the publication is begun of a treatise on "The
Kalo in Hawaii," of which Professor MacCaughey and Mr.
Joseph Emerson are the authors in collaboration, the former as
botanist and the latter as historian. Judging by the introductory
chapter forming the first instalment, the brochure is one that
will attract much interest at home and abroad.

An article in this number on "Insect Control," by C. R. Jones,
the Philippine entomologist, seems to contain much matter of
useful applicability to Hawaii.

Various short selected articles, relating to diversified agricul-
ture of kinds already existent in Hawaii or adapted to its soil and
climate, will be found in this number.

A review of a bulletin of the experiment station of the Univer-
sity of Illinois, on tubercle bacilli, appears in this number, which
ought to be of much local interest in view of the campaign against
bovine tuberculosis which has been so successfully established on
the Island of Oahu and must in time be extended to cover the
whole group.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Honolulu, June 30, 1913.

Hon. W. M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer, Board of
Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Sir : — I beg to present herewith the report for the Division of
Animal Industry for the month of June, 1913 :

ANIMAL QUARANTINE STATION, HONOLULU.

The complete reconstruction and enlargement of the Station
which has been under way for the past three months has been
finished. The main parts of this work come under the following
heads :

(1) Dog Quarantine Section. As already reported, six addi-
tional enclosures were provided, making a total of 24 individual
enclosures, more than half of which can be made to hold two or
more dogs, if the same belong to one owner or arrive approxi-
mately at the same time. The most important improvement, how-
ever, is the reinforcement of all the enclosures with a concrete em-
bankment 12 to 18 inches wide along the inside of the foot boards,
making it impossible for an animal to dig out and escape. This
arrangement in no way detracts from the sanitation of the pens,

175

as the main part of the enclosure remains unchanged ; that is, the
original beach sand through which all excretions likely to con-
taminate the kennels may percolate to the tide water below. (2)
The horse and mule section has now been completely rebuilt, the
number of posts in the fences being almost doubled, so that the
distance between them in no case exceeds eight feet. The sta-
bility has also been greatly increased by connecting all the posts
with a 2"x4" stringer spiked to the top. This will prevent the
animals from "riding" on the fence and will thereby double the
life of the enclosures. All gates have been reinforced and re-
hung and a mixture of oil and sand applied to all woodwork ex-
posed to the teeth of the animals.

A small chamber 9'xl2' has been added to the office so that
the keeper may have a place to sleep and keep his clothes, for
which purpose the office has hitherto had to serve.

HILO QUARANTINE STATION.

Dr. Elliot reports progress with the construction of this station,
though the contractor has had trouble with his laborers. He
seems, however, to be satisfied with the work so far as it has
gone, and expects the station to be finished by the latter part of
July. He further recommends that the keeper, when he secures
one, be provided with some tools — spade, shovel, pick, wheelbar-
row, etc. — so that he can put him to work gathering rock for the
road and stable floors.

HOG CHOLERA.

As previously reported, this disease has spread to a consider-
able extent and many animals have died. The method of con-
trol now in vogue in the States — the injection, subcutaneously, of
blood serum obtained from hogs which have been hyperminimized
against the disease— has been applied here and with seeming suc-
cess; in fact, with highly satisfactory results. It may, for in-
stance, be mentioned that in one herd of 20 to 40 animals of all
sizes, and all of which were affected with the disease, some to
such an extent that they could not walk, practically every one
which was inoculated has either recovered or else improved, while
two, which escaped inoculation by breaking through the fence,
developed the disease and one of them has died, while none of the
treated hogs have been lost.

The establishment of a serum institute for the manufacture of
hog cholera serum here has been considered in view of the price
asked for the commercial serum, which amounts to from two to
three dollars for full-grown hogs. There is, however, consider-
able danger of spreading or perpetuating the disease here, as it is
necessary to keep on hand animals infected with the most virulent

176

form of the disease, and in view of the limited number of hogs in
the Islands the cost of manufacturing the serum here would no
doubt prove exorbitant.

Special inquiries in regard to the prevalence of this disease on
the other islands have been directed to the deputies of this office,
but from the replies received it would appear that the present
outbreak is confined to the Island oi Oahu. It is therefore recom-
mended that a regulation be promulgated at once prohibiting the
shipment of hogs from Oahu to any of the other islands, tempo-
rarily. If this is approved by the Board, I would respectfully
recommend that the appended Rule be acted upon at once. As
the disease seems to have spread over the entire Island of Oahu,
even as far as Waimea and Kahuku, it does not seem possible that
anything can be accomplished by regulations prohibiting the
transfer, interchange or shipping of hogs from one port of this
island to another. On the other hand, it would be advisable to
call the attention of the Board of Health and the Board of Super-
visors to the fact that hog cholera is prevalent and that the re-
spective Boards take steps to protect the public against the mar-
keting and consumption of pork from hogs which have not passed
a rigid ante, as well as post-mortem, inspection, such as is re-
quired by the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry. These regu-
lations are plain and to the point, without being onerous, and as
it was intimated to me only yesterday that pork had been offered
for sale at ridiculously low prices, it is safe to conclude that such
pork originated from pigs that had died from cholera. The dis-
ease is, however, not transmissible to human beings, nor to any
of the other domesticated animals, for which reason the federal
regulations permit the marketing of hogs exposed to the infec-
tion and allow the consumption of the pork so long as the animals
have not developed the disease to such an advanced degree as to
affect the wholesomeness of the pork.

"Territory of Hawaii, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Divi-
sion of Animal Industry.

"Rule VII : Prohibiting the shipment, transfer or exchange of
hogs from the Island of Oahu to any other island of the Territory
of Hawaii.

"It having come to the notice of this Board that a disease known
as hog cholera or swine plague is prevalent among the hogs on
the Island of Oahu, it is hereby ordered :

"Section 1. Until further notice no hogs (of whatsoever age,
breed, or description) shall be shipped, carried or transferred
from the Island of Oahu to any other island of the Territory of
Hawaii.

"Section 2. This order shall take effect upon its approval by
the Governor. ,,

177

CEREBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS.

This highly fatal disease among horses and mules has fortu-
nately not spread to the extent that it was feared might result
from the heavy rains following a prolonged drought. The out-
break at Fort Shafter resulting in the death of four mules may
possibly be ascribed to some other cause, that is, poisoning with
a weed contained in the hay (imported from California) which
was being fed to these animals at the time of their death. Fortu-
nately some of this hay was secured, and as will be seen from the
appended letter from Mr. Rock, botanist to the College of Hawaii,
the hay contains not less than ten per cent, of the poisonous weed
in question. What remains of the bale, about 40 lbs., is being fed
to a mule in order to ascertain whether the weed in question could
have been the direct cause of the death of these four mules.

On the other hand, Dr. Fitzgerald reports an extensive out-
break of cerebro-spinal meningitis on the Island of Molokai, with
30 or 40 animals affected with about ten deaths. He also reports
a number of scattered cases of the same disease on the Island of
Maui. From Hawaii and Kauai no definite information has been
received, so it is to be presumed that, for the present at least, the
danger of a severe outbreak seems to have passed.

RABIES AND HYDROPHOBIA.

The newspapers from California and adjoining states and the
official reports of live stock commissions and live stock sanitary
boards indicate that this disease is far from being suppressed, and
the number of human beings, especially children, reported to have
been bitten by mad dogs seems to be constantly increasing. On
top of that it appears that the health authorities of San Fran-
cisco have been prevailed upon to rescind the muzzling act, on ac-
count of the hot weather, and substituting it with an order that all
dogs must be in leash when on public highways or streets. This
is the same fatal mistake that has perpetuated the disease in so
many other countries, causing numbers of deaths and untold
suffering. Only those countries which have enforced the contin-
uous muzzling of all dogs in public places, in connection with
stringent quarantine of all imported dogs, have succeeded in ex-
terminating the disease. From personal observations for the past
twenty years I feel convinced that this abrogation of the muzzling
act in San Francisco will result in an immediate increase in the
number of cases of rabies, and it consequently becomes necessary
for us to increase our vigilance against the disease gaining an en-
trance here. For this reason I have to express my appreciation
of the support of the Board in perfecting the dog quarantine sta-
tion to a point where even the most fastidious cannot raise a single

178

objection to the detention of their dogs for a period which to many
seems exorbitant and unnecessary.

Very respectfully,

V. A. Norgaard,
Territorial Veterinarian.

report of assistant veterinarian.

Honolulu, June 28, 1913.

Dr. V. A. Norgaard, Chief of Division of Animal Industry.

Sir: — I beg to submit herewith my report for the month of
June, 1913:

Tuberculosis Control.

The appointment of Mr. Richards, past city and county milk in-
spector, as assistant to this division by the Board of Commis-
sioners, has enabled us to take up again the tuberculin testing of
dairy cows as required by the municipal milk ordinance. The
fourth general test of the dairy herds of the city and county of
Honolulu has now commenced and is progressing rapidly. Since
June 9 twenty-nine (29) dairies have been visited and a total of
one thousand one hundred and thirty-two (1132) animals sub-
jected to the test, out of which number, as far as we are able to
report at the present time, 49 cows have been condemned. The
following tabulated list gives the name of each dairy visited,
with the total number of animals tested, passed and condemned
in each:

T. P. C.

June 9-12— Joe Gouviera 41 40 1

N. B. Brown 39 39

M. Salina 30 28 2

J. W. L. McGuire 20 . 19 1

S. I. Shaw 22 22

S. T. Grace 7 7

.Waialae Dairy 59 55 4

Chas. Lucas 29 29

June 13-16— Waialae Dairy 234 226 8

R. Compos 79 74 5

June 14-17— Chas. Lucas 53 46 7

June 17-19— Jose Gonzallas 35 33 2

R. A. Franco 20 19 * 1

Nishimoto 10 10

M. M. Pedro 20 20

June 18-21— J. M. Whitney 13 12 1

J. H. Cummings 6 6

W. E. Wall 13 12 1

179

June 20-23— Waialae Dairy 128 121 7

W. P. Alexander 5 5

June 23-26 — J. H. Cummings 1 1

W. E. Wall. 1 1

I. Nagaki 22 21 1

H. E. Cooper 19 19

June 24-27— T. F. Farm 73 68 5

F. Medieros 20 20

P. Miyakawa 15 15

K. Inouye 14 14

K. Yamashita 17 17

M. K. Young 15 14 1

S. Hirata ". 20 20

June 25-28— Oahu College 15 15

Mills Institute 18 18

College of Hawaii 19 17 2

It is very encouraging to note that considerable improvement
has taken place in Mr. Isenberg's herd in the last five months.
In January, 1913, a total of 470 animals were tested at Waialae
and 63 condemned, the percentage of diseased animals being
13.4%. This month a total of 421 animals were tested and 19
condemned, the percentage of diseased animals being 4.5, which
is a very great improvement. Under the efficient management
of the ranch at the present time, where thorough disinfection of
all barns is immediate, and absolute segregation and early
slaughter of all condemned animals is practiced, improvement
in the herd is bound to be rapid. Mr. Isenberg is to be congrat-
ulated on the consistent way in which he has fought this disease,
which was present to such an alarming extent in his herd four
years ago, and on the good results which are now being realized.

I have been fortunate enough to be able to make post-mortem
examinations on four cows condemned on this test and have
found all affected with the disease to a greater or lesser extent.
The results of these examinations are as follows:

One cow from Joe Gouviera's herd. The animal was in fine
condition; the reaction was large and of a typical character.
Post-mortem lesions of the disease consisted of a few small
nodules in the bronco-esophagal glands ; all other organs in the
body clean.

Three cows from Charles Lucas' dairy were killed at one of
the local slaughter houses, resulting as follows:

No. 1. Condemned on the 17th and slaughtered on the 19th.
Swelling at point of inoculation still present. The presence of
the disease was shown by a few small nodules in the sub-lumbar
lymph glands; all other organs in the body clean.

No. 2. Swelling at point of inoculation still present; retro-
pharyngeal glands contained a few small nodules; diaphragm-

180

atic lobes of the lungs contained three tuberculous abscesses, one
of which was double the size of the closed hand. All contained
the characteristic gritty pus.

No. 3. Swelling at point of inoculation still present. Disease
present in the left retro-pharyngeal gland, which was greatly en-
larged, measuring 5" long and 3" wide and filled with tubercu-
lous pus. All other organs in the body clean.

In all of the above animals the disease was of a localized nature
and the carcasses in fine condition, and the meat was therefore
passed for food. As has been noticed before, the size of the
local swelling constituting a reaction has no definite relation to
the amount of disease in the animal body, as sometimes a very
pronounced reaction will be observed when the lesions are small
and few in number. There is no doubt that there is nothing con-
stant in the size of swelling, and that an animal may at one time
give a pronounced reaction and at another time a swelling half
the size. The degree of reaction varies as the anaphylaxis of
the animal tissues is of a high or low degree, and this degree
cannot at all times express correctly the amount or stage of the
disease, as it is conceivable that when first infected and when the
disease is becoming established the tissues of the body would be
in a highly sensitive state, and the injection of the toxins in the
tuberculin cause a violent reaction and the following post-mortem
examination would have to be careful indeed to discover the
seat of the lesions.

The anaphylaxis brought about by the presence of the disease
in the various organs of the body will vary as the vitality of the
system varies and whether the disease is in a quiescent or active
stage. It is probable that when the disease is extensive in the
body the anaphylactic properties of the disease, the skin in par-
ticular, are much lowered, and as the disease progresses become
less and less until at times it is entirely nil, and this condition
may last for greater or lesser periods of time. Thus it is con-
ceivable that such an animal would not give a reaction to the
toxins injected and so pass the tuberculin test when extensively
affected with the disease.

The post-mortem examinations I have been fortunate enough
to make since the intradermal method was inaugurated have
been positive ; that is, the disease has been present in every case.
On the other hand, I have learned of examinations being made
on condemned animals where no lesions have been found. In
establishing a method of testing, negative findings are as valu-
able as those cases which are of a positive nature. From the
results thus far experienced in the use of this method, we are still
firmly convinced of the great value of the intradermal method
and of its equal reliability to the subcutaneous test, which has
been demonstrated to be reliable in 98.36 per cent, of cases.

181

The following list of live stock was allowed to enter the port
of Honolulu during the past month:

June 4 — S. S. Korea, San Francisco: 1 dog, Lieut. H. S.
Green; 1 crate Bl. Plymouth Rocks.

June 5 — S. S. Ascot, Europe: 5 cats, immigrants.

June 9 — S. S. Sonoma, San Francisco: 1 crate guinea hens.

June 10 — S. S. Wilhelmina, San Francisco : 4 crates poul-
try; 1 dog, W. P. Reeves.

June l& — S. S. Chiyo Maru, Orient: 1 dog, Capt. Bennett;
1 crate Japanese game.

June 17 — S. S. Honolulan, San Francisco: 15 horses, 2 mules,
1 colt, D. Ferriera ; 4 horses, 22 mules, 1 bulldog, Schuman Car-
riage Company ; 1 bulldog, Capt. C. W. Waller ; 7 crates chickens,
N. B. Lansing.

June 17 — S. S. Virginian, Seattle: 24 mules, Chas. Bellina ;
39 horses, 2 sheep, 16 pigs, 2 cows, A. L. McPherson.

June 18 — S. S. Siberia, San Francisco: 1 Boston bull terrier
pup, Carl T. Schaefer.

June 18 — S. S. Niagara, Vancouver: 1 white boar, T. H.
Davies & Co.

June 23 — S. S. Sierra, San Francisco: 49 crates poultry.

Respectfully submitted,

L. N. Case,
Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, June 30, 1913.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen: — I respectfully submit my report of the work of
the Division of Entomology for the month of June as follows :

During the month 39 vessels arrived at the port of Honolulu,
of which 21 carried vegetable matter and one vessel moulding
sand.

Disposal. Lots. Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 1129 16,929

Fumigated 11 32

Burned 65 74

Prohibited from entry 1 1

Total inspected 1206 17,036

Of these shipments, 16,282 packages arrived as freight, 84
packages by mail and 670 packages in the baggage of passengers

182

RICE.

During the month 21,876 bags of rice arrived from Japan. All
the various lots were examined and found free from pests and
were then released. All the rice had been fumigated at Kobe.

PESTS INTERCEPTED.

Twenty packages of fruit and 45 packages of vegetables were
found in the baggage of passengers and immigrants from the
Orient, as well as those which arrived from Spain on the steamer
Ascot. Of the latter each piece of baggage was carefully searched
for seeds which were thoroughly examined and fumigated. Sev-
eral lots, being badly infested, were burned. Four large baskets
of sweet potatoes from Hongkong were found infested with the
sweet potato weevil and were ordered destroyed. A small lot of
beans from Manila in the mail was found infested with the Chi-
nese bean weevil (Bruchus chinensis) and was fumigated before
being released. Two orchids badly infested with mealy bugs and
the orchid scale (Chrysomphalus biformis) were destroyed. An
ants' nest with many young larvae and pupae was found in a
bale of moss coming from England. The shipment, consisting
of three large bales, was fumigated for 48 hours with carbon
bisulphide and after the treatment we found the ants dead. A
small package of native limes from Australia was found in the
mail. The fruits were infested by a few caterpillars feeding on
the peel. As these were sent for experimental purposes to the
U. S. Experiment Station, we saved the seeds, put out fruit in
alcohol for a sample and destroyed the pulp of the other fruits.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

One lot of Colosoma beetles was sent to the Division of Ento-
mology by Dr. A. F. Burgess of the Gypsymoth laboratory, Mel-
rose Highlands, Massachusetts. This is the fourth sending we
have received and from this lot of 25 beetles, eight were liberated
up Manoa Valley, where one of the 1912 sendings was placed.
The Colosoma beetles are of great benefit, as they feed on cut-
worms and the larvae of many injurious insects. It is doubtful
whether or not the beetles will become established owing to the
great difference in climate.

Two packages of parasitized aphids came to Mr. O. H. Swezey
of the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station from Mr. Fred Muir, also
of the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, and before these were
passed they were opened in my presence. I understand that Mr.
Swezey has been able to liberate quite a few parasites, which, ii
they become established, will no doubt assist in keeping in check
some of the aphids which infest our vegetable and flowering
plants.

183

HILO INSPECTION.

Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of nine vessels, five of
which brought vegetable matter consisting of 107 lots and 1866
parcels. Seven bags of pineapple plants were inspected and fu-
migated before shipment from Hilo to Maui ; they were slightly
infested with mealybugs.

INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION.

During the month of June 56 steamers were attended to and
the following shipments were passed:

Plants 64 packages

Taro 649 bags

Fruit 23 packages

Lilyroot 15

Total passed 751

The following packages were refused shipment:

Fruit (on account of infestation) 20 packages '

Plants (on account of soil and infestation) ... 6 "

Total refused shipment. . .• 26 "

STAFF.

On June 3 Mr. J. C. Bridwell arrived from the Coast to act as
assistant superintendent of entomology, and is now assisting in
the breeding of the parasites of the Mediterranean fruit fly.

Respectfully submitted,

E. M. Ehrhorn,
Superintendent of Entomology.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Honolulu, June 30, 1913.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit as follows the routine
report of the Division of Forestry for June, 1913:

FOREST RESERVES.

On June 4, Governor Frear signed a proclamation creating
three forest reserves in the Waianae District — Oahu-Nanakuli,
Makua-Keaau, and Kuaokala — of which mention was made in
my May report.

184

During this month there have been submitted to the Board
reports recommending the setting apart as forest reserves ( 1 ) of
the watershed on the mountains immediately back of Honolulu,
(2) of the Waiakea-Olaa forest on Hawaii, (3) of the summit of
the Kohala Mountain, Hawaii, with certain adjoining lands, and
(4) a modification of boundary in the Moloaa Forest Reserve on
Kauai.

HAUULA FOREST FENCE.

On June 25 I visited the Government land of Hauula in the
Koolauloa District on this island, in company with representa-
tives of the Hauula Homesteaders' Association, went over the
ground and flagged the line of the proposed forest fence across
the mauka portion of this land, on the location approved by Gov-
ernor Frear in May, 1913.

PREPARATIONS FOR THE COMING FISCAL PERIOD.

Not a little time during June has been given to preparing de-
tailed plans and outlines for the forest work to be carried on
during the fiscal period beginning July 1, especially with refer-
ence to the fencing of forest reserve boundaries on Govern-
ment land. In addition to thus providing for better protection
for the native forest, it is the intention of the Division of For-
estry to continue its regular work of growing and distributing
trees from its several nurseries and of giving information and
advice on forest matters, along the lines that it has followed in
the past few years. The aim of the Division of Forestry is to be
of direct and practical use to the people of the Territory. The
calls that are made on this office prove that there is an active
demand for such service.

BOTANICAL BULLETIN.

At the end of the month there was issued as Botanical Bulletin
No. 2, a "List of Hawaiian Names of Plants/' by J. F. Rock,
consulting botanist of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry.
This is a twenty-page pamphlet giving the Hawaiian, the botan-
ical, and, where there is one, the English name of a large number
of indigenous trees and shrubs. An edition of 1500 copies was
struck off.

In this connection it may not be out of place to make mention
of the appearance on June 26 of Mr. J. F. Rock's book, "The In-
digenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands." This volume gives
technical and popular descriptions of over 400 trees, many of
which are illustrated by excellent full-page plates from photo-
graphs taken by Mr. Rock. The more technical part of the
book is preceded by a general account of the forests and forest
types in Hawaii that add much to its value.

185

A good part of the botanical material on which the descriptions
are based was collected by Mr. Rock while actively a member of
the staff of this Board. The original specimens are in the Her-
barium of the Board, now on deposit with the College of Hawaii.

Mr. Rock's book is not only a highly important scientific con-
tribution ; it is as well a work which can be used to advantage
and with satisfaction by the general public. Issued under the
patronage of subscribers, the book is now on sale in Honolulu.

NURSERY NOTES.

During June a riew soil sterilizer has been installed at the Ex-
periment Garden in Makiki Valley. At the Government Nursery
the remodeling of the stable buildings has been completed, along
with the relocation and repair of some of the other smaller ser-
vice buildings. I transmit, as usual, the report of the Forest
Nurseryman.

Very respectfully,

Ralph S. Hosmer,
Superintendent of Forestry.

REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN.

R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry.

Dear Sir :— The following report gives the principal work done
during the month of June :

Nursery.

Distribution of Trees,

In Seed In Boxes Pot

Boxes. Transplanted. Grown. Total.

Sold ... 113 113

Gratis 3000 410 425 3835

Total 3000 410 538 3948

Collections.

Collections on account of plants sold amounted to $ 2.25

Rent of building, Nursery grounds 35.00

Total $37.25

186

Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.

The distribution of plants as per heading amounted to 10,000 in
seed boxes, 5000 in transplant boxes, and 1000 pot grown. Total,
16,000.

For a few months during the summer the distribution of plants
is always small and we are therefore able to do some needed
repairs to- buildings, etc., with our own men. In addition to as-
sisting in the remodeling of buildings at the Nursery, we have
commenced to repair the forestry cottage on Tantalus. This cot-
tage has been in a disreputable condition for a number of years
and an eyesore to people passing that way. A couple of weeks'
work with our own men will put it in good condition.

The pest known as Jerusalem Thorn (Parkinsonia Aculeata),
which was discovered about a year ago growing on Quarantine
Island, has been all dug up and burned. A gang of prisoners
kindly granted by Sheriff Henry did the work.

Experiment Garden, Makiki.

The new soil sterilizer has been installed and is a great success.
The saving of fuel and labor when compared with the old one
justifies the expense that has been put on it.

A large stock of plants is being propagated for the fall planting.

U. S. Experiment Planting, Nunanu Valley.

The man has been transplanting into tin cans more new varie-
ties of Eucalyptus, also hoeing and attending to the plats already
planted.

Very respectfully,

David Haughs,
Forest Nurseryman.

THE KALO IN HAWAII. (I.)

By Vaughan MacCaughey and Joseph S. Emerson,
preface.

The material in the following pages has been gathered by the
authors from personal observations of kalo production, from ex-"
tended conferences with many Hawaiian "taro-planters," and
from a survey of important literature.

So far as is known, this is the first comprehensive collaboration
of information relative to the Hawaiian kalo. It has been pre-
pared with the hope that it may serve as a basis for research work.
The Hawaiian kalo is a plant of great ethnologic and agricultural
interest. It deserves far more attention than has yet been ac-

187

corded it. These articles may indicate a few of the many ap-
proaches towards this plant of venerable antiquity.

The name kalo is used throughout this series, in preference to
the modernly-used taro. The authors felt that this plant should
be designated by its original and authentic Hawaiian name.* The
authors realize the many gaps and incompletenesses that neces-
sarily characterize a series of this nature. Many of the topics
are treated suggestively — for example, an exhaustive study of the
mythology of Hawaiian kalo is yet to be made. This series is to
be considered as a reconnoissance.

1. INTRODUCTION.

The kalo is one of the most important food plants utilized by
the human race. Together with its immediate relatives, it has
been intensively cultivated by peoples of the tropics and sub-
tropics since the dawn of man's dominion over nature. Kalo
has always been the chief food of the Hawaiian race, and of many
other peoples of Oceanica.

At this point attention may be properly directed to some of
the salient features of the Hawaiian Islands and the Hawaiian
people, with special reference to kalo production.

The Territory of Hawaii consists of an archipelago two thou-
sand miles long, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is 2100 miles
west of San Francisco and 4700 miles east of Manila. These
islands were discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. The land sur-
face of the eight inhabited islands aggregates about 6500. square
miles, being a little less than the State of New Jersey. The
largest island, Hawaii, has an area about the same as Connecticut.

To the northwest of the larger islands lies a series of tiny coral
atolls and barren rocks, the majority of them scarcely rising above
the surface of the sea. These have a combined area of less than
six square miles, and are of no agricultural significance, save as
sources of guano.

This chain of islands is of volcanic origin. Volcanic activity
has evidently moved southeastward along well-defined fissures.
The smaller, most deeply-eroded islands, having fewest traces of
recent volcanic action, are to the northwest, while to the south-
east they are larger, less eroded, with fresh lava flows and other
indications of late eruptions. Indeed, on Hawaii itself, the
largest and most southerly of the islands, are the two great active
volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa. On this island lava-flows
and other volcanic phenomena occur at relatively frequent in-
tervals.

The four million acres that comprise the land area of Hawaii
are of the following types: waste land, 32% ; forest land, 25% ;
grazing land, 33% ; arable land, 6% ; reclaimable land, 4%. Water

* Kalo and taro are merely dialectic variations of the same word.

188

supply and altitude are the chief factors in the productivity of the
agricultural lands. Of the arable land, the most valuable is that
having water rights and utilized by the kalo, rice, and sugar
plantations. This aggregates about 213,000 acres, on the alluvial
flats and lower slopes. Above or adjacent to these areas is a belt,
aggregating 1,500,000 acres, too high or too dry for sugar-cane,
and so used for grazing.* Higher up on the mountain slopes, in
many places extending well up towards the summits, are the for-
ests, which constitute invaluable water reserves for the lower
lands.

The lands of Hawaii are owned as follows : Public lands, 40% ;
corporately owned (chiefly sugar and pineapple plantations),
39% ; individual Americans, 10% ; individual Hawaiians and part-
Hawaiians, 9%; individual Asiatics, 2%. The land was owned
at one time entirely by the Hawaiian aborigines, who were pre-
eminently farmers, and who developed a highly intensive system
of cultivation. Arable land and available water were utilized to
a maximum degree. The food supply of the early Hawaiians
came almost wholly from the fertile lowlands that engirdle the
islands, and from the bounteous ocean. Kalo, sweet potatoes,
yams, bread-fruit, bananas, coconuts, sugar cane, and wild fruits
constituted their vegetable food. Fish, swine, fowl and dog
supplied the remainder of their diet. The pounded corm of the
kalo, forming a starchy and acetic paste called poi, was their
"stafT of life," and "Fish and poi" is still a by-word for a meal.

"The limited area of the islands restricted nomadism; the en-
tire lack of big game cut of! hunting ; and the absence of grazing
domestic animals prevented pastoral life." Thus this peaceful,
kindly people became, by force of circumstance, skilful farmers.
Their ancient practices are unfortunately decadent, and little
survives but deserted kalo patches, neglected groves of bananas,
and slow-dying coconut plantations, to tell of the minute system
that once drew tribute from every foot of good land, and was so
marvelously adapted to local conditions.

During the middle of the last century there were about 11,000
native landowners, each occupying and tilling minute "kuleanas"
of from a fraction of an acre to three acres in extent. "This
division of the land illustrates the fact that the needs of the
common people were filled and a relatively high state of culture
developed by individual work on very small tracts ; in fact, the
native under best conditions can rarely make use of a larger
area." — Newell.

If there is any relationship between food and physique, kalo is
to be highly commended, for the ancient Hawaiian, according to
unanimous report, had a superb physical development. This

* In recent years much of this grazing land has been converted into
pineapple fields.

189

statement must, however, be somewhat qualified. Among the
Hawaiian women (and to lesser degree among the men), espe-
cially after middle age, the poi diet has frequently a very marked
fattening effect. This tendency towards obeseness is unques-
tionably due to the excessive starchiness of the diet, as well as
to other causes. The finest forms are to be found among the
young men and women. This statement also applies to Poly-
nesia in general. Not only has kalo gained wide repute because
of the healthful and easily-digested food derived from it, but at-
tention has also been attracted to its heavy yields per acre. A
few square rods, under proper cultural methods, will continuously
produce enough kalo to support a large family. It is due to
this great productivity that ancient Hawaii, despite its very lim-
ited area, was able to support a relatively dense population. Kalo
is prominent among the plants recently recommended by the
United States Department of Agriculture for planting in some of
the Southern States.

Mr. T. F. Sedgwick reports that "taro holds about fourth place
among the products of Hawaii, at least in area of land devoted
to its cultivation, and probably also in total value of crop. The
investment in taro growing approximates from $450,000 to $500,-
000. It is practically all consumed in Hawaii, the export of taro
flour or "Taroena" amounting to but a very small percentage of
the total crop.

"Taro cultivation is profitable, • and land suited to its cultiva-
tion, provided it has water rights, brings a high annual rental.
The average annual rental per acre in the vicinity of Honolulu
for "taro land" ranges from $30 to $50. The average retail price
of poi in Honolulu ranges from 2 1 /, to 5 cents per pound. One
acre will generally produce from twelve to fifteen tons, which
sells for $1.75 to $2.50 per hundred pounds. * * *

"The available irrigated taro land is about all occupied. The
opening up of new areas for its cultivation would be dependent,
either upon the discovery of sources of additional water supply,
or upon more careful use of the water now available.

"Although taro has been the staple food of the Hawaiians
* * * the probabilities are that the time will come within the
next one or two generations when a large share of the taro lands
now in cultivation will be planted to other crops." Considerable
areas formerly cultivated in kalo are now devoted to rice.

Mr. Barrett, in a U. S. Department of Agriculture bulletin on
"Promising Root Crops for the South," writes : "The economic
aroids of the world have received very little attention outside of
a few tropical countries, yet some of them bid fair to become of
great commercial importance within a few years, for the follow-
ing reasons: They are adapted to soils which are too wet for
other root crops, such as sweet potatoes and cassava; they grow
rapidly, if given a fairly rich soil and a fair amount of moisture ;

190

they yield heavily, in some cases two to four times the average
yield of potatoes;. * * * their keeping qualities are in most
cases excellent, whether kept in the ground in situ or in a dry
place in bags ; and they are resistant to insect and fungus pests."
These* statements are all applicable to the Hawaiian kalo; in-
deed, it is probable that no other aroid possesses these valuable
agricultural qualities to the degree in which they are manifested
in the kalo. As rice among the cereals, as coconut among the
palms, so is kalo chief among the aroids.

2. LEAVES.

These, in Hawaiian, are designated lau-kalo, lau-alo, or la-alo.
These indicate the linguistic evolution of shortened or condensed
forms. The intermediate form, lau-alo, has become obsolete, in
compliance with the general law that intermediate forms or types,
whether in linguistic or organic evolution, tend to become extinct.
Compare with these names for the kalo leaf the names lau-ko and
la-o, sugar-cane leaf, and lau ki and la-i, ki or ti leaf.

The kalo plant is a perennial herb having large, succulent leaves.
Some of the ornamental kalos are called "elephant ears," from
the fancied resemblance of the huge leaves to the flapping ears
of the elephant. The leaves are borne aloft on tall, stocky, flexible
petioles, which are of pithy structure, but amply strong to sup-
port the generous expanse of leaf surface. The petioles arise at
the surface of the ground from the top or summit of the starchy
conn. In Hawaiian the petiole is ha. This word is also applied
to the outside leaves of kalo when they are killed by cold or
drought. Each petiole is grooved along its inner surface, and
well-rounded on its outer surface, and thus fits snugly around
its companions in the bud. This grooving or "u-bar" effect is
also a mechanical device whereby greater strength is secured than
if the material w r ere disposed in a simple cylindrical manner. The
substance of the petiole is relatively w r eak and pithy, but due to
the arrangement of the various tissues, and their normal condi-
tion of being swollen with water (turgidity), the petiole is ren-
dered strong for its burden. If the water is drawn out of the
tissues of the petiole, as by excessive evaporation, it "wilts," and
is not able to sustain the leaf. The Hawaiians call ae the liquid or
juices that can be wrung from the leaves of such vegetables as
kalo.

The leaf-blade itself is shield-shaped or peltate. The juncture
of the petiole with the leaf-blade, is called piko, in Hawaiian. The
blade is disposed at such an angle as to catch an abundance of
sunlight. The leaves do not overlap very much, so as to shade
each other, but rather fill in all the available spaces, and avoid
infringing upon each other's territory. This is especially neces-
sary in the case of large, undivided leaves like the kalo, banana

191

and ape, otherwise some of the leaves would be more or less com-
pletely shaded, and to that extent unable to participate in the im-
portant work of starch-making, as this process can take place only
in the presence of sunlight. In the case of such plants as ferns,
the leaves of which are commonly much divided, and which do
not need direct sunlight (as is evinced by their habitat in shady
woodlands), this shading of the leaves is not so detrimental, and
the leaves are therefore frequently crowded into dense rosdttes.

The kalo leaves may rise from one to five feet above the ground,
varying according to the variety, and to the conditions under
which it is growing. Wild kalo, growing in shaded places, com-
monly has long, spindling petioles, as a result of the leaves'
struggle to attain the sunlight. In order to support the broad
expanse of leaf-surface the veins are prominently developed. This
may be easily seen by examining the under-surface of a leaf. This
prominent skeleton of veins in the kalo Jeaf is in striking con-
trast to the absence of such a supporting framework in the body
of such a plant as the sea-lettuce, which is abundant along many
Hawaiian beaches, and resembles wet, green, crumpled tissue
paper. The sea-lettuce lives in quiet tidal pools, and so has little
need for skeleton or rigid framework.

Just within the edge of the kalo leaf is a continuous vein par-
allel with the margin and connecting the ends of the lateral veins.
This peripheral vein strengthens the margin of the leaf and aids
in preventing tearing by the wind or other agencies. Many large .
entire leaves are protected in this manner. A notable exception
is the banana, whose leaves have no such marginal veins, and are
therefore usually blown to tatters. The peripheral vein of the
kalo leaf opens, by means of large pores, out through the margin.
''Frequently in sunshine immediately after rain there is a super-
fluity of water in the plant, and this is reduced by the discharge
of water through these pores — a phenomenon known as 'weeping'
which is rather common among the aroids." — Barrett.

The kalo leaves are remarkably smooth textured. The leaves
of many plants are characterized by hairy or wooly coverings, but
the kalo leaf is entirely devoid of such protection. Immunity is
secured by the presence, in all parts of the plant, of acrid sub-
stances and gummy secretions. The yellowish juice or latex upon
exposure to the air rapidly thickens and turns brownish, forming
a viscid gum. The true sap produces an indelible reddish-brown
stain.

A slight shower fills the concavity of a horizontal kalo leaf with
a tiny pool that glistens like quicksilver. Wild kalo frequently
grows near the springy places "where the woodland wayfarer
pauses for a drink. Its freshly-plucked leaf, folded across the
base, is a most convenient and artistic cup.

The young leaves are formed in the center of the plant, being
furled each- within the petiole of the next older leaf. One by one

192

these delicate younglings protrude from the base of the innermost
leaf. Day by day they unfurl till fully spread out in the sunshine
to do their work for food manufacture. All parts of the plant
are useful — the young leaves (called haha or liko) and flowers are
cooked and eaten as lu'au or greens.

Lu'au is made from the delicate inner leaves of the kalo top.
The outside leaves were only used as wrappers around the bundle
of kal<S> when cooked in a native oven. As the young leaves are
picked in an unfurled state, those who wish to sell a poorer quality
of older leaves for greens are in the habit of carefully furling or
rolling them so as to imitate the genuine article. Since lu'au
was an essential part of every native feast, the term lu'au has
come to be a designation for the feast itself.

The older, outer leaves are designated la-ele. This is a short-
ened form of lau-ele, which is the obsolete original form, and
means literally a dark or brown leaf. These tough, weather-worn
outer leaves are not suitable for use as food, as was indicated
above. They are used as food for swine; may be put onto the
kalo field for fertilizer; or may be used as wrappers around the
bundle of kalo when cooked in the native oven. When used as
fertilizer "on the kalo patch they are called kipulu.

A KALO LO'I NEWLY PLANTED.

Note the hull maTcua; the saturated soil; the embankments overgrown
with coarse grasses and wild Canna. The irrigation water entrance shows
above center of picture, and exit near lower right-hand corner.

193

YOUNG KALO.

Each plant has put forth two or three leaves. Note the irrigation
water in lower right-hand corner; the adjoining patches; the embankments;
the manner in which the soil has been broken up. The banks are covered
with honohono (Oplismenus compositus.)

INSECT CONTROL.

The following extracts are from notes by C. R. Jones, ento-
mologist, in the Philippine Agricultural Review:

The losses caused by insects to various crops, garden truck,
and shade trees is far in excess of that supposed by the general
observer. This loss is steadily on the increase instead of on the
decrease, due to the fact that agricultural areas are becoming
larger, thus destroying natural food plants of insects and intro :
ducing a new environment. Insects that were formerly unknown
as a pest may become noxious on closely allied cultivated plants
due to the change in environment and the destruction of the
normal host plant; thus we see that the injuries caused by insects
and the loss in money value are' gradually increasing.

There are several factors which come under the head of natural
agencies regarding the control of insects ; these may be classed as
climatic conditions, and predatory and parasitic enemies. In the
control of an insect pest, we should, in addition to these combined
natural agencies, apply our artificial means in an energetic, syste-

194

matical, and cooperative campaign so far as possible. The com-
bined effort* on the part of the planters in a given locality are ab-
solutely necessary, as the efforts of a single person combating or
entirely eradicating an insect pest in a single field are of no avail
when possibly his next neighbor's field is an ideal breeding place
sufficient to supply the entire community.

In order to ascertain when and by what means active measures
should be taken in regard to any pest, it is first necessary to study
the habits and life history of the insects in question and it is here
that the planters can aid greatly by reporting injurious insects and
submitting to this Bureau specimens of the plants attacked, to-
gether with live and alcoholic insect material.

Numerous requests are made on this Bureau for remedies for
various insects, but in most cases they simply state that "an insect
is injuring the crops" and ask for the best method of treatment.
To requests of this kind it is impossible to give any definite answer
without knowing the kind of insect or its method of attack.

Sometimes we receive notice that insects are destroying coco-
nuts, palay, shade trees, or other plants, and we are requested to
make an investigation. It is not infrequent that we find, upon
investigation, merely the results of the insects, or that the latter
are in the last stage of development and that the damage by the
prevailing generation is already done. In such cases treatment is
of no avail. The danger is over and the plants are safe until the
appearance of the succeeding generation. If these insects had
been reported in due time, their ravages could have been checked,
or a study of the life history and habits could have been made
and a remedy given for future outbreaks.

In order for us to give remedies and answer questions intelli-
gently, persons requesting information relative to destructive in-
sects should observe the following points :

1. Insect ravages should be reported at first appearances and
not when damage is done.

2. Always submit specimens of the insects in question and of
the infested plants.

3. Give the general character of the injury and extent of
damage.

4. State the part of the plant attacked.

5. In submitting specimens put them in alcohol or "vino" and
give all possible information concerning the insect and its habits.

NATURAL INSECT CONTROL.

Many factors, such as birds, climatic conditions, predatory and
parasitic insects, may be placed under the heading of natural
insect control. Of these, parasites may be put at the head of the
list, as they attack various insects in the egg y larval, pupal, and
adult stages. Hymenopterous parasites are probably in excess of
all other orders of insects.

195

A noteworthy incident of natural insect control occurred re-
cently when the eggs of a Pierid were parasitized by a small
Hymenopter to such an extent that the ravages of the last genera-
tion of this insect were rendered negligible.

The eggs of this Pieridae are deposited singly on the under side
of the leaves of Cassia siamea Lam. Upon hatching, the larvae
have heretofore, during the course of their development, com-
pletely defoliated the trees which they had attacked.

During November of last year eggs were noticed to have been
deposited liberally on the leaves of these trees ; some were taken
to be bred in the laboratory, and preparations were made to spray
the trees when the eggs should have hatched. The collected eggs
hatched, but those on the trees did not. Upon examination the
latter were all found to be parasitized.

PLANTS RESISTANT TO INSECT ATTACK.

Plants often resist insect attack by "abnormal" growth and by
exuding a sticky sap or other similar substance. A noteworthy,
instance of a plant resisting the attack of insects occurs in the
seed heads of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Upon the slightest
touch to lettuce seed heads this plant exudes a milky, sticky sub-
stance, and when the insects alight upon it they are immediately
fastened to the plant, and in their efforts to get away the plant is
disturbed still more, causing it to throw out still greater quantities
of this protective latex, till at last the insects are held rigid and
thus soon die. Lately, at Singalong, it was noted that the lettuce
seed buds were covered with dead insects, including the following-:

Pentatomidae : Nazara viridala Fabr. ; Eurydema pulchrum
Westw.

Phrrhocoridae : Dysdercus singulatus. L. ; Dysdercus poedilus
H. S.

Capsidae : One species ; Hymenopterous parasites, four spe-
cies ; Diptera and Microdiptera, five species.

Chrysomelidae : Aulacophoro coffeae Hornst ; one other species.

Lygaeidae : One species.

Reduviid^e: One species.

196
CINCHONA.

Ever since the efficacy of quinine against malarial fevers was
discovered and the drug introduced into Europe in 1639, there has
been great interest in the plants from which this valuable drug is
obtained, especially among those European nations possessing col-
onies in the tropics, and subsequent to the introduction of the
cinchona plant into India in 1861 its cultivation has spread over
considerable areas in that country ; it is also extensively cultivated
in Java.

The cinchona is indigenous to tropical South America, occur-
ring between the tenth and the twentieth degree of latitude and is
found at its best at an altitude of from 450 to 1800 meters. The
number of species that yield quinine is considerable, but there are
only a few that are sufficiently rich in the drug to warrant their
exploitation for this purpose. Cinchona calisaya Weddell, of
which there are several varieties, is richest of all in quinine (con-
taining 5 to 6 per cent.) and therefore this species is the one most
extensively cultivated. One of its best-known forms is C. ledger-
icena. C. calisaya is a tree very variable in size that thrives best
at an elevation of 450 to 900 meters. C. succirubra Pavon attains
a height of 15 meters or more, and succeeds up to an altitude of
1800 meters, preferring a cool climate. C. officinalis Hooker is a
straggling tree some 6 meters in height ; like the preceding species
it does best in the higher elevations. The cinchonas succeed best
on hillslopes where the soil is rich and well drained and where the
rainfall is fairly abundant, though in this latter respect they are
not so exacting as was formerly thought. The plants are easily
propagated from seeds or cuttings.

It is quite probable that the cinchonas will thrive in many
parts of the Philippines having the right qualifications and the
Bureau of Agriculture has recently introduced C. calisaya with
this object in view. — P. J. Wester, in Philippine Agricultural
Review.

COCONUT AND COCOA.

The world is consuming hundreds of tons of coconut "butter"
daily. We are also using one way and another very large amounts
of cocoa butter, which is translated cacao tallow. This tallow,
made as a by-product in chocolate manufacture, is a very highly
nutritious food in itself and a sort of flavoring "filler" for many
sorts of confectionery, etc. It is also extensively used by the
medical profession.

While formerly it was considered of not much value, largely
on account of its use being hardly understood, it is now worth
more than the product itself, something like 2 pesos a kilo. Un-
fortunately the British, and to some extent the American, manu-

197

facturers persist in using this old-fashioned and more or less
execrable word "cocoa" instead of cacao. Not only in resem-
blance of words, then, but actually in commerce, do these two
comparatively new vegetable "butters" stand as rivals. — O. W.
Barrett, in Philippine Agricultural Review.

WATERING OF CUTS IN RUBBER TREES.

A paper has recently been published in the Agricultural Bulletin
of the Federated Malay States (Vol. I, No. 7) which is important
from two points of view. In the first place it contains results that
are likely to be of practical value, and in the second place it af-
fords an example of an original investigation that has been under-
taken by a planter. The first experiment in the investigation was
designed to show whether the commonly practised custom of
watering cuts lengthened or shortened the duration of the drip-
ping period. In round numbers it was found that when the cut
was watered the tree continued to drip for eighty-one minutes,
when the cut was not watered, for 102 minutes ; that when the'
tree was watered it yielded 250 drops, when not watered 510
drops. A second and more extensive experiment led to the aston-
ishing conclusion that one thousand trees would give about % It),
less rubber a day if water were poured on the cuts than they
would give if the cuts were-not watered.

The reason for this appears to b,e that the addition of water
induces coagulation. — Agricultural News.

LIME JUICE AND SCURVY.

The most notable example of the effect of certain substances
existing in food in only minute traces is afforded by the investi-
gations that have led to the discovery of the cause of beri-beri.
Volume IX of the Annual Reports of the Chemical Society (1912)
contains a review of this work, where the well-known fact is re-
ferred to, that the disease is prevalent among rice-eating com-
munities in which decorticated or polished rice is consumed.
Whole rice does not induce the disease. The substance inhibiting
beri-beri has been extracted from rice husks by water or alcohol,
and an alkaloid has been isolated to which the name of oryzanin
is given. Small quantities of this substance keep animals free
from the disease.

More recently, in the Journal of the Chemical Society for
March, 1913, an investigation along similar lines is referred to,
which has brought to light the fact that lime juice contains an anti-
neuritic substance which is probably a specific cure for scurvy.

198

The investigation was hampered by the guinea pigs experimented
on refusing to take oats — a diet which leads to scurvy in these
animals. Several new nitrogenous compounds were isolated from
the lime juice, however, and a continuation of the investigation
will in all probability lead to the recognition of lime juice as a
valuable source of anti-scorbutic substances. — Agricultural News.

COTTON PICKER.

A description is given in the Experiment Station Record, for
December, 1912, of a new cotton picker, the mechanism of which
consists of a 16-inch cylinder, 12 inches long, on which are
mounted twenty spindle shaft frames each carrying seven spin-
dles, making 140 picking fingers in all. As the cylinder revolves,
the spindles are caused to revolve at high speed as they stand in
a vertical position, and the cotton wraps around them. When
they come to a horizontal position they are thrown out of gear
and the cotton is stripped off and passed to a basket in the rear.
It, is claimed that this picker will do the work of from ten to
twelve men, requiring only a team and driver.

FATE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI OUTSIDE THE
ANIMAL BODY.

A very extensive investigation of the mode of dissemination
and outside behavior of the organism causing tuberculosis in ani-
mals comprises Bulletin No. 161 of the University of Illinois Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station. The author of the paper is Dr.
C. F. Briscoe.

In the summary of the bulletin it is stated first, that there are
four recognized types of tubercle bacilli ; human, bovine, avian,
and a type that infects cold-blooded animals. The tubercle ba-
cillus does not form spores, nor does it secrete a soluble toxin,
though the fact that poisons are produced is well recognized, since
tubercles can be brought on in animals by the injection of dead
cultures.

The author next proceeds to emphasize the importance of defi-
nite knowledge as to the powers of vitality of the organism out-
side the animal body, namely, its capacity for resisting conditions
of environment inimical to its existence.

The tubercle bacillus, although it does not form spores, is one
of the most resistant species of bacteria ; it can, however, be killed
in a few minutes to a few hours when exposed to direct sunlight.
The time of killing is less at higher altitudes, but it is ten to fif-
teen times longer in diffused light.

199

Tuberculosis sputum reduced to dust and inhaled, by animals
causes tuberculosis, and a much less amount is necessary to pro-
duce the disease by inhalation than by ingestion, though infec-
tion by ingestion is believed to be more common than is generally
supposed.

It is next pointed out that a decrease in the number of cases
of tuberculosis can, in many places, be correlated with an im-
provement of the water supply. It is reported that tubercle bacilli
live for several months to more than a year in water and other
material.

As regards the exact time that tubercle bacilli live under cer-
tain conditions of environment, it was found that whereas pure
cultures of non-spore-bearing organisms and the vegetative cells
of spore-bearing germs exposed to direct sunlight in thin smears
were killed in half to six minutes, the human, bovine and avian
types of tubercle bacilli exposed in the same way were killed in
one to four minutes.

The former group of organisms exposed to desiccation in the
dark died in one to four days, spores of B. subtilus took thirty-five
days ; the tubercle bacilli, four to eight days.

Pure cultures of bovine tubercle bacillus mixed in cow manure
and exposed in a 2-inch layer in a pasture field in the sunshine re-
mained alive and virulent for two months. Guinea pigs inocu-
lated with germs exposed in manure in the shade developed the
disease with greater severity than those animals which were inoc-
ulated with germs not protected from the sun.

Tubercle bacilli in the manure of a naturally infected cow, ex-
posed in the same manner as the artificially infected manure, were
dead within two weeks after exposure, whilst those bacteria in
garden soil and in a dead tuberculosis guinea pig buried in garden
soil were alive on the 213th and 71st days, respectively, and dead
on the 230th and 99th days, after first exposed.

Tubercle bacilli live for more than a year in running water. A
watering trough harboring these germs may therefore be a dan-
gerous source of infection to cattle.

Another possible source of infection is the bones of tuberculous
animals which have been ground and utilized for manurial pur-
poses. The danger from this source would, however, be obviated
if the bones were steamed as is frequently done.— Agricultural
Neivs.

200
LEGUME INOCULATION.

Martin J. Prucha.

(Circular No. 15, Department of Plant Physiology, Cornell University
Agricultural Experiment Station.)

During the past ten years much interest has been created in the
use of atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria associated with the
legume crops. The Depart-
ment of Plant Physiology at
Cornell University has re-
ceived, within recent years,
a considerable number of in-
quiries with respect to the
subject. These inquiries have
been particularly concerned
with the introduction of the
root-nodule- forming bacteria
into fields. Questions re-
specting the "how" and the
"when" to inoculate have
been numerous. Many of
the letters reveal the fact/
that the writers possess
vague or erroneous ideas
concerning inoculation. Dur-
ing the past few years the
department has been investi-
gating the subject. In order
to set forth briefly and sim-
ply the essential facts, as
well as to call attention to
the pure cultures that the
department is now distrib- Fig. 30. — Boot of soy bean, showing
uting, this circular is pre- nodules. Natuml size.

sented to the public.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEGUMES AND OTHER PLANTS.

Leguminous crops are very rich in protein. Alfalfa hay, for
example, is almost as rich in nitrogen as is wheat bran. In fact,
all the leguminous crops, whether in the form of hay or of seed,
differ from other crops in that they are richer in nitrogen con-
tent. They are, therefore, very valuable crops.

There is another point of difference between legumes and other
plants. If a leguminous plant is carefully dug up and the roots
are washed, a number of wart-like swellings may be seen on the
roots. These swellings are commonly called nodules. Photo-

201

graphs of the roots of soy

bean, alfalfa, and Canada field pea are
shown in Figs. 30, 31, and 32. The
nodules on the roots are of the nat-
ural size. It is seen that the size
and the shape of the nodules vary
with the different legumes. Under
certain conditions very large nod-
ules may develop. In Fig. 33 are
shown roots of the Canada field pea
grown in a loamy soil, the nodules
being of the natural size.

Another point of interest, espe-
cially to farmers, is the fact that
leguminous crops seem in some way
to add a little fertility to the soil on
which they are grown. For many
centuries past, farmers have ob-
served that non-leguminous crops, as
wheat, corn, potatoes, and the like,
grown on land on which clover or
some other legume was raised the
year before, invariably gave a better .
yield. It was not understood at
first, but scientific study in recent
years has shown that legumes may
add a certain amount of nitrogen to
the soil.

There are, then, three features
that distinguish leguminous crops
from other crops :

1. Legume crops are very rich in
nitrogen.

2. Legumes have nodules on the
roots.

3. Legumes add fertility to the
soil.

NODULES CAUSED BY BACTERIA.

Fig. 31.— Boot of alfalfa, show- If an extremely thin slice is cut
ing nodules. Natural size. from one of the nodules and is mag-
nified under the microscope about
one thousand times, a large number of little rod-like bodies can
be seen. Some of them are sausage-like in shape, and others
may send out short outgrowths so that they are often called X
and Y forms. These bodies are bacteria. In Fig. 34 are shown
a few of the forms of the bacteria found in the legume nodule.
They are living plants and,*like other living organisms, they can

202

grow and multiply. They are so small that they are not visible
to the naked eye; fifteen thousand of them attached end to end
would not extend more than one inch. These bacteria may live
in the soil, and when they come in contact with a legume root
they make their way. into it and there begin to multiply. In a
few days the root develops a swelling, which is a nodule, near
the point where the bacteria entered. In the mature nodule are
millions of these bacteria.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS W r ITH NODULES ENABLED TO USE FREE
NITROGEN FROM THE AIR.

Chemist^ state that four-fifths of the air is nitrogen — an un-
limited supply — but the plants that are raised on our farms can-
not use this nitrogen because it is a gas and is not available to
them. It has been observed, how-
ever, that when nodules develop on
the roots of a leguminous plant,
that plant is supplied with nitrogen
which comes from the air. The
bacteria that produce the nodules
seem to have the peculiar ability to
use njtrogen from the air and in
some way to supply the leguminous
plant with it. It is not known how
the bacteria in the nodules of the
leguminous plant get nitrogen
from the air, but it is known that
a leguminous plant with plenty of
nodules on the roots accumulates
a relatively large amount of nitro-
gen inside its tissues, and that a
certain part of this nitrogen comes
from the air.

Amount of nitrogen taken from
the air by a leguminous crop.

Since it is well known that
legumes use nitrogen from the air,
farmers are naturally interested to
know the amount of nitrogen that
may be taken from the air by a
leguminous crop. This is very
difficult to decide. Many experi-
ments have been made in order to

determine this, but such experiments have been performed under
special conditions. The results obtained, therefore, must not be

Fig. 32. — Boot of Canada field pea,
showing nodules. Natural size.

203

applied too closely to field conditions. One of such experiments
is reported in Bulletin 147 of the Rhode Island Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. Several different legumes were grown in spe-
cial flowerpots and the amount of nitrogen was determined both
in the plants and in the soil. The authors of the bulletin found
that all the different legumes that they grew were able to obtain
some nitrogen from the air. From their experiments they found
that an acre of soy beans may take about 1000 pounds of nitrogen
from the air during a period of five years, or 200 pounds per
year. Seven-tenths (140 pounds) of the 200 pounds were re-
moved in the crop, and three-tenths (60 pounds) remained in the
soil. Since one pound of nitrogen costs about 16 .cents, 200
pounds would cost $32.

We must be cautious and not jump at the conclusion that every
acre of soy beans or any other legume crop, grown in any soil
and under all kinds of conditions, would take out of the air an
amount of nitrogen worth $32. In some cases it may be done,
but in most cases such an amount of nitrogen is probably not re-
moved from the air by an acre of legumes. One thing is estab-
lished, however, and that is that the legumes with nodules on the
roots are enabled to use a certain amount of the atmospheric ni-
trogen and that the legumes without nodules are not able to do so.

INOCULATION.

We have learned from observations that nodules may not de-
velop on all the different legumes in all soils. From this we con-
clude that the bacteria which produce nodules are not always
present in every field. We find that legumes such as clovers,
which have been raised on almost every farm in this State for
many years, generally produce plenty of nodules in most soils.
Legumes such as alfalfa, soy beans, and cowpeas, however, which
are relatively new crops in this State, do not generally produce
nodules. Since it is the bacteria that cause the nodules, and since
legumes without nodules are not able to get any nitrogen from
the air, it is to our advantage to introduce these nodule-forming
bacteria into our fields. Inoculation, therefore, is the introduc-
tion into the fields of the bacteria that cause nodules on legumi-
nous crops.

CROSS-INOCULATION.

Can one legume be inoculated with the bacteria from a dif-
ferent legume? This question is often asked by farmers.

It seems to be well established that alfalfa can be inoculated
with the bacteria from sweet clover. Successful cross-inocula-
tion is obtained also between red clover, white clover, and alsike
clover. In general it may be stated that cross-inoculation takes

204

Fig. 33. — Soot of Canada field pea, .showing very large nodules.
Natural size.

205

place between closely related legumes. Cross-inoculation is not
successful between alfalfa, clover, Canada field pea, soy bean,
and cowpea. But even when cross-inoculation is successful, there
is no evidence to show that it is as efficient as when the legume
is inoculated with its own bacteria. The information on the
subject of cross-inoculation is meager
and the practice is not recommended.

i

HOW TO INOCULATE.

There are two ways in which inoc-
ulation may be accomplished, the soil
method and the pure-culture method.

Soil Method. FlG< 34.— Legume bacteria,

highly magnified.

When we find nodules on a legu-
mionus crop, we know that in the soil where the crop is being
grown there are nodule-forming bacteria. If we take a certain .
amount of this soil and scatter it over a new field we introduce
into the new field, along with the soil, some of the bacteria. In
practice, usually about two hundred pounds of soil broadcasted
on every acre will be sufficient to inoculate the field. This is a
simple method of inoculation and good results are invariably ob-
tained. There are, however, some drawbacks to it. It is not
always easy to get the soil, and because of its bulk it is difficult
of transportation. A more serious objection to the soil method
of inoculation is that when the soil comes from an unknown field
various weed seeds, diseases, and insects may be in it. In that
case such pests would be introduced into our field and would
cause trouble. Dodder, for example, may be spread in this way.
Therefore one should bear this in mind when considering the
use of soil for inoculation. The method is especially well adapted
for inoculating one field with soil obtained from another part on
the same farm.

The writer believes that the simplest and most economical way
to inoculate is, not to plant and inoculate a large acreage at
first, but to plant one acre or less of the particular legume and
inoculate a part of it, leaving the other part uninoculated. If the
plants on the inoculated part of the field look greener and
healthier than those on the uninoculated part, and in addition
have an abundance of nodules on the roots while the plants on
the uninoculated part have no nodules or very few, the field
needs inoculation. This practice has two advantages: in the
first place, the farmer learns whether the soil needs inoculation
for the particular legume ; and in the second place, in case inoc-
ulation is needed, the soil from the inoculated part of the field

206

is as good inoculating material as any other. The whole farm
can then be inoculated with very little cost to the farmer.

Pure-culture Method.

In order to make the inoculation more simple and to meet the
various objections against the soil method, investigators have
devised the pure-culture method. The nodule-forming bacteria
are carefully removed from the nodules and are made pure. In
making the nodule bacteria pure we separate* them from all kinds
of molds and other undesirable bacteria. When they are puri-
fied they are planted on some sterilized food in which they can
multiply. In such food an extremely large number of the bac-
teria may develop in a few days. When the nodule bacteria are
propagated in this manner the preparation is called a pure
culture.

In some cultures the bacteria are propagated in liquid, in
others on vegetable gelatin, and in still others unknown mix-
tures are employed. After considerable investigation this de-
partment decided to employ sterilized soil as a medium in which
to grow the bacteria in pure culture.

In using pure cultures for inoculation, the object to be attained
is to distribute the bacteria evenly over the entire field. Two
methods may be employed in order to accomplish this: (1)
The pure cultures may be mixed with a certain quantity of water
and then poured on the seed. The seed is stirred until each one
is moistened and is then ready for planting. It is assumed that
some bacteria will adhere to every seed and will be carried with
it into the soil. (2) When it is not convenient to treat the seed
as above described, the pure cultures may be mixed thoroughly
with loamy soil, allowing about two hundred pounds of soil for
each acre. The soil is then broadcasted over the field and
harrowed in.

The pure-culture method of inoculation has some advantages.
Being pure, ther are no weed seeds, no insects, no diseases nor
undesirable bacteria, provided the culture is prepared properly.
It is easily obtained, easily handled, and should be cheap.

In. general, a new discovery of this kind does not at first always
give good results. This was true in the case of pure cultures.
The reason for these failures is very simple. At first not enough
was known about the nature and the habits of these nodule-
forming bacteria, and consequently they were not treated prop-
erly. The result was that often, by the time the farmer pro-
cured the culture, the bacteria in it were all dead or some wrong
kind of bacteria had entered into it. Investigators have learned,
however, by the failures. The writer believes that at present
enough is known about these bacteria to enable workers to pre-
pare pure cultures that will give good results.

207

WHEN INOCULATION IS NEEDED.

To inoculate each leguminous crop every time it is planted re-
quires both labor and money, and it is a waste if inoculation is
not needed. On the other hand, if the crop is not inoculated,
and inoculation is needed, the farmer loses money. So it be-
comes of some importance to know what leguminous crops
should be inoculated.

There is only one known way by which the farmer can learn
with certainty whether inoculation is needed, and that is to
grow the crop in the field. If the root-nodules do not develop
at all, of develop on only a few isolated plants, that leguminous
crop needs inoculation when planted in that field. If, however,
some nodules are present on almost every plant, inoculation is
probably not needed. The simple experiment described on page
29 can be carried out by any farmer. By performing such an
experiment he can readily ascertain which of the leguminous
crops need inoculation when planted on his farm. To perform
such an experiment, however, takes time, and many farmers may
prefer to inoculate each leguminous crop rather than to take
time for experimenting. Although there is no other known way
of finding out with certainty as to the need for inoculation, there
is a certain amount of information that is helpful in deciding the
question.

Leguminous crops such as clover, peas, beans, and others that
have been grown on farms in this State for many years, probably
need no inoculation. There are some persons, however, who
assert that it pays to inoculate every leguminous crop every time
it is planted. It may be true that such a common crop as red
clover may be improved by inoculation, even in New York State
where it has been grown extensively for many years. It has
never been proved conclusively one way or the other; but the
writer's opinion, based on casual observation, is that soils on
most farms in New York State are naturally well inoculated
with the bacteria that produce nodules on legumes that have
been repeatedly raised on the farms. On the other hand, alfalfa,
soy beans, cowpeas, and any other leguminous crop that has never
been raised on the farm, as a rule need to be- inoculated when
planted for the first time.

That inoculation is needed in most cases when alfalfa is grown
for the first time has been shown in Bulletin 313 of the New
York (Geneva) Agricultural Experiment Station. In one hun-
dred and three experimental fields of alfalfa, distributed in
thirty-nine counties of this State, only twenty-five were suc-
cessful without inoculation. The authors say that in beginning
to grow alfalfa proper inoculation of the soil is a point that
is worthy of the careful attention of any farmer in this State.

208

WHY INOCULATION IS NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL.

It occasionally happens that inoculation does not produce good
results. There are various reasons for this, but usually it is
due to the poor quality of the culture or to the condition of the
soil. The culture must not always be blamed. We all know
that some crops grow well on our farms, while others may grow
poorly or not at all. Bacteria are living plants, and in order to
enter the roots and produce nodules they must live and mul-
tiply in the soil. There are some soils in which the bacteria will
not live and no amount of inoculation will produce good results.
Or it may be that the particular leagume does not grow well in
the soil. In either case good results from inoculation cannot be
expected. The fault of the soil must first be corrected. It has
been found that an application of lime — about a ton per acre —
invariably benefits certain of the legumionus crops, alfalfa in
particular. In Bulletin 313 of the New York (Geneva) Agricul-
tural Experiment Station there are given some interesting results
on the benefit of lime for alfalfa. Sixty- four alfalfa fields, well
distributed over the State, showed that only eleven were suc-
cessful without lime, and all the fields except six were improved
by the addition of lime.

STERILIZED SOIL CULTURES.

As previously indicated, this department has developed a
method for distributing nodule- forming bacteria in pure culture.
It has found that in sterilized which, which it uses, these bacteria
multiply readily, as many as three billion being present in an
ounce of the soil. During the past two years a limited number
of these cultures have been distributed, principally for experi-
mental purposes. Because of the favorable results obtained the
department proposes to distribute the cultures for general use
among the farmers of the State.

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OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-
SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS*

Walter M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer.
J. M. Dowsett Arthur H. Rice

H. M. von Holt Albert. Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY,

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden,

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in churge of Sub- Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii.

Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Homestead, Kauai,

David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Plant In-
spector.
J, C. Bridwell, Assistant Superintendent of Entomology.

D. B. Kuhns, Plant Inspector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hazvaii.

E. Madden, 1 f Mahukona, Hawaii.
W. O. Aiken, ! Honorary Plant \ Kahului,Maui.

W. D. McBryde, ! Inspector at ! Koloa, Kauai*

Dr, W. B, Deas, j j Hana, Maui.

Capt.C.F.Turner | j Kaanapali, Maui.

G. C. Munro, J [ Manele, Lanai

Prof. F, SUvestri (of Portici, Italy), Co?isulting Entomologist.
' David T. Fy.llavvay, Special Collaborator.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial

Veterinarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hawaii.
J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy 1 erritorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. A, Oram, Stenographer and Librarian.

Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk.

Daniel Logan, Editor of the "Forester."

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked

* ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application ta
ICfciling Clerk, P. 0. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.
Ke>ort of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* £irst Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, iron*

July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.
(Second Report of the Board of Commissioners* of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures".
7,V>d Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, fcr the

year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figure!!.
Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, fo*

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.
Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, ff

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.
"Notice to Importers," by IT. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. ___

"Digest of the Statute Relating to Importation. Soils. Plants, Fruitf *Yffe?»bk3

*tc. into the Tev r ^ory of Havraii " Gereral Circular No. 1 ; 6 j»

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION-Continued.

'"important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherc Rules and Regr*
tions Pio.^'Mting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri-
tory of Hfc^aii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904.

"Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey."
General Circular No. 3 ; 7 pp.; 1908.

"The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist," a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII;
1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price
$1 a year.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press

Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905.

* "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin

No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905.
"An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.
"Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government

Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3 ; 4 pp.; 1906.

* "Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees." Press Bulletin No.

4; 4 pp.; 1906.

"Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees." Press Bulletin
No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909.

"Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa."
Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909.

"Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii," by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12
plates; 1911.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re-
print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re-

print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.
Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re-
print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.
'*«port of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re*

print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp.
Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31,

1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.
DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY.
"The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane," by R. C. L. Perkinr. Bulletin No. 1;

38 pp.; 1903.
** "A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae," by G. W. Kirkaldy, and

"Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species," by Jacob

Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

* "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper

Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin

iCo. 1: 4 pp.; 1904.
•A Circular of Information," by Jacoi Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905.
The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular

No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905.
Rule VII: "Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit

Fly"; unnumbered leaflet; 1910.
icule VIII: "Concerning the Importation of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or

Plants"; unnumbered leaflet; 1911.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905.

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.
*»port of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.; 2 plates.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the biennial period ending December 81,

1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

** "inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905.

* "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis.*

Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905.

* "Concerning C!ande?ed Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905.

* "To Amend "B-ule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907.

* "Quarantine of Horse Stock from California." Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908. •

"Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock." Rules and Laws;

11 pp.; unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.
Jtoport of the Division of Animal Industry, for the biennial period ending December

81, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 plates.

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