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AUGUST, 1913

No. 8

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

THE

Hawaiian forester

AND

Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office; at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO

DANIEL LOGAN,

EDITOR "THE FORESTER,' 7

P. O. BOX 366,

HONOLULU, H.T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,
von Holt Block, 65 S. King St,, Honolulu Hawaii.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN L!D.7AS!£S

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Editorial 211

American Foresters Help Palestine 211

Contact Between Planter and Specialist 213

Problems in Propagation by Cuttings 215

Recent Work on the Parasites Belonging to the Genus Glo

merella 218

Good Roads and the Elwell Law 220

Rubber-Vine Cultivation in the Bahamas 222

London Offers Good Chances for Promotion 223

Rubber in Hawaii 224

The Kalo in Hawaii (II) 225

Some Suggestions Regarding the Care of Milk and Cream

in the Home 231

Advantages of Good Cultivation 233

Hampton Institute's Work for Negroes 234

Material for Making Paper 235

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

POREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced
trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10
to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2^ cents each,
except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to-
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER,
Superintendent of Forostry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometime*
it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens ar*
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications'
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207
HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW, If. EHRHORN,

Siperintendent.

THE JHAWAIIAN

f ORESTER I A GRICULTURIST

Vol. X. AUGUST, 1913. No. 8.

AMERICAN FORESTERS HELP PALESTINE.

An agricultural colony in Palestine has just applied to the
U. S. forest service for help in planting trees to bind the drift-
ing sands of the Mediterranean. The colony is near Jaffa, or
Yafa, the ancient Joppa of the Bible, and there is being developed
in connection with it a seaside resort, with hotel, villas, bath
houses, and gardens.

The experts of the service point out that the reclamation of
sand dunes is not a serious problem in the eastern United States'
because the prevailing winds are from the land and the sand is
blown into the sea. On the west coast the situation is more
serious. The most notable example of reclaimed sand areas there
is furnished by Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, where grasses,
acacias, and, later, trees and shrubs have converted sand wastes
into pleasure grounds of great beauty.

The attention of the Palestine colony is called to the wonder-
ful reclamation of the Landes, France, where a wealth-produc-
ing forest of maritime pine, the source of the French turpentine,
has been grown to take the place of shifting dunes The Ameri-
can foresters also give the address of the French seedsman who
furnished this government with the maritime pine seed which has
been used in planting experiments on the Florida national forest,
near the Gulf coast.

Hampton Institute's work for negroes will probably afford
some ideas of value for consideration by the promoters of voca-
tional instruction in Hawaii.

Anything Hawaii takes up in the way of new agricultural in-
dustries is sure to be noticed abroad. Progressive methods appear
to be taken for granted as appurtenant to these islands. The
best way to live up to this reputation is perseverance in com-
bating obstacles of pests and of other things, and by looking
out for all good ideas put in practice in other countries of simi-
lar conditions. Many things have been fitfully taken up in Ha-
waii and abandoned almost at the first blush of misfortune in
results.

. 212

There is nothing much more in demand today than new mate-
rial for paper-making. No doubt there are many plants of
tropical and sub-tropical feasibility of cultivation which might
be utilized for the purpose in question. Several have been men-
tioned in articles appearing from time to time in the Forester.
One is noticed in this number. An article descriptive of another
is reserved for a later opportunity. With the fuel problem once
an obstacle to manufacturing in Hawaii to some extent solved by
cheap electric power and mineral oil, the conversion of raw mate-
rial into pulp or even finished paper here should not be regarded
as a wild proposition. What is most immediately important in
the matter is finding suitable raw materials. Hawaii itself is a
consumer of considerable quantities of many kinds of paper,
while the waste of different of its agricultural products is un-
doubtedly suitable for paper-making stock.

From the goodly amount of notice Hawaii received in the
metropolitan press on the occasion of its slender exhibit at the
international rubber exhibition in New York last year, it may
fairly be premised that with a worthy exhibit of all of its com-
mercial products in London next summer, on the occasion of
both the rubber and the tropical products exhibitions to be held
there conjointly, everything that these islands are now producing
would be introduced to the markets of the world very effectively.
No amount of literary advertising will rival such an opportunity
of showing the wares themselves to people ready to buy on evi-
dence of merit. In addition to the presentation of our products
to the attention of European purchasers, the exhibitions in ques-
tion will afford one of the grandest opportunities possible for
setting forth the attractions of Hawaii to tourists and investors
both. All that is needed is taking proper advantage of the big
chance.

An article in this number, reproducing the suggestions of the
University of Nebraska experiment station on the care of milk
and cream in the home, should be as valuable in Hawaii as in
the northern locality for which it was prepared.

Homesteaders in this Territory will find some edifying mate-
rial in an article from Australia reprinted elsewhere on the ad-
vantages of good cultivation.

A request for the Forester regularly has been received from
a South African institution, together with a list of names for
mailing sample copies to leading agriculturists in that country.
The reque_st will be cheerfully complied with.

213

This number contains No. 2 of Messrs. MacCaughey and
Emerson's paper on the kalo (taro) in Hawaii.

• Reports of the various divisions of the Board of Agriculture
and Forestry for July have not been received in time for publica-
tion in this number.

Cotton growing has been abandoned by the Kunia Develop-
ment Company on this island, owing to the ravages of the boll-
worm, and the company has given a lease for nine years and
nine months of fifty acres of its land to two Japanese, who,
it is understood, are raising pineapples on the holding.

At last accounts the fungus blight on pineapples on the island
of Kauai had become very bad again, after it had appeared to
have been overcome, the young plants now being infected. Thus
far the blight has not appeared on any other island, and Kauai
is being quarantined against it.

CONTACT BETWEEN PLANTER AND SPECIALIST.

(Agricultural News, West Indies.)

Nobody at the present day can fail to appreciate the enormous
gulf that divides the practical man or capitalist from the special-
ist in science. The separation of the two positions is very patent
in modern agriculture, and can be vividly realized by contrasting
the mental outlook of, say, the manager of a large sugar estate,
and that of the entomologist whose faculties are concentrated on
the wing markings of half a dozen species of insects. It is
obvious that a proper relationship, or rather a proper communi-
cation or contact between the two is of the very greatest impor-
tance, and it is the object of this article to delineate the position
of the specialist, and to point out the methods that are, or should
be adopted, in order that his activities may be utilized to the best
advantage.

In most of the progressive agricultural communities in the
tropics will be found to exist departments (boards, or else en-
tirely non-official agricultural organizations, which employ the
services of scientific specialists — agricultural chemists, mycolog-
ists, entomologists and the like. Strictly speaking — the matter
will be enlarged upon later — these so-called specialists are not
pure specialists, for in many cases they possess a good general
knowledge of agriculture ; yet in spite of this, their work is suf-
ficiently restricted to narrow lines of investigation to render their
mentalities quite different to those of practical planters. In order
to contrast clearly the twcr types, it will be convenient to adopt
a figurative illustration. The ability of the specialist may be con-

214

sidered as being represented by a long, narrow, vertical rectangle
— his knowledge is deep rather than broad. That of the practical
agriculturist can be symbolized in the shape of a square — his
knowledge is of a normal nature and quite unspecialized. Clearly
these two figures may be equal in area, thereby indicating a com-
mon value as regards potential ability, but the essential feature
of the conception is that the two figures are so dissimilar in shape
that they cannot be made to fit when placed side by side. Occa-
sionally, as already hinted, where the specialist has received a
general training, and also in a case where the practical agricul-
turist has received a special training, the resulting figures have
more in common, and may fit fairly well. This ideal condition
is seldom found, however, and at present it is generally neces-
sary in tropical communities to have an organization at the back
of the specialists, of which the main function is to connect up
the two dissimilar types just described.

It is evident that the knowledge of the specialist is a source
which must be tapped. In spite of departments and other or-
ganizations, there is a strong' tendency in the tropics, today, for
men who were originally specialists to have so acquainted them-
selves with the point of view and the requirements of the practi-
cal planter that they have become practitioners in the branch of
science in which they are interested, and this is frequently fol-
lowed by their becoming established in purely administrative posi-
tions where they direct the work, and disseminate the results of
younger specialists who follow in their wake. The necessity for
feeders of knowledge is greater than the necessity for producers
of knowledge. This peculiar and most important trend is not
altogether desirable, for it leads to the loss of research men just
as they are in possession of valuable experience and in a position
to tackle local problems deftly and with assurance. In fact,
today we find the pure specialist more or less confined to the
great centres of learning in temperate countries. There is need
for more of these men in the tropics; but, until tropical public
opinion better appreciates the value of abstract research by learn-
ing how to tap it, there is little prospect of such a change being
brought about. In medicine, to strike a parallel contrast, the
value of the specialist is clearly understood. The significance of
a serious affection of the eye or of the throat for instance, is at
once appreciated, and information is obtained by intelligent peo-
ple at the right time and from the right authority. On the other
hand, of course, an occasional ailment of these organs may be
treated without the aid of skilled assistance. Judgment is exer-
cised. In agriculture, a similar attitude is very uncommon. In
agriculture the tendency is in the direction of laissez faire : unless
the specialist rises from his microscope and searches for some-
thing to treat, results will be wasted. His mind, however, by in-
terruption, is taken off his work, and the results have to suffer
in any case.

215

The solution to these difficulties lies mainly in the fact that
education and research should go hand in hand under proper con-
ditions. At present there are too many isolated attempts at re-
search in the tropics and not enough in the direction of broad
education. The research man should be allowed to teach the
young generation he will later advise.

Agricultural education has from time to time been subjected
to considerable ridicule by practical agriculturists, even by those
who have received one. That is because it has not been correctly
administered. Education in agricultural science should have for
its main object the teaching of where, when and why to apply
for advice, and not aim merely to instil isolated facts and opera-
tions or to train specialists. The student who intends to culti-
vate land should not, for instance, be taught how to analyze a
soil, but rather under what conditions a soil should be analyzed
and the usefulness of the results.

Consequent on such a widening of the practical man's square
— to speak again figuratively — his contact with the specialist will
be increased without interfering either with his own particular
depth and kind of information or with that of the specialist. It
is true that specialization might progress, under such conditions,
more rapidly than the practical man could keep up with, in which
case the class of scientific practitioner already referred to, would
quickly evolve; but it would be from a different cause, a more
desirable cause than that which necessitates the combination of
agriculturist and scientific specialist in one, at the present day.

With the extended appreciation of scientific results by the agri-
culturist, the necessity for a large number of agricultural depart-
ments would tend to diminish. The State would be relieved of
responsibility. Taxation would be less. The planter does him-
self what he paid others to do. Men of administrative ability
would be required in the various communities to direct local
cooperative movements it is true, but they would be entirely un-
official. A priori, one other thing would be necessary. Those
who intended to undertake the cultivation of the land, who did
so with the fixed intention of discreetly utilizing the knowledge
of the specialist, would need to be catered for by the establishment
of an inexpensive and easily accessible tropical agricultural uni-
versity.

PROBLEMS IN PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

Professor Bayley Balfour, F. R. S., delivered as the eighth
"Masters Lecture/' an extremely interesting and practical dis-
sertation on the subject of propagation by cuttings. The lecture
is published in the lournal of the Royal Horticultural Society,
Vol. XXXVIII, Part 3.

Professor Balfour commenced by raising the question as to

216

the truth of the commonly made statement that many plants can-
not be propagated by cuttings. In the course of the lecture it
is made evident that in the light of modern investigation this
statement is unjustified. Two remarkable cases are cited early
by way of illustration: one being the case of a species of Gyp-
sophila, which was formerly believed to be unresponsive to vege-
tative propagation, but which had been shown by the author to
be easily reproduced by internodal cuttings. The second case con-
cerned a plant of great importance in the tropics — the bamboo —
which until recently had been considered only sexually repro-
ducible. Professor Balfour, however, has shown the bamboo to
be readily increased by cuttings.

Proceeding next to general considerations of the most interest-
ing nature concerning plants as individual organisms, it is pointed
out that a plant, unlike one of the higher animals is not, strictly
speaking, one individual. It is a colonial organization. "A plant
is composed of a sheet of protoplasm (living substance) stretched
over a skeleton." A limb of a plant can be removed and another
will grow to replace it; if the limb of an animal be removed,
only mutilation can result. A plant is therefore potentially im-
mortal.

Two common instances of vegetative reproduction in nature
were next cited — those of the iris and the strawberry. The for-
mer plant creeps along under the soil forming new additions to
its body: in fact it is an accident if the plant does not continue
to live for ever. In the case of the latter example, the plant
extends itself by runners — by the formation of roots near the
terminal bud at the end of the prostrate offshoot.

Consideration of these two cases shows that the necessary con-
ditions for reproduction are (a) that the young buds which give
rise to the new shoot must receive ample food-supply from the
parent plant until it has rooted itself; (b) that there be water to
stimulate root development. These two facts are of primary
importance.

After referring to the advantages that accrue to gardeners
from the presence of the bulblets, corms and the like amongst
monocotyledonous plants, the author proceeded to the important
subject of callus formation in relation to vegetative propagation.
The growth of callus consists in the formation of a mass of living
cells under the stimulus of wounding. In an ordinary dicotyle-
donous stem or root it may take origin in the pith, in the medul-
lary rays, in the cortex, or in the active wood cambium, and it
forms tabulated projecting masses at the point where it occurs.
Callus more rarely forms in monocotyledonous plants — these are
content to heal wounds by a cork covering only; when it does
appear, however, it arises from the cortex of the stem. Callus
formation is a mark of the colonial organization of the* plant
. already referred to. It is associated with the formation of adven-
titious roots.

^217

In continuation, the lecturer proceeded to contrast the readi-
ness with which can be propagated cuttings from soft-wooded
and hard-wooded plants. The difficulty met with in the case of
hard-wooded plants is explained by the fact that the absorption
of water is less easily effected than in the case of soft cuttings.
For other reasons, which are later referred to, resinous plants,
and those rich in latex may also be difficult subjects for propaga-
tion by cuttings.

After pointing out the nature of the development of a dicotyle-
donous cutting, the question as to whether it is advisable to re-
move the leaves at the base of a cutting is referred to. It is
pointed out that the practice of leaving them has these advan-
tages: (a) the cutting is saved the healing of the wound caused
by their removal; (b) the lower leaves sunk in the soil may
root like the stem and aid, thereby, water absorption; (c) the
lower leaves will aid in the manufacture of food for the cuttings.
Another point considered was the fact that some plants propagate
far more readily if the cutting be made through an internode
than through a node, and vice versa. As an illustration, Clematis
cannot be propagated if nodal cuttings are used, whereas inter-
nodal cuttings may be "struck" within a fortnight. It is indicated
that an investigation of the causes of such differences in cuttings-
is one of the problems of propagation which yet remains to be
solved.

Alluding again to callus formation, the interesting and ex-
tremely important feature was noted that, however difficult it
may be for a cutting to strike, yet once callus is produced, root
development can always be stimulated by paring this callus.

After referring to the importance of the size of cuttings illus-
trated by the fact that small cuttings of hard wood plants ger-
minate quicker than large ones, the lecturer dwelt upon the sig-
nificance of resin in relation to propagation. When, for instance,
cuttings are taken from coniferous trees, the shoots instead of
producing callus, generally excrete resin. This flows out copious-
ly over the surface, covering it effectively with a hard skin, there-
by constituting a hindrance to the exit of young rootlets. It is
necessary not only to remove this resin but to check its exudation.
This can be done by plunging the cut end of the cutting in nearly
boiling water. The cut resin canals are thus sealed and doubtless
at the same time the heat stimulus promotes formation of callus.
Dicotyledonous plants with resinous and milky juice are in like
case with coniferous, and require to be treated after 1jie same
fashion.

The actual state of a shoot to be used for a cutting was another
point taken for consideration. A vigorously growing shoot re-
moved from a plant and at once placed in the nidus for propaga-
tion may fail to "strike. ;, Its vigor is probably too great. The

218

soundness of the practice of allowing some cuttings to dry slight-
ly before planting in soil is clearly supported by this interesting
feature of development. — Agricultural Neivs.

RECENT WORK ON THE PARASITES BELONGING
TO THE GENUS GLOMERELLA.

Of recent years problems in mycology have been regarded
from a much wider point of view than was formerly the case.
Particularly is this so in respect to that branch of the subject
known as parasitology. As an illustration of this new phase,
the work of Shaw in India on Rhizoctonia may be cited, and as
a still later example, may be mentioned the recent work on the
parasites of the genus Glomerella, conducted by C. L. Shear and
Anna K. Wood of the United States Department of Agriculture.
A complete account of this latter investigation has just been
published as Bulletin No. 252 of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
and from this interesting and important paper most of the in-
formation in the following article has been abstracted.

The name Glomerella is applied to the ascogenous forms of
Gloeosporium or Colletotrichum — form-genera of the fungi im-
perfecti, the parasitic nature of which is well known in the West
Indies. The objects of the work under review were to study
the production of the ascogenous stages, and to determine the
habits and identity of the numerous forms of Gloeosporium and
Colletotrichum found upon the same hosts, and upon different
hosts. The method of study adopted was to observe the behavior
of the different forms in the moist chamber and in pure culture,
and to carry out a large number of cross inoculation tests to find
out whether a so-called species of Glomerella found on one host,
say on the cotton plant, could infect another host, say the avo-
cado, on which a supposed different species of Glomerella was
regarded as being individually parasitic. Apart from its general
interest, the economic value of such an investigation is readily
apparent.

With particular reference to the life history of Glomerella it is
important to understand that until recently, the two principal
spore forms, conidia and ascospores, have been described and
treated as distinct organisms. As is already pointed out, the
conidial forms are well known under the name of Gloeosporium
or Colletotrichum. The essential feature of the work under re-
view isuthat ascospores, conidia and chlamydospores or appres-
soria (resting-spores) are shown to be normal stages in the life-
history of the genus. These facts greatly simplify the generic
classification of the forms.

In regard to the thirty-six hosts — of which the names of some
are given later — that have hitherto been considered as being

219

attacked by thirty-six diffeient species of Glomerella, it has been
found that neither morphological nor physiological differences
can be observed v/hich are sufficiently constant to be regarded as
specific characters. All the different forms have been referred
by the authors to three species of Glomerella: G. cingulata which
occurs on thirty- four of the hosts, G. gossypii on one (namely,
cotton), and G. lindcmuthianum, on one.

G. cingulata is exceedingly variable in all its characters. The
cause of this variability is not yet clear. The essential point about
this fungus is that it can often be found to grow from apparently
healthy tissue, which has been washed in corrosive sublimate.
The explanation is that the chlamydospores send a germ tube
down through the epidermis of the host plant, which lies quiescent
until the plant becomes weakened from some physiological cause,
when the fungus begins to develop as a vigorous parasite.

It is stated by the authors: " Inoculation experiments with
fruits have shown that most of the forms from different hosts
will produce the characteristic Glomerella rot on fruits of other
hosts. It is also shown that there is a "great variability in the
virility of different races or strains of the fungus from the same
host. In one experiment races from the lemon, grape and fig
produced more serious cases of bitter-rot of apple than a race of
the fungus derived from apples. These facts are of great im-
portance in connection with the selection and production of dis-
ease-resistant varieties of plants."

It may be added, further, that this is of immense importance
in regard to mycological legislation, in view of the fact that the
disease can apparently spread as easily from temperate countries
to the tropics, as within the tropics itself. It must also be remem-
bered that G. cingulata can also be carried by any one of thirty-
four different species of agricultural plants, including such
diverse forms as palms, oranges, apples, gooseberries, cacao and
arrowroot. Of great economic significance is the fact that one
species of Glomerella is confined to cotton. This species, it may
be added, occurs in the West Indies and causes the well-known
disease, anthracnose.

The production or non-production of the perithecial stage of
Glomerella appears to be a fairly well-marked hereditary race
character. There is no evidence to show that the production
of perithecia is controlled by any of the ordinary conditions of
nutriment or environment, though accurate investigation along
this line would possibly lead to results of great importance.

In conclusion, the methods of controlling Glomerella may be
briefly summarized as follows : ( 1 ) spraying with Bordeaux mix-
ture; (2) selection of fungus- free seed — particularly valuable
in the case of cotton; (3) eradication and destruction of dead
and diseased parts of infected plants.

The selection and breeding of resistant varieties may also be
practicable in some cases.— Agricultural News.

220
GOOD ROADS AND THE ELWELL LAW.

By Senator James T. Elwell of Minneapolis.

The Elwell Road Law was enacted for the purpose of building
leading roads throughout the State of Minnesota, and to do it
in a large and comprehensive manner, so as to connect city with
city, and village with village, and to give to the citizens of each
county easy access to their market towns.

The general plan embodies the idea of getting into one lump
sum for each county of the state, enough money at one time to
build the main arteries of travel for each county.

By its provisions any county in the state may build $200,000
worth of good, permanent road which will not only aid the farm-
ers of such county in getting to their market town, but will also
be an example to them of the kind and character of road which
can and should be built to connect with these main arteries.

GENERAL PROVISIONS ARE SIMPLE.

The general provisions of the bill are simple, although the ma-
chinery ?.s quite lengthy and explicit, as that feature of the bill is
provided for by adopting the main features of Chapter 230 of
the 1905 Ditch Law. Under the provisions of the Elwell law,
the state pays one-half the cost of the road, the county one-quar-
ter, and the benefited property the other quarter, each having
ten years in which to make their respective payments. The
county is made the financial agent and it issues the bonds or
certificates of indebtedness of the county payable in from one
to ten years for the entire cost of any and all roads to be built
within the county limits, thus providing for the payment of any
and all roads to be built under this law.

Each road or system of roads to be built will have the advan-
tage of having the cash on hand to pay for the improvements as
they are made.

All roads, after a careful survey and proper advertisement,
will be let to the lowest bidder who will give the proper bonds
assuring the county and the State Highway Commission that the
work will be done satisfactorily, and in accordance with the plans
and specifications of the State Highway Commission.

It is expected under this plan of procedure to interest large
contractors who have the proper machinery and equipment of
every kind for grading and building roads, thereby saving the
county under our present plan of building roads from 33^ to 50
per cent. The time has passed when the farmer desires to work
on the road, as he can make more money by attending to his
farm duties, and the man of large experience with proper ma-
chinery can do the work for from one-third to one-half of what
it will cost the farmer to do the same work.

221

Then, too, the large contractor with his heavy machinery
traveling over the road while it is being built, will be able to
roll down a new road so that when completed, it will be as
compact and as good for travel and heavy hauling as an old road.
This has already been demonstrated under the provisions of the
Elweil law in Winona county where the first contracts were let
for practically $116,000. The contractors have demonstrated that
they can haul, with their up-to-date machinery, gravel and road
material for from ten cents to thirteen cents per yard per mile,
when the hauling from the same pits and under like conditions
costs from thirty-five to fifty cents to haul with teams.

The large contractor has the advantage of using his heavy
'machinery 2Z]/ 2 hours out of 24 each day without crippling the
efficiency of his plant; and where all of the material is handled
with steam shovels, and wide-tired wagons with self-dumps, it can
readily be seen it is easy to do this work for from one-third to
one-half the ordinary cost and yet be able to pay his men who
do the work large enough wages to satisfy them and to insure
their earnest and faithful cooperation in completing the work.

PROCEDURE UNDER THE LAW.

In proceeding under this law ; first enlist the cooperation of the
County Commission by petition or otherwise and make a prelimi-
nary survey which need not be expensive, by a competent en-
gineer and file this preliminary estimate of the cost of the im-
provement with the County Auditor, and a copy of, the same
should be filed with the State Highway Commission. The County
Commissioners should then approve the road, ?fterwards, the
Highway Commission approving same.

The next step would be for the final survey of the road which
could be made by the State Engineer or by a competent engineer
whose work would meet with the approval of the Highway Com-
mission.

After a proper hearing before the County Commissioners, and
a determination to build the road, viewers are appointed by the
County Commissioners to spread the assessment of one-quarter
of the cost of the road. These viewers are three in number and
must be men who are not in any financial way interested in the
construction of said road. The assessment may be spread in
the discretion of the viewers any distance which is proper and
right and where they think there is benefit.

PLAN FOR NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

In Northern Minnesota, the general plan is to spread the assess-
ment three miles either side of the center of the road, and on a
good gravel road, costing $1,500 per mile, the assessment averages

222

one cent an acre per year for each of the following ten years
with interest on same.

A good gravel road costing $1,000 per mile with assessment
spread two miles either side of the center of the road would be
the same amount, or, if spread three miles would be less than
three- fourths of a cent per acre.

No farmer that we have ever seen has objected to the amount
to be assessed against his land under the provisions of this law
when he knew exactly the amount which would be assessed to
him for benefits, as in nearly all cases this kind of a road would
s^ve him in hauling his produce to the market several times its
cost each year, besides the added pleasure of driving over a good
road.

EVERYONE INTERESTED IN ROAD.

One of the good features in this road law, is that everyone
is interested in its cost and construction. The state, because it
pays one-half; the county, because it pays one-quarter; the in-
dividual benefited and living near the road, because he contributes
his share of the last quarter of the cost of the road.

With everyone interested, with money in hand to pay for all
work when it is completed, a good road should be built at the
right cost.

WHAT MAY BE DONE UNDER LAW.

Finally to sum up what may be done under this law, the State
of Minnesota is at the present time able to build $21,000,000
worth of good road, or more than $200,000 worth of good road
in each and every county of the state, and if we put into opera-
tion this law to its fullest extent, we double the value of every
acre of land in the state, provide ourselves with all the main roads
necessary, and make Minnesota a leader in good roads. — North
Woods.

RUBBER-VINE CULTIVATION IN THE BAHAMAS.

It is mentioned in the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
for April, 1913, that an extensive cultivation in the Bahamas of
the rubber vine Cryptostegia grandiHora is in contemplation. It
is understood that approximately 5,000 rubber vines will be
planted to the acre. After six months' growth the rubber vine
is said to attain a length of 12 to 30 feet. The vines will be
cut in about twelve months, when there will be presumably about
2 lbs. of shrub to the plant as a minimum, yielding about 2 per
cent, of rubber, or 200 lbs. to the acre. According to the Ameri-
can Consul at Nassau, a large number of shoots to be planted
in the Bahamas have been ordered from Mexico, and special
machinery for extracting the rubber and fibrous by-products by
a secret process has been ordered from the United States.

X

223

The rubber juice is contained chiefly in the lactiferous ducts of
the bark, but to some extent also in the wood of the stem — in
fact, the entire plant contains a certain amount of rubber. While
the process of extraction is secret, yet in the main, it appears that
it is analogous to the production of sugar from the sugar-cane.

The fibrous by-products of the rubber vine are considered as
possessing an importance possibly greater even than that of the
rubber itself. The bark of the vine yields 6% of the weight of
the whole stem, and is a pure cellulose fibre, having a silky lustre
comparable to Japanese ramie fibre and almost equal to cotton.
It is thought that it can be used as a substitute for Egyptian cot-
ton, especially in the manufacture of fine underwear and other
articles. The pods of the vine besides containing a fair per-
centage of juice, have large quantities of silky cotton such as
would be suitable for stuffing pillows ; when refined and specially
treated, it can be successfully spun with ordinary cotton. The
woody substance of the vine, when bleached and worked out,
yields a fibre suitable as paper pulp. The vine can be best har-
vested after the fruiting period. — Agricultural News.

LONDON OFFERS GOOD CHANCES FOR PROMOTION.

(TJonolulu Star-Bulletin.)

According to the printed matter issued relating to the Fourth
International Rubber and Allied Industries Exhibition, and the
First International Cotton, Fibers and Other Tropical Agricul-
tural Products and Allied Industries Exhibition, to be held con-
jointly in London from June 24 to July 9, 1914, both days in-
cluded, every opportunity will be given to each country exhibit-
ing to obtain individual publicity in special ways. Thus it is
stated :

"Special rooms will be provided for demonstrations, lectures,
addresses or other functions, as well as theaters for moving pic-
tures showing the production, packing, shipping and manufactur-
ing of the crude products for commercial use. In all cases the
films must be supplied by the exhibiting countries. Particular
mention is made of the fact that no charge will be made for these
concessions.

"The exhibition permits of the display of every description of
commercial products grown in the soil, also of the allied industries,
as well as manufactured products, machinery and appliances.

"Many of the British and foreign governments, also associa-
tions, companies and firms, have intimated their intention of being
represented in the various departments.

"All countries exhibiting, whether through the governments of
associations, have the privilege of issuing special invitations to
the press, to those interested in their respective countries and to

224

any others they may desire to invite, when special addresses may
be given on the resources and attractions of the country and
that particular day will be known by the name of the country.
For instance, 'Ceylon Day/ 'British Malaya Day/ 'Brazil Day/
etc."

If Hawaii be represented, there will be "Hawaii Day," of
course, when Bonine pictures of Hawaiian industries and scenic
attractions should be given. Artist Hitchcock, on being asked
by one of the Hawaiian members of the honorary advisory com-
mittee, has stated that he would be very pleased to send some of
his paintings of Hawaiian scenes to the exhibition. Members of
that committee selected from Hawaii are Wilbur A. Anderson,
secretary of the Hawaiian Rubber Growers' Association; Dr. E.
V. Wilcox, special agent in charge of the Hawaii Agricultural Ex-
periment Station; F. T. P. Waterhouse, secretary of the Water-
house Co., Ltd. ; Albert Waterhouse, president of the Waterhouse
Co., Ltd., and member of the board of commissioners of agri-
culture and forestry; W. P. Thomas, pineapple grower and
packer ; Jared G. Smith, tobacco grower and formerly special
agent in charge of the H. A. E. S. ; William Weinrich, fiber ex-
pert, and Daniel Logan, editor Hawaiian Forester and Agricul-
turist. Mr. Anderson is also officially listed as one of the patrons
of the exhibition, along with the Earl of Derby and many other
distinguished persons and associations throughout the world.

RUBBER IN HAWAII.

In a report by the Acting British Consul at Honolulu on the
trade of Hawaii in the year ended June 30, 1912, which will
shortly be issued, it is stated that rubber is steadily becoming a
more important item of Hawaii's products. On the Island of
Maui many trees have been planted, and these are now tapped in
large numbers. Steady efforts are being made to improve the
methods of preparation in order to increase the marketable value.
During 1912, 35,000 were tapped, and altogether some 8,000 lbs.
of rubber were expected to be produced, most of which will be
exported. For 1913 an output of 20,000 lbs. is anticipated. At-
tention has been directed to an indigenous rubber tree ( Euphorbia
lorifolia), which grows in several localities, one place in partic-
ular on island of Hawaii having 6,000 acres, averaging 75 trees
to the acre, whose product is 14 to 17 per cent, of rubber and 60
per cent, of resin (chicle). It is reported that the latex contains
42 per cent, of solid material, and that one man can collect 16 to
30 lbs. of crude product per day. — Financier, April 1.

225
THE KALO IN HAWAII (II).

By Vaughan MacCaughey and Joseph S. Emerson.

3. THE FLOWER.

The production of flowers and seeds is uncommon in the case
of the kalo plant. Like many other tropical plants, it has come
to rely upon asexual, rather than sexual, methods of propaga-
tion. The plant develops vegetative rather than reproductive tis-
sue. Plants that have a similar habit are banana, sugar cane,
sweet potato, breadfruit, and hau tree. It is probably desirable,
from the standpoint of the economics of the plant body, that flow-
ering and seedage be suppressed, in such plants as the kalo. The
part of commercial value is the corm, a vegetable part, which
would suffer if material were drawn from it to nurture flowers
and seeds. *

When blossoming does occur in the cultivated kalo, the flowers
appear shortly after the hull have been planted, and frequently
before the leaves have appeared. In the wild kalo, flowering, if
it occurs at all, is deferred until very late in the life of the plant.
By hull is meant the large central bud that is cut from the top of
the corm, together with the adjacent leaf-petioles, and is used to
progagate the plant. This is the common type of hull; others are
discussed under Propagation.

The flower arises, as do the leaves, from the center of the leaf
cluster. It is yellowish or creamish in color, and resembles in
shape and structure the calla lily or the Monstera flower. The
central club-shaped order, or spadix, is enclosed by the pointed,
hoodlike cover or spathe. The spadix bears the many small
florets, staminate and pistillate. The extreme tip of the stadix is
sterile, and is usually closely confined by the strongly twisted
spathe. Fertile seeds rarely develop. The method of pollination
is not known. It is interesting to know that the flowers of
plants closely related to the kalo are pollinated by snails.*

Interesting contrasts will be discovered if one makes careful
observations of the flowers of some wind-pollinated plant, such
as sugar cane, bamboo, corn, sorghum, grass, coconut palm, and
some insect-pollinated flowers, such as those of nasturtium, hi-
biscus, hau, lehua, and compare these with the kalo flower.

* The only snail occurring in the kalo patches of Hawaii is a large
-aquatic snail imported by the Chinese in recent years.

226

CORM OF PI'IALI'I ULAULA.
Weight, 915 grams; dimensions, 16.5 cm. long by 11 cm. diam. This is.
a type of corm found commonly in the markets.

227

4. THE CORM.

It is for its starchy corm or "root" that the kalo is chiefly raised,
although other portions of the plant have some value as food. A
full-grown corm of average size is as large and as heavy as a
large sweet potato. It is covered with a fibrous or scaly bark,
especially towards the summit. Just beneath this outer bark is
an inner layer, which may be white, rose, greenish, or purplish
in color, depending upon the variety. ' The interior of the raw,
corm is usually light gray with a slight-bluish tinge, but in some
varieties may be yellow, orange, rose, or even purple.

For many years the acrid or toxic effect of certain aroids was
not understood. Professors Pedler and Warden, of the Depart-
ment of Chemistry, Calcutta University, first demonstrated the
presence and action of the calcium oxalate crystals. The fol-
lowing excerpts from their paper in the Journal of the Asiatic So-
ciety of Bengal, Vol. 57, Part II, No. 1, for 1888, prove of interest
in this connection. Their experiments were performed upon Co-
locasia virosa Kunth, which at that time was called an Arum.
After prolonged and varied chemical tests they stated that "The
examination of the ash thus failed to afford us any clue to the
physiological action of the fresh tubers.

"It now occurred to us that possibly the painful effect produced
by Arum when in contact with the tongue, etc., might be due to
mechanical causes. A microscopic examination of a section of a
tuber revealed the presence of very numerous bundles of needle-
shaped crystals, and we also found similar crystals in the leaves
and stems. These crystals were seen under the microscope to be
insoluble in cold acetic acid but easily soluble in cold diluted nitric
or hydrochloric acid. * * * There appears to us to be no
reason to douBt the fact, that the whole of the physiological symp-
toms caused by Arums are due to these needle-shaped crystals of
oxalate of lime, and that the symptoms are thus due to purely
mechanical causes. Bearing in mind the action of re-agents on
calcic oxalate, the reason why mere boiling in water failed to
deprive them of their activity is explained by the insolubility of
oxalate of lime in water. Again, the action of dilute acetic acid,
even at temperatures of 100 degrees C, in slightly lessening the
activity of the tubers, is due to the very slight solubility of oxa-
late of lime in that acid. And, lastly, the complete loss of all
physiological action when the tubers were treated with dilute
nitric or hydrochloric acid is evidently due to the ready solubility
of calcic oxalate in those mineral acids. And these assump-
tions, as we have already indicated, were fully demonstrated by
the microscopic examination of sections of the tubers treated with
the re-agents we .have mentioned. One point, however, remains
to be explained: we observed that, on drying, the tubers lost
practically the whole of their physiological activity. Clearly there

228

could have been no loss of oxalate of lime on desiccation, and, as
a matter of fact, we found as many crystals on microscopic ex-
amination of dried Arums as we had found in the fresh tubers.
We explain this apparent anomaly in the following simple man-
ner. In the fresh condition of the tubers, the bundles of crystals
of oxalate of lime are cone-shaped, more or less, the sharp points
covering a wide area, and forming the base, but in the drying of

STRUCTURE OF THE KALO CORM.
Transverse section through a corm of Pi'iali'i ulaula. The starch-con-
taining parenchyma is quite moist, and very firm. The bark is both scaly
and fibrous. The laticiferous tissue is conspicuous.

the tubers, the needles appear to arrange themselves more or less
parallel to one another, and the sharp points thus cover a smaller
area. And thus, instead of each crystal acting as a separate
source of irritation and penetrating the tissues, the bundles act
as a whole."

The acrid effect of the crystals, or raphides, is destroyed by
drying, boiling, or steaming the corm.

229

Upon the outer bark may be seen the scars of former leaves.
From these scars the roots commonly emerge. Small roots may
be seen in' the axils of the leaves still present if these leaves are
pulled downward so as to expose the corm. The roots them-
selves are coarse, rather long and string-like, somewhat brittle, and
whitish in color. "They contain little of the milky latex which
fills most of the other organs of the plant." — Barrett. The roots
bear a few branching rootlets. Kalo is not especially deep-rooted.

Young kalo plants sometimes develop from underground root-
like runn^fs sent out from the corm. Plants may also develop
directly from the corm by budding. These lateral offspring are
called hull oka, or hull pu'u, and are described under the head of
Propagation.

The corm, which because of its subterranean position is com-
monly thought of as a root part, is really a modified stem, as is
demonstrated by the leaves which it bears. True roots do not
bear leaves. Its swollen shape is due to the fact that it is stuffed
with starch, which is the food part. Other familiar plants that
store up large quantities of starchy or sugary material in their
stems are: sago palm, cycads, sugar cane and potatoes.

This stored food is protected from the attacks of animals by its
secure position within the wet soil, by the outer husk or bark, and
by the protective layer of minute, needle-like crystals of calcium
oxalate. These occur both in the leaves and in the outer layer of
the corm.* Anyone who has inadvertently eaten kalo that has
been insufficiently cooked, can attest to the prolonged and sharp
pricklmg irritation, as though one's mouth and throat were veri-
tably "full of needles."

5. BOTANIC STATUS OF KALO.

The botanic liame for kalo is Colocasia antiquorum var. escu-
lenta Schott. This means that it is a member of the genus Colo-

* The use of root crops as food by primitive peoples is interestingly de-
scribed by O. F. Cook as follows : * i The root crops that were domesticated
in America stand in distinct contrast with Old World root crops, both in
number and in quality. The species cultivated in the Old World were rela-
tively few, mostly the seed-propagated garden vegetables of temperate
regions, such as radishes, turnips, beets, parsnips, carrots, etc. The tem-
perate root crops domesticated in the Old World were mostly capable of
being eaten raw, as though they had been used first by people unaccustomed;
to use fire for cooking vegetables. The root crops that were domesticated
in America are not eaten raw by the natives. Many of them are disagree-
ably acrid in the raw state, like the aroids, or even positively poisonous, like
the cassava. Very few new types of plants appear to have been domesti-
cated as root crops in the Old World Tropics, and none of them have at-
tained the prominence of several of the American species. The banana
appears to have been cultivated first as a root crop, and some of the varieties
are still cultivated for their root-stock in New Caledonia and in East
Africa.' '

230

STRUCTURE OF THE KALO PLANT.
Longitudinal median section, through petioles and corm. The marks
in the corm are due to the latex, which turns brown when the latex tubes are
cut and exposed to the air. Note the triangular mass of embryonic tissue,
centrally located amidst the bases of the petioles. From this region the
foliage and floral organs are produced. This kalo is Pi'iali'i ulaula.

231

casia (which is the old Greek name for plants of this general type).
The specific name antiquorum indicates the antiquity of its culti-
vation, for kalo was among the plants first used by mankind for
food.

There are several varieties of this species, as shown in the
botanic syhQpsis given later. The kalo of Oceanica and Hawaii
is the particular "variety esculenta, so-called because of its exten-
sive use as food. The botanic name for kalo w^as given it by the
German botanist Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, who lived during the
years 1794*1865, and who made a careful study of the plants of
this group.

The Hawaiians had a number of poetical appellations descrip-
tive of the kalo. Among these is ka i'a iwi ole" which means
"the fish without bones." This refers to the importance of kalo in
the diet — it held the same high rank among the vegetable foods
that fish held among the flesh foods.

SOME SUGGESTIONS REGARDING THE CARE OF
MlLK AND CREAM IN THE HOME.

(Press Bulletin No. 42, the University of Nebraska Agricultural
Experiment Station.)

By J. H. Frandsen.

Sanitary milk is milk produced from healthy cows under condi-
tions which prevent all outside contamination. The production
of clean and healthful milk is the most important subject with
which the dairyman has to deal. Considered from an economic
standpoint, we find milk produced under absolutely sanitary con-
ditions selling; ipv practically double the ordinary price. Need-
less to say, for the production of sanitary milk the dairyman must
have healthy cows, a sanitary barn, clean bedding, dust-free air, a
clean barnyard, and clean cows. He must have clean and healthy
milkers, clean milk vessels, and pure water. He must feed clean,
wholesome feeds and must have a sanitary milk-room and abun-
dant facilities for cooling the milk%and cream. However, if care-
lessly handled in the home the milk or cream ma|kquickly become
unfit for food. The fact that such large quantities of good milk
have been spoiled in the home by improper treatment after de-
livery prompts the writer to emphasize some of the points regard-
ing: care of milk and cream in the home.

Milk and cream readily absorb odors and collect bacteria and
other impurities whenever they are exposed to the air or placed
in utensils that are not scrupulously clean. If this fact is gen-
erally understood it can easily be seen why it is so objectionable
to store uncovered milk in refrigerators or cellars, where it comes
in contact with vegetables or other food products possessing

232

strong odors.. Milk is almost a perfect food for human beings.
It is also a perfect medium for the development of certain bac-
teria which may gain access to it from the dust-laden air, from
flies, and from unclean utensils. Some of these bacteria may be
the germs of contagious diseases ; others may cause digestive
disorders, especially in infants and young children whose diet is
largely milk.

Experiments have shown us that many germs' which gain access
to the milk develop very rapidly while the milk remains warm.
By this we mean at a temperature above 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
For instance, milk kept at 45 degrees F. may be kept perfectly
sweet for twenty-four hours, while if kept at a temperature of 70
degrees F. it may sour in less than six hours. This emphasizes
the importance of low temperatures in the preservation of milk
and cream.

The following brief rules should enable the consumer so to care
for the milk as to have an article that is at all times sweet and
wholesome :

1. If possible, purchasers should insist on getting milk in a
bottle or other originally sealed package. Milk dipped out of a
can in the street may gather large numbers of bacteria from the
dust and impurities in the air falling into it.

2. Never allow the milk to stand in a warm place for any
length of time, but place as soon as possible in a refrigerator, ice
box, or other cool, clean place.

3. Keep the milk or cream in the original package until needed
for use.

4. Carefully wipe the mouth of the bottle before pouring milk
or cream from it.

5. Do not pour back into the bottle any milk which has been
exposed to the air.

6. Keep the bottle covered with a cap or an inverted tumbler
as long as any milk remains in it.

7. Do not expose uncovered milk in refrigerators containing
foods having a strong odor. t

8. Wash milk bottles as soon as empty and do not use milk
utensils for any other purpose.

9. Wash milk bottles in pure water and do not wipe with dish
towel. It is better to scald them in clean water and set away
unwiped to dry.

10. Special precautions should be taken with the baby's milk
bottles. They should first be rinsed in lukewarm water, then
washed in hot water containing a little soda, and then scalded.
In selecting a feeding bottle, choose one with a wide mouth and
no corners. Never use rubber tube between the bottle and the
nipple.

233

11. In case of contagious diseases in the house, such as typhoid,
scarlet fever, or diphtheria, return no milk bottles to the milkman
without the permission of the health officer.

ADVANTAGES OF GOOD CULTIVATION.

Mr. B. G. Brooks, Instructor in Agriculture, has contributed the
following article to the Queensland Agricultural Journal of Feb-
ruary, 1913:

In the successful raising of farm crops the management of the
soil is of the greatest importance. It is only necessary to observe
the variations in the yield of similar crops on adjoining fields to
find that, were up-to-date methods more generally practised in
the preparation of the soil, the returns per acre would be mate-
rially increased.

When a crop fails the cause is, unfortunately, too often set
down to adverse climate conditions. Although the weather has
undoubtedly a very important bearing upon crop production, yet
it is not always responsible for the poor returns.

In my travels throughout the various districts of the State, I
have ample opportunity of studying the respective methods prac-
tised in the raising of crops and the results obtained thereby.

It is not an infrequent occurrence to come across a farmer har-
vesting a very heavy crop on one side of the fence, while his
neighbor on the other, on similar soil, is reaping practically a
failure. It is, therefore, necessary to look to some cause other
than the weather for this disparity. Perhaps there is some truth
in the remark made by the farmer who was harvesting a fine crop
while his neighbor was reaping a poor one. When risked the
reason for the difference, his reply was, "I cultivated my soil —
my neighbor irritates his."

The problem relating to soil fertility and crop production has
received much attention from agricultural scientists during recent
years, and although much has been achieved, there still remains
a very large field for investigation. Much prominence has been
given, both in Australia and America, to the raising of crops with
a minimum amount of rainfall, and it must be admitted that mar-
velous results have already been secured by the adoption of the
methods advocated.

The foundation stone upon which the success of the dry-farming
system rests is fallowing — that is, keeping the soil cultivated and
only taking- a crop every alternate year.

So far, fallowing has received little or no attention in our State.
On the other hand, the practice of securing two crops during the
year is quite a general one, and this is undoubtedly, to a large
extent, responsible for the low average yield obtained from some
of our staple crops. I find that one of the most important factors
in successful crop production is the early preparation of the land,

234

but, with the system of double cropping just mentioned, this
cannot be given effect to. I am not inferring that cultivation is
carried out in a slipshod manner, for it may be that every care
has been taken in plowing and pulverizing the soil to form the
necessary seed bed, but, unless a certain period is allowed for the
soil to "mature," or, in other words, to permit of the necessary
plant food becoming available for the needs of the crop, it is im-
possible to secure a full return.

This point is not at all difficult to demonstrate. It is only nec-
essary to take a quickly maturing crop, such as Panicum, and
watch results. As an example, I will relate one experience of
many I had, showing the effect of early and late preparation. In
a field of 30 acres, 10 were plowed four months ; 10, two months ;
and 10, just previous to planting. The whole area was planted
with Panicum at the same time. The result in green material
cut for silage was : for the four months, 12 tons per acre ; for the
two months, 6 tons per acre ; and for the portion plowed previous
to planting, nil.

Although the weather was very favorable during the growing
period, the seed on the freshly plowed area practically refused to
germinate — only a few small patches appearing where timber had
been burned off. This failure of seed to germinate when sown in
newly-plowed land, more especially where the soil is of a stiff
character, has often been observed. Germination will eventually
take place, but it may be weeks or months later. Numerous ex-
amples of a similar nature were to be met with in the 1911 wheat
crop, and to a lesser extent during the past season. In every dis-
trict individual fields were to be met with giving a good yield,
while adjoining areas were practically a failure. On investiga-
tion it was discovered that, in almost every instance, early prep-
aration of the land was responsible for the successful returns.

HAMPTON INSTITUTES WORK FOR NEGROES.

Hampton Institute's remarkable results in training negroes are
vividly set forth in the forty-fifth annual report of the principal,
just made public. From a school of IS pupils and two teachers,
the Institute has grown into a busy educational village of over a
thousand persons, with a far-reaching influence, not only for the
races it is designed to aid, but for the whole nation, which benefits
by the splendid work and example of Hampton graduates every-
where.

Industrial training is the keynote of the Hampton success, ac-
cording to Dr. P. P. Claxton, United States Commissioner of
Education, who is keenly interested in the Hampton work. It is
noteworthy that this industrial training is of the most immediate
and practical sort, applied to the ordinary producing tasks of life,

235

first of all in the educational plant itself. At Hampton practically
all the work is done by the students themselves. There are build-
ings to be kept in repair and occasional new buildings to be
erected; there is a farm of 600 acres to be cultivated, with 150
cows and young stock, 40 horses and mules, hogs and poultry.
There are horses to be shod, harness to be kept in repair, wagons
to be built, boys to be clothed — these are a few of the industrial
opportunities which the plant itself offers. La§t year the stu-
dents received over $86,000. in wages, of which about one-fourth
went to the girls for domestic work in the Institute.

This year the boys of the trade school have built Clarke Hall
at a contract price of $26,142. The work called for the services
of bricklayers, plasterers, carpenters, sheetmetal workers, steam-
fitters, plumbers, cabinetmakers, electricians, and painters. The
architect who designed the building, after inspecting the brick-
work done by the boys, said it compared favorably with similar
work by New York men; and some of the local builders pro-
nounced it the best piece of work done in that section of Virginia.

At Hampton work is considered a privilege ; in fact, one form
of punishment is the taking away of work from a pupil. No
student is ever punished by being forced to work. At the same
time, labor is not insisted on as an end itself, but rather as the
means to an end. "The aim of Hampton, " says Dr. George P.
Phenix, vice-principal, "is not merely to train workmen, but to
educate men and women who shall stand for the best things in
the communities to which they return, and who can make their
skill contribute to this end. ,,

MATERIAL FOR MAKING PAPER,

Wood-pulp is by far the most important material for making
paper at the present day, and, owing to the wide distribution of
the sources of supply — coniferous trees being the most suitable —
it is the cheapest. Large quantities of straw-pulp also are im-
ported into this country for the manufacture of brown papers and
straw boards ; and bamboo is coming into prominence as a source
of paper-pulp. A new material for making paper, "elephant-
grass, " from Uganda, is now suggested in an interesting article
published in the current quarterly issue of the Bulletin of the Im-
perial Institute. This is a perennial grass, growing usually to a
height of 6 ft. to 10 ft., and much higher on rich marshland.
Occurring in a deep zone across tropical Africa, it is found
chiefly along watercourses and in marshy depressions; but it
grows also in the more open parts of bush and forest land. Both
cattle and horses eat it readily. A sample of the dried mature
grass was sent recently from Uganda to the Imperial Institute,
with the object of ascertaining its suitability for the manufacture

236

of paper. The Chief Forestry Office of the Protectorate stated
that the grass was a source of annoyance and expense to agricul-
turists, as it grew rapidly after the aerial shoots had been burnt or
cut down; but that, if it could be used profitably for the manu-
facture of paper, a new and large industry could be built up.
Since this grass is available in immense quantities, and at present
has to be burnt each season in order to keep it down, it is im-
portant to find a commercial use for it.

The consignment, which weighed 177 lbs. when received at the
Imperial Institute, and 145 lbs. on being air-dried, yielded, after
treatment in the laboratories, a pulp of good color, composed of
ultimate fibers rather longer than those of esparto grass and about
the same length as those of bamboo pulp. It furnished a fairly
good paper. Owing to the light and bulky nature of "elephant
grass," however, it is unlikely that the stems could be shipped
profitably to Europe for paper-making; but if the stems were
converted into pulp at or near the sources of supply, by treatment
with caustic soda, it is possible (in the opinion of experts) that a
remunerative industry could be opened up, since the pulp prob-
ably would be approximately the same value for paper-making as
wood-pulp prepared by the soda process — namely, £7 10s. to £8
12s. 6d. per ton in London (February, 1913). Since there are
immense deposits of soda in East Africa which could be utilized
for the manufacture of pulp, there would appear to be some
prospect of a new industry's growing up in this Protectorate. —
The Mail.

Hawaiian Gazette 60.

LIMITED

Publishers of

THE ADVERTISER

a. morning' newspaper that
is read by worth-while peo-
ple and others.

Subscription, $t.00 per month

DAILY and SUNDAY

Car Irons—Steel Cars— Portable Track

ORENSTEIN-ARTHUR KOPPEL CO.

Pittsburgh New York, San Francisco, Berlin, London
Plant at Koppel, Pa. 5 Plants in Europe. 60 Branches

H. HACKFELD & CO., LTD. FRED F. LACKS,

Agents, Honolulu Resident Sales Manager

WE FURNISH CAR IRONS TO FIT EXISTING EQUIPMENT

60 YEARS'
EXPERIENCE

Trade Marks
Designs
Copyrights Ac.

Anyone sending a sketch and description ma?
quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an
invention is probably patentable. Communica-
tions atrictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents
sent free. Oldest a jency for securing patents.

Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive
special notice, without c harg e, in the

Scientific .American.

A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir-
culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a
ye;tr ; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers.

MUNN&Co. 3e,Broa ^ New York

Branch Office. 6315 F St., Washington, D. C. ,

Garden and Farm Tools

and Implements

To do good farming you must have up to date tools
to work with. We carry a most complete line of every-
thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the
smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We
also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Barrel
Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades,
Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mowers, Garden
Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the
farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large.

E. O. HALL & SON, LTD.

OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-
SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS.

Walter M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer.
J. M. Dowsett Arthur H. Rice

H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY,

Ralph S. Hosmcr, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden.

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii.

Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Homestead, Kauai,

David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Plant In-
spector.
J. C. Bridwell, Assistant Superintendent of Entomology.

D. B. Kuhns, Plant Inspector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii.

E. Madden, I _ _ ( Mahukona, Hawaii,

Kahului.Maui.

Koloa, Kauai,
Hana, Maui.
Kaanapali, Maui.
Manele. Lanai

W. O. Aiken, j Honorary Plant

W. D. McBryde, ! Inspector at

Dr, W. B. Deas, |

Capt. C.F.Turner |

G. C. Munro, J

Prof. F. Silvestri (of Portici, Italy), Consulting Entomologist.

David T. Fill la way, Special Collaborator.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial

Veteri?iarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
H, B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hazvaii.
J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy 1 erritorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

CLERICAL STAFF

Mrs. A. Oram, Stenographer and Librarian.

Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk.

Daniel Logan, Editor of the "Forester."

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked

* ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application ta
bailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu.

BOARD.

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp.
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp.

* Sirst Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, xrom

July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp.
.Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for tht

year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures.
T/ird Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the

year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figureu.
Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, toi

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates.
Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, fr '

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates.
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 plates.
"Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903.
"Digest of the Statuter Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits Ytgefiblc?

<c, into the Terr>ory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1 ; 6 jv

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION -Continued.

-important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherc. Rules and Reg"'
tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the lern-
tory of Hwaii." General Circular No. 2 ; 3 pp.; 1904.

"Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey.
General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908.

-The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist," a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII;
1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette C<\, Honolulu. Price

$1 a year. DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

* "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nur^ry." Press

* "SiWBtion^ii Regard 'lo^e 5 Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin

"An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905.
"Revised List of forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government

Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3 ; 4 pp.; 1906.
•"Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees." Press Bulletin No.

"Instructions ! for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees." Press Bulletin

"Na H°oakaka P no'ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa."

Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. #

"Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii," by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1, 88 pp., 12

Repo? 1 ^ 1 ^ 9 Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re
print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates.

♦Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Re-
print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp. ; 4 maps.

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re-
print from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp.
^port of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re-
print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp. . q1

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31,
1910 Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates.
1910. Kepn DIV f SI0N ON EN TOMOLOGY.

"The Leaf-Hopper of tfc« Sugar Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No. 1;

** "A^ataiog" 03 ^ the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae," by G. W. Kirkaldy and
"Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species," by Jacob
Kotinskv Bulletin No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907.

."OnSome DiBeaeU of Cane' Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hoppjr
Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin

A rirr'niar of ^"formation," bv Jacob "Kotinskv. Circular No, 1; 8 pp.; 1905.
4e Japanese Bee™ Fungus,*" by Jacob Kotinsky and Bro. M. Newell. Circular

Rule^h 2 ' 1 "Concer U n Vng 19 Ae' Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit

«ule^ Un "S of all Banana Fruit, Banana Shoots or

Report^'tne™^^ 'or the year ending December 31, 1905.

ReP °Reprin from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text fibres
«eport of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures.
Vrort of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate.
Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year enoing December 31, 1908.
" Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 PP.; 2 plates
Report of the Division of Entomology for the biennial per Mod endmg December 81,

1910 Reprint from Report of the Board; 70 pp.; 10 plates.
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,

OS1S.

* "Tnsnection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905

* "InspectioS and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Taberculo

* "Concerning 1 Cland^d Horse Stock in the Territory." ..Rnlejjl p.; 1905
'"To Amend Rule \ Inspection of imported Live Sock. Rule A I 1 p., 1907.

* "Quarantine of Horse Stock from California." Rule 8; 1 p ; 1908^

"Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock." Rules and Laws,

11 pp.: unnumbered pamphlet; Revised 1910.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 81, 1905

Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 pp. r» —«,»,«. *1 ion«

Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates.
Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1907.

P Reprint from the Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 Plates
Report of the Division of Animal Industry for the year ending December 31, 1908.

Risrirint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp.
aepoft of the D Wision of Animal Industry, for the biennial per od ending December

31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 59 pp.; 13 tfates.

* Out of rrifil