yjr jpiiiii TheH^AIIAN FORESTER AND AGRICULTURIST! DECEMBER, 1916 CONTENTS PAGE Editorial 431 Division of Forestry 432 Division of Plant Inspection 436 Division of Entomology 438 Division of Animal Industry 440 Division of Hydrography 444 Arbor Day 445 Bovine Tuberculosis and the Milk Supply of the Territory of Hawaii 447 Water-measuring Devices 450 Swine Plague and Its Treatment 455 VOL. XIII, PRICE, TEN CENTS MO. 12 -.*»■ -* - W'i ilMI'Afl'.TIV Or r?;0;!£AM LB'r;DEAR : SiR;-r-I herewith submit a report of the principal w^>rk clone ; during -the month of November : - : ^~ ■..-.•■.-£ j.-.^k :.- 435 NURSERY. Distribution of Plants. Sold 110 pot-grown plants Gratis 508 pot-grown plants Total 618 pot-grown plants In addition to the above, 19,297 trees were distributed for Arbor Day planting, full account of which is given in the attached report on Arbor Day. Collections. Collections on account of plants sold amounted to $ 2.15 Rent of office building in nursery grounds 35.00 Total $37.15 Plantation Companies and Other Corporations. The distribution of plants under this heading amounted to 40,000 seedlings, consisting of eucalyptus and ironwood. MAKIKI STATION. Preparations are being made at this station for the installing of a short log saw mill. Slight additions and alterations will have to be made to the buildings. This work will be done by our own men. During the first two weeks of November the men at this station were assisting with Arbor Day work. HONOLULU WATERSHED PLANTING. The work done during the month has been as follows : Clear- ing away grass and weeds from the young trees, planting and straightening up those that are being shaken and damaged by the wind. All the area planted is now in very good condition, and with the exception 1 of a little clearing away of the vines now and again, the trees are practically able to take care of themselves. The small nursery at the base of Sugar Loaf is well stocked with koa trees, and we intend soon to commence planting up other bare places. ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE. Work connected with Arbor Day has taken up most of the writer's time. The following is a list of calls made and advice given,* Calls made, 4; advice by telephone, 9 ; advice by letter, 7; people calling at nursery, 11. Total, 31. Respectfully submitted, if:i,;: = . .•■-:'-• v~ David Haughs, -- -; ::■'■'- ':•■-•- r ; ->- : ^ Forest Nurseryman. 436 Division of Plant Inspection Honolulu, Nov. 30, 1916. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — I respectfully submit my report of the work done by the Division of Plant Inspection for the month of November, 1916, as follows: During the month there arrived at the port of Honolulu, 57 vessels, of which 29 carried vegetable matter. Of these vessels, seven passed by the way of the Panama Canal in transit to the Orient. Disposals. Lots. Parcels. Passed as free from pests 1164 25,202 Fumigated 5 2,117 Burned 10 11 Returned as contraband 4 6 Total inspected 1183 27,336 Of these shipments, 27,014 packages arrived as freight, 174 packages as mail matter, and 148 packages as baggage of passen- gers and immigrants. RICE AND BEAN SHIPMENTS. During the month 37,317 bags of rice and 1183 bags of beans arrived from Oriental ports and after careful inspection were passed as free from pests. PESTS INTERCEPTED. Approximately 3778 pieces of baggage belonging to passen- gers and immigrants from foreign countries were examined, and nine packages of fruit and one package of vegetables were seized and burned. Qne package of walnuts was taken in the baggage of a passen- ger from China. These were infested with the larvae of Ephestia slutella. Three packages of chestnuts in the baggage of passengers on three vessels from Japan were infested with the chestnut weevil (Balanimus species) and were destroyed by fumigating first and then burning. One box of violet plants from the Coast were found infested with Aphids and were fumi- gated before delivery. One case of orchids from New Jersey had to be fumigated before delivery on account of finding a few infested with an aphis (Cerataphis lataniae) and a scale insect (Coccus longulus). Five small sago palms (Cycas revaluta) were found in the bag- gage of a passenger from Japan and were fumigated and all soil removed and replaced with sterilized soil before they were landed. Twenty-one hundred coconuts for planting arrived from Pa- 43? nama on November 24. These were fumigated as a precautionary measure before delivery. Ten coconuts were found in the bag- gage of a passenger from American Samoa. They were samples for a fiber company and were fumigated before delivery, as one showed infestation with a scale (Aspidiotus destructor). The following packages of plants and seeds were returned by the postoffice: 1 package of corn from Manila; 1 package of plant cuttings from Japan ; 1 package of nuts from Japan. On November 28, just when the Sonoma was sailing at 10 o'clock p. m., a member of the crew tried to land three alligator pears from Samoa. They were seized and have been destroyed. During the day two other attempts were made to land these fruits, but the packages containing them were sent back on board. HILO INSPECTION. Brother M. Newell of Hilo reports the arrival of five steamers, three of which brought vegetable matter, consisting of 218 lots and 3141 packages of fruits and vegetables. One package of plants had to be fumigated before delivery on account of mealy bug infestation. All of the rest was passed as free from pests. INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION. Sixty-five steamers plying between the port of Honolulu and other island ports were attended to during the month. The fol- lowing shipments were passed as free from pests: Taro 540 bags Plants 317 boxes Vegetables 150 boxes Fruit 7 boxes Total passed 1014 packages The following packages were refused shipment, as they did not meet with the regulations pertaining to soil and infestations : Plants 16 packages Fruit 10 packages Total refused 26 packages PLANT INSPECTION QUARTERS. During the month I have been compelled to remove the labor- atory and fumigating chamber located on Pier No. 10 (Oceanic dock). The laboratory was carefully taken down and stored. The fumigating chamber was removed to the Kilauea-street lot and a roof built over same. This is a condition which had to be complied with on account of harbor improvements, and, unfor- tunately, it very materially weakens the equipment of the quar- antine work. Respectfully submitted, E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Plant Inspection. 438 Division of Entomology Honolulu, Dec. 18, 1916. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen: — During the month of November the insectary was engaged in multiplying and distributing the melon fly para- site, Optus fletcheri. There were produced 2861 females and 2405 males, and the distribution was as follows: Females. Males. Optus fletcheri. Oahu: S. King street 150 100 Sheridan street 963 675 Kalakaua avenue 445 290 Moanalua 275 150 Alewa Heights 300 200 Kaimuki 100 65 Schofield Barracks 100 100 Hawaii : Hilo 75 40 Maui: Wailuku 200 100 Total 2608 1720 Fruit fly parasites were propagated and distributed as follows : Tetrastichus. Oahu: Punahou Street 300 Alewa Heights 300 Maui : Iao Valley 200 Galesus Silvestri. Pauoa Valley 95 Dirhinus Giffardii. Maui: Iao Valley 250 D. fullazvavi. Oahu: Punahou street 2 Maui : Iao Valley 73 D. tryoni. Oahu : Punahou street 123 Maui: Iao Valley 105 Optus humilis. Oahu : Punahou street 12 Total 1466 The corn leaf hopper egg parasite has multiplied very satis- factorily at the nursery in Makiki Valley and has been distrib- uted in a number of localities during the month : 100 to Kailua (Mr. Rice), 100 in the corn fields near Kalakaua and King, 20 to U. S. Experiment Station behind Punchbowl, 200 to Waia- koa, Kula, and 50 to Haiku, in the Island of Maui. Respectfully submitted, D. T. Fullaway, Entomologist. 440 Division of Animal Industry Honolulu, Dec. 20, 1916. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the Division of Animal Industry far the month of November, 1916. MAUI COUNTY FAIR. Though this is the first time the County of Maui has ever attempted to gather its various industries and pursuits together for the purpose of exhibition, education and friendly competi- tion, the effort proved a great success and will undoubtedly have far-reaching results. As one of the judges of the live stock exhibits the writer can unreservedly prophesy for Maui a place in the sun in so far as the breeding and development of pure-bred animals — whether for sport, utility or meat food purposes : — are concerned. That Maui already can lay claim to the lead where thoroughbred horses i$ the question cannot be disputed, and some of the classes of both imported and Hawaiian-bred stallions, mares and colts would have aroused enthusiasm anywhere in the world where a good horse is appreciated. With such a founda- tion and with the spirit of true sportsmanship which seems to pervade all Maui, the annual exhibitions which now are in- sured, together with fully developed competitive performances along the lines of speed, skill and daring on the part of man and mount, cannot fail to bring back the horse to the position which it deserves to fill, as the most beautiful animal in creation. The cattle exhibits, whether for beef or dairy purposes, fell far behind the horses. Among the beef classes Herefords and Shorthorns were not even represented, Devons had barely a look-in, and the day was saved only by two good exhibits, with many classes filled, of Polled Angus, pure-bred breeding animals as well as the finished product — the fat steer. The dairy breeds also were poorly represented, only one real good exhibit of Jersey cattle being shown. This weakness in the cattle exhibits, however, does not neces- sarily denote lack of interest in the dairy business, but only a lack of experience when the question is to exhibit. Dairy animals are notoriously the most difficult and the most expensive animals to exhibit, as they often require extensive preparations for their care and comfort while away from home. This is especially the case when animals in milk are exhibited, and until more perma- nent quarters have been secured for the annual show, a regular dairy exhibit must wait, and there can be no doubt that next year's fair will see all the cattle classes filled to a far greater extent than was the case this time. It should also be mentioned that the beef cattle would have been fully represented this time, at least in so far as Herefords were concerned, except for the 441 failure of the two largest exhibitors to secure transportation for their animals, which had recently been exhibited on Hawaii. The climax of the farm animal exhibits came with the hogs. Nearly all of the most popular breeds were well represented, and the competition for the ribbons and prizes was keen. Berkshires and Duroc Jerseys were the favorites and were almost equally strong in numbers as well as quality. That the Berkshires car- ried away most of the prizes was due principally to the personal preferences of a majority of the judges for this breed. A splen- did exhibit of Hampshires attracted general and well-deserved attention, while Tamworth was represented by one boar and one sow only. Four pens of butcher hogs, three in each pen, gave the judges a bad half hour, as all were in splendid shape, but the blue and special finally went to the Berkshires, the three other pens being reds. All in all, the whole hog exhibit was little short of a revela- tion and illustrates the great advance the pork industry has made throughout the Territory during the past few years, and com- plaints are already being voiced about a crowded market and falling prices, and still the local consumer has to pay thirty cents per pound for ham and bacon ! Who will establish the first modern pork-packing house in the Territory and help conserve one of our most important meat food products in case importa- tion should fail? There ought to be such an establishment on each of the principal islands. And, in conclusion, during the entire fair not a single case of sickness was heard of, even though hogs of all ages and classes were brought from all over Maui, which speaks well for the gen- eral health of the hogs on Maui, as well as for the sanitary ar- rangements of the local health committee. Of other live stock exhibited, a few sheep became of tempo- rary interest only while serving in a sheep-shearing competition. Far more attention was given to eleven well-filled classes of rab- bits and Belgian rabbits and Belgian hares, another meat food industry of comparatively recent date which also may become of considerable importance here in case of isolation. They increase very fast and mature or become ready for the table in one-third to one-half the time required by any kind of poultry. The hare and rabbit are essentially a poor man's pets, and the industry should be encouraged until a buck and a few does can be found in every back-yard and on every homestead. The conserving of rabbits in tin or glass containers has become a favorite juvenile industry throughout the United States, the federal department of agriculture having issued a farmers' bulletin containing full direc- tions for rabbit culture and how to utilize them to best advantage. Among the dogs exhibited, the pointers were by far predomi- nating. Here, again, the lack of experience interfered, also the fact that many exhibitors had undertaken to bring too great a variety of both animals, poultry and produce to warrant each the 442 care and preparation which the experience of a few years will teach them are requisite for the gaining of an award. The poultry show contained the usual varieties of chickens, ducks, turkeys and pigeons. The Indian duck seems to be a favorite on Maui, and much interest is also being taken in squab raising. For the latter purpose it is noted that the homer has almost been completely superseded by the Carneaux and White Kings. Both are beautiful birds and fast breeders of squabs weighing twelve to sixteen pounds per dozen when one month old. In connection with the fair, though not on the grounds, this office (division of animal industry) had an exhibit of the lesions most commonly found in diseased animals in the Territory. The specimens were mounted in glass jars and provided with descrip- tive legends. It was, however, difficult to give much time to this exhibit, as the judging of all the live stock — that is, horses, cattle, sheep, swine, dogs and rabbits — had been delegated to the same judges, who, in spite of strenuous efforts, could not finish the lists of awards until the fair was ready to close up on the last day. These lists will be published in full in the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist as soon as space becomes available. SWINE PLAGUE OR HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN HOGS. As reported last month, this disease had made its appearance in two herds of swine where considerable losses of swine were sustained. Both were treated with hog cholera serum, but to little or no avail. A cabled order for swine plague bacterin brought a limited amount of this preventive vaccine from Berkeley, California, but the same having been prepared from a cattle strain of the specific organisms, the results were not as satisfactory as could have been wished for. Now an order for 200 cc. of the real swine plague bacterin has been sent to Kansas City, and it is confi- dently hoped that the infectious pneumonia met with here during the cold winter months can be checked by its use. An article entitled "Swine Plague and its Treatment" will be reprinted in the next issue of the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist. Respectfully submitted, Victor A. Norgaard, Territorial Veterinarian. REPORT OF ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN. Honolulu, Dec. 18, 1916. Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, Chief of Division of Animal Industry, Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Sir: — I beg to submit the following report for the month of November, 1916 : 443 TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. T. P. C G M. Cooke 1 1 Dr. Straub 24 22 2 A. F. Cooke 6 6 Oahu College 16 15 1 Geo. Holt 17 16 1 During the past month a total of 64 head of dairy cattle were tested, of which number 60 were passed and tagged and 4 con- demned and branded. POST MOR*EM EXAMINATIONS. Post mortem examination was performed on two condemned cows at the Waialae abattoir, with the following results: No. 1. Lesions: One mediastinal lymph gland and a few nodules in the left lung. No. 2. Could find nothing in what remained of the carcass, but the retropharyngeal glands were missing. HOG INSPECTIONS. A general inspection of hogs throughout Moiliili and a large part of Kalihi was made during the past month. Altogether, a total of 4862 head were inspected and without exception found in fine condition, no evidence of disease of any kind, nor did any obtainable history point to the presence of any disease among them for the past three or four years. With a few exceptions the sanitary conditions of the piggeries were good. LIVE STOCK IMPORTATIONS. S. S. Niagara, Vancouver — 1 dog, J. M. Kelly. S. S. Hyades, San Francisco — 1 pony, Fred Anderson; 24 mules, 1 jackass, Alexander & Baldwin. U. S. A. T. Dix, Seattle— 6 horses, U.S. Q. M. Dept. S. S. Matsonia, San Francisco — 1 ct. poultry, W. F. X. Co.; 1 cat, F. Brown. S. S. Wilhelmina, San Francisco — 88 cts. poultry. S. S. Shinyo Maru, Orient — 1 dog, Miss Dorothy Martin. S. S. Manoa, San Francisco — 77 cts. poultry, Honolulu; 5 cts. poultry, Kahului. S. S. Makura, Vancouver — 1 dog, J. K. Baker. Respectfully submitted, L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. 444 Division of Hydrography Honolulu, Dec. 12, 1916. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii. Gentlemen : — The following report of operations of the divi- sion of hydrography during November, 1916, is submitted : WEATHER CONDITIONS. With the exception of Kohala, Hawaii, practically all parts of the Territory received an abundance of rainfall without expe- riencing heavy floods. Practically al^ streams are above normal. MAUI COUNTY FAIR EXHIBIT. . An exhibit was shown at the Maui County Fair, consisting of 25 large transparencies showing both mainland and local field work methods and results obtained therefrom, water-measuring instruments, rain gages and methods of working up field data into detailed reports. The exhibit was visited by about six thousand persons. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE WORK. Kauai. The Hanalei and Olokele stream-gaging stations were repaired and about twelve miles of trail in the upper Waioli, Hanalei and Kalihiwai valleys were cleared and repaired. At the suggestion of the governor of Hawaii, maximum and minimum thermometers were established at Kokee, near the center of the proposed Waimea park site, at the head of Waimea canyon. Twenty-six stream and ditch-measurement stations and seven rain-measurement stations were visited and 28 measurements were made. Oahu. All stations on the island were visited and ten meas- urements were made. Four rainfall-measurement stations were also visited. Blue-print copies of data for the year ending June 30, 1916, for the north and south forks of the Kaukonahua streams were prepared and furnished to the Wahiawa Water Co., Ltd., and the U. S. Army. Only minor repair work was done. Maui. The superintendent attended to the usual routine oper- ation and maintenance work, visiting 17 stream -measurement sta- tions and one rainfall station. Estimates were made for consider- able repair work needed during December and January. Ar- rangements were also completed for the purchase of a saddle horse by Mr. W. F. Pogue, for the use of employes of this divi- sion in the ditch country. Very respectfully, G. K. Larrison, Superintendent of Hydrography. 445 Arbor Day Honolulu, Dec. 1, 1916. C. S. Judd, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Board of Agricul- ture and Forestry, Honolulu. Dear Sir: — In accordance with a proclamation by Governor Pinkham, Arbor Day was celebrated on November 17. Several weeks previous to that date the different newspapers in the city of Honolulu and also on the other islands were informed that trees would be available as usual at the government nursery in Honolulu and also at the two sub-nurseries, one in Hilo, Hawaii, and the other in Homestead, Kauai. Through the kindness of the press the general public was informed of the species available and the conditions regarding shipment and so forth. A large number of people took advantage of the offer and shipments of plants were sent to all the islands. The schools of the Territory came in for their share, although many of the school grounds are now well stocked and there is little room left for tree planting. The total number of trees ap- plied for by schools amounted to 1957. Homesteaders on all of the islands drew heavily on our stock. The trees mostly wanted by them consisted of eucalyptus robusta, ironwoods and grevil- leas. The amount of trees supplied to the different military posts was not so large as last year. This was probably due to the fact that they have been receiving large quantities of trees during the year at intervals. The total number of trees distributed amounted to 19,297, and the number sent to each island is as follows, including schools : Trees. Oahu, including Honolulu 9,537 Kauai 1,649 Maui 4,044 . ' Hawaii 3,997 Molokai 70 Total 19,297 Of the above the following went to schools: Island. Schools. Trees. Oahu, including Honolulu 20 547 Kauai 4 64 Maui 13 1079 Hawaii 6 197 Molokai 1 70 Total 44 1957 Distribution of trees by species from the government nursery, Oahu, for planting on Arbor Day, was as follows : > 446 Golden Shower (Cassia fistula) 691 Pink Shower (Cassia grandis) 602 Pink and White Shower (Cassia nodosa) 462 Royal Poinciana (Poinciana regia) 585 Yellow Poinciana (Peltophorum ferrugineum) . . 171 Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosaefolia) 853 Pepper Tree (Schinus molle) 1,004 African Tulip Tree (Spathodea companulata) . . . 1,024 St. Thomas Tree (Bauhinia foment osa) 310 Texas Umbrella (Melia azedarach) 291 Ear Pod Tree (Enter olobium cyclocarpum) 292 Silk Oak ( Grevillea robusta) 1,956 Iron wood (Casuarina equisetifolia) 4,680 Japan Cedar (Sugi) (Cryptomeria Japonica) .... 704 Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) 692 Lemon Gum (Eucalyptus citriodora) 783 Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) 3,033 Other species 1,164 Total 19,297 Respectfully submitted, David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. 447 Bovine Tuberculosis and the Milk Supply of the Territory of Hawaii By Victor A. Norgaard, V.S. (Copenhagen), Territorial Veterinarian. (Delivered at the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Medical Assn.) Gentlemen : — The efforts of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry at eradicating bovine tuberculosis have been continued during the past year along the same lines as reported to this asso- ciation at the last two annual meetings. While complete eradication cannot yet be reported, the num- ber of dairies which may be said to be free from tuberculosis infection is steadily increasing and will, when the year's testing has been finished, be found to be close to 90 per cent. Qf the 89 dairies tested up to this date, including all dairies in Honolulu and vicinity, 73, or 82 per cent, did not have a single reacting animal. Up to this date, November 25, a total of 4845 dairy ani- mals have been tested, of which number 4700 were found healthy and 145 were condemned as tuberculous. Nearly all of these animals were butchered, and it is gratifying to state that only a very small number were found on post mortem examinations to have the disease in a sufficiently advanced state to warrant the condemnation of the entire carcass. The most common lesions were more or less extensive tubercular nodules in the retropharyn- geal bronchial and mediastinal glands, and less frequently in the mesenteric, supramamary and prescapular glands. Tuberculous nodules in the lungs are becoming more rare with every year, and cases of open tuberculosis are hardly ever met with. It may, therefore, be taken for granted, that many of the dairies which still contained reactors this year, were freed of the infection with the removal of the infected animals and the thorough disinfec- tion of the premises. There still remain about 3000 head to be tested, the majority of which belong to the Railroad ranches and the rest to dairies beyond Ewa, in all of which few reactors will be found. It will therefore be seen that the danger of transmitting bovine tuberculosis to children, with milk, even when uncooked or un- pasteurized, has been diminished to a considerable extent when compared to the conditions obtaining here six years ago, when more than thirty per cent of the dairy cattle of Honolulu were tuberculous and many of them affected with advanced forms of the disease, such as tuberculosis of the milk glands (or udder). A further safeguard against the disease is the excellent pas- teurization plant installed by the Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- tion, where 83 per cent of alb the milk consumed in Honolulu is handled. The Goucher electric milk purifier, mentioned in my previous papers before this association, has recently been replaced 448 with the best known pasteurizing plant on the holding system. The electric plant was a so-called flash pasteurizer, while the new one heats the milk for half an hour to a temperature of 145° F., thereby insuring the destruction of all pathogenic micro-organ- isms. The temperature and length of exposure is automatically registered and the record sheet filed daily with Food Commis- sioner Hanson. In a similar way all cream and butter fat mix- tures entering into the manufacture of ice cream, are sterilized at a temperature of 160° F., a fact of importance, since the Rocke- feller Institute found the principal lesions of poliomyelitis to be in the large intestines and surmised that ice cream might be one of the vehicles of infection. While nothing but good can be said about this excellent plant of the Dairymen's Association, there is, nevertheless, one sinister aspect to it which I shall take the liberty to lay before you. I have been given to understand that a strenuous fight is going to be made before the next legislature for the purpose of abolishing the efforts of my office at eradicating bovine tuberculosis and sub- stituting compulsory pasteurization of all milk. As stated, there still remain about 2 per cent of tuberculous dairy animals, or there did, at least, before the last test was made; at any rate, sufficient of a nest tgg to start the disease spreading again. And while it has taken six years to reduce its prevalence from thirty per cent to two per cent, it may safely be predicted that it would take less than two years for it to regain its former status. It is, of course, possible for a dairyman to keep his herd free of tuber- culous cattle, if he so desires, but when there is no inducement to do so, if pasteurized tuberculous milk is to rank even with clean milk from healthy cows, it is doubtful if many of them will go to the expense and trouble in connection with it. On the other hand, pasteurization cannot always be relied on; the plant might become incapacitated, and, if. even for one day, unpleasant results might follow the consumption of a few thousand gallons of un- pasteurized milk from a lot of diseased cows. I will therefore ask you gentlemen, singly as practising physicians, and as a body through your organizations, to help averting what I believe would be a very poor policy on the part of the dairymen and one far from their own interests. A sick cow cannot furnish the same quality of milk as a healthy one, and I am sure that most of your patients would prefer milk from healthy cows to that from tuberculous animals, even if rendered innocuous by pasteuriza- tion. To terminate the efforts of the Board of Agriculture at eradicating bovine tuberculosis at the present time, when a large majority of the diseased animals have already been disposed of and the possibility of their transmitting a fatal disease to the children, whose welfare it is our solemn duty to protect, can be viewed only as a step in the wrong direction. And what of the seventy or eighty dairymen who have already cleaned their herds of tuberculous animals? A barbed wire fence is poor protection against the badly infected tuberculous herd of a next-door neigh- 449 bor. And the many so-called "family cows," some of which, if they become infected from a nearby diseased herd, would almost be sure, sooner or later, to transmit tuberculosis with their milk, because, unlike the milk coming from a larger or smaller dairy, it would be consumed undiluted, day after day, by the same people or children. Of course, such milk could and should be pasteur- ized, but, gentlemen, you undoubtedly all know what home-pas- teurization amounts to, especially when left to servants. Would it not be much safer to have healthy cows only? In conclusion, I beg to reiterate my statement from last year: The milk consumer of Honolulu pays for clean milk from healthy cozvs and consequently is entitled to get just that and nothing else. Pasteurization and clarification are excellent adjuncts to safeguard the consumer against milk-borne diseases, but they should never be used as excuses for continuing a few diseased cows in otherwise healthy herds, as little as for filthy milking methods and dirty utensils. As I fully believe, gentlemen, that you all agree with me that bovine tuberculosis must go, I venture again to ask for your support and cooperation to that end. I thank you for the oppor- tunity to lay the matter before you and for your courteous at- tention. DISCUSSION. Dr. C. B. Wood: Mr. Chairman, I move that a copy of Dr. Norgaard's paper be sent by this society to the daily papers, with the request that they publish it as part of the proceedings of this meeting. Dr. W. C. Hobdy: I move to amend Dr. Wood's motion by adding the words, "with the endorsement of this society/' Dr. C. B. Wood : Amendment accepted. Dr. A. N. Sinclair: I move to amend the amended motion by adding, "and that a copy of Dr. Norgaard's paper be sent also to the governor, the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives, and that the secretary be instructed to memorialize these gentlemen that any legislative or other action in any way unfavorable or obstructive to the Board of Agriculture's efforts at eradicating bovine tuberculosis will be viewed by this society as unwise and contrary to the welfare of the community, and that a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the president of the Board of Health." 450 Water-measuring Devices By G. K. Larrison, Superintendent of Hydrography. This paper is prepared for the purpose of providing for watef users a brief non-technical description of the various devices now used for measuring water, and of the essential conditions under which each type should be used. In many instances it is impos- sible to determine the correct type of measurement device to be used without a careful investigation by a competent hydraulic engineer, and the reader is warned against relying on the sugges- tions contained herein for any specific problem without further technical advice. All kinds of water measurements will be made under one of two conditions — either when the water is under pressure, as in pipes or other closed conduits, or when it is flowing with a free open surface, as in the case of streams, ditches, flumes, etc. The flow of water in the first case may change to the latter, as when the head on a pipe line has lowered so that the pipe is only par- tially filled. MEASUREMENT OF FLOW IN PIPES UNDER PRESSURE. A few of the basic principles of hydraulics are as follows : 1. Water confined in a tank, pipe, or other vessel will exert a pressure per square inch equal to the weight of a column of water one inch square and as long as the vertical distance between the surface of the water and the area under pressure, as long as this column of water is at a standstill. This pressure is also exerted in all directions, or against the sides of the vessel as well as the bottom. When the water is allowed to flow through the pipe or vessel, the pressure at any point decreases, due to the velocity of the flowing water. 2. It is commonly supposed that water will "seek its own lever' or in case of an inverted pipe syphon the water will flow out of one end at the same level at which it enters the other end. This would be true if it were not for the fact that the sides of the pipe and the bends of the pipe exert a slowing down effect on account of friction, and in reality the water, when flowing, will not reach the same level as that at which it enters the pipe, al- though the same amount of water will flow out of the pipe as enters at the other end. 3. The friction factor is also of primary importance in de- termining the flow of water through pipes laid under all condi- tions of gradient and curvature. For pipes of the same mate- rials, the larger the diameter of the pipe — all other things being equal — the less friction in proportion to the area of the pipe will occur and less loss of head will be the result. For example: If two pipes, one of 2-inch and the other of 1-inch diameter, were laid from a common source, with identical gradients, and curvature, to similar tanks, the 2-inch pipe would 451 deliver to a higher elevation than the 1-inch pipe. If the interior surface of all pipes were so. smooth as to be frictionless there would be no difference, but the proportion of resisting surface to the cross-sectional area of the passing water is so much greater in the 1-inch pipe than in the 2-inch pipe that the velocity is much slower and consequently the pressure much less. This relation between the area and interior surface is known in hydraulics as the "hydraulic radius," and is an important factor in computing discharges. It is also used in computing the flow in open channels when the computation is based on the gradient or slope of the channel. To measure the flow in a pipe or other conduit when the water is under pressure, a mechanical device of some sort which regis- ters outside of the pipe the pressure of the water within, must be installed. These mechanical devices are of many types, varying with the size of the pipe, the pressures exerted, the use to which the water is put, etc. All types cause a small loss of pressure or head, but usually this loss is so small as to be considered neg- ligible. WATER METERS. Meters used for measuring the quantity of water supplied to a house or factory are of the displacement type; that is, as the water passes through the meter it displaces or moves a piston, a wheel, or a valve, the motion of which is communicated through a train of clock wheels to dials where the quantity that has passed since a certain time is registered. There is no theoretical way of determining whether or not the readings of the dial . hands are correct, but each meter must be rated by measuring the dis- charge in a tank. Several meters may be placed on the same pipe line in this operation, the same discharge then passing through each of them. When impure water passes through a meter for any length of time deposits are liable to impair the accuracy of its readings, and hence it should be rerated at in- tervals. The piston type is one in which the motion of the water causes two pistons to move in opposite directions, the water leaving and entering the cylinder by ports which are opened and closed by slide valves somewhat similar to those used in the steam engine. The rotary meter has a wheel enclosed in a case so that it is caused to revolve as the water passes through. The screw, meter has an encased hdlical surface that revolves on its axis as the water enters at one end and passes out at the other. The disk meter has a wabbling disk so arranged that its motion is communicated to a pin which moves in a circle. In all these, and in many other forms, it is intended that the motion given to the pointers on the dials shall be proportional to the volume of water passing through the meter. The dials may be arranged to read either cubic feet or gallons, as may be required by the consumers. These meters 452 are of different sizes, according to the quantity of water required to be registered. PRESSURE GAGES. A pressure gage, often called a piezometer, is an instrument for measuring the pressure of water in a pipe. The form most commonly found in the market has a dial and movable pointer, the dial being graduated to read pounds per square inch. The principle on which this gage acts is the same as that of the Richard aneroid barometer and the Bourdon steam gage. Within the case is a small coiled tube closed at one end, while the other end is attached to the opening through which the water is ad- mitted. This tube has a tendency to straighten when under pres- sure, and thus its closed end moves and the motion is communi- cated to the pointer ; when the pressure is relieved the tube as- sumes its original position and the pointer returns to zero. There is no theoretical method of determining the motion of the pointer due to a given pressure, and this is done by tests in which known pressures are employed, and accordingly the divisions of the graduated scale are usually unequal. These gages are liable to error after having been in use for some time, especially so at high pressures, and hence should be tested before and after any im- portant series of experiments. VENTURI METERS. The Venturi meter is best adapted for measuring the flow in pipes of six inches or more in diameter. It may also be used for smaller pipes, but its cost usually makes its use for small pipes prohibitive. This meter has no interior mechanism, but con- sists of a section, inserted in the pipe, in w r hich the cross-section is gradually contracted to a throat, usually one-ninth the area of the pipe, and is then uniformly increased until the original diam- eter of the pipe is reached. The distance between the upper end and the throat is less than the distance from the throat to the lower end. The pressures at the upper end at a point just before contraction begins, and at the throat, are registered by mercury pressure gages. By knowing these differences of pressures, or heads, and the respective areas of the pipe and the throat, the discharge may be computed by a simple formula. The Venturi meter has been thoroughly tested and is now the standard meas- uring device used in all large pipes and conduits. A modifica- tion of the Venturi meter for open ditch measurements has re- cently been experimented with and indications point to. its success. Another method of gaging the flow in pipes is by means of the Pitot tube, which, in its simplest form, consists of a bent tube, the end of which is placed so as to directly face the current in the pipe. The water pressure forces the water into the tube, and, by measuring this height and applying a simple formula, the ve- locity of the flow can be obtained. The Pitot tube is also used for obtaining the velocity of water in open channels. 453 OPEN CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS. The flow of water in open channels may be measured by four different methods : Velocity-Area Method. The velocity-area method involves the measurement of the .cross-sectional area at any point in the channel and the mean velocity at this point with a current meter. This method involves a fairly permanent cross section, a record of surface fluctuations and sufficient measurements at varying stages of the flow to determine a rating curve and table. This method is used exclusively by the U. S. Geological Sur- vey and the Division of Hydrography in rating streams and ditches where prohibitive cost, lack of head room, Cr other rea- sons, prevents the installation of weirs. The rating of a stream or ditch by this method also requires considerable period of time in order that measurements may be made at sufficient varying stages of from extreme low water to high floods to definitely fix the rating. Under favorable conditions results are obtained under the velocity-area methods which have a limiting error of five per cent or less. When conditions are poor the possibility of error may reach as high as 20 or 25 per cent. This method is explained in detail in the water supply reports of the U. S. Geological Survey. Slope Measurements. The flow in an open channel, where the longitudinal slopes of the bottom and water surfaces, the dimensions of the channel and the condition of roughness, vegetation, etc., of the channel are known, can also be obtained by using one of several formulas, the most popular of which is that derived by Kutter and Ganguil- let, commonly known as Kutter's formula. These formulas, which may be obtained from any hydraulic text book, are used exclusively in designing canals and ditches, and have been trans- formed into handy diagrams and tables from which results may be obtained without the necessity of working out the formula. Weirs. Unquestionably a weir properly constructed and of a type for which accurate coefficients have been determined, is one of the most convenient and reliable means of measuring water in ditches and small streams. In practice, however, weirs rarely conform to the requirements imposed by the experimenters who derived the coefficient. This is especially true in Hawaii, and observa- tions made on various types of weirs in Hawaii show that many weirs are not giving accurate results and that the erroneous rec- 454 ords of these weirs have been used for years in determining large payments of money for water delivered. There are two general types of weirs — sharp-crested and broad- crested. The sharp-crested weirs are separated into three classes, the most popular of which is the rectangular sharp-crested weir with end contractions. The formula ( Francis') is simple and well known, and sufficient experimental work has been done on this type to develop satisfactory coefficients for velocities of approach, high heads over the weir crests, etc. If the crest of the weir is sharp, straight and clean and sufficiently high above the bot- tom of the approach channel and the end contractions complete — and if the head on the crest is measured well back from the curve over the crest — the Francis formula will give excellent results. The rectangular sharp-crested weir without end contractions, called a suppressed weir, also gives excellent results. The third class of sharp-crested weir is called the Cippoletti, or trapezoidal, weir after its inventor. This weir is a sharp-crested weir with end contractions which are not vertical, but slope back from the end of the crest on a batter of about one-fourth hori- zontally to one vertically. This slope has the effect of simplifying the formula by doing away with the correction for end contrac- tions. (See pages 165-166, Merriman's Hydraulics.) Broad-crested Weirs, Broad-crested weirs are rarely constructed solely for measure- ment purposes. It has been found that this type of weir when already existing as a diversion structure or for some other pur- pose may be utilized to measure water. A series of measure- ments by some other method is usually necessary to determine the formula to be used. The width and shape of the crest deter- mine the coefficient to be used. Sufficient experiments have been made to determine within fairly accurate limits, formulas for various types and shapes of crests, but usually a careful investi- gation by an engineer is needed to determine the formula used in any specific case. Venturi Flumes. The use of the basic principles of the Venturi meter for open channel discharge measurements has recently been tested by the U. S. Reclamation Service and the Department of Agriculture, and experiments thus far completed seem to indicate that the "Venturi flume/' as the device has been named, will prove suc- cessful. As a substitute for ditch weirs where lack of fall, sedi- ment carrying water, etc., make weirs impracticable, this type of measuring device promises excellent results. It is described in a reprint from the Journal of Agriculture Research by Mr. V. M. Cone, under date of March 13, 1916. SUMMARY. The various devices are generally best used under the follow- ing conditions : 455 Venturi Meters. For pipes of 6 inches or more in diameter. Service Water Meters. For small pipes under ordinary ser- vice. Pressure Gages. For special cases where other standardized meters cannot be used. Velocity-Area Method. In streams, tunnels, ditches, or other open channels where sufficient drop to install a weir cannot be spared; where the increased cost of a weir does not justify the increased cost of construction ; where the channel carries so much sediment or debris that the approach channel would be filled and the weir crest fouled and when the velocity is too great for estab- lished weir formulas. Weirs. Where sufficient head room or drop can be spared; where the increased accuracy obtained will justify the increased expenditure; where there is not sufficient sediment or debris to foul the stations and where the entrance velocity can be slowed sufficiently to allow the use of standard formulas. Venturi Flumes. These have been devised to increase all of the above-mentioned objections to weirs, except the cost thereof. It is claimed that this device will' accurately measure dirty or foul water, at high velocities, and with small loss of head. Swine Plague and Its Treatment Swine plague is a specific infectious disease, characterized by catarrhal and necrotic pneumonia, in which pleurisy may or may not occur. It usually assumes a chronic form, but may be acute, in which case the animals die, after a few hours' illness from atypical sep- ticemia. This disease is quite widespread, but not so fatal nor as widespread as cholera. It is a sporadic or enzootic disease and rarely assumes the epizootic form. Swine plague is caused by the bacillus suisepticus, an organism belonging to the hemorrhagic septicemia group. Artificial in- fection of fowls, rabbits and guinea pigs causes a rapid and fatal septicemia. Intravenous injections usually kill a rabbit in from eight to sixteen hours. The virulence of this organism is quite variable. It may be found in respiratory organs of healthy hogs. It occurs in soil, and feces of hogs, especially those that are affected with swine plague. It has been quite conclusively demonstrated that some predis- posing condition must exist in swine before the virulence becomes sufficiently exalted to produce the disease. In some cases the or- ganism appears to assume a virulent form outside of the animal body. There has been no satisfactory explanation of the latter condition. In the very acute form the lesions are typical of septicemia with petechial hemorrhages in the skin, serous and mucous mem- branes. There may also be enlargement of the spleen and lymph 456 glands. The usual form, however, is chronic in nature and char- acterized by catarrhal pneumonia in which the lungs show areas in different stages of progress of the disease. All stages of pneu- monia may be seen with areas of necrosis. These necrotic cen- ters may be liquid or caseous and may be small or large, some- times involving centers of several cubic inches. There is usually a fibrinous pleurisy with or without adhesions. The lungs have a mottled appearance and the bronchial and mediastinal lymph gland may be hemorrhagic or necrotic. Swine plague is frequently confused with cholera and often veterinarians fail to get good results from the use of anti hog cholera serum because they have not correctly interpreted the symptoms and lesions seen in animals suffering from swine plague. It has been demonstrated that cholera serum has no effect upon the animals infested with the B. Suisepticus. Fre- quently cholera and swine plague exist in the same animal or herd, and in most of these cases the use of serum does little good. The symptoms of swine plague occurring in the chronic form are those of pneumonia with a short, dry, spasmodic cough. Dysp- noea is usually well marked, especially if the animal is forced to run a short distance. Thumping or spasmodic abdominal res- piration is characteristic of the cases. The temperature is about 104° F., appetite poor, quite rapid emaciation until the animal dies from exhaustion in from 30 to 50 days. The diagnosis is a very important factor in successfully hand- ling hogs affected by this disease. In the treatment of swine plague a new field has opened. Cholera serum has no effect either as an immunizing or curative agent. Hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine for swine is giving good results in herds where swine plague occurs uncomplicated with cholera. If there is cholera, serum should be given ; if there is swine plague, vaccine should be given ; if the two diseases occur to- gether, both serum and vaccine should be given. Hogs may be immunized against swine plague by the injection of one or two doses of hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine for swine, and cases where the destruction of lung tissue is not too extensive may be cured by three or four injections. Swine plague vaccine is prepared according to an original for- mula perfected several years ago. The basis for this formula is taken from the vaccine used by the B. A. I. in combating hemor- rhagic septicemia in buffalo, in Yellowstone National Park. The formula was prepared after the examination of many lung speci- mens to determine the variety of organisms usually accompany- ing the B. Suisepticus. Hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine for swine is a polyvalent or mixed vaccine based upon the association of pathogenic organisms most frequently found in swine plague. The above note is quoted from a trade journal issued by the Jensen Salsbery Laboratories in Kansas City, which have been furnishing the division of animal industry with samples for ex- perimental purposes. — Editor. :illlllllllllllillllllllllliillllliiillllllllilllillilillllimiilllilllllllllllllllllllilllllilllllim: 01 Bank of Hawaii Building Fort and Merchant Streets CAPITAL SURPLUS = OVER $1,350,000 = Commercial Department E Learn the use of a S Checking Account and = Banking by Mail. S Savings Department = With $1 open a Sav- S ing Account, bearing S interest for vacation = expenses or for other = = special purpose. 5 ^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IT Ulllllllllllllllillllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllg I Union Feed Co., Ltd. | = Dealers in = | HAY AND GRAIN ' | = and Manufacturers of 3 | ALGAROBA FEED | 5 (A substitute for Oats and Rolled Barley) 5 = PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO = S SHIPPING ORDERS | | ISLAND ORDERS SOLICITED 1 S Sole Agents for the Territory for S = Pratt's Celebrated Horse, Cattle and Poultry 5 = Remedies = | Warehouse and Office: KAKAAKO a | P. O. Box 247 HONOLULU, T. H. Phone 3468 | niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiniiiin biiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimu 1 Modernize Your Home | 1 With Beautiful Marble and Tile Work 1 ' Whether you reside in Ho- nolulu, Hilo or any of the country districts throughout the Islands we are ready to serve you in transforming your home into one of great- er comfort and attractiveness | by installing Marble, Slate or Tile work of | the finest materials and workmanship. 1 Cheaper than any other material in the long | run. | Examples of my work may be seen at the | Bank of Hawaii, Alexander Young Hotel, | Mclnerny's new store, Inter-Island Steam- I ship Office, and in many private residences. ■'< mj 14 ■ ii ■ w m II fi ■ n i vi S Requires Marble and Tile Work 5 S SUCH AS WE WILL GIVE YOU = = Your patronage is solicited | = Estimates cheerfully furnished S | H. G HE ILMAN \ = Telephone 5126 Office and Works : 1337 Nuuanu St., Honolulu = ?|IMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMII11IIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIII|IIIMIIII|E £jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!= I H. Hackfeld &: Co., Ltd. | E Honolulu, Hawaii = 5 San Francisco Off ice.... 310 Sansome Street E E New York Office :. 82 Wall Street = E Importers and General E E Commission Agents E E AGENTS FOR | E China Mail Steamship Company E E American-Hawaiian Steamship Company = Dominion Line, H Leyland Line, S Red Star Line, S White Star Line, 5 White Star- Dominion Line, S Holland- American Line, S Cunard Line. S INSURANCE COMPANIES E Kosmos Line, North German Lloyd Steamship Co. Hamburg-American Line, International Mercantile Marine Co. American Line, Atlantic Transport Line, Fire Association of Philadelphia. Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Co., Phoenix Insurance Co., Colonial Fire Underwriters, Guardian Assurance Co.. Ltd., Allianz Insurance Co., Ltd., of Berlin, Tokio Marine Insurance Co., Ltd., . Hibernia Underwriters Agency. AGENTS FOR Lihne Plantation Co., Ltd., The Koloa Sugar Company, Kipahulu Sugar Company^ Kekaha Sugar Company, Ltd., ©rrjftte Farm Plantation, Lanai Co., Ltd., . Waiahole Water Co., Ltd., The Waimea Mill Co., Ltd., Pioneer Mill Company, Ltd., Oahu Sugar Company, Ltd., The pacific Guano & Fertilizer Cpv =niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiir= uiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu = Cable Address : ' ' GUANO ' ' = E Codes Used: ABC 5th Edition, Lieber's, Western Union, Excelsior E 1 1 Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Go. | E Honolulu, T. H. Los Angeles San Francisco, Gal. E S MANUFACTURERS AND DEAUSRS IN = S S Gommerclal Fertilizers Sulphuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid Superphosphates Neats Foot Oil Tallow Nitrate Soda Sulphate Ammonia Sulphate Potash Muriate Potash Bone Ash Bone Meal Animal and Willow Charcoal Fish and Bat Guano POULTRY FOODS Honolulu Addressi 2365 N. KINO STREET San Franoisoo Address: 343 SANSOME STREET illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll FE Aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiij; 1 VISIT THE VOLCANO | 5 THREE DAY TRIP. ALL EXPENSES jjjj 5 Crater Hotel $28.50 Volcano House $80.00 2 = Leaves Honolulu every Wednesday and Saturday. Stop 5 Maui and see Haleakala. _ I INTER-ISLAND STEAM NAV. CO. E = Phone 4941 Queen Street Honolulu S =ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 mj^i mririn^ ^.i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ | LEDGERS 1 | AND | I LOOSE LEAF DEVICES j | To meet the requirements of | | every business in Hawaii | I Quality and Durability Guaranteed | | The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. § = (Advertiser Office) Honolulu, T. H. s illllllllllKllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllltlltlP iiilililililililiulililiiilihliiilililililililiiiiiiiliiilruiilililililiiillhtiiililHHHif DOWSETT 1 AGENT i Hartford Fire Insurance Co. OF HARTFORD, CONN. Westchester fire Insurance Co. OF NEW YORK. 5 Merchant St. : Honolulu, T. H. § iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu 1 GARDEN AND FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS I To do good farming you must have up-to-date tools to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Bar- rel Sprayerst Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mow- ers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed daily about the farm or garden, is most complete and our stock large. | E. O. HALL & SON, LTD. I S KING AND FORT STREETS, HONOLULU \ 5 FiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiw uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiimii^ | F. A. Schaefer & Co., Ltd. | | Importers | | Commission and Insurance Agents | | and Sugar Factors | = AGENTS FOR E E Honokaa Sugar Company Pacific Sugar Mill E E Hawaiian Irrigation Company, Limited 5 E German Lloyd Insurance Co. (Marine) S E Magdeburg Fire Insurance Co. (of Magdeburg, Germany) E E Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Co. (Hamburg, Germany) 5 = Bremen Board of Underwriters E S Hartford Fire Insurance Co. (of Hartford, Connecticut) E E Marine and Transportation Department E E Delaware Underwriters of the Westchester Fire Insurance E S Company (of New York) S | 55 Merchant Street, corner Kaaluimanu E E Post Office Box 187 - Cable Address: " Schaefer co" E rrilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllf lllllllllllllllllllllllin; £jiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimi!£ E Phones: Office 1065, Slaughterhouse 2848 S E Postoffice Box 504 E Hawaii Meat Co., Ltd. GILBERT J. WALLER, Manager Wholesale Butchers Provision Dealers | DEALERS IN HIDES AND SKINS | E Slaughterhouse at Kalihi E E Headquarters and Office: King Street, near Bethel 5 | HONOLULU, T. H. | Jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiif aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ | When planning to take your | | vacation or a trip to San Fran- | | cisco, make your reservations on | | a Matson Line steamer - finest = 1 accommodations and cuisine. 1 | FOR FULL PARTICULARS APPLY TO E I Castle $ Cooke, £td. ( HONOLULU AGENTS | FOR | | FIRE, LIFE, MARINE, | I AUTOMOBILE AND | I TOURISTS BAGGAGE | | INSURANCE I | CALL ON | | Castle $ Cooke t Ctd. | | HONOLULU, HAWAII | fllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUT ^Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ | OFFICERS | 5 E. Faxon Bishop, President Richard Ivers, Secretary S = Geo. H. Robertson, Vice-Pres., E. A. R. Ross, Treasurer s S and Manager D. G. May, Auditor 5 = DIRECTORS: | E J. R. Gait, Director R. A. Cooke, Director 5 5 Geo. R. Carter, Director A. Gartley, Director ~ E O. H. Cooke, Director E C. BREWER & CO. Ltd. ESTABLISHED 1826 Sugar Factors Shipping and Gommissoin Merchants EEPRESENTING OCEANIC STEAMSHIP COMPANY SUGAR PLANTATIONS Olowalu Company Hilo Sugar Company Onomea Sugar Company Honomu Sugar Company Wailuku Sugar Company Pepeekeo Sugar Company Waimanalo Sugar Company Hakaiau Plantation Company Honolulu Plantation Company Hawaiian Agricultural Co. KUauea Sugar Plantation Co Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co. INSURANCE London Assurance Corporation Royal Insurance Co., of Liverpool Caledonian Ins. Co., of Edinburgh Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. American & Foreign Marine Insurance Company Commercial Union Assurance Co., of London GENERAL AGENTS Kapapala Ranch Nippon Yusen Kaisha S. S. Co. Baldwin Locomotive Works Thomas Pineapple Company 5 Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Co. Pacific Coast Steamship Co. ^Illlllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllk? tea: Officers and Staff of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry (1916) COMMISSIONERS. Arthur H. Rice, President Walter M. Giffard J. M. Dowsett A. L. C. Atkinson H. M. von Holt DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Charles S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden; also Executive Officer of Board. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist. Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii. Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai. l^avid Kapihc, oFrest Ranger for Tantalus, Oaliu. E. H. Hippie, Forest Banger for Palolo, Manoa, and Nuuanu, Oaliu. John Pililaau, Forest Ranger for Waianae, Oahu. Kaina D. Lovell, Forest Ranger for Kauai. Francis B. Dodge, Forest Ranger for Hawaii. James Lindsay, Forest Ranger for Maui. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Plant In- spector. D. B. Kuhns, Assistant Plant Inspector. David T. Fullaway, Field Entomologist. Miss Agnes Buchanan, Laboratory Assistant. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspect or , Hilo, Hawaii. E. E. Madden, E. R. Bevins, W. D. McBryde, Dr. W. B. Deas, Capt. C. F. Turner, G. C. Munro, Honorary Plant Inspector at "Mahukona, Hawaii Kahului, Mam. Koloa, Kauai. Hana, Maui. Kaanapali, Maui. Manele, Lanai. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Victor A. Nb'rgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. Joseph Richard, Livestock Inspector. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii. A. R. Rowat, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for West Hawaii. J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui. A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai. DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY. G. K. Larrison, Superintendent of Hydrography. R. C. Rice, Office Engineer. H. A. R. Austin, Junior Engineer. C. T. Bailey, Assistant Engineer. R. D. Klise, Assistant Engineer. W. V. Hardy, Assistant Engineer. D. E. Horner, Field Assistant. J. Kaheaku, Computer. E. E. Goo, Cleric. CLERICAL STAFT. Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Cleric and Stenographer. Miss Florence A. White, Librarian and Stenographer. Daniel Logan, Editor of the Forester.