.ai Forestry TheHA^IIAN FORESTER AND AGRICULTURIST OCTOBER, 1917 CONTENTS PAGE Editorial— Arbor Day, etc r ... 279 Division of Forestry 280 Division of Plant Inspection 283 Division of Entomology 285 Division of Animal Industry 286 Marketing Division 288 Arbor Day 291 The History and Development of the Live Stock Industry of the Territory 292 Lichen FIcia of the Hawaiian Islands 303 The Carambola in Hawaii 304 Vol. XIV, Price, Ten cents No. 10 /h\ aiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiint^ UUnittii = OFFICES: STANGENWALD BUILDING MEHLHORN BUILDING 82 WALL STREET - - - ALASKA COMMERCIAL BLDG. HONOLULU, T. H. SEATTLE, WASH. NEW YORK, N. Y. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS: J. P. COOKE President and Director W. M. ALEXANDER First Vice-President and Director J. R. GALT Second Vice-President and Director W. O. SMITH Third Vice-President and Director J. WATERHOUSE Treasurer JOHN GUILD Secretary H. A. BALDWIN Director A. L. CASTLE Director C. H. ATHERTON Director C. R. HEMENWAY Director 3ltt0ttrattre Agenia AGENTS FOR Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company Haiku Sugar Company Paia Plantation Maui Agricultural Company Hawaiian Sugar Company McBryde Sugar Company, Ltd. Kahuku Plantation Company Kauai Fruit' and Land Company, Ltd. Kahului Railroad Company Kauai Railway Company, Ltd. Honolua Ranch Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company American Central Insurance Company The Home Insurance Company, New York New Zealand Insurance Company German Alliance Insurance Association Switzerland Marine Insuance Company, Ltd. nillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll||lllllllllllllllllllllllll|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ll7 iUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIP^ The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist A Monthly Magazine of Forestry, Entomology, Animal Industry and Agriculture. Issued under the direction of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii. Address all communications to DANIEL LOGAN Editor "THE FORESTER" P. O. Box 366, Honolulu, T. H. For business relating to subscriptions or advertising, address HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD., Publishers, Honolulu, T H. Price 10c. per copy; $1.00 a year; Foreign, $1.25 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Honolulu, Hawaii. Tk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^' Board of Agriculture and Forestry DIVISION OF FORESTRY. FOEEST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Government Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2y 2 cents each, except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale, the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. C. S. JUDD, Superintendent of Forestry. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division, and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make inquiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief, we like and sometimes it is indis- pensable for us to see the insects suspected or caught in the act, also speci- mens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box, speci- mens may be mailed by parcels post. When specinfens are not accompanied by letter, always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner o£ the package. Address all communications, SUPERINTENDENT DIVI- SION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII. EDW. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent of Entomology. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. The Board of Commissioners issues for general distribution to persons in the Territory, annual reports, bulletins, circulars, copies of its rules and regulations, and other occasional papers, which may be had, free, upon application. A complete list of the publications of the Board available for distrk bution (together with the titles of certain issues now out of print) is to be found on the cover of the last biennial report. Applications for publications should be addressed to the Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. i the Hawaiian Forester and agriculturist Vol XIV. Honolulu, October, 1917. No. 10 Arbor Day Arbor Day this year will be celebrated on November 16, and, as usual, there will be available at the Government Nursery for planting on this day a large supply of ornamental, shade and forest trees. These will be distributed free of charge in limited quantities to all those who are interested in tree planting. Arbor Day has usually been the occasion for improving the school grounds, and it has always been a delight to see the interest that school children have taken in tree planting on this day. It should be borne in mind, however, that interest in this subject should not cease with the mere setting of the tree in the ground. The care of the tree after planting is just as important. The watering of the tree in dry weather, the clearing of the weeds and grass from around the base of the tree, and its protection against destructive animals are all essential to have it develop into a vigorous and beautiful tree which will remain for many years a permanent and attractive addition to the school grounds. During the past dry season we have been reminded, by the scarcity of water in many parts of the Territory, of the essen- tial part that the forest plays in the conservation of water, and it would be fitting on the coming Arbor Day to extend the planting of trees to water-producing areas which are in need of refores- tation. Directions for obtaining trees and a list of the trees available at the Government nurseries, prepared by the forest nurseryman, are printed elsewhere in this issue. A new bulletin by Consulting Botanist J. F. Rock was distrib- uted during the month by the Division of Forestry. This was issued as Botanical Bulletin No. 4, on "The Ohia Lehua Trees of Hawaii," in which the trees of this genus have been reclassified after exhaustive study and placed in proper botanical order. The bulletin is profusely illustrated and is a distinct addition to the literature on Hawaiian flora. During the month the Division of Forestry planted 2221 na- tive koa trees on watershed areas in Manoa and Makiki valleys back of Honolulu, in following out the plan of reforesting all 280 open government lands on the Honolulu watershed so that they will produce the largest and most continuous supply of water possible. It is only in times of drought, like the present, that the value of pure water is fully realized, and this should be a stimulus to the owner of private forest lands to plant up de- pleted forest areas for the conservation of water. Division of Forestry Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — I respectfully submit the following routine re- port of the Division of Forestry for the month of September, 1917: FOREST FIRES. The dry weather continued during the month, and while there have been several small grass fires which have been promptly ex- tinguished, only two have been reported to this office which have been of any consequence. One of these broke out on the land of Piihonua, near Hilo, Hawaii, on August 28 and covered about 50 acres of open and scrub forest land. Laborers from the Hilo Sugar Company and Hawaii Mill Company were promptly sent out by Fire Warden John A. Scott and succeeded in getting the fire under control after a few days of work. The other fire oc- curred in Waikapu valley, Maui, on September 16 and burned over 10 acres of waste land covered with pili grass and lantana. It was extinguished within a few hours by men working under Fire Warden Andrew Gross. Additional fire warning signs have been posted by the wardens to remind the people to be careful with the use of fire. FOREST FENCING. The work of fence construction on forest reserve boundaries in the region of Piha, Hawaii, has been about one-half completed, in spite of the lack of rain, which has made it necessary to pack in water for the use of the laborers. In cooperation with this Division, Mr. F. G. Snow has com- pleted about half a mile of fence along the boundaries of small forest reserve sections along the Volcano road near Glenwood, Hawaii, to protect the forest from wandering cattle. The fence along the forest boundary at Hauula, which is being built by the local residents to keep their cattle from the native forest, was inspected during the month and found to be about one-half completed. The fence across three ridges and two val- leys has been finished, with two valleys and two ridges remaining to be fenced. The work of setting up permanent monuments along this line at prominent points was also completed during the month. 28l FOREST PLANTING. The planting of native trees on the watershed in Makiki valley has continued during the month and on government land in the reserve in Manoa valley 903 koa trees were planted out on the slopes and 112 willow slips set out in a swampy area near the boundary, making a total of 1015 trees. Several hundred trees have also been sent to Ranger Lovell for planting out on govern- ment land in the Kealia reserve, Kauai. A consignment of seed of the nipa palm, which is of great economic use in the Philippines for the building of native houses, was received from the Director of Forestry at Manila. Some of these were sent to the Molokai Ranch for planting on the flats near Kaunakakai, a quantity was planted during the month near the shore along the windward coast of Oahu from Hauula to Makaua, and the remainder are being germinated at the Ma- kiki nursery for subsequent distribution and planting. After unavoidable delays, a working plan for reforesting open areas from the standpoint of water conservation, as suggested by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, has been drafted and after final revision will soon be presented for approval. One day was spent in company with the forest nurseryman in the Ewa district for the purpose of securing eucalyptus seed not obtainable elsewhere and in examining the cuttings in the eucalyptus plantation of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company in Waipio and giving advice on the cutting of stumps and treatment of sprouts. MISCELLANEOUS. Another visit was made during the month to the Island of Ka- papa, in Kaneohe Bay, in company with Mr. J. F. Stokes of the Bishop Museum, who gave valuable advice on the protection of native birds. A sign was placed on the island which calls attention to Rule IV of this Division. On the same day an at- tempt was made to land on the Island of Kekepa, which is a continuous nesting place for petrel and other native birds, but had to be abandoned on account of the high surf that was run- ning. During the early part of the month Botanical Bulletin No. 4, "The Ohia Lehua Trees of Hawaii," by Consulting Botanist J. F. Rock, was received from the press and issued. Respectfully submitted, C. S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry. 282 REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN. Honolulu, September 30, 1917. Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Dear Sir : — I herewith submit a report of the principal work done during the month of September: NURSERY. Distribution of Plants. In Transplant Pot Boxes. Grown. Total. Sold 100 329 429 Gratis 1150 358 1508 Total 1250 687 1937 COLLECTIONS. Realisations. Collections on account of plants sold amounted to $ 5.75 Rent of office building, Nursery grounds, for July 35.00 Total $40.75 Preservation of Forest Reserves. September 30: Rent of premises at Half-way House, Tantalus, July, Au- gust, September $30.00 Fee for use of land and gathering ti leaf, Pauoa valley, July, August, September 12.50 Rent of small piece of land, Pauoa valley, April, May, June .75 Trustee, Parker Ranch — Rent of 73 acres of land in Hilo forest reserve, near Keanakolu, August 12, 1917, to August 12, 1918 39.50 Joe Goes — 1 load black sand from Makiki sand pit .25 Okada — 6 loads black sand from Makiki sand pit 1.50 Schigei — 4 loads black sand from Makiki sand pit 1.00 Takemoto — 1 load black sand from Makiki sand pit 25 Takemoto — 1 load black sand from Makiki sand pit 25 Total $86.00 283 MAKIKI STATION. The work at this station has been principally routine. Large quantities of plants of many species are now ready for the com- ing planting season. HONOLULU WATERSHED PLANTING. During the month 1318 koa trees were planted out around the top of Makiki main valley and the rocky land on the east side of the valley. ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE. During the month the writer paid visits and otherwise gave advice and assistance as follows : Calls made, 6 ; advice by let- ter, 5; advice by telephone, 12; advice given at Nursery, 13. Respectfully submitted, David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Division of Plant Inspection Honolulu, September 30, 1917. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen: — I respectfully submit my report of the work done by the Division of Plant Inspection for the month of Sep- tember, 1917, as follows: During the month there arrived at the port of Honolulu 43 vessels, of which 22 carried vegetable matter, consisting of the following : Disposal. Lots. Parcels. Passed as free from pests 831 34,408 Fumigated 4 4 Burned 18 22 Returned ..;.......- 1 3 Total inspected 854 ^ 34,437 Of these shipments, 34,195 packages arrived as freight, 149 packages as baggage of passengers and immigrants, and 93 pack- ages as mail matter. 284 RICE AND BEAN SHIPMENTS. During the month 50,964 bags of rice and 6493 bags of beans arrived from Japan and Oriental parts and after careful inspec- tion were found free from pests. PESTS INTERCEPTED. Approximately 3638 pieces of baggage belonging to passengers and immigrants from foreign countries were examined and from the same were seized and destroyed by burning 8 packages of vegetables and 13 packages of fruit. On September 21, two orchids in the baggage from Sydney, N. S. W., were fumigated as a precaution and the soil removed. Also one package of seeds and spices from Singapore found in the baggage was fumigated with carbon bisulphide before de- livery, as the seeds were infested with weevils. On September 26 a package of palm seeds arrived by mail from Italy which showed work of a lepidopterous larva, and the seeds were fumigated before delivery. On September 29 we found two dwarf pine trees in the bag- gage from Japan and these were refused entry. We also seized a package of bulbs and, as these were not called for by the party, they were destroyed. A package of peach pits was found in the mail from Japan and was returned as contraband. Two packages of beneficial insects arrived from Manila for the H. S. P. A., and all soil and packing material was, as usual, burned by this department. HILO INSPECTION. Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of five steamers and three sailing vessels. Of the steamers, three carried vegetable matter, consisting of 167 lots and 2468 packages of fruits and vegetables; all were passed as free from pests. By mail, one package of plants had to be fumigated on account of mealy bug infestation. The three sailing vessels brought lumber. KAHULUI INSPECTION. Mr. Edwin C. Moore, fruit inspector, reports the arrival at Kahului of seven vessels, five steamers and two sailing vessels. Three steamers brought vegetable matter, consisting of 13 lots and 767 packages, of which three boxes of turnips were dumped at sea on account of being infested with the radish maggot. INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION. Fifty-eight steamers plying between Honolulu and other Island 285 ports were attended to and the following shipments were passed as free from pests : Taro 455 bags Vegetables 256 packages Plants 108 packages Fruit 20 packages Total inspected 839 packages Four packages of plants and two packages of fruit were seized and refused shipment on account of infestation and undesirable soil. Respectfully submitted, E. M. Ehrhorn, Chief, Division of Plant Inspection. Division of Entomology Honolulu, September 30, 1917. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. Gentlemen : — During the month of September the insectary handled 20,700 pupae of the melon fly, from which there were bred 496 females and 472 males, Opius f let chert. The distribution of parasites was as follows: Females. Males. Opius fletcheri. Oahu : Moanalua . 260 250 Waikiki 85 80 Sheridan Street 95 60 Tetrastichus. Oahu : Keeaumoku Street 200 Chalcid. Oahu: Moanalua 500 Kalihi 200 Diachasma tryoni. Oahu: Keeaumoku Street ^ ............ . 110 115 Pawaa ..., 50 20 286 Galesus. Oahu : Keeaumoku Street : 75 100 Diachasma fullawayi. Oahu: Keeaumoku Street 30 25 Pawaa 20 15 Paranagrus (Corn Leaf Hopper Parasite). Oahu : Makiki Nursery . .' 1200 Very respectfully, David T. Fullaway, Entomologist. Division of Animal Industry Honolulu, October 16, 1917. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the fol- lowing report of the Division of Animal Industry for the month of September: TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. Owing to the rush of other business this work has fallen some- what behind, but is being taken up as rapidly as conditions will permit. The following animals were tested during the past month : T. F. Farm — Tested, 6; passed, 6; condemned, 0. Besides the above, a total of 230 head were injected for C. H. Bellina, the results of which will appear in the October report. ANTHRAX. While on the mainland many outbreaks of this dread cattle disease are occurring in different places, and especially in Cali- fornia, the usual intensity of which would indicate a malicious origin, the disease in this Territory may now be said to be under absolute control and there is little danger of further outbreaks unless through deliberate "plant." On Oahu no deaths from anthrax have occurred since July 1 ; on Maui since August 4, and on Kauai since August 24. 287 Although considerable opposition was aroused in certain quar- ters against the disposal and future use of the Farm animals, nevertheless, a very successful auction was held at the special quarantine station, at which there was no lack of bidders, and a keen demand for this stock was very manifest, as a result of which a very fair price was obtained. The meat and milk from these dairy animals is as safe for human consumption at the present time as it ever was before the outbreak occurred. As a matter of fact, the stock sold at auction never had anthrax. All those which developed the dis- ease died ; the balance, being ^protected from the infection by vaccination, never, in any way, developed anthrax. These ani- mals are now immune, which immunity will continue for some months longer. Taking into consideration the present favorable conditions, the repeal of all special anthrax quarantine rules and regulations, now investing the islands of Oahu and Maui, has been advised, thereby allowing the free inter-island shipment of live stock without permit except such as may come from the infected areas on Maui. Said stock shall be subject to inspection and be ac- companied by a permit signed by the deputy territorial veteri- narian. While no more deaths have occurred on any of the islands concerned, and while we have the disease under entire control, the fact that we still have the infection firmly implanted in our soil must not be lost sight of. It is only by the utmost vigilance and constant use of vaccine that we will be able to maintain con- trol, prevent further outbreaks and finally eradicate the disease. CONTAGIOUS EPHITHELIOMA. This disease of chickens seems to be less prevalent this season than for some years past, which may, in part, be attributed to the liberal use of vaccine. If all poultry raisers will continue the practice of immediate vaccination on the appearance of the disease, little loss will be experienced and we may hope to eventually eradicate it from the Territory. IMPORTATIONS OF LIVESTOCK. S. S. Makura, Vancouver: 1 dog, Mrs. B. Darken. S. S. Matsonia, San Francisco: 1 dog, W. F. X. Co.; 1 dog, Lieutenant Gunn; 1 dog, C. H. Smith. S. S. Maui, San Francisco: 1 dog, Geo. E. Barnes. Respectfully submitted, Leonard N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. 288 Marketing Division Honolulu, October 15, 1917. Board of Commissioners, Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen : — I respectfully submit the following report of the Marketing Division for the month of September, 1917: The Division has handled 156 consignments, consisting of 40 different kinds of produce from 75 different consignors. A list showing the produce received from the different islands, , and the quantity, is enclosed herewith. While the number of consignments handled during the month was smaller than for August, the consignment sales were $702.42 greater. Both retail departments lost during the past month. Prices have again been advanced and a new man put in charge of the butcher department. Practically all the Maui beans have been sold. Some rather large shipments of corn have been received and sold at good prices. Sweet potatoes have been sold in large quantities, quite a few of them being shipped to Hilo. There has been some criticism of the Marketing Division re- cently, because it has done nothing to decrease the high cost of fish. Although the Division is not equipped with the special counters and ice boxes necessary for handling fish, I can see no objection to trying to help the situation, at least in a small way. As far as I can find out, there are very few independent fisher- men, and if the Division depended on these few for a regular supply in order to build up a trade, I am of the opinion that the attempt would be a failure and the Division more severely criti- cized than at present. I enclose herewith statement of operations for the month, showing a net profit, and a copy of the general ledger trial bal- ance. Respectfully submitted, O. B. Lightfoot, Acting Superintendent. 280 SEGREGATION OF PRODUCE RECEIVED BY THE MARKETING DIVISION DURING THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1917. Total Articles : Avocados 760 Bananas, bunches 432 Beans, string, lbs 27 Beans, dry, sacks .... 35 Beans, wax, lbs 28 Beef, dressed, head .. 119 Cabbage, lbs 576 Chickens 58 Coffee, tons 2 Corn, cracked, sacks . . 19 Corn, dry, sacks 16 Corn, green, doz. ears 6 Corn meal, lbs 40 Cucumbers, doz 15 Ducks 76 Eggs, chicken, doz. . . 175 Eggs, duck, doz 4 Grapes, lbs 370 Guavas, lbs 500 Hides 9 Hogs, dressed 28 Lemons 250 Limes 5080 Ohelo berries, lbs. . . . 650 Onions, crates 15 Oranges 450 Papaias, lbs 1899 Peanuts, lbs 75 Peppers, lbs 35 Pohas, lbs 689 Potatoes, Island Irish, sacks 63 Potatoes, white sweets, sacks 153 Potatoes, red sweets, sacks 21 Pumpkins, lbs 301 Rabbits, live 12 Rice, sacks 10 Tomatoes, lbs 22 Turkeys 37 Veal, dressed, head.. 10 Watermelons 1320 Oahu Hawaii Maui Molokai Kauai . . 760 432 22 28 3 576 43 15 65 64 4 7 250 300 450 1899 • 75 35 62 149 21 U 10 'i 5 5 13 i.9 is 2 11 30 370 500 ii 650 689 54 22 36 2 22 95 19 16 40 8 81 21Q 4270 is 300 247 1320 290 GENERAL LEDGER TRIAL BALANCE, SEPTEMBER 30, 1917. Furniture and fixtures $ 3,224.42 Automobiles 1,286.50 Motorcycle 60.00 Pineapple crates 2,627.70 Butcher Department 376.29 Retail Department ". 187.11 Seed Account ; 647.35 Bank of Hawaii 3,486.51 Petty cash 250.00 Accounts receivable 8,786.78 Longley and Westgate 3,000.00 Consignors' Account $ 4,528.47 Vouchers payable 1,320.90 Note, Bank of Hawaii 1,500.00 Revolving Fund, 1915-1917 4,913.44 Reserve for doubtful accounts 2,414.29 Seed Appropriation 190 1,389.04 Seed Appropriation 206A 750.00 Seed Appropriation 206B 3,142.22 Seed Appropriation 206C 560.00 Revolving Fund, 1917-1919 5,604.91 Surplus 807.79 Consignment expense 365.89 Departmental expense 713.02 Cost of merchandise 12,658.76 General expense 4,556.96 Butcher sales 8,827.54 Retail sales 4,276.39 Hold Account 87.53 Commissions 1,808.01 Cash not deposited on Sept. 30, 1917. . . . 265.96 $42,208.89 $42,208.89 Mr. A. J. W. Mackenzie of 29 Miles, Olaa, Hawaii, has been appointed forest ranger to look out for the forest reserves in South Hawaii, and assumed his new duties on October 1, as a successor to Francis B. Dodge, who left the employ of this Board' to join the U. S. Navy. Mr. Mackenzie is well qualified for the position and will be concerned chiefly in repairing and building fences and in preventing damage by trespass and fire. 291 Arbor Day Honolulu, October 29, 1917. Editor, Forester and Agriculturist, Honolulu. Sir: — Will you kindly inform your readers that the Division of Forestry will be glad to supply trees as usual for Arbor Day, November 16? Trees will be available at the Government Nursery in Hono- lulu and also at the two sub-nurseries, one in Hilo, Hawaii, and the other at Homestead, Kauai. The nursery at Hilo is under the charge of Brother Matthias Newell and the one at Home- stead, Kauai, under the charge of Mr. Walter D. McBryde. People living within a reasonable distance of the sub-nurseries should apply direct. To allow time for the trees to arrive at their destination before Arbor Day, all orders from Hawaii, Kauai, Maui and Molokai, addressed to the Government Nursery, Honolulu, should be in our hands not later than November 5. Orders from Oahu and the district of Honolulu should be in our hands not later than November 10. Trees will be shipped f. o. b. to any port where freight is de- livered by the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company, also to stations on the O. R. & L. Co.'s line. .People living within the district of Honolulu who desire trees will be required to call at Nursery for same. Trees will be ready for delivery if previously ordered on and after November 14. All trees ordered but remaining uncalled for at the Nursery will be turned back into the regular stock on November 24. Appended is a list of the trees available for Arbor Day at the Government Nursery, Honolulu. Yours very truly, David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. TREES AVAILABLE FOR ARBOR DAY, 1917. Common Name. Scientific Name. Golden Shower Cassia fistula Pink Shower. ;..... Cassia grandis Pink and White Shower Cassia nodosa Royal Poinciana Poinciana regia Yellow Poinciana Peltophorum ferrugineum Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosae folia Christmas Berry Schinus terebinthifolius Pepper Tree Schinus molle 292 Common Name. Scientific Name. Monkey Pod . . . .Pithecolobium Saman African Tulip Tree Spathodea campanulata St. Thomas Tree Bauhinia tomentosa Silk Oak Grevillea robusta Ironwood '. Casuarina equisetifolia Japan Cedar (Sugi) Cryptomeria Japonica Blue Gum , Eucalyptus globulus Lemon Gum Eucalyptus citriodora Swamp Mahogany Eucalyptus robusta Each applicant is entitled to 24 trees free of charge. The History and Development of the Live Stock Industry of the Territory By Leonard N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. INTRODUCTION. It was with considerable hesitation that I accepted the kind invitation of your chairman to prepare a paper on the live stock industry of this Territory. At all times a subject of vital in- terest, it now assumes, under the unusual conditions in which the United States finds itself, an importance of primary consid- eration in the conservation of the resources of this Territory. Being situated many miles away from the mainland, the ques- tion as to how far we can become self-supporting is of para- mount importance. The improvement and conservation of our domestic animals means the conservation of a very important part of the food supply of the people and, in turn, the conser- vation of human health and life, which should be and is the highest aim of any scheme of conservation. I will endeavor, in the limited time at my disposal, to give some idea of the general history and development of the live stock industry of this Territory, with special reference to the meat supply, touching also various other fields open to the breeder, and finally mentioning a few of the lines along which future development should be expected. GENERAL HISTORY OF THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY OF THIS TERRITORY. The early history of live stock in these Islands is veiled in ob- scurity. It is known that fowl and swine were present on the Islands when Captain Cook made his first visit, but there are no records as to how they came to be here. 293 The first cattle were brought to the Islands by Vancouver in 1793 and were deemed of sufficient value to be protected by royal decree for a period of ten years, only the excess males being slaughtered. The records do not state what particular -breed or breeds were represented in this importation. The first record we have of the introduction of pure-bred stock into these Islands is in the eighties, and three men were princi- pally responsible. J. I. Dowsett was the first, he importing a small herd of Polled Angus. This importation was followed by a small herd of Holstein Friesan cattle from Germany by Judge McCully, to be followed shortly after by a herd of Shorthorns introduced by James Campbell. This was a small beginning; too small, in fact, to make much impression on the existing heterogeneous mass of native stock. Still, it was a step in the right direction, and we are now receiv- ing the benefit of the impetus given the live stock industry by these men. Still progress was slow. There seemed to be no concerted effort on the part of breeders to systematically improve their herds. There was considerable discussion as to what breed of beef or dairy cattle was best fitted for. the peculiar climatic con- ditions obtaining here, without due consideration given to the fact that certain breeds might do better in certain localities than others and that it was not entirely necessary that any particular breed be picked out to stock the entire Territory. After a period of uncertainty there was finally made an at- tempt to organize the chaotic conditions which had previously existed. It had become apparent to a number of the foremost breeders of live stock that, if anything worth while was to be accomplished, organization was necessary, and so, in the early part of 1902, the Hawaiian Live Stock Breeders' Association was formed, the purpose of said organization being the development and improvement of all live stock industry in the Territory, the introduction of new pasture grasses, and the preserving and re- storing of such forest growth as might be beneficial to grazing lands. This organization started in well, its various members show- ing considerable interest and enthusiasm. It laid the foundation of our present system of breeding, and it is to be regretted that it was unable to keep on with the good work. Such an organ- ization made up of the foremost breeders is of incalculable value in the development of the live stock industry of any country. Its members are given the opportunity of getting together for the presentation and discussion of their various ideas and problems and the circulation of valuable experiences. Such an organiza- tion being at all times in touch with similar organizations on the mainland and in foreign countries, its library is replete with books and magazines bearing on the subject of live stock breed- ing and allied industries, knowledge of the greatest value to those engaged in such work. 294 We are confidently looking forward to the time when another Hawaiian Live Stock Breeders' Association will be formed. I feel that then and only then will the highest point in the live stock industry of this Territory be reached. PRESENT SYSTEM OF BREEDING. Breeding is an art; there is nothing haphazard about it. Great breeders, like great poets, are born, not made. Few can achieve the signal success of Bates, Bakewell, Booth Bros, and Colling Bros., nor is it necessary that all should, but to achieve any degree of success, certain laws in breeding must be followed and a certain type held in view; otherwise it is time and money wasted. The breeder must have a keen eye for details, be able to note unerringly the various characteristics desirable in the type he has in mind, and use only those animals for breeding whose prepotency is such as to stamp their offspring with those desirable characteristics. The past ten years has seen great advances in practically all lines of animal industry in this Territory. Hundreds of pure- bred animals of all classes have been imported from the main- land, New Zealand and Australia. These have made and are making their impress on the various herds, and it is through this nijeans that the old native stock is being rapidly replaced until it is rare now to find any of the old type, if we may so misuse the term, and on many ranches they have entirely disap- peared. Live stock breeders in this Territory have awakened to the fact that it is much more profitable to breed high-class animals than scrubs, and so they are every year importing the very best type of pure-bred stock in ever-increasing numbers. The importation of this class of breeding stock and the raising of pure-bred and high-grade animals is the one and only solution of the problem confronting us, i. e., whether or not this Terri- tory can become self-supporting so far as animal products are concerned. Every year more and more land is being taken up for home- steading purposes. This land is coming from- the various plan- tations and ranches, and as far as the ranches are concerned it means that fewer animals can be kept. How, then, is the in- creasing demand for meat and dairy products to be met by breeders ? Simply by the increased quality, condition and earlier maturity of the one, and increased productivity of the other, both depending upon the use of the highest type of pure-bred stock according to the class. It will be seen, then, that the present system of breeding con- sists largely of the introduction of increasing numbers of pure- bred stock, which are steadily changing the entire conformation of all the herds in the Islands, until now there is no comparison 295 with the herds existing ten or fifteen years ago. More and more attention is now given to type, and more care is being exercised in picking out animals which conform most nearly to the ideal held in mind by the breeder. We have gotten to the stage where it is not solely sufficient that the animal be pure bred, but it has got to answer to certain specifications recognized as correct by the breeder according to the particular class of animals he is raising. The larger percentage of valuable characteristics is transmitted to the offspring through the male, and so it must be borne in mind when picking a sire that he must have all or nearly all the desirable characteristics, and, above all, be able to transmit the same to the greater number of his offspring. It is in the deter- mination of this quality of prepotency that the pedigree is of the most value. A pedigree may be yards long and still, if it con- tains a heterogeneous group of ancestors, be absolutely valueless and the animal therein described of no use from the breeder's standpoint. That pedigree only is of value in which the blood lines are as nearly perfect as possible ; that is to say, one in which the blood of the greatest sire of that particular breed occurs frequently and in which all sires show unusual prepo- tency. A sire with such a pedigree is the most desirable, whether it is to be used in a grade or a pure-bred herd. OBJECTIVE POINTS IN BREEDING. The objects in breeding are various. We will take up those fields in which this Territory is most vitally interested and in which it should be self-supporting. The Meat Industry. As far as meat is concerned, the Terri- tory has gone far toward supplying its demand ; especially is this true of beef and pork. The great advance which has been made during the past ten or twelve years in the production of high- class beef, mutton and pork is not generally realized by the public. Hundreds of the highest type of pure-bred animals in these three classes have been imported for this purpose, and the work of improvement and breeding has gone steadily on until now we can and are producing in this Territory as high class meat as anywhere in the world. In order to obtain an adequate idea of the improvement which has taken place in the line of meat production, it is necessary to go somewhat into detail. In 1902 the following cattle and sheep were killed in Ho- nolulu : 296 Average Dressed Weight Average Price per Carcass. per Carcass. No. Cattle: 4998 422.7 lbs. • $40.10 No. Sheep: 8352 33.44 " 3.12 The following amounts of frozen beef, lamb and mutton and dressed poultry were imported: Quantity. Value. Beef 1,170,153 lbs. $104,303.45 Lamb and mutton 320,260 " 31,536.96 Poultry 116,824 " 19,331.16 The above figures readily show that little attention was given to cattle and sheep raising. The cattle slaughtered here were of inferior quality and condition ; in short, they showed neither breeding nor care. They were entirely grass fed and at that time little attention was given to the improvement of the range. They matured slowly, it taking four years and over to bring them to marketing condition. These conditions remained the same for a number of years until a few of the most interested awoke to the fact that it would pay them to improve their herds, and so the importation of pure- bred stock commenced in earnest. The effects of these importations were soon apparent, and by 1912 the average dressed weight of cattle killed at the principal slaughter-house in Honolulu rose to 490 pounds. This meant an increase of 68 pounds per carcass, or a total extra production for the number killed, of 680,000 pounds of beef, with a valua- tion at the then market price, which had remained practically un- changed, of $64,600; and this being due entirely to improved breeding, feeding and care. It must not be imagined that this improvement was general throughout the Territory. It was not. There still remained a number of herds in their unimproved state, but it goes to show what was -taking place. Live stock breeding had received the stimulus necessary to bring it to the position where it could supply the steadily-increasing demand for a high-class article. There is not a ranch in the Territory today but what shows to a greater or less extent the effects of systematic breeding. The ranches today are in a better condition to carry stock than ever before. Proper methods of fencing and paddocking have been established and the lands cleared, plowed and sown with the best grass seed. What have been the results? We now have cattle ready for the block in three years and earlier ; the average dressed weight is 590 pounds per carcass, or an increased weight gained in the last five years of 100 pounds per carcass, which means that, for the number killed from August, 1915, to August, 1917, 297 there was an extra production of 1,200,000 pounds of beef, which at the present market price means that the breeders have re- ceived an extra $168,000. This is what has been accomplished in this line during the past few years by the application of modern scientific principles of selection and breeding, together with close attention to feeding and care. Still, with all this increase it was necessary to import from the mainland over 590,000 pounds of fresh beef to satisfy the de- mand of our rapidly-growing population. However, these im- portations are steadily decreasing in amount, and very shortly will be unnecessary. There is not the same record of improvement in lamb and mutton production. The average dressed weight per carcass has increased but slightly. In 1905 there were about 100,000 sheep in the Islands, yet the Territory could not supply its demand, and over 3000 carcasses of mutton, valued at a little over $13,000, were imported. If we hope ever to supply this demand more attention to sheep tory is a trifle over half what it was ten years ago, and the demand for lamb and mutton, although light at present, is still far in excess of what it was at the above period, due to the great increase in the population and the presence of large contingents of the army. This decrease in numbers is partly offset by increased quality due to better breeding and attention. If we hope ever to supply this demand, more attention in sheep husbandry must be given than ever before. It is true that a considerable number of blooded rams have been imported in the last few years, but the wool breeds have been far in excess of the mutton breeds. More of the mutton type will have to be imported and more attention given to proper paddocking and the sowing of the most nutritious grasses; and see to it that the ranges are not over-stocked. Being entirely grass-fed, their con- dition varies with the changing climatic conditions. Special feed- ing will largely do away with this. We cannot successfully com- pete in the open market against specially fed lamb and mutton with a 35 to 37-pound grass-fed carcass showing neither quality nor condition. These conditions can be altered only by breeding and feeding. Sheep have always been profitable to those breeders who took sufficient interest in it. Sheep raising cannot be expected to prove profitable when it is taken, as it is here by many, as a sec- ondary consideration. There are conditions existing here which can be met only by proper feeding. Analyses show that the soil in certain areas is deficient in lime salts, with a consequent short- age of lime salts in the grasses. These lime salts furnish. the bone-building material absolutely necessary for the proper de- velopment of the young and the keeping in condition of the pregnant animal. This applies to all classes of animals alike. 298 This aspect of the breeding situation has been fully and ex- tensively gone into by Dr. Norgaard in his various reports. He has pointed out the remedy and its proper application, and if these instructions are conscientiously carried out, the question of breeding high-class animals in this Territory will be solved. Wool is grown here for export only. During the eleven months ending May, 1915, 97,686 pounds were exported, at a valuation of $13,687; for the same period ending May, 1916, 55,222 pounds, valued at $9190; and for the same period ending May, 1917, 181,188 pounds, valued at $31,631. There is no doubt that a superior grade of wool can be grown here if sufficient time and attention is given to it, and it can well be made a source of considerable revenue to the Territory. The Territory has been able to supply its fresh pork demand for a number of years ; in fact, since 1909. The pork produced here is of a superior quality and the character of the breeding stock imported points to a continuation and steady improvement of this high standard of production. No frozen pork is now being imported, as the consumer much prefers the local product. The production of pork would seem to be a very attractive field, especially so now, as the prices are the highest ever paid, producers getting from 19^ to 20 cents a pound live weight, compared to 10 and 11 cents before the war. That this is appealing to many is evidenced by the fact that more and more people are keeping hogs. Because of the station- ing of large numbers of soldiers here, a great quantity of kitchen refuse is available for hog feeding. It makes an excellent, cheap feed, but must be used with considerable care, otherwise various digestive troubles are apt to occur. There is considerable slaughter-house offal available for this purpose, a good deal of ' which is being wasted at the present time. These feeds, com- bined with green feed which can be produced here, together with a little bone meal and molasses, is all that is necessary for the successful production of pork. The prices of imported grains are too excessive to allow of their use in this connection, but grains which can be grown here could be used to great ad- vantage. Methods of pasturing hogs on fields sown to alfalfa and other feeds have never been practised here, but it is well worthy of a trial, as very beneficial results have been obtained by this means on the mainland and in other countries. The Dairy Industry. The dairy industry has not kept pace with the improvement noted in other lines of animal husbandry. The scrub dairy cow is still much in evidence and will probably so remain until the generalrun of dairymen are educated up to the factthat it costs as much to keep a well-bred, highly produc- tive animal as it does a scrub, besides being vastly more profit- able." When this point is reached there will be a considerable demand for the best type of dairy animal, which demand should 299 be met by the breeders in these Islands. Some of the ranchers are already taking up the breeding of blooded dairy stock and will soon be in a position to furnish a considerable number. A few of the dairymen are importing good cows, but there should be more. A dairy record of each cow should be kept, as this is the best means of telling whether or not an animal is pro- ducing a profit. If it is not, get rid of it at once and replace it with one which does, because at the present price of feeds you cannot afford to keep it. Scarcely any m!ilk testing is done, and it should be done at each dairy at intervals, in order to obtain a knowledge of the fat content in the milk as a whole and, if it is falling below the standard, individual tests should be made so as to intelligently discard those animals giving an inferior product. The sanitary condition of the dairies, although showing much improvement over conditions existing a few years ago, still show room for considerable further improvement. The dairies are not all in the same class, some showing considerable improvement in the sanitary surroundings, as in the class of cattle used, while others show practically no improvement. Sanitary conditions will not greatly improve until there is com- petent and uninterrupted dairy inspection. The dairymen as a whole have always been found willing to comjply with any rea- sonable request, but they can hardly be blamed for becoming in- censed at being treated with new ideas and different treatment every two years. As far as fresh milk is concerned, the Territory entirely sup- plies the local demand, but canned milk, fresh cream and butter still continue to be imported in ever-increasing amounts, one dairy concern alone importing so far this year 5000 gallons fresh cream and 12,730 lbs. of fresh butter. When the dairy animals of this Territory are bred up to and fed up to the standards of what a dairy animal should be and should be able to produce, the Territory will have become self-supporting so far as the dairy industry is concerned. Production of Working Stock. There is a considerable de- mand for both horses and mules for plantation, city and country work, and this demand has in the main been supplied by impor- tations from the Coast. That this Territory can supply this class of animals was fully demonstrated by the various exhibits at the Hilo and Maui county fairs. Mainland horses and mules are bringing excellent prices, due to the large demand made on the visible supply by the warring nations. That the ranches here are taking advantage of this and are making an effort to 'supply the local demand is evidenced by the fact that fewer animals of this class, especially horses, were imported during 1916 than for some years back. The de- mand is here and the ranches are in a position to breed the right kind of stock, and in a short time will be able to furnish the entire supply. 300 Army Remounts. This is a field recently opened to breeders in these Islands. Every year a certain number of horses are in demand by the various organizations stationed here as remounts, and this demand should be supplied by the Territory and a re- mount service station established here. A considerable number of Hawaiian-bred horses have already been purchased by army officials, and further purchases are con- templated in the immediate future. These horses have in the main proved satisfactory, still there is room for considerable improvement. Certain standards have been set up by the army, and their live stock must follow closely the recognized specifications for each organized unit, and those breeders who desire to take advantage of the market afforded them should make themselves familiar with the regulations on the subject and endeavor to produce the type of animal desired by army officials and place before them the best from which to pick. As far as the artillery horse is concerned, there is probably enough material of the right kind here at present to supply the demand. As to the cavalry horse, there are perhaps sufficient mares of the right type, but there should be introduced a few more thoroughbred stallions as heavy-boned as it is possible to get and not show coarseness. Light and heavy artillery horses and cavalry horses suitable for army use as remounts should bring $225 to $250 for the former and at least $175 for the latter. The animals so far furnished to the army are all that could be desired as far as looks and general conformation are con- cerned, but a certain percentage have not shown the necessary stamina. Five and six-year-olds are best adapted for army use. Nothing over eight years can be considered. Young horses fur- nished from remount depots have to go through a careful course of training, which training lasts until they qualify fully for the ranks; otherwise they cannot stand up under the strain incident to the work required. The market is here and the live stock breeders in this Terri- tory should take advantage of it, but they must, produce an animal fully meeting the requirements, otherwise the army must look elsewhere. Polo and Racing. The only sports of paramount interest as far as animal industry is concerned are polo and racing. For a number of years keen interest has been taken in polo, but the revival of the racing spirit is comparatively recent. This keen interest found expression in the organisation of the Hawaii Polo and Racing Club, which will have the greatest influence in the future development of the above sports. It will lead to the importation of thoroughbreds in increasing numbers, and al- ready twelve such stallions and mares have been imported for the improvement of stock already here. 301 There is no one thing which will give the necessary stimulus to this branch of animal industry as the keen competition be- tween the polo teams of the different islands and the racing stock of the various ranches. The records are eloquent in estab- lishing the fact that both classes of animals can be bred and raised in these Islands. These two sports should be encouraged on every hand, not alone for the interest they stimulate in spec- tators and participants, but as a means par excellence of promot- ing horse raising in this Territory. CONCLUSION. In concluding allow me to mention briefly a few lines along which future development should be expected. In the eleven months from June, 1916, to May, 1917, there were imported into the Territory canned beef, bacon and hams totaling 1,616,735 pounds, having a total valuation of $368,166. These products could and should be produced here. Experts in this line could be obtained and a suitable building erected. The above figures would seem to show an agreeable margin of profit. In the above-mentioned period, dressed poultry to the value of over $90,000 was imported; also, over 36,000 live chickens and turkeys for slaughter. Little interest has been taken in the raising of poultry either for meat or for egg production. The climatic conditions are unexcelled, and there is a freedom from poultry diseases here not found in many parts of the world. The most serious menace, contagious epithelioma, can now be con- trolled through vaccination. The present high price of feeds has no doubt exerted considerable restraining influence. Grain feeding of cattle and sheep for the market has never been undertaken here to any extent. It is a field for future de- velopment and offers a valuable means of rounding out under- weight stock and tiding over a period of drought. The best grass- fattened cattle slaughtered here compare very favorably with the specially market-fed cattle elsewhere, and are as a rule superior to grass-fed cattle on the mainland. This method of finishing cattle and sheep will undoubtedly be taken up by some of the ranches in the near future. In this connection it may be stated that a system of grading beef according to the quality and condition should be established, together with a corresponding scale of prices. By doing this the breeder will receive the full value he is entitled to according to his efforts to improve his stock. As homesteading is being considered more and more and a greater amount of land being devoted to that purpose each year, it would appear that the homesteader could add materially to his profit if he kept a few good cows. Such cows would not only be required to produce milk, cream and butter in good sup- ply, but should be expected to raise a calf each year that could 362 profitably be utilized in consuming the grass and roughage of the farm or homestead. They should be, for general homestead- ing purposes, of a beef and milk-producing breed, so that the males will command a fair price as yearlings and two-year-olds for slaughtering, and the heifers the requisite size and quality to be retained for breeding. The above requisites are met with in the milking strain of shorthorns more than in any other breed. They have been bred to give a large quantity of milk of good quality, and when they are no longer profitable as milkers they can be fattened easily and bring a considerable profit as beef. Excellent examples of this breed may be seen at the Alexander Young dairy, where they have been in use for some years. They are cattle well worthy the consideration of the present and future home- steader. A word about fairs. The part played by county, state and territorial fairs in the promotion and development of all branches of agriculture cannot be overestimated. They have helped, more than any other one thing, to build up and maintain our present high agricultural standards. From our occasional dog and poultry show has evolved the idea of a county fair in which shall be represented the varied industries of these Islands. The people of this Territory have now fully awakened to the immense advantages of such fairs as a means of advertising and displaying in concrete form the results of individual effort in all branches of industry. The friendly rivalry and competition for prizes will, more than any- thing else, stimulate increased activity in all branches of agri- cultural and mechanical art. We have held two such fairs, and they have exerted great in- fluence on the animal industry here. Practically all exhibits were features in themselves, but the one which, perhaps, created the most interest, and which was also a source of considerable astonishment to many, was the exhibit of Hawaiian-bred live stock- of various classes. This exhibit included several pure- bred, pedigreed Hereford bulls, bred and raised on the Parker Ranch and representing some of the best blood to be found in the United States. As far as individual merit is concerned, they would be hard to beat in any competition on the mainland. Con- sidering that the live stock industry is only in its infancy, the results so far obtained are simply marvelous and go to show that we are fast nearing the time when we can supply our own demand for pure-bred registered stock. Another exhibit at the Hilo county fair of considerable interest and economic importance was the display of various kinds of forage raised on the different homesteads, particularly those of Haiku, Maui. Various varieties of legumes were represented, the beans being made into coarsely and finely-ground meals and the roughage into baled hay with a palatability and nutritive 303 value equal to, if not greater than, alfalfa. Already experiments have'shown that all horse stock prefer these hays to those im- ported from California, which they only eat when there is noth- ing else. This new industry would seem to open another avenue of profit to the homesteader: In passing, it may be said that the county fair has come to stay. It has done much and will do more to promote and de- velop the various industries established here and to put this Ter- ritory on a self-supporting basis. The idea of having a terri- torial fair at regular intervals, as so strongly advocated at the last Civic Convention, is more in the right direction and should receive the unqualified support of all. Lichen Flora of the Hawaiian Islands By Vaughan MacCaughey, Professor of Botany, College of Hazuaii, It is to be greatly regretted that botanical science does not yet possess a monographic account of the Hawaiian lichens. These remarkable plants (composed of algae and fungi living together in composite bodies) are very abundant in all parts and zones of the Islands. They are common in the rain-forests, in the semi- arid sections, in streamways, on the faces of palis, in and near the mouths of lava-tubes and caverns, along the strand, on the arid' lava flows and in the excessively boggy summit regions. On the newer lava fields the lichens form the sole vegetation, and constitute the first invaders. These forms are whitish or grayish in color, and contrast sharply with the glistening black or dull brown of their rocky substratum. In the ascent of Mauna Loa or Mauna Kea one may find every stage of the invasion of lava fields by lichens, mosses, ferns, and seed-plants. On the older flows one frequently finds patches of lichen so abundant as to hide the rock. These lichens are wholly of the crustaceous type, with a growing periphery, and a quiescent or dead central area. Very old lichens may attain diameters of 18-20 inches, but in these cases the central area is dead and usually absent. A species of Usnea, U. atistralis, is abundant on trees in some of the xerophytic groves that occupy ancient lava beds. Pelea multiflora, for example, is often draped with a ragged shroud of this lichen. The bark of certain trees and shrubs, as the citrus group, native hibiscus, mango, etc., seems to be particularly fa- vorable for the growth of lichens. The soap tree, Sapindus saponaria, frequently supports a heavy lichen growth. The semi- arid groves along the upper ridges of the Waianae mountains are characterized by heavy growths of usnea and other branching lichens. It should be noted that the lichens do not derive their 304 nourishment from the live parts of the tree upon which they grow, but merely use the bark as a substratum. They are not parasitic, although commonly so-called; they are epiphytes. Speaking in general terms, the Hawaiian lichens are unique in being among the first, if not the first, invaders of the lava fields, and in ascending to higher levels on the mountains than any other plants. There are probably about 100 species of lichens, representing many cosmopolitan genera, and indicating their aerial transportation. Like the spores of the true fungi, mosses and ferns, lichen spores may be carried into the upper currents of the air and transported for indefinite distances by this agency. The Carambola in Hawaii By Vaughan MacCaughey, Professor of Botany, College of Hawaii. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola Linn.) is one of the trop- ical fruits which were introduced into the Hawaiian Islands in very early times, following the discovery of the archipelago by Europeans. It is thoroughly established in many gardens and plantations. The fruit is sold in the Island markets and is uti- lized in a variety of ways. The carambola is practically un- known in the . continental United States, although it is widely planted in tropical regions and grows successfully in southern Florida and southern California. The genus was named by Linnaeus after Averhoes, a cele- brated Arabian philosopher (1126-1198 A. D.). Carambola is the East Indian name for the species. The Hindu name is kam- rak ; the British in India call it the Coromandel gooseberry. It is native to the East Indies, but is now widely cultivated in south- ern Asia, the West Indies and other tropical countries. The genus belongs to the family oxalidaceae, which is repre- sented in the mainland United States only by the little herbs of oxalis and related genera. The family is wholly absent from the indigenous Hawaiian flora, and is represented only by intro- duced species. The averrhoas comprise two or three arborescent species, extensively planted throughout the tropics. They are commonly referred to by botanical writers as natives of the East Indies, but there seems to be a question as to whether all the species are not really tropical American in origin, and carried to the East Indies and India by the early Portuguese and Spanish ' traders. There is considerable evidence to support the latter viewpoint, although the question is still unsettled. The carambola tree is evergreen, 15-30 feet in height, with a dense canopy of dark-green foliage. Trees in Honolulu gardens, because of the relative dryness of the air, are often small and 305 shrubby, but under more favorable conditions and a humid at- mosphere the tree rises to 30 feet or more. The trunk is slender, with many branches. The wood is light red, hard, close-grained, and weighs about 40 pounds per cubic foot. This ranks it as a heavy wood, although not as heavy as many other tropical hard- woods (ex., teak, 50 pounds; greenheart, 72, and jarrah, 65). In India the wood is used for building and furniture; in the Hawaiian Islands the tree is not sufficiently abundant to render its wood of value. It is raised here exclusively for fruit and ornament. . I The leaves are alternate, odd pinnate, without stipules, and with 5-10 alternate leaflets. The leaflets are ovate-acuminate, entire, and petiolate. Like other members of this family, they possess sensitive pulvini and exhibit nyctotropic movements. The flowers are in axillary or lateral cymes, which are often panicle-like. They appear in the naked portions of the branches, and sometimes on the old wood. The flowers are minute, fra- grant, and pale-pink to deep purple red in color. The calyx is red, glabrous. The corolla is campanulate, with five petals. There are ten stamens; the five outer are usually minute and sterile. Each locule of the 5-loculed ovary contains numerous ovules. In the Hawaiian Islands the carambola trees flower in July and August, and fruit from November to January. In India it flowers from February to August. It fruits in three to four years from seed (by which it is easily propagated) arid in Ha- waii bears one crop annually. In some more tropical regions it bears two-three crops annually. The fruit is ovate, 2-5 inches long, fleshy, indeniscent, and with five prominent, acutely-angled ribs. The skin is very thin, light yellow and fragrant. It is easily broken or rubbed, discolors badly, and thus makes the fruit a poor shipper. The immature flesh is fibrous and highly astringent; upon complete maturity it becomes watery and crisp. There are two varieties of fruit — the sweet, which is eaten out of hand; and the sour, which is very acid, and is used for pickles. In India the astringent un- ripe fruits are used as a mordant for dyeing. In Hawaii the acid juice is used to remove rust spots, etc., from clothing. An excellent drink, which might well be called carambolade, is made from the mature fruits, in much the same manner as lemonade is prepared. Its antiscorbutic properties are widely known. In 1914 the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station conducted a careful analysis of the carambola fruit and the results were tab- ulated in part as follows : 306 Sweet Variety Sour Variety Edible portion 100% 100% Waste none none Total solids 8.22 8.69 Insoluble solids 3.13 2.84 Ash 421 .408 Acids as H 2 SO, 784 .309 Protein .719 Reducing sugars 3.40 5.25 Sucrose none .16 Total sugar ' 3.40 5.41 Fat 755 .314 Fiber 1.237 .992 The seeds are minute, flat and brown. The funicle is dilated into a fleshy, bilabiate, irregularly cut aril. The embryo is straight, with thin foliaceous cotyledons in a fleshy albumen. In the Hawaiian Islands the carambola is most abundant in the Honolulu region and in certain parts of the long-settled dis- tricts of Lihue and Waimea, Kauai; Wailuku and Makawao, Maui ; Kohala and Hilo, Hawaii. It grows well at the lower elevations, 100-2000 feet above sea level. Within its tropical temperature requirements, moisture is a more important control factor than elevation. Averrhoa bilimbi Linn., the South American cucumber tree, is native to and extensively cultivated in South America, but has not been introduced into Hawaii. It was introduced into India by the Portuguese at a very early date, and has become thor- oughly naturalized there. It is a large tree, 20-60 feet high, with smooth, green, cucumber-shaped fruits. These are commonly pickled or candied. The flowers are made into preserves. It is to be hoped that in time both the carambola and the bilimbi will become much more widely known in Hawaii and on the main- land. Miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii^ I F. A, SCHAEFER & CO., LTD. j | IMPORTERS | | COMMISSION AND INSURANCE AGENTS AND 1 1 SUGAR FACTORS | = AGENTS FOB | E Honokaa Sugar Company Pacific Sugar Mill E E Hawaiian Irrigation Company, Limited E E German Lloyd Insurance Co. (Marine) E s Magdeburg Fire Insurance Co. (of Magdeburg, Germany) g Sj Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Co. (Hamburg, Germany) 5 E Bremen Board of Underwriters E E Hartford Fire Insurance Co. (of Hartford, Connecticut) s =j Concordia Fire Insurance Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin E 55 Marine and Transportation Department E E Delaware Underwriters of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company 55 E (of New York) § E 55 Merchant Street, corner Kaahumanu £ E Post Office Box 187 - - Cable Address: " Schaef erco ' ' § E S ^i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ili lliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii FEED CO., LID.] Dealers in E HAY AND GRAIN I E and Manufacturers of E ( ALGAROBA FEED I E (A substitute for Oats and Rolled Barley) S = PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO | E SHIPPING ORDERS E E ISLAND ORDERS SOLICITED S E Sole Agents for the Territory for S E Pratt's Celebrated Horse, Cattle and Poultry S E Remedies E E Warehouse and Office: KAKAAKO 5 | P. O. Box 247 HONOLULU, T. H. Phone 3468 f TiillllllllllllllllllllSlllllllllllllllllllMlllllllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinn Mililililllilililililllllilililllilllililiiiiillliliiiliiililililillliliiiiilllniiililllllll'j: | When planning to take your vacation or | | a trip to San Francisco, make your reserva- 1 | tions on a Matson Line steamer — finest ac- | 1 commodations and cuisine. 1 § FOR FULL PARTICULARS APPLY TO § sa ™ ! CastlcS Cooke, Ltd.] 5 HONOLULU AGENTS | | FOR | I FIRE, LIFE, MARINE, I I AUTOMOBILE AND ! ! TOURISTS' BAGGAGE 1 | INSURANCE ( | Castle $ Cooke, Ctd. | 1 HONOLULU, HAWAII | •fmmmmmimniiimmiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimimmiiiiimiiimirc ^iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiniiiHrniiiMiiiiiiniMHi^ £ OFFICERS E E E. Faxon Bishop, President Richard Ivers, Secretary E E Geo. H. Robertson, Vice-Pres., E. A. R. Ross, Treasurer = E and Manager D. G. May, Auditor E E DIRECTORS: | E J. R. Gait, Director R. A. Cooke, Director E E Geo. R. Carter, Director A. Gartley, Director = E C. H. Cooke, Director E C. BREWER & CO. Ltd. ESTABLISHED 1826 SUGAR FACTORS SHIPPING AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS EEPEESENTING OCEANIC STEAMSHIP COMPANY SUGAR PLANTATIONS Olowalu Company Hilo Sugar Company Onomea Sugar Company Honomu Sugar Company Wailuku Sugar Company Pepeekeo Sugar Company Waimanalo Sugar Company HakaJau Plantation Company Honolulu Plantation Company Hawaiian Agricultural Co. Kilauea Sugar Plantation Co Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co. INSURANCE London Assurance Corporation Royal Insurance Co., of Liverpool Caledonian Ins. Co., of Edinburgh Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. American & Foreign Marine Insurance Company Commercial Union Assurance Co., of London GENERAL AGENTS Kapapala Ranch Nippon Yusen Kaisha S. S. Co. Baldwin Locomotive Works Thomas Pineapple Company E Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Co. Pacific Coast Steamship Co. jfllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIHinr LMiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini^ I J. M. DO WSETT f AGENT ECO. = OF HARTFORD, CONN. = | WESTCHESTER FIRE INSURANCE CO. | | OF NEW YORK f 1 Merchant Street HONOLULU, T. H. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif; »IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU I GARDEN AND FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS j E To do good farming you must have up-to-date tools E E to work with. We carry a most complete line of every- E E thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the E = smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We * E E also have a good assortment of Hand, Bucket or Bar- E E rel Sprayers. Our assortment of Hoes, Shovels, E E Spades, Mattocks, Rakes, Garden Shears, Lawn Mow- E E ers, Garden Hose, and other things that are needed E E daily about the farm or garden, is most complete and E E our stock large. E I E. 0. HALL & SON, LTD. | s King and Tort Streets, Honolulu = =^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iTt dJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIti |H. HACKFELD & CO., LTD.| 5 HONOLULU, HAWAII E E San Francisco Office 310 Sansome Street E S New York Office 82 Wall Street = = IMPORTERS AND GENERAL = E COMMISSION AGENTS S E AGENTS FOR E E China Mail Steamship Company E E American-Hawaiian Steamship Company E E INSURANCE COMPANIES E Fire Association of Philadelphia Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Co. Phoenix Insurance Co., Colonial Fire Underwriters, Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd. Allianz Insurance Co., Ltd., of Berlin Tokio Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. Hibernia Underwriters Agency AGENTS FOR Lihue Plantation Co., Ltd. The Koloa Sugar Company Kipahulu Sugar Company Kekaha Sugar Company, Ltd. Grove Farm Plantation Waiahole Water Co., Ltd. The Waimea Mill Co., Ltd. Pioneer Mill Co., Ltd. Oahu Sugar Company, Ltd. The Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co. nriiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii; ^11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ = Catye Address : ' ' GUANO ' ' = jjj» Codes Used: ABC 5th Edition, Lieber's, Western Union, Excelsior S I THE PACIFIC GUANO & FERTILIZER CO. | = Honolulu, T. H. Los Angeles San Francisco, Cal. = S MANUFACTURERS A ND DEALERS IN S Commercial Fertilizers Sulphuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid Superphosphates Neats Foot Oil Tallow Nitrate Soda Sulphate Ammonia Sulphate Potash Muriate Potash Bone Ash Bone Meal Animal and Willow Charcoal Fish and Bat Guano POULTRY FOODS Honolulu Address: 2365 N, KING STREET San Francisco Address: 343 SANSOME STREET ?7IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII7 dlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll£ | Kamchamcha Schools Farm Loan Bulls | E A chance for the progressive dairyman of Hawaii s E to secure a Registered Holstein-Friesian Bull £ I FREE | E We will loan you a superior bred bull for three g E. years, absolutely free, if you will agree to certain S E conditions of dairy management = = WRITE US, FOR OUR ATTRACTIVE PROPOSITION I | Agricultural Dept. KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS HONOLULU 1 = HEADQUARTERS FOR E I HOLSTEIN BULLS BERKSHIRE HOGS = lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliT Officers and Staff of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry (1917) COMMISSIONERS. Arthur H. Rice, President Walter M. Giffard J. M. Dowsett A. L. C. Atkinson H. M. von Holt DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Charles S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden; also Executive Officer of Board. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist. Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Eilo, Hawaii. Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai. David Kapihe, Forest Banger for Tantalus, Oahu. E. H. Hippie, Forest Banger for Palolo, Manoa, and Nuuanu, Oahu. John Pililaau, Forest Banger for Waianae, Oahu* Hosea K. Lovell, Forest Banger for Kauai. A. J. W. Mackenzie, Forest Banger for Hawaii. James Lindsay, Forest Banger for Maui. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. David T. Fullaway, Entomologist. Miss Agnes Buchanan, Laboratory Assistant. DIVISION OF PLANT INSPECTION. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector. D. B. Kuhns, Assistant Plant Inspector. Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo t Hawaii. Will J. Cooper, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Kahului, Maui. E. E. Madden, Honorary Plant Inspector at Mahukona, Hawaii. Geo. B. Leavitt, Honorary Plant Inspector at Eleele, Kauai. G. C. Munro, Honorary Plant Inspector at Manele, Lanai. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. Joseph Richard, Livestock Inspector. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii. A. R. Rowat, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for West Hawaii. J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui. A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai. Cyril Golding, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, Kauai. If ARRETING DIVISION. A. T. Longley, Superintendent. J. M. Watt, Marketing Demonstrator, Oahu. W. W. G. Moir, Marketing Demonstrator, E. Hawaii. John Midkiff, Marketing Demonstrator, W. Hawaii. A. H. Case, Marketing Demonstrator, Kauai. J. F. O'Brien, Marketing Demonstrator, Maui. CLERICAL STAFF OF BOARD. Miss M. T. Kelly, Cleric and Stenographer. Miss Florence A. White, Librarian and Stenographer. Daniel Logan, Editor of the Forester.