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A

GENERAL COLLECTION >

OF THE

BEST AND MOST INTERESTING

r-

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS

IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD ; ^

MANY OF WHICH ARE NOW FIRST TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH.

DIGESTED ON A NEW PLAN.

BY JOHN PINKERTON,

AUTHOR OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY, &c. &c

ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES.
VOLUME THE FOURTEENTH.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW 9
AND CADELL AND DAVIES, IN THE 'STRAND.

1813.

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Strahan md Prefton,
Printe^-Strscci Lsndon.

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Lonjj-.i hi'd^ui hit- LongmmJIur.tt. Has Onnt t Btovn Satenuster Kort. Nm'i ifi;

CONTENTS

OF THE

FOURTEENTH VOLUME.

Page

:iGU*S Account of Peru . - . - - i

* s Hijiorical Relation of Chili -- - - - -30

miners Travels in South America - - - - -211

^^er's Voyage to Peru - , - - - - - 270

Voyage to South America • - - - - "S'S

uci^roff's Voyages and Travels into Brazil ... - - 5^7

LIST

LIST OF THE PLATES IN VOLUME XIV.

Page

1. PASSACjE of Quindiu in the Andes, - - -4/^ Frontifpiece

2. View gf Paramaribo,: ' - - - - - - 25^

3. Chimborazo, from the Plain of Tapia, . - . - 283
4., Fall of Tequendama, - - - - - -312

r Uncommon .Bridges in South America, - - - f-SS^

^'fltPalace of the Incas at Canar, - - - - " - — -^4^-

6. View of Buenos Ayres, ------ 642

7. City of St. Sebaflian Rio de Janeiro, - . - - 704

8. The Aqueduft in Rio de Janeiro, ----- ibid,
f Skinning of the Aboma Snake, - "^ "tl

^^^lllndian Female of the Arrowauka Nation, _ _^t ^f, ,„dY tke i^ohme.- ^^f

10. Natural Bridges of Icononza, V f^r^k-^j- f^^ - tct^^ _ - - -

11. Cafcade of the River Vinagre, ^ — -L_ — — - - 3.3

/2, n^icc.^ erf //Ct> JjCnx^d of ^- ^^rr^s^rf _ __ _ _ - - - 7^2-

A GENERAL

GENERAL COLLECTION

OF

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

SOUTH AMERICA.

' CAPTAIN BETAGH'S OBSERVATIONS

ON THE

COUNTRY OF PERU, AND ITS INHABITANTS,

DURING HIS CAPTIVITY *.

IT was in the beginning of the ever-memorable year 1720, and about the middle of
March, when Captain Shelvocke fent Hatley, and the reft of us, to feek our
fortunes in the lighter called the Mercury. Himfelf, in the Speedwell, went to plunder
the village of Payta, where we might eafily have joined him, had he imparted his de-
fign to us. However, we had not cruifed long in fight of Cape Blanco, before we took
a imall bark, with a good parcel of chocolate and flour. There was an elderly lady
aboard, and a thin old friar, whom we kept two or three days ; and, after taking out
what we wanted, we difcharged the bark, and them together. Soon after this, we
took the Pink, which Shelvocke calls the rich prize. She had no jealoufy of our being
an enemy, but kept her way, till feeing the Mercury ftanding towards her, fhe began
to fufped us. About noon, Ihe put the helm hard-a-weather, and crowded all the fail
flie could afore the wind 5 and being in her ballaft, this was the beft of her failing,
which alfo proved the greateft advantage they could give us ; for, had fhe held her
wind, we, in our flat bottom, could never have come up. About ten at night, with
rowing and hard failing, we got within ftiot of the chace, and brought her to, being
pretty near the ftiore. They were about feventy perfons aboard, thirty of whom were
negroes. Hatley, upon going aboard, left myfelf and Preflick, with four more hands,
in the Mercury, where we continued two or three days, till a heavy ihower of rain fpoiled

* Harris, i. 340.

VOL. XIV. 1 all

\

/

BETAGH's account of PERU.

; /'■'.' .''': alt G\ir brefad, and other dry provifions. • It was then time for us to get aboard the prize;
which we did, fending three hands to take care of the Mercury.

We flood ofF-and-on the faid cape feven or eight days, expelling to meet the Speed-
well ; and there we fet alhore the Spanifh captain, the padre, and fome gentlemen
palTengers : at laft we fpied a fail plying to windward. Not doubting it was the Spcr.;t .-
well, or the Succefs, we flood towards her, whilfl fhe edging towards us, about teii m
the morning, we were got near enough to difcover fhe was a fhip of war, as fhe proved,
though neither of thefe we wifhed for. The mafler of our prize had before informed
us, that he met the Brilliant cruifmg for our privateers, which till now, we entirely
difregarded. Upon this Captain Hatley advifmg with me what to do, we concluded,
that fome advantage might be made of the information given us by the Spanlaid^ ;
that, as the Brilliant had fpoken fo lately with the Pink, probably there would not be
many queflions^ afked now : upon which Hatley and I drelfed ourfelves like Spaniards,
and hoifted Spanifh colours ; we confined our prifoners in the great cabin, fuffering
none of them but the Indians and negroes to appear upon deck, that the Pink might
look as fhe did before : in which contrivance we had fucceeded, but for the obflinacy
- of John Sprake, whom we could not keep off the deck. As the admiral came up, he
fired a gun to leeward : hereupon we lowered our top -fall, making eafy fail till we got
alongfide of him : their firft quefllon was, if we had heard any thing of the Englifh
privateer ? We anfwered, no: the next was, how it happened we were got no farther
in our way to Lima ? We anfwered, by reafon of the currents: they afked two or
three more queflions, which we flill anfwered in Spanifh. They feem^ed thoroughly
fatisfied, and were getting their tacks aboard in order to leave us, when Sprake, and
two or three more of our men appeared on the main-deck ; a Frenchman aboard the

^ admiral, looking out at the mafl-head, cried out, feeing their long trowfers, Par Dieu,
7nonfieur, Us font Anglois ; they are Englifhmen : upon this they immediately fired a
broadfide into us, with round and partridge fliot, by one of which Hatley was flighily
wounded in the leg.

As foon a(s we flruck our flag, the enemy fent for all the Englifh on board, and

• ordered two of their own officers into the prize. The Spanifh admiral then bore
diredlly down upon the Mercury, and fired into her five and twenty guns at lead,
which bored her fides through and through ; but fuch was the conflrudllon of thar
extraordinary vefTel, that though full of water, there was not weight enough to fmk Iier,
and the three men who were in her efcaped unhurt. Don Pedro Midranda, the
Spanifh commander, ordered thefe three men into his own fhip, in which he intended
to fail to Payta : as for me, he gave direftlons that I fliould be fent forty miles up the
country, to a place call Piura. ; and was fo kind as to leave Mr. Preflich, the furgeon,,
and my Serjeant Cobbs, to keep me company : as for Captain Hatley, and the rell,
they were ordered to Lima by land, which was a journey of four hundred miles ; for
that poor gentleman had the misfortune to be doubly under their difpleafure ; firfl, for
returning into thofe feas after having been prifoner fo long, and being fo well ufed-
amongft them; and next, for the Cape Frio bufinefs, I mean the flripping thePortu-
guefe captain, a good quandty of whofe moidores were found about him. The defi;- n of
the admiral, in this, was, to have that affair fearched to the bottom, an^ theg.ificy
feverely punilhed, without expofmg the innocent to any danger. Here, therefoi :, I
fhail take my leave of Captain Hatley for the prefent, and proceed to the obfervations I
made on the road, as the admiral was fo good as to fend me up into the country tl!; his
return from his cruize to Payta, when, as I fhall inform the reader in its proper f c'-»
1 again joined him,

JO As

BETAGH*S ACCOUNT OF PERU* 3

As the westher m this part of the world *g much too hot to pennk people to labour
in the midft ot tne day, the cuitom is to travel from fix in the evening till eight in
the mcrning. My Indian guide fet me on the beft mule he had, which not caring to
follow company, I led my fellow-travellers the way till ten o'clock, while day-light
lafted. I obferved the country one open plain, with Indian plantations, regularly
enoughlaid out on each fide of us. This champagne country is from thirty to one
hundreo miles broad, and extends three hundred miles along fhore ; for I was moving
to the fuithward, having the Cordelier mountains on the left hand, and the great ocean
on the rght. If this land was well watered, as the foil is pleafant and fertile, it might
be as firs a country as any in the world ; but travellers are here obliged to carry
water fo- their mules, as well as themfelves. At the approach of night we were
puzzled n the way ; I often found myfelf flopped by great hills of fand, and my mule
as oftei ndeavoured to pull the reins out of my hand ; which proving troublefome,
thcTni '^?d me to throw the reins on the mule's neck ; and, as foon as that

V -e eafily hit the way. Thefe fands are often fliifted from place

• V^ occafioned by the ftrong eddies of wind reverberated from

(led a little at an old empty houfe in a coppice, about

built by the inhabitants of Piura, for the accom-

i jyoFPeru, when they met him at his entrance

;^aied him. At feven in the morning we arrived at Piura,

1 on the banks of the river Collan. The

loneft Spanifh gentleman, and his wife, who

i. . : 'rge, the guide returned to Payta. In a quarter of an hour's

. ' ' 1 iQ to fee the raree-ihew ; and, inftead of being ufed

were entertained with refpe£t and civility, which we

Our landlord, I fhould fay, keeper's name, was Don

}:■ 'c i.ia nve daughters ; upon the fight of whom, and their bene-

n .; us, we h^ped our time would Aide eafily away, and our captivity

j.reeable. I began now to be fenfible of the admiral's favour, in

r- ; for he had fuch intereft in all the kingdom of Peru, that for his

, -jd treatment. After we had refrefhed ourfelves, according to

.1 of the place, vith chocolate, bifcuit, and water, we were diverted with the

•- Welch harp \n fome inner apartment : the artift had good command of it j

i parts ov r eral famous Italian as well as Englifh compofitions ; and, upon

:ig, found tr:. all the honeft Spaniard's daughters had learned mufic, and fung

. ^. i\)v\.i. inflrument or other. Though, at firft, this feemed a little unac-

■y vot I afterwards found, that mufic wis common in Peru ; for the

■lian party h"' -ig a few years before prevailed at the court of Madrid, the laft

' ; ' St. Bueno, who was an Italian, had brought a great many muficians of

>ng with him, which has now fpread mufic everywhere ; and it is as good

Peru, as ; Old Spain. I the rather take notice of this, becaufe by our being lovers

-fd behaving peaceably and civilly to the inhabitants, we pafTed our time very

cheerfully, being expofed only to one inconvenience, which lafled fo long

ained here : this was the daily alTembling of the people to flare at us, which

iid my Serjeant Cobbs, bore pretty well ; for, being ufed to exercife in public,

"^^ - Id turn to the right and left without being much incommoded ; but our com-

• .1 Mr. PrefTick, being a graver man, at firfl hung down his head, and was very

• ancholyj but, by degrees he grew better acquainted with the people, and found

B 2 . reafon

4 BETAOH's ACCOUNT 0? PERU.

reafon to like them Co well, that when wc were to remove^ we had much to do to make
him change his quarters.

Almoil all the commodities of Europe are diftributed through the Spanlfli America,
by a fort of pedlars or merchants, on foot, who come from Panama to Payta by fea,
and, in their road from the laft-mentioned port, make Piura their firft ftage t) Lima,
difpofmg of their goods, and leflening their burdens as they go along. Some ake the
road through Caxamarca, others through Truxillo, along fhore from Lima : tiey take
their paflage back to Panama by fea, and perhaps cavry a liitle cargo of braidy with
them : at Panama they again flock themfelves with European goods, returnir^ by fea
to Payta,where they are put on fliore ; there they hire mules, and load them, tb Indians
going with them, in order to bring them back ; and fo thefe traders keep in a ;ontinual
round, till they have got enough to l:v,e on. Their travelling expences are net to no-
thing ; for the Indians are brought under fuch fubjedion, that they find loiging for-
them, and provender for their mules : this every white face may command being a
homage the poor Indians are long accuftomed to pay ; and fome think the) have an
honour done into the bargain, except, out of gcnerofity, th:v now and then neet with
afmall recompence. In the Britiih and French nations r^ '?r is defpifed anil his
employment looked upon as a mean fhift to get a livin.. : Lut .. is othernfe here,
where the quick return of money is afufBcient excufe for liic manner of gettiig it ; and
there are many gentlemen in Old Spain, who, when their circumflancc* in ^le are de-
clining, fend their fons to the Indies to retrieve their fortune dm way : our idgij>i; was
in an outhoufe purpofely for thefe travelling merc^: ■ According to tie Spanifh
cuflom, we had our dinner fent to the table under cover, ivhere D.> > ^ * v rud we
eat together, while the good lady of the houfe, and her daughf'^ , ii-r in an-

other room. This is the praftice at all meals : and, if any fl arrdrank, ic

is then. In all our conduct, I think the good ' irdwasr- :e,

when he faw me drinking a dram with the d^ - - 1 little vi. '. . ^^ ig

is more difagreeable to the Spaniards than drunkemiefe, I had much aut
for this flep towards it; though they admit oi gallantry in the utmo:'! -^ •
only changing one enormity for another. Aher we hid palled abor.
our Indian guide came again to condsjC:) . , ^ ^ Payta, the man of war bciL.
When we were} upon the point of tal i.g leave, our furgeon was mifiing,
retarded us a day longer. They had concealed him in the town, and defigned to
him there, as he was a very ufeful man; and if he could have had a fmaU-cI't i.
medicines, he might foon have made a handfome fortuK TL-)vvevdr5 the next day v.
mounted our mules, and parted with great reludance, oipc ■ iy with our kind holt Don
Jeronimo, and his family. We went aboard the Brilliant at Payta, which, having done
nothing at fea, made a fort of cruifing voyage to Calao, the port ot Lima. The civility
I received from the admiral or general of the South Seas, as he is there railed, Is what
I have already mentioned. I Ihall here only add one circumftance to the honour of
Monfieur de Grange, a captain under the general., As foon as we were taken by rh;
Brilliant, as aforefaid, this gentleman, feeing the foldiers had flripped us, being i.
conquerors ufual perquifites in all thefe cafes, he generoully gave me an handfome fuit
ofcloaths, two pair of filk flockings, a hat, wig, fhirts, and every thing according;,
fo that inftead of fufFering, 1 was in reality a gainer by this accident.

Our voyage to Liara took up about five weeks ; and, as foon as we arrived there, we
were immediately fent to the fame prifon in which the fliip's company were confined,
who were fent hither before us, Mr. Hatley only excepted j who, for the reafons be-
fore

BETAGH*S ACCOUNT OF PERU. 5

fore-mentioned, was confined by himfelf, and very roughly treated. In a fliort time
after our arrival, commiflioners were appointed to hear our caufe, and to determine,
whether we fhould be treated as criminals or as prifoners of war. The reafon of this
was, the charge brought againfl: us for piracy, not for what we had done in the South
Seas, or at leaf!:, not for that only, but upon a fuppofition, that we plundered the
Spaniards there^ becaufe none but Spaniards were to be met with, having ufed the like
violence, as their charge fet forth, againfl: other nations, before our arrival in thefe feas ;
which would have fhewn a piratical difpofition through our whole conduft. And of
this they thought they had probable proof, fmce by the moidores found upon Hatley,
it appears they were taken from the fubjeds of a prince in perfeft amity with the crown
of England : but it was happy for us that the viceroy, Don Diego Morfilio, who was
an archbifhop, and in the decline of life, was pleafed coolly to difcriininate the affair,
and finding really but one of us guilty, would not fign any order for fnedding innocent
blood : as for Hatley, fome were for fending him to the mines for life, others for hang-
ing him ; but the feverai accounts of Captain Shelvocke's vile proceedings contributed
to his deliverance, the truth of which here were enough of our people at Lima to wit-
nefs ; for, befides Lieutenant Serjeantfon, and his men, wlio were brought hither, came
the men who Shelvocke fent with Hopkins to lliift for themfelves in a poor empty bark,
who, for want of fuftenance, was forced to furrender to the Indians ; fo that the court-
believing Shelvocke more a principal in that piratical act than Hatley, and fuppofing-
we had been plagued enough beibre we came hither, they though fit to let us all go
by degrees : Hatley indeed was kept in irons about a twelvemonth, and then was
allowed to return to England. I was much more happy in this refpeft, fmce my im-
prifonment lafted but a fortnight ; which was owing to the interpofition of Captain
Fitzgerald, a gentleman born in France, who had a great intereft with the viceroy, and
who, upon his becoming fecurity for me, permitted me to have the liberty of the city,,
provided 1 was always forthcoming when I was called for. As I was now pretty much
at eafe, I began to look about me, and to inform myfelf of what was palling in this part
of the world.

Among the firft of my inquiries,was that after the condition of other Englifii prifoners in
the place ; and, upon afking for Mr. Serjeantfon, and his men, who were here before
us, I underftood that mofl of them had taken up the religion of the country, had been
chriftened, and were difperfed among the convents in the city. The firfl that I faw,
had got his new catechifm in one hand, and a pair of large beads dangling in the other.
I fmiled, and alked the fellow, how he liked it. He faid very well ; for having his re-
ligion to chufe, he thought theirs better than none, fmce it brought him good meat and
drink, and a quiet life. Many of Shelvocke's men followed this example ; and I may
venture to fay, this was as good a reafon as moft of our people could give for their oq»
cafional conformity. It is here reckoned very meritorious to make a convert, and many
arguments were ufed for that end ; yet was there no rigour fliewn to bring any of us
over. Thofe who thought fit to be baptized, had generally fome of the merchants of
Lima for their padrons or godfathers, who never failed giving their godchildren a fuit
of cloaths, and fome money, to drink their heahhs. About this time, four or five of
Clipperton's men, and as many of Shelvocke's, got leave from their convents to meet
together at a public houfe kept by one John Bell, an Englifhnian, who had a negro
wife, that, for fome fervices or other, had got her freedom. The defign of this meeiing^
was to confirm their new baptifmwith a bowl of punch : the confequence of which was,,
they all got drunk, and quarrelled ; and, forgetting they were true catholics, miitook.
an image of fome honefl faint, that flood in a coi'iicr, for one of their own company,.

knocked.

^ BETAGH's account of PERIT.

knocked him down, and demolifhed him. I, miffing the fellows for a few days, in-
quired at John's houfe what was become of them ; he told me the ftory, and faid,
they were all put in the Inquifition, for the thing having taken air, he was obliged to
complain of it, or go thither hirafelf ; but promifed, that, underhand, he would en-
deavour to get them releafed ; which, I found afterwards, v/as done in five days, fo
that they had time to repent, and be fober. Bell faid, if the men had ftill remained
heretics, this drunken bout had not come within the verge of the ecclefiaflical power ;
but, being novices, and juft admitted into the church, they were the eafier pardoned,
as their outrage upon the faint was no proof of their relapfe into error, or an affront
to the catholic faith, fmce done when they were all difordered in liquor. At length,
about a dozen men in both our fliips, being well inftrudted, were difcharged from the
cloifters, and fent to Calao, to help to careen and fit out the Flying-fifti, then defigned
for Europe. Here they entered into a project to run away with the Margarita, a pretty
failing fhip, that lay in the harbour, and go upon the account for themfelves, which
■differs nothing from piracy ^ but, not knowing what to do for ammunition, and a com-
pafs, they applied to Mr. Serjeantfon, telling him, they had a defign to (leal away by
land to Panama, where, being an Englifh factory, they might have a chance to get
home ; that they had got half a dozen firelocks, with which they might kill wild hogs,
or get fome game, as they went along, if he would be fo kind as to help them to a
little powder and fhot, and a compafs to fleer their way through the woods. The
fellows, by begging, and making catholic figns to the good people at Lima, that they
were poor Englifh newly baptized, had got together fome dollars, which they defired
Serjeantfon to lay out, who, not miftrufling the plot, took their money, and bought
them what they wanted. Thus fumifhed, one of them came to me at Lima, and faid,
there was an opportunity offered to make my fortune, by running away with the Mar-
garita at Calao, if I would embrace it ; whereupon he told me the ftory, and that
Sprake was to have the command, as being the only artifl among them. I anfwered,
that it was a bold defign ; but as Captain Fitzgerald had engaged for my honour, 1 was
obliged not to meddle with it. In a few days the plot was difcovered, their lodgings
were fearched, their arms taken away, and they put in prifon. The government was
greatly provoked, and had near determined their execution, when an order came to
releafe all but Sprake, who, being the projeftor, was kept in irons two or three months,
and then fet at liberty. If this fhews the refllefs enterprifing temper of our feamen,
it proves, at the fame time, that the Spaniards in Peru are by no means fo cruel, either
in religious or ftate profecutions as in Europe ; though I am inclined to think, that the
converfion of tliefe people, fuch as it was, operated greatly in their favour ; it may be
alio, that they were fome way influenced by fear, fmce the Englifh privateers were flill
upon the coaft, and in cafe they had received intelligence of thefe people being feverely
dealt with, might have revenged it on fome of their prifoners. But it is to little pur-
pofe to employ one*s thoughts in attempting to difcover the motives of an adl ofSpanifh
policy, fince, whatever thofe motives were, the a£t in itfelf was compaffionate and
good.

The dominions which the Spaniards poffefs in America are fo large, and fo valuable,
that there is no doubt, if they were properly governed, they might render that mo-
narchy equally formidable in Europe, and the Indies. The long flay I made in Peru,
tlie prefent flate of which there are few opportunities of knowing in this part of the
world, afforded. me the means of examining with leifure and attention their manner of
living, the form of their government, the nature of their amufements and diverfions,
which, in this country, take place of bufinefs, and furniihed me with many opportu-
nities

betagh's account of PERir.

nitles of inquiring into thofe things very minutely, which did not fall immediately under
my obfervation as an eye-wltnefs ; and of thefe I fhall endeavour to give the reader as
clear, as diftinft, and as accurate an account, as is in my power, with the greateft
regard to truth, and conftantly diftinguifhing between what fell immediately under my
knowledge, and what was derived to me by the information of others ► This was cer-
tainly the beft ufe I could make of that leifure I enjoyed, while a prifoner in the hands
of the Spaniards ; and may poffibly contribute more to the fervice of my country, than
if I had employed myfelf in privateering on the coaft. I fhall begin with the defcription
of the place where 1 fpent moft part of my time, and which, as it is the centre of the
Spanifli government in thefe parts, enabled me to gain a greater infight into their
affairs, than if I had paffed my days in any of their ports, or in an inland city, lefs
frequented. The Hberty I was allowed, and the kind ufage I received, made this ftill
the more eafy ; and therefore it may be depended upon, that what I offer the world is
a fair and genuine reprefentation of matters of fa6t, and not a fine-fpun (lory, framed
from conjecture and hearfay. If, after all, the wide difference between the manners
of thefe people and thofe in the northern part of Europe, Ihould give it an air of extra-
vagance, I muft defire the reader to reflect, that this is not owing to me, but to the
fubjedt. A man, who undertakes to defcribe things he has feen, muft defcribe them
as they are, without regard to the appearance they may make in the eyes of others.
But to come to the point : The great and rich city of Lima is the metropolis of Peru,
and the feat of an archbifhop. It is a regular-built city, the ftreets all ftrait and fpa-
cious ; fo that you go through it any way, without turning a corner. It is compofed
of little fquares, like St. lago, the capital of Chili ; which was copied from this. It
ftands in an open vale, having only a gentle ftream to water it, and which divides it,,
as the Thames does London from Southwark, allowing for the great difproportion.
The port of Lima is at Calao, feven miles below it. The houfes are only one ftory
high, of twelve or fourteen feet, becaufe of the frequent earthquakes in that country..
There are about eight parifhes, three colleges for ftudents, twenty-eight monafteries
of friars, and thirteen monafteries of nuns ; fo that the religious take up a fourth part
of the city. However, by the quick flow of money, and the vaft fums bequeatneH^
being the effefts of celibacy, they are all well endowed and fupported ; befides which,
there are two hofpitals for the fick, poor, and difabled, and where feveral of our men
were kindly looked after. The length of the city, from north to fouth, is two miles,,
the breadth one and an half; the wall, with the river, making a circumference of fix
miles. On the eaft part of the ftream lies the other part of the city, being joined by
a very handfome ftone bridge of feven arches. I computed that there were 60 or
70,000 perfons in Lima, all forts and colours included ; and I do not wonder at any
multiplication in a city, which is the centre of fo much affluence and pleafure ; for,
befides the natural increafe of the inhabitants, all fnips that trade that way, whether
private or public, generally leave fome deferters, who chufe to ftay behind, from the
encouragement all white faces meet with. Of all parts of the world, the people here
are: moft expenfive in their habit. The men drefs as they do in England, their coats
being either of filk, or fine Englifh cloth, and hair camlets, embroidered, or laced
with gold and filver ; and their waiftcoats commonly the beft brocades. The women
never wear hoops or ftays, only a ftitched holland jacket next their fhifts. They gene-
rally throw over their fhoulders a fquare piece of fwan-fkin flannel, entirely covered
with Flanders lace ; befides the filver or gold lace round the petticoat. When they
walk out, the Creolian women are veiled, but not the Mulatto; and, till the age of
thirty or forty, they wear no head-cloaths, their hair being tied behind with fine ,

ribbands^

S BETAOh's account of MRU.

ribbands. But the pride of the fex appears chiefly in Mechlin and Bruffels lace, with
which they trim their linen in a moft extravagant manner, not omitting their fheets
and pillows, befides the outward covering of the mantle aforefaid. Their linen is
doubly bordered v/ith it, top and bottom, with ruffles of four or five furbelows hanging
down to the knee. Then, as to pearls and precious ftones, which they wear in rings,
and bracelets for the neck and arms, they are very extravagant, though the value is
hardly equal to the Ihew they make.

The viceroy has an handfome palace in the great quadrangle of the city, which I
take to be near as large as Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, London. His falary is ten thoufand
pounds a year ; and his perquifites double that fum : And though his government
expires at three, four, or five years' end, as the king pleafes, yet, it is fuppofed, he
makes a good fortune for life ; for he has all places in his gift, both in the government
and army, throughout Peru, except particular perfons are fent or nominated by the
king. The judicial court confifts of twelve judges, not to mention the inferior officers,
counfel, and folicitors. Here all caufes (hould come to be decided, but they are too
often determined beforehand in favour of the party who gives mod money ; and though
thefe vafl dominions abound in riches, yet there is not abundance of W'Ork for tlie
lawyers, becaufe the ftatutes are few and plain, which is certainly happier than a mul-
titude of laws explaining one another, till they are fo intricate, that the iifue of a
caufe depends more upon the craft of a folicitor and advocate, than the truth of the
cafe. Befides all this, a multiplication of laws begets an infinity of attornies and
counfellors, who live high and great upon the dillrefles of other people, and as often
argue a man out of his right as into it. Thefe hardships are pafl retrieving ; becaufe
every magiftrate knows his reign to be but fhort, and if he don't make a fortune he
is laughed at ; fo that they wink one at another ; and the great diftance between Peru
and Spain, is a reafon the king's orders are feldom regarded, being two years going
backward and forward j whence arife many clandefline doings ; for, according to law,
the king (hould have a twentieth part of the gold, and a fifth part of all filver ; but
there are vaft quantities that never pay duty, carried privately over the continent the
north way, as well as the fouth, by trading fliips ; and though there are prodigious
fums allowed for the militia, garrifons, and repairs of fortifications, yet it is not one-
half applied: from all which it is eafy to imagine, what immenfe revenues would
come to the treafury at Madrid, if his Catholic Majelly was but faithfully ferved.

The country in Peru is naturally fubjedl: to earthquakes ; at Lima they had two great
ones about fifty years ago, which overturned houfes, churches, and convents ; and, in
the reign of Charles II. the late king of Spain, there was an earthquake near the equi-
noctial line, that Hfted up whole fields, and carried them feveral miles off. Small
ftiocks are often felt without doing any harm ; and I have been two or three times
called out of bed when fiich a thing has happened, though we have heard no more of
it ; but, upon thefe occafions, the bells always toll to prayers. Notwithftanding this
country, efpecially nigh the coaft, has fuffered much by earthquakes, yet their churches
are lofty enough, and neatly built ! that part of their archited:ure, which requires moll
ftrength, is generally finilhed with burnt bricks ; but their houfes are all built with
bambo, canes, and bricks, dried only by the weather, which are durable enough, be-
caufe it never rains : the covering is a matting with afhes upon it, to keep out the dews,
which is all the wet they have. The fmall river of Lima is moftly fnow-water, de-
fcending from the neighbouring mountains, which are covered all the year with fnow,
but partly diflblved in the fummer feafon, which is from September to March. One
v/ould expert it much hotter thereabouts than it is, there being no proportion between
^ 6 the

BETAGH's account of PERU. 9

the heat of this climate in America, and the fame degree of latitude in Africa : for
which there are two reafons ; the one is the cool temper of the air, proceeding from
the congealed fnow on the mountains, which diffufes itfelf every way ; the other is the
humidity of the vapours, which hang over the plains, and which are fo frequent, that,
when I came firft to Lima, I often expefted it would rain. Thefe vapours are not fo
coarfe, low, and gloomy as our fogs ; nor feparated above, like our fummer clouds ;
but an exhalation between both, being fpread all round, as when we fay the day is
overcafl: ; fo that fometimes a fine dew is felt upon the outward garments, and difcerned
by the eye upon the knap of the cloth. This is an happy convenience at Lima, the
people being thus fcreened one half of the day from the fun ; and though the afternoon
be fun-{hine, 'tis very tolerable, being mixed with the fea breezeS, and not near fo
hot as at Lifbon, and fome parts of Spain in Europe, which are thirty degrees further
from the equator. The want of rain in this part of the continent obliged the poor
Indians, before the conqueft, to make drains and canals, for bringing down water
from among the diftant mountains ; which they have done with fuch great labour and
Ikill, that the vallies are properly refrefhed, producing grafs, corn, and variety of
fruits, to which the aforefaid dews may alfo a little contribute ; and therefore this
fhewS, that there is no judging from circumftances, whether a country be habitable or
not, fince, in this refped:, nothing would feem more conclufive than the abfoiute want
of rain. A Spanifh hiflorian has given us the natural caufe of this perpetual drought :
he obferves, that the fouth-wefl: winds blow upon the Peruvian coaft all the year round,
and the ocean is therefore called Pacific, becaufe the winds never difturb the waters :
thefe eafy gales always bear away the vapours from the plains, before they can rife and
form a body fufficient to defcend in a fhower ; but, when they are carried farther and
higher, they grow more compaft, and at length fall, by their own weight, into rain.
They have plenty of cattle, fowl, and fifh, and all provifion common with us, except
butter, inftead of which they always ufe lard ; they have oil, wine, and brandy enough,
though not fo good as in Europe. They drink much of the Jefuits herb camini, brought
from Paraguay by land ; for all Eaft India tea is forbid : they make a decoftion of it,
and fuck it through a pipe ; it is generally here called mattea, being the name of the
bowl out of which, they drink it. Chocolate is their ufual breakfaft, and a grace-cup
after dinner ; fometimes they drink a glafs of brandy for digeftion, but fcarce any wine
at all. In the kingdom of Chili they make a little butter, fuch as it is ; and their way of
doing it is remarkable : the cream is put into a fheep-fkin, and kept on purpofe for that
ufe ; two women lay it on a table, and fhake it between them, till it comes.

The Spaniards are no friends to the bottle ; yet gallantry and intrigue are here
brought to perfe^fion ; for they devote fo much of their time to the fervice of the fair
fex, that it is unmannerly not to have a miftrefs, and fcandalous not to keep her well.
As for the women, they have many accomplifhments, both natural and acquired ;
their converfation is free and fprightly, their motion graceful, their looks winning, and
their words engaging : they have all a delicate fnape, not injured with fiiff-bodied ftays,
but left to the beauty of nature ; fo that there is no fuch thing as a crooked body
among them. Their eyes and teeth are particularly excellent ; and their hair, being
generally of a dark polifhed hue, is finely combed, and platted and tied behind with
ribbands, but never difguiled with powder ; for the brightnefs of their fkins round the
temples appears very well fhaded through the hair, like light through a landfcape.
Though amours are univerfal at Lima, yet the men are careful enough to hide them ;
for no indecent word or adion is allowed in public. They have two feafons for rhefe
entertainments j one is at the fiefta, or afternoon's nap, which is commonly with the

VOL. XIV. c miftrefs J

to BETAGH's account op PIR.U.

miflrefs ; the other is in the evening, crofs the water, in calalhes, or at the great fquare
in the town, where the calaflies meet in great numbers towards the dulk ; thefe are
flung hke our coaches, but fmaller, and many of them fit only for two, fitting oppofite:
they are always drawn by one mule, with the negro driver upon his back ; and it is
ufual, among thofe calames, to obferve feveral of them with the windows clofe up,
ftanding flill for half an hour together. In thefe amufements, they have feveral cufloms
peculiar to themfelves : after evening prayers, the gentleman changes his drefs from a
cloak into a montero, or jockey-coat, with a linen laced cap, and a handkerchief about
his neck inflead of a wig : if he wears his hair, it muft be tucked under a cap, and
that flapt all down j fo that it is an univerfal falhion to be difguifed fome way or other;
for thofe who have no miflrefs are alhamed to be thought virtuous, and muft be in
fome malk or other to countenance the way of the world. But, as all this is night-
work, they have an ellablifhed rule to prevent quarrels, which is, never to fpeak or
take notice one of another, whether they are going in qucft of, or vifiting their ladies ;
fo that, in ihort, the forepart of the night is a mafquerade all the year round. Among
the rank of people who do not keep calalhes, there are feveral points to be obferved,
particularly when they take the evening air ; one couple never walks clofe upon the
heels of another ; but, to prevent the publifliing any fecret whifpers, each couple walks
at the diftance of twelve yards at leaft ; and if any lady drops a fan, or any thing, by
accident, a gentleman may civilly take it up, but he muft not give it to the lady, but
the gentleman who is with her, for Ihe may be the fifter or wife of him that takes it
up; and, as the women are all veiled, thefe wife laws are invented to prevent any
impertinent difcoveries. A freedom of that kind is looked upon as the higheft affront
in all gallantry, and merits a drawn fvvord through the liver. They are fo careful in
thefe rules, that if any man fees his intimate friend any where with a woman, he muft
in no wife take notice of him, or fpeak of it afterwards. Things of this nature are
all done with the greateft gravity imaginable, and the practice of gallantry becomes,
by this means, decent, foft, and eafy : but notwithftanding the commence of love is
here fo regularly fettled, yet there are jealoufies now and then fubfifting, which fome-
times have ended fatally. There was a ftory of this fort pretty frelh when I was at
Lima : — a young lady had for fome time, as (he thought, been the. fole fovereign of her
lover's heart ; but, by chance, Ihe found him in the company of another woman ; and,
as our inimitable Shakefpeare has it, "Trifles, light as air, are, to the jealous, confirma.
" tions ftrong ;** ftie waited therefore no further proof of his infidelity, nor expected
any excufe for the wrong done her, but fuddenly drew his dagger, and difpatched him.
She was foon brought to trial j and when every one expected fhe would pay the forfeit
of her life, her judges gave it this turn, that it was not malice, but excels of love, that
prompted her to the rafti deed ; ihe was therefore acquitted : but fome nice cafuifts
thought fhe fhould, in honour, have hanged herfelf. How agreeable foever thefe
practices are to the Creole Spaniards, yet they caufe an inconvenience to fociety ; for
the men are fo ferioufly taken up with thefe forts of matters, that the women engrofs
moft of their time, and fpoil public converfation. For this reafon, there are no taverns
or coffee-houfes ; fothat the men are only to be met with at their offices, or at church.
The fame inconvenience, in a greater or lefs degree, attends this propenfity to gal-
lantry, wherever it prevails ; and may be juftly confidered as the bane of induftry,
corrupting the minds of both fexes, and inftilling the bafeft principles of indolence and
debauchery.

It is chiefly owing to this effeminate difpofition, that all manly exercifes, all ufeful
knowledge, and that noble emulation, which infpirits vhrtue, and keeps alive refpeft

6 to

betagh's account of PERur n

to the public good, arc unthou,8jht of here: for, as there is naturally a great mixture
of phlegm and ftubbornnefs in Spanlfli conllitutions, fo whatever fettles amongft them
into a cuilom, obrains the force of an inviolable law; and,, however abfurd, however
contrary to relitj;ion or virtue, however noxious to fociety, or fatal to private peace, is
not to be rooted out by art or force. The amufemcnts, therefore, that ferve to relax
the labours of the induftrious in other countries, and yet keep alive the vigour rnd
ailivity of body, and of mind, are never known in Peru ; and whoever (hould atterrpt
to introduce them, would be confidered as an innovator, which, among Spaniards is
a frightful thing : nor would they fuffer themfelves to be convinced, that martial exer-
cifes, or literary conferences, are preferable to intrigues. They have, however, a fort
ofplayhoufe, where the young gentlemen and Undents divert themfelves after tl eir
fafhion ; for what performances they have in the dramatical way are fo mean, that tl ey
are hardly worth mentioning, being fcripture ftories 'intei-woven with romances, and,
which is (hill worfe, with obfcenity.

It was at this theatre, that two Engliflimen, of Monfieur Martinet's fquadron, fought
a prize a little before I came to Lima : they firft obtained leave of the viceroy to exer-
cife at the ufual weapons ; and, after the fhew-day was fixed, moft of the time was
taken up with preparatory ceremonies, to bring, as we phrafe it, an houfe ; preceded
by beat of drum, in their Holland fhirts and ribbands, faluting the fpeftators at the
windows with a flourifli of the fword ; fo that, by the extraordinary gallant manner of
the thing, the whole city came to fee the trial of (kill : fome gave gold, but very few
lefs than a dollar : when the company, male and female, were clofe packed together,
the mafters mounted the ftage ; and, after the ufual compliment, peculiar to the Eng-
lifli nation, of fliaking hands before they fight, they retired in great order, and flood
upon their guard. Several bouts were played without much wrath or damage ; but the
defign of this meeting being more to get money than cuts or credit, one of the mafters
had the feafonable fortune to receive a fmall hurt on the breaft, which, having blooded
his (hirt, began to make the combat look terrible ; upon w^hich the company fearing,
from fuch a dreadful beginning, that the zeal of the champions might grow too warm,
and conceiving, till they were reconciled, no man in the houfe was fafe, unanimoully
cried out Bafla, Bafla, which fignifies Enough, Enough j and fo the houfe broke up.
The failors, finding this a better prize than any they ever met with at fea, humbly be-
fought his Excellency to grant them a licence for another trial of fkill ; but the viceroy,
and all the people, were againft it, from a religious objedion that could never be got
over ; and that was, left the fellows fhould kill one another, and die without abfolution.
One cannot help obferving, when fo fair an opportunity offers, that the public diver-
fions of any place always fhew the temper of a people ; whence appears the danger of
introducing, under the notion of elegance, the amufements of a dejected or an effemi-
nate nation, becaufe, in time, they every where produce the fame effeds ; that is to fay,
they mould thofe, amongft whom they are introduced, into the fame temper with thpfe
from whom they are derived ; and I dare fay, if gallantry prevailed here as much as in
Peru, we fhould foon grow as much out of love with prize-fighting, and with whatever
elfe had any affinity with labour or danger, as they : fo natural it is, for the love of
pleafure to daftardize the very bravefl people.

A further inftancc we have of this deficiency of fpirit in the Spaniards, from their
carclefTnefs with refpeft to thofe countries and illands yet undifcovered, in the neigh-
bourhood of their vaft dominions in Aii<erica ; notwithftanding the affurances they have
had, that fome of thefe countries are richer, and of much greater confequence, than
thofe they have already conquered or fettled. The firft Spanifh governors of Mexico

c 2 and

fa BETAGH's account of PERU.

and Peru were not of this indolent and unafpiring temper ; but beflowed great care and
pains in endeavouring to obtain the moft perfect knowledge poffible of the places bor*
dering upon thofe under their relpedtive governments ; but now that generous thirft of
fame is abfolutely extinguifhed, and the Spanifli governors, inftead of aiming at new
difcoveries, content themfelves with plundering their fello'w-fubjeds, that are fettled in
the old. The regions which lie north of the kingdom of Mexico, are known to abound
with filver, precious flones, and other rich commodities ; yet the Spaniards not only
decline their conqueft on that fide, but difcourage, as much as they can, the reports
fpread of the wealth and valu6 of thofe countries. Upon the fame principles, they give
no fort of encouragement to attempt penetrating into the heart of South America,
whence the befl: part of the riches of Peru is known to come ; the mountains, which
are at the back of the country, being extremely rich in gold ; and the regions on the
other fide, towards the North Seas, known to be inhabited by nations that have abun-
dance of that valuable metal ; though, for fear of being oppreifed by the Europeans,
they conceal it as much as pofTible. If this proceeded from a maxim of true policy,
viz that of being content when they have enough, and applying themfelves to govern
well what they already poflefs, it would be extremely commendable, and would cer-
tainly contribute to the fafety, peace, and continuance of their empire in thofe parts.
But while it appears plainly, from the conduct of their viceroys and other officers, that
they have nothing in view but accumulating wealth, at the expence of thofe they fhould
protect, it is natural for the people to wifh, that they would apply themfelves to difco-
veries, which would afford the governors means of making their fortunes, without dif-
trefling fuch as are already fubjeds to the crown of Spain.

But, of all the difcoveries that have ever been talked of amongft the Spaniards, that
which has made the mofl noife, is the Ifland or Iflands of Solomon. Thefe are fuppofed
to be the fame with thofe difcovered by the famous Ferdinand de Quiros : he reported
them to be exceffively rich, as well as extremely populous ; and defired, by repeated
memorials, that he might be authorized, by the Crovm of Spain, to proceed in, and
fmilh that difcovery ; but, as all his inflances were negleded, in the fpace of a few years
it became a queftion, whether there really were any fuch iflands or not j and the treat*
ing this matter as a romance, was, for fome time, a political maxim with the viceroys
of Peru ; and perhaps, by degrees, the very wifefl people in America would have been
brought over to this opinion ; but it fo happened, that, towards the latter end of the
lafl century, fuch difcoveries were made as to the reality of thefe iflands, that Don
Alvaro de Miranda was fent in the year 1695, upon difcovering them, in which he
mifcarried; but, in the fearch, met with four iflands, between 7 and 10" of fouth lati-
tude, wonderfully rich and pleafant ; the inhabitants of which were a better looking
people, and far more civilized, than any of the Indians upon the continent. This
occafioned a good deal of difcourfe at that time ; but the diflurbances that followed
foon after, took up people's thoughts to fuch a degree, that all hopes of finding, or
even endeavouring to find, thefe happy iflands, were intirely laid afide.

Yet, while I was in Peru, this attempt was rsnewed again, though to very little pur*-
pofe, by an odd accident. Before I enter upon this, I mufl be obliged to fay fome*
thing of theperfon employed in the difcovery : among the reft of the French traders or
interlopers, that were deftroyed by Martinet's fquadron, there was one Mr. Thaylet,
with whom I was well acquainted at Lima, who loft all his elfefts : but even this hard
ufage could not drive him out of Peru ; he came thither to make a fortune, and he did,
not, by any means, care to return home a beggar. He had formerly commanded feve-
ral good fhips, and was an expert artift. He offered his fervice to the Government,,

5 <» and

BETAGH's account of PERU. I3

and this ofFer of his was very kindly received. The firft affair of Importance in which
he was employed, was an expedition to the Ifland of Juan Fernandez, in order to find
there the bottle, with the inftrudions, which Captain Clipperton left behind him for
Captain Shelvocke, when, in purfuance of his inllrudions, he touched at that ifland,
and cruifed in its neighbourhood for a month. Of this the viceroy was informed by one
of Clipperton's men, that was taken prifoner ; which information imm.ediately produced
a refolution to fend for thofe inftrudions, in order to prevent the EngliQi privateers
from joining ; and a more proper man for fuch an expedition could not have been found
than Mr. Thaylet, who, in point of ingenuity and praftice, was a much more capable
man than moft in the Spanifh fervice. This circumflance of fending for the bottle is
the mofl authentic teftimony that can poflibly be expe6led to the truth of Thaylet's
journal, and the hiflory already given of Clipper ton's proceedings. I might add, that
it is as direct a refutation of all that Captain Shelvocke has advanced upon this fubjeft ;
fo that it is irapofTible for any man, who confiders it, to believe what he charges
Captain Clipperton with to be true ; or to dream, that it ever was the intention of
Clipperton to defert Shelvocke. It might alfo be obferved, that the latter does not fo
much as pretend to have left any inflrudions for Clipperton, in cafe he fhould come to
any of the places where Shelvocke had touched ', the inference from which is very
eafy.

While Mr. Thaylet was gone upon his cruife, a Spanifh fhip arrived at Calao, the
mafter of which reported, that, being driven out of his courfe, he had made thelflands
of Solomon. This occafioned much difcourfe on that fubjed^ and the comparing all
the different accounts that had been given of thefe iflands, and their inhabitants, which
appeared fo clear, fo probable, and well connected, as fcarce to leave any doubt of the
veracity of fuch as pretended to have made this difcovery. In the midfl of the difcourfes
raifed by this accident, another (hip arrived, with the like account, attended with cir-
cumftances, which rendered it evident, that there could not be any fraud or collufion
in the cafe ; but that both had, by pure accident, been driven upon the fame ifland.
This was very lucky for Mr. Thaylet, fince, while he was employed in one expedition,,
another was thus unexpeftedly provided for him. On his return with the inftrudions,
and the two men who deferted there, the viceroy, willing to encourage him, thought
of this fhort expedition for him in the fame veffel, being an Englifh ketch of about
fixty tons, and in which he had ferved Captain Martinet as a tender ; for the intelli-
gence he had received of Solomon's Ifland made his Excellency curious to purfue the
difcovery. He therefore ordered the ketch to be fitted out for two months, under
Thay let's command ;. who accordingly failed into 10° fouth, in which latitude the ifland.
was faid to lie. He cruifed thereabouts till his provifion was very nigh expended, and
returned, without fuccefs. However, as the fame account came by two different (hips,
who touched there, the Spaniards verily believe there is fuch a place ; for the men
reported, that the natives, as to their perfons and behaviour, were much like the Indians-
on the continent ; that they had gold and filver things among them ; but that their lan-
guage was ilrange and unintelligible. The reafon why Mr. Thaylet could not meet
with Solomon's Ifland, might be from the uncertainty of the latitude, and his inability
of making further fearch, being provided only for two months ; for I have been informed
in London, that the laid ifland or iflands lie more foutherly in the Pacific Ocean, than
where they are laid down in the Dutch maps; and the two Spaniards, who had been
there, were only fmall trading veflels, carried thither by irregular currents j and could,
give no certain account of the latitude, becaufe they kept no reckoning. And thu»^
ended all thoughts of profecuting this difcovery at that time.

f As.

XA BETAGH'S account of PilRTT,

■ .... '

As the riches of Peru confift chiefly in their filver mines, I fhall endeavour to treat
of thefe, not only from my ov/n experience, but from the befl HL;hts I have been able
to derive from the fl:ric5iefl inquiry 1 had it in my power to make from others. There
are two forts of filver mines ; tlie one, where filver is found fcattered about in fmall
quantities ; the other, v/here it runs in a vein between two rocks ; the one excefiively
hard ; and the other much fofter : and it is thefe iaft, which hdi deferve, and are gene«
rally diftinguiflied by, the name of filver mines. This precious metal, which is, in
other countries, the ftandard or meafufe of riches, is, 'in Peru, the riches of the coun-
try, confidered in another light, I mean that of a natural commodity ; for, throughout
the whole of that vaft country, there are almoft every where filver mines to be met
with, of moreorlefs value, according as the ore produces more or lefs filver, and can
be wrought at a greater or lefs expence. There are fome, but not a great many, mines
to the northward of Lima ; but, to the fouth. they are very numerous. On the back
of the Andes, there lies a nation of Indians, called los Plateros, or the Plate-men,
from the vaft: quantities they poflefs of filver ; but the Spaniards have very little com-
munication with them. The beft part of the mine countries are to the fouth of Cufco,
from thence to Potofi, and fo to the frontiers of Chili ; and where, for the fpace of
300 miles, there is a continued fuccelFion of mines, fome being difcovered, and others
deferted, every day.

It is a common thing for the people here, as well as elfewhere, to complain of the
prefent times, and commend the. paft, as if heretofore there were infinitely greater
quantities of filver dug out of the mines than at prefent : and, perhaps, with regard to
particular mines it may be fo j but, upon the whole, doubtlefe the quantities of filver
that are annually obtained in the Spanilh Weft Indies abundantly exceed what were for-
merly exported from thence. As to the names of thofe, which have been moft remark-
able, or are io at prefent, in the country of Peru, they are thefe; viz. the mines of
Loxa and Camora, Cuenca, Puerto Veio, St. Juan del Oro : thefe are wrought at
, prefent. Thofe of Oruro and Titiri are negleded. Thofe of Porco and Plata filled
up. At Potofi there are a great number of mines. And thofe of Tomina, Chocaia,
Atacuma, Xuxui, the Calchaques, Guafco, Iquique, &c. are all wrought with more
or lefs profit ; and this according to the {kill of their proprietors, or of fuch as have the
dire6lion of thefe works. It is generally believed, and there feems to be fome reafon
for it, that experience has taught the Creolians here a perfedl acquaintance with mine-
rals, and the art of treating them, fo as to obtain the largeft profit. But, however,
when one confiders their ignorance in other arts, their going on conftantly in the fame
beaten track in this, together with their vaft wafte of quickfilver, one is almoft tempted
to believe, that our European miners might manage their works to ftill greater advan-
tages. This feems the more probable, when oiie reflects, that this knowledge of theirs
is not at all founded upon principles, but is, properly fpeaking, an art built upon acci-
dental difcoyeries, in which there is little of accuracy, and abundance of uncertainty ;
which will be more evident to the reader, when he has perufed and confidered the fol-
lowing account of the manner in which the filver is extraded from the ore at the
mines.

The moft perfect filver that comes from thence, is in that form which the Spaniards
call Pinnas, which is a lump of filver extremely porous, becaufe it is the remainder of
a pafte, made of filver-duft and mercury ; and the latter being exhaled, leaves this
remainder of the mafs fpongy, full of holes, and light. It is this kind of filver that is
' put into different forms by the merchants, in order to cheat the king of his duty, though
that is but rery moderate j and therefore all fxlver in this condition, if found any where

« on

BETAGh's account of PERU.

»jr

on the road, or on bo^rd any fhip, is looked upon as contraband goods, and is liable
to feizure. In regard to the art of refining, therefore, I am to fhew the progrefs of
the ore from the mine to this kind of mafs or cake : after having broken the (tone taken
out of the vein of ore, they grind it in their mills with grind- ftones, or in the Ingenios
Raales, or royal engines, which confifl: of hammers or pounders, like the ^French
plafter-mills. They have generally a wheel of about twenty-five or thirty feet diameter,
whofe long axle-tree is fct with fmooth triangles, which, as they turn, hook or lay
hold of the iron hammers, lift them up to a certain height, from whence they drop at
once at every turn ; they generally weigh about 200 weight, and fall fo violently, that
they crufh and reduce the hardeft ftones to powder by their weight alone. ' They after-
wards fift that powder through iron or copper fieves, to take away the finefl, and return
the refl to the mill. When the ore happens to be mixed with fome metals, which ob-
ilruft its falling to powder, as copper, then they calcine that in an oven, and pound it
over again.

In the little mines, where they ufc none but mills with grind-flones, they, for the
mofl part, grind the ore with water, which makes a liquid mud, that runs into si
receiver; whereas, when it is ground dry, it mufl be afterwards fleeped, and well
moulded together with the feet for a long time. To this purpofe they make a court or
floor, where they difpofe that mud In fquare parcels about a foot thick, each of them
containing half a caxon or cheft, that is, twenty- fire quintals, or 100 weight of orej
and thefe they call Cuerpos, that is, bodies. On each of them they throw about 200
weight of fea or common fait, more or lefs, according to the nature of the ore, which
they mould, and incorporate with the earth for two or three days. Then they add to it
a certain quantity of quickfilver, fqueezing a purfe made of a fkin, into which they
put it, to make it fall in drops, with which they fprinkle the body or mafs equally,
according to the nature and quality of the ore. They allow to each mafs ten, fifteen,
or twenty pounds j for, the richer it is, the more mercury it requires to draw to it the
filver it contains : fo that they know not the quantity, but by long experience. An
Indian is employed to mould one of thefe fquare parcels eight times a day, to the end
that the mercury may incorporate with the filver. To that effect they often mix lime
with it, when the ore happens to be greafy, where caution is to be ufed j for they fay,
it fometimes grows fo hot, that they neither find mercury nor filver in it ; which feems
incredible. Sometimes they alfo flrew among it fome lead or tin-ore, to facilitate the
operation of the mercury, which is flower in very cold weather, than when it is tempe-
rate ; for which reafon at Potofi and Lipes, they are often obh'ged to mould the ore
during a whole month, or a month and an half: but, in more temperate climates, the
amalgama is made in eight or ten days.

To facilitate the operation of the mercury, they in fome places, as at Puno and elfe-
where, make their buiterons or floors on arches, under which they keep fires, to heat
the powder of the ore, for twenty-four hours, on a pavement of bricks. When it is
thought, that the mercury has attracted all the filver, the afTayer takes a little ore from
each parcel apart, which he wafhes in a little earthen plate, or wooden bowl ; and, by
the colour of the mercury found at the bottom of the bowl, knows whether it has had
its effe£t : for, when it is blackifh, the ore is too much heated ; and then they add more
fait, or fome other drug. They fay, that then the mercury difpara, that is, fhoots or
flies away. If the mercury is white, they put a drop under the thumb, and, preffing
it hafl:ily, the filver there is amongft it remains flicking to the thumb ; and the mercury
flips away in little drops. In conclufion, when they perceive, that all the filver is
gathered, they carry the ore to a baton, into which a little fticam of water runs, to

* wafhi

iS betagh's account of peru.

i\'afh it, rhtich in the fame nature as I ftiall fliew they wafh the gold, excepting that this
being only a mud without ftones, inftead of an hook to (lir it, an Indian ftirs it with his
feet, to diflblve it. From the firft bafon it falls into a fecond, where another Indian is,
who ftirs it again, to diffolve it thoroughly, and loofen the filver. From the fecond it
paffes into a third, where the fame is repeated, to the end that what has not funk to
the bottom of the firfl and fecond, may not efcape the third.

When all has been waftied, and the water runs clear, they find at the bottom of the
bafons, which are lined with leather, the mercury incorporated with the filver ; which
they call lapella. It is put into a woollen bag, hanging up, for fome of the quickfilver
to drain through. They bind, beat and prefs it as much as they can, laying a weight
upon it, with flat pieces of wood ; and, when they have got out as much as they can,
they put the pafte into a mould of wooden planks, which, being bound together, gene-
rally form the figure of an o£lagon pyramid, cut fhort, the bottom whereof is a copper-
plate, full of little holes. There they ftir, in order to fallen it ; and, when they defign
to make many Pinnas, as they call them, that is, lumps of various weights, they divide
them with little beds or layers of earth, which hinder their coming together. To that
end the pella or mafs muft:be weighed, deducting two-thirds for the mercury that is in
it ; and they know, within a fmalj matter, what nett filver there is. They then take off
the mould, and place the pinna or mafs, with its copper bafe, on a trivet, or fuch-like
inftrument, ftanding over a great earthen veffel full of water, and cover it with an
earthen cap or covering, which they again cover with lighted coals ; which fire they
feed for fome hours, that the mafs may grow violent hot, and the mercury that is in it
evaporate in fmoke ; but that fmoke having no paflfage out, it circulates in the hollow
that is between the mafs and cap, or covering, till, coming down to the water that is
underneath, it condenfes, and finks to the bottom again, converted into quickfilver.
Thus, little of it is loft ; and the fame ferves feveral times : but the quantity muft be
increafed, becaufe it grows weak. However, they formerly confumed at Potofi 6 or
7000 quintals or hundred weight of quickfilver every year, as Acofta writes ; by which
a judgment may be made of the filver they got.

When the mercury is evaporated, there remains nothing, but a fpongy lump of con-
tiguous grains of filver, very light, and almoft mouldering, which the Spaniards call
la Pinna ; and is, as I obferved, a contraband commodity from the mines, becaufe, by
the laws of the kingdom, they are obliged to carry it to the king's receipt, or to the
. mint, to pay the fifth to his Majefty there. Thofe maffes are caft into ingots, on which
the arms of the crown are ftamped, as alfo that of the place where they were caft,
their weight and quahty, with the finenefs of the filver to anfwer the meafure of all
things, according to an antient philofopher. It is always certain, that the ingots, which
have paid the fifth, have no fraud in them ; but it is not fo with the pinnas or maffes
not caft. Thofe who make them, often convey into the middle of them, iron, fand,
and other things to increafe the weight ; fo that, in prudence, they ought to be opened,
and made red-hot at the fire, for the more certainty ; for if falfified, the fire will either
turn it black, or yellow, or melt it more eafily. This trial is alfo to^extradt a moiiture
they contrad in places where they are laid on purpofe to make them the heavier. In
{hort, their weight may be increafed one-third by dipping them in water when they are
red-hot, as alfo by feparating the mercury, with which the bottom of the mafs is always
more impregnated than the top. It alfo fometimes happens, that the fame mafs is of
different finenefs. The ftones taken from the mines, the ore, or, to fpeak in the lan-
guage of Peru, the mineray, from which the filver is extracted, is not always of the
fame nature, confiftence, or colour. There are fome white and grey, mixed with red

or

BETAGH*"S ACCOUNT OF PERU. ly

or bluifli fpots, which Is called plata blanca, or white filver. The mines of Lipes are
mofl of them of this fort. For the mofl part there appear fome Httle grains of filver,
and very often fmall branches extending along the layers of the (lone. There are fome,
on the other hand, as black as the drofs of iron, in which the filver does not appear,
called negrillo, that is, blackiih. Sometimes it is black with lead, for which reafon it
is called plomo ronco, that is coaife lead, in which the filver appears as if fcratched
with fomething that is harfli ; and it is generally the richeft, and got with lead charge,
becaufe, inftead of moulding it with quickfilver, it is melted in furnaces, where the lead
evaporates by dint of fire, and leaves the filver pure and clean.

From that fort of mines the Indians drew their filver, becaufe, having no ufe of mer-
cury, as the Europeans have, they only wrought thofe whofe ore would melt; and,
having but little wood, they heated their furnaces with ylo, and the dung of llamas,
or (heep, and other beafts, expofmg them on the mountains, that the wii^d might keep
the fire fierce. This is all the fecret the hiftorians of Peru fpeak of, as of fomething
wonderful. There is another fort of ore like this, as black, and in which the filver
does not appear at all ; on the contrary, if it be wetted, and rubbed againfl: iron, it
turns red ; for which reafon it is called roficler, fignifying the ruddinefs of the dawn of
the day. This is very rich, and affords the finefl filver. There is fome that glitters
like talc pr ifinglafs ; this is generally naught, and yields little filver ; the name of it is
Zoroche ; the peel, which is of a yellowifh red, is very foft, and broken in bits, but
feldom rich ; and the mines of it are wrought on account of the eafinefs of getting the
ore : there is fome green, not much harder than the lafl, called cobriffo, or copperifli ;
it is very rare : however, though the filver generally appears in it, and it is almofl
mouldering, it is the hardell to be managed, that is, to have the filver extracted from
it i fometimes, after being ground, it muft be burnt in the fire, and feveral other
methods ufed to feparate it ; doubtlefs, becaufe it is mixed with copper. Laflly, there
is another fort of very rare ore, which has been found at Potofi, only in the mine of
Cotamifo, being threads of pure filver, intangled or wound up together like burnt lace,
fo fine, that they call it arana, fpider, from its refemblance to a cobweb.

The veins of mines, of what fort foever they be, are generally richer in the middle,
than towards the edges ; and, when two veins happen to crofs one another, the place
where they meet is always very rich. It is alfo obferved, that thofe which lie north and
fouth, are richer than thofe which lie any other way. Thofe which are near places
where mills can be erefted, and that are more commodioufly wrought, are often pre-
ferable to the richer, that require more expence ; which is the reafon, that, at Lipes,
and at Potofi, a chefl of ore muft yield ten marks, of eight ounces each mark, of
filver, to pay the prime charges : and, at thofe of the province of 'J'arama, five pay
them. When they are rich, and fink downwards, they are fubjedl to be flooded ; and
then they muft have recourfe to pumps and machines, or elfe drain them by thofe they
call cocabones, being paffages made in the fide of the mountain for the water to run
out at ; which often ruin the owners, by the exceffive expence they infenfibly draw
them into. There are other ways of feparating the filver from the flones that confine
it, and from the other metals that are mixed with it, by fire, or ftrong feparating
waters, made ufe of at fome mines, where other means fail, and \vhere they make a
fort of ingots, v^hich they call bollos ; but the mofl general and ufeful method is to
make pinnas or maffes, ' above mentioned, which are preferred to other forms, on
account of their eafinefs in making, and that they fave fire, and other ingredients ;
which is a thing of great confequence in works of this nature, where, to fave in ihe
expence, has the fame effect as finding the mine.

VOL. XIV. D It

l8 BETAGH's account of PERU.

It is very natural to fuppofe, that, in mines, as well as other things, there happen
great variations in their produds, and in the value of the produ6t. The mines which
very lately yielded mofl filver, are thofe of Oruro, a little town eighty leagues from
Arica. In the year 1712, one fo rich was found at Ollachea, near Cufco, that it
yielded 2500 marks, of eight ounces each, out of every cheft, that is almofl: one-fifth
part of the ore ; but it has declined much, and is now reckoned but among the ordinary
fort. Next to thefe are thofe at Lipes, which have had the fame fate. Laftly, thofe
at Potofi yield but Httle, and caufe a vaft expence by reafon of their great depth. But,
notwithftanding the mines here are far diminifhed in their produfl:, yet the quantity of
ore that has been already wrought, and lain many years upon the furface, is thought
capable to yield a fecond crop ; and, when I was at Lima, they were aftually turning
it up, and new-milling it, ^ith great fuccefs ; which is a proof, that thefe minerals
generate in the earth like all other inanimate things ; and it is likewife certain, from all
accounts of the Spaniards, that gold and filver, as well as other metals, are continually
growing and forming themfelves in the earth. This opinion is verified by experience
in the mountain of Potofi, where fevcral mines have fallen in, and buried the workmen,
with their tools ; after fome years, they have dug the fame place, and difcovered many
bones, and pieces of wood, with veins of filver adlually running through them. Thefe
mines belong to him who firft difcovers them : he immediately prefents a petition to the
magiftrates to have fuch a piece of earth for his own ; which is no fooner done than
granted : they meafure eighty Spanifti yards in length, and forty over, which is about
1 200 foot in length, and 1 00 in breadth, and yield it to the difcoverer, who chufes
what fpacehe thinks fit, and does what he pleafes with it. Then they meafure jufl the
fame quantity for the king, which is fold to the beft bidder, there being many who are
willing to purchafe a treafure which may prove ineftimable. If any other perfon has a
mind to work part of the mine himfelf, he bargains with the proprietor for a particular
vein. All that fuch an one digs out is his own, paying the king's duty, which is for
gold a 20th part, and for filver a 5th j and fome landlords find fuch an account in let-
ting out their ground, and their mills, that they live upon the profit.

At Copiapo there are gold mines jufl beyond the town, and all about the countiy
likewife, which have brought many pur chafers and workmen thither, to the great
damage of the Indians ; for the Spanifh magiftrates take away not only their lands, but
their horfes, which they fell to the new proprietors, under pretence of ferving the king,
and improving the fettlements : there is alfo a great deal of magnet and lapis lazuli,
which the Indians know not the value of: and, fome leagues in the country, there is
plenty of fait and faltpetre, which often lies an inch thick on the ground. About an
hundred miles eaft, upon the Cordelier mountains, there is a vein of fulphur two feet
wide, fo fine and pure, that it needs no cleaning. This part of the country is full of
all forts of mines ; but, in other refpefts, is fo barren, that the natives fetch all their
fubfiftence from Coquimbo, and that way, being a mere defert for 300 miles together ;
and the earth abounds fo much with fait and fulphur, that the mules often perifh for
want of grafs and fweet water. There is but one river in 200 miles, which the Indians
call Ancalulae, or Hypocrite, becaufe it runs only from fun-rife to fun-fet : this is
occafioned from the great quantity of fnow melted from the Cordeliers in the day-time,
which freezes again at night, where the cold is often fo great the people's features are
quite diftorted. Hence Chili takes its name, Chile fignifying cold in the Indian lan-
guage ; and we are certainly informed by the Spanifh hiftorians, that fome of their
countrymen, and others, who firft traded this way, died ftiff^ with cold upon their
mules 5 for which reafon the road is now always lower towards the coaft.

9 The

BETAGM's account of PERU. I9

The mine countries are all fo cold and barren, that the inhabitants get moft of their
provifion from the coaft ; this is caufed by the falts and fulphurs exhaled from the earth,
which deftroy the feed of all vegetables. The Spaniards who live thereabout, find
them fo ftifling, that they drink often of the mattea, to moiflen their mouths. The
mules, that trip it nimbly over the mountains, are forced to walk gently about the
mines, and ftop often, to fetch breath. If thefe vapours are fo ftrong without, what
muft they be within the mine itfelf, where if a frefh man goes, he is fuddenly benumbed
with pain ? And this is the cafe of many an one ; but this diflemper feldom lafts above
a day, and they are not fo affeded a fecond time ; but vapours have often burft out fo
furioufly, that workmen have been killed on the fpot, fo that one way or other multi-
tudes of Indians die in their calling. An obfervation occurs here to my memory, that
upon the road to Piura, at night, when we lay down to lleep, our mules went eagerly
to fearch for a certain root, not unlike a parfnip, though much bigger, which affords
a great deal of juice, and, in fuch a fandy plain, often ferves inftead of water : but
when the mules are very thirfty, and they cannot eafily rake up the root with their
feet, they will fland over it and bray, till the Indians come to their affiftance. One
would wonder, that, throughout all this part of the world, that portion of the country
fliould be beft inhabited which is moll barren and unwholfome, while thofe fpots, that
feem to vie with Paradife itfelf for beauty and fertility, are but thinly peopled. Yet,
when one confiders, that it is not the love of eafe, but the'thirft of wealth, that draws
people hither, the difficulty is very eafily refolved ; and we fee at once, how much the
hopes of living rich, gets the better of the hopes of living ; as if the fole end, for which
a man was created, was to acquire wealth, at the expence of health and happinefs.

Ijt is generally underftood, that filver is the peculiar wealth of Peru ; and the Spa-
niards ufually talk, as to gold mines, of thofe that are to be found in Chili ; but, not-
withftanding this, there are one or two wafhing-places for gold in the fouth part of
Peru, near the frontiers of Chili, About the year 1709, there were two furprifing
large lumps of virgin gold found in one of thefe places, one of which weighed thirty-
two pounds complete, and was purchafed by the Count de Monclod, then viceroy of
Peru, and prefented to the king of Spain ; the other was fhaped fomewhat like an oxjs
heart ; it weighed twenty-two pounds and an half, and was bought by the corregidor of
Arica. To find thefe lavadores, or wafhing-places, they dig in the corners of a little
brook, where, by certain tokens, they judge the grains of gold to lie. To aflift in
carrying away the mud, they let a frefh flream into it, and keep turning it up, that the
current may fend it along. When they are come to the golden fand, they turn off the
flream another way, and dig with mattocks ; and this earth they carry upon mules to
certain bafons, joined together by fmall channels ; into thefe they let a fmart flream of
water, to loofen the earth, and carry all the grofs part away. The Indians Handing in
the bafons, and throwing out all the ftones, the gold at bottom is Hill mixed with a
black fand, and hardly to be feen, till it be farther cleared and feparated, which is
eafily done. But thefe wafhing-places differ ; for, in fome, there are gold grains as big
as bird-fhot ; and in one, belonging to the priefls near Valparaifo, fome were found,
from two or three ounces to a pound and an half weight. This way of getting gold is
much better than from the mines ; here is no need of iron crows, mills, or quickfilver ;
fo that both the trouble and expence are much lefs. The Creolians are not fo curious
in wafhing their gold, as the people in Europe ; but great plenty makes them carelefs
in that and many other articles.

It would be needlefs to attempt in this place a defcription of the large kingdom of
Chili, becaufe it has been already done by many authors : all that is def5gned here, is

D 2 to

20 BETAGH^S ACCOUNi* OP PERU.

to give fuch a reprerentallon of it, as may enable the reader to comprehend the nature
of its trade, the manner in which it is conneded with the general commerce of Peru,
by which the weahh drawn from it is tranfmitted to Europe. It is in length, from
north to fouth, about I200 miles, the breadth of it very uncertain; the air is very
temperate and wholefome, unlefs rendered otherwife by peitilential exhalations, that are
mod common after earthquakes, to which this country is very fubjed^. The winter
rains, during the months of May, June, July, and Auguft, are exceffively heavy ; but
then, for eight months together, they have, generally fpeaking, fine weather. The
ibil is prodigiouily fertile, where it admits of cultivation ; fuch fruit trees as are carried
thither from Europe, come to the greatefl perfeftion ; fo that the fruit is coming for-
ward all the year ; and it is common to fee apple-trees in that fituation, which we fo
much admire in orange-trees ; that is to fay, with bloflbms, apples juft formed, green
apJDles, and ripe fruit all at the fame time. The valleys, wherever they have any
moifture, wear a perpetual verdure; and the hills are covered with odoriferous herbs,
very ufeful in phyfic. There are trees of all forts, and fit for every kind of ufe ; info-
much that, independent of its gold mines. Chili might be well accounted one of the
richeft and fineft countries in the univerfe. And, indeed, there are fome places in it,
which are as beautiful as any thing the warmefl imagination can paint : for inftance, the
town of Coquimbo, in lat. 30° fouth, a fhort mile from the fea. Handing on a green
rifing ground, about ten yards high, which nature has regularly foi'med like a terrace,
north and fouth, in a direct line, of more than half a mile, turning at each fide to the
eaftward. The firfl; ftreet makes a delightful walk, having the profpe6lbf the country
round it, and the bay before it ; all this is fweetly placed in a valley ever green, and
watered with a river ; which, taking its rife from among the mountains, flows through
the vales pnd meadows, in a winding flream, to the fea.

But notwithftanding all thefe advantages, this vafh country is very thinly inhabited ;
infomuch tha^, through its whole extent, there are fcarce five towns that deferve that
appellation, and but one city, which is that of St. lago ; throughout all the reft there
are only farms, which they call Eftancias, fo remote from one another, that the whole
country, as I have been informed from good hands, cannot raife 20,000 whites fit to
bear arms, and particularly St. lago 2,000 ; the reft are all meftizos, mulattos, and
Indians, whofe number may be three times as great, without including the friendly
Indians beyond the river Bio-bio, who are reckoned to amount to 15,000, whofe fide-
lity, however, is not much to be depended on. The trade of this country is chiefly
carried on by fea, and is at prefent rather in a declining than flouriihing condition.
The port of Baldivia was formerly very famous, on account of the very rich mines of
gold that were in its neighbourhood, which are now, in a great meafure, difufed ; fo
that it is only kept as a garrifon, and ferves in this refpeft to Peru, as the fortreffes on
the Barbary coaft do to Spain, viz. to receive malefactors, who are fent thither to ferve
againft the Indians. All the trade of that town confifts in fending ten or twelve (hips
a-year to Peru, laden with hides, tanned leather, fait meat, corn, and other provifions,
which are to be had here in great plenty.

The port of Conception is more confiderable, by reafon of their commerce with the
Indians, which are not fubjedt to the Crown of Spain. Thefe Indians are of a copper
colour, have large limbs, broad faces, and coarfe lank hair. The nation of the Puelches
differ fomewhat from the reft, becaufe amongft them there are fome pretty white, and
who have a little colour in their cheeks, which is fuppofed to be owing to their having
fome European blood in their veins, ever fmce the natives of this country revolted from
the Spaniards, and cutofFmoft of their gairifons. They preferved the women, and

4 efpecially

BETAGH*S ACCOUNT OF PERU. 21

efpeclally the fiuns, with whom they cohabited, and had many children, who have a
fort of natural afFeftion for their mothers country ; and, though they are too proud to
fubmit to the Spaniards, yet they are not willing to hurt them. Thefe people inhabit
that ridge of the mountains which the Spaniards call La^ Cordilera ; and, as the manner
of trading with them is very fmgular, it may not be amifs to give an account of it.

When the Spanilh pedlar, or walking merchant, makes a tour into this country, he
goes direftly to the cacique, or chief, and prefents "himfelf before him without fpeaking
a word : the cacique breaks filence firft ; and -fays to the merchant, Are you come ?
Then he anfwering, I am come. What have you brought me ? replies the cacique. I
bring you, rejoins the Spaniard, wine (a neceflary article !) and fuch a thing. Where-
upon the cacique fails not to fay. You are welcome. He appoints him a lodging near
his own cottage, where his wives and children, bidding him welcome, each of them
alfo demand a prefent, which he gives, though never fo fmall: at the fame time the
cacique, with the horn-trumpet which he has by him, gives notice to his fcattered fub-
je6ls of the arrival of a merchant, with whom they may trade : they come and fee the
commodities, which are knives and axes, combs, needles, thread, looking-glafles,
ribbands, &c. The belt of all would be wine, were it not dangerous to fupply them
therewith, to make them drunk ; for then they are not fafe among them, becaufe they
are apt to kill one another. When they have agreed upon the barter, they carry the
things home without paying ; fo that the merchant delivers all without knowing to
whom, or feeing any of his debtors : in fhort, when he defigns to go away, the cacique
orders payment by founding the horn again ; then every man honeftly brings the cattle
he owes ; and, becaufe thefe confi ft of mules,, goats, and efpecially oxen and cows, he
commands a fufficient number of men to condud: them to the Spaniih frontiers. By
what has been faid may be obferved, that as much civility and honefty is to be found,
among thefe people, whom we call favages, as among the moft polite and well-governed
nations.

That great number of bullocks and cows, which are confumed in Chili, where abun-
dance are flaughtered every year, comes from the plains of Paraguay, which are
covered with them. The Puelches bring them through the plain of Tapapapa, inhabited
by the Pteheingues, or unconqucred Indians, being the beft pafs to crofs the mountains,
becaufe divided into two hills, of lefs difficult accefs than the others, which are almoft
impaffable for mules. There is another, eighty leagues from La Conception, at the
burning mountain, called Silla Velluda, which now anfl then cafts out fire, and fome-
times with fo great a noife, that it is heard in the city ; that way the journey is very
much fhortened, and they go in fix weeks to Buenos Ayres. By thefe communications,
they generally make good all the lierds of beeves and goats, which they flaughter in Chili
by thoufands, for tallow and lard, made by trying up the fat and the marrow of the
bones, which, throughout all South America ferves inftead of butter or oil, not ufed
by them in their fauces : the flefh they either dry in the fun, or in the fmoke, to preferve
it inftead of falting as is ufed in France. Thefe flaughters alfo afford the hides, and
efpecially the goats-fkins, which they drefs hke Morocco leather, by them called Cordo-
vanes, and fent to Peru to make fhoes, or for other ufes. Befides the trade of hides,
tallow, and fait meat, the inhabitants of La Conception deal in corn, with which they,
every year, lade eight or ten fhips, of forty or fifty tons burden, for the port of Calao ;
befides the meal and bifcuit they fupply the French fhips with, that take in provifions
there to proceed to Peru, and to return to France. All this would be inconfiderable
for fo fine a country, fince, if the land were well improved, it is fo extraordinary' fertile,
and fo eafy to till, that they only fcratch it with the plough for the moft part, made

22 BETAGH's account OF PERU.

of one fingle crooked branch of a tree, drawn by two oxen ; and, though the grain is
fcarce covered, it feldom produces lefs than an hundredfold : nor do they take any
more pains in procuring their vines to have good wine ; but, as they know not how to
gla^e the jars they put it into, they are fain to pitch them, which, together with the
tatte of the goats-fkins, in which they carry it about, gives it a bittemefs hke treacle,
^ and a fcent, to which it is hard for ftrangers to accuflom themfelves. The fruit grows
after the fame manner, without any induftry, on their part, in grafting : apples and pears
grow naturally in the woods ; and, confidering the quantity there is of them, it is hard
to comprehend how thefe trees, fmce the conqueft, could multiply, and be diffufed
into fo many parts, if it is true there were none before, as they affirm. The mines of
Quilogoya and Quilacura lie within four leagues of this port, and afford vaft quantities
of gold ; and the Eftancia de Rel, or King's Farm, which is alfo at no great diflance,
is by very far the moft plentiful Lavadero, or wafhing-place, in all Chili, where there
are fometimes found lumps of pure gold of a prodigious fize. The mountains of La
Cordillera are reported to be a continual chain of mines, for many hundred miles to-
gether ; which is fo much the more probable, becaufe, hitherto, fcarce any of thefe
mountains have been opened, but vaft quantities of metals have been found in them,
particularly copper, remarkably fine, of which all the artillery in the Spanifh "Weft
Indies, or at leaft in the South Seas, are caft.

There is another confiderable port in Chili, and indeed, the moft confiderable of
them all, which is that of Valparaifo, which is efteemed one of the beft harbours in the
South Seas. It lies upon a river, fifteen leagues below St. lago, the capital of Chili.
To this port all the riches of the gold mines behind it, and on every fide, are brought,
particularly from thofe of Tiltil, which are immenfely rich, and lie between this port
and the city of St. lago. The gold here is found in a very hard ftone, fome of which
fparkles, and betrays the inclofed treafure to the eye ; but moft of it has not the leaft
fign of gold, but appears to be an hard harfli kind of ftone, of very different colours,
fome white, fome red, fome black. This ore, broken to pieces, is ground in a mill,
by the help of water, into a grofs powder, with which quickfilver is afterwards mixed :
to this pafte they let in a ftiarp ftream of water ; which having reduced it to a kind of
mud, the earthy particles are carried off" by the current, and the gold and quickfilver
precipitated, by their own weight, to the bottom : when this mud has fettled a little
into a fort of pafte, they put it into a linen bag ; ftrain it very hafrd, by which opera-
tion the mercury is driven out, or at leaft the greateft part of it ; and the remainder
they evaporate by the help of fire ; fo that they have all the gold together in a little
wedge, like a pine-apple, and thence it derives its name of Pinna. In order to clear
the gold from the filver it is firft impregnated with, the lump muft be run ; and then
they know the exa£t weight, and the true finenefs ; it is not done any otherwife there.
The weightinefs of the gold, and the facility of its making amalgama, or pafte, with
. the mercury, make the drofs immediately part from it : this is an advantage the gold-
miners have over thofe of filver ; they every day know what they get ; whereas the
others fometimes do not know it till two months after, as has been faid in another
place. According to the nature of the mines, and the richnefs of the veins, every
caxon, or fifty quintals, that is, hundred weight, yields four, five, or fix ounces : when
it yields but two, the miner does not make good his charge, which often happens; but
he has alfo fometimes good amends made him, when he meets with good veins ; for
the gold mines are, of all mines, thofe which produce metals the moft unequally. They
follow a vein, which grows wider, then narrower, and fometimes feems to be loft in a
fmall fpace of ground. This fport of nature makes the miners live in hopes of finding

what

BETAGH's account op PERU. 23

.whan they call the purfe, being the ends of veins, fo rich, that they have fometimes
made a man wealthy at once : and this fame inequality fometimes ruins them ; which
is the reafon, that it is more rare to fee a gold-miner rich than a filver-miner, or of
any other metal, though there be lefs expence in drawing it from the mineral as fhall
be faid hereafter. For this reafon, alfo, the miners have particular privileges ; for
they cannot '' be fued to execution on civil accounts ; and gold pays only a twentieth
part to the king, which is call Covo, from the name of a private perfon, to
whom the king made the grant, becaufe they ufed before to pay the fifth, as they
do of filver.

On the defcent of this mountain, there runs, during the winter, or rather during
the rainy feafon, a pretty brifk ftream of water, which, paffing through the gold ore,
wafhes away abundance of that rich metal, as it ripens and breaks from its bed : and
therefore, for about four months in the year, this is accounted one of the richeft la-
vaderos in Chili ; and very well it may, fmce there are fometimes found pellets of
pure gold, of the weight of an ounce. At Palma, which is but four leagues from
Valparaifo, there is another rich lavadero ; and every where throughout the country,
the fall of a brook, or rivulet, is attended more or lefs wkh thefe kind of golden fhowers,
the richeft of which fall into the laps of the Jefuits, who farm or purchafe abundance
of mines and lavaderos, which are wrought for their benefit by their fervants. The
foil about this port is excefiive rich and fruitful ; fo that forty {hips a year go from
hence to Lima, laden with corn ; and, notwithftanding their prodigious exportation,
that commodity is fo cheap here, where money at the fame time is fo plenty, that an
Englifti bufhel may be bought for lefs than three (hillings; and it would be much cheaper
ftill, if all the country could be cultivated ; but, as they have dry weather for eight
months together, this is impoflible, except where there are brooks or little rills running
from the mountains through the vales.

But before we clofe this fubje£t, it may not be amifs to obferve, that there is a great
trade carried on through all Chili, from the North Seas, by the way of Buenos Ayres,
by which they receive fome European goods, and a very large balance of filver in re-
turn tor their commodities. This is, perhaps, the greateft inland commerce in the
world ; for the road, from Buenos Ayres to Potofi, is 1500 miles ; and, though the
diitance from Valparaifo be not above 160 leagues more, yet it is croffed with greater
difficulty than all the reft ; becaufe they are obliged to pafs that chain of mountains io
often mentioned, called by the Spaniards La Cordillera, which pafTage can be attempted
only during the three firft months in the year, when the paflages are open, and the
merchants come from Mendoza, which is an inland town, about 300 leagues from
Buenos Ayres to the city of St. lago, which lies at the opening of the pafles from the
Cordilleras. This journey through the mountains takes up fix or feven days, though
not above fixty leagues ; and the paflengers are obliged to carry with them not only
provifions for themfelves and their attendants, but provender like wife for their mules,
the whole road being a continual track of rocks and precipices, and the country round
about fo exceffively barren, and withal fo expofed to fnows in the winter, that there is
no living in it. The journey, however, from St. lago to the mines, and from thence
to Valparaifo, is equally fafe and pleafant ; and the merchants have nothing to trouble
them, but the fear of ftaying too long, and lofing their paflage home through the
mountains ; in cafe of which they muft be obliged to ftay at leaft nine months longer
than they intended. The reader will obferve, that this journey, from Buenos Ayres
to Valparaifo, is diredly athwart the whole continent of South America ; which is a

clear

^4 BETAGH's ACCOUl^f OF PERU.

-clear .proof of the mighty extent of the Spanifii empire, which reaches here from fea
to fea. On the whole, though a very great part of the country be abfolutely defert ;
and, in fome places where it is inhabited, the people do not acquire great fortunes;
yet, unqueilionably, the Spaniards fettled in Chili acquire annually immenfe riches ;
iince, as we obferved before, the country 'is very thinly peopled, and all the gold that is
drawn from the mines, or lavadores, mufl: be divided amongfl them.

Yet it is agreed, that a great part of the inhabitants do not feem to abound in wealth;
which, however, may be very well accounted for, if we confider, that fuch as deal in
cattle, corn, and the other product of the country, acquire but moderate fortunes ; and
fuch as are concerned in mines are frequently ruined, by launching into too great ex-
pences about them. But, after all, fuch as are eafy in their circumflances, and, in
confequence of that eafe, retire to St. lago, live in fuch a manner, as fufficiently de-
monftrates the riches of Chih, fmce all their utenfils, even thofe that are mod common,
are of pure gold ; and it is believed that the wealth of that city alone cannot fall fhort
of 20,000,000. Add to this, that the gold mines are continually increafing, and it is
only for want of hands that they are not wrought to infinitely more advantage, thofe
already difcovered, and neglefted, being fufficient to employ 40,000 men. It
may be likewife obferved, that the frauds pradifed for deceiving the King increafe daily;
and, as they meafure the riches of the Spanifti Weft Indies by the ftandard of the
King's revenue, this muft neceffarily make them appear poorer than they really are.
We have an inftance of this in the mines of Potofi, which are faid to yield lefs filver
than they did formerly ; yet, on a computation for fifty years, the King's annual
revenue from thofe mines has amounted to 220,000 pefos of thirteen rials and a quarter
each ; which fiiews that the annual produce of thefe mines, for which the legal duty is
paid,amounts nearly .to 2,000,000 pieces of eight per annum; and we may boldly aflert,
that the King does not receive above half of what is due : and from this example we
may judge of the reft.

As the policy of the Spaniards confifts chiefly in endeavouring, by all ways and
means poflible, to reftrain the vaft riches of thofe' extenfrve dominions from pafliug
into other hands, fo the knowledge that other nations have of the mighty wealth of
thefe countries, on the one hand, and of the great demand for European manufactures
among their inhabitants, on the other, has excited almoft ever nation in Europe to
pra6life all methods poffible, in order to gain a fliare in them ; and this with fo good
effect, that it is very doubtful, whether any confiderable part of the riches in the Weft
Indies centers among the inhabitants of Old Spain. This will appear very plainly to
the reader, if he confiders that, in the nrft place, the very trade carried on from Spain
is of much greater, confequence to foreigners, than, to the Spaniards themfelves ; for,
as there are few commodities, and fcarce any manufactures in that country, the Spanifh
merchants at Cadiz make up their cargoes out of what they purchafe from other coun-
tries ; or rather, the merchants at Cadiz are barely factors for the Englilh, French, and
Dutch, whofe goods they fend to America, and pay them out of the returns made by
the plate fleets. We are likewife to confider, that Spain itfelf is a country very ill pro-
Tided with fome of the necelfaries and moft of the conveniences, of life ; fo that pro-
digious fums of money are annually exported to obtain thefe.

But, befides fuch drawbacks as thofe we have mentioned, to which the Spaniards
would willingly fubmit, there are many others, which they are forced to endure : for
inftance, all the negroes they employ in their plantations, where every kind of labour
is done by thefe fort of people, all thefe negroes, I fay, are purchafed from foreigners,

particularly

»ETAGH's ACCOUNf OP PERU.

«5

particularly the Englifli and Dutch, at a very large expence every year. Add to this,
that, under pretence of furnifhing them with negroes, there is a clandefline trade con-
tinually carried on from one end to die other of their coaft, upon the North Sea.

But, in the South Seas, they were pretty fafe from every thing, but the depredationi
of pirates, till the lafl: general war on account of the fucceflion to the crown of Spain ;
which created a new kind of contraband trade, unknown to former times, I mean,
that of the French interlopers, who carried vaft quantities of goods diredlly from Europe,
into the South Seas, which, till then, fcarce any other nation had attempted. This was
always looked upon with an evil eye by the court of Madrid, as being dircftly repug
nant to the interefl: of Spain, and the maxims of their government ; but, as there were
many circumftances at that time which rendered this a kind of neceffary evil, the Spaniards
were forced to fubmit to it, I mean by Spaniards the inhabitants of Old Spain ; for, as to
the Creolians, if they had European goods, and at a cheaper rate, it would not give
them much concern who took their money for them. The hiftory of thefe French inter-
lopers is, in itfelf, fo important as well as curious, and is, at the fame time, fo very little
known in England, that there is good reafon to believe it will prove acceptable, and
be well received ; the rather becaufe it is compofed of fuch remarks, as fell immediately
within my own fphere of obfervation, and as to the truth of which I am myfelf a compe-
tent witnefs : fo that every thing may be taken for certain, that I advance. I may have
leave alfo to put the reader in mind, that, having a great intimacy with mofl of the
officers I mention, this enabled me to come at many particulars, which another man,
in my fituation, would have been abfolutely unacquainted with. But to come to
matters of faft :

The town of St. Malo has always been noted for good privateers : they annoyed the
Englifh and Dutch very much in their trade during the whole reign of King William, and
part ofQueenAnne ; and though fome religious-headed people fancy, that money got by
privareering will not profper, yet I may venture to fay, the St. Malo-men arc as rich
and flourifhing as any people in France. It has thriven fo well with them, that all
their South Sea trade is owing to their privateering; and, in the late war, they were
fo generous, that they made feveral free gifts to Lewis XIV. And though our Englifh
admiralty always kept a flout fquadron cruifmg in the Atlantic Ocean, yet we never
took one of their South Sea-men : and my reafon for it is this ; they kept their Ihips
extremely clean, having ports to careen at, which we did not think of; for, in the year
1709, when I belonged to Her Majefly's fliip the Loo, being one of the convoys that
year to Newfoundland, we faw upon the coafl a fifty-gun fhip, which we chafed, and
foon difcovered fhe was French built ; hut fhe crowded fail, and left us in a very little
time. She had jufl been cleaned at Placentia: and we might well wonder to find fuch a
fhip in that part of the world ; but were afterwards informed by the French prifoners,
that fhe was a Frenchman, and bound to St. Malo^ with two or three millions of
dollars aboard; and was then fo trim, that fhe trufled to her heels, and valued nobody.
By their going fo far to weitward, and northward withal, they had the advantage of
wefterly winds, which feldom failed of fending them into foundings at one fpirt, if not
quite home. But fmce Placentia has been yielded to Great Britain, they now make
ufe of St. Catherina, the illand Grande on the coafl of Brafil, and Martinico in the
Wefl Indies.

This trade fucceeded fo well, that they all fell into it, fending every year to the
number of twenty fail of fliips. I faw myfelf eleven fail together on the coafl of Chili
in the year i/ai, among which were feveral of fifty guns, and one that could mount
feventy, called the Flower-de-Luce, formerly a man of war. This being contrary

VOL. XIV. * jt W

^5 BETAGH*S ACCOUNT OF PERtJ.

to the Affiento treaty between Spain and Great Britain, memorials were frequently
prefented at Madrid ; and the king of Spain, wiUing to keep his engagements with
England, refolved to gratify the Britifh court, by deftroying the French trade to the
South Sea. His Catholic Majefty knew there was no way to do this, but by a fquadron
of men of war ; he knew alfo, that few of his own fubjedts were acquainted with the
navigation of Cape Horn, or could bear the extreme rigour of the climate ; therefore
was obliged to make ufe of foreigners for this expedition ; and three of the four Ihips
that he fent, were not only manned with, but commanded by Frenchmen. The firft
was the Gloucefter, of fifty guns and 400 men, formerly an Englifh man of war ; the
fecond was the Ruby, fifty guns, . 350 men, another Englifh fhip; the third was a
frigate of forty guns, and 200 men ; the fourth was the Leon Franco, a Spanifh man
of war, of fixty guns, and 450 men, all Spaniards. Monfieur Martinet, a French
gentleman, was commodore of this fquadron, and commanded the Pembroke j M. le
Jonquiere had the Ruby ; the reft I do not recollefl. The French performed their
navigation well enough, and got round the Cape, though it was in the middle of winter;
but the laft of the four, manned by the Spaniards, after feveral attempts, could not
weather Cape Horn, but was forced back to the river of Plate, where, at laft, the fliip
was unfortunately caft away. It looks as if, by this expedition, an experiment was
made to fee if the Spaniards were hardy enough to go through this terrible navigation ;.
but, as they have little or no trade into any cold climates, and unufed to hard work,
it is no wonder they failed in that point. The Bifcaneers, indeed, are robuft fellows
enough ; and, if the Leon Franco had been manned with them, ftie had certainly
doubled the Cape with the other three ftiips ; but the Spaniards in general, ever fince
acquiring their pofiellions in America, are grown fo delicate and indolent, that it would
be hard to find an iniire ftiip's company able to perform that navigation.

The prodigious advantage of the trade of Chili this way is fo manifeft, that his
Catholic Majefty is obliged by treaties to ftiut out all nations, as well as the Englifh,
though he makes nothing of it himfelf ; and it is very rare that a Spanifh fhip has gone
by Cape Horn : from hence arifes the extraordinary price all European goods fetch at
Chili and Peru. 1 have been told at Lima, that they are often fold at 400 per cent,
profit ; and, I may fay, the goods that are carried from France by Cape Horn, are in
tliemfelves 50 per cent, better than thofe that go in the flota of Cales to Carthagena or
La Vera Cruz ; becaufe the former are delivered frefh and undamaged in fix months,
whereas the other are generally eighteen months before they can come to Chili ; fo that
the French, during the importing time, made their markets, furnifhed themfelves with
provifion, and got home again in twelve or fourteen months time. When Martinet
arrived at Chili in the year 1717, with the king of Spain's commiflion to take or deftroy
all his countrymen that were trading clandeftinely, he foon found employment for his
three fhips, the fourth being loft, <as I have obferved ; and of fourteen fail of St. Malo
men, there was but one efcaped him, flic being land-locked in a little creek, where fhe
lay hid, till Jie was got to leeward ; after which fhe weighed, and came away with
half her cargo unfold. Though all this was to execute the orders of his Catholic
Majeftv, and doing afenfible pleafure to the Britifh South Sea Company, yet the Creole
Spaniards, efpecially the trading part of them, found themfelves almoft ruined by it,
becaufe it hindered the circulation of money, and fpoiled bufinefs, fo that they could
not bear the fight of the French men of war, though they liked the French merchant-
men well enough. On the other hand, the French, imagining they had done the
Spaniards effectual fervice, expelled, no doubt, civil treatment in return, while they
ftaid among them. But, as ibon as Martinet brought his prizes into Calao, and the

Xrenchmsa

BETAGH's account of PERU, 27

Frenchmen had received their proper (hares, they, forgetting the bid antipathy of the
Spanifh to the French nation, gave themfelves extravagant airs afhwe, by dancing and
drinking ; and this ftill incenfed the Creolians more againft them, who called them
cavachos and renegades, for falling foul on their own countrymen. From one thing
or other, their mutual quarrels grew fo high, that the Frenchmen were forced to go in
parties about Lima and Calao, the better to avoid public outrages and affronts. At
laft, a young gentleman, who was enfign on board the Ruby, and nephew to Captain
Jonquiere, was Ihot from a window, and the malefactor took refuge in the great church
at Calao. Martinet, Jonquiere, and the other captains, joined in a petition to the vice-
roj, that the murderer might be delivered to juftice ; but the viceroy, being an arch-
bifliop, would by no means violate the rights of the church to humour any body; upon
which they ordered all their men on board by public beat of drum, and brought their
three (hips, with their broadfides, to bear on the town of Calao, threatening to demolifh
the houfes and fortifications, unlcfs the aflaflin was delivered up or executed. All this
bluftering could not prevail with the viceroy to give them any fatisfadion, though they
had feveral other men killed befides that gentleman.

At laft, Jonquiere, unwillmg to ufe extremities, and no longer able to bear the place
where his nephew was murdered, obtained of his commodore Martinet, that he might
make the beft of his way home. About this time, many fathers, and many rich
paflengers, were got together at the town of Conception, intending, when this fquadron
came by, to take their paflage to Europe ; for they knew, that all fhips bound to Cape
Horn muft touch at Conception, or thereabouts, for provifion : herein Jonquiere got
ftart of his commodore, having now the advantage of fo many good paflengers in his
fhip J for, as the king of Spain has no officers at Conception to regifter the money
fhipped there, fo it is unknown what vaft fums thofe paflengers and miflioniaries put
on board the Ruby. By this opportunity, the padres and others gained two great
advantages j firft, they were fpared the trouble of a voyage to Panama or Acapulco,
and thence traverfing the continent to Porto Bello, or La Vera Cruz, where they muft
have had their coffers vitited, to fee if the indulto to his Majefty was fairly accounted
for ; and then they faved every fliilling of that indulto, or duty, becaufe the Ruby
touched firft in France, where no cognizance at all was to be taken of the affair ; fo
that as they faved one moiety of the duty payable in America, they likewife got clear
of the other payable in Spain ; becaufe the fhip arrived in France, where they put all
the money on fhore. There was on board the Ruby, befides thefe paflengers money,
a confiderable fum arifmg to his Catholic Majefty for the confifcation of the thirteen
interlopers taken by this fquadron ; all which together, I was well informed, amounted
to four millions of dollars aboard that fhip : what a fine booty then we miffed through'
Shelvocke*s obftinate conduct ? For, when this fame fliip the Ruby found us in the
harbour of St. Catherine's, Jonquiere's company, as I faid before, were fo infirm, that
he had not more than fixty found men out of four hundred, fo that he really was afraid
of us, and would not even fend his boat afliore to the watering-place, where we kept
guard, and our coopers and failmakers were at work, till he had firft afked our cap-
tain leave ; nor is this at all ftrange, for underftanding we had a confort, he was
really in pain all the time he was there, left the Succefs fliould come in.

After Captain Martinet had cleared the coaft of Peru and Chili of his countrymen,
he fent exprefs with the news to Madrid, his brother-in-law Monfieur de Grange, who
came by way of Porto Bello, Jamaica, and London. Upon delivering his meffage,
the king alked him what he fliOuld do for him : De Grange humbly begged, that his
Majefty would pleafe to give him the command of a fliip to go round Cape Horn again.

£ 2 He

^H betaoh's account op perv.

He accordingly had the Zelerin of fifty guns : he came firfl: to Calais, where the fhip
was getting ready ; but was furprifed to find a cold reception from the French mer*
chants, and other gentlemen of his acquaintance refiding there ; for, as there were
merchants of feveral nations interefted in the fhips taken and confifcated as aforefaid,
they unanimoufly looked upon him, and all the French aboard that fquadron, as falfe
brethren, for ferving a foreign power to the prejudice of their own countrymen ; and^
while he expefled a valuable cargo configned to him, being what he aimed at, he found
himfelf quite difappointed ; for no man would fhip the value of a dollar with him*
Captain Fitzgerald, who was then at Cales, feeing this, made him a confiderable pro-
posal, for the privilege of going his next officer, and to take aboard what goods he
could procure in his own name. De Grange, being a httle embarraifed, accepted the
offer, and obtained at Court a Commiffion for him as fccond captain. Accordingly,
they manned the Zelerin chiefly with French and fome Englifh feamen ; -and got very
well round the Cape, when our tv^'o privateers, Succefs and Speedwell, were known
to be in the South Sea, this fame (liip Zelerin was one of thofe fhips commiflioned by
the Viceroy of Peru to cruife for us. Fitzgerald fold his goods at Lima to great ad-
vantage, where he continued, while De Grange ferved as captain under the admiral
Don Pedro Miranda, who took myfelf, and the reft of us, prifoners. The St. Mala
merchants, though great fufferers by fo many confifcations, were not much difcouragedj
for, in the year 1720, we found the Solomon of St. Malo, carrying forty guns, and 130
men, at Hilo, on the coaft of Chili, with feveral fmall Spanifh barks at her ftern. She
lold her cargo in fix weeks time, got a frefli fupply of provifion, and left the coafl
without interruption j for by this time Martinet's fquadron was all come away.

The Solomon's good fuccefs gave fuch encouragement, that they immediately fitted
out fourteen fail together ; all which arrived in the South Sea in the beginning of the
year 1721, three of whofe commanders, having the beft acquaintance among the
Creolians, quickly fold their cargoes, and returned home. About this time the people
of Lima judged the Englifh privateers were gone off the coaft, at leaft that no more
hoftiliiies would be committed, becaufe of the truce made between the two crowns;
whereupon the three Spanifh men of war, fitted out to cruife on us, were ordered againft
thofe freili interlopers. I was on board the advice-boat, called the Flying-fifh, in com-
pany of the faid three men of war, when they came up with the eleven fail of St. Malo
all together, on the coafl: of Chili j and, inftead of firing upon them, the Spaniards
joined them like friends. The French, expelling to be attacked, kept altogether in a
line, and dared the men of war to begin. This to me feemed new, that three fuch
ihips, purpofely fitted for this cruife, fhould, on their owti coaft, decline doing their
duty ; for, had they proved too weak, they had ports of their own under their lee.
In fhort, the men of war contented themfelves to watch the others motion, keeping
them always in fight; and, when any of the French fhips fteered to the fhore, the
Spaniards fent their pinnace, or long boat, with the Spanifh flag hoifted, the fight of
which effectually deterred the Creoles from treating or trading with the French. Thus
they made fhift to hinder all thefe fhips difpofing of their goods, except they were m^ec
by chance at fea, and fold fome clandeftinely. At length, being tired out, the French-
men got leave to take in provifion, and went home with at leaft half their goods un-
fold. Notwithftanding all this, and the fevere edids againft it in France, I knov*r
they ftill continue the trade, though privately ; nor is it probable they will ever leave
off fo lucrative a commerce, except fome other power prevents it.

I fhall now return to my own affairs, and the manner of my return from that part
of the world , a plain relation of which will be a fufficient refutation of what Captain

Shelvocke

BETAGH*S ACCOUNT OF PERU, «9

Shelvocke has been pleafed to deliver to the world in his book upon this fubje£t. I
have acknowledged the kind reception I met with from the admiral of the South Seas,
and the reafon of his treating us fo civilly. In eleven months time that I continued at
Lima, I think it is but juftice to mention the feveral favours I received, particularly
from Don Juan Baptifta Palacio, a native of Bifcay, and knight of the order of St.
James, who came weekly to the prifon v/hlle we were there, and gave money to all of
us, according to our feveral degrees. Captain Nicolas Fitzgerald procured my en-
largement by becoming fecurity for me, gave me money, and furnifhed me with necef-
farics thenceforward to the time of my departure ; and gave not only me, but twenty
more, a paffage to Cadiz in a Spanifh advice-boat, called the Flying-fifh : Mr. Preffick,
our furgeon's mate, ac^^ed as furgeon in her, receiving wages ; and fo did all our men,
being releafed from prifon to affifl: in navigating the veiTel home. For my part, as I
was well treated, I would not eat the bread of idlenefs, but kept my watches, as other
officers ; and, pray, where is the harm of all this ? Though Shelvocke had the ftupidity
to call it treafon ; and it mud appear a very malicious charge, as well as an ignorant
one, that, after a man has been driven amongft the enemy, he mufl be called a traitor
for being ufed kindly, and accepting his paffage back again ; that, becaufe I was not
murdered there, I ought to be executed at home ! This is Shelvocke's great chriftianity
and good confcience ! But, to return to what I was faying :— On my arrival at Cadiz,
Captain John Evers, of the Britannia, gave me his table, and my paffage to London j
where, upon my arrival, and the reprefentation of my hardfhips, the following perfons
of honour and diftindtion were pleafed to exprefs their concern for my fufferings, by
making me a prefent each of ten guineas ; viz. Edward Hughs, William Sloper, and
Alexander Strahan, Efquires ; Samuel Winder, Beak Winder, Henry Neal, and John
Barnes, merchants ; Humphry Thayer, and Thomas Stratfield, druggifts. This af-
forded me the fatisfaction of feeing, that fuch as were the beft judges, had a proper
idea of the miferies I had fuftained, and approved of the manner in which I behaved,
the only confolation which I could receive in the circumftances in which that unfortu-
nate voyage left me. The fair account I have given of fads, the detail of my pro-
ceedings in the Spanifh Weft Indies, and the account of what I obferved worthy of
notice during my flay in thofe parts, will, I hope, acquit me in the opinion of every
candid and impartial reader, from the afperfions thrown upon me in Shelvocke's book;
and acquire me, what every man would wifh to have, the approbation of him to whom,
©f his own free choice, he fubmits the cenfure of his adions.

AN

HISTORICAL RELATION OF THE KINGDOM OF CHILE,
BY ALONSO DE OVALLE,

OF THE COMPANY OF JESUS,
A NATIVE OF ST. JAGO OF CHILE, AND PROCURATOR AT ROME FOR THAT PLACE.

Prmted at Rome by Francifco Cavallo, 1649, with Licence of his Superiors.

TRANSLATED OUT OT SPANISH INTO BNGLISH *.

The Tranjlater* s Preface,

't\/^HEN the tranflation of the hiftory of Chile was firft undertaken, it was more
out ofconfideration of making that part of the world, fo remote from ours, better
known, as to the geographical part, the natural hiftory, and the firft fettlements of
the Spaniards, than to enter into a diftin£t narrative of the events of that invafion,
which contain little inftru£tion, being between a people of great arts and abilities on
one fide, and another of great natural courage, and no culture of the mind or body,
on the other. The cafe was fo extravagantly unequal between them, when the odds
of guns, armour, horfes, and difcipline, are weighed againft nakednefs, anarchy, panick
terrors, and fimplicity, that it feems a kind of prodigy that theiove of liberty and a ftock
of natural unpoliftied bravery, fhould hold a conteft with armed avarice, fpirited by
fuperftiticus zeal, for almoft a whole century.

The natural hiftory of Chile is fo admirably performed, that it may be a model for
moft relations of that kind ; for there are exafl: defcriptions of all the beafts, birds,
fiflies, plants, minerals, coafts, rivers, bays, and inhabitants of the country, that can
be wiflied for. There is, befides, an excellent account of the climate, the feafons, the
winds, the manner of living both of the Indians and the Spaniards. The defcription
of the great Cordillera, or chain of mountains, which runs for almoft a thoufand leagues
in a parallel line with the South Sea, and divides Chile from the ultra mountain
provinces, is fo accurate, that nothing of that kind can be more fo : the narrative of
the manner of travelling through thofe vaft plains of Cuyo and Tucuman, as far as
Buenos Ayres, and the river of Plata ; the topographical defcription of the ftreights of
Magellan, with all its bays, ports, and its whole navigation, are of great inftrudion, as
well as very entertaining.

* From Churchill's Colledion, toI. iii. third edition 1745. The importance of the countries has been
siore attended to than ftrid chronology.

In

OV ALLEYS HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. ^t

In all this the jefuit, who was the author of this hiftory, muft be confefled to have
deferved the character of a candid inquifitive philofopher ; and in what he has per-
formed befides, about the fettlements of the Spaniards, he is very particular, efpecially
in his defcription of the city of St. Jago de Chile ; where any one may fee the pro-
grefs of prieftcraft in that new world, by the vafl: riches of the convents, monafteries,
and nunneries : but above all the inftrudive chapters of this treatife, there is one about
the methods of driving a trade between Europe and Chile to and from the Philip-
pines and Eaft Indies, which contains fecrets of commerce and navigation, which I
wonder how they were publifhed, and it is poffible may, ere it be long, be pra6lifed
by the Spaniards and other nations, if the navigation of the Mexican Gulph becomes
fo troublefome, as it is hke to be made by the naval powers of Europe, who feem to
have chofe thofe feas for the fcene of all their maritime power to exert itfelf in.

There is a digreflion about the firft difcovery of the iflands and Continent of America
by Columbus, and a progreffive narration of all the other difcoveries, as they were made^
and by whom, which is very curious ; but as it is borrowed from other writers, the
author can challenge no other merit than that of a judicious compiler.

All that needs to be added to this preface, is, to let the world know that the tranf^
ladon was firft encouraged by the Royal Society, of which the tranflator has the honour
to be a member ; and that it was two fummer's work, that it might be the lefs fubje£t
to errors ; and to prevent them, that worthy encourager of all natural knowledge, as
well as of his own profeffion, in which he excels. Dr. Hans Sloane, has contributed
very obligingly fome of his care and attention..

The Author's Preface.

"DEING come from the kingdom of Chile into Europe, I obferved that there was fa
little known of the parts I came from, that in many places the very name of Chile
had not been heard of. This made me think myfelf obliged to fatisfy, in fome meafure,
the defire of many curious perfons, who preifed me to communicate to the world a
thing fo worthy of its knowledge. But I found myfelf in great difficulty how to comply
with their prefling inftances, being deftitute of all the materials requifite for fuch a
work, and at fuch a diftance from the place that could furnifli them, that I defpaired
of giving a juft fatisfaftion : however, in obedience to thofe whofe commands I cannot
but refpeft, I refolved to write this account, more to comply with my duty, and giwQ
fome information of thofe remote regions, than to pretend to a pei'feft and exad: hiftory,
which this relation, in allits parts, (I confefs,) comes very ftiort of. The reader, then,,
being thus prepared, will, I hope, have a regard to the little help I could have in this
work, at fuch a diftance as Rome and Chile are from one another ; and by his prudence
and goodnefs, excufe any thing that may feem lefs finifiied in this v/ork ; particularly
fmce there is hopes of a general hiftory of Chile, which cannot be long before it is
finifhed.

In the mean time, the firft and fecond books of this relat^ion will fhew the natural
ft ate of the kingdom of Chile, both as to its climate and produ£l ; the third will defcribe
the qualities of its firft inhabitants ; the fourth and fifth will defcribe the firft entrance
of the Spaniards into ir, and theconqueft of it by them ; the fixth will contain the va-
rious events of the war, caufed by the noble refiftance made by the Araucanos ; the
ieventh will ftiew the firft means of peace attempted by father Lewis de Valdivia, of
the company of Jefus, in order to facilitate the preaching of the holy Gofpel, and the
glorious death of his holy companions ; the laft book, which is alfo the largeft of all,

will

3»

ovallf's historical relation of chile.

will contain the firfb means of planting the Chriftian faith, and its propagation amotig
the Indians, which was particularly compafled, and is ftiil carried on, by the mifiions and
miniftry of our company ; all which endeavou's of theirs I explain and diftinguifh
under fix heads, (hewing , the necefiity of the fpiritual help that thofe new Chriftians
lie under, botH as to preaching, and informing them of matters of the Chriitiaii
faith.

I muft give here five advertifements : the firft, that in what I have feen myfelf, I
have not departed from the truth in any thing I have writ : as to what I relate by «
hearfay, or by authority from other writers, I report it with the fame candour as I
heard and read it, without adding or diminifhing any thing of the truth ; and though
all thofe I cite in this work are worthy to be believed, yet the lead to be fufpeded
of partiality, are fuch foreign writers who extol and commend this kingdom of Chile
with fuch repeated encomiums. My fecond ^dvertifement is, that confidering the king-
dom of Chile was the laft part of South America that was difcovered, and the neareft
to the Antartick Pole, I could not treat of its difcovery with good grounds, without
'touching a little upon the neighbouring kingdoms of Peru and ^^lexico, which were
as a paiiage to it : and if I have enlarged now and then on the praifes and defcription of
thofe parts, it was becaufe I thought it might not be difagreeable to the reader ; in
which, if I am miftaken, he has only to fkip fome chapters of the fourth book, and go
diredlly to thofe which treat of the firft entrance of Don Diego de Almagro into Chile, .
Thirdly, I muft take notice, that though I do foraetimes, in fpeaking of the land of
Chile, report fome particularities which feem trifles, and not fo proper for hiftory,
I do not relate them as fingular and proper lo that country alone, but rather to
fliew the uniformity both of nature and cuftoms, as to life and religion, in all
thofe parts ; and fome things are mentioned to encourage thofe new countries to drive
on the advancement of religion, politenefs, learning, anci good morals.

Fourthly, I muft take notice, that fince I do not here make a general hiftory of Chile,
I have not had occafion to mention all the illuftrious men, and noble commanders and
foldiers who have flourilhed in thofe parts from the beginning of the conqueft : I only,
therefore, take notice of fuch as I find named in the authors whom I cite ; and they
too not making it their bufinefs to write a diftin£l hiftory of Chile, but only to relate
fome particular event, and fo mention only fome part of the government of lome
governors, or their wars, cannot be exad in the account of all thofe who have in
different times and occafions a6ted in thofe wars ; and by this falvo I cover the honour
of all our gallant commanders and foldiers of Chile, whofe adions 1 omit, though they
are worthy to be graven in marble or bronze, only for this reafon. And though I
own, that I am not ignorant of many who have flouriftied in my time, and before it,
yet I have not fo diftind an information as would be neceflary to give them their due
commendations, and fet their adions in that light which their valour deferves ; there-
fore the general hiftory of Chile will perform that part. Perhaps, even before that,
this work of mine may excite fomebody to employ their talent in making a particular
book of their eulogiums and praifes, which cannot fail of being well received in the
world, fince fo many noble and illuftrious families of Europe will be concerned
in it.

Laftly, I advertife, that though the principal motive of my writing this relation,
was to pubhfh the fpiritual miniftry of our company in the converfion of fouls in this
kingdom of Chile, yet I could not but treat firft of the land and inhabitants, as
being the objedl aud fubjed of their endeavours j and I have been forced to be more

5 difiufe

ovalle's historical relation of chile. , 3J

diffufe in it, than I would have been about a place already known to the world by
any hiftory or relations made of it. For this reafon, I have employed fix books in
the defcription of the land, and the valorous fierce difpofition of its inhabitants, that
the force and efficacy of the divine grace might Ihine out the more in the beginnings of
the converfions of that untraftable nation, mendoned in my two lall books, which are
almoft as comprehenfive as my fix firft, which were divided into fo many, only to
anfwer the diverfity of matter which they contain.

Thus I have informed my reader of this work, in which he will find variety of en-
tertainment. Some things will anfwer the curiofity of thofe who delight in knowing
natural caufes ; others will be moved and incited to valiant actions by the examples of
thofe performed here. Thofe likewife, who love hiftorical relations, will be pleafed,
fince here is an epitome of the difcovery of the beft part of the Indies, according to
the order of times, and perfons concerned in the conquefts and difcoveries of fo many
kingdoms ; and, laftly, the pious difpofition of devout minds will be elevated to praife
God for the fignal favours, which the queen of heaven has beftowed on the kingdom
of Chile in particular ; and adore the Lord of all things, for having in little more than
one century made his name known, and his worfhip introduced among fo many heathen
nations, even to bring the untamed and powerful Araucanos upon their knees to him,
after fo many years ftubborn refifting the entrance of the Gofpel. I cannot defire my
reader to exprefs any acknowledgments for this work of mine, becaufe I do not judge
it deferves fo great a reward ; but I hope he may, with indulgence, excufe its faults,
and make me fome allowance for the little helps I have had in writing. I have endea-
voured to pleafe all ; but, particularly, to Ihew how the kingdom of Chrift may be
advanced in that new world, if the apoft;olical zeal of the evangelical workmen will
employ itfelf in this great harveft of fo extended a gentilifm and new Chriftianity.

TO THE READER.

THE firfi: fix books being the only ones, that contain the hiftorical and natural ac-
counts, they alone are tranflated j and fome chapters even out of them omitted, for their
tedious fuperftitious narratives.

BOOK I.

OF THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE KINGDOM OF CHILE,

CHAP. I. — Of the Situation^ Climate, and Divifion of the Kingdom of Chile.

^PHE kingdom of Chile, which is the uttermoft bounds of South America, and has
the kingdom of Peru to the north, begins at the 25th degree of fouth latitude,
towards the antarctick pole, and is extended in length five hundred leagues, as far as
the ftraights of Magellan, and its oppofite land, called La Tierra del Fuego, which
reaches to the 59th degree. The breadth of Chile is various ; for it may be faid to
extend itfelf one hundred and fifty leagues eaft and weft, becaufe though that which is
properly called Chile, is not in many places above twenty or thirty leagues broad, which
VOL. XIV. F is

M

ovalle's historical relation of chile.

is generally its extent from the fea to the famous Cordillera Nevada, or chain of moun-
tains covered with fnow (of which we fhall fpeak in its proper place,) yet in the divi-
sion of the bounds of the feveral governments of America, the king added to Chile
thofe vaft plains of Cuyo, which run in length as far as Chile does, and are above
twice as broad.

The oppofite part of the world to this kingdom, is the meridian that paffes between
the ifland Taprobana of the ancients, which is Zeilon, and Cape Comorin, beginning
at twenty-fix degrees north of the equinoftial line. The inhabitants are properly an-
tipodes to thofe of Chile ; and thofe who inhabit the countries that reach from thirty-
feven degrees to forty-four of the mod wefterly parts of New Guinea, would be alio
diametrically antipodes to the inhabitants of Caftille ; but it is yet uncertain, whether
that part of the world is land or water ; but this is certain, that it falls out in the di-
vifion of Caftille, and is oppofite to it, and is weft from Chile one thoufand feven
hundred leagues.

This kingdom is comprehended in the third, fourth, and fifth climate : in that part
of it which is in the third climate, the longeft day is thirteen hours ; and in the fifth
climate, the day at longeft is about fourteen hours, and fomething more, quite contrary
to Europe, as being oppofite to it, but not diametrically ; for the longeft day in Chile
is St. Lucia's, and the fliorteft St. Barnaby's j the fun is always there towards the north,
and the Ihadows to the fouth.

This is the fituation of the kingdom of Chile, which borders upon the north with
the province of Aracama, and the rich mines of filver of Potofi, where the kingdom
of Peru begins ; and on the fouth it has the great fea to the pole, and the iflands dif-
covered in it. Abraham Ortelius was of opinion, that there was on this fouth fide of
the kingdom of Chile, a land which was contiguous with New Guinea ; and this opi-
nion lafted till we were undeceived by thofe who having pafled by the ftraight of
St. Vincent, otherwife called the ftraight of Le Maire, went round that fouth land called
the Tierra del Fuego, and returned to the north fea by the ftraights of Magellan ; prov-
ing evidently the faid land to be an ifland, entirely feparated from any other land j as
I fhall fliew further in its proper place.

Chile has on the eaft Tucuman and Buenos Ayres, and to the north-eaft Paraguay
and Brafil ; to the weft it has the South-Sea, which, according to the opinion of An-
tonio de Herrera, is all that is comprehended between Chile and China, and begins at
the Golden Cherfonefus, or the ifland of Sumatra j and that fea is in breadth, eaft and
weft, two thoufand feven hundred leagues.

According to what has been faid, we may divide this kingdom into three parts : the
firft and principal is that which is comprehended between the Cordillera Nevada and
the South-Sea, which is properly called Chile. The fecond contains the iflands which
are fowed up and down upon its coaft as far as -the ftraights of Magellan. The third
contains the province of Cuyo, which is on the other fide of the fnowy mountains,
called the Cordillera Nevada, and run in length all along as far as the ftraights, and in
breadth extends to the confines of Tucuman.

To begin then with that part which is moft properly called Chile : I confefs I had
rather the defcription of it had fallen to the lot of fome ftranger who had feen it ; for
then the danger of pafling for too partial for one's own country, (to which are expofed
all thofe who write of it) would have been more eafily avoided, and fuch an one might
with lefs apprehenfion enlarge upon the excellent properties which God has been pleafed
to endow it with. The common opinion of all thofe who have come from Europe to
it, is, that its foil and its climate exceed all others they have feen ; though, perhaps, in

9 that

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

$5

that they only make a return for the kind welcome they all meet with in thofe parts.^
As for my part, all I can fay, is, that though it be like Europe in every thing, except
in the oppofition of the feafons, which are tranfpofed, it being fpring and fummer in
the one, when it is autumn and winter in the other, yet it has fome properties which
do really fmgularize it, and deferve the praifes given it by travellers ; for, firft, neither
the heat nor the cold are fo excefhve as in Europcj particularly as far as the 45th de-
gree of latitude, for from thence to the pole the rigorous and excefliv^ cold begins.

The accidental fituation of the land of Chile, muft be the caufe of this temperature
of the air ; for being covered on the eaft by the high mountains of the Cordillera,
which are all fo prodigioully elevated, it receives the freih and cooling breezes from the
fea ; and the tides which penetrate as far as the foot of the mountains, joining with the
coolnefs of the fnow, with which they are covered, refrefh the air fo, that about four
o'clock in the afternoon the heat is no ways troublefome. Nay, if one is in the fhade,
one may fay, that in no hour of the day the fun is infupportable, efpecially from thirty-
fix degrees, or thereabouts, neither day nor night the heat can be complained of;
which is the caufe, that at the town of the Conception, which is in that fituation, the
covering for beds is the fame winter and fummer, neither of thofe feafons being any
ways troublefome.

Another good quality of this country is, to be free from lightning ; for though
fometimes thunder is heard, it is at a great diftance up in the mountain. Neither does
there fall any hail in the fpring or fummer j or are thofe ftorms of thunder and light-
ning feen here, which in other parts make the bells be rung out, and the clouds to be
exorcized ; neither are there fo many cloudy days in winter as in other parts ; but moft
commonly after the rain has lafted two or three days, the heavens clear up, and look
as if the Iky had been waflied, without the leaft cloud, in a very fhort time after the
rain ; for as foon as ever the north wind, which brings the cloudy weather, ceafes, the
fouth fucceeds, and in a few hours drives away the rain ; or if it be in the night-time,
the- dew falls, and the fun rifes brighter than ever.

This country is yet to be valued upon another propriety of it, which is, that it is free
from poifonous creatures, fuch as vipers and fnakes, fcorpions or toads ; fo that one
may venture to fit under a tree, or lie down and roll on the ground, without fear of
being bit by them. Neither are there tygers, panthers, or any other mifchievous ani-
mals, except fome lions of a fmall kind, which fometimes do harm to the flocks o£
flieep or goats, but never to men, whom they fly from ; and this is not only in the cul-
tivated land, where men are frequent, but in the woods and folitude, and in the thickeft
groves, of which there are fome fo clofe with trees, that one can hardly break through
them afoot. I heard a friar of ours, who was an excellent builder, fay, that having
gone for three months together in woods, where there was no fign of any one's having
pafled before, to find out trees proper for the timber of the church of St. Jago, he had
never met with the leaft poifonous creature that could either caufe a naufeous idea, or
a dangerous effeft.

There is another moft wonderful fmgularity of this fame country, which is, that not
only it does not breed, but will not fuffer any punaizes, or bugs, to live in it ; which
is the more to be admired, that on the other fide the mountains they fwarm. I never
faw one in it alive, for fometimes there are fome in the goods and furniture of people
who come from the province of Cuyo ; but as foon asf they feel the air of Chile they
die. The experience that was made of this, by one that was either curious or malici-
ous enough, was wonderful ; for coming from Cuyo to Chile, he brought fome of
thofe creatures with him, well put up in a box, and fuch food provided for them as to

F 3 keep

xQ ovalle's historical relation of chile,

keep them alive ; but no fooner were they come to the valley of Aconcagua, which iS'
the firft valley coming down from the mountains, but they all died, not fo much as
one remaining alive.

I do not fay any thing here of the mines of gold, nor of thofe excellent v/aters-
which running from them, are cordial and healthy ; nor of the abundance of provifions
for life, nor of the phyfical plants, nor of many other rare qualities in which this
country exceeds others, as well to avoid confufion, as becaufe thofe things will be
better ihewed when we come to treat of each of them in particular in their proper
place*

In all other things the land of Chile is fo like Europe, both in climate and foil,, that
there is very fmall or no difference ; and it is very remarkable, that in fuch variety of
difcoveries made in America, none is fo conformable in every thing with the European
conftitution, as this trad of Chile ; for in moil of the places between the tropicks, as
Brafil, Cartagena, Panama, Portobello, and thofe coafls in that fituation, the heats are
violent, and continual all the year ; and in fome other places, fuch as Potofi, and the
mountains of Peru, the cold is as exceffive ; in fome they have a winter without rain,
and have their rain in fummer, when their heat is higheft ; others there are, where
they have neither wine, oil, nor wheat of their own product ; and though in fome
they may have thefe productions, yet the other fruits of Europe do not take with
them ; but Chile has, ju(l as Europe, its four feafons, of fpring, fummer, autumn, and
winter ; it does not rain in fummer, but in winter ; and all the produQ; of Europe agrees
with their foil.

One thing is much to be admired, and that is, that the land of Cuyo, that of Tu-
cuman, and Buenos Ayres, being all in the fame latitude with Chile, are neverthelefs
fo different in climate from it and from Europe ; for though in thofe parts it freezes
exceedingly, fo as to freeze water within doors, and that their cattle, if left abroad,^
die with cold, yet there does not fall a drop of rain all the winter, and the fun Ihines
out fo bright and clear, that not a cloud is to be feen : but in the fpring they have fuch
abundance of rain, that it would drown the whole country, if the fliowers lafled as
long as in Europe or in Chile ; for when the rain lafls but an hour and a half, the
ftreets are full of flreams in the towns, and the carts are up to their axle-trees, though
they are very high in thofe parts, and all the country is as it were a fea : there fall
likewife at that time thunder-flones, and hail as big as a hen's egg, nay, as geefe eggs,
and fometimes as big as oftriches ; as I myfelf have feen.

All thefe florms and varieties of weather form themfelves in the high mountains, that
are a kind of wall to the kingdom of Chile ; and they never come fo far down as to
invade its territories, but flop at them like a barricado 5 for in Chile the weather is
always fteady and conftant, without fudden changes, all the fpring, fummer, and
autumn ; in winter, indeed, there are degrees of heat and cold, as there is a differ-
ence in the length and fliortnefs of the days, according to the degrees of the latitude,
and courfe of the fun, which caufes the fame variation as in Europe,, though in oppo-
fite months. / .-/ jlom t.

From hence it follows, as authors do obferve, and experience teaches, that there
jnuft be, and is, a great refemblance between the animals and other produdions of
Chile and thofe of Europe. As a proof of this, I have feen feveral gentlemen that
came to Chile from other parts of America, either as commanders, or for other em-
ployments, which are in the king's difpofal, incredibly overjoyed at this conformity with
Europe ; for they think themfelves, as it were, in their native country, the air and the
provifions of both fo like in their qualities : the meats are more nourifhing than in hot-
ter

ovalle's historical relation of chile. ^f

ter climates ; and when thofe who have been either bom or bred in thofe hot countries
come to Chile, they are forced to abftain, and keep a watch upon their appetites, till
their ftomachs are ufed by little and little to the ftrength of the food of that country,
and can digefl it.

CHAP. II. — Of the four Seafons of the Tear., and particularly of the Whiter and Spring :
with a Defcription of fame Flowers and medicinal Plants.

THE four feafons of the year which are in Europe, the fpring, the fummer,
the autumn, and the winter, are with the fame duration of time enjoyed in Chile,
though not exactly under the fame na^es, at the fame time ; for the fpring begins
about the middle of the European Auguft, and lafts to the middle of November ; then
begins the fummer, which holds to the middle of February ; which is followed by the
autumn, which lafts to the middle of May ; and then the winter enters, and makes all
the trees bare of their leaves, and the earth covered with white frofts, (which never-
thelefs diflblve about two hours after fun-rife, except in fome cloudy days, that the
ificles laflf from one day to another ;) the winter ends again about the middle of Auguft,
It is very feldom that the fnow falls in the valleys or low grounds, though fo great a
quantity is upon the mountains, that it fijls up fometimes all the hollow places to the
height of feveral pikes, and there remains, as it were, in wells and refer vatories, to
provide, as it does in due time, fo many fprings ^nd rivers with water, fo fertilizing
the valleys and plains, that they produce infinite crops of all forts in the autumn, and
enrich the kingdom. But notwithftanding that it feldom fnows in the valleys and
plains, yet it is fo cold in them, that few parts in Europe are colder ; which proceeds
not only from the degree of elevation this land is in, but alfo from its neighbourhood
to thofe vaft mountains called the Cordillera, which fend out fuch fharp and piercing
winds, that fometimes they are infupportable ; therefore the fea-coaft is much more
temperate and warm ; but in return much more expofed to vehement tempefts of
winds, than the inland parts, where thefe ftorms are in fome meafure fpent before they
reach them, and fo cannot whip them and torment them as they do the fea-coafts.

For fome protection againft thefe fharp cold winds, God Almighty has placed feveral
great clufters of thorn-bufties, which thrive fo well, that it is the ordinary fewel of all
the countries about the town of St. Jago, and the valleys near it. It is a plant not
unlike an oak, though more durable ; the heart of th^ wood is red, and incorruptible j
of it they make coals for the furnace, and other fhop ufes. In other parts the true
oak ferves for the fame purpofe ; as the territory of the city of Conception,, where
there are very large woods of them, which are fo thick, that though they have already
ferved for the ufes of the natives fo many years, yet when they are entered, they can
hardly be pafled in the middle ; and this within half a league of the city j for further
up in the country there are forefts, where no man every fet his foot.

Though thefe oaks, as alfo the fruit-trees, lofe their leaves in winter, yet there are
wild trees which do not, though all covered with ice and fnow ; and the cold is fo far
from injuring them, that when the fun melts the froft, they look brighter and more
beautiful. As foon as the firft rains come, the fields begin to be clothed in green, and
the earth is covered in twenty or thirty days with grafs ; amongft which nature pro-
duces a fort of yellow flower in fuch abundance, that the plains and, valleys look, like
carpets of green and yellow.

,1 Thefe

^g ovalle's historical relation of chile.

Thefe firft rains feem to prepare the earth for its ornamental drefs of flowers with the
fpring, which begins about the middle of Auguft ; and they laft till December, that
the heats come in, and that with fuch variety and abundance of fo many kinds, that
the fields look as if they had been painted, producing a mod delightful objeQ:. I
remember once, as I was travelling, I faw fo great a diverfity of thefe flowers, fome
fcarlet, others blue, yellow, red, ftraw-colour, purple, &c. that I was moved to tell
them,- and I told in a Ihorttime two and forty forts, fo admirable was their variety ;
and yet I do not reckon among thefe the cultivated ones in gardens, nor thofe that
were brought from Europe, fuch as carnations, rofes, ftock gilly-flowers, orange,
lillies, poppies, lupins, &c. I only fpeak of thofe that grow wild, which are fo odori-
ferous and fweet-fcented, that it is out of them they difliil a water called aqua (Tajigeles^
or, angel's water. The fmell of thefe flowers is perceived fweeteft at the rifing and
fetting of the fun ; which, mingled with the fcent emitted by the herbs, which are very
aromatic, produce a moft admirable perfume, and for that reafon they put the fprouts
and tops of them amongfl the flowers which make the angel water.

It is fcarcely poflible to exprefs the force with which the earth puts forth thefe plants,
which is fo great that in many places it is hard to difl:inguifli the cultivated from the un-
cultivated lands. One would think at firft; that all had been plowed and fowed alike ;
and with the continuance of the rains, the grafs runs up^ fo ft:rong, and grows fo intri-
cate, that a horfe can hardly break through it, it coming in moft; places to the faddle
girts.

Muftard-feed, turnips, mint, fennel, trefoil, and other plants, which I fee are
fowed and cultivated in Europe, for the juft; eft;eem that is made of them, do all grow
wild in Chile, without ferving to the ufe of life at all, otherwife than by the cattle's
feeding on them, which they may do for feveral leagues together. The muftard-plant
thrives fo mightily, that it is as big as one's arm, and fo high and thick, that it looks
like a tree. I have travelled many leagues through mufl;ard-groves, which were taller
than horfe and man ; and the birds build their nefls in them, as the gofpel mentions in
thefe words, ita ut volucres ccbH veniant et habitent in ramis ejus ; fo that the birds of
the air come and lodge in the branches thereof.

There are many plants of great virtue in phyfic, and known only to the Indians,
called Machis, who are a race of men who are their dodtors. Thefe plants they con-
ceal carefully, and particularly from the Spaniards, to w^hom if they communicate the
knowledge of one or two, it is a great mark of their friendfliip ; but the knowledge of
the reft; they referve, and it paflfes from father to fon. Thefe Machis, or doftors, are
not only eft;eemed by the Indians, but by the Spaniards themfelves, who have recourfe
to them in the greateft; extremities, when the difeafe prefles moft;. They find wonder-
ful eflfefts from the application of thefe fimples, which they ufe in a lefler dofe with the
Spaniards than with the Indians, who are of a more robuft; nature, and ft;ronger con-
ftiitution.

I faw one of our order much troubled with the falling ficknefs and fwooning fits, fo
as he was forced to have always fome body in his company, or elfe he might have fallen
down ft;airs, or otherwife killed himfelf : he had ufed all the remedies that the learning
of phyficians and the charity of religious men could fuggeft;, but without any effect at
all : nay, he was worfe and worfe every day. Our fathers learned at laft:, that about
twelve leagues off from that place there lived an Indian Machi : they fent for him ; and
being come, and having heard the relation of his dift;emper, he gave him as much of
a certain herb in wine as the bignefs of a nail j and it had fo great an efi^ct, that it

took

ovalle's historical relation op chile.

3^9

took away the diftemper, as if he had taken it away with his hand, the perfon being
never troubled with it more, all the time I knew him.

I have feen many other cures performed by thefe Machis, particularly in cafes of
poifon ; for in that fort of diftemper they are very eminent. I fhall mention but one
inftance, of a gentleman who had been pining away for feveral years, and often at
death's door : once, being in extreme danger, he heard of a famous Machi who lived
a great way off, but was a flie-doctor, (for there are women amongft them eminent in
the art :) he procured, by prefents, to have her fent for ; and having promifed her a
confiderable reward, belides what he gave her in hand, which he was well able to per-
form, being very rich and powerful, fhe began to apply her remedies, which were
herbs ; and one day, when Ihe faw his body prepared to part with the poifon, fhe
caufed a great filver voider to be fet in the middle of the room, and there, in the pre-
fence of many people, the gentleman having firft been very fick in his ftomach, he caft
up the poifon which had been given him many years before, wrapped up in hair, which
came up with it ; and he was perfectly well after this, as he himfelf related to me.

Though, as I have faid, the Indians are fo clofe in keeping fecret the herbs they ufe,
yet many of them, perfuaded by reafon, and induced by friendfhip, do communicate
fomething : and time and experience has difcovered fo many more, that if I fliould
mention them all, I fhould be forced to make a book on purpofe of them ; therefore
I fhall only mention three that I have more prefent in my memory, the effects of
which are prodigious.

The firfl fhall be a famous plant called Quinchamali, which rifes not a foot above
the ground, and its branches fpread like a nofegay, and end in little flowers at the
points, which, both in colour and in fhape, are not unlike the faffron called Romi.
They pull lip the herb, and boil it entire, with its roots, leaves, and flowers, in fair
water, which is given to the patient to drink hot : amongft other effects it produces,
one i& to diffolve all coagulated blood in the body, and that very quickly ; fo that an
Indian feeling himfelf wounded, takes it immediately, to hinder the blood that could
not come out at the wound from congealing inwardly, and fo prevents all impofthu-
mation, and the corruption of the reft.

There happened in our college of St. Jago an accident, which gave proof of this
admirable herb ; which was, that an Indian belonging to us being gone to the great
place to fee the bull-feaft, a bull, to his great misfortune, catched him up, and toffed
him in the air, and left him almoft dead on the fpot ; he was brought to our houfe,
and the phyfician, being called, faid he was a dead man, and nothing could fave him :
but, however, he told the father that has care of the fick, that it would coft but little
to give him the Quinchamali, wrap him up warm, and leave him alone fome hours.
It was done accordingly ; and after fome time, the father reforting to the place where
they had laid him, to fee if he was dead, he was found not only alive, but out of
danger, and the fheet all full of blood, which the herb had caufed him to void through
the pores of his body, fo as he remained perfedlly well in a little time.

The fecond herb is that which we Spaniards call Albaaquilla, and the Indians Culen,
becaufe its leaves are like the leaves of fweet bafil : it grows in bufhes fo high, that
they feem to be trees ; the leaves are very fragrant, and fweet like honey : being
bruifed, it is applied to the wound outwardly, and fome drops of its juice are to be
poured alfo into the wound ; after which, moft admirable effects of its efficacy are
feen.

1 was told by Captain Sebaftian Garcia Carrero, the founder of our novitiat-houfe of
Bucalemo, that as he was travelling with a dog in his company, which he loved ex-
tremely.

i|P ovalle's historical relation of chile.

tremely, fome wild monkeys that live in the mountains fell upon him, and fo worried him
among them by biting him, fome on one fide and fome on the other, that they left
him full of wounds, and particularly with, one large one in his throat : his mafter came
up at laft, and found him without fign of life ; he was much troubled for the lofs of
his dog, and lighted to fee what he could do for him. This Albaaquilla, is an herb
that grows every where in the fields ; and the gentleman, at a venture, gathering
three or four handfuls of it, bruifed them between two ftones, and poured the juice
into the dog*s wounds, and into the great one of his throat he thrull a handful of it,
and fo left him without hopes of life : but it fell out wonderfully, that after a few
leagues travelling on, turning back to look at fomething, he faw his dog following
at a diflance, who was fo well cured that he lived many years after.

The third herb, that I remember, is like a knot of fine hair, and which is not com-
monly met with : this is an admirable herb in fevers and pleurifies ; it is boiled in
water, and drank ; it purifies and cleanfes the blood, expelling that which is bad,
and fo the fick body remains perfectly cured ; as I myfelf have had the experience of it.

There are feveral other plants, fome of which cure the pains of the liver ; others
diflblve the ftone in the bladder, and break it to pieces ; fome are excellent for the
fciatica and other infirmities ; all which, if I were to relate in particular, I fhould make
a new Diofcorides, or herbal, which is not my intention. We will therefore leave the
flowers and herbs of the fpring, the harmony of the finging of birds, which fo rejoices
the mornings, and the ferene and quiet days of this feafon, to draw near the fummer ;
which will afford us matter of difcourfe.

CHAP. III. — Of the Summer and Autumn, and their Product,

THE fummer begins in the middle of November, and lafts to the middle of Febru-
ary, fo that the greatefl: heats are at Chriflmas ; and we are forced to have recourfe
to our faith, to confider the child God trembling with cold in the manger j for when we
rife to fing matins, particularly in Cuyo and Tucuman, where the heats are exceffive, we
are ready to melt with heat. In Chile the heats are not fo exceffive, becaufe the coun-
try is more temperate ; but ftill the weather is not fo cold as it was in Bethlem.
About this time the fruits begin to ripen, which are in great variety ; and there are
but few of thofe of Europe that are wanting j for as foon as any of them are brought,
either in ftone, feed, or plant, they take, and it is wonderful to fee how they thrive.
I remember about thirty years ago there were no cherries ; there coming by chance a
little tree from Spain, from which all the curious began to multiply them in their gar-
dens, {It being both a rarity, and a valuable fruit ;) in a fmall time they were fo in-
creafed, that they were banilhed from the gardens to the fields, becaufe they produced
fo many young plants from their roots, that they took up all the ground about them.

Of the fruits of Peru, Mexico, and all the continent of America, not one will grow
in Chile ; and the reafon is, the oppofition of the climate of Chile ; nay, though they
bring either plant, feed, or fetting, they never thrive ; for thofe countries are within
the tropics, and Chile is out of them ; for which reafon alfo the fruits of Europe take
fo well in Chile, fuch as pears, apricots, figs, peaches, quinces, &c. which bear
infinitely ; and if there is not care taken to leffen their number when little, it is im-
poffible for the boughs to bear the weight of the fruit, fo that they are fain to prop
them up with forks when they grow near ripe.

The

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. Al

The fruit that exceeds all the reft for bearing is the apple, of all kinds, of which
there are prodigious orchards ; and of thefe, though they leflen the number, yet the
others increafe fo much in weight, that the trees are brought down to the ground ; fo
that there are many windfalls, filling all the ground about them, and the very rivers
on which they ftand, and ftopping the courfe of the water.

All the crops of oats, wheat, maize, and all other garden produft, begin to be cut
in December, and fo on to March ; and they feldom produce lefs than twenty or thirty
for one, nay, fome a hundred for one, and the maize four hundred for one ; and it is
very feldom that there is any fcarcity of grain, but it is very cheap moft commonly.

As for the fruit of the gardens, it is never or rarely fold, but any body may, without
hinderance, ftep into a garden or orchard, and eat what they will ; only the ftrawber-
ries, which they call Frutilla, are fold ; for though I have feen them grow wild for
miles together, yet, being cultivated, they are fold very dear : they are very different
from thofe I have feen here in Rome, as well in the tafte as in the fmell ; and as for
their fize, they grow to be as big as peers, moft commonly red ; but in the territory
of the Conception, there are of them white and yellow.

About this time, alfo, the herbs that fatten the cattle grow ripe j and then they be-
gin to kill them with great profit, it being the chiefeft riches of the country, by
reafon of the tallow and hides which are fent for Peru. They kill thoufands of cows,
flieep, goats ; and the flefh, being fo cheap that it is not worth faving, they throw it
away into the fea or rivers, that it may not infedt: the air ; only they fait the tongues
and loins of the cows, which they fend for Peru as prefents for their friends ; and
they who are able, and underftand it, fend likewife fome dried falt-flefh for the king's
forces, or keep it to feed their own flaves or fervants.

Autumn begins about the middle of February ; fo Lent proves the moft delicious
time of the year ; for befides lobfters, oyfters, crabs, and other forts of fliell-fifti and
fea-fifh of all kinds, they fifh in the ponds and rivers for trouts, Vagres, Pejereges,
and other very choice river-fifti of feveral kinds ; and at the fame time there is a great
plenty of legumes, and garden produdb, as gourds, all forts of fruit, particularly
quinces, which are as big as one's head, and another kind called Lucumas, of which
they make fo many dilhes, that the mortification of fafting is hardly perceived.

In the end of autumn, they begin to gather the olives and the grapes ; and this "
iafts the months of May and June. The wines are moft noble and generous, and
famed by the authors who write of this country : there is fuch plenty of them, that
the plenty is a grievance, there being no vent for fuch quantities : it kills the Indians,
becaufe when they drink, it is without meafure, till they fall down ; and it being very
ftrong, it burns up their inward parts : the beft kind is the Mufcatel. I have feen
fome that look like water ; but their operation is very different in the ftomach, which
they warm like brandy.

There are white wines alfo very much valued ; as thofe of the grape called Uba
Torrontes, and Albilla : the red and deep-coloured are made of the ordinary red grape,
and the grape called Mollar. The bunches of grapes are fo large, that they caufe ad-
miration ; particularly I remember one, which, becaufe of its monftrous bignefs, was
by its owner (a gentleman) offered to our lady's fhrine : it was fo big as to fill a bafket,
and to feed the whole convent of friars for that meal, and they are pretty numerous.
The branches of the vines are by confequence very big, and the trunk or body of
them is in fome places as thick as a man's body ; and no man can incompafs with
extended arms the heads of them, when they are in full bloom.

VOL. XIV, G CHAP»

4^ OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

CHAP. IV. — Of the natural Riches of the Kingdom of Chile ; which are its Mines of
Gold, and other Metals ; as also of the induflrious Management of its other Product,

THE riches of Chile are of two forts : firft, thofe which nature has beftowed on it,
without the help of human induftry ; and, fecondly, thofe which have been produced
and invented by the inhabitants, to improve and enjoy its fertility. To the firft kind
belongs its mines of gold, filver, copper, tin, quick-filver, and lead, with which hea-
ven has enriched it. Of the copper of Chile are made all the great guns for Peru and
the neighbouring kingdoms, in the garrifons of which there are always ftores, parti-
cularly on the coafts : all the bells of the churches, and utenfils for families, are of
this metal ; fo that fmce the working of thefe mines, no copper has come from Spain ;
for the Indies are fufficiently fupplied by them with all they can want.

There is little lead worked, becaufe there is little ufe of it ; quickfilver lefs, becaufe
the mines are but newly difcovered ; and as they were going to work them, the obfta-
cle to thofe of Guancabilica in Peru was removed, and fo there was no need of work-
ing thofe of Chile. Thofe of filver likewife lie unwrought, becaufe the golden mines
are of lefs charge, and fo every body has turned their induftry towards them : they are
fo many, and fo rich, that from the confines of Peru to the extremeft parts of this
kingdom, as far as the ftraights of Magellan, there is no part of the country but they
difcover them ; which made father Gregory of Leon, in his map of Chile, fay, that
this country ought rather to have been called a plate of gold, than to go about to
reckon up its golden mines, which are innumerable.

All the authors who have writ of this country, do mightily enlarge upon its riches ;
and the fame is done by all thofe who have navigated the ftraights of Magellan. An-
tonio de Herrera, in his general hiftory of the Indies, fays, that in all the Weft Indies,
no gold is fo fine as that of Voldivia in Chile, except the famous mine of Carabaya ;
and that when thofe mines were firft worked, (which was before thofe Indians who are
now at peace with us were at war,) an Indian among them did ufe to get from them
every day 20 or 30 pefos of gold, which comes to near 500 reals of plate, and was a
wonderful gain.

And the already-cited John and Theodore de Brye fay, that when the Nodales pafled
the ftraights of St. Vincent, otherwife called ftraights of Le Maire, there came fome
Indians from the country called La Tierra del Fuego, who exchanged with the Spa-
niards a piece of gold of a foot and a half long, and as broad, for fciffars, knives,
needles, and other things of little value ; for they do not value it as we do. Other
authors fey, that moft of the gold that was laid up in the Ineas treafure, was brought
to him from Chile, though having never fubjefted the Araucanos, he could not have
that quantity which this rich country would elfe have afforded.

But what need I weary myfelf in citations of people abroad, when thofe who live in
the country of Chile, and fee it every day, are the beft teftimony of the great riches
that the Spaniards have drawn from thefe mines ; which was fo great, that I have heard
^eJbb *^^ °^^ "^^^ %» ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ feafts and entertainments, they ufed to put gold-duft in
their falt-fellers inftead of fait ; and that when they fwept the houfe, the fervants
would often find grains of gold in the fweepings, which they would wafh out, for the
Indians being the perfons that brought it to their lords, they would often let fome
fall.

I have faid before, that it was much more eafy to get gold than filver out of the

mines, becaufe this laft cofts much pains j firft, to dig it from the hard rock, then to

10 beat

ovalle's historical relatiok op chile. 43

beat it in the mills to powder, which mills are chargeable, as is alfo the quickfilver,
neceflary to be ufed to make the filver unite, and all the reft of the operations requi-
fite to refine it ; but the advantage of getting gold has no other trouble in it, than to
carry the earth in which it is found to the water, and there wafli it in mills on purpofe,
with a ft ream which carries off the earth ; and the gold, as being heavieft, goes to the
bottom.

It is true, that fometimes they follow the gold vein through rocks and hard places,
where it grows thinner and thinner, until at laft the profit that arifes is very fmall ;
yet they perfift to follow it, in hopes it will grow larger, and end at laft in that which
they call Bolfa, which is, when coming to a fofter and eafier part of the rock, the vein
enlarges fo, that one of thefe hits is enough to enrich a family for all their lives.
There is now lefs gold found than formerly, by reafon of the war the Spaniards have
had with the nation of Araucanos ; but ftill fome is found, particularly in Coquimbo,
where, in the winter, when it rains much, is the great harveft of gold ; for, by the
rain, the mountains are waftied away, and the gold is eafier to come at. There is
like wife fome gold in the territories of the Conception ; in which I was told, by a cap-
tain who entered into our fociety, that there was, not above half a league from the
town, a pond, or ftanding-water, which is not deeper than half the height of a man j
and that when the Indians have nothing to fpend, they fend their wives to this pond ;
and they going in, feel out with their toes the grains of gold ; and asfoonas they have
found them, they ftoop and take them up. They do this until they have got to the
value of two or three pefos of gold ; and then they feek no longer, but go home, and
do not return for any more as long as that lafts ; for they are not a covetous people,
but are content to enjoy, without laying up.

I brought with me to Italy one of thefe grains thus found, of a pretty reafonable
bignefs ; and fending it to Seville to be touched, without either putting it in the fire,
or ufing other proofs, it was allowed to be of twenty-three carats, which is a very re-
markable thing. Now the peace is made, and the warlike Indians quiet, the Spaniards
may return to fearch for the gold of Valdivia, and other mines thereabouts, which will
extremely increafe the riches of the country.

As for the produft made by the induftry of the inhabitants, it confifts particularly
in the breed of their cattle of all kinds, as I have obferved above ; fending the tallow,
hides, and dried flefh, for Lima ; where, having firft retained the neceffary proportion
for themfelves, which is about twenty thoufand quintals of tallow every year for that
city, and hides accordingly, they diftribute the reft all over Peru : the hides, particu-
larly, are carried up to Potofi, and all that inland trad of mines, where moft of their
clothing comes from Chile ; they are alfo carried to Panama, Carthagena, and the reft
of that continent ; fome of this trade extends itfelf likewife to Tucuman and Buenos
Ayres, and from thence to Brafil.

The fecond produft is the cordage and tackling, with which all the fhips of the
South Seas are furniftied from Chile ; as alfo the match for fire-arms, with which all
the king's garrifons along the coaft are provided from thofe parts ; for the hemp, which
makes the firft material of all thefe provifions, grows no where in the Weft Indies but
in Chile : there is alfo packthread exported, and other fmaller cordage.

The third produd is mules, which are fent to Potofi, through the defart of Arcama.

The fourth produfl: is the cocoa-nuts, which are the fruit of the palm-trees ; and

do not, indeed, proceed from induftry, but grow wild in the mountains, without any

cultivation, fo thick, that I have feen feveral leagues of this tree. Almonds likewife,

and the produd of gardens, which do not grow in Peru, are carried thither with great

G 2 profit.

4^ ovalle's historical helation of chile.

profit, fo as to be able to fet up a young beginner. When I came to Lima, I obferved
that the annifeed, which had been bought at Chile for two pieces of eight, was fold
there for twenty ; and the cummin feed, bought at twenty, was fold for fourfcore 5
which makes merchants very Avilling to trade to thofe parts, as hoping to grow rich in
a fmall time ; and this increafes the riches of Chile, by drawing every day thither men
with good flocks. The gains made this way are fo confiderable, that a man who has
about forty thoufand crowns to employ in land, flocks, and flaves, to take care of
them, may every year have a revenue of ten or twelve thoufand crowns, which is a
gain of twenty-five per cent, very lawful, and without any trouble to one's confcience,
or fubjediion to the dangers of the feas ; for thofe who will run the hazards of that
element gain much more ; for the merchants, by many commodities, get a hundred,
and two hundred, nay, three hundred per cent, in a navigation of about three weeks,
which is the time ufually employed from Chile to Lima, without any fear of pirates,
all thofe feas being entirely the king of Spain's, and fo free from thofe robbers. Be-
lides, it is very feldom that any ftorms are felt in that voyage, or, at leaft, not any that
endanger the lofs of the Ihips. The greateft danger proceeds from the covetoufnefs of
the owners and merchants, who trufling to the peaceablenefs of thofe feas, and that
they fail all the way from Chile to Lima before the wind, they load up to the mid-
maft. It is no exaggeration ; becaufe I have feen them go out of the port with provi-
fions for the voyage, and other neceffaries, as high as the ropes that hold the mafts j
and though the king's officers are prefent to hinder the fhips from being overloaded,
yet generally they are fo deep in the water, that they are but jufl above it ; and with
all thefe, there are many goods left behind in the magazines of the port j for the land
is fo productive of every thing, that the only misfortune of it, is to want a vent for its
produft, which is enough to fupply another Lima, or another Potofi, if there were
one.

It is upon this foundation that it is affirmed generally, that no country in all America
has a more folid eftablifliment than Chile ; for, in proportion to the increafe of inha-
bitants in Peru, Chile muft increafe too in riches, fmce it is able to fupply any great
confumption, and yet have enough of its own in all the kinds of corn, wine, flefli, oil,
fait, fruits, pulfe, wool, flax, hides, tallow, chamois, leather, ropes, wood, and tim-
ber, medicinal remedies, pitch, fifli of all kinds, metals of all forts, and amber. There
wants filk ; and it is to be wiflied that it may never get thither, but for ornament to
the altars ; for it is already the beggaring of the country, by reafon of the great ex-
pence in rich clothes j particularly by the women, who are not outdone in this, even
by the bravefl: ladies of Madrid, or other parts ; but yet the land is fo proper for filk-
worms, that if any one carries the feed of them there, I am perfuaded it will take with
great abundance, the mulberry-trees being there already as full grown, and in as great
beauty as in Spain.

The wax likewife comes from Europe, though there are bees which make both
honey and wax. Pepper, and other Eafl India fpices, come from abroad, though
there is a kind of fpice which fupplies the want of them very well ; and the authors
above cited fay, that in the ftraights of Magellan, there is good cinnamon ; and that
on thofe coafts there grow trees of a moft fragrant fmell in their bark, and which have
a tafte like pepper, but of a more quick favour, as it fliall be made out when we treat
of that ftraight.

In the whole kingdom, the herbage and the fifiiing are in common ; as alfo the hunt-
ing ; and the woods for fuel and timber j and the fame is pradifed as to the fait mines.

9 There

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 4^

There is no impolition on trade through all the kingdom, every one being free to
iranfport what goods he pleafes, either within or without the kingdom.

CHAP, v.— 0/ the famous Cordillera of Chik.

THE Cordillera, or high mountains of Chile, are a prodigy of nature, and without
parallel in the world : it is a chain of high mountains, which run from north to fouth
from the province of Quito, and the new kingdom of Granada, to Chile, above a
thoufand Caftilian leagues, according to Antonio de Herrera, in his third tome. De-
cade 5., to which, adding the length of the kingdom of Chile to the ftreights of Ma-
gellan, it will make in all little lefs than 1,500 leagues. The remoteft part of Chile
is not above twenty or thirty leagues from the fea. Thefe mountains are forty leagues
broad ; with many precipices, and intermediate valleys, which are habitable till one
comes to the tropicks, but not beyond them, becaufe of the perpetual fnows with
which they are always covered.

Antonio de Herrera, already cited, puts two chains of mountains ; one much lower,
covered with woods and handfome groves, becaufe the air is more temperate near it ;
the other much higher, which, by reafon of the intenfe cold, has not fo much as a bufh
on it, the mountains being fo bare, that there is neither plant nor grafs on them ; but
he fays, that on both thefe forts of mountains there are feveral animals, which, becaufe
of the fmgularity of their kinds, I fhall here defcribe fome of them.

One of the moft remarkable is a fpecies of hogs, that have their navel in their
back, upon the back-bone ; they go in herds, and each herd has its leader, who is
known from them all ; becaufe when they march, none dares go before him, all the
reft follow in great order. No hunter dares fall on thefe herds till he has killed this
captain, or leader ; for as long as they fee him, they will keep together, and ftiew fo
much courage in their own defence, that they appear invincible ; but as foon as they
fee him killed, they are broke, and run for it, giving up the day, till they chufe
another captain.

Their way of eating is alfo admirable ; they divide themfelves into two bodies ; one
half of them goes to certain trees which are in a country called Los Quixos, in the
province of Quito, and are like the cinnamon-trees ; thefe they fhake to bring down
the flowers, which the other half feeds on ; and when they have eat enough, they go
and relieve the other half of the flock, and make the flowers fall for them ; and fo re-
turn the fervice to their companions that they have received from them.

There are many forts of monkeys, which differ mightily in their fliapes, colour, and
bignefs, and other properties j fome are merry ; fome melancholy and fad ; thefe
whiftle, the others chatter ; fome are nimble, others lazy ; fome cowards, others ftout
and courageous ; but yet when one threatens them, they get away as faft as they can.
Their food is fruit and birds-eggs, and any game they can catch in the mountains :
they are very much afraid of water, and if they happen to wet or dirty themfelves,
they grow dejefted and fad. There are alfo great variety of parrots.

The wild goats are numerous j they are called Vicunnas, and have fo fine hair, that
it feems as foft as filk to the touch ; this is ufed to make the fine hats fo much valued
in Europe. There are likewife a fort of flieep of that country, they call Quanacos,
which are like camels, but a good deal lefs, of whofe wool they make waiftcoats,
which are woven in Peru, and are more valued than if they were of filk, for their
ibftnefs, and the finenefs of their colours.

The

4^ ovalle's historical relation of chile.

The fame author fays, moreover, that through this chain of mountains there went
two highways, in which the Ingas fhewed their great power ; one of them goes by the
J. mountain all paved for nine hundred leagues, from Pofto to Chile: it was five and

'*^ 'twenty feet broad, and at every four leagues were noble buildings j and to this day
there are the places called Tambos, which anfwer our inns, where every thing necef-
fary is to be found by travellers ; and that which was mod admirable, at each half
league there were couriers and polls, who were defigned for the conveniency of paf-
fengers, that they might fend their letters and advices where they were requifite. The
other way, which was alfo of twenty-five feet broad, went by the plain at the foot of
the mountains, with the fame proportion and beauty of inns and palaces at every four
leagues, which were inclofed with high walls ; as alfo ftreams and rivulets running
through this way, brought thither by art, for the refrelhment and recreation of
travellers. •

This is what Antonio de Herrera, and other authors, who treat of the Indies, do
tell us about this famous Cordillera. Now I fhall relate what I myfelf have feen, and
do know about it.

And firft, I mufl fuppofe, that though thefe two highways run feparate and diftin£t
through all Peru and Quito, yet they mull grow nearer each other as they rife higher
in the mountain ; for when they come to Chile, they are no longer two, bat one.
This is clearly found, by experience, in thofe who crofs the Cordillera, to go from
Chile to Cuyo, as I have done feveral times, that I have paffed this mountain, and
never could fee this divifion, but always continual and perpetual mountains, which
ferve for walls and fortifications on each fide to one which rifes in the middle infinitely
higher than the reft, and is that which moft properly is called the Cordillera. I am
alfo perfuaded, that the two ways above-mentioned came but to the boundaries of
Chile, and ended in thofe of Peru. I have, indeed, in palling the Cordillera, met
with great old walls of ftone on the top of it, which they call the Ingas ; which, they
fay, were encampments, (though not his, for he never came to Chile) but of his ge-
nerals and armies fent to conquer the country ; and it is not impoffible but the faid two
ways might be continued on to thefe buildings ; but it was not pradicable, that it could
be with that perfection, as in that part of the mountain contained within the tropicks ;
where, becaufe the hills are more tradable, fuch ways might be made as they defcribe ;
but not in the mountains of Chile, which are one upon another fo thick, that it is with
great difficulty that a fmgle mule can go in the paths of it : and the Corderilla grows
rougher and rougher, the more it draws near the pole, fo that it appears to be above
the compafs of human power to open a way through it, fo curioufly and finely con-
trived as it is reprefented. It was not neceffary that the Inga Ihould ufe fo much art
and induftry, to make admirable that which is already fo much fo, as this mountain is
in its whole courfe through the kingdom of Chile, as it' fhall be fhewed when we dif-
courfe in particular of its feveral parts and properties. For firft, fuppofmg what we
have faid, of its running fifteen hundred leagues in length, and forty in diameter, its
wonderful height makes it aftonifhing : the afcent is fo prodigious, that we employ three
or four days in arriving to the top of it, and as many more in the defcent, that is,
fpeaking properly, and only of the mountain, for otherwife it may be affirmed, that
one begins to mount even from the fea-fide, becaufe all the way, which is about forty
leagues, is nothing but an extended fhelving coaft ; for which reafon the rivers run
with fuch force, that their ftreams are like mill-ftreams, efpecially near their heads.

When we come to afcend the higheft point of the mountain, we feel an air fo pier^
j^,^ .' cing and fubtile, that it is with much difficulty we can breathe, which obliges us to fetch

our

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 47

our breath quick and ftrong, and to open our mouths wider than ordinary, applying
to them likewife our handkerchiefs to condenfe our breath, andjjreak the extreme cold-
nefs of the air, and fo make it more proportionable to the temperament which the
heart requires, not to be fufFocated : this I have experienced every time that I have
paffed this mighty mountain.

Don Antonio de Herrera fays, that thofe who pafs it in Peru, fufFer great reachings
and vomitings ; becaufe no one thing produces fo great an alteration at once, as a fud-
den change of air ; and that of the mountain being fo unproportioned to common re-
fpiration, produces in thofe who pafs over it thofe admirable and painful effects. He
fays moreover, that thofe who have endeavoured to dive into the caufes of them, do
find, that as that mountain is one of the higheft in the world, the air of it is fo ex-
tremely fubtile and fine, that it difcompofes the temperament of the animal, as has been
faid. It is true, that in that part of the Cordillera in Peru, which they call Pariacaca,
there may be a concurrence of other caufes and difpofition of the climate, to which
may be attributed fome of thefe effects ; for if they were to be attributed only to the
height of the mountain, we that pafs it in Chile ought to find thofe inconveniencies as
much, or more, becaufe the mountain is higheft without comparifon ; and yet I never
endured thofe reachings or vomitings, nor have feen any of thofe motions in others,
but only the difficulty of breathing, which 1 have mentioned.

Others experience other eifefts, which I have often heard them relate ; for the ex-
halations, and other meteors, (which from the earth feem fo high in the air, that fome-
times we take them for ftars,) are there under the feet of the mules, frighting them,
and buzzing about their ears. We go through the mountains, treading, as it were,
upon clouds ; fometimes we fee the earth without any oppofition to our fight, and
when we look up, we cannot fee the heavens for clouds ; but when we are afcended
to the higheft of the mountain, we can no longer fee the earth for the clouds below,
but the heavens are clear and bright, and the fun bright and fhining out, without any
impediment to hinder us from feeing its light and beauty.

The Iris, or rain-bow, which upon the earth we fee croffmg the heavens, we fee it
from this height extended under our feet ; whereas thofe on the lower parts fee it over
their heads ; nor is it a lefs wonder, that while we travel over thofe hills which are dry
and free from wet, we may fee, as I have done often, the clouds difcharge themfelves,
and overflow the earth with great force ; and at the fame time that I was contemplat-
ing, at a diftance, tempefts and ftorms falling in the valleys and deep places, as I lifted
up my eyes to heaven, I could not but admire the ferenity over my head, there being
not fo much as a cloud to be feen, to trouble or difcompofe that beautiful profpedt.

The fecond thing which makes this mountain admirable, is the prodigious fnow
which falls upon it in winter, which is fo great, that though thefe mountains are fo
high and broad, there is no part of them uncovered vidth fnow, being in many places
feveral pikes deep. I am not informed how it is in the higheft part of all, which is
moft properly called the Cordillera, becaufe this being fo very high, that it is thought
to furpafs the middle region of the air, its point alone may perhaps be uncovered ; at
leaft when I paffed it, which has been fometimes in the beginning of winter, I have not
feen a crum of fnow ; when a little below, both at the coming up and going down, it
was fo thick, as our mules funk in without being able to go forward.

But that which I have obferved, is, that after a glut of rain, which has lafted two
or three days, and the mountain appears clear, (for all the time it rains it is covered
with clouds,) it seems white from top to bottom, and is a moft beautiful fight ; for the
air is fo ferene in thofe parts, that when a ftorm is over, the heavens are fo bright,

even

48 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

even in the mldft of winter, that there is not a cloud to be feen in them for many
days ; then the fun fhining upon that prodigious quantity of fnow, and thofe coafls
and white flielvings all covered with extended woods, produces a profped, which
even we that are born there, and fee it every year, cannot forbear admiring, and draws
from us praifes to the great Creator for the wonderful beauty of his works,

CHAP. VI. — Of the vulcanoesy and the mines rfgold and ftlver of the Cordillera.

THERE are in this Cordillera, or chain of mountains, fixteen vulcanoes which at
feveral times have broke out, and caufed effects no lefs admirable than terrible and
/ •• ■• aftonilhing to all the country ; amongfl: the reft, that which happened in the year 1 640

is worthy to be remembered. It broke out in the enemies country, in the territory of
the Cacique Aliante, burning with fo much force, that the mountain cleaving in two,
fent forth pieces of rock all on fire, with fo horrible a noife, that it was heard ma^ny
leagues off, juft like the going off of cannon. In all that territory the women mifcar-
ried for fear, as fhall be related more particularly in its proper place, in the account I
fhall give of the fubjedion of all that country to our Catholic king, being moved
thereunto by this and other prodigies.

, The firft of thefe vulcanoes is called the vulcano of Copiago, and is in about twenty-
fix degrees altitude of the pole, about the confines of Chile and Peru ; in thirty degrees
is that of Coquinbo ; in thirty-one and a half that of La Ligua j in thirty-five that of
Peteroa j in thirty-fix and an half that of Chilau ; in thirty-feven and a quarter that
of Antoco : this is followed by that of Notuco in thirty-eight and a half ; that of
Villarica is in thirty-nine and three quarters ; near this is another whofe name I know
not, in forty and a quarter ; and in forty-one is that of Oforno ; and near that in lefs
than quarter of a degree, that of Guanahuca ; and in a little more than forty-two de-
grees that of Quehucabi ; and laft of all are two more ; one without a name, in forty-
four ; and that of St. Clement, which is forty-five and a half.

Thefe are the known vulcanoes of Chile : we have no knowledge of others, which
may be as far as the Terra del fuego, becaufe till this time our difcoveries have not
gone fo far ; but there is no doubt but there are fome, as they are to be found before
one comes to Chile, in the kingdoms of Peru and Quito. Diego Ordonnes de Salvos,
in the third book and eighteenth chapter of his "Voyage through the whole world, "
mentions among the reft, one that is near the fall of the river, in the valley of Cola ;
it is on a mountain in the form of a fugar-loaf, like that of La Plata in Potofi ; and
that in winter it throws out fo much fmoke and aflies, that it burns up all the grafs
within two leagues round about it.

He likewife mentions another in the entrance of the province of Los Quixos, near
the town of Mafpa ; and fpeaks of another, which broke out near Quito, in a moun-
tain called the Pinta : and he affirms, that the afhes fly two leagues and a half from
the mountain ; and he has feen them lie on the houfes about four feet deep in the
neareft places to the mountain.

Laftly, he tells of that of Ariquipa, which buried the vineyards, and had almoft
overwhelmed the city. To this day there are feen the effefts of that defolation, which
ruined many families, by deftroying their houfes and poffeffions. At the fame time he
obferves, that the earthquakes which before were frequent, ceafed from that time ;
and this perhaps may be the reafon why the earthquakes in Chile have always been
confiderably lefs than thofe of Peru, becaufe Chile has more breathing holes for the
vapours to exhale by.

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 49

There is no room for doubting of the immenfe riches which thefe mountains inclofe
in their bowels ; for it is a certain argument, and proof it, to fee only the mineral riches
of Chile, which are, as it were, indexes of what may be contained in thofe rocks, as
" the rivers which fertilize the country are a proof of the unexhaufted fountains contain-
ed in the rocks and precipices.

I think there may be two caufes afligned, why thefe riches do not manifeft them-
felves nor appear more : the firft is, that general flate-reafon, and inviolable maxim
among the Indians, to conceal and not difcover them to any other nation. This they
obferve fo punctually, that it is among them a capital crime, punifhable with death, to
break filence in this matter, which they make facred and indifpenfible ; and if any one
among them, either out of interefli, negligence, or any other motive of conveniency,
difcovers any thing of this kind, his death is infallible, and no power on earth can fave
him.

I remember on this fubjeCt, that fome gentlemen having, by prefents, infinuations,
and flatteries, come to the knowledge of fome treafure by the means of an Indian, and
prevailed with him at laft to guide them to fome very rich mines in a remote mountain,
he begged earneftly of them to be fecret, or otherwife he was a dead man, let them
take never fo much care of him. They promifed him accordingly, and fo they fet out,
and he brought them through horrid rocks and precipices, where it looked as if never
man had fet his foot, nor fcarce any living animal. Every day they met with certain
marks, which the Indian had told them of beforehand : firft, after fo many days they
difcovered a red mountain ; and then at a certain diftance from that a black one on the
left hand ; then a valley, which began from a monftrous high mountain or rock ; then
at fo many leagues a mountain of chalk. All which figns the guide went fhewing them,
verifying thereby the relation he had given them beforehand, and comforting them up
to endure the hardfhip, by the hopes of fulfilling at laft their expedation, and feeing
their labour rewarded.

Their provifions failed them, and they were forced to come back to provide more,
to purfue their enterprife. The Indian was always in fear of being difcovered, know-
ing that he run in that no lefs a hazard than that of his life. They returned then
to a town ; and to fecure their Indian from his fright of being difcovered, they locked
him up in a room very fafe ; but the night before they were to fet out again, without
ever being able to difcover how it was done, (for there was no figns by the door of
any body's going in that way,) as they went to call the Indian in the morning, they
found him ftrangled ; by which means, being deprived of their intent, and having .
loft the hopes of fatisfying their defire, they returned to their own homes, though
with a refolution to try again, being encouraged by fo much they had already difcovered.

The other reafon to be alTigned for not feeking after thefe mines, is the great plenty
of every thing necelTary for life ; fo that hunger, which is the prompter of covetous
defires, being wanting, there are few that care to run a hazard, and lofe their con-
veniences at home, to go through imprafticable deferts upon fearch after hidden trea-
fure ; particularly finding already fo much in the valleys, bottoms, rivers, and
fountains ; nay, even thefe mines in the low countries are not wrought, becaufe the
profit of other products is eafier. It is probable that people will increafe ; for every
day there is a new addition ; and there then being more confumers, the product of
the land will be dearer ; and provifions not being fo cheap as now, men will be more
ingenious and induftrious to feek for fuftenance under-ground, by the mines and
treafures hid there by providence.

VOL. XIV. If Thefe

50 ovalle's historical relation of chile. '

Thefe few years laft paft have given beginning to a difcovery of fome golden mines,
and filver ones, on each fide of the Cordillera : for as I pafled over it once, I
remember that the fight difcovers a black mountain at a diftance, whofe top fhines as
if it were covered with filver ; and it is a common tradition that it contains it, and
great treafures befides, in its bowels ; but they are at prefent ufeless, for the reafons
alledged ; and becaufe one half of the year the mountain is covered with fnow, and
fo not only uninhabitable, but impenetrable.

They write me word, that on the fide of the province of Cuyo, they have begun
to difcover other very rich mines, which being below the rougheft part of the mountain,
may be wrought all the year round, and with great conveniency of the miners, and
other neceifary workmen, becaufe carts may come to the very fituation of the mine,
which is of confideration for the price of the metal. They fpeak of it with great ex-
pectation, by reafon of the good proofs they have already had in the affaying of it in
fmall quantities.

Befides the mines of gold, and filver, and brafs, and lead, which are worked in
Coquimbo, and thofe of quickfilver, which have been difcovered within thefe few
years in Lamache, which is a valley in Chile, I do not know of any others of any
other fort in this Cordillera. I am verily perfuaded there are fome of chryftal ; for,
confidering the nature of the place, I cannot think there is one any where more proper.
Being in the valley of Rancagua, I heard one of our nation tell an Indian, that upwards
in the mountain he had found a great deal of chryftal : he hearing this, out of curi-
ofity went up to fee what it was ; and I heard him tell, that after having gone over
feveral rocks, he faw on the top of a precipice a great opening, and that drawing near
to it, he faw a profound cave, and in the bottom of it a great plank or table of chryftal,
which appeared to him of the fineft fort ; but wanting help and inftruments to get
it out, he returned with only this information, and fome little pieces of a chryftal ftone
which he found on the top,

CHAP. VII. — Of the Fountains^ Rivers, and Brooks, of the Cordillera.

THAT which contributes not a little to the admiration we have for this great chain
of mountains, is the vaft number of fountains, fprings, brooks, and rivers, which we
meet with ever and anon, when we go over it : they are fo numerous, that it is a thing
rather to be feen than related, though the travellers reap but little benefit by the curi-
ous obfervation of them ; for by them the ways are the moft broken and troublefome
that it is poflible to imagine : they laft about eight days journey. One muft fuppofe
too, that the fummer is pretty well entered ; for in winter they are abfqlutely impaflk-
ble, and in the fpring not without evident danger of one's life ; becaufe one travels all
_the way on a path fo narrow, that there is but juft room for a mule's feet. On one
^ fide are prodigious precipices, which have at the bottom a furious and profound river j
and on the other hand huge rocks, and fome part of them ftanding out fo, that if the
mule's loading, (as it often happens, and I have feen it,) touches part of them, it
throws down the mule headlong, and fends her rolling down till ftie comes to the river
at the bottom, which carries her away to the fea without ftopping, except it happen
upon fome turning of the river to get it on the ftiore ; where, though the lading may
be faved, yet not the mule's life, becaufe it is impoflible almoft to get her up again.

In many places one is forced to light ; and even a man on foot is not very fafe, be-
caufe fome of the coafts are fo ftraight and flippery, that it frights one to walk on them.

The

»»

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 51

The afcents and defcents of the hills are fo fteep, that when from below one looks at
thofe who are above, they look like figures ; and for my part I thought it a temerity,
if not an impoffibility, to venture to get up to them.

The brooks and rivers which crofs the ways every ftep are fo violent, that there is
no head fo ftrong, but it turns to look on their current ; which is fo fwift, that if it
comes up to the mule's faddle, there is no paffing without evident danger of one's life ;
for thefe ftreams coming from on high, have the ftrength of a mill-ftream, carrying
along with them loofe ftones, which overturn a loaded mule as it were a chicken ; fo
that it is neceffary fometimes to flay two or three days till the fun does not (hine ; for
then thefe brooks are lower, becaufe there is lefs fnow melted : and for this reafon it
is always bed to pafs early in the morning, they having had all the night to run lower.

It was neceffary for an allay of the dangers and irkfomenefs of thefe ways, that God
fliould temper the rigour of the fufferings, by the variety and diverfion which fo many
waters give in their rife and courfe : fome are to be feen breaking out from almoft an
imperceptible height, and meeting with no intermediate objed, the whole mafs of
water, which is ufually very great, diffolves itfelf by the way into fo many drops,
which make a lovely profpedt, like fo much pearl falling ; and being mingled by the
force of the air, which drives them acrofs one upon the other, it feems a chain hang-
ing from its firft iffue to the earth ; where, taking another fhape, it becomes a running
brook, and unites with the current of the chief river which runs in the middle.

I faw others, which before they got to the earth, divided into two branches, forming
like a thick Ihower in the midft of the way, or atoms in the fun beams ; but it is im-
poffible to paint all the variety of objects produced by thefe feveral motions and com-
pofitions of ftreams and fountains. I cannot leave them without mentioning one called
the Eyes of Water, which is very remarkable ; it is in the laft mefa but one, at the
foot of the mountain. I call it mefa, becaufe providence has, for the relief of travellers,
difpofed, at fome leagues diftance, little valleys and agreeable plains, which eafe the
travellers in this moft tedious and long afcent.

This valley is environed with a wall of moft prodigious high rocks ; it may be a
mile or thereabouts in its diameter, and is all the year round full of greens, odorife-
rous plants and flowers, which make it a picture of paradife : in the midft of it fprings
up this fountain, or fountains, becaufe the fprings of water are many that rife from
the ground all about, leaping with great force into the air, which in a little fpace all
unite, and make two great bodies, each of them full of water, as clear as chryftal.
Thefe two heads begin a kind of combat a little below, and mingling in their courfe
with one another, as if fome ingenious artift had ordered it, make a great many turn-
ings and windings, fometimes far from one another, and fometimes united through the
whole valley, till at the end of it, joining together, they fall into one canal, which
empties itfelf into the principal river, compofed by many of thefe rivulets.

One property of all thefe chryftal ftreams, is extreme coolnefs, which they never lofe,
no, not when the fun ftiines out moft in the heat of the day ; it is fuch, that no body
can drink half a cup -full of it without refting, or taking breath ; and though all thefe
fprings have this quality, yet none in fo intenfe a degree as this fountain of Los Ojos
de Aqua ; of which, though the weather be never fo hot, it is not poffible to drink
above two or three fups ; and one can hardly endure to hold the water in one's hand
above a minute.

Behind one of thofe high mountains, which is to the eaft of this fountain, there is
a great lake or pond, fo deep and clear, that it appears as if it were of azure ; and
there is a tradition, that the laft of the Ingas, kings of Peru, caufed vaft quantities

H 2 pf

52

ovalle's historical relation of chile.

of treafure to be thrown into it, when he faw that he could not redeem himfelf, nor
fave his Hfe by them ; though it feems hard to believe they fhould go fo far to do
a thing they might have executed much nearer home. The waters of this lake have
no iffue, being environed on all fides with very high rocks, and therefore it is thought
that it comes under-ground to thofe fountains called the Ojos de Aqua, and empties
itfelf by them.

I cannot pafs over in filence another fountain which is at the foot of the Cordil-
lera, on the other fide towards Cuyo. There is a river called the Rio de Mendoca,
which comes down from the eaft, not inferior to that of Aconcaqua in Chile, which
runs to the weft into the South Sea. Into thefe two rivers are emptied moll of the
little ftreams of the mountain ; that of Mendoca meeting in its way with a chalky
mountain, bores it quite through, and leaves a bridge broad enough for three or four
carts to pafs a-breaft. Under this bridge is a great table of rock, over which run five dif-
ferent ftreams of water, proceeding from fo many fountains ; which water is extremely
hot and very good for many diftempers. The ftones over which it runs are of a green
like emerald. The vault of this bridge furpaffes in beauty all that human heart can
produce ; for there hang down from it feveral ificles, in fhape of flowers, and pen-
dants of ftone like fait ; for the humidity which penetrates from above, makes it con-
geal like points of diamonds, and other figures, which adorn this vault ; through which
there falls perpetually a quantity of great drops, as big as peafe fome, and others as big as
yolks of eggs j which, falling upon the ftone table I have mentioned, are turned into
ftones of feveral ftiapes and colours, of no fmall value.

There is another bridge on the other fide, called the Inga's Bridge, either becaufe he
caufed it to be built j or becaufe (as is moft probable) his generals were the firft dif-
coverers of it, and paifed over it ; for it is not poflible that any human art could make
fo bold an attempt as has been brought to pafs by the Author of nature in this place.
This bridge is formed by a moft prodigious high rock, which is cloven in two, as
if it had been fawed down, only covered on the top ; it is hollow to the very river,
which is large and rapid, and yet the noife of it is no more heard on the top, than
if.it were a little brook; which is a ftrong argument of the great diftance there is
between the top and bottom of the mountain ; for the opening not being above eight
feet over, it being eafy to leap from one fide to the other, it would be thought, that
a great river being fo ftraightened as to go through it, ftiould make a very great noife
in paffing fuch a Itraight place with fo much force ; and if the noife does not reach
the ear, it is becaufe of the great diftance. I myfelf have gone to the fide of this
bridge, and looked down, (though with great horror, for it ftrikes a ftiivering into
one, to contemplate fuch a depth, than which I have not feen a more terrible one ;)
I not only did not hear any noife, but that great river appeared a little brook, hardly
to be difcerned.

Thefe are the entertainments for the eye in palling this part of the Cordillera. As
for the many others which may be met with in fo vaft an extent, who can relate them ?
I believe there are thofe who know much more than what I have here defcribed,
which is only what I have feen ; but from fo little it is eafy to infer more ; for if only
the rife of two rivers have afforded fuch matter of admiration, what may not be pro-
duced in the birth and courfe of fo many others, as we fliall defcribe in the fol-
lowing chapter?

CHAP.

i^r /^^^f^^.

London TuJblishfd by Icn^manMitrsr Jiec Crrm i. trc-Kn.Tatenwstr An .Kov. i.itii .

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

^ J

CHAP. VIII.— 0/ the vajimwiher of Rivers which take their Rife in this Mountain and

e?npiy them/elves into the Sea. '

- f I"^ &''^V^K-^- °1^^^"^^ has founded the beft part of the beauty and fecundity
of the fields of Chile, m this range of mountains called the Cordillera, in which as in a
bank that can never break, he has depofited its treafure and riches, by affuring the
annual tribute of fo many brooks and ample rivers which are to fertilize the earth - for
neither can the country maintain its fertility without fuch moifture, nor fuch a moifture
maintam itfelf all the year without fuch quantities of fnow, as are laid up in the deen

fromT " '"^ ^''''^'' '"^ '"' '^^ ^"'"'"^' '^^ ""^"^^ "^^'^ '^^'^'^ d^^^ed

Who can demonftrate the number of them at their rife ? But one may guefs at the
prodigious quantity of fnow which fupplies them ; for though it cannot be feen all in
a mafs, becaufe its refervatories are impenetrable, yet its effefts do manifeft it- for
befides the feeding of innumerable rivers which run to the eaft, and empty themfelves
mto the north fea, and fupplying prodigious lakes in the province of Cuyo, thofe whLh
run to the weft, and enter the South-Sea, (not reckoning what may be by the ftrSt.
of Magellan, and the l^erra del Fuego,) are above fifty, which may be Jell m3d
by lour apiece more which they receive, and fo make two hundred ; which arrive at
he fea lo full and deep that fome of them have water enough for the navigation of
the galloons and fhips of great burden ; which is the more to be admired, becaufe their
courfe IS fo fhort, the moft extended of them not paffing thirty leagues in length.

The firft river of this kingdom, beginning from the confines of Peru about the
25th degree of latitude, is the river called the Salt River, which comes from the
Cordillera, running through a deep valley : its waters are fo fait, that they cannot be
drank; and when fometimes horfes, deceived by its pure clear colours, happen to
dnnk of them, they are turned into fait by the heat of the fun, fo that the bodies feem
of pearl, they beginning to petrify by the tail.

.J^^ "'f to this is the river of Copiapo, in 26 degrees ; it runs 20 leagues from
eait to weft and rnakes a bay at its entrance into the fea, which ferves fort harbour
for fhips. In 28 degrees the river of Guafco does the fame, and forms a port.

After this comes the river of Coquimbo, in 30 degrees, whofe port is a noble bay
adorned on the fhore with frefh and beautiful myrtles, and other trees, which continue
withiiUand as far as the town, and make a noble and pleafant grove, which out-does
all the contrivances of art There are fiftied in this coaft tunny-fifh, Albucores, and
many forts of excellent fifh, as alfo oyfters and great variety of fhell-fifh

The noct to the river of Coquimbo are thofe of Tongoy and Limari, about ^,0 decrees
and a half eaft ; and then m 3, degrees the river of Chuapa empties itfelf into the fea
Upon that coaft there is found a fort of delicate fhell-fifh, which they call Jacas

Between the one and thirtieth degree, and the two and thirtieth, the rivers Lon^o-
toma and La Liga enter the fea; and about thirty-three degrees that of Aconcalua
which IS the great river which comes down, as we have faid, by the way of the Cordil-
lera. 1 his is a very deep river; and though it runs through the lar^e valleys of
Curimon, Aconcagua, Quilota, and Concon, which being cultivated with all kinds of
produfts, particularly, wheat, flax, hemp, &c. and by confequence well watered, yet
this river arrives at the fea as full and deep as if they had not drained it by the way to
lertthze their fields. ^ ^

< 9 ' About

54 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

About thirty-three and a half, follows the famous river Maypo, which I cannot tell
whether it be more famous for its good qualities, or for the danger and difficulty of
paffing it ; many have been drowned in it, and every day mifcarrying by it. It is of
fo rapid a current, and fometimes fwells fo high, that no bridge can refill its fury, but
it is carried away by it ; for which reafon, at this day it has no other but one of many
cables joined together, and lying a-crofs from one fide to the other. Its waters are
ordinarily thick ; and it enters the fea with fo much force, that it makes its way in it
diftind for a good while ; its waters are perfedly knovm from thofe of the fea by a
circle they make : they are befides very cold, and yet it quenches thirft but ill, for it is
brackilh, which makes the flelh of the Iheep which feed near it, to be excellent in tafte.
There are fiflied here alfo moll excellent fifh, particularly trouts, efleemed all over the
country.

There falls into this river, among others, that of St. Jago, otherwife called the river
of Mapocho, which is divided into feveral llreams, to water the diflri£l of that city j
and it does it fometimes more than we could wifli, when it overflows. Not far from
the city, it hides itfelf under-ground, leaving a bridge of two or three leagues over it,
while it maintains a filent courfe underneath ; at the end of this fpace it comes out in
bubbles among a grove of cherry trees, with its waters as clear and purified as chryflal ;
fo that though it feems to hide itfelf, and die, it is only to fpring up again more
beautiful and flately, being of a llronger current, before it is again fpread and diffufed
to fertilize the fields. At this place of its fecond birth, there Hands an ancient and
illullrious convent of St. Francis, which, becaufe it is within fight of a vafl forell of
trees, is called St. Francis of the Mountain, in which there have been, from time to
time, moll holy men of the firfl founders in that province, and who imploy themfelves
in the worfhip of God, and help of their neighbours, with great zeal and reputation
of their order.

The river of Poangue, which falls hkewlfe Into Maypo, runs alfo many leagues
under-ground : this cannot rife with more advantages than at its firfl fountain ; for
its waters are, at the very fource, fo clear, delicate and fweet, that they cannot be
mended ; it has not its original like all the reft, from fnow-water, but from minerals
of gold, through whofe veins it makes its way, as if it had an aquedudl of that precious
metal : its courfe is bordered on each fide vvith moft beautiful trees, which contribute
to make its waters wholefome : they are indeed of themfelves a remedy ; for they help
digeftion fo vifibly, that if any one has exceeded and eat more than his ftomach can
well embrace, one draught of this water will relieve him, fo that he Ihall be hungry
again in a little time. Neither is it ufelefs under-ground ; for while it is there, it
communicates itfelf to the whole valley by fubterranean conduits: the effed of which
is vifible ; for though in the fummer it does not rain a drop, and the valley has no
other watering, yet it brings as feafonable a crop, and as reliihing fruit, as any other
that has the help of rain and other irrigations ; neither have I feen any where larger or
more delicious melons, nor more abounding and well-grown maize, than in this
valley.

There are two other rivers which fall into Maypo, which are called De Colina and
Lampa ; which, uniting together about ten or twelve leagues from their firft rife, make
the famous lake of Cudaguel fo profound and deep, that great fhips might fwim in it :
this lake is about two leagues long, all bordered with delicate willow trees, and other
greens, which keep their freftinefs and greennefs all the year round j and, that nothing
may be wanting to its agreeablenefs, it is full of excellent trouts and Vagres, which

^ fometimes

ovalle's historical relation of chile.

55

fometimes are fo plentiful, that they are eafily catched ; and this ufes to be one of the
greateft diverfions of the citizens of the city of St. Jago. There are other lakes, as
thofe of Aculco, which empty themfelves into this river of Maypo, on the contrary
fide to that of the clear river : there are alfo bred in it fmelts of above a foot long ;
the very name in Spanifh declaring their excellency, it fignifying a royal fifh : fome
years there is fuch plenty of them, that the whole city may keep Lent with them
alone, without buying any other fifh from the fea ; which, though it is very good, yet
it never attains to the delicacy of the river-fifh, which is fo fweet and healthy, that it is
ufed to be given to the fick and convalefcent.

After Maypo, is the river of Rapel, not at all inferior to the other ; it enters the fea
about the 34th degree, and as many minutes ; about four or five leagues before the
two famous rivers of Cachapoal and Tinguiritica join together, and are no lefs in debt
to mankind for the many people they have fwallowed, than that of Maypo. Among
others which increafe their rapid current, are the rivers Mallua and Chambaronigo :
on the banks of this the order of the Redemption has a convent, for the inflrudlion
and edification of all that country. The Jefuits have alfo a novitiate, who have for
neighbours a monaflery of St. Dominick. The lands thereabouts are extreme fertile,
, have excellent paflures for the fattening of cattle, and are much valued all over the
country. In thirty-four degrees and three quarters is the river Delora, which receives
thofe of Teno, Peterroa, and Metaquito, whofe ftream is fo rapid, that many perifh in
it. Thefe rivers water mofl rich lands, and a delicious country for the breeding and
feeding of all forts of cattle j and indeed there is not a foot of ground unemployed
in them.

The great Maule appears at thirty-five degrees ; and it makes the limits of the
archbifhoprick and jurifdidion of the city of St. Jago : all that was inclofed between
this and Rapel, Cachapoal, and Tinguiritica, was called by the natural Indians, Pro-
mocaes, that is, a place of dancing and delight, to exprefs the pleafantnefs of that
country. They were not out in this character at all : I remember once, that travelling
in this country, when I came to a farm of any Spaniard, he would entertain me with
nothing but the praifes of it, and that with fo many particulars, that I could not imagine
it could be out-done by any in the world ; but when I came to another farm, the
mafter of it would relate to me fuch admirable properties of his, that the firfl feemed
but ordinary to me. Thus I found every one fo in love with the fpot he lived on,
that I could not but admire the whole, and have a great idea of the excellency and
temperament of this land, as well as of its provifions. Partridge are abounding, and
all manner of game ; and as for fifh, there are fuch quantities of fmelts and trouts,
that they take them when they will, being as fure almoft to catch them, as if they had
them in ponds at home. I have heard them often fay, that when they were fat down
to table, if any one longed for a frefh trout, they had no more to do, than to fend and
catch one, which they would have ready dreffed before they rife from the table. The
river Maule receives the clear river, and that of Cauquenes ; and though it be as deep
again as either of them, yet it is lefs dangerous for pafTengers, and fewer people are
drowned in it ; becaufe near the fea, by the yard for building of fhips, it fpreads itfelf,
and makes a large pafTage, where the king has a ferry for the conveniency of pafTengers.
The Auftin friars have alfo a convent here, and take care of the Spaniards, and their
black and Indian fervants, who people all the banks of this river, and are numerous,
living in feparate farms all along the country ; thefe they call Eflancias.

Now we enter the jurifdidion of the city of the Conception, where the governor
refidesj and there is a garrifon of the militia. The bifhoprick of the city of Imperial

begins

56 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

begins alfo at this ri\fer, which has for next and immediate neighbour the peaceable
and noble river of Itata, three times as large, and as deep as the Maule, and enters
the fea at about thirty-fix degrees ; its courfe is among rocks, and fo is lefs ufeful to
the land, becaufe it cannot water it : they pafs it upon rafts, and there are alfo fords
in fome places. About the middle of its courfe, the furious torrent called Nuble
joins it : this waflies the walls of the city of St. Bartholomew of Chilian, an antient
garrifon of the Spaniards, and a fmgular proof of their bravery and fidelity.

Immediately next to this river is the fpacious and agreeable bay of the Conception,
into which the flow and filent river of Andalien empties itfelf at thirty-fix degrees and
three quarters. There is another fmall river which palTes through the middle of the
city, having firfl precipitated itfelf from a high rock, and affording matter to the
induftry of the inhabitants, for all forts of water-works among pleafant groves of
laurels, and myrtles, and other odoriferous plants which adorn its banks j and as it
falls from fo high, it invites the induftrious planters to contrive mills for the fuflenance
of the city ; of which there are already a great many.

Two leagues further from this bay, in the thirty-feventh degree, the fo much
celebrated Biobio enters the fea. It is the moll powerful river of all Chile : it has
at its entrance two or three miles in breadth, more or lefs, according as it fwells or
flirinks, which is a great deal, confidering its fhort courfe : but that is not the chief
thing which makes it famous, and deferve fo much praife; it is its wholefome waters;
for (befides the particular excellence they may acquire, by pafllng through veins of
gold, which neverthelefs many other rivers of this country have too,) it has a fingular
advantage, by a fmall river which falls into it ; which river, taking its rife and courfe
among Sarzaparilla roots, communicates to the other its virtue and good qualities, and
makes it a cure for many infirmities. There is a tradition, that at the fource of this
river there were molt rich mines, worked before ever the Spaniards came into thefe
parts. Upon this information, Don Alonfo de Sottomayor, prefident of the country,
fent a band of foldiers to view them, as they did ; though as they came back, they
were laid wait for by the Indians, our enemies, and had a fmart engagement with them,
and had much ado to efcape with their lives. This Indian people do always as much
as they can to hide from the Europeans the treafures and riches of their country, as it
has been faid already.

This river is the bounds which divides the Spaniards and our Indian friends from
the Indian enemies : in winter the river overflows fo, that all the fords are unpaffable ;
and fo the foldiers may take fome repofe 'till the fpring, at which time they are to
begin their inroads again. The enemy on his fide has no garrifon, nor place of
ftrength ; for they truft to their mountains, to which they can retire at any time : but
the Spaniards have many garrifons all along the river, with which they bridle and
keep in awe the potent rage of their proud enemy, who alone has given them more
trouble than all the reft of America.

Their chief forts, befides the cities of the Conception and Chilian, are thofe of
Arauco and St. Philip, in which there are generally about fixteen hundred natural
Spaniards, befides the Indian allies, who are numerous. The firft of thefe is upon" the
fea-fide, and the other nearer the Cordillera. There are others between on each fide
of the river, and fome pretty far into the enemy's country. I can name nine of thefe
forts ; which are, that of St. Angol, of the Nativity, of St. Anne, of St. Rofendo, of
Good Hope, of Talmacahuida, of St. Peter, of Colcuta, and that of Levo. Thefe are
all provided with great guns, and a fufficient number of foldiers ; and at fuch propor-
tionable diftances from each other, that they can foon receive notice of what is

1 2 neceffary

ovalle's historical relation of chile. sy

neceflary to be known from the firft to the laft by the cannon-fhot, according as it may
have been concerted beforehand.

The company of Jefus has here two refidences, one in Arauco, and the other in the
fort of Good Hope ; from whence they alfo make their attempts, not againft the
bodies, but to fave the fouls of their enemies, engaging with hell itfelf, and obtaining
over it daily and glorious victories, as it fhall be told in its proper place ; for now we
muft follow the defcription already begun of the rivers of Chile.

After Biobio follow four others much inferior to it : they are the rivers of Colcura,
Arauco, Lavapie, and Levo, which empties itfelf near the thirty-eighth degree ; and a
little further, that of Ralemo, which a little from its fource is called Coypo, in near
thirty-nine degrees. The pleafant and peaceful river of the Imperial enters the fea,
having firfl incorporated with its ftream, the river called the Ladies River, becaufe of
the delicacy of its waters and quiet current. More above, near its fource, it receives
the two rivers of Curarava and Eyow, which, before they meet to enter the river Im-
perial, form the much celebrated lake of Puren, a moft unconquerable fortrefs of the
Indians, who are more fecure in it, than the Spaniards in any of theirs.

About half a degree beyond the river Cauren, which is the fame as the Imperial,
the river Tolten pays its tribute to the fea, and is deep enough for great fhips. About
eight leagues further, the river Queule does the fame ; which, though fmall, yet re-
ceives barks in it, and is about nine leagues upon a north and fouth line from the famous •
river of Valdivia. >.

CHAP. IX. — 0/ the famous Port and River of Valdivia*

THE river and port of Valdivia, never enough commended by foreign writers, and
no lefs admired by thofe who have feen it, had its name from Pedro de Valdivia, firft
governor and conqueror of Chile. It is, as it were, in the centre of the whole
kingdom, at almoft forty degrees latitude fouth-weft from Seville in Spain ; upon a
plain map one thoufand nine hundred and feventy leagues, meafured by the heavens.
The fun is five hours, and a third part of an hour, in going from the meridian of
Seville to the meridian of Valdivia ; fo that when it is noon at Seville, it is in Valdivia
fix o'clock and forty minutes in the morning. Its longeft day is of fourteen hours, or
thereabouts.

This river has its opening to the north ; and becaufe of the depth of its waters,
great fhips can go up to the very city, which is two or three leagues from the fea :
when they are there, they can lie fo near the fhore, as with a plank to go in and out,
and take in and unload their cargo, without the help of boats. There is juft over-
againft the city, a fine ifland, called the Ifland of Conflantine, with two little ones,
one before, and the other behind the ifland. The river is navigable on bpth fides the
ifland ; but becaufe the fouth branch has more depth, the great fhips come in that
way, and the lefler by the north branch.

There are two high points of land, like rocks, which mark the entrance of this
river ; the biggeft is to the north, and is called Bonifacio's Hill ; the fouth is lefTer,
and is called Gon9alo's Hill. When one is entered fome way up the river, there is
another ftraighter paflage, which is the key of the port, or rather ports, becaufe there
are many harbours within. This entrance has alfo two hills, which come fo near each
other, that I have heard a captain, who was fent to found the river, relate, that in the
middle he was within mufl?;et-fhot of either hill j the fouth one is called Morro de los

VOL. XIV. I Man9anos,

58 ovalle's historical relation of chile,

Man9anos, and the oppofite Morro de Niera : fo that, according to this account, there
might be an iron chain laid from the one to the other, with which, and two forts raifed
on each fide, the entrance would be made impenetrable.

As foon as this ftraight is paffed, there is on the fouth fide a noble port ; for though
all the river may be called fo, for the quietnefs of its water, yet this is more advanta-
geoufly fituated, by being covered with the mountains of the land : it is called the port
of the Corral : it forms a bay capable of receiving great fleets. When you have paffed
this port, there appears the firft ifland ; between which and the land on the fouth fide,
there are many ihoals and fands ; wherefore the fhips take the north fide, and go be-
tween this ifland and the great one ; and then follow their courfe up to the city, by the
channel of the great ifland. The leffer veffels may keep the other fide of the ifland.

Befides all thefe good quahties, this port has other advantages from the land, by the
fertility of the country, which produces corn and fruits of all kinds, except grapes,
which do not ripen here fo well as in other parts of Chile, from which wine is brought
to thefe parts : but it has great plenty of beef and mutton, fowls and venifon. It has
alfo wood for the building of fliipping ; and that which is above all, it has the richeft
mines of the fined gold in Chile ; and in all America there is none comes up to it, but
the gold of Carabaya.

This is the account of Antonio de Herrera. He adds, that there was an Indian, who
had every day d revenue of twenty-five or thirty pefos of gold ; which being obferved
by the governor Valdivia, he fent the Adelantado Hyeronimo de Alderate to Spain, to
hiform His Catholick Majefly of the great riches of the kingdom of Chile, that His
Majefl:y might make the more efteem of it ; and to invite foreigners to come and people
the country, and help him to conquer it, he fent fome Spaniards by land, whofe ftir-
rups, breaft-plates, and all that ufed to be iron about a horfe, were of fine gold j and
that, not fatisfied with this, he had refolved to go in perfon, to inform His Majefly,
and obtain from him the confirmation of his government : to which end he employed
twenty thoufand Indians to bring him gold, deligning to embark and fail through the
ftraigihts of Magellan, if death had not prevented him.

This city was founded by the governor Valdivia, in the year 1552, upon a high
rifing, but plain fide of a hill, and above the refl: of the country.

The famous Indian lady Recloma was very inftrumental in helping towards its con-
queflt and foundation. The ftory was thus : the Spanifli forces were come to this river,
conquering the country all the way before them ; but here the Indians not being wil-
ling to let foreigners fettle in their country, took up arms, and making the river ferve
for their defence, hindered the progrefs of Valdivia, and gave him great trouble. But
he being a man of great courage, was not daunted by this refifliance, but endeavoured
to pafs the river to engage the enemy.

Upon this occafion, this brave Indian lady, either infpired by Heaven, or touched
by compafl^ion of fo much blood as muft be flied on both fides in the recounter, offered
the governor, that flie alone would gain him the vidory, without any other force, than
that of her eloquence and courageous mind. " Stay here," faid flie, " and go no
farther ; for I will put all this province into thy hands, and will make thee this day
lord of all that thy eyes can difcover. Stay for my return here, and do not fuffer any
of thy foldiers to pafs on a ftep further." The governor promifed to do fo ; and,
upon his word, and promife of good treatment to the Indians who fliould fubmit to
his God and his king, flie threw herfelf into the water, and, in the prefence of them
all, fwam the river. When flie was landed, flie defired audience of the general of
the Indians ; to whom flie delivered her meffage with fo much force of eloquence,

12 that

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 59

tliat they fubmitted to her reafons, and promifed to accept of what terms Ihould, be
given them. With this the famous Recloma returned to the Spaniards, fmging viftory,
laying at their feet the richeft prize they could wifli ; and fuch a one, as after much
time, expence, and bloodflied in the conqueft of it, they would have thought them-
felves well paid to be mafters of fuch a country, whofe golden mines they prefently^
began to work : by which means the city increafed fo faft, that if the devil had not
troubled the peace, and caufed the rebellion of the Indians, which ruined it, it had
been one of the firft and beft cities of the Indies.

The Hollanders, our enemies, are well informed of the nature of the country, and
the excellency of the port, and do all they can to get poffeffion of it ; but our Saviour,
who, by his grace, has hitherto preferved thofe countries free from herefy and its cor-
ruption, will not permit that this Hydra of hell Ihall infeQ: that air with its venomous
breath, nor bread a contagion in the purity of its faith, which is propagated fo fmcere
and true in the hearts of thofe new Chriftians.

This has been proved by the fuccefs of a fleet of theirs in the year 1 643, when thefe
rebellious pirates pafled the ftraights of Magellan, with a defign to fettle at Valdivia ;
for though in effed they did people the place, having firft paflTed by the iflands of
Chiloe, where our company has fo many glorious miffions, in which they threw down
the altars and the crofles, and committed other enormities proper to their impiety and
obftinacy, yet at laft they came off no laughers, but had reafon to lament rather. The
fame befell another of their generals, called Antonio Sivaftro, many of his fleet being
taken prifoners, and thirty of them hung up by the feet, as is related by their own
authors, John and Theodore de Brye.

But in this fecond occafion, they paid yet more feverely for their attempt ; for in
the very fame ifland where they had committed all thefe diforders, God took the life
of the general, punifhing his unhappy foul with the due chaftifement of fuch an un-
dertaking. They loft the fhip which carried their provifions, their ammunition, thirty
pieces of artillery, all the brick and lime, and other materials for building three forts,
which they had orders to raife in the river of Valdivia, and on the ifland of Conftan-
tine in that river ; and having afterwards got to Valdivia, and begun to people, their
new general, whofe name was Elvis Aramans, was forced to fliut up all his people in
the ifland of Conftantine, becaufe they run from him continually, and forfook him ;
befides the prifoners made in the iflands of Chiloe, and others deftroyed by us, and
the warlike Indians. •

In (hort, God having efpoufed this caufe as his own, they were tormented with
hunger ; and before the Spaniards, who were on their way, could come up to them,
their own difeafes and lofTes obliged them to weigh anchor, and be gone. This was
their wifeft courfe ; for if they had ftaid till the fleet from Peru had come up to them,
and the land forces from Chile had attacked them, they had not got ofl?" fo well ; for
the Marquis of Manfera being fo good a foldier himfelf, and fo zealous for God and
his king, immediately, upon the firft news of their arrival, had fet out ten fail, which
he provided with powder and ammunition, and difpatched them to give advice along
the coaft ; then he prepared a navy, which was to be of 16 galloons and fhips, and
4000 Spaniards, refolving to go in perfon, or at leaft to fend his fon.

The governor of Chile, the Marquis of Baydes, with his accuftomed vigilancy and
readinefs in things, where the fervice of God and the king are concerned, and as a
captain of that valour and experience, which he Ihewed in Flanders, was ready to
enter by land, after having provided all the ports of the kingdom with the army kept
on foot by His Majefty ; fo that if the Hollander had had yet more force than he had,

12 . being

$0 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

being fo hard preffed both by fea and land, he muft either have relinquifhed the port^
or perilhed there for ever.

It has been feen on this occafion, that one man is as good as many in the defence
of the caufe of God and their country, againft any invader whatfoever, every one de-
fpiiing all dangers on fuch an account ; but particularly Colonel de Villa Nueva Soberal
fignalized himfelf at this time ; for being general of the kingdom, and governor of the
country of Arauco, he ventured himfelf in a fmall bark in the midfl of winter, to
folicit at Lima the neceffary fuccodrs, and aflifl" the viceroy for a more quick difpatch
of all things.

He took with him father Domingo Lazaro, of the company of Jefus, that he might
inform him as an eye-witnefs of all that had pafled, he being at that time employed in
Chiloe in the apoflolical millions, when the Hollanders landed : he, neverthelefs, with
undaunted courage, embarked in the midft of the winter in a tempeftuous fea, as it is
at that time ; and without apprehenfion of all thofe dangers, and of being made a
prifoner by the Hollanders, who lay in his way, and could fcarce be avoided, he ar-
rived at the city of the Conception, where he gave an account of all that had hap-
pened ; by which means the country was immediately prepared, and in arms for their
defence.

There is another adion which ought not to be concealed, as well becaufe it fhews
the great prudence of the Marquis de Baydes, as the outrage of 20 Spanifh foldiers.
It being uncertain whether the enemy were ftill at Valdivia, or whether he had aban-
doned it, they offered to go in a boat up the river, as they did by the governor's com-
mand ; and without being terrified by the manifeft danger they expofed themfelves to,
they went as high as the town j and having difcovered the ill condition of the enemy,
and his defign of leaving the place, they returned with that advice. This moved the
general not to attack them, as was at firft refolved ; but it did not hinder his intention of
peopling the place, (as I beheve was done by laft fummer ;) for I have advice from Pana-
ma, that there is a garrifon of 600 Spaniards left there ; to which our Indian friends being
joined, and the coaft Indians alfo, that poll will be henceforth inexpugnable, and by
it the South Sea will be fecured ; for it being already fo dangerous to fail through the
ftraights, and fo eafy for us who are at home to defend this poll of Valdivia, and hav-
ing all the land our friends, we receive fuccours both from the Spaniards and Indians,
who are fo friendly, that their caciques fent to offer their afiiftance of their own ac-
cord againft the Hollanders ; I fay it will be very hard henceforward for any one to give
us any difturbance.

CHAP. X. — A Continuation of the Defcription of the Rivers of Chile, and particularly
thofe which run to the Eafi ; and of the Difference between the one and the other fide of
the great Cordillera.

THE river next to that of Valdivia is that which is called Chalbin ; it is deep, and
capable of great velTels. From this river, to a place called the Punta de Galera, it is
about two leagues ; and from this to Rio Bueno feven j into which fall five rivers more,
and one which is beyond the bounds of Valdivia.

After this is the Rio Chico, which comes from a lake at the foot of the Cordillera ;
in which lake are baths to cure leprofy and other infirmities. Next to this is the Rio
de la Ballena, which is clofe to the cape of that name, fo called becaufe of a whale of
prodigious bignefs, which died upon that coaft. After this, you come to the Archi-
pelago

I

0VaLle*s historical relation of chile. 6 1

pelago of iflands, into which falls the river called De los Rabudos, becaufe of an
Indian nation of that name, fo called, becaufe it is faid they are born with tails, as
father Gregory of Leon defcribes them in his map. More on to the fouth is the river
De los Coronados, named fo by the company of a fhip which put in there on the day
of the Forty Martyrs fo called.

After thefe there are many rivers all along the coaft ; the firft is called De la Efpe-
ronfa, or of Hope, becaufe of the wiflies, that one day the light of the Gofpel may
reach to thofe parts by means of the minifters of it. The fecond is called Rio fin
Fundo, or the river without a bottom, becaufe of the great depth of it. The third
is called the Gallegos, from a Spaniard of that name who failed along thofe coafts,
and, like another Icarus, gave his name to one of them, by being drowned in the fea
by it, at a cape which has the fame name. Then follow the rivers De los Martyres,
and De los Apoftolos ; and immediately after them two others. The firft has no name,
the fecond is called De los Gigantes, or of the Giants, becaufe here they were begun
to be feen, and they reach all along the ftraights. The famous river called De la Cam-
pana, enters at a place named El Ancon fin SaUda : this name was given to the river,
becaufe its two arms feem to form the fhape of a bell. There are two rivers more be-
fore you come to the ftraights, to wit, that of De los Paxaros, or of birds, by reafon
of the vaft quantity of them that were upon it, in that part which comes towards the
ftraights ; and the other of St. Viftorian, called fo from the opening, to which the
fame faint gives its name. As for the other rivers which run among the iflands, and
thofe which empty themfelves into the ftraights, they are many, and fhall be defcribed
in their proper places.

Hitherto we have defcribed the rivers of moft renown of this long extended king-
dom, which run from eaft to weft, and empty themfelves into the South Sea ; thofe
which run from the oppofite part of the Cordillera, towards the North Sea, are not fo
well known, becaufe thofe parts are lefs inhabited, at leaft, by fuch as can give us a
good account of them. The moft remarkable of them are thofe of St. John, and of
Mendoga, which are very large rivers, and empty themfelves into the famous lake of
Guanacache.

The governor Hieronimo Lewis de Cabrera, a gentleman of great valour and merit,
met with feveral great rivers in his paflage over thofe vaft plains called the Pampas,
where, as at fea, people are fain to travel by the compafs, not to lofe themfelves : he
was in queft of a nation called the Ceflates, of whom we ftiall treat hereafter in its
proper place. They were forced to pafs many great rivers, and, without doubt, there
are many more as far as the Pole.

Neverthelefs I am perfuaded, that thefe rivers do not equal thofe which run oppofite,
and enter the fea on the coaft of Chile ; and this may be clearly gathered from the
difterence which may be obferved in paffing the Cordillera, between each fide of the
mountain, which is fo great, that they feem two different worlds, the eaft and weft
parts ; and one would think Heaven had put thefe mountains to divide them as a wall,
and keep off from the weft, all the ftorms and ill weather of the eaft, where are the
provinces of Cuyo and Tucuman, not to difturb the ferenity and tranquillity of Chile
and the weftern parts. Any one that travels to the top of the high chain of moun-
tains, may experience this clearly ; for there he difcovers both horizons, and when he
looks to the eaft, all is covered with grofs vapours, which feem to hinder the light,
and ftiadow all the country ; and at the fame time looking weft, the heaven is fo chrif-
talline and bright, that it caufes pleafure and joy to look on it. The eaft fide is full of
a cloudy thick air, which engenders ftorms and hail, with horrible thunders and light-
nings.

Si ovalle's historical relation of chile.

nings, which fright all the inhabitants : on the other fide, in the weft, there is not a
cloud to be feen, but clear and bright, as if the heavens themfelves were fuch a parti-
tion as the Cordillera to divide the climates, as that upon earth does produce a differ-
ence in the trees, plants, and animals on each fide.

A curious obferver contemplating once, from this heighth, this fo remarkable dif-
ference, faid, that nature, in the fabrick of this part of the world, feemed to have
turned her back upon the eaftern provinces, and looked with her face only upon Chile,
giving bleffings with both hands to this laft, and leaving the other, as it were, difin-
herited, and grieving at the pre-eminences of its elder brother. In going down to the
eaflward there are fewer fountains and rivers, and thofe muddy, the face of the land
melancholy, without fo much as one green tree to recreate the fight, nor any pleafant
verdure ; and when at lafl there is fome, as in the valley of Ufpallata, the heats begin
to be fo intolerable, that all thingS feem afflifting and unkind. On the other fide,
when we go to the wefl, it is quite contrary ; for as foon as we begin to defcend, we
meet with lovely fprings ; the trees are green, the groves frequent and pleafant, and
the little valleys, which are like fo many refling-places in that great flair-cafe, where
paflengers take breath, and are refrefhed with the verdure and flowers of them, the
air flill grows purer and purer ; and the more they come down, the more they leave
behind them all the inclemences of the climate of the other fide, enjoying the advan-
tages of the temperate Chile ; for from the very foot of the mountains one feels the
mildnefs of the fea-air, and one is rejoiced with the harmony of the birds, and other
delightful objefts, fo as to forget the trouble and danger of the way one has pafTed.

There is the fame difference in the very land at the foot of the mountains ; for on
the eaft fide there are a few fountains ; the land is barren, and little cultivated ; nei-
ther are there flocks of any kind either fed or bred, fo that the fields look like a ufelefs
barren ground, except it be that the thinnefs of the people has not as yet given way to
try the fertility of the earth ; for the plains below thefe are extremely fertile, where
they are cultivated ; but at prefent there is nothing but thorns and barren drynefs in
thofe parts.

It is not fo to the weft, where fountains break out continually, which in the winter
are temperate, and in the fummer as cold as ice, and that fo much the more as the
weather grows hotter and hotter. Thefe fprings do fo fertilize the fields at the foot of
the mountains, that they keep the earth frefh and green all the year, though it be but
a patch ; for moft of the ground is woody, and there is fuch a variety of wild trees,
that one would think they were arbors and groves planted by the hand of man : many
of thefe are loaded with fruits of the country, of which the Indians make excellent
drinks, and fome of them are very good to eat. The valleys are full of odoriferous
beautiful flowers, brought forth by nature, without any human induftry : there are alfo
among them moft extraordinary phyfical plants of a beautiful afpe£l. The little hills
and plains afford excellent pafture for all forts of cattle and flocks : there are alfo ad-
mirable valleys for planting of olives and almond-trees, and all forts of fruit-trees. At
the lower part, about a league in the plain, there are vineyards, of which are made ex-
cellent wines, particularly mofcatells, which are in great efteem.

There are likewife in this defcent of the mountain, admirable paftures, where great
flocks are bred, and do increafe wonderfully ; their flefh is extremely favory, and the
milk of the goats is fo fat, that by only boiling and ftirring it gently over the fire, I
have feen it grow as thick as if flower had been put into it ; and yet in other parts
this milk is of its nature very thin. This may be faid particularly of the young fhe-
goats J and the milk thus boiled has a fweetnefs and delicacy which paffes ordinary milk

eve

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 63

even with the things that are put in to mend it ; all which are arguments of the great
fubftance and nourifhment of that land.

CHAP . XL — Of the Effe6ls produced by the great Snow of the Cordillera.

WITH the firft rains of the winter, which are about the middle of May, the Cor-
dillera begins to be covered with fnow, and to put on, as it were, a white armour,
to hinder its being paffed, not only by men, but even by animals and birds, which are
fo driven out of it by the rigour of that feafon, that there is not one remaining in it.

Even the Silguerillos, and Sorfales, birds which of their own nature are fo hot,
that in the very beginning of the fummer they take to the mountain, as foon as they
perceive that the winter draws near, come in flocks down to avoid its rigour in the
mountains ; and then it is that the taking of them is eafy, and that as foon as the cold
pinches, the ground being almofl covered with them, it proves the feafon of moft
pleafure for the youth of the country, who going out, take fo many of them, either
with glue or nets, that they carry loads of them home, referving thofe of the fineft
colours to put in cages, for their harmony is very fweet. The Cordillera is ihut up
five or fix months in the year ; fo that till October or November, it cannot be pafled
without manifefl danger of one's life ; and in the midfl of winter not at all, becaufe all
the paths and ways are covered with fnow to the height of many yards ; and if any
one ihould be ralh enough to attempt it, he would, after a little going, fink in every
where, fo that he would not be able to go a ftep forward or backward, as has hap-
pened to feveral, who either for fome very prefling concern and interefl, or flying from
a death which threatened them for their crimes, have found it in thefe defarts more cer-
tainly than perhaps they would have done in the prifons where they feared it.

Thefe are buried, not in fepulchres whitened on the outfide, nor under cold marble,
but in the very bofom of frofl and fnow, which preferves them without being embalmed,
and yet keeps them as incorruptible and dry, for fo they have been found after many
years ; for fuch is the cold of thofe mountains, that it dries up all the moiflure that
can caufe corruption in dead bodies, and fo preferves them.

This fo infuperable difficulty of pafling the Cordillera, is lefs at the entrance, than
the end of the winter, becaufe the drifts of fnow are not then fo violent as to (hut up
the ways entirely ; for in thofe feafons fome do venture to pafs, though never but with
great danger, and upon urgent occafions ; if fometimes they are fo lucky as to get off
well, becaufe they meet with a clear iky, yet at other times it cofts them dear ; and
it is always with infinite labour that they get through.

I have feen others who efcaped with their lives by God*s mercy, becaufe the ftorm
catched them before they were too far engaged in the mountain, and fo they could yet
make a retreat to the low countries ; others have been forced to open their mule's bel-
lies that they ride on, and hide themfelves in them ; and by that warmth, and other
defence of clothes, they make a fhift to get over the ftorm of fnow, if it does not laft
long ; after which they gain the plaifis on foot, if they are not too far engaged, and
fo avoid the danger, but not the long-fuiFerings which follow generally after fuch
adventures.

In fhort, every body has fome ftory to tell of the mountain, and complain of it ;
for fome lofe their toes, others their fingers ; and fome their fight ; fome are benumbed
and lamed, and fo remain all their life with great infirraides. And I do not wonder at

all

64 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

all this, becaufe though one Ihould pafs without a ftorm, yet the cold is fo terrible,
that it cannot but injure nature extremely in that feafon, fince even in the midft of
furamer, when we pafs this mountain, and in the lower part of it fweat with heat, as foon
as we come to pafs the top, we are forced to put on double cloathing, and prepare the
ftomach with good warm things, to withftand the fharpnefs of the cold, and the
fubtilenefs of the air, which penetrates the body through and through, if it be not
well covered.

Among the feveral times that I have paffed this mountain, one was in the beginning
of April, when autumn in thofe parts is at an end, and the winter begins to threaten,
and I muft own, that the cold was fo intenfe, that it feemed a different fpecies of cold
from all thofe I ever felt either in India or Europe ; though even then it had not begun
to fnow, the cold was fo fierce that it made one's hands cleave ; nay, it had an effeft
upon the very rocks, for I remember the fun was reflefted by them as by a looking-
glafs. When we come to treat of the firft difcovery of this kingdom, I fhall relate
what was endured by the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro with his army, and by
thofe who afterwards followed him, and paffed this mountain, in which they were fo
ill-handled, that fome were ftruck blind, others lame ; fome loft their fingers without
feeling it, becaufe the exceffive cold took away all fenfe ; fome were frozen to death,
and with them fome horfes, whom fix months after fome other Spaniards found fo frefli
and well preferved, that they eat of them ; and to fecure themfelves from cold, made
a defence of thofe dead bodies ; nay, fome got into them. About fix years after,
others going that way, found a Negro, who at that time was frozen to death, leaning
againft the fide of a rock, with a led horfe, and the reins in his hand, though confumed
with time. They who have a mind to know more particulars, let them read Don
Antonio de Herrera, Decade 5. Book 10. Chap. 5. and alfo Gareilaffo de la Vega, in
his firft tome.

It is neceffary to underftand, that it is of this cold of the mountain that authors
fpeak, when they fay, that the cold of Chile is fo fevere, that the rivers are frozen up,
and men frozen to death in the fields ; for this is only true of thofe uninhabitable
mountains, where I believe at that feafon the rivers do not run, but are turned into
chryftal ; and if any fprings do efcape, they are very few, and that in the valleys moft
fecured and fheltered ; that appears by the rivers which run in the plain country,
which are almoft dried up, in comparifon of the quantity of water that they carry with
them in the fummer.

And thus the truth of what hiftorians relate may be faved from contradiftion ; for
they not knowing the country, make no diftindtion between the mountain and the
plains, in which there never was feen any fuch effect of cold in any part of them ; for
the fea air, which is thick and moift, tempers the fharpnefs of the blafts from the
Cordillera ; and for this reafon it is, that the colds of Pampas of Cuyo and Tucu-
man are fo infupportable ; as alfo thofe of Buenos Ayres, which being at fuch a dif-
ftanee from both feas, and not enjoying the warmth of its vapours, the air in
fummer is intolerably fcorching, and in the winter fo cold, and for want of rain fo
dry, that it is common for animals to be found dead in the fields, as well as the men
too fometimes.

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 5^

CHAP. XII. — Of the Fountains which rife in other Parts of Chile, beftdes the

Cordillera.

BESIDES the rivers and fprings of the Cordillera, there are others which rife in the
plains and valleys, which have admirable properties. I fhall mention fome, for it i$
impoflible to rehearfe them all, nor can I remember but a few. Firft, that which
rifes at the foot of the high volcano of Villa Rica, fo famous in that kingdom for its
terrible efFefts, for which God Almighty makes himfelf to be feared and refpeded by
mankind ; rifes, I fay, at the foot of this mount with fucb force, that it fprings out of
the earth in two fources, each as big as a man, and fufficient to form alone a good
ftream, and runs into a lake which is made by its waters.

In another lake, out of which comes the river called Rio Chico, there rifes alfo a
fountain of hot water, moft efficacious for the cure of leprofies, and all contagious
infirmities. There is another fprings up in the Maguey, yet moft admirable j for there
are two fources juft by one another, the one of hot, the other of cold water j the
hot one is fo hot, that no one can endure his hand in it ; the cold one is let in to tem-
per the bath which is made for the fick. The baths of Rancagua are alfo very famous,
and like thefe ; which, for being near St. Jago, and in the greateft intercoufe of the
kingdom, are very ufeful, and much frequented. There are others in other parts;
but not remembering them diftinftly, I can fay little of them. Among the fountains,
that of Ramon is very famous, as well for the goodnefs, as abundance of its waters ;
which is fuch, that they alone are fufficient to water many fields : it is about two leagues
eaftward of St. Jago, and in that diftrid. There are many others, among which, that
of Caren is worth taking notice of: it fprings in a beautiful meadow, of about five or
fix leagues in length, affording a delicious profpeQ: j its water is very fweet, and enters
into the meadow ; the earth of which is fo porous, that whoever treads hard upon it,
feels it fhake under him : it is all the year green ; and the grafs is a kind of fmall tre-
foil, called by the inhabitants Caren, and is pleafant to eat. Neither ought I to pafs
over in filence another fountain between thefe two, very plentifully furniflied with de-
licate fweet water, which is always fo much the cooler, as the weather is hotter ; it is
called the fountain of Mayten, by reafon of a tree of that name, which grows at the
foot of a great fquare table of live rock, where people ufe to go and eat their collations,
the tree fheltering them all the while from the heat ; for it is a tree whofe leaves are
green all the year, fomething like a myrtle, but much larger, and without difpute of
a more beautiful green : by its foot runs this fountain, whofe fource is a little higher
in a valley, from whence it comes murmuring upon pebble ftones, and among pleafant
groves full of beautiful herbs and flowers.

The trees, though wild, yet bear very favoury fruits of that foil ; and in them are
great variety of birds, who, with their harmony and fweet notes, make the entertain-
ment more delightful for thofe that frequent the place. It is not the leaft part of
their enjoyment, to difcover at the end of thefe woods a profped: for many leagues
over plains, which being of fo great extent, many of them lie uncultivated ; fo that
among the vineyards and plowed lands, the wild uncultivated part is fo beautiful,
particularly in the fpring, that one would think art had helped nature. There are in
one place great fpots of yellow flowers, which cover the earth, fo that for a great
fpace nothing elfe is to be feen ; then you have white, blue, fillemot fpots of the fame
proportion; the green meadows mingle in this with the waters of the river Mapocho,
which is feen from this diftance fometimes entire in its bed, then divided into feveral

vol. XIV. K arm?

66 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

arms, and at lafl drained into the fields of the neighbouring grounds, to fertilize them.
The profped is terminated with feveral farms, which are called Chacras, with their
churches ; and in the midft of all, the city of St. Jago, the capital of Chile, which
being not above two leagues oif, and the heavens fo ferene, the towers of it are eafily
diftinguifhed, and the bells heard fometimes.

This diftrift is full of a many more fprings, all within the compafs of a mile of each
other ; and their waters are excellent and healthy.

That which is to the north of the city of St. Jago, called Conchalli, is likewife highly
•commended ; it fprings in a little valley, called the Salto, or Leap, becaufe of the fall
of the river Mapocho. This river comes running in a plain to a certain place ; where
being divided (for it is the work of induftry) into two branches, the greatefl of which
runs in its natural channel, the lefTer is derived to water this valley ; which towards
the weft is even ; but towards the eaft the land is fo high, through which the river
runs, that it is two or three miles from the bottom of the valley to the high grounds,
from whence the river falls. It is precipitated with great noife, making lovely and
various cafcades by the rencounter of the rocks and other obftacles, which by their
ftrait pafTages retard its courfe, till at laft it comes entire to the valley, and is divided
into cuts and channels for the watering it ; which is not ungrateful, to make a more
than ordinary return to thofe who cultivate it, not only in corn, moft excellent wine,
and moft favoury fruits of all kinds, but alfo it ripens them above a month before any
other place thereabouts ; and it is very remarkable, that in this valley, which is only
half a league from the city of St. Jago, the figs ufe to be ripe in it, when in the gardens
of the city, and all its neighbourhood, they fcarce begin to change colour : therefore,
as well for this as for the game it affords, of partridges on the hills, and wild fowl in
the waters and ponds of it, it is the greateft entertainment all thofe parts afford.

I {hall not dilate upon m9re of thefe fountains, which are fo frequent ; for if I were
to mention them all, I fhould never have done ; for fince thofe alone of the Conception,
Arauco, and the country of the limits upon the warlike Indians, would require a large
treatife, befides thofe of the diftrid of St. Jago, what would it be then in the territories
of the ancient cities, which are yet farther in the country ? for it abounding extremely
in rivers, it is to be prefumed that it muft be fo in fountains and fprings ; all which
proceeds from the abundance of moifture of the Cordillera.

Of thefe fprings, the moft agreeable for their good waters are the fartheft off from
the Cordillera, becaufe they are more purified by a long motion, and refined by the
good qualities of the earth they run through, particularly the mineral impregnations
are fingular : I cannot but mention one, which is in the novitiate of the company of
the Jefuits of Bucalemo, whofe waters are not to be matched, at leaft I never met with
the like ; for without drinking them, one may difcover by the touch their noblenefs,
their foftnefs being like that of new butter ; and they do make the hands that are
waftied in them in a few days fmooth, and thereby prove their vaft difference from
other waters.

This fountain fprings in a little valley, very pleafant, under fome hills, about a
league from the fea ; and it bubbles up between a white fand, in which there is gold,
as if it had a fire under it to make it boil. It is wonderful to obferve, that if they
throw any bough or flowers upon it, it feems to take it ill, and never is at reft till it
has fwallowed it up, leaping up againft it feveral times, till it has made it his own, and
hid it from our fight ; and this it will do for a whole evening, if they continue throwing
flowers or branches of trees into it, without any body's being able to tell what becomes
of them all.

The

OVAX-I/H'S HISTORICAL RELATION OP CHILE. 6y

The e£Fe£ls that this water caufes in the ftomach are admirable : it helps to digeft
the meat with more eafinefs ; it deftroy scrudities, diflblves phlegms and grofs humours,
and evidently prolongs life, efpecially to old men. This was moft particularly made clear
in the perfon of the famous Captain Sebaftian Garcia Caretto Chumazero, the founder
of that novitiate, who lived there many years, and came to be ninety years old in good
health, and fo vigorous, that he did to the laft go on horfeback through the woods and
mountains, as if he had been a young man. I heard him fay many times, that this
fountain was his life ; for as foon as he found himfelf any ways out of order, he fent
immediately for the water of it, and drinking it frefh from the fpring, he ufed to go
to bed upon it ; where falling afleep, he would after fome time awake well difpofed :
this I have often been witnefs of. The old Indians thereabouts experienced the fame,
and did attribute their good ftate of health to this fpring, without ufmg any other
phyfick or remedies.

CHAP. XIII. — Of the Lakes of Chile, and the Salt that is gathered from thenu

AFTER having treated of the fountains and rivers, it feems natural to treat of the
lakes and (landing waters formed out of them, and by fome inundations of the fea in
winter, when it fills them, and leaves them provided for all the fummer. Thofe made
by rivers come firft in rank ; and I wilh my memory would ferve to place them here,
with their feveral qualities. Omitting then to repeat what we have faid of thofe of
Aculco and Pudaguel, which being near St. Jago, make the greatefl diverfion of its
inhabitants, we will begin with the lake of Tagataguas, about fourteen leagues from
that city, and which once was more in efteem ; for the trouts catched there are of a
large fize, and the game for wild fowl fo much more diverting, that there is no com-
parifon between thefe waters and others. I do not defcribe here particularly the variety
of wild fowl, becaufe I intend to do it when I treat of the variety of birds of this coun-
try. The lakes of Villa Rica are of great renown, though I confefs I know little of
their properties.

The lake of Puren has been famous, having been an impregnable fortrefs for the
warlike Indians our enemies, by reafon of the difpofition and qualities of its fituation ;
for from thence they have for many years maintained a war with whole armies of
Spaniards, without being fubdued : their advantage lay in this ; that upon any rout
given them by us, they had here a moft certain and fafe retreat, which, when once
they had recovered, they were out of all danger ; for none could hurt them either by
fword or fire.

The fea lakes are alfo many, and of great profit to their owners ; for the fifheries in
them are much more certain than in the fea : for which reafon they furnifti the beft
part of the lenten fare, though the fea affords a great deal too. Among the reft the
lake of Rapel brings a great revenue : it runs in length above two leagues within the
land. In the winter time the fea is joined to it ; for by its ftorms it forces an entrance,
but it leaves it full of all forts of fifti ; which, with thofe that are bred there, furnifh it
for the whole year, and enable it to fupply all the neighbouring country ; and that not
only with fifh, but with fait too in abundance ; for, about January,* the communication
ceafing between it and the fea, when the fun is at its hotteft in that climate, the water
is congealed fo, that it has a cruft of a foot or more thick of a moft excellent white
fait. This, indeed, does not happen every year ; for it requires an extreme heat to do
it, the lake being deep, and the climate there more inclining to cold : but they provide

K 2 themfelves

68 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

themfelves in one, for many others ; and the falt-pits made by hand feldom fail ; for
they not being of great extent, the water that is let into them turns to fait with lefs
heat, the matter to be congealed being lefs in itfelf. And fmce we are mentioning
fait, I cannot omit to relate what I myfelf have feen in the valley of Lampa, which is
about three leagues from St. Jago ; and it is this, there grows there an herb, not unlike
to Sweet Bafil, only its green is upon an alh-colour, and not fo gay ; it rifes about a
foot above ground : this plant, in the fummer, is covered over with fmall grains of
^■^"^ fait, like pearl, which is congealed upon its leaves, either from the dew of heaven, or
by fome vapour raifed by the fun from that earth ; or elfe the nature of the herb itfelf
is fuch, as to fweat out this humidity, which being afterwards congealed by the heat of
the fun, is turned into fait. Let the caufe be what it will, the efteft is feen no where
but in this valley, and upon that fpecies of herb ; which is therefore much valued by
the Indians, the fait of it being more favoury, and of a finer flavour than any other.

I cannot tell whether Johannes de Laet means this in his defcription of the new
world ; for having mentioned the kingdom of Chile, to which he gives the preference
for its excellent properties, he fays, that in that kingdom, in fome of its valleys, there
falls, at certain times of the year, a dew fo thick upon the leaves of the plants, that it
• is like fugar, and ferves, being kept fome time, for the fame ufe as manna. Antonio de
Herrera reports the fame thing, in his General Hiftory of the Weft-Indies ; and, amongft
other commendations he gives this noble kingdom, he relates the fame thing of this
ftrange and admirable dew. I fay upon this, that I know not whether they allude to
what I have reported of the valley of Lampa by my own fight, and have no knowledge
of that other thing they mention ; though one would think^ fuch authors fhould
diftinguifh things fo different in their effefts and favour, as fait and fugar. It is poffible
God may have done both, having been fo wonderfully liberal to that country, where
the fingularities are fo many and wonderful ; and it would therefore be no wonder
fome of them fhould not be known, efpecially confidering that we, who are there
employed for the converfion of fouls, have not time to fearch after curiofities, and
fecrets of nature.

CHAP. XIV. — Wherein is treated of the Sea of the Kingdom of Chile, and of the

Etymology of its Name,

THE fountains, fprings, rivers and brooks, carry us along with them naturally to
the fea, where their courfe ends, and where there is room for my pen to exercife
itfelf, if the brevity of this narration did not confine my flight : I muft therefore be
content to fay fomething of this element, that the nature of it may not be unknown as
to this new world.

Beginning therefore with the etymology of its name : It is well known that all com-
monly call it the South-Sea, becaufe it is towards the antarctick pole, from whence
generally the fouth wind blows, in ^oppofition to the Tramontano, or north, which
reigns in the ocean as far ^s the arctick pole. But leaving thefe difputes to the fchools,
or rather to that abyfs of Divine Wifdom, qui profert ventos de thefauris fuis, it is a
known truth,, that the eft'edts which the wind of the arctick pole caufes in its jurifdiftion
towards the oppofite part, the fame is caufed by the fouth wind in its motions from the
antarctick towards thefe parts.

In Chile we look upon the fouth wind as a favourable wind, as in Europe the north
is in the fame efteem. The north with us covers the heavens with clouds, caufes teni-

pefts

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 69

pefts and dorms at fea, and makes all the land dark and fad : the fouth, on the contrary,
clears the iky, ferenes the air, and makes the fea as calm as milk : on the contrary,
this fame fouth wind, in the north fea, is ftormy, and covers the heavens with clouds,
and raifes thofe tempefts, which do fo endanger fhips ; whereas the north, called there
Tramontane, clears all again, and makes the fine days.

From hence proceeds, that in America the fouth wind reigns in fummer, when the
fea is calm, and the north in winter, when it is tempeftuous : the north does moft
certainly bring with it the rains, particularly from thirty-fix degrees to the pole, and
that fo fuddenly, that fometimes, in the moment the wind comes to the north, the rain
falls, and moft commonly it is within half an hour after its change ; and when in thofe
parts in winter the fun is clear, and the weather fair, it is when the fouth wind over-
powers the north ; for the fouth in thofe parts is cold and dry, and fo drives away
the clouds, fo as it happens fometimes that the heavens are dark ; and as foon as the
clouds are difcharged, if the fouth appears a little the ftronger, it is an infallible fign
of calm weather, which generally follows in a trice ; for this wind drives all the clouds
fo before it, that when it blows, it does not leave one in the fky.

The contrary of this is feen in Europe, where the fouth winds bring humidity, and
the north drives it away : the fouth relaxes the body, and aflfeds the head ; but the
north ftrengthens the body, purifies the air, and dries up fuperfluous humours. In
Ihort, thefe two winds caufe quite different effedts in Europe and America, that we
may call the Europeans fons of the north, and thofe of South America children "of the
fouth.

From this there follows another very notable and well-known difference, which is,
that as to go from Europe to the Indies, the north is the proper wind, and carries us
before it, and by confequence is contrary to our return ; fo in the South-Sea, failing
from the pole towards thefe parts, the fouth is the favourable wind, and contrary to
our return : from whence it proceeds, that the voyage from Spain to Carthagena being
by the North-Sea, and made in thirty, forty, and fifty days, the return to Spain ufes to
laft fourfcore, and a hundred, and more days. On the contrary, in the South-Sea,
where the voyage from Chile to Lima is but of about a fortnight, and as much more
to Panama, or thereabouts, the return only to Lima is of two months, and from thence
to Chile forty days. The South-Sea is alfo called the Pacifick-Sea, to diftiriguifh it
from the North- Sea, whofe ftorms and tempefts are fo frequent ; whereas in the South-
Sea they are rare : but, in my opinion the difference is for another reafon, which I fhall
alledge here.

The moft frequent navigations of the South-Sea are from Peru to Panama, and from
thence to New Spain and the Philippinas ; and thofe from Peru to Chile are lefs ufed : by
which it appears, that the beft part of the South-Sea navigations are between the
tropicks ; and fo the fun has fo much force, as to keep the winds from being furious^
and making fuch lafting ftorms as thofe which are raifed without the tropicks, and in
parts nearer the pole ; for this reafon the failors, in thefe warm climates, where there
never is any winter, called this fea the Pacifick-Sea, from the good effefts they ex-
perienced in it. The contrary of this is in the North-Sea, where moft of the naviga-
tions are out of the tropicks ; where the fun having lefs force, the winter predominates,
and raifes mighty ftorms. Now the Europeans who fir ft navigated the South- Sea, being
fuch as were ufed to thofe dangers, to which the navigators of the northern parts are
moft commonly expofed, when they found fo quiet a fea as that under the line, and in
thofe which particularly are the feat of commerce with New Spain, Panama, and Peru,
they gave it the name of the Pacifick, without examining any further the caufe of the dif-

9 ference

70 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

ference of the efFefts, which they experienced in both feas : but if they had tried that very
South-Sea beyond the tropick of Capricorn, they would not fo eafily have named it
Pacifick.

I know that this difcourfe will be approved by thofe who have had experience of
the hardfhips which are fuffered by the navigators, from the twenty-fixth degree of
latitude on the coaft of Chile, to fifty-three degrees ; for there, as foon as the winter
begins, the fea cannot be navigated without manifeft danger, the ftorms being no ways
inferior to the greateft in the North-Sea ; and though at that feafon it is not fo dan-
gerous for fliips to fail from Chile to Lima, becaufe they every day get into a lefs latitude,
and fo enjoy a quieter fea, yet from Peru to Chile it is extremely dangerous, not only
becaufe they come into a greater latitude, and go out further to fea, to avoid the fouth
wind's oppofition, but alfo becaufe the vapours of the fea and cold mifts of the earth
do raife fuch fogs and dark clouds, that they cover the land fo, that when they make
their port, they are in great danger of fplitting upon the rocks.

This, I fay, is only of thofe coafts of Chile which are in the leafl latitude ; for from
the city of the Conception, towards the pole, even in fummer, they are dangerous ;
and the fhips which are bound for the iflands of Chiloe have not above two or three
months in the year to go in and out conveniently, or they neither go in nor out till the
year following : this is underftood as far as forty-four or forty-five degrees, in which
this archipelago of^ iflands is placed ; for from thence to the ftraights of Magellan,
thofe may relate the dangers who have experienced them, and pafled thofe ftraights :
all that I know of it is, that they all have matter enough to difcourfe of at their
return.

So that we may fay, that the name of Pacifick does not abfolutely belong to the
South-Sea, according to its whole extent, but only as to thofe parts of the greateft
intercourfe, which, becaufe they are within the tropicks, are the freeft from ftorms ;
and yet it cannot be denied, but that the South-Sea has an advantage over the North-
Sea, even within the tropicks, which is, that it is free from thofe great fands which
are fo common in the North-Sea, about Carthagena, La Havana, and other iflands,
nay, even in the canal of Bahama ; which indeed are fo many, that let a ftorm be but
moderate, they make it ftill greater, and more dangerous, by fliortening the fea-room,
and force the failors to be always heaving the lead, or elfe to fplit upon the rocks,
which may be clearly feen and diftinguiflied from the fliip*s fide.

I find likewife, that the South-Sea may be called Pacifick for another reafon, which
is, becaufe of the extreme quiet it enjoys in its navigation, without difturbance from
any of its enemies, who are fo frequent on dll fliores of the North- Sea ; for there being
no other entrance into the South-Sea, but by the ftraights of Magellan and St. Vincent,
which are at fuch diftance, and defended by nature itfelf, the enemies of our quiet do
not care to engage in fo ufelefs and dangerous a defign, with fo manifeft a deftruftion,
and fo little advantage, as hath happened already to fome hereticks who have attempted
it ; for having no fettlement, nor landing-place in all that vaft fea, they have been
forced to fail to the Philippinas : therefore the fliips of the South-Sea are free from any
fear of enemies, and go and come without any apprehenfion of danger on that fide.
Antonio de Herrera, in the fifth decade of his General Hiftory, fol. 319, relates the
motive that Magellan had to call this the Pacifick Sea, and that is, becaufe there is
not in all that element a more fpacious career for the winds and tides ; and becaufe
there reigns between the tropicks fo fteady and ftrong a levant, that in many days the
feamen need not hand their fails, nor the fteerfman his helm, failing through thofe vaft
feas as if it were in a canal or river. And the fame author adds, that this motion of this

wind

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE, fl

wind proceeds from the courfe of the firft Mobile, which is proved by its perpetual
invariability, and the increafe of its vehemence, as it draws nearer the equinox. Some
difpute, whether it ought to be called a wind, or an impulfe which the air receives
from fuperior orbs, communicated to them by the firfl fphere. So far this author.

CHAP. XV. — Of the Sea-coafis of Chile, and its Ports and Havens,

IT would be too great an excurfion beyond my purpofe, to mention all the ports
and creeks along the coaft of Chile ; for they are very numerous. George Spilberg,
admiral of a fleet of fix fail, whofe names were, the New Sun, the New Moon, the
Hunter, the Pole-ftar, Eolus, and Lucifer, fays, he obferved twenty-five ports in the
ftraights of Magellan alone, before he entered the South-Sea : he commends them
mightily, but particularly he is much pleafed with the twenty-fifth ; for he ftaid in it
fome time, and gave it his own name : he calls it a noble port, by reafon of its fafe*-
nefs for (hipping, as alfo for the pleafantnefs of the fields, which, he fays, were ail
covered with fruit ; which, I fuppofe, were ftrawberries, according to the defcription
he makes of them. He found there likewife abundance of excellent oyfters, at the
mouth of a river, which beautified that port extremely, it falling into it from high
mountains. But this retreat did not ferve them long ; for having feen fome very fine
coloured birds, they purfued them on fhore, and hunted them ; which they had no
fooner begun to do, but they were aflaulted by a troop of Indians, with clubs in their
hands, and fome of them were killed, and the reft forced to retire to their fhips, and
fet fail in hafte ; which is a great mark of the valour with which thofe people engaged
them ; for though they had fire-arms, they could not withftand the charge.

The moft famous port in all the coaft, befides that of Valdivia, which we have de-
fcribed already, is that of Coquimbo, mentioned in our feventh chapter ; and it deferves
all fort of commendation, as well for its lovely bay, where ftiips ride as fafe as can be,
as alfo for the pleafantnefs of the country about it ; which is one of the moft deli-
cious of all Chile. The products of the country are particularly gold and copper,
which is carried from thence to Peru ; for the making of artillery, cafting of bells,
and other houfehold furniture.

The ports alfo of Copiapo and Guafco are efteemed, and more defervedly that of
Pacudo, which is a private hidden bay, where the fliips of Peru come to load with the
hides and tallow of Chuapa ; as alfo with tar and tackling for fhips, which is made in
that valley, and is whiter and better than any in Chile, by reafon of the excellent
waters they make ufe of in its making.

The next good port to thefe, is that of Quiniiero, where the general of the fix fhips
above-named landed ; and it being a place uninhabited, met with no oppofition, but
refrefhed his men with a large fifhing which they made. They do fo commend the
place, that they cannot fufficiently (they fay) extol the pleafantnefs of the land, the
fweetnefs of the water, the fecurity for fhips, and, in fhort, all forts of conveniencies
for human life ; and after thefe many encomiums, the hiftorian concludes thus, portus
hie nulli fecundus ^ this port yields to none ; and yet this port of Quintero is none of
the famous ones of Chile ; by which it may be inferred, that he was but little ac-
quainted with the reft. He could not land in them ; for he found them all guarded
by the militia, who expeded him ; and though coming to Val Paraifo, he had begun
to land fome men, yet, upon advice that the horfe of St. Jago were at hand to hinder
the defcent, he took them on board again ; and, failing at midnight, caft anchor at
Quintero, where they watered, and cut wood, the admiral himfelf landing with many

1 2 foldiers

72 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

foldiers to proted his men : there they drew up a trench, with a kind of half-moon,
to fecure their retreat againft the Spaniards, who began to appear upon the hills ; but
they did not flay for them, but embarking again, followed their courfe towards Peru,
not landing any where elfe ; but they commend the land extremely.

After thefe follows the port of Coucon, or Quillota, which ferves to embark the
produft of thofe valleys ; and hard by that, the port of Val Paraifo, where are landed
all the goods brought for the city of St. Jago : from whence they are diftributed all
over its territory, and as far as Cuyo, and Tucuman : this port is every day more and
more inhabited ; and there is building a convent of Auftin friars, which will be of
great relief to the fouls of the inhabitants, and of all thofe who go and come, who are
not a few ; for this is the port of the greateft commerce with Peru : it is diftant from
St. Jago twenty-four leagues, all plain and good way, fit for carriage ; and fo all the
commodities of both kingdoms are conveyed and exchanged by it.

Near the port of Val Paraifo is that of St. Antonio, which is alfo very fafe and good,
and is at the mouth of the river Maypo. There is a miftake in authors about this ;
for they place the port of Val Paraifo at the mouth of a river, which they make in their
maps to come from St. Jago ; which is a very great error, becaufe at Val Paraifo there
is no river of any note, but only fprings and fountains, which rife out of the rocks
clofe by the fea, which are moft excellent waters. There are alfo others of a coarfer
nature, with which the fhips fill their provifion, becaufe they having more body, they
refifl better at fea againfl corruption.

There are feveral other ports between that and the Conception, in the bays and mouths
of rivers ; but not much ufed, becaufe they are not neceffary ; all thofe valleys from
Maule to Quillota fending theia commodities to Val Paraifo. I believe, in time, other
ports will be employed, becaufe the products of that kingdom multiply apace, and fo
people will be willing to feek out the nearell ports for embarking their goods. All
the product from Maule upwards, is carried to the harbour of the Conception, which
is the beft bay in all thofe coafts ; and it being a very large one, Providence placed at
its entrance the ifland of Quiriquina j under which, as under a mole, fhips are fecured
in foul weather. At the largeft entrance of this bay is the port of La Herradura, or
Horfe-lhoe, it being in that form ; and oppofite to that is that of St. Vincent ; and a
little farther, that of Carnero, called fo for the refrefhment it afforded to one of the
fhips of the bifhop of Palencia, who, by order of Charles V., pafTed the flraights of
Magellan with fix fail, and having loft their Patache, were forced to the Moluccas.

Next to thefe are the ports of Tirva and Quedal, La Baia Chica, that of Puralla,
the port of St. Cebrian, that of San6ta Clara, that of St. Domingo, St. Efteran, Los
Reyes, that Baixas, that of the Innocents, and many others lefs confiderable, as far
as the flraights of Magellan.

Befides thefe ports which we have marked upon the Terra Firma, there are feveral
others, well known in the iflands of Juan Fernandes, La Mocha, Sanda Maria, in the
iflands of Chiloe, Alfie, where the mofl frequented are that of Carlemapo, and that
called the Englifh Port, becaufe formerly an Englifh fhip landed there, and the men
and fhip, with all its artillery, were made prize. There are alfo feveral other ports in
the Archipelago of Chiloe, which I forbear mentioning, becaufe I have not a perfed
account of therii,

CHAl*

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 73

CHAP. XVI. — Of the Fertility of the whole Coq/i of Chile.

THE abundance and fertility of this kingdom is not only perceived in its valleys and
fields, but likewife in its whole coaft, even on the rocks, where the fea beats. It will
be hard to make this appear by particulars, becaufe, though in other parts of the
world the rocks produce fliell-fifh, yet I do not know that it is in fuch quantity, nor fo
large any where as in Chile, nor of fo many different fpecies. Firfl, I will fpeak of
that which is moft common and intelligible : there grows along the coaft every where
an herb not unlike to endive ; they call it Luche, which they pull from the rocks : it
is gathered in the fpring, when it is moft grown ; and being dried in the fun, it is made
into loaves, which are looked upon as a great delicacy far from the fea, particularly in
Peru, Cuyo, and Tucuman ; for it ferves for many fauces. It grows upon the tops of
rocks, fuch as are above the water. At the foot of the rocks are found certain roots,
which bring forth a trunk as thick as one*s wrift, called Ultecuefte : this they cut, and
laying it before the fire, they pare it like a lettuce, or cardoon, or thiftle, but it has a
much different tafte. From thefe, the trunks ftioot out certain long cords, of three or
four yards long, and fome of about fix or eight fingers in breadth : thefe they call
Coehauyo ; and there are two forts of them, which, though they refemble one another,
yet the Indians make a great difference between them, referving the good, which they
cut and dry, and make provifion of them for Lent ; the others they leave to the fea,
which heaps them up upon the fliore, where they lie in heaps very ufelefs. So much
for the herbs. Now let us fpeak of the fea fhell-fifli. The beft of this kind are
oyfters, both great and fmall, fo much talked of by the Hollanders with great com-
mendations : they found them in the ftraights of Magellan ; but the greateft plenty of
them is on the coaft of Coquimbo, where they are very large and delicious ; the leffer
fort they call Tacas, very much valued too, and taken all along that coaft. But thofe
of greateft renown are the oyfters of Chuapa ; in the great ones are bred pearls, as the
Dutch fay, and, according to John and Theodore de Brye, they bought fome of the
Indians in the ftraights very finely wrought.

That which they call Choros is alfo a fine fort of ftiell-fifti, and in its ftiell, as An-
tonio de Herrera fays, there are pearl very white. That fort which I have feen is not
fo big ; but fince they are to be found every where, there may be of all forts of them ;
for they are caught in abundance, both little, middle fize, and large ones, fome as
broad as my hand. The choiceft of them are thofe which have the fifli of a yellow
colour, though the black ones are good too.

There is another ftiell-fifti, called Manegues, which is in two round fhells, fuch as
ferve for models in architecture ; the fifti within is but coarfe meat, but of good fufte-
nance. In one kind of thefe, which is the little fort, in opening the fliell, which in
the infide is like mother of pearl, when one takes out the meat, one may fee the im-
preffion on the fliell, of a purple colour, which reprefents the image of the moft holy
virgin, with her mantle, and her child in her arms, which caufes great devotion and
comfort ; and, though they all have this impreffion, yet fome have it fo perfeft, that
it is wonderful.

A fifti they call Locos may alfo be ranked among the fliell-fifti : they call them
alfo Afs's Hoof, becaufe they are of that fliape : they are very favoury, but hard and
indigeft ; for which reafon they are to be eaten fparingly, though in the drefling of
them they macerate them between two ftones, to foften them. I ftiould never have
done, to go through all the kinds of fliell-fifh ; as likewife of fnails, which are alfo

yoL. XIV. 1, good

74 OVALtE'S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

good to eat, and are produced on the rocks. There are fome call up by the fea, in
iuch quantity, that Ihip-loads may be had of them, of fuch variety of figures and
colours, that I doubt not but the curious in Europe would value them, and our artifts
would make curiofities of them ; but they, for want of fuch artificers, are good for
nothing in the Indies, but to make chalk of, by burning them in a furnace ; yet they
are in fuch vafl quantities, that the fhore is covered with them, and they make a fine
{hew.

The Ihell-fifh called Picos de Papagayos, are another kind much efteemed : they are
fo called, becaufe for their fliape and bignefs they are juft like parrots heads ; and as
thefe birds build their nefts on fhore, m fome hollow rocks and caves, fo this fifh
breeds in a kind of flone-work, hollow, like little cells, where it grows till it comes to
be of the bignefs of thofe heads. They drefs them in thofe very nefts, which ferve
for pots, and when they are enough, take them out. They are excellent meat.

Thofe which they call Kericos, though common in other parts, yet I never faw them
fo large as in thofe parts ; and being taken in the increafe of the moon, they have
very large tongues, fat, and of about two fingers breadth.

The Crabs, Apavicoras, and Praunes, are likewife very good, and of feveral forts
and fizes. The Lobfters, and thofe of that kind, are likewife much efleemed ; they
breed under the rocks, and are fifhed for, as all the reft, not with nets, but only by
the Indians going into the fea up to their middle, and knocking them from the rocks
with fticks in their hands. So much for this kind of eatables. There are others which
live a little more in the fea, which are of a beautiful form ; fome they call fea-ftars ;
fome the fun ; others the moon ; becaufe they are of the form of thofe planets, as
they are commonly painted. Thefe may be eaten too ; but they have one very Angu-
lar property, which is, to cure the vice of drunkennefs, being reduced to powder, and
given in wine to drink ; this is of fo certain an effed, that thofe, who before they took
it had no greater delight than drinking of wine, did afterwards fo abhor it, that they
would not touch it, though they were hired. This is a healthy remedy, as well as
fure ; and therefore ufed by the Negroes to avoid taking another ; which, though as
certain, is very dangerous ; which is, drinking the fweat of a horfe mingled with wine.
They fay, this puts thofe who take it, in danger of lofing fome of their fenfes ; though
I knew one, who being exceedingly given to drunkennefs, his wife gave him this re-
medy without his knowledge, and it did him no' other hurt than to make him hate
wine, fo that he could not bear the fmell of it ; but, as I faid, the Negroes ufe the
powder of the ftar-fifh j and though I have obferved, that with fome it is not fo effica-
cious, but they long for wine again after a little while, yet it is but to repeat the re-
medy as foon as that ill inclination prevails again ; and this is commonly fo pradifed
upon the Negroes, who are much given to that vice.

CHAP. XVII. — Of the various Kinds of Fijh which arefjhed on the Coaji of Chile.

LET the whale appear firft, fince by its bignefs it is a kind of king of the fea ;
and if where the king is, the court is, we may give that title to the fea of Chile, where
there is fuch ftore of whales, that I know not any place where they abound more ; and
they are accompanied by fuch a court of little fifhes of all kinds, that thofe who have na-
vigated thofe feas, cannot but mention it with admiration. Among the reft, William
Seerten, who came with a fleet through the ftraights, fays, that they met with fo many
whales near certain iflands, that they were forced to fail with great care and attention

to

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 75

to avoid them, they being fo many, that they were almoft always in the fliip*s way,
and endangered the lofs of them, being fo big that they looked like rocks ; they are
all along the coafl of Copiapo and Guafco, and are of no fmall profit, by the amber- <2^A;W^
gris they caft on fhore. The journals of thofe who have pafled the ftraights do
mention much of this amber floating on the fea, and therefore no doubt but a great
deal of it is on ftiore ; but it is loft, for the Indians having no value for it, know it not j
and it is but within thefe twelve years that the Araucana's minded it ; by feeing fome
Spanifh foldiers look for it, they did fo too, and found a great deal, and very good,
on the coaft. Of the grey fort, which is the beft, they found great pieces of an afh
colour, with a nobler and more delicate fmell ; the ordinary forts are yellow and black,
and it has a quicker, though not fo fweet a fmell as the grey. I have heard the people
of thofe parts fay commonly, that the difference is very accidental, and that it depends
only upon being more or lefs prepared by the fun-beams ; and experience feems to con-
firm this thought ; for I have obferved that black does in time grow white, by being
expofed to the fun in a box ; but if it be laid open, fo as both fun and rain come upon
it, the experiment will be more manifeft ; and as for the harlhnefs of the fmell, it may
be remedied by infufions in rofe-water, expofmg it firft to the dews for nine days, and
then to the fire, by which means it grows perfedb.

Though it is known that amber is a thing which the whales caft from them,
there is diverfity of opinion about the manner, becaufe fome think that this noble
produdl: is formed at the bottom of the fea, or upon fome rocks ; and that the whales
eat it for food, and not being able to endure it in their ftomachs, becaufe it is naturally
extremely hot, they get to the fhore to caft it up ; others fay, that it is the whales' ex-
crements. It is not my bufinefs to decide this difpute. The other great advantage
which the whales are of to the country, is the oil they afford after they are dead ; and
it is a great deal that one whale will yield ; it ferves for various ufes of life. We do
not know that thefe fifhes die of a violent death, becaufe their vaft bulk defends them
both from men, and all other animals, that may be their enemies ; but yet being fub-
jedl to pay the common debt of nature, when they find themfelves near death, they
draw near the land, and are often caft on fhore by the fea, which will not bear any
corruption in its waters ; and it is ftrange to fee how they are thrown up in great num-
bers on thofe coafts. The oil is made by the heat of the fun, and when the weather
has confumed the flefh, the ribs and other bones remain white ; and the Indians make
ufe of them for feats ; much more conveniency and curiofity might be afforded by
them to other workmen.

There is another fort of fifh which are found moft on the coaft of Coquimbo, which
are not fo big as whales, but yet are very large, and a good fifh to eat, which are the
tunny-fifh, and the Albacoras, which the Indians kill with great dexterity ; they go
into the fea a good way upon floats of feal-fkins, well fewed together, and blown up
like a bladder ; they carry with them a kind of trident with fharp tongues ; this is
faftened to a long, flender, but ftrong rope ; the Indian guides his float near the fifh
he choofes, and then darts it with his trident ; the tunny, as foon as wounded, goes
out to fea like lightning ; the Indian gives him rope enough, and follows him the way
that he runs, till the fifli has fpent itfelf by lofs of blood ; and then the Indian draws
his rope, and the fifh with it, either dead or dying, and lays it on his float, and he
returns to port with his prey rejoicing. There are many other forts of fifhes ; one of
the moft extraordinary is the flying-fifh, which fly with wings, and follow a fhip like
birds- The lion-fifli is alfo admirable : they are found in great quantities about the
ftraights of Magellan, near a port called Port Defire : they are very good to eat, but

L 2 very

jS ovalle's historical relation of chile.

very hard to take ; for though they wound them with fhot in many places, yet if they
do not hit them in the head, or the ftomach, they do not yield : they are as big
as a colt, and have a lion*s head, with a perfect mane ; which the females of them
have not, neither are they above half as big as the males, and have a thinner Ikin.
Thofe who have failed through the ftraights, talk much of thefe fea-lions, and do alfo
mention many other forts of fifties which they took there, fome of fixteen feet long,
very favoury and good to eat.' Antonio de Herrera fays, that there are fifties taken in
Santa Maria, out of whofe eyes they take a fort of coarfe pearl, which have a glofs
like the true ones, and are worn by the women ; and if, as they are foft, they were a
little hard, they would be better than pearls.

The fea-wolves or feals, which are found on all the coaftis, are innumerable. I
have feen whole rocks covered with them, and they lay even upon one another, fo as
fome of them rolled down into the fea again, there not being room for fo many : they
are as big as calves, and make a noife like them.

Antonio de Herrera, in the voyage of Magellan, fays, that in the river of the Crofs,
in the Straights, they took one fo large, that without his head, flcin and fat, he weighed
nineteen Cafliillan Arrobas. The Indians take them for their ftcins, which are very
hard and ftrong, and fome eat their flefli. As to the plenty of the ordinary fifli of
thofe feas, the authors already cited fpeak very advantageoufly of their kinds, parti-
cularly William Scowten, who coming with his fleet to the iftand of Juan Fernandes,
in' thirty-three degrees and forty-eight minutes, the quantity of fifti they met with
was fo great, that in a very little time they catched a great quantity of Robalos,
which is the bell and moft: wholefome fifti of all thofe parts. They did not take
them with nets, becaufe they had not time to land, but with hooks at fea, by the
ftiip's fide, and that as faft: as they could throw in and pull up.

What I myfelf have feen, is in the great lake of Rapel, all the- fides of it
covered with Pejereges, by the vaft: quantity of them which came upon the coaft:,
as the droves of pilchards by the bay of Conception, and in Chiloe, fo that they
take them with blankets. 1 have feen the fame droves of tunny-fifti, which come
leaping over one another's backs, as if there were not room for them ; and indeed, that
climate being fo favourable to multiplication in all animals on ftiore, as fliall be
fllewed in its proper place, it cannot well be otberwife as to the fifties.

CHAP. XVIII. — Of the Birds of Chile,

THE birds and fifties feem to be brothers of the fame Venter, the Author of nature
having created them both out of the element of water ; and therefore, to difpatch all
the creatures of this country, having treated of the firft:, it feems that the chain of an
orderly narration obliges us to fay fomething of the others. To fpeak generally, it
may be truly faid of the air of that hemifphere, that it has a great advantage over the
earth, though fo fertile, fo rich, and fo delicious, as we have reprefented it ; for though it
is truey that it now produces the animals and fruits of Europe, with fuch an increafe
as is wonderful, yet it cannot be denied, that before the Spaniards carried thither the
feeds and animals which are now fo multiplied, (for they had them not in any fort,
though perhaps others which fupplied the want of them,) the air, without being at all
enriched by the acceflion of foreigners, has maintained always fuch an abundance of
the volatile kind, that it needed no fupplies from Europe, but rather has many to make
up any one defed.

To

ovalle's historical relation of chile, 77

To begin with the king of them all, the eagle : there are there abundance of them ;
thofe which are called royal or imperial have been feen here only twice ; firft, when
the Spaniards firft entered that kingdom ; and the fecond time in the year 1640, when
the Araucanos fubmitted their untamed necks to their God and the king ; they inter-
preting this as one of the figns of God Almighty's will to incline them to take that
refolution which they then took. As for the ordinary eagles, which do not differ much
from the others, they have always been and are ftill in the country very common.
There are likewife bred falcons, fo large and ftrong, that for their beauty they have
been carried from thence, though fo far, as a prefent to the king of Spain ; and they
are commonly carried to Peru, particularly that kind which are called Primas, or firft,
though thofe called fecond are very large to;0. There are befides, all other birds of
rapine and prey ; and of the finging birds, there are linnets, bull-finches, nightingales,
blackbirds, and many others, who form fome a bafs, and fome a tenor, with all the
other parts of harmony, beyond belief, particularly in fummer under the fhades of trees.

The birds for game are herons, partridges, wild pigeons, thrufhes, turtles, parrots,
wild ducks of a thoufand forts, fome of one colour, and fome of another, and all very
good. The domeftic tame fowls are hens, ducks, geefe, turkeys ; and that nothing
may be wanting, fwallows in fummer, which go away in winter, as they do in Europe,
to warmer climates ; fcreech-owls, and other night-birds ; as alfo .bats.

Thefe are the birds of the European kind, which are found in thofe parts, as well
as I can remember ; and there is hardly a bird here in Europe, that I obferve in the
fields, that I have not obferved the like fomewhere in Chile, with very little difference.

Who now can defcribe the variety of native birds of that climate ? which are in fuch
variety and abundance, that people are fain to guard their vineyards from them as foon
as the grapes begin to ripen ; and yet it is impoffible to hinder them from doing a great
deal of mifchief, they being fo nimble, and having fo fecure a retreat, though all forts
of inventions, fuch as guns, crofs-bows, flings, fcare-crows, are put in ufe ; fo that
if any are negligent, they may be fure to find their vintage made to their hand. And
this mifchief is not only for their vineyards, but likewife for all feeds, which is fain to
be watched after it is fowed, till it fprouts ; and as foon as the wheat and maize begin
to ripen, the guards muft be renewed ; for there comes whole armies of birds to attack
them, and do them as much mifchief as if they were Xerxes' armies.

In particular the parrots are fo voracious and greedy, and have a bill that cuts like a ^^^^^ /^
razor : they come in flocks of fuch an extent, that when they rife they cover the air,
and fill it with fuch a confufion of cries, that I cannot find any thing to compare it to.
This kind of birds is bred all over Chile, in the mountains and in the Cordillera ;
and it is wonderful to fee how exadly they come to an hour, as if they were called
by a bell; or had fome notice where and when the fruits were ripe, and in feafon for
them to enjoy them : they come down from the mountains in the evening ; and the
noife which they make in flying, though they fly high, is fuch, that one would think
them clofe by : they have a fhrill clear voice, and they fly all fcreaming at once, fo
that their noife is very loud : they are all green and yellow, and have a blue circle
about their neck, and very good to eat, particularly the young ones.

Thofe years which are to prove rainy, as the natives obferve, as foon as the wea-
ther grows cool, before the winter begins, one may fee every evening, for many days,
great quantities of crows come down from the Cordillera into the plains : they come
about an hour before fun-fet in fquadrons, forming a triangle or pyramid, the point
of which is led by one fmgle one, before whom none dare go: the figure they

g make

y% OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

make is moft regular, with great correfpondency to each other, as if they were fixed
in the air, and immoveable, fo equal and well-concerted is their flight.

There is likewife a bird which we call Taltales, or Galinafos ; it is like a duck,
but has bigger wings ; they are either black or brown, and very voracious of carrion.
In the time of flaughtering, which is every year in Chile of mofl beads, there is a
great deal of flefh loft ; then thefe birds come, as if one had founded a charge to them,
and fell upon the carrion with fo much greedinefs; that having eaten their fill, they
cannot rife again, and are eafily knocked on the head with fticks ; the bones of their
legs are valued to make fciffars, and their quills, which are as thick as one's finger,
ferve for harpficals, and other curiofities. Out of this flaughtering-time they die with
hunger ; but among all the ways they have of maintaining themfelves, their way of
hunting young goats and lambs is admirable : they fit upon high trees, and from
thence they fpy the flocks of fheep and goats, watching till any of the young ones
ftray from the guard of its dam, as they often do, either ftaying behind to feed, or
climbing fome rock : this the Taltale quickly feeing, and that the young-one is far from
the defence either of the fhepherd or old-one, it leaps upon it, and the firft thing
it does, is to peck out its eyes, and eat its brains ; which it does fo quick, that though
it cry, and the fhepherd or mother comes to its relief, it is too late. Very like to
thefe are another fort of bird, both as to bignefs, colour and fhape, and its difpofition
to prey ; they call them Peuques, only they are fomething lefs, and of a nicer diet,
being pleafed with nothing but hens or chickens, which they take very dexteroufly j
they are fo bold and nimble, as to get into a hen-rooft, and carry away their prey,
even in prefence of the owners, without being ftopped or prevented.

CHAP. XIX. — The fame matter is purfued, and the flying of Hawks treated- of,

AMONGST the great number of birds which are bred in the lakes and ponds,
and on the fea-fide, which are of great variety, none are more remarkable than the
birds called Flamencos ; they are white and fcarlet, bigger than turkeys, but fo long-
legged that they walk through a lake with great gravity, the water not touching their
feathers by a foot or two : the Indians delight in making works of their white and
fcarlet feathers, for their dances and their feafts.

There is another bird, called the Child-bird, becaufe it looks like a fwaddled child
with its arms at liberty : I have not feen them any where but at fea : perhaps they
are the fame, called Penguins, of which frequent mention is made by thofe who pafs
the ftraights of Magellan : they are generally painted in the maps ; and they fay,
there are abundance of them in thofe parts, and that they are good meat.

There are other birds which furnifh the tufts of feathers, called Herons-feathers,
which though fo narrow, yet are fo valued, that formerly every feather was worth
two rials : thofe which grow under their wings are larger and better, though thofe
on their heads, which they wear as aigrettes, are very fine. There are but few of
this kind of birds ; for they do not increafe fo much as others. There are more of
that kind called Garcolas, which ferve for foldiers' feathers, and other ornaments.
There are many others of great variety of colours, of which the Indians ufe to make
their ornaments, called Mallengues, which are made for the head like a garland of
mofl fine colours of wool, and in that they ftick a plume of feathers, for their dances
and days of rejoicing.

The

OVALLS'S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. ^i^

The birds called by the Indians, Voycas, are very famous among them, in whofe
notes, at certain times and places, they find great myfteries, prognofticating by them, /

either their own, or their children's, or their friend's death or ficknefs, or other mif-
fortune ; and they remain with great apprehenfion and fear. The Spaniards call thefe
birds Pechicolorados, that is, marked on the bread ; becaufe there is no fcarlet deeper,
nor brighter, than the red on their breaft : the other feathers of their wings and
body are brown. There are other very little ones, called Pinguedas, whofe body is , /^,„^^
not much bigger than an almond : thefe live upon flowers ; and that they may come '^
at the honey of them, nature has given them a bill, which, when it is fhut, is like
a needle to fow with ; and for this reafon they feed flying, like bees, from flower
to flower, without lighting but very feldoni on a branch of it, and that very flightly.
Thefe birds are of the greateft beauty imaginable j for if they were made of poliflied
gold, they could not Ihine brighter : they have a green mingled with this gold colour.
The males are difl:inguiftied from the females, in that they have on the head a lively
orange colour, which is like fire. Thofe on the other fide of the Cordillera are yet
more beautiful, becaufe their tail is alfo of the colour of their head ; and though they-
have fo little a body, their tail is a foot long, and two inches broad.

There is likewife a very odd bird, to which the Spaniards have given the name of .
Wood-Pecker ; becaufe, though they are but little, they have fo fl:rong and fliarp a
bill, that they form their nefl:s with it in the trees, forming a hollow place fit for them
as exactly as if they had an inftrument to do it. Of thefe I have feen but few ; but
there are great numbers of a kind of birds, called Condores, which are as white as
ermine, and of their fl^ins they make mufls, it being of a very foft touch, and ex-
tremely warm ; but the bellies of the buzzards are much more fo, being admirable to
make flomachers to cover the pit of the fl:omach, and help digefl:ion.

I have not feen fuch variety of birds on the other fide of the Cordillera ; and the
caufe, I believe, is the drynefs of the land, and the want of that flielter of woods and
groves which are on Chile fide ; but in thofe plains, called the Pampas, there are Fran-
colins to be found, which are a fort of wild hens, and as big, but much better meat,
and of a higher relifli. There are likewife oftriches, which are a mighty bird, and
very numerous there. They often find their nefl:s, and in them fuch a quantity of eggs,
as one neft: will feed a great company ; one of them alone being beaten and fried, makes
a pancake big enough to dine feveral people : their feathers are employed for umbrel-
las to keep off the fun, and other good ufes.

It is a pleafant fight to fee the taking of the Francolins : the Indian, with a fl:ring
made at one end into a running knot or noofe, at the other, having a little piece of
fharp cane faft:ened to it, goes out to find them, which, when he has done, he draws
gentiy near, fo as not to fright his game ; when he is at a due difliance, he begins to
go round the bird, making with the cane feveral circles over his head. The Fran-
colin is of its own nature a very fearful bird, and fimple, and dares not rife,
becaufe he thinks he is encompafled round, but goes into the middle of the circle ;
where the Indian leflening fl:ill his rounds, follows it, fo that at lafl: it fquats down upon
the ground, and lets the Indian put the noofe over its head ; which, when he has done,
touching it on the wing with the fliarp end of the cane, the bird flies up, and draws
the noofe clofe, and fo is catched like the fiflies by an angling-rod.

It is not fo eafy to catch the ofliriches ; for though they do not fly, yet they have
fuch large wings, that though a greyhound be very fwift, if the bird has law of him,
he will hardly overtake him ; but if by chance he comes up with him by furprife,
or otherwife, it is wonderful to fee the art the ofl;rich ufes to avoid his teeth ; for

II when

8o ovalll's historical relation of chile.

when the dog is juft going to feize, the oftrich lets down one of his wings, and fixes
it to the ground, covering with it its whole body ; the greyhound thinking he has him
fure, takes hold with open mouth ; but he fills it only with feathers, and is cheated ;
for immediately the oftrich, before the dog can clear his mouth, fets a running, and
gets a good length before him j and often efcapes, if the greyhound does not make
extraordinary hafte to overtake it.

This is a very diverting fport ; but that which is ufed in Chile with falcons is much
more fo : not to fly partridges, for that is a known fport every where ; but with
another fort of bird, which the Indians call Quulteu, from the found of its note when
it fings, which founds fo. Thefe are as big as hens, and have very large wings, and
upon their wings they have, in the joining place, provided by nature for their defence,
certain {harp points. The Spaniards call thefe birds Friers, either becaufe they always
go two and two, or three and three, or becaufe the colour and order of their feathers
is fo, that one would really think they have a hood and a frock.

For this fport it is not enough to have one Falcon, but there muft be two, and
thofe very well taught, and dexterous to aflift one another. There ufes to be very good
company to fee the engagement, as we may call it ; for it is worth feeing. Coming
then to the place thefe birds haunt, which is generally fome meadow or watery ground,
(for that they never forfake, their laft defence being in the water, as foon as they are
fprung) one at a time, the fportfman flies one falcon at them, who, as if he minded
not his game, endeavours to get as high as he can, and get the wind of his prey, who,
at the fame time, does the fame thing, and contends for place with his enemy ; fo
that thpy both get almoft out of fight ; but at laft the falcon having the better wing
prevails. When he has got advantage enough over him, he comes down upon him
like lightning ; but the Quulteu defends himfelf, either by avoiding the blow, or by
oppofing the armed points of his wings ; upon which often theun wary hawk is wounded
in the breaft. When the fportfman fees the engagement laft too long, fearing his
hawk may tire, or be balked before the victory declares for him, he loofes his other
falcon to help the firft, which being frefh, foon joins his companion, and both
together fall upon the Quulteu, but not at the fame time, left they fliould hinder one
another : one gives him a blow, and then the other another ; and fo, though he make
a good defence, he is forced to yield, which he does, by making away for the water,
where he has his laft retreat to defend his life : here he expects his enemies upon
his back, with the points of his armed wings turned towards them : the Falcon
defpifing the danger, comes down with all his force, and feizing her with one foot,
tears her to pieces ; but it is not without receiving fometimes dangerous wounds.
The viftory does not always coft fo dear ; for that is according to the ftrength
of the contenders. I omit the fliooting of wild-fowl in the fens and waters, which
is neverthelefs very entertaining, as are likewife the Indians* ways with nets, noofes,
arrows, night-lights ; nay, the manner of catching the Falcons themfelves is as
diverting : it is done with fine nets, in which they involve them, that they may
not hurt their wings.

This is fufficient about the birds; and fince we are in the region of the air, fo
pear heaven, let us fay fomething of it before we come down to the earth again.

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 8 1

CHAP. XX. — Of the Heaven, and Stars, which are proper to the Kingdom and Region

of Chile*

IT is the common opinion of all thofe that have feen and dwelled in Chile, that its
foil and heaven, if they have their equal, have not their fuperior in the world ; and
though fome fay the ftars of the artick pole are larger than thofe of the antarctick, yet
as to their brightnefs and beauty, and the light they give, and as to their numbers,
with the clearnefs of the heavens where they are, there is none but muft own the
advantage on the fide of the antarctick. We may give, as a natural reafon of this, the
temper of the climate, both as to the air and earth ; for though there are in it fo many
rivers, as we have obferved, yet they being rapid, and fwift in their courfe, do not
caufe overmuch humidity -by their flay, but afford only what is neceffary for its
fertility ; and, of the two extremes, the country is rather dry than moifl, particularly
as far as thirty-four or thirty-five degrees, as is manifeflly made out by two experi-
ments : firfl, by the facility with which all wounds are cured, which ufe to be much
longer in wet countries ; and, fecondly, it is proved from the habitations and houfes,
where the.befl apartments are reputed to be on the firfl floor, they being looked upon
in fummer for coolefl, and in winter for warmefl ; and, though they are watered every
day in the year, and the floors mofl commonly but of earth, not at all upon vaults, yet they
are never unhealthy ; and there is no need of board-flooring, or mats, let the winter be
never fo fharp. This is a convincing argument, that the country inclines to drynefs
rather than to humidity ; from whence it follows, that the fun raifes fewer vapours ;
and therefore the air being clearer, the brightnefs of the ftars is more confpicuous ; and
for this reafon the fun fets and rifes fo glorious, calling out refplendent beams of light,
which is not fo on the other fide of the Cordillera ; for there I have feen the fun pretty
high, and its whole body vifible, and yet no ways dazzling, the vapours of the earth
taking away the radiant beauty of its beams.

The experience of this is yet more admirable to thofe who fail from Peru for Chile ;
for though they keep out a great way from land, yet they know prefently by the
horizon when they come to the height of Chile ; for they begin to fee it all difengaged
from clouds and ferene, gilded and glorious, and its beauty increafing upon them every
day, as they gain more heighth towards the pole. On the contrary, when they fail
for the line from Chile, the nearer they grow to the tropick, that light and fplendor
grows duller and duller ; fo that in my voyage for Panama, I faw all the horizon
muddy, fad, and clouded, which continued till I got to the Havanna ; where being in
eighteen degrees north latitude, the horizon cleared up and grew every day better and
better, till we got to Spain.

So much for the clearnefs and beauty of the heavens and flars, which may be con-
firmed by all thofe who have feen the place ;^but it is not of the bignefs of the flars.
The aftrologers pretend, that the contemplation of them, and their meafure, belongs
entirely to their art, and underflanding befl the difpofition of the celeflial fphere ; but,
in my judgment, they who can befl fpeak of this matter, are thofe who have feen both
poles, as is well obferved by John and Theodore de Bry, in the eighth and ninth part
of their twelve curious books, where they relate variety of hiflories, obfervations, and
voyages, which have been in the North and South America, as. far as the flraights of
Magellan. They report then the opinions of learned men, who,. in failing on the
South-Sea, obferved what I Ihall here produce, tranflated faithfully from their elegant
jLa^in into our vulgar tongue, in thefe words :

VOL. XIV. M " The

82 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

" The learned of our nation, who have failed on the South-Sea, do relate to us many
things of that iky, and its ftars, as well of their number, as beauty and bignefs ; and my
opinion is, that the flars we fee here, are no ways preferable to the meridional ones ;
but rather do affirm, without difpute, that thofe ftars which are near the antarctick pole
are more in number, and brighter and bigger."

, He adds, befides, fpeaking of the ftars of the conftellation of the Cruzero, that their
fplendors and beauty are extraordinary, and that the Via La£tea, or Milky- Way, is much
brighter in thefe parts. This is all from thofe authors.

Peter Theodore, a moft Ikilful pilot and aftronomer, relates in particular the ftars of
that hemifphere, and the fourteen figures or conftellations they make. The firft is the
Cameleon, which contains ten ftars ; the fecond is the Indian Afpick, made up of four
ftars ; the third is the Flying-Fifh, which is made up of feven ; the fourth called the
Fifli Dorado, is compofed of five ; the fifth is called the Hydra, and is of fifteen ; the
bird Toncan.' which is the fixth, has eight ftars ; and the Phoenix, which is the feventh,
has fourteen ; the Crane has thirteen, which is the eighth ; in Noah's Dove, which is
the ninth, there appears eleven ; the Indian Sagittary, which is the tenth, has twelve ;
the Peacock, which is the eleventh, is compofed of fixteen; the Bird of Paradife, other-
wife called Maaucodiata, has twelve ; the thirteenth is the Triangle, and contains five ;
and the laft is the Cruzero, in which are four, which make a crofs, with a little one
clofe by it, which makes the foot of the crofs. And though this Cruzero is the guide
of thofe who fail in the South-Sea, as the Cynofura is to thofe who navigate the North-
Sea, yet it is not immediately at the pole, but thirty degrees from it ; but there being
no ftars of that bignefs near it, it is made ufe of for that effeft, but not for the needle ;
for that in either fea, whether fouth or north latitude, always turns to the north,
though when one is in the South-Sea, the whole globe of the earth, or the beft part of
it, is between them and the north, according to the circle that the Cruzero makes.
The fixed point of the pole feems to be between two, as it were, great clouds, though
they are not fuch, but clufters of ftars, not well diftinguifhable, fuch as compofe the
Via Laftea ; and they are always fixt, without ftirring ; and when the heavens are
clear, they are brighter, and better feen. There are other ftars nearer thefe clouds
than the Cruzero ; but not being fo big, there is little notice taken of them, but only
of the Cruzero ftars, which are indeed very beautiful, and ftiine with great live-
iinefe.

CHAP. XXI. — Of the Animals^ as well proper^ as new comers to the Kingdom of
Chile ; and alfo of the Bezoarfiones,

TILL tne Spaniards came to thefe American parts, there never had been feen in
^jV >- them either cows, \^orfes, ftieep, hogs, houfe-cats, nor rabbits tame or wild : nor dogs,
' ^^ except thofe called cur-dogs ; but no hounds, greyhounds, nor other dogs for game,
either by land or water ; no maftifFs, nor little dogs, which we call lap-dogs ; no goats,
nor afles : but as foon as the Spaniards were fettled in Chile, and found the land fo
proper for the breed of cattle and flocks, they have increafed them to a degree of
fuperfluity ; fo that there is not only enough for the fupport of human life ; but alfo
for thofe animals who are carnivorous ; for, as we have feen above, in the flaughtering
time, much flelh lies wafte in the fields, fo that it is neceffary to burn it, and throw it
into lakes and rivers, to hinder its corrupting the air. That which in other parts is
called a calamity and defolation of the country, which is a murrain among cattle, in

II Chile

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

»3

Chile is thought a neceflary purge of the too great abundance of it. This may feem
a paradox ; but yet is founded upon experience, becaufe the cattle increafing as it does,
and the land being fo good, that it fattens them to a wonderful degree, (there being
often taken out of one cow an hundred and fifty pounds weight of tallow, each pound
of fixteen ounces,) there is enough to do to get a vent for it. The fame may be faid
of the hides ; for though Peru, where the beft part of the confumption is made, is fo
great, yet fuch is the produft of Chile, that it wants another Peru to confume it ; for
this reafon it is a gain to lofe the increafe of the cattle, for then the profit is more,
with lefs trouble and cofl of fervants. In the beginning of the fettlement in Chile,
Don Antonio de Herrera fays, that horfes were commonly fold for a thoufand pieces ^^^
of eight a horfe ; and Gareilaflb fays, that at firft a horfe did not ufe to be fold in
Peru at all, except upon the death of the owner, or upon his returning to Spain ; and
in that cafe they were fold for four, five, or fix thoufand pieces of eight a horfe. He
fays, he himfelf knew a foldier who had an excellent horfe, and that a negro going one
day by with him in his hand, a gentleman, who faw them, fent to offer the foldier ten
thoufand pieces of eight for the horfe and negro, which he refufed with contempt :
but fince that time horfes have multiplied fo, that there being not people enough to
feed and tend them, they are fallen extremely. The cows too have increafed fo as to '
cover the fields ; and it is a wonderful thing to fee in thofe great plains of Tucuman
and Buenos Ayres, vaft herds of them feeding, without any other mailer than the firft
that will take them if he can. I have feen in Chile, in the territory of St. Jago, horfes
already dreffed for war, fold for two crowns a-piece, to fupply the army, and yet for
fhape, courage, and good qualities, they yield to no Neapolitan horfe I ever faw ; no,
nor to the Andaluzes, from whom they are defcended ; for they have had no reafon
to degenerate in fo good a land. The cows too, which were at firft out of all price,
I have feen fold for a crown a piece, and the calves for half a crown : the Iheep, fuch
as I have feen bought in flocks for Cuyo and Tucuman, have been fold for three-
pence, or three-halfpence a piece.

. Theodore, and John de Bry, do mention fome author who fays, that rats were
likewife ft rangers to Chile, and were carried thither by an Antwerp fliip that paffed
the ftraights of Magellan : they muft not mean the ordinary houfe-rats and mice,
but thofe great ones which have a large tail, and are about a foot long : they are
called Pericotes, and are very mifchievous. This ftiip, without doubt, took port
in fome of thofe of Chile, where it left thefe animals, fo prejudicial and hard to
deftroy ; for they refift the cats, and it is a ftout one that can kill them. But it is a
wonderful thing to obferve, that though in fea-towns the magazines, fhops, and
warehoufes, are full of them, yet they never go further into the land, which they
might eafily do, by fo much carriage as the commerce of thofe parts requires. I
believe the air of the Cordillera does not agree with them, and fo may have killed
thofe which have been carried by chance with goods ; for I do notTemember I ever
faw one in St. Jago, nor in any town far from the fea fide.

Among the animals that are proper to Chile, the firft may be reckoned thofe
which are called the Iheep of that country : they are of the fliape of camels, not ^
fo big, nor vaft, and without the bunch that camels have : they are white, black,
brown, and fome are afti-coloured. The authors above cited fay, that anciently
they ferved to plow the land in fome parts, before there were oxen in it ; nay, in
the relation of George Spilberg and his fleet, it is faid, the Dutch pafling by the ifland
of Mocha, faw the Indians ufe them in that work.

iW 2 They

§4 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. '

They are made ufe of at this time in feme parts, for carriage of wine, wheat, maize,
and other provifions ; and I remember to have feen them about thirty years ago ferve
to carry water at St.Jago from the river to the houfes, for the ufe of the family ; but
now they are not at all employed there in this kind of labour, there being fuch quan-
tities of mules and affes for all that fervice. Thefe fheep have their upper lip flit, with
which they do, as it were, fpit at thofe who vex them ; and the children, who ufe to
do it, when they fee them ready to fpit, run away ; for they know, and it is a common
truth, that wherever their fpitting fails, it caufes a fcab ; and having a very long neck,
about three feet long, they ufe thefe defenfive arms the better. Their wool is extremely
valued ; for of it are woven cloaks or mantles fo fine, that they look hke camblet :
they govern them by a kind of bridle, which they put through holes in their ears,
■■i'AJfx^' aiid fo by pulling the reigns, turn them which way they will : they kneel down to be
loaded, and when the loading is well fitted and faftened, they rife and carry it
very gravely.

There are likewife natural to that country a fort of little rabbits, called by the
Indians Pegues, which they eat with much pleafure : they are wild. The taking of
them is very good fport : for they carry water in great tubs to their holes ; and though
they are very deep, and have fecret iflues and correfpondencies with each other under
ground, to avoid being purfued by the hunters or their dogs, yet the water overcomes
them ; and while they fly from it, the Indians watch for them at their other holes, and
with their dogs take them as they come out to avoid the water.

There are another fort of Httle rabbits, which are like thefe, but they are tame, and
the Indians call them Cuyes, which are alfo very good meat : they are of pretty colours,
and fpotted : they are very common every where.

The fquirrels are not fo ; and I do not know they are to be found any where in
Chile, but in the valley of Guafco : they are grey or afh-coloured, and their flcins are
mightily valued for furs, for their warmth and finenefs of the touch.

The animals called Guanacos, Chamois, or wild goats, are very like thefe country
flieep, as well in their fhape as motions ; but they are of a different colour ; for they
are red, of a clear colour : they never can be tamed, but go in flocks, feeding in the
fields ; and it is as much as a very fwift horfe can do to overtake them running ; and
if they have the leaft ftart of them, they feem to play with them ; for by an eafy gallop,
they make the horfe flrain j in which they are much helped by their long legs, for by
them they gain more ground at every reach : yet it is very eafy to catch the young ones,
or thofe that are not ufed to be hunted ; becaufe being fo tall, and their bones, becaufe
of their youth, not well knit, they are eafily tired ; fo that by following a flock of them
on horfeback with dogs, (and they go three or four hundred in a flock.) the young
ones are forced to lag behind, and fome are killed by the dogs, fome are knocked on
the head with a flick by the hunter. I have feen them bring thus three or four dead
at a time. And this is not only a pleafant, but a ufeful fport ; for the flefh of thefe
young ones is like kid*s flefh, and is eaten frefh : but that of the old ones is not fo,
but dried and fmoaked : it is the befl of that kind in the world.

Thefe creatures breed, in a bag they have under the belly, the bezoar-flones, which
** are fo valued againfl poifon, and malignant fevers, good to rejoice the heart, and other

admirable effefts. The matter out of which they are made, are herbs of great virtue,
which thefe animals eat to cure themfelves of any thing they ail, and preferve themfelves
from the poifon of any venomous creature, as ferpents, or poifonous plants, and other
accidents.

Thefe

* ovalle's historical relation of chile. 85

Thefe ftones are found in the oldeft Guanacos ; and the reafon is, that their natural
heat not being altogether fo ftrong as the heat of the young ones, they cannot convert
into their fubftance all the humour of the herb they take to remedy their indifpofition ;
and fo nature has provided, that what remains may be depofited in that bag, and be
made a ftone to cure in men the fame infirmities : according to this notion one may
obferve, that the ftone is compofed of feveral coats, fome thicker and fome thinner,
according to the quantity of matter that is gathered together at each time, juft as a wax
candle is made by feveral coats given it at feveral times to form its bignefs.

It is likewife a thing well experienced, that in thofe countries, where there are
moft vipers and other poifonous animals, thefe ftones are moft plentiful ; and the
caufe is manifeft, becaufe thefe animals, and the deer-kind, do beat fo much ground
for their livelihood, they are more expofed to venomous creatures, which, when trod
upon, wound them forely, and they run naturally to their remedy in thefe herbs j
and as they do this more frequently in thofe parts where they receive moft damage, by
confequence there are more of thefe ftones engendered.

From hence it happens, that in thofe parts of Cuyo, there is a greater quantity of
thefe bezoar-ftones to be had, than in that which we call properly Chile>; for there are
many vipers and poifonous creatures, of which Chile is very free, as we have faid :
;and 3'^et there are taken fome ftones here, but the greateft part come from Cuyo ; to
which likewife it is of fome confideration, that there are bred more Guanacos and ftags
than in Chile ; for that country being not fo populous, and having fuch vaft plains,
thefe animals have room enough for food and for increafe : but it is not fo towards
the fea-fide of Chile, for that being very populous, and full of cattle and flocks,
there is no room for the wild ones, except upon the edges of the Cordillera, from
whence they come 4own into the plains fometimes.

The bignefs of thefe ftones is in proportion to the animal that breeds them ; the
moft certain rule is, that if they are little, there are many in the bag, and fewer if
large ; and fometimes, when very large, there is but one. I carried with me to Italy
one that weighed thirty-two ounces ; and yet that was not it which made it the moft
valuable, but its virtues and ftiape, for it/ was a perfe£b oval, as if it had been turned
by a turner : the Indian who found it had feventy pieces of eight for it ; becaufe when
a great ftone is found, it is not fold by weight, but according to the eftimation of
the owner, and the bigger the dearer.

The virtue of thefe bezoar-ftones is very well known and experienced ; and people
of quality take them, not only in the time of theft- ficknefs, but alfo in health, to pre-
ferve it : the way of ufing them is to put them whole into the veffel that holds either
the wine or water, or into the glafs out of which one drinks, and the longer they ftay
in, the more virtue they communicate. And if a perfon be not much indifpofed,
there is no need of uling them any other way ; but if any one fliould be attacked
by any diftemper of confequence, and" be fick at heart, or be affefted with melancholy
fits, it would have more virtue to grate a little of the ftone to powder, and
drink it ; whatfoever way it is taken, it comforts the heart, purifies the blood ; and
the ufmg of it is looked upon as a prefervative againft all infirmities.

There are alfo bred in the Pampas, or the plains of Cuyo, many hares ; and one
fort, called Chirichinchos, whofe fleih taftes Hke that of fucking pigs. But the greateft
increafers are the Guanacos, and the deer. It has been faid already, that in Chile there
are but few, for the reafons alledged ; but there is great quantity of wild cows and
wild mares, which came at firft from fome which went aftray, by the negligence of

10 the

86 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

owners ; and being once in thofe mountains, they have increafed fo wonderfully, that
they are become a game, and many go to kill them, or take them for profit.

CHAP. IXII. — Of the Trees growing in Chile,

AMONGST other obligations which the land of America has to Spain, one is, the
having enriched it with fo many noble plants, trees, and feeds, which it wanted ; for
before the Spaniards conquered it, there were not in j^ll America either vines, fig-trees,
olive-trees, apple-trees, melicotoons, peaches, auberge*;, quinces, pears, pomegranates,
cherries, apricots, plumbs, oranges, lemons, citrons, nor almonds. As for feeds, there
was neither wheat, barley, nor oats, anifeed, coriander-feed, cumin, nor oreganum, lint-
feed, flax, peafe, beans, nor cabbage, lettice, raddifhes, cardoons, chicory, nor indive,
berenguenas, gourels, melons, cucumbers, parfley, garlick, nor onion. But inflead of
thefe trees, fruits, and plants, the Author of nature had provided them with others of
great ufe and good relifh, fuch as maize, all over America : Frifoles, Las Papas el
Madi, Los Capallos, and fome others, are proper only to Peru, and the land within
the tropicks ; the Camotes, Guayabas, Mammeyes, Plantanos, Zipitapotes, Anones,
Nifperos, Aquacates, Pinnas, Guanabanas, Papayas, Pitabayas, and many others, which,
though highly commended, do not generally come up to the relifh of the European
fruits. Aiid the bread and wine has been a Angular addition to them, fuch as the In-
dians value more than all their produQ:, and particularly the wine, which is their chief
delight ; as for bread, they value it, but not fo much.

Though America is obliged to Europe for all this addition, yet Chile much more,
as having the greatefl advantage by it, and with more plenty than SMay other part of the
new world ; for though all that we have named of European plants are to be found
fomewhere, yet not all every where ; for in fome -there grows corn, and not wine ; in
others, both thofe, and not oil ; in others, neither corn, wine, nor oil, but other fruit-
trees. The fame thing may be faid of the animals to eat ; fome have beef, others mut-
ton, others pork, which on the continent is a delicacy, and is given to the fick ; fo
that running over all America, we may find that this communication of new creatures
has reached fome parts for one thmg, and fome for another. But as for the kingdom
of Chile, it may be faid to have been totally obliged and enriched ; for all the trees,
feeds, plants, and all the animals, &c. of Europe, are to be found there, and that
almofl in every part of it, for it is rare to fee any thing take in one place, and not in
another j but if it does, they may eafily have it from their neighbours, if it be not fo
good, or not at all with them.

In the third chapter of this book, we have already mentioned how all thefe Euro-
pean fruits and feeds take in Chile, but we can never enough dilate upon that fubjed :
it will hardly be believed by mofl people, particularly by thofe, who, never having
been out of their own country, are fo in love with it, as not to imagine there can be
any equal to it, much lefs exceed it ; and we relating things fo diflant, of which we
cannot bring ocular witneffes, we are the more liable to contradidion ; but fince we
are writing a hiflory, we mufl fpeak the truth as we know it, and it really is.

Some trees do not exceed in bignefs thofe of Europe of the fame kind, as cherry-
trees, quince-trees, almond, peach, and pomegranate-trees, olive, orange, lemon, and
citron-trees, melicotoons ; which laft, in Tucuman, are neverthelefs very large, and to
that degree, that three or four men fometimes cannot embrace the body of one of
thofe trees. I have feen fome apple-trees as big as elm-trees j the pear-trees are yet

bigger,

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

«7

bigger, and much more the mulberry -trees, and walnut-trees ; though as to their fruit,
it is not fo large as that of Europe, the nuts having the fhell as thick again, and by
confequence lefs meat. This is as to the garden-trees brought from Europe.

As for the trees natural to that country, they are of two forts, the one is fruit-trees,
the other not: of the firft, I find only three kinds or fpecies of thofe, which are
likewife in Europe, which are the avellanos, or hafel-nut, the pine-tree, and the algar-
rabos, or cod-tree. Of thofe which are not properly fruit-trees, there are the laurel,
the oak, the willow, the cyprefs, which are in great abundance, and very large ; out
of thefe they have boards very fit for boxes and trunks, which are no ways pieced,
but of one plank j the doors and coverings of the churches are alfo of this cyprefs-
wood.

Thefe trees grow moft commonly in the precipices of the Cordillera, which being
▼ery deep, the cyprefTes are extremely large and tall, for they fhoot up till their tops
can be warmed by the fun-beams ; fo that they are as ftraight ab a wax-candle, and of
fo fine a fmell and perfume, that though it be fo plentiful, it bears a good price, and a
greater in Peru, to which it is carried, as well as the cedar, which does not fell fo
well, becaufe there are more of them.

Thefe cedar-trees are without comparifon bigger, and have larger heads than the
cyprefs-trees, and of one of them are made feveral planks ; but more of this when we
come to fpeak of the ifland of C^lhiloe, for there they are larger than in any other part.
The colour of the wood is red when it is firft worked, but in time, and by degrees, it
lofes that lively colour, and comes to be of a kind of walnut-tree colour j tihe planks are
of the fafhion of cedar planks, not fo fubje(9; to the worm, but more eafy to work.

The oak alfo yields very large planks, for they thrive exceedingly, and grow very
thick ; fome of them are white, and the wood of them is corruptible ; others are red,
and incorruptible.

The planks from the Paragua-tree are the moft in ufe, but lefs valuable. The
tree is a handfome branching tree, keeping its leaves green all the year f they are like
elms.

The moft common wood of all, and that of which there is moft plenty, which
ferves for the covering of houfes and roofs, is the cinnamon- wood. Thefe are very large
trees, of a beautiful afped ; they keep their leaves all the year, and are like that which
in Italy they call the laurel-royal. The Guayac-tree is bred in the mountain or Cor-
dillera, and from thence has its hardnefs and heavinefs, which is fuch, that it is like
iron ; and the balls made of it to play at billiard, are almoft as hard as the ivory ones ;
the tree is no large tree, and the heart of the wood is a yellow mixed with greeti ; the
decoftion of it is good for many infirmities. The fandal-tree is very odoriferous ; there
are great quantities of them in the iflands which are named from Juan Fernandes ; it
is a prefervative againft the plague, and is ufed by the confefTors, and others, who are
bound to approach infected people. There are other trees and fhrubs of admirable
virtue, for feveral infirmities, of which the Indians have a particular knowledge, and
perform admirable cures with them.

The fruit-trees bred in the mountains are many, and of great variety : let us firft
treat of that which indeed carries the palm, not only becaufe of its name, but that
its height, beauty, and abundance, and that of its moft excellent fruit, challenges the /^^.^-f^e,
firft place among all the reft.

They grow generally upon the mountains, and in precipices, fo thick together, that
feeing them at a diftance, one would think they were a clump fet by hand ; they
are very thick and high j all the body of the tree is naked till the top or firft fprout ;

its

88 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

its nature is to lofe all its old branches as the new ones come out ; by which means,
the body of the tree rifing free, and difencumbered from fuch boughs as ufe in other
trees to grow out of the fides of them, is totally employed in feeding the top ; and the
fruit which grows within it, being, as it were, a pyramid round it, to preferve it by
the admirable texture of its leaves and branches which incompafs it.

Thefe palm-trees have a wonderful property, and moft certain, which is, that none
of them give their fruit, except they are in fight of each other ; and if it happens that
one comes up alone, without a companion, though it thrive to a great largenefs, yet
it never bears, except another be planted by it, and this they call the female ; and as
foon as the female is planted, though never fo little a one, yet the great ones bear,
and the fecond in its time, when it is big enough : I have feen the experience of this ;
and it is a thing well known to all. The fruit of thefe trees is called Cocoas, and is
like filberts, though bigger by half, and the meat within the fhell is not folid, but
hollow, and is,' round the edge, about the thicknefs of a crown -piece, and in the refl
of the hollow is a kind of milk, or water, of an excellent relifh ; and fo is the flefh of
it, which is white, and ferves to preferve the liquor like a viol, which flays in it till it
be imbibed by the cocoa, which happens in fome months ; and then they are not fo
good to eat as when they are frefh ; but then they are good to preferve, as almonds
are, and other kernels of that nature.

Antonio de Herrera, and other authors, fay, that thefe cocoas are good againfl poifon ;
and nature feems to fet a value upon it, by the many covers in which it is involved ;
firft, the kernel is covered with a fhell harder than that of the almond, then it has an-
other cover of a green colour, and fometimes yellow, which is woven fo clofe about
it, and fo flrongly, that when it is green, it is eafier to break it than to peal it off.
The fruit grows clofe to a ftalk, which fometimes will have above a thoufand on it ; and
this is environed by a great fhell, which grows bigger and bigger with that bunch it con-
tains, till at laft the fruit makes it burfl and open into two parts, which are like two
boats, each abftve half a yard long, and two fpans diameter in the broadeft place, and
the bunch within all of a fine yellow, very beautiful to look on. It hangs on the
branches till it be ripe, and then falls to the ground, where it is gathered, and great
provifion is made of it for Peru ; for befides their being made a fweetmeat, the chil-
dren rid the merchants of them for play-things, it being one of their greateft enter-
tainments.

The palm-trees which bear dates do not feem to be natural to this country, but
brought from abroad ; for I never faw them, as others, wild in the fields, but only in
gardens.

There are other fruit-trees wild, which come in the fields, and are called Pengue ;
they have a red fruit, fomething bigger and more oval than the filberts ; thefe the
Indians eat boiled with other ingredients. There are alfo trees called Magues, which
are very beautiful and cooling ; the leaves are admirable againfl a burn ; the fruit *
black like a myrtle-berry ; it is very well relifhed, having a dulce-piquante very agre
able ; it blackens the mouth and hands when it is eaten, and, for that reafon, tl
more civilized people do not ufe it fo much. There are alfo fruits of which the Indiai
make their fermented liquors, whofe names and properties I cannot call to mind ; onl
I know there is great variety of them ; and I can remember one called Quelu : the fru
is very fweet and fmall, between red and yellow ; of this they make a drink extraoj
dinarily fweet. They make another drink of that which they call Iluigan, and the Spj
niards, Molle ; it is of the fhape and colour like pepper ; the tree on which they gro>
is but little, but a great bearer : this drink is very agreeable, and coveted even by th

greatei

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 89

greateft ladies. The moft common drink of the Indians is made of maize, which is
the ordinary bread and fuflenance of the Indians.

Let us end with "the tree called Murtilla ; though, if we believe the authors who
treat of it, it deferves to be ranked in the firft place. Antonio de Herrera fpeaks fo
well of this tree in the ninth decade of his Hiftory of the Indies, Book IX,, and folio
247, that I will relate only what he fays, and that in his own words, which are as
follows : — " There is a kind of fruit of trees that grow on the mountains, which grow
from thirty-feven degrees upwards, and in thofe countries it is a common food ; the
natives call it Uni, and the Caflillans, Murtilla. It is red, and like a fmall grape,
fomething bigger than a fwollen "*pea ; its fhape and colour is like the pomegranate
grains, its fmell and tafte agreeable, and not unlike a grape. It has little grains hke
a fig, which are almoft imperceptible to the tongue ; its temperature is hot and dry :
of this they make a wine, which exceeds all other liquors, even that of the Eaft India
cocoa, or palm-tree : neither cyder, mead, nor beer, nor all the other drinks defcribed
by Andres de Laquuna, are to be preferred to it. This wine is clear, fine, warm, and
very agreeable to the tafte, as well as profitable to the.ftomach. It confumes all va-
pours in the head, its heat warming the ears without going any further : it comforts
and cherifhes the ftomach, increafes appetite, and never takes it away. It never offends
the head, or makes it heavy, or burthens the ftomach ; and it bears as much water
again as wine will do. Thofe who have tafted it, commend its colour and flavour, as
much as that of grapes. Its colour is golden, and mighty bright ; and it is as fweet
and good as the wine of Ciudad Real. There is little of it made, and fo it lafts but
eight months ; for which reafon, it is not known how many years it would keep. It
takes up as much labour and care as wine, in the making : if it be left to itfelf, and
without fire, it is forty days before it ferments. It cafts dovm a lee, and works out
the frothy part at the top of the veffel ; and, for that reafon, care is taken to fcum it
as it boils, and then it is drawn off into another veffel. When it is turned to vinegar,
its vinegar has a better tafte and colour than wine-vinegar ; for it retains the colour of
the fruit, which is very odoriferous and fweet." Thus far this author : from whence
it may be inferred, that this land had good wine of its own ; and it had alfo very good
oil made of a feed called Madi ; it is extremely well reliftied ; but now it is not much
in ufe, becaufe that of olives is fo common.

It is not poffible to defcribe particularly, one by one, all the various forts of trees
that are bred in the woods and mountains of Chile ; and it would take up a very large
treatife, which is not mv purpofe ; yet when we come to treat of the ftraights of Ma-
gellan, we will fpeak of the cinnamon-tree, which is to be found there, and of the
barks of fome other trees of that foil, which have the fame tafte as the Eaft India pep-
per. All that I can fay at prefent, is, that there are few of thefe trees that lofe their
leaves in winter, particularly thofe which grow wild in the woods, which are generally
aromatick, and of a very fragrant fmell j and of them, all the fineft of this kind are
bred in the territory of the Conception. I would not have believed it, if I had not feen
it J for in travelling I met with lovely groves, which bordered the highways, and eaft out
fo rich a fmell from their leaves, that the flowers of jafmin did not appear fweeter.
There are alfo abundance of myrtles and laurels, which grow in great groves naturally ;
and yet among them there are trees whofe leaves exceed them infinitely in the perfume
of their fmell ; infomuch that, pafling one's hand over them, one would think one had
amber gloves on.

VOL. XIV. N BOOK

$0 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

BOOK II.

TREATING OF THE SECOND AND THIRD PART OF THE KINGDOM OF CHILE.

CHAP. I. — Of the I/lands of the Kingdom of Chile.

TJT AVING, for the better defcription of the kingdom of Chile, divided it into three
parts, we have treated of the firft and principal one, which is that which is properly
called Chile, in which many things are faid which are common to all the three parts ;
therefore, in thefe two which remain, we ihall take notice of that only which fhall be
peculiar to them, to avoid repetition. .

We come now to the fecond part, which are the iflands which are fpread all along
the coaft of the South-Sea, as far as the flraights of Magellan ; I fay, they are many
in number, and fome of them very large ones ; as that of Sanda Maria, La Mocha^
Juan Fernandes, and, above all that of Chiloe, in which is founded the city of Caftro.
Some make thefe iflands fifty, fome feventy leagues in length, and about fix or feven
leagues in breadth. In the fame fea, or archipelago, there are many more, fome of
ten leagues, and others lefs ; and in all, reckoning thofe that are within the ftraights
of Magellan, there are above two hundred difcovered.

Jufl over-againft Coquimbo there are three, which are called Del Soboral, De Muxil-
lones, and De los Paxaros, in thirty degrees latitude ; two more in thirty-three and
forty degrees : there are eight fmall ones juft over-againft Val Paraifo, which are called
the iflands of Juan Fernandes ; who dying, left them to the Jefuits. Then follows the
ifland Quiriquina, which is in the bay of the Conception. Juft over-againft Arauco is
the ifland of Sanfta Maria, in the thirty-feventh degree ; and in thirty-eight that of La
Mocha. Hard by Valdivia, about forty-three degrees, comes the archipelago of Chiloe,
which is compofed of forty iflands ; and hard by it is the province of Calbuco, in which
there are twelve more. Thofe of Los Chonos are as many, in forty-five degrees ; and
in fifty degrees are the eighty iflands difcovered by Pedro Sarmiento, as fliall be related
hereafter.

The iflands of Chiloe are reputed barren ; but their foil is not really fo, only the
exceflive rains choak the feed, and do not let the corn thrive j fo that they are without
wheat, wine, or oil, or any other plants which need much fun. The nature of the
climate of this archipelago is fuch, that it rains almoft all the year, fo that only maize,
or other fuch grains, can ripen, that do not want fo much fun. The nourifhment or
diet of the natives, \s\ moftly of a root called Papas, well known over all the Weft
Indies, of a good nourifhment ; and they grow there bigger than in any other place.
They have befides fome maize, fome fifh, and particularly fhell-fifh, which is excel-
lent in thofe feas. They have few fheep, but very good poultry, as well as hogs, and
fome beef; with which, and what befides is brought to them from StJago, and the
Conception, the Spaniards, both of the garrifon and city of Caftro, make a good fhift.
This city is the capital of the chief ifland j in which, and in the reft, there is a great
quantity of honey and wax made. And Herrera and other hiftorians fay, there are
mines of gold upon the fhore ; and they remark it as an extraordinary thing, and
hardly heard of in any other place.

The

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

9^

The manufaftures of thefe iflands are the clothing for the Indians, who have a kind
of veft which they call Macun, and it is without fleeves, becaufe their arms are naked ;
and over this they put a garment called Choni, which ferves for a cloak, and is like
that which painters give to the apoftles in their pidlures. They have another commo-
dity from their woods, particularly of the plank they make of a tree, which is
a cedar, and of which they have vaft woods, and in them trees of a prodigious
fize ; for Friar Gregory of Leon, of the order of St. Francis, in his map of Chile,
which he dedicates to the prefident Don Loiiis Fernandes de Cordoua del Carpio,
fays, that fome of thefe trees are fo big that they cannot be hardly encompafled by
a rope of fix yards long ; and out of the wood of the boughs there has been made
fix hundred planks, of twenty-five feet long, and two feet broad ; and that which is
confiderable, is, that this plank is not fawed, but cut with axes ; in which there is
much more lofs. This author deferves belief, as well from the experience of forty-two
years that he lived in Chile, as from having been definitor of his order. Ahd what I
have heard from the mouth of a colonel, who was both born and bred in that country,
will ferve to confirm this ; which is, that if two men on horfe-back are on each fide
of the tree, when it lies along, they cannot fee one another ; for the body of the trunk
hinders them. Thefe planks are carried to Chile and Peru ; and in exchange they
bring back provifions to live on. The iflands of Chono are yet poorer than thefe ;
becaufe, that being nearer the pole, their fummer is fliorter, and their rains more
copious, infomuch that they drown the earth, and hinder it from producing.

We have little knowledge of any other iflands befides thofe of Chiloe ; becaufe the
continent being fo large, and yet not thoroughly peopled, there has been little occa-
fion of inhabiting any more than fome few of thefe iflands ; by which means there is
but fmall difcovery made of their qualities ; though it is reafonable to think they re-
femble the land over-againft which they lie.

As for the iflands of Juan Fernandes, I will relate what I find writ about them in
Theodore and John de Bry, in their relation of the voyage of John Scutten : they fay
then, that thefe two iflands are very high land : the lead of the two, which is the
weflernmofl:, appeared to them barren, as being covered with wood, and very moun-
tainous J though not landing on it, they could make no judgment of the infide of the
ifland. The bigger ifland, which is the eafternmofl:, is Hkewife mountainous, but has
great variety of trees, and much grafs, with which are fed great herds of fwine and
goats, bred from fome few which were put on fliore by John Fernandes, who began
to cultivate thefe iflands as his own ; but he dying, and the Spaniards finding greater
advantages upon the continent, they forfook thofe iflands, which were out of all trade,
leaving their flocks of cattle behind them, which now are infinitely multiplied.

They fay befides, that coming to this, which they call the Fine Ifland, they found
a port veiy fafe for their fliips, having twenty or thirty fathom depth, the fhore all
fandy and even, with a delicate valley full of trees of all forts, and wild boars, and
other animals feeding in it j but they could not difl:inguifli them, by reafon of the dif-
tance they were at. They extol particularly a moft: beautiful fountain, which coming
down from high rocks, rolls into the fea by different canals, which form a pleafant
profpeft, and its water is very fweet and agreeable. They faw alfo great flore of feals,
and other filh, which they caught in great plenty. In fhort, they were fo in love with
this ifland, for the good qualities they difcovered even at its entrance, that they were
very unwilling to leave it though prefled in point of time.

I do not doubt, but this is a very pleafant fituation : for in its temperature, and
other properties, it muft be very like Val Paraifo and St. Jago, becaufe it is almofl

^2 14

pi ovalle's historical relation of chilb.

in the fame degree well ; and without doubt thefe iflands will be peopled in time,
when the continent grows populous, as it does every day ; for then people will be
feeking new habitations ; but at prefent they only go thither fometimes to fifh, to
fend it to Peru, where they have it not fo plentifully.

The fame authors, giving an account of the other Dutch fquadron under George
Spilberg, fay, that they came to the Ifland of Mocha, and found the north fide of it
plain and low, but the fouth full of rocks : they landed ; and the good reception they
found from the Indians, is an argument of the fertility of the place. Thofe Indians
are a noble fort of people, and very good natured. When they had refrelhed them-
felves much at their eafe, they made provifion of great ftore of fheep, which are very
large, and in great plenty there, as likewife of hens, eggs, fruit, and other provifions.
They treated the Indians on board, and Ihewed them their great guns, and their men
in order for fighting : they prefented ihem alfo with European commodities, fuch as
hats, clothes, axes, and things which they valued. After this, they fet them again
on fhore : and the Indians made figns to them to go back to their fhips, as they did.

But they were very differently received in the Ifland of Sanfta Maria, where the
vice-admiral landed with fome of his men, and were invited by the Indians to eat ; but
from the fhips they faw a great army coming down upon them, as they were going to
fit down to table ; whereupon they made figns to them to retreat to the port ; which
they did, and had juft time to embark. But they Hkewife carried off about five hun-
dred flieep, and other refrefliments, having found the ifland very fertile and well pro-
vided, as well as very temperate, being about thirteen leagues fouth-weft from the
city of the Conception, about thirty-feven degrees, and not above three leagues from
Arauco ; which makes fome think, that formerly this ifland was faft;ened to the main
land, and that the fea had in length of time made the divifion which now forms the
bay of Arauco.

There is a little to be faid that is particular of all the other iflands to the fl:raights
of Magellan, fince it has not pleafed God to let them be peopled by Spaniards, and
fo give an entrance to the gofpel ; by which means the produdl and nature of them
might be known, and many fouls faved which inhabit them.

All that we know now of them, is, that in the voyage of Pedro de Surmiento to
Spain, being fent by the viceroy to chaftife Francis Drake, for his boldnefs for infeft-
ing thofe coafl:s ; in his way, on this fide the fl:raights of Magellan, he difcovered a
great archipelago of iflands, which they told to the number of eighty, which he named
by feveral names, and took poffeflion of them in the name of his king. He alfo dif-
covered more iflands in fifty-one degrees, to which he did the fame. It is known
likewife, that in the flraights themfelves there are many iflands, fome of which we
(hall mention when we treat of the fl:raights of Magellan.

CHAP. II. — Of the Land called Terra del Fuego.

THE land called Terra del Fuego, (fo famous in the relations and maps we have of
the fliraights of Magellan,) has deceived many by its name, people believing that it had
been given it for fome volcanoes, or burning mountains, or other fubterraneous fires;
but it is not fo, for this name had no other occafion, than that the firfl: navigators
through the flraights difcovered upon it many fires and great finokes, made, as they
fuppofed, by the numerous inhabitants (>f it ; and fo they called it the Land of Fire.
There arofe likewife another millake from its great extent ; for it was judged to be a
great continent, of which in time the world was undeceived, as we fhail fee hereafter.

9 This

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 93

This land, called Terra del Fuego, is that which forms the fouth fide of the
ftraights of Magellan, extending itfelf the whole length of the ftraights, eaft and weft,
above one hundred and thirty leagues. Formerly, before the ftraights of St. Vincent,
otherwife called the ftraights of Le Maire, were difcovered, this land was thought to
be joined to fome other great continent of the Terra Auftralis, which was fuppofed
to join to New Guinea, or the iflands of Solomon ; and Ortelius, in his geography, is
of this opinion ; but upon the difcovery of the other ftraights of St. Vincent, that
doubt has been cleared, feveral having gone through them to the South-Sea; and
among the reft, two caravals fet out by the king's command, in the year 1618, on
purpofe to view thefe ftraights, which it was faid had been difcovered by James Le
Maire, which caravals were commanded by Don Juan de More.

Thefe two veflels fet out from Lift)on in the month of October 161 8, and being come
to the eaft entrance of the ftraights of Magellan, they paffed by it, and ran along all
that coaft, without finding any entrance, till they came to that of Le Maire, which
they went through, in lefs than one day's time ; after which they turned to the fouth,
and afterwards to the weft : they went round all the Terra del Fuego ; and failing
north, came to the weft entrance of the ftraights of Magellan, into which they entered,
and failed through them to the North Sea. Having thus made a circle clear round the
Terra del Fuego, they proved it demonftratively to be an ifland feparate from all other
land. The fame was done by Sir Richard Hawkins, an Englifh gentleman, who having
paffed the ftraight of I^e Maire, failed for five and forty days to the fouth, without
finding any land contiguous to the Terra del Fuego, but many iflands, as related by
Antonio de Herrera, chap. 27, of the defcription of the Weft Indies. The fame has
been confirmed by feveral, who being driven by ftorms from their intended courfe,
have been forced to run towards the fouth pole ; amongft the reft by Francis Drake,
who having pafled the ftraights of Magellan the fixth of September, 1572, and being
got on the feventh, a degree from the ftraights, was carried by a ftorm two hundred
leagues to the fouth ; and coming to an anchor in fome of thofe iflands, he there found
that the fun being eight degrees from the tropic of Capricorn, the days were fo long,
that there was not above two hours night ; from whence he inferred, that when the
fun came to the tropic, there muft be a perpetual day of twenty-four hours. The
fame was experimented about two years ago, by the fleet of General Henry Brum ;
which having pafled the ftraights in April, were by the force of ill weather carried
into feventy-tvvo degrees, and eaft anchor at the ifland of St. Bernard, to which they
gave the name of Barnevelt ; and it being about the entrance of winter, the days were
not above three hours long, fo that they expefted they would ftill fliorten till June,
when the fun being furtheft oft" from that hemifphere, would leave them in a total
night ; for this reafon, and becaufe of the hardinel^ of the weather, which increafed
every day, they durft not winter in that ifland, as they had a mind, but after a fort-
night's ftay in it, weighed anchor, and failed for Chile. In which voyage they made
but little advance, having always the wind a-head, infomuch that they were a whole
month doubling one cape, and loft in the endeavour their Tender, in which was the
beft part of their provifion.

So much for the iflands belonging to the coaft of Chile ; but having alfo mentioned
the iflands of Solomon and New Guinea, to which antiently it was thought that the
land of Terra del Fuego was joined, it will be well to fay fomething of them.

The author who writes the beft of them, is Antonio de Herrera, and from him is
taken what John and Theodore de Bry fay of them : which is thus :

The

94 OVALLe's historical relation of CHILEr

The iflands of New Guinea run from fomething more than one degree fouth of the
pole antarftick, three hundred leagues eaft to the fifth or fixth degree ; according ta
which reckoning, they fall about the weft of Payta. The iflands of Solomon fall
to the weft of Peru, about eight hundred leagues from its coaft, and extend them-
felves between the feventh and twelvth degree : they are diftant from Lima about fif-
teen hundred leagues : they are many, of a good fize : there are eighteen principal
ones, which are, fome three hundred, fome two hundred, fome one hundred, fome
fifty leagues, and lefs in compafs. Between them and Peru, inclining to the land of
Chilethere, is another called the ifland of St. Paul, about the latitude of fifteen degrees,.
and about feven hundred leagues from the Terra Firma.

The fleet of William Scowten having run along the coaft of Chile in the year 1615
or 1 61 6, from the ftraights of Magellan, took their courfe to the weft, when they were
about the latitude of eighteen degrees, to try to find out fome new ifland, and found
one in fifteen degrees ; which, according to their computation, was diftant from the
coafts of Peru about nine hundred leagues. After this they difcovered two more,^
which they called the Cocoa iflands, by reafon of the great plenty of that fruit that
was there, that the inhabitants did ufe to drink the fweet liquor that was bred within
the cocoas, but when it was at an end, they made a Ihift with fait water ; to which,
being accuftomed from their youth, it did not hurt them. They fay more, that the
inhabitants go naked, though not quite ; and that their way of being civil and faluting,
is to give themfelves blows upon the temples, which is the fame as with us the pulling
oflF the hat or cap. At firft they laughed at the fire-arms, till they faw one fall much
wounded, which undeceived them, and convinced them that it was not only noife
which proceeded from thofe arms. Thefe iflands are diftant from Peru 1 5 1 o German
leagues, which are longer than the Spanifli leagues, though not fo long as the Indian
ones. There were found alfo other iflands in the latitude of twenty-nine degrees,
which perhaps were thofe which at firft they called the iflands of Solomon. Others
fay, that there are others more to the weft, oppofite to Chile. Whofoever is
curious enough to know the particulars of all thofe iflands, their temperature, inha-
bitants, their good and ill qualities, may find them in the above-cited authors, who
treat of them more at large j for my intention, it is enough to fay what I have
reported.

CHAP. III. — Of the two Straights of Magellan and St. Vincent,

THE Straight of Magellan received its name from that man, who eternized his own,
by being the firft who difcovered and pafled it. This was that famous Portuguefe
captain, Hernando de Magellanes, whofe intrepid foul going almoft beyond the true
limits of all ordinary valour, feems to have bordered upon temerity and raffmefs, by
engaging himfelf to difcover a paflage altogether unknown, and fo narrow, that it was
very dangerous for fliips, being befides in the fifty-fourth degree, which makes it very
cold. This bold captain began to enter the ftraight by the North-Sea the twenty-
leventh of November, in the year 1520, and in twenty days, which was a happy
paflfage, he entered the South-Sea; from thence he failed to the Philippine iflands,
where he was killed in one of thofe iflands called Matan, to which he went from
another called Pezebu, to fight againft the king of the firft, becaufe he refufed to fub-
jeft himfelf to one of thofe kings who had turned Chriftian ; engaging him with more
courage than condu^i, and fo he periftied by the great number of his adverfaries. His

death

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 5^

^eath was very much lamented, and he much miffed in the difcoveries of that new
world ; for, without doubt, if he had lived longer, he would have made great difcove-
ries in the Terra Firma and iflands.

To give a more certain account of this ftraight of Magellan, I will make ufe of the
memoirs of thofe who have paffed it, and left relations of it, who, as eye-witneffes,
were lefs fubje£t to miftake. And firft I will give thofe fworn relations given in Caftilla
by thofe who fet fail from the Corunna, by the Emperor Charles the Fifth's order, in
fix fhips under the command of Fray Garcia Jofre de Loayfa, a knight of Malta, and
born at Civedad Real.

They fay in their report, that the faid ftraight is a hundred leagues in length,
from the cape of Eleven Thoufand Virgins, which is at the entrance of the North-Sea
to the cape of Defire, which is at the entrance of the South-Sea ; and they fay more,
that they found in the ftraight three great bays, of about feven leagues wide from
land to land, but the entrances of them are not much more than half a league over ;
the firft is about a league deep ; the fecond about two leagues ; the third, they fay, is
tncompaffed with mountains of fuch a height, that they feem to be in competition
with the ftars, and the fun does not enter within them in the whole year ; which was
the caufe of their enduring there an extreme cold ; for it fnows almoft continually,
^nd the fnow never melting by the fun-beams, it looked with a kind of bluifli colour.
They fay, moreover, that the nights were twenty hours long ; they met with good
water, and trees of feveral forts, among which many cinnamon-trees ; and that the
leaves and boughs of the trees, though they appeared green, yet burnt in the fire as if
they were dry ; that they found many good fifhing-places, and faw many whales, (fome
mermaids) many of the tunny-fifti, Iharks, cods, great ftore of pilchards and anchovies,
very great oyfters, and other fliell-fifh. That there were alfo very good harbours, with
fifteen fathom water ; and in the ftraights itfelf above five hundred fathom, and no
where any fands or flioals. They obferved feveral pleafant rivers and ft reams, and faw
that the tides of both feas came each of them above fifty leagues up the ftraight, and
meet about the middle of it with a prodigious noife and formidable ftiock. Though a
Portuguefe captain, who had paffed this ftraight, told me, that thefe tides were only
fome high floods, which laft a month, or thereabouts, as the winds blow ; which makes
the fea fometimes rife to a great height, and at other times fall as much, leaving the
fliore dry for a great way ; and the ebbing is fometimes fo faft, that fhips are left dry,
as this captain's ftiip was, fo that he was forced to dig his way out to get into deeper
water. They found feveral other entrances in this ftraight ; but for want of provifion
they could not ftay to fearch them. They loft one ftiip off the Virgins Cape j and they
had fcarce entered the ftraights when a ftorm blew them back to the river of St. Ildefonfo,
and to the port of Sanda Croce, where they found ferpents of various colours, and
ftones that were good for ftanching of blood ; all this may be feen in Antonio de Her-
rera, in the fecond tome, dec. 3, and in the ninth book, fol. 335, and it does not
difagree with the other relation of Magellan's voyage, though this makes the ftraighteft
part yet lefs, allowing it not above a mufquet-ftiot over, and from one entrance to
another it reckons a hundred leagues, the land on both fides being very rich and
beautiful.

This is, in fliort, the relation given in to the king. There are fome other authors
who neither make the ftraight fo long, nor do they make the narroweft part fo ftraight j
for fome allow but fourfcore and ten leagues, or lefs, to its length ; but yet it is
probable, that the firft give the moft credible account, becaufe they examined it with
fuch care and punduality, in order to inform His Majefty. All agree in one thing,

which

9^ ovalle's historical relation of chile.

which is, in the good qualities of the feaj land, and iflands of the ftraight, as well as
of the fhore on both fides, and of the good parts that are in it, and of fome particularly
fo fecure, that the fliips rid in them without being faftened, being as fafe as if they
had been in a box.

Among the reft the Hollanders celebrate much the twenty-fifth port, called the
Famous ; and it is fo much fo, that George Spilberg, their general, gave it that name,
for the excellent reception they found there : they faw the whole earth about covered
with various fruits of various colours, and of excellent tafte. To delight them the
more, there was a fine brook of excellent water that fell from a high rock, and watered
all the valley entering into the port ; and befides thefe five and twenty ports or har-
bours, there were many others in the remaining part of the ftraight, which might
be a third of it, all which were very remarkable.

There is a harbour called De la Pimienta, or the Pepper Harbour, for the fake of
fome trees they found in it, whofe barks had a moft aromatick fmell, and a tafte of
pepper, fomething more burning and quick than that of the Eaft-Indies. When the
Nodales palfed this way, they gathered a great deal of this bark ; and authors fay, that
when they brought it to Seville, it was fo valued there, that it was fold for fixteen
ryals, or two crowns a pound.

The fame authors report, that they found cinnamon-trees, which bore good cinna-
mon J and in the fecond narrow pafTage fome others, that bear a fort of black fruity
of moft excellent tafte and favour. In other places they faw moft beautiful woods
and groves, pleafant plains, agreeable valleys, intervals of great beauty, with high
mountains ; fome covered with fnow, from whence there defcended lovely ftreams ^
others all cloathed with greens of various forts ; and in them they defcried many
animals going to and fro, fuch as deer, oftriches, and others, as alfo great variety
of moft beautiful birds of all colours ; and among the reft they killed one fo large,
that meafuring one of its wings, they found it above a yard long ; and they were fo
tame that they flew to the fliips, and fuffered themfelves to be handled : they found
alfo another fort of large birds, which they called fea-geefe, every one of which, after
they had been plumed and pulled, weighed eight pounds of Caftile ; and they were
fo numerous, that the ground was covered with them, fo that they killed what quan-
tities they pleafed. They faw another fort of bird, much of the fhape of a pigeon, all
white, only with red bills, and red feet ; all which were a grand entertainment to
them as they failed along. They commend alfo the harbour, which they call Moft
Beautiful, where the city of St. Philip was founded ; there they faw the traces of
feveral animals, which ufed to come to drink in thofe chryftal fountains. After
the third ftraight place, there is to be feen a moft excellent harbour, called the Shell-
Harbour, by reafon of the vaft quantities of oyfters and other fhell-fifh that they
found there, which fufficed to feed the whole fleet feveral days, carrying away with
them a good provifion likewife for their voyage, all owning that they were better
than thofe of Europe.

There are found in the great canal of the ftraight feveral iflands,which are as eftimable
as the Terra Firma; they are generally in the wideft part, where the fea is feven
or eight leagues over ; the chief are thofe of St. Lawrence and St. Stephen, otherwife
called the ifland Barnevelt. Before they came to thefe, they found other iflands,
which they called the Pinguin Iflands, for the great quantity of that fort of birds that
are bred there. There is another, called the Holy King's Ifland, which is in a river,
which enters into the ftraights, and they faw in it many leals. Others of thefe iflands
are named Sevaldo, from the name of him th»t difcovered them, near which there

were

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE;

97

were ftore of the pinguin birds, and abundance of whales. After having paffed the
fecond ftraight, there are ftill more iflands, the firft is called of the Angels, and is
full of the birds we have mentioned. The fecond is named the ifland of the Patagoons,
or giants, becaufe they faw there fome of them. Near the fhell-port there are other
eight iflands ; and a little before the entrance into the South-Sea, there are feveral
other iflands, which muft be very little, for the ftraights are there very narrow. Some
may defire to know, whether, befides this entrance of the ftraight of Magellan, there
are any other, by which fhips may fail from the North-Sea to the South. Touching
which, the relation of George Spilberg fays, that there is one by the cape, which they
called Prouvaert. Some Englifh like wife, who have failed that way, are of the fame
opinion j for which they cite father Acofta, of our fociety, in his Oriental Hiftory,
tranflated by John Hugh Linfcot, chap. lo. in the end: as may be feen in the already
cited John and Theodore de Brye, who add, that many other authors do agree in this
opinion j and that thofe of Spilberg's fleet, before they came to the ftraight, faw this
opening on the north fide ; but they did not dare to go into it, becaufe they had
exprefs orders to pafs the ftraight of Magellan ; and befides, that which added to this
refolution, was the obfervation they made of the great force with which the waves met
each other at this opening, inforhuch that the fea feemed to boil.

This is all that I have met with in authors about this opinion, which even John and
Theodore de Brye look upon as falfe ; becaufe neither the Spaniards nor Dutch ever
faw this fecond canal ; but rather that the whole land of Fuego is one great continued
ifland, which they prove by the relation of the navigation made by the Nodales, who
were fent to fearch for the ftraight of St. Vincent, and who went round the Tierra del
Fuego, without finding any fuch opening, or any other than that of Magellan and
St. Vincent ; and yet I am of another opinion, and hold the firft for certain ; and this
does not contradict the opinion of Spilberg, who does not fay, that the opening he faw
was on the fouth, but on the north fide, towards the land of Chile ; and fo, though
the land of Fuego be an ifland, it does not follow that there may not be an entrance
on the north fide. But let us leave that to time to make out, and fay fomething of
the ftraight of St. Vincent, which is the fecond paflfage from the North to the
South-Sea.

CHAP. IV. — The fame Matter is continued, and the Ufefulnefs of the Commerce between
Chile and the Philippine Iflands is made out.

IN the year 1619, the king fent, in the month of October, the two caravals which
I mentioned above, to fearch the ftraight of St. Vincent, becaufe about that time it was
reported in Spain, that James Le Maire had difcovered it. Thefe two fhips failed to
the bay of St. Gregory, which is near the eaft entrance of the ftraight of Magellan ;
from whence they failed along all that coaft, where they faw and converfed with a fort
of giants, who were at leaft the head higher than any of the Europeans ; and they
exchanged for fciflars, and other baubles, gold, which it feems, is the produ(5t of that
country : after which they failed fouth-weft round the Tierra del Fuego, till they came
to the mouth of this new ftraight, which they called the ftraight of St. Vincent ; and
before they entered it, they failed along the ftiore of this new difcovered land, keeping
it always on the right hand, their courfe eaft-north-eaft, as it tends.

They failed about thirty leagues ; and not having difcovered all that way, not as far
as they could fee, any opening or inlet, they returned to the opening of the ftraight

VOL. XIV. ' O of

^8 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

of St. Vincent ; and entering Into it, went through It in lefs than one day, it not be- •
ing above feven leagues in length ; and being entered afterwards into the South-Sea,
they followed the fame land to the eaft, and fouth-weft thirty leagues more ; and fee-
ing it was one continued coaft, clofed up with mountains of great height, they durft
not go any further, beginning to want provifions ; and fo thinking that this land might
^^V"' reach as far as the Cape of Good Hope, they left it, and failed to the weft entrance of
"^ '' ' the ftraight of Magellan; which they entered, and went through to the North-Sea,
returning that way to Spain, to give an account of what they had difcovered, having
made a very fortunate voyage, and not loft one man, nor had any ficknefs, all that
climate being very like that of Europe, and particularly to the cold part of it. This
made the king give order for the fetting out of eight fail more, to carry this way
to the Philippine iflands all the relief necelfary, of foldiers, artillery, and tackling for
fhips, refolving henceforward that they ftiould always go this way, as being fhorter,
eafier, and of lefs charge and danger. This was the opinion of Michael de Cardoel,
and the other pilots chofen for this .expedition, who obliged themfelves to fail to the
Philippines (bating extraordinary accidents) in eight or nine months ; for, having once
' palTed the ftraights, if they had the wind and currents favourable, they hoped to get
to the Philippines in two months ; becaufe from Chile to thofe iflands, there is no rea-
fon, as in other navigations, to wait for certain feafons arid times of the year j for all
that voyage being to be made within the tropicks, there is no danger of winter ; but
one may fail it at any time of the year.

The Dutch authors already cited, treating of this fubjeft, add thefe words : — " In
truth this is a great conveniency to mankind, to be able to go from Europe to thefe
iflands in fo ftiort a time, with all the health and fafety of the failors ; it being other-
wife in going by the Cape of Good Hope, where the diverfity of winds is to be ob-
ferved. Tome of them being fo contrary, as to hinder abfolutely the voyage ; fo that it
lafts fometimes fifteen or fixteen months. Befides, this courfe is fo fubje6l to difeafes,
that often they bury half their men in the fea, as happened to Girrard Reinft, who was
fixteen months getting to Bantam, which is not above half way to the Philippines, and
yet loft a quarter of his men : Adrian Wreuter was nineteen months getting to Bantam,
and loft out of the fliip, called the Fleflingue, one hundred and fixty-three out of twa
hundred : the fame happened to the other three fliips of that fquadron." Thus far
thefe Dutch authors ; who add, that the fliip Concordia, going the other way, arrived
at the Moluccas without lofing a man. And if they fay true, and make out that it is
better to fail this way to their Batavia, how much better is it for the Spaniards, who
drive a trade with Peru and Chile, the diftance being much lefs, and having for
friends all the ports of Chile, if they would not go fo high as Peru, which the
Dutch have not ? Neither would it be a fmall advantage to exchange in thofe ports
the merchandizes of Europe with their product, which is fo wanting in the Philippine
iflands, and all thofe parts of the eaft. Every one may find their account in this trade ;
the Spaniards, without running the danger of ficknefs in thofe unhealthy climates of
Carthagena, Panama, and Puerto Bello, might find as much vent for the European
commodities ; Chile and Peru would have all goods from' Spain much cheaper than
they have them now by the Terra Firma ; the charges then would be three times lefs ;
and, at the fame time, they would help off" the producls of thofe parts ; as from Peru
they might load corn, wine, and oil ; and if they did not care to go fo far, they might
have the fame things from Chile, and cheaper, befides copper, hides, almonds, and
other commodities proper to Europe : fo that it is clear this would be a very advanta-
geous intercourfe for the Philippines, who want all thefe commodities fo much.

4 t Neither

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 99

Neither would the trade of New Spain receive any damage at all from this ; for thofe
countries could not have them from Peru and Chile fo eafily as from Europe; and fo Spain
would fend lefs, only fo much as is carried to the Philippines from New Spain, which
-cannot be much ; for the charge of carrying thofe European commodities from Vera
Cruz, to be embarked again for the Philippines, is very confiderable, it being at leaft
one hundred and fixty leagues by land from the Vera Cruz to Acapulco, which is the ncmf^i/-^
port where they are to be embarked ; after which, they have a navigation of three ^'^^^^
months ; and then, there being not always conveniences of fhipping in Acapulco, thofe ^
commodities are kept fo long that they are fpoiled ; and it is feen by experience how
little of this trade turns to account : but it would be otherwife, if thefe commodities
were carried from Chile, fmce in two or three months, always in a temperate climate,
they might fail with a conftant fouth wind, which blows all the fummer infallibly, and
fo bring the product of Chile in a good condition to the Philippines. This commerce,
though it would accommodate all parties, yet it muft be confeifed, it would be mod
beneficial to Chile, which would thereby have more vent for its produdt, and acquire
more people to cultivate its natural fertility.

There have been two obflacles to this projeQ;, which have hindered its taking : the
firil is, the difficulty of pafTmg the flraight of Magellan, becaufe it being fo much ele-
vated towards the pole, it cannot be paifed but in certain months of the year, which,
if thofe who attempt it do not hit, they are in danger of perifhing, as in effe6l it has
happened to fome fquadrons of fhips, as I fliall relate in the next chapter *, though
others have paifed it very luckily in its proper feafon, the flraight itfelf having, as we
have feen, many good harbours and flielters for fhips.

The fecond obftacle is the fame that keeps the port of Buenos Ayres from being
frequented, (for elfe all the treafure of Peru might be fent that way ;) and it is, that
the courfe of trade is fettled the other way, notwithftanding the great charge the crown
is at to have two fleets, the one in the South, and the other in the North-Sea, only to
fecure this paflage; and that with the lofs of fo many Spaniards' lives, that in the hof- fn^^\
pital of Panama only, there was buried, as they told me when I went that way in the
year 1630, above fourteen thoufand perfons ; and what muft we guefs then in the
ports of Carthagena and Puerto Bello, which have been the fepulchre of fo many
Europeans ?

Notwithftanding all thefe mifchiefs, this way is continued to maintain thofe cities
already founded in thofe parts ; though it is moft certain, that the fame end, of carry-
ing the filver to Spaift, might be attained by one only fleet, with lefs danger of the fea.
By that courfe the galleons would fail always in deep water, and not run the hazards
they do between Carthagena and the Havanna, between which places they are fain to
found all the v/ay, and keep the lead going, to avoid the many fhoals that are in thofe
feas, and in the canal of Bahama afterwards : befides that, the dangers of ficknefs
would be avoided ; for the Spaniards find by experience, that at Buenos Ayres they
are healthy, that being in the temperate climate correfponding to that of Europe.

And for the fame reafon the navigation between Chile and the Philippines is not put
in ufe ; becaufe the courfe of things being once fettled one way, it is very hard to
change them, though to a better. I fhall not purfue this matter any further, becaufe
it feems to touch the ftate and government, which is not my defign : perhaps time will
bring all things to pafs ; and that thofe of Chile themfelves will venture to find out
this vent for their produd. All confifts in trying ; for the advantages on both fides
would be fo manifeft, that the fweet of them would foon make the way eafy, and that
trade would wonderfully enrich Chile and Peru, finoe they might bring back to thofe

o 2 kingdoms

loo ovalle's historical relation of chile.

kingdoms all the commodities of China and Japan ; and that without carrying any gold
or filver, which might be preferved all for Europe. Thus the greateft part of this
new world being enriched by its own product, the king's revenues will be the
greater, as well as the returns in gold and filver the greater ; and all things thus well
accommodated, the fervice of God, and the divine cult and worlhip would be better
carried on.

CHAP, v.— -Of the Fleets ; fome of which have been loji, andfome have happily pajfed

the Straight of Magellan.

AMONG the fleets which have been loft in the ftraight of Magellan, the firft was
that of four fhips fet out by the bifhop of Placentia for the Molucca iflands ; which
having got to the ftraight with good weather, and being entered into it about twenty
leagues, there rofe from the weft a ftorm, which blowing diredly a-head, forced three
of the fhips aftiore, they not having room to turn or run before it ; but all the men
were faved. The fourth had better fortune ; for going before the ftorm, (he got out
of the ftraight ; and when the foul weather was over, came into the ftraight again,
where the other fhips were loft, and found the men, who had faved themfelves on
fhore, who prefently made figns and cries to be taken on board ; but they with hearts
full of grief anfwered them. " What would you have ? We cannot relieve you, for
the provifions we have on board are not fufficient for ms\ and fo we may fear to perifh
all of us together.'* They could not fay to them the other words of the Gofpel, " Go
rather to thofe who fell," becaufe they were in a defart country, where tHey had no
remedy, but to fend fighs to heaven, accompanied with inconfolable tears and cries,
capable of moving the ftones themfelves. Thus they left them, purfuing their voyage,^
much afflided to be forced to forfake them, and not be able to do any thing for them 5
but thefe are accidents and hard cafes belonging to the fea-faring men.

It is not known to this day what has become of thefe men ; only there is a tradition,
that a great way within land, on the continent of Chile, near the ftraight, there is a
nation called Ceffares, who were endeavoured to be difcovered by Don Hieronimo Luis
de Cabrera, governor of Tucuman, about eight and twenty years ago, with a good
army raifed at his own charge ; but his diligence was in vain, as we have marked
already, and told the caufe of his mifcarrying. It is thought, and it is very probable,
thefe CelTares may be defcended from thofe Spaniards who were faved in this fhip-
wreck ; becaufe it was poflible, that feeing themfelves without any other recourfe, they
might go on into the Terra Firma, where, contracting alliance with fome Indian na-
tion, they may have multiplied, and the fame of them may have reached the neigh-
bouring nations, and fo on to others. This is certain, that this tradition is much kept
up, that there is in thofe parts an European nation called Ceffares. Some fay, that
there has been heard the found of bells, and they have founded cities where they live ;
but, in fine, there is no certainty of all this. A gentleman born in Chiloe, and who
has been a colonel in thofe parts, gave me in writing a relation of feveral traditions and
informations of great numbers of people that inhabit the land within, and who have much
gold. There has been made feveral attempts to difcover them, though all have mifcar-
ried for want of provifions, or by other accidents, which in time may be remedied when
it pleafes God. And at this very time I have received letters, which acquaint me,
that father Hieronimo de Montemayor, apoftolical miflionary of that archipelago of
Chiloe, had entered into the Terra Firma in company of Captain Navarro, a man very

I of famous

ovalle's historical relation of CmLE. 10 1

famous in thofe parts ; and that they difcovered a nation, which it is thought are thefe
Ceflares, becaufe they are a nation of white complexion, and frelh cherry cheeks, and
who, in their fhape and difpofition of body, feem to be men of mettle ; and that they
had brought fome of them , along with them, to endeavour^ to inform themfelves of
that which they fo much defire. This is all the father wrote at that time, becaufe the
fhip could not flay, and there is but one Ihip every year bound fop thofe parts ; fo he
was forced to refer himfelf to the next conveniency, to inform me more particularly
of the original and defcent of this nation ; fo that this is all that at prefent we can fay of
this nation of the Ceflares, which it is poflible may come from thefe fhipwrecked men ;
or elfe they may defcend from fome Dutch, who may have been fhipwrecked in the
fame place, or thereabouts ; and their complexion feems to fortify this conjedure ; be-
fides, that they fpeak a language which no body then prefent could underfland ; or
there may be both Spaniards and Flemings. It is thought we Ihall not be long with-
out knowing the truth, and fo I continue my narration. The fecond fleet which mif-
carried in the ftraight, was that which was fet out about two and twenty years ago,
under general Ayala, a gentleman of high birth and valour ; who going from Spain to
Chile, dealt with His Majefty for a relief of men, which he was to carry through the
ftraight of Magellan, without landing any where elfe ; but juft as they were entering
it, they were all caft away, fo as to this day there has not been any account of them,
except of the vice-admiral's fhip, under the command of Francifco de Mandujava ;
for, having loft fight of the admiral in the ftorm, fhe was carried before the wind to
the port of Buenos Ayres, where he landed the men, and marched them over land
to Chile. I heard fome of the men talk of this matter ; and they ufed to blame the
general very much, for having gone about 'to enter the ftraight when the time of the
year was fo far advanced, particularly having been advifed in Brafil, where he touched,
to winter there, which he refufed to do, for fear his people fhould defert him, and fo
he and they all perifhed.

Thefe accidents feem to have made this pafTage lefs practicable ; but yet we know
that many have pafTed this ftraight with little danger, and fome with great felicity.
Eight fleets are mentioned by John and Theodore de Bry, as well Spaniards as fo-
reigners, who have pafTed this ftraight j and though fome have had bad weather, yet
there is no doubt but time and good obfervations may make it more feafible ; parti-
cularly there being fo many good harbours and bays in this ftraight, where fhips may
fhelter themfelves, and let the ftorms blow over.

CHAP. VI. ■— Of the Province of Cuyo.

AFTER having treated of the two firft parts of the kingdom of Chile, we mult
fay fomething now of the third, which contains thofe large provinces of Cuyo, which
are on the other fide of the Cordillera, towards the eaft. We have already defcribed their
fituation and extent, let us treat now of the nature of them. And to begin with their
ill qualities ; it is a wonderful thing to confider that there being nothing between them
and Chile, but the high mountains of the Cordillera, yet they are fo different in their
qualities. We have already mentioned fome ; but we may fay, that as to their tempe-
rature, they are in every thing entirely oppofite ; for firft, the heats are excelTive and
intolerable in fummer ; and for that, as well as for the vaft quantity of bugs or punaifes,
which are there, fome very fmall, and others as big as bees, one can hardly fleep a- ,^
nights in the houfes, and therefore the people all fleep in their gardens and court-yards*

There

• '"' 102 "* ' ' ovalle's historical relation of chile.

"Tiliere are almofl perpetual thunders and lightnings, and many polfonous reptiles and

infedls, though not fo many as in Tucuman and Paraguay. There are likewife a fpe-

^^^ cies of mofquitos, or gnats, no bigger than tlie points of needles, and as fliarp in their

t^ fting, though themfelves are almofl imperceptible ; they get into the hair of one*s

beard, and one cannot be rid of them any other way, than by killing them.

Thefe are the evil qualities of the land of Cuyo ; let us now mention the good ones.
The land is fo fertile, that in many things it exceeds even the richdfl foil of Chile ; the
crops are better, the fruits larger, and of better tafte, by reafon of the great heat,
which ripens them more : there is good ftore of corn, wine, flefh, all forts of fruits,
roots, and herbs of Europe ; as alfo great quantities of olive-yards and almond-grounds ;
fo that the only eflential difi'erence between it and Chile, is the many venomous ani-
mals, and the thunders and rains in fummer ; though to make fome amends, if Chile
exceeds in fummer, Cuyo has the advantage in winter ; for though the cold is fharp,
yet it is not with fuch clouds, nor fuch fnow and rains, as in Chile ; but rather the
weather is ferene, and the fun beautiful and clear, without any dark weather, which
makes it very temperate.

There is^ no fea-fifh in this province, it being very far from any fea ; but it has ponds,
which are called the ponds of Guanacache, where they catch gre^t quantities of trouts,
as they call them, which are very big, like the Savalos of Seville, but much better
without comparifon ; for they have no fmall bones, and are of a higher relifh, and a very
healthy food.

Befides the fruits of Europe, this country has feveral very good of its own. The
firil is called Chanales, which are like filberts or fmall nuts ; only the difference is,
that that which is to be eaten is not within, but on the outfide of the fhell : the other
is the Algaroba, of which they make bread fo fweet, that it naufeates thofe who are
not ufed to it. All Tucuman, as far as Buenos Ayres and Paraguay,' are provided
from hence with figs, pomegranates, dried peaches, and dried grapes, apples, oil, and
excellent wine, of which they have abundance, which they carry over thofe vafl plains
called the Pampas, (where for many leagues together there is not a tree, nor a flone to
be found,) in large carts, fuch as they ufe here in Rome ; and they are a caravan of
them together, to defend themfelves fromjj certain Indians, who are enemies, and
often attack them by the way.

Some years ago, they began to difcover here rich mines of filver, the fame of which
drew people from Potofi when I left Chile, becaufe they were reputed to be richer, and
of more profit than thofe of Potofi, all provifions being more abounding and cheaper
too. Thefe mines were alfo faid to be in a plain country, where carts might come eafily.
They write me word likevidfe, that there have fince been difcovered gold mines of a
prodigious richnefs. ^ It is true, indeed, that in this matter of mines, there is a great
difference between the allaying them in little parcels, or in great ones j for often the
ore that promifes much, yields but little, when the affay comes to be made in great.
This is a common obfervation in mines ; and if thefe of Cuyo do not prove extraor-
dinary rich, there will hardly come any people from abroad to them, particularly from
Chile, where they have already fo many and good ones, of fuch a known profit, and
yet they do not work them, the people being more profitably employed in hufbandry,
which turns to greater account.

I will give here an extraft of a letter which I received in Rome this year from father
Juan del P090 of our company, a perfon of great piety, and worthy of credit, who is
at prefent in the college of Mendo9a, the chief of all thofe of the province of Cuyo,
and it is thus : — " The greateft news here, is about the mines which are begun to be
difcovered, which if it holds as they relate, it will be the greateft thing in the world :

they

OVALLE*^S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. tO^,

they are of gold, "which is feen among the filver ore : there are come very underftand-*
ing miners from Potofi, who cannot give ^ver commending them. There come people
from St. Jago to work them, and Captain Loren90 Soares is named for Alcalde Mayor '^''^
of \hefe mines.*'] There ?re others who write the fame thing ; and there is no doubt
to be made, but that if they can have people, that country willbe one of the richeft of
all the Indies ; for its great fertility wants nothing but people to cultivate and confume
its produd. This will make the three cities of that province, which are that of Mendo9a,
that of St. Juan, and that of St. Luis of Loiola, increafe mightily, which fmce their firft
foundation have been at a ftand, by reafon of the neighbourhood of Chile, which has kept
them down ; many of the firft inhabitants of Cuyo having left it to go to Chile, as being
more temperate, and more abounding with the conveniences of Hfe ; for the fame reafon
that we fee in other parts moft people flock to the capitals of a kingdom, as is evident
in Naples and other great cities. But if the Spanifli inhabitants increafe as they have
done hitherto, there will be enoilgh for all thefe parts; and already fome of St. Jago
have fettled, and married at St. Juan and Mendoga ; neither can it be otherwif^ for
the people of Chile are beginning to be fo ftraightened, that they cannot have all the
conveniences of being at large, and fo are forced to feek them abroad.

And it is moft certain, that the conveniencies of this province are very great ; and
their not appearing fo, is owing only to their neighbourhood to Chile, in comparifon of
which thefe countries appear a place of baniftiment, and is looked upon as the moft
rigorous that can be given any one in Chile; becaufe to fay trurh, the difterence is
very great, confidering the proprieties of each place ; but if we confider Cuyo, without
comparing it, it is not only a good place, but furpaifes many others, where nevertheleis
the inhabitants think themfelves very happy, though wanting the abundance of Cuyo^
where the flefti is very fubftantial and favoury, and great abundance of game, as
alfo of pork, turkeys, ducks, hens, and other tame fowl.

The wines are very generous, and of fo much ilrength, that though they be carried
three or four hundred leagues over thofe plains, and the intolerable heat of the Pampas,
and that by oxen, yet they come good to Buenos Ayres and other places, and are
preferved with the fame facility, as long as one pleafes, without fpbiling ; and they are
in fuch quantity, that all the provinces round are fupplied with them, nay, as far
as Paraguay, which is three or four hundred leagues more. The bread is excellent, fo
is the oil, and all forts of legumes and gardening ; the fifh better than the fea-fifti ;
the flax and. hemp as good as that of Chile; the materials for tanning very good ;
and, in fliort, it has all neceflTaries for life, with as much advantage as any other
country.

This being thus, and even more than I relate, what is there wanting to this land, or
what are its blots ? punaifes, thunder, lightning, hail. And what other country has
not fome of thefe ? Shall we fay, becaufe God has exempted Chile by a fmgula?
providence from thefe things, that therefore Cuyo is an ill country ? No, for then we
muft condemn moft countries where thefe afiiifting circumftances are found. And though
it muft be owned, that in the fummer the heats are great, yet they do not exceed thofe
of Tucaman, Buenos Ayres, and Paraguay ; and they are inferior to thofe of Brafil, and
thofe of Carajas, Carthagena, Puerto Bello, and Panama, as I myfelf have experienced in.
fome of thofe places. And thefe parts of Cuyo have fome amends made them from'
the neighbourhood of the fnow; for the city of Mendo9a is not above a league from
the Cordillera, which is full of it ; and likewife the good qualities of the air do fome-
thing moderate the heat ; for it is fo healthv, that it never hurts any body by being in

it,

104 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

it, which makes them lleep in their gardens abroad, without any apprehenfion, except
it be of fome fudden fhower which does often happen in fummer ; for on a fudden,
though the heavens be clear and bright, it grows cloudy, and falls a raining with great
fury ; but this may be eafily remedied ; and likewife the thunders and thunderbolts
might be avoided, which are the things which fright thofe of Chile moft, they being fo
little ufed to them ; and therefore at the very name of Cuyo, they think the heavens
are falling upon their heads, or that the punaifes, and other naufeous vermin are never
to leave them ; fo that no greater mortification can be propofed to an inhabitant of
Chile, than to go to live in Cuyo. And befides all this, the vaft fnows which fall on
the mountains, fhut up the paffes, and hinder all communication or intercourfe ; fo
that in five or fix months one cannot receive a letter, though thofe two provinces are
not above thirty or forty leagues afunder, that is, the breadth of that chain of
mountains called the Cordillera. This therefore is that which difcredits Cuyo ; and
if it had been further oflF from Chile, it would have had a better name ; but it is with
that, as with two loaves, which though both goocj, yet if one be whiter and better, no
body will touch the other, the beft being always moft pleafmg.

CHAP. VII. — Of the Confines of the Province of Cuyo, and particularly of its Eafterly
Bounds, the Pampas, and of the Rher of Plata,

THE confines of this province of Cuyo to the weft, are Chile ; and to the eaft, the
Pampas, or vaft plains of the Rio de la Plata, and part of Tucuman ; which reaching
as far as thofe of Rioca, and the mountains of St. Michael, with all the reft as far
as Salta and Jujuy, make the north fide of it ; and to the fouth, it has the ftraights of
Magellan. All this continent is called the Efcombradas, or plains without hindrance ;
for there is not fo much as any ftop to the eye ; but it is like a fea, and the fun feems
to rife and fet out of the earth ; and at its rifing, it is fometime that it gives but little
light ; as alfo it lofes fome of its beams before it be quite out of fight when it fets.
The way of travelling in thofe plains is with very high carts, which they cover over
neatly with hoops, over which are cow-hides, with doors to go in and out ; and thefe
are drawn by oxen : there are alfo windows to give a free palfage to the air, and on
the bottom one makes one's bed with fo much conveniency, that often travellers fleep
out the whole journey, and feel not any of the inconveniences which attend it.
Generally they fet out about two hours before fun-fet, and travel all night, till it be an
hour or two after fun-rifing ; fo that a traveller juft wakes when he comes to the
baiting-place. This muft be owned to be a great conveniency ; becaufe one may alfo
walk on foot fometimes, in the cool, before one lies down, and fo one comes merrily
and eafily to one's journey's end.

There is alfo another entertainment which helps to pafs the time pleafantly, and that
is hunting : and for this end fome carry horfes empty, and dogs on purpofe ; and
there is game enough both of hare and venifon : for there are herds of Guanacos, of
two or three hundred. The dog follows them; and the young-ones, not able to
follow, are left behind, which the hunter knocks on the head with a club he carries,
without lighting from his horfe, and returns to the carts loaden with venifon, which
ferve for provifion as well as entertainment. At other times they follow the partridges,
francolins, or the bird called Quiriquincho. But to all this there are abatements and
mixtures of trouble : the firft is, the mighty heat in fummer ; for which reafon, left
the oxen ftiould be ftifled with it, they travel in the night ; and when they come to

halt.

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

^05

halt, or bait in the day time, it is in places where there is not fo much as a tree, under
whofe fhade one may reft : nor is there any other fhade than that of the cart, and
fome coverlet upon it ; for to go into it, is like going into an oven. But this is not all
the way, there being fome pleafant running ftreams and rivers bordered with green
willow-trees, which very much mitigates the fury of the heat. The greateft incon-
venience that I perceived in that journey, was the want of water ; which is fo great,
that we were forced to provide ourfelves, when we arrived at any of thefe rivers, for
many days journey ; for there is no other, except fometimes fome plafhes remaining of
rain-water ; and that is all green, and can ferve only for the oxen : and yet this is rare
too ; for thefe are often dried up to mud, and then one is forced to double the
day*s journey, and -march as far again; fo that the cattle is almoft dead with
thirft. I have feen fometimes, on thefe occafions, the oxen take a run as if they were
mad Or poiTeifed ; for they know by inftinO:, a league or two before they come at
it, the places where it is, as if they fmelled it ; fo there is no flopping thofe that
are loofe ; and even thofe who are at the yoke, make what hafte they can ; and when
they get to the water, they raife the mud fo by their hafte, that they drink as
much mud as water.

When this happens, while there is any of the water left that was taken at the river,
and carried in carts, the misfortune is the lefs ; but when that water is already fpent,
the people fuffer extremely : for though moft commonly fome one man is fent before
to take up fomie water of the cleareft, before the oxen trouble it, yet they make fuch
hafte, that that prevention moft commonly mifcarries ; and then we are fain to ftop
our nofes, and ftiut our eyes to drink, and divert even our imagination, if we can. And
to all this there is no remedy, but from heaven,^ as it happened to me once, that it
pleafed God to fend us a fliower in our greateft extremity, which filled feveral wells,
and there was enough for us and our cattle, as alfo to carry away ; for which we
thanked the Divine Majefty, acknowledging his great mercy to us in fo prefling circum-
ftances.

This fuifering would not be fo great, if there were any towns and villages in the
v/ay ; for there are little lakes, by which they might fettle, which, though fome years
they yield no water, yet it is to be come at by a little digging, and that not very deep ;
and if there were people in thofe defarts, wells might be made, or the rain-water
gathered in cifterns, as it is pra6lifed in feveral other places. But thefe plains are fo
vaft, that they can hardly be peopled, being extended for feveral hundred leagues ;
and befides, there being no trade fettled of any importance in thofe parts, there cannot
be inns nor places of ftielter fettled ; and fo at prefent, whoever travels that way, muft
carry every thing ; for when once one is fet out, there is no addition to be made ;
and therefore all is to be provided, more or lefs, according to one*s ability ; and that
muft be at leaft a fortnight's allowance, and fometimes twenty or thirty days, till one
comes to fome inhabited place. This is the manner of travelling in the plains of Cuyo,
and Tucuman, and the Rio Plata, where in many leagues one does not fee a hill, nor a
ftone, nor a tree, but continual plains ; and if, to drefs your vidluals, you have not the
forefight to carry fome wood, all the remedy is to gather the cow-dung, which ferves
the turn very ill. In fome places of this province of Cuyo, there are woods near the
rivers, from whence may be had materials for building ; and hard-by the Cordillera
there is a fort of tree that breeds incenfe. I brought fome of it to Rome, and the
druggifts told me, that it was finer than the ordinary, confumed in churches. There
grows there alfo the herb called Xarilla, which is very hot, and a good medicine^ as
we have faid already. There are many others, of which I cannot give fo particular an

VOL. XIV. p account,

io6 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

account, as not having made any flay in thofe parts ; neither am I in a place where I
can advantage myfelf of thofe relations, that others might give me ; and which may
ferve for larger hiftories than mine, I pretending only to brevity. Therefore let this
fuffice for an account of the fituatien, foil, heavens, proprieties, trees, plants, fruits,
metals, flocks, fountains, rivers, fea-fifhes, and birds, in all the three parts or divifions
of the kingdom of Chile. Let us now fay a word of its inhabitants, the old Indians,
who have pofiefled it all formerly.

BOOK III.

OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE KINGDOM OF ^HILE.

CHAP. I. — Ofthefirji that peopled America^ and their Antiquity.

npHE knowledge of the firft inhabitants of the kingdom of Chile, depends neceffarily
upon that of the firfl inhabitants of America, which is not eafy to be made out.
If we fhould take the opinion of the Indian Guancas, near the valley of Xavia, they
would certainly affirm, that which is a conftant tradition among the natives of Peru,
and before they had any knowledge of our faith, and is, that many years before there
were Ingas, who were the kings of thofe parts, the country being very populous, there
was a great deluge : (thus far it is well, j But then they add, that in the hollow rocks
of the high eft mountains, there remained fome alive, who returned and peopled the
earth afreih ; and the fame tradition is received by the Indians of Quito in Collao. If
this were fo, the Indians of Chile might lay claim to the new peopling of America ;
for if any, their mountains were moft capable of refifting the deluge, they being the
higheft that are yet difcovered. There are other Indian mountaineers, who are lefs
miftaken ; for they affirm, that none could' be faved in the mountains, becaufe they
were all covered with water ; but that fix were faved in a float they made. If they had
faid eight, they would have hit upon the number which the apoftle St. Peter fays
efcaped with Noah in the ark which he built.

Antonio de Herrera, in the third tome of the General Hiftory of the Indians, ex-
cufes thefe errors of the Indians, faying, it was probable there was fome particular
deluge in thofe parts, to which they might allude, becaufe all the nations of that
world are agreed in this tradition. The true and natural excufe is, that thefe poor
wretches have not had the good fortune to fee the chapter of Exodus, where they
would have been undeceived ; for there it is faid, that " out of the ark of Noah there
was not left any living thing upon the earth, and that the water was fifteen cubits
over the tops of the higheft mountains. " The^pther Indians, who talk of the fix
men faved on the float, may have had fome traditfon from their forefathers, who were
nearer the time of Noah, about the ark j and as they are a people who have no
books, becaufe they cannot read, whatfoever they might learn from their anceftors,,
and retain in their memories, might by degrees be loft, or diminifhed ; and fo the
defcendants came to have the tale of the float and the fix perfons, not examining how

it

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 107

it poflibly could be, that upon fo flight a contrivance, which can hardly lafl: three or
four days in the water, thofe people (hould maintain themfelves for fo long as the de-
luge lafted. As for the manner and time, how and when the defcendants of Noah
paiTed to people this new world, or how their generations have extended fo far, it is a
moft difficult thing to make out ; for the Indians being without written records, as
other nations have, there is no diving by their memories into their antiquities, which
even when they are committed to writing, ufe to produce variety of opinions about the
origin and beginning of things. Befides, there was in Europe, even among the moft
learned, fo great an ignorance of all that regarded America, that it was judged fcarce
inhabitable, if it was at all ; and fo they could give us no light of a thing they had
no notion of, or which they thought impoflible ; but after the difcovery of this new
world, people began to reafon, and every one made his gueffes or reafonings as well
as he could. Some have faid, with reference to what is hinted by Plato, in his Timaeus,
(as is related by our father Acofta, in his firfl book of the New World, in the twenty-
fecond chapter,) that people pafled from Europe and Africa, to certain iflands ; and
fo from one to another, till they came to the Terra Firma of America.

The fame author advances fomething more probable, in his nineteenth chapter;
where he fays, that fuppofmg we all came from the firft man Adam, and that the pro-
pagation of the fpecies of mankind, after the deluge, was made by thofe only who were
faved out of the ark of Noah, it is not improbable, that the firft inhabitants of Ame-
rica came to thofe parts, not with defign, or by their own induftry, becaufe of theHittle
ufe of navigation that was in thofe days, and particularly through fo great a fea ; but
that they were caft by fome ftorm on thofe coafts, as it happened fmce in its firft difco-
very, as we Ihall fee hereafter in its proper place. He brings, to prove this, the
example of feveral fhips, which, contrary to their courfe, have been driven to very
remote fhores. - This is every day's experience, and will not furprife thofe who know
any thing of the ftrength of the winds and currents in thofe feas ; and that which the
fame father Acofta alledges of himfelf, that he had fuch a pafTage, that in fourteen
days he came within fight of the firft iflands of the gulph of Mexico, going from
Spain.

This, though probable, has yet a ftrong objedion againft it, which is about the
wild beafts, fuch as tigers, lions, wolves, and. others of that nature, which could not
be carried in fiiips^ becaufe they were of no ufe to mankind, but rather mifchievous :
and though fome may anfwer with St. Auftin, in his fixteenth book De Chitaie Dei,
chap. 7. when he folves the difficulty how thefe animals came into iflands, and fays,
that they might either fwim thither, or be carried by hunters, or that they might be
created a-new by God Almighty, as they were in the beginning of the world ; which
is the beft folution, if it were as probable as it is eafy to fay. But firft, there is againft
it the opinions of philoibphers, who will not allow any great animals to be propagated
any other way than by generation. And befides, if God, as without doubt he might,
had created them a-new, what neceffity was there for him to command Noah to take
fo many pairs of all living creatures, all male and female ? which care feems fuper-
fluous, if God defigned to make a fecond creation of all thofe fpecies after the deluge.
It is more probable, thefe creatures might arrive at the iflands fwimming, and the
birds flying, particularly to the neareft iflands ; but this does not prove, that they
could arrive at thofe remote parts of America, there being fuch a vaft ocean, that it
is not poffible that either beafts or birds fiiould have fo much ftrength as to fwim or
fly over it ; for this reafon he concludes in the end of the one and twentieth chapter,
that the men, as well as animals, pafled either by land or water to America, near

. p 2 fome

io8 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

feme part where it joins to the other parts of the world, either by the Terra de Baca-
laos, or the ftraight of Magellan, that is not feparated but by ordinary little feparations
of water and fea, which might be eafily pafled in fmall veffels, fuch as were in ufe in
thofe antient times.

This is the author's opinion ; which, as to the Terra de Bacalaos, carries with it
only the probability of an ingenious conjefture, becaufe as yet that part of the world
has not been difcovered ; but if in time it proves like the conjecture about the ftraights
of Magellan, it is all without any grounds ; for, as we have already related, it is now
made plain, that America on that fide is entirely divided from the other parts of the
world by a vaft fea. It is true, that to the eaft it is not known yet how far that land
runs, which is over-againft the Terra del Fuego, and is on the eaft fide of the ftraight
of St. Vincent, otherwife called the ftraight of Le Maire ; for fome think that it may
run as far as the Cape of Good Hope, and fo be fo near that part of Africa, that
men might pafs in fmall veffels from the one to the other. It is likewife uncertain,
that the continent of America ever was nearer than it now is to any other continent,
or that the fea has fince broke away part of either, to make the feparation wider, as
we have obferved it did in the ifland of SanCta Maria, which is fuppofed to have for-
merly been all of one continued piece with the firm land of Arauco ; but thefe are all
conje6lures, and he alone knows the truth who created thefe men, and other animals
of America, and by whofe providence they paffed to thofe parts, for the great ends
of his hidden fecrets ; to whom, with all veneration for his counfels, we muft fubmit
the enquiry, why he has been pleafed that that part of the world ftiould remain un-
difcovered for fo many ages, without any communication with thofe parts where his
divine light has appeared fooner. Thefe are confiderations for the good to make ufe
of with thanks, for having been admitted to it ; and confufion of the wicked, who
at noon-day are as much in the dark as if it had never dawned.

Peter Bertius, in his geography, as John and Theodore de Bry do relate, colleds
the antiquity of thofe nations of America, from their moft antient kings and lords, and
from the ruins of antient edifices, and other memorable things ; for this argues the
largenefs of time in which all this was done. Amongft other things he mentions the
report of one of their gardens belonging to fome king, (which muft be of Peru, who
were always the richeft,) in which all the herbs, and plants, and ftirubs, with their
trunks, leaves, and flowers of their natural proportion, were of maffy gold ; and in
the houfes of recreation, there were all forts of animals made of precious ftones, and
fome of feathers of various colours. They fay befides, that the Ingas, who were the
emperors of Peru, were the richeft princes in the world : and that they had fo much
gold, that not only the plate they eat in were of that metal, but all their houfhold
ftuff and furniture were of the fame, to their tables, benches, cupboards, nay, to the
ftatues themfelves ; a great deal of which fell to the Spaniards* fhare when they con-
quered thofe parts ; but the beft part was hid and concealed by the Indians, which to
this day they keep undifcovered, being in that way of fecret intraClable and extremely
clofe. Neither is it any wonder that thofe princes fhould ufe fo much gold, fince they
were mafters of more of that metal than any others ; being fo beloved by their fubjefts,
that whatever they had that was precious, they prefented it to them ; and they were
fo inclined to hoard it, that whoever fucceeded in monarchy made it a point of ftate
not to touch, but rather to increafe the treafure of his father ; of which a great proof
was the vaft fum which Atahualpa offered for his ranfom, and paid to the Spaniards
for it, as we Ihail fee hereafter.

lo Amongft

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 109

x\mongft other precious pieces of gold work, authors make particular mention,'
and admire with reafon, that chain which the king Guaynacapa, the eleventh king of
Peru, caufed to be made at the birth of his fon Guafcar., who was to inherit his crown,
for each link of it was as big as the wrift of a man, (as is reported by Gareilaflb de
la Vega, who had it from an uncle of his, an Inga alfo, who told him, when he alked
the bignefs, as big as this, Ihewing his wrift,) and as long as twice the length of the
great place of Cufco, which in all might be about feven hundred feet long. And the
condator, Auguftin de Varate, in his firft book, chap. 14. treating of the incredible
riches of that Inga, fays thefe words : " Guaynacapa at the birth of his fon, caufed
a great cable of gold to be made (as is attefted by feveral Indians now alive) of fo much
weight, that two hundred Indians could but jufl lift it up from the ground ; for me-
mory of which they gave the name of Guafcar Inga to the new-born prince ; for
Guafca fignifies a cable ; and the firname of Inga was added, as that of Auguftus to
the Roman emperors. " Thus far this author : but this name, or word Guafca, not
being fo decent in its fignification for a prince, they added the r to it, and neverthelefs
eternized the memory of that rich chain.

The chiefeft motive the king had to order this chain to be made, was, that the
dances which were to be made at his birth, might be more folemn and worthy of his
royal perfon ; becaufe the manner of dancing of the Indians, is to take one another
by the hands, and make a circle : and fo moving two fteps forward, and one back-
ward, draw clofer and clofer to the king, to make their obeifances ; and the king
caufed this chain to be made, for them to take hold of, inftead of taking hold of
one another.

A great proof likewife of this antiquity of the empire of Peru, is thofe two high-
ways mentioned by Herrera ; for being of that vaft length, and worked with all thofe
conveniences for travellers, they could not be made but by length , of time, and with
a long continued labour. This is what I find of the antiquity of the firft inhabitants
of America, in which we may comprehend the Indians of Chile.

CHAP. II. — Of the great Courage and Boldnefs of the Indians of Chile,

THE Indians of Chile are famed by all who have writ of them, for the boldeft and
moft valiant warriors of all the vaft extent of the new world : it were to be wifhed
by us, that this had not been confirmed by woful experience, for then the kingdom
of Chile would have been one of the moft flourifhing kingdoms of the Indies, without
the continual wars which it has maintained for about an hundred years, without ever
ceafmg, or laying down its arms. This is the more confiderable, if we reflect, that
the Spaniards having fubjeded, in fo little a time, thofe vaft empires of Mexico and
Peru, have neverthelefs not been able, in fo great a time, to conquer the Indians of
Chile, fons of the great Cordillera, from whofe rocks they feem to borrow their
untameable ftrength and fiercenefs. Except we ihould fay with Friar Gregory of
Leon, that this bravery comes from the fertility of the earth, which, as he fays, and
is true, does not need any thing from abroad. To which he adds, the birth of thefe
people, who all their life tread upon fo much gold, and drink the water which runs /*^^
over thefe rich minerals, by which they participate of its good and generous qualities,
as it is obferved of thofe who live at Potofi, near that vaft mountain of filver, who
are fo ftout and haughty, as has appeared in the many revolutions that have happened
there. Let this be as it will, all authors agree, that they are the top nation of America,

though

no dVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

though hitherto no one has treated purpofely of this matter. There are now two hif-
tories in the prefs, which will nniake out, by particulars, all that has been faid of this
nation. Don Alonfo de Ereilla fays enough, in his famous poem called the Araucana ;
but becaufe it is in verfe, it feems to leffen fomething the real truth ; and yet abftrad-
ing from the hyperboles and enlargings of poetry, all the hiftorical part is very con-
formable to truth, he being a gentleman of great quality, and an eye-witnefs of what
he affirms ; for what he wrote was not by hearfay, but upon the very fpot where the
things happened ; fo that he might have had as many contradidors as he had witneffes,
who were prefent as well as he at what palfed.

He dedicated his book to the moft Catholick King, his lord and mafter ; and pre-
fenting to him with his own hand, when he came from Chile to Spain, it is to be pre-
fumed he would not have dared to fail in the exaftnefs of truth, for fear of receiving
a chaftifement, inftead of a reward, which he obtained for it. Let any read his pro-
logue, in which, in a very good ftyle, and in profe, he gives a noble account of the
valour of the Indians, and concludes his preface with thefe words : — " I have faid all
this, as a proof and clear demonftration of the valour of thefe nations, worthy of all
the encomiums I can give them in my verfes ; and befides, there are now in Spain fe-
veral perfons who were prefent at many of the actions which I here defcribe, and refer
to them the defence of my work on that fide." Thus far this author, worthy of im-
mortal praife for his incomparable book, which, though publifhed above fifty years
ago, and printed in Spain and Flanders, is yet continually reprinted ; which fhows the
value the curious and the learned have for it. The Araucanos are indeed the chief
fubjed of it ; and yet what is faid of them may be extended to all the Indians of Chile,
as we fhall fee in its proper place, when we fhall treat of the wars they had with the
Spaniards.

But before ever the Spaniards fet their feet on their ground, they had given fufficient
proof of their bravery, which was invincible, to the Ingas, emperors of Peru, fmce
with all their power they could never conquer them, though they endeavoured it, as
being extremely inclined to enlarge their dominions ; and they defired it the more, for
the fame of Chile, to which they fent a powerful army, and which made fome pro-
grefs at firft, fubje£l:ing fome nations to extraordinary tributes. But as they purfued
their point, and came to the valley of Maule, they met with the Promocaes, to whofe
fuccour the Chilenos, who inhabited more within the country, were come, and forced
the army of the Ingas to retire in hafte. GarcilafTo de la Vega relating this more par-
ticularly, fays.

That the Inga yn Pangue, the tenth king of Peru, came to the confines of his own
kingdom, to a place called Atacama, to be nearer at hand to attend the conqueft of
Chile : and from thence firft fent his fcouts through the fourfcore leagues of unculti-
vated country, which was between his kingdom and Chile, with orders to difpatch a
man, every two leagues, with an account of what they difcovered ; which they did,
one meflenger following another, and leaving in the way certain marks, whereby they
that came laft might guide themfelves. He firft fent ten thoufand men, under the com-
mand of General Sinchiruca, and two other colonels of his own kindred, not being
willing to commit to any other's care fo great an enterprife. They came within fight
of the valley of Copiapo, which is the firft inhabited valley of Chile ; with the inha-
bitants of which, the Peruvians began to fkirmilh, becaufe they had not admitted the
embaiTy which they fent them as from the Inga, to own him for their lord ; and withal,
having given notice of the refiftance they found to the Inga, he fent them ten thoufand
men more, with a new fummons, afluring them, that his defign was not to take their

I a country

OVALLES HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. / |f jt

country from them, but only that they fhould own him as fon of the fun, and lord of
all that was warmed and enlightened by him. Thofe of Copiapo feeing this new relief
to their enemies, and knowing that it would not be the laft,^ becaufe the Inga yn Pan-
gue was preparing another fuccour, and being convinced that this acknowledgment
would coft them lefs than the blood that muft be fpilt in a long refiftance, they agreed
to own the Inga as he defired.

This was the firft entrance of the Peruvians as far as Maule, which is one of the
rivers of Chile, as has been faid already. By this time, the army of the Peruvians
was fifty thoufand men, and defiring to profecute their conqueft, they fent their ordi-
nary embalTy to the nation of the Promocaes, who having already been informed of
their invading their neighbours, were in arms to defend their country. The ambaffa-
dors of the Inga delivered their accuftomed meffage, protefting, that their lord defign-
ed nothing more, than to be acknowleded as fon of the fun, and honoured accordingly
by their fubmiflion. The Promocaes, who were refolved to defend their liberties, made
•anfwer, *' That the conquerors fhould be the lords and mafters ;" and fo uniting all
their forces, came on the fourth day, and prefented battle to the Peruvians. The
Inga*s generals, furprifed at fuch a courageous refolution, fent them a new fummons^
defiring their friendfhip and peace, calling the fun and moon to witnefs, that they came
not to fpoil them of their lands or goods, but only to oblige them to own the fun for
their God, and the Inga for his fon and their lord. To which they received anfwer,
that they came not to fpend time in talking, or vain difcourfes, but to fight manfully
till they fhould conquer or die ; adding, that they might prepare themfelves for battle
the next day, as it happened ; and the Promocaes overcame that powerful army of the
Inga's, fo that they had no mind to try their fortune any more, but made their retreat,
leaving the Promocaes in peace, and full poffeffion of their lands, which they had fo
bravely defended. Antonio de Herrera, in his third tome, and fifth decade, treating
of the reafon why thofe of Chile refufed to fubmit to thofe monarchs the Ingas, fays,
that it was becaufe of the great reverence with which they made their fubjeds treat
them, as if they were gods, and approach them as if they were another fpecies ;
which the Chilenians could not bear, th^ir mind being too lofty and generous to fub-
mit to fuch a tyranny, which they conftantly oppofed ; infomuch, that though the Ingas
had conquered the beft part of that continent, yet the Chilenians never did yield to
their power. Perhaps the neareft provmces to Peru, fuch as thofe of Guafco, Co-
quimbo, and Copiapo, did in fome meafure acknowledge their power, fince they paid
a tribute in gold ; and for that reafon, thefe provinces alone in all the kingdom of
Chile, do fpeak the common language of Peru, which is a very ftrong proof of what
I here fay.

For the fame reafon that they refifled the Ingas, they did not care to have any king
of their own nation, the love of their liberty prevailing againft all the reafons of ftate,
which might move them to have one monarch ; neither did they fall into any popular
form of government, or commonwealth ; for their warlike temper did not afford pa-
tience enough for the phlegmatick debates, neceffary for the union of fo many minds.
Thus every family chofe one among them to . govern them. From this arofe the Ca-
ciques, who are the fovereigns among them, and by degrees had that power hereditary,
and their children after them enjoy it, with all its rights.

But though every one governs independently his own diftridt or jurifdiftion, yet
when the occafion offers, that the fafety of all is concerned, there is an affembly of the
Caciques, and fome of the elders of the people, who are men of experience, and are
fummoned after their way by particular meffengers. In thefe councils they refolve what

they

112 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

they think moil convenient ; which, if it be a cafe of war, either defenfive or oiFenfive,
they chufe the general, not one of the moft noble of the Caciques, or the moft power-
ful, but he who has the fame of the moft valiant, and has beft behaved himfelf on the
like occafion againft their enemies ; and when he is juftly chofen, all the other Ca-
ciques obey him punctually. It is after this manner that they have preferved themfelves
fo many years againft all the ftrength that has been brought againft them. To make
thefe aflemblies, they chufe out fome very pleafant place, field, or meadow ; and thi-
ther they bring great ftore of provifion, and ftrong drink, called Chica, which is in-
ftead of wine. Being all aflembled, and well warmed with this liquor, and excited in their
martial temper, there rifes up one of the moft ancient, to whofe lot it falls, to propofe
the bufmefs of that meeting ; who with great eloquence (for in that they are very fa-
mous) opens the matter, and brings all the reafons and motives of perfuafion that he
can. All are obliged to yield to the majority of opinion ; and when the refult is made,
it is publiftied with the found of drums and trumpets, and a mighty noife ; but yet al-
lowing every one the term of three days to refled and confider on what has been re-
folved ; after which, if they find no inconveniency, the execution is infallible, and they
think of the means of bringing the bufinefs about by the moft proper methods.

CHAP. III. — The fame Subje^ is purfued, and the Nobility of the Indians of Chile

examined.

ANTONIO DE HERRERA, in the place already cited in the laft chapter, fays,
that there are fome of the Indians reputed above the reft as gentlemen ; and then he
adds thefe words, " Of this fort have been, and ftill are, the Indians of Chile." In
which he fays well ; for if valour and the glory of arms make gentlemen, as may be
feen in Andreas Tiraquello, in his book De Nobilitaie et Juire Pri7nogenitorum ; and if
many noble families do to this day derive themfelves from fome great captain or famous
foldier, the Chilean Indians having fo often fignalized their valour in fights, they may
very juftly be diftinguiftied from all the other Indians, and reputed more noble. In
ftiort, they are the untamed Cantabri of America, who, like thofe of Europe, defended
themfelves, when all the reft of it was enflaved ; and repulfed the conquering monarchs
of Peru to the extreme confines of their provinces.

And there is one circumftance more particular than under the Cantabrians, becaufe
they had the advantage of their mountains, and the barrennefs of their country, not
fo inviting to a conqueror ; but in Chile it was otherwife : the richnefs of its mines,
and its foil full of delicious va.lleys, and a clear and rich territory, having been always
well known, the only valour and bravery of its inhabitants was then the defence of
the country : thefe were the fortrefles and walls of it ; for without a bit of fortifica-
tion of any fort, or fo much as one fire-arm, they obliged their powerful enemy to a
fliameful retreat. Indeed, this is a thing worthy of great admiration ; yet not fo much
to thofe who know how thefe Indians value themfelves upon being good foldiers, ufing
themfelves to arms, even from their childhood ; of which, it will not be amifs to fpeak
a little.

When a child is ftrong enough, they make it run up the rocky fide of a hill, giv-
ing him that does it beft, fome prize or reward : this makes them very nimble and
light ; and I have feen them, in their feafts and entertainments, run two and two for
wages with wonderful fwiftnefs ; and thofe who ftiew little difpofition to this exercife,
are applied to follow day-labour, but the others they referve for war, not fuffering

them

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 113

them to take any other employments, but mind their arms and their horfes, that they
may be perfeft in all their exercifes. To thefe they aflign their pofl upon occafion,
according as each has behaved himfelf in thofe which he has been in before ; and they
have in this no confideration of gentility, interceffion of others, or other motives, but
that alone of a good performance, and the many proofs given by them of their courage
and condu6b in war.

The arms they ufe are pikes, .halberts, lances, hatchets, maces of arms, bars, darts,
arrows, and clubs ; as alfo ftrong noofes to throw upon a horfeman, and flings. Theur
horfe fight with lance and buckler, which they have learned from the Spaniards, and
from them they have had their horfes ; for before their time, they had neither horfe
nor iron, but they have a hard wood, which grows yet harder by being turned in the
fire, and is almolt as ufeful as fteel. They have hard and ftrong corfelets, back and
breaft, and thighs, arms, bracelets, gauntlets, helmets, morions ; all thefe of a hard-
ened leather, fo prepared when raw, that it becomes by drying as impenetrable as any
fteel ; and they are fomething better, becaufe more manageable, and do embarrafs the
body lefs, as being lighter ; and fo the man is more at his eafe, and better difpofed in
fight. Among them the pikeman may not be an archer ; neither can any that ufes
the mace of arms, ufe other arms ; fo every one beftirs himfelf with the arms he is
ufed to.

In forming their battalions, every file is of above an hundred men, and between every
pikeman an archer, who are defended by the pikemen, who clofe their fhoulders to-
gether ; and if their firft battalion is broken, the fecond relieves them with fo much
readinefs, that there feems not that any have failed ; and fo by the third and fourth
following each other, like waves of the fea, without any interruption ; and no man
forfakes his rank but by death. They always endeavour to have fome bog or lake not
far off for a retreat ; for there they are more in fafety than in the ftrongeft caftle.
Their volunteers go before the battalion, trailing their pikes with fo much ftate, and
are themfelves fo haughty, that, like Goliah, they challenge their enemy to meet them
body to body ; and they do the fame to the Spaniards, giving themfelves great airs of
pride. They march to the found of their drums and trumpets, having their arms gar-
nifhed with all variety of beautiful colours, and themfelves adorned with great plumes
of rich feathers, fo that they appear very handfome and fightly.

When they make any forts for their defence, it is of great trees interwoven with
each other, and leaving in the middle a place of arms ; and formerly within this fort
they ufed to make another of thick planks. Behind this, they make a great ditch,
covered over with plants and flowers, but underneath them fliarp ftakes to lame the
enemy's horfes ; fome they make deeper, that the horfes may remain there ftaked
through.

Many of them are fubjed to great fuperftitions and auguries, obferving the omens,
both before and at the time of their undertaking ; but many of them laugh at thofe
obfervations, faying, there are nd better omens than good blows, and ftout laying about
them, without fear of either fteel, fire, or any fort of death ; and it is certainly fo,
that their firft encounter is terrible, and as if they feared no one thing in the world. ,
When they are drawn up, and ready to engage, there is fiience made, and the general
raifing his voice, begins an harangue, fo full of fpirit, filled with fuch warm incitations,
and fuch a lively adion, that the cowardlieft among them become like lions and tygers '
againft their enemies. He lays before them the glory of victory, and the fhame of
being overcome, and made captives and flaves to their adverfaries. " Take notice,'*
fays he, " that there is now no medium between thofe two extremes : are not you the

VOL. XIV. ' Q fons

ii4 ' ovalle's historical relation of chile.

fons and grand-children of thofe brave men, who have fought fo many battles,
and ventured all to defend that country and liberty, for which we now fight ?
Shall we own that they exceed us in bravery, or that the enemies we encounter
are fuperior to thofe whom they overcame ? Had they lefs motives than we have ?
or do we hope for lefs glory ? We muft all die ; and in the equality of that common
fate, the only difference is dying nobly for our dear country, and the liberty of
our wives and children ; therefore rouze up that courage which you have inherited
from your anceftors, who never could endure the thoughts of that infamous yoke
of flavery upon their necks. Courage then, brave men, as brave as any the fun
fees ; courage, for in that lies viftory."

With thefe, and other fuch words, and calHiig to mind fome of their vidories, they
grow fo warm, that raifmg a cry of war, they drive away all fear, and exprefs
great defire of engaging their enemies ; which they do with fo much fury and refo-
lution, that a battalion that ftands their firft fhock is a very firm one. But we will
treat further of this when we fhall fpeak of the battles they have had with the Spaniards,
whofe valour has fet theirs in its luftre, obliging them to give fuch proofs as are
worthy to be recorded in hillory. Let us purfue now the account of their natural
qualities, independently from the refiflance which they have made to His Catholick
Majefty's arms.

The warlike fpirit of this nation proceeds from their natural temper, which is cholerick
and impatient, proud, arrogant, and fierce, very cruel in their revenge, cutting their
enemies (when in their power) inhumanly to pieces, and wallowing in their blood.
We fhall relate a cafe hereafter, in which fomething of this will be feen. They are
flrong and robuft of body, well proportioned, large fhoulders, high chefts, well fet in
their members, nimble, aftive, vigorous, and nervous, courageous and undertaking,
enduring hunger, thirfl, heat, cold ; defpifing all conveniencies of life, even their own
fmall ones, having little value for their very lives, when it is neceffary to hazard them,
either for glory or liberty ; conftant in their refolutions, and perfifting in a thing once
begun with incredible fteadinefs.

They are excellent horfemen, and upon a fingle faddle-cloth, or without one, they
are as firm as others in war-faddles : they will ride down the fide of a hill, or a
precipice, as if they were goats, with their bodies as ftraight and as firm on horfeback,
as if they were nailed to the horfe: they have no trouble with the baggage they
want, for they carry but little with them ; not but that when they march they
have their little pack of flour of maize, a little fait, fome Pimientos, or Guinea
pepper, and dried flefh ; and this is enough to maintain them a good while. They
need no other kitchen utenfils than a gourd or calabafh, with which, when they
come to a river or fpring, they open their flour-bag, and wet a little with the
water, and that ferves them for drink ; and for meat, when they put more of it
with a little fait and pepper, this they call Rubul ; and fometimes they eat their
meal dry, with flices of dried flefh.

The great numbers of people which that country has maintained, may be colleded
from the people that the Spaniards found there at their firfl coming, which was about
2oo,oco, more or lefs, according to the greatnefs of the diftrifts or territories, and
their habitations, which never were in form of a city or town ; for the Indians cannot
endure any formal conllraint, but love to live free in the fields ; and every Cacique,
or lord, governed his own vaffals, who placed themfelves according to their con-
veniencies, fome in one valley, and fome in another ; fome at the foot of moun-
tains, others on the fide of rivers j fome by the fea-fide, or on the top of moun-
tains ;

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 115

tains ; but all under no other form of government, than the will of their lord, the
Cacique, to whom they yielded a ready and prompt obedience with joy. Their
houfes are generally of wood, without any llories, not very large, nor all of a-piece,
but each room framed by itfelf, fo that when they have a mind to remove and
chufe another fituation, they carry away the houfe by pieces, or rooms, which ten
or twenty men can eafily carry. When they take it up, they clear the ground about
it, and then at one cry, lifting all together, they get it up, and carry it chearfuUy
away, every one taking hold by its pillars ; and when they are weary they reft awhile,
and fo on again. Their doors are of the fame material, and they have neither
hinges, locks nor keys, nor any thing under a lock or key, their fecurity con-
fifting in each other's fidelity, which they obferve facredly towards one another.

Their furniture is very mean, they being a people that defpife all conveniencies and
fuperfluities ; infomuch that that which is their natural way of living, would be
high penance with any European nations : for firft, as to their beds, they have neither
quilts, nor fheets, nor pillows, much lefs do they need curtains, pavillions, or alcoves.
The hard ground is their couch, upon which they lay fome poor Ikins ; and for bolfter,
they lay a ftone, or a piece of wood, and double their cloaks to lay on it ; and
that is their higheft contrivance of eafe : they have one or two very coarfe coverlets,
which they weave of a fort of thread as thick as one's little finger. People that
ufe fo little about their perfons, may eafily be prefumed to have no hangings, nor
other ornament to their walls ; they have no utenfil of gold or filver, though they have
fo much in their country ; their plate is four or five dilhes, and fome fpoons of
wood, or a ftiell from the fea-fide ; a calabafh or gourd to drink in ; a leaf of a
tree, or of maize, for a faltcellar. This is all the apparatus of their table, which is
the ground, or at beft a little bench, without any cloth or napkins, byt only a
little broom, upon which they wipe their hands.

Their meats are the moft fimple, and eafily dreft, without any incitements to
gluttony, as in other nations ; but yet they are tafteful enough, and fuch as many of
our Europeans like very well. They eat little flefh ; and before the Spaniards
came among them, they had neither fheep, goats, nor cows, no, nor hens : they ufe
thefe only at their great feafts. Their ordinary diet is of maize, variety of fruits and
herbs, and moft commonly gourds, or a fort of beans, which we call Frizoles. They
did eat fifti ; and the game they hunted, particularly a fort of fmall rabbits, which
they call Degus ; and fince the coming-in of the Spaniards, they eat beef and mutton,
of which there is great abundance.

Inftead of wheat bread, which they had not before the Spaniards brought it,
they eat maize boiled in water, juft as rice in the Eaft Indies. This maize is," and
always has been the general nouriftiment of the Indians of America ; and is not only
their meat, but their drink, which they make of the fame maize, toafted and fteeped
in water, and then boiled, and fet by; and that is their Chicha, or wine, which they
make alfo of the fruit of other trees.

Their way of making flour is very different from ours : they firft toafh their maize
in great platters of earth ; thefe they fet upon the fire full of fand, which, when
it is very hot, they take off; and putting the grains of maize to it, ftir them about
very fait with a kind of broom : it is foon toafted. When done, they take it out,
and put in more, till they have done enough to make flour. This they grind
between two ftones, thus : they have a ftone fixed in the ground, of about the ftiape
and bignefs of a flieet of paper, and fo hollowed, as another ftone of an oval

Q 2 figure

1 1 6 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

figure may play upon it : this the Indian woman takes with both hands, and being
upon her knees, makes it play upon the other, putting, from time to time, with her
left hand, the maize between the two (tones, fo as to fupply what falls away, and
that the mill do not Hand ftill. The flour falls forward into a fort of box, as it
does in our mills, and almofl as fall, comparing the ftrength of a woman to that of a
ftream of water. She can do enough at once for the maintenance of her family ;
and make a provifion too for a journey or a voyage of her hufband or fon to the wars.
This is the proper bufinefs of the women ; and it would be a fhame for a man to
employ himfelf in it, or in any other houfehold bufmefs.

CHAP. IV. — Of the fame Subjed,

WHEN the Indians are fick, they change httle of their 'ordinary way of living, and
they never have a better bed. Their way of letting blood is fafer than ours ; for it
is not with a lancet, which may either fail to draw blood, or go too deep, and lame
the arm, if the furgeon be not very fkilful ; but with a Iharp flint, fixed at the end of
a little piece of wood, fo fall, that there is juft enough left out to cut the vein, and no
more : this they apply to the vein after they have made a bandage, as we do, and
ftriking a little ftroke upon it, the blood never fails to come, in greater abundance
than our bleedings are. This is all they need a furgeon or barber for, they themfelves
having no beards to fhave, and the little hair they have, every one pulls out; and
they take it for an affront to look hairy. They have pincers, which they make of
cockle-fliells, and always have them about them, ufmg them from time to time in
converfation ; they thinking it as honourable to be without that, which other people
nourilh, comb, and take care of; which is a good convidion of the variety of opinions
of mankind, about what is, and is not honourable. As for their hair, they let it
grow juft below their ears, and no lower, and fo need no barber to cut it, but do every
one help the other to keep the ends of it even.

Their manner of cloathing themfelves, (though of various and very beautiful
colours, which they give to the wool that they weave their cloaths of,) is very plain and
fimple : they have no lining to any of their cloaths, neither do they wear one under
another : their drawers come down to their knees, open and loofe, and it is upon
their naked body, for they ufe no fhirts : they have a fort of waiitcoat, which they
call Macun, and it is made of about a yard and a half of fome woollen ftuff, which they
leave open, fo as to put it over their heads, and then they gird it with a girdle : they
have alio a kind of cloak or mantle, which they call Chomi, which they put on when
they go abroad : they have their arms and legs naked, and on their feet they have a
fort of fhoe, which they call Ojota, and is like the rope-fhoes the Spaniards wear :
they wear nothing on their heads, but a kind of circle of wool, of various colours, with
its fringes hanging down like a cap ; which they ftir or pull off in fhew of refpeQ:, as
we do our hats.

In their feafts, balls, and rejoicings, though they do not change the form of their
cloaths, yet they have a richer fort, of finer wool, and richer colours : they put about
their necks fome chains of fhells, which they gather by the fea-fide ; thel'e they call
Nancas : others put fnail-fhellsf ftrung upon a firing, about their necks; and thofe of
the ftraights of Magellan have pearls very well wrought, and of great artifice, as is
affirmed by the authors already cited; and on their heads they put a kind of garland,

not

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

117

not of flowers, but of wool, dyed of feveral beautiful colours, to which they hang fine little
birds, which they efteem, and on each fide they have a plume of high feathers, either
white, red, or blue, and about half a yard high.

Their way of dancing is with little jumps, and a flep or two, not rifing much from
ground, and without any capers, fuch as the Spaniards ufe : they dance all together
in a ring, round a may-pole or ftandard, which one of them holds in the middle as
an enfign ; and near it are all the bottles of their wine, of which they take now and
then a fup while they dance, drinking to one another ; for it is a cuftom among them
never to drink alone any thing that is given them : he that begins takes a fup, and
then he that he drinks to pledges him, and gives the cup to another, and fo to a
fourth, till it be empty ; and yet one has not more than the other ; for what this man
does for that, that man does for this ; and fo at laft they come to be fo equally fhared,
that at the end of the entertainment, they are all alike drunk, and laid down ; for they
drink as long as they can ftand. But this is not eafily brought to pafs ; for befides
what they drink in the day-time, they will often pafs all night at it, without leaving
off, fmging and dancing to their drums and flutes. The women, as more bafliful, do
not enter into thefe dances, except fome one or two, when the wine has got into
their heads, and then too they do not enter into the ring with the men, but dance
by themfelves. Few of them get drunk, fo as to lofe their judgment ; fo they are
upon their guard more, to mind that the men do not quarrel, and hurt one another in .
their drink. Their flutes, which they play upon in thefe dances, are made of the bones
of the Spaniards, and other enemies, whom they have overcome in war. This they
do by way of triumph and glory for their victory : they make them likewife of
bones of other animals j but the Indians of war dance only to thefe of their
enemies.

Their way of finging is, all together raifing their voices upon the fame note, with-
out any difference of parts or meafure ; and at the end of every fong they play on
their flutes, and a fort of trumpets, juft as we do on our guittars in the PafTacalles,
This they repeat fo often, and fo loud, that one may hear them at a great difl:ance ;
for in thefe feafls, they are very numerous. Thofe who are not engaged in dancing,
fit together in feveral companies, talking together upon pafl occurrences, and fl:ill
warming themfelves with their wine ; and then they begin to recolleft the injuries
they have received from one another, and fo refrefliing the memory of old contefts and
enmities not revenged ; and this makes them break out into new animofities, and
fometimes kill one another upon little provocation.

The women as well as the men have their arms naked, but no other part about
them; for though they go barefipot, yet their cloaths, which are very long, cover
them from head to foot, though in fome places they wear them fliorter : this is a
plain fort of mantle, clofe to their bodies, without any linen underneath; this they let
fall to their feet, and having faflened it on their flioulders, gather it in plaits, and fwathe
themfelves from their waift to the breafts with fome fine coloured woollen fcarf, of
about four fingers broad, and fo long, that it takes fo many turns about their waift,
as to keep their bodies as ftraight'as any : this is all their drefs within doors.

The Indian women of the better fort, that live in towns among the Spaniards, have
learned the ufe of fmocks and waiftcoats under their mantles, but of no other thing ;,
and one cannot affront an Indian woman more, than to offer to put her on head-cloaths,
or necklaces, or fleeves, or gloves, or any of thofe ornaments which the Spanifh women
ufe ; and much more if they oblige them to put any paint upon their faces ; nothing

12 of

ii8 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

of this kind could ever prevail upon them, though born and bred among the Spanifti
women ; and to talk to them of it, even to thofe among them who love to be fine,
would be like giving them a cut over the face, fo great a horror they have for any
thing that is fo very contrary to their ancient cuftoms. They wear nothing on their
heads, but their hair plaited behind their fhoulders, and divided handfomely upon their
forehead over their eye-brows, and have locks which cover part of their cheeks ; fo
their face is handfomely and fimply adorned, without any artifice. When they go
abroad, they put upon their fhoulders another half mantle, fquare, and faftened before
with a bodkin, or crotchet, which anfwers the two others on the fhoulders ; and thus
they go abroad with their eyes fixed upon the ground ; for they are naturally very
modeft honeft women.

This manner of cloathing themfelves, with fo much fimplicity and plainnefs, as well
in the women as the men, with fo little pride and vanity in their houfes, does not much
encourage artificers, who have little to do j and by that means there are the more men
of war, which is the thing in which thefe men place their honour and felicity, as other
nations do in the fumptuoufnefs of palaces and furniture, or in other riches and emi-
nences, either of arts or learning : of all which thefe Indians never had any notion ;
and yet they-feam them eafily, when they are taught them, and to a great perfedion.
They can neither read nor write among themfelves ; but as to their way of remembering
and keeping account, they have their Ouipoes, which is a fort of firings of different
bignefs, in which they make knots of feveral colours, by which they remember, and
' can give an account of things committed to their charge. With thefe they will give
an account of a great flock, and tell which have died of ficknefs, or other accidents,
and which have been fpent in the family, and for the ihepherds ; and they will tell
every particular that happened in fuch and fuch occafions, and of what they did and
faid. When they. go to confefs, thefe Quipoes ferve them to remember their fins, and

^ ' tell them with diftindion and clearnefs : they have befides excellent memories of their

•? own, and do remember things of very ancient date, juft as if they had happened but a

little while before ; and when they begin to talk them over, (which happens generally
when they drink, and begin to be warmed with wine,J it is wonderful how they will
repeat things paft, with all their circumflances, and particularly affronts and injuries
that have been done them, or their anceftors, refrefhing the memory of things that
feemed to be quite forgotten. For proof of the care they take to keep the memory
of remarkable paffages, I muft relate here what I learned from Father Diego Torres
Bollo, a very extraordinary man, both for holinefs of life, and fkill in government.

This great man returning from Rome (whither he had been fent as procurator of
the province of Peru) to found the province of Quito, he faw in a place where four
ways met, an Indian, who, to the found of a drum, was fmging a great many things
all alone in his own tongue : the father called one in his company, who underftood it,
and afked him what that Indian meant by that a£lion ; who told the father that that

fJb^UAjii' Indian was, as it were, the regifler of that country, who, to keep up the memory of
what had paffed in it from the deluge to that time, was bound every holiday to repeat
it by the found of a drum, and fmging, as he was then doing. He was moreover
obliged to inftrucl others in the fame way, that there might be a fucceflion of men to
do the fame thing after he was gone ; and that which he at this time is fmging is,
that in fuch a year there had been there a white man called Thomas, who did great
wonders, preaching a new law, which in time was lofl and forgotten, &c. And thus
we may fee the manner by which the Indians fupply the want of books and
writing.

The

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. U^

The women of Chile are fo bold and manly in their courage, that when it is ne-
ceflary, and that there is want of men, they take arms, and behave themfelves as if
they were men. They play likewife at a very adtive game called La Chueca, wherein
the men fhew their greatefl agility and nimblenefs, each fide ftriving to get a ball
from the other, and carry it to the mark with crooked bandy flicks. They are about
forty or fifty on a fide, who place themfelves in different pofts, fo as to be ufeful one
to another, and drive away the ball from the other party ; and when it happens that
two of different fides are at it together, it is a pleafure to fee them run, the one to
forward it with another ftroke, and the other to get before him and hinder him from
ftriking it, that he may drive it back to his own fide. This is a fport much to be feen,
and generally it has many fpedators to fee the end of the play, which often lafls a
whole evening, and fometimes is forced to be put off to another day j fuch contention
there is to win thefe prizes they play for.

The ftrength and boldnefs of the women comes from the little tendernefs they are
bred with, for they avoid neither heat nor cold ; and in the coldeft winters, when
birds are killed with cold, they wafh their heads in cold water, and never dry their
hair, but let it remain wet, and dry itfelf in the air ; and as for their children, they
wafh them in the rivers, when they are yet very young ; and when they are brought to
bed, in a very little time they are about the houfe, as if it were not they, but fome
other woman that had lain in.

If the women behave therftfelyes thus, what may be expelled from the men ? It is
a wonderful thing how little they fear weather, though in the midfl of winter ; and to
fee an Indian, with that fimple habit we have defcribed, his head bare, without
hat, or any other covering. I have feen them in this condition endure mighty fhowers,
which wet them all over, and came out at their breeches, and yet laugh and not value
that which to others would have been infupportable.

I remember, upon this occafion, what was faid by a Spanifli gentleman of a merry
humour, to one newly come from Europe, who, with great charity, was pitying thefe
poor Indians for their fufferings in winter, which in that country is very fevere. The
gentleman afked the good father what he had to keep his face from the cold ? To
which he anfwered, nothing, becaufe every body's face was ufed to the weather. To
which the gentleman replied, thefe Indians are all face ; for from their infancy they
have no defence againfl the cold. Who is it that pities a trout, or other fifh, for
being in the water, becaufe they are bred in that element ? the fame may be faid of
thefe Indians, who are like fifhes, and are bred to all that hardfhip ; and fo we need
not wonder at it. By thefe means they are fo hardened, that a wound which the
bravefl Spaniard would take his bed for, does give them fo little trouble, that I have
feen them go about without minding it. I have known them have a broken head by
accident at play, and all they do is to wafh it in cold water, never leaving their employ-
ment or bufinefs ; and with this, and the application of their own herbs, which,
indeed, are of great virtue, they are foon well ; but the excellency of their own con-
flitution helps not a httle to their cure in wounds, as well as all other diftempers, out
of which they get well with ^ great deal lefs time and care than the Spaniards.

II •

I20 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

CHAP. V. — Of other Qualities proper to the Natives of Chile.

FROM this ftrong conftitution comes the admirable patience of their minds, and
the little fenfe they fhew of that which amongft us Europeans would be a great mor-
tification. That which happened between an Indian and Father Lewis of Valdivia is
admirable upon this fubje£t. The Indian came to confefs to the father ; who, to make
him enter into a penance for his fins, ordered him to wear a cilice, or hair-cloth, upon
his fkin : it was a very hard one, and fuch as would have puniftied one of us feveiely.
The Indian put it on, and about a year after, there was a proceffion of the holy facra-
ment, at which he danced, and feeing his confeflbr in the church, he left his danc-
ing, and came to him faying, " Looic here how I have prefer ved what thou gaveft me
a year ago, ** and fhewed it him upon his naked fkin. The father was aflonifhed to
fee, that what he gave him to mortify him, was turned to an ornament ;' and afking
him how long he had worn it, was anfwered by him, " I have never left it off one
minute fmce thou gaveft it me ; " and fo returned to his dancing, fhewing his compa-
nions the prefent the father had made him, as pleafed with it, as if it had been a gold
or filver brocade ; and fo far he was from taking it for mortification, or feeling its
roughnefs, that he wore it for a favour given him by his father confeffor.

Thefe Indians of Chile are the faireft complexioned and whiteft of all America ; and
thofe of the coldeft countries are the whiteft, as we fee ia Europe ; but the very anti-
podes of Flanders never came to be fo white as the Flemings ; and among all the
Chilenians, I do not remember a red-haired one ; for they all, both men and women,
have black hair, and that very rough, and hard, and thick j infomuch that the mef-
titos, or mungrel breed of a Spanifh man and Indian woman, are known and diftin-
guifhed by that from the children of a Spanifh man and Spanifh woman ; and this
will laft to the fecond and third generations before it foftens. There is little difference
in any thing elfe, either of fhape, feature, or difpofition ; nor in the manner of fpeak-
ing, or found of the voice ; and as for the language, not only the meftitos, but the
Indians bred among the Spaniards, are as ready at the phrafe and turn of the Spanifh
tongue, as any Spaniard. I have made experience of this often in confeffing them ;
for the confeflionary is fo turned, as the father-confefTor cannot fee the woman that
enters to confefs. It happened to me often to have an Indian woman come in after
a Spanifh woman, and I could not find any difference, till fhe herfelf, finding I ufed
her with that difUndion and civility due to Spanifh ladies, would humbly tell me fhe
was but an In(^an. ^

The conftitution of thefe people is the caufe that time does not make fo ftrong an
imprefTion on them, as on us ; and they bear their years mighty well, turning grey
very late, at three fcore or thereabouts ; and till then they look like young men.
When they are over white, or have any baldnefs, you may guefs them at about an
hundred : they all live long, and particularly the women ; and when by age they lofe
their judgment, they feldom falter in their memory, which lafts them to their dying
day, even to remember all the particulars of their young days from their infancy.
Their teeth and eyes are fo good, that they feldom lofe either ; and, in fhort, all the
infirmities of old men, which are the forerunners of death, come to them later than
to the other nations. But yet, if they happen to go out of their own country, they
lofe all their vigour, as we experience daily in our prifoners of war ; who being fold
to Peru, as foon as they feel the heat of the tropic, they fall fick, and moft of them
die : and this is no more than what happens to the Spaniards, when they come from

their

OVALLE's historical relation of chile. 121

their own climate to Porto Bello, or Panama ; nay, the Spaniards born in Chile ven-
ture their lives that go to thofe countries that are between the tropics.

From this experience the Indians have of the hot countries, comes the great reluc-
tancy they fhew to go out of their own, and the refentment they exprefs againft thofe
who carry or fend them abroad : and it is not to be imagined the ftrange and rafli
contrivances they have to make their efcapes from Lima ; for though they have above
five hundred leagues to go to their own home from Peru, yet they undertake it, and
moft commonly compafs it, through a vaft number of dangers and inconveniences.
For firft, they are forced to go all along by the fea-fide, by which one may guefs
how much they go about, fmce they fetch the compafs of all the bays and nooks,
and double all the capes.

The next inconvenience which they meet with, is want of food ; for they dare not
enter any town, or inhabited place ; fo they are reduced to feed on cockles and other
ihell-fifh on the fea-fide, which is no very good nourifhment. The third difficulty is
the pafTmg of fo many and fuch fwift rivers.

The fourth inconvenience is the want of water to drink ; for it is not poffible, that
in fo great a journey they fhould not fometimes mifs of frefh water to quench their
thirft. All thefe difficulties, and many others, which are obvious to travellers, are
overcome by thefe Indians by length of time and patience ; and they get at laft to
their own country, and are out of flavery, not by the means of gold and filver, but
by the bravery of their minds.

The boldnefs of fome other Indians was yet more remarkable : thefe were carried
in a fhip to be fold as flaves at Lima; by a Portuguefe gentleman of the Habit of
Chrifl, who was going about things belonging to war, at the time that I went the fame
voyage : this navigation is made commonly in fight of the coaft, more or lefs, accord-
ing as the winds ferve ; but ftill they keep a good way out at fea, for fear of the rocks.
Thefe Indians refolved among themfelves to throw themfelves into the fea, to avoid
this flavery ; and one day, when they found the Ihip in a proportionable diftance tO
the fhore, fo as they durfl venture to truft to their fwimming, they got loofe very
dexteroufly from their fetters, and Aid, without being perceived, down by the fhip*s
fide into the fea ; and when they miffed them they were out of fight, and fo it was
in vain to follow them. Among thefe prifoners there was an old man, who either
becaufe he was not trufted by the others, or becaufe they had not the opportunity of
acquainting him with the defign, he not being fhut up with them, but having the
liberty of the fhip as an old man, remained behind after they were gone. This Indian
began to think of the thing, and to weigh with himfelf how his companions had under-
taken and performed an extraordinary adion ; he refleded how they had arrived at
their own land, and among their friends, who perhaps were inquiring about him, and
that every body defpifed him as a coward, and a man of little fpirit, fmce he had not
been able to overcome the adverfe fortune which the others had conquered, but had
fubmitted to it : he reprefented to himfelf the welcomes and joys which their friends
expreffed, and the fealts and entertainments made for their return, and the embraces
and careffes which they received from their relations. All this, I fay, made fuch an
impreflion on his mind, and raifed fuch an emulation, that he could not bear the
reproaches he made himfelf, particularly feeing himfelf without a remedy. At lafl,
after much thought and penfivenefs, he came to a refolution, which was, to do fome-
thing which fhould be bolder than what his companions had performed," and that in the
manner of doing it ; for he refolved to do it by day, and in the fight of all the
Spaniards ; and for a beginning, he defigned to kill his mafter, not in the night, and

VOL. XIV. R without

122 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

without witneffes, as he might eafily have done, but upon the deck, in the fight of
all thofe in the fhip, to get himfelf a greater name of bravery. To this end, he took
one day, a great knife in his hand, and fell upon the captain ; and having wounded
him in feveral places, with as much precipitation as he could, leaped overboard with
fo much fuddennefs, that he flipped away from thofe ^who endeavoured to feize him.
It is to be imagined they were all wonderfully furprized at the refolutenefs of the
aftion : they immediately brought the fhip to, and put out the boat in all the hafte
that could be to follow the Indian, who, fwimming like a fifh, was already almofl out
of fight ; but they overtook him, and bid him yield himfelf a prifoner, iince he could
not efcape ; and finding him ftill endeavour to get away, they ftruck at him with
their launces, but he dexteroufly avoided all their ftrokes with great prefence of mind,
diving and appearing again where they leaft expeded him. Upon this they fired
upon him, and wounded him in feveral places ; but neither then did he yield, nor
would ever have had a thought of it, but the lofs of blood taking away his flrength,
had made him unable to get away, fo they brought him almoft expiring to the fliip,
having more valued death with the reputation of a brave man, than life with the
infamy of a coward, and the lofs of reputation among his own people. This faft
does not only fhew the bravery of the nation, but likewife their great averfion to go
out of their own country, and how heavy a yoke they think fubjedion to be ; and
we fhall fee hereafter how much they have done to defend their beloved liberty.

Now let us fpeak of fome other cuftoms thefe Indians have. They folemnize their
marriages their own way, and in a very contrary manner to that of the Europeans ;
for as to the portion, the woman does not provide it, but the man j and neither of
them enjoy it, but it paifes to the propriety and ufe of the father of the young woman ;
fo that the hufband has a charge upon him of maintaining his wife without any help ;
nay, rather with lefs ability, for he parts with fome of his fubftance to purchafe her :
fo that in this country it is no charge at all to have many daughters, but rather a part
of their eflate and fubftance.

They take many wives ; and the greateft obftacle they have to be converted to our
religion, is this vice of polygamy, which they embrace with great fenfuality, though
it is chargeable, becaufe at the fame time it is a figure of power and riches. The firft
wife has fome pre-eminence over the others, and has the ordering of them, yet they
all look upon themfelves as lawful wives, and their children as legitimate ; yet the
fon of the firft inherits the eftate and the honour of Cacique, and has a power over
his other brothers.

The fubjefts obey their lord with great punftuality, love, and refpedl ; and for
this reafon they have no flrong places or prifons to hold them in ; for their natural
love and refpeft they bear their Cacique, is a law inviolable in their hearts, and a
reward of their obedience, which they fhow in all regards that may pleafe him.

When a Cacique has a mind to make war, he need not make provifion of money
for pay, without which, amongft us, men will not fight, even for their king. He
need only give out his orders, and they all come with arms and horfes, bearing their
own charges during the enterprize ; and this is the reafon that they can affemble fo
powerful an army in fo little time, they all looking upon the common caufe as their
own ; and as they make the good of their country the motive of their arms, every
one thinks himfelf fufficiently rewarded if they can defend that from their enemies.
The found of the drum and trumpet is only to fhew them the neceffity of their meeting
in arms ; at which they immediately leave wife and children, and all that is dear to
them, with the hazard of never feeing them more, as it often happens.

In

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

123

In the diftrlbution of the booty and flaves taken in war, there is no other method, than
that every one has what he can get, fo that the braveft and moft diligent are the beft
provided, without any obligation of giving any part of it to their captains or general ;
for in this they are all equal, and valour alone makes the diftin6tion, which they
Ihow in an eminent degree, being very defirous to recover fome of our arms, fuch -
as guns, fwords, lances ; for they have no iron of their own. When they return
from war, and find what men they have loft, it is incredible what lamentations, cries,
and tears, proceed from the widows and children of thofe who are dead ; and though
this be a common fentiment of humanity, pradifed amongft all nations who value
fociety and proximity of blood, which are the foundation of friendlhip, yet the Indian
women feem to furpafs all others ; for they do not cry in fecret, but fet up their^
notes, fo that when any one hears them at a diftance, it provokes more to laughter
than moves to compaflion. When a man dies at home, the manner of their expreff-
ing their Ibrrow is more rennarkable ; for the women all get about the dead body,
and the eldeft beginning, the others follow all in the fame tone ; and thus they con-
tinue a great while, fo that they never give over as long as they can hold out ; and
this cuftom they preferve, even after they are baptized, and live among Chriftians ;
but not that which they had of opening the dead bodies, to- know of what difeafe
they died, and to put meat, and drink, and clothes in their grave with them, as alfo
jewels and things of value ; neither do they cover their graves with pyramids of ftones,
nor ufe other ceremonies practifed by the gentiles of diofe parts.

CHAP. VI. -^ Of the Chilenian Indians y who inhabit the I/lands of Chile.

WE divided the kingdom of Chile into three parts, and the Iflands made one:
ihefe are very well peopled : thofe who live in the fertile iflands, which are capable
of producing corn, and feeding flocks, pafs their lives as the Indians of Terra Firma
do, eating flefli, and feveral fruits, the produd of their iflands. Thofe who inhabit
the barren or lefs fertile iflands, eat fifli of the fea, and fliell-fifli, as alfo potatoes ;
and fome, who cannot have any wool, clothe themfeves with the barks of trees.
Some go ftark naked, though their climate is mighty cold, and by cuftom do not feel
the hardinefs of the weather overmuch.

Others have a ftrange way of clothing themfelves, which is to gather a certain
earth with roots about it, to give it a confiftency ; and others clothe themfelves with
feathers, as Brother Gregory of Leon reports in his map. They are all tall men, and
in fome places there are giants, as the Dutch relate, who fay, they found fcuUs
that would contain within them fome of their heads ; for they ufed to put them on ,
like helmets : they found alfo dead men's bones of ten and eleven feet long, whofe Sd] ^
bodies, by confequence, muft have been thirty feet high, which is a prodigious thing.
Thofe whom they faw alive, were generally taller by the head and ftioulders than the
Dutch. This appears by the relation of General Schewten ; and from that of George
Spilberg we learn, that when they were in the ftraights of Magellan, they came to
an ifland, which they called the ifland of Patagoons, or giants, becaufe of fome they
law there, and on the Terra del Fuego. Among the reft, they faw one who was upon
a rock, to fee the fliips go by, and they fay of him, that he was immanis admodum,
et horrenda longitudinis.

Likewife we know, from the fleet commanded by Don Fray Garcia, Jofre de Loaifa,
a Knight of St. John's order, that at the cape of the Eleven Thoufand Virgins they

R 2 found

124 ovalle's historical relation op chile*

found the footfteps of men of a large ftature, and met two canoes of favages, whom,
becaufe of their ftrength and ftature, they called giants ; they came near the fhips^
and feemed to threaten them ; but thofe of the fhip endeavouring to follow them,
they could not come up with them, for they rowed fo fwiftly, they feemed to fly.
It is probable that thefe canoes were made of the ribs of whales, which are there in
abundance : and they found one before with the fides and fteerage of whale-bone.

In another voyage, made by Thomas Candilh, an Englifh gentleman, th&y found
in a port, (in a very inacceiTible place,) a company of Indians, very lufty men, who,
notwithftanding the prodigious cold of that country, lived in the woods like Satyrs^
and fhewed fo much ftrength, that they would throw ftones of three or four pounds
weight a great way. We read like wife in the relation of the voyage of Magellan,
that as he wintered in the bay and river of St. John, there came to the fhip fix
Indians, fo tall, that the loweft of them was taller than the talleft Spaniard aboard ;
that having made a great kettle of the fweepings of the bifcuit for them, enough
for twenty men, thofe fix eat it up entirely, without leaving a crumb of it. Magellan
gave them a fort of coats of red wool, with which they were much pleafed, never
having feen any before ; their ordinary wear being deer-fkins. They learned from
them, that in the fummer they ufed to come down to the fea-fide to live, but in
the winter they withdrew more into the heart of the country. We know hkewife
by thefe fame authors, that the number of the Indians that inhabit thofe coafts, is
conliderable, particularly in the port called the port of Shell-filh ; where as foon as
they landed, great numbers of Indians, with their wives and children, came to them,
and exchanged with them great quantities of pearl, ready wrought in points, like
diamonds, very artfully, for fciflars, knives, and other baubles ; as alfo for Spanifh
wine, which pleafed them extremely ; but they came no more, for they were frighted
with feeing the Spaniards flioot fome game.

The fleet of George Spilberg found alfo great numbers of inhabitants in the land,
on the other fide of the ftraight ; and when the captains, called the Nodales, were,
by the king's order, to view the ftraight of St. Vincent, they found, upon a point
of land of that ftraight, great ftore of people. The fame is faid by the Saballas, and
others who went from Peru to fearch the Terra del Fuego ; and all thofe who have
pafl'ed the ftraights, have conftantly feen men and inhabitants on the fliore in feveral
places ; and at one place fome of Spilberg's men landing to purfue fome birds of a
very fine colour, which they faw on fliore, had fcarce begun to flioot them, but
they were environed with Indians, who attacked them fo furioufly with clubs, that
happy was he that could make his efcape to the fliip ; and many of them were knocked
on the head.

The Nodales likewife faw iji the bay of St. Gregory great numbers of inhabitants,
with whom the feamen drove a trade, by exchanging fome Spanifli trifles for gold.
By all which it is apparent how well peopled all that coaft and the iflands are ; yet we
do not know what fort of people inhabit the fourfcore iflands difcovered by Pedro Sar-
miento, for nobody landed out of that fleet ; but we know that the iflanders of Mocha
are a peaceable civil nation, feveral fliips having touched there, and at Sanfta Maria.
As for the nation called the Chonos, they are a poor people, but good-natured, as has
been feen by the Chilenians, in whom the Spaniards have found great docility, and a
good underftanding.

In the iflands difcovered by Francis Drake, in about five and fifty degrees, of which

we have already made mention, they met with canoes of men and women ftark naked,

which is the more remarkable, becaufe of the excefllve cold of thofe parts, where

1 1 there

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 125

there Is a continual night, without any appearance of day, when the fun coming to the
tropick of Cancer, makes our fummer; on the contrary, when he draws near the
tropick of Capricorn, there is continual day, without any Ihadow of night.

And now lately, in the year forty-three, the Dutch having fent a fleet under the
command of Anthony Brun, which pafled the llraights with a defign to fettle at Val-
divia, as they endeavoured ; they failed afterwards into feventy degrees, where they
difcovered an ifland, which they called Barnevelt, in which they faw the footfteps of
men of large flature, and obferved great fmoaks : this place was fo cold, that the
Dutch could not endure the rigour of the weather, which was nothing but froft and
fnow,- it being then June or July, which is the depth of their winter, and a perpetual
night, without feeing the fun one hour in a day. It is a wonder how thefe iflanders
pafs their time in fo much cold and darknefs, without any thing to cover their naked-
nefs ; for wanting commerce with Chile, or other parts in Europe, they have neither
fheep nor goats, nor any thing that produces wool fit to make them garments. It
mull be owned, that men are quite other creatures than the nice imagination of fome
effeminate nations takes them to be ; and human nature, by cuftom, accommodates
itfelf to the place where it is bred, fo that very often men will not leave that place for
. any other more full of conveniency. It is for this that thefe Indians fhovv fuch an aver-
fion to leave their country where they were born and bred ; and though it be a mifer-
able one, and thofe they go to more delicious, yet there is no fweetnels in any one Hke
that of their own country.

There is a report likewife, that in the llraights of Magellan there are pigmies,
but I know not upon what it is founded ; for all the authors that relate the voyages
made into thofe parts, fpeak always of giants, or men of a gigantick form, who exceed
us in ftrength and flature ; and it is faid in one of thefe relations, that the Ihip's men,
in a certain place, beginning to fight with thefe Indians, they pulled up great trees by
the roots, to ufe them as a retrenchment, as we may fee in a picture in Theodore and
Jean de Bry j but I cannot imagine how this report of pigmies was invented ; and it
feems to me a jell or irony, or, perhaps, among thefe giants there are fome dwarfs.

That which was feen by the vice-admiral of George Spilberg's fleet, was a body of
about two feet and a half high, which was buried with another of an ordinary flature
in a grave of very little depth, and covered after the Indian way, with a pyramid of
flones, in an ifland called the Great Ifland, about the fecond mouth of the llraights ;
and from hence, perhaps, or from having feen fome of that littlenefs alive, this report
of pigmies took its rife. ^

This is all the account I can give of the inhabitants of the flraights, and iflands
about it. Time will, perhaps, enable us to be more particular, when by commerce we
are better acquainted with them j and then, without doubt, there will not be wanting
authors to write about them.

CHAP. VII. — Of the Indians of Cuyo^ who are on the other Side of the Cordilleray to

the Eaji of Chile,

THE Indians of the province of Cuyo, though in many things they are like the
inhabitants of Chile, yet in many others they are not fo. For firfl, they are not fo
white, but more copper-coloured, which may be attributed to the great heat they en-
dure in fummer. Secondly, they are not fo cleanly, nor do not build fuch neat houfes
to live in : but their habitations are wretched 5 nay fome, who live in the marfhes,

make

126 "^ovalle's historical relation of chile.

make themfelves holes in the fand, into which they go like wild beafts. Thirdly, they
are not fo laborious to cultivate their land, and fo have not fuch variety of produft as
thofe of Chile. Fourthly, they are not fo brave nor warlike as the Indians of Chile :
their language is likewife diiferent, and fo different, that I do not know one word of
the one that is in the other ; but yet the language of Chile being fo univerfal, that it
is the fame all over kingdom, to the foot of the Cordillera ; thofe of Cuyo learned it
too, and that very perfedly ; but I never obferved that a Chile Indian fpoke the lan-
guage of Cuyo, which fhews the advantage that the language of Chile has over the
other.

In return of thefe advantages which the Chilenians have, thofe at Cuyo have fome
over them. And the firft is in the ftature, which is taller, but not fo ftrong and well
fet as the Chilenians, but rather raw-boned, without flefh. I do not remember I ever
faw a fat Cuyian among fo many as I have feen. They are likewife better workmen
in fome things which require patience and length of time, fuch as bafket-work of fe-
veral figures, all of ftraw ; and yet fo clofe worked, that they will hold water ; for
which reafon they make their drinking veffels of them ; and as they cannot break by
a fall upon the ground, they are very lafting, and the curiofities of this kind, which
they make, very much valued for their work and colours.

Likewife they prepare feveral furs of animals, which they hunt ; and they are very
foft and warm for winter : they hunt and catch oftriches likewife, and make many
works of their feathers, with which they adorn themfelves on their feftivals, mingled
with the feathers of other birds. They likewife hunt the wild goats and deer, and are
the mafters of all the Bezoar-ftones, which they fell to the Spaniards fo dear, that any
one who fliould buy them to get by them, would make but a fmall profit in Europe.

Thefe Cuyians are alfo more hairy, and have more beard than the Chilenians, though
they pull their hair as the others do, but with more trouble ; and they never look
fo fmooth as thofe of Chile. They are all well-fhaped, and nimble, and have a good
air : they have alfo good underftandings. The women are tall and flender, and I
do not know that I ever faw taller : they paint their faces green, which is fo well
fettled in their fkin, that there is no getting it out : moll commonly they paint only
their noftrils, fome their whole faces, and the men their beards and lips. Their habit
is decent in both fexes ; the women let their hair grow as long as they can, but the
men only below their ears. In all other things are like the Chilenians.

They are very nimble, and good travellers, without tiring. I have feen them run
up the fliffeft and ftraighteft hills of the great Cordillera, like fo many goats j and
this the women will do as well as the men ; nay, the little children too. The women
will run with their children in a cradle faftened to their backs by a ftrap that comes
over their forehead ; and with all this weight they follow their hulbands with fo
much eafe and agility, that it is wonderful.

For a proof of the admirable difpofition of thefe people, in walking and running,
a corrigidor and captain-general of that province told me a ftory about their hunting
their venifon, which is very fmgular ; he told me, that as foon as they find their
game out, they draw near them, and follow them upon an half trot, keeping them
ftill in fight, without leaving them fo much as to eat ; and in a day or two they begin
to tire them fo as they can come up with them, and kill them, and return home
loaded with them, where they feaft upon them, with their families, till they have
made an end : for thefe Indians are fuch gluttons naturally, that a few of them will
eat up a calf, or a young heifer in a meeting : but they are as good at falling, when
they have nothing to eat ; for they will pafs feveral days with a little maize and fome
lo roots

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHtL£»

127

roots, which grow wild : they are alfo very dexterous archers, and often kill with
their arrows the game they fee.

I fhall not omit a particular favour beftowed on thefe Indians by God Almighty,
which is a fmgular inftinft of tracing and following any loft thing. Of which I Ihall
give two examples which happened in the city of St. Jago.

Our college had a cart belonging to it, which ftood at the gate of a garden, to
which our Seminarifts did ufe to go to refrefh themfelves ; it was ftole one night, and
being miffed in the morning by one of our lay-brothers, he immediately went to find
out a Guarpe (for this is the name they give thofe finding Indians) ; he prefently
fell upon the fcent or pifte, and followed it, taking with him the lay-brother, till he
came to a river, where it failed him : but he loft not the hopes of finding it ; he
croffed the river, and recroffed it again, once and twice, by fo many different fords,
(the man that ftole it, as he fince confeffed, had croffed fo many times to break the
pifte to the follower.) After this he went four leagues outright, and there he found
it, when the man that had it, believed himfelf moft fafe from being difcovered.

Another time, a certain perfon having loft a parcel of oranges, he employed a
Guarpe, who having led him through many ftreets and turnings, brought him at laft
to a houfe ; where finding the door fhut, he bid him knock, and go in. For there,
faid he, are thy oranges. He did fo, and found them. There are every day experi-
ments of this kind made by them to admiration : they are likewife ftout workers, very
ftrong and lafting in labour.

Next to thefe Indians of Cuyo, are the Indians Pampas, called fo becaufe they
inhabit thofe vaft plains, which are extended for about four hundred leagues to the
eaft, and reach to the North-Sea. Thofe of the point of Los Venados are the neareft
the kingdom of Chile, and are much of the fame kind. Thefe Pampas have no
houfes, in which they differ from all mankind ; for the firft thing men generally do,
is to cover themfelves from the inclemency of the air : and this is the t^hing which thefe
Pampas do the leaft care for ; perhaps they are of opinion, that it is an injury to the
to the Author of mankind, to look for more fhelter than he afforded men at firft,
which is the earth, with the heavens for vault or cover ; and that to defend themfelves
from rain, it was enough to make any little cover, which might be eafily taken away,
and fet up in another place.

This they obferve ; and look upon it as a fort of prifon or captivity, to be tied to
one place : for this reafon they will neither have houfe, nor gardens, nor plantations,
or poffeffions, which are like chains to hinder their removal to other places ; for they
judge that the greateft of all earthly felicities is to have the abfolute, entire, and
independent ufe of their own free will ; to live to-day in one place, to-morrow in
another. Sometimes, fay they, I have a mind to enjoy the frefhnefs of the river-fide,
and being weary of that I pafs to another. Otherwhile I have a mind to live in woods
and folitudes ; and when I am weary of their fhades, I go to the open air of plains and
meadows. In one place I hunt, in another I fifti ; here I enjoy the fruits of one terri-
tory ; and when they fail, I feek out another, where they are beginning to ripen.
In fhort, I go where I will, without leaving behind me any thing I regret or defire,
which ufes to be the torment of thofe who are fixed. I fear no ill news, for I forfake
nothing I can lofe ; and with the company of my wife and children, which I always
have, I want for nothing.

This is the account that thefe people give of themfelves ; and thus they pafs a life
without cares ; here to-day, to-morrow in another place ; making in an inftant, with
four little pofts, a hut covered with boughs, or fome hide of a beaft. Their incomes

are

laS OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHltE.

are their bows and arrows, with which they provide them with flefh, with which
they drink water ; only fometimes they make their drink, called Chica, of fruits of
the trees, as they do in Chile. Their clothes are fome leaves for decency, and a Ikin,
which is like a cloak to cover them in other parts. They make holes in their lips,
and put fome glafs or brafs pendants in them, and fometimes filver ones. The men
let their hair grow to their fhoulders, and the women as long as it will. There feems
to be one thing wanting to this nation, which all other Indian nations have^ which is
the bread they make of maize, or wheat, or fome of rice : but yet they do not want
a fupply of this kind ; for becaufe they have not thefe grains, they make bread of the
cods of a tree, which we in Spain call Algaroba, ; and becaufe that does not laft long,
they have invented a ftrange fort of bread made of locufts, (nay, I have heard of
Mofquitos ;) but the locufts ufed to be in fuch vaft quantities in thofe great plains
called the Pampas, that as I travelled over them, I often faw the fun intercepted, and
the air darkened with flights of them.

The Indians obferve where they light to reft ; and thofe plains being here and there
full of thickets, they reft in them, and chufeihe higheft for ilielter. This the Indians
know ; and approaching foftly in the night, they fet fire to the thicket, which, with
the high winds that reign in thofe plains, is foon reduced to afties, and the locufts with
them. Of thefe they make great heaps ; and as they are ready roafted, they have
nothing more to do, but to grind them to powder ; of the flour of which they make
a fort of bread, which maintains them. To the fame end they ufe an herb called
Cibil, which, either by pa6t with the devil, or by natural virtue, aflbrds them a
fuftenance for feveral days, only by keeping it in their mouths, where it makes a
white foam, which appears upon their lips: it is a very difagreeable light, and made
me very fick to fee it.

Though thefe people are riot fo warlike as the Chile Indians, yet they are coura-
geous, and have ftiewed it upon feveral occafions. They are very dexterous at their
bows and arrows, with which they make incredible fliots. But befides thefe, they
have a very extraordinary fort of a weapon of a new kind, which is made of two
balls, the one bigger, and is a ftone perfeftly well rounded, about the bignefs of an
ordinary orange ; the other is of a bladder or hard leather, which they fill with fome
matter of lefs weight than the ftone : thefe two balls are tied ftrongly to each end of
a ftrong whipcord, which they twift off" a bulPs pizzle : the Indian ftanding on a
high ground, takes the lefler ball in his hand, and lets the other fly, holding it like
a fling over his head to take aim, and hit his adverfary with the heavy ball, which
they dired: to the head, or legs of their enemy ; and thus they entangle him fo, as
to bring him to the ground, and then the Indian leaps from the height where he was,
and without giving him time to difembarrafs himfelf, they kill him ; and this inftru-
ment is fo powerful in their hands, that it not only brings a man to the ground, but
a horfe or a wild bull, which are very frequent in thofe parts, fince the coming of the
Spaniards among them.

At this time they have no wars with any j for though they do not own a fubjedion,
yet they carry themfelves to the Spaniards very friendly ; and the reafon is, becaufe
they fee their towns fo populous and ftrong, that it would be in vain for them to ftir,
or make any attempt againft them : they have the liberty of going in or out as they
pleafe ; and when they have taken a kindnefs for a Spaniard, there will come a troop
of them in harveft time to help him to get it in, and when it is over, they return to
their own way of living: but there are others who come in troops to the highway,
and if the Spaniards are not well armed, attack them in their waggons 5 for

which

OVALLE's historical relation op chile. , 129

which reafon they feldom fet out but a great many together, and well provided for
an encounter ; but moft commonly they are well pleafed with fome little prefent,
which they afk very boldly, as if they were mafters of all the goods in the waggons :
they generally are content with a little bifcuit or wine ; but if the travellers are too
niggardly, they are in danger all the way, and muft owe their fafety to their fire-arms.

BOOK IV.

OF THE FIRST ENTRANCE OF THE SPANIARDS INTO THE KINGDOM OF CHILE.

CHAP. I. — The Inirodudion to this Book.

"U AVING hitherto treated of thofe three parts, into which at firft we divided the
kingdom of Chile ; of its foil and climate ; of its temperature and properties ;
of its inhabitants, and their antiquity, nobility, and cuftoms ; the order of this hiftory
requires we Ihould now treat of the entrance of the Spaniards into their country ;
(ince by that it has been changed much for the better in many things : and although
what we have already mentioned about the flocks, fruit, bread, wine, oil, &c. of
which they had no idea, before the Spaniards came among them ; yet this is nothing
in comparifon with the advantages they received by the light of the gofpel, which
by the means of the fame Spaniards, was and is commuijlcated to them. Upon this
confideration, we may well excufe fome military excefles of covetoufnefs in fome of
the firft difcoverers and their foldiers, who as fuch, and men who are bred in diforder
and confufion, and ufed to embrue their hands in blood where they find refiftancCi
had lefs regard to the ftrift rules of juftice towards the Indians. But this was againft
all the orders of Their Catholic Majefties, who from the beginning recommended
moft ftridtly the prefervation of the privileges of thofe poor people, charging all their
governors, captains, conquerors, and royal minifters, that they fhould always have
before their eyes, in the conqueft of this new world, not fo much the dilatation of
their royal power and monarchy, as the propagation of the gofpel, and the kind
ufage of the Indians, their converfion being the principal motive of the undertaking,
as we fhall fee in its proper place.

But how is it poffible, morally fpeaking, that human aftions, though never fo
well defigned upon high motives, fhould not have a mixture of the inconveniences
which paifion, not overcome by reafon, produces? and fo it is no wonder, that in
the beginning of thofe difcoveries fome diforders fliould happen, though they never
were fo exorbitant as fome authors make them ; and particularly in Chile they were
much lefs, becaufe the inhabitants of thofe parts made the Spaniards feel their valour
at their very firft entrance, where they found their progrefs oppofed with greater
vigour than they imagined.

But fince this kingdom is one of the confiderable parts of America, it will be necef.
fary firft to fay fomething of the difcovery of the new world j for this being the

VOL, XIV. s remoteft

i^o ovalle's historical relation of chile.

lemoteft part of it towards the fouth, it was neceffary to pafs all the reft before it
could be difcovered ; and therefore, though I have not a defign to make any relation
but of the kingdom of Chile, I fhall neverthelefs touch upon the other difcoveries,
and follow the fteps of the conquerors in order, as the hiftories of them do relate ;
fo the fubjeft of this book will be better underftood, by opening the manner of the
finding them, and the order of time in which this progrefs was made ; and fo place
each kingdom according to its antiquity.

CHAP. II. — Of America in general^ and what light tnay be found of the it among antient

Philofephers.

AMERICA, called otherwife the New World, becaufe of its late difcovery, is now
as well known as it was formerly hid for fo many pafled ages, not only to the vulgar,
but to thofe piercing wits among the pagans, Ariftotle, Parmenides, Pliny ; and
among the chriftian philofophers, to St. Auflin, Laftantius, and others, who judged
all that climate to be inhabitable that lay between the tropics, founding their opinion
upon a point of their philofophy, which was, that the prefervation of the animal
demanded by its temper the juft proportion of the firft four quahties, which they fup-
pofed could not be found under the torrid zone ; for fo they called it, becaufe of the
fcrce of the fun upon it, it being all the year almoft perpendicular to it j and having
obferved its effects on this fide the tropics, how it dries the earth in fummer, confumes
t;he fountains, thinking that if it did not withdraw to the other tropic, it would have
entirely fired the earth, though refrefhed by the nights, it is no wonder if they were
perfuaded that where its beams were continual, there could be no habitation for man.

But experience, which is the touch-ftone of all philofophical difcourfes, has difco^
vered that not only there is a plain paffage, though troublefome, from one pole to
the other, but alfo that thofe regions contained under the Zodiac have been, and are
inhabited by innumerable nations ; and that there are even under the equinoctial line,
fome places, as that of Quito, fo temperate and healthy, that they are manifeftly pre-
ferable to feveral in the temperate zone. This new world has, by common confent,
been called America unjuflly enough, as Herrera complains in the firft book of his
fifth decade, by the crafty ufurpation of this difcovery appropriated to Americo Vefpu-
fio, inftead of Columbus, who by this means is deprived of his true glory.

It is not eafy to make out what knowledge the antients have had of this new world :
Marinco Siculo pretends, in his Spanifh Chronicles, that the Romans had known it,
and made fome conquefts in it ; and his foundation is, that in one of the gold mines
of America, there was found a medal or antient coin, with the figure of Aufguftus
Csefar ; which, he fays, was fent to the pope by Joannes Rufo, archbifhop of Co-
zenfa ; but this is refuted, as ridiculous, by Pedro Bercio in his geography ; and
it is not very probable, that that coin alone, and no other, ihould have been found
in all this length of time, fince the mines are working in the Weft-Indies. But,
befides, if the Romans had been once in pofTefTion of thofe parts, it would not have
been eafy to have loft all commerce with them, confidering the great riches that com-
munication produces ; for the nations would have called in one another, as we fee
they have done fmce the difcovery made by Their Catholic Majefties, and their pofTef-
fing of thofe parts, to which there goes every year fo much people from Europe.

As to the Roman coin, it is probable that fome who pafled from Europe with the
firft conquerors of the Indies, and out of a humour of fpreading novelties, (which

lo though

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. » 13!

though little worth, are generally applauded by the vulgar,) feigned he had found it
in the mines ; or it might fall from him, and be found by another, who carried it
as a rarity to the bifhop, who is faid to have fent it to the pope. I am not ignorant
that there are many arguments and conjeftures, and thofe not contemptible, of fome
knowledge that the antients had of this fo principal a part of our globe, which are
related by Abraham OrteHus, Goropius, father Acofla of our company, in his firfl book
of the Hiftory of the Indies, chap, ii, 12, and 13. Thomas Bofms, book XX. chap.
3. Malvenda, Friar Gregory Garcia, in the firfl book of the Origin of the Indians,
taking their hints from Plato, Seneca, Lucian, Arrian, Clemens Romanus, Origen,
St. Jerome, and others, who feem to have had fome knowledge of this new world.
There may be feen in Father Pineda, of our fociety, in the fourth book about Solo-
mon's Court, chap. 16. the words of Abraham Ortelius, which make very much
to this purpofe.

CHAP. III. — What light may be had from Scripture about this new region.

THERE is another queftion which feems to be better founded than the firfl ; and
that is, what light may be had from fcripture about tnefe remote regions ? becaufe
there are many authors, who from thefe words of the fecond of Chronicles, chap. iv.
" The fervants of Hiram brought, with the fervants of Solomon, gold from Ophir, "
infer, that the fcripture here fpeaks of the Weft-Indies, and interpret Ophir to be
Peru, or all America j and as the moll famous Chriflopher Columbus was the firfl
who difcovered it, fo he feems to have been the firfl that ufed that expreflion ; for
they fay, that when he was in the illand of Hifpaniola, he often faid, that at lafl he
was come to the defired land of Ophir, as is related by Peter Martyr, in his firfl book
of the Decade of the Ocean. But he who firfl fet out this opinion in form, was
Francis Vatable, who upon the third book of Kings, in the ninth chapter, and fo on,
makes Ophir to be the ifland of Hifpaniola, and the continents of Peru and Mexico.
He was feconded in his opinion by Poflel, Goropius, Arias Montano, Antonio Poffevino,
Rodrigo Yepes, Bofius, Manuel de Sa, and other authors, reported by Pineda, in
his treatife De rebus Solomonis ; which makes iFather Martin del Rio, of the company
of Jesus, fay, that this opinion is not without good grounds ; but he who defends it
mofl vigoroufly, is Father Gregory Garcia, of the order of St. Dominick, in his book
De Indorum Occidentalium Origine, where he flrives mightily to clear this opinion from
all objedlions and oppofition.

The things faid by thefe authors are not of fmall weight, though thofe who would
make an inference from the word Peru's having a nearnefs to Pharvim, which is ufed
by the Septuagint in 2 Chron. iii. where, fpeafiing of the gold with which Solomon
adorned his temple, they fay, that it was of gold of Pharvim, which in the vulgate is
tranflated Aurum probatijfimum^ or mofl pure gold, have againfl them a powerful
adverfary, to wit, GarcilafTo de la Vega, who afiirms, that the name Peru is not -4,
the name of the land, but that the Spaniards, endeavouring to inform themfelves of
the country, took an Indian, whofe name was Beru ; and that alking him what
country they were in, and he imagining they afked him his name, he anfwered Beru ;
and the Spaniards thought he had faid Peru, and that that was the name of the
country, which ever after was called fo. That which, in my opinion, confirms mofl
the belief of Ophir, is, that which Solomon fays of himfelf in the book of Wifdom,
that he " knew the difpofition of the earth ; " with which it feems that ignorance was

s 2 incompatible;

t^i OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

incompatible ; and that he could not but be informed of that great and principal part
of the world ; fo that we may conclude he knew how to fend his fleets thither, and
bring home the riches of thofe parts ; and this may be more probable, if we confider
the great defire he had of gathering together all the precious things from feveral parts
of the earth, and the pureft gold, for the ornament of the temple and houfe of
God ; for the gold of Valdivia and Carabay being the pureft in the world, and the
precious woods of odours that are in thofe kingdoms, and Paraguay and Brafil, the
fined, it appears hard he fhould not ufe all diligence to have them, they making fo
much to his end, which was to gather treafure and precious things.

That he could do it, there feems no reafon to doubt, fmce we know he had a great
and powerful fleet ; and if this fleet fpent always three years from the time of its
fetting out in the Red-Sea, to the time of its return, as the interpreters of the fcripture
all fay, in what could they fpend fo much time, but in going to the utmoft bounds
of the eaft and weft ? and, it is poflible, went round the world, as the fhip Vidory did
fince, in the fame time ; in which the great Captain Magellan difcovered and pafled
the ftraights of his name ; and fmce we know that the fleets of the Catholic kings do,
in our days, penetrate to the utmoft parts of the eaft and weft in lefs than a year's
time, why could not the fame be done by thofe of fo powerful and fo wife a king as
Solomon, who may be fuppofed to have underftood himfelf, and inftruded his cap-
tains and pilots in the art of navigation? neither is it. improbable, but he might know
the ufe of the loadftone, and the fea-compafs, as fome authors do affirm he did.
This is yet more confirmed by what we have obferved already about the knowledge
and conjectures which the antients had of this new world, of which he likewife could
not be ignorant, but rather have a more particular infight into them, being himfelf
fo perfed in the fciences of cofmography and geography, as well as hydrography :
all which he had by infufion from God Almighty, that he might fee into the errors
of thofe who believed there were no antipodes, nor that the torrid zone could be inha-
bited, denying the roundnefs of the earth, and other fuch miftakes.

Laftly, we know, that his fleets came to Syria, Phoenicia, Africa, and Europa ;
and to come to thofe coafts, it is certain, that if they fet out at the Red-Sea, it was
neceflary for them to fail fouthward to double the cape of Good Hope, and then north,
and pafs the equinoctial line a fecond time, as the Portuguefe do now in their voyages
from India to Portugal. This being fuppofed, and that Solomon had the knowledge
of America, it is probable he was not unacquainted with the communication of the
North and South-Seas, by the ftraights of Magellan and St. Vincent ; for Solomon
being fo powerful, both by fea and land ; and fo well inftruded in all things, it is
probable he caufed thofe fhores to be fearched, to find the communication of both ^eas,
as it was fmce done by men much inferior to him in every thing, which were Magellan,
and Jacob le Maire ; or, it might be difcovered by fome fhips driven by ftorms into
thofe parts, as fome fay it befel the firft difcoverers of America.

This once fuppofed, thofe who underftand any thing of navigation, and the art
of the fea, cannot but know how much more eafily a fleet, being placed at the Cape
of Good Hope in thirty-fix, may fail fouth to the fifty-fourth degree, where the
ftraights of Magellan lie, than to fail to the north above feventy-two degrees, which it
muft do from the Cape to Europe : From whence may be inferred what I fay, that if it
was true that his fleet came to Africa and Europe, and entered the Mediterranean fea,
it was much eafier to go to Chile and Peru ; for from the ftraights it might run before
the wind all along that coaft ; and having taken in the gold, precious woods, filver,
and other commodities, it might return by the fame ftraights, as Pedro Sarmiento,

and

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1^3

and others, have done to the North-Sea, and fo to the Cape of Good Hope and the
Red-Sea ; or, the fleet being in the South-Sea, might fail weft to the Philippine iflands ;
and from thence coafting along thofe parts we call the Eaft-Indies, it might take in all
the eaftern commodities ; and fo having gone round the world, return laden with all
the riches of eaft and weft, with pearls, diamonds, rubies, and other fine ftones, as
alfo mufk, amber, ivory, and other valuable eaftern commodities ; and from the weft,
with gold, filver, odoriferous woods, pearls, emeralds, fine dyes, rich and fine wools,
amber, and other riches, which were wanting to make up the opulency of Solomon.

Neither 6ught this to be thought impracticable, fince it is made out already in thefe
books, how eafy the navigation would be from Chile to the Philippine iflands in two
or three months : the conveniences of which navigation have been fet out in the fourth
chapter of the fecond book ; and we do know how the fliip Vidory did return that
way, and fo have many others fince ; by all which the poflibility of Solomon's naviga-
tion is made out, and that within the compafs of the three years, in which they ufed
to return to their port in the Red-Sea ; and if it did not do this, it can hardly be
imagined how it could employ fuch a fpace of time. '

For thefe, and many more reafons of this nature, our moft learped Pineda retrafts
the contrary opinion, which he had publiflied in his commentaries on Job ; becaufe,
when he writ them, he had not fo well examined the grounds of the lafl opinion,
nor weighed all the authority and ftrength of conjedures that attend it ; and, indeed,
fo far every prudent man would go, as not to defpife and contemn an opinion of which
he believed the contrary, if it were maintained with probability, and by perfons wor-
thy to be hearkened to. Though, to fay truth, if I muft fpeak what I think, that
one reafon which 1 gave above againft the Ronians having had knowledge of thofe
parts, ("which is, that it appears incredible, that having once made the difcovery, and
enjoyed thofe mines, not only the communication vsnith them, but the very memory
of them ftiould be loft,) feems, in my opinion, to be as ftrong an argument againft
Solomon's fleet ; for if that did once overcome all the difficulties of that navigation,
what caufe could interrupt that commerce in fuch a manner, as that the total remem-
brance of it fliould be aboliflied ? It is true, that as to the Jews, they were a people
who did not care to live in foreign parts, nor fettle among other nations, nor inhabit
the fea-coafts ; for God Almighty was unwilling, that, by the communication with the
Gentiles, they fliould contrad any of their cuftoms ; and therefore we do not know,
that of all the race of their kings, any more than three went about any fuch thing,
which were Solomon who corapaflfed it, and Jofophat and Ochpfias, whofe under-
takings had no fuccefs. By which it may be infered, that when Solomon died,
and the temple was finiftied, this navigation was negledted, till at laft it was quite
forgot; befides, that it appears from the Chronicles, and other places of fcripture,
that in thofe times filver and gold were but little valued, the covetoufnefs of mankind
not being arrived to the height it is at now-a-days : they did not think it worth
leaving their houfes to endure labour in the fearch of them, and run all thofe hazards
which the voyagers to thofe parts do undergo. This therefore might take off" the
edge and defire which we fee in the Europeans, of continuing thofe voyages ; neither
would they defire to fettle in thofe parts ; or if they did, the memory of them might
be loft. See Padre Pineda, particularly in the fifth fedtion of the fixteenth chapter,
where he anfwers the arguments of the negative opinion ; to which he gives very
handfome folutions ; and in particular, to thofe who fay, that Solomon's fleet could
bring nothing but gold and filver, as if this were nothing, or like ballaft ; and that
this were not motive enough for him to fend his fleets, for a thing of which it appears
he made fuch ufe, both for the temple and his own palaces ; fo that it does not

feem

134 OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

feem polTible he could have it all from the eaft, but muft have had recourfe to the
weft, where there was fuch a mafs of it, as is made out by what we have faid of
the mines of Chile, and thofe of the Inga, with thofe trees, fruits, and plant? of
mafTy gold, and ftatues of the fame metal in his gardens ; befides what they call
Guafcas, where to this day' they keep concealed a vaft ftore of thofe riches gathered
together for the liberty of the Inga, when the Spaniards had him prifoner ; all which
may be feen in what has been faid already in feveral chapters.

CHAP. IV. — Of the Difcovery of America ; and by what Means it was performed.

AMONG the hidden and wonderful fecrets of nature, we may reckon the fmgular
virtue of the loadftone, which has produced fuch wonderful effefts, as they feem more
the objed; of our eyes than of our faith, as men ; for who, if they did not fee it, could
beheve the experiments made every day, which furpafs all imagination ? See the curious
and elaborate treatife of Father Athanafms Kirker, of our company, De arte magnetica ;
for there the moft afpiring mind after curiofities will find all he can wifh about this
matter, as well what is ancient, as what is modern, the whole treated with fo much
erudition and clearnefs, that the ftudy of it is not lefs delightful than profitable. The
fame fubjeft is alfo treated of excellently by Father Nicholas Cabeo, of our company,
in his book of Magnetical Philofophy.

Among all the virtues of this rare ftone, I think that its quality of taking up
iron is not fo admirable as that which it has had of drawing gold and filver to
Europe from India; the mafs of which has been fo great, that fome curious
perfons having made a calculation in this matter, which they under flood very well,
and reckoning the millions brought by the galleons and flotas, from the difcovery
o^ the Indies to their time ; and having alfo computed the diftance between Europe
and thofe parts, have found that there might have been made, from the one to

ifi,iii the other, of bars of filver, a bridge of a yard and a half wide ; fo that if all
that metal could be found now-a-days in any one place, it would make a moun-
tain like that of Potofi, from whfch the greateft quantity has been fetched ; and
for that reafon it appears hollow, and bored through in fo many places. We may
therefore fay of the loadftone, that gold has given it a virtue like that of faith,
to tranfport mountains, not only from one place to another, but from one world
to another, through thofe immenfe feas which feparate them.

Who the firft man was that applied this virtue to facilitate navigation, it is hard
to prove by authors ; for though we know that this ftone was known to the Jews,

K« and to the Egyptians, yet who firft made ufe of the fea-needle and compafs, is
very hard to find out. Some fay it came from China to Europe : others, that it
was found by the inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope ; and that Vafco de Gama,
met with fome of their vefTels, when he made the difcovery of the Cape, who ufed
this inftrument : others give the glory of it to the Spaniards and Portuguefe ;
others to a man of the kingdom of Naples, called John Goyas, of the city of
Amalfi, who was rather the man that perfeded this invention, being himfelf an
experienced feamen. But let every one have his opinion, it is not my bufmefs to
decide; I only fay, that to this admirable virtue of the loadftone we owe the dif-
covery of America : for though fome authors fay, that Solomon's fleet failed by the _
obfervation of the ftars, the winds, the flight of birds, and other figns, with which
they fupplied the want of this ufeful invention, not then known according to the
common opinion, (though the contrary is not altogether improbable,) yet it muft

be

ovalle's historical relation of chile. t^y

be owned that the ufe of this fea-needle has been the thing that has facilitated
the navigation, fo as the firft difcoverers, trufting to this, durft venture into vaft
feas, and pafs the gulph which leads to that remote and unknown world, fo as to
land in it ; which was a performance worthy of immortal memory to the man who
undertook and executed it.

This man was the mod famous Captain Don Chriftopher Columbus, a Genoefe,
whom the Spaniards in their language call Colon, who, though he were not, as he
was, nobly defcended, might have given by himfelf nobility and fame to his defcen-
dants, and to his noble and illuftrious country ; for if this commonwealth had had
only this fon, it might draw fame enough from him alone, fmce his generous and bold
mind was capable of overcoming all the difficulties which he met with in the projed;
clnd execution of this enterprize, the more to be efteemed by the great advantages
procured by it to both worlds ; to this, by that vaft increafe of riches, of which a
great deal is confecrated upon the altars in churches, befides what is employed in
the furniture of princes and great men : and to the other world, the benefit of the
light of the gofpel, by which it is fo much more polifhed and meliorated in all
fenfes.

Neither does that which Garcilaflb de la Vega, and others, do relate, any ways
affedt the glory of this great man, when they fay, that he undertook this defign upon
the knowledge communicated to him by a man whom he entertained, and who died in
his houfe as his gueft ; for we muft own that his chief praife does not come from
what he knew of this new world before he undertook to find and conquer it, but from
his generous mind and conftancy in purfuing his enterprize ; and this is all his own,
which puts juftly the laurels upon his head, and makes his memory immortal in fpite
of time and envy, though one would think no body fhould have any for the common
benefactor of two worlds. That which thefe authors relate about this hiftory is, that
a pilot, an inhabitant and native of the town of Guelva, in the county of Niebla, in
Andalufia, called Alonfo Sanches de Hualva, or as others fay, Buxula, ufed to trade
with a fmall veifel to the Canaries ; and that one time, in his return to Spain, he met
with a mighty ftrong Levant, which was fo powerful, that in twenty days he found
himfelf in one of the iflands of the Weft Indies, one of thofe which we call the illands
of Barlovento, or the Windward Iflands, and it is judged it was Hifpaniola ; from
whence, fearing to perifti for want of provifion, he returned to the ifland of Madeira,
having endured fo much, that almoft all his company died, and himfelf came in fuch a
condition, that though Columbus, who loved fea-faring men, and for that reafon had
chofen that ifland to live in, received him into his houfe, and took great care of him,
yet he died ; but before he died, being willing to make fome return for the kindnefs
received, he called Columbus to him, and left him, as an inheritance, the journal he
had made, with the rhumbs of wind both going and coming, and all other his obferva-
tions in the voyage, and about the place where he landed.

This is thus related by Garcilaflfo de la Vega, and Father Jofeph d' Acofta, who fays, he
does not know the name of this pilot who left this legacy to Columbus : and this he
attributes to the particular providence of God, who would not have the honour of
this difcovery be owing to any human induftry, but immediately and intirely to the
Divine Majefty, to whofe difpofition we ought to attribute fo much as appears con-
tingent and cafual in this fliip's mifcarriage, from its courfe, and all the other accidents
attending that ftorm, till the pilot was brought to die in the houfe of him whom God
had chofen for a fecond caufe and chief inftrument of this enterprize ; who being of
himfelf a great philofopher and cofmographer, compared thefe notions which he had

from

136 ovalle's historical relation op chile.

from his dying gueft, with his own fpeculations which he had long had upon the fame
fubjed ; and this made him refolve to undertake what he afterwards accompiifhed. In
order to this he began to confider of thofe who were likeiieft to aflift him ; and firft of
all he offered it to his own country, who took it for a dream ; after this, to the Kings
of Portugal, France, and England: and atlaft headdreffed this rich oflfer to TheirCatholick
Majefties, for whom it was deligned from the beginning, by flim who had refolved in
his providence to amplify their monarchy by the addition of fo many rich and powerful
kingdoms, as they have acquired in this new world.

Ferdinand and Ifabella, who are worthy of immortal glory, having examined the
grounds Columbuswent upon, and the honour that might be done to the crofs of Chrift,
and to the preaching of his gofpel, if this enterprize fhould take effedt;, having ferioufly
confidered of it for eight years together, they commanded all neceffary provifions to be
made, without fparing any charge, or minding the contingency of a defign fo new, fo
difficult, and fo much without example.

CHAP. V. — Don Chri/iopher Columbus fails from Spain in Search of the New

World.

IN the year of the birth of our Saviour 1492, upon the third of Auguft, about
half an hour before fun-rife, (the happiefl day that ever fhined upon our antipodes, as
being the beginning of their greateil felicities,) Don Chriftopher Columbus, the mofl
famous Genoefe that ever was, failed from Spain, with the title which he had received
from Ferdinand and Ifabella, of admiral of the Seas of all thofe countries he fhould
difcover and conquer ; fo leaving behind him the famous Herculean flraights, as dif-
daining their Non-plus-ultra, and laughing at their pillars, he launched into the vaft
ocean, and begun his navigation with no lefs confidence than admiration of thofe who
faw him leave the fhore and fleer a courfe never before attempted, by new rhumbs of
winds. Having touched at the ifland of Gran Canaria, he again failed from thence the
firfl of September, with ninety in company and provifions for a year. After fome
days of navigation he began to find himfelf near the tropick of Cancer, and under the
torrid zone; whereupon his men who had been bred in the temperate climates of
Europe, being impatient of heats, which they never before had experienced, and wearied
with feeing nothing but a vaft ocean without land, began to enter into diftruft of
difcovering any. At firfl they murmured only between their teeth j but at lafl,
fpeaking out boldly, they came to their Captain Columbus, and endeavoured by all
means to diffuade him from purfuing his difcovery, as vain and without hopes of
fuccefs ; and that it would be much better to return back to Spain ; but he with a
generous mind being deaf to all their perfuafions, purfued his voyage with conflancy.
His men perceiving flill how he went further from Spain, and that they had almofl
worn out their eyes with looking out from the top-mafl head of the fhip, without
finding any appearance of land, renewed their inflances and reafons ; and that the more
earneftly, by how much they perceived every day the confumption of their water and
provifions; calling' now that temerity, which before they faid might be conflancy: for
they alledged that the time was increafed, their provifions leffened, the winds fcarce,
and calms to be feared ; •no land in view, its diflance not to be known nor gueffed
at ; that the danger was certain, and no avoiding to perifh, if they flaid any longer ;
therefore, faid they, let us fecure our lives, except we intend to be a fable and laughing,
ftock to all manlund, and looked upon as our own murderers.

9 To

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. I37

To fay truth, it cannot be denied but this was an urgent danger, and greater per-
haps than can be imagined by thofe who never were in the like trials ; for when no
lefs than life is at flake, all dangers appear great, and particularly at fea : befides, thefe
allegations were of themfelves of great confideration, and capable of fhaking the greateft
conftancy and valour ; yet the courage of the great Columbus was fuch, and fo fingular
his prudence, that fometimes diffembling, and fometimes taking no notice of what he
heard, but talking to this man and the other in private, and then comforting them all
up in general, and giving them fome account of his well-grounded fpeculations, he fo
fed them with hopes and expeftations, (he himfelf fhewing no diftrufl of his fuccefs,)
that he brought at laft his project to a happy iifue. They were following their voyage
thus, through all the inconveniencies of heat, ready to flifie them, when on a fudden a
voice was heard crying. Land, Land : they all flew to the prow and fides of the fhip,
and fixed their eyes on the horizon like fo many Argus's, to find out the land which
feemed to appear like a cloud upon the fea. The defire of getting to it made fome
doubt, if It were land or clouds ; but others were more confident : fome afTure it to be
low land; others think they fee rocks, and a large extended fhore; and all was but
guefs, occafioned by the great diflance they were at fea from any land ; for in truth it
was not land but clouds. And this was an invention of Columbus, their admiral,
who feeing them almofl ready to mutiny, made ufe of this artifice to prevent the
ill efledts of their defpair, caufmg this voice to be heard to give them a fhort joy,
and amufe them.

This fucceeded well for that time: he fleered his courfe towards this pretended
land till night ; and when they were afleep he fet his prow to the weft, in fearch of
the true land : but in the morning when it was day, feeing thofe clouds, which they
took for land, vanilhed as it often happens in long navigations, they began to afflid
themfelves anew, and remonftrate to the admiral boldly to his face, which I do
not wonder at ; for befides the danger of perifhing with hunger, they found them-
felves in a climate fo fcorching and fiery, than in the third voyage that the admiral
made, they being becalmed eight days, about the fame place, were afraid the fun
would have fet fire to their fhips ; for all his cafks flew under decks, the hoops
fmoaking as if they had been fet on fire, and the wheat was all in a ferment j
and the fait flefh was, as it were, boiled again, and ftunk fo, that, to avoid infe6lion,
they were forced to throw it overboard.

The admiral was thus purfuing his voyage, in which patience was his mofl
neceflTary habit, to endure the terrible perfecution of his own people ; when on the
nth day of Oftober of the fame year, it pleafed God to crown all his invincible
fufferings, and the confidence he had in him, firft, by manifeft figns of land, which
in fuch occafions do generally put a ftop to all complaints and afflidions, and are
the beginning of joy and content, which is followed with forgetting all paft fufferings.
The firft thing they faw was the bough of a tree new cut, with its fruit on it, which
though a kind of thorn, was a branch of olive to the inhabitants of this new ark;
another had feen green fifh, and fome pieces of wood floating ; all which were
clear marks of land not far off, as to the navigators from India are the quantity
of fea weeds which meet them about ten leagues from the coaft of Spain. The
joys which failors and paffengers fhew generally at the figns of land, the capers
they cut, and embraces they make each other, with their congratulations to the
pilot, iheir thanks to heaven, nay, the tears they fhed, and devout prayers they make
to God and the Virgin Mary, in acknowledgment of their protediou ; all tl^efe are *

VOL. XIV. ^ T not

1^8 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

not fo much matter for my pen, as for fight and fenfe. All this happened to the
admirars company, which not only forgot their fufferings, and the hatred they
bore to the author of them, but they run and threw themfelves at his feet, as
admiring and congratulating his conftancy, and begging his pardon for fo many
hard thoughts, and as hard words, they had entertained, and let fly againft him : he
received them all with embraces and marks of benignity, aiTuring them that by the end
of that day they fhould be within fight of land, and having faid this, he went upon
the higheft part of the fhip*s flern, as being defirous to be the iirft, that fhould
give them the good news of difcovering land.

There was a rent of ten thoufand Maravedies a year for the firft difcoverer, which
made them all look out with great attention ; fome on one fide, and fome on the
other fide of the fhip, fixing their eyes where they thought it was moft probable to
find land ; but it was about two hours before midnight, when Admiral Columbus
difcovered a light, and calling to two officers, fhewed them ; and prefently he perceived
that the light changed place, for it was a light carried from one houfe to another, as
was known afterwards when they landed : they failed on towards that light, and about
two hours after midnight they difcovered land, which was at the fame time made by the
other fhips in company, whereupon there were many claims for the Albricias ; but at
lafl they agreed that the Albricias belonged to the admiral, becaufe he firft difcovered
the light : this was confirmed by Ferdinand and Ifabella, King and Queen of Spain,
and fettled upon the fhambles of Seville, as the bell fund for the admiral.

Herrera, the chronologift, makes his refledions upon this light, and moralizes upon
it, that it fignified the fpiritual light, which thofe nations wanted, and which was now
brought to them from Europe by thefe difcoverers ; as a proof like wife of the piety
of the catholic Kings, who having made war upon the Moors for three hundred and
twenty years, had hardly finifhed it j but they put their fhoulders to this new con-
quefl, to fpread by their means, the glory of the gofpel, and make tte voice of it to
be heard to the utmofl limits of the earth, making out by this manifeft proof, how firm
fupports they were to the faith, fince they were conflantly employed in propagating of
it. Thus far Herrera : to which I may add, that the light Columbus faw in the
middle of the night, was the tacit working of reafon, which being buried in profound
errors, did yet throw out fome fparks from under thofe alhes, and cry to heaven for
the enlivening fpirit to deliver it, and by the means of Chrift revive it, fo as to enlighten
that gentilifm, fo long overwhelmed in darknefs, and for fo many ages paft buried, as
it were, in the fhadow of death.

Thus it ^was,; and as foon as day broke they landed : the admiral carried with him
the royal ftandard fpread, the other captains having in theirs the banners of this con-
quefl, which were prepared, and had in them a green crofs crowned, and round about
the names of Ferdinando and Ifabella, to fignify the hopes that thofe princes had
entertained to make fubje£t, and lay at the feet of the crucified Jefus, the crowns and
fceptres of thofe powerful monarchs of that new world ; they themfelves having firft
fubmitted their own, that there might be no crown, command, nor lordfhip, but that
of the exaltation of the crofs.

To this end, as foon as the admiral landed, kneeling down with all his company,
he kiffed it once, and twice ; and lifting up his eyes to heaven, all in tears, he adored
our Lord God of all things, who had brought him thither, thanking him for his favour,
and doing homage to him in the name of thofe people, who were to be brought to his
knowledge j in Sgn of all which, and the poffefhon he then took, he called that

lo ifland

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1 39

fland Saint Salvador : he raifed alfo a mofl beautiful crofs, which was a declaring war
to hell, to make it renounce the poffeffion of that land, which for fo many ages it had
tyrannized over.

' The admiral being rofe up, they all approached, and not only embraced him, but
carried him upon their fhoulders in triumph, as having performed the greateft work
that ever man attempted, or brought to pafs. Immediately after this, the admiral, in
prefence of a notary, took poffeffion of that land in the name of Their Catholic Ma-
jefties, and caufed himfelf to be owned as viceroy, and as fuch they began to own him,
and obey him in all things.

This ifland, which we Ihall call Saint Salvador, was about fifteen leagues in length,
very woody, and having good water, with a lake of frefh water in the middle of
it, and well inhabited by the Indians, who called it in their tongue Guanaani ; and it
is one of thofe which fmce have been called the Lucaicks. It is nine hundred and fifty
leagues from the Canaries.

CHAP. VI.

WHEN the Indians faw fuch great bulks in the fea, with great fails, and the whole
unlike their canoes, and they were drawn near the fhore, they remained aftonifhed and
befide themfelves, becaufe, though by their motion they gueffed them to be living
things, yet for their bignefs they took them for fome flrange fea-monflers, never feen
before on thofe coafts. The fhips came to an anchor clofe by the fhore, and the
admiration of the Indians increafed ftillfo much the more, feeing white men come out of
them with beards and cloaths ; yet they did not run away, but drew near without Year,
the rather when they faw that the Spaniards began to prefent them with bells, needles,
and other things of Europe, which pleafed them extremely, as being new to them :
in return they gave the Spaniards gold, provifions, and other things of their country :
they came fome in their canoes, and fome fwimming to the fhips, where it was wonder-
ful to fee how they valued every thing, even to the bits of glazed difhes, or broken
earthen ware, that lay about the fhips, which they gathered up as jewels which they
had never feen. And to fay truth, mofl things borrow their value from their rarity ;
and for this reafon they had as little value for gold and pearls, which were things very
common among them, they exchanging whole firings of pearls, and fome of them as
big as peafe and fmall nuts, for needles and bells, as happened in the iflands of the
Margarita ; fo great is the difference in the eflimation of things common, or rare ones.
The admiral having here got an account of fome other iflands, went out to difcover
them ; and the fecond he found he named Santa Maria de la Conception, dedicating it
to the queen of heaven : the third he called Fernandina, of the King Don Fernando :*
the fourth he named Ifabella, in confideration of his miftrefs Queen Ifabella. Of all
thefe he took poffeffion in the name of Their Majellies, by fetting up their royal
flandard before a publick notary, with the fame folemnity and ceremonies obferved in
the taking poffeffion of the firfl ifland.

On a Saturday, the 29th of Oftober, they difcovered the famous ifland of Cuba,
where the Havana is : there the Indians, frighted to fee the Spaniards, whom they
thought defcended from heaven, went to them kiffmg their hands and feet. The
admiral's lafl difcovery was of the ifland called Hifpaniola, where he met with a great
4eal of gold, and fome bird& and fiflies, like thofe of Caflile. Here the Cacique

T a Gua.

I40 ovalle's historical relation of chile. '

Guacanagari received him with much humanity ; and in his land he made the firft
colony, or fettlement of Spaniards, which he named the city of the Nativity.

The Spaniards generally were received in thefe and other the Barlovento Iflands, and
on the coafts of Terra Firma, with much love and kindnefs, very few of the Indians
offering to refift them. On the contrary, they all were pleafed with their coming upon
their lands, furnilhing them with all that the country afforded, and prefenting them with
gold, pearls, parrots ; contenting themfelves with a return of a very fmall value. Of the
European things, thofe they feemed moft to mind, were needles ; and at firfl they could
not imagine what they were good for ; but being told they were to few, they anlwered
they had nothing to few ; but yet they kept them, becaufe they had never feen any
thing of iron or fteel. They were much furprized at the ufe of fwords, and parti-
cularly when they experienced their Iharpnefsj for at firft they ufed to take hold of them
by the edge with great fimplicity.

The admiral, as viceroy of thofe new kingdoms, began to govern, as he difcovered
them ; and that he might regulate them the better, by confulting Thj?ir Majefties in his
doubts and difficulties, he made two voyages backwards and forwards to Spain, flill
making in his returns difcovery of fome new iflands, an(5 amplifying the monarchy, as
hiftorians do relate at large, to whom I refer myfelf, not to engage in matters which are
far from my fubjeQ: ; but I cannot but make fome reflection upon what happened to this
great man. Who would not have thought, coniidering the happinefs with which he had
executed all that he had defigned, in the moft difficult fubjeO: in the world, that he was
eternizing his felicity, and putting fortune under his feet ? But that no one may ftrive
to do it, but that all may know how conftant is her volubility, and how perpetual the
motion of her wheel, and that there is no human power, nor ftar, can fix it, I will
relate here briefly what befel him.

Let him who governs be undeceived once for all, and know, that to fit upon a throne,
and take pofTeffion of power, is to be a mark for the cenfure of the good and bad to
aim at ; it is jufl putting himfelf into the hands of anatomifts, to be taken in pieces,
and exammed to the very bones, and very often envy opprefles innocence by feigned
accufations : this is not the place to examine that of the admiral ; I only know that
there were fo many complaints, and fuch app>earances of mifdemeanors alleged at court
againft him ; as, that he did not advance the converfion of the Indians, but made them
work to get gold, defiring more to make them flaves than Chriftians ; and taking no
care to maintain them, and fuch other imputations j as moved Their Catholic Majefties to
fend the commander De BobadiUa to examine the truth of what was alleged, and to do
juftice in requifite cafes ; writing at the fame time a kind letter to the admiral, that he
ihould let the commander execute their orders.

But he exceeding his commiflion, and the intention of Their' Majefties, took all he
informations againft the admiral and his brothers, and without hearing them, made
himfelf be owned for judge and governor, giving rewards, and pubiifhing that he
came to relieve the oppreffed, and to pay their falaries, and put all things in good order.
This drew over to him all thofe who had any grudge to the admiral, and moft of the
common fort fided with him ; fo he entered into the houfes of the admiral and his
brothers, feized their goods and their papers ; all which he might fafely do, without
any refiltance, for the admiral was away : he lent to feize him and his brothers, put-
ting irons upon their feet, and fo (hipping them into a vefTel, called a Caraval, he fent
them away for Spain, to give an account of themfelves.

When they came to put irons upon the admiral, there was none fo bold as to do it,
out of the refpeft that all had for him ; and if he had not had in his family a rogue of

a cook.

OVALLE*S HJSTORIGAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1-41

a cook, who was villain enough to do it, they had not found any one to execute fo
barbarous a command. When Columbus faw liimfelf put in chains by his own fervant,
it is laid, that fiiaking his head, he pronounced thefe words, full of refentment for his
ufage : " Thus the world rewards thofe who ferve it ; this is the recompence that men
give to thofe who trufl in them. Have the utmoft endeavours of my fervices ended in
this ? Have all my dangers and fufferings deferved no more ? Let me be buried with
thefe irons, to fhew that God alone knows how to reward and bellow favours, of which
he does never repent ; for the world pays in words and promifes, and at laft deceives
and Hes."

Having faid this, the fhip fet fail ; and as foon as he came to Spain, Their Majefties,
when they were informed of the prifon of the admiral, were much concerned ; for by
no means had that been their intention. They fent for him to come before them ; but
his tears and fighs were fuch, that in a great while he could not fpeak ; at laft he faid,
affuring Their Majefties of his great zeal for Their royal fervice, which had always been
his guide, that if he had failed in any thing, it was not out of malice, nor on purpofe,
but becaufe he knew no better.

Their Majefties comforted him, and particularly the queen, who favoured him moft ;
and after fome time, in which the truth of the matter was made out, they ordered,' that
all that the commander Bobadilla had confifcated of the eftate of the admiral and his
brothers, fliould be reftored to them ; as alfo, that the capitulation with them Ihould be
obferved, as to their privileges and exemptions. After this, the admiral returned a
fourth time to the Indies, in an honourable way ; and employing himfelf in new dif-
coveries, he arrived upon the coaft of Terra Firma of America, the fecond of Novem-
ber 1502, and coafting along by Cubija, arrived at the port ; which, becaufe it appeared
fo good a one, and the country fo beautiful, well cultivated, and full of houfes, that
it looked like a garden, he called Puerto Bello, or the Fine Port, having difcovered
other iflands in the way, and endured very bad ftorms. At laft, returning back by
fome of thofe places which he had difcovered, taking, as it were, his leave of them,
and returning to Spain, to order there a better fettlement of affairs, he died at Valla-
doHd, where the court was, making a very Chriftian end, and giving great figns of his
predeftination.

CHAP. VII. — After the Death of Cohimbuss the Cajliliam purfue the Difco^ery and

Conqueji of the New World, -»

AMONG thofe who accompanied the admiral in his firft difeovery, there was one
Vincent Yanes Pinzon, who being a rich man, fet out four veftels at his own charge.
He, at his return to Spain, fet fail from the fame port of Balos upon new difcoveries ;
he firft came to the ifland of St. Jago, which is one of the Cape Verd iflands : he fet
fail from thence the thirteenth of January in the year 1500, and was the firft who
paffed the equinodial line, by the north fea, and difcovered Cape St. Auguftin, which
he called the Cape of Confolation, taking poffelFion of it for the crown of Caftile j
from thence he found the river Maragnon, which is thirty leagues over, and fome fay
more at its entrance, the frefh water running forty leagues into the fea ; then coafting
towards Paria, he found another river very large, though not fo broad as Maragnon :
they took up frefh water out of it, twenty leagues at fea. He difcovered in all a coaft
of fix hundred leagues to Paria, and loft two fhips in a terrible ftorm that he endured.

We

142 ovalle's historical relation of chile. •

We have feen alfo in the laft chapter, that Columbus had difcovered the ifland of Cuba,
though he could never fail round it, being hindered by the ftorms and ill weather ; fo
he died without knowing whether it was an ifland or no, for he judged it to be rather
a point of fome continent; but it is a very large ifland, with many fair ports, and
mountains full of precious odoriferous woods of cedar, ebony, and many others ; and
there are in it feveral cities of Spaniards, and among the reft the ftrong fortrefs of the
Havana, which is a Scala or rendezvous for the galleons and flotas, loaded with filver
from the Weft-Indies : this is one of the beft fortifications the King of Spain has in all
his dominions. But, in my opinion, that which makes this ifland moft valuable, is,
the good nature and docility of thofe who are born in it ; which was a produd of that
foil before ever the Spaniards tiod it, as they fhewed to Columbus, and thofe who came
after him, receiving them with all kindnefs and humanity.

To further what the Admiral Columbus had begun, God raifed an inftrument in the
perfon of Vafco Nunnes de Balboa, one of the firft difcoverers of this new world ; a
man of good underftanding, as he ftiewed upon the occafion which I fliall now relate.
He was, with others, upon the difcovery with General Encifco, the governor : they
came to a place called Uraba, and as they entered the port, by negligence of the
fteerfman, the governor's fliip ftruck upon a fand, and was loft, nothing being faved
out of her but the lives of the men, who got into the boats, but naked, and in danger
of periftiing for want of provifion. Vafco de Nunnes faid, that he remembered there
was not far off" a river, the banks of which were inhabited by much people : he guided
them thither ; and the thing being found to be as he had faid, he gained great reputa-
tion among them all. They came thither, and found the Indians in arms againft the
Caftihans, whofe name was already become odious to thofe nations : they made a vow
fo our lady, to dedicate to her the firft fettlement and church to the honour of her
image, under the title of San£ta Maria la Antigua, or the Ancient St. Mary,, which to
this day is venerated in. Seville ; and to fend her many rich gifts of gold and filver,
which one of them, as a pilgrim, fliould carry in the name of the reft. Being encou^
raged by this vow, they fell upon the Indians, and obtained the vidory.

Prefently they made a fettlement, and built a town, dedicated to the virgin, calling
it Sanfta Maria el Antigua of Dairen, becaufe that was the name of that river. After
this, to accomplifti their vow, they fent the promifed prefents to the devout image of
the virgin.

The good opinion of Vafco de Nunnes increafmg thus daily, and having cunningly
ordered it fo, that Encifco refigned his government, they chofe Vafco Nunnes in his
room : at firft with an aflbciate ; but he found means in time to be alone, as it was necef-
fary he ftiould, in point of command, being to overcome fuch difficulties as were to be
met with at every turn : and, indeed, he knew how to make himfelf be both feared
and beloved, having a very good fpirit of government. In the new difcoveries he
undertook, he came firft to the lands of the «. acique Ponea, and not finding him at
home, he deftroyed them : he pafled on to the lands of the Cacique Careta, who not
caring to enter into war, received him peacefully, and treated him as a friend. This
Cacique Careta had a kinfman, who was a lord, that lived further in the country, and
his name was Suran ; who perfuaded another neighbouring prince, called Comagre, to
make a friendfliip with the Caftilians : this prince had a very fine palace, which afto-
nifiied them ; and particularly when they faw, in a kind of chapel or oratory, fome
dead bodies lying, covered with rich mantles, and many jewels of gold and pearls ;
and being afl^ed, whofe bodies thefe were, they anfwered, of their predeceflbr ; and
that, to preferve them from corruption, they had dried them with fire. The king

careiTed

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 143

careffed the Caftilians, and gave them great prefents : he had feven fens, and one of
them, more liberal, gate the Spaniards a prefent of near four thoufand pefos of fine
gold, and fome pieces of rare workmanlhip : they weighed it, and taking the King's
fifths, they began to divide the remainder. In the divifion, two foldiers fell out about
their Ihare : the Cacique's fon, who had made the prefent, hearing the noife, could
not bear it, but coming to them, ftruck the balance where the gold was weighing, and
threw it all upon the ground, faying, " Is it poflible you Ihould value fo much a thing
that fo little deferves your efteem ? and that you fliould leave the repofe of your houfes,
and pafs fo many feas, expofed to fuch dangers, to trouble thofe who live quiet in their
own country ? Have fome fliame, Chriftians, and do not value thefe things : but if
you are refolved to fearch gold, I will fhew you a country where you may fatisfy your-
felves.** And, pointing with his finger to the fouth, he told them they fhould fee
there another fea, when they had palfed over certain high mountains, where they ihould
fee other people, who could go with fails and oars as they did ; and that palling that
fea, they Ihould meet with vaft quantities of gold, whereof the natives made all their
utenfils ; and that he would be their guide, and condud them with his father's valfais ;
but that it would be requifite they fhould be more in number, becaufe they were power-
ful kings, who could hinder their paffage : giving them by this the firft notice of Peru
and its riches.

This was the firft knowledge and light which the Spaniards got of the South-Sea,
and of the gold and riches of its coafts, which gave them all great joy ; fo that they
were impatient to fee the hour of breaking through all obftacles, to fee that fea never
before heard of, and enjoy the riches of it. Vafco Nunnes immediately difpofed all
things, and went out of Dairen, in the beginning of September in the year 15 13, and
going along the fea-fide, to the habitation of the friendly Cacique Careta, he went to-
wards the mountains by the lands of the Cacique Ponea ; who, though at firft he en-
deavoured to oppofe their paffage, yet being advifed by the Indians of Careta, who
accompanied the Caftilians, he prefented them with gold and provifions, and gave them
guides ; they, in return, giving him looking-glasses, needles, knives, and other baubles,
which they valued very much. Then they began to mount the mountain through
the country of a Cacique called Quareca, who appeared in arms, and attacked the
Spaniards : he had a long robe of cotton, but all his men were naked. They began
to fkirmifh, and threaten, by their adions, to hinder the pafl'age ; but no fooner did
they hear the noife, and feel the effects of the mufkets, and find fome to fall, but they
turned their backs, flying like a herd of deer, frighted to fee the fire, and hear the
found of the vollies, which appeared thunder to them, and thought the Spaniards had
thunderbolts at their command ; fo they left the paffage free for them. The Indians
of Careta had faid, that from their country to the top of the higheft mountain, there
was the time of fix funs ; for by that they meant fo many days' journey ; but the ways
were fo bad, that they employed five and twenty days to get to the top. A little before
they were at the higheft, Vafco Nunnes de Balboa caufed a halt to be made, defiring
to have the glory of having himfelf been the firft man that ever faw the South-Sea.
And fo it was : he goes alone, difcovers that vaft ocean, and the large bays of the
South-Sea, called Pacifick ; and upon his knees, with tears in his eyes, lifts up his eyes
to heaven, giving thanks to the great Creator of 'all things, for having brought him
from fuch remote parts to contemplate that which none of his anceftors had ever feen :
he made a fign after this to his companions to come up, and fo they all run in hafte,
pufhing one another on ; and when they were on the top, where there is a full profped:
of the fea, it is not to be imagined the content they all received in admiring that vaft

and

144 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHTILE.

and fmooth liquid chryftal, which not being animated, did not on its fide give leaps of
joy, nor go out of its bed to the tops of the mountains, to welcome thofe who came
to deliver it from the tyranny the devil exercifed over it, by infelling it with ftorms and
terapefts, and infe6l:ing the air with the breath of idolatry, w^hich was breathed in all
thofe parts, both eaft, weft, north, and fouth. Oh ! if all the creatures of that world
could have come one by one to fee the good that was coming to them by means of the
Gofpel, which dawned in thofe mountains ; or, if the predeflinated of that new world
could have viewed from their cottages, and poor habitations, or rather from the deep
night of their errors and fms, the fun that was beginning to enlighten them from that
high mountain, and the virtue and efficacy of grace, which then began to appear to
reconcile them with God, and the blood of Chrift, which like a great river was falling
through thofe precipices, till it Ihould bathe the utmoft parts of the earth, and give
life to thofe, who, being fallen and covered with the dark fhadow, did not only not
hope for life, but not fo much as know it ; how would the children have leaped out of
their cradles, who, to go into paradife, expeded nothing but baptifm, as has happened
to great numbers, who juft expired when they were made an end of baptizing ; and
the old men, who wanted only the knowledge of the' Gofpel to fhut their eyes, and
being reconciled to God, fly into his glory, how they would open them, and lying upon
the ground, fly, at leafl: with their fpirit if they could not with their body, to receive
the preachers of the Gofpel, who brought peace and a general pardon for their fins !
All the other predeftinated, every one according to his ftate, who have by this means
been faved, (which are infinite) how they would melt and cry with joy, to hear this
news, which is as welcome to them, as that of the coming of Chrifl: to the holy fathers
ig limbo, who were expeding it with fuch languifliing defires !

CHAP. VIII. — Vafco Nunnes de Balboa purfues the Difcovery of the South-Sea, and dies.

VASCO Nunnes de Balboa, having performed his devotion, and thanked our Lord,
with all his companions, for fo great a favour done him, as to bring them to that place,
and for the favour he was about to fhew to that new world, by the means of the
preachers of the Gofpel, to whom he thus opened a way to publifli it ; he then be-
thought himfelf of his fecond obligation, which was to his King ; in conformity to
which, he took poffeiTion, in His Majefl:y*s name, for the crowns of Cafl:ile and Leon,
of the place where he was, and of the fea which he difcovered from thence ; cutting
for this purpofe many trees, and making great crofles which he fet up, and writ upon
them the names of Their Majefties.

After this they began to go down from the mountain, marching ^ffways prepared for
any encounter that they might have with the Caciques m their way ; fo, though the
Cacique Chiapes oppofed them with his people, who were ftout and many, yet by fet-
ting the dogs at them, and beginning to fire their mufl^ets, they were foon routed.
This made the Cacique oflTer terms of peace, and receive and make much of the Cafti-
Uans, prefenting them with gold ; and he proved fo good a friend, that he pacified
many other Caciques, who were in arms, to hinder the paflage, who likewife made their
prefents of gold.

From the town of Chiapes, Vafco Nunnes fent out, to difcover the coafts of the
South-Sea, the captains Francifco Pizarro, Juan de Efcara, and Alonfo Martin, each to
a different place : this laft found two canoes dry on the ftiore, and the fea below them
above half a league : he w'cndered to fee them fo far from the fea ; and, as he was

12 confiderins:

OVALLE's historical RELATIOlSr OF CHILE. ' , 145

confidering it, he perceived the fea coming very faft in, and did not ftay long before it
fet the canoes On float : he entered into one of them, and took witnefs that he was the
firft European that had ever been upon that fea. The tides on that coaft ebb and flow
every fix hours, fo as great fliips will be left on fliore, the water retiring fo faft:, that it
gives great admiration when it returns, to fee fo great a fpace covered fo faft:, that it
appears an inundation.

Vafco Nunnes having advice of this, came down alfo to the coaft: ; and, going into
the fea up to the mid-leg, with a naked fword in his hand, faid, that he took poflfef-
fion of it, and all the coaft:s and bays of it, for the crowns of Caft:ile and Leon ; and
that he was ready with that fword, as often as it fliould be neceflfary, to make good
that claim, againfl: all that fliould oppofe him. The Indians were in great amaze at
this new ceremony ; and they were more furprized, when they faw him, againfl: their
advice, and that of the Caciques, venture to crofs the gulph of Pearls, to difcover the
riches of it in that commodity ; though it had like to have coft: him dear, for he was
near periftiing in crofllng that arm of the fea. Now let us fee (in order to undeceive
thofe who fliall read this) how little this courage and boldnefs availed this generous
conqueror of the new world, and the great things his invincible mind had brought to
pafs. All his military prudence and cunning, by which he made himfelf be refpefted
by unknown nations, availed him little ; for this fo fortunate a great captain had a tra-
gical end : he lofl: his life in Dairen at his return, finding there the governor Pedrarias,
who came to fucceed him. The King, in fending this man, had recommended to him
the perfon of Vafco Nunnes de Balboa, and ordered him to mad? ufe of his council, as
of one who had honoured him by his bold undertakings, and to whom, for a reward,
he ordered the governments of Panama and Coiba, and the admiralfliip of the South-
Sea, which he hjfd difcovered, and on which he had already built four fhips, and g«t
together three hundred men, to go upon the difcovery of Peru. But the faid Pedrarias
commanded him on fliore, and there feizing him, caufed him to be beheaded publickly
as a traitor. The crier went before him, crying, as is cufl:omary, that he was a traitor ;
which, when Vafco Nunnes heard, he faid it was a lie, and that no man had ferved the
King with more zeal, nor more fidelity than he, nor more defired to extend his mo-
narchy ; but all his complaints were like voices in the defart, which were of no force
againfl: envy and emulation, which had prevailed in his enemies, and which can never
fail againfl: thofe who govern. His death was much refented, and appeared very unjufl:
in Spain, becaufe, indeed, the King lofl: one of his bravefl: captains, and one who would
have difcovered Peru with more facility, and without all thofe tumults, which fince
happened ; for his prudence, valour, and zeal, were above the ordinary fize.

It cannot be denied, but that the fentence may be juftified according to the depofi-
tions of witneflts ; but yet it was a great argument of his innocency, that which he
himfelf faid to the governor Pedrarias, which was, that if he had in his heart to make
himfelf mafter, and independent, as they accufed him, he would not have obeyed his
call as he did, and leave his fliip without any difficulty ; for he had then three hundred
men all at his devotion, and four velfels, with which he might have been fafe, and gone
upon new difcoveries, if his confcience had accufed him. They add here, that an
aftrologer had told him, that that year he fliould fee fomething extraordinary in the
heavens, he fliould be in guard againfl fome great misfortune that threatened him ; and
that if he efcaped from it, he fliould be the mdfl: powerful and happy man in the whole
Indies. And that accordingly he did fee this fign, but laughed at it, as thinking him-
felf in fo high a ftate.

VOL. XIV. u CHAP.

146 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

CHAP. IX. — The Difcovery of the South-Sea, its Ports and IJlands, is continued.

IT is a common paffion in thofe who govern, either to oppofe the defigns of their
predeceffors, or at leaft not to execute them by their means, nor by their creatures,
that their afliftance may not leffen the glory, which they pretend by making themfelves
the authors of the enterprizes. As we have already faid, Pedrarias fucceeded Vafco
Nunnes de Balboa in the government, juft as he had made the difcovery of the South-
Sea ; and, though the King had recommended the perfon of Nunnes to him, yet he
could not be brought to grant him leave to follow his difcovery, though the Bifhop of
Dairen advifed it very earneftly ; but he had refolved to give this good morfel to a
creature of his, called Captain Gafpar Morales ; to whom he added, as companion.
Captain Francifco Pizarro, becaufe of the experience he had, having been already em-
ployed in the difcovery.

They fet out from Dairen, and got to the South-Sea, and embarking there in canoes,
they came to the Ifle of Pearls, which the Indians called Tarargui. Thefe by this time
began to endeavour to hinder the Spaniards from fetting in their lands, but they were
not able to do it, their forces being fo much inferior to thofe of the Caftilians, who,
paffing from one illand to another, came at laft to the largeft, where was the king of
almoft all thofe nations, who took arms againfl the Spaniards, having a brave number
of men, and well chofen ; but they not being ufed to fire-arms, they foon yielded and
came to compofition : to which they were brought alfo by the fear of a famous dog
that was in the Chriftian camp, who ufed to fall upon them like a lion ; and they hav-
ing never feen an animal of that fort, did flee him as a devil, becaufe of the mifchief
he did amongjfl them ; for they being naked, he could faflen any where without danger.
The Chiapefes, our friends, prefently interpofed ; and telling the King what dangerous
enemies the Spaniards were, and of what importance their friendfliip was, they being
invincible, he at lafl was prevailed upon to grant them peace. They came to his palace,
which was very fumptuous, and, as they judged, better than any they had feen yet.
The King received them with marks of friendfliip ; and, as a token of it, caufed a
bafket of ruflies full of pearls, which weighed five marks, to be given them ; amongft
which, there was one which had but few fellows in the world, (for it weighed fix and
twenty carats, and was as big as a fmall walnut,) and another as big as a mufcat-pear,
perfe^ and oriental, and of a fine colour, weighing ten half fcruples. The firft came
from hand to hand, till it was in the emprefs's, who valued it as it deferved, as is told
by Antonio de Herrera and others. They prefented the King, in return, with the ufual
prefents of pins and needles, bells, knives, and other baubles of Europe, which the
Indians valued much. The Spaniards not being able to forbear laughing, to fee the
value they put upon them, the King faid to them, " What do you laugh at ?" ' And
having heard what it was, he faid, " We might more juflly laugh at you, for valuing
things fo much which are of no ule in life, and for which you pafs fo many feas. As
for thefe knives and hatchets you give us, they are very ufeful inftruments to men."
This was not the only return the King had for his pearls 5 for he had the precious pearl
of faith by their means : for growing very fond of them, and being by them inftru^led,
he and all his family received the Chriftian religion, which was the principal end t6
which the Caftilians direded all their enterprizes. They made a folemn chrift«iing ;
and the King, to treat his fpiritual fathers, who had engendered him in the Gofpel,
carried them to fee the pearl-fifhing, which was in this manner : The Indians dived to

the

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

M7

the bottom, having about their necks a bag full of ftones, that they might (ink the
fafter ; and it ferved them for a ballaft to keep them fteady while they gathered the
oyfters, that the water might not buoy them up. The greateft oyfters are about ten
fathom deep ; for when they do not go to feed, they keep as low as they can, and flick
fo fad to the rocks, and to one another, that it is very hard to loofen them ; nay, it
happens fometimes, that while they fpend too much time in doing it, their breath fails
them, and they are drowned : but, generally fpeaking, they are not in danger, becaufe,
as they gather the oyfters, they put them in their bag, and lighten it of the ftones, and
before their breath fails, they come up again with their fifh. They open the oyfters,
and take out the pearls, which ufe to be many if they are fmall, and few if they are
large. • They fay, that among thofe they prefented the Caftilians at this time, were
feveral of the bignefs of large peafe and hazle-nuts ; with which they returned very
well pleafed to have made a difcovery of fo rich a treafure, as well as of the rich one
they had given in exchange to the King and his people, by making them Chriftians.

CHAP. X. — Of the Difcovery of the River of Plata, and the Coafi of Chile, by the

Straights of Magellan,

WE have hitherto gone by the North-Sea to the Terra Firma, and the difcovery of
the South-Sea, with intent to follow the difcoveries of this new world to its utmoft
bounds, which is the kingdom of Chile, to which all this narrative is directed. We
fhall follow this order by the fame fteps that the firft conquerors went ; but while they
are difpofmg all things for this great enterprife, it will not be amifs to leave the
South-Sea, and follow thofe who endeavoured to difcover the coafts of Chile by the
North-Sea. The firft we fhall follow is Captain Juan Dias de Solis, who failing from
Spain the eighth of Odober 1515, ran along the coafts of Brafil, till he difcovered
the famous river of Plata, which was fo named, not from any filver that is found near
it, or on its banks, but from fome plates of that metal which the Indians gave the
Spaniards ; which filver they had brought from the country about Potofi, with which
they had communication by the means of the Tucuman Indians, who are the neareft
to that fide to Peru. Solis entered that mighty river, which, if lam not miftaken.
Is threefcore or feventy leagues over at its firft entrance, and is known at fea by its
frefh water, at^ firft ; till being further in, they can fee the mountains and land that
bound it. This river is one of the moft famous In the world, of fweet and excellent «'«•'
water, being obferved to clear the voice and lungs, and is good againft all rheums and
defludions ; and all the nations of the Paraguays, who drink this water, have admi-
rable voices, fo tunable, that when they fmg they appear organs ; and therefore they
are all inclined to mufic ; and thofe who come from abroad mend their voices by
living there. I know one who was born in Chile, and had naturally a good voice,
which he mended extremely by living in Paraguay ; but when he left that country,
and came to Tucuman, he loft his improvement, as he himfelf told me. This river
has another property, which is, that it petrifies the branches of trees which fall into
it. The governor Hernan Darias, born in Paraguay, a gentleman of a fingular talent
for government, had in his houfe a whole tree all of ftone which had been taken out
of this river. Likewife there are formed naturally of the fand of this river, certain
vefTels of various figures, which have the property of cooling water. There are alfo
certain cocos de terra, which contain ftones in them, which at a certain time are, as
-it were, ripe, and burft, dicovering amethyfts within them ; they burft open with
a great noife.

u 2 There

148 O VALLEYS HISTORICAL RELATION OP CHILE.

There are alfo bred upon its banks moft beautiful birds of feveral kinds ; and in its
ftreams great variety of fifties, very dainty, and in great quantity. The river is navi-
gable every where in canoes, but not with the fame canoes, becaufe of the prodigious
fall that is in the midft of it, the whole river precipitating itfelf into a deep gulph,
from whence it runs many leagues, till it empties itfelf into the fea. The noife that
this fall makes, the foam that it raifes, the whirlpools it caufes, by the rencounter of
its waters, is not to be imagined. The land on both fides this river is very fertile ;
on the weft fide, which is the Tucuman fide, correfponding to Buenos Ay res, there
are feveral cities, as St. Jago de Ellero Cordoua, St. Michael la Rioga, and Efleco
Juzuy and Salta, which border upon Peru : thefe cities are not very populous, becaufe
they are in the midft of the land, and far from commerce with both feas ; but they do
increafe very much, particularly Cordoua, which, amongfl other properties, has that
of producing rare wits in the univerfity governed by the Jefuits, who may match their
profeffors and fcholars with thofe of any other part, as I myfelf have experienced.
There are likewife in this diflrift many houfes and families of men of quality and antient
nobility. Higher up the river to the wefl, are alfo the cities of AfTumption, Santa
Fee de las Corrientes del Guayta, and others. The city of the AfTumption is the
chief, and was peopled by gentlemen that came firft to the Indies, and is fince much
increafed in people, but not in riches ; becaufe it being fo far within the land, cannot
have fufficient vent for its commodities, which are chiefly fugar, and preferved fruits ;
among the reft they are famous for a dried fweet-meat, called Ladrillos, which are
flices of cetron, done up- in fugar, in the form of a tile j but the beft fweet-meat
they have they will give in great abundance for an apple, or any European fruit. In
all this tradt of land there are three governments, which are alfo bifhoprics, to wit,
Paraguay, Rio de la Plata, and Tucuman.

Higher yet on the eaft fide are many heathen nations, which have others that
anfwer them on the weft j and among thefe are diftributed thofe famous miflions which
our fathers of the fociety of Jefus have founded.

I am forry I am infenfibly engaged in this matter ; and I muft own I have men-
tioned that which I cannot well explain. This is not a place for panegyrics, nor does
tlie thread of my hiftory admit of fuch large digrefTions ; yet I cannot but ftop a little,
and give fome confideration to that we may call miracles of grace, which are per-
formed in thofe defarts, of which I mylelf have been an eye-witnefs, having lived fome
, time in that holy province, to which I owe all that I am. But who can explain what
thofe apoftolical men deferve in the fight of God, who feem to have nothing of man
but what is neceffary to make their lives more admirable, which they lead like angels
in human bodies.

Who would not wonder to fee in thofe mountains and folitudes men ill fed, worfe
lodged, naked, painful, and in anguifh for the fouls of others, when they might fave
their own with lefs trouble, enjoying the good morfels and merry days which, without
fm, and fometimes meritorioufly, they might have in their own country among their
friends, and in the beft of Europe ? Who can but admire to fee fo many youths
banifh themfelves, and, renouncing all preferment, refolve to pafs all their lives like
hermits, for the love of God, and zeal of the falvation of fouls ? Is this a work of
nature ? and can human force arrive to this of itfelf ? Let us go o.ut from this confi-
deration, left it be like a loadftone to draw us in further ; and yet let me fly as far as
I will, I cannot hinder my heart from being with them, and deli ring to end my days
in this employment. They who defire to fee the fruit of thefe miffions of our company,
the numbers of the gentile which they have brought from folitudes to live in cities,

the

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1 49

the great progrefs of the faith, and the numbers of martyrs they have confecrated to
God, let him read the book made of all this by that apoftolical man Antonio Ruiz
de Montoya ; and then he will be extremely edified, and admire the work, as well
as the author. And fo I return to the thread of my hiftory.

Juan de Solis being landed here, found little refiilance from the Indians, who are
neither fo cruel por fo warlike as in other parts ; fo he took pofTeffion of all that traft,
in the name of Their Majefties, for the crowns of Caflile and Leon, as was always the
cuftom of the firft difcoverers. And he for himfelf took pofTeffion of thofe feven feet
of earth which death allows to thofe he feizes, let them be never fo ambitious, though
while they are alive a whole world will not fuffice them. He lies buried there ; and
an end was put to his difcoveries.

Much about the fame time, there were at His Catholic Majefty*s court the two
famous captains Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy Falero, offering their perfons, valour,
and induflry, for to find out, either towards the fouth or weft, an end to America, or
fome canal or ftraight by which both feas might communicate with each another ; and
fo the navigation from Europe might be made in the fame Ihips, in which they might
go round all its coafts. They were treating upon this fubjed: ; and the Portugal era-
baffador made it his bufmefs to oppofe Magellan, becaufe being fallen out with his
king about this difcovery, he defired he might not make it for the crown of Caftile ;
but at laft the king having heard at Sarago9a, in prefence of his council, the reafons
and grounds that Magellan and Falero went upon, he accepted their fervice, and
honoured them with the habits of St. Jago ; and having fettled the capitulation with
them. His Majefty commanded the fquadron to be made ready, and named the cap-
tains and officers of it ; and having heard that there was a difpute rifen between Ma-
gellan and Falero, about who fhould carry the royal ftandard or flag, and the like,
he ordered Falero, as not yet well recovered of a diftemper he lay under, to ftay at
home, and mind his health ; and, in the mean time, that another fquadron fhould be
got ready, in which Falero fhould follow.

The firft fquadron being ready. His Majefty commanded the affiftant of Seville,
that he fhould deliver the royal ftandard to Magellan in the great church of Santa
Maria, of Vidory of Triana, taking at the fame time from him an oath of fidelity,
or homage, according to the cuftom of Caftile, that he fhould perform the voyage
with all fidelity, as a good and loyal vaffal of His Majefty. The captains took like-
wife an oath to obey Magellan in all things. He, after many vows, having recom-
mended himfelf and his voyage to our Lord, went on board the fhip called the
Trinity, and the treafurer general in the Vidory (fo famous for being the firft
that went round the world}. The other fhips were the Conception, St. Jago, and
St. Anthony.

They fet fail the tenth of Auguft in the year 1 5 1 9. They took the ifle of TenerifF,
then made the coaft of Guinea, and arrived at Rio Genneiro ; from whence they
failed on St. Stephen's day, and having had a great ftorm, they entered into the river
of Plata : here they ftayed eight days ; and then following their voyage, they had
another terrible tempeft, which carried away their forecaftle, and forced them to cut
away their poop. They made vows to our Lady of Guadalupe and Monferrat, and
to St. Jago of Gallicia. It pleafed God to hear them, and they took fhelter in the
river of St. Julian,* but not all ; for one of their fhips was loft : the men got on fhore,
but enduring fo much by land to port St. Julian by hunger, that they feemed fkeletons
when they came to their companions.

9 While

150 " OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OP CHILE.

While they were wintering in this river, either idlenefs, or the great fufferings they
had undergone, and thofe which they feared, made them mutiny againft Ferdinand
Magellan. There were feme of his fhips that revolted ; but he with great boldnefs,
and no lefs art, made himfelf mafter of them, punifhing fome of the guilty, and par-
doning others ; and for Juan de Carthagena and his companion in rebellion, he fet
them afhore when he fet fail, leaving them a good provifion of bread and wine. It
was never known whether this was fufficient to fuftain them, till they fhould meet
with fome of thofe giants which had been with the (hips, and had been treated by Ma-
gellan, who perhaps received them.

Magellan feeing the winter over, as he thought, fet fail the feventh of November,
which is when the fummer begins in thofe parts ; and having by land obferved what
he could of the ftraight, they paifed with great good fortune in twenty days, and then
fleering north, they coafted along Chile, which they left fomething at large, as
having no knowledge of that land, Peru being not yet difcovered. After this, they
came to the Philippine Iflands, in one of which this moft courageous captain,' and
famous Portuguefe, Magellan, died by the hands of the natives, or to fay better, by
his own rafhnefs and over-boldnefs.

Some years after, which was that of 1534, Simon ofAlcazova, a Portuguefe gen-
tleman of the habit of St. Jago, and gentleman of the chamber of the King, a great
cofmographer, and one very expert in navigation, having been employed many years
for the crown of Caftile, made an agreement with the king to difcover and people two
hundred leagues from the place where Albagro's government fliould end, which was
in Chile. He failed from St. Lucar on the 21ft of September 1534, with five good
fhips, and two hundred and fifty men ; and without feeing land from the Gomera to
the flraight of Magellan, only having touched at cape Abre Ojos, and the Rio de
Gallegos, about twenty-five leagues from the flraight's mouth, he entered them on the
17th of January 1535, having endured fo much thirft, that the cats and dogs were
come to drink wine, and the people were ready to perifh. They found a great crofs
erefted by Magellan, and the wreck of the fhip which he lofl there. There appeared
about twenty Indians, who gave figns of much joy to fee the Spaniards. They fol-
lowed their courfe, keeping flill the right hand, as the fafefl ; but yet they had fo
furious a florm, that it carried away half their fails : it blew fo, that they thought the
Ihips would have been carried away through the air. They took fhelter into a port ;
and becaufe the feafon was fo far advanced, they perfuaded their general Alcazova to
go out of the flraights, which he did, and return to the port of Lions, or of Wolves,
which was a very good one.

While they were wintering in thofe parts, they refolved to enter further into the
country, and make difcovery of thofe riches which the Indians told them were there ;
fo having celebrated mafs, they bleffed the banners, and the captains took a new oath
of fidelity and obedience ; and with this they fet out about 225 men, having fifty
arcabufes, feventy crofs-bows, four charges of powder and ball, which every one car-
ried with his bread, which was about twenty-fix pounds weight. Thus they marched
about fourteen leagues ; and there Alcazova, being a heavy man, could go no further,
which was his ruin ; he named a lieutenant, againfl whom the men mutinied ; for
having gone ninety leagues, and their provifion failing, they refolved to go back, as
they did, though they had met with a river full of fifh ; and that their guides told
them that a little further they fhould come to a great town, where there was a great
deal of gold ; for the inhabitants wore plates of it in their ears, and upon their arms :
but nothing could move them : and as one mifchief feldom coipes alone, they refolved

12 to

eVALLE'S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. ^ I5I

to make themfelves mafters of the fhips at their return, and to kill all that fhould
oppofe them ; and fo they executed it. But God Almighty puniflied them immedi-
ately ; for as they were going out of port, they loft their admiral ; and then having
but one Ihip, durft not venture for Spain, but put in at Hifpaniola, where Do6lor Sa-
ravia, of the audience of St. Domingo, chaftized the moft guilty. And thus the dif-
covery of Chile, for that time, and that way, was difappointed : for God referved
that honour for another.

CHAP. XI. — Of the Difcovery of other Parts of America before that of Chile.

WHILE the fhips are making ready to go to the difcovery of Peru, it will not be amifs
to touch upon the difcovery of fome other parts of America by the by, that at leaft
the order of time, with which the difcoveries preceded each other, may be under-
ftood ; and what we are to fay afterwards about Chile will be made plainer, that
being our chief defign.

It has been faid already, in its proper place, how the Admiral Columbus difcovered
the Terra Firma, or continent of America, in his fourth voyage from Spain to the
Indies, and found the port of Puerto Bello the fecond of November 1502. We have
alfo faid how Vafco Nunnes de Balboa having founded Sancfta Maria la Antigua of
Dairen, difcovered the South-Sea, and took pofleflion of it in the month of September
or Odober in the year 15 13, as alfo that in the year 1515, Juan Dias de Solis difco-
vered the river of Plata the firft of all difcoverers.

Now we will add what is known about the difcovery of other lands ; amongft the
which, one of the firft was that of Yucatan, which was undertaken by Captain Fran-
cifco Hernandes de Cordoua, in the year 1 5 1 7, and the Adelantado of it is at this day
Don Chriftoval Soares de Solis, a gentleman of an antient and noble family in Sala-
manca. This fame year other Caftilians difcovered the land of Campeche, where, in
a chapel of the Indians, full of their idols, they found painted crofles, of which they
were not lefs aftonifhed than rejoiced, feeing light in darknefs, and the trophies of
Chrift by the fide of Belial ; which, at laft, by the Spaniards* arrival in thofe parts,
were better known to thofe barbarous people. In the year 15 18, the Licentiado Efpi-
nofa^ who was named deputy to the governor Pedrarias, founded the city of Panama,
which is the canal by which all the treafure of Peru palTes to Spain in the galleons.
This city has not increafed fo much as many others of the Indies, becaufe being fitu-
ated near the equinoftiai line, its temperature does not agree with thofe bom in
Europe ; but yet there are many conftitutions that do very well there, becaufe of the
great riches that are eafily acquired there : and thofe who feek them, think no air
bad. There are a great many people of quality : for there is a bifhopric, a royal Au-
diencia, or court of judicature ; a tribunal of royal officers, and a chapter of canons,
feculars and regulars. But that which in my judgement is moft commendable in it, is
the piety, mercy, and liberality of its inhabitants. I have this year received advice,
that by the negligence of a female flave, the greateft part of the city was burnt j for
the houfes being of wood, if one take fire, it is hard to ftop the flames : there was
loft in this a great mafs of riches, a great part of the lofs falling on the cathedral ; and
a little after, there being a gathering made, though this misfortune had concerned
almoft every body, who for that reafon were lefs in a condition to contribute by way
of alms, which fome of them wanted, yet they gave above twenty thoufand pieces of
eight, and went on contributing. This was an extraordinary mark of their charity ;

but

152 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

but the ordinary ones, in which they conftantly (how their generofity, are to ftrangers
and paflengers who pafs from Spain to the Indies, who moft of them are at a lofs till
they meet with fome patron, or friend, or countryman, to aflift them ; and they would
often be reduced to great extremity, if this were not, as it is, a common inn for all
thofe people ; for in the college of our company alone, though it is not yet founded,
but lives upon alms, I faw when I was there, a cloth laid at the porters' chambers,
where every day they provided for, and fed about fifty or fixty paflengers, with bread
and flefh in abundance. The fame is done by other convents ; and the feculars, I
faw, gave them money and other neceflaries. This, aS to the city of Panama, founded
in the year 1518, in which year the religious friars of St. Dominick and St. Francis
pafled from the ifland of Hifpaniola, and began to found convents in Terra Firma,
and the pearl coaft ; from whence thefe two holy orders purfued their miflion through
all the land, enlightening it with their doftrine and holy examples ; by which they
have made fuch a progrefs among the Indians, that the prefent flourifliing of the
faith is owing to them, to the great faving of the Indian fouls. The year 1 5 1 5,
Ferdinand Magellan made the difcovery of the coaft of Chile ; and the fame year
Hernando Cortes went from the point of St. An tonne la Havana to Corocha, which
is the firft point of Yutacan eaft, to begin the conqueft of the great empire of Mexico ;
of which, and the noble a6lions of that great man, it is better to be filent than to
touch upon them only by the by, as we fhould be forced to do ; this being not a
place to explain the ftate and grandeur of that mighty monarch Montefuma, who was
fovereignly obeyed in fo many and fuch great provinces. Who can exprefs in few-
words all this, and the felicity that accompanied Cortes in all his undertakings, which
were fuch as they appeared poflible only after they were done, feeming otherwife fo
high and difficult, as to be inaceflible to the extrem-^ft boldnefs ? Indeed, it cannot be
denied, but that he was affifted by heaven, whofe inftrument he was in planting the
Chriftian faith among thofe gentiles, and (hewing fuch reverence to the preachers of it,
as might ferve the Indians for an example ; a quality which will always give reputation
to princes, both before God and men.

In the year 1528, the king fent a colony to the Rio de la Plata, having agreed with
the merchants of Seville for that purpofe. The city they founded was that of Buenos
Ayres, which is on the fide of that river, in that part of it where it grows narrow
from its large entrance at fea j and the river there is not above nine leagues over. In
the year 1532, Cedro de Heredia of Madrid failed from Spain, and founded the city
of Carthagena, which is the firft Scala which the Spanifli galleons make coming
from Spain for the Indies, to fetch filver. It was fo called, becaufe its port was like
that of Carthagena in Spain ; for the old name of the Indians was Calamari. He had
at firft an engagement with the Indians ; and though they fhowed themfelves very
brave, yet he beat them, and founded the city, wl^ich is at prefent one of the beft of
the Indies, being walled with ftone, and fo ftrong, that we may name it as an impreg-
nable fortrefs.

It is fituated in an ifland, divided from the continent by a fmall arm of the fea,
which ebbs and flows, and comes to the bog of Canapote ; there is a bridge or caufe-
way there, that goes to the Terra Firma. The port is very fafe, and good fliips go
into it by two mouths or entrances, a greater and a lefs ; the great is fandy ; and the
year that I was there, they told me that it was almoft fhut up by the fand which a river
cafts up againft it ; and now they write me word, that it is quite filled up, ^ that there
is no going in but by the lefler entrance, which makes it fo much the ftronger, and
it is defended by a good caftle j befides which the city is well garnifhed with artillery,

lb

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 152

fo as not to fear an invafion. The plot of the city is very beautiful, all the ftreets
being handfomely difpofed, the houfes of free ftone, high and noble ; fo are the
churches and convents, particularly that of the Jefuits, which makes a beautiful profpefl:
to the fea. Here is a cuftom-houfe for the king, and a houfe called of the Rigimiento,
with other public buildings; it is very populous, and of a great trade, by reafon of
the coming of the galleons ; and from them they have wine and oil ; corn they have
in their own territory : there refides a bifhop, and there is a tribunal of the Holy Inqui-
lition. The governor hath both the civil and military command : it increafes every
day in riches, being fo fituated, that it fhares all the riches of Peru, Mexico, and
Spain.

In the year 1 540, Captain Francifco de Orellana difcovered the great river of the
Amazones, which is called alfo Orellana, and by a common miftake Maragnon ; and
went from it to Spain, where, upon the relation he gave of its greatnefs, the Emperor
Charles V. ordered him three fhips, with people, and all things neceffary to make a
fettlement. But this had no effedt, becaufe having loft half his men at the Canaries
and Cape Vert, he was too weak when he got thither ; yet he attempted to go up the
river in two large boats, to which his fleet was reduced ; but finding his wants of every
thing, he came out again, and went by the coaft of Caracos to the Margarita, where
he and his people are faid to have died. About twenty years after, the viceroy of
Peru fent a good fleet under Pedro de Orfua : but this mifcarried alfo, becaufe he
was killed treacheroufly by Lopes de Aguirre, who rebelled with the fleet ; but having
mifled the entrance of the river, he landed on the continent, near the ifland of Trini-
dado, where he was executed by order from court. Some years after this the fergeant-
general, Vincente de los Reyes Villalobos, Alonzo de Miranda, and the general Jo-
feph de Villa Mayor Maldonado, undertook the fame defign, but with the fame for-
tune, death taking them away ; fo that they gave over at that time all attemps on Peru
and Quito fide. But ftill the fame of this river continuing, Benito Maciel, general of
Paria, and fmce that governor of Maragnon, and Francifco Coello de Caravallo, go-
vernor likewife of Maragnon and Paria, attempted its difcovery up the river; and
though they were backed by the king's royal commands, yet there were many crofs
accidents as to hinder the execution of their enterprize.

The fathers of our company of Jefus attempted likewife this difcovery, by the motive
of faving fo many fouls ; but beginning with a nation called the Cofanes, their pro»
grefs was ftopped by the cruel death given to Father Raphael Fernandes, who was
preaching the faith to them. Thirty years after, which was 1537, fome friars of the
order of St. Francis, moved by the zeal of amplifying the glory, of the gofpel, and
by order of their fuperiors, went from Quito, in company of Captain Juan de Palacios,
and fome foldiers : they began to fail down this river, and came to the Encabellados,
or people with long hair ; but not finding the harveft ready, they returned to Quito,
except only two of their lay-brethren, which were Domingo de Brieva, and Friar An-
dres de Toledo, who with fix foldiers more failed down as far as the city of Paria, a
fettlement of the Portuguefe, about forty leagues from the fea. They pafTed by the
city of St. Luis de Maragnon, where the governor Jacomo Reymondo de Moronna, by
the information he had from thefe friars, caufed feven and forty canoes to be got ready,
and embarked upon them feventy Spaniards, with 1 200 Indians, fome of war, and
fome to help to row, under the command of Captain Pedro Texeira, who, having fpent
a whole year in his voyage, came at laft to the city of Quito, having difcovered and
navigated the whole river of the Amazones, from its entrance into the fea to its fource
or rife.

VOL. XIV. X The

154 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

The viceroy of Peru, who at that time was the Count de Chinchon, being informed
of this voyage of Captain Pedro Texeira, refolved to fend two perfons back with him
for the crown of Caftile, who might give a perfeft relation of the difcovery.

At this time the city of Quito was governed by Don Juan Vafques de Acunna, as
corregidor for His Majefty over both Spaniards and Indians, and who at prefent is
corregidor of Potofi, who very zealoufly offered his perfon for one, and his fortune
to raife people at his own charges, and provide them with all neceflariesj but the
royal Audientia, confidering how much he would be wanted in his office, where his
prudence, experience and zeal, had fhowed themfelves, refufed to let him go, and
chofg a brother of his, that they might not totally deprive his illuflrious family of that
glory. This brother was a father of our company of Jefus, and named Father Chrifl-
oval de Acunna, who was reftor of the college of Cuen9a, and gave him for .compa-
nion Father Andres de Arrieda of the fame company, who was profeflbr of divinity in
the fame college.

They fet out from Quito in the year 1539, and having navigated the whole river,
which, according to their account, is thirteen hundred and fifty-fix leagues long
(though Orellana makes it eighteen hundred leagues), obferved exactly the rife of this
great river, its fituation, its courfe, latitude, and depth, the iHands it makes, the
arms into which it is divided, the rivers it receives, the riches, quantities, temperature,
and climate of its fhores, the cuftoms and manners of that multitude of people that
inhabit it, and particularly of thofe famous Amazones. All which may be feen in a
treatife made of it by Father Chriftoval de Acunna, printed in Madrid ; and it. is a
relation that defer ves credit, he being an eye-witnefs, and having examined various
nations as he went.

Thefe informations were well received in Madrid ; but the revolutions which fuc-
ceeded in thofe kingdoms hindered all further progrefs, and prevented thofe holy
defigns for the converfion of that great part of America. There are infinite numbers
of Indians that inhabit the illands, and other parts of this river. It is faid they have
one fettlement, that is a town, above a league in length. And now, omitting many
other conquefts, made much about the fame time in the iflands and coafts of the
North-Sea, and that which was made in the South-Sea by Xil Gon9ales de Avila, in
the land of Nicaragua, in the year 1522, let us attend (for it is high time) to the dif-
covery of Peru, of which we fhall treat more at large, becaufe it has a connexion to
that of Chile.

CHAP. XII. — The Difcovery of Peru is given to Don Franc fco Pizarro, and Don Diego
d ^Abnagro, and Hernando Loque ; and how much they endured in it.

THE captains Don Francifco Pizarro, and Don Diego Almagro, in company with
the fcholaftic of the cathedral church of Dairen, called Hernando de Loque, came to
the governor Pedrarias, and defired of him, as friends, the favour of being employed
in the difcovery and conquefts of thofe coafts which run fouth from Panama, where lies
the powerful kingdom of Peru, of which at that time there was little light ; and for
this they propofed their reaforis ; among which, that which was of leaft value, they
relied moft upon, and that was their experience they had iittained under their general
Vafco Nunnes de Balboa. They met with little difficulty with the governor ; for fo
long as they did not defire any alliftance of the King's treafure, but ventured their own
and their lives, they eafily obtained leave to undertake what they would. They pre-

II fently

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

^5S

fently bought one of the fhips which Balboa had built for that defign ; and having got
together threefcore men, and four horfes, (for at that time horfes were a great rarity,)
Hernando de Loque faid mafs ; and when he came to confecration, he divided the
Hoftia, or facrament of the body of Chrift, into three parts, of which he took one,
and gave the other two to his two companions, offering themfelves to God, with inten-
tion to propagate among thofe people his glorious name, and plant the Chriftian faith
amongfl them by the predication of the Gofpel. Thofe who were prefent fhed tears
out of devotion, and at the fame time pitied thefe undertakers, looking upon their
enterprize as a mad one.

About the middle of November 1524, Don Francifco Pizarro having left Don Diego
Almagro behind him, to get more people together, failed from Panama to the Ifle of
Pearls, to the port of Pinnas, (the laft difcovered by Balboa, and after him by Pafqual
de Andagoya,) and went up the river of the Cacique Biru, or Biruquete, to the coun-
try of Chocama, where he flopped to wait for his companion Almagro. The hard-
fhips that the Caflilians endured of hunger and other inconveniences are not eafily to be
told : twenty died ftarved, and the refl were fick, having no other fuflenance than the
bitter Palmetos ; yet Captain Pizarro, without fhewing the leafl weaknefs^ took care of
them all with great affedion, which made them all love him. At that time Don Diego
d*Almagro, his companion in the undertaking, came to him : he was received like an
angel, for the relief he brought : he had loft one of his eyes by the fhot of an arrow,
in a rencounter he had with the Indians. They both together purfued their conqueft ;
but provifion failing them once more, and their foldiers being almoft naked, and fo per-
fecuted with mofquitoes, which are infinite there, that they could not live, they began
to talk of returning to Panama, to which Pizarro himfelf was well enough inclined j but
Almagro exhorted them rather to die than lofe patience, offering to return to Panama
for new fuccour, while he fhould leave his companion in the ifland of Gallo.

The effedt that this had, was, that he found the government altered in Panama, and
Pedrarias fucceeded by Pedro de los Rios, who hearing of the miferable condition of
thofe Caftilians, would not fuffer Almagro to return to them, being defirous they fhould
give over the enterprize as impracticable. He fent for this end a gentleman of Cordoua,
called Juan Tafur, a man of excellent parts, equal to his noble defcent, with a com-
miffion to bring thofe people back, that they might not all perifh. He came, and fig-
nified his order to Pizarro, at which he was out of all patience, feeing it would be the
ruin of his project. Tafur feeing this, took a prudent medium, which was, that he
fhould draw a line between him and Pizarro, who fhould be at the head of his men :
and Tafur told them, that all thofe who refolved to return to Panama, fhould pafs the
line, and come on his fide. Having faid this, they began to pafs the line, all to thirteen
and a Mulatto, who faid they would die with Pizarro : and fo Tafur returned with all
the reft to Panama.

Captain Francis Pizarro remained with his thirteen companions in an ifland, which,
for the greater proof of his courage and conftancy, happened to be the Gorgona, which
is a picture of hell for the clofenefs of its woods, the afperity of its mountains, the
infinity of its mofquitoes : the fun is fcarcely ever feen in it for the continual rains
that fall.

When Tafur came to Panama, and his two friends Almagro and Loque found that
Pizarro ftaid behind with fo few companions, it is not credible how much affli«Stion they
fhewed : they folicited the prefident, that at leaft another veffel might be fent to bring
them away, in cafe they found them alive ; and after many difficulties, at laft a fhip
was ordered after them, but upon condition to be back at Panama in fix months : the

X 2 fhip

156 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

Ihip failed, and came to the place where Pizarro and his companions were left. Who
can exprefs the joy and furprize of thofe poor abandoned wretches, when they defcried
at a diftance the fails of the fhip ? At firfl they could not believe their own eyes ; for
the defire and longing for a thing makes it appear lefs probable to come to pafs : but
at laft it arrived ; and Pizarro feeing himfelf mafler of a good veffel, could not forbear
attempting fome difcovery.

They failed as far as the country of Tumbefe, which is very rich ; though the Tum-
befe Indians faid, that their riches were nothing in comparifon of what they might fee
farther. The lord of that country having heard of the arrival of the Caftilians, he
fent prefently to vifit them at their fhip, with twelve bafkets of provifions, and, among
the reft, a fheep of that country, which was prefented to them by the virgins of the
temple, as to men who feemed defcended from heaven, and fent by God for fome great
t^ng. The ambaffadors came ; and wondering to fee the fhip with white men who had
beards, they afked them. Who they were ? whence they came ? and what they pre-
tended ? They anfwered them, that they were Caftilians, vafTals of a powerful mo-
narch, who, though fo great, had yet a greater over him, whom he owned, with all
other kings, and who is in heaven, and is called Jefus Chrift, in whofe name they came
to undeceive them of their errors in worfhipping gods of ftone and wood, there being
but one God, Creator of all things, whom we all ought to worfliip. They explained
to them, that there was a heaven and hell, the immortality of the foul, and the other
myfteries of our faith.

The Indians ftood ftaring and gaping, hearing this doArirre, which had never been
heard of before in their country ; for they believed, that there was no other king
in the world but their King Guayanacapa, nor other gods but their idols. Among all
the things they admired, there were two chiefly : the one was a negro ; for they never
had feen one, and did believe that his colour was fome ftrong dye ; for which reafon,
they beftowed much pains in wafhing his face to get it off ; but when they faw that he
was rather blacker, and that he fhewed at the fame time white teeth, for he could not
liold laughing to fee their fimplicity, they fell a laughing too, and could not but admire
fuch a fort of men. The other thing was the crowing of a cock, which the captain fent
them with a hen of Caflile : every time he crowed, they afked what he faid ? for they
thought his voice articulate, like the human voice ; which is an argument that they had
not that kind of fowl : and Garcilaffo de la Vega is of that opinion, anfwering the
objeftion of the Indian name they give a hen, that is, Atagualpa, which, he fays, was
a name given by the Indians after the coming of the Spaniards. The Spaniards' having
refrefhed themfelves well on fhore, began to defire of Pizarro to return to Panama, and
gather a greater force, that which he then had being very difproportioned to his under-
taking : he yielded to their perfuafions, having, for this time, made difcovery only as
far as a place called Santa, which is very near the equinoftial line ; and having had a
more certain account of Cufco, its riches, and the mighty empire it was head >©f. So
taking with him fome Indians, and fome patterns of the gold, ds a teftimpny of the
difcovery, he returned to Panama.

CHAP. XIII. — Captain Frand/co Pizarro returns io'Pana?na, goes from thence to Spain,

and purfues his Conqueji.

PIZARRO being come to Panama, went with his two companions to the Governor
Don Pedro de los Rios, to reprefent to him their reafons for continuing their difcovery,

upon

ovaLle's historical relation of chile. 157

upon account of the riches of the country, as well as the planting the faith in the capital

of fo great a monarch, and fo in all its dominions : but the governor would not agree to

it ; and fo they refolved that Pizarro fhould go to Spain, to propofe it to the King hira-

felf. He undertook the voyage j and, to give more credit to what he fhould fay, he

took along with him feveral things proper to the country he had difcovered, as pieces of

gold and filver, fome of thofe fheep we have mentioned, and fome of the Indians

themfelves clothed after the manner of their country. The King was much pleafed

with them ; and Pizarro, in his firfl audience, began to propofe the intent of his dif-

covery, the great hardihips he had endured, he and his companions going naked, and

almofl ftarved, expofed to the mofquitoes and poifoned arrows of the Indians ; and all

this, having fpent three years in this fort of life, for the increafe of the Gofpel and His

Majefty*s royal dominions. His Majefly heard him with much attention and goodnefs,

Ihewing great compaflion for his fufferings, and ordered a gratification for himfelf, and

his two companions, as alfo the thirteen who would not forfake him : he received all

his memorials, and ordered them to be difpatched to his mind, having firft made an

agreement with him proportionably to his great merits. They did not believe in Spain

(and that is an old difeafe every where) all that Pizarro faid of the riches of Peru, and

of the palaces and houfes of ftone which he had feen, till he Ihewed them the pieces

of gold and filver which he had brought with him ; and then the fame of that land

began to fpread itfelf, and with it the covetoufnefs of fharing thofe treafures, every one

blaming the governor of Panama for not having given the neceffary affiftance to the

difcovery.

Pizarro being difpatched with the title of Adelantado of the firft two hundred leagues
he fhould conquer, having alfo a new coat of arms, and other privileges granted to
him ; and taking with him four ftout brothers that he had, he embarked for the Indies
with one hundred and twenty-five Caftilians more. He left Sanlucar in January 1530,
and arrived at Puerto Bello, where he was received with great joy by his companions
and friends, who were all pleafed with the favours the King had beftowed upon them
by his means : only Don Diego de Almagro was not fo well pleafed that Pizarro had
made a better bargain for himfelf than for him, his partner in all the undertaking ; he
made his complaint to him, and refolved to part company, and difcover and conquer
by himfelf: but being alTured, that as foon as the firft two hundred leagues fhould be
conquered, he would ufe his intereft to have him made Adelantado of two hundred
more before any of his brothers ; and fo fuffering himfelf to be perfuaded, they agreed
anew, and fell to preparing every thing for their enterprize. He remained at Panama ;
and the Adelantado, with his brothers, went from thence with a good crew of men,
being to be followed by Almagro, as before. To make fhort about the things performed
by this great conqueror, the great riches he got, and among the reft an emerald as big ^h»*»«
as an egg, which was prefented to him, we will fuppofe him at the ifland of Pura in
war with the Tombezinos ; and there he came to a clearer information of the riches of
Cufco, and the ftate in which that monarchy was at prefent : and becaufe he had received
a fpecial command, and was himfelf inclined to propagate our facred religion, as the
beft means of furthering his own defign, the firft thing he did, in landing upon the
continent of Peru, was to build a church to God, to give a beginning to the fpiritual
conqueft of fouls. His firft fettlement was at Pura, where was built the firft church
that was ever ^refted in thofe kingdoms. "While he was employed in this, he fent out
to difcover more lands, to know more of the ftate of the country. There he learnt
the divifion that was betweeii the two brothers Guafcar and Atagualpa, which was
occafioned by the death of their father Guayanacapa, who was a moft powerful mo-
narch.

15^ ovalle's historical relation of chile.

narch, and among other fons had thefe two, which were now in war, and fome of his
fubjeds followed the one, and fome the other. Guafcar was the lawful heir, but not
fo brave and warlike as Atagualpa, who, though a baftard, yet becaufe he had followed
his father in his wars from a child, drew to himfelf a great part of the kingdom, with
which he made war upon his brother, with hopes to prevail.

The Adelantado Don Francifco Pizarro refolved to have an interview with Atagualpa,
' who was the neareft to the place where he was. So putting his truft in God, he fet out
with his fmall army, more to be valued for its bravery than its number, which neverthe-
lefs was feared and refpe£ted in its march. He came near the place where Atagualpa
had his camp, which was near fifty thoufand men, and fent him his ambafladors on
horfeback, which was a new thing in that country, to give him advice of his arrival,
and the reafon of it, which was, to perfuade His Majefly, and his vaflals, to give obe-
dience'to the true King of Glory, from whom is derived all the power and command
that princes have on earth. Atagualpa received the ambafladors in a flately tent, Ihew-
ing in all his behaviour a fovereign majefty ; and though his courtiers were in great
admiration of the horfes, which they had never feen, yet he kept his countenance, and
concealed the effefts fuch a novelty might have over him. He looked upon them with
fome pleafure, and not as on a ftrange thing he had never feen ; for the horfes begin-
ning to corvet, fome of his Indians run away, whom he prefently caufed to be put to
death, for having fhewed cowardice in his royal prefence. He anfwered the ambaffa-
dors courteoufly, fhewing the pleafure he fhould have to fee and hear their general ; and
fet a day for it, telling them, that they fhould not be diflurbed, nor afraid to find him
and his people in arms, for it was his cuflom to ufe them to it.

The day came ; and Atagualpa marching in order with his army to the place where
the Spaniards were drawn up, he difcovered to his captains the mind he had to make
an end with thofe flrangers, who had been fo bold as to enter into his country, and
come fo near him without having any refpe£l to his royal power ; but he ordered them
not to kill them, but to take them alive, becaufe he would ufe them as his flaves ; and
as for the dogs and horfes, he refolved to offer them in facrifice to his gods. The
Caflilians, who were not totally ignorant of this falfe appearance of peace and friend-
Ihip, though they were fo few that the Indians were four hundred to one, yet they did
not lofe courage ; but with confidence in God expefted the encounter, taking their
pofts, and preparing every thing for it, though fecrctly, that they might not be thought
the aggreffors. Therefore he drawing near, the Adelantado flaid for him with only
fifteen men, the reft being retired and hid, and fent him an embaffy by a friar, who
carried the Gofpel, and told him, " That in thofe books were contained the faith, by
which he and his people might be faved, and they brought it him from God
Almighty."

The King heard the friar, and took the mafs-book out of his hands, looking earneftly
upon it ; but not knowing how to read it, and taking it all for a jeft and a fi6lion, he
threw the book up into the air, making a fign at the fame time to his people to fall on ;
which they did ; and then the Adelantado lifting up a handkerchief, which was the
fignal to our men, they played upon them with their muikets on one hand, and the
dogs and horfemen attacked them on the other, fo that the viftory foon appeared for the
Caflilians ; God Almighty having refolved to deflroy that monarchy of the Ingas, and
to remove that obftacle to the propagating of the faith, and to put that land into hands
that fhould increafe it, as Their Catholic Majefties have done. They took the King
Atagualpa prifoner ; but treated him with all refped due to his royal perfon, as the hiflo-
rians relate more at large. While this happened, which was on a Friday, a day dedicated

to

. ovalle's historical relation of chile. 159

to the crofs, m the month of May in the year 1533, the army which Atagualpa had fent

againft his brother Guafcar, near Cufco, overcame him and took him prifoner, and

were bringing him to Atagualpa, without knowing any thing of what had happened

between him and the Caftilians ; but on the way Guafcar learned that his enemy was a »

prifoner too ; and Atagualpa was at the fame time informed of the victory he had

obtained ; he hearing it, fhook his head, and cried, " O fortune ! what is this, that I

am this day a conqueror, and conquered ?'* Guafcar moderated his grief with the news

of his enemy's misfortune, thinking that the Caflilians would revenge him on the '

tyrant, who pretended to take from him his lawful inheritance.

Atagualpa, though a prifoner, began to make refledions in this manner : If I caufe
my brother to be put to death, how do I know how the Caftilians will take it ? and
whether they will not put me to death for this, and remain lords of the land ? If I
let him come on, and he fpeaks with them, the juftice -of his caufe will fpeak for him, *

and I mufl perifh ; for I cannot expeft mercy from any. What remedy ? He found
it cunningly, as he thought : he feigned a great fadnefs, with a defign that the Pizarros,
who vifited him every day, fhould afk him what was the matter. They did accordingly ;
and, feeing him fo afflided, defired to know the caufe of that extraordinary grief. He
anfwered deceitfully, that having received the news that his generals had put to death
his brother Guafcar, it gave him an exceeding grief, of which he was not to be com-
forted ; becaufe, though they were enemies, yet he was his brother ; and he could not
but be much concerned at his death. All this, was feigned, to fee how the Spaniards
would take it ; and finding they did not feem ojffended at the thing, he fent orders
immediately to his generals, who were coming on with his brother, that they fhould
put him to death prefently by the way ; which they did, by drowning of him in a river,
which amongfl them is an infamous death. His cries to Heaven to revenge his unjuft
death, were ufelefs at that time.

But let no man give it to another to fave his own life ; for there is not a fhorter,
nor a more certain way for him to lofe it : let him not ftrive by politick maxims, which
an unjufl and ambitious paflion fuggefts ; for though that may be an appearance of
flability, yet divine juftice breaks through it all like cobwebs, and at length leaves no
crime without its chaftifement. Atagualpa proved himfelf a great example of this truth,
all his artifices ferving only to afford his enemies a pretext to take away his life. He , , ^j
had promifed to fill the room where they kept him prifoner, which was a very large -jy^-'^ir"^
one, with gold and filver, befides ten thoufand bars of gold, and fome heaps of jewels, ■ 't^

as an earneft, for his ranfom. And though this was. accepted ; and that he performed
it according to his promife, yet he did not obtain what he pretended ; for, inftead of his
liberty, they pronounced to him a fentence of death, which he juftly deferved for
having put his brother to it, and tyrannized over that which was none of his 0"\\ti ;
and becaufe of the advice the Spaniards had every day of the army that was gathering
together, which if it were true, and Atagualpa at liberty at the head of them,
there would have been good reafon to fear, from his fubtilty, great and irreme-
diable inconveniences, which they thought they could no .ways avoid fo well as by
taking his life, though with fome hopes of his exchanging it for a better and eternal
one, if it be true that before he died he was inftrufted, and received baptifm, as fome
fay he did.

About this time, which was in the year 1533, Don Diego d'AImagro being made
marfhal, came from Panama to Tombez with a good body of men and arms ; and
from thence he went on to help his good friend, the Adelantado Pizarro, in his con-
quefts, not letting his men do any injury to his Indians as he went. There were a

hundred

» 4-

l6o OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

hundred thoufand pieces of eight given them upon their arrival ; for though they were
not at the battle, yet their prefence confirmed the victory, and helped to keep
Atagualpa prifoner. The remainder of the treafure, which was above a million, was
divided among Pizarro's men ; and they being few, were all made rich, and in a
condition to make difcoveries of their own. The Adelantado fent his brother Hernando
Pizarro to Caftile, with the news of this happy progrefs of their difcoveries, and of the
propagating the Chriftian faith in the converfion of the Indians ; and he alfo carried
with him the claim of Don Diego d' Almagro to two hundred leagues of land beyond
his brother's, of which he was likewife to be Adelantado. All this he negotiated very
much to the content of all ; and in the year 1534, there was granted, in Toledo, to
Don Diego d* Almagro the government of that which they called the new kingdom of
Toledo, which began at a place called Las Chinchas, where the territory of Pizarro
ended, and extended itfelf to the Straights of Magellan.

CHAP. XIV. — The News of the Government of DonDiego d* Almagro is brought to him;
and he goes upon the Difcovery of that of Chile.

DON Francifco Pizarro had given commiffion to Don Diego d' Almagro, to take
poffeflion of Cufco, when the news came of the government of two hundred leagues
given him by His Majefty, to begin from the Chinchas. This caufed great difturbance;
for it was believed that Cufco would fall into this divifion ; and the friends of Don Fran-
cifco Pizarro, judging this of great prejudice to Pizarro, that the marlhal, even by his
commiffion, Ihould find himfelf in poffeffion of Cufco, they advifed him immediately 'to
revoke the powers he had given, which he did j and this was the firll caufe of the
difturbance in Peru, which made afterwards fo great a noife, and for which they both
loft their lives. But I being to write the hiftory of Chile, and not of Peru, fliall leave
the reader to thofe hiftorians who treat of it at large. This news being known in
Truxillo, one Diego d* Aguero fet out to carry it to Almagro, who was upon his march
to take pofleffion of Cufco. He overtook him at the bridge of Acambay ; and he
having received it vidth great moderation, fliewed himfelf above the greatnefs of his
fortune, and gave him as an Albricias, or prefent for his good news, feven thoufand
Caftilians, which are near twenty thoufand ducats ; and by this news he was moved to
change his defign of conquering a people called the Chiriguasnaes, and treated of that
of Chile ; for he fuppofed it would fall into the government he was to have, and (as
Herrera fays) moved by the informations he had of the great riches of Chile.

To prepare himfelf for this enterprize, which was like to be very chargeable,
he caufed a great deal of filver to be melted in Cufco, to draw out the King's fifths.
Amongft other things, there was a man's burden of gold rings to be melted down ;
and one Juan de Lepe being by, and taking a fancy for one of them, begged it of Mar-
fhal Almagro, who fhewed himfelf fo much a gentleman, and fo liberal, that he faid
prefently, that he fhould not only take that ring, but that he fliould open both his
hands, and take as many as could lie in them ; and hearing he was married, he
ordered him befides four hundred crowns as a prefent for his wife. He fhewed
another piece of liberality to one Bartholomew Peres, for having prefented him with
a fliield, which was to order him likewife four hundred pieces of eight, and a filver pot
weighing forty marks of filver, and had for handles two lions of gold, which weighed
three hundred and forty pieces of eight ; and to one Montenegro, who prefented him
with the firft Spaniih cat that ever came to the Indies, he ordered fix hundred pieces

%2 Of

ovalle's historical relation of chile. i6i

of eight. There are a great many ftories more of his liberality and charity too, he
being very generous and noble minded. Having difpofed all for his enterprize of
Chile, he caufed proclamation to be made, that all thofe who had not fome particular
employment to flay them at Cufco, fhould make themfelves ready to go along with him. '
They were all overjoyed at this, he being extremely beloved for his liberality and
courtefy ; and that they might furnifli themfelves with arms and horfes, he caufed
one hundred and eighty load of filver to be brought out of his houfe, (in thofe
days a load of filver was as much as a man could carry,j and twenty more of
gold : this he diftributed among them all. Thofe who were willing, gave him bonds
to pay him out of what they fhould conquer in the land they were to difcover ;
for this was the way of thefe conquerors in gaining to 'His Majefty this new
world, having no other pay but what they could purchafe.

The Inga Mango, who was brother to Guafcar and Atagualpa, had fucceeded them
in the government, as the fon of Guayanacapa, who had alfo many others. This Inga had
taken a great kindnefs for Marfhal Almago ; fo he gave him, as a companion in his en-
terprize, a brother of his, called the Inga Paullo Topo, and the high-priefl Villacumu ; the
Spaniards call him Villaoma, or Vilehoma, that they might by their authority not only
keep all his vaffals from falling upon them in the way, but rather fhould receive him,
and make him prefents. The marfhal defired thefe two perfons to go before, in
company with three Caflilians, and make a fettlement or habitation at the end of
two hundred leagues. The other people, and Juan de Savedra, went by another way ;
and when they had gone one hundred and thirty leagues from Cufco, they founded the
town of Paria. Here the marfhal overtook them ; and he was likewife affured of the
title of Adelantado granted him by His Majefty, with the government of the new
kingdom of Toledo, which was to begin from the borders of New Caflile ; for fo they
called Pizarro's government. His friends advifed him to return immediately, wherever
this exprefs overtook him, becaufe there was one come to the city of Los Reyes, with
a commifTion from the king to regulate limits of both governments to each of the
Adelantadoes ; but Almagro was fo poffeffed with the ambition of conquering fo great
and rich a kingdom as that of Chile, that he did not value the land he had difcovered,
in comparifon of what he was to difcover, out of which he defigned to reward his
friends, and the many gentlemen that accompanied him ; fo he purfued his journey ;
where it will not be amifs to leave him engaged with the fnows, and ill paffages of the
Cordillera, while we give a vifit to the great city of Lima, called otherwife De los
Reyes, becaufe it being the head of thofe kingdoms, we cannot well pafs it by.

This city was founded by the Adelantado Don Francifco Pizarro in the year 1555,
in a very pleafant plain, about two leagues from the fea, upon a fine quiet river ; which
being derived by drains and cuts all over the plain, fertilize it fo copioufly, that it is all
covered with feveral forts of products, as vineyards, fugar-works, flax, garden pro-
duft, and other delightful plants : and if there be any thing they want from abroad,
it is brought them fo punctually, that all their markets are fupplied with all manner of
delicacies that can be wilhed for.

For this and many other delights of this city, it happens to mofl people who live
there, that they cannot endure to think of leaving it for any other place ; fo that it
feems an inchanted place, where the entrance is eafy, and the getting out difficult.
I myfelf heard the Spanifh merchants, who, the year I was there, had fold their goods
themfelves at Lima, whereas they ufed to fell them at Puerto Bello, fo enamoured of it,
though they flaid but a little while there, that during our whole navigation they could
talk of nothing elfe ; and to fay truth, it deferves their praifes ; for though it cannot

yoL. XIV, Y be

l62 OVALLe's HlStORlCAL RELATION OF CHILE.

be denied, that fome cities I have feen in Europe do out-do it in fome things, yet few
come near it, take it altogether t and, firfl, for riches, it is the fountain from whence
all the reft of the world drinks ; its bravery in cloaths, and magnificency of the
court, out-does all others : it is extraordinarily populous ; for a father of our com-
pany, who had the care of catechifmg the Negroes, told me, they were at leaft fixty
thoufand, and more, that came to confeflion. They have fumptuous buildings, though
outwardly they make no fhew, having no tiles ; for it never rains all the year round :
all the furniture, as pictures, beds, &c. are mighty rich. There are great numbers of
coaches, and abundance of gentry ; all the inhabitants very rich, merchants of great
ftocks, tradesmen and handicraftfmen of all profeffions. But that which is to me moft
confiderable, is, what belongs to the worftiip of God, and cult of religion ; for the
cathedral church, and all the parifh churches are very fumptuous, and provided of
admirable learned men, which come out of that univerfity ; of which thofe of the
country are not the leaft to be valued, having furniftied fo many preachers and other
fubjefts for all other dignities, even to the higheft government. What fhall I fay of
the orders of friars and nuns ? I fcarce know one order that has not two or three con-
vents in the city, beautiful cloifters, great buildings, and yet greater churches ; fome
after the old faftiion ; all with burnilhed gold from top to bottom, as are thofe of
St.Auguftin, and St.Dominick : others after the modern way, with curious well-
wrought ceilings; as is that of the Jefuits, and of our lady of Mercedes, which
are of a very fine architefture. There are eight nunneries, fome of which have above
two hundred nuns in them. There are befides many oratories, confraternities,
hofpitals, and congregations. In our convent alone of the Jefuits, I remember there
were eight foundations of feveral kinds, and for people of as many different ranks
and eftates in the world. The great congregation has few in the world equal to
it : the chapel of it is very large, and of a very rich material, covered with filk
and gold, and rare pictures, with other rich ornaments belonging to it. There is
here great frequentatJon of the facraments by monthly communions : the body of
Chrift is expofed, and the church fo adorned with mufick and fweet fmells, that it is
a paradife upon earth. And amongft other pieces of devotion performed by this con-
gregation, there is a great entertainment or treat given once a year at an hofpital,
which is fo magnificent, that it is worth feeing : the fame is done in proportion by
the other congregations.

This city is the feat of a viceroy, who indeed is a king in greatnefs and authority,
difpofing of a vaft number of places, commands, and pofts of honour and profit. There
is likewife a rich archbiftioprick of great authority; three courts, or royal audiencias;
a merchant court, which decides all matters of trade ; a famous univerfity, in which
are profeffors very learned in their profeffions ; three colleges or fchools for youth,
under the care of the fathers of our company of Jefus, in which are about one
hundred and thirty profeffors or mafters: there are every day new foundations for
orphans, widows, and to retire women from lewdnefs : there is the famous hofpital of
St. Andrew for the Spaniards ; and St. Anne for the Indians; all which would require
a relation by themfelves.

This is what I could not avoid faying about this great capital of Peru ; and if it
continues increafing as it has done for this firft age, it will not have its fellow in the
world. The fame may be faid of Cufco, Arequipa, Chuquizaga, and the great town of
Potofi, which increafe fo, that he who is abfent a few years, does not know them when
he fees them again ; and the reafon is, that the veins and mines of gold and filver,
which, like a loadftone, have drawn fo many people thither, are fo far from leffen-

1 1 ing.

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 163'

ing, that new ones are difcovered every day, and thofe richer than the old ones ; for
which reafon there comes yearly more people, and among them much gentry, as
well as tradefmen of all arts and profeflions, who moft of them fettle and increafe
there.

CHAP. XV. — The Adelantado Almagro enters into Chile, having fuffered extremely

by the Way.

WE left the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro in a place called Paria, from whence
he was to purfue his journey to Chile, as he did in the beginning of the year 1535.
He himfelf going before, ordered Juan de Savedra to follow with twelve horfe by the
royal highway through the province of Las Chicas, the chief place of which was Topifa,
where he found the Inga Paulo, and the prieft Villacumu, who prefented him with
ninety thoufand pefos of very fine gold, it being the tribute they ufed to fend the Inga
from Chile, and which they were now fending, without being informed of the tragical
accidents that had befallen the family ; and there he fent back a great many Caciques
of the countries he left behind him, and who had waited upon him thither.

The three Spaniards, whom he had fent with the Inga Paulo, and two more who
joined themfelves to them, being defirous of making new difcoveries, and acquiring
honour, and withal making their court to the marfhal, went before, till they came to a
place called Jujuy, which is a place or country where the people are very warlike, and
eat human flefh, and who kept the Ingas always in great awe. This boldnefs coft three
of the Spaniards their lives, though they fold them dear. The Adelantado being
refolved to revenge their deaths, fent Captain Salfedo, with fixty horfe and foot, to
chaftife thofe Indians ; but they, being alarmed, had called together their friends, and
made a fort to defend themfelves in, and many pits with fharp flakes in them, that the
horfes might fall into them ; with which, and many facrifices and invocations made to
their gods, they had refolved to expeft their enemies. Captain Salfedo found them
thus fortified, and being himfelf inferior in ftrength, fent to the Adelantado for relief,
who fent it him under the command of Don Francifco de Chares ; but the Indians then
avoided engaging, and refolved to abandon their fort 5 though, not to lofe all their
pains, they refolved firll to attack Don Francifco de Chares, where they killed a great
many, and particularly of the Indians Yanaconas ; and carrying off the fpoils, they made
a fafe retreat : the Spaniards returned back to their chief body. Since we mentioned
the Yanaconas, it will not be amifs to explain the fignification of that word, for the
better underflanding of what follows.

The Yanaconas were, among the Indians, a people fubjeft to perpetual flavery ; and
to be known, were bound to wear a fort of habit different from the refl. Thefe feeing
the bravery of the Spaniards, and how much they made themfelves be feared and re-
fpe6led, began to rife againfl their mailers, and adhered to the Spaniards, hoping
thereby to fhake off the yoke of flavery ; and became cruel enemies to the other In-
dians. That which this word Yanacona now fignifies in Chile, is, thofe Indians who
do not belong to any particular lord ; for as to freedom, there is no difference, the
king having made them all free alike.

From Jujuy the Adelantado marched with the vanguard, purfuing his journey, leaving
the rear to the care and command of Nogaral de Ulloa. He came to a place called
Chaquana, where he found the Indians in arms ; for though at firfl they were frighted

Y 2 with

1 64 ovalle's historical relation op chile.

with the fwiftnefs of the horfes, yet at laft they grew fo little afraid of them, that they
took a folemn oath by the great fun, either to die or kill them all. The Adelantado
attacked them, and was in great danger, for they killed his horfe under him in the
engagement ; but he continuing ftill to fight them, they refolved at lad to retire : then
he purfued his journey, with his whole army, which was of two hundred horfe, and
fomething above three hundred foot j with a great many Indians, as well Yanaconas, as
others, who aflifted the Inga Paulo. The army being thus numerous, they began to
want provifions j and, which was worfe, they were without hopes of finding any, there
being no place thereabouts that could afford it, the country being a defart, which
lafted feven days, all barren ground, and full of fait nitre ; and for their comfort, as
they defcended a hill or precipice, after which they hoped for fome relief, they met
with the fnows of the Cordillera, which was a fight able to freeze the boldeft under-
taker, confidering the dangers and fufferings they were threatened with. Herrera,
when he comes to this paflage, fays, fpeaking of the bravery of the Spaniards, and their
patience in fuffering a great deal, which I fhall not relate, that I may not be thought
to praife my own countrymen with affeftation ; but I cannot omit fome part of it :
he fays then, that to overcome fuch difficulties, none could have attempted it, but fuch
as were ufed to endure hunger and thirft, and to enter into a country without guides,
through forefts, and over great torrents, fighting at the fame time with their enemies
and the elements, and fhewing invincible minds ; marching both day and night,
enduring cold and heat, loaded with their arms and provifion ; being all of them ready
to put a hand to all things, even the mofl noble among them being the firft, when a
bridge or any thing was to be made, to turn pioneers and carpenters, and cut down
trees, by which they were fit for the greateft enterprizes.

The Adelantado feeing the new, and, in all appearance, the infuperable difficulty that
attended this journey, did not lofe courage, but made a bold exhortation to his men,
telling them, that thefe were accidents that ufed to befal foldiers, without which no
great honour could be gained, nor any of thofe riches which they fought, after ; that
they Ihould put their trufl in God, who would not fail to affift them, fince the planting
of his faith depended upon their prefer vation. They all anfwered chearfully, that they
were ready to follow him to death ; and becaufe example is the befl rhetorick, he firft

' began to enter into the Cordillera, or fnowy mountains, with a detachment of horfe

going before, that if he found any provifions, he might fend a fhare to the army, which
began to faint for want of it. But the more he advanced, he met with nothing but
vafl defarts, with a wind fo cold, that it ftruck them through ; and the pafTage grew
ftraiter and ftraiter, till at laft it pleafed God, that from a high hill they difcovered the
valley of Copiapo, where the kingdom of Chile begins, where they were received very
kindly by the Indians, out of the refped they bore to the Inga Paulo, and afforded them
provifions enough to fend fome to the army which followed. It is not poffible to ima-
gine how much they were prefTed both by cold and hunger, both Spaniards and In-
dians ; here one would fail into the fnow, and be buried before he was dead ; another
would lean againft a rock, and remain frozen, juft as if he had been alive. If any did

^^'^. but ftop to take breath, immediately a blaft of cold air left him fixed and immoveable,
as if he had been of iron ; and a Negroe, who had a led horfe in his hand, did but
turn his head, and ftop to fee who called him, as fomebody did, and both he and the
horfe remained like two ftatues ; fo that there was no remedy but to keep moving, for
it was certain death to ftop a little ; but it could not be, but people fo weary and fo
weak muft ftand ftill fometimes ; and therefore they loft a great many men, ftrowed
up and down the mountain.

Gar-

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. i$^

Garcilaflb fays, there died ten thoufand Indians and Negroes ; of the fifteen thoufand
which went with the Inga Paulo, only five thoufand efcaped ; for being all natives of
Peru, and not having ever felt fuch cold, for which they were totally unprovided with
cloaths, they died apace ; the Spaniards being better provided, endured lefs ; and yet
GarcilafTo fays, they loft above a hundred and fifty men, and thirty horfes, which was
a great lofs ; others loll their fingers and toes, without feeling it. Their greateft fuf-
ferings were in the night-time ; for they had no wood to make fire, and the Indians eat
the very dead bodies out of hunger. The Spaniards with all their hearts would have
eat the dead horfes, but they could not ftop to flea them. At laft the provifions, fent
them by the Adelantado, met them ; fo they paffed the reft of the way pretty well.
When they came to the valley, the Indians made much of them, where we will leave
them, to fee how others, that came after the Adelantado, pafs the -mountain.

CHAP. XVI. — Others pafs the Cordillera. — What happened to the Adelantado in
Copiapo : — His Return from Chile : — His Misfortune and Death.

I DO not find clearly the time of the year in which this army pafled the Cordillera :
it is certain it could not be in the midft of fummer, nor in the heart of winter, becaufe
not one of them would have efcaped, fince the firft high wind would have overwhelmed
them in the fnow ; therefore they pafled it, either in the beginning, or the end of the
winter ; and moft probably it was at the entrance of the winter ; for if it had been
at the going out of the winter, thofe who followed would not have run fo great a
hazard.

The firft of thefe was one Rodrigo Orgonnes, who was left by the Adelantado in
Cufco, to raife men and follow him, as he did. He loft his nails, and would have loft
his fingers, if he had not taken his hand off the pole that held his tent up : others loft
their eyes, their ears, and many their lives ; particularly all thofe who were in one
tent, which a ftorm rifing carried up, and in the morning they were found all dead in
the fnow : they loft alfo fix and twenty horfes.

The next who paffed after Rodrigo Orgonnes, was one Juan de Arrada, who brought
the Adelantado the king's difpatches, and his commiffion for his government, whom
we left in Copiapo ; and it will not be amifs to fee what befel him there, before he
received his commiffion, and faw his friends. The firft thing he did in this valley, was
a work of charity and juftice, in favour of the true lord of that land, and was not in
poffeffion of the government, becaufe he was left a minor, under the guardianfhip of
his uncle, who not only did not think of putting him in poffeffion, but contrived to take
his life, which he would have effeded, if he could have got him into his hands ; but
the fubjeds, more loyal than he, had hid him out of the way. The Adelantado being
informed of the truth of this matter, and being entreated by the wronged Prince,
reftored him to the poffeflion of his government, putting the tyrant to death.

Before this happened, at their firft arrival at Copiapo, the Inga Paulo took care to
look out for fome gold in that little province ; and in one day having got together
the value of above two hundred thoufand ducats, he prefented the Adelantado with it,
in the name of his brother, the Inga Mango ; which gave the Spaniards great caufe of
admiration, feeing that in one village, and in To little time, fo much gold had been
found, gathering from this, how prodigioufly rich the country muft be ; and therefore
Almagro was content to think all his pains well taken that he had been at to come
into it.

9 The

i*ew**vf

1 66 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

The Inga Paulo finding his prefent fo well received, being defirous to make his
court, got from the neighbouring parts three hundred thoufand ducats of gold more,
which he prefented to the Adelantado ; which gave him fuch joy, to fee that fo
rich a country was fallen to his lot, that he caufed all his people to be aflembled,
and pulling out all the bonds and obligations made to him in Cufco, for the gold and
filver which he had there lent them, he cancelled them all, one by one, declaring to
his debtors, that he freely forgave them their debts, and was forry they were not
greater ; and not only fo, but opening his bags of gold, he began to ufe great
liberalities ; which fo pleafed them, that they forgot the dangers they had gone
through, every one promifmg himfelf vail riches from fuch a conqueft. Francifco
Lopes de Gomara, who writes this hiftory, fays, that it was a liberality becoming a
great prince, rather than a private foldier : but he adds, as a confideration of the
little liability of human affairs, and the profperity of this world, that when he
died, he had nobody to give a pall to cover his coffia.

But let us not afflid the reader fo foonwith the memory of that lamentable tragedy;
let us rather follow this great captain in his good fortune. As he went further into
the country, he was refpedled and treated as if he had been the Inga himfelf, in all
the places he came to; but when he came to a nation called the Promocaes, which
was the limits, beyond which the kings of Peru could never extend their empire, he
found the fame refiftance as they had done. The Adelantado perceiving this, de-
manded fuccour from the Inga Paulo, who gave it him, by calling in the Inga*s gar-
rifons of the neighbouring frontier ; and fo the war began.

Here the Spaniards met with their match, and began to experience that the conqueft
of this part of America would not be compalfed by their bare appearing with their
horfes, dogs, and guns ; or that a kingdom might be got by taking a king prifo-
ner, and feparating his army to their purpofes, and fo remain abfolute mafters of
the field ; for here they met with a nation, who, though they admired their horfes, and
were furprized to fee them, yet the greatnefs of their courage overcame that furprize ;
fo they met and engaged them with great valour, and many were killed on both fides.
The Spanifh blood, which ufed to be fo little fpilt, was here fhed in abundance ;
and from that time to this, the flaughter of them has not ceafed, fo as to make either
fide fafe.

However, the valour of the Spaniards, and the advantages they had over them by
horfes and guns, was fuch, as they might well depend upon, which made them con-
ceive the conqueft of Chile to be a work of about two years at moft ; as it is probable
it would have been, if the divifions between Almagro and Pizarro, and his brothers,
had not cut the thread of that enterprife, as it did that of their own lives ; for they pe-
rifhed by one another's hands, upon points of conteft about jurifdidion.

About this time the Adelantado being engaged with the Indians in a bloody war,
Rodrigo Orgonnes arrived with his Spaniards, and fo did Juan de Arrado, with the
King's royal patents, and a commiffion for the government of a hundred leagues of the
country ; which was juft as if a deluge of water had been poured upon the fire already
lighted of the war with the Promocaes, Cauquenes, and Pencos, who were the nations
that had withftood this invafion. As for the Indians, they pretended to no more than
to defend their country, and their liberty, from foreign invaders ; and the Spaniards
found themfelves called away by more earneft motives of intereft, and fo turned another
way. Not but that there were different opinions about what was to be done ; fome
thought that it was better to fettle where they were, the heavens and earth being both
the beft that they had yet difcovered, and its riches fuch as they were witneffes of;

others

ovalle's historical relation of ClilLE. i^f

others were of opinion to be content with what they haid difcovered, without expofing
themfelves to new dangers, and the accidents of war. But thofe who brought the
King's commifTion, infifled extremely, that the Adelanlado fhould go to enjoy the
eifed of the King's favour to him ; and, above all, that which moved Almagro moft,
was the jealoufy of feeing the Pizarros mafters of Peru : to which might be added,
that if he did not take poffeflion of Cufco, by virtue of the King's patent, he might
be in danger of remaining, at laft, without any title to any thing he had. In this
confufion of motives, the Adelantado ftuck to the worft, as it happened, fmce he loft
his life : he had, it feems, arrived to the top of fortune's wheel j and it is the fame
thing with her to ftand Hill, and to begin to go down ; which he did, till he tumbled
quite to the ground, and had his head Separated from his fhoulders.

The world feldom performs its promifes, otherwife who could have told this great and
generous man, that he fhould fall by thofe hands to which he had lent his ? The
Pizarros would not have been at that height, if the franknefs and friendfhip of Alma-
gro had not affifted them from the beginning with his fortune and good counfel ; but
nothing of all this was fufficient to fave him from death by their procurement. The
diiferences between them grew to that height, that they engaged in a battle againft each
other ; in which the Pizarros were conquerors, and Hernando Pizarro, the chief of
them, ordered Almagro to be beheaded, being no ways touched by their antient friend-
fhip, nor the fubmiffions and tears of Almagro himfelf, though a venerable old man,
begging his compaflion with a body full of honourable wounds j but as if he had been
a Itatue of marble or brafs, he fhewed no figns of compafTion. It is granted that Al-
magro did ill, to leave the conqueft of Chile, fo well begun, and where he might have
fettled himfelf and his friends to fuch advantage, to go back to Cufco, to govern there
by force, in cafe the Pizarros fhould oppofe him ; but they alfo were much to be
blamed, in not coming to fome agreement with their antient friend and companion ;
but they are inexcufable in fhewing fo much cruelty, as to put him to death : accord-
ingly all their own profperity feemed to end with his, and to turn to a lamentable
tragedy, in which they died by one another's hands, as may be feen more at large in
the already cited authors. For me, it is my buHnefs to purfue the conqueft and fettle-
ment of Chile, which is my theme.

BOOK V.

OF THE CONQUEST AND FOUNDATION OF THE KINGDOM OF CHILE.

CHAP. I. — The Governor Pedro Valdivia enters Chile : — He conquers and fettles that
Kingdo7n, and is the jirji that enters as far as Mapocho,

^^HE more I draw near to the relating the fettlement made in Chile by its firft found-
ers and captains, who reduced that kingdom to the obedience of Their Catholic
Majefties, and to the knowledge of God, the more I mifs thofe papers and records,

which

1 68 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

which being fo far ofF, I cannot have the help of in defcribing the particulars of the
events which were very memorable at the firfl; entrance of the Spaniards. I muft there-
fore make ufe of fuch paffages as I fliall find up and down in the general hiftories of
the Indies ; and this will refrefh in me the memory of what I have feen or learned by
others ; and yet I muft own the knowledge and information the reader will have from
hence, will be but fcanty and fliort, fuch as 1 ftiould have hardly attempted to publifh
without this apology ; and defiring my readers to accept of this colleftion for the pre-
fent, till the complete hiftory of Chile does come out, I having left men moft eminent
in their profeffion employed in it when I left thofe parts.

The Adelantado Almagro being returned in the year 1537 to Cufco, Colonel Pedro
Valdivia defired from the Adelantado Francifco Pizarro leave to purfue the conqueft
of Chile, fmce he had power and commiflion from the King to grant it. He promifed
not to return till he fhould have completed the fubjeftion of it, and reduced it to the
obedience of the crown and God Almighty. The Adelantado, who had it in his
thoughts, becaufe of the fame of its great riches, to follow the conqueft of Chile,
confidering this gentleman to be one of the braveft captains that had come to the Indies,
having born arms in Italy and Peru, and given a very good account of all that he had
undertaken, chofe him for this enterprize in the year 1539, giving him a year's time
to prepare all things, that he might fet out, as he did, in the year 1540. I do not
fay any thing of the particulars of his journey, nor of the people he carried with him,
becaufe I am not where I can have a diftinft information ; only that in which all agree,
is, that he got together a good body of men, both Spaniards and Indians ; for thefe
laft relating what riches the Ingas ufed to draw from people who owned his empire in
thofe parts, animated every body to this enterprize ; and Valdivia feconding, with
addrefs, thefe impreffions, made a good army, with which he fet out from Peru.

They had almoft periflied with cold, hunger, and other inconveniences j yet at laft
they arrived, and advanced at firft with little difficulty ; but as they went, engaging
further in the country, ftill they found more oppofition : they firft came to the valley
of Copiapo, which fignifies the feed of Torquoifes ; for there is a rock of them, of fo
great a quantity, that they are grown lefs valuable upon it, as Herrera fays : it is a blue
ftone, which makes a very good ftiew. And fmce now we enter this kingdom with
more advantage, and upon a fteady foot of fettlement, it will not be amifs to defcribe
the valleys and places where the cities were firft founded, and the other fettlements,
that we may not be obliged to look back with an ufelefs repetition.

The valley of Copiapo is the firft of the inhabited valleys of Chile, though the beft
part of the people are Indians, with a few Spaniards, out of which one is the Corrige-
dor, who is named by the governor of Chile. The land is of itfelf very fruitful, and
is made more fo by a pleafant river, which runs about twenty leagues in it before it
empties itfelf into the fea in a bay which makes its harbour. Here grow all forts of the
natural fruits and grains of the country, and of Europe ; the maize yields above three
hundred for one, and the ears of it are almoft half a yard long, as Herrera and other
authors relate. Though I am not informed as to the particular of Valdivia's reception
here by the Indians, yet I fuppofe it was without much contradiction ; becaufe thefe
people were already accuftomed to the foreign yoke of the Ingas, and had already feen
and received the Spaniards out of refpeft to the Inga Paulo, who accompanied Almagro,
who gave them their lawful Cacique, or prince, as we have feen. They had the fame
facility in the valleys of Guafco, which is about fiye and twenty or thirty leagues from
Copiapo, and that of Coquimbo Limari, and as far as Quillota. Here the Indians took
^ms, and oppofed the Caftilians vigoroufly j engaging them almoft daily, as people

that

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 169

diat came to conquer and fubdue their country. The Governor Valdivia penetrated as
far as the valley of Mapocho, though with the lofs of many of his men. He found
this valley extremely well peopled, becaufe of its breadth, fertility, and pleafantnefs,
being thoroughly watered by the river of that name, which, after having run fome
leagues, finks under ground, does not lofe itfelf entirely, but appears more nobly, and
comes out with a more powerful ftream two or three leagues further, being much bet-
tered in its waters, which, from muddy, are turned clear as chryftal.

CHAP. II. — The Foundation of the City of St.Jago in Mapocho. — The Defcription of

its Situation,

0 f

TOWARDS the eaft, the great Cordillera, or Snowy Mountain, is a wall to this
valley of Mapocho, and is in winter all over white, but in fummer by fpots here and
there : to the weft it has the ragged rocks of Poiiangue, Caren, and Lampa, whofe
foot we may fay is ftiod with gold (for that which is found in its mines is fo fine, that a
great deal was got ouf of them). Neither is this valley uncovered on the fides ; for to
the north and fouth it is environed by other mountains, which, though they do not
approach the Cordillera in height, yet are high enough to make a circle about this
valley, which in feveral of its rocks produces gold : it is, in its diameter from the Cor-
dillera to the hills of Pouangue and Caren, five or fix good leagues, and from north
to fouth, which is from the river Colima to that of Maypo, feven or eight leagues more ;
fo that its circumference is between 26 and 28 leagues, or more, if we go down as 'far
as Francifco del Monte, which is a place of moft pleafant fhady woods, where all the
timber is cut for the building of the houfes.

In this valley, two leagues from the great Cordillera, by the fide of the river Ma-
pocho, God has planted a mountain of a beautiful afpe£t and proportion, which is like
a watch-tower, up6n which the whole plain is difcovered at once with the variety of its
culture in arable and meadow ; and in other places woods of a fort of oak upon the
hills, which afford all the fuel neceffary for the ufes of life. At the foot of this moun-
tain, which may be two miles about, the Caftilians found many habitations of the
Indians, to the number of eighty thoufand, as authors report ; which Pedro de Valdi-
via obferving, and gueffmg from thence, that it was the beft part of the whole valley,
he refolved to found here the city of St. Jago, which he began the 24th of February in
the year 1641. It ftands in 34 degrees of latitude, and longitude 77, diftant from the
meridian of Toledo 1980 leagues. The form and ground-plot of this city yields to few
others, and is fuperior to moft of the old cities of Europe ; for it is regular, like a
chefs-board, and in that fhape, and that which we call the fquares for the men, of
black and white, are in the city called Ifles, with this difference, that fome of them are
triangular, fome oval, fome round ; but the fquare ones are all of the fame make and
bignefs, and are perfedly fquare : from whence it follows, that wherefoever a man
ftands at any corner he fees four ftreets, according to the four parts of the heavens.
Thefe fquares at firft were but of four large houfes, which were diftributed to the firft
founders ; but now by time and fuccefTion of inheritance, they have been divided into
leffer, and are every day more and more divided ; fo that in every fquare there are
many houfes.

Towards the north, the city is watered by a pleafant river, till it fwells fometimes
in winter, when it rains eight, nay twelve and fourteen days without ceafing j for then
it overflows, and does great nxifchief in the city, carrying away whole houfes, of which

VOL. xrv. 2 the

I^O OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE*

the ruins may be yet feen in fome places j for this reafon, they have raifed a ftrong
wall on that fide ; againft which^ the river lofing its ftrength, is thrown on the other
fide, and the city thereby freed from this inundation.

From this river is drawn an arm on the eaft fide, which being fubdivided into as
marty ftreams as there are fquares, enters into every one of them, and runs through
all the tranfverfal flreets by a conduit or canal ; and bridges are every where, as ne-
ceffity requires, for the paflage of carts : fo that all the houfes have a ftream of water,
which cleanfes and carries with it all the filth of the city : and from this difpofition of
water, it is eafy to water or overflow all the flreets in the heat of fummer, without
the trouble of carts or other conveniences, and that without any charge. AH thefe
rivulets empty themfelves to the weft, and are let into the grounds without the city,
to water the gardens and vineyards that are there : which being done, it is let into other
fields, fowed with all forts of grain, and then returns to the great river. The inhabit-
ants do not dritik of this water, though pretty good ; but it ferves to water horfes and
other animals ; therefore they fetch water from the river for their own drinking, or
draw it from wells, which yield very good, and very cool : thofe who are yet nicer
fend to the fprings and fountains, of which there are many in the neighbourhood, which
yield moft excellent fweet water. The ftreets of this city are all of the fame bignefs
and proportion, broad enough for three coaches to go abreaft eafily : they are paved
en each fide ilear the houfes, and the middle is unpaved for the paffage of carts. There
is one ftreet that is of an extraordinary breadth, and in it fifteen or fixteen coaches
may go abreaft ; this is to the fouth, and runs eaft and weft the whole length of the
city : this is called La Cannada ; and though at firft it did not extend beyond the
city, yet now it does, and has many buildings and gardens ; and there is the church of
St. Lazarus : but there are feveral fquares built further which inclofe in again, and fo
it is in a good fituation.

This Cannada is the beft fituation of the whole place, where there is always an air
ftirring, fo as the inhabitants in the greateft heats of fummer can fit at their doors, and
enjoy the cool j to which may be added the agreeable profpeft it affords, as well becaufe
of the buftle of carts and coaches, as of a grove of willows which is watered by a Httle
rivulet from one end of the ftreet to the other : it is befides adorned with a famous
convent of St. Francis, the church of which is all of a white free-ftone, all fquare ftone
finely cut, and a fteeple of the fame at one end of it, fo high, that it is feen a
great way off by thofe who come from other parts. It is divided into three parts,
and has its galleries ; the uppermoft is a pyramid : from it one may difcover on
all fides lovely profpefts, which delight the eye extremely, and recreate the mind.

CHAP. in. — Of the other Edifices and Churches of the City of St.Jago.

THIS city has (befide this ftreet called the Cannada, which might afford many places,
fucb as are in great cities) another very large one, named of St. Saturnino ; it has like-
wrfe the place of Sandla Anna, where has been lately built a church dedicated to that,
glorious faint. There is alfo a place called La Placera de la Compania de Jefus, where
the front of their church makes a figure, and is a retreat or tabernacle upon the day of
the proceffion of Corpus Chrifti. Moft of the other religious houfes have their places
before the great porticos or entrances of their churches : but above all, is the place
called the Principal Place, where all the bufinefs of law and commerce is driven. The
Iwo fides of the place that are eaft and fouih have buildings after the old way, though

they

ovalle's historical relation op chile. ffX

they have made very good new balconies to them, and large windows, to fee the buU-
feafts and other public cfiverfions which are made there. The north fide is all upon
arches of brick ; underneath which are the fcriveners and public notaries, as alfo the
fecretarifhips of the royal Audiencia, and the town-houfe : and over-head are the royal
lodgings, with balconies to the place, with the great halls for the meeting of the town-
houfe officers ; and in the middle are the audience-rooms of the royal chancery, with
their galleries to the place : and, laftly, the royal apartments, where the royal officers
are lodged ; and the rooms neceflary for the treafury and chamber of accounts, and
lodgings for the officers.

The fide that lies to the weft has In it, firft, the cathedral church, which is of three
ifles, befides its chapels, which it has on each fide : it is all of a fine white ftone ; the
chief ifle, or that of the middle, being upon arches and pillars of an airy and gallant
architecture. The remainder of this fide to the corner is taken up with the epifcopal
palace, which has a very fine garden, and noble apartments both high and low, with
a gallery fupported by pillars, which anfwer the Place ; which, if it were equally built
on the eaft and fouth fides, would be one of the moft beautiful and agreeable places
that can be ; for it is perfectly fquare, and very large, with a due regard to the whole
plot of the city. I doubt not but in time the two old-fafliioned fides will be pulled
down, and others built on pillars and arches proportionably to the other fides.

The greateft part of the buildings, (except the public ones, which are of a rough
ftone, but very hard, which the mountain of Santa Lucia affords, and is within the
city, and fome great gates and windows which are of mouldings of ftone or brick,)
that is to fay, the ordinary buildings, are of earth and ftraw well beaten together, which
is fo ftrong, that I have feen great openings made in a wall, to make great gates after
the modern way, and yet the wall, though a very high one, not feel it, though the
houfe was none of the neweft, but almoft as ancient as the city ; for the fun bakes and
hardens the earth and ftraw fo well together, that I have feen a piece of thofe walls fall
from a high place, and not break in pieces, though fo big that a man could not carry
it. At prefent, the houfes that are built are of a better form, higher, and lighter than
at firft, becaufe the firft conquerors were more intent upon getting gold, and fpending
it in fumptuous treats, and high living, with fplendour and liberality, than in build-
ing palaces, as they might have done, by reafon they had many hands, and ftone
hard by.

In matter of buildings, this city, as moft others of the Indies, may brag, that it imi-
tated Solomon, who began with building the temple and houfe of God before he built
his own palace. So the Spaniards have done all over the Indies, in this new world,
inheriting this cuftom from their anceftors of Old Spain ; for I remember, that travel-
ling in Caftilla, I made this obfervation, that let the place or village be never fo fmall,
yet it has a good church ; and even where the houfes were poor, and like dove-coats,
the churches were of free-ftone, with a fteeple of the fame ; which gave me matter of
edification, confidering the piety of the faithful on this occafion.

Juft fo the Spaniards of the Indies began firft to ere6: churches, with fo much appli-
cation, that they do not feem buildings made within thefe hundred years ; but rather
fuch as one would think they had inherited from their anceftors, or had been built by
the Gentiles ; and yet there is not a church in all the Indies, which they have not raifed
from its foundation. We have already fpoke of the cathedral of St. Jago ; and much
more might have been faid of its ftrength and beauty, and the ornament of its altars
and facrifty. There are befides feveral other fine churches. That of St. Domingo,
though not of ftone, is built upon arches of brick, with a great many fine chapels on

z 2 each

lya ovalle's historical relation of chile.

each fide, particularly that of Nueflra Sennora del Rofario, which is all painted and
gilded, with handfome knots and feftoons. The facrifty is full of ornaments of brocade
of gold and filver, and embroidered filks of the fame ; a great deal of plate for the
altar, and mouldings of the altar-piece, all gilded. But this is nothing to the cloifter,
which by this time is made an end of, and is of a fine architecture, two ftories high ;
and the lower, where the proceflion goes, is adorned with exquifite paintings in the four
corners, where are four altars all gilded, and light as a bright flame : the apart-
ment at the entrance is alfo finely fet oflf with pictures of faints of the order, of
excellent hands.

The convent of St. Francis may be called a town for its largenefs : it has two cloif-
ters for the proceffions ; the firft is upon arches of brick j and the fecond, which is
the largeft, very finely painted, with the ftory of the life of the faint compared with
paflages of our Saviour Jefus Chrift's life ; and over, are all the faints of the order ;
and at each corner four great pidures, with four altars, which ferve for the processions
and ceremonies of holidays.

The church is of free-ftone, and all its altars gilded on the infide; but above all,
the feats of the choir are a piece of rare workmanfliip : it is all of cyprefs, by which
means there is always an admirable fm^U. The firft row of feats reaches, with its
crowning or ornaments, to the very roof, all of excellent architecture, with its mould-
ings, bafes, cornifhes, and other proportions.

The church of our Lady of the Mercede, is alfo built upon brick arches. The
great chapel is admirable for the thicknefs of its wall, and the beauty of ceilirig, which
is all of cyprefs wood, in the form of a duomo, or cupola. The great cloifter is begun
upon fo fine a model, that to finifh it fo, will require the care and application of thofe
who have the government of that convent. The fituation of this convent is the fineft
and nobleft of any, except that of St. Francis : it has the advantage of receiving the
river firft, whereby water is fo plentiful in the convent, that they have been able to
make two mills to grind corn enough for the convent, and to give away.

The convent of St. Auguftin is but newly begun ; but its church, all of free-ftone,
will outdo all the others for beauty : it is of three ifles, and in the midft of all the
hurry and bufinefs of the town.

It is not many years that the facred order of the blefled Juan de Dios has been fettled
in this kingdom ; and in a little time thofe fathers have done a great deal ; for, having
taken upon them the care of the royal hofpitals, they have reformed them, aflifting the
fick with all neatnefs, care, and diligence, and have added feveral large buildings.
They are much helped in this by tlie devotion the people have for their founder, to
whom they addrefs their prayers and vows in their wants and neceflities, and not in
vain, for they feel great relief by his interceflion.

The college of the company of Jefus has not been able to build the infide of the
houfe, becaufe from their firft foundation the fathers have attended only the finilhing of
the church ; which is now compafled, and is without difpute the fineft next to the
cathedral. It is all of a white ftone, the front of an excellent architecture, and over
the cornifh a figure in relievo of a Jefus. The great chapel has its cupola and lanthorn
all adorned with feftoons and knots of two forts of wood, white and red, which makes
a beautiful ftiew.

The covering or roof is all of cyprefs, inl^d with all forts of flower-work, and
divided into five parts ; the middlemoft is a compofiire of all forts of figures, which
feem a labyrintl^ to thofe who fee it from the ground, and, with a noble cornifli that
runs round, gives a delightful profpeCt.

The

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 173

The architefture of the ahar, and the tabernacle for keeping the holy facrament,
are valued at a prodigious fum. The altar rifes to the top of the church ; and becaufe,
according to art, it ought to have reached from vi^all to wall, which it does not, the
empty places are filled up with two reliquaries on each fide, which join to the altar :
this being all gilded, feems, when one firft comes in, to be one plate of gold.

CHAP. IV. — Of the Civil Government^ both Ecclejiajlical and Secular^ of the City of "
St. Jago ; and of the Nature and Properties of its Inhabitants.

GOVERNMENT is the foul of the body politic ; and therefore, at the fame time
that the city of St. Jago was founded, the corporation was fettled to adminifter juf-
tice, without which no government can fland. The corporation confifts of two
ordinary Alcaldes, an Alferes royal, an Alguazil mayor, a general Depofitarius, 'fix
counfellors, or aldermen, chofen every year, half out of the gentlemen called Enco-
menderos, and half out of the inhabitants of the place, who have bought that privilege
for themfelves and their defcendants. Of the two Alcaldes, he that is of the Encomen-
deros has the precedence and firft vote, and the inhabitant the other : they divide
the year between them by fix months. There is a prefident to the affembly, who
is always corregidor, and lieutenant to the captain-general ; and it is a place of great
honour : and though it be of more charge than profit, by reafon of the expence be-
longing to it being unavoidable, yet it never fails of pretenders, becaufe of its authority,
and the refped; paid to the office. There are chofen yearly, with the two Alcades, two
others of the holy fraternity, or Hermandad, whofe jurifdiftion is without the bounds
of the city, as is pradifed in other parts. About thirty years ago there was founded
a royal chancery in this city, which confifts of a prefident, four Oydores, or counfel-
lors, and two fifcals ; one who is the ordinary, and another, who has been added
within thefe four years, and has the fame honours, who has the protection of the
Indians, and the matters belonging to the holy Cruzada. After thefe is the Alguazil
mayor de Corte, who has alfo the magiftrate's habit, and a chair of ftate : then are
the officers called the chancellor, fecretaries, referendaries, and others, as in fuch
courts. There is no appeal from the fentence of review given in this court, but to
the royal council of the Indies ; and then there is a certain fum, below which there
is no appeal neither. It cannot be denied but the majefty of this tribunal has very
much adorned the city ; though there want not thofe who lament the hindrance it has
given to its riches and increafe, which would have been more confiderable, if the
inhabitants had continued in their firft fimplicity, cloathing themfelves with the manu-
factures of the country, and avoiding all thofe pompous liveries which are now in
ufe; for thofe who before might walk in the public place in a plain drefs of the
country, and be honoured and refpected, muft now appear in filk, or Spanifti cloth, c^rfC -iS
which yet is dearer than filk, for a yard of it cofts fometimes twenty pieces of eight.
Any gentleman of eftate cannot now appear decently in public without many fervants
in rich liveries ; and within a few years they have brought up a vanity of rich para-
fols, umbrellas, which at firft were only ufed by the people of the greateft quality; ;*.^-^.«^
and now nobody is without them, but thofe who cannot compafs them ; and though
it is a thing of great gravity, and very ufeful to preferve health, yet it increafes thofe
forced expences ufed in great cities ; for this, and fome other reafons, fome were of
opinion, that it would have been better for the city and kingdom, that they had con-
tinued to govern themfelves without this court of a royal Audiencia, *as they did for-

5 merly :

1^4 or ALIENS HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

merly : but, to fay truth, they are in the wrong ; for, firft, there are many cities in
the liidies, where, without a court of this nature, I have feen vanity thrive in Uveries
and fuperfluous expences as much as any where. Secondly, becaufe, abftrading
from paffion and intereft, which commonly do millead men in the adminiftration of
juftice, it cannot be denied but that the fovereign authority of this tribunal is of great
weight to maintain the quiet of the kingdom, by keeping an even hand in the adminif-
tration of juftice, and not fuffering that the tyranny fome afftd:, either by reafon of
their prrferments or riches, fhould llifle right reafon, or opprefs innoceney, which has
not learned to court and flatter.

Thus a royal Audiencia is a bridle to vice, a reward to virtue, a proteftion to the
poor, and a maintenance of right and reafon j and this was the intention of our catho-
lic monarch : for this reafon did he eredt this court, which is the more neceffary,
becaufe it is at that diftance from the royal prefence, and fo hard that the cries of the
poor ihould reach his ears ; for if fometimes they do arrive to his court, it is fo faintly,
that they can fcarce be heard : for this reafon, thofe who have the chuiing and fending
the king's officers into fuch remote parts, ought to be the more careful to provide men
of chriftian principles, and well intentioned, as indeed they have been, and are ftill in
that kingdom ; and it is no more than is neceflary, for a good example to thofe new
chriftians the Indians.

This royal Audiencia is the caufe likewife, that much gentry comes from Europe to
the Indies, and fo help to people them, and to continue the good intercourfe between
Spain and that country, which is good for both. It cannot likewife be denied (though
that be but as an acceffory), that the prefence and affiftance of this royal tribunal at all
public feafts and exercifes, is of great countenance to them, and particularly to the
literary ads and commencements, whereby learning is encouraged ; and thofe who
emjjloy themfelves in that honourable ftudy have a reward before their eyes, hoping to
attain to be advocates, referendaries, fifcals, and counfellors : for in the Weft-Indies
thofe places are all very honourable, and particularly in Chile, where the falaries are
larger than in other parts, and yet provilions are cheaper ; fo that it is eafy to lay up a
good part of one's revenue. Befides thefe tribunals, there are others, as that of the
chamber of accounts, or treafury, for the management and adminiftration of the King's
revenue ; thefe officers do likewife vifit the fhips that come in and out at the port of
Valparifo ; their offices are very honourable, and of great profit, and they are in the
King's gift, as thofe of the royal Audiencia are.

The affairs of juftice, and things belonging to good government, are under the Au-
diencia ; but thofe of war and preferments belong to the governor, of whom we ftiall
fpeak in a proper place.

The bifliop is abfolute lord of all the church-government ; and though the bifhopric
of St. Jago is none of the richeft of the Indies, becaufe all the product of the
earth is fo cheap, and by confequence the tithes do not rife high, yet this very abun-
dance is part of the riches of the bifhopric ; for by this means the bifhop's family and
expences are the eafier fupplied, and he may keep more attendance, and yet lay up a
good part of his revenue ; whereas other bifhoprics, though richer, have enough to
do to keep up the decency of their dignity. There is a numerous clergy, who make
a great cortege to the bilhop upon certain public days j and when he is received the
firft time, and takes poffeffion, the ceremony is very great ; for part of the royal Audi-
encia, the chapters, all the militia, horfe and foot, with the people, go oat to meet
him ; fo that it is a day of great pomp.

The
II

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION 6? CHItfi,

»«

The chapter of the cathedral is a venerable body of men, in which the King iion€
provides the vacancies by virtue of his royal patronage, and the conceflion of the popes ;
fo that there is not, as in Spain, the bifhop or the pope's month ; but in the Indies all
dignities of cathedrals, even to the very parifti priefts, are all at the King's nomination,
but with fome differences ; for the dignities are bellowed in Spain itfelf, by the advice
of the council of the Indies ; but the cures or livings of parifh priefts, the King does
beftow them by his governor or prefident, who expofes a public edift, that all oppo-
fers for the vacancy of fuch a benefice may come and oppofe the examination ; and
of thefe, the bifliop prefents three to the governor general, to chufe in the King's
name.

The holy tribunal of the inquifitiOn, which is in Lima, ferves for all the whole
South- America ; fo that in Chile there is only a commilfary, with his officers and fami-
liars, who accompany him in all public a£ts, and form a tribunal with great authority.
There is likewife an officer of the Cruzada, called a commiflary, which is likewife a
poft of great authority ; and the day that the bull is publiflied, all the orders of the
religious are bound to be at the proceffion.

Let us conclude this chapter by faying fomething of the natives who are born and
bred in this city : they are generally ingenious, and of good parts ; and thofe whofe
inclination is to learning, fucceed very well ; but they are naturally more inclined
to war, very few of them taking to other employments, either of trade or bufinefs ;
and they who, from their infancy, or by a ftrong inclination, do not take to learning,
feldom fucceed, and eafily leave it, if put upon it, to follow the found of a drum or
a trumpet, and never are quiet till they get to be enrolled as foldiers, being much
better pleafed with the liberty of a foldier's life, than with the difcipline of the fchools.

They are much addicted to horfemanfhip : and I have often feen, that to ftrengthen
a child that can hardly go, the beft way is to fet him on horfeback ; this makes them
prove dexterous horfemen, and bold. And it is a common opinion and a known experi-
ence, that for horfe, one of the country is better than four from abroad : this has been
fufficiently proved in the courfe of fo long a war as that which has bufied that kingdom.

They are naturally liberal, good-natured, and friendly, particularly if they are
treated honourably, with due regard : they are pretty ftubborn and wilful ; to be led
only by fair means, and then they are docile and tradable ; but if force is ufed, they
do worfe and worfe. This we the fathers of the fociety do often experience in our
colleges ; fo we are obh'ged to lead them by fweetnefs and emulation, rather than by
rigour and harfhnefs.

CHAP. V. — Of the Riches, Militia, Studies, and Increafe of the City of St, Jago,

•
THIS city, to which the King has given the title of Moft Noble and Loyal, is the

capital city of Chile, and one of the beft in the Indies, next to thofe two royal ones
of Lima and Mexico, which do exceed it in fumptuons edifices, in people and trade,
becaufe they are more antient and nearer Spain, and for a greater paflage for the peo-
ple that come from Europe, and free from the tumults of war, which is a canker that
eats deepeft into great cities and kingdoms j and it is no fmall proof of their force, to
be able to maintain fo long a war.

This city was founded one hundred and four years ago ; and it had all that while fuf-
tained the heavy load of a long and ftubborn war, which the native Indians have made
upon the Spaniards without any intermiffion j in which its inhabitaiits have either

always

176 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

always been in arms, or fending many horfes and provifion to the camp ; a calamity,
which, far from letting it grow to what it is, ought to have kept it down from the
beginning : nor is it of a frnall confideration, for the growth of other cities in the
Indies, to refieiSt;, that they being in the way, and, as it were, upon the paffage of
other places, many new comers have fettled there, who perhaps at firft were bound
for other countries, or at leaft were indifferent where they ftayed, and took up with
them. It is otherwife with the city of St. Jago, becaufe the kingdom of Chile being
fo remote, and the laft of all the Spanifh dominions, it is the non plus ultra of the
world : fo that nobody goes thither by chance, but on purpofe, and upon fome defign
or particular intereft ; for which reafon the number of ftrangers is little.

But the city is fo good and convenient to pafs away life with eafe, that notwithftand-
ing thefe difadvantages, it is fo encreafed, that it aftonifhes all who fee it, few cities
of the Indies outdoing it in finery, particularly as to the women (it were to be wilhed
it were not to that excefs j ; for all things coming from Europe are there prodigioully
dear ; and this caufes many families to run behind hand. Who fhould fee the place
of St. Jago, and that of Madrid, could fee no difference as to this point ; nay, as to the
women, the finery exceeds that of Madrid ; for the Spanifh women, fcorning to go to
fervice, are all ladies, and love to appear as fuch, as much as they can, and the emu-
lation between them about fine clothes, jewels, and other ornaments for themfelves
and their fervants, is fuch, that let their hufhands be never fo rich they want all they
have, particularly if they are of the nobility, to fatisfy the pride of the women.

As to the militia of the city, the firfl part of it is the company of inhabitants, Enco-
menderos, and reformed captains, who have no other commander but the governor
himfelf, or his deputy; after that, there are two or three troops of horfe, and three
or four companies of foot, all Spaniards. Thefe often mufler on holidays, and are
exercifed in the ufe of their arms ; and fometimes there are general muflers before the
Oydores and royal officers, where their arms are examined ; who alfo note them down,
to know what ftrength they can raife upon occafion, punifhing fuch as do not keep
their arms and horfes fit for fervice. By this diligence they are very ready at their
arms, and the exercifmg of them proves an entertainment for them and the whole city :
for very often, in the public procefTions, one or two of thefe companies ufe to come
out, and make a falvo for them ; and in the holy week there always attend a troop
of horfe, afid a company of foot, who guard the flreet, where the procefTions of the
whippers go to keep the peace, becaufe of the Indians, who ufe to take that time
to make fome rifings, the Spaniards being wholly taken up \yith their devotions.

The days in which this militia makes the beft fhow, are, when the bifhops come to
be received, becaufe they make a lane from the entrance of the city to the great place
of it, where they form their battalion ; and the concourfe of the people ufes to be fo
gr^at, that though the place is very large, there is fcarce room for them.

And fince we are upon that fubjeft, we cannot omit to obferve that which is wor-
thy of admiration, and that is, to fee how it is increafed in the number of Spaniards
within thefe forty years. It is probable, the fame has happened to the other cities of
the Indies ; but this has had a continual drain, by fupplying foldiers for the war with
the Indians, where many perifh, and few return. I remember that I have heard fay,
that one of our fathers, newly come from Europe, and coming to our college, where
he few but few people in the flreet, cried out.

Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vafto.

By

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

^11

By which he meant to fignify, the difproportion of the inhabitants to the bignefs
of the city ; but now that very ftreet is fo full of people, that all hours of the day,
and fome of the night, it is extremely frequented ; for there have been built many
houfes for handicraftsmen and (hopkeepers on both fides of it, becaufe trade is confi-
derably increafed.

I can myfelf affirm, that I obferved as great an alteration in a much lefs time, as
well in people as in building ; for having been abfent but eight years, I confefs, that
at my return I fcarcely knew the place again ; for I found feveral ground-fpots where
there was not a houfe built upon, with very good buildings ; and thofe which I had left
built were altered to the better, with more and higher apartments ; and the courts,
which were very large, were confiderably ftraightened by other buildings ; and yet the
plot of the city was larger too ; fo that being at firft built at the foot of the mountain
we have fpoken of, to the weft of it, I found it extended as much to the eaft, and the
fame proportionably to the fouth and north, and it increafes daily towards the river,
and the Cannada.

There was, when I left the place, about a dozen fhops of good retailers, and at my.
return there were above fifty ; and the fame proportionably as to the fhops of fhoe-
makers, taylors, carpenters, fmiths, goldfmiths, and other handicraftfmen, whom I
found alfo more curious and exa6b in their profeffions ; and emulation has produced
very good pieces of workmanfhip in gold and filver, and carvings in wood, gildings,
paintings, which have adorned the churches, with thofe which have been brought from
Europe, and the particular houfes ; fo that in fome houfes alone, there are more things
of that kind now, than there were in all the city formerly. Some complain, that
there are not now fuch rich and powerful men as there were at firft ; and that is true :
but it does not follow, that the generality is the worfe for that, but rather other wife ;
for the lands and houfes which belong now to ten families were antiently in one ; it
being certain that feveral of the heirs of that man have attained to as great riches as
he himfelf had ; or at leaft it is apparent, that the ftock of all thofe who have fliared
the inheritance far exceeds what was left them : fo that fuppofing that fome were
formerly richer, yet the riches are more in the land ; which is alfo clear to any that
fhall confider the houfes, pofTeflions, and other improvements made fmce that time ;
for now there is fcarcely room for the people, whereas before there was not half people
for the room that was for them ; which is alfo vifible in the country round about,
where farms that could hardly find purchal^rs, and were little worth, are now fo rifen
in their value, that the fmalleft coft great fums ; and this rage of purchafing is fuch,
that moft of the caufes in the royal Audiencia are about titles ; for the antients, who
took poiTefTion of the land, thought, that if they had a little footing in a valley, it
was all theirs ; but thofe who have come fince, have purchafed by virtue of new titles,
and taken new poiTeflion ; whieh makes fo many law-fuits.

There is not formed a regular univerfity in this city, becaufe that of Lima ferved
for all the neighbouring kingdoms and provinces to take their degrees : but when in
time the going to Lima was found fo chargeable, and the journey, which is of three
or four hundred leagues, fo troublefome, there were bulls obtained of the pope, for
the orders of St. Dominic and the Jefuits, to have the privilege of conferring the de-
grees of batchelor, licentiate of arts, as alfo doftors in divinity, in , the kingdoms of
Chile, Granada, Ruito, Chuquizago, Tucuman, and Paraguay,

The effeft has fhewed how neceftary this favour, and how important this privilege
has been ; for this incitement to honour has caufed a general application to learning ;
for the priefts and curates are already great proficients in ftudy, and fo more capable'

VOL. XIV. A A of

I7S '(tfi'ALLE''s HISTOUrCAE RELATION OF CHILE.

of taking upon them the cure of fouls ; and thofe who betake themfelves to a reli-
gious life, are better qualified to ferve their orders, and be an honour to them, as
many of them are ; and it does not a little contribute to the value of them, to
' fee the great folemnity ufed at the reception of the feveral graduates. And in this,
as well as the reft, I think our city of St.Jago is not inferior to any : for, firft,
all the a£ts are held with great concourfe of all the learned, and very often the
bifhop honours them with his prefence, and fo do the prefident of the Audiencia,
and the chief of the town-government, to whom are dedicated the fubjeds of the
extempore readings, according to the conftitution of the univerfity, which are given
out v;ith great fidelity, dividing the fubjeft into three parts, for the graduate to
difpute upon in prefence of a great concourfe of people ; and the feverity is indif-
penfable in this and all other examinations, for the different degrees which are
given by the bifhop, by virtue of an approbation firft given him by the father rector-
and the profeflbrs, as the bull diredls ; according to which there is no obligation
of giving any treat ; but yet that the doftors may aflift with more pleafure and dili-
gence, there has been introduced a cuftom of giving fome moderate ones, befides
gloves, which were allowed inftead of it ; but fome out of oftentation give both
treat and gloves. Befides this, there has been introduced a cuftom of inviting
the horfe of the city to honour the proceflion, which make the folemnity the more
confpicuous j and they very willingly accept of the invitation, for they are very ready
to mount on horfeback to honour any, much more thofe who diftinguifh themfelves
by the exercifes of virtue and learning.

CHAP. VI. — Of the Worjhip of God, and the Church Ceremo7iies in the City of

St. J ago,

IF we were to make a judgment of this city by the worfhip of God that is per-
formed in it, and the appearance of the clergy, we ^ould judge it to be much:
bigger than it is ; for the ftate and expence with which the holidays are kept, in
the charge of mufick, perfumes, wax, and other ornaments, are very great : let us give
fome particular inftances, and begin 'with the cathedral. I cannot but commend the
piety of thofe eminent perfons, the biftiop, prefident, and counfellors of the royal Au-
diencia, who taking each of them a day during the odave of the holy facrament are at
the whole expence of that day, and that is very confiderable ; for all the wax and
perfumes are very dear, as coming from Europe; and the holy emulation that is
between them, increafes the fplendour of the day ; fo that during that oftave, the church
is fo perfumed, that its fragrancy is fmelt fome diftance from it. The proceftion of
the firft and eighth day are upon the account of the chapter, as the hanging of the
ftreets, and eret'ting of altars for repofitories, are at the charge of the inhabitants
where the proceftion pafles : this proceflion is attended by all the convents, and all the
companies of trades, with their banners and flags, fo that it reaches a great way.
After this of the cathedral come every day new ones of all the convents, fo that they
laft a month, every one endeavouring to have theirs the beft ; by which means there
are great variety of ornamental inventions and machines. The Indians of the neigh-
bourhood, that live in the Chagras, that is, little cottages, within fome miles of the
city, attend likewife with their banners : and they chufe for this purpofe a leader
who makes the expence, and treats thofe of his company : their numbej:s are fo great,
and the noife they make fo loud, with' their flutes, and their hollowing and fmging,
13 thalT

ovalle's historical relation of chile.

.^9

that they are placed in theTront, or clfe there would be no hearing the church mufic,
nor any means of underftanding one another about the government of the proceffion.
The other feafts and hoHdays in the year are proportionably folemnized with the
fame decency by all the orders of friars, who all of them have fome devout perfons who
help to bear the charge. But the nuns exceed all the reft in ornaments ; and thefe
nunneries are fo populous, that in that of St. Auftin alone there are above five hundred
perfons, whereof three hundred are veiled nuns, the reft are lay-fifters ; and becaufe the
nunnery being full, there can be no more received, but with great difficulty, the other
imnnery of Sancta Clara receives fo many every day, that in a little time it will equal
the other in number, as it does already in the pomp and ornament of its church-fervice ;
that which thefe angels of Heaven, (for fo we may juftly call thofe who with fo much
piety and anxiety do ferve God continually, and are as a wall of defence to the city,)
that which they do moft fhine in, can hardly be expreffed as to the neatnefs, curiofity,
and richnefs of their altars, and the church-ornaments. What fhall I fay of the fmells,
artificial flowers, fruits, chocolates, paftillos, and perfuming pots, which I have feen
fometimes of fo great a fize, that they ftruck me with admiration, confidering the
matter they are made of, which is of a refined fugar, as white as fnow, fometimes
in form of a caftle, fometimes of a candieftick, or a pyramid rnoft exquifitely
wrought.

They are not content with this ; for I have fometimes feen the whole grate of the
choir, and the joiners' work, and beams of the church, all covered with preferved ^ f \f^
citron, in form of funs or angels of mezzo relievo, and a thoufand other inventions,
which I Ihould never have done, if I fhould report them all. I muft only fay, that the
generofity of thofe ladies is fuch, that though this cofts very much, yet I have often
feen them, at the end of a mafs, diftribute all thofe things to thofe who happen to be
in the church, without keeping it for themfelves : they do not only do this within the
church, but the altars which are fet up in their cloifters, and ftreets near them ; for
the proceilions are adorned, after the fame manner, with fruits and flowers of the fame
materials, fo well imitated, that they appear new-gathered.

The monafteries of men are not fo well filled as thofe of the nuns, though fome
have a hundred, others fixty or feventy friars. The fecular clergy is ' alfo very nu-
merous, very virtuous, and learned. Since I came away, there has been founded an-
other nunnery of about thirty nuns, who will need no portion, being provided for by a
gentleman who left all his eftate to that foundation ; it was Captain Alonfo del Campo
Lantadilla, Alguazil mayor of that city, which will be of great fervice to help the pro-
viding for poor maids, who, perhaps, elfe would not find it eafy any other way.

CHAP. VII. — In which is treated of the ProceJJtons of the Holy Week in the City of

St. Jago,

LET us conclude this matter of religion and pious exercifes with faying fomething of
the moft remarkable pradtice of it in the holy week, by the ftatelinefs of the procef-
fions at that time ; which is fuch, that all ftrangers confefs, that if they had not feen
it, they fliould hardly have believed it. Thefe procefllons begin on the Tuefday in the
holy week, to which the company of the Morenos, which is founded in our college,
give a beginning, (of which we fhall fpeak more when we treat of its employments, as
alfo of the brotherhood or confrary of the Indians, on the morning of Eafter-day.)
The proceflion that follows next, is that which comes out of the convent of St. Auftin,

ji A 3 * ia

l8o OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

in which is founded the confrary of the Mulattos : they go all covered with black
frocks, and have many paiTages of the paffion fung very devoutly, with the beft mufic
of the place, and many lighted torches. The Wednefday the famous proceflion of the
confrary of the Nazarenos lets out, which is all of natural Spaniards, of feveral arts and
profeffions, and is founded in the royal convent of Nueltra Sennora de la Mercede ; and
it is one of the richeft and mod adorned proceflions. This proceflion is divided into
three troops : the firft of which carries Xa Veronica to the cathedral, where it flays to
meet the fecond, in which comes the Redeemer with his crofs, fo heavy, that he is
forced to kneel often.

When this fecond, which is the largeft, comes to the great place, that which ftaid
at the cathedral goes to meet them; and at a certain diftance, in fight of a vaft multi-
tude of people, the Veronica comes, and kneeling down to the image of Chrift, which
is a very large one, feemingly wipes his face, and then (hews the people the reprefent-
ation of it remaining in the handkerchief; and then, as they begin to march, there
appears the third proceflion, in which comes St. John, fliewing the Virgin Mary that
dolorous fpeftacle : fo that by all thefe there is formed a mighty proceflion, with many
lighted torches, and all the brothers are clothed in their red frocks, marching with
great filence and devotion. There is another reprefentation of great piety, which is
performed in the convent of St. Francis, and in this convent ; which is the parting of
Chrifl: and his mother, which ufes to caufe great paflion and many tears, becaufe of the
naturalnefs with which it is adted.

On the Thurfday there are very curious fepulchres erefted, and many alms given to
the poor ; and though in the foregoing proceflions, and on the Fridays in Lent, there
are to be feen fome people whipping themfelves, with divers forts of penances, which
every one performs according to his own devotion, yet the proceflions, which by excel-
lency are called the bloody proceflions, are performed this night. One of them fets
out from the chapel of the true crofs, which is in the convent and chapel of Nueftra
Sennora de la Mercede, and is only of the inhabitants and gentlemen, who go all
covered over with black frocks ; and he who carries the crofs is obliged (belides the
collation which he provides for the preacher, and the mufic, and which ufes to be very
magnificent) to provide alfo men to attend the proceflion, and relieve the whippers,
who often draw fo much blood, that they faint away ; and others take care to cut off
of the difciplines fome of the fpurs of them, for they ufe to have fo many on, that
they almofl: kill themfelves, nay, I have feen fome of fo indifcreet a zeal, that they ufed
certain buttons with points fo fliarp, that if they were let alone, it is a difpute whether
they would not die before the end of the proceflion. Before this go alfo two others,
both of them bloody proceflions ; one of the Indians, and it is that has moft: whippers ;
the other comes from St. Domingo, and is of the Morenos : they both have mufic ;
and the communities of all the convents go to meet them when they come near their
churches with torches in their hands. They fpend a great deal of time in their procef-
fion, and are accompanied by an infinite number of people.

On the holy Friday there are two proceflions more that go out of St. Domingo and
St. Francifco, both of natural Spaniards. That of Sandto Domingo is called the pro-
ceflion of pity, and has been begun but lately ; but it has made fuch progrefs, that it
equals the mofl: ancient : they carry all the marks of the paflion by fo many drefled up
like angels very richly, and each of them is attended by two brothers of the proceflion
with lights, and their coats of yellow. The other proceflion, which comes from St.
Francifco, is- the antienteft, and has always been the befl: : it is mightily commended
for the great filenc^ad devotion with which it is performed ; for there is not a word

fpoke

oyalle's historical relation of chile. i8i

fpoke in it from its going out to its returning. Before it goes, there is performed the
defcent of the crofs before a great concourfe of people. This has always been an aftion
of great piety, and very moving. The enfigns, or marks of the paflion, go out in
order j and when they come, there is another reprefentation very tenderly made in the
Cannada : there is a great crofs fet up ; and when the image of the virgin comes up
to it, it lifts up its eyes, as one who miffes the fovereign good that hung on it, and,
drawing out a white handkerchief, applies it to the eyes, as crying, and then opening
the arms, embraces the crofs, and kneeling kifles the foot of it once or twice : all this
it does fo dexteroufly, and becomingly, that one would fwear it were a living creature :*
and this adion being accompanied with the mufic of the day, proportioned to the grief
of the myftery, it is incredible what effeds it has upon the people, who crowd one upon
another to fee it.

On the Saturday, and on Eafter-day in the morning, there are other proceffions. The
firft comes out of St. DoAiingo, and is of the gentlemen and citizens, who in this are
clothed in white, of moft rich cloth of filver or filk, finely garniftied with jewels and
chains of gold. The ceremony of the refurre£Hon is celebrated by night in the cloif-
ter ; and, for that end, there is fuch an illumination, that it feems day. The pro-
ceflion goes out very noble and gay, and in it are many lights, mufic, and dances, the
ftreets being all adorned with triumphal arches, and hung with tapeftries : and while
this proceffion is in the cathedral, celebrating the mafs, and communicating the hofl to
the brothers, there comes another to the great place to meet it, another from the col-
lege of the Jefuits, wljich is a confrary of Indians, the mofl antient of the city, con-
fifting of a company of Indians of both fexes, who, vdth torches in their hands, accom-
pany the child Jefus dreffed up after the Indian fafhion, (which caufes great concern and
devotion) : they have alfo many colours, enfigns, and other ornaments, very rich and
gay. At the fame time, two other proceffions of Indians likewife fet out from the con-
vents of St. Francis and Nueflra Sennora de le Mercede, and another of Morenos from
St. Domingo, all with a great apparatus of drums, trumpets, colours, hautboys,
dances, which make that morning appear very gay and merry ; and that it may be fo to
our Saviour refufcitated, they all communicate, and give a happy Eafler to the Divine
Majefty and all heaven, to which the earth can never pay a greater tribute than by the
converfion of fmners, particularly of thefe new Chriflians, whofe anceftors adored but
the other day their idols ; and now they acknowledge, and kneel before the true God,
iit with him at his table, as grandees of his court ; they, who not long before were
Haves of the devil.

CHAP. VIII. — Of feme other Holidays of the City of StJago,

ONE of the things in which the greatnefs of a city fhews itfelf mofl is, in its feafls,
holidays, and public entertainments : we will touch a little on thofe of St.Jago; and,
befides the fecular ones of bull-feafls, running at the ring, Juego de Cannas, tourna-
ments, illuminations, and other diverilons in which this city fhines, it is wonderful how
well there are celebrated the public rejoicings for the birth or marriage of their prince, in
univerfal canonizations of faints, and in all other folemnities, but particularly thofe ordered
by His Majefty, as that was about thirty years ago, when His Majefty, out of his great
piety, ordered, in honour of the queen of angels, that the myftery of her holy imma-
culate conception fhould be celebrated in all his kingdoms, as well by the feculars, as
t)y the churchmen ; and the firft indeed need no incitement in this matter, every one

being

1 82 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

being ready to fhew their acknowledgments to this fovereign queen of heaven, who has
favoured more particularly the kingdom of Chile with her protection from the
beginning.

Let us now fay what the city of St. Jago did upon this occafion, that the affedion
with which the inhabitants correfpond to what they owe to this illuftrious queen of
heaven may be manifefted, and fome proof given of what they can do on., fuch occa-
fions : and letting alone what was done by all the convents and monafleries, I come to
other particulars, to which three poetical contefts gave rife: tiiefe were publilhed
folemnly on horfeback through the town, with the company of the town magillrates,
and all the gentry, without exception. The firfl of thefe troops were defrayed by the
cathedral, the fecond by the celebrated monaftery of the Conception, the third by the
congregation of jftudents founded in our college ; and in all thefe there were prizes
propofed of great value for the poets ; and thofe who obtained them, had them given to
them with great folemnity ; and there were feveral reprefentations, with other diverfions,
according to the cuftom of that country.

And, lince we are fpeaking of what happened in thofe holy feafts, let us not forget
as remarkable a paffage as any : the day which it fell to the lot of our college to cele-
brate its feaft, the father provincial, who was to preach before mafs, felt himfelf fo
moved with love and devotion to the fovereign virgin, that, in a fit of extraordinary
zeal, he invited the people to come after dinner to the proceilion of our church, and
to fmg before the image of our lady, that ballad which was in thofe days fo famous,
and begins —

All the world in general
Says fo, chofen queen of heaven.
That you are conceived even
Without fin original.

The auditory was much edified with the piety of the good father, but fmiled at his
propofal as impracticable ; yet they all came at the hour, moft out of curiofity to fee
the event of this novelty : they all took oUve-branches in their hands, and began the
proceflion while our fathers fung the ftanzas. It was wonderful^ that the fame fpirit
which moved the father to fuch an extraordinary invitation, moved alfo all the people
to fmg before the image of our lady, which they carried thus to the cathedral ; out of
which the clergy coming to meet, and fmging the church-hymns, the noife of the
others finging was fo great, that the canons were forced to give over, and accompany
the people in their ftanzas, fmging altogether like fo many children. They looked one
another in the face, admiring at what they were doing, being fcarcely able to believe ;
and if I myfelf had not feen it, knowing, as I do, the natural gravity of that people,
I lliould not have believed it neither ; but the inward force of devotion can do any
thing, when the Lord of hearts makes ufe of it to exalt the immaculate purenefs of his
mother.

The rejoicings and entertainments upon this occafion lafted many days ; one of them
fell to the lot of the congregation of natural Spaniards founded in our college, who
made a very ingenious and coftly mafquerade, reprefenting all the nations of the world,
with their kings and princes all clothed after their own fafhion, with their attendants,
and laft of all the pope, to whom each nation came with its king, to defire his holinefs
to favour this myftery. The liveries were very coftly, and there was a triumphal
chariot, a great machine, in which was reprefented the church : but that which was

moft

ovalle's historical relation of chile. i8j

mofl: chargeable was the wax, which is very dear there j and this entertainment was
given by night.

The other days were divided among the Negroes and Indians of all arts and profef-
fions, who having a pious emulation to each other, made many rare inventions ; but
the merchants carried the belle in a tournament, which they performed in the great
Place, each adventurer coming either out of a fea, or a wood, or an enchanted caflle,
with his paper or challenge, adling their parts very well : they broke their lances, and
received their prizes, which are things of great value. The gentlemen of the city
crowned the feaft with their ufual diverfions of bull-feafts, running at the ring Juego de
Cannas, &c. There are generally about twenty or thirty horfemen to attack the bulls,
and throw the rejous or lances at them, befides him who ftrikes the bull dead. The
illuminations of torches, with which they ufe to run about all night, are alfo of great
diverfion ; and upon this occafion they did it with rich liveries, and other chargeable
expence's, for the greater folemnity of the time.

The ordinary and annual rejoicings which are obferved on Midfummer, on St.John's
day, St. Jameses, and the Nativity of our Lady, are alfo worth feeing, particularly on
the day of St. Jago, who is the patron of the city ; for then the royal enfign of the
crown brings out the great ftandard of conqueft, with the king's arms, and is accom-
panied by all the gentry, who are obliged to appear on that occafion, which they do
very glorioufly.

There happen likewife fome marriages or chriftenings of the peopfe of beft falhion,.
in which they make as good a fhew as their eflates will let them, and often above their
abilities. In the bull-feafls, thofe who undertake them ufe to treat the royal Audiencia,
and other bodies corporate ; but in marriages they are profufe, for the prefents to the
bride have been brought in fafhion to be very rich, fuch as Haves, carpets, fcrutores
filled with gold and jewels, and other curiofities of great value. There is not lefs fpent
in treats and banquets, particularly of late years, that they have taken to counterfeiting
natural fruits, and other things, which ferve for the fideboard ; fo that, after a man has
given a treat of all forts of birds and fiflies, his entertainment is not gallant enough, if
he does not add a defert of preferved citrons in all figures of love-knots. Sec, and the
other fruits imitated after nature : thefe they mingle on the cloth, with the figures of
ewers, falt-cellers, jars, falvers, difhes, fpoons, forks, knives, all made of citron, covered
with leaves of gold and filver ; and the firfl thing the guefls do, when they fit down,
is to plunder the table of thefe, for there are real ones of gold and filver for the
banquet.

All this cofts extremely, becaufe the fugar comes from Peru, and the manufadiure.
of all thefe curiofities is very dear ; many are the guefts ; and, befides the weddings
dinner, the fathers give another the next day as fumptuous. This is what nobody of
fafhion can help doing. I have heard formerly, that firfl: there were gentlemen, who,-
upoh any of thefe public rejoicings, would do it all at their own charges, giving them
all liveries of velvet, at the running of the ring for example ; and yet then velvet was -
twice as dear as it is now. But at prefent that is left off, though they make expences
equivalent in collations, bonfires, and other contrivances of great fhew ; for, upon thefe
Gccafions, they all think themfelves rich enough, which is a great ruin to -families,
every one flraining, out of vanity, to equal another, though the difference in riches be
very great.

And now let us leave St. Jago, which • has detained us more than ordinary, to fa-
tisfy the curiofity of thofe who are defirous to know the increafe and progrefs of the
cities and colonies of that new world, and how the chrifl;ian cufl:oms and government

have

184 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OP CHILE.

have begun to flourlfti in it ; and by this eflay a judgment may be made of thofe
fettlements. I pafs on to the particulars of the conqueft of that kingdom, that I may
afterwards give an account of the progrefs of the chriftian faith, and the great hopes
there is of its greater propagation.

CHAP. IX. — The Governor Pedro de Valdhia pur/ues his Conquejl. — The Gold Mines
are begun to he wrought. — He fends Proofs of their Riches to Peru ; from whence the
General Juan Bapti/ie Paftene brings hitn thefirfi Succours,

THE Governor Pedro de Valdivia having founded the city of St. Jago, began to
hink of fortifying himfelf in that poft, to defend himfelf againfl: the fury of the In-
dians, with whom he was every day . engaged ; and many men were loft on both
fides, fo that his men began to be uneafy, and talk of going back to Peru, as Almagro
had done ; for though they faw the richnefs of the country, yet it appeared to them
dearly bought, fince they could not get any of it without running great hazards by
the many engagements that they had with the enemy ; fo that they gave their lives for
gone. The Governor Pedro de Valdivia was not ignorant of the difficulty of his
enterprize ; but yet encouraged by the hopes of fuccefs, at laft he refolved rather to
die than give it over ; and being an experienced foldier, bred in the wars of Europe,
he refolved to raife a fort for the defence of his men, being convinced of the bravery
of the enemy he had to do with ; and though he was informed of a general rifmg,
which the Indians defigned, he fent feventy men to make an incurfion towards the
river of Cachapoal. The Indians taking the opportunity of the abfence of thefe men,
attacked the fort, and had gained it if the Spaniards had not (hewed incredible valour
in the defence of it till the other men returned ; and by their afliftance they repulfed
the Indians, and remained conquerors.

The governor made good ufe of this advantage, both with the Indians and his own
men ; fo that having quieted them, he began to work upon the mines of Quillota,
which were of great fame : they proved fo rich, and yeilded fuch a quantity of gold,
that he thought it advifeable to make a fort there for the fecurity of his men ; but
finding want of hands, by the lofles he had had, he refolved to fend to Peru for relief.
This he put in execution, giving at the fame time an account of the richnefs and fruit-
fulnefs of the country, to incite people ; and becaufe ocular teftimony perfuades more
than what we only hear of, he trufted fix men, whom he fent along with thirty others,
to have a great deal of gold with them, caufing befides the ftirrups of their horfes,
and all that is employed of iron work about the bridles and faddles, to be made of
mafly gold, making the ftirrups very great and large on purpofe. But all this defign
was difappointed ; for thefe men, who were thus gilded like funs, were, when they
came to the valley of Copiapo, fallen upon by the Indians, and all periftied but two,
who were Pedro de Miranda, and Monroy, officers, who got away by the help of their
horfes ; but being purfued by the Indians through mountainous ways, and their horfes
tiring, they were taken by an Indian captain, called Cateo, who had a company of
archers : they tied their hands behind them, and carried them to their Cacique, who
defigned to put them to death.

This Cacique was married to the heirefs of all this valley (for there inheritances
follow the women, for greater fecurity of the right line), and when thefe two were
expelling nothing but the blow of death, it pleafed God to infpire the Cacica, or
Cacique's lady, with compaflion j and fo fhe went herfelf, and with her own hands

I if untied

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1 85

untied theirs, commanding their wounds to be dreffed, and treating them with feme of
their drinks, which fhe herfelf prefented to them, having drank firft herfelf, according
to their cuflom, and bid them take courage, for they fhould not die. They feeing them-
felves brought, as it were, from death to life, threw themfelves at her feet, and dedi-
cated themfelves to her as voluntary Haves, fince by her favour they enjoyed a life
which they gave for loft.

The captain, who had taken them, feeing his Princefs and Sovereign fhew them fo
much favour, came to them, and bid them be confident of their lives, for that their
lady having commanded they fhould not be killed, there was not any one bold enough
to look awry upon them : they were kept fix months in this captivity ; and though
it was fo gentle, by the kind ufage they met with, yet the natural defire of liberty, and
the hopes of returning to their friends, ftill worked with them.

Let no man think himfelf fecure that has his enemy within his own doors, nor let
him truft his prifoner, though yielded up to his difcretion ; for let him be ufed as well
as can be, yet there is no happinefs like being his own man, and enjoying his liberty.
This thought continually took up the minds of thefe two captains, fo they laid a plot
how to make their efcape. They had obferved in the Cacique a curiofity for horfes,
which were creatures fo new to thofe Indian countries ; they perfuaded him to learn
to ride, and manage a horfe. He liked the propofal, and began to exercife himfelf
in this genteel amufement, carrying with him neverthelefs always his guard of archers,
with an Indian before with a lance upon his fhoulder, and another behind, with a naked
fword in his hand, more out of grandeur than diftruft ; for he had no fufpicion of their
plot, which was, to take an opportunity when he rid out to fall upon him, and kill
him, as they did ; for Captain Monroy, with an extraordinary intrepidity, without re-
fleding on the guard that attended him, attacked the Cacique, and Captain Miranda the
reft, with fo much fuddennefs, that they made themfelves mafters of the lance and
fword ; and beftirring themfelves courageoufly, they wounded and difmounted the
Cacique ; fo that he died of his wounds in fome months. Having gained the horfes, they
faved themfelves upon them ; and not being purfued in that diforder, they overcame all
the difficulties of thofe folitudes, and arrived at Peru fafe ; where at that tin^e they
found the government in the hands of the Licenciado Vaca de Caftro.

Thefe two captains were gentlemen of great famihes ; and to this day the Mirandas
in Chile are of the flower of the nobility of that kingdom. As for the Monroys, they
are fo known in Caftile, particularly about Salamanca, that it is needlefs to fay
more of them. They were very well received by His Excellency, for the good news
they brought of that difcovery and conqueft, of the pleafantnefs of the country, and
richnefs of its mines ; and upon this relation, as Antonio de Herrera and other authors
fay, it was refolved to further this conqueft, which feemed to be of fuch high im-
portance, and to chufe out fome fit perfon, and accompany him with foldiers, arms,
ammunition, and cloathing for the foldiers, who were almoft naked.

He chofe for this employment CaptainJohnBapliftePaftene, a gentleman of the
moft antient and illuftrious houfe of Paftenes in Genoa ; which family is at prefent
extinft in that republick, and remains only in its records, where many of that name
are in the books of the nobility, and among the greateft dignities of the ftate. This
gentleman engaged in the conqueft of the new world by the fame defire of glory which
moved others, and to mend his fortune. He happening then to be in Peru, the viceroy
took hold of the occafion to employ him for the King's fervice ; which this gentleman
accepted, and performed, going for Chile, where he arrived with fuccours which
that kingdom ftood in fo great need of.

VOL. XIV. B B This

i86 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

This relief was received with great joy, as being in the beginning of the enterprize,
and extremely wanted, the foldiers being much fatigued and weakened with the con-
tinual affaults of their enemies, without any other defence than their fort of St.Jago,
where they had enough to do to ftielter themfelves from their valour and fierce at-
tack ; but the arrival of thefe fuccours gave them new courage, and refolution to profe-
cute their enterprize. To undertake it with more regularity, and prevent what accidents
might happen from the fea, the governor fent Paftene with the title of lieutenant-general
in his own fhip, to difcover the coaft as far as the flraights of Magellan, as he did ;
and it appears by the letters of Their Catholick Majefties, Philip II. and his fon
Philip III. how agreeable this piece of fervice was to them. About this time the mines
of Quillota being working with great profit, and Don Gon9ales de los Rios being
captain-governor of the work, the Indians brought him a full pot of great grains of
gold, for a fhew of a great deal which they faid they had found in a certain place.
There they had laid an ambufcade of feveral of their beft men, to fall upon fuch as,
blinded with covetoufnefs, fhould go to feek this treafure. This happened . accord-
ingly, for they all run prefently to the place ; for there is no alarm never fo warm,
that rouzes better than this dellre of growing rich at once did them : but they were
much miftaken ; for inflead of gold, they met with the iron of their enemies' lances, who
killed them all but their captain and a Negroe, who efcaped by the fwiftnefs of their
horfes : fo the Indians remained viftorious, and by the way of triumph, fet fire to a
frigate which the Spaniards had almofl finilhed to keep up their correfpondency
with Peru.

CHAP. X. — The City of Serena is peopled. — Johm Baptifte Paftene goes for mora
Succours to Peruyfrom whence he returns to Chile ; and with Valdivia and other
Captains, goes to help the Royal Army againft Pizarro,

HERRERA fays, that with this relief which Valdivia received, he purfued his
conqueft on the people called the Promocaes ; and that he was met by feveral
Indians in the valley Quillocma, whom he overcame cpurageoufly, though with the
lofs of fome horfes j and at that time horfes Avere a thoufand crowns a-piece. Hav-
ing difcovered large provinces, and being fatisfied of the great number of inhabi-
tants in them, he returned to St.Jago. It is fuppofed the governor did all this in
hafle, fince he returned without making any fort or fettlement : fo it is probable he
went this time only to difcover, in order to form a force proportionable of an
army : therefore the General John Baptifte Paftene being returned from difcovering of
the fea-coafts, he fent him back to Peru to endeavour to bring more fuccours, as he
had done the firft, and fo form an army capable of enlarging his conquefts upon fuch
powerful enemies, as he found the natives of Chile to be. Judging therefore that it
was not yet time to leave any thing behind him unfortified, he founded in the valley of
Coquimbo the city generally called by that name, but by him called La Serena, to
ferve for a refting-place or Scala for the people who came from Peru to Chile; for
being in great want of fupplies, he did endeavour to facilitate by all means their
palTage, and draw as many people as poflible to preferve his conqueft ; for adting
otherwife would only be to have fo much the more to lofe ; as indeed it happened,
and fhall be related in its due place.

The city of La Serena was the fecond that was founded in Chile in the year 1544,
in a very pleafant and fruitful valley, watered by a very fine river, 4iot of the biggeft,

1 1 but

ovalle's historical relation of chile. t^7

but of clear and admirable water, with which the fields are all fo plentifully re-
frefhed, that their product is fo various, that the inhabitants want almofl: nothing from
abroad that is neceflary for human life; for they have corn, wine, flelh, all forts
of other grain, and pulfe-fruits, even more than in St.Jago ; for befides all thofe of
Europe, and thofe of Chile, they have two forts very extraordinary : the firll is a fort
of cucumbers, which are very fweet, and do not need paring, for the outfide is a very
thin fkin, fmooth, c^ a delicate colour between white and yellow, all ftreaked with a
very fine purple ; the other fruit is that which they call Lucumas, and is a fruit, as I
remember, I have feen in Peru : it is a very wholefome well-tafted fruit, the flone is
fmooth, and of a purple colour. The oil of this place is abfolutely the befl in the
whole kingdom, as clear and bright as one's eyes, and of a rare fmell and tafte : they
make great quantities, fo that they fend a great deal abroad. They have great flocks of
cattle, though not fo many as about St.Jago, becaufe it rains lefs, and fo the pafturages
are leaner.

But that which is moft particular, and of greateft value in this country, is the great
abundance of rich metals, as gold, copper, and lead ; fo that though they have given
over gathering of gold in all the other parts of Chile, becaufe other produ6ls are of
greater advantage, yet in this place they go on gathering it more or lefs, according as
the winter is more or lefs rainy ; for when it rains much, the mountains are diffolved,
and the earth opened, and fo the gold is eafier found. And the copper too that is
melted down there, ferves for all the kingdom, and Peru befides. The climate of this
city is abfolutely the moft temperate of all the kingdom ; becaufe the winter, which in
other parts is very fharp, particularly nearer the pole, is here fo gentle, that it is hardly
perceived, it being within five or fix degrees of the tropick, and being in the 29th
degree of latitude, enjoys a m'odeftte climate, the longeft day being of fourteen hours,
and is upon the nth of December, as the fhorteft is on the i ith of June, and the night
is of fourteen hours.

But the accidental fituatlon of the city helps much towards the mildnefs of the climate :
it is within two leagues of the fea, having a plain before it all covered with myrtles ;
it ftands on a rifing ground, having a profpefi: to the fea, which makes a beautiful
bay, abounding in fifh of all forts ; by which it is an excellent place to pafs the Lent
in, filh being very cheap : but the good cheer is alfo as well out of Lent ; for befides the
mutton, which is excellent and very nourifhing, there is plenty of tame fowl, partridge,
turkeys, and all forts of wild fowl. This city began to be inhabited by many noble
families, the founders being men of the beft quality that came to Chile ; and their de-
fcendants have remained, and do maintain the luflre of their anceftors. The governor-
general appoints the place of Corregidor, or mayor of the city ; and it is one of the
moft profitable places that are, becaufe of the mines which are wrought in its territory :
but notwithftanding all thefe good qualities which we have mentioned, this city does
not incr^afe fo faft as that of St.Jago ; for this laft may be compared to the clove-tree,
which fucks to itfelf all the fubftaruce of the earth round about it, a thing which is
proper enough to capital cities every where.

About this time the General John B^ptifte Piftene arrived at Peru for a fecond fupply
of men, which Pedro de Valdivia defired of the viceroy, to carry on his conqueft j but
he found the whole country in confufion, caufed by the ftubborn difobedience of
Gon9alo Pizarro, fo ,that the government wanted relief jtfelf, inftead of being in a
condition to relieve others. This was fo true, that Paftene was forced to return to
Chile, to bring a force from thence to join with the royal army. This refolution it is
probable came to the knowledge of the tyrant Pizarro j for he found means to feize

B B 2 his

1 88 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

his fhip and his perfon by cunning. Paftene, though much prefled by Pizarro both by
promifes and threats to join with him, as very well knowing how much he might
affift him as his friend, or injure him as his enemy, yet perfevered in his loyalty to the
King, and found means to make his efcape out of the hands of the tyrant, and to re-
cover his fhip too ; which having new fitted with neceffaries, he returned to Chile, to
bring from thence fome of the bell officers to encourage the royal army, which was
preparing to engage ^ Pizarro, who on his fide had fuch a force, that he had put to
death the viceroy Velafco Nunnes Vela. In Chile they were waiting for his return, and
the fuccours he fhould bring with him ; but when they faw him without any, they were
much troubled ; for they found themfelves obliged at leafl to fufpend all their projects
upon Chile, to go and relieve thofe upon whom their own prefervation depended.

The Governor Pgdro de Valdivia, as foon as he heard what paffed in Peru, refolved to
go thither in perfon with fome of his belt officers and foldiers to join and help the
King's forces. He left in Chile for his lieutenant Captain Francifco de Villagra, a gen-
tleman of great courage and good parts, that he might govern and preferve what we
had already in that kingdom, it being impoffible to do more, or make any further
progrefs, till the times fhould alter, and he provide more forces. He got together what
gold he could, and went aboard with his captains and foldiers in the fame fhip, un-
der the condutt of the fame General Paftene. His arrival at Peru gave great courage to
the King's forces, by reafon of the gold and men which he brought, the valour and ex-
perience of which was fo great, that in the battle they performed extraordinary things,
being the chief caufe of the victory obtained over Pizarro in the valley of Quiriguana.
He himfelf was taken, and chaftifed with his guilty affiftants, as his folly deferved,
and his difloyalty to his Prince. The prefident of Peru, Gafca, always advifed with the
Governor Valdivia in all his moft important affairs, -^om he made of his council, with
fix more, for the fecreteft affairs and of moft importance, making great efteem of his
prudence and experience, as well as of the valour of his companions.

The victory being obtained, the governor returned to Chile, with a good fuccour
of men and arms, and the fame officers and foldiers, who accompanied him to Peru,
with which, and other fuccours which came afterwards, he was in a condition to purfue
his enterprize vigoroufly, as we fhall fee hereafter. But all was little enough againft
the refiftance of the Indians, who not only kept them from advancing, but for fix
years together that their ftubborn oppofition lafted, they reduced the Spaniards to great
extremities of nakednefs and hunger ; fo that they were forced to eat herbs and roots,
and rats and mice, and fuch things ; and if the heart and courage of the Governor Val-
divia had not been invincible, it would have been impoffible to have made the
conqueft.

CHAP. XI. — What happened in Chile during the Ahfence of the Governor Valdivia^ and
after his Return ; and of the new Succours he received.

PEDRO Sanches de Hoz was a foldier, to whom the King was pleafed to grant a
patent for the difcovery and conqueft of certain lands, to begin from the jurifdidion of
the Marquifs Francis Pizarro ; and he pretending that part of the kingdon of Chile was
in his grant, oppofed the Governor Valdivia, to whom Pizarro by a royal commiflion
had given the conqueft and government of Chile ; but the marquifs perfuaded him to
defift, and go along with Valdivia to Chile, recommending his perfon to the governor,
to ufe him with regard, and give him a fhare in the beft part of his conqueft. Val-
lo ' divia

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE* 189

divia did fo, beftowing on him the richeft lands of the Indians ; but the ambition of
commanding is always very contentious, and fubjett to complain till it gets the upper
hand. This appeared in Pedro Sanches de Hoz, in the abfence of the governor from
Chile; for being vexed that he was not left with the authority of lieutenant in his room,
he plotted to take away the life of him who had it, which was Francifco de Villagra,
who having notice of his defigns, feized upon Pedro Sanches de Hoz, and cut off his
head, by which he affured his own ; and Valdivia approved of the thing as well done,
when he was informed of it ; becaufe he was a friend to juftice, and becaufe a com-
petitor is never forry to have his competitor removed.

About this time, the Indians of Copiapo, who had begun to imbrue their hands in
the blood of the Spaniards, in purfuance of the revenge of their Prince's death, whom
the Captains Miranda and Monroy had killed, as we have related in the ninth chapter,
lay in wait, and furprifed Juan Bon, with forty foldiers more, of fome companies which
were coming from Peru, and marching through their country ; thefe they put all to
death. After their example the Coquimbefes attacked the foldiers and inhabitants of
the city of La Serena, whom they killed without fparing one, and fet fire to the city,
which they ruined utterly, not leaving one ftone upon another.

All this being underftood by the governor at his return from Peru, he fent Captain
Francis de Aguirre with a good force, to follow them to their retiring-place, where in
feveral rencounters, in the valley of Copiapo, he overcame the Indians : all which was as
much owing to his great valour as conduft, without which the force he had would
have proved infufficient (as Herrera obferves). He did the fame in the valley of
Coquimbo, and rebuilt the city of La Serena, in the place and fituation where it now
ftands. For which reafon he was looked upon as the true founder of it ; and his
defcendants, who are of the beft nobility of the kingdom, have preferved that prero-
gative, and are the chiefeft in %hat government, or rather the mafters of it ; for they
are fo numerous and fo powerful, that they yield to none in reputation, and are
accordingly refpedled by all.

Let us now treat of that which it is not reafonable to forget ; which is, of thofe
captains, who in thofe early times entered Chile with fuccours of men to help to
cctoquer it, fmce it is juft their memory fhould live for ever in thofe who enjoy the
fruits of their labours, and are now mafters of what they gained with their blood and
fweat, and the lofs of many lives, and danger of their own, vv'hich they expofed in fo
many battles and encounters they had with the enemy. I am only forry, that I cannot fpeak
of them all, and defcribe in particular their good qualities and great merits, becaufe I
am in a place where I want memoirs and informations for fuch a work ; but I will fay
what I can of their noble adtions, as I find them recorded in other hiftories; though
to fay truth, that which they fay about Chile is fo little, that it is almoft next to
nothing. I am not furprifed at it, for it is a place much out of the way, and its con-
querors were bufier with their fwords than with their pens ; for their enemies preffed
them continually with fo much vigour, that they had but little of that leifure which
hiftories and relations require. We ftiall begin with the Governor Pedro de Valdivia,
who was the firft that entered the kingdom with a force, as has been related ; then
that which General Paftene brought afterwards with arms and cloaths. The fuccours
brought by Captain Monroy proved of great importance ; as Herrera fays, it was of
three-fcore men, which in thofe days was as much as fix hundred now : thefe he had
hired in Peru, being much affifted by the viceroy, who, upon the relations of Monroy
and Miranda, was refolved to encourage the enterprize.

I am

I9<3

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

I am not certain, whether It was before this, or after, that arrived the fuccours
fo opportunely brought by Captain Chriftoval de Efcobar Villaroel ; for I do not find it
mentioned In any of the hiftorians, which I have read here ; but in Chile the memory
of it is very frelh, and will never be forgot ; not only for his coming in a time
when they extremely wanted fupplies, but alfo for that circuftance of this noble captain's
having brought thefe fuccours upon his own charges, (and I think they were
feventy men,) and made his way by land to Chile, either by the wildernefs of
Aracama, or by the Cordillera, either of which muft coft a great fum of money,
for it is above five hundred leagues.

This adllon alone was- fufficient to fhew the noblenefs of this gentleman, if that of
his family had not been fo well known as it is in Spain ; but he continued to
give proofs of his zeal for the King's fervice, by ferving in perfon, and employing alfo
his fon Captain Alonfo de Efcobar Villaroel, whom he had brought with him from Spain,
that they might both give an example to their pofterity, as they have ; not yielding
to any, but have produced many noble perfons, both in arms and other civil em-
ployments of the government.

When I refled upon thofe I have known of the defcendants of this famous head
and conqueror, I find, that between fons, grandfons, and great grandfons, they come
up to eighty-feven ; and if they had not been fo many, there was enough to honour
this family in the feven or eight fons of the General Luis de las Cucuas, grandfons of
this gentleman, with whom he prefented himfelf to the royal army, all armed cap-a-pe,
in which they ferved many years at their own charges ; for in thofe days the
inhabitants that were gentlemen had no other reward but their loyalty, and the
glory of ferving their prince. Antonio de Herrera makes mention of another fupply,
of one hundred and eighty men, conduced by Captain Francifco Villagra, who was
afterwards governor of Chile, and to whom that kingdom owes a great deal of its
being, for the hazards he ran, and the noble adions he performed in its conqueft, as we
fhall fee hereafter, and may be read in the general hiftory, to which I appeal. The
^obility of his family was always notorious, and the gentlemen of his name have fhewed
themfelves worthy of it, in the great fervices they have and do perform every day
for the King, worthy of all forts of acknowledgment and reward.

After this, in the time of the viceroy Don Antonio Hurtado de Mendo9a, His Excellen-
cy, as Herrera fays, he fent Captain Don Martin de Avendano by land, with good fuc-
cours of men, and three hundred and fifty mares and horfes, which were of as much
importance for the war as fo many men. The defcendants of this gentleman are flill
carrying on the luflre of his family, fo known in Salamanca and other parts. I
was acquainted with two brothers of that name who alone might preferve and in-
creafe the reputation of their family ; the one was Colonel Don Antonio de Avendano,
who was colonel of the regiment of Arauco, who fignalized himfelf at the head of that
regiment In many rencounters with the enemy, and particularly in one, where our
camp was defeated, and where, to preferve the reputation he had gained in fo many
noble adions and imminent dangers, he chofe to die, being wounded in a great many
places, and almoft cut in pieces by the furious enemy. The other was Don Francifco
de Avendano, likewife colonel, and who came to Spain ; where His Majefly, in confi-
deration of his own and his anceftors' merit, honoured him with the habit of St. Jago,
and the government of Tucuman, where he died.

I do not mention thofe companies out of which, as they palfed by Copiaco, forty
were killed, with their leader Juan Bon j becaufe Herrera, who fpeaks of this, does

not

ovalle's historical relation of chile. i^i

not fay who was the captain of them. Perhaps there were alfo other commanders, who
in thole fix years time entered into Chile with men ; and I Ihould be glad to be where
I might have particular information of them, to do them at lead that fmall honour of
putting their names in print, and giving fome glory to actions which, perhaps, deferve
to be graved in brafs.

I do not likewife fet down here, that famous fupply of men brought by the fecondi
governor of Chile, Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendo9a, Marquis of Cannete, for this
fliall be fpoke of in its proper place, after the death of the Governor Pedro de Valdi-
via ; and thus we fhall conclude thofe who entered by the way of Peru. For though
fince that time, there have been feveral fupplies, and are every day ftill more, yet they
have not been remarkable enough, as not having come at firft, but after the fettlements
were made ; and befides, it would carry me too far to report them all. But I fhall
add here thofe which have come from Spain by the way of Buenos Ayres, as well
becaufe they were the moft numerous, fome having been of five hundred or a thoufand
men, as having come in dangerous times, when the kingdom was ready to be loft, the
enemy having, as it were, befieged it ; and fo it is juft to preferve the memory of fuch
famous benefadors, who have been, as it were, fathers of their country.

CHAP. XII. — The Governor Pedro de Valdivia purfues his Conqueji, and peoples the
City called of the Conception, where he had like to have been dejiroyed in a Battle,

THE Governor Pedro de Valdivia, feeing himfelf with a good force, and the great-
nefs of his mind perfuading him that he had wherewithal to put an end to his enter-
prize, Herrera fays he fent to the other fide of the Cordillera, from St.Jago, Captain
Francifco Aquirra with a good number of men, with which he pafled thofe terrible
mountains, and founded the Diagutas and Juries.

Herrera fays no more : nor do I know any thing of thofe individual places and cities-
which he founded. The Governor Valdivia, on his fide, fet out of St.Jago with a
powerful army, and, palling the furious river of Maypo, Cachapoal, Tinguiritica, Pe-
teroa, Tena, and Metaquito, he conquered the Promocaes, a warlike people, who had
refifted Almagro, and, before that, had repulfed an army of fifty thoufand men, which
the Inga had fent againft them when he endeavoured to conquer Chile ; but the good
fortune and great valour of Valdivia and his men overcame that which feemed invinci-
ble, though I am perfuaded that it was not without blood : but I refer myfelf to the
general hiflory of Chile, which has defcribed the particular encounters and battles on
both fides.

The army paffed the deep river of Maule, and the wide Itata, and coming to that of
Audalien, quartered by the fea-fide ; and, for the conveniency of fituation, he founded
there the city of the Conception in the year 1550. But the natives, aftonifhed and
enraged at this boldnefs of ftrangers, to enter thus into the heart of their country, as
if it were their own, called a general aflembly, and, with a numerous and brave army,
prefented them battle fo furioully, that our people began to wifli they had not engaged
themfelves fo far. Much blood was Ihed on both fides ; and our army was in great
danger of being deftroyed, till it pleafed God, (who guides all things to his ends,)
who was to reap the fruit of his victory over thofe Gentiles, whom he had predefti-
nated by the means of the Gofpel, which was to be preached to them in cafe the Spa-
niards were victorious, to make them fo at laft, and that very glorioufly, the famous

Anabillo»

192

ovalle's historical relation of chile.

Anabillo, chief head of the Pencones, remaining prifoner, after having behaved him-
felf with great bravery in the fight.

The fituation of the city of the Conception is on a plain where the fea makes a moft
beautiful bay, in form of a half-moon ; and nature has provided a mole, by putting
there a large ifland, behind which fhips ride fafe from the north wind. By land, to-
wards the eaft, it is encompafled with fome high hills, the lides of which are all planted
with vines and other fruit-trees ; fo that, which way foever one looks, the profpeft ter-
minates in beautiful plantations of trees, or rather a green femicircle, which rejoices
the fight, and fortifies the city. From the north, there comes into it a fmall river,
which comes down from the mountains, which we have already defcribed in the chap-
ter of the rivers of Chile. On the fouth fide, another larger deeper river runs by it,
and is called Audalien. Neither of thefe rivers does the kindnefs to the city which
Mapocho does to St. Jago, that is, to come into the houfes ; but the want of this is
fupplied by excellent fountains of chryftalline and delicate water, which rife very near
the city, and are brought into it particularly very plentifully, and which were carried
to the public place by the General Don Diego Gonzales Montero, he being Corrigedor
of this city, and governing it with the fame prudence and generofity, that he fince
governed that of St. Jago, in the fame quality of Corrigedor and lieutenant-general.

This city is in the latitude of thirty-three degrees and five and forty minutes to the
antartick pole ; and for this reafon, and becaufe of the high land it ftands upon, the
air is fo temperate, that the heats never are troublefome, nay, in the heat of fummer,
it is neceflary to have as many bed-clothes as in winter, which is not at all fevere, be-
caufe it never fnows there, tliough it rains extremely. For the fecurity of the city,
there was erected a good fort for our people to retire to when preffed by the Indians,
which often happened, and made them fland to their arms almoft continually ; for they,
impatient of any yoke, were inceifantly taken up with the thoughts and endeavours of
driving them out of the country, and, notwithftanding all the care that was taken, the
city was lofi at laft, for the enemy overpowered us : but yet in length of time it was
built again, as we fhall fee; though ftill remaining a frontier to the enemy, it has not
had fuch increafe as St. Jago. But it gains ground, and has many rich inhabitants, who
have entered upon a great vent of fait, flefh, and hides, which is one of the richeft
commodities of Chile ; and they have, befides, magazines of flour, with which they
furnifh the army : the wines, too, of thofe parts are generally better than thofe of
St. Jago, though, they are lower ceps or vines ; nay, the grapes ripen as they lie along
on the ground, as it is in many parts in Europe : they have not that abundance of
almonds, oil, oranges and lemons, pulfe, Agi Legumes, and dried fruit, as in other
parts of Chile, their fummer being Ihorter, and the fun having lefs force.

The Spanifh children born here are of a very fweet nature, and docile ; of good wits,
and take to learning very well. The men are loyal, faithful keepers of their word,
friendly, and fuch as for their friends will venture any thing to defend them in their
honour and fortunes, even with the hazard of their own, and their lives too : they are
very well difpofed to virtue, having 'good inclinations ; and thofe among them, who
have taken to arms, have extremely fignalized themfelves. They are bred in great
fimplicity, as being far from the corruption of the court, which generally improves the
malice, and raifes the libertinifm of young people. The bifhopric of this city is a poor
one, not being worth above two or three thoufand pieces of eight a year, becaufe,
though the land is rich of itfelf, and that in which there are moft mines, yet the Decimes
or tenths are very fmall, becaufe of thofe continual wars which this city has maintained
from its beginning ; for we may fay, it has been nurfed with blood, and grown up in

arms.

6VALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1 93

arms, not having laid them down in ninety-five years, which is no fmall evidence of
the good qualities of its inhabitants, and what it may be henceforward, when this dead
weight is taken off. Another caufe of the fmall revenue of this bifhoprick, is the lofs
of feven cities, fome of them the richeft of the kingdom, which all belonged to its
diocefe.

In the year 1567, there was fettled a high court of chancery, which remained till the
year 1574, and afterwards it was removed to St. Jago, where it now is : and though its
jurifdiftion reaches as far as this city, there is little for it to do, becaufe the governors
are generally prefent, to be nearer the garrifons, and countenance and affift the war, of
which there is a continual neceflity. The garrifon is very numerous, and of choice
foldiers, where every day they mount the guard, as it is pra6tifed in places of war.
The general provides all the officers, even to the colonels ; but His Majefly names the
treafurer and mufter-mafter-general, who is the fecond perfon after the governor : this
is a poft of great eileem, and no fmall value in this kingdom ; and there go through
his hands three hundred thoufand ducats of the King's money, which every year is to-
be diftributed among the officers and foldiers, who are enrolled in his books.

CHAP. XIII. — The Governor Pedro de Valdivia profecutes his Conquejl, and founds the
Cities of Imperial^ Valdivia, and Villa Rica, and raifes three Forts in Arauco.

THE Governor Valdivia having fpent the year 1550 in peopling the city of the
Conception, and defending himfelf in his fort againft the continual attacks of the
enemy, and having, at the fame time, informed himfelf more exadly of the country,
and its fertility, by the means of Captain Hyeronimo de Alderate, who had gone
through it, and obferved the number of its inhabitants, refolved to go out of the Con-
ception, afld purfue his conqueft. In order to this, after having well provided his fort,
and left a garrifon in it, he fet out in the beginning of the year 1551.

He took his way with his army by the plains of Angol, croffing firfl the great river
Biobio, and coming to that of Cauten, which, for its gentlenefs, is called the Ladies
River, when joined with another very pleafant one near the fea : here he found great
fettlements of Indians, and founded the city of Imperial. This is one of the moft
agreeable fituations of the whole kingdom, being about three or four leagues from the
fea, and thirty-nine leagues from the Conception, and a himdred and nine from the
city of St. Jago, in thirty-nine degrees of fouth latitude. All the territory of this city
is very fruitful, bearing corn, and all forts of pulfe and fruits, though the black grapes
do not ripen fo kindly as the white ones and the mufcadines : the country is not all
plains and valleys, nor all hills, but rather a compofition of the whole ; the hills are
gentle and tradable, with good pafture and fhelter for cattle ; the ground does not
want much watering, it having frequent and large dews that fertilize it. The city was
fituated upon a pretty ftiff hill, and the confluence of two navigable rivers; but the
port is not good, for the fiats there are within three fathom and a half of depth. Here
the governor met with fourfcore thoufand Indians fettled, nay, fome authors fay, they
were many more ; and all agree that they were a quiet and good-natured people, not
at all fo warlike as the Araucanos.

This city was the head of the bifhoprick, and it began to increafe at firfl; very much,
by reafon of the excellency of its foil and fituation ; and if it had not been defl:royed,
as we fhall fee hereafter that it was, it would by this time have been a great city ; for
it was already very well peopled, and mufl: have increafed, if the gold mines which are
in its neighbourhood had been wrought,

VOL. XIV. ^ c Thi§

194

ovalle's historical relation of chile.

This city, which was the fourth of this kingdom, being thus founded, the governor
divided the territory, and gave the lordfhips to his conquerors, according to the royal
privilege he had fo to do, that he might engage the Spaniards to enter more heartily
into his enterprize. He took for himfelf the lordlhips of Arauco and Tucapel, as far
as Puren, except fome manors that he gave to others, to content all. Having left a
force, which feemed fufficient in the city of Imperial, he marched as far as Valdivia.
Being come to that famous river, and defiring to pafs it, to conquer the land and
people on the other fide, the brave Indian lady, called Recloma, hindered him, offer-
ing to pafs the river alone fwimming, and to reduce the Indians to his obedience,
as fhe did, and we have already related in the ninth chapter of the fir 11 book ; and
there likewife is a full defcription of the fituation of the city, and all its other qualities,
which it was proper to make in that place, and fo it is not neceifary to. repeat here.
The governor having founded the city of Valdivia, erected a fort, and fettled all things
as he had done at the Imperial. While he flayed there to purfue his fettlement, he
fent Captain Hyeronimo de Alderate to difcover the country as far as the Cordillera
Nevada ; and he having fent to the governor relations of his difcoveries, as he went
founded a town, which he called, by the excellency. Villa Rica, the appearances of the
riches of that country being greater than any yet had been difcovered.

Though the fituation he chofe feemed at firfl to be the beft, yet in time it was
refolved to change it, and place it upon a great lake, at the bottom_ of the Cordillera,
and about fixteen leagues from the Imperial, and forty from the Conception. It has
not fuch a plenty of corn and wine as the others, but it has enough, and many other
good qualities, which I omit, becaufe it being fince deflroyed with other cities, already
mentioned, I am likewife forced to be filent of their particular properties, and refer
myfelf to the general hiflory of Chile, which will embrace all thofe particulars.

Thefe were the cities planted and peopled by the governor Valdivia ; and though
1 have not, as to thefe laft, made mention of the blood fpilt in gaining them, it is not
to be imagined but that they cofl dear enough, fince the contefl was with fuch war-
like nations, that it feemed a great rafhnefs (and would have been fo without a par-
ticular protection from heaven) to undertake fuch enterprizes. There are not wanting
thofe who blame the governor Valdivia, judging that he did not meafure well -his
flrength, but grafped more than he could hold, as he found by a fad experience at
his own peril in a little time.

The authors who fpeak of thefe attemps are full of the commendation of the valour,
patience, and fufferings of the Caftilians ; but all this would not have done, nor have
fubjedled thofe people, nor twice that force could have prevailed againfl them, if,
becaufe they faw them on horfe-back, and killing people at a diftance, they had not
believed them to be Epunamones, by which name they called the gods they adored ;.
fo they imagined them to be immortol, and that they came from above with a power
to fend out thunderbolts like God : for having never feen either fmall arms, or great
artillery, they thought the noife was thunder ; and to this day that fort of arms is
called Talca, which in their language fignifies thunder j and out of the fame imagi-
nation they called the Spaniards Viracochas, which is as much as to fay, fcum of the
fea, or a people come by fea, giving to underfland, that thofe men, if they were
men, were fent from God to fubjeft them. This made them ready at firft to fliow all
refped to the Spaniards, and kept them from rebelling, and refifling fo vigoroufly
as they did afterwards, though they alv/ays made fome oppofition, particularly the
Araucanos, who have ever been the eagles among the Indians. Valdivia having well
, obferved this, was content at prefent with what he had conquered, and returning to-

Arauco;

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 195

Arauco by Puren and Tucapel, he caufed three flrong houfes to be ere£led in the
diftance of eight leagues from one another, and in fuch places as might have an eafy
communication together. Having thus fettled matters, he returned to the Conception,
and fo to St. Jago ; from whence he difpatched Captain Hyeronimo de Alderate to
Caftile, to give the King information of the riches that were difcovered in that country,
and its other good qualities ; as alfo a relation of the fettlements made there, in order
to obtain a fupply of people, which was granted. The cities newly founded were in
great danger of being loft ; for indeed they were more than our forces could protect,
and the Indians fhewed great impatience, and fretted to fee foreigners fettle cities in
their country, and ered forts and ftrong places for their fecurity.

The governor being informed of this difpofition of the Indians, fet out from St.
Jago with a fupply of men which he had received from Peru, under the conduct of
Don Martin de Avendano, and relieved all the garrifons; which having done, and
prefuming they were fafe, without refleding on the danger that threatened him, he
applied all his intention to give a beginning to the working of the gold mines for a
defign he had.

This was to go to Spain, and carry with him all the gold he could get together, to
Ihew the King the vaft riches of the country, and to obtain from His Majefty thofe
titles of honour which were generally beftowed upon the conquerors and difcoverers
of thofe Indian kingdoms, and fo bring back a good force to fubdue them For this
end he did two things ; the firft, to fend to the ilraights of Magellan, in the year
1552, Francifco de UUoa, that with two fhips, which were equipped on purpofe, he
might difcover all the ftraight, and give an account of it, fo that he might know how
to undertake the voyage to Spain that way : the other thing he did, was to fet people
to work to find out new gold mines, which they eafily did, there being fo many in
thefe parts ; among which, the moft famous were the mines of Quilacoya, four
leagues from the city of the Conception ; and others in Angol, to work which he em-
ployed twenty thoufand Indians. It is eafy to imagine how much gold fuch numbers
of men might get from thofe mines, which had never been touched till then ; it was
very great, and enough to enrich both governor and foldiers, which it did : and with
the acquifition of fo much treafure, they began likewife to defpife their enemies ; who,
while they were bufy in fearching the bowels of the earth for gold, were employed
in thinking how they fhould recover their loft liberty, and free themfelves from the
yoke of fubjedion, which they had never felt before.

The city of the Conception went on profpering, becaufe of the great quantity of
gold brought into it every day ; by which means the minds of the inhabitants were
elevated in proportion, and the foldiers grew wanton and infolent. The governor
being tainted with the fame difeafe of too much, profperity, neglefted to take notice of
thefe diforders; for the defire of liches increafmg by riches, which they faw every
day fill their coffers, they were lefs attentive to that which ought moft to have drawn
their attention, which was their own and the Iving's prefervation, and fo made way for
that blow of fortune that laid them all along.

The Araucanos were as uneafy, and continually plotting how to compafs their de-
figns, and at laft refolved to rife unanimoufly againft the Spaniards, and take their
revenge of them. To try how it would be taken they began to talk big, and carry
themfelves haughtily, more like mafters of the land than like fervants ; they quarrelled
with one and the other, and lofmg all refped: drove the thing fo far as to kill fome
Spaniards in thefe contefts : and then perceiving that thefe things were dilfembled, and
that their boldnefs had its defired effect, they grew every day more infolent 5 and at

c c 2 l^t

ip6 OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

lafl being thoroughly fatisfied that the Spaniards were neither gods nor immortal, nor
of any other fpecies than they, but fubjedt to all human infirmities, they began to fear
them no longer, but refolved to fall upon them.

CHAP. XIV. -r The City of Angol is peopled, and the Indians rife againfi the

Spaniards,

UPON occafion of the mines that were begun t6 be wrought in the diflrid of
Angol, the governor Pedro de Valdivia fettled a city of that name there, which was
alfo called the city of the confines. Some attribute this foundation to the Marquis of
Cannette, Don Garcia Urtado de Mendoga, who governed after the death of Pedro de
Valdivia: perhaps the reafon of this is, that the fituation of this city at firft was three
leagues from the place where it now Hands : fo it might be that Valdivia firft fettled
it, and the Marquis removed it to the place it is now in, and that was ground enough
to make him the founder.

The prefent fituation is in a plain, very large and difengaged, eight leagues from
the jCordillera, and twenty from the Conception ; fome fay fixteen, which perhaps is
caufed by the difference of its two fituations. Their longeft day and longeft night are
of fourteen hours and a half. The land is very fertile ; fruits ripen very well: ther6
is good wine, and good ftore of raifins dried in the fun, figs, and other dried fruits ;
a vaft quantity of tall cyprefTes, which yield a very fweet-fcented wood, of which,
Herrera fays, there is made a gum-lac. The great river Biobio runs by it, and ferves
it for a wall and ditch on the fouth fide ; and on the north fide another pleafant
rivulet comes running from hills of a moderate height, and turns many mills for the
ufe of the city. Thofe whom I have known that have been born in this city, have
proved very gentle in their difpofitions, of good wits, and noble inclinations, very
friendly and real, and extremely loyal to the King, as indeed all the Chilenians are,
looking upon that as the higheft pundo of their gentility.

Now let us return to the Araucanos, who were bufy in calling together their aflem-
blies there, to treat how to caft off the yoke of fervitude, and make themfelves
mafters of that which was truly theirs. So it was, that the Caciques being poffeffed
with an opinion that their forces were not inferior to the Spaniards, began to call them
together ; and they needed no incitements of pay or money ; for the love of their
liberty, and poffeffions, and pofterity, was a fufficient fpur to them, thinking every
day a year that kept them from engaging with their enemies, 'and conquering them.
The Caciques that met were thefe : firft, Tucapel, a great butcher of Chriftians, with
three thoufand foldiers ; Angol, who was very brave, with four thoufand ; Cayocupil,
with three thoufand men, whom he brought from the Cordillera, as hardy as the rocks
they came from, and made to endure any labour ; Millarapue, an old man, of great
wifdom, he brought five thoufand j Paicavi, with three thoufand ; Lemoleno, with fix
thoufand j Mareguano, Gualemo, and Leucopie, each with three thoufar^d ; the robuft
Elicuera, held for one of the ftrongeft men, with fix thoufand, and they antient ; and
chief of all, Colocolo, with as many more. Ongolmo oft'ered four thoufand ; and
Puren fix thoufand ; Lincoyce, who was of the ftature of a giant, offered to bring more
than any ; Peteguelen, lord of the valley of Arauco, from whence the whole took their
name, came vAth. fix thoufand ; and the famous Caupolican, and his two neighbours
Thome and Audalican, and many others, kept themfelves ready to come in with their
fubjeds. They met, according to their cuftom, to eat and. drink at their appointed
« ren>

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 197

rendezvous, for that never is omitted In thefe affemblies ; and having been unanimous
in the firft and chief point, which was to rife, there was fome difference about the choice
of a general, every one defiring to have that command, as it generally happens in fuch
elections ; every one alledging their particular merits ; the one his valour, another his
experience, another his good fortune, and none feemed to want a pretence for obtain-
ing their defire. They grew warm in this ambitious conteft, and would have come to
blows, if the old and wife Colocolo, by his prudence and authority, had not quieted
them, and reduced them to confent to choofe Caupolican, not only as the braved
foldier, but the ableft chief. This done they all fwore obedience to him, and promifed
to obey his orders, for the better carrying on of their common defign.

The Spaniards had, as we have already mentioned, three caftles for their fecurity,
and one of them was near the poft where this affembly was kept ; and the Indians,
proud and impatient, had a mind to attack it immediately ; but Caupolican, their ge-
neral, forbid it, in order to do it with more dexterity and fafety. He commanded Palta,
who performed the place of fergeant-general, to choofe him out four-fcore foldiers, of
the bravefl, and fuch as were lead known to the Spaniards, and the Indians their
friends: thefe he put under the condu<5t of two very brave men, Cayaguano and Alca-
tipay, and ordered them to enter the caftle with their arms by this ftratagem. The
Araucanos, though in peace, were not permitted to enter the caftle, except fuch as
ferved the Spaniards ; and thefe entered often with their loads of grafs, wood, and
other neceffaries for the garrifon. Caupolican ordered thefe four-fcore men to feign
themfelves to be fervants of the Spaniards, and having hid their arms in the grafs they
carried, to anfwer nothing, but pretend they did not hear if they were afked any quef-
tions : they ad:ed their parts to the life, fome counterfeiting lamenefs, others weari-
nefs, fo that they were all let in without fufpicion ; then they took their arms out of
the grafs, and fell unanimoufly upon the Spaniards, who were much aftonifhed at fo
unforefeen a boldnefs. However, they gave the alarm, and all coming out of their
quarters, refifted them, fo as to kill fome of the Indians : the others either out of fear
of the Spaniards, or on purpofe to draw them out of the caftle in their purfuit, retired,
on purpofe to gain time till their general Caupolican could come up with his army ;
which he did with a very numerous one, and forced the Spaniards to retire to their fort.
He befieged them in it, and after having killed many of them, thofe who remained
alive were glad to leave the poft, and get away, judging it better to retire to Puren,
left they fhould lofe all ; whereas being joined to the garrifon of Puren, they might
better refift the enemy, though he was very powerful, and much elevated.

The news of this invafion foon reached the Conception, and the governor Pedro de
Valdivia, who was then there, began prefently to confider how to remedy fo great a
mifchief. Some blame him as tardy in doing of it ; for to fecure the treafure of the
mines, where (as Herrera fays) he had fifty thoufand vaffals at work to get gold for
him. Before he went to fuccour thofe in Puren, he went out of his way, and ftayed
the ereOing of a fort at the mines, which took him fo much time, that he came later
than was requifite to their relief. But, indeed, if any thing was ill done by him, it
was the making too much hafte ; for without ftaying for the relief and fuccours he
might have received from the other cities, he fet out with a force not ftrong enough
to encounter that of Caupolican : his courage deceived him ; for being elevated with
his fucceffes, and trufting to his fortune, he ran into the precipice, as we ftiall fhew
in the following chapter,

^^ CHAP.

XpS OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

CHAP. XV. — The Governor Pedro de Valdivia, and all his People, are killed by the
Indians, — The famous A6lion of Lautaro is related^ that being the chief Caufe of this
Event.

THE time of this great captain's death was now come ; all things, therefore, feemed
to concur to that end. The prefent remedy that was to be applied to this rnlfchief, to
flop its progrefs, and the delay of thofe fuccours he expeded from the other garrifons,
were all combining caufes : his heart mifgave him at his fetting out from Tucapel. He
had fent out parties to bring him an account of the jflate of the enemy, but none came
back : this gave him fome apprehenfion, but being engaged, it was necelfary to go on.
He had fent out fcouts, as I faid, and had fcarcely gone two leagues on his way to them,
but he faw the heads of two of them hanging upon a tree : this increafed his fear, and
he confulted with thofe with him, whether it would not be rafh to proceed. The young
men were of opinion, that it would be a leflening of their reputation to turn their backs
to danger, though there came to them an Indian of their friends, and defired them not
to proceed, becaufe Caupolican was at Tucapel with twenty thoufand Indians, and that
the hazard they ran was manifeft ; but he followed on his way, and came within fight
of the enemy : they foon engaged, and the battle was cruel on both fides, fo that for
a great while no advantage could be perceived, becaufe the brave adions on both fides
kept victory in fufpence.

After a good while of this contention, the Spaniards began to prevail, and to cry
Viva Efpanna, or Live Spain ; with which, recovering new vigour, the Indians feemed
to give way, when (as Arzilla, in his Araucana, fays) the famous Lautaro, an Indian,
who had been bred page to the governor Valdivia, having more regard to the love of
his native country and his liberty, than for the education he received, and the fidelity
he owed his mafter, went over to the Indians, and fpoke to them in this manner : —
'* W^hat is this, brave Araucanos ? Do you turn your backs when your liberty is con-
cerned, your country, your liberty, your pofterity ? Either recover your liberty, or
lofe your lives ; for it is a lefs misfortune to die, than to live flaves. Do you intend to
ftain the glory of your ancedois, acquired for fo many ages paft, in one hour ? Re-
member you are defcended from thofe who gained that renown by refifling their enemies,
and not flying from them ; and fuch as feared not to lofe both lives and fortunes to
preferve their fame : drive away all fear, generous foldiers, and either live free, or die."
With thefe words he fo inflamed the minds of his friends, that, defpifing death, they
returned with fury to invade thofe whom before they flew from. Lautaro, to encourage
thern the more, led them on, fhaking his lance againft the governor, his mafter ; who,
furprifed at his adion, cried, " Traitor, what doll thou do ?" To which he anfwered
only with a thrufl or two, animating his people to do the fame. This renewed the fight,
and they all refolved, by the example and exhortations of Lautaro, to conquer, or die ;
which they performed with fo much fury, that the concern of both fides was now at the
highefl, and the contention only who fhould venture farthefl into danger. Many Spa-
niards and Indians fell on both fides, and Lautaro flill encouraged his countrymen with-
out any relenting. Valdivia did the fame by the Spaniards, and fhewed himfelf every
where, in the greatefl danger, without the lead apprehenfion, though he faw many of
the bravefl of his men fall by the fword. One would have thought the Indians had
but jufl begun to engage, to fee how like lions they fell on, and begun to find viftory
incline to their fide, till at lafl there fell fo many Spaniards, that Valdivia was almoll

left

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 1 99

left alone. In this extremity, he went afide with his chaplain to confefs his fms, that
being the principal thing he had now to do. The Indians gave him but little time to
make his peace with heaven ; for a great troop of them fell upon him with darts and
lances, killing the chaplain, and, taking him prifoner, they brought him alive to their
general, for the lafl: triumph of their victory.

This hitherto unconquered captain appeared in the prefence of the great Caupoli-
can, his hands tied behind him as captive, his face all bloody, though venerable.
He alked his life as a favour ; he who a little before had it in his power to grant it
his enemies. He turned his eyes towards his Lautaro, and, with their language,
feemed to defire him to intercede for him who had been his lord and mafler, and by
whofe means he was in this extremity. He promifed Caupolican, if he might have
his life, to withdraw all his forces, and leave the country free from their incum-
brance. He made oath of this feveral times, and perfuaded with fo much eloquence
his hearers, that Caupolican, who was as generous as brave, began to relent, and
incline to compaflion. But the greateft part faid it was madnefs to truft to any
words or promifes of a captive, who was forced to humble himfelf; but that when he
fhould be free, he would do that which fhould be moft for his advantage. However,
the difpute between them increafed, and no doubt but Lautaro would have inclined to
mercy ; for if he fought againfl: his mailer, it was not out of any hatred to his perfon,
but out of the great kindnefs he had to his country, which, with the defire of liberty,
prevailed over the gratitude he owed for the good ufage he had received at his hands ;
but nothing of this was able to appeafe the vulgar, though Caupolican was inclined to
clemency ; fo they forced him to pronounce his death, and to execute it immediately in
hot blood, though they differed in the manner of it ; for fome fay that they poured
melted gold into his mouth, bidding him once for all content his thirfl for that metal
which he had fo infatiably coveted : others fay, that one of thofe Caciques, bearing
impatiently that it fhould bear a queflion whether he fliould live or die, gave him a blow
on the head with a club ; which Caupolican refented highly, as a want of refpedt to
him. That which I find moft probable is, that according to the cuftom of the Indians,
they made flutes and trumpets of the bones of his legs and thighs, and kept his head as
a teflimony of fo remarakble a viftory, and to animate their youth to undertake the like
adions, as they might fee by this their fathers had done. Thus I have heard it
related.

Of all the Spanifh army, it is faid there efcaped only two Indian friends, who, taking
advantage of the obfcurity of the night, hid themfelves in a thicket, from whence creep-
ing out as well as they could, they came to the Conception, and brought the news of
this fatal event. The city was immediately full of confufion and complaints, the
women crying and bewailing the lofs of their hufbands and fons, others that of their
fathers and relations, and altogether the common calamity of their city, in which they
Miere all equally concerned.

CHAP. XVT. — What happened after the Death of the Governor Pedro Valdivia,

THE enemy having obtained fo remarkable a victory, their general Caupolican
commanded the retreat to be founded, and called a council, to confider whether, or no,
it would be befl to follow their blow warmly. Many were of opinion it would be moft
expedient to fall upon the cities immediately, before they could prepare for them ; yet
Caupolican, after having heard them all, refolved to do otherwife. It is better, faid

I where

209 OVALLe's historical RELATION OP CHILE.

he, to expe£t our enemies in our own homes, than to go to feek them at theirs, where
all men fight with more valour ; let them come to feek us in our mountains and bogs,
where we are fure of a fafe retreat : let us give our enemies a free accefs to us, who
have our fituation to befriend us ; and, in the meantime, our horfes and foldiers may
refrefh themfelves : and if they out of fear (which I believe they will not) do forbear to
feek us out, we may attack them when we will. Having fpoke thus, he took Lautaro
by the hand, and having publicly commended him, by attributing to him the vidory
and the liberty of his country, he, by confent of all, made him his lieutenant-general,
and gave him leave to chufe out the men he would have to ferve under him, to go and
pitch upon a fit poft to expe6t the Spaniards in. Lautaro was no very tall man, but
well fet, and ftrong, induftrious, cautious, of good counfel, gentle, and well-propor-
tioned, very brave, as we have feen, and fhall lee hereafter.

To celebrate this victory, the* Indians folemnized public games of wreftling, running,
leaping, and other proofs of their ftrength and dexterity : they made alfo great feafling
with dancings, and for feveral days did nothing but rejoice and be merry ; but ftill with-
out forgetting to be upon their guard, as men that expeded their enemies whom they
prefumed defirous of revenge.

Francifco de Villagran was lieutenant-general to Valdivia when he was killed ; who
remaining chief in command, affembled all he could to go and take vengeance of the
enemy for this defeat. Setting out, he came as faf as Arauco ; and being come to a
high mountain in the way, he found I.autaro on the top of it, with ten thoufand men,
without having fent out any to difturb the Spaniards' march; for he had left all the
paifes eafy, to oblige them to come to that place : it was not far from the fea, which
wafhed the foot of the mountain on one fide ; the coming up on the other fide was eafy ;
all the reft was precipice ; but the top was a plain fit to draw up in, and very proper
for his defign.

The Spanifh general being in prefence, the armies began to draw up on both fides ;
and, not to make the Indians too prefumptuous, he ordered three troops of horfe to
begin the charge, in hopes to draw the Indians from their poft, but in vain ; for though
they made three attacks, yet Lautaro would not ftir, but received them with fhowers of
arrows, ftones, and darts, which made them retire fafter than they came on. Our
people, who could not break this battalion, with the evident danger of falling into pre-
cipices, did what they could, but with little effecl, only tiring their horfes ; for the
enemy kept his poft, not a man of them ftirring out of his rank ; only Lautaro would
permit fome of the braveft to go out, and defy the Spaniards body to body. There
tame forth, among the reft, a brave youth, called Curioman, who taking a long career,
would throw his lance with that dexterity, that he wounded many of the Spaniards :
he did this feven times, and, at the eighth, Villagran, being vexed at his importunate
boldnefs, commanded a famous foldier, called Diego Lano, to chaflife the Indian's in-
folence, which he did ; and it was all his high courage and ftrength could perform.
The Spaniards feeing themfelves tired, and that all the movement of their horfe figni-
fied little, and that the Indians were taking the pafles behind them, began to ufe their
fmall Ihot, which at firft made a great flaughter among the Indians. Lautaro, to remedy
this inconvenience, commanded Leucaton, one of his captains, to attack the Spaniards
on the flank, and not to ftop till he came up clofe with their mufqueteers, that by this
means mingling with them, they might avoid their fmall fhot, which, in that cafe, could
not be of any ufe to the Spaniards, without wounding their own men too. This he
obferved, and they ever fince have pradlifed the fame with good fuccefs ; and without
this boldnefs, in which they always lofe fome men, they would be much inferior to the

II Spa-

OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE. 20I

Spaniards, they having no fire-arms to ufe in the like manner : they fhew in this their
invincible courage, and undifturbed bravery, by which they make to themfelves a de-
fence of their own enemies ; for being once mingled with them, they cannot offend
them, without deftroying, at the fame time, their oVn people.

The fight on both fides was bravely maintained, Lautaro relieving and encouraging
his men, as Villagran did his, both of them doing the parts both of general and foldier, and
expofing themfelves to the greateft danger. He that fignalized his valour moft on our
fide, was the famous Captain Pedro Olmos de Aquillera, killing with his own hand
four of the chiefs of the Indians. Our army was encouraged with his valour, which
he inherited from that noble family fo fpread in Andalufia : he was feconded by the
Bernales Pantoias, Alvarados, and many others, who performed wonders in this battle,
which was long contefted, very bloody, and in fufpenfe to the laft. The enemy was
much fuperior in ftrength to our forces, and, therefore,* the vidory began to incline to
their fide ; for though Villagran the general, and fome others, would rather have chofe
to die there with honour, than turn their backs, yet the greateft part judging that there
was no honour loft in a vigorous retreat, and that it would be raftmefs to perfift in fo
defperate a cafe, they began to retire, fighting and defending themfelves ; but the
enemy, elevated with this fuccefs, foUowjed clofe, and having knocked Villagran off
his horfe, they had made an end of him, if he had not vahantly defended himfelf till
thirteen of his men came to his relief.

Thefe famous commanders did not obtain lefs glory in this retreat, than if they had
gained a viftory ; for the enemy following them for fix leagues together, being a hun-
dred to one, and having feized upon moft of the paffes, and the numbers ftill increaf-
ing, yet the Spaniards made a noble defence, and killed many of them. Thofe who
efcaped from this engagement, came with the fad news of the ill fuccefs to the city of
the Conception, which fet all the inhabitants in an uproar, mingled with lamentations
and cries, every one being in fome meafure concerned in the calamity ; for between
Spaniards and friendly Indians, there died in this engagement two thoufand five hun-
dred. One would have thought the day of judgment had been come, to fee the con-
fufion that was in the city upon this news j one laments the death of his father, another
of her huft)and ; fome cry for their fons, fome for their brothers ; the women wring
their hands, pull off their hair, fill the air with lamentable cries ; the children cling to
their parents, afking for their loft fathers, which is more grievous to them than
daggers. In the midft of thefe horrors, night came on, in which no one could fhut
their eyes, for the memory of their misfortunes keeps the foul attentive, without any
confolation.

CHAP. XVII. — Lautaro facks the City of the Conception ; and Caupolican bejieges
the City of the Imperial, which is defended by the Queen of Heaven,

MISFORTUNES feldom come alone; and fo it happened to this afflided city,
which, inftead of receiving comfort from the approaching day, no fooner did it appear,
when the noife of drums and trumpets gave a warm alarm of the enemies being at hand.
Here the confufion increafed ; for now the concern was not for the lofs of others, but
for every one's own fafety, the danger was threatening them fo immediately : there was
nothing but diforder, no counfel nor refolution being to be found in the wifeft : they
could not defend themfelves, becaufe they were fo overpowered in numbers by the
enemy ; and the retreat, though neceffary, was difficult, becaufe of the approach of

VOL. XIV. D D ^^

202 OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

the Indians. In this hard conflidl, at laft the refolution that prevailed was to abandon
the city, without pretending to fave any thing but their lives. They leave the city
then, and all the gold they had got together in fuch quantities. They go out in long
files, the mothers helping their little children along : the way that they undertook, was
to the city of St. Jago, a long one, in which many rivers were to be crofled, and hard
pafles to be gone through : this labour was accompanied with the perpetual fright of the
enemies* purfuing them. Who can relate the hardfhips of hunger and other fuiferings,
through fo long a tradt of mountains, defarts, and uninhabited countries ? How the
women, the children, the old men, could bear this fatigue, we muft leave to imagina-
tion to reprefent the true idea of thefe misfortunes! Let us therefore return to the
Indians. The Spaniards had hardly made an end of abandoning the city, when the
Indians entered into it ; and not being able to execute their rage upon the inhabitants,
they did it upon the houfes, to which they fet fire, and confumed them to the very
foundation, killing even the very animals which the Spaniards left behind them. Thus
was loft the city mofl abounding in gold, and fituated in the mofl populous part of the
Indian country ; for it is faid there were not lefs than a hundred thoufand Indians, with
their families, who were all employed in gathering gold for the Spaniards, whom they
enriched to that degree, that Pedro de Valdivia, if he had lived, would have had fifty
thoufand crowns of gold a-year, and others twenty and thirty thoufand.

This burning of the city being over, news was brought, that Caupolican had called
a great affembly in Arauco, which made Lautaro return with his people to be at it.
When the two generals of the Araucanos met, they greeted one another for the vic-
tories obtained over the Spaniards ; and, in fign of triumph, one hundred and thirty
Caciques, all dreffed themfelves in the Spanifh drefs, with the cloths they took from
the Spaniards killed in the battle. The general had Valdivia*s cloths, which were, as
it is reported, of green velvet, laced with gold lace, a back and breaft of well-tempered
fteel, and a helmet with a great emerald for creft. All having feated themfelves in
order by the general's command, he propofed to them the defign of conquering back
all that was gained from them by the Spaniards, who now were fo dejefted with their
lofs. They all agreed to his defire, every one delivering his opinion with great pride
and arrogance. It is faid, that the old and prudent Colocolo, hearing them deliver
their opinions with fo much infolence and prefumption, that it looked as if all the world
was too weak to rcfift their valour, humbled them a little, by putting them in mind,
that if they had obtained two vidories, the Spaniards had gained many more over them,
and had made them ferve as flaves ; therefore, that they ought to behave themfelves
with moderation and temper, that they might expeft fuccefs from their arms ; and
added, that it was his opinion, that they fhould divide their forces into three parts, and,
at the fame time, alTault the city of the Imperial.

Puchecalco, a famous conjuring Cacique, following the fame thought of humbling the
intolerable haughtinefs of the aifembly, told them, that they might give over their pre-
fumption, for he was to acquaint them, that, having confulted his oracles, they had
anfwered him, " that though at prefent they were fo vidorious, yet at laft they were to
live under the Spanifli yoke in perpetual flavery.'* The Cacique Tucapel could not
bear to hear this ; and rifing from his place, with his mace of arms gave him fuch a
blow as took away his life. The general was highly oftended at this infolence, and,
being refolved to chaftife the author of it, the whole affembly was difturbed ; and
though they all endeavoured to lay hold on the murderer, yet he defended himfelf fo
well with his mace of arms, that it was not eafy to feize him : but Lautaro, who had

8 great

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OP CHILE. 30^

great power with the general, made up the whole bufinefs ; and the refult of the coun-
cil being to befiege the city of the Imperial, they immediately put it in execution.

Their army took its poll three leagues from the Imperial ; which city, though it
had a good garrifon of brave men, was not neverthelefs prepared nor provided for a
fiege with ammunition and viduals, becaufe the enemies would have taken it, if any
had been fent to it ; but the Queen of Heaven delivered them from this great danger.
The enemies drawing near the city, there arofe on a fudden a mighty ftorm of hail and
rain, with black clouds ; and their Epunamon appeared to them in the form of a ter-
rible dragon, cafting out fire at his mouth, and his tail curled up, bidding them make
hafte, for the city was theirs, being unprovided : and that they (hould enter it, and
put to the fword all the chriflians, and fo difappeared : but as they were purfuing their
defign, animated by this oracle, on a fudden the heavens cleared up, and a very beau-
tiful woman appeared upon a bright cloud, and fhewing them a charming, but majeftic
and fevere countenance, took from them the pride and haughtinefs infpired into them
by their firft vifion, commanding them to return to their own homes, for God was refolved
to favour the chriflians ; and they obeyed immediately. To which the author who
reports this ftory adds, that the whole camp faw the apparition, which was on the 23d
of April, and that all agree in this.

CHAP. XIX. — The City of the Conception is rebuilt; and Lautaro having taken it it
fecmd Time, marches to take the City of St, J ago, where he dies.

THE Spaniards being in fafety, began to think of returning to the Conception, and
rebuilding of it. To this end they raifed men at St. Jago, and with great difficulty
compafTed their intention, making a good fortrefs within the city for their better fecurity.
The Indians of the neighbourhood, though they were in their hearts as averfe as any
others to be commanded by ftrangers, and to let them build cities in their territories,
diffembled neverthelefs at prefent, but in due time gave advice to Arauco, defiring help
to drive out thefe new comers, or make an end of them at once. Lautaro came to
them prefently with a good army ; and fome companies of Spaniards, which went out
to encounter him, were forced to retire to the fort they had made, in which they
defended themfelves as long as they were able to withfland the force of Lautaro ;
but at laft being overpowered, they were forced to retire a fecond time to the city
of St. Jago. Many Spaniards were lofl, and Lautaro followed the purfuit, in which
many brave aftions were performed on both fides : among the refl, a famous Indian
captain, called Rengo, following three Spanilh captains who were retiring, called them
cowards, and faid a hundred infolent things to them, which moved one of them to
attack him at the pafTage of a river ; but he fecured himfelf by choofmg a ftfrng pofl ;
fo the Spaniards went on to St. Jago, and Lautaro retreated to Arauco, where great re-
joicings were made for this new victory.

The Indians renewed their meetings ; and being much elevated with their fuccefs,
they came to a refolution of not troubling themfelves with the lefTer cities, which they
reckoned as their own; but to attack the capital of St. Jago. Lautaro offered to un-
dertake this enterprize ; and chufmg the mo ft warlike among them, he marched with
a powerful army. He paffed the rivers Biobio, Itata, Maule, and Mataquito j near this
laft he raifed a fort to fecure his retreat, if need were, he being engaged far from his
own territories.

D D 2

When

20-4 OVALLE S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

When the news of this refolution came to St.Jago, many looked upon it as a fable,
not being capable of imagining that the Indians had boldnefs enough to march fo
far to attack them ; but thofe who were come back from the city of the Conception
undeceived them, as knowing by experience Lautaro's courage j they therefore fortified
the place, and provided it : they alfo fent out parties to engage the enemies, if the
occafion offered : but Lautaro forced them to return in hafle to carry the news, and
yet fome remained behind too.

Francifco de Villagran, the lieutenant-general, was fick at this time ; and fo fent his
coufm Pedro de Villagran, with all the force he could make, to meet Lautaro ; they
lodged within half an hour from the fort which the Indians had raifed upon the Rio
Claro ; the next day they entered the fort without any refiftance ; for Lautaro had
cunningly ordered his men to feem to fly, that he might catch the Spaniards in the
fort ; and fo, when he faw his time, he gave the fignal, and his men fell on the
Spaniards like lions, who had enough to do to make their retreat, and efcape from
their hands. The Indians followed them for a league, doing them much mifchief,
though they defended themfelves with great valour. Lautaro feigned a fecond time to
fly ; and our people being reinforced, engaged him a-frefh. They attacked his fort,
and gave three aiTaults to it ; where they were received with fhowers of arrows, darts,
and ftones, and at lafl forced to retire to a valley ; whence they defigned to return,
and try their fortune again : but Lautaro faved them the trouble ; for refolving to
make an end of them all at once, and in order to it feigning that he wanted provifions,
he fent to our camp to demand fome. His projed was to let in a riveF upon the Spa-
niard's camp, which he could do conveniently, becaufe it was already in dams and
canals ; and fo having made a marfh of the ground where they lodged, fo as they
fhould not be able tg flir, feize all the pafTes behind them. But Villagran having
difcovered this llratagem, raifed his camp, and retired to St. Jago, to the great difap-
pointment of the enemy.

Yet this did not make Lautaro give over his defign ; for confidering that he could
not attack St. Jago, which was well provided with men and ammunition, except he
had a greater flrength, he raifed a fort in a valley to cover himfelf, while his fuccours
fhould arrive, and enable him to attack St. Jago. Thofe of the city were making,
with great care, preparations for their defence ; and had fent for fuccours to all the
other cities. Their general Villagran had fent out upon this defign ; and making as
if he was going to Arauco, had on a fudden marched to the Imperial, from whence
he brought many good men away with him ; and while Lautaro was raifing his
fort, Villagran, guided by an Indian, came fwiftly and filently upon Lautaro, and
attacked his fort. In the firfl affault that was given, Lautaro himfelf fell, wounded by
an arrow which ftruck him to the heart ; thus ended that valiant captain of the Arau-
canos. IVts foldiers were not at all difcouraged with this misfortune of their general ;
but rather enraged with fuch a lofs, and a defire to revenge his death, they fell like
lions upon the Spaniards, taking no quarter at their hands. There were on both fides
great aftions performed ; but the refolution of the Indians was the nobleft in the world,
preferring their glory to their lives, which they hufbanded fo little, that though they
were broke, and but few left in a fighting condition, yet they ran upon the Spaniards*
lances, and with their hands pulled them into their bodies, to come clofe to their ene-
my, and revenge their death \vith his, or at lead die in the attempt.

CHAP.

ovalle's historical relation of chile. 305

CHAP. XXII. — Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoga comes to the Government of Chile ; —
ivhat happened at his Arrival, and in the Engage?iient he had with the Araucanos,

AFTER the death of Pedro de Valdivia, there was application made from Chile to
the viceroy of Peru, who is to provide a governor till the king can fend one, that is,
both prefident and governor independent of Pern. The viceroy at this time was Don
Antonio Hurtado de Mendo9a, marquis of Canete, who governed with great zeal and
a prudent feverity, making exemplary punifhments where they were neceffary, by
which he fecured the country. He had then with him his fon Don Garcia Hurtado
de Mendo9a, who afterwards fucceeded him in his viceroylhip, with as much applaufe
and efteem of the world. The embafladors from Chile defired him of his excellency
the father for their governor, which he granted. King Philip the fecond had appointed
the Adelantado Hyeronimo de Alderete, to fucceed the governor Pedro de Valdivia,
whofe death was known at court ; but the news came likewife that Alderete was dead
at the illand of Taboga near Panama. The viceroy's fon having raifed a good body of
horfe, fent fome of them by land with the horfes, and he embarked with the reft ;
and after a hard ftorm, in which they had like to have been all loft, he arrived in the
bay of the city of the Conception, and landed upon the ifland of Quinquina, to
inform himfelf from thence of the ftate of the country. The people of the ifland, who
were fierce and warlike, took arms when they faw the (hips draw near the harbour,
and pretended to hinder the Spaniards from landing ; but having no fire-arms, as foon
as the cannons of the ftiip began to fire, they gave way. As foon as the governor
landed he publifhed the defign of his coming, that the Indians might know it : which
was, to fave their fouls by the predication of the gofpel, and reconcile them to God by
the means of baptifm ; and to confer that facrament, he had with him religious men
of the famous orders of St. Francis and Mercede : that if they would fubmit to that,
he would treat with them in the name of the emperor Charles V. This declaration
reached the ears of the Araucanos : and there affembled at Arauco fixteen caciques,
and many other captains, to treat about what was beft for them to do in this cafe ; and
though many youthful and arrogant fpeeches were made, according to their ufual
haughtinefs, which made them defpife all good counfel and peace, yet the old and pru-
dent Colocolo reftrained their pride with prudent reafons, and perfuaded them to treat
with the Spaniards, fince they were by them invited to do it. " It cannot hurt us, "
faid he, " to hear them ; we fhallhave our forces as ftrong ftill to maintain our right,
if they demand unjuft things. " This opinion was followed by the moft prudent among
them ; and they fent for their ambaffador the Cacique Milalan, a man of great rhetoric
and eloquence among them, giving him order to treat with the Spaniards, and obferve
well their ftrength ; and that he Ihould Ihow inclinations to peace, to draw them to
land on the continent, and forfake the ifland, hoping that the defire of gold would
tempt them to go further into the country. Milalan came to the governor's tent : and
making a fmall but civil bow, faluted him, and the other Spaniards that were with him ;
then v/ith a chearful countenance he delivered his mefluage. He faid, " that his coun-
trymen admitted the terms of peace that were propofed, and fliould obferve thofe
of friend fliip ; not out of any terror or apprehenfion caufed in them by the arrival of
thefe new forces : for no power was great enough to terrify them, having fufficiently
experienced their ftrength in the fuccefs they had hitherto had : but that which moved
them was the compafllon they had for fo many innocent people, fo many women and

2 chil-

2o6 . ©valle's historical relation of chile.

children, who, upon occafion of this war, remained widows and orphans : that upon
fair terms they would own the King of Spain, upon condition that he did not concern
himfelf any ways with their liberty or rights ; that if they had any thought of ading by
violence, and making them flaves, they would fooner eat their own children, and kill
themfelves, than fufter it. '*

The governor anfwered him with all affurance of as good treatment as they expeded ;
and having made him fome prefents, difpatched him back to give an account of his
embafly : but this was not fufficient fecurity for either fide ; fo they remained upon
their guard. The Indians obferving the caution of the Spaniards, to give them more
fecuriiy, feigned to difmifs their forces, but fecretly gave them orders to ftand upon
their guard, and not lay down their arms, but be ready upon any occafion that might
happen ; yet the Spaniards for all this did not think fit to land upon the continent,
but flayed two months upon the illand where they firlt landed, till the winter was
entirely over. About the fpring, they fet on fhore about one hundred and thirty men
of the braved among them, to raife a fort, as they did, upon the top of an hill which
overlooks the city of Penco (otherwife called the city of the Conception). Under the
proteftion of this fortrefs, the reft of the Spaniards went out of the ifland, hoping
that in a little time, their horfes, which were coming by land, would arrive, having
fome news of them ; in the niean time they cut wood and fafcines to fortify their camp,
the governor and the commanders fhewing an example to the reft in the labour of
intrenching themfelves, and cutting of wood, as if they had never done any thing elfe
all their life-time. They brought it to perfedion in a little time, and planted upon it
eight field-pieces, with all other necelfary provifions for their defence.

The Araucanos, who were watching their motions, no fooner faw them bufy in
their fort, but, without expelling any further proof of their intentions, which they
took to be for war, called immediately an aflembly, and with all their ftrength came
like lions, with a refolution to demoliih the new fort. They took up their poft at Tal-
caguano, about two miles from the Spaniards' fort, and about break of day they gave
an alarm, and having firft challenged out many Spaniards to fingle combat, they at
laft fell on in a body, with no more fear of the cannon-bullets than if they had been of
cotton or wool, knowing, that though they received at firft fome damage, it could laft
no longer than till the battalions were engaged. With this refolution they fell on hke
lions, and fome of them got over the fortifications ; amongft whom was Tucapel, who
did wonderful adtions. Neither were the Spaniards unprepared for them, doing extra-
ordinary things, which it were too long to defcribe in particular, though the adions
were fuch as very well deferve it.

The Spaniards who were in the ifland and aboard the ftiips, hearing of the danger
of their companions, came to their aftiftance, and by the help of God, who aided them,
joined their friends : and then thus united they began to prevail over the Araucanos,
who, finding themfelves inferior, and having loft many of their braveft men, began
to retreat, all but Tucapel, who having ftayed laft, and being forely wounded, yet
made his efcape from the Spaniards, whom he left full of admiration of his valour and
refolution.

About this time the horfes which came from St. Jago arrived, and with them a
troop of good horfemen from the Imperial. The enemies muftered all their forces,
and the Spaniards went to feek them in the valley of Arauco, where they had another
very bloody engagement : the Araucanos fled, or rather retired ; and the Spaniards
having taken one prifoner called Cualbarino, they, in order to terrify the reft, cut off
both his hands j but the Araucanos were fo far from being terrified by it, that this

enraged

OVALLE*S HISTORICAL RELATION OF CHILE.

207

enraged them the more ; for Gualbarino himfelf being returned to his countrymen,
went up and down, begging them to revenge the injury done to him, which they
all looked upon as their own. Caupolican their general fent to challenge the governor
Don Garcia with all his flrength, telling him, that he would flay for him in his camp,
which he moved near the Spaniih camp, which was at Millarapue. He came over
night ; and the next day prefented them battle ; which was as well difputed as the
reft, both fides fighting with extreme valour. The Indians prefled the Spaniards fo
hard, that viclory had declared for them, had not a Spaniih battalion, in which alone
remained all the Spaniards' hopes, charged fo defperately among the Indians, that they
were forced to retire, and leave the field to the Spaniards ; but their retreat was with
great honour and reputation. It is related, that in this engagement fome of the neigh-
bouring Indians were made prifoners : and that though they were put to a mofl
exquifite torture, to force them to reveal fomething that the Spaniards wanted to
know, yet they remained conflant and true to their country, as if they had been infen-
fible of pain. The Spaniards had here a confiderable advantage ; for, befides many
dead enemies whom they left upon the fpot, they took twelve prifoners of the chief
among the Indians, whom they hanged upon fo many trees for an example to the reft ;
and among ihem that fame Gualbarino ; who not only Ihewed in dying an intrepid
mind, but encouraged the others : and among the reft a Cacique, who began to fear
and beg his life ; to whom Gualbarino fpoke before all with fo much haughtinefs,
taxing his bafe cowardice as if- he had been the conqueror, and not the conquered,
which ftruck the Spaniards with fuch admiration, that they were befide themfelves.

From this place our camp marched to the valley where Valdivia was loft. Here
the Spaniards raifed a good fort ; from whence they made their excurfions upon the
enemy, endeavouring to advance their conquefts, but not without danger of being
often cut off ; particularly the hazard they ran at a narrow pafs, caufed by the moun-
tains on the way to Puren, where they were attacked by the Indians, and very hard
fet by them, whom they might have deftroyed if they had not fallen to plunder the
baggage ; for a company of Spaniards obferving this mifcarriage, feized on a fpot on
the top of a hill, from whence with their fmall fhot they fo galled the Indians below,
that they fled in confufion. to avoid fuch a tempeft, leaving the Spaniards mafters of
the field, but much weakened : having been forely handled in this rencounter, they
retired to their camp, where they were received with great demonftration of joy.
After this, leaving a good garrifon in the fort, well provided for two months, the
governor went to vifit the other cities, to ftrengthen them, and provide them with
neceffaries againft all attacks, which they had reafon to fear ; for Caupolican, enraged
that in three months he had loft three viftories, had called a general affembly ; where
it was refolved never to give over, but either die or conquer, that they might drive
out the Spaniards, and reftore their country to its liberty.

CHAP. XXIII. — More Events of War. — The Death and Converfion of Caupolican,

CAUPOLICAN followed his defigns, but fortune feemed to be weary of affifting
him ; for in moft rencounters he came off either worfted, or entirely defeated, and the
viftory fnatched out of his hands when he thought himfelf fure of it : this made his
people begin to grow weary of his command ; and the vulgar began to cenfure his
conduft as too remifs, and that the defire of preferving his power, and being general,
made him negled opportunities of putting an end to the war.

Cau-

2o8 ovalle's historical relation of chile.

Caupolican being informed . of thefe fufpicions of his own people, called a new
affembly, in which he propofed methods of carrying on the war, fo as they migh t
obtain an entire liberty. This was unanimoufly agreed to, with a firm refolution
of not giving it over till they either conquered or died. This refolution coming to
the knowledge of the governor Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendo9a, who was gone, as
we have feen to the city of the Imperial, to fortify it, he difpatched to the fort advice of
what paifed, and fent them a competent relief.

Amongft other defigns pitched upon by Caupolican, the firft was to furprize the
Spaniards in their fortrefs by a ftratagem before they were aware of him, and fo
mailer the place. The other captains of repute, Rengo, Orompello, and Tucapel,
who were ufed to lead always the van-guard, did not approve of his projedl ; and fo
let . him go by himfelf with his own forces, they fcorning, as they faid, to obtain a
viftory by fraud or furprize. Caupolican fet out then by himfelf; arid being come
within three leagues of the Spanifh fortrefs, he fent out his fpies to obferve their difpo-
fition, and how they might be moft eafily circumvented. He chofe for this purpofe
one of his beft captains, whofe name was Pran, a cunning fagacious man, and prudent,
with a great deal of ready wit. This captain difguifed himfelf; and putting on the
habit of an ordinary Indian, he went alone, and without arms, as a private perfon, to
the fortrefs of the Spaniards. He entered the fort without fufpicion, or being known
by the other friendly Indians, with whom he foon grew acquainted ; and walking up
and down, hb obferved our camp and forces, and took particular notice of the time of
day that our men ufed to be lead upon their guard, which was generally at noon,
when they went to lleep, to repair their ftrength, which was wafted by their night-
watches.

There was in the Spanifh fort a young Indian, (not like Lautaro, in whom the love
of his country prevailed over his duty to his mafter,) but of another temper ; his name
was Andres, fervant to a Spanifh gentleman, and very much inclined to all the Spa-
nifh nation. Pran had made a great friendfhip with this young man ; and one day, as
they were going together in the fields to feek out fome provifion, as they ufed to do,
talking from one thing to another, Pran difcovered himfelf entirely to his friend Andres ;
perfuading him to help on the defign he came about, fmce upon its fuccefs the liberty
of the whole nation depended. Andres, who was not lefs fagacious and prudent than
pran, promifed him all he could defire : but dilTembled all the while. This being
fettled, they agreed, that each of them fhould return home to his camp, and that the
next day Andres fhould come to a certain poft they agreed on, and there Pran
fhould meet him, and carry him to Caupolican's quarters, where he might fettle all
matters with him. Pran went back to the Indians* camp, overjoyed that he had fuc-
ceeded fo well, as he thought : he gave a particular account of all the bufmefs to
Caupolican, while Andres did the fame to Captain Reynofo, who commanded in the
Spanifh fort. If God Almighty had not by this way delivered the Spaniards out of
this imminent danger, they muft have perifhed ; for naturally Andres ought to have
been of the fide of his own countrymen.

According . to what had been agreed between them, Andres came the next day to
the affignation, where he met with his friend Pran ; and they went together to Caupo-
lican, who received them with all demonftrations of joy and confidence, fhewing him
his camp and all his army ; the refult was, that he fhould affault the Spaniards the next
day about noon. Andres went back to the Spaniards, to inform them of all that pafTed,
and by that Captain Reynofo knew how to difpofe every thing to receive the attack.
Caupolican came at the time appointed with all his Indians, the greateft part of which

were

ovalle's historical relation op chile. 209

were fufFered to enter, the Spaniards making as if they were afleep ; but on a fudden,
upon a fign given, they rofe up like lions, and making a furious difcharge on thofe
entered, the horfe Tallied to engage thofe who had remained without, of whom they
made a great flaughter. The furprize of the Indians was fo great, that few of them
could make their efcape ; but Caupolican, with ten more, faved himfelf by bye-paths,
though he was hotly purfued ; the Indians that were overtaken, ftill denying they knew
any thing of him, and neither threats nor gifts could oblige them to reveal what they
might know before.

But it being very hard there Ihould not be one traitor among many loyal men, the
Spaniards light at laft upon one of his foldiers, who was difcontented that he had not
been advanced according to his pretenfions, who betrayed 'to them where he was : this
man guided them by a fecret path to a place where they could not be difcovered, and
from thence fhewed them a very thick wood, about nine miles from Ongolmo, where
in a thicket by a river fide, over a precipice, this brave man had hid himfelf till he
could get a new army, and rally his men.

The Spaniards came upon him on a fudden, and furprifed him with the few that were
with him ; and though he did all that was in his power to defend himfelf, yet they
maftered him. His wife feeing him a prifoner, and his hands tied behind him, called
him coward, and ufed all the opprobrious language to him that was poflible.

Caupolican was defervedly among the Indians the moft valued of their generals ; and
accordingly, in an affembly of fixteen Caciques, all fovereign lords, who -met to raife
an army againft the Spaniards, he had the chief command given him. This was the
man who, with fourfcore bold fellows, furprifed the caftle of Arauco, and overcame the
Spaniards in a bloody encounter without the city walls : this was he who durft exped
the general Valdivia in open field, and routed him and his whole army, fo as there was
not one Spaniard left alive : this was he who deftroyed Puren, and facked Penco, not
leaving one ftone upon another in it, the Spaniards having been all frighted away by
the terror of his name : this, in fine, was the man who managed all the war with
fuch fuccefs, by his military (kill and valour, that his authority was every where re-
fpeded. This great man was now, by the means of a traitor, delivered up to his mofl
cruel enemies. In this calamity he Ihewed no bafenefs ; for though he begged his life,
it was in a grave way, promifing, in return, to caufe all the country to fubmit to the
King of Spain, and to give way to introduce the Chriftian religion. " Confider," faid
he to Captain Reynofo, ** that what I promife, I am able to perform, by the great
veneration that all my people have for me ; and if thou doft not accept of this proffer,
thou wilt do nothing ; fince for one head taken away, there will rife up a hundred
Caupolicans to revenge my death, that the true one will not be miffed. I defire not
to be fet at liberty, but to remain thy prifoner till I perform my promife."

All thefe reafons were of no ufe to Caupolican, for he was publicly fentenced to be
empaled alive, and fhot to death with arrows, for a terror to the reft of the Indians ;
though, as time has fince fhewed, this had no other effeft, than to light the fire of
war more and more, and make the wound almoft incurable. He heard this hard fei\-
tence without any alteration in his countenance ; but he defired with great concern to
be baptized. The priefts are fent for, and, after a fhort inftruftion, he receives the
holy ablution, and the charafter of a Chriftian. After this, the fentence was executed
upon him, which he endured with great conftancy.

VOL. XIV. EE The

3T(0 OVALLE'S historical RELATION OT CHILE.

The Conclujion.

THOUGH Father Ovalle has continued, in the remainder of his treatife, to give an
account of the various events of the war with the Araucanos, in which narrative he
runs through the commands and aftions of all the governors of Chile, to the peace
made with that nation ; yet it being by him more a piece of courtlhip to his nation, and
to thofe families, than an information inftrudive to a foreign reader, it has been thought
proper to take the death of that great general Caupolican for the firft natural period of
that war. In the courfe of the remaining narrative, there are fo many fuperflitious
notions inculcated, fo many improbable miracles given for the foundation of great en-
terprizes, and fuch a monkifh fpirit runs through the work, that here, in England, it
would rather prejudice than recpmmend the impreliion, and is therefore omitted.

ABRIDGED NARRATIVE OF TRAVELS

THROUGH THE

INTERIOR OF SOUTH AMERICA,

From the Shores of the Pacific Ocean to the Coafts of Brazil and Guyana,

defcending the River of Amazons j

As read by Mr. De la Condamine, Member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, at a Sitting of

that Academy on the 28th April 1745.

A T the clofe of March 1743, after a refidence of fix months in a defert, at Tarqui,
^^^ near Cuenca, in Peru, during which I had inceflantly, night and day, to contend
with an atmofphere unfavourable to aflronomy, I learnt from Mr. Bouguer, then
near Quito, at the northern extremity of our meridian, that he had there made a
feries of obfervations of a ftar, intermediate between our two zeniths, of which obferva-
tions many were effected on the fame night : this ftar had been obferved by me at the
fouthern extremity of the line. By thefe fimultaneous obfervations, on the importance
of which I had laid much ftrefs, we attained the lingular advantage of being enabled
to afcertain precifely, and beyond difpute, the real amplitude of an arc of the meridian
of three degrees, the meafurement of which was known to us geometrically, and this
without having any thing to apprehend from variations, whether of an optical or a real
nature arifmg from the motion of the ftar, on account of its pofition having been fixed
at the fame inftant of time by the two obfervers at the oppofite extremities of the arc.
Mr. Bouguer, arriving in Europe fome months before me, communicated the refult at
the laft public meeting of the fociety, a refult correfponding with that of the operations
at the polar circle * ; as this, with that of the laft effeded in France t, all confpiring to
prove that the earth is a fpheroid flattened towards the poles. Taking our departure m
the month of April 1735, twelve months earlier than the academicians difpatched to
the north, we reached Europe, on our return, by feven years too late, to communicate
any thing new refpeding the figure of the earth. This fubjefl:, fince then, has been
treated by fo many able hands, that I truft for excufe in referring to the memoirs of the
academy the detail of my individual obfervations on the matter, renouncing the privi-
lege, but too hardly earned, of addrefling this aflfembly on that head.

Neither fliall I enlarge here on other academical labours, either individually under-
taken, or in common, during our voyage from Europe to America, at the different
places of our fojourn after arriving in the province of Quito, and during the frequent
intervals occafioned by obftacles of every kind, which but too often delayed the pro-
grefs of our operations. To dilate on thefe, irrelative as they were to the meafurement
of the earth, would require extrads from a number of memoirs, which in the fpace of

* EfFefted by Meffrs. Maupertuis, Clairaut, Camus, and Monnier, of the Royal Parifian Academy, in
conjunftion with the Abbe Outhier, a correfpondent of that academy, and M. Celfius, aftronomical
profeffor at Upfal.

t By Meffrs. Caffini de Thury and L'Abbe de la Caille.

2 E 2 fevea

^ti condamine's travels

feven or eight years have been forwarded to the academy, but of which fome have not
arrived in France, while many others have not hitherto appeared, nor even extrads
of them, in our colledtions. I fhall refrain therefore from fpeaking now, of our aflro-
nomical or geometrical conclufions on the latitude and longitude of a great many
places ; of our obfervation of the two folftices in December 1736, and in June 1737 ;
of the obliquity of the ecleptic which they determine ; of our experiments on
the thermometer and barometer; on the declination and dipping of the needle,
on the fwiftnefs of found, on Newtonian attraction, on the length of the pendulum in
the province of Quito, at different heights from the level of the fea, and on the expan-
fion and condenfion of metals ; I (hall carefully abftain from notice of the two journeys
made by me, the one in 1736, from the coaft of the South-Sea to Quito, afcending
the river of Emeralds ; the other in 1737, from Quito to Lima.

Finally, I fhall not advert here to the hiftory of the two pyramids which I caufed to
be erected for the purpofe of determining in perpetuity the two extremities of the fun-
damental bafe of all our meafures, and of thus remedying thofe inconveniences which
were but too lamentably experienced in France, from want of a fimilar precaution,
when the bafe of M. Picard was to be verified. The infcription propofed to the Aca-
demy of Belles Lettres, before our departure and afterwards, with thofe alterations
which circumftances of time and place required, placed on the pyramid, was denounced
by the two lieutenants of the navy of the King of Spain, our coadjutors, as ofFenfive
to His Catholic Majefty, and the Spanifh nation. I defended, for two years, a law-
fuit inftituted againfl myfelf perfonally on this fcore, and at laft gained it, though
oppofed by the parliament of Quito. What pafled on this occafion, and divers other
interefting events on our travels, which diftance has much difigured, are better calcu-
lated to form an hiftorical narrative than an academical memoir ; in this I now prefent
I (hall confine myfelf to what relates to my return to Europe.

In order to multiply our opportunities of making obfervations, M. Godin, M.
Bouguer, and myfelf, planned diiferent routes for our return. For my part I refolved
on feleding one, almoft unknown, and fuch as I felt perfuaded no one would envy
me, that of the river of Amazons, a river which croffes the whole continent of South-
America, from weft to eaft, and which juftly paffes for the largeft in the world. I
propofed to render a voyage on this river of litility, by forming a chart of its courfe,
and by remarks on fuch objefts as a country fo little known might afford. Such as
relate to the manners and fingular cuftoms of the nations which inhabit its banks,
would doubtlefs be moft gratifying to the majority of readers ; but, in prefence of an
affembly vnth whom phyfics and geometry are familiar, I deem it inadmiffible I fhould
dilate on matters foreign to the objcft of its meeting : neverthelefs, that I may be
better comprehended, I cannot difpenfe with giving fome preliminary notion of the
river in queftion, and its firft navigators.

It is commonly believed that the firft European who difcovered the river of Amazons,
was Francis d' Orellana. He embarked in 1539 on the river Coca, in the vicinage
of Quito, a river which fomewhat below affumes the name of Napo j from this river,
he defcended into one of larger fize ; and, fuffering his veffel to be carried along
conftantly by the current, he arrived without any pilot at the North Cape, on the coaft
of Guyana, after a voyage, by eftimation, of 1800 leagues. The fame Orellana
perifhed ten jyears afterwards, together with three veffels entrufted to his command
by Spain, without ever being able again to find the true mouth of the river. A ren-
counter which he ftates to have had with certain armed women, againft whom an
Indian Cacique had^ previoufly warned him, occafioned his naming this river, that of

9 the

m SOUTH-AMERICA. 41^

the Amazons. Some writers call it Orellana, but previous to this denomination it
was already known by that of Maraiion from another Spanifh captain. Geographers,
who reprefent the Amazons and the Maranon as different rivers, following, as did
Laet, the authority of Garcilafo and Herrera, were undoubtedly ignorant, not only
that the moft antient Spanifh authors* denominated the river we fpeak of Maraiion,
as early as 1 5 1 3, but alfo that Orellana himfelf in his narrative fays, that he met with the
Amazons on defcending the Maranon, an identification which puts difpute at reft j in
faft this name of Maraiion has uninterruptedly been preferved throughout its courfe,
and from its very origin^ in Upper Peru, by the Spaniards, during more than two
centuries. Still, the Portuguefe, eftablifhed fmce the year 1616 at Para, an epifcopal
city at the moft eaftern mouth of this river, in this part know it by no other name
than that of the Amazons, giving it the title of Solimoes on afcending it higher up,
and transferring the denomination Maranon, or as fpelt in their language Maranhao,
to a city and whole province, or captaincy, adjoining that of Para. I Ihall ufe indif-
ferently the names Maranon and Amazons in fpeaking of this river.

In 1568, Pedro de Urfoa, difpatched by the viceroy of Peru in fearch of the famous
Gold Lake of Parima, and the town El Dorado, fuppofed to exift in the vicinity of
the Amazons river, fell into this river from one flowing into it on the fouthern fide,
one of which I fhall fpeak in its place. The fate of Urfoa was ftill more tragical
than that of his predecefTor Orellana. Urfoa perifhed by the hands of Aguire, a pri-
vate foldier, who rebelled and declared himfelf king. This man afterwards defcended
the river by a long route, which to this day is not clearly known, marking his courfa
by pillage and murder, and terminating his career by being flayed- alive in the ifland
of Trinidad.

Voyages Hke thefe afforded no great information refpeding the courfe of the river ;
other governors, in after-time, repeated attempts for this purpofe, but with as little
fuccefs. The Portuguefe were more fortunate than the Spaniards.

Pedro Texeira, in 1638, a century after Orellana, placed by the governor of Para
at the head of a numerous detachment of Portuguefe and Indians, afcended the Ama-
zons river to where it receives the Napo, and afterwards proceeded up that river itfelf
to the neighbourhood of Quito, whither he repaired by land, accompanied by fome of
the Portuguefe under his orders. He met with a favourable reception from the Spa-
niards, the two nations at that juncture being fubjeft to one lord. The next year he
returned, by the fame channel, to Para, in company with Father Acuiia, and Father
Artieda, appointed to render account of the particulars of the voyage to the court of
Madrid. They eftimated their courfe from the hamlet of Napo, the fpot at which
they embarked, to Para, at 1356 Spanifh leagues f. The narrative of this voyage
was printed at Madrid in 1640. The French tranflation effected in 1682 by M. de
Gomberville is in the hands of every* one.

The very defedive chart of the courfe of this river, publifhed by Sanfon from this
purely hiftorical narrative, was afterwards, for want of new memoirs, copied by all
fucceeding geographers, none more correct appearing in France before the year 1 7 1 7.

At this time, in the twelfth volume of Lettres edifiantes, &c. was firft publifhed a
copy of the chart engraved at Quito in 1707, but planned as early as 1690 by Father
Fritz, a German Jefuit miflionary on the banks of the Maranon, the courfe of which
river he had traced throughout its whole length. From this chart was difcovered that

* Pedro Martyr, Fernan de Encifo, Fernandez de Oviedo, Pedro Ciega, Auguftin Larate.
f At 15 to the degree, 6z$^ Britifh ftatute mile%.

the

214

CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

the Napo, efteemed the main fource of the river, was merely tributary, and that
the Amazons itfelf, under the denomination of Maraiion, iffued from a lake near
Guanuco, thirty leagues from Lima. But Father Fritz, deftitute of pendulum or
telefcope, was enabled to determine no one longitudinal point, and for afcertaining the
latitudes he had merely a fmall wooden femicircle of three inches radius ; he was
moreover ill, as he fell down the river near Para. One need only read his manufcript
journal, of which I have a copy taken from the original in the archives of the college
of Quito, to fee that numerous obftacles, both at that time and on return to his ftation,
prevented his making thofe obfervations requifite for rendering his chart exaft, efpe-
cially towards the lower part of the river. This chart is merely accompanied by a few
notes on the map -itfelf, without any hiftorical detail, fo that, in fad, to this time
Europe remains, with refpe£t to the countries through which the river of Amazons
takes its courfe, as deftitute of information as it was left a century ago, after the nar-
rative of Father Acuna *.

The Maraiion iffuing from its parent lake, in 1 1 ° of latitude fouth, direds its courfe
northward to Juan de Bracomoros, through a fpace of fix degrees : thence it bends
eaftward, in a line nearly parallel to the equator, to the North Cape, difemboguing
its waters into the ocean under the line itfelf, after traverfing from Taen, where it
begins to be navigable, nearly thirty degrees of longitude or 750 common leagues ;
or, computing its windings, from 1000 to iioo leagues f. From the north, as well
as from the fouth, it receives a prodigious number of rivers, many flowing through an
extent of five or fix hundred leagues, and feveral of them equalling in volume the
Danube or the Nile. The banks of the Maraiion, more than a century back, were
peopled with a great variety of nations, who withdrew to the interior at fight of
Europeans. In the prefent day merely a few aflemblages of natives are to be feen
themfelves, or their immediate predeceifors, recently drawn from their native woods
by the Spanifh mifTionaries in the upper portion, and by thofe of Portugal, in the
lower divifion of the river.

Three roads communicate between the province of Quito and that of Maynas, which
gives its diftindion to the Spanifh miflions on the Maraiion. Thefe roads traverfe that
famous chain of fnow-capped mountains termed Las Cordilleras de los Andes. The
firft of thefe roads, almoft immediately under the line, eaftward of Quito, leads by
Archidona to the Napo : this was the road traced by Texeira on his return from Quito,
and by Father Acuiia. The fecond road is through a gorge below the Volcano of
Tonguragua in i|^ of latitude fouth : it leads to the diftrid of Canelos acrofs nume-
rous torrents, the jundion of which fornfs the river Pafta^a, a river that falls into the
Maranon one hundred and fifty leagues higher up than the Napo. Thefe two roads
are thofe commonly travelled by the piiffionaries of Quito, the only Europeans by
whom thefe countries are frequented ; for the communication between them and the
neighbouring province pf Quito is rendered almoft impracticable by the Cordilleras,
which are paflable but for a few months in the year. The third road is by Juan de
Bracomoros in 5!° of latitude fouth, where the Maranon begins to be navigable for
boats. This lalt is the only road by which beafts of burthen can travel to the place of
embarkation. The two preceding require a march of many days on foot, and on
thefe every thing muft be carried by Indians ; nevertheiefs the laft road is that the
ieaft frequented, as much on account of the long circuit it requires, and the conftant

■■■ The work entitled El Maranon o Amazonas, 1 684, is of no value.

f According to the chart, about 2350 Britifh miles, lOGO leagues (25 to a degree) is 2768 Britifh miles.

rains

IN SOUTM-AMERICA,

215

rains to which the traveller is fubjed on the way, and which render the roads almoft
impaflable even in the fineft feafon, as of the difficulty and danger attending the cele-
brated pafs on quitting the Cordilleras called Pongo. Principally that I might furvey
this pafs, which is never fpoken of at Quito without admiration and dread, and that I
might lay down on my chart the whole navigable extent of the river, I feledted of
the three roads, the laft.

I left Tarqui, the fouthern extremity of our meridian, five leagues fouth of Cuenca,
on the nth of May 1743. On my journey to Lima in 1737, I travelled the cuftom-
ary road from Cuenca to Loxa; on this occafionl went by a circuitous one, paffing
by Zaruma, in order to place that fpot on my map. I ran fome rifk in fording the
great river Los Jubones, then much fwollen, and always very rapid, but by chofing
this courfe I avoided a greater ; as I have fmce been given to underfland, alTaffins em-
ployed by the authors of, or accomplices in the murder of our furgeon, laid in wait for
me on the high road from Cuenca to Loxa.

From a mountain over which I pafled on my way to Zaruma, Tumbez is diflin-
guifhed, a port on the South-Sea, at which the Spaniards effefted their firft landing,
fouth of the line, on their expedition for the conquell of Peru. From this point it
was that I began to turn my back on the South-Sea, and take an eaftward courfe acrofs
the continent of South-America. This place was formerly celebrated for its mines,
now almofl abandoned. The gold extrad:ed is much alloyed, being no more than
fourteen carats fine ; it is mingled with filver, and very duftile.

At Zaruma the barometer flood at 24 inches two lines j unlike in our climates,
beneath the torrid zone it is fubjecft to little variation ; for at Quito we found that
the extreme difference, in the fpace of feveral years, did not exceed a line and a half.
Mr. Godin was the firfl who remarked that the variations of the barometer, which in
the courfe of four and twenty hours extend to about a line, are fubjedt to pretty regu-
lar alterations, which, once known, allow the afcertainment of the mean height of the
mercury by a fmgle experiment. The different experiments made by me on the
fhores of the South-Sea, and thofe I repeated on my journey co Lima, fatisfied me what
this mean height was at the level of the fea, whence I was enabled to aflign with tole-
rable exactitude an elevation of 700 toifes (about 4400 Englifh feet), to the territory
about Zaruma, an elevation not half fo great as that of the land about Quito. In this
calculation I made ufe of atable computed by M. Bouguer, after an hypothefis,
which has hitherto correfponded better than any other with experiments made with the
barometer, and verified by trigonometrical meafurement. I came from Tarqui, a
region rather cold, and experienced great warmth at Zaruma, notwithftanding I was
fcarcely lefs elevated there than on Mont Pelce, in Martinico, where we found the
cold fevere, afcending from a low and warm country. I prefuppofe here that the
reader is apprized already of our having conftantly obferved, during our long
fojourn in the province of Quito, under the equinoctial line, that the elevation of the
foil almoft exclufively determines the degree of heat, and that it does not require one
fhould afcend fo high as 2000 toifes Cabout 12,600 Englifh feet), from a valley parched
by i(itenfe heat, to reach the foot of maffes of fnow, antient as the globe itfelf, with
which a neighbouring mountain is crowned.

On my way, I crofted many bridges made with cords, bark of trees, or lianas.
Thefe lianas, netted together, form an aerial gallery, which is fufpended from two large
cables of fimilar materials, the extremities of which are faftened to branches of trees
on oppofite banks. Colledively, the whole of thefe Angular bridges refembles a fifher's-
net, or rather an Indian hammock, extending from one to the other fide of the river.

10 -As

21 6 - CONDAMINE S TRAVELS

As the meflies of this net are very wide, and would fuffer the foot to go between them,
a fort of flooring is fuperinipofed, confifting of branches and fhrubs. It will "readily be
conceived, that the weight of this net-work, but efpecially that of the paflenger, muft
give a confiderable curve to the bridge ; and when, in addition, one reflefts that the
traveller pafTing it is expofed to great ofcillations, to which it is incident, particularly
when the wind is high, and he reaches near the middle, this kind of bridge, which is
oftentimes thirty fathoms long, mull needs have fomething frightful in its afpeft : the
natives, however, who are far from being naturally intrepid, pafs fuch bridges on the
trot, with their loads on their fhoulders, together with the faddles of the mules, which
crdfs the river by fwimming, and laugh at the timidity of the traveller who hefitates to
venture. But this is not the mofl fmgular nor moft dangerous fort of bridge ^in the
country ; I fhall, however, omit defcription of the reft, that I may not wander too far
from my fubjed.

I repeated, on paffingLoxa, my obfervations on the latitude, and the height of the
mercury on the barometer, and therefults agreed with thofe obtained, in 1737, on my
journey to Lima. Loxa is lefs elevated than Quito by about 350 toifes, and the heat
is there fenfibly greater. The neighbouring mountains are but paltry hills compared
with thofe of the neighbourhood of Quito ; but, neverthelefs, their ridges are the par-
tition-lines of the courfes of rivers ; and the very hill on which the beft Quinquina
grows, two leagues fouth of Loxa, and called Caxanuma, gives birth to ftreams which
flow weft ward to the fouthern ocean, and eaftward, after merging in the Maraiion, to
the Atlantic.

The 3d of June, I fpent the whole day on one of thefe mountains ; though aflifted
by two Americans of die neighbourhood, whom I took with me for guides, I was able
to colled no more than eight or nine young plants of Quinquina in a proper ftate for
tranfportation. Thefe I caufed to be planted, in earth taken from the fpot, in a cafe
of fuitable fize, and had them carried on the flioulders of a man conftantly in my fight,
to the place at which I embarked, hoping to preferve, at leaft, fome of the plants, to
leave under charge at Cayenne, if they fhould not, on my arrival there, be in fit con-
dition for tranfporting to France for the King's garden.

Between Loxa and Jaen, the left hills of the Cordilleras are pafled. The road, on
almoft all this journey, lays through woods, where rain is fo ;nceflant, that it prevails
eleven and fometimes the whole twelve months of the year, fo that nothing can be
kept dry. The baflcets covered with ox-hides, which are the packages ufed in the
country, rot, and exhale an intolerably ofFenfive fmell. I pafled by two towns, . which
now have only their names, Loyola, and Valladolid ; both, a century back, were
opulent, and teeming with Spaniards ; but, at prefent, they are reduced to wretched
hamlets of Americans or Meftees, and removed- from their original fite. Jaen itfelf,
which is ftyled a city, and fliould be the refidence of the governor, is now but a mifer-
able village. Such, indeed, has been the general fate of the major part of thefe towns
of Peru, built at a diftance from the fea, and out of the high road from Carthagena to
Lima. On this route I crofl*ed a variety of rivers, fome by fording, others by means of
bridges fimilar to that I have defcribed ; others again on rafts, conftruded on the fpot
of the timber with which nature has prodigally filled all thefe forefts. Thefe rivers
united form one of great breadth and rapidity, called Chinchipe, fuperior in volume
to the Seine. I defcended it the fpace of five leagues on a raft to Tomependa, an Ame-
rican village, within fight of Jaen, in a pleafant pofition at the confluence of three
great rivers, the middlemoft of which is Maraiion. On the fouthern fide it receives the
Ghachapoyas, on the wefl:ern that of Chinchipe, down which I floated.

This

IN. SOUTH AMERICA. 21/

This jundion of the three rivers takes place in latitude 5!" fouth ; and from this
point, notwithftanding many windings, the main courfe of the Maraiion conftantly
approaches nearer, and more near the line till its mouth. Below this fame point the
river narrows, and forces itfelf a paffage between two mountains, at a fpot where the
violence of its current, the rocks in its bed, and a number of falls, render it unnavi-
gable ; what is called the port of Jaen, the place where the traveller embarks, being
four days' journey from Jaen on the little river Chuchunga, which merges in the Ma^
rafion below the falls. However, notwithftanding the imagined imprafticability of pafs-
ing the cataraft, an exprefs difpatched by me from Tomependa, with orders from the
governor of Jaen to his lieutenant at Sant Yago to forward a boat for me to the port,
overcame every obftacle on a little raft, compofed of two or three pieces of timber, a
float fufficiently large for a naked American, expert as they all are at fwimming. In
my way from Jaen to the port, I crofted the Maraiion, and frequently found myfelf on
its banks. Within the interval between the above town and its port, the Maraiion re-
ceives a number of torrents from the north, which, in the rainy feafon, bring down
with them a fand mingled with fmall plates and grains of gold. At this feafon the
natives go to colled it, but they merely feek for what is neceffary to pay their tribute
or poll-tax, and when urgently obliged ; at any other feafon, they would rather tram-
ple under foot this coveted metal, than take the pains of collefting and cleaning it.
Throughout the whole of this diftridl, both fides of the river are covered with the
wild cocoa-trees, the fruit of which is nothing inferior to the cultivated,- but on which,
alfo, the natives fet as little value as on the gold.

The fourth day after my departure from Jaen, I pafled the torrent Chuchunga, one
and twenty times by fording, and the laft time in a boat ; the mules, on reaching the
river, dalhed into the water, laden as they were, and, in confequence, all my inftru-
ments, books, and papers, were thoroughly wetted. This was the fourth accident of
th« kind which I had experienced in travelling among the mountains, my cafualties
from water never ceafing until I was fairly embarked on that element.

Chuchunga is an hamlet containing half a fcore American families, governed by their
Cacique, who underftood about as many Spanifh words as I did of his native language.
I was under neceflity of leaving behind me at Jaen two fervants of the country, who
might have aflied for me as interpreters ; and neceflity enabled me to manage without
them. The inhabitants of Chuchunga poffeffed no other than fmall canoes fuited to
their purpofes, and that I had fent for by exprefs to Sant Yago could not arrive in lefs
than a fortnight, I therefore engaged the Cacique to caufe his people to frame a raft
for me, or, as termed by them, a Balfe, the fame word denoting as well the float itfelf
as the fpecies of wood of which it is conftrufted ; directing him to make it large enough
for myfelf, my inftruments, and baggage. The time occupied in preparing the Balfe,
afforded me leifure to dry my books and papers, flieet by (heet, a precaution as necef-
fary as it was tedious. The fun was vifible only about noon, but this glimpfe of it
enabled me to take an, altitude, which gave for the latitude 5° 21' fouth; and from
the barometer, fixteen lines lower than at the fea-fide, I gathered that at 335 fathoms
above its level, &c. ; navigable rivers occur without being interrupted by falls : I am
far from inclined to aflert, that this is not the cafe with the Maraiion at a ftill greater
elevation, but I can only fpeak pofitively of what I know j though it appears far
from improbable, that the fpot at which a river begins to be navigable for boats, the
courfe of which river to the fea is even from here more than a thoufand leagues,
fliould be more elevated above the level of the ocean than that where navigation com-
mences on rivers of ftiorter courfe.

VOL. XIV. F F O4

y

juS cgndamine's travels

On the 4th of July, in the afternoon, 1 went on board a fmall two-oared canoe,
preceded by the Balfe, and efcorted by all the Indians of the hamlet. They were up
to the middle in the water for the purpofe of guiding the Balfe through difficult chan-
nels, and preferving it from rocks, and down the gentle falls, from the violence of the
current. The fucceeding day, after a very tortuous courfe, I entered the Marafion
about four leagues north of the fpot where I embarked. Here it isjhe Maranon begins
to be navigable. It now became neceffary to enlarge and ftrengthen the raft, which,
before, had been proportioned to the bed of the river I had floated down. During the
night, the river rofe ten feet, and rendered neceflfary a hafty removal of a bower which
had ferved me for fhelter, and which the natives raife with marvellous fkill and promp-
titude. In this fpot I was detained three days by advice, or rather by order of the
guides, on whom I was obliged to rely. They had in confequence full leifure to pre-
pare the Balfe, and I alfo to make obfervations. I meafured the breadth of the river
trigonometrically, and, though narrower than before by from 15 to 20 toifes, I found
it 135 toifes wide*. Many rivers which it receives above Jaen are much broader,
which made me conclude its depth to be very confiderable : in fadl, though I founded
^ with 28 toifes of cord, this did not reach its bottom at a third of its breadth from the
fide. In the middle of the jflream I was unable to obtain foundings, as a canoe in this
part was carried along at the rate of a fathom and a half in a fecond. The barometer,
higher by four lines than at the port, indicated the level of the river to be lower by
50 toifes than at Chuchunga, from which place I had been but eight hours in defcend-
ing. At the fame place, I found the latitude 5° i' fouth.

On the 8th, I continued my route, and pafTed the ftrait of "Cumbinamba, dangerous
on account of the ftones with which it is filled. It is fcarcely 20 toifes broad. The
next day I came to that of Efcarrebragas, which is one of a different defcription. The
river, arreiled in its courfe by the fide of a deep rock, againfl which it ftrikes, is di-
verted fuddenly, fo as to form a right-angle with its former diredion. The fhock of
the tide, rendered more impetuous by the narrownefs of the channel, has hollowed a
deep bay, where the waters of the margin, feparated by the rapidity of the mid-flream,
are kept back. My raft, on which at that time I happened to be driven by the cur-
'^ rent into this bay, for an hour and fome minutes, was incelfantly whirled about, the
fport of eddies. The waters, as they revolved, bore me towards the mid flream, where
the waves, occafioned by the revulfion of the eddies, would infallibly have overwhelmed
a fmall canoe ; the fize and folidity of the float fecured it from this danger, but repeat-
edly did the force of the current drive me back to the bottom of the bay, from which
I was indebted for my ultimate releafe to the fliill of four Americans, whom I had re-
tained with a fmall canoe in cafe of accident. Thefe, navigating their bark along the
4 ^ margin, climbed the rock, from which, with much difficulty, they threw Lianas, the
fubfl:itutes in this country for cords, on board the raft, and, by means of thefe, dragged
it into the current. The fame day, I pafled a third fl:rait, called Guaracayo, in
which the bed of the river, confined between two immenfe rocks, is only thirty toifes
broad ; this ftrait is dangerous only at the period of great fwells. /Dn the evening of
the fame day, I met the large canoe from Sant Yago ; but it would have taken it fix
days more to have reached the fpot from which I had fallen down fince the morning,
and which had taken me only ten hours.

* 840 Englifti feet wide ; depth upwards of 175 feet ; diftance from the fea more than 2,600 Britifh
miles.

9 On

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 219

On the loth, I arrived at Sant Yago de las Montanas, a hamlet fituate at the fhouth
of the river of fimilar name, and built frc^ the ruins of a town which had given de-
nomination to the river. The banks of it are inhabited by an American na^on called
Xibaros, formerly Chriftians, but who fliook off the Spanifli yoke a century ago, to
efcape from the toil exaded from them in working the gold mines of their country :
ever fmce, fecluded in inacceffible woods, they preferve themfelves independent, and
impede the navigation of this river, by which it would be eafy to fall down in the fpace
of a week, from the vicinage of Loxa and Cuenca, the tranfit whence had taken me
two months. The dread infpired by thefe Indians has twice obliged the inhabitants of
Sant Yago to change their abode, and, in courfe of the laft forty years, to defcend to
the fpot where that river empties itfelf into the Maranon.

Below Sant Yago is Borja, a town of much the fame flamp as the preceding, though
the capital of the government of Maynas, a government which comprehends all the
Spanilh miflions on the banks of the Maranon. Borja is divided from Sant Yago
merely by the famous Pongo de Manferiche. Pongo, anciently Poncu, fignifies in the
Peruvian language a gate. It is a term, in this language, given to all narrow pafles,
but to this as a mark' of excellence. This ftrait is a road worked for itfelf by the
Maranon in its paflage eaftward, after a courfe of two hundred leagues towards the
north and the mountains of the Cordilleras, its bed being dug between two parallel
walls of rock almoft perpendicular. Little more than a century has elapfed fmce certain
Spanifh foldiers of Sant Yago difcovered this paflage, and went through it. Two Je-
fuit miflionaries followed them {hortly after, and, in 1639, founded the miflion of
Maynas, which extends to a confiderable diftance down the river. Arrived at Sant
Yago, I hoped to crofs over to Borja the fame day, and, indeed, an hour would have
carried me thither, but fpite of reiterated exprefles, fpite of the orders and recommend-
ations with which we were conftantly well provided, but which were fo feldom duly
attended to, the timber of the large raft with which I was to pafs the Pongo was not
yet felled. I contented myfelf with ftrengthening mine by a new fence, with which
I caufed it to be furrounded, to enable it to refifl: the firft effeft of the almoft inevit-
able Ihocks to which the rafts, from their mode of ftrufture, and being without any
rudder, are unavoidably liable in the windings of the ftrait. As for the canoes, they
are fo light, that they are guided by the fame paddles with which they are rowed.

I was unable to overcome the repugnance of my mariners to attempt the paflage on
the day after my arrival, owing to the waters, as they faid, not being fufficiently low.
All I could induce them to, was to crofs over to the oppofite fide, there to wait a fa-
vourable opportunity in a fmall bay at the entrance of the Pongo j in this, the violence
of the current is fuch that, although properly fpeaking there be no cataraft, the waters
feem to plunge, while the fliock of them, as they dafli againft the rocks, deafens the
ear with Its tremendous noife.

The four Americans who had followed me thus far from the port of Jaen, lefs foli-
citous than I of a near view of the Pongo, proceeded onwards by a footpath, or
rather a ftaircafe cut in the rock, to wait for me at Borja. In confequence, this night,
as the preceding, I was left on the raft with no other companion than an old negro
flave. Lucky for me it was, that I determined on not leaving him alone, as I was
threatened with an accident perhaps without a parallel. The river, which in thirty-fix
hours fell live and twenty feet, ftill continued vifibly to fmk. In the middle of the
night, the fplinter of an immenfe branch of a tree, concealed under water, penetrated
between the timbers of my raft, and, in proportion as the waters abated of their height,
became more deeply entangled, fo that, had I not been prefent and awake, I fliould in

F F 2 21II

a^o condamine's travels

all probabilUy have been left on the raft, fubtended in the air by the branch ; in which
cafe, the lighteft misfortune I Ihould have incurred, would have been the lofs of my
journals and obfervations, the fruit of eight years* toil. I fucceeded, fortunately, in dif-
engaging the raft, and fetting it again on float.

I availed myfelf of my obligatory flay at Sant Yago to meafure trigonometrically
the breadth of the two rivers, and to take the angles required to enable me to draw a
topographical chart of the Pongo.

The 1 2th July, at noon, 1 caufed the raft to be unmoored, and pufhed from fhore ;
ibon I found myfelf carried along by the ftream in a deep and narrow gallery, formed
by two walls of rock, in fome parts flanting, but in others perpendicular ; in lefs than
an hour, I was tranfported to Borja, three leagues, according to common computa-
tion, from Sant Yago. However, the Balfe, which did not draw half a foot of water,
and which, from the bulk of its loading, prefented to the air a refiftance feven or eight
times as great as that it oppofed to the current, did not confequeiitly proceed with equal
velocity to that of the current itfelf ; and this velocity diminKhes materially as the chan-
nel increafes towards Borja. In the narroweft part I reckoned, that, comparing the
fpeed of our courfe with that on former occafions, which I had meafured trigono-
metrically, in the narrowelt part, we were carried along at the rate of two toifes in a
fecond.

The channel of Pongo, hollowed by the hand of nature, begins a fliort league be-
low Sant Yago, narrowing gradually till, from 250 toifes, the breadth at the junction
of the two rivers, it diminifhes in the narroweft part to twenty-five. I know very well,
that the breadth hitherto afcribed to the narroweft part of the Pongo, is only five and
twenty Varas, equivalent fcarcely to ten of our toifes ; and that the paffage from Sant
Yago is faid to be effeded in a quarter of an hour. For my part, I remarked that, in
the very narroweft part, I was at leaft thrice the length of my raft from either fide.
I moreover obferved by my watch, that we were fifty-feven minutes in fpeeding from the
entrance of the ftrait to Borja, and all Combined, I found the meafures as I have given
them ; and, however well inclined to ftiew a deference to the opinion commonly re-
ceived, I can fcarcely admit the diftance from Sant Yago to Borja, inftead of three, as
computed, to be even fo much as two leagues, of twenty to a degree.

I ftruck twice or thrice with violence againft the locks in courfe of the different
windings, an accident calculated, but for being forewarned of the little danger thence
to be apprehended, to create no fmall portion of alarm. A canoe on fuch an occa-
fion would be daflied into a thoufand pieces ; and the fpot was pointed out to me, as
I paffed along, where a governor of Maynas thus met deftrudion : but the beams of
the raft being neither nailed nor dovetailed together, the flexibility of the Lianas, by
which they are faftened, have the effed of a fpring, and deadens the fliock fo, that
when the ftrait is paffed in a rafr, thefe percuffions occur unheeded. The greateft
danger for thefe is, their being liable to be driven out of the ftream into eddies, an
accident which, as related above, it was my lot to experience. Not a year had elapfed
before fmce a miffionary, drawn thus into a vortex, was kept in it for two days defti-
tute of provifions ; and, but for a fudden fwell of the river, which brought him again
into the current, he might there have periflied of hunger. The Pongo is never at-
tempted in a canoe, except when the waters are fo low as to admit its being fteered
without being overpowered by the ftream. Canoes alfo ftem the current when the
waters are at their loweft, and afcend ; but this is imprafticable for Balfes.

At Borja, I found myfelf in a new world, feparate from all human intercourfe, on
a frefti water fea, furrounded by a maze of lakes, rivers, and canals, penetrating in

every

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 221

every direction the gloom of an immenfe foreft, which but for them were forbidden to
accefs. New plants, new animals, and new races of men, were exhibited to view.
Accuftomed during feven years to mountains loft in clouds, I was wrapt in admiration
at the wide circle embraced by the eye, reftrided here by no other boundary than the
horizon, fave where the hills of Pongo, foon about to dflappear, raifed themfelves to
checquer the conftant monotony of the fcene. To the crowd of varying objeds which
diverfify the cultured fields of Quito, and which ftill prefented themfelves to the ima-
gination, fucceeded the moft uniform contraft, the whole to be feen being verdure and
water ; for the earth is fo thickly covered with tufted plants and bufhes, that it is trod,
buf not perceived ; to find a barren fpace, though but a foot fquare, requiring a world
of toil,^ Below Borja, and 4 or 500 leagues beyond, on falling down the river, a
ftone, nay a pebble, is an objed: rare as a diamond. The favages of thefe countries
indeed have no conception of ftones, and when, on vifiting Borja, they firft perceive
them, the wonder they occafion is admirable to behold ; every gefture tokens furprife ;
they colled: them together, and load themfelves with the precious burden, till, begin-
ning to notice their abundance, they finally difregard, and throw them away.

Before I proceed farther, I deem it right to fay a word of the genius and charafter
of the primitive inhabitants of South America, improperly called Indians, hi fpeaking
of whom, I mean to include neither the Spanifh or Portuguefe Creols, nor the various
races produced by a mixture of Europeans with the blacks of Africa, or the red men
of America, fince the eftablifhment of the firft in the country, and the introduction
by them of the Negroes of Guinea.

All the old natives of the country are of a tawny colour, inclining to a red of different
fhades of brightnefs ; the difference in the fhades arifing probably in a great degree from
the varying temperature of the climate they inhabit, which embrace the intenfe heat of
the torrid zone with the cold of the vicinage of fnow.

This variety of climates ; the wooded countries, plains, mountains, and rivers, which
different fites afford ; a difference of aliment ; the little intercourfe fubfifting between
neighbouring nations, and numerous other caufes, muft neceffarily have introduced a
variety in the occupations, as in the cuftoms of thefe people. Again, it will readily
be conjeftured that a nation, become Chriftian, and fubjed; during a century or two to
the Spanifh or Portuguefe yoke, muft, of confequence, have adopted fomewhat of the
manners of its conquerors, and that an American inhabitant of a town or village in
Peru, for example, muft differ from the favage of the interior, and even from a new
inhabitant of thofe countries in which mifTions are eftabliflied on the Maraiion. In
order, therefore, to prefent an exad idea of the American people, almoft as many de-
fcriptions are requifite as there are nations ; however, as in Europe all nations, not-
withftanding diftintl languages, manners, and cuftoms, have yet fomewhat in common
to the eyes of an Afiatic who examines them with attention, fo do all the Americans
of the different countries I had opportunity of noticing in the courfe of my travels,
prefent features of refemblance, the one to the other, indeed (with exception of light
fhades of difference, fcarcely to be diftinguifhed by a pafTmg obferver,) I fancied in all
alike a fimilar bafe of charader.

Infenfibility among thefe people is generally prevalent, which, whether to be dig-
nified by the name of apathy, or funk in that of ftupidity, I leave to the decifion of
others. Undoubtedly it is caufed by the paucity of their ideas, which extend no farther
than their wants. Voracious gluttons, where means of fatiety exift ; when want
enforces fobriety they patiently bear with abftinence, and feem to be void of care. Pufiila-
nimous and timid in extreme, unlefs when tranfported by drunkennefs j inimical to toil 5.

12 indifferent

«22 CONDAMINE's TRAVELS

indifferent to every impulfe of glory, honor, or gratitude ; wholly engrofled and deter-
mined by the objed of the moment, without concern for the future ; deftitute of fore-
fight and refledion ; and giving themfelves up, when nothing prevents them, to a
childilh joy, which they manifeft by leaping, and loud burfts of laughter, with no
apparent objed ; they pafs their lives without thought, and fee old age advance, yet
unremoved from childhood, and preferving all its faults.

Were this the pidure merely of the Indians of fome provinces of Peru, who may
be regarded as ilaves, the Want of civilization might be afcribed to the degeneracy
incident on their fervile ftate; for the degradation to which flavery is capable of
reducing man, is fufficiently exemplified in the prefent condition of the Greek nation :
But the Americans of the country of the miflions, and the favages free from all con-
troul of Europeans, (hewing themfelves equally limited, not to fay ftupid, with the
others, the reafoning mind cannot but feel humiliation, contemplating how little man,
in a ftate of nature, and deftitute of inftrudion and fociety, is removed in condition
from beads.

All the languages of South- America with which I am acquainted, are very poor ;
many poflefs energy, and are fufceptible of elegance, efpecially the antient language
of Peru ; but they are univerfally barren of terms for the expreflion of abftracl or uni-
verfal ideas, an evident proof of the flight progrefs of intelled among thefe people.
Time, duration, fpace, entity, fubftance, matter, corporeity ; thefe are words which,
with many others, have no equivalent in their languages. Not only metaphyfical
terms, but alfo moral attributes, require long periphrafes to be exprefled, though with
them, in but an imperfed manner. They have no words that correfpond exadly
with virtue, juftice, Hberty, gratitude ingratitude ; a fad with which it feems difficult
to reconcile what Garcilafo relates of the policy, induftry, arts, government and ge-
nius of the antient Peruvians. Unlefs the love he bore his country induced him to
exaggerate, we muft needs allow that thefe people have greatly degenerated from their
anceftors. As for the other nations of South- America, they are not known to have
ever emerged from their priftine barbarifm.

I have formed a vocabulary of the moft common words in different American lan-
guages. A comparifon of thefe words vidth thofe of fimilar import in other languages
of the interior, may not only be ferviceable towards proving the difierent tranfmigrations
of thefe people from one to the other extremity of this vaft continent : but where it can
be effeded alfo with the different languages of Africa, Europe, aud the Eaft-Indies,
may furnifh, poffibly, the only means of afcertaining the origin of the Americans. A
well-proved conformity of language would without doubt folve the queftion. The
word abba, baba, or papa, and that of mama, which with flight infledions feem to
have been adopted from the antient tongues of the eaftern world by a majority of the
nations of Europe, are common to a great number of the American nations, however
diflferent the reft of their language. And though we fhould allow thefe words to be
thofe which would preferably be received in every country by parents, from their being
the firft articulations of infancy, as the reprefentatives of the relation of father and
mother, it yet follows to enquire wherefore, in all the languages of America in
which thefe words occur, the application of them fhould be uniformly the fame,
without their meaning being reverfed ; for example, how comes it in the Omagua
language, fpoken in the centre of the American continent, and in which the terms
papa and mama are ufed, that papa fhould never fignify mother, nor mama father,
but the contrary, as in the languages of Europe and the eaft. It is far from impro-
bable, that among the natives of America other terms might be found, the well con-
firmed

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

«^3

firmed relation of which with thofe of fome other language of the antlent world, throw
light on a queftion hitherto left purely to conjefture.

I was expected at Borja by the reverend Father Magnin from the canton Fribourg,
a Jefuit milTionary, from whom I received that attention and kindnefs naturally to be
expected from a friend and countryman. I had no occafion with him, nor afterwards
with the other miffionaries of his order, to avail myfelf of the recommendations I
brought from their friends at Quito, and ftill lefs of the paflports and orders of the
court of Spain, which I carried with me. Befides other curiofities in natural hiftory,
this Father made me a prefent of a chart, drawn by him, of the territory of the Spa-
niih miflions of the Maynas, together with a defcription of the manners and cuftoms of
the neighbouring nations. During my flay at Cayenne I was aflifted by Mr. Artur,
phyfician to the King, and member of the Upper Council of that colony, in tranflating
this Spanifh work into French : it is highly worthy the curiolity of the public.

I found the latitude of Borja 4° 28' S.

From this place I took my departure on the 14th July with the fame Father, who
was fo obliging to accompany me as far as Laguna. On the fifteenth we pafTed on the
north the mouth of the Morona, which flows from the volcano Sangay, the afhes
thrown from which, traverfmg the provinces Macas and Quito, are fometimes carried
beyond Guyaquil. Beyond this, on the fame fide, we diflinguifhed the three mouths
of the river Paftaca before mentioned. At this time its banks were fo much overflown
that no landing could be efFefted ; 1 was confequently unable to meafure the breadth
of its principal mouth, which I reckoned to be 400 toifes, nearly equalling the breadth
of the Maraiion itfelf. A little beyond, the fame evening and the fucceeding morn,
I obferved the fun at its fetting and rifmg, and, as at Quito, I found its declenfion
8f towards the north. By two amplitudes thus obferved in fucceffion in the evening
and morning, the variation of the needle may be computed without knowing that of
the fun ; all that is required being to notice the difference of declenfion of the fun in
the interval of the two obfervations, provided this difference be fufliciently great to be
Ihown by the compafs.

On the 1 9th we arrived at Laguna, v/here Don Pedro Maldonado, governor of the
province of Efm.eraldus, had been waiting for me fix weeks ; to this nobleman, as well
as to his two brothers and his entire family, I owe a public acknowledgement for the
diflinguifhed civilities our academic detachment experienced at their hands, during our
long ftay in the province of Quito. He, as well as myfelff- on his paffage to Europe,
felt difpofed to proceed down the river of Amazons, and had taken the fecond of the
three routs defcending the Paftaca ; after many dangers and great fatigue he had been
fortunate enough to arrive much before me, notwithftanding the period of his departure
from Quito was nearly the fame as that at which I left Cuenca ; he had made the re-
quifite obfervations as he travelled along, with a compafs and portable gnomon, to
enable him to defcribe the courfe of the Paftaca, an undertaking, to which I not only
had prompted him, but likewife facilitated, by furnifhing him with means for its
execution.

Laguna is a confiderable village, containing more than a thoufand Americans capable
of bearing arms, who are a medley of various nations. It is the chief eftablifhment
of all the miflions of the province of Maynas. The town is placed on dry and elevated
ground, which is rare to be feen in thefe countries, and -at the fame time on the mar-
gin of a great lake, five leagues above the mouth of the Guallaga, a river which, like
the Maraiion, has its origin in the mountains eaftward of Lima. By the Guallaga it
was that Pedro de Urfoa, of whom mention has already been made, defcended to the

river

224

CONDAMINE'S TRAVELS

river of Amazons. The memory of his expedition and the events which occafioned
"his lamentable end, is ftill preferved among the inhabitants of Lamas, a fmall place in the
neighbourhood of the port at which he embarked. Ihe breadth of the Guallaga on
its influx into the Maraiion might, at this time, be 250 toifes. It is a river very infe-
rior in volume to the majority of thofe I fhall have occafion to notice as I proceed.

At Laguna I made a number of obfervations on the fun and ftars, in order to determine
the latitude, which I found to be 5° 14'. I made a halt here of twenty- four hours, for
the purpofe of afcertaining the longitude, but I loft fight of Jupiter in the vapours of
the horizon, before I could diftinguifh its firft fatellite emerging from its fhadow.

On the 23d Mr. Maldonado and myfelf left Laguna in two canoes from forty-two to
forty-four feet long, by only three in breadth, each formed of the trunk of a fmgle tree.
In thefe canoes the rowers are placed from the prow to the middle, the traveller and his
equipage at the poop, under fhelter from the fun and rain beneath a rounded canopy,
formed with much ingenuity by the natives, of matted palm leaves. This fpecies of
bower has a cavity in the middle of the roof, by which light is admitted, and it ferves
likewife to enter by ; in cafe of rain, or otherwife at the pleafure of the traveller, this
entrance is clofed by a Aiding roof of fimilar materials, which draws over that which
is fiyed.

We refolved on continuing our voyage by night as well as by day, in order to over-
take, if pofllble, the brigantines, or large canoes difpatched annually by the Portuguefe
miflionaries to Para in queft of neceflaries. During the day our Americans paddled
along ; two only of their number kept watch during the night, the one at the prow,
the other at the flern, to preferve the boat in the current.

In undertaking a chart of the courfe of the river of Amazons, I provided myfelf a
refource againft the tirefomenefs of a weary though tranquil voyage through a country,
in which the continued famenefs of objeds, however novel in themfelves, tended to
fatigue rather than pleafe the eye. My attention was perpetually engrolfed by the com-
pafs, and the watch I held in my hand, in order to obferve the defledions of the courfe
of the river, and the time occupied between each bend ; to notice the varying breadth
of its bed[, and that of the mouths of the different rivers it receives, with the angles
formed by them on delivering their waters ; the occurrence of iflands and the length
of them ; but efpecially to afcertain the degree of celerity with which the current flow-
ed, and the canoe proceeded along, ufmg for thefe laft purpofes various methods too
tedious to explain. Every. inftant of my time was employed : repeatedly I fathomed
the depth of the ftream ; almoft every day I took a meridianal altitude, and oftentimes ,
obferved the amphtude of the fun at its rifmg and fetting : wherever I made a halt,
there likewife did I determine the height of the barometer. I fliall notice thefe obfer-
vations only in the moft remarkable fpots, referving a more minute detail for our pri-
vate meetings.

On the 25th we paflTed on the north fide the river Tiger, which pofllbly exceeds in
fize the cognominal one in Afia, but which, for its ceTebrity lefs happily fituate, is
here loft, owing to the vaft fuperiority of a number of other rivers. This day at an
early hour, we halted on the fame fide of the river at a mifllon newly eftabliihed
among favages, denominated Tameos, who had recently been drawn from the woods.^ y
The language of this people is indefcribably difficult, and their enunciation ftill more
extraordinary than their language. They draw their breath in fpeaking in fuch manner
that the found of fcarcely one vowel can be diftinguiftied. They have words which,
to defcribe, and then but imperfedly, would require at leaft nine or ten fyllables,
though as pronounced by them they feem to confift of but three or four 5 Poettarraro-

rincouroac

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 225

mcouroac fignifies the number three in this tongue : happily for thofe who have tranf-
atftions with them, their arithmetic goes no farther. However incredible it may
appear, this is not the only American nation with whom an equal poverty of numbers
is common. The Brazilian tongue, a language fpoken by people lefs favage and
uncivilized, is equally barren ; the people who fpeak it, where more than three is to
be exprefled, are obliged to ufe the Portuguefe.

The Yameos are well Ikilled in the art of making long Sarbacanas, the moft com-
mon inftrument ufed* by native Americans on their hunting excurfions. Within
ihefe they infert fmall arrows, made of wood, and, inftead of being feathered, fur-
rounded by a ball of cotton which exadly fills the cavity of the tube. By a ftrong
puff of the breath they dart thefe arrows to the diftance of thirty or forty paces, and
fcarcely ever mifs their aim. This fimple inftrument ferves as an admirable fubftitute
among all thefe favages for fire-arms. The points of thefe diminutive arrows, as well
as thofe they flioot from their bows, are fteeped in a poifon of fuch activity, that when
recent it kills any animal from which the inftrument dipped in it may chance to draw
blood. Notwithftanding we had fowling peices, we fcarcely ever, in going down the
river, ate of game killed by other means than thefe arrows, the tips of which we
often difcovered in eating, between our teeth ; there is no danger from fuch occur-
rences, for the venom of this poifon is only mortal when abforbed by the blood, in
which cafe it is no lefs fatal to man than to animals. The antidote is fait, but of fafef
dependence fugar. In their proper place, I Ihall notice the experiments I made to
afcertain the truth of this opinion, as well at Cayenne as at Leyden.

The next day, the 26th, we fell in with, on the fouthern fide of the mouth of the
JLJcayale, one of the largeft rivers which fwell the tide of the Maranon. It is even a moot
point which of the two fliould be efteemed the chief, and which the tributary. At their
confluence, the Ucayale is the broadeft of the two, and its fources are more diftant
and more copious tihan thofe of the other ; it receives the waters of many provinces
of Peru, and at the fame degree of latitude at which the Maraiion is only a torrent,
it is enlarged by the tribute of the Apu-rimac, and already flows a confiderable
ftream ; to conclude, the Ucayale, on meeting the Maranon, repulfes its tide ^nd
changes its courfe. On the other hand, before its jundure with the Ucayale, the Ma-
ranon makes a long circuit and receives the rivers St. Jago, Paftaca, Guallaga, &c. ;
moreover, the Maraiion is throughout its courfe of very great depth. Still again the
depth of the Ucayale has never yet been fathomed, nor is it known what the number
or what the volume of the rivers it receives. I think therefore that the queftion, of
which fliould be confidered the main ftream, muft remain undecided till the Ucayale
be better known. This it was likely to have been at one period, but the infurreftion
of the Cunivos and the Piros, who maflTacred their miflionary in 1695, by occafioning
the abandonment of the eftabliftiments effected on its banks, hate placed this event at
a diftance.

Below the Ucayale the breadth of the Maranon is vifibly increafed, as is the num-
ber of its iflands. On the 27th in the morning, we reached the miflionary eftablifli-
ment of Saint Joachim, compofed of a number of American nations, efpecially of
the Omaguas, a people formerly powerful, and which a century before inhabited the
iflands and banks of the Amazons river throughout a fpace of two hundred leagues
Y below the Napo. Neverthelefs this people is not efteemed to be originally of this
country, and there is much probability that they proceeded to their fettlement on the
Maranon down fome of the rivers which flow into it from the new kingdom of Gre-

voL. XIV. G G nada,

226 condamine's travels

nada, flying hither to avoid the dominion of the Spaniards, at the period of their con-
quering the country they abandoned.

x This opinion is founded on the fadt of the exiftence of a nation near the fource of
one of thefe rivers,, and known by the name of Omagua ; on the ufe of clothes, a cir-
cumftance noticed among the Omaguas alone of all the tribes found on the Amazons ;
fome vefliges of the ceremony of baptifm ; and finally, certain disfigured traditions.
Father Samuel Fritz converted the whole of this people to chriftianity at the clofe of ,
the laft century (the feventeenth), and as many as thirty of their villages are laid down
by name, in the map of that Father, of which however we could only trace the ruins
or the fite ; the whole of their population, intimidated by certain ruffians from Para,
who afcended the river thus far, and made Haves of many of them, having fled to
the woods, or difperfed among the miflions of Spain and Portugal.

The Peruvian word Omagua, and the Brazilian term Cambevas, applied by the
Portuguefe of Para to thefe people, alike fignify flat-head ; and in fad this nation has
adopted the whimfical pradlice of prefllng between two boards, the forehead of their
new-born infants, in order to give it the fmgular form which originated their denomi-
nation, and, as they fay, to make them more perfeftly refemble the full moon. The
language of the Omaguas is as fweet and eafy of enunciation, as that of the Yameos
is harlh and difficult : it has no affinity to that of Peru or that of Brazil, the one
common above, the other below the country of the Omaguas, along the banks of
the river.

The Omaguas make great ufe of two plants, both purgative ; the flower of the one,
called by the Spaniards Floripondio, refembles an inverted bell ; this plant has been
defcribed by F. Feuillee j of the other plant called Curupa, I brought away the feed.
This people, by means of thefe, eff'eft an intoxication which lafts twenty-four hours,
during which they are fubjefl: to extraordinary vifions. They moreover take the Cu-
rupa dried and reduced to powder, as we do fnufi;, but after a fmgular fafliion. They
ufe for the purpofe a reed terminating in two prongs like the letter Y, each extremity
of which is inferted into either nofliril ; from thefe, by a flirong infpiration which occa-
fions their making a grimace that to Europeans, accuflomed to refer eyery thing ta
their own cuflioms, appears truly laughable, they inhale the powder.

In a country where heat and moifture combine to excite the greatefl: fertility, it
will naturally be concluded, that the abundance and variety of plants muft: be great.
Thofe of the province of Quito will not have efcaped the refearches of our affociate
M. Jof. de Juffieu, but I may fafely affirm, that the multiplicity and diverfity of the-
trees and plants found on the banks of the Amazons river, in its courfe from the Cor-^
dilleras de los Andes to the fea, and on the banks of the different rivers its tributaries,
would require years of toil from the moft indefatigable botanifl:, and employ for the-
fame fpace more than one draughtfman to defcribe. I fpeak here merely of the labour
which a minute dehneation of all thefe plants, and the reduftion of them into claflTes,.
genera, and fpecies, would neceffarily require, but if to this were fuperadded an
examination into the virtues afcribed to them by the natives of the country, certainly
the moft interefting part of a ftudy of this nature, how tedioufly long were the taflv !
No doubt thefe virtues have been much mis-ftated and greatly exaggerated by prejudice
and ignorance, but are we to imagine that Bark, Ippecacuhana, Siraaroba, Salfaparilla,.
Guiacum, Cacos, and Vanilla, are the only ufeful plants which the fruitful bofom of
America prefents ? And does not the well-attefted and widely-acknowledged ufefulnefs
of thefe hold forth encouragement to new refearches ? For my part, all I was enabled
to effeft, was, to colled feed at every ftep of my journey, where this was pra6licable..

i The

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 22;

The genus -of plants which feemed rnoft to flrike the attention of new comers, on
account of the fingularity of its different fpecies, was in my efteem the Liana, a
kind of oziers, which as before noticed ferves in lieu of cordage, and which is very
abundant in all the hot parts of America. All the fpecies of this genus have this ia
common, that they twine around the trees and fhrubs in their way, and after pro-
greffively extending to the branches, occafionally to a prodigious height, throw out
flioots which, declining perpendicularly, flrike root in the ground beneath, and rife
again to repeat the fame courfe of uncommon growth. Other filaments again, drivefi
obliquely by the winds, frequently attach themfelves to contiguous trees, and form
a confufed fpectacle of cords, fome in fufpenfion, and others flretched in every direc-
tion, not unfrequently refembling the rigging of a fhip. Of thefe Lianas there are
fcarcely any but to which fome particular virtues are afcribed, fome of them with
appropriate juftice, as in the inftance of Ippecacuhana. In many parts I obferved a
fpecies readily difcovered by its potent and diftind odour, refembling that of garlic.
Some of thefe Lianas are as thick as, nay thicker even than the arm of man, and fome,
hke the Boa Conflridor its viftims, ftrangle and deflroy the tree round which they
twine their parafitic arms: to thefe, a well-earned name, the Spaniards have given the
title of Matapalo (wood-killer). At times it happens that the tree dies at root, and
the trunk rots and falls in powder, leaving nothing but the fplrals of the Liana in form
of a tortuous column, infulated, and open to the day j nature in this inflance laughing
to fcorn, and defying the imitations of art.

The gurns, refms, balfams, nay juices of every fort, which exude by incifion from
different kinds of trees, as well as the various oils extrafted from them, are number-
lefs. The oil obtained from a palm called Ungurave is reputed to be equally fvveet,
and by fome as pleafant to the tafte, as that of the olive. That of others again, for
example the Andiroba, yields a brilliant light, without ^the lead offenfive fmell. In
many parts the Americans, in lieu of oil, burn Copul, furrounded by leaves from the
Banana tree ; in others, certain feeds threaded on a pointed flip of wood, which, ftuck
in the ground, ferves as a candleftick. The refm called Cahouchou in the province
of Quito, where it grows in the vicinage of the fea, is alfo very common on the banks
of the Maraiion, and is ufed there for fimilar purpofes ; when frefli, by means of
moulds, any Ihape is given to it at pleafure ; it is impervious to rain, but its mofl re-
markable property is its elafticity. Of it are made infrangible bottles, boots, and hol-
low balls, which can be flattened at will, but which, when the prefllure that flattens
them is removed, affume again their prifl:ine form. From the Omaguas the Portuguefe
of Para learnt the method of forming fyringes of the fame matter, and pumps which
need no fucker : thefe fyringes are made in the fliape of a pear, with a neck at the
extremity, that, as well as the body, being hollow. Into this neck a cane is fitted.
When it is wiflied to fill this veflel with a fluid, the air is expelled by preflTure, and
the reed inferted downwards into the fluid ; on removal of the preffure the veflel refumes
its fliape, and the fluid preffed upon by the circumambient air, is forced into the va-
cuum formed by the reftoration of its fliape to the veffel ; this when full being fuddenly
preffed the contained liquid is expelled with the fame effe£t as from a fyringe ; among
the Omaguas it is a very common utenfil. When they affemble on occafion of any
entertainment, the mafl:er of the houfe never fails to prefent one of thefe bottles to
each of his guefl:s, and its contents are voided confl:antly previous to the beginning of
a grand dinner.

At Saint Joachim we took other canoes and a frefli crew, departing thence the 29th
July, with a defign of reaching the mouth of, the Napo in time to obferve at that place

o G 2 an

228 condamine's travels

an emerfion of the firft fatelllte of Jupiter, which would occur on the night between
the 3 1 ft and the ift of Auguft. From the period of commencing my journey, I had
no certain point of longitude afcertained wherewith to corred: my computed diftances,
from weft to eaft ; however the travels of Orellana, Texeira, and Father Acuna which
had rendered famous the river Napo, and the pretenfions of Portugal to both fides of
the river of Amazons as far as the Napo, made it important to determine the exa6t
pofition of this point. In fpite of various obftacles, I happily fucceeded in completing
my obfervation, and thus reaped the firft fruit of the toil which the tranfport of a
telefcope eighteen feet long, over mountains and through woods, for the fpace of one
hundred and fifty leagues, muft neceifarily have occafioned. My fellow-traveller,
actuated with the fame zeal as myfelf, on this occafion, and on a variety of others at
which he rendered me afliftance, was of great fervice, his intelligence and activity
being equally exerted. I firft obferved the height of the fun at noon, in an iiland
oppofite to the great mouth of the Napo, which I found to be 3^ 24' S. I computed
the whole breadth of the Maranon below the ifland, at nine hundred toifes, but was
only able to meafure one of its branches trigonometrically. The Napo appeared to me
fix hundred toifes broad above the iflands at its mouth, which divide it into feveral
arms. At length, the fame night, I obferved the emerfion of the firft fatellite of Ju-
piter, and immediately afterwards, to afcertain the time, I took the height of two ftars.
The intervals between the obfervations were computed by an excellent watch, and by
thefe means, the mounting and regulating of a pendulum, a matter which wasfcarcely
poffible of execution, and which would have required fome time, was rendered
unneceflary. The refult of the calculation I made, was, that the difference between
the two meridians of Paris and the mouth of the Napo, was four hours and three
quarters. This determination will be rendered more exa£t when the preciie inftant
of obfervation ftiall be afcertained at fome place the longitude of which is known, and
at which the emerfion may have been vifible.

After obferving the longitude, we continued our way ; and the next morning, the
ift Auguft, landed ten or twelve miles below the mouth of the Napo at Pevas, now
the laft of the miftionary eftabliftiments belonging to Spain on the banks of the Ma-
ranon. Father Fritz had laid them down as extending two hundred leagues beyond,
but, in 1 7 10, the Portuguefe poffeffed themfelves of the major part of the lands thus
defcribed as pertaining to Spain. The favages of the neighbourhood of Napo" were
never completely fubdued by the Spaniards, for, at different periods, the governors
and miffionaries fent to reduce them to fubjedlion, have been maffacred ; but fifteen or
twenty years back, the Jefuits of Quito formed eftabliftiments here anew, fending other
miffionaries ; and thefe fettlements, at prefent, are in a highly flourifliing condition.

The name of Pevas, given to the town at which we landed, is that of an American-
nation, many individuals of which are inhabitants ; but here are collected Americans of
divers nations, each of which has a language peculiarly its own, as is common over the
whole continent. It fometimes happens, that a language is known to no more than
two or three families, the wretched veftige of a tribe deftroyed, and devoured by fome-
other : for, notwithftanding there are at prefent no man-eaters along the banks of the
Maranon, there yet exift inland, particularly towards the north, and along the Yapura,
tribes of Americans, who eat their prifoners. The majority of the new inhabitants of
Pevas are favages, newly enticed from their woods, and yet unconverted to Chriftianity ;
the neceffary preliminary of debrutalizing them, a talk of no fmall difficulty, not having;
yet been completed,,.

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 229

On the prefent occafion, it is not meet I fhould expatiate on the manners and cuf-
toms of thefe nations, and of others I met with, beyond what is neceffary, from their
relation to phyfics or natural hiftory ; I fhall fay nothing, therefore, refpeding their
dances, inftruments, entertainments, arms, fifhing, and hunting apparatus, their whim-
fical ornaments of bones of fifhes and quadrupeds, run through their noftrils and lips,
or of their cheeks riddled with holes, which ferve them for fixing in feathers of various
hues ; but anatomifls will poffibly fee a theme for refledion in the monflrous extenfion
of the lobe of the lower part of the^eaj*, of certain nations of this people, without
any fenfible diminution of its thicknefs occurring in confequence of the prolongation.
We were much furprized at feeing lobes of this defcription, four or five inches in
length, pierced through by a hole from feventecn to eighteen lines in diameter, a cir-
cumftance which we were aflured was far from uncommon. After firfl making a hole,
they infert in it a narrow cylinder of wood, the fize of which is gradually augmented,
until the pendant lobe is fo much lengthened as to reach the fhoulders. The chief de-
coration is a large nofegay or tuft of herbs and flowers, which is drawn through this
hole, forming mod uncommon pendants.

From Pevas, the laft of the miffionary fettlements belonging to the Spaniards, to
St. Pablo, the firft defcending the river pertaining to the Portuguefe *, and in which a
deputation from the order of Mount Carmel officiates, the diftance is reckoned fix or
feven days' journey ; this diftance we travelled in three days and nights. In this inter-
val no dwelling is found on the banks of the river. Here begin the large iflands
formerly inhabited by the Omaguas, and here the bed of the river increafes fo much in
breadth, that oftentimes a fingle arm of it is from eight to nine hundred toifes broad.
As fo wide an extent of furface prefents great room for the adlion of wind, the waves
here run fo high, as at times to overwhelm the canoes by which it is navigated. On
our paflage from Pevas to Saint Pablo, we experienced two ftorms ; but owing to the
long experience of the Americans, it rarely happens they are furprized in the middle of
the river, and no imminent danger is to be apprehended, except where they are pre-
vented from feeking fhelter at the frequent mouths of fmall rivers or rivulets. Imme-
diately after the fubfidence of the wind, the current of the ftream reftores the fyrface
to its priftine tranquillity. ,

The greateft peril in navigating this river arifes frbm the frequency of uprooted trees
flicking in the fand or mud, and concealed below the furface ; we ourfelves, by ftrik-
ing againft one thus under water, on approaching the fhore to gather fome wood
recommended as efficacious in the dropfy, were nearly overfet. To avoid fuch acci-
dents, the canoes are kept at a diftance from ftiore, when, owing to the great depth,,
fuch trees as are carried along by the current float, and, being feen from a diftance,
are eafily avoided.

I ftiall not dilate on another accident, much lefs common, but always fatal, to which
thofe are liable who keep near the coaft, I mean the fudden fall of trees, whether owing
to caducity, or the ground beneath them being gradually undermined by the waters.
Many canoes with all their crews have by fuch cafualties been entirely overwhelmed,
though, unlefs on fimilar occafions, the drowning of a native is an occurrence never
hegird of.

On the immediate banks of the Maranon there is now no warlike tribes inimical ta
Europeans, all having either fubmitted or withdrawn themfelves to the interior : ftill,,

* By reference to the letter of Mr. Godin, will be feen, that two fettlements, fince the voyage of M.-
de la Condamine, have been formed ; the one Loreta, belonging to the Spaniards, below Pevas, the other
SJavatinga, belonging to the Portuguefe, above San Pablo, at the mouth of the river Yavari,

in

2^0 condamine's travels

in fome places, it would be hazardous to fleep on fhore. But a few years back the fon
of a Spanifli governor, whofe father we knew at Quito, on defcending this river, hav-
ing ventured to land, was furprifed in the woods, and maflacred by favages from the
interior, who by unlucky chance had ftolen as far as the banks of the river. The fadl
was related to us by a companion of his who efcaped the danger, and is now fettled at
one of the Portuguefe eltablilhments.

The miffionary at St. Pablo, apprifed before-hand of our coming, had prepared for
us a large canoe, pirogue, or brigantine, with fourteen rowers and a mafler. He
moreover afforded us, in another canoe, a Portuguefe for a guide ; indeed from him,
as well as from the whole of the monks of his order, we received courtefies which
made us for the time forget we were in the centre of America, five' hundred leagues
from countries inhabited by Europeans. At St. Pablo we firil: began to notice, in lieu
of ruftic chapels, and bowers for dwellings made of reeds, houfes and churches of
{lone, brick, and plafler, neatly whitened. We were likewife agreeably furprifed at
meeting here amid the deferts with native women all clad in Britany linen, coffers with
locks and keys, iron utenfils, needles, knives, fciffars, combs, and a variety of little
European articles imported hither annually by the natives, who purchafe them in barter
for the wild cocoa they gather on. the banks of the river, and which they tranfport to
Para. This commerce fpreads among thefe people a femblance of eafe and comfort which
at firft glance diftinguillies the Portuguefe from the Spaniih fettlements higher up the
river. The latter, as the inhabitants hold no intercourfe with their neighbours down
the river, but draw every thing from Quito, whither they go fcarcely once in a year,
and from which they are effedlually as much divided by the Cordilleras as by a fea a
thoufand leagues in breadth, in every particular exhibit the difficulty with which the
conveniences of life are procured.

The canoes in ufe among the Portuguefe, and which we employed down the river
from St. Pablo, are much larger, and far more convenient, than thofe in which we
navigated among the Spanifli fettlements. The trunk of a tree, which conflitutes the
whole body of the latter, ferves only to frame the keel and bottom of thefe : in con-
ftrufting a veffel of this kind, the Portuguefe firft fplit the tree, and hollow it out with
the axe ; they afterwards open it by means of fire to give it breadth : but as the depth
is confequently diminifhed by this procefs, they add planks to the fides, which are faft-
ened to ribs fixed in the keel-tree. The rudder in thefe canoes is fo contrived, that the
tiller in nowife inconveniences the cabin or little apartment fafhioned in the poop.
Some of thefe velfels are fixty feet long, by feven broad, and three and a half deep ;
while others again are much larger, and are manned with forty oars : mofl of them
have two mafts and fails, a very material advantage on afcending the flream under
favour of the eafl: winds, which prevail from October to May. About four or five
years ago, one of thefe brigantines of moderate fize, decked over, and manned by a
French trader and three mariners of the fame nation, to the great aftonifhment of the
inhabitants of Para, ventured well out to fea, and in fix days arrived at Cayenne from
Para, a voyage, as will be feen, (from my following the common practice of the
country and coafting along fhore, as befl fuited the object I had of taking a chart of
the coafl,) which I was two months in completing.

In five days and nights, not including about two days' halt at the intervening fettle-
ment of Yvirataha, Traquatuha, Paraguari, and Tefe, we completed our voyage from
St. Pablo to Coari. Coari is the lafl of the fix fettlements of the Portuguefe Carmelite
niifrionaries ; the five firfl have rifen out of the wreck of the eftablifliment anciently
formed by Father Samuel Fritz, and compofed of a variety of nations, mofl of them

emigrants

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 23 1

emigrants from their former abodes. The whole fix are ftationary on the fouthern fide
of the river, on which the land lies higher, and is fheltered from floods. Between
Saint Pablo and Coari, we noticed the confluence with the Amazons of a number of
large and beautiful rivers. From the fouth, the chief are the Yutay, of fuperior volume
to the Yuruca, by which it is fucceeded, and which, at its mouth, has a breadth of three
hundred and lixty-two toifes ; the Tefe, called by Father Acuna the Tapi, and the
Coari, which fome years back was regarded as a lake ; the direftion of all "is from fouth
to north, their fources in the mountains eaftward of Lima and north of Cufco. They
are all of them navigable for a fpace requiring feveral months to afcend, proceeding from
their mouths ; and different American natives relate, that on the banks of the Coari, in
the higher lands, they had obferved an open, country^ flies and a number of horned
cattle (the fpoils of which they exhibited on their return), objefts to which they were
unufed, and which prove that the early waters of thefe rivers take their courfe through
countries widely different from thofe they inhabit, and, no doubt, contiguous to the
Spanifli colonies of Upper Peru, where, as is known, the multiplication of cattle is
very great. On the northern fide, the Amazons like wife receives, between the two
places adverted to, two large and famous rivers ; the Yea, which, like the Napo, flows
from the vicinage of Paflio, north of Quito, where the miflionary efl;ablifliment of Fran-
cifcans, called Sucumbios, is fituate, and where the inhabitants call it Putumayo ; the
Yupura, the fources of which are farther north, and which, in its early progrefs, is
denominated the Caqueta, a name utterly unknown by the inhabitants at its different
mouths, for it empties its waters into the Amazons by feven or eight branches, which
leave the main trunk in fucceflion, and at fuch diftance the one from the other, that
there is an interval of a hundred leagues between the point of entrance of the firft and
the lafl: of them. The Americans on their banks give various names to thefe, which
have caufed them to be miftaken for different rivers. Yupura is that by which one of
the largefl: is known, and, following the practice of the Portuguefe, who have extended
this name on afcending it, I give the fame denomination, not only to that branch fo
called by the natives, but likewife to the trunk itfelf. The whole of the country watered
by thefe flireams is fo low, that when the water in the Amazons is at its greatefl: height,
it is flooded, and admits the paffage of canoes from one branch to the other, as well as
from thefe branches to lakes in the interior. The banks of the Yurupa are in fome
places inhabited by thofe ferocious nations . of whom I have already fpoken, who mutu-
ally deft:roy each other, and who, many of them, devour their captives. The trunk of
this river, and indeed its branches, are frequented by few other Europeans befides thofe
of Para, who refort thither by fliealth to purchafe flaves. We fliall advert again to the
Yupura, in fpeaking of the Rio Negro.

In thefe parts it was that Texeira, afcending the river in 1637, received in exchange,
from the ancient inhabitants of an American village, certain trinkets of a very fine gold
which, affayed at Quito, proved to be twenty-three carats fine. This village he called
The Golden. On his return, he planted a land-mark, and took poffeflion of it in the
name of His Majefl:y of Portugal, on the 26th Augufl: 1639, by an ad which is fl:ill
preferved in the archives of Para, in which it was feen by me. This ad, figned by all
the officers of his detachment, fl:ates the pofition of the place to have been on high land
oppofite to the mouths of the Golden River.

Father Acuiia declares that by different channels which he points out, there is a
communication between the Yupura and the Yquiary, the river which he calls the
Golden. He adds, moreover, that the inhabitants of the banks of this river carry on

traffic

232 CONDAMINE*S TRA\T:LS

trafEc in this metal with the Manaos * their neighbours, and thefe again with the
people of the banks of the Amazons, of whom he himfelf purchafed a pair of golden
ear-rings. Father Fritz in his journal dates, that in 1687, that is to fay fifty years
later than Father Acuiia, he faw eight or ten canoes of Manaos, who, taking advan-
tage of the floods, had proceeded from their abodes on the Yurubefh, to trade with
his flock on the north bank of the Amazons. He fays that among other articles they
brought fmall plates of beaten gold, which thefe fame Manaos received in exchange
from the Americans of the Yquiary. All thefe places and rivers are laid down on the
chart of this Father. So many concordant teflimonials, proceeding all from refped-
able individuals, leave no room for doubting of the truth of thefe fads ; and this, not-
withllanding the river, the lake, the gold mine, the land-mark, and even the Golden
village itfelf, have vaniflied like a fairy palace, fo that on the very fpots defignated all
memory of them is loft.

Even in the time of Father Fritz himfelf, the Portuguefe, forgetting the title on
which their pretenfions were founded, infifted that the land-mark railed by Father
Texeira was placed higher up the river than the province of Omaguas, while, running
into the oppofite extreme, Father Fritz, a miflionary fubje^l: of the crown of Spain,
maintained that it was reared only in the neighbourhopd of the river Cuchivara, lower
towards the mouth by two hundred leagues. As is ever the cafe in difputed matters,
each party launched into extremes. As for the fpot where the land-mark was planted
in the Golden village, if the diftrid: in which the fourth Portuguefe miflion is fituate
defcending the river, be well examined, which is called Paraguari, and ftands on the
fouth fide of the Amazons, fome leagues above the mouth of the Tefe, where I ob-
ferved the latitude to be 3^ id S. it will be found to unite all the charafteriftics by
which the lite of the famous village is marked in the ad: of Texeira, dated at Guayaris,
and in the relation of Father Acuiia. The Gupura confequently, one of whofe mouths
is oppofite to Paraguari, will be the Rio de Ouro, or Golden river, the mouth of
which noticed in the fame ad as being oppofite to the village. Remains to know
what have become of the Yurubefii and Yquiari, to which Father Acuiia gives the
name of the Golden River, and to which you afcend by the Tupura ; the difcovery of
this coft me fomewhat more pains, I think however that I have refolved the queftion,
and perhaps found the origin of the Parima Lake and the celebrated Dorado, but
regularity and precifion require the poftponement of the difcuflion to the period of our
treating of the Black River.

In the courfe of our navigation, we enquired of the people of various nations, if they
had any knowledge of thofe warlike women which Orellana pretended to have encoun-
tered ; and if it were true they lived apart from m.en, receiving them but once a year,
as is related by Father Acuiia, in whofe narrative this forms a part fingularly curious,
and well worthy of attention. We uniformly were anfwered, that they had heard their
fathers fpeak of fuch things, and repeated many particulars which it were tedious to
detail, but which tended to confirm the fad, that in this continent did exift a republic
of women, who lived entirely feparate from the men, and who withdrew towards the
north into the interior, either by the Black River or fome other which flows on the ' ,
fame fide into the Maranon.

* Father Fritz writes Manaves. In the French tranflation of Acuna*8 nai*rative, the word is disfigured
to Mavagus. The Portuguefe at prefent write indiilerently either Manaos or Manaus, pronouncing the
ivord Manaoos>

m SOUTH AMERICA.

235

An inhabitant of St. Joachim de Omaguas informed us that we fhould probably find
at Coari, an old man whofe father had feen thefe Amazons, but arriving there, we
found the individual alluded to was dead ; we however converfed with his fon, who
feemed to be feventy years of age, and who was the chief of his tribe in the village.
He afTured us that his grandfather had in reality feen them pafs by at the entrance of
the Cuchiura river, that they came from the Cayame which falls into the Amazons
on the fouthern fide, between the Tefe and the Coari, and that he had fpoken with
four of them, one of whom had an infant at the breaft : he moreover told us the names
of each of them, and added that on leaving CuchiuraJ they crofled the Great River
and proceeded towards the Black River. I omit here feveral particulars related, un-
likely in themfelves, but 'which at bottom were of little import. Below Coari, the
natives every where related to us the fame h&.s, varied indeed by circumftances, but
which agreed in the main.

The Topayos efpecially, of whom in their place more exprefs mention will be made,
as well as of certain green Hones called Amazons* ftones, relate that they inherit them
from their forefathers who obtained them from the Cougnantainfecouima, a word fig-
nifying in their language, women without hufbands, among whom as they fay they are
found in abundance.

A native inhabitant of Mortigura, a miflionary fettlement in the vicinage of Para,.
offered to fhow me a river, by failing up which I might, he affured me, afcend to within
a fhort diftance of the country at this very time inhabited by Amazons. This river is
called Irijo, and fmce this converfation paffed I failed by its mouth, which is between
Macapa and the North Cape. According to this man, it is neceffary, in order to reach
the country inhabited by thefe Amazons, to travel for feveral fucceffive days weftward,
through woods, and crofs a mountainous country.

An old foldier once belonging to the garrifon of Cayenne, but now fettled near the
falls of the river Oyapoc, affured me that being one of a detachment fent into the inte-
rior in 1726, for the purpofe of exploring the country, they had penetrated into a part
inhabited by the Amicouanes, a nation with long ears. The region inhabited by thefe
people lies beyond the fources of the Oyapoc, and in the neighbourhood of a river
which falls into the Amazons. Among this nation he noticed that their wives and daugh-
ters wore necklaces formed of the green ftones I have before mentioned, and enquiring
whence they procured them, he was anfwered from the women without hufbands,
whofe territories were feven or eight days journey further towards the weft. This
nation of Amicouanes inhabit an elevated country at a diftance from the fea, where
the rivers do not yet admit of navigation ; it follows therefore that little likelihood
exifts of this tradition having paffed hither from the inhabitants of the Amazons, with '
whom they have no inter courfe, the Amicouanes knowing of no other nations but
thofe their immediate neighbours, from among whom the Frenchmen belonging to the
detachment feleded their guides and interpreters.

It is neceffary to obferve, that not only the teftimonials adduced, but alfo others
paffed by in filence, and thofe of which mention is made in relations given in 1726,
and fmce then by two Spanifli governors * of the province of Venezuela, are alike in
unifon with refped to the fa£t of the exiftence of Amazons ; but what is no lefs deferv-
ing of remark, while thefe different accounts defignate the point of retreat of thefe
American Amazons, fome towards the eaft, others the north, and others again the
weft, thefe feveral diredions converge in one common center, that is, the mountains

* Don Diego Portales lately a refident of Madrid, and Don Francifco Torralva who was his fucceffor.

VOL. XIV. H H in

234 condamine's- travels ^

^ in the midft of Guyana, a diftrid to which neither the Portuguefe of Para, nor the
French of Cayenne, have hitherto penetrated. Yet notwithftanding thefe corrobora-
tions I mud confefs, that I fliall give credence to the exillence of Amazons at this time,
in the fpot pointed out, with great reludance, until more pofitive proofs be gradually
afforded by the natives of the countries in the neighbourhood of the European colonies
on the coaft of Guyana; but this migratory nation will very poffibly again have
changed its refidence ; or, what to me appears a more probable event than any other,
will have forfaken its antient habits, either in confequence of being overpowered by

j/,,- fome other nation, or of the maidens having at length loft the averfion of their mo-
thers to the company of men. Thus, though no remaining veftige (liould be' found
of this feminine republic, this would not yet prove that none fuch had ever exifted.

Sufficient on the contrary has been adduced to determine the hiftorical h&. of the
exiftence at one time, of a nation of vt'omen who had no men living with them. For
« the cuftoms of this nation, and efpecially that of cutting off" one of their breafts, as,,
trufting to the tales of American natives, Acuna relates ; thefe are accefforial circum-
ftances, independent of the fad itfelf, and are probably exaggerations or inventions of
Europeans informed of the pradlices attributed to the Amazons of Afia, and which a
fondnefs for the wonderful may have caufed the natives of America learning thefe tales
from them,„ to interweave in their narratives. In fad, it is ftated, that the Cacique
•^ who admonifhed Orellana to be on his guard againft the Amazons, whom in the lan-
guage of his country he denominated Comapuyaras, defcribing them as but with one
breaft ; and the native of Coari, on repeating the relation of his grand-father who faw
four Amazons, one of them fuckling her child, made no mention of this peculiarity,.
one of too remarkable a nature to have efcaped obfervation.

I return to the principal fad. If, in refutation of the exiftence of a nation of this de-
fcription, be alledged the want of probability, and the next to moral impoffibility, that fuch
a feminine republic could be founded and fubfift, I fhall not attempt to fupport it by in-
ftancing the antient Amazons of Afia, nor the modern ones of Africa *, as what we read
of thefe in antient and modern authors, is at beft much mingled with fable, and open
to difpute ; but fhall confine myfelf to remarking that if ever fuch a nation had exift-
ence, there is moft reafon to conclude it muft have been in America, where the frequent
wanderings of the women, who often accompany their huft^ands to war, and the hard-
fhips of their domeftic life, might not only originate fuch an idea, but likewife furnifh
them with numberlefs opportunities of fhaking off" the yoke of their tyrants, of forming
an independent eftablifhment, and of avoiding that vihfying condition of flavery, fo
little removed from that of beafts of burthen, in which they had previoufly Hved,
Such a refolution once formed, it would neither be more extraordinary, nor more
'difficult to put it in execution than fimilar plans, in the European colonies of America ;
whence flaves, who weary of ill-treatment, or dilgufted with their condition, fo fre-
quently fly to the woods, either in bands, or where no aifociates are found, alone ;,
thus paffing years, and oftentimes their whole lives, in the folitude of the unbounded,
wildernefs.

I am aware that if not all, yet the majority of the natives of South America are-
liars, credulous, and prone to the marvellous ; but none of thefe people could ever
have heard of the Amazons of Diodorus, Siculus, and Juftin, previous to the arrival
of the Spaniards among them ; but even then Amazons were fpoken of as exifting in.

* See Father Labat, and the defcription of Eaftern Ethiopig by Father Juan de Santos, in Portu-
gyefe, Lifboa, and the French tranflation at Paris.

1 '' the:

IN SOUTH AMERICA*

^35

the center of the country, and have fince been by nations who never had held com*
merce with Europeans. This is proved by the Advice given by the Cacique to Orel-
lana and his people, and by the traditions related by Father Acuiia and Father
Baraze *. Is it poffible to conceive that favages, inhabiting countries fo diflant one
from the other, fhould have leagued together in inventing the fame fad, and that this
fuppofed fable fhould be fo uniformly and fo generally adopted at Maynas, at Para,
in Cayenne, and in Venezuela, among fo many nations who comprehend not one the
language of the other, and who have no intercourfe whatever ?

Moreover, I have not enumerated the authors and travellers f of different nations of
Europe,, who during more than two centuries, have continued to fpeak of the exiftence
of Amazons in America, and of whom many pretend to have feen them, contenting
myfelf with the adduftion of new teftimonies, which Mr. Maldonado and myfelf were
enabled to collect on our way. A difcuffion on this queftion may be feen in the preface
to the firfl book of the Teatro Critico of Father Feijoo, a Spanifli Benediftine, the
work of his learned difciple Father Sarmiento of the fame order.

On the 2oth of Auguft we left Coari in a frefh canoe, and with another crew. The
Peruvian language fpoken by Mr. Maldonado and our domeftics, and of which I had
a flight knowledge, enabled us to hold converfe with the natives of the country, in all
the milTionary fettlements of the Spaniards, in which it has been the (ludy of thefe to
make it the common language. At St. Pablo and at Tefe we had Portuguefe inter-
preters, who fpoke the Brazilian tongue, introduced in like manner throughout the
whole of the eftabhfliments of the Portuguefe miflions ; but meeting with none at
Coari, where, fpite of our diligence, we failed in arriving fufficiently in time for the
great millionary canoe difpatched to Para, we found ourfelves among the natives with
whom we could hold no difcourfe other than by figns, and the help of a fhort vocabu-
lary I had framed of queltions in their language, but which vocabulary unfortunately
could not lead to the comprehenfion of their anfwers. I was neverthelefs enabled to
gather fome fmall information from them, efpecially the names of. rivers. I likewife
remarked that they were acquainted with a number of fixed flars, and that they gave
the names of animals to different conflellations. The Hyades, for example, or the
head of 'the bull, they call Tapiera Rayouba, from a name which now fignifies in their
tongue, the bull's jaw. I fay now, becaufe, fmce bulls have been imported from Eu-
rope into America, the Brazilians, as well as the natives of Peru, have applied to
thefe animals, the name which either of them before in their maternal tongue gave to
the elk J, the largeft of the quadrupeds they knew before the arrival of Europeans.

The day after we left Coari, continuing our progrefs down the river, we paffed on
the northern fide of one of the mouths of the Yupura, about a hundred leagues diflant
from the firfl ; and the fucceeding day, on the fouth fide, the mouths of the Purus,
as it is now called, formerly denominated the Eucrivara, from the name of a village
in its neighbourhood ; in this village it was that the grand-father of the old Indian of
Coari was vifited by the Amazons. ■ The Purus is' inferior in volume to none of the
rivers which fwell the current of the Maranon, and if the native Americans can be cre-
dited, is equal in breadth to even that river itfelf. Seven or eight leagues below the

* Lettres edifiantes et curieuses, tome x.

f Americo Vefpucci, Halderic Schmiedel, Orellana, Betrio, Sir W. Raleigh, Fathers Acuna, Ar-
tieda, Baraze, &c.

■j; This is a miltake of Condamine ; Tapiura, in the Brazilian tongue, does not fignify an elk, but the
Tapir, an amphibious animal about two feet high by forty inches in length, fometimes wrongly termed a
Hippopotamus. Trans.

H H a con-

£«6 ^ CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

confluence of the two, at a fpot where no iflands were, and where the breadth of the
Maranon was from one thoufand to one thoufand two hundred toifes, while flemming
the current with all fail fet, in order, as well as poffible, to keep the boat ftationary, I
founded, but found no bottom with one hundred and three fathoms of line.

On the 23d we entered the Rio Negro, or Black River, another fea of frefli water
which flows into the Amazons on the northern fide. The map of Father Fritz, who
never entered the Rio Negro, and the laft: map of America by Delifle, which copies
that of Fritz, reprefent this river as having a courfe from north to fouth while the fadt
is according to the relations of thofe who have afcended it, that its courfe is from weft,
to eaft, with a flight inclination towards the fouth : that fuch is its direction for feveral
leagues above its confluence with the Amazons, I myfelf had ocular demonftration,
having obferved that at this point its courfe is fo nearly parallel to that of the Amazons,
that, were it not for the tranfparency of its waters, which has earned it the diflinftioii
of the Black River, it might be miftaken for a branch of the Amazons, feparated by
an ifland. We afcended two leagues up this river as high as to the fort built by the
Portuguefe on its northern bank, at its narroweft breadth, where I meafured it and
found it to be one thoufand two hundred and three toifes in width. The latitude of
the fort I obferved to be 3° 9' S. This was the firft fettlement we came to belong-
ing to the Portuguefe on the northern fide of the river Maranon. The Rio Negro
has been frequented by the Portuguefe more than a century, and a great traffic for
flaves is carried on, on its banks. On thefe there is conftantly a detachment of Portu-
guefe from the garrifon of Para, encamped for the purpofe of keeping the different
American nations in awe, and of facilitating the flave-trade within the limits prefcribed
by the laws of Portugal ; and every year this flying camp called the Redemption Troop
advances farther into the country. The Captain Commandant was abfent from the
fort on our arrival, and I halted here but four and twenty hours.

On the whole of the banks of the Black River hitherto explored, are fettlements of
Portuguefe miflionaries of the fame order of Mount Carmel, we had confl;antly noticed
in defcending the Maraiion, after quitting the fettlements of the Spanifti miflionaries.
On afcending this mighty river for a fortnight, three weeks, nay even a longer time,
it is yet found of ftill greater breadth than at its mouth, owing to the multiplicity of
iflands and lakes that it forms. Throughout the whole interval of fpace, its banks are
elevated and never overflowed ; they are lefs thickly covered with wood, and altogether
the country prefents an afpeft widely different from that which borders the Maranon.

While at the fort on Rio Negro, we obtained more difliind information refpedting
the communication that exiflis between this river and the Oronooco, and, confequently,
between the latter and the Amazons. I fliall not detail the various proofs of this fa£t
which I gleaned with care on my voyage, (of which, the moft material was the indif-
putable teflimony of a native American female, belonging to the Spanifti miflions on
the banks of the Oronooco, of the Cauriacani nation, and the village of Santa Maria
de Bararuma, with whom I held converfation, and who had been brought from thence
in a canoe to Para,) thefe evidences being rendered fuperfluous by that ultimately ob-
tained. By a letter from the reverend father John Ferreyra, redtor of the college of
Jefuits at Para, I have recently learnt that laft year ( 1 744), the Portuguefe belonging to
the flying camp, after afcending from river to river, at length met the fuperior of the
Jefuits of the Spanifli miflions from the banks of the Oronooco, whom they brought
back with them by the way they came, without once landing to their camp on the Rio
Negro. , The fad, therefore, of the connection of the two rivers, no longer admits of
doubt, however contradicted by the recent author of El Orinoco llujirado, (Madrid,

9 i74i>

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 237

1^41, p. J 8.) long a miffionary on the banks of the Orinooco, who, in 1741, regarded
fuch connexion as impollible. He was certainly ignorant at that time, that his own
letters to the Portuguefe commandant, and the almoner of the Redemption Troop, were
forwarded by the very channel reputed fabulous to Para, where I faw the originals
themfelves in pofleflion of the governor ; but even this author himfelf, by what I learn
from Mr. Bouguer, who faw them laft year at Carthagena in America, is by this time
completely undeceived.

The pofitive certainty of an exifting communication between the waters of the two
rivers, which the cited teflimonials adduce, is a geographical fa6l the more important,
from the circumftance that, though this union be unequivocally marked on ancient
maps, it has been generally fuppreifed in thofe given by modern geographers, as if by
common confent, and treated as chimerical by thofe who w^re fuppofed to have the
beft means of information. This, probably, is not the firfl example of theoretic con-
jedlure, fupported by plaufibility prevailing over fads attefted by travellers of faith ;
nor the only inftanc.e in which criticifm, too far extended, has ventured on denial, where
juftice allowed but of doubt.

Yet, where does this communication between the Oronooco and the Amazons take
place ? This we can learn with exaditude only when the court of Portugal ftiall think
fit to publifh a chart of the Rio Negro. In the meantime, I Ihall explain my ideas on
this fubjed, grounded on a comparifon of the feveral accounts I coUeded in the courfe
of my travels, with the colleftive narratives, memoirs, and maps, in manufcript or in *
print, which I have been able to confult, as well on the fpots themfelves as fince my
return, and efpecially with the draughts Iketched by my companion and myfelf in the
prefence of, and after hearing the relation of the beft informed, among thofe of the
miflionaries, and others, who had afcended and defcended the Amazons and the Black
River.

From thefe combined accounts, the one ftrengthening and elucidating the other, I
gather, that a fmall village of native Americans in the province of Mocoa (eaftward of
that of Pafto, and in i ° N.) gives its name of Caqueta to a river on the banks of
which it is fituate. Defcending lower, this river divides into three branches ; one, the
famous Oronooco, which mixes with the fea oppofite the ifland of Trinidad, takes a
north-eaftern direction ; another, the fame as lower down, is called Rio Negro by the
Portuguefe, flows eaftward with a gentle declination towards the fouth ; the third, the
Yapura fo often mentioned, has likewife an eaftward courfe, but with a more fouthem
inclination than the preceding. I am uncertain whether or no this laft river leaves the
main trunk earlier than the two preceding, or whether it be merely an offspring of the
fecond branch, the Rio Negro : in determining, I have only conjecture for my guide ;
but this, founded on fubftantial reafoning, leads me to think the former of thefe po-
fitions moft worthy of affent. However this may be, it is at leaft plain that, if the
Yupura be acknowledged as a branch of the Caqueta, (a name unknown on the banks
of the Amazons) the whole of the relation of Father Acufia refpeding the Caqueta
and Yupura, becomes eafy of comprehenfion, and accordant. It is well known, that
the diverfity of names given to places, and efpecially to rivers, by the various na-
tions inhabiting their banks, has at all times occafioned to geographers the greateft
perplexity.

In this ifland it is, or rather this new Mefopotamia, formed by the Amazons and the
Oronooco, united by the Rio Negro, that the fabled Golden Lake Parima, and the
imaginary city Manoa del Dorado, have long been fought, a fpeculation which has
occafioned the death of fo many individuals, and, among others, of Sir Walter Ra-

j leigh.

338 CONDx\MINE*S TRAVELS

leigh, a famous navigator, and one of the moft fhining characl:ers England can boafi:,
one alfo whofe tragical hiftory is fo generally known. It is vifible from the expreffions
of Father Acufia, that, in his time, the exiflence of this fanciful chimera was far
from general- difcredit. I muft here apologize for a flight geographical detail which too
clofely belongs to my fubjed to be omitted, and which may ferve to unravel the origin
of a romance, which nothing but a third for gold could render credible : a town with
roofs and walls of golden plates, a lake with fands of gold !

Here it will be neceffary to call to mind what before has been obferved refpefting the
Golden River, and the previoufly quoted facts, extradled from the nart-atives of Fathers
Acuna and Yfitz.

The Manaos, according to the laft author, were a warlike nation, the dread of all
their neighbours. They long refilled the Portuguefe, with whom at prefent they are on
friendly terms : many have fettled among the tribes and mifTionary fettlements on the
Rio Negro ; while fome ftill make long excurfions into the countries inhabited by
roving tribes, and are ferviceable to the Portuguefe in their flave-trade. Two of this
nation it was who penetrated as far as to the Oronooco, and bore away and fold to the
Portuguefe the American Chriflian female I have before mentioned. Father Fritz, in
his journal, fays exprefsly, that thofe Manaos whom he faw trading with the inhabit-
ants of the banks of the Amazons, and who procured their gold from the Yquiari,
came from the banks of the Yurubefh. By dint of inquiry, I learnt, that after five
days* faiUng up the Yupura, a lake occurs on the right, which it takes a day to traverfe,
and which is called Marahi, or Para-hi, a word fignifying, in the Brazilian tongue.
River Water ; that from this lake, by dragging the canoe along where infufficient water
is found, but where, during the floods, there is depth enough for navigating the vefTels
in ufe, one comes to another river called Yurubefh, by which, floating with the cur-
rent, a pafTage to the Black River is effected in fiv^e days ; finally, that this lafl river, a
few days' fail above the confluence of the Yurubefh, received another called Quiquiari,
in which were many catara6ls, and which proceeds from a mountainous country abound-
ing in mines. Can it be doubted that thefe rivers are the fame as are alluded to under
the names of Yurubefh and Yquiari by Fathers Acuna and Fritz ? The latter, it is true,
gives a different courfe to thefe two rivers, making the Yurubefh a tributary to the
Yquiari, and the latter to difembogue its waters into a great lake in the interior ; but,
founding his relation on the teflimonies of American natives alone, from whom it is
difEcult to obtain any clear or diflinft account, efpecially where the intervention of an
interpreter is neceffary, it is far from furprifmg, if errors fhould occur ; on the other
hand, the names of thefe rivers are preferved with but the flightefl alteration. On the
map of Father Fritz, a large affemblage of Manaos, which he calls Yenefiti, is laid
down as inhabiting this diftricl. Of this I was enabled to obtain no fatie.fa6tory intelli-
gence, which is not to be \\ondered at, when we reflett on the-migrations and difper-
lion of the Manaos' nation ; at the fame time, it feems highly probable that, from the
capital of the Manaos, the city of Manao was invented. I lay no flrefs whatever on
the pofTible derivation of Parima from Marahi or Para-hi, but confine myfelf to authen-
tic data. The Manaos had a confiderable affemblage or town in this diflrid ; they had
in their vicinage a great lake, nay feveral lakes, for colleftions of v/ater are very com-
mon in a country fo low as this, and fo much liable to inundations. The Manaos,
m.oreover, brought gold from the Yquiari, and flattened it into fmall plates : thefe are
fafts well eflablifhed, and which may have been exaggerated fo as to have given birth to
the fabulous city of Manao and the Golden Lake. If the cafuifl fhould dwell on the
difproportion between the fmall plates of gold of the Manaos and the roofs of golden

tiles

IN SOUTH AMERICA, 239

tiles of the city of Manao, the particles of gold wafhed from mines by the Yquiari,
and the golden fands of the Parima lake, he muft yet allow, great as it really is, that
cupidity and prejudice, on the part of European adventurers, determined on finding
what they fancied had exiflence ; and, on the part of the native Americans, interefted
in ridding themfelves of unwelcome guefls, a genius prone to exaggeration and lies, that
thefe, I fay, are media fufficlent to account for the aflimilation of objeds thus widely dif-
fimilar in themfelves, and the change and disfigurement of fads, fo as not to be known
for the fame. The hiftory of the difcoveries in the new world furnifh more than one
inftance of metamorphofes equally ftrange.

I poffefs an extract from the journal and a copy of the map of NicolasiHortfman, a
native of Hildefheim, probably the lafl traveller who attempted a difcovery of thefe
vifionary incognitse. They were given to me at Para by the author himfelf, who, in
the year 1740, afcended the river Effequibo, whofe mouth is on the ocean between the
rivers Surinam and Oronooco. After having traverfed lakes and vaft tracks of land,
now dragging, now carrying his canoe, and enduring in his excurfion incredible toil
and fatigue, but without any traces of the objed: of his fearch, he at length came to a
river with a fouthern courfe, by which he defcended into the Rio Negro on its northern
fide. The Portuguefe have given it the name of Rio Branco, or White River ; and to
the river Effequibo, the Dutch have attached that of Parima ; doubtlefs, becaufe of
their fuppofmg it to proceed from the lake of that name ; and, for a fimilar reafon, one
of the rivers of Cayenne has a like denomination. It may be conceived by feme, that
this Parima lake was one of thofe croffed by the adventurer lail noticed, but in any of
them, he found fo little that correfponded with the idea he formed of the Golden Lake,
as to be far, in my opinion, from adding his fanftion to fuch a conjedure.

The cryftalline waters of the Black River had barely loft their tranfparence by
blending with the pale and muddy current of the Amazons, before, on the fouth fide,
we drew near the firft mouth of another river, fcarcely fecondary to the preceding, and
no lefs reforted to by the Portuguefe. By them it is called Rio de Madera, or the
Wood River, polTibly from the abundance of trees brought down by its current after
floods. Some idea of the length of its courfe may be entertained, from the fad of its
having been afcended in 1741 as high as to the vicinage of Santa Cruz de la Scirra, an
epifcopal fee of Upper Peru, in latitude 17!° fouth*. In its fuperior part, where the
miifionary fettlement of Moxes is eftabliflied, this river is called Mamore ; of its courfe,
in this part, the Jefuits of Lirfla publiftied a chart in 17 13, which is given in Book XIL
of Lettres Edifiantes et Curieujes ; but the earlieft fource of the Madera is in the neigh-
bourhood of the mines of Potofi, but httle diftant from that of the Pitcomayo, a tri-
butary of the great river De Plata.

The general breadth of the Amazons below the two laft noticed rivers, the Rio Ne-
gro, and the Madera, is about a league ; where iflands occur, its breadth from bank
to bank is two to three leagues ; but in time of the greateft height of its waters, the
widely fpreading deluge has no limits. At this point it is that the Portuguefe of Para
give the name of Amazons to the river ; higher up, it is known by no other than that of
O Rio de Solimoes, the River of Poifons, a diftind:ion which probably originated from
the envenomed aiTows before noticed, the moft common weapon of the inhabitants of
its fliores.

* The whole courfe of this large river exceeds 1,700 Britifh miles, during more than 1,500 '^^ which it
is navigable j and the greater part of this length it is of confiderable depth.

a^o condamine's travels

On the 28th we pafled the Jamundas on the left. Father Acuna calls this river
Cunuris, and ftates it to be that in which Orellana was attacked by the warlike women
whom he calls Amazons. A little below, we landed on the fame fide oppofite to the
Portuguefe fort Pauxis, where the bed of the river is narrowed to a breadth of nine
hundred and five toifes. The tide rifes thus high, at leaft the waters rife and fall
vifibly every twelve hours, and each day at a later period than on the preceding, as
upon the coaft. As the higheft rife of the tide at Para is fcarcely ten feet and a half,
as I afcertained by new obfervation, it follows that from Pauxis to the fea, a diftance
of upwards of two hundred leagues, or, according to Father Acuna, three hundred
and fixty, the fall of the river is not more than ten feet and a half ; this well agrees with
the height of the mercury hi the barometer which, at Fort Pauxis, fourteen toifes above
the level of the water, was about one and a fourth line higher than at Para on the fea.

It will readily be conceived that the flow of tide will not be experienced at the ftrait
of Pauxis, more than two hundred leagues from Cape North at the mouth of the
Amazons, until many days after its occurrence at that cape, inftead of in five or fix
hours, the ordinary duration of the flux of the fea. In fad:, between the coafl: and
Pauxis, there are a fcore of points which mark, as I may fay, the diurnal progrefs of
the tides in afcending the river. At all thefe different points the height of tide is
noticed at the fame infl:ant as on the coaft: ; thus, fuppofing, for more clear explana-
tion of what I mean to exprefs, that the interval between each two of thefe points were
twelve leagues, there would be high water within fuch interval at every intermediary
hour ; that is to fay, at every league afcending from the fea, one hour later than at the
preceding. The fame, in courfe, takes place with refped: to low water. Thefe alte-
rations, however, of ebb and flow, as before remarked, are confl:antly and naturally
fubjeO: to the fame retardment every day as on the coaft;. A fimilar progreflion of
undulatory tides, in all probability, prevails at open fea, making the period of high
and low water gradually later in proportion to the dift:ance of each fpot from the point
where the firft: rife and fall of the fea takes place till the breaking of its waves on the
fhores. The graduation of the decreafe of velocity with which the tide flows on afcend-
ing the river ; two oppofite currents obferved on the flux of tide, the one at the fur-
face, the other at a certain depth ; two others, one of which runs up along the margin
of the river and increafes its fpeed, while the other, in the middle of the river, runs
down, and is fl:ayed in its progrefs ; and, finally, again two other bppofite currents,
which frequently meet in the vicinage of the fea in the natural crofs-channels, where
the flux at one inft:ant enters either extremity ; all thefe fads, of which I am uncertain
whether fome of them have ever been duly noticed, and the diffierent combinations of
them, together with divers other accidental circumfl:ances relating to the tides, that in
a river in which they afcend to a greater dift:ance in all probability from the fea than in
any other in the world, are doubtlefs more numerous and more varied than in any part ;
would aflfuredly give room for curious, and perhaps altogether, novel remarks ; but, in
order to leave little to conjecture, they would require a fucceflion of minute obfervations,
a long refidence at each fpot, and a delay, which but ill agreed with the reafonable
anxiety I experienced of revifiting France, after an abfence already of nearly m'ne years*
duration. I did not omit, however, to pay attention, in the neighbourhood of Para and
the North Cape, to a phenomenon incident to the fpring-tides, of greater fingularity
than any to which I have alluded, and to which, at due feafon, I fliall advert.

We were received at Pauxis, as we had every where elfe been, from the infl:ant of
our entering the territories of Portugal. The Commandant, Captain Manuel Maziel

Par^nte,

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 241

Parente detained us four days at the fort, and again another day at his country-houfe ;
and afterwards accompanied us fix or feven days as far as to the fortrefs Curupa, half
way to Para. The pofitive orders of His Portuguefe Majefty, favourable in extreme to
my fafety and comfort, were known at every ftation before I arrived, and infured the
moft obliging treatment, not to myfelf alone, but to all who accompanied me ; a treat-
ment continued through the whole of my journey to Para, for which I am under the
higheft obligations to a minifter who loves the fciences, who duly values their utility,
and whofe careful vigilance was ever on the alert to provide, during our long fojourn
at Quito, for all the wants of our numerous companions.

In lefs than fixteen hours, we arrived oppofite the fortrefs of Topayos, at the entrance
of the river of fimilar name ; this again is a river of the firfl order ; it defcends from
the mines of Brazil, croffing unexplored countries inhabited by wild and warlike nations,
whom the miffionary Jefuits are employed in civilizing.

The town of Topayos has rifen out of the ruins of Tupinambara, formerly fituate in
a large ifland at the mouth of the river Madera ; and its inhabitants are nearly all that
remains of the brave Tupinambos, but two centuries back the lords of Brazil, and
through which their language yet prevails. For their hidory and long peregrinations,
the narrative of Father Acuiia may be confulted.

Among the Topayos thofe green (tones are more common than with anv other people,
known by the name of Amazonian, of unknown origin, and Which formerly were in
high requefi: for their fuppofed efficacy in curing the flone, niphritic colic, and epilepfy,
and on which a treatife, under the title of Pierre Divine, or the Divine Stone, has been
publifhed. Thefe ftones differ nothing in colour and in hardnefs to oriental jade ; and
as they refifl the file, it is inconceivable how the ancient Americans were enabled to
fafhion them as they did into the fhape of various animals. It was no doubt the difficulty
of folving this problem which gave origin to a fable fo improbable in itfelf as fcarcely to
merit refutation. It was feriouily afferted, that this (tone was nothing elfe than the mud
of the river, which, when recently taken from its bed, might be moulded into any form,
and which obtained its extreme hardnefs by expofure to the air. Yet were this marvel
granted, refpefting the fallacy of wl^ich credulity was not undeceived but by fuccefsful
experiment alone, flill would the lapidary be pofed to anfwer a queftion of fimilar
nature. This queftion is, by what means were wrought thofe rounded and polifhed
emeralds, pierced with two conical holes diametrically oppofite one to the other, which
are ftill to be found in Peru, on the banks of the river St. Jago, in the province of
Efmeraldas, forty leagues from Quito, and which are accompanied by divers other
monuments of the ingenuity of the ancient inhabitants. As for the green ftones, they
every year become more fcarce, as well owing to the unwillingnefs of the American
natives, by whom they are highly prized, to part with them, as to the great number of
them which have found their way to Europe.

The 4th, we began to diftinguifh the mountains in the north ten or twelve leagues in
land. To us who, from leaving the Pongo, had navigated two months without feeing
one fingle hill, this fpeclacle was a novelty. What we faw were the anterior hills of a
long chain of mountains extending from weft to eaft, the loftieft ridges of which maun-
tains divide the fpring heads of the ftreams which irrigate the northern plain of the Ama-
zons, and thofe of Guyana. To thefe mountains it was, according to tradition in the
country, that the Amazons withdrew. Another tradition, no lefs general, but of the
truth of which lefs conteftible evidence is faid to be afforded, reputes thefe mountains
to abound in mines of various metals. This laft ftatement, however, though of a nature

VOL. XIV. II to

242 ' condamine'^ travels

. to excite the attention of a greater number of inquifitive perfons, is, neverthelefs, no
better fubftantiated than the other.

On the evening 'of the 5th, I noticed, at fun-fet, that the variation of the compafs
was 5 1* eafl. Finding no fpot favourable to my landing, I made my obfervation on the
trunk of an uprooted tree driven by the current and fixed againfl the fhor£. We had
the curiofity to meafure the length of this tree, which, from the roots to the fhooting
of the branches, meafured eighty-four feet, and, in circumference, notwithftanding it
was withered and ftripped of its bark, twenty-four. By this tree, thrown in our way
by chance ; by the great dimenfions of the pirogues of which I have had occafion to
fpeak, hollowed from one fmgle trunk ; and by a table without joint, of a hard wood
that received an admirable polifh, from eight to nine feet long by a breadth of four and
a half, which we afterwards faw in the houfe of the governor of Para, fome idea may
be formed of the height and beauty of the timber that grows on the banks of the
Amazons, and many of the rivers by which its volume is increafed.

At night-fall, on the 6th, we left the principal trunk of the Amazons, oppofite to
fort Para, newly eredted by the Portuguefe on the northern bank, on the ruins of an
old Dutch fort. There, to avoid the jflrong current at the mouth of the river Xingu,
which had proved deftruftive to many canoes, we entered a natural canal communicat-
ing with the laft-mentioned rivers. The iflands in the mouth of the Xingu, which
form a number of channels, prevented my meafuring by triangles its actual breadth ;
but as near as it can be determined by the eye, it is not lefs than a league. It is the
fame river which Father Acuria, from what he learnt of natives fpeaking a different
language to thofe now inhabiting its banks, (and here it is fit I ihould obferve, that in
the different tongues fpoken, rivers are often known by different names,) calls Para-
naiba, and Father Fritz, in his chart, Aoripana ; Xingu is the American name of a
village, the feat of a miffion, fome leagues up the river. It defcends, like the Topayos,
from the mines of Brazil ; feven or eight days* journey up this river is a cataradt,
which, however, does not prevent its being navigable to a height, whither it requires
two months to fail up. Its banks abound in two fpecies of aromatic trees, the one called
Cuchiri, the other Puchiri. The fruit of them, about the fize of a Spanifh olive,
refembles in flavour the nutmeg, and, grated, is ufed as a fubftitute for that fpice. The
bark of the firft has the fmell and tafte of the clove, which, by the Portuguefe, is
termed Cravo ; whence the French of Cayenne, by corruption, apply to the tree which
bears this bark the term Bois de Crabe^ or Crab-tree. Were it not for the fpices ob-
tained from the eaft, this would be more known in Europe. In many fpirituous
liquors made in Italy and England, it forms a component ingredient.

After the union of the Xingu with the Amazons, the breadth of this is fo confider-
able, that but for the continued fucceffion of great iflands which interrupt the fcan of
the eye, the fpeftator on the one bank would be unable to defcry that oppofite to him *.
At this place we found ourfelves happily entirely freed from the mufquitoes, gnats, and
flies of every fpecies, which had been our greate{l torment throughout the whole of
our voyage, a torment indeed fo intolerable, that the natives themfelves never travel
without a cotton awning to proteft them from their flings during the night. At cer-
tain feafons one is entirely enveloped in fome parts, efpecially in the country of the
Omaguas, by clouds of thefe infe<fts, whofe flinging caufes- extreme itching. It is a

* If lefs than eleven Englifli miles in'Tjreadth, the banks on one fide muft be vifible from the other,
vwitV allowing them to be each eighteen feet above low water-mark, and the eye of the obferver five feet from
the bank. Trans.

well-

IN SOUTH AMERICA. «43

well-known fad, and highly worthy of remark, that from the mouth of the Xingu
they no longer are feen, or at leaft are very rare on the right bank of the Amazons,
while the oppofite bank continues ftill infefted by them. After refleding on this fmgu-
larity, and examining the fites of thefe fpots, I conceived this diflference to be the con-
fequence of the change in the courfe of the river at this place ; it rifmg here to the
north, the eaft wind, which almoft ccinftantly prevails, mufl necefTarily, coming from
fea, drive thefe infefts to the weftern Ihore.

On the 9th, in the morning, we arrived at the Portuguefe fortrefs of Curupa, built
by the Dutch when mafters of the Brazils. The King's lieutenant received us with
extraordinary marks of diflindion. The three days of our flay were one continued
gala, in which was difplayed the moft profufe magnificence, fuch indeed as was little to
be expected in this country. Curupa is a fmall Portuguefe town, in which are no other
natives than fuch as are flaves to the inhabitants. It is pleafantly fituate on high ground,
on the fouth-eaflern bank of the river, eight days' fail from Para.

From Curupa, where the ebb and flow is very perceptible, boats move only with the
tide ; at a few leagues below, a fmall arm of the Amazons, called Tagipuru, leaves the
main channel, which has a northern courfe, and, taking an oppofite direction towards
the fouth, tends to form the great ifland Joanes or Marayo, disfigured in all maps.
From its extremity on this bend it changes its courfe, and, forming a femicircle, rifes
north by eaft, and is fhortly loft in an eftuary which receives feveral large rivers one
after the other. The moft confiderable of thefe is : firfl, the Rio de dos Bocas, or the
Two-mouthed Rivers, formed of the union of the Guanapu and Pacujas ; it is two
leagues wide at its mouth, and is laid down in all the old maps, as well as the Laet,
under the name of the Para river ; the fecond the Tocantin, of ftill greater width than
the preceding, allows navigation to a height which it requires feveral months to attain,
and, like the Topayos and the Xingu, has its origin among the mountains of Brazil,
abounding in mines ; finally, the Muju, which, two leagues up from its mouth I
found feven hundred and forty-nine toifes in breadth, and on which I faw a frigate be-
longing to His Portuguefe Majefly going up under full fail, in order to take, many
leagues higher up, certain rare and curious wood, the growth of its banks. On the
eaftern bank of this river it is that Para is fituate, jufl below the mouth of the river
Capim, which, fhortly before its difemboguing itfelf into the eftuary, receives another
called the Guama. Nothing lefs than the fight of a corred map is requifite to furnifh
a diftind idea of the fite of this city at the concourfe of fo many rivers, and prove that
it is not without reafon its inhabitants are far from conceiving themfelves placed on the
banks of the Amazons, of which river it is poffible that not a fingle drop bathes the
walls of their city ; for as well might we fay that the Loire flows by Paris, becaufe that
river communicates, by the canal of Riare, with the Seine. Indeed there is abundant
ground for fuppofing, that the immenfe quantity of running water which feparates the
Terra Firma on which Para ftands from the ifland Joanes, would experience no fenfible
diminution, though the communication between it and the Amazons fhould be inter-
rupted by the clofure, or deviation of the narrow branch of this river, which comes,
as it were, to take poffeffion of all thefe rivers before recited, by ufurping their titles.
This, however, if fuch be chofen, may remain a queftion ; and that I may accommo-
date myfelf to the common opinion, I fhall not objed to ftating, that Para ftands on
the eaftern mouth of the Amazons ; all that is required of me being, to flate in what
light this is to be underftood.

On my pafTage from Curupa to Para, without being confulted on the courfe I chofe,
I was conduded between iflands, by narrow and crooked canals, from one river to an-

112 other,

244 . CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

Other, for the purpoie of avoiding the peril attendant on pafling their mouths. What
enfured my fafety, and had been gratifying to another traveller, was far from fatisfac-
tory to me, whofe chief objedl was the ftrufture of my chart ; in order, mid this tortu-
ous labyrinth of iflands and innumerable canals, to preferve the thread of my rout,
while it largely multiplied my toil, exaded redoubled attention.

I have hitherto faid nothing of the fmgular fifli which the Amazons produces, nor
of the rare animals found on its banks. This portion of natural hiftory alone would
furnifli materials for an entire work, and the exclufive ftudy of it would not only re-
quire a voyage exprefsly undertaken for the purpofe, but a traveller whofe attention
fhould be called to no other objed. I fhall merely enumerate fome of the mofl
fingular.

At St. Pablo de Omaguas I defigned, from nature, the largeft frefh-water fifh that
is known, to which the Spaniards and Portuguefe have given the name of the Sea-cow
or Sea-bull ; which, however, mufl not be confounded with the feal or fea-calf. The
one in queilion browzes the grafs of the banks of rivers, and in its flefh and fat bears
fome reiemblance to veal. The female has teats, with which it fuckles her young.
Some writers have increafed the fmiilitude fuppofed between it and the bull, by attri-
buting horns to it, which nature, lefs generous than they, has denied. It is not am-
phibious, properly fpeaking, as it never entirely quits the water ; and, indeed, is unable
fo to do, having only two fins near the head, in fhape of fmall wings, about fixteen
inches long, which ferve it for hands and feet, and, confequently, merely raifes its
head out of water to reach the grafs it feeds on, The one I defigned was a female ;
its length was feven and a half Paris feet, and its greateft breadth two : I have fince
feen others of fuperior fize. The eyes of this animal are difproportionate ; they are
round, and only three lines in diameter ; the opening of the ears is dill fmaller, and
can better be compared to nothing than a hole made with a pin. This fifh, by fome,
has been reckoned peculiar to the Amazons, but it is equally common in the Oronooco ;
it is likewife, though lefs frequently, found in the Oyapoc, and in many other rivers of
Cayenne, and off the coaft of Guyana, and very probably in other parts. It is the
fame animal in genus, though I think of different fpecies, that is called the Lamentin,
in Cayenne, and in the French iflands of America. It is not met with in the open fea,
and is rare near the mouths of rivers ; but it is found inland at more than a thoufand
leagues from the fea in the major part of the great rivers which fall into the Amazons,
the Gullaga for example, the Paflaca, &c. In the Amazons itfelf, it is only flopped
in its upward courfe by the Pongo of Borja ; but this barrier is no obftacle to another
fifh called Mixano, as diminutive as this is large, many of them not exceeding the
length of a finger. This fry annually proceed to Borja, at the commencement of the
fubfiding of the waters, about the end of June. They prefent nothing fingular, if we
except the ftrength they exhibit in flemming and fwimming againfl the current. As
the narrow bed of the river neceffarily^ colle6ls them in great number near the flrait^
they are feen crofling in fhoals from one bank to another, and, alternately on either
fide, overpowering the violence with which the waters are impelled through this flrait.
When the waters are low, they are taken by hand from the hollows in the rocks of the
Pongo, where they refl to refume their flrength, and which ferve them as fo many
ladders in afcending.

In the neighbourhood of Para I faw a kind of lamprey, the body of which, Hke that
of the common fpecies, is pierced by many openings, but, at the fame time, it pof-
feffes the fame faculty with the torpido ; whoever prefumes to touch it with the hand,
or even with the end of a ftick, experiences a painful numbnefs in the arm, and a

I fhcck.

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 245

fhock, which is faid at times to be fo powerful, as to lay one proftrate. Of this laft
aflerted fad I had no ocular proof. M. de Reaumur has unfolded the myflery of the
iecret fpring which occafions this wonderful effed in the torpido.

The turtles of the Amazons are much in efteem at Cayenne, being reckoned the
moft delicious that are known. So numerous are they on this river, of different fpe-
cies and of various fize, that they alone with their eggs would yield ample nourifhment
to the inhabitants of its banks. Tortoifes or land turtle likewife abound, called, in the
Brazilian tongue, Tabutis ; thefe, at Para, are preferred to the other or river turtle.
Either, but efpecially the latter, will live for months together out of the water, and
without any vifible nourifhment.

Indulgent nature feems, by her prodigality, to favour the general idlenefs of the
Americans, and anticipate all their wants : the lakes and marfhes which occur at every
ftep on the banks of the Amazons, and, occafionally, at confiderable diflance inland,
are filled with fifh of every kind at the time of the annual inundations ; and when the
waters fall, they remain in thefe as in fo many natural refervoirs, where they are caught
with the utmoft eafe.

In the province of Quito, in the different countries traverfed by the Amazons, at
Para, and in Cayenne, a variety of plants are found, which differ from all known in
Europe ; the leaves or roots of which, thrown into the water, have the faculty of in-
toxicating fifli. While thus torpified, they float on the water, and are taken with the
hand ; by means of thefe plants, and by weirs, which they place at the mouth of fmall
ftreams, the Americans catch as many fifh as they pleafe : to preferve thefe, they fmoke
them in riddles very rarely, ufmg fait for this purpofe ; the inhabitants of the miffion
of Maynas, however, obtain rock-falt from a mountain in the neighbourhood of the
Gullaga ; and thofe fubjeft to Portugal, from Para, whither it is brought from
Europe.

Crocodiles are very common through the whole courfe of the Amazons, and even
in mofl of its tributaries. They are fometimes twenty feet in length, and pofTibly more.
In the river of Guyaquil, I faw many before I embarked on the Amazons. They
remain for hours and days together flretched on the mud, expofed to the fun, and
motionlefs, and refemble trunks of trees or long pieces of timber covered with rough
and dry bark. As thofe of the banks of the Amazons are lefs purfued, they are con-
fequently lefs fearful of man. During the floods, they fometimes enter the cabins of
the Americans, and more than one example has occurred, of this ferocious animal
having borne away a man from his canoe in fight of his companions, and devoured him
without the poflibility of refcue.

The mofl dangerous adverfary of the crocodile, and, perhaps, the only one that
dares encounter it, is the tiger. A combat between thefe two animals mufl prefent a
lingular fpedacle, but fuch a fight muff neceffarily be the refult of hazard, and very
uncommon. The Americans give this account of it. When the tiger approaches the
river's brink to quench its thirfl, the crocodile raifes its head to feize him, as on fimi-
lar occafions it attacks fleers, horfes, mules, and whatever animal prefents itfelf ; the
tiger then flrikes its talons into the eyes of the crocodile, the only undefended part ;
but this diving into the water carries the tiger with it, ys^hich fuffers rather to be drowned
than forego its prey. The tigers, an animal common to all hot countries covered with
wood, which I faw in America, differ neither in fize nor beauty from thofe of Africa.
Of them there is a one fpecies with a brown fkin without flripes. The Americans are
very expert in combating the tiger with a fpontoon or half-pike, their common travel-
ling weapon.

Iq

246 condamine's travels

In the province of Quito only, and no where on the banks of the Amazons, did I
meet with the animal called by the Peruvians Puma, the lion of the American Spa-
niards. I cannot determine whether it be deferving the name ; the male has no mane,
and is much fmaller than the lions of Africa. I never faw any but fuch as were dead
and fluffed.

It would be no fubjedt of wonder if bears, common but in cold countries, though
found on feveral of the mountains of Peru, fhould be unknown in the woods of the
Maraiion, of which the climate is fo different ; neverthelefs, in this part I have heard
mention made of an animal called Ucumari, a name that in the Peruvian tongue de-
fignates the bear, though I never was able to convince myfelf of its identity to that
beafl.

The elk, which is found in fome of the wooded diflri£ts of the Cordilleras of Quito,
is not uncommon in the woods of the Amazons, nor in thofe of Guyana. I give the
name of elk here to the animal known to the Spaniards and Portuguefe by the name of
Danta, by that of Uagra to the Peruvians, and Tapiira to thofe of Brafil, and which
is called in the Galibi tongue on the coafls of Guyana Maypouri. As the continent in
the neighbourhood of the ifland of Cayenne forms a part of the continent traverfed by
the Amazons, and adjoins the plain watered by that mighty river, in each country is
found mofl of the animals common to the other.

I defigned on my way among the Yameos, a fpecies' of weazel which is eafily tamed :
I was unable to pronounce or write the name by which it was called, but I faw one
again in the vicinage of Para, when it was termed Coati, in the Brazilian tongue.
This animal is mentioned by Laet.

Monkeys are the moft common game, and that mofl prized by the Americans of the
Amazons. In the courfe of my long voyage down this river I faw fo many, and heard
fpeak of fuch a variety of fpecies, that the mere enumeration of their names would
take up much time. There are fome as large as a grey-hound, and others fmall as a
rat; I do not mean in this comparifon to allude to the diminutive fpecies called
Sapajou, but others much fmaller, difficult to tame, with long fhining hair moflly of
a chefnut colour, and fometimes fpotted \nth fawn. They have tails twice the length
of the body, a fmall fquare head, falient ears, pointed like thofe of the cat and dog,
and not like thofe of other monkeys, between whom and thefe tliere is little refem-
blance, as thefe have rather the look and port of a lion. At Maynas they are called
Pinches, in Cayenne Tamarins. I had many, but was unable to preferve them : they
are of the fame fpecies called in the Brazilian tongue Sahuins, in French Sagoins ;
Laet fpeaks of them, citing L' Eclufe and Lery. That prefented to me by the gover-
nor of Para, was the only one of its fpecies ever feen in the country ; the hair of its
body was filvered, and a beautiful auburn ; that of the tail, a fhining chefnut approach-
ing'to black. It had another fingularity flill more remarkable ; its ears, cheeks, and
mouth, were of a vermillion, fo lively as fcarcely to be taken for a work of nature.
I kept it a whole year, and it was flill living while I was writing this defcription
almofl within fight of the French fhore, to which country I promifed myfelf the plea-
fure of bringing it alive ; but, not withflan ding every precaution I took to gui-rd it from
cold, probably owing to the rioour of the feafon, it died.' As I had no convenience
on board to dry it in the manner recommended by Mr. Reaumur, all I could do was to
preferve it in fpirits, but even thus it will probably exhibit fufficient to fhew no exagge-
ration in the defcription I have given.

This country produces many other rare animals, but mofl of them have already been
defcribed, and are found in divers parts of America, for example, various fpecies of

boar§

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 247

boars and rabbits, the pac, the ant-eater, the porcupine, the floth, the tatoo or arma-
dillo, and numerous others, of which fome were drawn by me, while of the refidue
the reprefentations taken by M. de Morainville were left in the cuftody of Mr. Godin.

It is by no means aftonilhing that in countries fo hot and humid as that of which I
treat, ferpents and fnakes of every kind fhould be common, I have read, but in what
relation I forget, that none of thofe of the Amazons are poifonous ; what however is
more certain, while many of them are perfectly innocent, of a number of others the
bite is almoft conftantly mortal. One of the moft dangerous is the rattle-fnake, re-
markable by the variety and livelinefs of its colours ; but the moft rare and fingular
of all is a large amphibious ferpent, from twenty-five to thirty feet long and more than
a foot thick, according to report ; it is called Tacu Mama, or the Mother of the Water
by the Americans of Maynas, and commonly inhabits the large lakes formed by the river*
waters after floods. Fadts are related refpedling them of which not even the fancied evi-
dence of my fenfes could prevent me from doubting, though I fhould fee them, and which
I merely venture to repeat from the ferious alTurance of their authenticity of the author
of El Oronooco Iluftrado before quoted. Not only as affirmed by the Americans,
does this amazing ferpent fwallow a goat whole, but alfo by its breath irrefiftibly
attrads thofe animals towards it, which it devours. Various Portuguefe of Para en-
deavoured to perfuade me of the verity of tales equally improbable, for example, of
another immenfe fnake which kills men with its tail. I fufpeft this laft to be of the
fame fpecies found in the woods of Cayenne. There, experience fliews, that notwith-
ftanding its teeth are well calculated to excite terror, a man may be bitten by it, and
preferve the marks of its fangs without any dangerous confequence : of this reptile I
brought home two Ikins, one of which, dry as it is, meafures fifteen feet long by more
than one in breadth. Doubtlefs others of flill larger dimenfions have exiftence. I am
indebted for thefe flcins, and various other natural curiofities to the Jefuits of Cayenne,
Mr. de Lille Adam commiffary of the navy, Mi. Arthur King's phyfician, and feveral
of the officers belonging to the garrifon.

The worm called by the Maynas, Suglacuru ; and at Cayenne, Macaque ; grows
in the flefh of men and animals to the fize of a bean, and occafions intolerable an-
guifh. I defigned the only one I faw, and have the worm itfelf preferved in fpirits of
wine ; it is related to originate from the egg of a fpecies of gnat or mufquito, but of
this there is hitherto no certainty.

Bats which fuck the blood of horfes, mules, and even men, when unfheltered from
them by fleeping under cover, are a torment common to moft of the hot countries of
America ; fome of them are of monftrous fize ; at Borja, and in various other parts
they have entirely deftroyed the cattle introduced by the miffionaries, and which had
previoufly begun to multiply.

The variety of birds of different fpecies in the forefts of the Maranon is ftill greater
than of quadrupeds, but it is generally remarked, that fcarcely any have a pleafing fong,
their chief recommendation being their fplendid plumage, and the diverfity of colours
with which they enchant the eye. Among thefe beautiful works of nature, none
exceed the Colibri mentioned by numerous authors, and which is common in America
throughout the torrid zone. Of this magnificent bird I fliall only remark, that though
it is generally underftood to belong to hot climates alone, I have no where feen it in
fuch numbers as in the gardens of Quito, the temperate climate of which is rather cool
than otherwife. The Toucan, the red and yellow beak of which is fo large and dif-
proportionate to its body ; and to whofe tongue, which refembles a long and narrow
quill, great virtues are afcribed ; is another bird not peculiar to this country alone.

10 Of

24S CONDAMINE's TRA\T3LS

Of parrots and water-fowl, the varieties, differing in fize, colour and form, are nura-
berlefs ; xhe mofl rare among the parrots are thofe entirely yellow, except a fmall tinge
of green at the extremity of the wings. Of this fpecies I law but two at Para, where
the grey with the tip of the wings of a flame colour, fo common in Guenca, is
unknown.

The Maynas, Omaguas, and various other nations form fancy-works in feathers, but
with much inferior ingenuity, and far lefs neatnefs, than is obferved among the Mex-
icans.

The inhabitants on the Oyapoc have the (kill of caufmg parrots to affume colours
different to thofe they originally difplayed, by plucking their feathers and rubbing the
wounds with the blood of certain frogs ; this operation is what in Cayenne is termed
Tapirer un Parroquet : poffibly the fecret confifts in nothing beyond bathing the fpot
from whence the feathers were plucked with fome acid, indeed the application may
be altogether ufelefs, for it is no more wonderful that red or yellow feathers fuould
fpring up in lieu of the green that Were plucked, than to fee grey hairs grow from a
wounded part on a horfe where black had been before.

Among the fmgular birds I faw at Para was one the fize of a goofe, the plumage
of which poffeffes nothing extraordinary, but of which the extremity of the wings is
armed by a Iharp horny fubflance, fimilar to a large thorn, half an inch in length. It
has moreover, above its beak, another very flender and flexible horn, the length
of the fmger : it is called by the Brazilians, from the cry it makes of fimilar found,
Cahuitahu.

The bird called Trompetero by the Spaniards of the province of Maynas, is the fame
with the Agami of Para and Cayenne. It is very familiar and poffeffes nothing extra-
ordinary if the noife it occafionally makes be excepted, which has earned it the title
of trumpeter. Thofe who have conceived the noife made by this bird to be a note
or fong, are much in error ; it proceeds not from the throat, but an organ diametri-
cally oppofite.

The celebrated Contur, by corruption called Condor, of Peru, which I faw in
many parts of the mountains of the province of Quito, is likewife found, if reliance is
to be placed in my informants, on the banks of the Maranon, nay, I have myfelf feen
thefe birds fcudding over a flock which probably the prefence of rhe fhepherd retrained
them from pouncing upon. It is a generally received opinion that the Contur can
carry off a kid, and fometimes flies away with a child. It is faid the Americans, as a
lure, expofe the image of a child, formed of a fpecies of clay of very vifcous and ad-
herent nature, from which this bird, ftriking on it as it pitches, with violence, is
afterwards unable to difengage itfelf.

On the 19th of September, nearly four months from my leaving Cuenca, I arrived
within fight of Para, called by the Portuguefe the Great Para (Para in the Brazilian
tongue fignifying a river), and landed at a dependency of the college of Jefuits. The
provincial of the convent gave us welcome, and the reftor detained us a week, pro-
curing us every diverfion the country could afford, while apartments in the city were
preparing for our reception. On reaching Para on the 27th, we found in readinefs
for us, a very commodious and richly furniflied houfe, with a garden commanding the
fea, and precifely fituate as I wiflied, for the obfervations I had to make. The gover-
nor and captain-general of the province received us in that handfome manner we were
led to expeO:, from the orders he had tranfmttted for our treatment on the way, to
' the different commandants of the forts, and from the ftrong recommendations in our
favour, tranfmitted by him to the various miffionaries we had met with.

On

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

249

On reaching Para and bidding adieu to the woods of the Amazons, we fancied our-
felves at once tranfported to Europe. We found here a large city, rectilinear ftreets,
pleafant houfes, moft of them rebuilt of ftone and brick within the iaft thirty years,
and churches of magnificent appearance.

The commerce of Para direft with Lifbon, whence a fleet of merchant fhips arrives
every year, enable thofe of the place whofe circumftances are eafy, to provide them-
felves with all the comforts of life. They receive European commodities in exchange
for the produce of the country ; fome little gold-duft brought from the interior of the
Brazils, and all the various ufeful articles as well from the rivers which fall into the
Amazons, as from that river itfelf, fuch as clove-wood and the black nutmeg, falfapa-
rilla, vanilla, fugar, cofi'ee, and in abundance cocoa, which is the currency of the
country, and at the fame time its ftaple.

Probably the latitude of Para had never before been obferved on Ihore, for when I
arrived there I was confidently told I was under the line. Fritz's map places this city
in lat. 1° o' S. By repeated obfervations, all of them agreeing, I found it to be t^ 2%' S.
which latitude differs immaterially from that laid down in the Map of Laet, one,
not to my knowledge followed by any after-geographers. In the New Portuguefe
Traveller it is laid down in lat. i ^ 40' S. As to the longitude I am enabled to fix it
with nicety by the eclipfe of the moon, which I obferved on ift Nov. 1743, and by
two immerfions of the firfl fatellite of Jupiter, on the 6th and 29th December, in the
fame year. In the interval of my procuring correfponding obfervations in fome fpot
the longitude of which is authenticated, as there were none effefted at Paris, I calcu-
lated the difference of the two meridians of Para and Paris to be three hours, twenty-
four minutes. I omit the obfervations I made on the variation and dipping of the
needle, and on the tides, which are rather irregular at Para.

A more important obfervation, and which immediately relates to the figure of the
earth, the chief objeft of our voyage, was undertaken by me ; I mean the afcertain-
ment of the length of the pendulum to give mean time, or rather the difference of the
length of fuch pendulum at Quito and at Para, one of thefe cities being on a level with
the fea, the other from fourteen to fifteen hundred toifes above its level, and both
under the equino6lial line ; for a degree and a half here is of no confequence. In this
experiment I employed a pendulum twenty-eight inches long, more minutely defcribed
elfewhere, which continued its ofcillations vifibly for more than twenty-four hours and
with which I had made a great number of experiments at Quito, and on Mount Pi-
chinchi feven hundred and fifty toifes above the level of Quito. The refult of nine
experiments made at Para, the two moft diftant of which varied but three ofcillations
in 98,740, I found that my pendulum vibrated from thirty-one to thirty-two times
oftener than at Quito, and from fifty to fifty-one oftener than on Pichinchi. From
thefe experiments I concluded that under the equator, two bodies, one of which
fhould weigh one thoufand fix hundred and the other one thoufand pounds, at the fur-
face of the fea, being tranfported, the one to the height of one thoufand four hundred
and fifty, the other to a height of two thoufand two hundred toifes, would each of them
lofe a pound of their weight, as, or nearly, would be the cafe if the fame experiments
were made under the parallels of 22^ and 28° according to the tables of Sir Ifaac
Newton, or, judging from the adlual experiments made under the equator, and in
various parts of Europe, under the parallels of 20° and 25^. The numbers . I
have cited are merely approximate, and I claim the privilege of making what flight
alteration may be neceffary, after applying the fuitable equations, when I pubiifh the
detail of my experiments on the pendulum.

VOL. XIV. K K During

250 condamine's travels

During my fojoum at Para I made feveral {hort excurfions in a canoe, and availed
myfelf on thefe occafions to improve my chart. I was however unable to complete it
without feeing the true mouth of the Amazons, and tracing its northen bank to Cape
North, where it terminates in the fea. This, and other reafons, made me refolve on
proceeding from Para to Cayenne, whence I might fail direct to France, on board a
King's fhip which was there to await me, rather than, as did Mr. Maldinado, profit
of the opportunity afforded by the failing of the Portuguefe fleet, which took its depar-
ture for Lifbon on the 3d of December 1743. I was in confequence detained at Para
till the clofe of the month, lefs owing to the reprefentations made to me of the contrary
winds prevalent at this feafon, than to the difficulty I experienced of procuring a com-
plement of rowers ; the fmall pox, which at this time made great ravage here, having
caufed the country people to abandon the adjacent villages.

It is noticed at Para that this malady is more fatal to the American inhabitants of the
miflions, newly brought from the woods, and who go naked, than to fuch of their
fraternity as are clothed, and who received life, or have long dwelt with the Portu-
guefe. The former, a fort of amphibious animal, as often in the water as on land,
and enured from infancy to the inclemency of the weather, have poffibly in confequence
a lefs porous fliin than the reft of mankind, one confequently which will oppofe more
difficulty to the eruptions. The cuftom, moreover, of thefe people, of rubbing their
(kins over with anatto, genipa, and various thick and greafy oils, which in procefs
of time muft obftru(St the pores, may like wife tend to increafe this difficulty ; and this
conjecture is fupported by an additional obfervation ; the negro flaves from Africa, who
follow no fuch pradice, are lefs affedled by this malady than the natives. However
this may be, the favage newly from the woods who chances to be attacked by this com-
plaint, may in common be regarded as a dead man ; but again, how comes that this
is not the cafe where inoculation is reforted to ? About fifteen years ago a Carmelite
mifTionary, perceiving all his flock dying about him in fucceffion, and having informa-
tion from a news-paper of the efficacy of inoculation, which' at that time made great noife
in Europe, judging wifely, that by reforting to this remedy he might at leaft render doubt-
ful that death, which without the application was certain ; he confequently, after half
his catechumens had perifhed, boldly inoculated the whole of the remainder who had
not hitherto been attacked, and not one of the number died. He was followed in the
example he fet by another miflionary on the Black River, and with equal fuccefs.
The fenfible Carmelite reafoned but as others might have done, who, like him, feeing
the ravage this diforder occafioned, had heard of the fuccefs of the new difcovery ;
yet to him is the honour of its firft introduftion into this part of America.

After thefe experiments, fo well authenticated, it will be reafonably concluded, that,
during the contagion of 1 743 which occafioned my detention at Para, all thofe who
had American flaves would refort to a remedy fo falutary. I fhould myfelf have
thought fo, had I not been witnefs to the contrary ; at leaft as long as 1 ftayed at
Para it was not yet thought oi. It is indeed true, that hitherto the proprietors had
not loft half their flaves.

On the 29th December I embarked for Cayenne, in a canoe belonging to the cap-
tain-general, with twenty-two oars, ftored with every neceffary to render the voyage
comfortable, and furnifhed with recommendations for the Francifcan Fathers of Re-
form, who have their miflion on the ifland Marajo or Joannes, and who on my reach-
ing their abode were inftnided to fupply me with a recruit of rowers ; but the want
of communication between Para and Cayenne, and other accidents, prevented my finding
a Angle good praftical pilot in four villages, at which I landed in the early part of

10 January

m SOUTH AMERICA. i^l

January 1 744. Deftltute therefore of this effential, and committed to the little expe-
rience and timidity of my American rowers, and the perfon afligned me to command
them (a Portuguefe Meftee who fpoke their language and who even confidered me
myfelf as fuDJeft to his orders), I was two months on a voyage which might have been
effeded in a fortnight, a delay which hindered my being able to obferve the comet on
fhore which at this time made its appearance, and which was loft in the fun's rays
before I reached Cayenne.

Some leagues below Para, I crolTed the eaftern mouth of the Amazons, or the Para
branch, feparated from the real or weftern mouth by the large ifland called by the
Portuguefe Joannes, but more commonly at Para Marajo, and by the Americans there
Marago. This fmgle ifland occupies almoft the whole intervening fpace between the
two mouths of the river. It is of an irregular form, and more than one hundred and
fifty leagues in circumference. Inftead of this fingle ifland, in almoft all maps is fub-
ftituted a multitude of fmall iflands, which might be conceived to have been laid down
at hazard were they not copied into the Flambeau de la Mer, accompanied by details
as falfe as circumftantial. The Para branch where I crofled, five to fix leagues below
that city, is upwards of three leagues broad, and thence, as it approaches the fea, con-
tinues to increafe. I coafted along the ifland, running towards the north for thirty
leagues, as far as its laft head-land called Maguari, beyond which I turned weftward,
keeping in with the coaft of the ifland ; which in this direftion fpreads forty leagues,
diverging fcarcely at all from the equatorial line. I pa^ed within fight of two great
iflands which I left on the north, the one called Machiana, the other Caviana, now
deferts, but once inhabited by the Arouas, who, though difperfed, have preferved
their peculiar tongue. Thefe iflands, like the major part of the ifland of Marajo, are
nearly level with the water, fwampy, and almoft uninhabitable. I left the coaft of
Marajo where the ifland bends towards the fouth, and once again enterd into the real
bed, or principal channel of the Amazons, oppofite the new fort of Macapa, on the
weftern bank of the river, tranfported by the Portuguefe two leagues to the northward
of the antient fcite. It would be impoflible on this part to crofs the river in common
boats, were not the channel narrowed by fmall iflands, under flielter of which, by
feleding favourable feafons, it is crofled with fafety. From the laft ifland, however,
to Macapa, there is ftill a diftance of two leagues. In this laft trip I at length repaflied,
for the laft time, the eqfuinodial line, towards which I had infenfibly progreflTed from
the point of embarkation. At Fort Macapa, or, more properly fpeaking, on the fpot
deftined for the new fort, on the 1 8th and 1 9th January, I obferved the latitude to be
o*' 3' N.

The bafement on which the fort is to be raifed is two or three toifes above high-water-
mark. It is only the margin of the river in this part which is covered with trees, the
land in the interior is open, the firft unwooded country which I had noticed fince I had
left the Cordillera of Quito. The natives aflured me it continues thus towards the north,
and that one might travel hence on horfe-back to the fources of the Oyapoc, over large
open favannahs, on which but a few thinly growing fmall woods are feen at intervals.
From the vicinage of the fources of the Oyapoc, are diftinguiftied, towards the north,
the Aprouaga mountains, which alfo are diftinftly perceptible at fea, many leagues
from the coaft. Taking thus much for granted, it is evident that, departing from
Cayenne in lat. 5^ o' N. and proceeding fouthward, two, three, nay perhaps four
degrees of the meridian might have been meafured without quitting the French terri-
tory: in fliort, if chofen, one might, -with permifllon from Portugal, have extended
the line to the parallel of Macapa, that is to fay to the equator. This plan would

K K 2 undoubtedly

8^6 CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

undoubtedly have been more eafy of execution than I conceived it myfelf when I pro=«
pofed it to the Academy twelve months before the voyage to Quito was projeded.
flad my opinion been followed, there is every probability we fhould have returned years
earlier : but it was only by infpeftion of the country could be determined that what I
recommended was pradicable.

Between Macapa and the North Cape, at that part where the main channel is moft
confined by the iilands, and efpecially oppofite the wide mouth of the Arauary, which
falls into the Amazons from the north, a lingular phenomenon is obfervable in the flow
of the tides. For the three days next to a new and full moon, the periods of the higheft
tides, inftead of taking near fix hours in running up, the flood rufhes to its height in
a couple of minutes, not, as may be conceived, in the mofl: tranquil manner. At the
diflance of a league or two a frightful noife is difl;inguiflied, the herald of the Pororoca,
which is the name given by the Americans of the difl:ri6l to this tremendous bore. In
proportion as it advances, the noife increafes, and fliortly a promontory of water is feen^
from twelve to fifteen feet high, which is fucceeded by a fecond, afterwards another, and
fometimes again a fourth, rapidly impelled one after the other, and filling the whole
breadth of the channel : this bore advances with prodigious rapidity, and carries away
before it whatever oppofes refiftance. In fome places I faw large trafts of land torn
from the main, immenfe trees rooted up, and, in fliort, devaftations of every kind, the
effeds of its violence. Wherever it pafles, the fliore is as clean as if it were fwept with a
broom. Canoes, pirogues, and even larger veflels, have no other means of fecurity from the
fury of the bore than by anchoring in great depth of water. I fliall not in this place
expatiate further on the fadl, or its caufe, than to indicate the latter by obferving that,
after attentively remarking the occurrence of this bore in feveral places, I found it no
where happen, fave where the tide, running in by a narrow channel, encounters in its
way a fand-bank, or fliallow, which obftrudls the progrefs of the volume of water it
brings ; in fuch fpots this impetuous and irregular rufli of the waves commences, ceafing
at a fliort diftance beyond where the channel begins to have greater depth or extenfion.
Something fimilar is laid to happen at the Orcades, north of Scotland, frequently in the
Brillol Channel, and occafionally in the mouth of the Garonne, near BoUrdeaux, where
a bore is called Le Mafcaret.

The dread experienced by the chief of my Americans, of not being able, in the fpace
of the five days wanting of the high tides of the full moon, to reach the North Cape,
from which, however, we were but fifteen leagues diftant, and beyond which we fhould
find fhelter, occafioned his determining, notwithftanding my entreaties to the contrary,
to wait nine whole days on a defert ifland, until the moon fhould have fome time pafled
the full. Thenc^ we reached Cape North in lefs than two days ; the day after that of
the moon entering its^laft quarter, when the neap tides occur, we grounded on a mud
bank, and, at ebb, the fea retiredfar from us. The following day, the flood-tide failed
of coming up to us ; in fine, I remained in the mud bank a whole week, during which my
rowers, now without employ, had ample leifure to wander in fearch of brackifh water,
wading for the purpofe through mud up to the waifl:. For my part, I amufed myfelf
as well as I could in this irkfome pofition, by repeating my obfervations within fight of
Cape North, but, as may be guefled, heartily wearied with remaining fo long in latitude
i^ 51' N. My canoe, ftationary on mud hardened by the fun, became a fixed obfer-
vatory. I found the variation of the compafs 4*^ E. ; two and a half degrees lefs E.
than at Pauxis, and remarked, that on every fide I caft my eyes, nothing was to be feen
but Mangle-trees, in lieu of thofe lofty mountains whofe points are fo circumftantially
detailed in the defcription of the coaft which accompanies the charts given in the Flambeau

de

IN SOUTH AMERIOA. 253

de la Met, a book tranflated from all languages, and which, in this part, feems rather
calculated to miflead than afford any light to navigators. At length, at the approach of
the full moon, the commencement of the fame bore fo much dreaded fet us afloat, but
not without much danger, as it drove the canoe before it. and Caufed it to pitch and
labour more in the mud, and with even greater velocity, than I experienced while in
the currents of the Pongo in the upper part of the river I had lately navigated, of
which, at length, I faw the mouth. Here my chart of the Amazons river finilhed ; I
continued, however, to take a plan of the coaft, and to make my obfervations of the
latitudes, as far as Cayenne.

At a diftance of fome leagues weft of the bank and under the fame parallel,
I found a fecond mouth of the Arauari, now barred by the fands. This mouth,
and the deep and broad channel leading to it froin the north, with the iflands
in advance of the cape northward, are the river and bay of Vincent Pin9on. The Por-
tuguefe have their reafons for confounding it with the river Oyapoc, the mouth of
which, by Cape D*Orange, lies in latitude 4° 15' N. ; yet, notwithftanding the article
of the treaty of Utrecht confounds the Oyapoc with the river of Pinion, regarding
them as one, they are neverthelefs fundered by a fpace of more than fifty leagues. This
is a fad that will not be difputed by any who have confulted the old charts of this
' country, and have read the original authors who wrote on America before the eftablifli-
ment of the Portuguefe in Brazil. I found, by obfervations made on the 23d and
24th of February, that the French fort of Oyapoc ftands in latitude 3° 55' N. : its
fite is on the north bank of the river, fix leagues up from its mouth.

At length, after a voyage of two months by land, I may fay, as well as by fea, (for
the coaft is fo flat between Cape North and the ifland of Cayenne, that the rudder
conftantly grounded, or rather, never ceafed furrowing the mud, as half a league from
fhore there was at times no more than a foot of water,) I arrived at Cayenne on the
26th February 1744.

It is well known, that it was in this ifland M. Richer of this academy, in 1672, made
difcovery of the inequality of weights under diflferent parallels, and that his experiments
were the bafe'of the theories of Mr. Huygens and Sir Ifaac Newton refpedting the
figure of the earth ; now, one of the motives which induced me to go to Cayenne,
was a profped of the utility that would refult from a repetition of his experiments, as
we are in the prefent day greatly accuftomed to them, and enabled to exercife far more
precifion than formerly. I bring with me a fteel rule, which, according tg my obfer-
vations, is precifely of the fame length with the fimple pendulum at Cayenne ; but I
look for ftill greater eyaditude, from a comparifon of the number of the ofcillations of
my fixed pendulum at Cayenne with the vibrations at Paris of the fame pendulum in
equal fpace of time, when I fiiali be enabled to make the experiment. This compari-
fon will fliew the pbfitive excefs of the number of the vibrations of the pendulum at Cay-
enne over thofe of the pendulum vibrating feconds at Paris, the length of which is
determined by M. Mairan ; and as more precifion was obferved by him in the afcertain-
ment of the length of this pendulum than any by whom he had been preceded, it is fair to
prefume it is corred. As an eftabliftied term may alfo be regarded the length of the
pendulum afcertained at Quito, in various manners, and with different inftruments, by
M. Codin, M. Bouguer, and myfelf, in which length we feverally agree to within lefs. ^
than the hundredth part of a line. But, from whichever point we proceed, the dif- ^
ference between the number of ofcillations in the fpace of twenty-four hours of the
fame pendulum at Quito, at Para, and at Paris *, determined by a long feries of expe-

* It is queftionable, whether, in lieu of «« Paris," (hOuld not be read « Cayenne." Tr. ^

riments

^54 CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

riments at each place, will give the precife length of a pendulum ftriking feconds on
the equinox at the level of the fea, that length the moft proper, by common confent,
to be received as a univerfal meafure. How defirable, indeed, were fuch a meafure,
at leaft for mathematicians ! The diverfity of tongues, an inconvenience which yet
muft endure for many centuries, does it not prefent fufficient obftacles to the progrefs
of the fciences and the arts, by prefenting, in a degree, the requifite communication
between different people ; but it muft be llill increafed, as one may fay, purpofely, by
an affeftation of ufmg, in each coimtry, and at each fpot, meafures and weights which
conftantly vary one from the other, while nature, in the pendulum ftriking feconds
under the equator, prefents an invariable teft, fo well adapted to the eftablifhment of a
common meafure and a common weight in every country ; one, too, which calls upon
every lover of learning for its adoption ?

The objed of my firft folicitude on reaching Cayenne was, to diftribute to various
perfons feeds of Quinquina, or the Bark-tree, then only eight months old ; by means
of thefe, I trufted to repair the lofs might be experienced by the failure of the young
plants of that tree, the laft of which, preferved by me from the heat of the climate and
the cafualties incident on fo long a voyage, had been carried away by a wave which,
off Cape D* Orange, threatened our canoe with deftrudion. The feeds at Cayenne did
not profper ; indeed, reflecting on their delicacy, and their inevitable expofure to a
high temperature, their profperity was more than could reafonably be expeded. I have
not, moreover, received any information refpeding the refult of thofe I committed to
the management of the Jefuit miffionaries on the Upper Oyapoc, the mountainous ter-
ritory and more temperate climate of whofe eftablifhment affimilated, far more than
Cayenne, with that of Loxa, whence the feeeds were brought.

At Cayenne I obferved the latitude to be, as determined by M. Richer, 5° 56' N. ;
but was at firft furprifed to find, by four obfervations of the firft fatellite of Jupiter,
each of them agreeing with the others, that the difference between the meridians at
Paris and Cayenne is nearly one degree lefs than is ftated in the Connuiffance des Temps ;
but I have fmce learnt, that M. Richer made no obfervation of the fatellites of Jupiter
at Cayenne, and that the longitude of this place was deduced from other obfervations
made by him, in a manner very imperfed and much fubjed to error. A more enlarged
detail on this fubjed, as well as of my remarks on the tides, and the variation and
dipping of the needle, made at the fame place, will more appropriately occur at our
private meetings.

Noticing that at Cayenne, the mountains of Courou, eftimated ten leagues diftant,
were very diftindly vifible, I conceived, that a fpot, whence the flafh and report of a
cannon fired at the fort of Cayenne could be perceived, would be well adapted to the
menfuration of the celerity of found in a climate fo different from that of Quito, where
we had made a variety of experiments. M. d*Orvilliers, commandant of the fort, not
only complied with my requeft of iffuing the requifite orders, but gladly undertook
to fhare the toil with me on the occafion ; M. Frefneau, of the engineer corps, under-
took, on his part, the hoifting of fignals, and afcertaining the celerity of the wind,
with feveral other incidental matters. From five experiments made on two different
days, four of which agreed within lefs than half a fecond in one hundred and ten, and
from the diftance, which was concluded to be twenty thoufand two hundred and thirty
toifes by trigonometrical calculations, in which a bafe twice meafured on a level beach
of one thoufand nine hundred toifes was employed, we determined, as the mean refult
of the celerity of found, deduding for that of the wind, that it flew at ihe rate of one
^hundred and eighty-three and a half toifes in a fecond in this part, whereas its progrefs

- at

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

^55

at Quito was only one hundred and feventy-five. The cannon ufed in thefe experi-
ments was a twelve pounder.

I took advantage of the angles I had already meafured, and the diflances afcertained
in order to determine geometrically the pofition of thirty or forty points, as well in the
ifland of Cayenne as on the continent and the coaft, among others, of certain rocks,
and efpecially that called the Conftable, which ferves as a fea-work to fhips. I likewife
took the angles of elevation of the moft confpicuous capes and mountains. Their
height, well afcertained, would furnifti pilots with a much better dependence than mere
reckoning, for appreciating, on catching fight of them, (and that without other trou-
ble than confulting a fimple table,) their diftance from the coaft. It is but too well
known how necelTary, on approaching the land, an exaft knowledge of this is to the
mariners ; nor is the help which geometry affords to navigation, and which has been
hitherto neglefted, confined to this inftance alone.

On another excurfion out of the iiland, in company with M. d'Orvilliers, we afcend-
ed feveral rivers on the main, and meafured their courfes ; I alfo frequently took the
latitudes, and thus obtained materials which, with the principal points I had before deter-
mined, may ferve to form an exaft map of this colony, which is the more wanting, as
there are none at prefent deferving the name.

During my fojourn at Cayenne, I had the curiofity to try, if the venom of the poi-
foned arrows, which I had preferved upwards of a year, flill retained its adivity, and
whether fugar be in reality as fecure an antidote as it is reprefented. The experiments
for determining thefe points were made in prefence of the governor of the colony, of
feveral officers of the garrifon, and of the King's phyfician. A pullet, flightly wounded
by a fmall arrow, which had been dipped in this poifon thirteen months before, and
which was blown through a farbacan, lived about half a quarter of an hour ; another,
pricked in the wing with one of thefe fame arrows, newly dipped in the venom diluted
with water and immediately withdrawn, feemed to faint a minute afterwards, was fhortly
feized with convulfions, and, notwithftanding it was made to fwallow fugar while in
this ftate, expired. A third, pricked with the fame arrow frefh dipped in the poifon,
having had the fame remedy immediately adminiftered, exhibited no fign of the leafl
inconvenience. I repeated thefe experiments afterwards at Leyden in prefence of the
celebrated profelfors, Miilfenbrock, Van Swieten, and Albinus, belonging to the uni-
verfity there, on the 23d January of this year. The poifon, the force of which was
neceffanly diminifhed by length of time, and by the cold, did not produce its effefts in
lefs than five or fix minutes ; but fugar was given to no purpofe in another inflance,
the fowl which fwallowed it living but a fhort time longer than the other *. The ex-
periment was not repeated. This poifon is an extra^ made by boiling the juices of
certain plants, efpecially particular lianas. For the venom ufed by the Ticunas, which
is that I tried, and which is held in highefl efteeem of all the different fpecies known
along the river Amazons, I a^n^affured that more than thirty kinds of herbs or roots
enter into its compofition. Thefe Americans conftantly follow the fame procefs in pre-
paring it, that handed down to them by their forefathers, and this with as nice exafti-
tude as with us apothecaries in the compofition of the theriaca Andromachi, omitting not

* Should this relation be peifeftly correA, it would appear that, although at a high temperature of
the air fugar immediately taken on the blood becoming infefted with this poifon, may be regarded as a
remedy and antidote, it lofcs its efficacy when adminiftered in a cold climate. The temperature, at the
time the experiment was made at Cayenne, in July, would be about 80* Fahr., while that at Leyden, in
themidfl of winter, was poffibly below 30*. Trans.

the

t^6 ,§|a^v condamine's tra^^ls

the fmalleft ingredient, although it is highly probable the great multiplicity of com-
ponents is as little requifite in the American poifon as in the European antidote.

It will no doubt occafion furprife, that among a people who poflefs an inftrument fo
certain and fo quick of effeft, with which to fatiate their vengeance, their jealoufy or
hate, it fhould be fatal to monkeys or birds alone. It is the more to be admired, as a
miflionary, ever dreaded, and often held in abhorrence by thefe neophytes, towards
whom his functions admit not of Ihewing that indulgence they exadt, though furrounded
by them, lives without fear or miftruft of harm ; and what fliould ftill farther increafe
our admiration, thefe innoxious people are favages, for the major part deftitute of the
leaft idea of religion !

Having learnt, while at Cayenne, the marvellous and even novel fadt, of the multi-
plication of Polypi, difcovered by M. Trembley, and fince confirmed by the experi-
ments of M. Reaumur, M. de Juflieu, and a variety of other naturalifts, I made fome
trials on fea-polypi of large fize, which, off this coaft, are very common. My firft
experiments were not attended with fuccefs, and an illnefs with which I was feized,
prevented my repeating them as I intended.

Five months* ftay at Cayenne, without feeing the King's fhip arrive, which was
expefted, and without receiving any news from France, a pleafure of which I had been
deprived for five years, made more impreflion upon me than nine years' travelling and
fatigue. I was attacked with a lownefs of fpirits and the jaundice, from which I found
greater relief than from all medicine, in the extremely polite anfwer I received from
M. Mauricius, governor of the Dutch colony of Surinam, in which he invited me to
his houfe at Surinam, and offered me a paffage to Holland, engaging to furnifh me with
a paffport in cafe of rupture between France and the States General. I loll not a mo-
ment ; and, after a ftay of fix months at Cayenne, I left it in a convalefcent ftate on
the 2 2d Auguft 1744, in a King's barge, furnifhed me by M. Orvilliers, with a ferjeant
belonging to the garrifon, who had command only over the rowers. In confequence,
this trip was much fhorter than that from Para to Cayenne. I flopped on the way no
longer than was neceffary to complete my crew of Americans. The miflionary father
at Senamary procured me a fufficient number of hands, notwithflanding the rumour of
a contagious diflemper exifting at Surinam, which, though falfe, had fpread to a dif-
tance a general panic among the natives. Deduding lloppages, now voluntary, and
now conflrained, I was fomewhat more than fixty hours on my voyage from Cayenne
to the river of Surinam, which I entered the 27th.

On the 28th, I afcended the river the height of five leagues, which brought me to
Paramaribo, the capital of the Dutch colony of Surinam, the governor of which, in
his conduft, furpaffed the expedations I had formed from his obliging letters. I ob-
ferved the latitude, which I found to be 5^ 49' N. ; and I likewife made feveral other
' obfervations during the five days I flopped : on the 3d September, I embarked , on
board a merchant fliip bound to Amfterdam.

The 29th, we difpenfed with fhewing my paffport to an Englifh cruifer, owing to
the bad weather ; this, however, would probably have met with little refpeft, as, at firft
fight, the cruifer faluted us with fhot, to make us fend our boat on board, notwith
ftanding we were under Dutch colours.

On the 6th November, at the entrance of the channel, we were accofted by a cruifer
from St. Maloes for a fimilar purpofe, but in a lefs difcourteous manner, for, coming
within hail, the captain was fatisfied, on the affurance I gave him, mentioning who I
was, of whence we were, that he was merely lofmg time with us. On the i6th, at
the entrance of the Texel, we took on board a coafting pilot to condud us into port ;

9 ^"^

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IN SOUTH AMERICA* 257

but, forced to keep aloof from the land we fought, we kept wandering about at random,
conftantly founding, and accompanied with conftant fogs, for fifteen of the fhorteft days
of the year, furrounded all the time by Ihoals and fhallows. One night we diftinguifhed
the Scheveling lights, feldom feen with impunity ; at length we diftinguifhed the fhore
of Vlieland, while our pilots, by their reckoning, imagined us within fight of the
Texel. The 30th November, in the evening, I landed at Amfterdam, where, and at
the Hague, I waited two months for the paiTports requifite to crofs the Low Countries.
I am indebted for thofe from England to Mr. Trevor, the minifter of that nation at
the Hague, who, without hefitation, granted them to the entreaty of M. TAbbe de
la Villi, the French ambaflador ; for thofe from the minifter of the Queen of Hun-
gary, I am obliged to Lord Bentinck. To conclude ; — on the 23d February 1745, I
arrived in Paris, after a lapfe of ten years from my departure thence.

Letter of M. De la Condamine, written in 1773, to M. **** ; giving an Account
of the Fate of thofe AJironomers who participated in the requifite Operations for the
Meafurement of the Earthy begun in 1735.

You feel interefted. Sir, in the labours of the Academy of Sciences undertaken for
the meafurement of the earth, and are anxious to learn the fate of all who were em-
ployed on this great work abroad fmce the year 1 73 j ; well might I anfwer you in the
words of Virgil, —

Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vafto.

But few remain buoyed on the extenfive wafte.

We failed from Rochelle in the month of May 1735, provided with paiTports from
His Catholic Majefty Philip V., for the purpofe of meafuring the degrees next the
equator in his South America!) dominions. Our party confifted of three members of
the Academy, M. Godin, M. Bouguer, and myfelf ; of M. Jofeph de Juffieu, M. D.
regent of the Faculty at Paris, and brother of the two other academicians, admitted
likewife, during his abfence, a member of the academy ; M. Seniergues, a furgeon ;
M. Verguin, engineer in the navy ; M. de Morainville, draughtfman for the department
of Natural Hiftory ; M. Couplet, a nephew of the academician of that name ; M.
Godin des Odonais, who will form the chief fubjed; of this letter ; and M. Hugo, a
watch and mathematical inftrument-maker : at Carthagena, in America, we were,
moreover, joined by two lieutenants of Spanifh ftiips, appointed by the court of
Madrid to accompany us during our obfervations.

The following year M. de Maupertuis, nominated for the meafurement of the de-
grees of the meridian under the Arftic Circle, embarked at Rouen, accompanied by
Meffrs. Clairaut, Camus, and Monnier the younger, acadenycians, M. i*Abbe Outhier,,
M. Celfms, a Swedifti aftronomer, and others.

In 1751, M. I'Abbe de la Caille, an academician, fet fail for the Cape of Good
Hope, on which expedition the meafurement of two degrees of the meridian was one
of his lighteft labours.

Of the five travellers to the Ar£lic Circle, only M. Monnier at prefent furvives. The
Abbe de la Caille, who undertook alone the voyage to the Cape, and whofe health
appeared proof againft every attack, on his return to Paris died, a martyr to his aflro-

voL» XIV. LL noniical

458 C0NDAM1NE*S TRAVELS

nomical zeal, In 1762; and M. PAbbe Chappe d'AuterQcTie, an academician, the
junior of tlie lafl: mentioned, whom he took for his model, Experienced in California,
in 1769, a fmiilar deftiny.

Of my companions on the voyage to the equator, M. Couplet, the rtioft robuft and
one of the youngeft, was carried off, three days after his arrival at Quito, by a putrid
fever. M. Seniergues, our furgeon, was killed in a popular commotion at Cuenca.
M. Bouguer in 175B died of an abfcefs of the liver. M. Godin, after entering the
Spanifh fervice, in which he was appointed to the diredbion of the Academy of Naval
Guards at Cadiz, younger than M. Bouguer, furvived the latter but two years. M. de
Morainville, who remained in the province of Quito, met with death by falling
from the fcantling of a church, of which he was the architect, at Cicalpa, in the vicinage
of Riobomba. Of M. Hugo, who married at Quito, I have received no intelligence
thefe fifteen years back. I do not enumerate how many of our fervants, white as well
as of colour, who died in the courfe of our travels ; two of them of a violent death.

Commander Don Jorge Juan, the fuperior of the two Spanifh officers attached to our
party, made a pofl-captain on his return to Spain, and afterwards commandant of the
Naval Guards, commodore, and ambaffador to Morocco, though younger than moft
of us, died lately of apoplexy at Madrid. Dr. Jofeph de Juflieu, long detained by the
Audencia Real of Quito for the benefit of his profefTional afTi fiance, and afterwards by
the Viceroy of Lima, returned to Paris tv/o years back : as formerly the famous
M. Mabillon, he has lofl his memory, but, not fo fortunate as he, to M. de JufTieu it has
never returned ; for this lafl gentleman and myfelf I know not whether in juflice we can
both together be reckoned equivalent to one living being. A deafnefs, which I began
to experience in America, is become exceffive ; and for thefe lafl five years 1 have been
deprived of all external feeling in my lower members, the vitality of which 1 am ren-
dered fenfible of only by the pains I experience in them on change of weather. Thus>
of eleven travellers in the Torrid Zone, exclufive of fervants, the only ones deferving
to be reckoned alive, are M. Verguin, naval engineer at Toulon ; Don Antonio de
Ulioa, com.modore in the Spanifli navy, and late governor of Louifiana (nor indeed are
either of thefe exempt from infirmities) ; and M. Godin des Odonais, who, after thirty-
eight years' abfence, has lately reached Paris, and who has furnifhed me with matter
calculated to afford you entertainment. I received from him, in the month of Augufl
lafl, in confequence of entreaty that he would favour me with a narrative of the travels
of his wife, a lady known to me from her infancy, and of whofe adventures I had
heard but a confufed account, the letter of which I inclofe you a tranfcript : by it yoii
will fee what miracles may be efl'e£led by refolution and perfeverance. Callous indeed
mufl be that heart which can remain unmoved at the recital of the fliocking misfortunes
of an amiable woman brought up with tendernefs, who, by a feries of events not to be
avoided by human forefight, found herfelf in the depth of impervious forefls, the haunts
of ferocious beafts and dangerous reptiles, and there expofed to all the horrors incident
on thirfl, on hunger, and fatigue ; and who, after beholding fevcn perfons who accom-
panied her fink under the weight of fuch dillrefs, and expire by her fide, wandered, an
infulate being, the only one furviving for feveral days through this defert ; finally,
who, by providence, bordering on a miracle, efcaped all the perils of her critical fitua-
tion. You will at the fame time notice the munificence of His Portuguefe Majeily
towards M. Godin, and the liberal demeanor of the officers charged with the execution
of his orders.

Upon reprefentation made to him by M. Godin, the beneficent minifler (M. le
Due de Vrilliere), whofe department embraces the Academies, has recently obtained for

IN SOUTH AMERICA. i$^

him from His Majefty a penfion, well earned by his zeal and toil during our operations,
and by the long exile he endured from a country to which he was fo anxious to return..

Letter fo M. De la Condamine from M. Godin des Odonais.

Sir, St. Amand, Berry, 28th July 1773*

You require of me a narrative of the travels of my fpoufe along the Amazons river,
the fame route I followed after you. The rumours which have reached your ears of
the dangers to which fhe was expofed, and which fhe alone of eight perfons furmounted,
augment your curiofity. I had refolved never to fpeak of them again, fo painful to me
was the recolledlion of them ; but, as an old companion in your travels, a di(lin(^:ion
which I prize, I cannot refafe in turn for the intereft you take in our welfare, and the
marks of fi iendfliip you have fliewn me, to give you the fatisfaftion you require.

We landed at Rochelle on the 26th of June lafl, after a palfagefrom Cayenne, eifefl:-
ed in fixty-five days, having left this lafl place on the 21ft of April. On our arrival, I
made enquiries after you, and leart with much grief that four or five months had elapfed
fmce you were no more. While yet in tears, my wife and myfelf were delighted on,
wiping them away, to find that at Rochelle the literary journals, and what regards the
Academy, are far lefs read than the news which relates to commerce. Accept, Sir, for
yourfelf and Mad. de la Condamine our heartieft congratulations.

You will recolleft that the lafl time I had the honour of feeing you in 1742, previous
to your leaving Quito, I told you that I reckoned on taking the fame road that you were
about to do, along the river of Amazons, as much owing to the wifh I had of knowing
this way, as to infure for my wife the mofl commodious mode of travelling, by faving her
a long journey over-land, through a mountainous country, in which the only convey-
ance is on mules. You took the pains in the courfe of your voyage to give information
at the Spanifh and Portugueze millions eflablifhed on its banks, that one of your compa-
nions would follow you ; and, though feveral years elapfed from the period of your
leaving them, this had not been forgotten. My wife was exceedingly felicitous of fee-
ing France, but her repeated pregnancies, for feveral years after your departure, pre-
vented my confent to her being expofed to the fatigues incident on fo long a voyage.
Towards the clofe of 1748 I received intelligence of the death of my father; and my ^
prefence thence becoming indifpenfable for the arrangement of my family affairs, I re-
folved on repairing to Cayenne by myfelf down the river ; and planning every thing on
the way to enable my wife to follow the fame road with comfort, I departed in March
1749 from the Quito, leaving Mad. Godin at that time pregnant. I arrived at Cayenne-
in April following, and immediately wrote toM. Rouillc, then minifler of the navy, in-
treating him to procure mc pafl'ports and recommendations to the court of Portugal,
to enable me to afcend the Amazons, for the purpofe of proceeding to my family, and
bringing it back with me by the fame channel. Any one but you, Sir, might be fur-
prifed at my undertaking thus lightly a voyage of fifteen hundred leagues, for the mere
purpofe of preparing accommodations^ for a fecond : but you will know that travels in
that part of the world are undertaken with much lefs concern than in Europe ; and by
thofe I had made during twelve years for reconnoitring the ground for the meridian of
Quito, for fixing fignals on the loftiefl mountains, in going to and returning from Car-
thagena, had made me perfeftly a veteran. I availed myfelf of the opportunity afforded
by the conveyance which took my letters to forward feveral objeds pertaining to
natural hiftory for the King*s garden ; among others, feed of the favfaparilla, and of tlie

L L 2 five

46o ' €ONDAMINE*S TRA^TELS

five fpecies of the Butua ; with thefe alfo a grammaF, printed at Lima, of the language
of the Incas, which I defigned as a prefent for M. de BufFon, from whom I received no
anfwer. By that with which I was honoured from M. Rouille, I learnt that His Majefty
had been pleafed to direft that the governor and intendant of Cayenne fhould both fur-
nilR me with recommendations to the government of Para. Upon this, I wrote to you.
Sir, and you were fo obliging as to folicit pafTports for me. You moreover favoured me
with a letter of recommendation from Commander La Cerda, minifter of Portugal to
France, addrefled to the governor of Para, with a letter from M. 1' Abbe de la Ville,
which informed you that my paffports had been expedited, and forwarded to Para. I
enquired refpeding them of the governor of that place, who expreffed his entire igno-
rance of the faft. I repeated my letters to M. Rouille, who then was no longer in the
miniftry. Since that time I renewed my letters every year, four, five, and even fix
times, for the purpofe of obtaining my paffports, and conftantly without effedt. Many
of my letters were loft, or intercepted, during the war, of which I the lefs doubt from your
having ceafed to receive any, notwithftanding I regularly continued my correfpondence.
At length, hearing cafually that M. le Comte d*Herouville was in the confidence of
M. de Choifeul, I ventured, in i y6^, to write to the former of thefe noblemen, although
I had not the honour of being known to him, explaining in a few words who I was, and
entreating him to intercede with the Due de Choifeul for the tranfmiffion of my paff-
ports. To the kindnefs of this nobleman alone can I attribute the fuccefs that followed
this ftep ; for, the tenth month from the date of my letter to M. le Comte de Herouville,
I faw a decked galliot arrive at Cayenne, equipped at Para by order of the King of Por-
tugal, manned with thirty oars, and commanded by a captain of the garrifon of Para, in-
llrufted to bring me to Para, thence tranfport me up the river as high as the firft
Spanifh fettlement, to wait there till I returned with my family, and ultimately re-con-
du6i: me to Cayenne, all at the fpecial charge of His Moft Faithful Majefty ; a liberality
truly loyal, and fuch as is little common among fovereigns. We left Cayenne at the clofe
of November 1765, in order to take in property belonging to me at the fort of Oyapoc,
where I refided. Here I fell fick, and even dangeroufly fo. M. de Rebello, the cap-
tain, a knight of the order of Chrift, was fo complaifant as to wait for me fix weeks ;
finding at length that I ftill continued too ,ill to venture on the voyage, and, fearful of
abufing the patience of this officer, I befought him to continue his route, and that he
would permit me to put fome one on board, to whom I might entruft my letters, and
who might fill my place in taking care of my family on its return. I caft my eyes on
Triftan D*Oreafaval, a perfon whom I had long known, and in whom I had confidence.
The packet I entrufted to him contained the orders of the Father-general of the Jefuits
to the Provincial of Quito, and the Superior of the miffions of Maynas, for furniihing
the canoes and equipage neceffary for the voyage of my fpoufe. The inftruftions I gave
to Triftan were fimplyto deliver thofe letters to the Superior, refident at La Laguna, the
capital of the Spanifh miffions of Maynas, whom I entreated to forward my letters to
Riobamba, in order that my wife might receive information of the veffel difpatched by
His Majefty of Portugal, at the recommendation of the King of France, to bring her to
Cayenne. Triftan was further direded to wait an anfwer from Riobamba at Laguna.
He failed from Oyapoc on the 24th January 1766, and arrived at Loreto, the firft efta-
blifhment belonging to Spain on afcending the river, in the month of July or Auguft of
the fame year. Loreto is a miffion eftablifhed below that of Pevas fince the period of
your coming down the river in 1743 ; nay, both this and the Portugueze miffion of
Savatinga, above that of St. Pablo, which was before their laft fettlement up the river,
have been founded fince my paffage defcending in 1 749. The better to comprehend

t4 what

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 261

what I now defcribe, it may be well you fhould call your eyes over the chart made by
you of the courfe of the Amazons, or that of the province of Quito, inferted in your
Hiftorical Journal of the Voyage to the Equator. The Portugueze officer, M. de Re-
bello, after landing Triflan at Loreto, returned to Savatinga, in conformity to the orders
he had received of waiting there until Madame Godin fhould arrive ; and Triflan, in
lieu of repairing to Laguna, the capital of the Spanifh miffions, and there delivering his
letters to the Superior, meeting with a mifTionary Jefuit, called Father Yefquen, who was
on his return to Quito, by an unpardonable overfight, which had every appearance of a
bad intent, delivered to his care the packet of letters. This was addreffed to Laguna,
fome days* journey from the fpot where Triflan was : but in lieu of attending to this
circumflance, he fent it five hundred leagues beyond, to the other fide of the Cordil-
leras, and himfelf remained in the Portuguefe miffions, carrying on trade.

You will pleafe to notice that, befides different articles which I had entrufled him to
difpofe of for me, I had furnifhed him in addition with more than fufEcient to defray all
expence in travelling through the Spanifh miflions.

Spite, however, of his bad conduct, a vague rumour obtained circulation through the
province of Quito, and reached the ears of Madame Godin, not only of letters addreffed
to her being on their way in the cuflody of a Jefuit, but alfo, that in the uppermoll
miffions of Portugal a veflel equipped by His Mofl Faithful Majefly had arrived to tranf-
port her to Cayenne. Her brother, a monk of the order of Auguflins, in conjundion
with Father Terol, a provincial Dominican, exerted themfelves much to induce the Pro-
vincial of the Jefuits to obtain thefe letters. The Jefuit who received them at length
made his appearance, and flated he had delivered them to another ; this other, being
interrogated, replied, he had committed them to a third : but, notwithflanding the mofl
diligent perquifition, the letters never were found. With refpedl to the arrival of the
veffel, opinions differed, fome giving credit to, while others difputed the faft. To ven-
ture on a voyage of fuch length without any certainty, and preparatory thereto to ar-
range all family affairs, and part with her furniture, was what Madame Godin could
not, without much rifk and imprudence, refolve upon : fhe determined on the com-
mendable medium of difpatching a faithful negro, who departed with fome Americans,
but who, in confequence of obflacles, was obliged to return. His miflrefs fent him for-
ward a fecond time with new inflrudions, and means of furmounting the difficulties
which had prevented his progrefs before. More fortunate on this fecond trip, the
negro reached Loreto, faw and communicated with Triflan, and, returning, acquainted
Madame Godin of the reality of the report, and that Triflan was at Loreto. Upon this
fhe determined on her journey, fold part of her furniture, but left the refl, as well as
her houfe at Riobamba, a garden and eflate at Guaflen, and another property of ours
between Galte and Maguazo, to her brother-in-law. Some idea of the length of time
which elapfed fince the month of September i y66, at which epoch the letters were de-
livered to the Jefuit, may be formed by computing how long the journey of the reve-
rend father to Quito will have occupied, how much time would be lofl in feeking the
letters, in enquiry into the fa£l of the rumour, in hefitating about what was befl to do,
and by the two journeys of the negro to Loreto and back to Riobamba, by the fale alfo
of our effefts, and the requifite preparations for a voyage of fuch length ; in faft, thefe
prevented her fetting out from Riobamba, forty leagues fouth of Quito, before the
ifl of Odober 1769.

The arrival of the Portuguefe veffel was rumoured at Guayaquil, and even as far as
the fhore of the South Sea ; for M. R., who reported himfelf to be a French phyfician,
coming from Upper Peru, and on his way to Panama and Porto Bello, in view of paffing

thence

263 condamine's travels

thence to Santo Domingo, Martinico, or, at any rate, to the Havannah, and from thai
place to Europe, touching at Point Saint Helena, learnt there that a lady of Rio-
bamba was on the point of fetting out for the Amazons river, and embarking
thence in a veffel equipped by the order of His Poitugueze Majefty, to take her
to Cayenne. This engaged him to change his route, and afcending the Guayaquil
river, he proceeded to Riobamba to entreat Madame Godin to grant him a paflage,
undertaking in return to watch over her health, and fhew her every attention. At
•firll fhe anfwered, that Ihe had no authority to grant his requeft ; but M. R. ap-
plying to her two brothers, they reprefented to her fo urgently that flie might
'have need of the alliftance of a phyfician on fo long a voyage, that (lie at length
confented to his accompanying her. Her two brothers, who likewife were fetting
out for Europe, hefitated not an inflant to avail themfelves of the opportunity
which now offered of haftening their arrival, the one' at Rome, "Whither he was
called by bufinefs relative to his order, the other in Spain, where his private affairs
required his prefence. The latter took with him a fon about nine or ten years of
age, whom he wilhed to educate in France. M. de Grandmaifon, my father-in-law,
went on before to obtain every pofTible accommodation for his daughter on the
road, to the point of embarkation beyond the great Cordillera. He at firfl met
with obflacles from the prcfident and captain-general of the province of Quito ; for
you. Sir, are aware that the pafTage by the Amazons is forbidden by the Spanifh court ;
but thefe difficulties were ibon overcome. On my return from Carthagena, whither
I had been difpatched on matters relative to our company in 1 740, I brought back
with me a paffport from the viceroy of Santa Fe, Don Sebaflian de Eflava, authorifing
our taking whatever road we pleafed ; and in confequence of the production of this,
the Spanifh governor of the province of Maynas and Omaguas, informed of the ap-
proach of Madame Godin, politely 'fent to meet her a canoe ftored with refreshments,
fuch as fruit, milk, &c. which reached her a little diflance from the town of Oma-
guas ; but to what misfortunes, what a horrible fituation was fhe not cxpofed before
that happy moment! She left her refidence of Riobamba with her efcort on the ifl
of October 1769 5 and with thefe fhe reached Canelos, the fpot at which they were to
embark, fituate on the little river Bobonafa, which empties itfelf into the Paflaca, as
that lafl does into the Amazons. M. de Grandmaifon, who preceded them a month
on the way, found the village of Canelos well inhabited, and immediately emibarked,
ccntiruing his journey, to prepare every thing neceffary for the tranfport of his daugh-
ter at each flage of her way. As he knew that fhe was accompanied by her brothers,
a phyfician, her negro, and three female mulattoes or Americans, he proceeded on
to the Portuguefe miffions. In the interval, however, between his journey and the
arrival of my wife, the fmall pox, an European import, more fatal to the Americans
in this part than the plague, which is fortunately here unknown, is to the people of
Levant, had caufed the village of Canelos to be utterly abandoned by its population.
They had feen thofe firfl attacked by this diflemper irremediably carried off, and had
in confequence difpeifed among the woods, where each had his own hut, ferving as
a country-retreat. On her departure my wife was efcorted by thirty-one American
natives to carry herfelf and baggage. You know. Sir, that this road, the fame purfued
by M. de Maldonado, is impradicable even for mules ; that thofe capable, cffe6l the
pafTage on foot, but that others are carried. The Americafis who efcorted Madame Godin,
who were paid in advance according to the bad cuflom in this country, a cuflom found-
ed on miftrufl, at times but too well founded, fcarcely reached Canelos before they
Retraced their fleps, either from dread of the air being infe^ed, or from apprehenfion
■ - ' of

IN SOUTH A3.IEIIICA.

263

T>i being obliged to embark, a matter obnoxious in extreme to individuals who had
perhaps never feen a canoe in their Hves but at a dillance. Nay fuch excufes are
poffibly fuperfluous, for you well know how often we are abandoned by them on our
mountains, on no pretence whatever. What under fuch circumftances was to be
done ? Had my wife been able to return, yet the defire of reaching the veflel waiting
her, together with her anxiety to rejoin a hufoand from whom flie had been parted jr^
twenty years, were incentives powerful enough to make her, in the peculiar circura- ■'■
. ftances in which flie was placed, brave even greater obflacles.

In the village only two Indians remained free from the contagion ; thefe had no
boat, but they engaged to conftruft one and pilot it to the miffion of Andoas, about
twelve days* journey below, defcending the river Bobonaza, a diflance of from one
hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty leagues ; fhe paid them beforehand ; the
canoe being finifhed, they all departed from Canelos. After navigating the river two
days, on the fucceeding morning the pilots abfconded ; the unfortunate party embarked
without any one to fleer the boat, and palTed the day without accident. The next day
at noon, they difcovered a canoe in a fmall port adjoining a leaf-built hut, in which
was a tiative recovering from iilnefs, who confented to pilot them. On the third day
of his voyage, while ftooping over to recover the hat of Mr. K., which had fallen into
the water, the poor man fell overboard, and, not having fufficient Itrength to reach
the Ihore, was drov/ned. Behold the canoe, again without a fteerfman, abandoned to
individuals perfectly ignorant of managing it ; in confequence it was Ihortly overfet,
which obliged the party to land, and build themfelves a hut. They were now but
from five to fix days journey from Andoas. Mr. R. propofed to repair thither, and
fet ofl' with another Frenchman of the party, and the faithful negro belonging to
Madame Godin, taking efpecial care to carry his effedls with him. 1 fmce blamed my
wife for not having difpatched one of her brothers to accompany Mr. R,, but found that
neither of them, after the accident which had befallen the canoe, were inclined to truft
themfelves on the water again, without a proper pilot ; Mr. R. moreover promifed that
within a fortnight a canoe fhould be forwarded to them with a proper complement of
natives. The fortnight expired, and even five and twenty days, when, giving over all
hopes, they conftrufted a raft on which they ventured themfelves, with their provifions
and property. The raft, badly framed, ftruck againfl the branch of a funken tree,
and overfet, all their efi'echs perilliing in the waves, and the whole party being plunged
into the water. Thanks to the little breadth of the river at this place no one was
drowned, Madame Godin being happily faved, after twice finking, by her brothers.
Placed now in a fituation ftill more diilreffing than before, they collediveiy refolved on
tracing the courfe of the river along its banks. How difficult of effed: this enterprife,
you. Sir, are well aware, who know how thickly the banks of the rivers are befet with
trees, underwood, herbage and lianas, and that it is often neceflary to cut one's way.
They returned to their hut, took what provifions they had left behind, and began their
journey. By keeping along the river's fide they found its finuofities greatly lengthened
their way, to avoid which inconvenience they penetrated the wood, and in a few days
they loft themfelves. Wearied with fo many days' march in midft of woods, incom-
modious even for thcfe accuftomed to them, their feet torn by thorns and brambles*
their provifions exhaufted, and dying with thirft, they were fain to fubfift on a few
feed, wild fruit, and the palm cabbage. At length, opprefled with hunger and thirft, .
with laflitude and lofs of ftrengtn^ they feated themfelves on the ground without the
power of rifing, and, waiting thus the approach of death, in three or four days expired
on€ after the other. Madame Godin, ftretched on the ground by the fide of the corpfes

of

364 condamine's travels

of her brothers and other companions, ftupified, delirious, and tormented with choak-
ing thirft, at length aflumed refolution and ftrength enough to drag herfelf along in
fearch of the falvation which providentially awaited her. Such was her deplorable
condition fhe was without flioes, and her clothes all torn to rags: Ihe cut the Ihoes.
off her brothers* feet, and faftened the foles on her own. It was about the period
between the 25th and 30th of December 1769 that this unfortunate party (at lead feven
of the number of them) perilhed in this miferable manner ; the date I gather by what
I learn from the only furvivor, who related that it was nine days after fhe quitted the
fcene o^the wretched cataflrophe defcribed before fhe reached the banks of the Bobo-
nafa. Doubtlefs this interval muft have appeared to her of great length, and how a
female fo delicately educated and in fuch a flate of want and exhauflion, could fupport
her diftrefs, though but half the time, appears mofl wonderful. She afTured me that
ihe was ten days alone in the wood, two, awaiting death by the fide of her brothers,
the other eight wandering at random. The remembrance of the fhocking fpedlacle fhe
witnefTed, the horror incident on her folitude and the darknefs of night in a defert, the
perpetual apprehenfion of death, which every inflant ferved but to augment, had fuch
effed on her fpirits as to caufe her hair to turn grey. On the fecond day*s march,
the diflance neceiTarily inconfiderable, fhe found water, and the fucceeding day fome
wild fruit and frefh eggs, of what bird fhe knew not, but which, by her defcription, I
conje6lure to have been a fpecies of partridge. Thefe with the greateft difficulty was
file enabled to fwallow, the oefophagus, owing to the want of aliment, having become
fo much parched and flraitened ; but thefe and other food fhe accidentally met with,
fufficed to fupport her fkeleton frame. At length, and not before it was indifpenfable,
arrived the fuccour defigned for her by providence.

Were it told in a romance that a female of delicate habit, accuftomed to all the com-
forts of life, had been precipitated into a river ; that, after being withdrawn when on
the point of drowning, this female, the eighth of a party, had penetrated into unknown
and pathlefs woods, and travelled in them for weeks, not knowing whither fhe direded
her fleps j that, enduring hunger, thirft, and fatigue to very exhauflion, flie fhould
have feen her two brothers, far more robuft than her, a nephew yet a youth, three
young women her fervants, and a young man, the domeftic left by the phyfician who
had gone on before, all expire by her fide, and fhe yet furvive ; that, after remaining
by their corpfes two whole days and nights, in a country abounding in tigers and num-
bers of dangerous ferpents, without once feeing any of thefe animals or reptiles, fhe
fhould afterwards have flrength to rife, and continue her way, covered but with tatters,
through the fame pathlefs wood for eight days together till fhe reached the banks of
the Bobonafa, the author would be charged with inconfiflency j but thehiflorian fhould
paint fafts to his reader, and this is nothing but the truth. The verity of this mar-
vellous tale is attefled by original letters in my hands, from many mifTionaries on the
Amazons who felt an intereft in this event, and by other proofs as will be feen in the
fequel of this narrative. Thefe misfortunes would have been avoided altogether but
for the infidelity of Triflan, but for his negled, in lieu of flopping at Loreto, of deli-
vering as inftruded, in perfon, my letters to the Superior at Laguna ; with this precau-
tion on his part my wife would, as her father had done, have found the village of
Canelos" peopled with natives, and a canoe ready to convey her forwards

To return, it was on the eighth or ninth day, accprding to Madame Godin, after
Jeaving the dreadful fcene of the death of her companions, that fhe found herfelf on
the banks of the Bobonafa. At day-break fhe heard a noife at about two hundred
paces from her. Her firft emotions, which were thofe of terror, occafioned her, to-

ftrike

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 26^

{Irike into the wood ; but, after a moment's refleftion, fatlsfied that nothing worfe
could poflibly befal her, than to continue in her prefent ftate, and that alarm was
therefore childifh, fhe proceeded to the bank of the river, and perceived two native
Americans launching a boat into the ftream. It is the cuftom of thefe people, on their
landing to pafs the night, to draw their canoe either wholly, or partially on Ihore, as a
fecurity againft accidents, for fhould it be left afloat, and the faftening tackle break,
it would be carried away by the current, and leave the fleepers on fhore in a truly
helplefs ftate. The natives, perceiving Madame Godin, advanced towards her, on
which (he conjured them to tranfport her to Andoas : they had been driven by the con-
tagion prevalent at Canelos to withdraw with their wives to a hut they had at a diftance,
and were then going to Andoas. They received my wife on board with kindnefs truly
affeftionate, (hewed every attention to her wants, and conduced her to that village.
Here Ihe might have ftopped fome days to reft herfelf and recruit her ftrength, (and
well may it be conceived fhe had great need of reft,J but, indignant at the conduQ* of
the miflionary at whofe mercy ihe was left, and with whom for that reafon ftie was
obliged to dilTemble, flie refolved on making no ftay at Andoas, nor would even have
ftopped a ftngle night had it been poflible to be avoided.

A great revolution in the miflions of Spanifti America dependent upon Lima, Quito,
Charcas, and Paraguay, founded and adminiftered to by the Jefuits, for from one to
two centuries, had recently taken place. An unexpeded order from the court of
Madrid expelled them from all their colleges and miflions ; they had in confequence
been every where arrefted, put on board, and tranfported to the pope's dominions.
This event, however, had occafioned no more difturbance than would have done the
change of a village-reQ:or. In lieu of them, the fecular clergy were fubftituted, of
which clafs was the individual who officiated as miffionary at Andoas, an individual
whofe name I wifh to banilh from my memory. Madame Godin, ftripped of almoft
€very thing, not knowing otherwife how to teftify her gratitude to the two Americans
who had faved her life, took from her neck two chains of gold, fuch as are ufually worn
in this country, of about four ounces weight, and gave one to each of them, whofe ad-
miration at the richnefs of the prefent equalled that they would have experienced had
the heavens opened before them; but the miffionary, in her very prefence, took
poffeffion of the chains, and gave the poor Americans in lieu about three or four yards
of coarfe cotton, fuch as is manufadlured in the country, and called Tucuyo. Condud;
thus infamous exafperated my wife to fuch a degree that flie inftantly demanded a
canoe and men, and the next day fet out for Laguna. A female American at Andaos
made a cotton petticoat for her, which flie fent to pay for immediately on reaching La-
guna, and which ftie preferves with care, with the foles of the fhoes of her brothers;
converted by her into fandals ; — mournful tokens, rendered dear to me as they are to her
herfelf!

While my wife was yet wandering in the woods, her faithful negro, with a party of
Americans from Andoas, afcended the river. M. R. thinking more of his own affairs
than forwarding the boat which ffiould recall his benefactors to life, fcarcely reached
Andoas before he departed with his companion and baggage for Omaguas. The negro,
on reaching the hut where he left his miftrefs and her brothers, traced them through
the woods, in company with his companions, until he came to the fpot where their
corpfes laid, already putrid and uncognizable. At fight of thefe, perfuaded that no
one had efcaped death, the negro and his companions returned to the hut, colleded
what had been left there, and again reached at Andoas before my wife arrived there. The
jiegro thence .i:ep;iired to M, R. at Omaguas, and delivered to him the property of his

VOL. xiy. M M miftrefs,

266 CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

miftrefs. This man was not ignorant that M. Grandmaifon, who had reached Loreto,
awaited there with impatience the arrival of his children. A letter in my pofleflion even
proves that my father-in-law, informed that the negro Joachim was at Omaguas, ad-
vifed Triftan to repair thither and bring him forward ; but neither Triftan nor M. R.
thought fit to fatisfy him, and fo far from complying with his requeft, M. R., of his
own accord, fent the negro back to Quito, keeping the property he had brought back
with him.

You know, Sir, that Laguna is not fituate on the Amazons, but fome leagues up
the Guallaga, a tributary of the former river. Joachim difmiffed by M. R. did not in
courfe proceed to Laguna in fearch of his miftrefs, whom he imagined dead, but
returned to Quito, and thus have we loft his fervices. You will certainly be far from
gueffing the excufe of M. R. for fending away a faithful fervant who was fo much
wanted by us. " I was afraid," faid he in anfwer to this enquiry, " that he would
" murder me." What, replied I, could have given birth to a fufpicion of fuch inten-
tion in a man whofe zeal and fidelity were fo well known to you, and with whom you
fo long had travelled ? If you apprehended he might diflike you from imputing the
death of his miftrefs to your negligence, what prevented your fending him forward to
M. Grandmaifon, who exacted this of you, and who was fo nigh at hand ?. At leaft
what hindered your putting him in prifon ? You lodged with the governor of Omaguas,
who would readily have complied, had you made him fuch a requeft.

In the meantime Madame Godin, with the canoe and crew from Andoas, had reached
Laguna, where they were received with the greateft politenefs by Dr. Romero, the new
chief of the miffions, who, by his kind treatment during fix weeks that ftie remained
with him, did much towards re-eftablifliing her health, but too much impaired, and
making her forget her misfortunes. The firft care of this refpedlable character was to
forward an exprefs to the governor of Omaguas, to inform him of the arrival of Ma-
dame Godin, and the languid ftate of her health. Upon this intelligence M. R. could
do no lefs, having promifed to render her his fervices, than haften to join her, bringing
with him four filver difties, a filver faucepan, a velvet petticoat, one of Perfiana, and one of
taffety, fome linen, and other trifles, belonging to her brothers as well as herfelf ;
adding, that all the reft were rotten, forgetting that bracelets, fnuff-boxes,* and rofaries
of gold, and ear-rings fet with emeralds, were not fubjedt to rottennefs, any more than
various other effedts. " Had you," faid Madame Godin ; " had you brought back my
negro, I fliould have learnt from him what he had done with my property found in the
hut. But of whom, refpe£ting it, am I now to inquire ? Go your ways. Sir ; it is
impoffible that I can ever forget that, to you, I owe all my misfortunes and all my loffes ;
manage henceforward as you may, I am determined you ftiall make no part of my
company." My wife had but too much reafon on her fide, but the interceflions of
M. Romero, to whom ftie could refufe nothing, and who reprefented to her that, if
Ihe abandoned M. R., his condition would be deplorable, at length overcame her
repugnance, and induced her to confent he fhould yet continue with her.

When Madame Godin was fomewhat recovered, M. Romero wrote to M. Grand-
maifon, informing him that fhe was out of danger, and requefting him to difpatch
Triftan to accompany her to the Portuguefe veffel. He likewife wrote to the governor,
acquainting him that he had reprefented to Madame Godin, whofe courage and piety
he could never fufficiently admire, that fhe was yet merely at the beginning of a long
and tedious voyage ; and that, though fhe had already travelled upwards of four hun-
dred leagues, fhe had yet four or five times that diftance to pafs before fhe reached.
Cayenne j that, but juft relieved from the perils of death, ftie was about to incur frefh

12 danger;

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

267

danger ; concluding with offering, if flie chofe to return, to caufe her to be efcorted
back in perfedl fecurity to her refidence of Riobamba ; to thefe he added, that Ma-
dame Godin replied, " She was furprifed at his propofals ; that the Almighty had pre-
ferred her when alone amid perils in which all her former companions had perifhed ;
that the firft of her wiflies was to rejoin her hufband ; that for this purpofe Ihe had
begun her journey ; and, were fhe to ceafe to profecute her intention, that fhe fhould
efteem herfelf guilty of counteradling the views of Providence, and render ufelefs the
affiftance fhe had received from her two dear Americans and their wives, as well -as all
the kindnefs for which flie was indebted to him, and for which God alone could
recompenfe them." My wife was ever dear to me, but fentiments like thefe add vene-
ration to tendernefs. Triftan failing to arrive when expeded, M. Romero, wearied with
waiting for him in vain, equipped a canoe, and gave diredtions for the tranfport of Ma-
dame Godin, without halting any where, to the Portuguefe veffel. Then it was that
the governor of Omaguas, knowing of her coming, and that ihe was to flop no where
by the way, difpatched a canoe to meet her, loaded with refrefhments.

The Portuguefe commander, M. de Rebello, hearing of her approach, fitted out a
pirogue, commanded by two of his men and flored with provifions, to meet her, which
they did at the village of Pevas. This officer, the better to fulfil the orders of his
mafter, with great labour, and by doubling the number of oars, worked his veffel up
the river as high as the milfion of Loreto, where he received her on board. I learn
from her, that from that inflant till flie reached Oyapok, throughout a courfe of nearly
a thoufand leagues, fhe wanted for nothing to render her comfortable, not even the
niceft delicacies, and fuch as could not be expeded in the country ; wine and liquors
which fhe never ufes, fifh, game, &c. were fupplied by two canoes which preceded the
galliot. The governor of Para, moreover, had fent orders to the chief part of the
flages at which they had to halt, with additional refrefhments.

I forgot to mention, that the fufferings of my wife were not at an end, and that one
of her thumbs was in a very bad flate, owing to its being wounded by thorns in the
wood, which had not yet been extricated, and which had not only occafioned an abfcefsj
but had injured the tendon and even the bone itfelf. It was propofed to take off the
thumb, but, by dint of care and fermentations, fhe had only the pain to undergo
occafioned by the extraftion of two fplinters at San Pablo, but fhe entirely lofl the ufe
of the tendon. The galliot continued its courfe to the fortrefs of Curupa about fixty
leagues above Para. M. de Martel, knight of the order of Chrift, and major of the
garrifon of Para, arrived there the fucceeding day, by order of the governor, to take
command of the galliot, and conduQ: Madame Godin to Fort Oyapok, A little beyond
the mouth of the river, at a fpot off the coafl where the currents are very violent, he
lofl one of his anchors, and as it would have been imprudent to venture with only one,
he fent a boat to Oyapok, to feek affiftance, which was immediately forwarded. Hear-
ing by this means of the approach of Madame Godin, I left Oyapok on board a galliot
belonging to me, in view of meeting her ; and, on the fourth day of my departure,
fell in with her veffel oppofite to Mayacare. On board this veffel, after twenty years'
abfence, and a long endurance on either fide of alarms and misfortunes, I again met
with a cherilhed wife, whom I had almoft given over every hope of feeing again. In
her embraces I forgot the lofs of the fruits of our union, nay, I even congratulated
myfelf on their premature death, as it faved them from the dreadful fate which befel
their uncle in the wood of Canelos beneath their mother's eye, who certainly could never
have furvived the fight. We anchored at Oyapok the 22d July 1770. I found in M.
Murtel an officer as much diftinguiflied by his acquirements as by his prepoffeffing

M M 2 exterior.

268 CONDAMINE*S TRAVELS

exterior. He has acquaintance with moft of the languages of Europe, is an excellent
latinift, and well calculated to fliine on a more extenfive fcene than Para. He is a
defcendant of the illuftrious French family of fimilar name. I had the pleafure of his
company for a fortnight at Oyapok, whither M. de Fiedmont, governor of Cayenne,
whom the commandant of Oppok, advifed of his arrival by exprefs, immediately dif-
patched in a boat with refrefhments. We caufed the Portuguefe veflel to undergo a
repair, which it much wanted, and refitted it with fails to enable it to ftem the currents
on its return. The commandant of Oyapok gave M. Martel, moreover, a coafl-pilot,
to accompany him to the frontiers. I offered to go fo far as his confort on board my
galliot, but he would fuffer me to proceed no farther than Cape D' Orange. I took my
leave of him with thofe feelings which the polite attention and noble behaviour of that
officer and his generous nation were fo well calculated to infpire in me, as well as my
wife, a condud on the part of either, which I was led to expe£t from what I had indi-
vidually experienced on my former voyage.

I ftiould previoufly have told you that, when I defcended the Amazons in 1 749, with
no other recommendation to the notice of the Portuguefe than arofe from the remem-
brance of the intimation afforded by you in 1743, that one of the companions of your
travels would follow the fame way, I was received in all the Portuguefe fettlements, by
the miffionaries and commandants of the forts, with the utmoft courtefy. On paffing
San Pablo I purchafed a canoe, in which I defcended the river to Fort Curupa, whence
I wrote to the governor of Grand Para, M. Francis Mendoza Gorjao, to acquaint him
of my arrival, and beg permiffion of failing from Curupa to Cayenne, whither I in-
tended to repair diredt. He favoured me with fo polite an anfwer, that I made no
hefitation of quitting my intended cruife and taking a longer, in order to thank him
and pay him my refpefts. He received me with open arms, and infifted on my making
his houfe and table my own during a week that I flopped with him ; nor would he
fuffer me to depart before he fet off himfelf for St. Louis de Marinhan^ whither he was
about to go on his circuit. After his departure, I remounted the river to Curupa with my
canoe, efcorted by one of greater dimenfions, fent with me by the commandant of that
fort on my voyage to Para, a city which, as you have juftly remarked, ftands on a large
river, confidered, but improperly, the right arm of the Amazons, as the river of Para
merely communicates with the Amazons by a channel hollowed by the tides, and called
Tagipuru. At Curupa I found waiting for me, by order of the governor of Para, a
large pirogue of fourteen oars, commanded by a ferjeant of the garrifon, and deftined.
to carry me to Cayenne, whither I repaired by Macapa, coafting along the left of the
Amazons to its mouth, without, like you, making the tour of the great iflandof Joanes,
or Marajo. After fimilar courtefies, unprovoked by exprefs recommendations, what
had I not to expefl:, feeing His moft Faithful Majefty had condefcended to iffue precife
orders to expedite a veffel to the very frontiers of his dominions, for the purpofe of
receiving my family on board, and tranfporting it to Cayenne ?

To refume my narrative. — After taking leave of M. de Martel off Cape D*Orange
with thofe reciprocal falutes common with failors, I returned to Oyapok, and thence to
Cayenne. ,

Here I was engaged in a law-fuit. Triftan demanded of me the wages I had promifed
him of fixty livres per month. I offered to pay him for eighteen months, the utmoft
time the voyage could have required, had he ftriftly followed his inftrudions. The fen-
tence pronounced by the fuperior council of Cayenne condemned him to render me
an account of from feven to eight thoufand franks, the value of effeds I had committed
to his care, deducing one thoufand and eighty for the eighteen months* falary I had

offered

IN SOUTH AMERICA. 269

offered him ; but the wretch, after dealing treacheroufly with me as he had done ; after
caufmg the death of eight perfons, including the American who was drowned, and all
the misfortunes which befel my wife ; in fliort, after diflipating the whole of the effects
I had entrufted with him, proved infolvent ; and, for my part, I judged it unneceffary
to augment the lolfes I had already fuftained by having to fupport him in prifon.

I conceive, Sir, that I have now complied to the full with your requeft. The nar-
rative I have given, by recalling the mournful fcenes I have depifted, has cofl me in- ^
finite anguifh. The law-fuit with Triftan, and the illnefs of my wife on reaching Cay-
enne, a confequence but too natural of the fufferings (he had undergone, did not admit
of my venturing to expofe her earlier than the prefent year (1773), to fo long a voyage
by fea. At prefent fhe is, with her father, in the midft of my family, by whom they
have been tenderly received. M. de GrandmaifOn had originally no intention of pro-
ceeding to France, but merely meant, by his voyage, to fee his daughter fafe on board
the Portuguefe velfel ; but finding old age creep on apace, and penetrated with the mod
lively grief at the intelligence of the fad death of his children, he abandoned all, and
embarked with her, trufting the care of his property to his other fon-in-law, M. Savula,
who refides at Riobamba. For my wife, however folicitous all about her to tnliven
her fpirits, fhe is conftantly fubjed to melancholy, her horrible misfortunes being ever
prefent to her imagination. How much did it colt me to obtain from her the relations
requifite for the judges in the courfe of my lawfuit ! I can even readily conceive that,
from delicacy, fhe has abftained from entering into many details, the remembrance of
which fhe is anxious to lofe, and which, known, could but add to the pain I feel. Nay
fhe was even anxious that I fhould not profecute Triftan, compaffionating even that
wretch ; thus following the gentle impulfe of a heart infpired with the pureft benevo-
lence, and the genuine principles of religion !

( 270 )

AN ABRIDGED RELATION

OF A

VOYAGE TO PERU,

Undertaken by Gentlemen of the Royal Academy of Sciences, to meafure the Elegrees of the
Meridian near the Equator, whereby to infer the Figure of the Earth. — By M. Bouguer,

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.

THE Academy has been fo diligent in publifhing every thing it has done to determine
the magnitude and figure of the earth, that I am warranted to fuppofe the aflem-
bly perfeftly inftrufted with the ftate of the queftion *. The experiments already made
to afcertain the weight of bodies which are found to diminifh therein in proportion as
they draw towards the equator ; the various operations undertaken in France to meafure
the extent of the degrees of both latitude and longitude ; every thing, indeed, concurs
to fatisfy us, that the earth is not completely fpherical ; but thefe very experiments and
operations are known to lead to oppofite conclufions as to its real deviation from this
form. Geometry and phyfics feemed here fo much in contradidion with each other,
that none were fufficiently aware of the means of reconciling them ; it was a contro-
verfy to which the learned themfelves gave rife, and not one of thefe difputes deemed
purely fpeculative, and of no importance in practice : even the academy itfelf were
undecided ; nor were its doubts entirely laid at reft until fome voyages had been accom-
plifhed to the pole and the equator. The errors to which all our operations are liable,
are not to be corrected by comparmg, only,, degrees of latitude within a fmall extent ;
their inequality is not manifeft enough to be depended on : it is a very different thing to
compare the degrees meafured in regions very remote, as is the pole and the equator,
from each other. The difference produced from the fum of the whole of the fmall
differences of thefe meafured degrees, muft have, neceffarily, by reafon of its magni-
tude, difengaged us from thofe errors not to be avoided by calculating the difference of
one degree from another feparately ; and the confequences drawn from the mode of the
firft calculation, had acquired a certainty the latter could not give.

If towards the perfefting navigation it had been conceived neceffary to afcertain the
magnitude of the degrees of it, it was not of lefs confequence to be acquainted with its
exaft figure. They were not able to diftinguifh whether the accidents, which happen
even now, too frequently at fea, ought or not to be imputed to the negligence of pilots,
not fcrupuloully enough attentive to the precepts of their art, or whether the evil were
not to be traced to a higher fource, — to the imperfednefs of the art itfelf, by the maxims
of it being chiefly founded upon the fpherical figure of the earth ; of which it ought
neceffarily to be afl'ured, as well as of the circumftance, if fuggefted to it, of the im-
perceptible irregularity of the figure. Setting afide every other advantage which may

* One part of this difcourfe was publicly read in the Aflembly of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
14th November 1744.

have

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

271

have prefented itfelf in our way, we could not fail to propofe to ourfelves a variety of
verifications on different fubje^ls ; to labour at a defcription, and to corred the maps of
the countries through which we had to pafs ; to make obfervations on the loadftone,
examine the weight of the air, its degrees of condenfation, elafticity, refraftion, and
many other things, as occafion fhould offer. Nor even, perhaps, would all thefe ne-
ceffaries, duly confidered, and taken in the aggregate, be eftimated of lefs importance,
than what we regarded as the principal objed of our miffion. The projed of the
voyage of the academicians to the polar circle was fubfequent to ours ; it has been a
much fliorter one, and the public has already happily reaped the fruits of it ; at leaft
to the extent poffible from the nature of the thing, until they fhall form to themfelves
a common refult, the lafl object of every voyage undertaken. With regard to ourfelves,
whofe dellination was to the fouth, and to encounter difficulties not to be imagined, we
had to make our way to the equat6r ; and it was clear enough we had no bufmefs be-
yond it, (ince the degree of the meridian could undergo but little change on the other
fide ; and if we had proceeded far enough, we fhould have found them equal to thofe
of France. It cannot be doubted that there is fome fort of conformity between the two
hemifpheres of the north and fouth : if the degrees enlarge on one fide, they mufl, of
confequence, do the fame on the other, even when not exadly fubjed: to the fame law.
It behoved us, then, to be llationed at the equator, to determine, as this was neceffary,
the inequality, whether in excefs, or lack, when at the greatefl. M. Le Comte de
Maurepas, whofe love for the fciences urged him to every thing that might contribute
to their advancement, loft fight of none of the advantages to be derived from our voy-
age, that could reconcile himfelf to the undertaking ; he fmoothed all our difficulties ;
indeed, we have felt at the extremities of the globe, that we had been travelling under
his aufpices. We were three, M. Godin, M. de la Condamine, and myfelf, all acade-
micians, not reckoning M. de Juffieu, regent doftor of the faculty of medicine at Paris,
brother of the two academicians of the fame name, who joined us after our departure.
This gentleman's employment was to attend, as he did with exemplary care, to the na-
tural hiftory of the countries through which we travelled j and in this he was to be
affifted by M. Senergues, furgeon, who, it was conceived, might alfo fometimes render
much affiftance to us. We had need of the aid of many perfons, to draw, to examine
the calculations, or to explore the country with us : for which purpofes, they appointed
M. Verguin, engineer of the marines, and Meffrs. Couplet, Defodonnais, de Morainville,
and Hugot, the laft a clock-maker, who was to have the charge and care of our in-
flruments.

M. Godin had more pretenfions than one to be placed at the head of our company ;
befide being my elder in years, he alfo had the merit of propofmg the voyage. For my
own part, I had no intention of having any thing to do with the enterprize, when every
thing being prepared and the period for its departure approaching, feveral of the ma-
thematicians or aftronomers on whom much reliance were placed, found themfelves in
a fituation, from perhaps their private affairs attaching them to Paris, or other caufes,^
to be unable to give efficacy to their zeal, which determined me to conquer the repug-
nance which the weak ftate of my health had always given me to fea-voyages. In the
meantime, though our abfence, from many particular incidents to which I was not the
leaft acceffory, became very long and tedious, I fhall not, I am fure, repent of having
rafhly come to the refolution I did, if I have the gratification of knowing that my indi-
vidual efforts have been of public utility.

It muft be remembered, we were not limited to meafure the extent of a fingle degree
of the meridian 5 the arch we afcertained contained more than three j fo that our

labour

2/2 BOUGUER's voyage TO PERU.

labour in this lingle place has been three times longer, and more painful, than that,
experienced in Lapland, which has received fuch well-earned applaufe. On the other
hand, if we have had to overcome many difficulties, it is certain many of them were
infeparable from fuch undertakings; when it was neceffary to crofs the ocean to a
country fo diftant, as to render all communication with Europe exceedingly difficult,
and when the fuccefs of the miffion depended on fuch a number of circumftances, and
the concurrence of fo many perfons ; the moral difficulties are then multiplied, and
unite themfelves with local and phyfical ones. The firft have been greater than can be
defcribed, and the extent of the latter may be conceived when you are informed, that
the vaft height of the mountains, which in Europe has commonly contributed to acce-
lerate thefe operations, were to us the greatell hindrance ; either from the circumftance
of being ftationed fo high as to be enveloped in clouds, or having our fignals carried away
by the tempefts, and being frequently reduced to the neceffity of having regard to
nothing but our own fafety. We have fometimes been obliged to purchafe, for a
month and a half's patience, a fmgle quarter of an hour of fine weather ; and in one of
thefe ftations we have been longer detained, than we fhould have been tolling through
a whole meridian in Europe. We were working, too, in a country, to which even its
inhabitants themfelves were ftrangers ; and obliged continually to penetrate into defarts,
where no paths but thofe made by wild beafts were to be difcovered.

We could not, without a paifport, enter the territories under the domination of Spain,
which are ordinarily interdided to every defcription of ftrangers to all places beyond the
feas. We were even in want of a fpecial permiffion. His Catholic Majefty did not
fimply permit our operations to be made in whatever place we might choofe in Peru,
but declared himfelf the proteftor of them, by making known his pleafure in this
regard to his viceroys and to his audience at Quito ; and, at the fame time, nominated
two marine officers lieutenants of fhips, Don George Juan, commandant, D'Aliaga, of
the order of St. John of Jerufalem, and Don Antonio de Ulloa, to affift in our work.
We found them at Carthagena, in America, where they were arrived fome months be-
fore us, directly from Cadiz. It was a flattering circumftance for the two united
nations, to be able to turn their thoughts towards the attempt of examining the figure
of the earth, while the fortunate fuccefs of their arms aftonifhed Europe, and turned
its attention to very different objefts. In the meantime, if we had the good fortune to
fucceed, the advantages to be derived from our voyage would be common to every
nation, all would equally be benefited thereby. It is fit Kings fhould not limit the
benefits arifing from their glorious undertakings to one reign or one age ; by generoufly
extending them to the whole human race, they fhow themfelves kings or as fathers of
every people : this trait of goodnefs and wifdom is confpicuous in every thing com-
manded by the cherifhed fovereign to whom we are fubjeds.

I fhall divide this difcourfe under different heads, in order the better to defcribe a
country we have had too many occafions to become well acquainted with. Our
French travellers have penetrated but a little way into it, and the idea they have
formed to themfelves of the country, have ordinarily been founded upon the relation
of perfons who have never been induced to a ftridt examination of what they beheld.
Hence it occurred to me, a fomewhat circumftantial detail would affi^rd pleafure, until
I can give a complete relation of the whole journey. Befide this detail may throw
fome light upon the operations of the meafuring of the globe, of which I have given
in an account.

PART

BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO PERU. !^;^^

PART I.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PART OF PERU COMPREHENDED BETWl^EN THE SEA AND 1H\
GREAT CHAIN OF MOUNTAINS KNOWN UNDER THE NAME OF CORDELIER.

T/yE embarked in a King's fhip in the road of Rochelle the 1 6th of May 1735, and
made our way very fuccefsfully to Saint Domingo, after having firft put into
Martinique, where we remained a few days. We made a variety of obfervations in
both thefe iflands, fome of which are noticed in the memoirs of the Academy. We
meafured the height of the different mountains we had occalion to afcend, to fatisfy our
minds in certain refearches we propofed to ourfelves ; we tried our ability, without being
fenfible of it, to fcale other mountains incomparably higher ; thofe which form the
famous chain known under the name of Cordelier, and of which but little is know^ii
than the name in Europe. We made a confiderable ftay at Saint Domingo, and left
It the 30th of Oclober for Carthagena ; from whence we made our way to Porto Bello,
and having croffed the ifthmus, we embarked at Panama on the South Sea, and on the
9th of March 1736, we faluted, for the fir ft time, the coaft of Peru, and anchored in
the road of Manta, where we propofed to ourfelves to harbour. It is already known
M. Condamine and myfelf feparated here from the reft of our companions, by reafon
that we believed we might make fome ufe of our time in this part of the coaft, on
which the heavy rains had already ceafed to fall, and we were affured it would be fome
time yet ere they abated to the fouthward, and that the way to Quito would be impaf-
fable until the month of June.

We faw M. Godin, with the reft of the company, fet fail for Guayaquil, and had no
caufe to regret the refolution we had taken to remain behind ; our ftay purchafed us a
perfedl acquaintance with this coaft, which being the part jutting moft to the weft of
South America, required to be afcertained with particular exadnefs. We examined the
length of the pendulum under the equator, and I was myfelf much privately taken up
with aftronomical refractions.

The day after M. Godin*s departure, we went to the village of Monte Chrifti, fitu-
ated at the foot of the mountain of that name, famed in thefe feas, and known to all
navigators coming from a diftant country ; it is the refidence of the antient inhabitants
of Manta, who, to ftielter themfelves from the infults of pirates, have removed from
the coaft where they formerly refided. We were lodged in the King's houfe *,
which ftiould be confidered as a Town-houfe f, though, like the reft of the cabins, only
conftrufted of bamboos ; it was raifed upon piles about feven or eight feet in height ;
we afcended it by a ftair formed of two bamboos of large fize, in which they had con-
trived notches to receive one's feet. On Thurfday the 15th, in the morning, the
Indians came to vifit us, preceded by their Alcades or magiftrates, carrying in their
hands their wands, as diftindive marks of their authority ; they prefented to us fome
fruits, and announced to us that they had orders, by letters from Don Jofeph de Olabes
y Gamoroa, commandant of Puerto Viejo, to fliew us the fame attention as to himfelf.
We chofe a more commodious ftation as an obfervatory, at about a third of a league
from the village; we there eftabliftied ourfelves under a roof, raifed by our good

* La Cafa Real. f Hotel de Ville.

VOL. XIV. N N fncnds

25^4* BOUGUEr's voyage to PERU.

friends the Indians with much facility, confidering the extreme fimplicity of the archi-
tedture common to this country, M. Condamine and myfelf made an unfuccefsful
attempt to put in pradice the method I fuggefted in the memoirs of the Academy for
1735, to afcertain the precife moment of the equinox. The fun was vifible in the
evening, but not in the morning ; this circumflance, joined toother accidents, deprived
us of the correfpondent obfervations we were in want of. We were prevented by a
cloudy Iky from obferving fome eclipfes of the fatelli^tes of Jupiter ; but it permitted us
to notice the end of the eclipfe of the moon, of the 26th of March 1736, in the even-
ing ; which, from the circumflance of its fixing the fituation of all this coaft, the mod
wefierly of South America, is become an extremely important obfervation *. We
learn from it that Monte Chrifli, whofe latitude is i " 3' S. is fourteen leagues to the
weft of the meridian of Panama or Porto Bello, and the cape St. Lorenzo, which is
near four leagues more to the wefl, is about fifty-four minutes of a degree to the weft
of the fame meridian.

I was, with refpe£t to myfelf, more fortunate in the obfervations I made at the
mouth of the river De Jama, north of the Cape PafTado, at 0° 9' fouth of the equator.
We did not go to this place until we had firfl made our vifit to Don Jofeph de Olabes at
Puerto Viejo, by whom we were very well received. Puerto Viejo is one of the oldefl Spa-
nilh fettlements in Peru. It yet has the title of city, which it merits as little as that of port,
being a very inland town, and the river that pafTes it very inconfiderable. We found
■ notwithflanding a great number of Spaniards here, but for the mofl part very poor ;
they have wax and cotton, and cultivate both the cocoa and tobacco, for exportation,
but the badnefs of their roads and a defeftive navigation depreffes their commerce ;
it is even a fort of hazard that throws an opportunity in their way for the fale of their
commodities.

We nodced in this, as in feveral other places we paffed, fome very pretty houfes,
. under roofs thatched with ftraw or the leaves of the palm-tree, containing a great num-
6 W ber of chambers, and which to their other embellifhments, if we may ufe the term, were
added galleries and balconies. The bamboo ferves for beams, as well as joifls and
boards. Thefe bamboos of which they make fuch a variety of ufes, are as thick as a
man's leg ; when they form boards of them, they fplit them down the whole length
on one fide, then open them by breaking the diaphragm within, and fpread them flat ;.
thus prepared, thefe boards are as long as ours, and fometimes fifteen inches in
breadth ; and of thefe they make their floors, their partitions, and window-frames ; all
the parts of the iJuilding are united by the roots of trees, or cords made of the bark
or rind, fo that not a particle of iron enters into the compofidon or conflrudion of the
edifice ; and nothing can be more accommodating to the natural indifpofition of the-
people of this country to labour ; who, were they inclined to give themfelves a little

* The moon, although entirely fliadowed, was always vifible^ her emerfion only was obfervablc

s.

40^ — Firft moment of emerfion..

31 — Ariftarcus appeared.

00— Plato, ditto,

J 7 — Tycho began to emerge.

23 — Tycho totally emerged.

47 — Manilius emerged.

24 — Mare Serenitatis, out of fhad'ow entirely. 1

25 — Mare Oris, out of fhadow entirely^

17 — Petavius emerged.

18 — Langrenus, ditto*

27 — Eclipfe ends.

more

H.

M.

7

26

7

34

7

47

7

52

7

53

7

57

S

06

t

13

8

19

8

20

8

23

BOUGUER'S voyage to PERU.

275

more trouble, might find more folid and durable materials in their forefls. It is true,
it would coft them more to erecb their habitations in a better and more careful manner ;
befides, generally they are in want of nothing elfe than a flielter from the extreme heat
of the fun, or the frequent heavy rains. Walk or move as gently as you can in thefe
houfes, the whole edifice fliakes. Accidents by fire, too, are much to be apprehended,
but as their furniture partakes of the fimplicity of the building, the damage can never
be very confiderable.

From Puerto Viejo we went to Charapoto, another Spanifh fettlement, where there
are yet fome Spaniards to be met with. From this place we proceeded to Canow, and
afterwards to the north of the Cape Paflado. On our way to Canow we paffed by the
bay of Caracas, a port, thejuttings of which are formed by nature. This bay, fup-
pofed to have fome refemblance to that of the fame name in the North Sea, has a very
narrow entrance,- but is neverthelefs very fpacious ; and there is much wood in the
neighbourhood of it, proper for the conflrudion of Ihips ; and the Spaniards, who
founded a city near the entrance of it, the ruins of which are yet evident, continue
here from time to time, eflabliftiing timber-yards.

In all the places not abfolutely defert, we found and had a refource in bananas, and
fome other fruits, milk, eggs, and poultry. In other places we fubfifted upon rice,
and what provifions we carried with us ; the bananas, and maize-cakes, which had no
other fault than being exceedingly dry, ferved us inflead of bread.

The Indians provided us with horfes, of which we had much need ; and they taught
us to profit of the flux and reflux of the tide, by direfting our way upon the flat Ihores,
where no roads were found made over the heights of the coafl:. Horfes multiply very
much in this country, and there has been a great number of them fince the Spaniards
have tranfported them from Europe j their goodnefs does not arife from the care taken
of them, as is the cafe in our iflands ; they fufFer them always to run out even during
the night, and never fhoe them ; they are fometimes fo lean and ftarved as to excite
the companion of a cavalier, but notwithftanding this, they are excellent and truly fer-
viceable. We availed ourfelves of another fort of conveyance, when we had occafion
to keep to the coaft. We found fome pirogues, a fpecies of canoe or boat, formed
of a fmgle trunk of a tree, in which they will venture very far from fliore, and even
dare to double the cape, when the fea is not greatly agitated.

All our propofitions in our different coaftings were defigned to make us as much
acquainted as poflible with the country : but while we had in view the perfecting of
geography, we did not negledt other obfervations that prefented themfelves ; to mul-
tiply which it was that, being in the fouthern hemifphere, we conceived the defign of
coafting now and then our way northward. I fought principally for a commodious
fituation to obferve the aftronomical refractions near the horizon, and I at length found
one at the mouth of the river Jama, where I fixed myfelf for near fifteen days. The
obfervations I made there, joined to thofe already accompliflied at St. Domingo, fur-
niflied me with a term of comparifon which turned out exceedingly ufeful to me when
I got to Quito ; I noticed there the refractions to be lefs, and that, contrary to all re-
ceived opinion till that time, they diminiflied in proportion as we were above the level
of the fea.

While I was thus occupied below, I beheld, the 13th of April 1736, a very uncom-
mon fight, and of which there have been but few examples : I faw two funs very
diftinCt, fucceflively fet ; they were in contact, and one exactly over the other. I
do not think I ought to attribute this phenomenon to the refledtion of the furface of the
fea, which had fent back the fecond image : for in this cafe the two images would have

N N 2 had

276 BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

had a contrary motion, inflead of defcending with an equal one. The lower fun, whofe ^
light was not quite fo brilliant, but whofe edge was not lefs determined than the upper
one, was when 1 obferved it already divided by the horizon, and did not even form a
complete half-circle. It fet, and was immediately followed by the other, which did not
appear to me fubjed to any other refraction than what I had already obferved, and for
fome days following continued to obfeive.

Moft part of the places we have mentioned are famous in the antient hlftory of Peru.
Manta, at the time of the Incas, was the metropolis of all this country, then funk in the
groffeft: idolatry : the divinity they adored was competent to do them neither good nor
harm ; it was an emerald of the fize of an oflrich egg, to which they had confecrated a
temple, and attached a college of priefts to have charge of its worlhip. Every eme-
rald of an ordinary bignefs partook of a fmall portion of its divinity, were reputed her
daughters, and were often brought from a great diftance to be depofited in the
fame place, that they might have the fame homage rendered to them as the god-
defs their mother : this laft was loft on the arrival of the Spaniards ; probably the
Indians carried it^away and concealed it. It is in vain they have fought for the mines
^Wlr*<<t^ from whence thefe ftones are taken ; nor have they been more fuccefsful in the
"^ perquifltions made in another neighbouring country, further north upon the fame
coaft, the name of which augurs a better profpeCt. They pretend to be acquainted
in this province, which is that of the Emerald, with the Little Mountain, in which
are the richeft of thefe mines ; it is not farther than five leagues from the fea, and
is upon the fouth bank of the river of the fame name as the province. But, be-
fides the impenetrable nature of the country, almoft throughout caufed by the thick
woods, the Indians are wife enough not to be very aiding in thefe fort of refcarches :
they are fenfible, no doubt, fhould they fucceed, they would be opening a career
of labour painful to excefs, which themfelves alone would bear the weight, and with
but little portion of the profits.

It is very probable this coaft, notwithftanding the relation of the firft travellers who
have gone over it to the contrary, have never been much peopled. The villages are
at ten or twelve leagues diftance from each other, and in many places twice that ;
and there are none of them fituated at a fhort diftance from the fea. We may
hazard an opinion that this has always been the fame : immenfe forefts are not
^^, fituations calculated for the fubfiftence of a numerous population. It is a contradic-
' tion, of which fome writers, otherwife very able, have not been fenfible ; who have

believed that the Gauls in the time of the Romans were more numerous than the
French are now, although all the country, almoft, was then covered with wood.
We are aware, befides, that we cannot, in the remote countries of which we are
now fpeaking, confider forefts as a new production : commerce alone, by the abun-
dance it draws fometimes from without, may furnilh the means of fubfiftence" to a
large population : but we are not left ignorant that there has ever been but little
communication between the coaft and the reft of the continent ; befides, as we fhall
not hefitate long to prove, the infpeClion of thefe places confirms this to be very
probable.

We muft not feek in thefe forefts for our oaks or elms, and other trees com-
monly found in our woods. There are, however, to be noticed fome which the
Spaniards, from fome vague relation, have taken for the French, or holm-oak. We
fee there alfo oranges, citrohs, and olives : thefe trees have been carried there by the
^**w/^' Spaniards, for which reafon they cannot, any more than figs and pomegranates, be ex-
peded to be feen in America, but in cultivated fpots. We may even obferve of the

ti olive.

BOUGUEU'S VOYAGE TO PERU.

^71

olive, that this climate Is rather too warm for it, and that it would turn to better
account beyond the other tropic, in the diftriOs of Chili, the moil neighbouring
upon the torrid zone. We noticed a great number of flirubs and plants we have
not in Europe, and others which grow belter in the former than in the hitter coun-
try, as is evidenced by their growth. Acacias, brooms, ferns of numerous fpecies ;
the prickly Cuiges, the Opuntia, the different fpecies of aloes, not to mention the
MangUers, which even grow in the fea, and multiply to a prodigious degree by means . '<*ih
of their branches, which fo intertwine as in their turn to become trunks and roots. In
all thefe fbrefts nothing is to be found but heavy wood, excepting only a few plants,
converted by the goodnefs of the foil into trees. Mod of the fpecies, for inilance,
of the Ferule grows to a great height in Europe, principally in Pouille : but it attains
to a larger fize in the hot regions of Peru, and it yields a white wood, which, though
in weight four or five times lighter than the lighteft fir, is capable not with (landing
of as great power. Nothing can be found more proper to make rafts, of which the
ufe is fometimes fo neceifary, travelling over thefe deferts*.

It is only neceflary to penetrate into the thickefl places of the forefls to find cedars,
of which there are two or three fpecies ; cotton trees ; and the various forts of ebony,
or hard wood ; Guyaco, and many other kinds of wood, efleemed for their fragrance
or colour, and for tlie fine poUfh they will receive. The»trees known under the name
of Maria are diftinguifliable by the whitenefs of their bark, and their great height
and ftraightnefs ; thefe are the only trees in Peru they can convert into mafts for fhips ;
they are very flexible, nor are they fo exceflively heavy as almofl all the others are.
I mufl not omit noticing the palm-trees, of which I have myfelf reckoned more
than ten or twelve fpecies, yet there are many more. Confidered in every manner,
this is a very fingular tree : its branches, or rather leaves, being at the very top of
its trunk, gives it, notwithftanding its height, the form rather of a plant than a tree.
It is obferved in the hot countries of the torrid zone, trees fpread their roots near the ^"^^
furface of the foil : but the roots of many of the palms are altogether out of the ground,
and the bafe of the trunk is obferved to lift itfelf up as the tree advances in age ;
it will fometimes rife to fix or feven feet, and the roots which divide form beneath a
kind of trench or pyramid, in the hollow of which it is poffible to fhelter onefelf.

Near the fea thefe forefls fcarcely ever exceed the growth of a coppice ; in pro-
portion as you advance into land, the trees vifibly increafe in fize, and gradually in
height, and at feven or eight leagues from the coafl, and not at a ihorter diflance, they
attain to their utmofl elevation. This inaximum bears itfelf up ; it comprifes a very
confiderable trad, but at the fame time of unequal breadth, varying according to fitua-
tions ;' for if we continue to advance, we find the trees lofe much in their height, either
becaufe the quality of the land is no more the fame, or becaufe of the elevation of the
foil as it approaches the Cordelier, and its not having the fame depth of good earth j
the fpaces between the trees are filled with a prodigious quantity of plants and pa-
rafite fhrubs j fome of thefe entwine the trunks and branches ; others fall vertically in
a ftraight line, refembling cords attached to their heights ; the remaining voids are taken
up by bamboos of all growths, fome of them twenty or thirty feet high, and the moft
part of the larger ones thorny. When I fay that all the trees are encumbered with
plants and fhrubs, I mean to fay, generally ; we mufl, I believe, except the Acomas,
which are confiderably larger here than in our iilands, and which, like even fome
Other trees, have appeared to me exempt from mofs. They owe, apparently, this dif-

* The Spaniards name this wood, Wood of Balfa.

278 BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

tinftlon to the ladeous moifture of their bark, which is prejudicial to many parafite
plants.

We acknowledge, on entering thefe woods, the truth of the obfervation already
made by other travellers, that if the birds of America exceed ours in beauty of plum-
age, ours have the advantage, infinitely, in variety and fweetnefs of note. Inftead of
fong, nothing is heard almoft throughout the foreft, but a difcordant ftunning noife.
The clamour of the paroquets, which are feen here in great tribes, is particularly dif-
turbing. Thefe birds do not frequent the fea-fide ; to find them, we muft penetrate for
fome leagues into the country^ I have frequently eat of the fmall green ones, and found
them very good, though their flefli may be confidered rather hard. The apes, alfo,
choofe to take themfelves far from the coaft, and generally follow the courfe of the
rivers and brooks. Here, alfo, you fee the Toucan, called by the natives the Preacher,
although he never opens his mouth. He bears no refemblance to any other bird, from
the monftrous fize of his beak, which is almoft as large as his whole body. Pigeons
are very common, and very good, fo are alfo ducks, principally thofe which the Spa-
niards name Palos Reales, and which are decorated with a creft. The Galinaffo is
•found in many places here ; it is a fingular fpecies of the Coori, to the flelh of which
they attribute different properties ; but it is rarely made ufe of, by reafon of its ftink-
ing fmell. It differs from ours by its fize, in which it is larger, and the head of it,
inftead of being covered with feathers, has fimply a black fkin upon it, of an helmet
form.

The number of mifchievous terreftrial animals is very great here, particularly remote

from the fea and the thick receffes of the forefts, and where the trees are at their

loftieft growth. The lion we fee there, is not one ; he has much more relation with the

wolf; and does not attack man. But the tigers are as large there, and favage, as thofe

of Africa : of which, there has been at different times mofl terrible proofs. When, in

1740, I returned from Quito towards the fea, taking a northerly diredion to meafure

• the abfolute height of the mountains which had ferved for our meridian, I paffed by

;Nigonas, which is, as it were, the centre of the Province of Emeralds, and faw there

many perfons who had been lamed by thefe terrible animals : ten or twelve Indians had

•been torn to pieces by them two or three years before. I proceeded farther, and fixed

myfelf in a little iHand formed by the meeting of the two rivers of the Emeralds and

Inca. In this ifland we imagined ourfelves perfedly fecure from any attack ; but, lo I

the firft night the tigers fwam over to difpute our provifions with us, and carried off a

part of them ; and we were under the neceflity every night of making a large fire as a

' protedion. It is a bleffing thefe animals, like all thofe offenfive by the ferocity of their

nature, are not teeming. Tigers are but few in Peru ; but it requires but one or two

of them to defolate a whole country.

The Indians, who never crofs the deferts without being armed with a lance and
hanger, affemble themfelves at certain times to hunt thefe animals, and never fail, when
accidents have happened to imprefs them with the neceflity of doing fo. Much alfo is
to be apprehended from ferpents, which are here very common, and of many dangerous
fpecies ; among them the rattle-fnake, which will not, like the moft part of others,
turn afide from man. . Lizards are found here as large as your arm, but harmlefs.
We will now notice thofe divers fpecies of animals, of which fome are confidered am-
phibious. The Iguana has a thorny creft on His head and along his back : his form, he
is fo meagre and Ihrivelled, is truly hideous. I fufpeft he has the means, when he
fwims, of blowing himfelf up into a large volume, which gives him lightnefs, and in-
duces a belief that he walks upon the water as upon land. They eat of this animal,

t4 and

BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO PERU. 370

and find his flelh excellent ; as alfo of a fpecies of wild boar, which has a head not fo
long as purs, and fomething like a navel upon his back. I believe this laft is peculiar
to the woods of America ; but the Taton or Armadillo is common to both continents : it
is remarkable for the diftinft fcales or armour with which its body, head, tail, and legs,
are feparately covered.

The mofl part of the infecls to be found with us are alfo there, but ordinarily of
larger fize, and fometimes fo big, that Europeans confider them monflrous. Earth
worms, for inftance, though entirely refembling what are common to us, are as long
as one's arm, and an inch in circumference. Some of their fpiders are covered with
hair, and as large as a pigeon's egg. We fee there different fpecies of the pifmire often
confiderably larger than ours, and fome of them venomous. Scorpions are alfo very
common, but their fting is not of much confequence ; the diftrefs of it generally ends
with a flight fever : it has, however, happened to an acquaintance of mine, befide feel-
ing this inconvenience, to have been afflided with a fwelling of the tongue, fo as to
render fpeaking painful. I have frequently feen a little dog flung, and it only occa-
fioned him at firfl to flart. The flings were made chiefly in the tender part of the
belly not covered with hair : the little dog did not appear at all indifpofed. But there
is nothing in thefe forefls that diflreffes you fo much as the mofquitos and maringouins ;
by reafon they caufean uneafmefs, or rather a plague, which is never ceafmg, and it
is very difficult to guard onefelf againfl it. The firfl are a fpecies of flies fcarcely per-
ceptible, and afledl you like red-hot iron ; the fecond are of two different fpecies, the
fmallefl differing little from our gnats. We are acquainted in Europe with the nature of
the fling of the latter, but the poifon of the maringouins is, neverthelefs, more a6live : it
caufes great bliflers, chiefly upon thofe lately from Europe, whofe blood is apparently more
fluid. It cannot be defcribed with what obflinacy they feem to attack thefe flrangers.
The air is frequently darkened by their multitude, and we are obliged to be in inceffant
motion to defend ourfelves from them ; they conquer by making their way through every
little hole they find in our clothes, and it is impoffible to refl at night for them, unlefs
under a tent made purpofely to guard us againfl them. This tent has curtains of calico,
and is formed like a tomb ; they fallen it, when they fleep in the woods, by its two ex-
tremities or four angles to fome trees ; and it is a piece of furniture fo abfolutely necef-
fary, that the poorell Indian is always provided with, and never journeys without it.
As the maringouins flrive to avoid both wind and fun, the open places they will never
voluntarily infefl ; and many places are found entirely free of them. The inconveni-
ence is not fo great in hamlets and all cleared fpots.

It will not be confidered extraordinary that the country I have defcribed fhould be
very hot, fmce it is upon a level with the fea, and placed in the midfl of the torrid
zone. At the fame, the thermometer of M. de Reaumur did not rife in the afternoon
but to 26°, 27^, or 28° ; in the morning, a little before fun-rife, it was commonly at
19°, 20°, or 21°. It is not to be doubted but it is the continuity of the heat which
makes it feem fo great in the torrid zone, for we have very frequently known the ther-
mometer in France to rife confiderably higher. The flrength is exhaufled by tranfpira-
tion and violent fweats. The heat abates but very little during the night, and we even
rife fatigued in the morning. To the degree the faculties of the foul find themfelves
incumbered, the laffitude of the body communicates itfelf to the mind j and we then
find ourfelves in a flate of indolence, which not only prevents us from acting, but
unfits us for any thing that requires application and attention. It is very poflible all
travellers, in paffing through the torrid zone, are not equally fenfible to this effe£l of
the great heat. There is reafon to believe alfo, that, in the end, we recover in a great

meafure

28o BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

meafure our ufual ftate ; provided the re-eftablifliment is fufficiently fpeedy, and no
other caufes throw any hindrance in the way.

But what will, no doubt, create furprife, is, that in thefe countries, where the heat
is always fo great, the humidity is always exceiTive ; and fo it is in all the pl;ices fitu-
ated between the two tropics, whe:re there is much wood. Even upon the highefl: emi-
nences, from whence it is natural to imagine the waters fhould run off, you fmk mid-
leg into the mud. I have already intimated, that the houfes were raifed upon piles ;
but this does not prevent the mifchief occafioned by the inceffant dampnefs excited by
the heat. At certain feafons, every poffible care is required to preferve paper, and
to prevent our faddle and portmanteau from rotting. To attempt to fire a gun after
being loaded for three or four hours, is an ufelefs effort ; and there is no means of
preferving powder, but drying it, from time to time, at fome diftance from a fire.

This country, the length of which I fhall give by and by, is from forty to forty-five
leagues in breadth from eail to weft, being comprehended between the coaft and the
Cordelier, whofe direction is nearly north and fouth. Sometimes the coaft abruptly
changes its diredion ; and the chain of mountains, as if affedled thereby, feems, al-
though at fo great a diftance, to confine itfelf to the alteration ; but it commonly takes
its courfe in a dired line j infomuch, that it is found at the leaft diftance from the fea,
when any gulph, like that of Guayaquil, for inftance, penetrates far into land. Going
beyond this gulph, fouthward towards Lima, the face of the country is altered ; the
foil is covered with fand feemingly depofited by the fea ; or it poflibly may be attributed
to a contrary origin, this fand may have fallen from the Cordelier : the country is open j
and there is no wood, as on this fide the gulph.

But what more particularly diftinguilhes this part of Peru, lying beyond the Guaya-
quil, Is, that, notwfthftanding the fky is often cloudy, there never falls any rain : a
fingularity this which gives rife to a problem in phyfics the more difficult to be refolved,
as it depends upon the moft perfect acquaintance with the nature of clouds. It is not
furprifing that Auguftin de Zarate, who was, I believe, the firft who ftarted this diffi-
culty, has not better explained it ; yet I am not acquainted with any perfon, though the
fubjeft has occupied the attention of many naturalifts, who has done better.

We have now to fpeak of a phenomenon, . the regular and certain effeds of which is
not confined to a fmall extent of territory. The country fubjett to the rains reach as far
as Panama, and is in length more than three hundred leagues ; and they are at the fame
time fo heavy and inceffant, particularly in Choco, the moft central province of this trad,
that the people the moft avaricious of gain have the greateft repugnance to refide there,
although this is, of every other country in the world, that in which nature has dif-
played the utmoft profufion, by making the bowels of the earth a depofitory of gold
duft. A fortune cannot fail to be made there in a little time ; but there is nothing more
certain than falling vidims to the pernicious qualities of the climate, the humidity of
which irxeffantly applied, checks tranfpiration, and fufpends the fweat continually pro-
moted by an oppreffive heat. The other country in which rain never falls, and which
is to the fouth of the Gulph of Guayaquil, extends beyond Arica towards the deferts
of Atacama, or towards the confines of the torrid zone and the fouth temperate zone, a
fpace of more than four hundred leagues in length by between twenty aiid thirty in
breadth. There thunder is never heard, nor are we ever expofed to any ftorm. The
foil there is always dry, or with more propriety we may obferve, that nothing is feen
but arid fands. No verdure meets the eye, excepting on the banks of the rivers, which,
falling from the mountains, traverfe thefe countries with unufual rapidity. So affured
are they of having no rain, and fo little apprehenfive of it, that the houfes in Arica, as

well

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU. 2$ I

well as Lima, are never roofed ; they content themfelves with mats by way of a cover-
ing, over which they throw a fprinkling of foil or aihes, to abforb the dew and damps
of the night.

That the extreme differences in the conftitution of th§ atmofphere, and the quality
of the foil of thefe countries, have a connexion with each other, cannot be doubted.
The nature of the foil has an influence upon the lower region of the air. Forefl;s, in
all hot countries, notwithftanding the Iky may be ferene, and the air pure without, are
almoll always involved in a thick atmofphere. The faft is certain, becaufe it is vifible ;
befides, it is not difficult to explain the reafon of it. Trees, like the earth, which is
covered with corrupted vegetable and animal matter, and always expofed to exceffive
heat, is fubjed to a perpetual wafling. The evaporation takes the appearance of a fog
which rifes to no height, feldom above that of the trees, if we notice only the denfe
part of it ; but the imperceptible parts afcend to a great height, fufficient, fuch is the
attradtive virtue of the wood, to conftitute a fpecies of communication between the
forefl and the clouds. The exhaled particles unite themfelves with the vapours which
form the clouds, which becoming, as it were, very fuddenly heavy, lofe their equili-
brium on the bed of the air in which they are fufpended. While it is raining, they are
in the midft of a fog ; that is to fay, the rain falls not ufually as it does here, breaking
from a cloud apparently high over our heads : more frequently in the forefts of the
torrid zone, all the upper and lower regions of the atmofphere are equally thick, or
furcharged.

Whatever tends to the progrefs of phyfics, is certainly not foreign to the relation of
a voyage which has been undertaken to improve that fcience. I, therefore, fhall not
be afraid of joining to the recital of fa£ls, certain reflections arifing therefrom, from
which fome benefit may be derived. There is every reafon to induce a belief, that the
fmall particles of which the fogs and clouds are formed, are not fmall folid fpheres j
but that they are rather, fimply, bubbles of air. Were this not fo, it would be im-
poflible that the clouds fhould rife, and that they fhould afcend to a greater height in
fummer than winter, when the air, lefs condenfed, is lefs capable of fupporting them.
Attention to every other circumftance, and even to the manner the evaporation of liquors
is accomplifhed, will confirm this truth. In fad, whatever internal agitation may be
imagined in any liquor that evaporates, the fmall particles which are thrown out, quickly
lofe all their motion by the refiflance of the air, if they were but fimply thrown out,
and are not poffeffed of a lightnefs difpofing them to float and rife.

Thefe fmall bubbles fufpended in the air may be diffolved in various ways to rain.
The wind, by driving them one againft the other, may jumble and break them. The
heat may become fo violent, that the bubbles, by too great an inflation occafioned
by it, may burft. A very contrary caufe will produce a very fimilar effeft, when the
air contained in thefe fmall hollow fpheres fhall experience a too great condenfation, "
which will caufe fuch a diminution in the bulk of thefe fmall bubbles, that they cannot
buoy themfelves. When the wind coming from the fea, bringing a cloud along with
it, condufts it over a coafl covered with wood, it can affe£l but little alteration in the
heat. A wood reflefls the rays of the fun but in a very trifling degree j and it is cer-
tain that the heat, at a certain height above it, cannot be more intenfe than over the
fea. But the continual evaporation, we have obferved, of the woods, further the de-
fcent of the clouds and their diffolution ; whereas, in the environs of Lima, and to the
fouth of Guayaquil, nothing like this happens.

The winds, which prevail moft in thefe parts, ordinarily blow from the fea and fouth-
v/efl : but when a cloud driven by this wind reaches the land, it becomes expofed to a

VOL. XIV. o o n^w

262 BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO PERU.

liew heat, that is to fay, to one different from what it received from the fea ; and which
arifes from the refleftion, and the neighbourhood of foil, compofed of nothing but fand.
Thus the cloud is likely to be lefs difpofed to fall by its own weight, as the volumes of
^ach of its bubbles mull neceifarily augment. It is true, if the dilatation were already
too great, from the facility the fmall portion of the confined air had to receive the heat,
the neighbourhood of an overheated coaft would only tend to accelerate the burfting of
the bubbles, and rain would be the more certain. So there is oftentimes a fufficiency of
rain where the irrigation of the foil is praftifed ; but it is more common to obferve the
clouds pafs over to a diftance of twenty-five or thirty leagues beyond, where they are
met by the Cordelier, which, as a high wall, intercepts every thing not high enough
elevated to fly over it.

April 23, 1736. — It is now a month and a half ago fmce we firfl vifited thefe deferts,
and it became neceffary that we fhould think of making our way to Quito, the roads
to which we had now reafon to expert, from the ceiTation of the rains, were now be-
ginning to be prafticable. Being at this time at the mouth of the river Jama, which is
nearly upon the fame parallel with Quito, M. Condamine and myfelf agreed to feparate
and take different routes. M. Condamine followed the coaft towards the north in fearch
of the river of Emeralds, continuing to lay down a map of the country he croffed in
re-afcending it. With refpe£t to myfelf, retracing back my fteps, I took a fouthern
diredion for Guayaquil, and penetrated the forefls, the furface of which was fo over-
flowed, that I was frequently, when mounted on horfeback, up to the knees in water :
it was, in truth, no other than a continual morafs or flough. The violent efforts by
the mules to extricate themfelves, expofed one every inftant to the hazard of being
dafhed againfl a tree.

Having reached Guayaquil, I quitted it the fame day, of courfe could not myfelf
acquire much knowledge of it. The town is large, and one of the moft flourifhing of
all the country. Its advantageous fituation renders it the flaple of the commerce of
both Panama and Lima ; and though it is at a confiderable diftance from Quito, it is,
properly fpeaking, the port of this latter place. It is big enough, and divided into two
towns, called the old and new. The houfes, which are all built of wood, are fepa-
rated but by fimple partitions. Its fituation is five leagues from the fea, upon the weft-
em bank of a wide and deep river, immediately below its confluence with the Daule,
which is alfo a very fine river. Almoft all the rivers falling from the Cordelier into the
Pacific Ocean, are no other than impetuous currents, notwithftanding the great quan-
tity of water that comes down. But thefe rivers come down from too great an height,
and fo rapid are their courfes to the fea, that they have not time to enlarge themfelves.
Some are confined within very narrow beds, particularly the moft part of thofe which
crofs the countries on this fide the Gulph of Guayaquil ; others, running over a fandy
foil, are much wider ; they frequently form great fheets of water, preferving, at the
fame time, the rapidity impreffed by their fall. But the river Guayaquil, in falling into
the gulph of that name, has a more gentle courfe, by reafon that it runs almoft parallel
with the Cordelier ; its defcent is not fo great ; it is fubjed to flux and reflux ; and is
the recepticle of many other rivers. All thefe circumftances render it more navigable,
and abounding in fifh ; but, at the fame time, it is full of Caymans, or crocodiles, fo
common in America.

I embarked upon this river, afcending it, and, on the 19th May 1736, reached
Caracol, feated at the foot of the Cordelier ; a place left by M. Godin about three days
before. This gentleman, although he had all the mules of the province at his com-
mand, was under the neceflity of leaving here nearly a fifth part of our equipage, by

10 reafon.

^

BOUGUER'S voyage to PERU. 283

reafon, on account of the impradicability of the roads, he was obliged to render the
weight as moderate as he could. He continued his route, and entered Quito on the
29th May, one year and fome days more, from our departure from Europe. The
manner of the reception of our companions in this capital is already known ; all the
different corporate bodies of the city haftened to congratulate them on their arrival,
and they were lodged in the palace until they could provide convenient houfes for
themfelves.

PART II.

TT was the i oth of June before I reached Quito, having been detained at Caracol for
^ want of a carriage, and my health had fuffered confiderably by the fatigue of the jour-
ney from Rio Jama, and more particularly from Puerto Viejo to Guayaquil. However,
I fet about, in my turn, to furmount the difficulties of the chain of mountains before
me, which took me up feven days to accomplifh, although I did not eftimate the paf-
fage over at more than nine or ten leagues. But it is an extremely rugged afcent, in-
terrupted by an infinity of different precipices, on the brinks of which we are often
obliged to walk ; we are obliged too, many times to pafs a little river called Ojiva, in
which many people are loft every year ; though it is not a wide torrent, its rapidity is
frightful : we pals it for the laft time, we remove ourfelves from it, and yet we dread
it, fo much it feems to threaten the traveller, even when at a diftance from it, with its
roar. Sometimes, defcending, a deep ravine prefents itfelf, which we have difficulty
to get over, and often a whole day is confumed only in afcending its oppofite fide, and
then we find ourfelves but at a little diftance from the place we left in the jnorning.
The laffitude of the mules is fo great, that you muft allow them to reft and take their
breath every feven or eight fteps they make ; the whole journey becomes thus, although
very laborious, but intervals of alternate refl, and a llowly progreffive motion.

The rain was fo heavy, and every thing, during the firfl few days, fo very wet, that it
was not poffible to make a fire ; and we had to live on bad cheefe, and bifcuit made partly
of maize. We made each night, when we were not fo fortunate as to meet with a cabin
already conftruded by fome other traveller, the beft bed we could of the branches of
trees, and their leaves. In proportion as we advanced, the heat of the torrid zone
abated, and we foon became fenfible of cold. When I fay I was feven days on my
journey, I do not reckon the ftay I made in the town called Guarenda, in the heart of
the Cordelier, and which prefents a fituation of reft which no perfon fhould fail to avail
themfelves of The whole of my way was through woods, which terminated, as I have
fince fatisfied myfelf, at the height of fourteen or fifteen hundred toifes ; and when I
came to any ftation more open than ufual, and caft my looks^ behind, I could fee no-
thing but the immenfe forefts through which I had palfed, fpreading themfelves even to
the fea. I at length got to the height, and found myfelf at the foot of a mountain
called Chimborazo, always loaded with fnow, and all the foil covered with froft and
ice. The Cordelier being nothing elfe than a long range of mountains, of which an
infinity of its pointed fummits are loft in the clouds, it is not poffible to crofs them but

002 t)y

284 BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

by the necks or defiles ; but that by which I made my way, partook of its great eleva-
tion above the level of the fea. I was at the foot of the Chimborazo, and, in the
mean time, I found myfelf already in the region where rain never falls ; to the greatefl
diflance around me I beheld nothing but fnow or hoar frofl.

I followed exadly the fame route taken by the ancient troop of Spaniards, who are
handed down to us in hiftory. . This troop, commanded by Don Pedro Alvarado at the
beginning of the conqueft of Peru, and precifely two centuries before me, made this
voyage to the aid of Francis Pizarro : he took, as I have done, his way from
Puerto Viejo to Guayaquil, by way of Jipijapa ; from Guayaquil he afcended to the
foot of Chimberago, and went along the Ibuth fide of this mountain to Riobamba,
called at that period Rivecpampa : but in going over a hill, which could be no other
than that known now under the name of Arenal, feventy of his followers, no other-
wife acquainted with Peru than from report of its riches, and having taken no pre-
caution, perifhed with cold and laflitude, among whom were two or three of the
Spanifh women who firft ventured into the country. Having attained the height, I
muft neceflarily defcend. How was I furprifed at the novelty of the view ! I imagined
myfelf, after having been fucceflively expofed to the ardour of the torrid zone and
the horrors of cold, tranfported all at once, as it were, into the temperate climate
of France, and into a country, as embellifhed here, in the moft engaging feafon.

At a diftance I beheld well-enough cultivated fields, a great number of towns and vil-
lages, inhabited by Spaniards or Indians, other fmaller and pretty towns, and all the open
and unwooded trafts, peopled as are fome of our provinces. The houfes, no longer con-
ftrufted with bamboos, as are thofe lower down, but built of folid materials, fome of flone,
but for the moft part of large bricks dried under Ihade. Every village is ornamented with
a fquare, one of the fides of which is partly taken up by the church ; in no region
of the world have they failed to fet this place, which is a parallelogram, to the eaft,
from which ftreets divide in ftraight lines, open to the diftant country ; even the fields
are frequently interfe<9:ed thus at right angles, which give to them the form of a gar-
den. Such is that part of the province of Quito, fituated by the Cordelier to the north
and fouth of this capital ; worthy, indeed, by its fize, its edifices, and number of
inhabitants, of its title. This city is about eight or nine hundred toifes in length, by
five or fix in breadth ; is the feat of a bilhop, and the refidence of the prefident of
the Audience, who is alfo governor of the province. It has a great number of reli-
gious fociedes in its bofom, and two colleges, which are a fort of univerfities, one
under the diredion of the Jefuits, and the other under the Dominicans. The inhabit-
ants amount to between thirty and forty thoufand, one-third of whom are Spaniards,
or of Spanifh origin. Provifions are exceedingly dear. The on*y foreign merchan-
dize there is, and that carried on with difficulty, is at an exceffive price, as our cot-
tons, woollen cloths, and filk ftuffs. I have frequently given fix reals, or more than
a crown, a pound for iron, to make fome inftruments of; a drinking-glafs cofts eighteen
or twenty francs : but every neceffary of life is to be found there, and the country
furnifhes them in abundance.

It muft be confeffed, when one is in the deferts, at a diftance from the Cordelier,
and look upon this briftled chain of fummits, it is impoffible to imagine to onefelf any
thing concealed among them. One would be led to believe that, in climbing thefe
mountains of fuch terrific afpeft, when we have reached the height, we fhould be com-
pelled by the inclemency of the weather to defcend on the other fide, where we fhould
meet with forefts like thofe we had left behind : it could never enter the mind that be-
hind thefe mountains extend a fecond range eq^ually high, and that they ferve, neither

one

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU. 285

one nor the other, but as a (belter to this happy country ; where nature has traced out
in her gifts, to fay rather, in her profufions, the image of a terreflrial paradife.

This country is comprehended between the double chain of the Cordelier, which,
like two walls, feparate it on the fides of eaft and weft from the reft of America. The
firft of the two chains is, as we have already mentioned, at from 40 to 45 leagues from
the fea ; the two are parallel to each other at about the diftance of feven or eight leagues ;
I mean their ridges ; fometimes they fly off, at others approximate, but always preferve
the fame direftion, which varies little from that of the meridian : from their extreme
vicinage, the land or plain which feparates them muft be very elevated. This plain is
five or fix leagues in breadth ; the two chains of the mountains, which, to thofe
on the outfide of them, appear but a fingle mafs, are very vifibly diftin£l to the
inhabitants living between them. Quito, and the largeft portion of the province, is
thus fituated in an extended valley, which is ever reputed a mountain, from being placed
between higher mountains, the moft of which are covered with fnow, or, if I may be
permitted an expreffion conformable to that in ufage in the country, fnowed.

The Cordelier is not double in its whole length, though I know it to be fo, having
vifited the country, from the fouth of Cuenca to the north of Popayan, to an extent
of more than one hundred and feventy leagues ; and I know it to be double yet further
towards the north, although the country, by its finking, lofes by degrees the good
qualities it poiTeffes in the environs of Quito. ,

The fufficient width of the valley and its expofition to the fun would, it might
be fuppofed, render the heat of it infupportable : but, on the other hand, the great
elevation of the land, and the vicinage of the fnow, it muft be eafily conceived, muft
temperate the heat ; the two contraries, if one may fo exprefs onefelf, are intermarrifed,
and the ilTue of the connection can be no lefs a lafting autumn than a perpetual fpring.
They are ftrangers to many of the hurtful animals, the tiger and ferpent, fo fre-
quent in the forefts of the low countries ; the heat in the higher country is not fuf-
ficient for them. The thermometer of Reaumur kept its fituation at fourteen or fif-
teen degrees ; the fields are always green, where grow the fruits of the torrid zone
with thofe of Europe, as apples, pears, and peaches : the trees there are almoft always
in fap ; every fpecies of grain, and particularly wheat, is there very productive. Wine
might be made there, had not Lima obtained an exclufive privilege to make it one of
the objects of her commerce, while Quito fubfifted on her commodities, and by her
manufadtories of woollen cloths, calicoes, a-nd cottons.

Years of fcarcity and dearth do not ordinarily furnifh proofs of the fertility or
goodnefs of the country in which it prevails, neverthelefs Peru is a fingular excep-
tion to this rule. Another example of a more rainy year than 1741, perhaps, a
century will not produce. The crops all failed, and the harveft did not yield fcarcely
a feventh or an eighth part of the average of other years ; the price of every thing
increafed, as may be imagined, enough ; for the inhabitants of the country of Peru
are unacquainted with magazines of referve to have recourfe to on fuch occafions. A
very moderate degree of labour is fufficient to render the foil, which is there extremely
teeming, liberally productive ; yet is bread very dear, double and treble of what it is
with us, becaufe the views of the people of the province of Quito extend not beyond
the prefent wants, and leave much of their lands uncultivated. The fcarcity caufed a
rife nine times over in the price of wheat, maize, and all other grain, and even in
potatoes, which, with the maize, is the chief food of the Indians. It feems the public
calamity muit have been extreme, and it was, too, fpread widely round : ' in the
mean time fcarcely any body fuffered j the poorer fort were fomewhat incon>moded,

but

286 BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

but they lived ; they had recourfe to fruits and various forts of vegetables, which never
failed them. Cheefe they were never without j and, as the cattle could always find
rich pafturage in the extenfive open plains of the mountains, meat was always cheap,
and at a price, although I have noticed the reafon of the advance, which will furprize,
when compared with that of bread ; beef was more than two or three fous a pound
of our money.

Every thing neceflary for clothing is there as eafily obtained. Flax grows very
well : • I have feen fome which had been cultivated in the country, which was very fine.
The wools are not of quite fo good a quality as ours, but by ufing the better fort of it
they might make better cloths than they do. The Vicuna is not feen at Quito, but
they have an animal of much the fame fpecies, which the Indians call Llamas ; it may
better be compared to a fmall camel, and this they ufe to carry burthens of from fifty
to fixty pounds weight : the Vicuna is to be found in Chili, and will live, no doubt,
in many places of the Cordelier of Peru. Ingredients are found proper for dyeing.
Indigo is common in the low countries ; in the higher, there is a Ihrub grows that gives
a very fair yellow, ^nd in many places they attend to the breeding of the infeft, known
under the name of the Cocheneal, which gives the crimfon colours. They carry on a
commerce with Ambato, a place twenty leagues fouth of Quito, where the temperature
is nearly the fame ; perhaps the thermometer may ftand at one or two degrees higher.
There is now no want of fpices, or, what is the fame thing, they have it in their power to
fubftitute, for thofe with which we are acquainted, others produced in the country,
which they do efPedively, and more fuccefsfuUy. Lailly, it is fufficient to chufe a fitu-
ation either a little higher or lower (for we have fhewn this long valley does not
form a perfectly even plain), to enjoy the air and the advantages of the moft different
climates.

From the circumftance of the fphere being here very much equal, the days are
always nearly of the fame length with the nights ; it is a perpetual equinox, and the
degree of temperature is nearly the fame throughout the year in the fame place : the
rains only mark the feafons, and they fall nearly as they do in the low countries in
the forefts, from the month of November till May : thefe rains, together with the
earthquakes, and frequent volcanic eruptions, which are in great numbers, conftitute
the bad qualities, of which but few good ones are, behind to balance, of thefe countries.
It is eafy enough for a traveller who penetrates into the interior of the valley, to fatisfy^
himfelf he does not defcend within as he afcends without, and that he is at a confiderable
height above the level of the fea, but to what degree is difficult, nay impoffible, for
him to eftimate. There is no time for reflection in fuch a journey; man, in purfuing
it, is then but a machine. All the collefted waters difcharging themfelves from the
two Cordeliers, fall in all directions of the horizon, on the outfide of them, either to
the North or South Sea, which mark their great height ; thefe waters form the higheft
cataracts in the world ; but they mark out nothing precifely to the fimple traveller.
Thus it is not aftoniftiing that the inhabitants of Quito fliould have had the information
from us, that of all the people of the known world, they are the higheft fituated ;
that their elevation above the fea was from fourteen to fifteen Jiundred toifes, and that
they breathed an air more rarified by one third than other men * Nor need any part
of the known world be excepted in this obfervation, as from every circumftance we
have reafon to believe, that the mountains of the temperate and frozen zones are un-
inhabitable, and even inacceffible to half their height.

* The mercury in the barometer at Quito kept its ftation at twenty inches one line.

We

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU. 2^y

We found ourfelves, at firft, confiderably incommoded by the rarefaction of the
air, particularly thofe among us who had delicate lungs, felt the alteration moft, and
were fubjecl to little hemorrhages ; this no doubt arifes from the lightnefs of the
atmofphere, no longer aiding by its compreffion on the veflels, to the retention of
the blood, which on its fide maintains always the power of adion. I did not
myfelf, when we had occafion to afcend much, obferve this inconvenience to increafe ;
perhaps the reafon migh^ be I was already inured to the country, or it might be owing
to the cold preventing the dilatation of the air to the degree it might otherwife have
been. Many of us while afcending, fainted, and were fubjed to vomiting ; but thefe
accidents were more the effed of wearinefs than a difficulty in breathing ; this is
incontellibly proved by their never being fubje£t to this inconvenience while on horfe-
back, and when they had attained the fummit, where the air, notwithftanding, was
more fubtle. I do not deny that this great rarefadlion haftens laffitude, and contri-
butes not a little to exhaullion, for refpiration becomes extremely oppreffive at every
exertion however trifling, and at the lead motion we make we are out of breath : but ^
ceafe thefe exertions and this motion, and the confequences are no more. I advance
nothing that I have not been many tmies witnefs to, and fhould have witnefled many
times more, had not experience quickly taught many among us that it was not per-
mitted us to expofe ourfelves to ^ fo great a fatigue.

Quito is at the foot of one of thefe mountains, named Pichincha, which belongs to
. the weftern chain of the Cordelier, and is that on the fide of the South Sea ; this is
afcended, as are the moft part of the others, very high on horfe-back. Many of thefe
mountains referable each other, infomuch that their bafes are formed by feveral hills
covered with an argillaceous or common foil, from the middle of which a pyramid or
mafs of ftoneS rifes from one hundred and fifty to two hundred toifes in height.
There is fome appearance that in remote times the whole was covered with a foil, and
that it has Aided by degrees from, or fome finking occafioned by an earthquake, have
laid bare, the rocks. '

This part of Pichincha is very difficult to climb, we remained upon its fummit for
three weeks : the cold was very intenfe, fo much fo, that fome fcorbutic affedions
began to make their appearance on fome of us, and the Indians, and other fervants
we had engaged in the country, experienced violent pains : they vomited blood, and
fome of them were obliged to defcend ; but this indifpofition was not continual while
we were ftationed upon the point of the rock, it arofe from the intenfenefs of the cold,
to which they had never been accuftomed ; the dilated ftate of the air did not appear
to be the caufe, at leaft the immediate or moft approximate caufe : I examined with
the more circumfpedion into this, as I was aware that the moft part of travellers had
been led into an error with regard to the circumftance, by not enough unravelling the
-different effeds. Frequently, when we have been at fupper in the evening, we have
had an earthen pah of fire, with many candles alight in the midft of us, and the door
of our cabin with double hides, and yet all would not prevent the water freezing in
our glaffes. We had every difficulty imaginable to manage a pendulum ; we were
continually in the clouds, which abfolutely veiled from our fight every thing but the
point of the rock upon which we were ftationed. Sometimes the fky would change
three or four times in the fpace of half an hour; a tempeft was followed by fine
weather, and in an inftant after, thunder, loud ui degree to its proximity, ftruck upon
our ears ; our rock producing the fame effed with regard to it, as the fands of the
fea when the waves dafti againft them. We did not ufe our thermometer towards the
end of our ftay upon the rock, and when we thought the cold had become too intenfe ;

but

288 bouguer's voyage to peru.

but we had already obferved the inftrument to have been at feme degrees below the
freezing point, and that it varied more than at Quito. It had often varied between
morning and the afternoon feventeen degrees, although always in the fhade.

The mercury which flood expofed on the margin of the fea, was at twenty-eight
inches one line, and on the rock one line below lixteen inches ; the elafticity of the
air was proved to be, as in the lower countries, and in Europe, exadly in proportion
to their condenfations. Thefe obfervations, together with many others made with
much care, not only confirm this exaft relation, but proves to us that the intenfity,
even of the elaflic force, or virtue of the air, is evidently equal in all the places of
confiderable elevation of the torrid zone. The aftual condenfations in every place
are there proportional to the weight of the upper columns of air, which caufe the
comprellion : and thefe condenfations or denfities alter in a geometrical progreffion,
while the heights of places are in arithmetrical progreflion *. Below, this is not the
fame, becaufe the intenfity of the elaflic force of the air is there really lefs than
at one or two hundred toifes higher, and it mufl neceffarily be confiderably lefs,
becaufe it is fo notwithflanding the effeft of the heat which contributes to render it
greater. This is not the place to infifl farther on this fubjed, and to explain the
different means I availed myfelf of to afcertain, in every place, the precife degree of
this force. To clofe my account of the obfervations made upon Pichincha, the pen-
dulum in feconds, when it was flopped immediately for the purpofe of experiments,
was fhorter there, than on the fhore of the fea, by thirty-fix hundredths of a line t.

All our perfeverance was requifite to flruggle againfl the rigour of our fituation for
more than twenty days ; and we were at length obliged to acknowledge the neceffity
of renouncing fo elevated a flation. The higher, we afcended, the more ground we
would explore, our difcoveries dwindled almofl to nothing. A high mountain not
only arrefls every cloud that meets it, but thofe alfo at a certain diflance pafllng the
fide of it, they are thrown behind by the wind, and are there becalmed. Befides, if
it happens the point upon which we are flationed fhould be free of them, frequently
the others we want to fee, are not ; and the difficulty becomes incomparably greater
when the fight of four or five mountains is abfolutely neceffary almofl at the fame

* This fupplies a very fimple rule which T here explain in favour of fome of my readers. They have
only to look into the ordinary table of logarithms for the heights of the barometer, exprefled in lines ;
and if they take a thirtieth part from the difference of thefe logarithms, in taking with the charaAeriftic
the four firft figures only which follow it, they will have the relative heights of the places in toiles.
The mercury flood in the barometer at Carabouron, which is the lowefl of our rtations, at twenty-one
inches two and threp-quarter lines, or at two hundred and fifty-four and three-quarter lines : whereas on
the rocky fummit of Pichinrha it ftood at fifteen inches eleven lines, or one hundred and ninety-one lines.
If we take the diflFerence of the logarithms of thefe two numbers, it will produce one thoufand two hun-
dred and fifty, and if a thirtieth part is fubtrafted, it will give one thoufand two hundred and nine toifes
for the height of Pinchincha above Carabouron, which correfponds with the geometrical folution. The
application of this rule is the more exaft as the heights of the mercury in the barometer vary very little
in any place of the torrid zone. The variation below, near the fea, is little more than two and a half
or three lines, and at Quito about one line. M. Godin has been the firfl to notice thefe variations at
certain hours every day at Quito, which I attribute to the daily dilatation caufed by the heat of the fun
upon the atmofphere. On the banks of the fea, this dilatation caufes no alteration in the weight of the
air, for be its column higher or lower its weight fhould be equally the fame ; but the dilatation caufed
during the day takes fomewhat away from a part of the lower column, which adds more to the higher
one ; and this varies the diflribiition of the weight with relation to all places fituate in the Cordelier, and
even upon other mountains. *^

f I have noticed it on the mountains at thirty-fix inches fix feventy-one-hundredth lines ; at Quito
thirty-fix inches fix eighty-three-hundredth lines ; and on the fea fhpre thirty -fix inches feven feven-hun-
dredth lines.

inftant,

BOUGUEr's voyage to PERU. 289

mftant. We therefore became fenfible it would in every refpect be more to our ad-
-t^antage not to make the triangles of our meridian fo high, and that we ought ordi-
narily to be fatisfied with placing our fignals upon the hills at the bafe of the rocky
pyramids. But notwithflanding this very neceflary precaution, nothing incommoded
us in our labour fo much, as the fudden alterations of heat and cold which we expe-
rienced from one moment to another, every time, however inconfiderable, we afcended
or defcended.

M. Condamlne and myfelf had already once more afcended the mountain, but
with no other defign than to examine the flation, v/hen we were obliged inftantly to
defcend ; we were furprifed by a ftorm, the wind had no particular diredion, but blew
from every quarter at the fame moment upon us. The thunder drove the hail-ftones
horizontally againft us, and was fcarcely louder than the flafh from a gun, which im-
prefTed the idea upon us, that upon the moft elevated mountains the report of it would
not be at all heard. We had every opportunity during the three weeks we were fta-
tloned here, to reform this firft opinion ; and we have been a great number of times
fmce upon other mountains, where we have heard the moft terrible rolling of thunder,
fometimes over our heads ; at others, beneath us. It is not to be difputed that the
claps of thunder are fometimes very weak ; fuch as they are generally when the light-
ening is feen and no noife follows. We do not hear them below ; thefe are happily
ftrokes without effeft, which may arife from many caufes, and often from the great
diftance at which we may be from them. At the time I have juft mentioned, when
upon the height, we were in the very focus of the ftorm, but apparently the inflam-
mable matter had coUeded in too fmall a quantity.

The higheft ftations, in our work of the meridian, have always occafioned us the
moft trouble. The moft elevated ftation we availed ourfelves of for our triangles, is
two thoufand three hundred and thirty-four toifes above the fea, and is named
Sinazahuan ; it forms one of the fummits of the mountain of Afouay, which divides the
jurifdi£lion of Riobamba and Cuenca. It will furprife you to be told the Incas have
carried a road over this height, which they are in the habit of daily frequenting ; but
they are careful to chufe the weather ; for if they have the misfortune to be caught in
a ftorm, mingled with hoar or fnow, they run a rifk of never returning more. We
fortunately carried a change of tents along with us ; ten or twelve of the days we were
ftationed there, we had to fubftitute the one for the other three times fucceflively. So
greatly were they alarmed on our account at Atun-Cagnor, a town three or four
leagues diftant, that public prayers were offered up for us.

Every variety of weather we have had whilft amid thefe mountains, has fufficiently
fatisfied us how much certain philofophers have been miftaken, who have conceived
the clouds of a nature different from fogs. The clouds have frequently not afcended
to us, they have been five or fix hundred toifes below us, and have veiled the valley
from us, while the inhabitants of the plain could not difcern the Iky : at other times
thefe clouds having lefs weight, have rifen higher, and become to us a fimple fog in
which we found ourfelves involved. When I have noticed them very much above me,
they have always appeared very white : I do not know what better I can compare them
to with regard to the colour and form they then prefented, than to heaps of cotton
touching each other, whofe union prefents a wavy furface. With refped to the colour,
it is precifely the fame as with water and glafs ; glafs we know lofes its tranfparency when
pulverifed, and when looked on at its brighteft fide, appears to have all the whitenefs
of fnow. So it is with water when reduced to very fmall particles, or almoft imper-
ceptible drops in the clouds or fogs. If thefe fmall drops are nothing elfe tjian fmall

VOL. xiv. p p hollow

ago bouguer's voyage to peru.

hollow fpheres, the interior air more or lefs dilating them muft neceffarily oblige the
water which forms the bubble to vary its thicknefs, and the fmall fphere changing
its bulk, the cloud muft afcend to a greater or lefs height, till it meets with an equili-
brium in the bed of the atmofphere in which it floats. To-day the clouds are of a
certain fpecific weight, and maintain their fituations at a precife height ; they are ob-
ferved throughout the whole mountain to attain but to a certain point ; to-morrow the
fmall bubbles will be bigger or lefs, the clouds become more or lefs light, and they
will be obferved to ftation themfelves hi a higher or lower region. It is at fun-rife
they are noticed to be more fufceptible of motion, when they afcend in an uniform
manner, and fometimes with great velocity. But to return to their tranfparency, as
the fmall bubbles which compofe them, prefent too large a number of fmall furfaces
to the light, they appear opake when viewed from below ; whereas were the fpeclator
ftationed above them, as we frequently were upon Pichincha and other mountains,
all the refleded and intermingled rays, after having undergone various refradions, form
the white, conformably to what we are acquainted with, regarding the property of
light.

There is an extraordinary phenomenon viiible almoft every day upon thefe moun-
tains, and which muft neceffarily be as old as the world, yet there is much probability
we have been the firft to notice it. The firft time we remarked it, we were together upon a
mountain of a medial height called Pambamarca. A cloud in which we were enve-
loped, removing, opened to our view the fcene of a very brilliant riling fun, the cloud
paffed from the other fide ; it was not thirty paces diftant, being yet too ftiort a one to
give it that whitenefs of which I have fpoken, when each of us faw his own fhadow
projected above, and only faw his own, by reafon the cloud did not prefent an even
furface. Its proximity, allowed us to diftinguifli every part of the ftiadow ; we faw the
arms, legs, and head ; but what aftoniftied us the moft was, that the head was deco-
rated with a glory or circlet compofed of three or four concentric coronets, of a very
lively colour, each with the fame variety as the firft rain-bow, the red being the out-
ward colour. The diftances between thefe circles were ^qual, the laft circle the
fainteft ; and after all at a great diftance we noticed a large white circle, which fur-
rounded the whole. This was a fort of apotheofis to each fpedator ; and I muft not
negleft to apprize you, each every day calmly enjoyed the exquifite pleafure of viewing
himfelf decorated with all thefe glories, and faw no trace of thofe of his neighbour*s.
It is true it is precifely the fame thing with regard to the rain-bow, although it has not
always been attended to. Each fpeftator views a diftind rain-bow, fmce the arch has
a different centre for every perfon ; but as the coronets which are feen upon the moun-
tains of Peru are very fmall, and feem to belong to the fhadow of the fpedator, each
has a right to appropriate what he difcovers to himfelf. The firft immediately encircles
the head of the fhadow, the others follow, and the fpedator, only witnefTmg what
concerns himfelf, merely conjedures that his neighbours find themfelves in a fimilar
fituation.

I frequently noticed the diameters of thefe circles, nor did I fail to do fo the firft
time I beheld them -, for I haftily made a fort of radius with the firft rules at hand,
becaufe I was apprehenfive this admirable fight might prefent itfelf but feldom. I
have remarked the diameters from one moment to another to vary in dimenfion, but
whether lelfer or greater, the interval or fpace between them always maintained its
equality. Befide the phenomenon is only pidured upon the clouds, and on fuch only
whofe particles are congealed, and not, like the rain-bow, on drops of rain. When a
cloud that fhades the fun withdraws, and the fun becomes more ardent, quickly the

12 little

BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO P£RC. S^I

HttTe bubbles of the oppofite cloud neceffarily dilate ; their furface enlarging, the thick-
nefs of the water contained in them diminiflies : and reduced to a thinner fubftance,
it is only a greater obliquity, or bubbles more remote from the centre of the fhadow,
which can prefent to us, as other experiments of this nature have confirmed, the
fame colours. The diameter of the firft circle was commonly nearly five degrees two-
thirds, the next nearly eleven degrees, the third feventeen degrees, and thus on ;
the white circle was nearly fixty-feven degrees in diameter. The time proper to view
this phenomenon, which requires that the (hadow be projeded from a cloud, is a fuffi-
cient excufe for the Peruvians never having beheld it, and why they fliould not be
. blamed for it. It is an hour not ufual for any but a philofopher to be found upon the
fuftiYnit of a high mountain : it might probably be noticed fometimes, on our moft
elevated fteeples. All of us have feen at a Ihort diftance from us, Jogs confined to a
very circumfcribed fpace ; one thing only was wanting, which was the fun in the op-
pofite horizon; but where this latter circumftance has not exadly correfponded, a
portion of the white circle is frequently to be diftinguilhed, as I have at different times
remarked fince I have paid attention thereto.

The height of the rocky fummit of Hchincha, is nearly the fame with that of the
loweft conllant termination of the fnow on all the mountains of the torrid zone ; and
I have found it at two thoufand four hundred and thirty-four toifes above the level of
the South Sea. The fnow falls much lower ; it even, though but rarely, fometimes .1
fells at Quito, which is more than nine hundred toifes Ihort of the height of Pichin-
cha, but it may be thawed the fame day : whereas in all the parts of the Cordelier I
have gone over, I have obferved it higher to lie undiffolved. Some mountains do not
reach this point of termination ; others, as Pichincha, border upon it ; others, and
thefe in great numbers, lift themfelves ftill higher, and have their fummits continually
covered ; and confequently, from the fiiow being converted into ice, are inacceffible.
When the mountains are not enveloped in clouds, their furface mull be a little thawed
during the day ; but the fun ceafing to aft, the furface becomes glazed ; the water
paffes into the interftices of the lower beds, and there freezing, renders the fnow
extremely compad, and forms a folid whole. The furface hardens at the fame time,
and becomes as fmoothly polifhed as a mirror, fo that it is as it were impoffible to
afcend higher. This limit depends upon too great a variety of circumflances not t©
be liable to great irregularities. Many mountains in Peru have a difpofition to emit
flame, for almoft all of them have been volcanic, or adually are fo notwithftanding
their fnows, which much induce a forgetfulnefs of the circumftance : it is befides cer-
tain, the larger the dimenfion of the mafs is which conflitutes their bafe, the more
fufceptible they muft be of heat, and the limit of congelation farther removed j
as thefe maffes muft be confidered a fecondary foil, every day imbibing the heat of the
fun ; on the other hand the part covered with fnow, when very confiderable, produces
a contrary effect ; it caufes a greater cold around, capable of congelation, or producing
ice a little lower down. In the mean time the difference is not great, inafmuch as I
have remarked the lower boundary of the fnow, to form a level line through all the
mountains of Peru, in a manner to enable us at a glance to judge of their height.
The volcanoes, as I have noticed, create the ftrongeft exception to this rule ; but
the exception is fometimes fuch as it may be difficult to forefee. This I have remarked
with regard to Cotopaxi, a ftation of our meridian, fituated on the eaftern chain. The
fpot on which we were ftationed was between one hundred and fifty and one hundred
and eighty toifes below the fnow ; but this mountain, from a recent irruption in 1 742,
had caufed the fnow above to thaw. We faw it from below fometimes increafe, and

P P 2 fometimes

202 - BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

fometimes dimlnifh, in thicknefs ; but, at the fame time, the boundary of the beginning'
of congelation likewife lowered ; and fell below the ftation on which we were encamped
to work at our triangles. I gave myfelf the trouble, at the beginning of 1743, again
to vifit the mountain, to fatisfy myfelf of this, and various other circumfliances, fo that
I could not be deceived. This Angularity feems to have fome connexion with thofe
acknowledged operations, in which congelation is haftened by the afliftance of fire. In
the meantime, the examination led me to a difcovery, that the fmgularity depended
upon a very different caufe. I difcovered, that what at a diilance I had taken for fnow
was not, but water, which, falling from above, and gulhing from out the mountain on
every fide, froze as it run. It is certain, that the leall degree of heat is fufficient to
thaw particles fo delicate as fnow, when it falls upon a furface interiorly heated. B^t
when a body of water of a certain thicknefs runs over the fame ground, the heat below
may be fo weak, as not to communicate with the upper furface ; and if this furface is
found expofed to an excefs of cold, nothing can prevent it being converted into ice.
The fnow on the higher parts of Cotopaxi thawing, from its vicinity to the fire, conti-
nually produces new water, .and this water freezing below after being divided into an
infinity of ftreams, forms, as it were, when received at a certain diftance, ringlets of
ice on the mountains, but, looked at from a certain diftance, it appears a perfe<5t cover-
ing. The fame eife£t may have place upon all the other mountains ; the fnow only
maintaining itfelf to a certain limit in defcending ; whereas a body of water will, in
. proportion as it decreafes in bulk, freeze on its furface, lower on the mountain. Such
is the elucidation of this phenomenon, derived to me from my vifiting the places. If
regard is had to the exception it furniflies, and to others lefs confiderable, we repeat it,
the lower limits of the fnow conftitutes a fufficiently exad; level line through all the
country in the environs of the equator.

But if we examine the circumitance in a more general manner, if we dived: our re-
gard to the globe, this line will not be found exaftly parallel with the earth : it is evi-
dent it muft, in its direction, gradually fall, as it retires from the torrid zone, or ad-
vances towards the poles. In the middle of the torrid zone this line is at two thoufand
four hundred and thirty-four toifes above the level of the fea ; at the entrance into the
temperate zone, it will be found but two thoufand one hundred, pafling by the fummit
of Theyde, or the Peak of Teneriff, which is nearly of this height *. In France and
Chile, the line will pafs at fifteen or fixteen hundred toifes, and, continuing to defcend

* The Pere Feuillee, to whom we are indebted for z great number of obfervations, affigns, in a manufcript
relatioirprefented to the Academy on his return from a voyage to the Canaries in 1724, two thoufand two
hundred and thirteen toifes to the height of the Peak of Teneriff. But we are induced to beheve, for
reafons we (hall give, that we muft take from the calculation of this height one hundred and forty or one
hundred and fifty toifes at leaft. The obferver worked upon a bafe, whofe length, not being more than
two hundred and ten toifes, was much too fhort, confidering that he was diftant from the Peak not lefs
than ten thoufand toifes. This bafe, too, from the badnefs of its lituation, was not equivalent to another
much lefs : for, conformably to a method fcarcely ever good but in theory, it was directed up the moun-
tain, inftead of having a dire6tion nearly perpendicular : infomuch, that the bafe was really reduced to
forty toifes, which had been placed in a fituation nearly perpendicular to two vifoal rays diredted to the
fummit of the mountain. Finally, P. Feuillee neglefted the inclination of his bafe, becaufe they told
him the fea had formerly covered the ground. Novsr, were this true, the ground muft have acquired ele-
vation fince, and ftill more towards the foot of the mountain where his fecond ftation was fixed : now, as
the inclining of the ground was no more than three toifes in two hundred and ten, which is by no means
confiderable, the two vifual rays, by reafon of the elevation of the fecond ftation, have met at little dif-
tance, and at little elevation in the air ; and regard being had to the ftiortnefs of the reduced bafe, whicU
was not more than forty toifes, we puft diminifh the height calculated by P. Feuillee a thirteenth or four-
teenth part. I conceive the reader will not confider this note as foreign to a work of the nature of this,
which has fo often a relation to mountains.

6 in

BOtJGUER^S VOYAGE TO PERIf. 293

m proportion as it removes from the equator, it will touch the earth beyond the two
polar circles, though our calculations have regard only to the fummer.

This liae may be called that of the Conftant Lower Boundary of the Snow, for
there mud neceflarily be another, i. e. the Upper Boundary ; but this, to all appear-
ances, the highefl mountain of the world does not reach. If there were mountains
high enough to lift their fummits above all the clouds, the more elevated parts of thefe
high fummits would be free of fnow, and we fliould there enjoy, could we attain the
ftation, a perfe6t and perpetual ferenity, as is improperly conceived of Olympus, Mount
Ararat, and of Theyde, or the Peak of Teneriff, although the latter does not completely
reach to the lower boundary of congelation. To limit myfelf fimply to declare here,
what I myfelf proved, fome of the mountains which have ferved as ftations for our
triangles, Cotopaxi for inftance, have a portion covered at from fix to feven hun-
dred toifes of perpendicular height. It will be unneceffary to mention others along our
meridian, as well as on both fides the river Magdalene, approaching the fea from the
north, to Saint Martha. Chimborazo, which is the higheft of all I have noticed, or
even feen, is three thoufand two hundred and feventeen toifes above the fea, and the
part of it on which the fnow lies more than eight hundred. But if the clouds fome-
times pafs lower, which opens the fummit to our view, they alfo pafs fometimes con-
fiderably above the fummit, even to three or four hundred toifes, which has enabled
me at a diflance to judge of them, comparing their height with the dimenfions of the-
mountains I had already meafured. In a word, the fpace, in the perpendicular or ver-
tical fenfe, between the two boundaries, the upper and lower of the fnow, is at leaft,
in the torrid zone, eleven or twelve hundred toifes ; we muft even confiderably add to
this height, if it is permitted us to confound the clouds formed by the fmoke of the
volcanoes with others, for I have obferved it afcend feven or eight hundred toifes ftill
higher. Thus, if we fhould flop at this laft boundary, and there had been mountains
high enough, a girdle or zone of ice might have been noticed, the beginning of which
would have been at two thoufand four hundred and forty toifes above the level of the
fea, and ending at nearly four thoufand three hundred or four thoufand four hundred
toifes ; not that we are to conclude from hence the ceiTation of the cold at this point,
fmce it is certain, on the contrary, the farther we are removed from the earth, the
greater will be the degree of cold, but by reafon that the clouds or vapours cannot
afcend higher.

It is not difficult, by a little attention, to be convinced, that the col^ muft na-
turally increafe in the proportion we are lifted into the atmofphere. It is not only the
firft obftacle to our afcending, but alfo to our breathing, in a very great elevation, had
we the power to reach it ; a circumftance which has not enough impreffed the minds-
of thofe, whofe ideas have led them to conceive and talk of an agreeable refidence above
the region of the clouds. It had been reafonable, in order to defcribe the cold felt:
upon the fummit of mountains, to infift upon the fhort duranon of the power or aftion
of the fun, which falls but for a few hours upon each of their fides, and frequently not
at all. An horizontal plain, when the Iky is clear, is fubjeft, in the middle of the day,
to the perpendicular aftion of his rays, the force of which nothing can diminifli : whereas
an inclined furface, the fides of an high point of rocks, almoft perpendicular, can only,
be played upon by them. But let us confider for a moment an infulated point, in the.
midft of an elevated atmofphere, and draw an abftradlion from all mountains, and even
clouds which float in the air.

The more diaphanous the centre may be, the lefs of. heat it will imbibe frorn the im*
mediate adion of the fun. The facility with which a very tranfparent body gives paf-

fage

294

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

fage to the rays, is evidence that its fmall particles is fcarcely affe£ted by them. Indeed,
what impreffion can it receive, oppofing no obftacle to their paffage ? According to
the obfervation I have formerly made, the light, when formed of parallel rays, lofes not
here below one hundred thoufandth part of its force traverling a foot of free air. One
may judge from this, how few of the rays are deadened, or can aft upon this fluid, in
paffing through a bed whofe thicknefs (I will not confine myfelf to fay) is not an inch
or a line, but I will even fay, is not the fimple diameter of a molecule. In the mean-
time, fubtilty and tranfparency are the greater as more elevated : the natural eye, in
looking at objeds at a diftance in the Cordelier, will fometimes perceive this. Finally,
the groffer air heats below, by its contadt with, or vicinage, to denfer bodies that it fur-
rounds, and upon which it creeps ; and the heat may communicate itfelf with it, nearer
and nearer, to a certain diftance. The lower part of the atmofphere, by this means,
daily contrafts a very confiderable heat ; and it will be the greater, to its degree of denfity.
But this, we know, is not the cafe at a league and a half, or two leagues above the fur-
face of the earth, although the light, when it pafTes there, fhould be more vivid. The
air and the wind muft neceflarily then be very cold ; and the more elevated the fitua-
tion in the atmofphere, the more penetrating it muft be.

Further, the heat we ftand in need of to exift, is not fimply that we receive every
inftant immediately from the fun. The momentary degree of this heat correfponds but
with a fmall portion of that which all the bodies which prefs upon us have contracted,
and by which ours is pretty nearly regulated. The adion of the fun does but merely
maintain in the fame ftate the aggregate of total heat, by fupplying the diminution it conti-
nually fuffers from the night. If the degrees added are greater than thofe loft, the
body of heat, as in fummer, will augment, and it will increafe more and more to a cer-
tain line ; but, conformably to what we have feen, this addition, or this total, thus to
exprefs it, of accumulated degrees, can never reach far up the fummit of a high moun-
tain, the moft elevated point of which is generally but of fmall fize. This is the
caufe why the changes in the thermometer were fo great upon Pichincha ; while at Quito
they were fo little, and ftill lefs on the fea fide. The loweft ftate of the thermometer,
at every place, has always relation to the degree of heat imbibed by the foil, and this
quantity being very fmall upon the fummit of the mountain, the portion fupplied by the
fun during the day muft neceifarily be found relatively greater.

It is certain one may compare the heat the earth contrads by the conftant action of
the fun, with the moft part of other phyfical efteds, which augment by degrees, and
are comprehended in limits they cannot pafs. The degrees of augmentation which
refult from the complication of the whole, are never continually equal : thefe degrees,
principally, if confidered in the middle of their progrefs, go on diminifhing, till they
become nothing, or till the effed: ceafing to augment, reaches the utmoft verge of
accretion. .Now it follows from hence, that the leffer the accumulated heat is, or the
further diftant from its maximum, the more augmentation it will admit in an equal tirnje
by the a£tion of even the fame agent.

There is yet another fingularity peculiar to the elevated parts of the Cordelier, and
which arifes from the fame caufe ; and that is, when you pafs out of the ftiade into
the fun, a greater difference or alteration is felt in the temperature of the air than
here during our fineft days : there are times when every thing confpires at Quito to
render the fun exceedingly piercing ; one ftep only is neceflary into the fliadft, and we
are almoft fenfible of the cOld, a circumftance that could not be, were the body of
heat acquired by the earth much more confiderable. This explains why the fame

thermo-

:bouguer's voyage to peru. 295

thermometer placed in the fhade, and afterwards in the fun, undergoes in no weather or
place any proportional alteration. Upon Pichincha, this inftrument commonly ftands
in the morning fome degrees below the freezing point, which muft be regarded as the
natural temperature of the ftation ; but let this inftrument be expofed during the day
to the fun, it is not difficult to conceive the effect will be very great, and much more
than double in whatever manner meafured.

There remains another object, the laft to be confidered on this fubjed:, which is, to
explain why fometimes we experience an excefs of cold, while the thermometer indicates
but a moderate degree of it. It feems that three or four degrees, at which this inftru-
ment ftands below the freezing point, does not correfpond with all the inconvenience,
it is better to fay, with all our fuffering : but we ought to recollefl: that we had left a
very temperate climate, of which we had made to ourfelves, as it were, a new country,
and that our removals into another had always been very fudden. It is known from
daily experience, in the countries we fpeak of, that the heat and cold are but relatively
great, and that our prefent difpofition depends in a great meafure on the place we have
quitted. When we afcend or defcend the Cordelier, and pafs the places elevated fix or
feven hundred toifes above the fea, we feel the cold or heat in the fame place, as we may
happen to have come from below or above it ; if from below, we are cold ; on the
contrary, we are in the moft violent perfpiration when coming down from an height on
which it freezed.

We had already remarked fomething fimilar to this, when in our own iflands we had
to afcend the higheft of the mountains there. After a journey of five or fix hours at
Martinique, we attained the fummit of Pelee at one o'clock in the afternoon, and we
were ftiivering with cold, although the thermometer ftood yet at lyf degrees above the
freezing point : it is even neceflary our refidence in any place ftiould be of confiderable
length, to know that we could make it our conftant one ; and this proves that our pores
do not eafily undergo an alteration, and that we do not all at once take a difpofition of
body congenial with each climate. Here we may difcern the caufe of all thofe unfor-
tunate accidents happening at times to thofe obliged to pafs over fome very high ridge
or defile on leaving or entering the Cordelier. By the interception of the wind
by the mountain we find a fpecies of ftielter, and enjoy a temperate climate in our afcent ;
but no fooner have we reached the ridge, than we are all at once feized on by the cold,
rendered incomparably fliarper by the frozen particles carried by the impetuofity of
the wind that rifes upon us. Let it be reflected how much the hafte of this change
differs from the flownefs with which our different feafons are brought on, and the dan-
ger to which we are expofed under fuch circumftances will be the better imagined. I
have had alfo more than once or twice occafion to remark, that a very little difference of
elevation in very high ftations make a very confiderable one in their temperature : fome-
times the weather where I have been ftationed has been but moderately unfavourable.
When at thirty or forty toifes above me on the part of the mountain covered with fnow,
on which the ftorm feemed moft to prefs, I could clearly behold it was very different.
Some travellers have only been able to preferve themfelves, when the ftorm has been of
ihort duration, by ripping up the belly of their horfes, and fiieltering themfelves in
them.

I have already mentioned a paffage at the foot of Chimborazo,' abpve the Guaya-
quil, or Caracol : but there is another pals, infinitely more to be dreaded, and is the
moft famed in all South America ; it is named the Pafs of Gouanacas, fituated in
1° 34' N. latitude, between Popayan and the little town of Plata. This pafs conduds

over

296 BOUGUER's V0YAG2 TO PERU.

over the eaftem Cordelier, which maintains its height, its fummits at certain diftances
all along being covered with fnow, keeping its firfl direftion, and terminating at about
^ne hundred leagues northwards, towards the confluence of the rivers Cauca and
Magdalene, between which it pafles from Papayan. The Pafs of Gouanacas is never
liazarded without the utmoft dread, particularly when it is taken approaching the eaftem
(ide. It is neceflary to encamp as high as one can, or rather to ftop at a village, which
is of the fame name, on the exterior of it ; and it is alfo neceffary abfolutely to refolve
to wait there, if the blacknefs of the clouds fufpended above us gives indication of bad
•weather. The mules, which are ufed always in thefe journeys, on account of their fure-
footednefs and ftrength, are ftill more expofed to the dangers of this pafs ; they have not
only, like their mafters, to guard againft the intenfenefs of the cold, but they are worn
out with fatigue : for more than two leagues on this way, the bones of thefe animals
that have died in the journey lie fo thick, that it is not poffible to fet a foot down with-
out treading on them. I have been obliged to encounter this defile in order to embark
on the river Magdalene for Carthagena, on my return to Europe. As I crofTed it from
the interior of the Cordelier, I muft neceflarily have been in a fituation more able to
buffet with the labour of the pafTage, on the fouth fide of which, and at a diftance of
from four to five leagues, there is a very high mountain covered with fnow, called
Cocounoucou, an old volcano, now abfolutely extinguiflied, and on the north another
mountain, covered in the fame manner with fnow, which is that of Houila. Upon the
ifummit of the defile is a fmall lake, the water of which was not frozen ; and, at
lefs than one hundred toifes from each other, on one fide are found the fources of
the Cauca, and on the other the fources of the Magdalene. I faw many packages
that had been left by travellers on their route, but we chofe to leave them to an-
other time, preferring this to the not getting out of this dangerous pafs between
fun-rife and funfet. I eftimate the diftance between Popayan and La Plata at from
nineteen to twenty leagues, while the journey commonly requires tvvcnty or twenty-
two days.

Although the mountains are rendered inaccefTible by the fnow, above the lower
freezing boundary, yet M. Condamine and myfelf afcended the volcano of Plchin-
cha in the month of June 1 742, which is another fummit more elevated than the firft,
behind which, with refpect to Quito, it is fituated. We found ourfelves furrounded
with fnow ; it blocked up for fome days all the road to us, and we were fometimes
obliged to exert ourfelves very much to prevent it Crufhing our tents down upon
us, under which we were flieltered ; from its recent -fall, and yielding to the pref-
fure of our fteps, the declivity, too, not being precipitous, nor the diftance long, we
were able to reach the height and the edge of the volcano, whofe difi'erent eruptions
had proved fatal to Quito. The extreme fharpnefs of the cold would not allow us to
remain little more than half a quarter of an hour. It occurred to us, in our infpe(5lion
of the places, that two obftacles had fufpended the great effect of the volcano upon the
town ; one was the interpofition of the ftony fummit, upon which we made the long
and diftrefling ftay ; the other, the half-circle of rocks upon the mouth of the volcano,
to the fide of Quito, the refiftance of which determined the diredlion of the erupted
matter generally another way. It is fingular,, while we were in the midft of our exami-
nation, another yolcano in the eaftern chain flamed beneath us, Cotopaxi, which, by
melting its fnows, recalled to our recollection its ancient ravages, and one of the moft
remarkable epochs in the hiftory of thofe countries.

M. Condamine and myfelf afcended once more above the lower boundary of perpetual
fnow, upon ChouflTalong, or Le Cora9on de Barionuevo, another mountain, one of the

hills

BOUGUER'S voyage to PERU.

297

hills of which'ferved us as a balis to our triangles. Its ftony parts were formed like the
roof of a houfe, and its northern extremity being almoft quite bare of fnow, we availed
ourfelves, though with much labour, of the circumftance : when we had reached the
height, we found ourfelves covered with ice. The height of the mountain is 2476 toifes,
conformable to the geometrical admeafurements I have taken of it : the mercury in the
barometer was at 1 5 inches 9 lines, rather more than 1 2 inches 3 lines lower than on the
fea-lhore. A barometer had never before been taken fo high, and there is much pro-
bability that no perfon had ever been at the fame place ; for thefe forts of journeys are
attempted without a motive. The love of riches, which moves fo many people at Peru,
as every where elfe, fo far from leading them up fuch elevated rocks, rather urges them
to feek and ranfack the hollows beneath.

It is enough that the firfl bed of fnow that has fallen upon a mountain has not been
fubjed to be diflblved ; that the firfl and fecond Ihould be ftill lefs liable : thus, it feems,
the fnow muft neceflarily increafe in thicknefs, till, lofmg its fhelving form, it finks,
which an earthquake may alfo occafion it to do. Mafles large as a houfe have been
feen to roll down, and have kept their body, although confiderably below the line of
the level we have mentioned, by reafon they have fallen under fhade into fome hollow
or deep ravine. The wind covers thefe maifes with fand, which attaches itfelf to them,
hence they lofe their whitenefs, and may be miftaken for real rocks, of which they par-
take almoft of the hardnefs. One of thefe maifes having fallen from Cotopaxi in 1739,
I afcertained fome months after a part of the thicknefs of the fnow on the mountain : I
meafured it by the aid of a micrometer, examined it in various places, and found it
fifty-four feet thick, although this could only be confidered as a part of the whole
thicknefs. I had occafion, at the beginning of the year 1743, to meafure another
thicknefs, though a partial one, and I found it feventy-fix feet, at the time the moun*
tain was vomiting torrents of fmoke and flame.

PART III.

REMARKS, OR PARTICULAR OBSERVATIONS, UPON THE NATURE OF THE SOIL, EARTH-
QUAKES, VOLCANOES, &C.

npHE mountains around Quito appear to contain but few'metals, notwithftanding, in re-
mote and even at the prefent times, gold in duft has been found. The places where
thfey actually find a confiderable quantity of this precious metal, particularly in duft,
are commonly fituated much lower. On the north fide of the equator, and at two
degrees diftant from it, the Cordelier is perceived to have almoft loft all its height :
fcarcely it poffeffes one-fourth of the elevation it has in the environs of Quito; it
afterwards rifes again very fuddenly near to Popayan, which is fituated at from eight
to nine hundred toifes above the level of the fea*, but it lowers once again, not the
eaftern part, but the other chain on the fide of the South Sea, which, turning afide
to the weft, after having thrown out a branch to the eaft of the gulph of Darien,
takes the way of the ifthmus of Panama, dividing the Choco from the reft of South
America, and paffes on to Mexico.

* The mercury flood in the barometer at Popayan at 22 inches JOj lines j nor would it vary, as is the
cafe in all elevated places in the torrid zone, beyond i^ line.

VOL. XIV. Q Q There

298 BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO PERU.

There is much gold contained in the weftern Cordelier, as alfo in the bafe of the
eaftern one, and in another very long chain, which breaks a little to the fouth of Po-
payan, and afterwards paffing on by Santa Fe de Bogota and Merida, ends towards
Caraccas upon the North Sea ; as the gold-duft is found in fituations low with re-
fped to the reft of the Cordelier, it is never difcovered till two beds of different
ftrata are removed, under which it lies concealed. The firft is of ordinary or the com-
mon earth, three or four feet thick, and fometimes ten or twelve ; beneath is often
found a ftratum or bed not fo thick, of a yellowifh colour, and yet lower a third, of a
violet colour, which is often three or four feet in thicknefs, but fometimes not an inch,
and this it is with which the gold is mixed. The colour of the earth changes again
below, becomes black as at the furface, and contains no metal. It appears as if the
gold, before it had been covered by the two upper ftrata, had been walhed by the run-
ning waters. We are alfo affured that this foil, once wafhed or robbed of their riches,
never produces them more, which proves that the gold had been, as it were, depofited
there : it is probable this may not hold good with regard to other mines, in which the
metal may be incorporated with fome ftony fubftance. It is pretended in thefe laft,
which, properly fpeaking, are the mines, and which are found in the bowels of the

j^u^ mountains, though I have never feen them, and are only found beyond the fouth of the

'^ equator, there is a daily new produ6tion of metallic matter.

In the environs of Popayan, as is the cafe at Quinamajor, Barbacoa, and even at
Choco, the fituation of which places I have already noticed, they do not carry away
the foil to be wafhed, as is done at Chili : to do this would be almoft always too diffi-
cult, and even impoffible, particularly as the roads are impracticable for beafts when
burthened. The gold is feparated from the earth by an operation upon the fpot : a
trench is made of about forty feet in length, according to the inclining of the foil, to
which they give from five to fix in breadth ; the two firft ftrata are thrown out, and
water pafTes through the excavation by means of an opening at the lower extremity ;
while this is paffing five or fix men are labouring in the water with fhovels and iron
rakes to feparate the earth which contains the metallic particles. This labour will laft
for a fortnight or three weeks, and until all the parts of the third bed comprehended
in the fpace have not only been diluted, but drawn away, and nothing remains at the
bottom but the gold-duft, with the heavieft part of the fand. They know when they
have dug a fufficient depth by the blacknefs of the earth adhering to the implements
they ufe in digging. There is no failure of water in the country, where the rain
falls almoft inceifantly ; at the fame time, as the foil is not competent to the retention
of it, they have fometimes to go far in fearchof it ; and their right to it in the forefts is
difputed, fo that they are obliged fometimes to purchafe it very dear, and it is really ob-
tained but by weight of gold ; and the expence is great to convey it to the places where
they want it, which is done by a fort of aquedufts, haftily conftrucled of the bamboos
I have before mentioned. This difficulty, joined with a want of provifions, which in
thefe places are not to be got at, or which they have not time to cultivate, obliges them
frequently to abandon their works in different places, rich in the extreme.

The remainder of the labour, the gold-duft, and the fand with which it is intermixt,
once collefted, takes up but little time ; a few wafhings are fufficient ; for which purpofe
they ufe a fort of difh or bafon, in which they tofs it about, and pour it off from time to
time. The operation is frequently forwarded by the glutinous juice of certain plants,
which fixes upon the fand, but not with the fame faciUty on the gold : when the latter
is drawn away by the fand, which often happens, they ufe the loadftone to liberate it.
Sometimes they have recourfe to a very oppofite expedient : they make ufe of mercury j

at

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU. 299

to Choco they are frequently under the necelTity of doing this, as the metal is found
mixed with the platina, a fpecies of pyrite peculiar to the country. The artifts who
work in the defer^is of America fhould be acquainted only with the limpleft modes of
chemical operations. To withdraw the quickfilver without lofmg any of it, they con-
tent themfelves with a wooden difh or bafon, in which they put a certain quantity of
water ; in the middle they lay two tiles, upon which they put another, heated, and
which is intended to fupport the amalgamation, and then cover the whole with a lefler
bafon, fo that it may throw back the exhaling mercury into that below. The gold in
the environs of Popayan is from twenty-one to twenty-two carats. One of thefe trenches,
the dimenfions of which I have given, will not give fometimes more than a fmgle mark,
but frequently five or fix, and even as far as eighteen or twenty, when they have been
fortunate in their difcovery. Grains of a very confiderable fize are fometimes found.

Quito cannot boaft of polTeffing thofe riches, fo ambitioufly fought after, that are
found in Choco, but it polTelTes a more fubftantial bleffing in the goodnefs of its foil. I
will add to' what I have already noticed, that they have frequently there the pleafure to
behold the trees bearing at the fame time bloflbm, buds, and fruit. It cannot be
doubted that the perfeft equality of the feafons is favourable to thofe trees peculiar to
hot countries, though it appears to have rather a contrary elfeft upon thofe tranfplanted
there from Europe. A convenient temperature for the latter may eafily be found in
the Cordelier, but, as the heat is not diftributed there as with us^ there mufl be always
fomething wanting ; they cannot, as it were, repofe themfelves for a certain time, and
at another, fo ad as to colled their whole force ; and this may be the reafon why our
fruits never reach the perfection they acquire in Europe. Perhaps, among thofe of the
country, there are alfo fome which might be improved by changes in the feafons ; for
even the tree which produces the mofl delicious fruit that I am acquainted with, lofes its
leaves every year.

This fruit, which I can compare to none of ours, and which I fhould be tempted to
place in a rank above any, is called Chirimoya : it is frequently larger than the largeft
of our apples ; its Ikin is rather tougher, though not quite fo thick as that of our fig,
and of deeper colour, and is in a manner covered with fcales, flightly formed, or as they
might have been engraven with a chifel ; the pulp is white and fibrous, but infinitely
delicate. The Anana, when well chofen, and thoroughly ripe, is alfo of exquifite fla-
vour, and the mofl perfed perfume : but the mofl part of other fruits, which leaves not
a little degree of acidity behind their flavour, have in the torrid zone a tafle of caflia or
fome other, difagreeable to thofe not accuftomed to it.

After all, it is not clear that, with additional attention, it would not be poflible, not
only to improve the quality of thefe fruits, but to increafe their quantity. Agriculture,
notwithflanding the fmiling appearance of the plains, is, as are all other arts, extremely
negleded in Spanifh America, where they ignorantly renounce many advantages it
would coll them little to benefit from. It will be with difficulty credited, though the
fad is not to be difputed, conlidering the great number of people who go every year
into thefe countries, and cannot be conceived entirely ignorant of gardening, that the
trees of Peru are all wild : they underftand not here to convey the fap of one tree into
another, and as little do they comprehend the utility of thinning them of their branches.
Thus mufl we be ignorant of the real value of all thefe fo naturally fertile lands. We
can only comprehend that they are capable of being rendered more productive, fince
they are fo very liberal, with fo little trouble to the inhabitants, in their gifts.

Perhaps the afhes thrown out at the eruption of thfe volcanoes, when perfedly incor-
porated with the foil, may contribute much to its fecundity ; the whole country abounds

UQ 2 '^

300

BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO PERU.

in falts, almoft every morning the falt-petre appears lightly, like meal, fpread over
livt divers places of the ftreets and ways ; I merely relate thefe particular things, and relate
them only becaufe I think them worthy of notice. M. de Tournefort has obferved that
the water-melons thrive well in the faline foils of Armenia, particularly in the neigh-
bourhood of Trois-Eglifes (three churches). To judge by the courfe of the rivers as
laid down in our maps, we mufl imagine this laft place to be very elevated. I was much
furprifed to find a place at fifteen or fixteen leagues north of Quito, in every refpedk
like to the fouth of the river of Mira. The foil there, particularly in the village of
Saint Catherine de Salines, is fufficiently impregnated with fait, to furnifh the whole
province with that article : excellent water-melons grow in the fame place, and the
whole of the canton is the moft fruitful of the Cordelier.

It is eafy enough to examine into all the depth neceffary of the foil in Peru, the
earth being there cut into ravines ; ihefe are found frequently of two hundred toifes
broad by from fixty to eighty in depth, fome even more confiderable. Many of
them may have been the effect of earthquakes, but the moft part have been caufed
by the rapid currents of water from the mountains, capable in ftorms of carrying
every thing along with them ; yet thefe ftreams at other times are fo fhallow that
one may pafs over them without wetting one*s feet ; fometimes the fides of thefe-
ravines are cut perpendicularly down, and if we give ourfelves the trouble of going
to their origin, we difcover tihey begin by a vertical fall, which fometimes is not
announced by the height of the furface. We frequently walk over a gentle declining
fward, and on a fudden come upon the brink of one of thefe precipices.

It is only neceffary to feek out fome convenient defcent into thofe fpecies of large
beds of rivers, which contain at all times but Httle water, to examine, as one would
defire, all the qualities of the different ftratas of the foil. No veftige is diftinguilhable
there of thofe violent inundations which have left fo many marks of their ravages in
every other region. I have taken every poffible means, but always without fuccefs,
to difcover any fhells ; probably the mountains of Peru are too high. You fee much
of that black fand which is attracted by the loadftone, and it is eafy to recognife that
the ftrata, the different fhades of which are very diftin£t, fo far from being the effect
of different alluvions, are rather the expanfion of matters vomited from the volcanoes ;
almoft every thing there has the appearance of being the work of fire. Some of thefe
mountains are, to a very great depth, compofed but of fcoriss, of pumice-ftones and
fragments of burnt ftones of all fizes, and fometimes all concealed beneath a ftratum
of common earth, which bears both herbage and even trees. Thefe materials are
ranged in beds of different thicknefs, which diminifh in proportion to their diftance
from the mountain : they are obferved to reduce themfelves to a foot, half a foot,
and to an inch ; nor are they loft fight of for four or five leagues, when they get into
the vicinage of fome other volcano, and then the fame effed; becomes vifible as in
the firft.

Thefe remarks have been made chiefly at the foot of Cbtopaxi, which is become a
mutilated cone, the fummit of which has been carried away: |the bafe of this volcano
is rounded, and has taken a regular form by the effufion of matter which has not been
thrown out with force enough, or which was too light to be impelled. I have before
faid, that the ftony pyramids found at the fummit of almoft every mountain, have
been only laid bare, perhaps, by the fudden rolling of the foil from them, or by the
imperceptibility of their fall. But the caufe, there is much reafon to imagine, has
been different with refped: to many of them, and poffibly with Pichincha, to which
we now allude. It is not impoflible that the rock which is burnt and black, and which

I o contains

I

BOUGUER*S VOYAGE TO PERU. 30I

contains much of that matter attraded by the loadftone, has been heaved up by the
adion of a fubterraneous fire ; this fire having been without fufficient force to make
its way through the fummit of the rock, had found other avenues to its rage.

To return to Cotopaxi, we difcovered at its bafe, beds of burnt ftone reduced to
very fmall particles, in thicknefs equal to five or fix times the height of a man ; the
upper bed is the thickeft, and is the fame I doubt not that fpreads itfelf very wide,
and is hid under the good foil, which was originally nothing elfe than afhes. I am
led to believe we muft attribute the upper bed of calcined ftones to the dreadful erup-
tion taken notice of by hiflorians, which took place after the death of Atahualpa, King
of Quito, about the beginning of 1533, ^^^ ^^ which we have viewed with greater
aftonifhment other more extraordinary velliges, — ftones of from more than eight to
nine feet diameter, carried to the diftance of three leagues, many of which form
furrows that indicate the volcano from whence they were ejefted. Thefe large
ftones are not burnt hke thofe with which the bafe of the mountain is covered, and
could not have been ejefted fo far but at the firft effort of the explofion. Thus it
feems a like effedl is not to be apprehended while the mouth of the volcano continues
of its prefent breadth, which appears to be fix hundred toifes.

The Indians pretend this difafter was announced to them, and they confidered it as
the fatal moment when any oppofition to the ftrangers who were come to fubjugate
them, and had already much advanced their conqueft, was become ufelefs. Pedro
Cieca de Lion, Garcilaflb, Herrera, and all the other hiftorians mention this circum-
ftance ; they attribute thefe predictions in part to Huayana Capac, the twelfth and laft
emperor, and father of Atahualpa ; this volcano, which is from five to fix leagues
diftant, is called Latacuriga. Were we authorifed to compute the diiferent eruptions
by the multitude of different beds of calcined ftones, found at the foot of this moun-
tain, having no regard to the interior beds, we might fet it down the twentieth in
fucceffion : apparently there has been an iffue of new matters, and of different colours
and fpecies at every eruption, and have been fucceflively ejected as they are diverfely
arranged in the bofom of the mountain. In the mean time, there can be no doubt of
there having been many conflagrations, and it is as certain that that of the year 1 533
has not been able alone, to fupply the quantity of matter lying at the foot of the vol-
cano. Had all the different beds been ejeded at the fame time, the divers eftablifh-
ments the Indians had in the environs of it, would have been entirely deftroyed,
whereas fome of thefe are yet in being ; but nature forgetting, thus to exprefs myfelf,
her flow manner of ading, embraced all this portion of the Cordelier in the convulfion.
I have obferved thefe broken beds in the environs of a place called Tioupoulou, at
more than four leagues from the volcano, and more than forty feet in depth ; how
prodigious muft have been the agitation thus to have fradured, and piled them upon
one another in the manner we find they are !

It was apparently, in remote times, and perhaps ere the country was yet inhabited,
that was formed that mafs of pumice-ftones which is at nearly feven leagues from Coto-
paxi. The pumice-ftones found upon the mountains are only of a certain bignefs, and
limply fragments. But in this place of the Cordelier which correfponds with our tenth
triangle, thefe ftones are whole rocks, parallel Ihelves of from five to fix feet thick,
within a fpace of more than a fquare league, the depth of which is unknown. Only
imagine the nature, and what muft have been the volume of fire capable of throwing
this enormous mafs into fufion, and doing it at once, and in the place where it now is ;
for it is eafy to fatisfy one's-felf it has never been thrown out of order, and that it has
cooled in the very place it has been liquified. The neighbourhood has profited by

this

^04 BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

this immenfe quarry, the whole of the little town of Latacunga, in which there are
fome very pretty houfes, has been built entirely of the ftone taken from it, fince the
earthquake which deftroyed it in 1698.

The laft burning of Cotopaxi (1742,) which began in our prefence, did no mif-
chief but by the melting of the fnows ; although it made a new opening at the fide
near the center of the portion of the mountain continually fnowed, while the flames
made their way at the fummit of the truncated cone. There were two fudden inunda-
tions, viz. the 24th of June, and the ninth of December ; but the laft is incomparably
the greateft. We muft firft mention that the water fell at the leaft from feven to eight
hundred toifes. It overthrew in its firft impetuofity the poft we had availed ourfelves
of as a ftation for our fixth and feventh triangles. The furges it formed in the plain
were lifted up more than fixty feet, and in fome places more than one hundred and
twenty. Not mentioning the infinite number of cattle it carried away, it fwept along
with it from five to fix hundred houfes ; and was the occafion of the death of from
eight to nine hundred perfons. All thefe waters had a courfe of feventeen or eighteen
leagues to run, or rather to ravage, to the fouth of the Cordelier, before they could find
an outlet at the foot of Tongouragoua ; the voyage of which was made in three hours
and not more : hence the mean rapidity of the waters may be eftimated. But if we
may be permitted to judge by the various effefts produced at three or four leagues from
the mountain, its courfe muft have been after the rate of fifty feet in a fecond of time.
There were very heavy ftones more than ten or twelve feet in diameter that had changed
their places, and had been tranfported more than fourteen or fifteen toifes, upon an
almoft horizontal furface.

Every body at Quito was perfuaded that the waters iffued from the bowels of the
mountain ; and this they were the more led to believe from the fignification attached
to the word volcano, in that country. They pretend volcanoes are of two fpecies, /. e,
fire and water. Indeed it is not impoflible that large colledions of water may be
formed in thefe cavities, which lie high upon the mountain. This collection, as M.
Defcartes explains it, may be kept up by the evaporation of the waters below. If this
evaporation is not the effeft of the heat of the fun, a very ftrong one may be kept up
by its contiguity to a fubterraneous fire ; and when thefe waters ihall have colleded to
a great quantity, we are not to be furprifed at its breaking down the walls or partitions
that confine it, and that it ftiould fpread all at once over the face of the country. But
we do not conceive this to be the cafe with refpeQ: to Cotopaxi; to prove that the
waters boiled in the refervoir formed in the fummit of the mountain for their reception,
and that it was the excefs of ebullition which occafioned their burfting their bounds,
they inftance the drowned carcaffes, which almoft all appear to have been expofed to
the adion of boiling water.

Many neceflary points with relation to the prefent fubjeft were cleared up to me
on my vifiting the places. I had many teftimonials from perfons entitled to all confi-
dence, who fortunately were refident but upon the edge, as it were, of the inundation ;
who aflured me the water was not hot. They obferved an oily matter which was in-
flamed, and forced on before it ; and which might have produced the efle6b obfervable
on the carcafles. They aflured me alfo, when they heard the great noife which pro-
bably was caufed by the firft fall, the mountain was enveloped in the clouds, which
abfolutely confutes the relation of thofe who gave out they had feen the waters like
a river, rufli over the brink of the volcano, in a manner refembling liquor pouring from
an inclining vafe. And laftly, it appears to me on examining the extent of the fpace which
had been overflown, and every other circumftance attending the overflow, that a very

fmall

BOUGUEr's voyage to PERU. 303

fmall quantity of water might have occafioned all the difafter. The inundation was not
of more than a quarter of a minute's duration in many places ; it was commenced by
a ftunning noife ; neighbours reciprocally gave notice of the danger to each other ; but
many, inftead of taking to the neighbouring heights, met the danger. The waters
difappeared in an inftant, and but for the melancholy veftiges and marks it left of its
pafTage, it might have been conceived as a dream. I fufpeS the fnow had melted for
fome time upon the fummit of the volcano, and that below being more diftant from
the fire, preferved its confiftence, and formed a kind of bafon with the ridge of the
mountain ; but the melting always increafing, and the weight augmenting too confi-
derably, the waters muft neceffarily fall ; and with it many large maffes of fuming
fnow were obferved to be drawn along with them, and which^ although broken, were
yet more than fifteen or twenty feet diameter.

Something fimilar to this happened when a violent earthquake overthrew the little
town of Latacunga, and many hamlets or villages as far as Ambato, lying towards the
third part of our meridian. A very high mountain fituated very near to Chimborazo,
fell ; as even did fome others of lefs elevation which were upon the fame line, and
whofe fragments have been of ufe to us in our triangles. There iffued fo great a quan-
tity of water from them, as to caufe a great inundation in the neighbourhood of them,
if foil falling, diluting, and metamorphofing itfelf into mud may be called an inunda-
tion ; but it was a mud fufficiently liquified to run under the form of ftreams and
rivers, of which many veftiges are yet vifible. Cargavirazo, the higheft of thefe
mountains, is now but of middling elevation. Others partially crumbled, one half
fell, and the other remained ; having the fide from which the falling portion feparated,
too fteep to be afcended. I had the curiofity to go up one of thefe mountains named
Pugnalic, at the foot of which we had a fignal ; 1 met with an infinity of clefts, which
obliged me to proceed with caution, and the foil appeared to me extremely pul-
verifed. Cargavirazo, when it loft its height, took a dwarf conical figure ; there muft
be much fait contained in it, which aids congelation. Although it is much below the
line of the lower level of ihe fnow on other mountains, yet is its fummit continually
covered with fnow ; and is the only marked exception to what is generally obferved.
Whole fields planted with trees are noticed, that have evidently been detached and
carried to fome leagues from each other. . At- Latacunga the calamity was in the ex-
treme, whole families were buried together under the fame roof, and abfolutely there
was not a houfe in which they had not to lament the death of fome one inhabiting it.
This dreadful fcene took place on the 20th of June 1698, one hour, after mid-night,
and the whole mifchief was caufed by the firft ftiock.

It is not aftoniftiing that judicial aftrology at Peru ftiould pretend to a prognoftication
of the periods of earthquakes and volcanic irruptions. A tafte for this vain fcience is
preferved in every country, where true fcience has yet made but little progrefs. A
curious man, a fubftitute of the profefl'jr of mathematics in the univerfity of Lima,
publiftied, in 1729, a work, under the title D'Horloge Jjirononiique des Tremblemens
de Terre^ (an Aftronomical Dial of the Earthquakes,) in which he confined himfelf to
mark out the fatal hours during which they were to be apprehended. In 1734, he fent
out another book into the world, wherein he imparted to the public a Tragic Period, to
ferve as a rule to diftinguifti the years fubjed to fimilar accidents; and he did not
fcruple to advance, that if, in 1729, his aftronomical dial was already confirmed by one
hundred and forty-three obfervations, he had, in 1734, colle<5led feventy others, equally
confprmable thereto. It has been long obferved, that maritime places are more ex-
pofed to thefe dreadful phenomena than inland ones. If we glance over the places of the

12 old

304 N BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

old world, where volcanoes have been, we Ihall find them to have been fituated on
iflands, or upon the fhores of the fea. The Alps, for example, are not fubjedt to
earthquakes ; it is the portion of Italy advancing upon the Mediterranean. So it is in
America. There may be fom.etimes a colleftion of inflammable matter concealed in the
bowels of the earth, waiting only for water to take fire. Now, on any unufual rife of
the fea, occafioned either by the flux or reflux of its tide, or from being fimply im-
pelled by the winds, it may make its way over the banks within which it is confined, into
divers fubterraneous canals, and find an entrance into many places, which under any
other circumllance it could not otherwife do.

It follows, evidently, from hence, that all the circumfl;ances of the moon's motion,
fo ftnfibly affeding the flux and reflux of the fea, may alfo extend themfelves to earth-
quakes and volcanic irruptions. Thus an aftrologer, continually talking of the head
and tail of the dragon, of the moon, of the difl:ance of this planet from the fun, and
its fituation, with regard to his apogseon or perigseoni and talking of them as he ever
does, in a vague and undetermined manner, may by hazard advance many things in
this particular divination not altogether void of fenfe. I have ever confidered the fub-
ject worthy of difcuflTion ; and I will now, in a few words, offer here the refult of my
obfervations, which falls naturally within the plan of this relation.

The great number of individual caufes which contribute to thefe dreadful accidents,
is, perhaps, the ^eafon why the concurrence of many of them often fupply what is
wanted on the fide of others ; but the precife inftant, and even the time of the
eifeft mufl: be, neceflTarily, more uncertain. Perhaps the heat of the fun may alfo
have fome influence : we know, at leafl:, that it is aflifliing to the inflaming ingredients
or matters chemift:s fometimes mix together, to give us a reprefentation of a volcano
when emitting fire. The town of Lima has been three times defl:royed : the firfl: time,
in 1586 ; the two lafl:, in 1687 and 1746. The firfl: difaft:er happened in July the 9th ;
but the two others in 06lober the 19th and 28th ; after the equinodial tides had
thrown a great quantity of water into the fubterraneous cavities, and when the fun,
advancing in the auft:ral hemifphere, began to difpenfe his greateft; heat. There have
been three other very confiderable earthquakes; the one of the 17th June 1678, we
cannot urge as an example to our purpofe ; but the other two happened in November the
27th and 13th, one in 1630, and the lafl: in 1655.

Thus, it appears, that of the fix violent earthquakes with which Lima has been
afldided, infl:ead of having happened at feafons in the year remote from each other,
four have taken place in the months of Odlober and November. This fingularity may,
perhaps, be regarded as chance : but, is it not pofllble, that the return of the heat, and
high tides, may have contributed thereto ? The gales that blow upon the coaft: of Peru
in the environs of Lima, may have a tendency to keep thefe back in the September
equinox, longer than in other places, confidering alfo, that numbers of thefe places are
fituated far fouthward, although in the torrid zone. The communication there is be-
tween the different fubterraneous cavities may alfo give a wider fcope to the effect of
the flux and reflux of the tide. The mofl: violent of the different earthquakes I have
felt, threw down fome houfes in the vicinage of Latacunga, and killed many people.
There was feen at the fame time, although not at the fame hour, a flame ifluing
from a lake, on a neighbouring mountain. This was at the beginning of Decem-
ber of the year 1736. From other fimilar obfervations I have made, and all
things elfe confidered, it appears to me, confining myfelf to a fimple fa£t, that if in all
feafons in Peru they are liable to thefe difaftrous phenomena, they are neverthelefs
rather more liable to them in the latter months of the year,
... The

BOUGUEIl S VOYAGE TO PERU.

305

The author we have already fpoken of, alTures us there is abfolutely no other critical
time, than that of the fix hours and fome minutes the moon takes up to pafs the horary
circle between three and nine. This is precifely the time of reflux : for it is full fea
upon almoft all the coafl: of South America in the South Sea, when the moon pafles the
horary circle at three. But let us examine how many different circumftances muft
concur to prove that our author's rule mult be an exad one. It is neceffary the focus
of the fire be always in the fame place ; the water muft always take the fame couife,
enter always with the fame celerity, and that the mixture ever take up exadly the fame
portion of time to enflame. If it is not neceflary that all thefe circumftances fhould
concur, very exad compenfation fliould at leaft be made to fupply the defed. The
earthquake, alfo, of the year 1 746, which occafioned the deftrudion of Lima, did not
happen while the moon was on her way of the horary circle between three and nine,
but, on the contrary, while ftie was paffing the fame circle between nine and three.
The tragic period is not lefs falfe. The author pretends, that nothing is to be appre-
hended but when the horns of the moon are found in the malignant figns.of Scorpion,
or Amphora ; whereas thefe horns were then in the figns of the Virgin and Pifces.

There are few weeks during which fome flight fhocks of an earthquake are not felt ;
if it is not in one place, it is in another ; frequently no perfon pays any attention to
them, nor gives himfelf the trouble to collect or mark their Bates. An aftrologer,
therefore, is at full liberty to boaft, that the obfervation has never been at variance with
his conjeftures. The only earthquakes to be dreaded by him are thofe attendant with
the moft difaftrous confequences. Happily thefe are rare, and may, after all, happen
as well at one feafon as at another. They have always the wife precaution, not to con-
fine their prognoftications within too narrow bounds ; and befide that, the pretended
rule ought at leaft to quadrate with fome one precedent calamity, with thofe upon which
they form them. \

After all, if we would proceed with any method to difcover if there is really a period
that may be denominated tragic, we muft go another way to work. We fiiould begin
by the examination of the fimpleft fafts : the firft objed of our obfervations, it feems
to me, ftiould be the eruptions of the volcanos. In truth, with refpedl to the return of
earthquakes, the events are extremely complicated ; they may be tranfmitted folely by
the contiguity of lands, though they be very remote from the point which correfponds
to the upper focus of the eruption. In every place fliocks are felt around to a certain
diftance, and yet we are ignorant where particularly to fix its origin : whereas the points
of volcanoes are more determinate in every country, and, confequently, fupply us with
lefs equivocal obfervations. Any regular returns of thefe eruptions have never been
remarked ; and this muft necelfarily be the cafe with refpect to earthquakes, which, for
the reafons we have ftated, are lefs under the controul of any rules, and becaufe that,
in every place, they muft depend upon a great number of cafualties. The rain-waters
very often produce the fame efFeds as the fea-water, and it fhould be confidered, it is
in the latter months that the rains fall the moft in the countries we are fpeaking of.
Sometimes a very violent fliock in the Cordelier is felt but over a very confined fpace.
There is then reafon to imagine the inflammable mafs lies very deep, and that the fea has
no immediate connexion with the accident. Both the fea and rains contribute to many
fhocks, which is a double reafon they fliould be very frequent.

A comparifon of volcanic eruptions with earthquakes throws fome light upon many
particulars of thefe laft phenomena. Volcanoes, when in flames, act, as it were, by
fits ; the flaiiie or fmoke is feen to iffue by whiffs or blafts. When I was engaged on
one of our ftations at Senegualap, my night's fleep was continually interrupted by the

VOL. XIV. R R roaring

3o6 bouguer's voyage to perxj.

roaring of the volcano of Macas, called Sangai. I was more than eighteen thoufand
toifes diftant from it ; notwithflanding, the noife was fo frightful, as every moment to
wake me. This mountain is of a conic form, wanting only the point, whofe fides are
perfectly regular. The people of the country all agree, that the mafs of this mountain
is continually diminifhing ; its aftual' height above the fea is two thoufand fix hundred
and fixty-four toifes. The flames iifue from its fummit, and a ftream of inflamed mat-
ter often rolls down one of its fides ; a ravine at its bafe has taken the name of the Sul-
phur River. The roarings of the volcano are fometimes like the noife of a fharp peal
of thunder ; but they quickly refume their regular periods, and rumbling founds, the
repetition of which fo much incommoded me. I have obferved the fame puffs of fmoke
iffue out at regular intervals from Cotopaxi, and form a fort of fheaves of light. The
intervals between their emiffions, when I obferved them, were from forty-two to forty-
three feconds. The inflamed matter in the interior of the volcano doubtlefs extended
each time its dilatation : but this dilatation in part weakening, the inflammable parts
alfo a little dimini/hed ; which would open a way for the exterior air to re-enter, either
by the upper or fome other opening. Perhaps, alfo, at this interval, other inflammable
matter, unlooked for, may find an eafy introdudlion ; and infl:antly the eruption ac-
quires additional force, and re-produces a new emifllon of fmoke, or a new roar.

The materials which take fire in the bowels of the earth, and which caufe earth-
quakes, muft; neceflarily be fubjed to the fame changes. When the fire takes in a con-
cavity, the dilatation of the inflammable matter and air will naturally fpread wide, and
be conveyed to other fubterraneous cavities communicating with the firfl. The roof of
the vault is alfo violently forced, as are its fides, although the mafs of matter lies precifely
beneath. The diredtion of the effort will depend then upon the horizontal or inclined
pofition of the cavity ; hence the caufe why fometimes the walls of buildings remain or
not, according to the manner they are fituated. The roof of the vault returns to its place,
after the neceflary vibrations, which are independent of the action of the fire. Their fpeed
mufl: depend upon the fize of the vault, its thicknefs, and the nature of the materials
of which it is formed. But the effort of the explofion abating a little, while the air be-
comes much too compreffed in the adjacent cavities, it makes a violent reflux towards
the place of eruption, which opens another accefs, and gives occafion to a new and
more violent fliock. Thus there muft: neceffarily be returns marked by a more excef-
iive agitation ; and their intervals will be more fenfibly regular, till fome confiderable
change happens, either in the inflamed matter, or the difpofition of the cavity. The
weakeft ftiocks are thofe from the earth already fliaken ; the ft:rongeft: thofe caufed im-
mediately by the inflammation, which are analogous to the roarings of the volcanoes,
and which are repeated more or lefs frequently, according to the facility with which the
materials take fire, and alfo, as their volume has relation with the extent of the fpaces
in which they are inclofed.

A country containing in it fo many inflammable materials, muft: be a fubjed to fur-
nifli many other remarks to natural hifl:ory. Nature has there, thus to exprefs myfelf,
continually in her hands the materials and implements for extraordinary operations.
Exhalations may produce, in certain places, the fame cafualties as in the famous Grotto
del Cani. Waters impregnated with mineral matters will make hot-baths, while, in
other places, we fliall fee them labouring at incrufl:ations and cryftalizations. But I
muft: wave thefe details till another time, that I may give you a little account of the
part of America over which I paffed on my return.

PART

BQUGUER S VOYAGE TO PERU,

PART IV.

%^7

RETURN OF THE AUTHOR FROM QUITO TO THE NORTH SEA, BY WAY OF THE RI\^R
MAGDALENE ;— OBSERVATIONS ON THE LOADSTONE, &C. &C.

"ITT HEN I returned to Europe, and left Popayan, inilead of taking an immediately
^^ eaft direftion, and pafling out of the Cordelier by Guanacas, I could con-
tinue my way northward between the two chains of mountains, and crofs the eaftern
one near its extremity. The eaftern Cordelier has many ways over it. There is one
about forty-five leagues more to the north, which leads from Cartago to Ibague,
over which we muft be drawn by oxen, inftead of mules. Thefe animals have rings
through the cartilage of their nofes, to which are faftened leather thongs, which are
ufed as reins : they have more ftrength to bear the fatigue of fo opprelTive a road ; the
traveller is lefs expofed to being fatigued by their movements, which are flow ; and
befides, the feet of oxen, by their particular make, are better adapted to extricate them-
felves from the mires, in which are found neither any ftones, nor any folid body to pre-
vent them finking. I had many reafons for preferring the Pafs of Guanacas ; but what
induced me the more readily to make choice of it, was, being defirous of examining the .
courfe of the river Magdalene, I was very glad to reach as foon as poffible its fliores^
I had traced a map of the countries I had gone over, and I propofed to myfelf to make
one of thofe waflied by this river.

It is exceedingly eafy for an obferver to determine the fituation of any place, through
which he is led, refpe6:ively, in all this part of America. It is fufficient, with the com-
pafs, to take the diredion of the moft diftant mountains in view. We chance, after a
few days, to journey at the bafe of thefe mountains, and others in the diftance prefent
themfelves to our fight. I found it equally eafy to afcertain the length of the way. My
courfe was almoft always pretty exaft to the north ; I made my way, as it almoft
always happens, but by fhort journeys ; when one is obliged to carry one's bed and
provifions along with one ; befides our batings were frequent. Sometimes we have
been flopped by the fudden fwelling of fome river, at others by our mules ftraying,
which occafioned the lofs of part of a day to find them. They are never tied to one
another, but left at liberty, that they may find more eafily and with lefs ri(k provender
in the woods, and on the brinks of the precipices : there is no better method known
to guard againft Jofing them, than by accuftoming them to the company of horfes,
which will ferve them as a guide, and will feldom wander far. I endeavoured to be-
nefit all I could from thefe forced batings, of which I did not always complain, by ac-
quiring a more perfe£l knowledge of the country. I took the latitude every time it
was in my power. I had a round iron plate with a hole pierced through it, by which
I was enabled to form a gnomon, which I fometimes raifed to eight or nine feet in
height by refting it upon the trunk of fome tree, or againft the pofts of my tent ;
when, inftead of encamping in the open field, I met with any cabin or houfe, the faci-
lity of the operation encreafed ; I had only to throw afide a little of the thatch, to
introduce my plate of iron. To avoid the error of any unevennefs of the furface which
commonly was not horizontal, I received the rays of the fun upon a tile or piece of
board ; from the fmall hole I let fall a plumb-line ; I meafured with the equal divifions
of a compafs of proportion, ufing a reed for my rule, two fides of a triangle, the
length of the ray of light which ferved for the hypothenufe, and the fhorteft diftance

R B 2 from

3o8 bouguer's voyage to peru.

from the point on which the ray fell to the plumb-line ; and afterwards refolved the
triangle by a calculation, treating it, as it was eifectively, as a redangle.

Thefe obfervations, frequently repeated, corrected one in the eftimation I made of
the length of diftances. The badnefs of the road in the Cordelier, the palTage of the
ftreams and rivers we frequently meet with when we leave it, and when we coall the
bafe of the chain of mountains, will throw us into errors, howfoever experienced we
may be. The reiterated obfervations of the latitude came to my aid, which, in com-
bining with the directions I obtain with the load-ftone, I attained to determinations
fufficiently exaft for all the ordinary purpofes of geography. We follow the fhore of
the Magdalene almofl all the way from Plata to Honda, and moft generally its weftern
fide. Honda is a very cheerful little town, and the firft port we meet with up the
river, which is neverthelefs navigable confiderably above. I had no means during my
navigation, of availing myfelf of the heights of the mountains ; but I meafured from
time to time the rapidity of the run of the river, and continually noticed its direction.
It took me up fourteen days to defcend, fubmitting myfelf to the force of its current,
and every night I flept on fhore. The time I remained at Mompox, which is a very
pretty port about feven leagues above the confluence of the Magdalene with the Cauca,
is not comprehended in thefe fourteen days. I annex here under the form of notes,
the refult of all my afcertainnients, which were confirmed, when on the 30th of Sep-
tember 1743 I reached the lower part of the river in the vicinage of Carthagena
and Saint Martha, the fituation of which places with regard to Quito, I was ac-
quainted with *.

Eaftern
„ ,, _ I • I ^ Northern longitude

* Places. Jiiuatcd tn the Cordelier, latitude, withriktiort

to Quito.
D. M. D. M.

Combal, a town fituated at the foot of a volcano always covered with fnow, - - o 49 o 42

Ypiales - - - . . . . -045054

Pafto, a fmal! town at the foot of a volcano almoft always burning, - - - 113I113
Mercaderes, a village three leagues to the north of the river Mayo, which feparates
the two bifhoprics of Quito and Popayan ; and to which Huayana-Capac, the
lall Inca, carried his conquefts towards the north, . _ __. , ^45 iiQ
Popayan, an epifcopal city, - - - -2271 54

Places out of the Cordelier.

La Plata, - - 2 23 2 51

Bacche, a hamlet half a league weft of the river Magdalene, '" 3 16 3 25

Neyva, a fmall town on the other fide of the river Magdalene, and nearly three '

leagues and a half diftant from Bacche, and fouth-fouth-eaft of it, - - -

La Villa Vieja, upon the eaft fide of the fame river, and three leagues north-eaft

from the fame hamlet, ------.--_.

Honda, the firft port up the river Magdalene, C1640

Mariquita, a fmall town four leagues to the weft one quarter fouth-weft of Honda j

the river Gaali running from Mariquita, paffes through the middle of Honda,
Ibague, a fmall town eighteen leagues to the fouth of Honda, and eleven to the well,

the road divides here fiom Carthago, and which they journey with oxen. Ibague

is five or fix leagues to the weft of the Magdalene, - _ - .

Mompox, a very commercial port upon the weftern bank of the river Magdalene, - 919 45
Tama'ameque, a fmall town upon the eaft ftiore of the river ; — is nearly eight

leagues and a half to the fouth of Mompox, and thirteen leagues to the eaft,
Laporquera, a town upon the weftern fide of the Magdalene, and three leagues from

tlie mouth of it, , ... - 10 59 3 58

2 I was

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU. 309

I was under the neceffity, in order to attain to a fufficient exaditude in the con-
ftruftiqn of my map, frequently to notice the variation of the needle, and I was far-
ther invited to this from a convidion how much fuch forts of experiments are intereft-
ing to philofophy. I remarked at Quito the magnetic needle to dip towards the
north nearly ten degrees below the horizon. I fay nearly, becaufe, having caufed
three different needles to be made of different lengths, I could not fucceed in fixing
them precifely to the fame inclination* At the period the variation was found to be
eight degrees and a half towards the north-eaft, it was at Plata the fame the following
year in July; and four months after, I found it at Saint Martha at fix degrees
thirty-five minutes, and always to the north-eaft. I muft notice by the way, as it is
fubjecl to divers irregularities, I have frequently found portions of rocks fpread over
the furface of the foil, which exteriorly were black, and appeared to have been expofed
to the a6lion of fire, and I really believe they had been thrown there by the explofion
of fome volcano. I can compare them to nothing fo properly as malTes of clay, Iplit
and chapped by the fun, and afterwards converted into ftone. The variation of the
needle differs fo much in thefe places, that you have only to advance five or fix paces,
and you find a difference fometimes of more than thirty degrees in the diredlion of it.
Thefe ftones are noticed in feveral places; but at about one third of the diftance on
the way from Plata to Honda, three leagues o¥ thereabouts from Bacche, fome re-
markable ones are to be found. Two of the biggeft of them have a furface of nearly
twenty feet in length, by eleven high ; it is very fmooth, not chipped, and upon it
are engraved many characters and figures. Similar ftones equally well engraved are
found in places more remote and higher in the neighbourhood of the Cordelier, but
I have feen none of them ; I have made a drawing of the laft. They call them, but very
improperly in the country, painted ftones (Piedras Pintadas) ; probably fome infcrip-
tion is defigned by all thefe figures and chara6lers, and points out by hieroglyphics,
the time and circumftances gf the eruption of volcanoes, or other events, as fome ex-
traordinary and fudden fwell of the river. It appears "to me to have been a work of
much deliberation and patience ; the figures are cut two inches and a half deep at
leaft. The property thefe ftones have to a6t fo forcibly upon the compafs, demon-
ftrates them to contain fome portion of iron in their compofition, but thefe pairs lie
very much concealed ; the interior of the ftone is white, and it isbefide of very fine
grain.

I ftiall take occafion, while upon the fubjefl. of the load-ftone, to communicate the
refult of fome experiments which occupied me much on my journey home. It has
not relation to a phenomenon that required but one examination, but a fucceflion of
examinations made at different places more or lefs diftant from the equator. I do not
intend to examine if in magnetifm the governing force is diftintl or feparable from the
attractive force ; but I am aware that many perfons pretend that one of the poles of
the earth is much more attractive than the other, and I could not make choice in the
world of a more proper fituation than Quito, to work at the decifion of this queftion.
With this defign, I caufed to be made a long needle of copper, fufpended as a mag-
netic needle. I had a fmall nail foldered to one of its extremities and fet upright, I
placed this needle horizontally upon a pivot, and to the nail juft mentioned, which
was vertical, I applied an ordinary magnetic needle ; and I fo contrived it, by fmall
counter-weights, that the whole was in exaCt equiUbrium, and could turn freely about.
It is evident that if one of the magnetic poles has more virtue than the other ; as if, for
example, the north pole has more force, two effeCts muft neceflarily arife ; not only
the magnetic needle will take its ordinary direction, but being attracted more power-
fully

;iO BOUGUEr's VOYAGE TO PERU.

fully by the north pole of the earth, it will communicate by degrees a motion to the
copper needle, and both in moving towards the north, will fix themfelves upon the
magnetic meridian ; fo that the two needles will form a ftraight line.

Every thing being prepared, I made not one only, but twenty or thirty experiments
at Quito ; and I made them with the more care, as I was prejudiced in favour of the
.opinion I propofed to myfelf to verify or confirm : but all I could do, the copper
needle was never moved by the other, and remained always ftationary. Neither could
I attribute its repofe to the fri61:ion of the pivot, for when I put the two needles toge-
ther, they took very properly the diredion given to them by the loadftone. I alfo,
fometimes, put the copper needle in motion, while the other was left at perfect liberty,
and the firft remained always indiiferently fixed in every diredion. From hence it
may be naturally concluded that the two magnetic poles of the earth, which perhaps
refult themfelves from the complication of many others, have fenfibly the fame power.
Our ordinary magnetic needles, when they take a certain direction, yield to this power ;
and they cannot advance, literally, in their length, becaufe they are kept back by their
centre, but as that I made ufe of in my experiments was in every refped moveable,
and neverthelefs it made no advance neither to the north nor fouth, it was a demonftra-
tion not to be difputed, that one of its extremities had no more tendency towards one
of the poles, than its other extremity to the oppofite.

The equality between the abfolute forces being eftablifhed, although contrary to my
expectation, it remained to me to examine the relative powers ; I mean to fay the per-
ceptible power of the part of the pole from which we may be receding, and that of the
other which Ihould naturally encreafe in proportion as we draw near it, and this I
could do with much facility in my journey, by a repetition of obfervations in places
diverfely remote from the equator. I made three trials on my way, the third at Por-
quera, a little town low on the river Magdalene, and three leagues from its mouth ; but
the fuccefs of thefe experiments was fimilar to that at Quito. The centre of gravity of
the magnetic needle, although moveable, remained always at reft while placed upon
the magnetic meridian. I now began to think I had not advanced far enough north-
ward, notwithftanding I was already eleven degrees removed from the equator, which
made twenty degrees of difference between the diftances of the two oppofite poles.
At length on my arrival in France, I again repeated the experiment, but with no other
fuccefs. As I was apprehenfive I had not taken all the precautions neceifary, it did
not fatisfy me to proceed in the fame manner, I had recourfe to another expedient by
which I could not fail to perceive the moft minute inequality. I fufpended a magnetic
needle from its center of gravity, with a number of hairs five or fix feet in length ;
this new line would not fall vertically, but incline below a little to the north, if it
is true that the boreal magnetic pole to which we are moft adjacent, acts with a
greater force than its oppofite ; and a digreffion of five feconds, or a difference in the
power not more than a forty thoufandth part of the weight of the needle, would have
been manifeft to me. But by all the attention I was competent to, I was not able to
difcern any horizontal tendency which compofed itfelf with the weight, or altered at
all the direction ; it always appeared to me that the hair hung vertically, and that while
the needle pointed north and fouth, it made not the leaft effort in the diredion of its
length, to move towards either of the poles.

It is only fince my return, and refleding more on the fubjedt, that I have at length
conceived the reafon for the conftant perfect equality, which appeared to me fo extra-
ordinary, always prevailing between the attractive powers of the two poles. The di-
redion of the magnetic efflux may be compared to the rays of light, whofe power

*■ augments

BOUGUER's voyage to PERU.

311

augments or diminifhes according as thefe rays are found united in a greater or lefler
fpace. When the rays are divergent, the force of light decreafes ; and it continues to
do fo, at leaft until, by the falling of it upon a convex glafs, or a concave mirror,
the divergency is changed to a convergency : then the force of light increafes, ahhough
received at a greater diflance from the luminous body. So it fhould be v/ith regard to
the magnetic ^nrtue. The diredions, according to which this power operates, are a
fpecies of meridians, and they are at the greateft poflible diftance from each other in
the environs of the equator ; it is there, then, the magnetic power fhould be the weakeft.
But if we advance into either of the other hemifpheres, we are not to imagine that it is
the effed: of the pole to which we may be approaching, that folely operates to its aug-
mentation ; it will be alfo the effeft of the other pole ; fmce thefe dire6lions are the
fame as the rays of light, which, from being divergent, become convergent. Thofe
direftions which are the farthell feparated from each other towards the equator, mu-
tually draw to each other as they go forward. According to this, the force of the
auftral magnetic pole as felt at Paris, fliould be fenfibly equal to that we fhould experi-
ence from the part of the fame pole, if we were at the fame diftance from the equator
on the other fide. Thus, generally fpeaking, and fetting afide every confideration
upon which one might infill, it matters not on what place of the earth we ftand ; it
fignifies nothing, that it is or is not an equal diflance from the two poles ; we fhall
always feel the a6tion of one pole as powerfully as the other. It is true, that the force
of each pole will be greater or lefs, but the two will neverthelefs be always equal, which
alfo my obfervations confirm. The refiflance of the air will apparently introduce fome
-difference between the two adions, if the magnetic matter creeps upon the furface of
the ground, and if It has a long voyage to make through the grofs air we breathe. But
the inclining of the needles marks out the route taken by the magnetic matter ; and this
route varies little from a vertical one below, which demonflrates, that the magnetic
matter has prefently pafTed through the groffer air, and that its paffage through the
higher region is made above the denfer part of the atmofphere.

My readers will, doubtlefs, not difapprove, that, in giving him an account of thefe
obfervations, I have conduced him from Peru to Europe, to inflantly carry him back
towards the middle of the torrid zone. When I got out of the Cordelier, I had no
reafon to doubt, that, if the country was low enough, I fhould find it nearly the fame
in quality as that on the other fide of the double chain of mountains. In the mean-
time, I was flruck at the firfl view, with the difference in many refpe6ls. Plata is of
moderate elevation : the mercury in the barometer flood exaftly at twenty-five inches ;
and at Honda at twenty-feven inches and five lines and three-quarters. The upper
grounds are all flony, and the country naked. The environs of Plata, which is four
or five leagues to the weft of the river Magdalene, are tolerably peopled ; the refl but
thinly ; and the places or towns, Honda and Mompox excepted, towards the fea, are
of little confideration. Mompox is ornamented with a very fine quay, which they have
been obliged to raife high, by reafon of the fudden fwells to which the river is liable ;
for, although it is very wide, it rifes every year, at the beginning of December, to
twelve or thirteen feet. It has its courfe between rocks, and upon fand, as far as the
midway between Honda and Mompox; but it experiences, below, much the fame
change as the interior of the Cordelier. It rolls it waters over flime ; its fine fhores
are converted below almofl entirely into moraffes, fome of which fpread very wide
around.

One fingular circumflance has frequently drawn my attention throughout all thefe
countries ; and that is, all the mountains near which I journeyed, and which are at the

1 2 hzfey,

312 BOUGUER S VOYAGE TO PERU.

bafe, and on the outfide of the great Cordelier, appear to me to have a ditFerent origin
from thofe I had before feen. The beds of different foils, and oftener the rocks, of
which they were formed, were not, as were the others, of various inclinations ; they
were perfectly horizontal ; and fometimes I noticed them to correfpond with others, in
very remote mountains. The mofl part of thefe are two or three hundred toifes high, and
are almoft all of them inacceflible ; they are frequently cut like walls, which gives one
an opportunity of better examining their horizontal beds, of which they fliow the ex-
tremities. The fpedacle is not beautiful, but it is rare and fmgular. When chance has
formed them round, and abfolutely detached them from others, each of their beds takes
the form of a very flat cylinder, or truncated cone, of but little height ; and thefe dif-
ferent beds lying one upon another, and diftinguifhed by their colours and their various
Hoping outlines, have frequently given to all a form of artificial workmanihip, executed
with the greateft juftnefs. One of thefe fort of mountains (lands about a league from
Honda, upon the bank of the Guali, on the road to Mariquila, which is in view of
every traveller ; but were I to give a defcription of it, I fhould firft requeft all the
credit due to a relater who has no interefl in departing from the truth, and has his
whole life held an untruth in the greateft abhorrence. The mountains in thefe coun-
tries are feen continually to take the appearance of ancient and fumptuous edifices,
chapels, domes, caftles ; fometimes fortifications with lengthened curtains provided with
baftions. It is difficult, in noticing thefe objects, and the correfpondent nature of their
beds, to doubt that the earth around is . not much funk. It appears thofe mountains,
whofe bafes were more folidly fupported, are left as a fpecies of teftimony, or as mo-
numents, which indicate the height of the ancient foil.

I am not acquainted with the environs of Orinoko, but from report ; but I know-
that, in many places there, the mountains are formed with horizontal beds, and that
their fummits are perfeftly level platforms. There is nothing, I believe, found fimilar
to this in Peru, notwithftanding the almoft infinite variety there fpread around. All
the beds incline around every fummit, conforming themfelves to the declivity of the
Kills. If, as there is an appearance, this portion of the furface of the earth is funk
from one part to the other of the chain of mountains which, parting fouth of Popayan,
feparate the river Magdalene from the Orinoko, the. fubmerfion of the Atlantide, of
which Plato has fpoken, will become much more plaufible. Our imagination revolts,
when we would reprefent to ourfelves fuch great alterations made in the extei ior form
of our globe, the actual ftate of which appears fo permanent ; but we are not at liberty,
in this regard, entirely to conje6lure of moft remote times from the prefent. Great
changes have their bounds : they are always fucceeded by a ftate of equilibrium or rela-
tive repofe, to which they lead, and which muft have a certain duration.

The road is even from Plata to Honda, and is jcrofled by many fmall rivers which run
into the Magdalene ; which river receives alfo other fmall ones on the oppofite fide, and
principally the Bogota, which pafles by Santa-Fe, and joins the Magdalene over againft
Ibague, whofe fituation I have already defcribed. The Bogota is very confiderable,
even at Santa-Fe. A higher cataratt is not to be found in the world, than is formed
by it at fifteen or fixteen leagues below this town, and about eight leagues from the
Magdalene, at a place called Tequendama, being fuppofed to be about two hundred
fathoms in height.*

* The remainder is omitted, as the topics are better illuftrated in the following voyage.

J^awn hi A-ie Su/n^cld^-

i?.v,-„'V'^^'''*^-

^^_j^a//' ^y Q^y^/yyy/?d^^^^'^

LonAimnMUhrJ bg I^ngmmiMasr.Stes ,7rnu S- Snm^JV:

( 3'3 )

FOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA,

DESCRIBING AT LARGE

THE SPANISH CITIES, TOWNS, PROVINCES, &c. ON THAT EXTENSIVE

CONTINENT :

Undertaken, by command of the King of Spain, by Don George Juan, and Don Antonio
DE Ulloa, Cajgtaiins of the Spanifli Navy, Fellows of the Royal Society of London, Mem-
bers of^he Royal Academy at Paris, &c. &c. — Traiiflated from the original Spanifh ; with
Notes and Obfervations ; and an Account of the Brazils.

By John Adams, Efq, of Waltham Abbey ; ivho rejtdedfeveral Tears in thofe Parts*

PREFACE.

TT is certainly a very true, as well as trite obfervation, that knowledge is the food of
■*■ the mind ; and if this be fo, then certainly that ought to have the preference, which
is at once equally nutritive and pleafant. On this account, books of voyages and travels
have been in fuch general efteem, and at the fame time have been commended by perfons
of the greatefl fagacity, and in the higheft reputation for fuperior underftanding. The
pleafantnefs of this kind of reading has attracted many, who had before no relifh for learn-
ing, and brought them by degrees to enter upon feverer inquiries, in order more effeftually
to gratify that curiofity which this kind of ftudy naturally excites. Men of higher abilities
have turned their thoughts on this fubje6l, from the confideration of its real utility. This
induced the ingenious Hakluyt to make that noble colledion, which procured him the
patronage of Queen Elizabeth's ableft minifter. This led the elder Thevenot, to enrich
the French language with a very copious collection of the fame kind. And, not to
multiply examples, this made voyages and travels the favourite ftudy of the judicious
Locke, who looked upon it as the beft method of acquiring thofe ufeful and pradical
lights, that ferve moll effectually to ftrengthen, and alfo to enlarge the human under-
ftanding.

It is indeed true, that in refpedt to this, as well as other branches of fciences, there
have been many productions, which for a time have been applauded and admired, and
which, notwithftanding, have ferved rather to miflead, than to inftruCt men's minds,
by a difplay of fpecious falfehoods, highly acceptable to fuch as read merely for amufe-
ment. But thefe authors of marvellbus, and very often incredible relations ; of ftrange
and furprifing adventures ; thefe pompous defcribers of wonderful curiofities, which men

* This tranflation has paffed through five Editions.
VOL. XJV. S S of

3H

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

of more penetration, but of founder judgments, could never afterwards, though pur-
fuing the fame routes, with their utmoft diligence difcover ; quickly loft that credit,
which novelty alone gave them ; and, being once exploded by fenfible judges, gradually
funk, firft into the contempt, and then into the oblivion, they deferved.

Thefe books, however, are thus far ufeful, that they ferve to give us a clearer idea
of our wants, and a more juft notion, than perhaps we could other wife obtain, of the
qualities requifite to render voyages and travels truly worthy of efteem. They demon-
ftrate very fully, that, in the firft place, it is of great confequence, to know the cha-
racters of the authors we perufe, that we may judge of the credit that is due to their
reports ; and this as well in point of abilities, as of veracity ; for many writers impofe
on the world, not through any evil intention of deceiving others, but becaufe they have
been deceived themfelves. They relate falfehoods, but they believe them : we cannot
therefore juftly accufe them of want of candour ; the fault properly to be laid to their
charge is credulity. We are moft in danger of fuffering by thofe authors, who have
either lived in, or palTed through countries, that are rarely vifited, and into which few
are permitted to come. This protefts their miftakes for a great length of time ; and
we know that prefcription is a fortrefs in which error often holds out a long fiege.
There cannot, therefore, be a more acceptable tribute offered to the republic of letters,
than voyages or travels, compofed by perfons of eftablifhed reputation for learning, and
in equal efteem for their probity. But the value of the prefent is much enhanced, if
thefe voyages or travels refpe£t countries little known, the coafts of which only, per-
haps, have been accidentally vifited by feamen, or haraffed and plundered by privateers,
perfons often of fufpefted faith, and almoft always of very limited capacities. Some
few exceptions indeed there may be to this general rule ; but even in regard to thefe,
there will be neceffarily great defects ; and, allowing them their higheft merit, they can
only report truly the little they have feen : and what idea can we form of a Turkey
carpet, if we look only at the border, or, it may be, at the felvage ?

The authors, whofe writings are now offered to the public in an Englifh drefs, are
men of the moft refpeftable characters, men diftinguifhed for their parts and learning,
and yet more for their candour and integrity : men who did not travel through accident,
but by choice ; and this not barely their own, but approved by authority, and approved
becaufe they were known to be equal to the tafk they undertook ; and that tafk was,
the examining every thing they went to fee, with all poflible care and fcrupulous
attention, in order to furnifh the public with fuch lights as might be entirely and fafely
depended on. This was the defign which they undertook : this defign they executed
with the circumfpeCtion it deferved ; and the punctuality with which they difcharged it,
has procured them the juft returns of favour from their Royal Mafter, and the applaufe
and approbation of the beft judges in their own and other countries. Thefe are cir-
cumftances that diftinguifh, in a very lingular degree, the following work ; circum-
ftances that, no doubt, will have their proper weight, and which it would be entirely
needlefs for us to enforce, though it would have been inexcufable not to have men-
tioned them.

There is, however, one other circumftance that deferves particular notice, which is,
that, with refpeCt to the characters and abilities of thefe gentlemen, all does not reft
either upon their writings or foreign authorities : they have been in this country ; were
feen and known by thofe who were beft able to judge of their merit ; and, in confe-
quence of that, are both of them members of our Royal fociety. They continued here
fome time, converfed indifferently with all forts of people, and were unanimoufly allowed
to have very extenfive views in refpeCt to fcience j great Sagacity j much application ;

were

tlLLOA's VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. . jir

were very affiduous and very accurate in their inquiries, as well as candid and commu-
nicative in relation to the difcoveries and obfervations which they had made in their
travels ; — men of fuch talents, and fuch difpofitions, mull tender themfelves agreeable
every where ; much more in a country of liberty, and where, without partiality, we may
have leave to fay, the fciences are as deeply rooted, and flourifti in as high a degree, as
in any other in Europe. We will add, that, from a knowledge of their merit and
candour, they not only received the greatell civilities, but the moft feafonable protection,
to which, in feme meafure, the world is indebted for this very performance, as the
reader will learn in the perufal of it ; accompanied with thofe marks of gratitude and
refped, which were due to their kind benefactors, more efpecially the late worthy pre-
fident of the Royal fociety, whofe memory is juftly dear to all who had the honour of
being in the leaft acquainted with him * ; and that humane and polite patron of every
ufeful branch of literature. Earl Stanhope ; whofe noble qualities relied: honour on his
titles, and who inherits the virtues of his illuftrious father, one of the bravell men, and
one of the moft difmterefted minifters, this nation could ever boaft.

After doing juftice to the authors, let us come to the work itfelf. In pieces of this
kind, there is, generally fpeaking, no part fo tedious and unpleafant, at leaft to the
generality of readers, as what regards occurrences at fea ; and yet thefe are allowed to have
their utility. In the following fheets, however, though they are found pretty copioufly,
we fhall fee them without thofe defeats. If thefe writers mention the variation of the
compafs, they explain the nature, inquire into the caufe, and ftiow the ufes that arlfe
from obferving this phenomenon. In this manner, they treat of calms, winds, currents,
and other incidents, in fo fuccind and fcientific a method, as at the fame time to be very
inftruCtive, and not unentertaining. In this refped, we may look upon their narratives
as a fort of practical introduction to the art of navigation, which we not only read with-
out difguft, but which, when read with any tolerable attention, will enable us to under-
ftand many paflages in other writers of voyages, which we fliould otherwife pafs over,
as utterly uninterefting and unintelligible. This obfervation, the reader will find fo
fully verified, from his own experience, that, I am confident, he will think it no fmall
recommendation to the book ; and the more fo, becaufe, though very neceffary, and
much wanted, the difficulties attending it had hitherto, in a great meafure, difcouraged
any fuch attempt.

The geographical defcriptions we have of the country about Carthagena, the ifthmus
of Darien, the Terra Firma, the countries of Peru and Chili, thofe watered by the vaft
river of the Amazons, and, in a word, of the greateft part of South America, are
not only perfectly accurate, very methodical, and, in all refpeCts, full, clear, and fatis-
faCtory ; but alfo what we greatly wanted, and what we never had, at leaft in any com-
parifon with what we now have, before this work appeared. Thefe are countries that,
from the time of their difcovery, have maintained the reputation of being as pleafant,
as fertile, and as valuable, as any upon the globe. But though we knew this in ge-
neral, and, from the Spanifli defcriptions and hiftories, were not altogether unacquainted
with many particulars relating to them ; yet, with refpeCt to any diftinCt and precife^
delineation of their feveral provinces, their divifions and fubdivifions, the diftribution
of mountains, rivers, plains, and other circumftances, with their relations to each other,
and comparative values in all refpeCts, they were things not barely unknown, but fuch
as we could never expeCt to know, from the nature of the Spanifti government, with

* Martin Folkes, Efq. a gentleman not more confpicuous from his extenfive knowledge, than amiable
for the politenefs of his manners, and refpedable for his excellent private character.

s s 2 any

^t6 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

any degree of certainty. But by the accident of thefe gentlemen going thither, with na
other view than the improvement of knowledge, purfuing that view with the moft lively
zeal and affiduous application, and founding their reputation upon a plain and candid
communication of all that knowledge which, with fo much pains and labour, they had
acquired, we have now as clear, concife, and correct a representation of thefe extenfive
regions as we can poflibly defire ; fuch a one, as will anfwer all the ends of information
and inftrudion, enable us to difcover the errors and partialities in former accounts, and
prevent our being amufed or mifled by any erroneous relations for the future, which are
certainly circumftances of very great confequence.

The natural hiftory of thefe countries will be likewife/ound in the following fheets, in a
manner no lefs perfe£l and pleafing. Thefe gentlemen went about it in a proper method,
and with the talents requifite to the complete accomplifhment of their defign. They
faw things with their own eyes, they enquired carefully, but they took nothing on trufl :
on the contrary, they difcovered, and they have difclofed, many errors of an old {land-
ing ; exploded various common notions that were ill founded, and have left others in
the flate in which they ought to be left, as things not thoroughly proved, or abfolutely
difproved ; but which are referved for further examination. It is chiefly from the na-
tural hiftory that we colleft the value and importance of any country, becaufe from
thence we learn its produce of every kind. In thefe Iheets we find the greateft care
taken in this particular ; all the riches of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms
exhibited to our view, their places exadly afligned, their refpedive natures defcribed,
the methods of ufing, improving, and manufafturing them pointed out ; and, exclufive
of a multitude of vulgar errors expofed, and miftaken notions refuted, an infinity of
new, curious, and important remarks are made, all tending to explain and illuftrate the
refpedive fubjeds. Of thefe many inftances might be given ; but that would be to
anticipate the reader's pleafure, and arrogate to ourfelves the merits of the authors we
celebrate.

In refped to the civil hiftory, the world in general was yet more in the dark than as
to the natural ; knowing much lefs of the inhabitants than of the commodities of thefe
countries ; and in this refped our authors have been as candid, as circumftantial, and
as copious, as in the other. They not only acquaint us with the diftribution and difpo-
fition of the Spanifti governments ; with the nature, extent, and fubordination of thofe
who prefide in them ; but have alfo given us a regular plan of their adminiftration, and
of the order and method in which juftice is difpenfed, and the civil policy maintained ;
the domeftic oeconomy of the Spaniards, their cuftoms, manner of living, their way
of treating the Indians, both fubjeds and favages, are ftated with the fame freedom and
precifion. In like manner they give us a fuccind account of the Creoles, that is, fuch
as are defcended from the Spaniards, and have been longer or later fettled in the Indies,
with whatever is peculiar in refped to the genius, humour, virtues, and vices of thefe
people ; and more efpecially the points in which they differ from the native Spaniards,
The ftate and condition of the Indians who live in fubjedion to the Spaniards, their
tempers, employments, good and ill qualities, labours, and diverfions. The habitations
of the free Indians, their cuftoms, drefs, manner of fpending their lives, exercifes,
talents, religion, and method of preferving the remembrance of paft tranfadions, as
alfo the condition of the negroes and mulattoes, whether in the capacity of flaves,
domeftic fervants, or in poffeffion of their freedom, with whatever differences occur
in the ftate of any of thefe people in different provinces.

But to the Eiiglilh reader, perhaps, nothing in the following pages will be more ac-
ceptable, as indeed nothing feems to have been more carefully confidered by the authors

2 than

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 317

than the commercial hiftory of thefe countries. We find here not only the principal
commodities of every province diftin^lly enumerated, but we are alfo informed of the
particular places where they grow, their different qualities and degrees in value,
the method of collefting and curing moll part of them, the manufadures of cot-
ton, wool, and other materials, the produce of their mines and different kinds of
metal, their potteries, and whatever elfe is the objeQ: of induflry and fkill : the
manner of conveying them from one province to another, the great roads, the in-
land and coafling navigation, their commerce with Spain, their contraband trade,
the manner of introducing, and the great confumption, of European commodities and
manufadlures, the advantages and disadvantages attending their prefent regulations, the
difcoveries that are yet to be made, and the improvements which may ftill take place in
the management of affairs in thofe countries : the fmgular inventions of the natives for
palling great rivers, tranfporting their goods by the help of veffels of their own con-
Ifruction, their adroitnefs in fome refpeds, and their ftupidity in others. — From the due
confideration of this part of the work, the reader will perceive that in many things we
have been impofed upon, in former accounts ; and that other things, in a long courfe of
years, are very much changed from what they were. But inftead of old errors, we
Ihall find many new truths, and fome eftabhflied from example and experience, that
are of too great confequence not to be frequently remembered, and perfeQly under-
ftood ; fuch as, that countries are not the better, and, which is ftill ftranger, are not
the richer, for producing immenfe quantities of gold and filver, fince this prevents their
being cultivated, expofes the natives to pafs their lives in the fevereft drudgery, and,
after all, makes the digging of metal from the mine little more than drawing water
in a fieve ; fince, in fuch countries, riches difappear almoft as foon as they are re-
vealed. Induftry alone, in the old world and in the new, has the power of acquiring
and preferving wealth, and this, too, without the trouble of mining. Befides, though
not infifted upon, it will be evidently feen, that feverity in government, and fuperftition
in religion, fubvert both liberty and morals, and are confequently in all refpecls 'de-
ftruftive of the happinefs of mankind.

The account given by our authors, of the millions which the Jefuitshave eftablilhed
in Paraguay, is as interefting as it is entertaining, and may be very juftly confidered as
one of the moft curious and beft written parts of the whole performance ; fince, at the
fame time that it breathes all the deference and refpedt poffible for the fathers, it informs
us of a great variety of fads of fo much the more confequence, as, at the time it was
written, nobody could forefee that the courts of Madrid and Lifijon would make fo
thorough a change as they have done in their fentiments in regard to this order ; and
therefore the informations thefe gentlemen give us are the more to be relied on. They
jfhew us in what manner, and under what fpecious pretences the Jefuits acquired a kind
of independent poffeflion of fo large a trad of country, and, except their annual tribute,
an almoft abfolute dominion over an immenfe number of people. They acquaint us
that there is a civil government in every village, after the model of the Spanifii towns ;
but the maglftrates are chofen by the people,/ fubjed only to the approbation of the father
Jefuit, who refides in and, in reality, governs the village. We learn from them, that
the Jefuits draw from the people all the commodities and manufadtnres that are fit for
foreign commerce, which are vended by a commiffary of their appointing, and the re-
turns in European commodities made to and diftributed by them at their pleafure ; they
tell us, that the church in every village is fpacious, and elegantly adorned ; that, though
they are ftyled villages, they are in effed large towns, and the houfes in them neat,
commodious, and, in coraparifon of the Spaniards', very well furnilhed. We learn

from

3i8 ulloa's voyage to south America.

from them that, under a pretence of the excurfions of the Portuguefe, who ufed to
feize thefe Indians and make them work in their mines, and of the favage Indians who
furrounded them in a manner on all fides, the fathers have taught them the ufe of
arms, make them fpend their holidays in military exercifes, have a large body of well-
difciplined troops, magazines well furnifhed with military ftores, together with mills
and other necelfary machines for making their own gunpowder. They likewife let us
know that, to prevent the manners of their difciples from being corrupted, the Jefuits
exclude them entirely from all communication with ftrangers, whether Europeans or
Indians, and fuffer none to enter into their miffions, who may report either the ftrength
or the weaknefs of their condition, or penetrate into the myfleries of their policy.

PART I.

ACCOUNT OF CARTHAGENA, PANAMA, &C. AND OF THE PROVINCE OF QUITO.

BOOK I.

Reqfonsfor this Voyage ; Navigation from the Bay of Cadiz to Carthagena in America, and

a Defcription of the latter,

CHAP. I. — Motives of this Voyage to South America, with Remarks on the Navigation

between Cadiz and Carthagena.

nrHE heart of man is naturally inclined to attempt things, the advantages of which ap-
pear to increafe in proportion to the difficulties which attend them. It fpares no pains,
it fears no danger in attaining them j and inftead of being diverted from its purpofe, is
animated with frefli vigour by oppofition. The glory infeparable from arduous enter-
prifes is a powerful incentive, which raifes the mind above itfelf j the hop^ of advan-
tages determines the will, diminifhes dangers, alleviates hardfhips, and levels obftacles,
which otherwife would appear unfurmountable. Defire and refolution are not, however,
always fufficient to enfure fuccefs ; and the beft-concerted meafures are not always prof-
perous. Divine Providence, whofe over-ruling and incomprehenfible determinations
dired: the courfe of human actions, feems to have prefcribed certain limits, beyond
which all our attempts are vain. The caufes his infinite wifdom has thought proper to
conceal from us, and the refult of fuch a conduct, is rather an objeft) of our reverence
than fpeculation. The knowledge of the bounds of human underftanding, a difcreet
amufement and exercife of our talents for the demonftration of truths which are only to
be attained by a continual and extenfive ftudy, which rewards the mind wifh tranquillity
and pleafure, are advantages worthy of our higheft efteem, and objeds which cannot
be too much recommended. In all times the defire of enlightening others by fome
new difcovery has roufed the induftry of man, and engaged him in laborious refearches,
and by that means proved the principal fource of the improvement of the fciences.

Things which have long baffled fagacity and application, have fometimes been dif-
covered by chance. The firmeft refolutioa has often been difcouraged by the infuper-

9 fible

ULLOA's VOYASE to south AMERICA.

319

able precipices which, in appearance, encircle his inveftigation. The reafon is, becaufe
the obftacles are painted, by the imagination, in the moft lively colours ; but the me-
thods of furmounting them efcape our attention ; till, fmoothed by labour and applica-
tion, a more eafy paflage is difcovered.

Among the difcoveries mentioned in hiftory, whether owing to accident or reflexion,
that of the Indies is not the leaft advantageous. Thefe parts were for many ages un-
known to the Europeans, or, at leaft, the remembrance of them was buried in oblivion.
They were loft through a long fucceflion of time, and disfigured by the confufion and
darknefs in which they were found immerfed. At length the happy sera arrived, when
induftry, affifted by refolution, was to remove all the difficulties exaggerated by igno-
rance. This is the epocha which diftinguifhed the reign, in many other refpedls fo glo-
rious, of Ferdinand of Arragon, and Ifabella of Caftile. Reafon and experience at once ex-
ploded all the ideas of raftmefs and ridicule which had hitherto prevailed. It feems as
if Providence permitted the refufal of other nations to augment the glory of our own ;
and to reward the zeal of our fovereigns, who countenanced this important enter-
prife ; the prudejice of their fubje6:s in the conduft of it, and the religious end pro-
pofed by both. I mentioned accident or refledion, being not yet convinced whether
the confidence with which Chriftopher Columbus maintained, that weftward there were
lands undifcovered, was the relult of his knowledge in cofmography and experience in
navigation, or whether it was founded oh the information of a pilot who had actually
difcovered them, having been driven on the coafts by ftrefs of weather ; and who, in
return for the kind reception he had met with at Columbus's houfe, delivered to him
in his laft moments the papers and charts relating to them.

The prodigious magnitude of this continent ; the multitude and extent of its pro-
vinces ; the variety of its climates, products, and curious particulars ; and, laftly, the
diftance and difficulty of one part communicating with another, and efpecially with
Europe, have been the caufe, that America, though difcovered and inhabited in its prin-
cipal parts by Europeans, is but imperfedly known by them ; and at the fame time
kept them totally ignorant of many things, which would greatly contribute to give a
more perfed idea of fo conliderable a part of our globe. But though inveftigadons of
this kind are worthy the attention of a great prince, and the ftudies of the moft piercing
genius among his fubjeds, yet this was not the principal intention of our voyage. His
Majefty's wife refolution of fending us to this continent was principally owing to a more
elevated and important defign. The literary world are no ftrangers to the celebrated
queftion that has lately produced fo many treatifes on the figure and magnitude of the
earth which had hitherto been thought perfedlly fpherical. The prolixity of later
obfervations had given rife to two oppolite opinions among philofophers. Both fuppofed
it to be elliptical ; but one affirmed its tranfverfe diameter was that of the poles, and the
other, that it was that of the equator. The folution of this problem, in which not
only geography and cofmography are interefted, but alfo navigation, aftronomy, and
other arts and fciences of public utility, was what gave rife to our expedition. Who
would have imagined that thefe countries, lately difcovered, would have proved the
means of our attaining a perfedt knowledge of the old world j and that, if the former
owed its difcovery to the latter, it would make it ample amends by determining its real
figure, which had hitherto been unknown or uncontroverted ? who, I fay, would have
fufpefted that the fciences fhould in that country meet with treafures not'lefs valuable
than the gold of its mines, which has fo greatly enriched other countries ? How many
difficulties were to be furmounted in the execution ! What a feries of obftacles were to
be overcome in fuch long operations, flowing from the inclemency of the climates ; the

difadvan-

320 ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

difadvantageous fituation of the places where they were to be made, and in fine, from
the very nature of the enterprife ! All thefe circumftances infinitely heighten the glory
of the monarch, under whofe aufpices the enteBprlfe has been fo happily accomplifhed.
This difcovery was referved for the prefent age, and for the two Spanifh monarchs, the late
Philip V. and Ferdinand VI. The former caufed the enterprife to be carried into execu-
tion, the latter honoured it with his countenance, and ordered the narrative of it to be pub-
lifhed ; not only for the information and inllru6lion of his own fubjedts, but alfo for
thofe of other nations, to whom thefe accounts will prove equally advantageous. And,
that this narrative may be the more inftrudive, we fliall introduce the particular cir-
cumftances which originally gave occafion to our voyage, and were in a manner the bafis
and rule of the other enterprifes, which will be meafured in the fequel, each in its pro-
per order.

The attention of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris for the improvement of
human knowledge, and its continual ardour to difcover and apply the baft methods for
that noble end, could not fit down contented under the uncertainty concerning the real
figure and magnitude of the earth, the inveftigation of which had, for feveral years paft,
employed the moft eminent geniufes of Europe. This learned aflembly reprefented to
their fovereign the neceffity of determining a point, the exadt decifion of which was of
fuch great moment, efpecially to geography and navigation ; and at the fame time laid
before him a method of doing it. This was, to meafure fome degree of the meridian
near the equator ; and (as was done with great propriety after our departure^ by mea-
furing other degrees under the polar circle, in order to form a judgment of the different
parts of its circumference, by their equality or inequality, and from thence to determine
its magnitude and figure. No country feemed fo proper for this as the province of
Quito in South America. The other countries under the equinoctial line, both in Afia
and Africa, were either inhabited by favages, or not of an extent fufficient for thefe ope-
rations ; , fo that, after the moft mature refledlion, that of Quito was judged to be the
only place adapted to the plan in queftion.

His moft Chriftian Majefty Lewis XV. applied, by his minifters, to King Philip, that
fome members of his Royal academy might pafs over to Quito, in order to make there
the neceffary obfervations ; at the fame time fhewing the intention and univerfal advan-
tage of them, and how very remote they were from any thing which tends to awaken a
political jealoufy. His Majefty, perfuaded of the candour of this application, and de-
firous of concurring in fo noble a defign, as far as was confiftent with the dignity of his
crown and the fafety of his fubjeds, referred the matter to the council of the Indies ;
and, on their favourable report, the licence was granted, with all the neceflary re-
commendations and affurances of the royal protection to the perfons who were to
repair to America to make thefe obfervations. The patents, which were made out
for them on the 14th and 20th of Auguft 1734, contained the moft precife orders
to the viceroys, governors, &c. in the countries through which they were to pafs,
to aid and aflift them, to fliew them all friendfliip and civility, and to fee that no
perfons exaded of them for their carriages or labour more than the current price ;
to which His Majefty was pleafed to add the higheft proofs of his royal munificence,
and of his zeal for the advancement of the fciences, and efteem for their pro
feflbrs.

This general regard of His 'Majefty was followed by fome meafures, particularly
defigned to promote the honour of the Spanifti nation, and to give his own fubjects
a tafte for the fame fciences. He appointed two officers of his r:avy, well fkilled
in mathematics, to join in the obfervations which were to be made, in order to give

them

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 321

them a great dignity and a more extenlive advantage ; and that the Spaniards might
owe only to themfelves the fruits and improvements expeded from them. His
Majefty alfo conceived that the French academicians, having thefe officers in their
company, would be more regarded by the natives, and, in the places through which
they were to pafs, all umbrage would be thus removed from perfons who might
not be fufficiently acquainted with the nature of the defign. Accordingly the com-
manders and direftors of the academy of the Royal Guardas Marinas received orders
to recommend two perfons, whofe difpofitions not only promifed a perfedb harmony
and correfpondence with the French academicians, but who were capable of making,
equally with them, the experiments and operations that might be neceffary in the
courfe of the enterprife.

Don -ijeorge Juan, commander of Aliaga, of the order of Malta, fub-brlgadier to
the Guardas Marinas, equally diftinguifhed by his application to the mathematics^
^ and his faithful fervices to the crown, was, with myfelf, propofed to His Majefty,
as qualified to contribute to the fuccefs of fuch an enterprife. We had commif-
fions given us as lieutenants of men of war, and, with all neceffary inftrudions,
were ordered to embark on board two fhips fitting out at Cadiz, for carrying to
Carthagena, and thence to Porto Bello, the Marquis de Villa Garcia, appointed vice-
roy of Peru. About the fame time, the French academicians were to fail in a fhip of^
their nation, and, by way of St. Domingo, to join us at Carthagena, in order to
proceed from thence in company.

The two men of war, on board of which we had been ordered, were the Con-
quiftador of fixty-four guns, and the Incendio of fifty ; the former commanded by Don
Francifco de Liano, of the order of Malta, commodore ; and the latter by Don Au-
guftin de Iturriaga, by whom it was agreed that Don George Juan fhould go in the
Conquiftador, and myfelf in the Incendio. We failed from Cadiz bay. May 26, 1735 ;
but, the wmd fhifting, we were obliged to put back and come to an anchor about half
a league without Las Puercas.

On the 28th, the wind coming about to north-eaft, we. again fet fail, and continued
our courfe in the manner related in the two following journals :

Journal of Don George Juan, on board the Conquiftador,

The 2d of June 1735, faw the Canary Iflands; and the winds, which are ufually
very variable in this pafTage, were either north-weft by north, or north-eaft. Don
George Juan, by his reckoning, found the difference of longitude between Cadiz and
the Pico of Teneriffe 10^ 30'.

According to Father Feuillee*s obfervations, made at Loratava, fix minutes and a
half eaft of the Pico, the difference of the longitude betwixt the latter and the obfer-
vatory at Paris is 18^ 51'. 8 ubtrafting therefore 8° 27', which, according to the Con-
noiffance des Tems, is the difference of longitude between that obfervatory and Cadiz ;
the difference of longitude between that city and the Pico is 10^ 24', and confequently
differs fix minutes from Don George's reckoning.

On the 7th we loft fight of the Canaries, and continued our courfe towards Mar-
tinico, fteering fouth between forty-two and forty-five degrees wefterly, encreafmg the
angle every day, till near the ifland, we fteered due weft under its parallel, and on the
26th of June difcovered Martinico and Dominica.

The difference of longitude between Cadiz and Martinico appeared from our
reckoning to be 59° ^^y ^^^t is, 3° 55' more than the chart of Antonio de Matos

VOL. XIV. T T makes

3ift ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

makes it ; which is however generally followed in this voyage. According to the
obfervations of Father Laval, made at Martinico, the difference of longitude is 55° B' 4^" ',
according to thofe of Father Feuillee, 55° 19'. This error in a great meafure
proceeds from a want of accuracy in the log-line ; for had the pilot of the Conquillador,
who found the fame defe£t in his calculations, made the diflance between the knots
of the log-line thirty Englifh feet, inflead of forty-feven and a half, the difference of
longitude, by account, would have been only fifty-feven degrees. This error in mark-
ing the log-line is common both to the pilots of Spain and other nations j and this, like
many other feults in navigation, remains uncorrected for want of attention.

The diftance between the knots on the log- line fhould contain t-t-s- of a mile, fup-
pofmg the glafs to run exaftly half a minute : and though all agree in this refped, yet
not in the true length of the mile, which ought to be determined by the moft exaQ;
menfurations ; as thofe of M. Caffini in France, ours in the province of Quito, or
thofe of M. Maupertuis in Lapland. If the length of the degree be computed accord-
ing to M. Caffini's meafures, 57,060 toifes, a minute or geographical mile will contain
951 toifes, or 5,706 royal feet, of which y.^- is nearly equal to forty-feven feet fix
inches and a half; and as the Paris foot is to that of London as 16 to 15*;
this, when reduced to Englifh meafure, makes nearly fifty feet eight inches and a
quarter. And this is the true diftance between each knot on the log-line.

This menfuration, which fhould have been hitherto the rule obferved, is not exa61:,
when compared to that which has been found from inveftigating the figure of the
earth, which is difcovered to be very different from what it has been imagined ; fo that
it is not furprifing that there fhould be found confiderable differences in the nautical
calculations. «

The Author's Journal, on board the Incendio, ,

Having fet fail on the fame day, namely, the 28th of May 1735, and fleered fouth,
between fifty-two and fifty-fix degrees wefterly, we perceived on June 2d, about fix
in the evening, the ifland of Savages, one of the Canaries ; and on the 3d we faw Te-
neriffe. I found the difference of longitude between Cadiz and Naga-Point to be 11° 6',
which agrees with the Englifh and Dutch charts, but differs a little from the true
longitude determined by Father Feuillee at Loratava, in the fame ifland of Teneriffe.

On the 4tli, we had fight of the iflands of Palma, Gomera, and Fer ; but again
loft fight of them on the fifth. On the 29th about noon, we made Martinico, and
continuing our courfe, paffed between that ifland and Dominica. The difference
of longitude between Martinico and Cadiz bay, accerding to my reckoning, was
57^ 5', one degree more than San Telmo's chart makes it. But it is proper to ob-
ferve, that in order to eftimate my courfe, and avoid the danger of finding a great
difference at making land, I followed two different calculations, one according to the
meafures commonly given by pilots to the diftance between the knots on the log-line,
of forty-feven Englifh feet and a half, and the other by reducing them to forty-feven

* According to the late regulation of the Royal Society of London, and the meafures fent by it
to the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and with which I was favoured by Martin Folkes, Efq. the worthy
prefident of that fcciety, the Paris foot is to that of London as 864 to 811, which fhews how erroneous
thefe are publifhed by Father Tofca f .

•f" The Paris foot is divided into twelve inches, and each inch into twelve lines ; wherefore, if we fuppofe each line to be divided
lu 310 parts, the Paris foot will be 1 440 parts, the London, 1360.

Thefe proportions were fettled by the Royal Aoaderay of Sciences at Paris, in their treatife of the figure and magnitude of the eartli.
Part jii. Chap, .s, which fliews the erroneoufnefs of the above. A.

royal

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ^2^

royal feet : for though in ftridnefs, it ought to have been forty-feven and a half of the
latter, the diiference being but fmall, I thought it bed- to omit the half foot, that my
reckoning might be before the fhip. According to the firft method, the difference of
longitude between Cadiz and this illand was between fixty and fixty-one degrees, which
nearly agrees with the journal of Don George.

From Martinico we continued our courfe towards Curafao, which we had fight of
July 3d. The difference of meridians between that and Martinico, Don George Juan
found to be 6° 49', whereas I made it 7° 56'. The caufe of this difagreement was,
that finding a fenfible difference in the latitudes, I regulated myfelf by the currents,
imagining, according to the opinion of all our navigators, that they fet to the north-
wefl: ; which Don George did not, and by that means his reckoning anfwered to the
real diftance betwixt thefe two iflands, and mine was erroneous. But that the water
was in motion, is not to be queftioned : for in all the latitudes from June 30th, to
July 3d, thofe found by obfervation exceeded thofe by account ten minutes thirteen
feconds, and even fifteen minutes ; a fufficient proof that the currents run directly
north and not north-weft:.

From the 2d, at fix in the morning, till the day we made Curafao and Uruba,
we had fliallow water, of a greeniffi colour, which continued till about half paft feven
in the evening, when we entered the gulf.

Our courfe from Martinico to Curafao, during the two firft days, was fouth eighty-
one wefterly ; and the two laft fouth fixty-four degrees wefterly. From thence to
Carthagena we kept at a proper diftance from the coaft, fo as to diftinguifli its moft
noted capes, and inhabited places.

On the 5th we difcovered the mountains of St. Martha, fo well known for their
height, and being all covered with fnow ; and at fix in the morning we crofled at
the current of thick water, which iflues with prodigious rapidity from the river De la
Magdalena, and extends feveral leagues into the fea. About fix in the evening found
ourfelves to the northward of Cape de Canoa, where we lay to, and continued till
feven in the morning, when we fet all our fails, which at eight in the evening brought
us under fort Boca Chica, where we came to an anchor in thirty-four fathom water,
the bottom muddy. On the 8th we endeavoured to get into Carthagena bay, but
could not before the 9th fecurely moor our fhip.

During our paflage betwixt the Canary iflands, we had faint and variable winds,
with fome fliort calms ; but, after we had loft fight of them, the gales encreafed upon
us, but moderate, and continued in this manner till we arrived within one hundred
and feventy or one hundred and eighty leagues of Martinico, when we had fqualls
accompanied with violent rains. After pafling the Canaries, at about twen.y leagues
from thefe iflands, we had the wind at north-weft, and at the diftance of near eighty
leagues it fliifted to eaft and eaft-north-eaft. We had nearly the fame in the middle
of the Atlantic ocean, and afterwards the wind came about to the eaft, with different
degrees of velocity ; but the variation was not fuch as to occafion any inconveniency.
Thefe are the winds generally met with in this voyage. Sometimes it veers away
to the weft and weft-north-weft, though it is very feldom known to continue on
thefe points. Sometimes long calms intervene, which lengthen the voyage beyond the '
ufual time. All this depends on the feafons ; and according to the time of the voy-
age, the weather and winds are more or lefs favourable. Tue winds above-mentioned
are the moft general ; and the beft time for making ufe of them, as they then are
fettled, is when the fun approaches near the equator in his return from the tropic of

T T a Capri-

324 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA,

Capricorn : for his approach to the autumnal equinox is the time when the calms
moft prevail.

From the iflands of Martinico and Dominica to that of Curafao and the coaft of
Carthagena, the winds continued the fame as in the ocean, though more variable, and
the weather lefs fair. I have faid that about one hundred and feventy leagues before
we reached Martinico the winds were interrupted by fqualls ; and thefe are more com-
mon beyond thofe iflands, and are immediately fucceeded by Ihort calms ; after which
the wind frefhens again for half an hour, an nour, two hours, and fometimes longer.
From what quarter thefe tornadoes or fqualls proceed, I cannot pofitively affirm ; but
it is certain, that when they are over, the wind begins to blow from the fame point as
before, and nearly with the fame force. And here it may be of ufe to obferve, that
on any appearance of thefe fqualls in the atmofphere, the utmofl expedition muft be
ufed in getting the fhip in readinefs, their impetuolity being fo fudden as to admit of no
time for preparatives ; and therefore the leafl negligence may be attended with the
moft fatal confequences.

In the voyage from Cadiz to the Canaries, in fome parts, though the winds 'are
otherwife moderate, the fea is agitated by thofe from the north and north-weft fome-
times in large and long waves ; fometimes in fmall but more frequent ones, which
happens when the wind blows ftrongly along the coaft of France and Spain ; for in
the ocean the viands are fo mild, that the motion of the fhip is hardly perceived, which
renders the paffage extremely quiet and agreeable. Within the windward iflands, and
even before we reach them, in the parts where thefe terrible fqualls prevail, the fea is
agitated in proportion to their violence and duration ; but no fooner is the wind abated,
than the water becomes again clear and fmooth.

The atmofphere of the ocean anfwers to the calmnefs of the winds and fea, fo that
it is very feldom an obfervation cannot be taken, either from the fun's being obfcured,
or the hazinefs of the horizon. This is to be underftood of the fair feafon ; for other-
wife here are dark days, when the air is filled with vapours, and the hofizon very
hazy. At all times it is feen filled with white and towering clouds, embellifhing the
fky with a variety of figures and ramifications, which amufe the eye, tired with being
fo long confined to two fuch fimilar objefts as the fea and fky. Within the windward
iflands the variety is ftill greater, the quantity of vapours profufely exhaled, filling it
in fuch a manner, that fometimes nothing but clouds are to be feen, though part of
thefe are gradually difperfed by the heat of the fun, fo that fome parts are quite clear,
others obfcure ; but a general darknefs during the whole day is never known.

It is well known and allowed, that through the whole extent of the ocean, not the
leaft current is perceiveable, till we arrive within the iflands, where in fome parts they
are fo ftrong and irregular, that without the greateft vigilance and precaution, a fhip
will be in great danger among this archipelago. This fubjeft, together with the winds
peculiar to this coaft, fhall hereafter be confidered more at large.

In the track to Martinico and Dominica there is a fpace where the water, by its white
colour, vifibly diftinguifhes itfelf from the reft of the ocean. Don George, by his
eftimate, found this fpace to terminate one hundred leagues from Martinico ; whereas,
according to my reckoning, it reached only to within one hundred and eight leagues ;
it may therefore, at a medium, be placed at one hundred and four. This fmall dif-
ference doubtlefs proceeds from the difficulty of difcovering where this whitifh colour
of the water terminates, towards Martinico. It begins at about one hundred and forty
leagues from that ifland, which muft be underftood of the place where the different
colours of the water are evident ; for if we reckon from where it begins to be juft dif-

fcernible.

tJLLOA's VOYAGE TO SbUTH AMERICA.

3^5

cernible, the diftance is not lefs than one hundred and eighty leagues. This track of
water is a certain mark for dire£ting one's courfe ; becaufe, after leaving it, we have
the fatisfadion of knowing the remaining diftance ; it is not deleniated on any map,
except the new one lately publilhed in France ; though it would doubtlefs be of great
ufe in them all.

Nothing farther remains, than to give an account of the variation of the needle
in different parts in which we found the fhip by her latitude and longitude; a
point of the utmoft confequence in navigation, not only with regard to the ge-
neral advantage to mariners in knowing the number of degrees intercepted be-
between the magnetic and true north of the world, but alfo as, by repeated obferva-
tions of this kind, the longitude may be found, and we may know within a degree,
or a degree and a half, the real place of the Ihip ; and this is the neareft approxi-
mation to which this has been carried by thofe who revived it at the beginning of this
century. Among thefe the chief was that celebrated Englifliman, Dr. Edmund Halley :,.
in emulation of whom, many others of the fame nation, as alfo feveral French-
men, applied themfelves to the improvement of it. We already enjoy the fruits
of their labours in the variation charts lately publifhed, though they are prin-
cipally ufeful only in long voyages ; where the difference of two or of even three
degrees is not accounted a confiderable error, when there is a certainty that it
cannot exceed that number. This fyftem, though new with reward to the ufe
it is now applied to, is far from being fo among the Spaniards and Portuguefe,
^very plain veftiges of it remaining in their old treatifes of navigation. Maniel de Fi-
gueyredo, cofmographer to the King of Portugal, in his Hydrographia, or Examin de
Pilotos, printed at Lifbon in 1608, chap. ix. and x. propofes a method for finding, from
the variation of the needle, the diftance run in failing eaft and weft. And Don Lazaro
de Flores, in his Arte de Navegar, printed in 1672, chap. i. part ii. quotes this author,
as an authority to confirm the fame remark made by himfelf ; adding (chap, ix.) that
the Portuguefe, in all their regulations concerning navigation, recommend it as a cer-
tain method. It muft, however, be acknowledged, that thofe ancient writers have not
handled this point with the penetration and accuracy of the Englifh and French,
affifted by a greater number of more recent obfervations. And that the obfervations .
made in this voyage may be of the. moft general ufe, I ftiall infert them in the two fol-
lowing tables ; previoully informing the reader, that the longitudes correfponding with
each are true, the error of the courfe, with regard to the difference of meridians, being
corrected from the obfervations of the fathers Laval and Feuillee : —

Variations ohferved by Don George Juan, the Longitude being reckoned wejifroyn Cadiz*

1 Deg. of
Lat.

Deg. of

Long.

Variation
obferved.

Variatian by
the Chart.

Difference.

27 30

II 00

8 o^W.

9 ooW.

I 00

25 30

14 30

6 20

7 20

I 00

24 00

17 00

4 30 •

6 00

I 30

23 20

18 30

3 30

5 00

I 00

22 30

20 00

2 30

4 30

2 00

21 50

22 00

I 30

4 00

2 30

21 Z5

16 20

26 00

43 00

0 30
4 ooE.

3 00
2 30E.

2 30

2 00

15 40

Off Mai

45 00

•tinico

5 00

6 00

3 20
5 00

I 40

1 00

Variations

^2^ ulloa's voyage to South ameIiica.

Variations obferved by the Author, the Longitude being reckoned from the former Meridian,

Deg. of
Lat.

Deg. of
Leng.

Vaiiaiion
obferved.

Variation by
the Chart.

Difference.

36 20

00 25

9 30W.

13 00 W.

3 30

31 23

08 22

7 00

10 30

3 30

30 II

10 21

6 00

9 30

3 30

26 s7

14 54

4 00

7 00

3 00

25 52
16 28

i5 59

43 46

3 40
0 30E.

6 30
2 ooE.

2 50
I 30

15 20 47 32
Off Cape de la Vela

2 30
6 00

4 00
7 30

I 30
I 30

To the above obfervations on the variation of the needle, compared with thofe on
the variation chart, firft publifhed by the great Dr. Halley in 1700, and correded in
1 744, from other obfervations and journals by Meffrs. Montaine and Dodfon of Lon-
don, I fhall add fome refledions, in order to expofe the negligence in conftruding the
magnetic needles, i. It appears that the variations obferved by Don George Juan do
not agree with mine, which is not to be attributed to a defed in the obfervations. This
is fufficiently evident from comparing them. The differences between thofe obferved by
Don George and thofe on the chart, are nearly every where uniform ; the moft confi-
derable being a degree and fifty minutes ; one making the variation 2° 30', and the
other a degree only. This probably arofe from the motion of the fhip, which hinders
the needle from being entirely at reft ; or from the dilk of the fun, by reafon of in-
tervening vapours, not being accurately determined, or fome other unavoidable accident ;
the error, when the difference is lefs than a degree, being fcarcely perceivable in thefe
obfervations. Thus, on a medium, the rational conclufion is, that the needle ufed in
thefe obfervations varied a degree and forty minutes lefs than thofe when the map was
conftructed.

The , fame uniformity appears in the differences between my obfervations and the
chart ; but it muft be obferved, that having ufed two different needles, the particulars
of each nearly correfpond, fo that between the five firft, the greateft difference is of
forty minutes, which intervene between the fmalleft difference of 2° 50', and the greateft
of 3'-' 30'. Hence, taking the medium between both, the difference between my ob-
fervations and the chart will be 3^ 16', the latter being fo much lefs than the former.
The three laft do not want this operation, the difference of 1° 30^ being equal in all,
and the variations refulting from thefe obfervations are alfo lefs than thofe delineated on
the map ; the variation having paffed to a different fpecies ; namely, from north-weft
to north-eaft. This demonftrates, that the firft needle I made ufe of, whether it had
been ill touched, or the fteel not accurately placed, varied i^ 30' wefterly lefs than
that ufed by Don George Juan ; and as this officer continued his obfervations to the
end of the voyage with the fame needle, the difference, which at firft was negative, on
the variation changing its denomination became pofitive ; and from my changing inftru-
ments, the difference on my fide continued always negative. The reafon of this is, that
the difference of the five firft obfervations proceeded lefs from a real difference in the
variation, than from the poles of the needle, which was fo far from anfwering exadly
with the meridian- line on the compafs-card, that it inclined towards the north-weft ; the
contrary happened in the fecond compafs made ufe of, its inclination being towards the
north-eaft j confequently, whatever the angle of that inclination was, it occafioned a
proportionate diminution in the variation of a contrary fpecies.

Thefe

ULLOA's voyage to. south AMERICA* |^^

Thefe obfervations, thus compared, fhew the errors to which navigators are liable,
for want of attention in making choice of proper needles, which they fliould be careful
to procure, not only well made and exad, but alfo ftriftly tried with regard to their in-
clination to the true meridian, before they venture to depend upon them in any voyage.
In this point, Spain i3 guilty of a notorious negled, notwithftanding it is evidently the
fource of a thoufand dangerous errors ; for a pilot, in correding the courfe he has
fleered, in making ufe of a compafs whofe variation is different from the true, will con-
fequently find a difference between the latitude by account and the latitude obferved ;
and to rtiake the neceffary equation according to the rules commonly received in failing
on points near the meridian, he mufl either increafe or diminifh the diftance, till it
agrees with the latitude, whereas in this cafe the principal error proceeded from the
rhomb. The fame thing happens in parts where it is apprehended there may be cur-
rents ; which often occur in failing when the latitude by account, and that by obferva-
tion, difagree j though in reality the water has no motion, the difference proceeding
entirely from making ufe of another variation in the courfe, than that of the needle by
which the fhip is fleered ; as was the cafe with me in failing from Martinico to Curafao,
and likewife of all the artifls on board the fhip. Another error incident to navigators,
though not fo much their own, is to fleer the fhip by one needle, and obferve the va-
riation by another ; for though they have been compared, and their differences carefully
obferved, their motions being unequal, though at the beginning of the voyage the dif-
ference was only a certain number of degrees, the continual fridion of the former on
the pivot, renders the point of the needle, on which it is fufpended, more dull than
the other, which is only hung when they make obfervations, being at all other times
kept with the greatefl care ; and hence proceeds the change obfervahle in their differ-
ences. In order to remedy this evil, all needles intended to be ufed at fea fhould be
equally proper for obferving the variation ; and the obfervation made with thofe before
placed in the bittacle ; and, to improve the charts of variation, fhould be touched iij
the fame manner, and adjufled to the meridian of place, where the exact variation is
known. Thus obfervadons made in the fame places by different fhips, would not be
found fo confiderably to vary ; unlefs the interval of time between two obfervations be
iuch as to render fenfible that difference in the variation, which has been obferved for
many years pafl, and is allowed of by all nations.

Thefe are the caufes of the manifeft difference between needles ; there may be others,
but this is not the proper place for enumerating them.

CHAP, II. — Defcription of Carthagena,

ON the 9th of July 1735, we landed, and Don George Juan and myfelf imme-
diately waited on the governor of the place. We were informed that the French acade-
micians were not yet arrived, nor was there any advice of them. Upon this informa-
tion, and being by our inftru6lions obliged to wait for them, we agreed to make the
befl ufe of our time ; but were unhappily deflitute of inflruments, thofe ordered by
His Majefly from Paris and London not being finifhed when we left Cadiz, but were
forwarded to us at Quito foon after our arrival. We, however, fortunately heard that
there were fome in the city, formerly belonging to Brigadier Don Juan de Herrera,
engineer of Carthagena ; by thefe we were enabled to make obfervations on the latitude,
longitude, and variauon of the needle. We alfo drew plans of the place and the bay
from thofe of this engineer, with the neceffary additions and alterations.

2 In

228 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

In thefe operations we employed ourfelves till the middle of November 1735, impa-
tient at the delay of the French academicians. At length, on the 15th, a French
armed veflel came to an anchor, during the night, under Boca Chica j and to our great
fatisfaftion we learned, that the long-expe6led gentlemen were on board. On the i6fh
we vifited them, and were received with all imaginable politenefs by M.de Ricour,
captain of a man of war, and king's lieutenant of Guarico, in the ifland of St. Do-
mingo ; and Meflrs. Godin, Bouguer, and De la Condamine, academicians, who were
accompanied by Meffrs, Juflieu, botanift ; Seniergues, furgeon j Verguin, Couplet, and
Deffordonais, afTociates ; Morenvile, draughtfman ; and Hugot, clock-maker.

Our intention being to go to the equator with all poflible expedition, nothing re-
mained but to fix on the mbft convenient and expeditious route to Quito. Having
agreed to go by the way of Porto Bello, Panama, and Guayaquil, we prepared to fail ;
in the meantime, by help of the inftruments brought by the academicians, we repeated
our obfervations on the latitude, weight of the air, and the variation of the needle ;
the refult of which will appear in the following defcription : —

The city of Carthagena ftands in 10° 25' 48 1" north latitude; .and in the longitude
of 282* 28' o^&' from the meridian of Paris; and 301° 19' 36" from the meridian of
Pico Teneriffe ; as appeared from our obfervations. The variation of the needle we
alfo, from feveral obfervations, found to be eight degrees eafterly.

The bay, and the counti^y, before called Calamari, were difcovered in 1502 by Ro-
derigo de Baftidas ; and in 1504, Juan de la Cofa and Chriftopher Guerra began the
war againft the Indian inhabitants, from whom they met with greater refiftance than
they expected ; thofe Indians being a martial people, and valour fo natural to them,
that even the women voluntarily fhared in the fatigues and dangers of the war. Thwr
ufual arms were arrows, which they poifoned with the juice of certain herbs ; whence
the flighteft wounds were mortal. Thefe were fucceeded by Alonfo de Ojeda, who
fome years after landed in the country, attended by the fame Juan de la Cofa, his chief
pilot, and Americo Vefpucio, a celebrated geographer of thofe times ; but made no
greater progrefs than the others, though he had feveral encounters with the Indians.
Nor was Gregorio Hernandez de.Oviedo more fortunate. But, at length, the conqueft
of the Indians was accomplifhed by Don Pedro de Heredia, who, after gaining feveral
victories over them, peopled the city in 1533, under the title of a government.

The advantageous fituation of Carthagena, the extent and fecurity of its bay, and
the great fhare it attained of the commerce of that fouthern continent, foon caufed it
to be erefted into an epifcopal fee. The fame circumftances contributed to its prefer-
vation and increafe, as the moft efteemed fettlement and ftaple of the Spaniards ; but
at the fame time they drew on it the hoftilities of foreigners, who, thirfting after its
riches, or induced by the importance of the place, have feveral times invaded, taken,
and plundered it.

The firfl invafion was made foon after its eftablifhment in 1 544, by certain French
adventurers, conducted by a Corfican pilot, who, having fpent fome time there, gave
them an account of its fituation, and the avenues leading to it, with every other parti-
cular neceflary to the fuccefsful conduQ; of their enterprife ; which they accordingly
effefted. The fecond invader was Francis Drake, termed the defitroyer of the new
conquefts, who, after giving it up to pillage, fet it on fire, and laid half the place in
afhes ; and its fatal deflrudion was only prevented by a ranfom of a hundred and twenty
thoufand filver ducats paid him by the neighbouring colonies.

It was invaded a third time in 1597, by the French, commanded by M. dePointis,
who came before the place with a large armament, confifling partly of Flibuftiers, little

9 better

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 329

better than pirates : but, as fubjedls to the King of France, were protefted by that
monarch. After obliging the fort of Boca Chica to furrender, whereby the entrance
of the bay was laid open, he landed his men, and befieged Fort Lazaro, which was
followed by the furrender of the city. But the capitulation was no fecurity againft the
rage of avarice, -which had configned it to pillage.

This eafy conquefl has by fome been attributed to a private correfpondence between
the governor and Pointis ; and what increafes the fufpicion is, that he embarked on
board the French fquadron at its departure, together with all his treafures and effedls,
none of which had Ihared in the general calamity.

The city is fituated on a fandy ifland, which forming a narrow paflage on the fouth-
weft opens a communication with that part called Tierra Bomba, as far as Boca Chica.
The neck of land which now joins them, was formerly the entrance of the bay ; but
it having been clofed up by orders from Madrid, Boca Chica became the only entrance ;
and this alfo has been filled up fmce the attempt of the Englifh in 1741, who, having
made themfelves mafters of the forts which defended it, entered the bay with an intent
of taking the city ; but they mifcarried in their attempt, and retired with confiderable
iofs. This event caufed orders to be difpatched for opening the old entrance, by which
all {hips now enter the bay. On the north fide the land is fo narrow, that, before the
wall was begun, the diftance from fea to fea was only thirty-five toifes ; but afterwards
enlarging, forms another illand on this fide, and the whole city is, excepting thefe two
places, which are very narrow, entirely furrounded by the fea. Eaftward it communi-
cates, by means of a wooden bridge, with a large fuburb called Xexemani, built on
another ifland, which has alfo a communication with the continent by means of another
wooden bridge. The fortifications, both of the city and fuburb, are g3nftru6ted in the
modern manner, and lined with free-ftone. The garrifon, in times of peace, confifts
of ten companies of regulars, each containing, officers included, feventy-feven men ;
befides feveral companies of militia.

In the fide of Xexemani, at a fmall diftance from that fuburb, on a hill, is a fort
called St. Lazaro, commanding both the city and fuburb. The height of the hill is
between twenty and twenty-one toifes, having been geometrically meafured. It is joined
to, feveral higher hills, which run in an eaftern diredion. Thefe terminate in another
hill of confiderable height, being eighty-four toifes, called Monte de la Popa, and on
the top of it is a convent of bare-footed Auguftines, called Nueftra Senora de la Popa,
Here is an enchanting profped, extending over the country and coaft to an immenfe
diftance.

The city and fuburbs are well laid out, the ftreets being ftraight, broad, uniform,
and well paved. The houfes are built of ftone, except a few of brick ; but confift
chiefly of only one ftory above the ground-floor ; the apartments well contrived. All
the houfes have balconies and lattices of wood, as moije durable in this climate than
iron, the latter being foon corroded and deftroyed by the moifture and acrimonious
quality of the nitrous air ; from whence, and the fmoky colour of the walls, the out-
fide of the buildings makes but an indifi^erent appearance.

The churches and convents of this city are the cathedral, that of the Trinity in the
fuburbs, built by biftiop Don Gregory de Molleda, who alfo in 1734 founded a chapei
of eafe dedicated to St. Toribio. The orders which have convents at Carthagena, are
thofe of St. Francis, in the fuburbs, St. Dominic, St.Auguftin, La Merced, alfo the Ja-
cobins, and Recollets ; a college of Jefuits, and an hofpital of San Juan de Dios. The
nunneries are thofe of St. Clara and St. Terefa. All the churches and convents are of a
proper architecture, and fufficiently capacious j but there appears fomething of poverty

VOL. XIV. u u in

yyx TJLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

in the ornaments, feme of them wanting what even decency requires. The communis
ties, particularly that of St. Francis, are pretty numerous, and confift of Europeans,
white Creoles, and native Indians.

Carthagena, together with its fuburbs, is equal to a city of the third rank in Europe*
It is well peopled, though mofl of its inhabitants are defcended from the Indian tribes.
It is not the moft opulent in this country, for, befides the pillages it has fuffered, no
mines are worked here ; fo that moft of the money feen in it is fent from SantarFe and
Quito, to pay the falaries of the governor and other civil and military officers, and the
wages of the garrifon ; and even this makes no long ftay here. It is not, however,
unfrequent, to find perfons who have acquired handfome fortunes by commerce, whofe
houfes are fplendidly furniflied, and who live in every refped agreeable to their wealth.
The governor refides in the city, which, till 1739, was independent of the military
government. In civil affairs, an appeal lies to the audience of Santa Fe ; and a viceroy
of Santa Fe being that year created, under the title of viceroy of New Granada, the
government of Carthagena became fubje£l to him alfo in military affairs. The firft who
filled this viceroyalty was lieutenant-general Don Sebaftian de Eflava ; who defended
Carthagena againft the powerful invafion of the Englifh in 1 74 1 .

Carthagena has alfo a bifhop, whofe fpiritual jurifdidlion is of the fame extent as the
military and civil government. The ecclefiaftical chapter is conipofed of the biihop and
prebends. There is alfo a court of inquifition, whofe power reaches to the three pro-
vinces of Ilia Efpanola (where it was firft fettled), Terra Firma, and Santa Fe.

Befides thefe tribunals, the police and adminiftration of juftice in the city is under
a fecular magiftracy, confifting of regidores, from whom every year are chofen two
alcaldes, who are generally perfons of the higheft efteem and diftindion. There is
alfo an office of revenue, under an accountant and treafurer : here all taxes and monies
belonging to the King are received ; and the proper iffues direded. A perfon of the
law, with the title of auditor de la gente de guerra, determines proceffes.

The jurifdidion of the government of Carthagena reaches eaftward to the great river
De la Magdalena, and along it fouthward, till, winding away, it borders on the pro-
vince of Antioquia ; from thence it ftretches weftward to the river of Darien ; and from
thence northward to the ocean, all along the coafts between the mouths of thefe two
rivers. The extent of this government, from eaft to weft, is generally computed at
fifly-three leagues ; and from fouth to north, eighty-five. In this fpace are feveral
fruitful vallies, called by the natives Savannas ; as thofe of Zamba, Zenu, Tolu, Mom-
pox, Baranca, and others ; and in them many fettlements large and fmall, of Euro-
peans, Spanifh Creoles, and Indians. There is a tradition, that all thefe countries,
together with that of Carthagena, whilft they continued in their native idolatry,
abounded in gold ; and fome veftiges of the old mines of that metal are ftill to be {een
in the neighbourhoods of Simiti San Lucas, and Guamaco ; but they are now negleded,
being as imagined, exhaufted. But what equally contributed to the richnefs of this
country, was the trade it carried on with Choco and Darien ; from whence they brought
in exchange for this metal, the feveral manufadures and works of art they ftood in
need of. Gold was the moft common ornament of the Indians, both for men and
women.

CHAP. III. — Defcription of Carthagena Bay,

CARTHAGENA bay is one of the beft, not only on the coaft, but alfo in all the
known parts of this country. It extends two leagues and a half from north to fouth ;

has

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 331

fias a fufficlent depth of water and good anchorage ; and fo fmooth, that the fliips are
no more agitated than on a river. The many fliallows, indeed, at the entrance, on
fome of which there is fo httle water that even fmall veffels flrike, render a careful
fteerage neceflary. But this danger may be avoided, as it generally is, by taking on
board a pilot ; and for further fecurity, His Majefty maintains one of fufEcient experi-
ence, part of whofe employment is to fix marks on the dangerous places.

The entrance to the bay, as I have already obferved, was through the narrow ftrait
called Boca Chica, a name very properly adapted to its narrownefs, fignifying, in Spa-
nilh. Little Mouth, admitting only one fliip at a time, and even flie mufl be obliged to
keep clofe to the Ihore. This entrance was defended on the eaft by a fort called Saint
Lewis de Boca Chica, at the extremity of Tierra Bomba, and by Fort St. Jofeph on the
oppofite fide in the Ifle of Baru. The former, after fuftaining, in the laft fiege by
the Enghfh, a vigorous attack both by fea and land, and a cannonading of eleven days,
its defences ruined, its parapets beat down, and all its artillery difmounted, was relin-
quifhed. The enemy being thus mafters of it, cleared the entrance, and, with their
whole fquadron and armaments, moved to the bottom of the bay. But, by the dili-
gence and induflry of our people, they found all the artillery of fort Santa Cruz nailed
up. This fort was alfo, from its largenefs, called Caftillo Grande, and commanded
all the fhips which anchor in the bay. This, together with that of -Boca Chica, St.
Jofeph, and two others, which defended the bay, called Manzanillo and Paftelillo, the
enemy, enraged at their difappointment, demolifhed when they quitted the bay. The
promifmg beginning of this invafion, as I have already obferved, gave occafion to thei
fhutting up and rendering impradicable the entrance of Boca Chica, and of opening
and fortifying the former ftrait ; fo that an enemy would now find it much more diffi-
cult to force a palfage.

The tides in this bay are very irregular, and the fame may nearly be faid of the whole
coaft. It is often feen to flow a whole day, and afterwards ebbs away in four or five
hours ; yet the greateft alteration obferved in its depth is two feet, or two feet and a
half. Sometimes it is even lefs fenfible, and only to be perceived by the current or
flow of the water. This circumftance increafes the danger of ftriking, though a fere-
nity continually reigns there. The bottom alfo being compofed of a gravelly ooze,
whenever a fliip is aground, it often happens that flie muft be lightened before flie can
be made to float.

Towards Boca Chica, and two leagues and a half diftant from it feawards, there is a
Ihoal of gravel and coarfe fand, on many parts of which there is not above a foot and
a half of water. In 1735, the Conquiftador man of war, bound from Carthagena to
Porto Bello, ftruck on this flioal, and owed her fafety entirely to a very extraordinary
calm. Some pretended to fay that the flioal was before known by the name of Salme-
dina ; but the artifts on board affirmed the contrary, and that the flioal on which flie
ftruck had never been heard of before. From the obfervations of the pilots and others,
Nueftra Senora de la Popa bore eaft-north-eaft two degrees north, diftance two leagues ;
the caftle of St. Lewis de Boca Chica, eaft-fouth-eaft, diftance three leagues and a
half, and the north part of Ifla Vofaria, fouth one quarter wefterly. It muft, how-
ever, be remembered, that thefe obfervations were made on the apparent rhombs of
the needle.

The bay abounds with great variety of fifli both wholefome and agreeable to the
palate ; the moft common are the fliad, the tafte of which is not indeed the moft deli-
cate. The turtles are large and well tafted. But it is greatly infefted with fliarks,
which are extremely dangerous to fearaen, as they immediately feize every perfon they

u*U 2 difcover

333 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

difcover in the water, and fometimes even venture to attack them In their boats. It is
a common diverfion for the crews of thofe fhips who Hay any time in the bay, to fifh for
thefe rapacious monflers, with large hooks faftened to a chain ; though, when they
have caught one, there is no eating it, the flefh being as it were a kind of hquid fat.
Some of them have been feen with four rows of teeth ; the younger have generally but
two. The voracity of this fifh is fo prodigious, that it fwallows all the filth either
thrown out of fhips, or caft up by the fea. I myfelf faw in the'ftomach of one the en-
tire body of a dog, the fofter parts only having been digefled. The natives affirm that
they have alfo feen alligators ; but this being a frefh-water animal, if any were ever feen
in the fea, it mufl be fomething very extraordinary.

In the bay the galleons from Spain wait the arrival of the Peru fleet at Panama, and
on the firfl advice of this, fail away for Porto Bello ; at the end of the fair held at that
town, they return mto this bay, and, after taking on board every necelfary for their voy«
age, put to fea again as foon as poffible. During their abfence the bay is little fre-
quented ; the country veflels, which are only a few bilanders and feluccas, flay no lon-
ger than is neceffary to careen and fit out for profecuting their voyage.

CHAP. IV. — Of ibe Inhabitants of Carthagena.

THE inhabitants may be divided into different calls or tribes, who derive their
origin from a coalition of Whites, Negroes, and Indians. Of each of thefe we fhall
treat particularly.

The Whites may be divided into two clafTes, the Europeans,. andjpreoles, or Whites
born in the country. The former are commonly called Chapetoilfes, but are not nu-
merous ; mofl of them either return into Spain after acquiring a competent fortune, or
remove up into inland provinces in order to increafe it. Thofe who are fettled at Car-
thagena carry on the whole trade of that place, and live in opulence ; whilll the other
inhabitants are indigent, and reduced to have recourfe to mean and hard labour for fub-
fiftence. The families of the White Creoles compofe the landed interell j fome of them
have large ellates, and are highly refpeded, becaufe their anceflors came into the coun-
try invefled with honourable pofts, bringing their families with them when they fettled
here. Some of thefe families, in order to keep up their original dignity, have either
married their children to their equals in the country, or fent them as officers on board
the galleons ; but others have greatly declined. Befides thefe, there are other Whites,
in mean circumflances, who either owe their origin to Indian families, or at leafl to an
intermarriage with them, fo that there is fome mixture in their blood ; but when this is
not difcoverable by their colour, the conceit of being Whites alleviates the prefTure of
every other calamity.

Among the other tribes which are derived from an intermarriage of the Whites with
the Negroes, the firll are the Mulattos. Next to thefe the Tercerones, produced from
a White and a Mulatto, with fome af>proximation to the former, but not fo near as to
obliterate their origin. After thefe follow the Quarterones, proceeding from a White
and a Terceron. The lafl are the Quinterones, who owe their origin to a White and
Quarteron. This is the lafl gradation, there being no vifible difference between them
and the Whites, either in colour or features ; nay, they are often fairer than the Spa-
niards. The children of a White and Quinteron are alfo called Spaniards, and confi-
der themfelves as free from all taint of the Negro race. Every perfon is fo jealous of
the order of their tribe or caft, that if, through inadvertence, you call them by a

ti2 degree

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ^^^

degree lower than what they aftually are, they are highly offended, never fufFering
themfelves to be deprived of fo valuable a gift of fortune.

Before they attain the clafs of the Quinterones, there are feveral intervening cir-
cumflances which throw them back ; for between the Mulatto and the Negro there is an
intermediate race, which they call Sambos, owing their origin to a mixture between
one of thefe with an Indian, or among themfelves. They are alfo diftinguilhed ac-
cording to the calls their fathers were of. Betwixt the Tercerones and the Mulattos,
the Quarterones and the Tercerones, &c. are thofe called Tente en el Ayre, fufpended
in the air, becaufe they neither advance nor recede. Children, whofe parents are a
Quarteron or Quinteron, and a Mulatto or Terceron, are Salto atras, retrogrades, be-
caufe, inflead of advancing towards being Whites, they have gone backwards towards
the Negro race. The children between a Negro and Quinteron are called Sambos
de Negro, de Mulatto, de Terceron, &c.

Thefe are the mofl known and common tribes or Caflas ; there are, indeed, feveral
others proceeding from their intermarriages ; but, being fo various, even they them-
felves cannot eafily diftinguifh them ; and thefe are the only people one fees in the city,
the eftancias*, and the villages ; for if any Whites, efpecially women, are met with, it is
only accidental, thefe generally refiding in their houfes, at leaft, if they are of any
rank or charader.

Thefe calls, from the Mulattos, all affe6l the Spanilh drefs, but wear very flight
fluffs on account of the heat of the cHmate. Thefe are the mechanics of the city ;
the Whites, whether Creoles, or Chapitones, difdaining fuch a mean occupation,
follow nothing below merchandize : but it being impoflible for all to fucceed, great
numbers not being able to procure fufficient credit, they become poor and mifer-
able from their averfion to thofe trades they follow in Europe ; and, inflead of the
riches which they flattered themfelves with poffefling in the Indies, they experience the
mofl complicated wretchednefs.

The clafs of Negroes is not the leafl numerous, and is divided into two parts ; the
free and the flaves. Thefe are again fubdivided into Creoles and Bozares, part of
which are employed in the cultivation of the haziandes f, or eftancias. Thofe in the
city are obliged to perform the moft laborious fervices, and pay out of their wages a
certain quota to their mafters, fubfifting themfelves on the fmall remainder. The vio-
lence of the heat not permitting them to wear any clothes, their only covering is a fmall
piece of cotton ftuff about their waift ; the female flaves go in the fame manner. Some
of thefe live at the eftancias, being married to the flaves who work there ; while thofe
in the city fell in the markets all kind of eatables, and dry fruits, fweet-meats, cakes
made of the maize, and caflTava, and feveral other things about the ftreets. Thofe who
have children fucking at their breaft, which is the cafe of the generality, carry them on
their fhoulders, in order to have their arms at liberty ; and when the infants are hun-
gry, they give them the breaft either under the arm or over the fhoulder, without
taking them from their backs. This will, perhaps, appear incredible ; but their breafts^
being left to grow without any preffure on them, often hang down to their very waift,
^nd are not therefore difficult to turn over their fhoulders for the convenien<:e of the
infant.

* Eftancia properly fignifies a manfion, or place where one flops to reft ; but at Carthagena it implies a
country-houfe, which, by reafon of the great number of flaves belonging to it, often equaU a eonfideraWe
village.

f Hazianda in this place fignifieg a country-houfe, with the lands belonging to it.

Th«

334 ^ ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

The drefs of the Whites, both men and women, differs very little from that worn in
Spain. The perfons in grand employments wear the fame habits as in Europe ; but
with this difference, that all their clothes are very light, the waiftcoats and breeches
being of fine Bretagne linen, and the coat of fome other thin ftuff. Wigs are not much
worn here ; and during our flay, the governor and two or three of the chief officers
only appeared in them. Neckcloths are alfo uncommon, the neck of the fhirt being
adorned with large gold buttons, and thefe generally fuffered to hang loofe. On their
heads they wear a cap of very fine and white linen. Others- go entirely bareheaded,
having their hair cut from the nape of the neck *. Fans are very commonly worn by
men, and made of a very thin kind of palm in the form of a crefcent, having a flick of
the fame wood in the middle. Thofe who are not of the White clafs, or of any eminent
family, wear a cloak and a hat flapped ; though fome Mulattos and Negroes drefs like
the Spaniards and great men of the country.

The Spanifh women wear a kind of petticoat, which they call pollera, made of a thin
filk, without any lining, and on their body, a very thin white waiflcoat ; but even this
is only worn in what they call winter, it being infupportable in fummer. They, how-
ever, always lace in fuch a manner as to conceal their breafls. When they go abroad
they wear a mantelet ; and on the days of precept, they go to mafs at three in the
morning in order to difcharge that duty, and return before the violent heat of the day,
which begins with the davvnf.

Women wear over their pollera a taffety petticoat, of any colour they pleafe, except
. black ; this is pinked all over, to fhew the other they wear under it. On the head is a
cap of fine white linen, covered with lace, in the fhape of a mitre, and, being well
flarched, terminates forward in a point. This they call panito, and never appear abroad
without it, and a mantelet on their fhoulders. The ladies, and other native Whites,
ufe this as their undrefs, and it greatly becomes them ; for, having been ufed to it from
their infancy, they wear it with a better air. Inflead of flioes, they only wear, both
within and without doors, a kind of flippers, large enough only to contain the tip of
their feet. In the houfe their whole exercife confifls in fitting in their hammocks J, and
fwinging themfelves for air. This is fo general a cuflom, that there is not a houfe with-
out two or three, according to the number of the family. In thefe they pafs the greater
part of the day, and often men, as well as women, fleep in them, without minding the
inconveniency of not flretching the body at full length.

Both fexes are pofTefTed of a great deal of wit and penetration, and alfo of a genius
proper to excel in all kinds of mechanic arts. This is particularly confpicuous in thofe
who apply themfelves to literature, and who at a tender age, fliow a judgment and
perfpicacity, which in other climates, is attained only by a long feries of years and the
greatefl application. This happy difpofition and perfpicacity continues till they are
i between twenty and thirty years of age, after which they generally decline as fafl as
they rofe; and frequently, before they arrive at that age, when they ihould begin to
reap the advantage of their fludies, a natural indolence checks xheir farther pro-
grefs, and they forfake the fciences, leaving the furprifing effeds of their capacity
imperfeft.

* Here, and in moft parts of South America, they have their hair cut fo fliort, that a flranger would
think every man had a wig, but did not wear it on account of the heat.

f The heat is inconfiderable, compared with that of the afternoon, till half an hour after fun-rife. — A.

X Thefe hammocks are made of twifted cotton, and commonly knit in the manner of a net, and make no
^mall part of the traf&ck of the Indians, bv whom they are chiefly made. — A.

'6f The

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. ^^t^

The principal caufe of the fhort duration of fuch promifing beginnings, and of the
indolent turn fo Often feen in thofe bright geniufes, is doubtlefs the want of proper
objects for exercifing their faculties, and the fmall hopes of being preferred to any
poft anfwerable to the pains they have taken. For as there is in this country neither
army nor navy, and the civil employments very few, it is not at all furprifing that the
defpair of making their fortunes by this method, fhould damp their ardour for excell-
ing in the fciences, and plunge them into idlenefs, the fure forerunner of vice ; where
they lofe the ufe of their reafon, and ftifle thofe good principles which fired them when
young and under proper fubjedion. The fame is evident in the mechanic arts, in
which they demonftrate a furprifing fkill in a very little time ; but foon leave thofe alfo
imperfed, without attempting to improve on the methods of their mafters. Nothing
indeed is more furprifing than the early advances of the mind in this country, children
of two or three years of age converfmg with a regularity and ferioufnefs that is rarely
feen in Europe at fix or leven ; and at an age when they can fcarce fee the light, are
acquainted with all the depths of wickednefs.

The genius of the Americans being more forward than that of the Europeans, many
have been willing to believe that it alfo fooner decays ; and that at fixty years, or
before, they have outlived that folid judgment and penetration, fo general among us
at that time of life ; and it has been faid that their genius decays, while that of the
Europeans is haftening to its maturity and perfedion. But this is a vulgar prejudice,
confuted by numberlefs inftances, and particularly by the celebrated Father Fr. Benito
Feyjoo, Teatro Critico, vol. iv. eflay 6. All who have travelled with any attention
through thefe countries, have obferved in the natives of every age a permanent capa-
city, and uniform brightnefs of intellect ; if they were not of that wretched number,
who diforder both their minds and bodies by their vices. And indeed one often fees
here perfons of eminent prudence and extenfive talents, both in the fpeculative and
pra£tical fciences, and who retain them in all their vigour, to a very advanced age.

Charity is a virtue in which all the inhabitants of Carthagena, without exception,
may be faid particularly to excel : and did they not liberally exert it towards European
ftrangers, who generally come hither to feek their fortune, fuch would often perifh
with ficknefs and poverty. This appears to me a fubjedl of fuch importance, though
well known to all who have vifited this part of the world, that I fhall add a word or
two on it, in order to undeceive thofe, who, not contented with perhaps a competent
eftate in their own country, imagine that it is only fetting their foot in the Indies,
and their fortune is made.

Thofe who on board the galleons are called Pulizones, as being men without em-
ployment, ftock, or recommendation ; who, leaving their country as fugitives, and,
without licenfe from the officers, come to feek their fortune in a country where they are
utterly unknown ; after traverfmg the ftreets till they have nothing left to procure
them lodging or food, they are reduced to have recourfe to the laft extremity, the
Francifcan hofpital ; where they receive, in a quantity fufficient barely to keep them
alive, a kind of pap made of cafava ; of which, as the natives themfelves will not eat,
the difagreeablenefs to wretched mortals never ufed to fuch food, may eafily be con-
ceived *. This is their food ; their lodging is the entrance of the fquares and the
porticos of churches, till their good fortune throws them in the way of hiring them-
felves to fome trader going up the country, who wants a fervant. The city merchants,

* This is called Mandioc by the natives, and is the chief fnbftitute the poorer people have for bread ;
and fo far from being reje£led even by the richer, that many prefer it to bread made from the beft
European flour, much more to bifcuit, which after fuch a voyage generally begins to be full of weevils. A.

ftanding

33^ ULLOA's VOYACE TO SOUTH AJIERICA.

ftanding in no need of them, difcountenance thefe adventurers. Affe(9:ed by the diffe-
rence of the climate, aggravated by bad food, deje6\ed and tortured by the entire difap-
pointment of their romantic hopes, they fall into a thoufand evils, whi^h cannot well
be reprefented : and among others, that diftemper called Chapetonada, or the diflem-
per of the Chapetones, without any other fuccour to fly to than Divine Providence ;
for none find admittance into the hofpital of St. Juan de Dios, but thofe who are able
to pay, and confequently poverty becomes an abfolute exclufion. Now it is that the
charity of thefe people becomes confpicuous. The negro and mulatto free women,
moved at their deplorable condition, carry them to their houfes, and nurfe them with
the greateft care and affedion. If any one die, they bury him by the charity they pro-
cure, and even caufe maffes to be faid for him. The general iffue of this endearing
benevolence is, that the Chapetone, on his recovery, during the fervour of his grati-
tude, marries either his negro or mulatto benefaftrefs, or one of her daughters ; and
thus he becomes fettled, but much more wretchedly than he could have been in his
own country, with only his own labour to fubfifl on.

The difmtereftednefs of thefe people is fuch, that their compaflion towards the Cha-
petones mufl not be imputed to the hopes of producing a marriage, it being very
common for them to refufe fuch offers, either with regard to themfelves or their daugh-
ters, that their mifery may not be perpetual, but endeavour to find them mafters whom
they may attend up the country, to Santa Fe, Popayan, Quito, and Peru, whither
their inclinatioiis or profpedls lead them.

They who remain in the city, whether bound by one of the above marriages, or,
which is but too common, are in another condition very dangerous to their future
happinefs, turn Pulperos *, Canoeros, or fuch Hke mean occupations ; in all which,
they are fo harraffed with labour, and their wages fo fmall, that their condition in
their own country mull have been miferable indeed, if they have not reafon to regret
quitting it. The height of their enjoyment, after toiling all day and part of the night,
is to regale with bananas, a cake of maize or cafava, which ferves for bread, and a
flice of cafajo, or hungbeef ; without tailing wheat bread during the whole year.

Others, not a few, equally unfortunate, retire to fome fmall eftancia, where, in a
Bujio or draw hut, they live little different from beads, cultivating, in a very fmall
fpot, fuch vegetables as are at hand, and fubfifling on the fale of them.

What has been obferved with regard to the negro and mulatto women, and which
may alfo be extended to the other cads, is, as to the charitable part, applicable to all
the women and whites ; who in every tribe, are of a very mild and amiable difpofition ;
and from their natural foftnefs and fympathy excel the men in the practice of that
chridian virtue.

Among the reigning cudoms here, fome are very different from thofe of Spain, or
the mod known parts of Europe. The principal of thefe are the ufe of brandy, cho-
colate, honey, fweat-meats, and fmoking tobacco : all which fhall be taken notice of.

The ufe of brandy is fo common, that the mod regular and fober perfons never
omit drinking a glafs of it every morning about eleven o'clock ; alledging that this
fpii'it drengthens the domach, weakened by copious and condant perfpiration, and
Iharpens the appetite. Hazer las onze, to take a whet at eleven, that is to drink a
glafs of brandy, is the common invitation. This cuftom, not edeemed pernicious by
thefe people when ufed with moderation, has degenerated into vice ; many being fo

* Pulperos are men who work in a kind of tent, called in Spanifh Pulperos, and the Canoeros are
watermen who carry goods in Pirogues or canoes,

fond

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. ^ 337

fond of it, that during the whole day, they do nothing but hazer las onze. Perfons
of diftindion ufe Spanifh brandy, but the lower clafs and negroes very contentedly take
up with that of the country, ejctradled from the juice of the fugar-cane, and thence
called Agoa ardente de canna, or cane brandy, of which fort the confumption is much
the greatefl. *

Chocolate, here known only by the name of cacao, is fo common, that there is
not a negro flave but conllantly allows himfelf a regale of it after breakfaft ; and the
negro women fell it ready made about the flreets, at the rate of a quarter of a real
(about five farthings fterling) for a difh. This is however fo far from being all cacao,
that the principal ingredient is maize : but that ufed by the better fort is neat, and
worked as in Spain. This they conftantly repeat an hour after dinner, but never ufe
it fafting, or without eating fomething with it.

They alfo make great ufe of fweet-meats and honey ; never fo much as drinking a
glafs of water without previoufly eating fome fweet-meats. Honey is often preferred as
the fweeter, to conferves or other fweet-meats either wet or dry. Their fweet-meats are
eaten with wheat bread, which they ufe only with thefe and chocolate ; the honey they
fpread on cafava cakes.

1 he paffion for fmoking is no lefs univerfal, prevailing among perfons of all ranks
in both fexes. The ladies and other white women fmoke in their houfes, a decency
not obferved either by the women of the other calls, nor by the men in general,
who regard neither time nor place. The manner of ufing it is, by flender rolls
compofed of the leaves of that plant ; and the women have a particular manner of
inhaling the fmoke. They put the lighted part of the roll into their mouths, and
there continue it a long time without its being quenched, or the fire incommoding
them. A compliment paid to thofe for whom they profefs an intimacy and efteem,
is, to light their tobacco for them, and to hand them round to thofe who vifit them.
To refufe the offer would be a mark of rudenefs not eafily digefted ; and accordingly
they are very cautious of paying this compliment to any but thofe whom they pre-
vioufly know to be ufed to tobacco. This cuftom the ladies learn in their childhood
from their nurfes, who are negro flaves ; it is fo common among perfons of rank,
that thofe who come from Europe eafily join in it, if they intend to make any confi-
derable flay in the country.

One of the mofl f«\'ourite amufements of the natives here, is a ball, or Fandango.
Thefe are the diflinguifhed rejoicings on feflivals and remarkable days. But while the
galleons,, guarda coflas, or other Spanifh fhips are here, they are mofl common, and
at the fame time conducted with the leafl order ; the crews of the fhips forcing them-
felves into their ball-rooms. Thefe diverfions, in houfes of diflin£lion, are conducted
in a very regular manner ; they open with Spanifh dances, and are fiicceeded by thofe
of the country, which are not without fpirit and gracefulnefs. Thefe are accompanied
with finging, and the parties rarely break up before day-light.

The Fandangos or balls of the populace, confifl principally in drinking brandy and
wine, intermixed with indecent and fcandalous motions and geflures ; and thofe con-
tinual rounds of drinking foon give rife to quarrels, which often bring on misfortunes.
When flrangers of rank vifit the city, they are generally at the expenfe of thefe bails ;
as the entrance is free, and no want of liquor, they need give themfelves no concern
about the want of company.

Their burials and mournings are fomething fingular ; as in this particular they en-
deavour to difplay their grandeur and dignity, too often at the expenfe of their tran-
quillity. If the deceafed be a perfon of condition, his body is placed on a pompons

VOL. XIV, X X Catafalco,

;338^ ULLOA'g VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Catafalco, erefted on the principal apartment of the houfe, amidft a blaze of tapers*
In this manner the corpfe lies twenty-four hours or longer, for friends to vifit it at all
hours ; as alfo the lower clafs of women, among whom it is a cuftom to lament over
the deceafed.

Thefe women, who are generally drefled in black, come in the evening, or during
the night, into the apartment where the corpfe lies ; and having approached it, throw
themfelves on their knees, then rife and extend their arms as to embrace it j after
which, they begin their lamentations in a doleful tone, mixed with horrid cries, which
always conclude with the name of the deceafed : afterwards they begin, in the fame
difagreeable vociferations, his hiftory, rehearfmg all his good and bad qualities, not
even omitting his amours of any kind, and in fo circumftantial a narrative, that a gene-
ral confeffion could hardly be more full 5 at length, quite fpent, they withdraw to a
corner ftored with brandy and wine, on which they never fail plentifully to regale
themfelves. As thefe depart from the body, others fucceed, till they have all taken
their turn. The fame, afterwards is repeated by the fervants. Haves, and acquaintance
of the family, which continues without intermiflion during the remainder of the night;
whence may ealily be imagined the confufion and noife occafioned by this difmal voci-
ferous ceremony.

The funeral alfo is accompanied with the like noify lamentations ; and even after the
corpfe is depofited in thegrave, the mourning is continued in the houfe for nine days,
during^ which time the Pacientes or mourners, whether men or women, never ftir
from the apartment, where they receive the Pefanes, or compliments of condolence.
During nine nights, from fun-fet to fun-rifmg, they are attended by their relations and
intimate acquaintances ; and it may be truly faid of them, that they are all fmcerely
forrowful ; the mourners for the lofs of the deceafed, and the vifitors from the uneafi-
nefs and fatigue of fo uncomfortable an attendance.

CHAP. V. — Of the Climate of Carthagena, and the Difeafes incident to Natives and

Foreigners.

THE climate of Carthagena is exceffively hot, for by obfervations we made on the
19th of November 1735, by a thermometer conftrufted according to Mr. Reaumur,
the fpirit was elevated to 1025I ; and in our feveral experiments made at different
hours, varied only from 1024 to 1026. By experiments made the fame year at Paris
' on a thermometer of the fame gentleman, the fpirit rofe on the i6th of July at three
in the afternoon, and on the 10th of Auguft at half an hour after three, to 1025I,
and this was the greateft degree of heat felt at Paris during that year ; confequently
the degree of heat in the hotteft day at Paris, is continual at Carthagena.

But the nature of this climate chiefly difplays itfelf from the month of May to the
end of November, the feafon they call winter ; becaufe during that time, there is almoft
a continual fucceffion of thunder, rain, and tempefls j the clouds precipitating the
rain with fuch impetuofity, that the ftreets have the appearance of rivers, and the
ccountry of an ocean. The inhabitants make ufe of this opportunity, otherwife fo
dreadful, for filling their ciflerns ; this being the only fweet water they can procure.
Befides the water faved for private ufes, there are large refervoirs on the baftions, that
the town may not be reduced to the fhocking confequence of wanting water. There
are indeed wells in moft houfes ; but the water being thick and brackifh, is not fit to
drink, but ferves for other ufes.

From

i

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 339

From the middie of December to the end of April, the rains ceafe, and the weather
becomes agreeable, the heat being fomewhat abated by the north-eaft winds which then
fet in. This feafon they call fummer ; befides which, there is another called the Little
Summer of St. John, as, about the feflival of that faint, the rains are intermitted, and
refrefhing gales begin to blow, and continue about a month.

The invariable continuance of fuch great heats, without any fenfible difference be-
tween night and day, occafions fuch profufe perfpiration, that the wan and livid com-
plexion of the inhabitants would make a ftranger fufped they were juft recovered from
fome terrible diftemper. Their aftions are conformable to their colour ; in all their mo-
tions there is fomething lax and lluggifh ; it even affeds their fpeech, which is foft and
flow, and their words generally broken. But notwithftanding all thefe appearances of
ficknefs and debility, they enjoy a good ftate of health. Strangers from Europe retain
their ftrength and ruddy colour poflibly for three or four months ; but afterwards both
fuffer fuch decays from the exceflive perfpiration, that thefe new-comers are no longer
to be diftinguilhed by their countenances from the old inhabitants. Young perfons are
generally mofl affe£ted by the climate, which fpares the more aged, who prefer ve their
vivid countenance, and fo confirmed a flate of health, as even to reach their eightieth
year and upwards : this is common among all the clafTes of inhabitants.

The fmgularity of the climate, in all probability, occafions the fmgularity of fome
of the diftempers which here affed the human race ; and thefe may be confidered in
two different lights ; one, as only attacking the Europeans newly landed, and the other,
as common both to Creoles and Chapitones.

Thofe of the firfl kind are, in the country, commonly called Chapetonadas, allud-
ing to the name given there to the Europeans. Thefe diflempers are fo very deleterious,
that they carry off a multitude of people, and thin the crews of European fhips ; but
they feldom lafl above three or four days, in which time the patient is either dead or*
out of danger. The nature of this diftemper is but little known, being caufed in fome
perfons by cold, and in others by indigeflion ; it foon brings on the vomito prieto, or
black vomit, which is the fatal fymptom ; very few being ever known to recover. Some,
when the vomit attacks them, are feized with fuch a delirium, that, were they not tied
down, they would tear themfelves to pieces, and thus expire in the midfl of their fu-
rious paroxyfms. It is remarkable, that only the new-comers from Europe are fubjed
to this diftemper, and that the natives, and thofe who have lived fome time here, are
never affected by it ; but enjoy an uninterrupted ftate of health, amidft the dreadful havock
it makes among others. It is alfo obferved to rage more among the common feamen,
than thofe who have been able to live on more wholefome food ; whence, fait meat has
been confidered as pernicious in bringing on this diftemper, and that the humours it
produces, together with the labour and hardihips of the feamen, incline their blood to
putrefadion, and from this putrefaction the vomito prieto is fuppofed to have its origin.
Not that the failors are its only victims, for even paffengers, who poflibly have not
tafted any fait meat during the voyage, often feel its effects. Another remarkable cir-
cumftance is, that perfons who have been once in this climate are never after, upon their
return again, fubjed to this diftemper ; but enjoy the fame ftate of health with the
natives, even though they do not lead the moft temperate lives.

The inveftigation of the caufe of this ftrange diftemper has exercifed the attention of
all the furgeons in the galleons, as well as the phyficians of the country j and the refult
of their refearches is, that they impute it to the food, labour, and hardfhips of the
feamen. Doubtlefs thefe are collateral caufes ; but the principal queftion is, why per-
fons exempt from thofe inconveniences, frequently die of the diftemper ? Unhappily,

X X 2 ■ after

^4a ulloa's voyage to south America.

after all the experiments that have been made, no good method of treatment has been
difcovered ; no fpecific for curing it, nor prefervative againft it. The fymptoms are fo
vague, as fometimes not to be diftinguifhed from thofe of flight indifpofitions ; and
though the vomit be the determinate fymptom, the fever preceding it is obferved to be
very oppreffive, and extremely affefting to the head.

This diftemper does not fhew itfelf immediately after the arrival of the European fhips
in the bay, nor has it been long known here ; for what was formerly called Chape-
tonades, were only indigeftions, which, though always dangerous in thefe climates, were,
with little difficulty, cured by remedies prepared by the women of the country, and
which are ftill ufed with fuccefs, efpecially if taken in the beginning. The fhips after-
wards going to Porto Bello, were there firfl attacked by this terrible difeafe, which has
always been attributed to the inclemency of the climate, and the fatigue of the feamen
in unloading the fhips, and drawing the goods during the fair.

The vomito prieto was unknown at Carthagena and all along the coafl, till the years
1729 and 1730. In 1729, Don Domingo Jufliniani, commodore of the guarda coftas,
loft fo confiderable a part of his fhips' companies at Santa Martha, that the furvivors
were ftruck with aftonifhment and horror at the havock made among their comrades.
In 1730, when the galleons under Don Manuel Lopez Pintado came to Carthagena, th^
feamen were feized with the fame dreadful mortality ; and fo fudden were the attacks
of the difeafe, that perfons walking about one day, were the next carried to their
graves.

The Inhabitants of Carthagena, together with thofe in the whole extent of its go-
vernment, are very fubjedt to the mal de San Lazaro, or leprofy, which feems ftill to
gain ground. Some phyficians attribute the prevalence of it to pork, which is here a
very common food ; but it may be objedled, that in other countries, where this flefh
.is as frequently eaten, no fuch elfefts are feen, whence it evidently appears that fome
latent quahty of the climate muft alfo contribute to it. In order to ftop the contagion
of' this diftemper, there is without the city, an hofpital called San Lazaro, not far from
the hill on which is a caftle of the fame name. In this hofpital all perfons of both
fexes labouring under this diftemper are confined, without any diftindion of age or rank ;
and if any refufe to go, they are forcibly carried thither. But here the diftemper in-
creafes among themfelves, they being permitted to intermarry, by which means it is
rendered perpetual. Befides, their allowance being here too fcanty to fubfift on, they
are permitted to beg in the city ; and from their intercourfe with thofe in health, the
number of lepers never decreafes, and is at prefent fo confiderable, that their hofpital
refembles a little town. Every perfon at his entering this ftru£lure, where he is to con-
tinue during life, builds a cottage, called in the country Bujio, proportional to his
ability, where he lives in the fame manner as before in his houfe, the prohibition of not
going beyond the limits prefcribed him, unlefs to afk alms in the city, only excepted.
The ground on which the hofpital ftands is furrounded by a wall, and has only one
gate, and that always carefully guarded.

Amidft all the inconveniences attending this diftemper, they live a long time under
it, and fome even attain to an advanced age. It alfo greatly increafes the natural deftre
of coition, and intercourfe of the fexes ; fo that, to avoid the diforders which would
refult from indulging this pafhon, now almoft impoffible to be controlled, they are per-
mitted to marry.

If the leprofy be common and contagious in this cHmate, the itch and herpes are
equally fo, efpecially among Europeans, who are not feafoned to the climate j and, if
negleded in the beginning, it is dangerous to attempt a cure when cuftom has rendered

2 theia

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

341

them natural. The remedy agalnfl them, in the firll; ftage, is a kind of earth called
Maquimaqui, found in the neighbourhood of Carthagena, and, on the account of this
virtue, exported to other parts.

Another very fmgular diflemper, though not fo common, is the cobrilla, or little
fnake, being, as the moft fkilful think, a tumour caufed by certain malignant humours,
fettled longitudinally between the membrane of the Ikin, and daily increafmg in length,
till the fwelling quite furrounds the part aifed;ed, which is ufually the arm, thigh, and
leg ; though fometimes it has been known to fpread itfelf all over thefe parts. The
external indications of it are, a round inflamed tumour, of the thicknefs of a quarter
of an inch, attended with a flight pain, but not vehement, and a numbnefs of the part,
which often terminates in a mortification. The natives are very fliilful in removing it
by the following procefs : — They firft examine where (according to their phrafe) the
head is, to which they apply a fmall fuppurative plafter, and gently foment the whole
tumour with oil. The next day the flcin under the plafler is found divided, and through
the orifice appears a kind of white fibre, about the fize of a coarfe fewing thread ;
and this, according to them, is the cobrilla*s head, which they carefully fallen to a
thread of filk, and wind the other end of it about a card, rolled up like a cylinder.
After this they repeat the fomentation with oil, and the following day continue to wind
about the cylindric card the part of this fmall fibre which appears in fight. Thus they
proceed till the whole is extrafted, and the patient entirely cured. During this opera-
tion, their chief care is not to break the cobrilla ; becaufe, they fay, it would then caufe
a humour to fpread through the body, and produce a great quantity of fuch little fnakes,
as they will have them to be, when the cure would become extremely difficult. It is a
current notion among them, that when it has, for want of care in the beginning, com-
pleted the circle, and, according to them, joined Its head with its tail, the difeafe gene-
rally proves fatal. But this is very feldom the cafe ; the pain warning the patient im-
mediately to apply a remedy, which fliould be accompanied with emollients for dif-
perfing the humour.

Thefe people firmly believe it to be a real cobrilla or fmall fnake, and accordingly

have called it by that name. At its firft; appearance, a fmall flow motion may indeed

" be perceived ; but this is foon over, and poflibly proceeds from the comprefllon or

extenfion of the nervous fibres which compofe it, without its having any animal life.

I do not, however, pretend to determine abfolutely on this point.

Befides thefe, another dift:emper common in this country is the fpafm, or convulfion,
which always proves mortal, and feldom comes alone. And of this 1 fliall fpeak when
I defcribe other parts of America, where it is equally dangerous, and more common.

CHAP. VI. — Defer iption of the Country, and of the Trees and Vegetables in the

Neighbourhood of Carthagena.

THE country about Carthagena is fo luxuriant, that it is impoflible to view, without
admiration, the rich and perpetual verdure of the woods and plants it naturally pro-
duces. But thefe are advantages of which the natives make little ufe ; their innate floth
and indolence not allowing them to cultivate the gifts of nature, which feem to have
been dealt out with a la vim hand. The interwoven branches of the trees form a flicker
impenetrable both to heat and light.

The trees here are large and lofty, their variety admirable, and entirely different from
thofe of Europe. The principal of thefe for dimenfions are, the caobo or acajou, the

cedar

342 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

cedar, the maria, and the balfam tree. Of the firft are made the canoes and cham-
panes ufed for fiihing, and the coaft and river trade, within the jurifdidion of this go-
vernment. Thefe trees produce no eatable fruit ; but their wood is compa6l, fragrant,
and beautiful. The cedar is of two kinds, white and reddilh ; but the laft mod efteem-
ed. The maria and the balfam trees, befides the ufefulnefs of their timber, diftil thofe
admirable balfams called Maria Oil, and Balfam of Tolu, fo called from a village in
the neighbourhood of which it is found in the greatefl quantity, and of a peculiar
excellency.

Befides thefe trees, h^re are alfo the tamarind, the medlar, the fapote, the papayo,
the guayabo, the cannafiftulo or caffia, the palm, the man9anillo, and feveral others,
moft of them producing a wholefome and palatable fruit, with a durable and variegated
wood. The man9anillo is particularly remarkable ; its name is derived from the Spanilh
word Man9an, an apple, which the fruit of this tree exadly refembles in fhape, colour,
and flavour ; but contains, under this beautiful appearance, fuch a fubtle poifon, that its
effeds are perceived before it is tailed. The tree is large, and its branches form near
the top a kind of crown ; its wood hard, and of a yellowilh tindt. On being cut, it
iflues out a white juice, but not unhke that of the lig-tree, lefs white, and of a thinner
confidence ; but equally poifonous with the fruit itfelf ; for if any happens to drop on
any part of the flefh, it immediately caufes an ulcer and inflammation, and, unlefs
fpeedy application be ufed, foon fpreads through all the other parts of the body * ; fo
that it is neceflary, after felling it, to leave it till thoroughly dried, in order to its being
worked without danger ; and then appears the beauty of this wood, which is exqui-
fitely variegated and veined like marble on its yellow ground. Upon tafl:ing its fruit,
the body immediately fwells, till the violence of the poifon, wanting fufficient room,
burfts it ; as has been too fully confirmed by feveral melancholy infl:ances of European
failors who have been fent on fliore to cut wood. The fame unhappy conCequence alio
attended great numbers of Spaniards at the conquefl: of thefe countries, till, according
to Herrera, common oil was found to be the powerful antidote to this fubtle poifon.

But fuch is the malignity of the man9anillo, that if a perfon happens to fleep under
it, he is foon awaked, and finds his body fwelled almoft as if he had adually eaten the
fruit t ; and continues in great danger and tortures, till relieved by repeated anointings
and the ufe of cooling draughts. The very beafts themfelves, by their natural inflinft,
are fo far from eating its fruit, that they never approach the tree.

The palm-trees, rifmg with their tufted heads above the branches of the others, form
a grand perfpeftive on the mountains. Thefe, notwithftanding the difference is fcarce
perceivable, are really of different kinds, as is evident from the diverfity of their
fruit. They difl:inguifli four principal fpecies : the firft produce cocoa ; the fecond
dates, of a very pleafant tafte; the third, called Palma-real, whofe fruit, though of the
fame figure, but fomething lefs than the date, is not at all palatable, but has a very dil-
agreeable tafte ; and the fourth, which they call corozo, has a fruit larger than dates,
of an exquifite tafte, and proper for making cooling and wholefome draughts. The
palmitos, or branches of the palma-real, are agreeably tafted, and fo large, as fre-
quently to weigh from two to three arrobas |. The other fpecies alfo produce them,

* The juice dropping on the flefh generally caufes an inflammation ; but I do not remember ever to
have feen an ulcer produced, or any very bad effects, the hot burning pain excepted. A.

f The author is here mifinformed. Indeed perfons, who have flept under the tree, have afterwards
complained of an head-ach, Thofe who happen to take fhelter imder it in a fliower, generally ffecl the
fame etfeft, from the dropping of the leaves, as though the juice had dropt on them. A.

± The ^rroba is twenty-five pounds.

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 343

but neither in fuch plenty, nor fo fucculent. Palm-wine is aifo extracted from all the
four ; but that from the palma-real and corozo is much the bed. The manner of
making it, is either by cutting down the palm-tree, or boring a hole in the trunk, in
which is placed a tap, with a veflel under it for receiving the liquor, which, after five
or fix days fermentation, becomes fit for drinking. The colour of it is whitifh j the
tafte racy : it bears a greater head than beer, and is of a very inebriating quality. The
natives, however, reckon it cooling, and it is the favourite liquor of the Indians and
Negroes. The guaiacum and ebony trees are equally common ; and their hardnefs
almoft equal to that of iron. Thefe fpecies of wood are fometimes carried into Spain,
where they are greatly efleemed, but here they are difregarded from their great
plenty.

Among the variety of vegetables, which grow under the Ihade of the trees, and along
the funny borders of the woods, the moft common is the fenfitive ; on touching one of
the leaves of which, all thofe on the fame branch immediately clofe againfl each other.
After a fhort interval, they begin gradually to open and feparate from each other, till
they are entirely expanded. The fenfitive is a fmall plant about a foot and a half or
two feet in height, with a flender ftem, and the branches proportionally weak and ten-
der. The leaves are long, and ftand fo clofe together, that all on one branch may be
confidered as a fingle leaf, four or five inches in length, and ten lines in breadth ;
which, being fubdivided into the other dill fmaller, forms in each of them the true
leaf, which is about four or five fines in length, and not quite one in breadth. On
touching one of thefe fmall leaves, all of them immediately quit their horizontal pofi-
rion, and fly into a perpendicular direftion, clofing their inward fuperficies, fo that
thofe, which before this fenfitive motion made two leaves, now feem as but one. The
vulgar name of this plant at Carthagena being improper to be mentioned here, we fhall
omit it ; in other parts it is more decently called La Vergonoza, the bafhful, and La
Don9ella, the maiden. The common people imagine that this effed is caufed by pro-
nouncing its name at the inflant of the touch ; and are amazed that a plant fhould have
the wifdom of fhewing its obedience to what was ordered, or that it was too much
affefted by the injury offered it to conceal its refentment.

We afterwards met with this plant at Guayaquil, where the climate feems to be
better adapted to it than that of Carthagena ; for it is not only more common, but grows
to three or four feet in height, the leaves and every part in proportion.

In the woods about Carthagena are found a great quantity of bejucos of a different
magnitude, figure, and colour, and fome of the ftems flat. One fpecies is particularly
known on account of its fruit called Habilla de Carthagena, the bean of Carthagena.
It is about an inch broad, and nine lines in length, flat, and in the fhape of a heart.
The (hell, though thin, is hard, and on the outfide fcabrous. It contains a kernel
refembling an almond, but lefs white, and extremely bitter. This is one of the moft
effectual antidotes known in that country againfl the bites of vipers and ferpents j for a
little of it being eaten immediately after the bite, it prefently flops the effedls of the
poifon ; and accordingly all who frequent the woods, either for felling trees or hunting,
never fail to eat a little of this habilla fafling, and repair to their work without any
apprehenfion. I was informed by an European, who was a famous hunter, and by
feveral other perfons worthy of credit, that, with this precaution, if any one happened
to be bit by a ferpent, it was attended with no ill confequence. The natives tell you,
that, this habilla being hot in the highefl degree, much of it cannot be eaten ; that the
common dofe of it is lefs than the fourth part of a kernel, and that no hot liquor, as
wine, brandy, &c. mufl: be drunk immediately after taking it. In this cafe, they

9 doubtlefe

344 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

doubtlefs derive their knowledge from experience. This valuable habilla is alfo known
in other parts of America near Carthagena, and goes every where by its name, as be-
ing the peculiar produ6t of its jurifdi6tion.

CHAP. VII. — Of the Beajis, Birds, Reptiles^ and Infeds, in the Territories of

Carthagena.

FROM the trees and plants in this jurifdiftion, we fhall proceed to the different kinds
of animals ; fome of which are tame for the ufe and pleafure of its inhabitants ; others
wild, and of fuch different qualities and kinds, as wonderfully difplay the diverfity
which the Author of nature has fhewn in the multitude of his works. The quadrupeds
and reptiles frequent the dry and defert places, and are diflinguifhed by an endlefs
variety of Ipots, whilft the vivid plumage of the feathered race glows with exquifite
beauty ; and the brilliant fcales of another kind conceal the moft active poifons.

The only tame eatable animals are the cow and the hog, of which there are great
plenty. The beef, though not abfolutely bad, cannot be faid to be palatable. The
confltant heat of the climate preventing the beafls from fattening, deprives their flefh of
that fucculency it would otherwife have acquired : the pork is delicate, and allowed not
only to be the befl in all America, but even to exceed any in Europe. This, which is
the ufual food of Europeans and Creoles at Carthagena, befides its palatablenefs, is alfo
looked upon to be fo wholefome, that even fick perfons are allowed it preferably to
poultry, which is here very good, and in great abundance.

I mufl not omit a fmgular flratagem praftifed here for taking wild geefe, the extreme
cheapnefs of which naturally inclined us to alk how they caught them in fuch quantities :
in anfwer to our queftion, we received the following account. Near Carthagena, to
the eaftward of Monte de la Popa, is a large lake called La Cienega de Tefcas, abound-
ing with fifh, but reckoned unwholefome. The water of this lake, communicating with
the lea, is fait, but without increafe or decreafe, the difference of the tides here being
infignificant. ' Every evening vafl flights of geefe retire hither from all the neighbour-
ing countries, as their natural place of reft during the night. The perfons who catch
thefe birds, throw into the lake about fifteen or twenty large calabafhes, which they call
totumos ; and the geefe, being accuftomed to fee thefe calabafhes floating on the water,
never avoid them. In three or four days the perfons return early in the morning to the
lake, with another calabafh, having holes in it for feeing and breathing. This calabafh
he places on his head, and walks in the water, with only the calabafh above the fur-
face. In this manner, with all poflible ftillnefs, he moves towards the geefe, pulling
them under water with one hand, and then feizing them with the other. When he
has thus taken as many as he is able to carry, he returns towards the fhore, and de-
livers them to his companion, who waits for him at a certain diftance in the water.
This done, he renews his fport, either till he has taken as many as he defires, or the
birds begin to difperfe over the country.

Other perfons make it their bufinefs to procure different kinds of game, as deer,
rabbits, and wild boars, called here fajones ; but thefe are eaten only by the country
Negroes and Indians, except the rabbits, which meet with a good market in the city.

Tiie \\ ild beafts are alfo of various kinds ; as tigers, which make a great havock,
not only aniong'/the cattle, but among the human fpecies. Their fkin is very beautiful,
and fome are as large as little horfes *. Here are alfo leopards, foxes, armadillos, a

* They are not larger than maftiff" dogs. A.

kind

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

345

kind of fcaly lizard ; ardillas, or fquirrels, and many others ; befides innumerable
kinds of monkies living in the woods, fome remarkable for their fize, others for their
colour. The artifice generally obferved by the fox, in defending itfelf againft dogs or
other animals, by whom it is purfued, by voiding its urine on its own tail and fprink-
ling it on them, effectually here anfwers the intention ; the fmell of it being fo ftrong
and fetid, that it throws the dogs into diforder, and thus the fox efcapes. The flench
of this urine is fo great, that it may be fmelt a quarter of a league from the place ; and
very often for half an hour after. The fox here is not much bigger than a large cat ;
but delicately fliaped ; has a very fine coat, and of a cinnamon colour ; but no large
bruih on its tail. The hair, however, is fpungy, and forms a bunch proper for the
above-mentioned method of defence.

Nature, which has furnifhed the fox with fuch an effedual defence, has not forgot
the armadillo, the name of which partly defcribes it. The fize of it is about that of a
common rabbit, though of a very different (hape ; the fnout, legs, and tail, refembling
thofe of a pig. His whole body is covered with a ftrong (hell, which, anfwering ex-
adly every where to the irregularities of its ftrudture, proteds it from the infults of
other animals, without affeding its adivity. Befides this, he has another, as a helmet,
connected by a joint to the former j this guards his head, and thus he is every way
fafe.

Thefe fhells are variegated with feveral natural relievos, as it were, in chiaro ofcuro,
fo that they are at once his defence, and a beautiful ornament. The Negroes and
Indians, who eat its flefli, give a high character of it.

Among the monkies of this country, the moft common are the micos, which are
alfo the fmalleft. They are generally about the fize of a cat, of a brownifli colour ;
^d too well known to need any further defcription. The larger kind, which are lefs
known, I Ihall defcribe in another place.

The birds feen in this hot climate are fo numerous, that it is impoffible to give a dif-
tind reprefentation of them ; particularly of the beauty and brilliancy of their various
plumage. The cries and croakings of fome, mixed with the warblings of others, dif-
turb the pleafure which would flow from the melody of the latter, and render it impof-
fible to diftinguifh the different cries of the former ; and yet in this inftance we may
obferve the wifdom of Nature in diftributing her favours ; the plumage of thofe birds
being the moft beautiful, whofe croakings are the moft offenfive ; vi4iile, on the other
hand, thofe whofe appearance has nothing remarkable, excel in the fweetnefs of their
notes. This is particularly evident in the guacamayo, the beauty and luftre of whofe
colours are abfolutely inimitable by painting ; and yet there is not a more fhrill and dif-
agreeaBle found than the noife it makes : this is in a great meafure common to all other
birds, whofe bills are hard and crooked, and their tongue thicker than ufual, as the
parrots, the cotorras, and the periquitos. All thefe birds fiy in troops, fo that the air
often founds with their cries.

But of all the fingularities among the feathered race, nothing is more remarkable than
the bill of the tulcan, or preacher. This bird is about the fize of a common pigeon,
but its legs much larger ; its tail is ftiort, and its plumage of a dark colour, but fpotted
with blue, purple, yellow, and other colours ; which have a beautiful effect on the
dark ground. Its head is beyond all proportion to its body, but otherwife he would
not be able to fupport his bill, which, from the root to the point, is at leaft fix or eight
inches, and the upper mandible has, at its root, a bafe of at leaft an inch and a half,
of a triangular figure, whofe apex is at the point of the bill. The two lateral fuper-
ficies form a kind of elevation on the upper part ; and the third receives the lower man-

VOL. XIV. y y dible,

346 VLLOA's voyage to south AaiEIlICA.

dible, which clofes with the upper through the whole length ; fo that the two parts
are every where perfectly equal, and from their roof narrows infenfibly, till near
the top, where it fuddenly becomes incurvated, and terminates in a ftrong and fliarp
point. The tongue is formed like a feather, and of a deep red colour, like the
whole inftde of its mouth. The bill is variegated with all thofe bright colour*
which adorn the plumage of other birds. At the bafe, and alfo at the convexity,
it is generally of a light yellow, forming a kind of riband half an inch in breadth.
The reft is of a fine deep purple, except two ftreaks near the root, of a rich fear-
let, an inch diftant from each other. The inward flefliy parts, which touch when
the bill is clofed, are furnilhed with teeth, which form the furface of its two fer-
rated mandibles. The name of Preacher has been given to this bird, from its
cuflom of perching on the top of a tree above his companions, while they are afleep,
and making a noife refembling ill-articulated founds, moving his head to the right
and left, in order to keep off the birds of prey from feizing on the others. They
are eafily rendered fo very tame, as to run about in houfes, and come when called.
Their ufual food is fruit ; but the tame eat other things, and in general whatever
is given them.

To defcribe all the other extraordinary birds would engage me in a prolixity of little
entertainment or ufe ; but 1 hope a word or two on the Gallinazos will be excufed.
This bird i^ about the fize of a pea-hen, but the neck and head fomewhat larger. From
the crop to the bafe of the bill, inftead of feathers, it has a wrinkled, glandulous and
rough fkin, covered with fmall worts and tubercles. Its feathers are black, which is
alfo the colour of its fkin, but ufually with fomething of a brownifh tindl. Its bill is
well proportioned, ftrong, and a little crooked. They are fo numerous and tame in
the city, that it is not uncommon to fee the ridges of the houfes covered with them.
They are alfo very ferviceable ; for they clean the city from all kinds of filth and ordure,
greedily devouring any dead animal, and, when thefe are wanting, feek other filth.
They have fo quick a fcent, that they will fmell at the diftance of three or four leagues *
a dead carcafe, and never leave it till they have entirely reduced it to a fkeleton t. The
infinite number of thefe birds found in fuch hot climates is an excellent pro'.ifion of
Nature, as otherwife the putrefaction caufed by the conftant and exceflive heat would
render the air infupportable to human life. At firft they fly heavily, but afterwards
dart up out of fight. On the ground they hop along with a kind of torpor, though
their legs are ftrong and well proportioned. They have three toes forward turning in-
wards, and one in the infide, turned a little backwards ; fo that, the feet interfering,
they cannot walk with any agility, but are obliged to hop or ikip. Each toe has a long
and thick claw.

When the gallinazos find no food in the city, their hunger drives them' into the
country, among the beafts in the paftures ; and, on feeing any one with a fore on the
back, they immediately alight on it, and attack the part affefted. It is in vain for the
poor beall to endeavour to free itfelf from thefe devourers, either by rolling on the
ground, or hideous cries ; for they never quit their hold, but with their bills fo widen
the wound that the creature foon expires.

* The author fliould have faid miles. — A.

f It is furprifing to fee what numbers of thefe birds gather round the carcafe of a dead whale, which is
no uncommon thing on thefe coafts. The carcafe fhall be covered with them ; and yet their number (hall
be nothing in comparifon to that hovering about, waiting for their turn, for which they often fight. They
are feldom above a fortnight in making a flceleton of a large whale. — A.

There

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA, 547

There is another kind of gallinazos, foniewhat larger than thefe, only to be met with
in the country. In fome of thefe the head and part of the neck are white, in fome red,
and in others a mixture of both thefe colours. A Httle above the beginning of the crop,
they have a ruff of white feathers. Thefe are equally fierce and carnivorous with the
former, and called the kings of the gallinazos, probably becaufe the number of them is
but few ; and it is obferved,' that when one of thefe has faftened on a dead beaft, none of
the others approach till he has eaten the eyes, with which he generally begins, and is
gone to another part, when they all flock to the prey.

Bats are very common all over the country ; but Carthagena is infefted with fuch
multitudes of them, that after fun-fet, when they begin to fly, they may, without any
hyperbole, be faid to cover the flreets like clouds*. They are the mofl dextrous bleeders
both of men and cattle ; for the inhabitants being obliged, by the excefllve heats, to
leave open the doors and windows of the chambers where they fleep, the bats get in,
and if they happen to find the foot of any one bare, they infmuate their tooth into a
vein, with all the art of the moll expert furgeon, fucking the blood till they are fatiated,
and withdraw their tooth j after which the blood flows out at the orifice. I have
been aflfured, by perfons of the fl:ridefi; veracity, that fuch an accident has happened
to them ; and that, had they not providentially awaked foon, their fleep would have
been their paflfage into eternity, they having loft fo large a quantity of blood, as hardly
to be able to bind up the orifice. The pundure not being felt is (befides the great
precaution with which it is made) attributed to the gentle and refrefhing agitation of the
air by the bat*s wings, hindering the perfon from feeling *this flight pundlure by throw-
ing him into a deeper fleep. Nearly the fame thing happens to horfes, mules, and affes,
but beafts of a thick and hard fkin are not expofed to this inconveniency. ,

We fhall next proceed to the infeds and reptiles, in which nature has no lefs dif-
played its infinite power. The great number of them is not only an inconvenience to
the inhabitants, but health, and even Ufe itfelf, often fuffers from the malignity of their
poifon. The principal are the fnakes, the cientopes f, the fcorpions, and the fpiders ;
of all which there are different kinds, and their poifons of different activity.

Of the fnakes, the mofl common, and at the fame time the moll poifonous, are
the corales, or coral-fnakes, the cafcabeles, or rattle-fnakes, and the culebras de be-
juco }. The firfl are generally between four and five feet in length, and an inch
in diameter. They make a very beautiful appearance, their {kir\, being all over va-
riegated with a vivid crimfon, yellow, and green. The head is flat and long, like
that of the European viper. Each mandible is furnifhed with a row of pointed
teeth, through which, during the bite, they infinuate the poifon ; the perfon bit
immediately fwells to fuch a degree, that the blood gulhes out through all the organs
of fenfe, and even the coats of the veins at the extremities of the fingers burll, fo
that he foon expires. The cafcabel or rattle-fnake feldom exceeds two feet, or two t^^itj^
feet and a half in length ; though there are fome of another fpecies, which are '^'
three and a half. Its colour is brown, variegated with deeper fhades of the fame
tinct ; at the end of its tail is the cafcabel or rattle, in the form of a garvanzo or French
bean-pod, when dried on the plant, and, like that, has five or fix divifions, in each

* They are almoft as large as rats ; and the infide of the roofs of the out-ho'ifes are generally lined with
them. — A.

-j- Or hundred feet. They are very common throughout the warmer regions of America. Common
fait is a fpecitic againlt their bite, as alfo againft the fting of the fcorpion. — A.

X They are called Cobras by the natives, which is their common name for all kinds of ferpents. — A.

y y 2 ^

348 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

^ of which are feveral fmall round bones ; thefe, at every motion of the fnake, rattle,
and thence gave rife to its name. Thus nature, which has painted the coral fnake with
fuch fhining colours, that it may be perceived at a diftance, has formed the latter in
fuch a manner, that, as its colours render it difficult to diftinguifti it from the
ground, the rattle might give notice of its approach.

The culebras de bejuco, which are very numerous, have their name from their colour
and fhape refembling the branches of the bejuco, and, as they hang down from that
plant, appear as real parts of the bejuco, till a too near approach unhappily dif-
covers the miftake ; and, though their poifon be not fo aftive as that of the others,
without a fpeedy application of fome fpecific, it proves mortal. Thefe remedies are
perfectly known to the Negroes, Mulattos, and Indians frequenting the woods, and
called curanderos. But the fafeft antidote is the habilla, already mentioned.

It is not, however, often that thefe dangerous ferpents bite any one, unlefs, from
inadvertence or defign, he has been the aggreffor. Befides, they are fo far from having
any extraordinary agility, that they are remarkably torpid, and, as it were, half dead ;
fo that, were it not for their motion in retirmg to hide themfelves among the leaves, it
would be difficult to determine whether they were dead or alive.

There are few parts of Europe which do not produce the cientopies or fcolopendra ;
but at Carthagena they not only fwarm, but are of a monftrous fize, and the more dan-
gerous, as breeding more commonly in houfes than in the fields. They are generally
a yard in length, fome a yard and a quarter, the breadth about five inches, more or
lefs, according to the length. Their figure is nearly circular, the back and fides
covered with hard fcales, of a mufk colour, tinged with red ; but thefe fcales are
fo articulated, as not in the leaft to impede their motion, and at the fame time fo ftrong
as to defend them againft any blow, fo that the head is the only place where you
can ftrike them to any purpofe. They are alfo very nimble, and their bite, without
timely application, proves mortal ; nor is the patient free from confiderable torture,
till the medicine has deftroyed the malignity of the jxjifon.

The alacranes, or fcorpions, are not lefs common, and of different kinds, as blacky
red, mulk colour, and fome yellow. The firft generally breed in dry rotten wood,
and others in the corners of houfes, in clofets and cupboards. They are of different
fizes, the largeft aboiit three inches long, exclufive of the tail. The fting alfo of fome
is lefs dangerous than that of others ; that of the black is reckoned the moft malignant,
though timely care prevents its being fatal. The flings of the other kinds produce
fevers, numbneffes in the hands and feet, forehead, ears, nofe and lips, tumours in
the tongue, and dimnefs of fight ; thefe diforders laft generally twenty-four or forty-
eight hours, when^by degrees the patient recovers. The natives imagine, that a
fcorpion falling into the water purifies it, and therefore drink it without any examina-
tion. They are fo accuftomed to thefe infefts, that they do not fear them, but readily
lay hold of them, taking care not to touch them only in the laft vertebrae of the tail,
to avoid being flung y fometimes they cut their tails off and play with them. We
more than once entertained ourfelves with an experiment of putting a fcorpion into a'
glafs veffel, and injeding a little fmoke of tobacco, and immediately by ftopping it
found that its averfion to this fmell is fuch, that it falls into the moft furious agications,
,.^^ till giving itfelf feveral repeated ftings on the head, it finds relief by deftroying itfelf.-

Hence we fee that its poifon has the fame effedl on itfelf as on others.

Here is alfo another infecft called caracol foldado, or the foldier-fnail. From the middle

mir^ddt,.'- of the body to the pofterior extremity it is fhaped like the common fnail, of a whitifh

T colour and a fpiral form : but the other half of the body refembles a crab, both in fize

(^ and

ULLOA^S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 3.4^

and the difpofition of its claws. The colour of this, which is the principal part of its
body, is of a light brown. The ufual length, exclufive of the tail, is about two inches,
and the breadth one and a half. It is deftitute both of fhell and fcale, and the body
every where flexible. Its refource againft injuries is to feek a fnail-fhell of a proper
fize, in which it takes up its habitation. Sometimes it drags this fnail-fliell with it,
and at other times quits it, while it goes out in queft of food ; but on the leaft appear-
ance of danger, it haftens bacjk to the fhell, and thrufts itfelf into it, beginning with
its hind part, fo that the fore part fills the entrance, while the two claws are employed
in its defence, the gripe of which is attended with the fame fymptoms as the fling of
a fcorpion. In both cafes the patient is carefully kept from drinking any water, which
has been known to bring on convulfions ; and thefe always prove fatal.

The inhabitants relate, that when this creature grows too large for making its way
into the fhell which was its retreat, it retires to the fea coafl, in order to find there
a larger, where killing the wilk, whofe fhell befl fuits him, he takes poffeflion of it ;
which is indeed the fame method it took to obtain its firfl habitation. This laft cir-
cumftance, and the defire of feeing the form of fuch a creature, induced Don George
Juan and myfelf to defire the inhabitants to procure us fome j and upon examination,
we found all the above-mentioned particulars were really true j except the bite, which
we did not choofe to experience.

There are feveral other forts of infedts remaining, which though fmaller, yet afford
equal reafon for admiration to a curious examiner ; particularly the infinite^ariety of
maripofas, or butterflies, which though differing vifibly in figure, colours, and deco-
rations, we are at a lofs to determine which is the mofl beautiful.

If thefe are fo entertaining to the fight, there are others no lefs troublefome ; fo
fo that it would be more eligible to difpenfe with the pleafure of feeing theiformer, than
to be continually tortured by the latter ; as the mofchetos, of which large clouds may
be feen, efpecially among the favannahs and manglares, or plantations of mangrove
trees, fo that the one, as affording the herbage on which they feed, and the other, as
the places where they produce their young, are rendered impafTible.

There are four principal fpecies of this infeft ; the firfl called zancudos, which are
the largell ; the fecond the mofchetos, differing little or nothing from thofe of Spain * ;
the third gegenes, which are very fmall and of a different fhape, refembling the weevil,
about the fize of a grain of muflard-feed, and of an afh colour. The fourth are the
mantas blancas, or white cloaks, and fo very minute that the inflammation of their bite
is felt before the infeO. that caufed it is feen. Their colour is known by the infinite
numbers of them which fill the air, and from thence they had their name. From the
two former, few houfes are free. Their fl:ing is followed by a large tumour, the pain
of which continues about two hours. The two lafl, which chiefly frequent fields and
gardens, raife no tumour, but caufe an infupportable itching. Thus if the extreme heat
renders the day troublefome, thefe imperceptible infe6ls diflurb the repofe of the night.-
And though the mofquiteros, a kind of gauze curtains, in fome meafure defend u&
from the three former, they are no fafeguard againfl the latter, which make their way
between the threads ; unlefs the fluff be of a clofer texture, in which cafe the heat
becomes infupportable.

The infed of Carthagena called nigua, and in Peru pique, is fliaped like a flea, but
almofl; too fmall for fight. It is a great happinefs that its legs have not the elaflicity
with thofe of fleas j for could this infed; leap, every animal body would be filled with

Or the gnat of England. A.

them J

35© ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

them ; and confequeiitly, both the -brute and human fpecies be foon extirpated by the
multitudes of thefe infefts. They live amongft the duft, and therefore are moft com-
mon in filthy places. They infmuate themfelves into the legs, the foles of the feet,
or toes, and pierce the fkin with fuch fubtilty, that there is no being aware of them,
till they have made their way into the flefh *. If they are perceived at the beginning,
they are extracted with little pain ; but if the head only has pierced through the fkin,
an incifion mufl be made before it can be taken out. If they are not foon perceived,
they make their way through the fkin, and take up their lodgings between that and
the membrane of the flefh ; and fucking the blood, form a nidus or neft, covered
with a white and fine tegument, refembling a flat pearl : and the infeft is at it were,
enchafed in one of the faces, with its head and feet outwards, for the convenience of
feeding, while the hinder part of the body is within the tunic, where it depofits its eggs ;
and as the number of thefe encreafes, the nidus enlarges, even to the diameter of a
line and a half, or two lines, to which magnitude it generally attains in four or five
days. There is an abfolute neceflity for extradling it : for otherwife it would burft of
itfelf, and by that means fcatter an infinite number of germs, refembling nits, in fize,
fhape, and colour, which becoming niguas, would, as it were, undermine the whole
foot. They caufe an extreme pain, efpecially durmg the operation of extracting them :
for fometimes they penetrate even to the bone ; and the pain, even after the foot is
cleared of them, lafls till the flefh has filled up the cavities they had made, and the
fkin is again clofed.

The manner of performing this operation is both tedious and troublefome ; the flefh
contiguous to the membrane where the eggs of the infedt are lodged, is feparated with
the point of a needle, and thofe eggs fo tenacioufly adhere to the flefh and this mem-
brane, that to complete the operation without burfling the tegument, and putting the
patient to the moft acute pain, requires the greatefl dexterity. After feparating on
every fide the fmall and almoft imperceptible fibres, by which it was fo clofely con-
nected with the membranes and mufcles of the part, the perilla, as they term it, is
extracted, the dimenfions of which are proportional to the time it has exifled. If
unfortunately it fhould burft, the greateft care mufl be ufed to clear away all the roots,
particularly not to leave the principal nigua ; as before the wound could be healed,
there would be a new brood, further within the flefh ; and confequently the cure m.uch
more difficult and painful.

The cavity left by the removal of the nidus, mull be immediately filled either with
tobacco afhes, chewed tobacco, or fnuff ; and in hot countries, as Carthagena, great
care mufl be taken not to wet the foot for the firfl two days, as convulfions would
enfue ; a diflemper feldom got over : this confequence has poffibly been obferved in
fome, and from thence confidered as general f.

The firfl entrance of this infeft is attended with no fenfible pain ; but the next day,
it brings on a fiery itching extremely painful, but more fo in fome parts than in others.
This is the cafe in extracting it, when the infeCt gets between the nails and the flefli,
or at the extremity of the toes. In the fole of the foot and other parts where the flvin
is callous, they caufe little or no pain.

This infeCl fhows an implacable hatred to fome animals, particularly the hog ; which
it preys on with fuch voracity, that when their feet come to be fcalded, after being
killed, they are found full of cavities made by this corroding infeCt.

* Thejr feldom infmuate themfelves into the legs. A.

f There is no neceflity for this precaution, as is well known to the honefl tar. The tobacco afhes, &c.
entirely dellroy the nits or ovaria, if any be left. A.

2 Minute

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 35 1

Minute as this creature is, there are two kinds of it ; one venomous, and the other
not. The latter perfectly refembles the flea in colour, and gives a whitenefs to the
. membrane where it depofits its eggs. This caufes no pain, but what is common in
fuch cafes. The former is yellowilh, its nidus of an afh colour, and its effects more
extraordinary ; as when lodged at the extremity of the toes, it violently inflames the
glands of the groin, and the pain continues without abatement, till the nigua is extrad:-
^d, that being the only remedy : after which the fwelling fubfides, and the pain ceafes,
thofe glands correfponding with the foot, where the caufe of the pain refided. The
' true caufe of this apparently flirange effeft I lliall not undertake to invefliigate ; the gene-
ral opinion is, that fome fmall mufcles extending from thefe glands to the feet, being
affedled by the poifon of the bite, communicate it to the glands, whence proceed the
pain and inflammation. All I can affirm is, that I have often experienced it, and at
firfl: with no fmall concern ; till having frequently obferved that thefe effefts ceafed on
extradihg the nigua, I thence concluded it to be the true caufe of the diforder. The
fame thing happened to all the French academicians who accompanied us on this expe-
dition ; and particularly to M. de Juflleu, botanift; to the King of France, whom
frequent experience of thefe kinds of accidents taught to divide thefe infefts into
two kinds.

As the preceding animals and infe6ts chiefly exercife their malignant qualities on
the human fpecies, fo there are others which damage and deftroy the furniture of
houfes, particularly all kinds of hangings, whether of cloth, linen, filk, gold or filver
fluffs, or laces ; and indeed every thing, except thofe of folid metal, where their vo-
racity feems to be wearied out by the refifl;ance. This infed called comegen, is
nothing more than a kind of moth or maggot ; but fo expeditious in its depredations,
that in a very fliort time it entirely reduces to dull one or more bales of merchandife
where it happens to faflien ; and without altering the form, perforates it through and
through, with a fubtilty which is not perceived till it comes to be handled, and then
infliead of thick cloth or linen, one finds only fmall flireds and duft:. At all times
the fl:ri£l:eft: attention is requifite to prevent fuch accidents, but chiefly at the arrival of
the galleons ; for then it may do immenfe damage among the vafl: quantity of goods
landed for warehoufes, and for fale in the fliops. The befl:, and indeed the only
method is, to lay the bales on benches, about half a yard from the ground, and to
cover the feet of them with alquitran, or naphtha, the only prefervative againfl: this
fpecies of vermin ; for with' regard to wood, it eats into that as eafily as into the
goods, but will not come near it when covered with naphtha as above.

Neither would this precaution be fufiicient for the fafety of the goods, without a
method of keeping them from touching the walls ; and then they are fufficiently fe-
cured. This infeft is fo fmall, as to be fcarcely vifible to the naked eye, but of fuch
aftivity as to defl:roy all the goods in a warehoufe, where it has got footing, in one
night's time. Accordingly it is ufual that in running the rifles of commerce, in goods
configned to Carthagena, the circumftances are fpecified^ and in thefe are underfliood
to be included the lofl^es that may happen in that city by the comegen. This infect
infeflis neither Porto Bello, nor even places nearer Carthagena, tnough they have
fo many other things in common with that city ; nor is it fo much as known among
them.

What has been faid, will, I hope, be fufficient to give an adequate idea of this
country, without fwelling the work with trivial obfervations, or fuch as have been
already publiflied by others. We fliall now proceed to treat diftinftly of other equally
wonderful works of Omnipotence, in this country,

CHAP.

352 ulloa's voyage to south America.

CHAP. VUI. — Of the efculent Vegetables produced in the Territories of Carthagena^
and the Food of the Inhabitants of that City.

* ' ,

THOUGH Carthagena has not the convenience of being furnifhed by its foil with
the different kinds of European vegetables, it does not want for others, far from being
contemptible, and of which the inhabitants eat with pleafure. Even the Europeans,
who at their firft coming cannot eafily take up with them, are not long before they
like them fo well as to forget thofe of their own country.

The conftant moifture and heat of this climate will not admit of barley, wheat, and
other grain of this kind ; but produces excellent maize and rice in fuch abundance,
that a bufhel of maize fown, ufually produces an hundred at harveft. From this
grain they make the boUo or bread, ufed in all this country ; they alfo ufe it in
feeding hogs and fattening poultry. The maize boUo has no refemblance to the bread
made of wheat, either in fhape or tafte. It is made in form of a cake ; is of a white
colour, and an infipid tafte. The method of making it is to foak the maize, and
afterwards bruife it between two ftones ; it is then put into large bins filled with
water, where by rubbing and Ihifting it from one veffel into another, they clear it
from its hufk ; after this it is ground into a pafte, of which the bollos are made.
Thefe bollos being wrapped up in plantane or vijahua leaves, are boiled in water,
and ufed as bread ; but after twenty-four hours, become tough and of a difagreeable
tafte. In families of diftinftion the bollo is kneaded with milk, which greatly im-
proves it, but being not thoroughly penetrated by the liquids, it never rifes, nor
changes its natural colour ; fo that inftead of a pleafing tafte, it has only that of the
flour of maize.

Befides the bollo * here is alfo the cafava bread, very common among the negroes,
made from the roots of yuca, names, and moniatos. After carefully taking off the
upper Ikin of the root, they grate it, and fteep it in water, in order to free it from a
ftrong acrid juice, which is a real poifon, particularly that of the moniato. The water
being feveral times ftiifted, that nothing of this acrimony may remain, the dough is
made into round cakes about two feet diameter, and about three or four lines in thick-
nefs. Thefe cakes are baked iii ovens, on plates of copper, or a kind of brick made
for that purpofe. It is a nouriihing and ftrengthening food, but very infipid. * It will
keep fo well, that at the end of two months it has the fame tafle as the firft day, except
being more dry.

Wheat bread is not entirely uncommon at Carthagena ; but, as the flour comes from
Spain, the price of it may well be conceived to be above the reach of the generality.
Accordingly it is ufed only by the Europeans fettled at Carthagena, and fome few
Creoles ; and by thefe only with their chocolate and conferves. At all other meals, fo
ftrong is the force of a cuftom imbibed in their infancy, they prefer bollos to wheat
bread, and eat honey with cafava.

They alfo make, of the flour of maize, feveral kinds of paftry, and a variety of
foods equally palatable and wholefome ; bollo itfelf being never known to difagree with
thofe who ufe it,

* Or cake made of mandioe yams, and fweet potatoes (or camiotes), which they grate atid mix toge-
ther. The bollo is far from infipid, when a proper quantity of the camiote is put in, A.

Befides

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 353

Befides thefe roots, the foil produces plenty of camlotes, refembling, in tafte, Malaga
potatoes ; but fomething different in fhape, the camiotes being generally roundifh and
uneven. They are both pickled and ufed as roots with the meat ; but, confidering the
goodnefs and plenty of this root, they do not improve it as they might.

Plantations of fugar-canes abound to fuch a degree, as extremely to lower the price
of honey : and a great part of the juice of thefe canes is converted into fpirit for the
difpofmg of it. They grow fo quick as to be cut twice in a year. The variety of their
verdure is a beautiful ornament to the country.

Here are alfo great numbers of cotton-trees, fome planted and cultivated, and thefe
are the beft ; others fpontaneoufly produced by the great fertility of the country. The
cotton of both is fpun, and made into feveral forts of ftuffs, which are worn by the
Negroes of the Haciendas, and the country Indians.

Cacao trees alfo grow in great plenty on the banks of the river Magdalena, and in
other fituations which that tree delights in ; but thofe in the jurifdi6:ion of Carthagena
excel thofe of the Caracas, Maracaybo, Guayaquil, and other parts, both in fize and
the goodnefs of the fruit. The Carthagena cacao or chocolate is little known in Spain,
being only fent as prefents ; for, as it is more efteemed than that of other countries,
the greater part of it is confumed in this jurifdiction, or fent to other parts of America.
It is alfo imported from the Caracas, and fent up the country, that of the Magdalena
not being fufficient to anfwer the great demand there is for it in thefe parts. Nor is it
amifs to mix the former with the latter, as correcting the extreme oilinefs of the choco-
late, when made only with the cacao of the Magdalena. The latter, by way of dif-
tindion from the former, is fold at Carthagena by millares, whereas the former is dif-
pofed of by the bulhel, each weighing one hundred and ten pounds ; but that of Mara-
caybo weighs only ninety-fix pounds. This is the moft valuable treafure which Nature
could have bellowed on this country ; though it has carried its bounty ftill farther, in
adding a vaft number of delicious fruits which evidently difplay the exuberance of the
foil. Nothing ftrikes a fpedtator with greater admiration, than to fee fuch a variety of
pompous trees, in a manner emulating each other, through the whole year, in pro-
ducing the mofl beautiful and delicious fruits. Some refemble thofe of Spain ; others are
peculiar to the country. Among the former, fome are indeed cultivated, the latter
flouriih fpontaneoufly.

Thofe of the fame kind with the Spanifli fruits are melons, water-melons, called by
the natives Blanciac, grapes, oranges, medlars, and dates. The grapes are not equal
to thofe of Spain ; but the medlars as far exceed them : with regard to the reft, there
is no great difference.

Among the fruits peculiar to the country, the preference, doubtlefs, belongs to the
pine-apple ; and accordingly its beauty, fmell, and tafte, have acquired it the appella-
tion of queen of fruits. The others are the papayas, guanabanas, guayabas, fapotes,
mameis, platanos, cocos, and many others, which it would be tedious to enumerate,
efpecially as thefe are the principal ; and, therefore, it will be fufficient to confine our
defcriptions to them.

The ananas or pine-apple, fo called from its refembling the fruit or the cones of the
European pine-tree, is produced by a plant nearly refembling the aloe, except that the
leaves of the pine-apple are longer, but not fo thick, and moft of them ftand near the
ground in a horizontal pofition j but as they approach nearer the fruit, they diminifh in
length, and become lefs expanded. This plant feldom grows to above three feet in
height, and terminates in a flower refembling a lily, but of fo elegant a crimfon, as
even to dazzle the eye. The pine-apple makes its firft appearance in the centre of the

VOL. XIV. z z flower,

354 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

\

flower, about the fize of a nut ; and as this iricreafes, the luflre of the ^ower fades,
and the leaves expand themfelves to make room for it, and fecure it both as a bafe and
ornament. On the top of the apple itfelf, is a crown or tuft of leaves, like thofe of
the plant, and of a very lively green. This crown grows in proportion with the fruit,
till both have attained their utmoll magnitude, and hitherto they differ very little in
colour. But as foon as the crown ceafes to grow, the fruit begins to ripen, and its
green changes to a bright flraw colour : during this gradual alteration of colour, the
fruit exhales fuch a fragrancy as difcovers it, though concealed from fight. While it
continues to grow, it fhoots forth on all fides little thorns, which, as it approaches
towards maturity, dry and foften, fo that the fruit is gathered without the leaft incon-
venience. The fmgularities which concentre in this produd of nature, cannot fail of
ftriking a contemplative mind with admiration. The crown, which was to it a kind of
apex, while growing in the woods, becomes itfelf, when fown, a new plant ; and the
ftem, after the fruit is cut, dies away, as if fatisfied with havmg anfwered the intention
of nature in fuch a produ6l ; but the roots Ihoot forth frefh flalks, for the further in-
creafe of fo valuable a fpecies.

The pine-apple, though feparated from the plant, retains its fragrancy for a confider-
able time, when it begins to decay. The odour of it not only fills the apartment where
the fruit is kept, but even extends to the contiguous rooms. The general length of
this delicious fruit is from five to feven inches, and the diameter near its bafis three or
four, diminilhing regularly, as it approaches to its apex. For editing, it is peeled and
cut into round llices, and is fo full of juice, that it entirely diffolves in the mouth. Its
flavour is fweet, blended with a delightful acidity. The rind, infufed in water, after
a proper fermentation, produces a very cooling liquor, and ftill retains all the proper-
ties of the fruit.

The other fruits of this country are equally valuable in their feveral kinds ; and fome
of them alfo diftinguilhed for their fragrancy, as the guayaba, which is, befides, both
peroral and aftringent.

The mofl common of all are, the platanos, the name of which, if not its figure and
tafte, is known in all parts of Europe *. Thefe are of three kinds. The firll is the
banana, which is fo large as to want but little of a foot in length. Thefe are greatly
ufed, being not only eaten as bread, but alfo an ingredient in many made difhes. Both
the ftone and kernel are very hard ; but the latter has no noxious quality. The fecond
kind are the dominicos, which are neither fo long nor fo large as the bananas, but of a
better tafte ; they are ufed as the former.

The third kind are the guineos, lefs than either of the former, but far more palatable,
though not reckoned fo wholefome by the natives, on account of their fuppofed heat.
They feldom exceed four inches in length ; and their rind, when ripe, is yellower,
fmoother, and brighter, than that of the two other kinds. The cuftom of the country
is to drink water after eating them ; but the European failors, who will not be confined
in their diet, but drink brandy with every thing they eat, make no difference between this
fruit and any other ; and to this intemperance may, in fome meafure, be attributed the
many difeafes with which they are attacked in this country, and not a few fudden deaths ;
which are, indeed, apt to raife, in the furvivors, concern for their companions for the

* The plantane and banana are, I believe, little known in Europe by name. The iirft two forts the
Author defcribes, are better known by the names of the long and fhort plantane, and the laft by the name
of banana, than by thofe he has given them. They have neither ftone nor kernel, but a very fmall feed,
as fmall as that of thyme, which lies in the fruit in rows like that of a cucumber, to which the banana bears
the greateft vefemblance of any thing in England j only it is fmooth, and not fo large. A,

prefent ;

ULLOA's voyage to south AMEIllCA. -jjj

prefent ; but they foon return to the fame exceffes, not remembering, or rather choof-
ing to forget, the melancholy confequences.

By what we could difcover, it is not the quality of the brandy which proves fo per-
nicious, but the quantity ; fome of our company making the experiment of drinking
fparingly of this liquor after eating the guineos, and repeating it feveral times without
the lead inconvenience. One method of drefling them, among feveral others, is to
road them in their rind, and afterwards flice them, adding a little brandy and fugar to
give them a firmnefs. In this manner we had them every day at our table, and the
Creoles themfelves approved of them.

The papayas are from fix to eight inches in length, and refemble a lemon, except
that, towards the ftalk, they are fomewhat lefs than at the other extremity. Their
rind is green, the pulp white, very juicy, but ftringy, and the tafte a gentle acid, not
pungent. This is the fruit of a tree, and not, like the pine-apple and platano, the pro-
dudt of a plant. The guayaba, and the following, are alfo the fruit of trees.

The guanabana approaches very near the melon, but its rind is much fmoother, and
of a greenifh colour. Its pulp is of a yellowifh call, like that of fome melons, and not
very different in tafte. But the greateft diftindlion between thefe two fruits is a naufeous
fmell in the guanaba. The feed is round, of a fhining dark colour, and about two lines
in diameter, v It oonfifts of a very fine tranfparent pellicle, and a kernel folid and juicy.
The fmell of this little feed is much ftronger and more naufeous. The natives fay, that,
by eating this feed, nothing is to be apprehended from the fruit, which is otherwife
accounted heavy and hard of digeftion ; but, though the feed has no ill tafte, the fto-
mach is offended at its fmell. . /

The fapotes are round, about two inches in circumference, the rind thin and eafily
feparated from the fruit ; the colour brown, ftreaked with red. The flefh is of a bright
red, with little juice, vifcid, fibrous, and compadt. It cannot be claffed among deli-
cious fruits, though its tafte is not difagreeable. It contains a few feeds, which are
hard and oblong.

The mameis are of the fame colour with the fapotes, except that the brown is fome-
thing lighter. Their rind alfo requires the afTiftance of a knife, to feparate it. The
fruit is very much Hke the brunion plum, but more folid, lefs juicy, and, in colour, more
lively. The ftone is proportioned to the largenefs of the fruit, which is betwixt three
and four inches in diameter, almoft circular, but with fome irregularities. The ftone
is an inch and a half in length, and its breadth, in the middle, where it is round,
one inch. Its external furface is fmooth, and of a brown colour, except on one
fide, where it is vertically crolTed by a ftreak refembling the flice of a melon in
colour and fhape. This ftreak has neither the hardnefs nor fmoothnefs of the reft
of the furface of the ftone, which feems in this place covered, and fomething
fcabrous.

The coco is a very common fruit, and but little efteemed ; all the ufe made of
it being to drink the juice whilft- fluid, before it begins to curdle. It is, when firft
gathered, full of a whitifh liquor, as fluid as water, very pleafant and refrefliing.
The fhell which covers the cocoa nut, is green on the outfide, and white within ; full
of ftrong fibres, traverfing it on all fides in a longitudinal diredion, but eafily feparated
with a knife. The coco is alfo whitifli at that time, and not hard ; but, as the con-
fiftency of its pulp increafes, the green colour of its fliell degenerates into yellow. As
foon as the kernel has attained its maturity, this dries and changes to brown j then be-
comes fibrous and fo compact, as not to be eafily opened and feparated from the coco,

z z 2 to

«^6 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

to which feme of thofe fibres adhere. From the pulp of thefe cocos is drawn a milk
like that of almonds, and, at Carthagena, is ufed in dreffing rice.

Though lemons, of the kind generally known in Europe, and of which fuch quan-
tities are gathered in feme parts of Spain, are very fcarce ; yet there are fuch numbers
of another kind, called futiles or limes, that the country is, in a manner, covered with
the trees that produce them, without care or culture. But the tree and its fruit are
both much lefs than thofe of Spain, the height of the former feldom exceeding eight
or ten feet ; and from the bottom, or a little above, divides into feveral branches, whofe
regular expanfion forms a very beautiful tuft. The leaf, which is of the fame fhape
with that of the European lemon, is lefs, but fmoother j the fruit does not exceed a
common egg in magnitude; the rind very thin; and it is more juicy, in proportion,
than the lemon of Europe, and infinitely more pungent and acid ; on which account,
the European phyficians pronounce it detrimental to health ; though, in this country,
it is a general ingredient in their made difhes. There is one fingular ufe to which this
fruit is applied in cookery. It is a cuflom with the inhabitants not to lay their meat
down to the fire above an hour at farthefl, before dinner or fupper ; this is managed by
fteeping it for fome time in the juice of thefe limes, or fqueezing three or four, accord-
ing to the quantity of meat, into the water, if they intend boiling ; by which means,
the flefh becomes fo foftened, as to admit of being thoroughly drefled in this fliort fpace.
The people here value themfelves highly on this preparative, and laugh at the Europeans
for fpending a morning about what they difpatch fo expeditioufly.

This country abounds in tamarinds ; a large branchy tree, the leaf of a deep green ;
the pods of a middle fize, and flat ; the pulp of a dark brown, a pleafant tafte, very
fibrous, and is called by the fame name as the tree itfelf. In the middle of the pulp is
a hard feed, or ftone, fix or eight lines in length, to two in breadth. Its tafte is an acid
fweetnefs, but the acid predominates ; and it is only ufed when dilTolved in water as a
cooling liquor, and then but moderately, and not for many days fuccefllvely ; its acidity
and extreme coldnefs weakening and debilitating the ftomach.

Another fruit, called mani, is produced by a fmall plant. It is of the fize and fhape
of a pine-cone ; and eaten either roafted, or as a conferve. Its quality is diredly oppo-
fite to that of the former, being hot in the higheft degree ; and, confequently, not
very wholefome in this climate.

The products which are not natural here, befides wheat, barley, and other grain,
are grapes, almonds, and olives : confequently the country is deftitute of wine, oil,
and raifins, with which they are fupplied from Europe : this neceflarily renders them
very dear ; fometimes they are not to be had at any price. When this is the cafe with
regard to wine, great numbers fuffer in their health ; for, as all thofe who do not ac-
cuftom themfelves to drink brandy at their meals, which are far the greater number,
except the Negroes, being ufed to this wine, their ftomach, for want of it, lofes their
digeftive faculty, and thence are produced epidemical diftempers. This was an un-
happy circumftance at our arrival, when wine was fo extremely fcarce, that mafs was
faid only in one church.

The want of oil is much more tolerable ; for, in dreffing either fifh or flefh, they
ufe hog*s lard, of which they have fo great a quantity, as to make it an ingredient in
their foup, which is very good, and, confidering the country, not at all dear : inftead
of lamps too, they ufe tallow candles : fo that they want oil only for their falads.

From fuch plenty of flefh, fowl, and fruits, an idea may be formed of the luxuriancy
of the tables in this country ; and, indeed, in the houfeS of perfons of wealth and dif-
tindion, they are ferved with the greateft decency and fplendour. Moft of the difhes

9 are

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

357

are drefled in the manner of this country, and differ confiderably from thofe of Spain ;
but fome of them are fo delicate, that foreigners are no lefs pleafed with them, than the
gentlemen of the country. One of their favourite difhes is the agi-aco, there being
fcarcely a genteel table without.it. It is a mixture of feveral ingredients, which cannot
fail of making an excellent ragout. It confifts of pork fried, birds of feveral kinds,
plantanes, maize pafte, and feveral other things highly feafoned with what they call
pimento, or aji.

The inhabitants of any figure generally make two meals a-day, befides another light
repaft. That in the morning, their breakfaft, is generally compofed of fome fried
difh, paflry of maize flour, and things of that nature, followed by chocolate. Their
dinner confifls of a much greater variety ; but at night the regale is only of fweetmeats
and chocolate. Some families, indeed, afFeft the European cuflom of having regular
fuppers, though they are generally looked upon at Carthagena as detrimental to health.
We found, however, no difference as to ourfelves j and, poUibly, the ill effeds flow
from excefs in the other meals.

CHAP. IX. — Of the Trade of Carthagena, and other Countries of America, on the
Arrival of the Galleons and other Spanijh Ships.

THE bay of Carthagena is the firft place in America at which the galleons are
allowed to touch ; and thus it enjoys the firft fruits of commerce, by the public fales
made there. Thefe fales, though not accompanied with the formalities obferved at
Porto Bello fair, are very confiderable. The traders of the inlarid provinces of Santa
Fe, Popayan, and Quito, lay out not only their own ftocks, but alfo the monies in-
trufted to them by commiffions, for feveral forts of goods, and thofe fpecies of provi-
fions which are moft wanted in their refpetlive countries. The two provinces of Santa
Fe and Popayan have no other way of fupplying themfelves with the latter, than from
Carthagena. Their traders bring gold and filver in fpecie, ingots, and duft, and alfo
emeralds ; as, befides the filver mines worked at Santa Fe, and which daily increafe by -'»^**'^'^
frefh difcoveries, there are others which yield the fineft emeralds. But the value of
thefe gems being now fallen in Europe, and particularly in Spain, the trade of them,
formerly fo confiderable, is now greatly leifened, and, confequently, the reward for
finding them. All thefe mines produce great quantities of gold, which is carried to
Choco', and there pays one-fifth to the King, at an office erected for that purpofe.

This commerce was for fome years prohibited, at the folicitation of the merchants of
Lima, who complained of the great damages they fuftained by the tranfportation of
European merchandifes from Quito to Peru ; which being thus furnifhed, while the
traders of Lima were employed at the fairs of Panama and Porto Bello, at their return,
they found, to their great lofs, the price of goods very much lowered. But it being
afterwards confidered, that reftraining the merchants of Quito and other places from
purchafing goods at Carthagena, on the arrival of the galleons, was of great detriment
to thofe provinces, it was ordered, in regard to both parties, that, on notice being given
in thofe provinces, of the arrival of the galleons at Carthagena, all commerce, with
regard to European commodities, fhould ceafe between Quito and Lima, and that the
limits of the two audiences fhould be thofe of their commerce : that is, that Quito
Ihould not trade beyond the territories of Loja and Zamora ; nor Lima, beyond thofe
of Piura, one of the jurifdidions of its audience. By this equitable expedient, thofe
provinces were, in time, fupplied with the goods they wanted, without any detriment

to

^j8 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

to the trade of Peru. This regulation was firft executed in 1730, on the arrival of the
fquadron commanded by Don Manuel Lopez Pintado, who had orders, from the King,
to place commerce on this footing, provided it bid fair to anfwer the intentions of both
parties, and that no better expedient could be found. Accordingly this was carried into
execution ; being not only well adapted to the principal end, but alfo, during the flay
of the galleons at Carthagena, procured bufmefs for the Cargadores *, in the fale of
their goods ; and thus made them ample amends for their expences.

During the prohibition, the merchants of Carthagena were obliged to have recourfe
to the flotilla of Peru, in their courfe from Guayaquil to Panama ; or to wait the return
of the galleons to Carthagena, and, confequently, purchafe only the refufe of Porto
Bello fair ; both which were, doubtlefs, confiderable grievances to them. If they pur-
fued the firft, they were obliged to travel acrofs the whole jurifdi£tion of Santa Feto Gua-
yaquil, which was a journey of above four hundred leagues, with confiderable fums of
money, which having difpofed of in merchandifes, the charges of their return were ftill
greater. In fine, the lofles inevitable in fuch a long journey, where rapid rivers, moun-
tains, and bridges, were to be crofled, and their merchandifes expofed to a thoufand
accidents, rendered this method utterly imprafticable ; fo that they were obliged to
content themfelves with the remains of the fair j though it was very uncertain whether
thefe would be fufficient to anfwer fhe demand. Befides, the inland merchants ran the
hazard of not meeting at Carthagena with goods fufficient, in quality and quantity, to
anfwer their charges ; and were fometimes adlually obliged to return with the money,
and the vexation of a fruitlefs, though expenfive, journey. Thefe inconveniences pro-
duced a repeal of the prohibition, and commerce was placed on the prefent equitable
footing.

This little fair at Carthagena, for fo it may be called, occafions a great quantity of
fhops to be opened, and filled with all kinds of merchandife ; the profit partly refulting
to Spaniards who come in the galleons, and are either recommended to, or are in part-
nerfhip with, the Cargadores ; and partly to thofe already fettled in that city. The
Cargadores furnifh the former with goods, though to no great value, in order to gain
their cuftom ; and the latter, as perfons whom they have already experienced to be
good men ; and both in proportion to the quicknefs of their fale. This is a time of
univerfal profit ; to fome by letting lodgings and fhops, to fome by the increafe of their
refpe£tive trades, and to others by the labour of their Negro flaves, whofe pay alfo is
proportionally increafed, as they do more work in this bufy time. By this brilk circu-
lation through all the l^veral ranks, they frequently get a furplus of money beyond what
is fufficient for providing themfelves with neceffaries. And it is not uncommon for
flaves, out of their favings, and after paying their mafters the daily tribute, to pur-
chafe their freedoms.

This affluence extends to the neighbouring villages, eftancias, and the moft wretched
chacaras, of this jurifdiftion ; for, by the increafe of ftrangers to a fourth, third, and
fometimes one-half, of the ufual number of people, the confumption, and confequently
the price of provifions, advances, which is, of courfe, no fmall advantage to thofe
who bring them to market.

This commercial tumult lafts while the galleons continue in the bay ; for they are no
fooner gone, than filence and tranquillity refume their former place. This the inha-
bitants of Carthagena call Tiempo muerto, the dead time ; for, with regard to the trade
parried on with the other governments, it is not worth notice. The greater part of it

* perfons who bring European goods for fale,

confift§

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. ^^g

confifts in feme bilanders from La Trinidad, the Havannah, and St. Domingo, bring-
ing leaf-tobacco, fnuiF, and fugars ; and returning with Magdalena cacao, earthen-ware,
rice, and other goods wanted in thofe iflands : and even of thefe fmall vefleis, fcarcely
one is feen for two or three months. The fame may be faid of thofe which go from
Carthagena to Nicaragua, Vera Cruz, Honduras, and other parts : but the moll fre-
quent trips are made to Porto Bello, Chagra, or Santa Martha. The reafon why this
commerce is not carried on more brilkly is, that mofl of thefe places are naturally pro-
vided with the fame kind of provifions, and confequently are under no necelfity of traf-
ficking with each other.

Another branch of the commerce of Carthagena, during the tiempo muerto, is
carried on with the towns and villages of its jurifdidion, from whence are brought all
kinds of neceffaries, and even the luxuries of life, as maize, rice, cotton, live hogs,
tobacco, plantanes, birds, cafava, fugar, honey, and cacao, moft of which is brought in
canoes and champanas, a fort of boats proper for rivers. The former are a kind of
coafters, and the latter come from the rivers Magdalena, Sinu, and others. Their re-
turns confifl of goods for apparel, with which the Ihops and warehoufes furnifh them-
felves from the galleons, or from prizes taken on the coaft by the King's frigates, or
privateers.

No eatable pays any duty to the King ; and every perfon may, in his own houfe,
kill any number of pigs he thinks he Ihall fell that day : no falted pork is eaten, be-
caufe it is foon corrupted by the exceffive heat of the place. All imports from
Spain, as brandy, wine, oil, almonds, raifms, pay a duty, and are afterwards fold
without any farther charge, except what is paid by retailers, as a tax for their fhop or
flail.

Befides thefe goods, which keep alive this flender inland commerce, here is an office
for the afliento of Negroes, whither they are brought, and, as it were, kept as pledges,
till fuch perfons as want them on their eftates come to purchafe them, negroes
being generally employed in hufbandry and other laborious country works. This,
indeed, gives fome life to the trade of Carthagena, though it is no weighty article. The
produce of the royal revenues in this city not being fufficient to pay and fupport the
governor, garrifon, and a great number of other officers, the deficiency is remitted from
the treafurers of Santa Fe and Quito, under the name of Situado, together with fuch
monies as are requifite for keeping up the fortifications, furnifhing the artillery, and
other expences, necelfary for the defence of the place and its forts.

BOOK II.

Voyage, from Carthagena to Porto Bello*

CHAP. I. — General Winds and Currents between Carthagena and Porto Bello.

TXT' HEN the French frigate had watered, and was ready for failing, we embarked on

board her, on the 24th of November 1735 ; the next day we put to fea, and on

the 29th of the fame month, at half an hour after five in the evening, came to an anchor

n at

360 ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA.

at the mouth of Porto Bello hai'bour, in fourteen fathom water ; Caftle Todo Fierro,
or the iron caftle, bearing north-eaft four degrees northerly ; and the fouth point of the
harbour eaft one quarter northerly. The difference of longitude between Carthagena
and Punta de Nave, we found to be 4^ 24'.

We had fteered weft-north-weft and weft one quarter northerly, till the ftiip was ob-
ferved to be in the eleventh degree of latitude, when we ftood to the weft. But when
our difference of longitude from Carthagena was 3^ 10', we altered our courfe to fouth-
weft and fouth, a quarter wefterly, which, as already obferved, on the 29th of Novem-
ber, at five in the evening, brought us in fight of Punta de Nave, which being fouth of
us, we were obliged to make feveral tacks before we could get into the harbour.

In this paffage we met with frefti gales. The two firft days at north quarter eafterly,
and the other days till we made the land at north-eaft, a high fea running the whole
time. But we were no fooner in fight of Punta de Nave, thim it became calm, and a
breeze from the land fprung up, which hindered us from getting that day into the har-
bour. It alfo continued contrary on the 30th ; but, by the help of our oars, and being
towed, we got at laft to the anchoring-place, where we went on ftiore, with our bag-
gage and inftruments neceffary for beginning our obfervations. But this being the moft
proper place for mentioning the winds which prevail in this paffage along the coaft, and
that of Carthagena, we fhall beftow fome paragraphs on them.

There are two forts of general winds on thefe coafts ; the one called Brifas, which
blow from the north-eaft, and the other called Vendabales, which come A'om the weft,
and weft-fouth-weft. The former fet in about the middle of November, but are not
fettled till the beginning or middle of December, which is here the fummer, and con-
tinue blowing freih and invariable till the middle of May ; they then ceafe, and are fuc-
ceeded by the vendabales, but with this difference, that thefe do not extend farther than
1 £ or 1 24 degrees of latitude, beyond which the brifas conftantly reign, though with
different degrees of ftrength, and veer fometimes to the eaft, and at other times to the
north.

The feafon of the vendabales is attended with violent ftorms of wind and rain j but
they are foon over, and fucceeded by a calm equally tranfitory ; for the wind gradually
frefliens, efpecially near the land, where thefe phenoma are more frequent. The fame
happens at the end of Odober and beginning of November, the general winds not being
fettled.

In the feafon of the brifas, the currents, as far as 12° or 12*^ 30' of latitude, fet to
the weftward, but with lefs velocity than ufual at the changes of the moon, and greater
at the full. But beyond that latitude they ufually fet north-weft. Though this muft
not be underftood without exception ; as, for inftance, near iflands or flioals, their courfe
becomes irregular : fometimes they flow through long channels, and fometimes they
are met by others ; all which proceeds from their feveral directions, and the bearings
of the coafts ; fo that the greateft attention is neceffary here, the general accounts not
being fufficient to be relied on ; for, though they have been given by pilots who have for
twenty or thirty years ufed this navigation, in all kinds of veffels, and therefore have
acquired a thorough knowledge, they themfelves confefs that there are places where
the currents obferve no kind of regularity, like thofe we have mentioned.

When the brifas draw near their period, which is about the beginning of April,
the currents change their courfe, running to the eaftward for eight, ten, or twelve
leagues from the coaft, and thus continue during the whole feafon of the vendabales ;
on which account, and the winds being at this feafon contrary for going from Cartha-
gena to Porto Bello, it is neceffary to fail to twelve or thirteen degrees of latitude, or

even

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 361

even fometimes farther ; when being without the verge of thofe winds, the voyage is
ealily performed. *

While the brifas blow ftrongeft, a very impetuous current fets into the gulf of Darien,
and out of it during the feafon of the vendabales. This fecond change proceeds from
the many rivers which difcharge themfelves into it, and at that time being greatly
fwelled by the heavy rains, peculiar to the feafon ; fo that they come down with fuch
rapidity, as violently to propel the water out of the gulf. But in the feafon of the
brifas thefe rivers are low, and fo weak, that the current of the fea overcomes their
reliftance, fills the gulf, and returns along the windings of the coaft.

CHAP. II. — Defcription of the Town of St. Philip de Porto Bella.

THE town of St. Philip de Porto Bello, according to our obfervations, ftands in
9° 34' 35' iiorth latitude ; and by the obfervations of Father Feuillce, in the longitude
of 277° 50' from the meridian of Paris, and 296° 41' from the Pico of TenerifFe.
This harbour was difcovered on the 2d of November 1 502 by Chriftopher Columbus,
who was fo charmed with its extent, depth, and fecurity, that he gave it the name of
Porto Bello, or the fine harbour. In the profecution of his difcoveries, he arrived at
that which he called Baftimentos, where, in 1 5 1 o, was founded by Diego de Niqueza
the city of Nombre de Dios, " the Name of God ;" fo called from the commander
having faid to his people on their landing, " Here we will make a fettlement in the
name of God," which was accordingly executed. But this place was in its infancy
entirely deftroyed by the Indians of Darien. Some years after, the fettlement was
repabed, and the inhabitants maintained their ground till 1584, when orders arrived
from Philip II. for their removing to Porto Bello, as much better lituated for the
commerce of that country.

Porto Bello was taken and plundered by John Morgan, an Englifti adventurer, who
infefled thofe feas ; but in confideration of a ranfom, he fpared the forts and houfes.

The town of Porto Bello ftands near the fea, on the declivity of a mountain which
furrounds the whole harbour. Moft of the houfes are built of wood. In fome the
firft ftory is of ftone, and the remainder of wood. They are about one hundred and
thirty in number ; moft of them large and fpacious. The town is under the jurif-
diftion of a governor, with the title of lieutenant-general ; being fuch under the pre-
fident of Panama, and the term of his poft is without any fpecified limitation. He is
always a gentleman of the army, ^having under him the commandants of the forts that
defend the harbour ; whofe employments are for life.

It confifts of one principal ftreet, extending along the ftrand, with other fmailer
crofting it, and running from the declivity of the mountain to the fhore, together with
fome lanes, in the fame direftion with the principal ftreet, where the ground admits
of it. Here are two large fquares, one oppofite to the cuftom-houfe, which is a
ftructure of ftone, contiguous to the quay ; the other oppofite the great church, which
is of ftone, large, and decently ornamented, confidering the fmallnefs of the place.
It is ferved by a vicar and other priefts, natives of the country.

Here are two other churches, one called Nueftra Signora de la Merced, with a con-
vent of the fame order ; the other St. Juan de Dios ; which, though it bears the title
of an hofpital, and was founded as fuch, is very far from being fo in reality. The
church of La Merced is of ftone, but mean and ruinous, like the convent, which is

VOL. XIV. 3 A alfo

o6a t'LLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

alfo decayed : fo that wanting the proper conveniences for the religious to refide In,
they live in the town difperfed in private houfes.

That of St. Juan de Dios is only a fmall building like an oratory, and not in better
condition than that of La Merced. Its whole community confifts of a prior, chaplain,
and another religious, and fometimes even of lefs : fo that its extent is very fmall,
fince properly fpeaking, it has no community : and the apartments intended for the
reception of patients confifts only of one chamber, open to the roof, without beds or
other neceff^ries. Nor are any admitted but fuch as are able to pay for their treatment
and diet. It is therefore of no advantage to the poor of the place ; but ferves for
lodging fick men belonging to the men of war which come hither, being provided with
neceflaries from the fhips, and attended by their refpedlive furgeons, lodging-room
being the only thing afforded them by this nominal hofpital.

At the eaft end of the town, which is the road to Panama, is a quarter called Gui-
ney, being the place where all the negroes of both fexes, whether flaves or free, have
their habitations. This quarter is very much crowded when the galleons are here,
raoft of the inhabitants of the town entirely quitting their houfes for the advantage of
letting them, while others content themfelves with a fmall part in order to make money
of the reft. The mulattos and other poor families alfo remove, either to Guiney, or
to cottages already erected near it, or built on this occafion. Great numbers of arti-
ficers from Panama likewife, who flock to Porto Bello to work at their refpe£tive
callings, lodge in this quarter for cheapnefs.

Towards the fea, in a large track between the town and Gloria caftle, barracks are
alfo erected, and principally filled with the fhips' crews j who keep ftalls of fweetmeats,
and other kinds of eatables brought from Spain. But at the conclufion of the fair,
the fhips put to fea, and all thefe buildings are taken down, and the town returns to
its former tranquillity and emptinefs.

By an experiment we made with the barometer in a place a toife above the
level of the fea, the height of the mercury was twenty-feven inches eleven lines
and a half.

CHAP. III. — Defcription of Porto Bello Harbour.

THE name of this port indicates its being commodious for all forts of fliips or vefl'els,
great or fmall ; and though its entrance is very wide, it is well defended by Fort St.
Philip de Todo Fierro. It ftands on the north point of the entrance, which is about
fix hundred toifes broad, that is, a little lefs than the fourth part of a league ; and the
fouth fide being full of rifes of rocks, extending to fome diftance from the fhore, a
(hip is obliged to ftand to the north, though the deepeft part of the channel is in the
middle of the entrance, and thus continues in a ftraight diredion, having nine, ten, or
fifteen fathom water, and a bottom of clayey mud, mixed with chalk and fand.

On the fouth fide of the harbour, and oppofite to the anchoring-place, is a large
caftle, called Saint Jago de la Gloria, to the eaft of which, at the diftance of about
one hundred toifes, begins the town, having before it a point of land projecting into
the harbour. On this point ftood a fmall fort called St. Jerome, within ten toifes of
•the houfes. All thefe were demolifhed by the Englifh admiral Vernon, who with a
numerous naval force *, in 1739, madehimfelf mafter of this port j having found it

* The numerous naval force mentioned by our author, confifted we know of fix (hips only.

fo

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERliCA. ;^6^

io unprovided with every thing, that the greater part of the artillery, efpecially that
of the caflie de Todo Fierro, or iron caftle, was difmounted for want of carriages,
part of the few military ftores unferviceable, and the garrifon fhort of its complement
even in time cf peace. The governor of the city, Don Bernardo Gutierrez de Boca-
negra, was alfo abfent at Panama, onfome accufation brought againft him. Thus the
Englifli meeting no refiftance, eafily fucceeded in their defign upon this city, which
furrendered by capitulation.

The anchoring-place for the large fhips is north-weft of Gloria caftle, which is nearly
the centre of the harbour ; but lefler veflels which come farther up, muft be careful
to avoid a fand-bank, lying one hundred and fifty toifes from St. Jerome's fort, or
point, bearing from it weft one quarter northerly ; and on which there is only a fathom
and a half, or at moft, two fathom water.

North- weft of the town is a little bay, called la Caldera, or the kettle, having four
fathom and a half water ; and is a very proper place for careening fhips and veffels, as,
befides its depth, it is perfedly defended from all winds. In order to go into it, you
muft keep pretty clofe to the weftern fhore till about a third part of the breadth of the
entrance, where you will have five fathom water (whilft on the eaftern fide of the fame
entrance, there is not above two or three feet), and then fteer diredly towards the
bottom of the bay. When the fhips are in, they may moor with four cables eaft and
weft, in a fmall bafon formed by the Caldera ; but care muft be taken to keep them
always on the weftern fide.

North-eaft of the town is the mouth of a river called Cafcajel, which affords no frefh
water within a quarter of a league or upwards from its mouth ; and it is not i: com-
mon to fee in it Caymanes, or alligators.

The tides are here irregular ; and in this particular, as well as that of the winds,
there is no difference between this harbour and that of Carthagena ; except that here
the; fhips muft always be towed in, being either becalmed, or the wind diredly againft
them.

From obfervations we made, both by the pole-ftar and the fun's azimuth, we found
the variation of the needle in this harbour to be 8* 4' eafterly.

Among the mountains which furround the whole harbour of Porto Bello, beginning
from St. Philip de Todo Fierro, or the iron caftle (which is fituated on their declivity),
and without any decreafe of height, extends to the oppofite point, one is particularly
remarkable for its fuperior loftinefs, as if defigned to be the barometer of the country,
by foretelling every change of weather. This mountain, diftinguifhed by the name of
Capiro, ftands at the utmoft extremity of the harbour, in the road to Panama. Its top
is always covered with clouds of a denfity and darknefs feldom feen in thofe of thi§
atmofphere ; and from thefe, which are called the capillo or cap, has poffibly been
corruptly formed the name of Monte Capiro. When thefe clouds thicken, increafe
their blacknefs, and fmk below their ufual ftation, it is a fure fign of a tempeft ; while
on the other hand, their clearnefs and afcent as certainly indicate the approach of fair
weather. It muft however be remembered, that thefe changes are very frequent and
very fudden. It is alfo feldom that the fummit is ever obferved clear from clouds j and
when this does happen, it is only as it were, for an inftant.

The jurifdiftion of the governor of Porto Bello is limited to the town and the forts ;
the neighbouring country, over which it might be extended, being full of mountains
covered with impenetrable forefts, except a few vallies, in which are thinly fcattered
fome farms or Aaciendas ; the nature of the country not admitting of farther improve-
ments.

3 A 2 CHAP.

364 ULXOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

CHAP. IV. — Of the Climate of Porto Bello^ and the Di/iempers which -prove fo fatal

to the Crews of the Galleons,

THE inclemency of the climate of Porto Bello is fufficiently known all over Europe.
Not only ftrangers who come thither are affefted by it, but even the natives themfelves
fuffer in various manners. It deftroys the vigour of nature, and often untimely cuts
the thread of life. It is a current opinion, that formerly, and even not above twenty
years fmce, parturition was here fo dangerous, that it was feldom any women did not'
die in child-bed. As foon therefore as they had advanced three or four months in their
pregnancy, they were fent to Panama, where they continued till the danger of deli-
very was pafl. A few indeed had the firmnefs to wait their defliny in their ovm houfes ;
but much the greater number thought it more advifabfe to undertake the journey, than
to run fo great a hazard of their lives.

The excellive love which a lady had for her hufband, blended with a dread that he
would forget her during her abfence, his employment not permitting him to accompany
her to Panama, determined her to fet the firit example of afting contrary to this general
cuftom. The reafons for her fear were fufficient to juftify her refolution to run the rilk
of a probable danger, in order to avoid an evil which fhe knew to be certain, and muft
have embittered the whole remainder of her life. The event was happy ; fhe was delivered,
and recovered her former health j and the example of a lady of her rank did not fail of
infpiring others with the like courage, though not founded on the fame reafons ; till, by
degrees, the dread which former melancholy cafes had imprefled on the mind, and gave
occafion to this climate's being confidered as fatal to pregnant women, was entirely
difperfed.

Another opinion equally ftrange is, that the animals from other climates, on their
being brought to Porto Bello, ceafe to procreate. The inhabitants bring inflancest, of
hens brought from Panama or Carthagena, which immediately on their arrival grew
barren, and laid no more eggs ; and even at this very time, the horned cattle fent from
Panama, after they have been here a fhort time, lofe their flefh fo as not to be eatable ;
though they do not want for plenty of good pafture. It is certain that there are no
horfes or afles bred here, which tends to confirm the opinion that this climate checks the
generation of creatures produced in a more benign or lefs noxious air. However, not
to rely on the common opinion, we inquired of fome intelligent perfons, who differed
but very little from the vulgar, and even confirmed what they afferted, by many* known
fafts, and experiments performed by themfelves.

The liquor in Mr. Reaumur's thermometer, on the 4th of December 1735, at fix
in the morning, ftood at 1021, and at noon rofe to 1023.

The heat here is exceffive, augmented by the fituation of the town, which is fur-
rounded by high mountains, without any interval for the winds, whereby it might be
refreftied. The trees on the mountains ftand fo thick, as to intercept the rays of the
fun; and, confequently, hinder them from drying the earth under their branches:
hence copious exhalations, which form large clouds, and precipitate in violent torrents
of rain ; thefe are no fooner over, than the fun breaks forth afrefli, and fhines with its
former fplendour ; though fcarce has the adivity of his rays dried the furface of the
ground not covered by the trees, when the atmofphere is again crowded by another
colledion of thick vapours, and the fun again concealed. Thus it continues during the
whole day : the night is fubjed to the like viciflitudes ; but without the leaft diminution
of heat in either.

Thefe

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 365

Thefe torrents of-rain, which, by their fuddennefs and impetuofity, feem to threaten
a fecond deluge, are accompanied with fuch tempefts of thunder and lightning, as
muft daunt even the moft refolute : this dreadful noife is prolonged by repercuffions
from the caverns of the moontains, hke the explofion of a cannon, the rumbling of
which is heard for a minute after. To this may alfo be added the bowlings and Ihrieks
of the multitudes of monkies of all kinds, which live in the forefts of the mountains,
and which are never louder than when a man of war fires the morning and evening gun,
though they are fo much ufed to it.

This continual inclemency, added to the fatigue of the feamen in unloading, the fhips,
carrying the goods on fliore in barges, and afterwards drawing them along on fledges,
caufes a very profufe perfpiration, and, confequently, renders them weak and faint j
and they, in order to recruit their fpirits, have recourfe to brandy, of which there is, on
thefe occafions, an incredible confumption. The exceflive labour, immoderate drinking,
and the inclemency and the unhealthfulnefs of the climate, muft jointly deftroy the befl
conflitutions, and produce thofe deleterious difeafes fo common in this country. They
may well be termed deleterious ; for the fymptoms of all are fatal, the patients being too
much attenuated to make any effectual refjflance ; and hence epidemics and mortal dif-
tenlpers are fo very common.

It is not the feamen alone who are fubjeft to thefe difeafes ; others, flrangers to the
feas, and not concerned in the fatigues, are attacked by them ; and, confequently,
is a fufficient demonftration that the other two are only collateral, though they
tend both to fpread and inflame the diflemper ; it being evident, that when the
fluids are difpofed to receive the feeds of the diflemper, its progrefs is more rapid,
and its attacks more violent. On fome occafions, phyficians have been fent for
from Carthagena, as being fuppofed to be better acquainted with the properefl
methods of curing the diflempers of this country, and, confequently, more able to
recover the feamen ; but experience has fhewn, that this intention has been fo little
anfwered, that the galleons or other European fhips, which flay any time here, feldom
depart, without burying half, or, at leafV, a third of their men ; and hence this city
has, with too much reafon, been termed the grave of the Spaniards ; but it may, with
much greater propriety, be applied to thofe of other nations who vifit it. This remark
was fufficiently confirmed by the havoc made among the Englifli, when their fleet, in
1726, appeared before the port, with a view of making themfelves maflers of the
treafure brought thither from all parts to the fair held at the arrival of the galleons,
which, at that time, by the death of the Marquis Grillo, were commanded by Don
Francifco Cornejo, one of thofe great officers whofe condud: and refolution have done
honour to the navy of Spain. He ordered the fhips under his command to be moored
in a line within the harbour ; and erefted, on the entrance, a battery, the care of which
he committed to the officers of the fhips : or rather, indeed, fuperintended it himfelf,
omitting no precaution, but vifiting every part in perfon. Thefe preparatives ilruck
luch a conflernation into the Englim fleet, though of confiderable force, that, inflead
of making any attempt, they formed only a blockade, depending on being fupplied
with provifions from Carthagena, and that famine would at length oblige the Spaniards
to give up what they at firfl: intended to acquire by force ; but when the admiral
thought himfelf on the point of obtaining his ends, the inclemency of the feafon de-
clared itfelf among his fhips' companies, fweeping away fuch numbers, that in a fhort
time he was obliged to return to Jamaica, with the lofs of above half his people.

But, notwithflianding the known inclemency of the climate of Porto Bello, and its
general fatality to Europeans, the fquadron of 1730 enjoyed there a good ftate of health,

though

366 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

though the fatigues and irregularities among the feamen were the fame : nor was there
any perceivable change in the air. This happy fingularity was attributed to the flay of
the fquadron at Carthagena, where they paffed the time of the epidemia, by which
their conftitutions were better adapted to this climate ; and hence it appears, that the
principal caufe of thefe diftempers flows from the conftitutions of the Europeans not
being ufed to it ; and thus they either die, or become habituated to it, like the natives,
Creoles, and other inhabitants.

CHAP. V. — Account of the Inhabitants and Country about Porto Bello.

IN feveral particulars there is no eflential difference between Carthagena and Porto
Bello ; fo that I fhall only mention thofe peculiar to the latter ; and add fome obferva-
tions, tending to convey a more exa£l knowledge of this country.

The number of the inhabitants of Porto Bello, by reafon of its fmallnefs, and the
inclemency of its climate, is very inconfiderable, and the greater part df thefe, Negroes
and Mulattos, there being fcarce thirty white families ; thofe, who by commerce or
their eftates are in eafy circumftances, removing to Panama. So that thofe only ftay at
Porto Bello, whofe employments oblige them to it ; as the governor or lieutenant-general,
the commanders of the forts, the civil officers of the crown, the officers and foldiers of
the garrifons, the alcaldes in office and of the hermandad, and the town clerk. Dur-
ing our ftay here, the garrifons of the forts confifted of about one hundred and twenty-
five men, being detachments from Panama ; and thefe, though coming from a place
fo near, are affedted to fuch a degree, that in lefs than a month they are fo attenuated,
as to be unable to do any duty, till cuftom again reftores them to their ftrength. None
of thefe, or of the natives of the country, above the Mulatto clafs, ever fettle here,
thinking it a difgrace to live in it : a certain proof of its unhealthinefs, fince thofe to
whom it gave birth forfake it.

In manners and cuftoms, the inhabitants of Porto Bello refemble thofe of Carthagena,
except that the latter are more free and generous, thofe in the parts round Porto Bello
being accufed of avarice ; a vice natural to all the inhabitants of thefe countries.

Provifions are fcarce at Porto Bello, and confequently dear, particularly during the
time of the galleons and the fair, when there is a neceflity for a fupply from Cartha-
gena and Panama. From the former are brought maize, rice, cafava, hogs, poultry,
and roots ; and from the latter, cattle. The only thing in plenty here is fifh, of which
there is great variety, and very good. It alfo abounds in fugar-canes, fo that the
chacaras, or farm-houfes, if they may be fo called, are built of them. They have alfo
ingenios * for making fugar and molaffes, and, from the latter, brandy.

Frefh water pours down in ftreams from the mountains, fome running without the
town, and others croffing it. Thefe waters are very light and digeftive, and, in thofe
who are ufed to them, good to create an appetite ; qualities, which in other coun-
would be very valuable, are here pernicious. This country feems fo curfed by nature,
tries that what is in itfelf good, becomes here deftrudive. For, doubtlefs, this
water is too fine and aftive for the ftomachs of the inhabitants ; and thus produces
dyfenteries, the laft ftage of all other diftempers, and which the patient very feldom
furvives. Thefe rivulets, in their defcent from the mountains, form little refervoirs, or
ponds, whofe coolnefs is increafed by the fhade of the trees, and in thefe all the inha-

* Ingenio fignifies the mill, flill, and apparatus, for making fugar, rum, &c. A.

2 bitants

ulloa's voyage to south ameiuca. ^6y

bitants of the town bathe themfelves conflantly every day at eleven in the morning ; and
the Europeans fail not to follow an example fo pleafant and conducive to health,

As thefe forefts almoft border on the houfes of the town, the tigers often make
incurfions into the ftreets during the night, carrying off fowls, dogs, and other domeftic
creatures ; and fometimes even boys have fallen a prey to them ; and it is certain, that
ravenous beads, which provide themfelves with food in this manner, are afterwards
known to defpife what the forefts afford ; and that, after tafting human flefh, they flight
that of beafts *. Befides the fnares ufually laid for them, the Negroes and Mulattos,
who fell wood in the forefts of the mountains, are very dexterous in encountering the
tigers ; and fome, even on account of the flender reward, feek them in their retreats.
The arms in this combat, feemingly fo dangerous, are only a lance, of two or three yards
ia length, made of a very ftrong wood, with the point of the fame hardened in the fire ;
and a kind of cimeter, about three quarters of a yard in length. Thus armed, they
ftay till the creature makes an afl'ault on the left arm, which holds the lance, and is
wrapped up in a fhort cloak of baize. Sometimes the tiger, aware of the danger, feems
to decline the combat ; but his antagonift provokes him with a llight touch of the lance,
in order, while he is defending himfelf, to ftrike a fure blow ; for, as foon as the crea-
ture feels the lance, he grafps it with one of his paws, and with the other ftrikes at the
arm which holds it. Then it is that the perfon nimbly aims a blow with his cimeter,
which he kept concealed with the other hand, and hamftrings the creature, which
immediately draws back enraged, but- returns to the charge ; when, receiving another
fuch ftroke, he is totally deprived of his moft dangerous weapons, and rendered inca-
pable of moving. After which the perfon kills him at leifure, and ftripping oif the
Ikin, cutting off" the head, and the fore and hind feet, returns to the town, difplaying
thefe as the trophies of his victory.

Among the great variety of animals in this country, one of the moft remarkable is
the Perico ligero, or nimble Peter, an ironical name given it on account of its extreme
fluggifhnefs and lloth. It refembles a middling monkey, but of a wretched appearance,
its Ikin being of a greyifh brown, all over corrugated, and the legs and feet without
hair. He is fo lumpifh, as not to ftand in need of either chain or hutch, for he never
ftirs till compelled by hunger. When he moves, every effort is attended with fuch a
plaintive, and at the fame time fo difagreeable a cry, as at once produces pity and dif-
guft ; and this even on the flighteft motion of the head, legs, or feet ; proceeding pro-
bably from a general contradion of the mufcles and nerves of his body, which puts him
to extreme pain, when he endeavours to move them. In this difagreeable cry confifts
his whole defence ; for, it being natural to him to fly at the firft hoftile approach of any
beaft, he makes at every motion fuch bowlings as are even infupportable to his purfuer,
who foon quits him, and even flies beyond the hearing of his horrid noife. Nor is it
only during the time he is in motion that he utters thefe cries ; he repeats them while
he refts himfelf, continuing a long time motionlefs before he takes another march.
The food of this creature is generally wild fruits ; when he can find none on the ground,
he looks out for a tree well loaded, which, with a great deal of pains, he climbs j and,
to fave himfelf fuch another toilfome afcent, plucks off all the fruit, throwing them on
the ground; and to avoid the pain of defcending, forms himfelf into a ball, and drops from

* This is an error. Beafls of prey in America are not fo fierce as in Africa and Afia ; they never
attack the human fpecies, but when forced by hunger, or provoked. It is affirmed by the natives, that
if an European, with his Negro and dog, were to meet with two hungry beaits of prey, whether tigers
or ounces, they would feize the dog and Negro, and leave the European. But the truth I never knew
experienced. A.

the

368 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

the branches. At the foot of this tree he continues till all the fruits are confumed,
never ftirring till hunger forces him to feek again for food.

Serpents are here as numerous and deadly as at Carthagena ; and toads * innumer-
able, fwarming not only in the damp and marfhy places, as in other countries, but even
in the ftreetSj courts of great houfes, and all open places in general. The great num-
bers of them, and their appearance after the lead jfhower, have induced fome to ima-
gine, that every drop of water becomes a toad ; and though they allege, as a proof, the
extraordinary increafe of them on the fmalleft ihower, their opinion does not feem to
me to be well founded. It is evident, that thefe reptiles abound both in the forefts and
neighbouring rivers, and even in the town itfelf ; and produce a prodigious quantity of
animalcula, from whence, according to the beft naturalifts, thefe reptiles are formed.
Thefe animacula either rife in the vapours, which form the rain, and falling together
with it on the ground, which is extremely heated by the rays of the fun, or being already
depofited in it by the toads, grow, and become animated, in no lefs numbers than were
formerly feen in Europe. But fome of them which appear after rains being fo large as
to meafure fix inches in length, they cannot be imagined the effect of an inftantaneous
production ; I am therefore inclined to think, from my own obfervations, that this
part of the country being remarkably moifl, . is very well adapted to nourifh the breed
of thofe creatures, which love watery places ; and therefore avoid thofe parts of the
ground expofed to the rays of the fun, feeking others where the earth is foft, and there
form themfelves cavities in the ground, to enjoy the moiflure ; and as the furface over
them is generally dry, the toads are not perceived ; but no fooner does it begin to
rain, than they leave their retreats to come at the water, which is their fupreme de-
light ; and thus fill the flreets and open places. Hence the vulgar opinion had its
rfle, that the drops of rain were transformed into toads. When it has rained in the
night, the flreets and fquares in the morning feem paved with thefe reptiles ; fo that
you cannot flep without treading on them, which fometimes is productive of trouble-
fome bites : for, befides their poifon, they are large enough for their teeth to be fe-
verely felt. Some we have already obferved to be fix inches long, and this is their
general meafure ; and there are fuch- numbers of them, that nothing can be imagined
more difmal than their croakings, during the night, in all parts of the town, woods,
and caverns of the mountains.

CHAP. V\.-^Of the Trade of Porto Bello,

THE town of Pojto Bello, fo thinly inhabited, by reafon of its noxious air, the
fcarcity of provifions, and the barrennefs of its foil, becomes, at the time of the gal-
leons, one of the mofl populous places in all South America. Its fituation on the iflh-
mus, betwixt the South and North Sea, the goodnefs of its harbour, and its fmall dif-
tance from Panama, have given it the preference for the rendezvous of the joint com-
merce of Spain and Peru, at its fair.

On advice being received at Carthagena, that the Peru fleet had unloaded at Panama,
the galleons make the beft of their way to Porto Bello, in order to avoid the diftempers
which have their fource from idlenefs. The concourfe of people on this occafion is fuch
as to raife the rent of lodging to an exceflive degree ; a middling chamber, with a clofet,

* Called by the natives ferpos : they appear every dewy evening in Ss great numbers as after a fhower.
I never heard of the opinion the author fpeaks of. A.

12 lets.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 365

lets, during the fair, for a thoufand crowns, and fome large houfes for four, five,, or
fix thoufand.

The fliips are no fooner moored in the harbour, than the firft work is to ere£t in the
fquare a tent made of the fhip's fails, for receiving its cargo, at which the proprietors of
the goods are prefent, in order to find their bales by the marks which diftinguifh them.
Thefe bales are drawn on fledges to their refpeftive places by the crew of every fhip, and
the money given them is proportionally divided.

Whilft the feamen and European traders are thus employed, the land is covered with
droves of mules from Panama, each drove confiding of above an hundred, loaded with
chefls of gold and filver, on account of the merchants of Peru. Some unload them at
the exchange, others in the middle of the fquare ; yet, amidft the hurry and confwfion of
fuch crowds, no theft, lofs, or diflurbance is ever known. He who has feen this place
during the tiempo muerto, or dead time, folitary, poor, and a perpetual filence reigning
every where ; the harbour quite empty, and every place wearing a melancholy afped,
rnufi be filled with aftoniflmient at thefudden change; to fee the buftlir*g multitudes,
every houfe crowded, the fquare and ftreets encumbered with bales and chefts of gold
and filver of all kinds ; the harbour full of Ihips and veifels, fome bringing by the way
of Rio de Chape the goods of Peru, as cacao, quinquina, or Jefuits* bark. Vicuna wool
and bezoar Hones ; others coming from Carthagena loaded with provifions ; and thus
a fpot at all other times detefted for its deleterious qualities, becomes the ftaple of the
riches of the old and new world, and the fceneof one of the mofl confiderable branches
of commerce in the whole earth.

The fhips being unloaded, and the merchants of Peru, together with the prefident
of Panama, arrived, the fair comes under deliberation. And for this purpofe the de-
puties of the feveral parties repair on board the commodore of the galleons, where, in
prefence of the commodore, and the prefident of Panama, the former as patron of the
Europeans, and the latter, of the Peruvians, the prices of the feveral kinds of mer-
chandifes are fettled ; and all preliminaries being adjufled in three or four meetings,
the contradls are figned, and made public, that every one may conform himfelf to
them in the fale of his effedts. Thus all fraud is precluded. The purchafes and fales,
as likewife the exchanges of money, are tranfafted by brokers, both from Spain and
Peru. After this, every one begins to difpofe of his goods ; the Spanifli brokers em-
barking their chefts of money, and thofe of Peru fending away the goods they have
purchafed, in veflels called chatas and bongos, up the river Chagre. And thus the
fair of Porto Bello eads.

Formerly this fair was limited to no particular time ; but as a long ftay, in fuch a
fickly place, extremely affefted the health of the traders, His Catholic Majefty tranf-
mitted an order, that the fair fhould not laft above forty days, reckoning from that in
which the fhips came to an anchor in the harbour ; and that, if in this fpace of time the
merchants could not agree in their rates, thofe of Spain fhould be allowed to carry their
goods up the country to Peru ; and accordingly the commodore of the galleons has
orders to re-embark them, and return to Carthagena ; but otherwife, by virtue of a
compad between the merchants of both kingdoms, and ratified by the king, no Spa-
nifh trader is to fend his goods, on his own account, beyond ?orto Bello ; and on the
contrary, thofe of Peru cannot fend remittances to Spain, for purchafing goods there.
Whilft the Englifh were permitted to fend an annual fhip, called Navio de Permiffo,
Ihe ufed to bring to the fair a large cargo on her own account, never failing firft to
touch at Jamaica, fo that her loading alone was more than half of all thofe brought
by the galleons j for befides that her burthen fo far exceeded five hundipetd: Sparrilh
VOL* XIV. 7 B tons»

37<>

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

.tons, that it was even more than nine hundred, fhe had no provifions, water, or other
things, which fill a great part of the hold j fhe indeed took them in at Jamaica, from
whence fhe was attended by five or fix finaller veffels, loaded with goods, which,
when arrived near Porto Bello, were put on board her, and the provisions removed
into the tenders ; by which artifice the fingle fhip was made to carry more than five or
fix of the largefl galleons. This nation having a free trade, and felling cheaper than
the Spaniards, that indulgence was of infinite detriment to the commerce of Spain.

In the dead time, all the trade llirring here, confifls in provifions from Carthagena,
and cacao and quinquina, down the river Chagre ; the former is carried in fmall vef-
fels to Vera Cruz, and the quinquina either depofited in warehoufes, or put on board
fhips, which with permiffion, come from Spain to Nicaragua and Honduras ; thefe
fliips alfo take in cacao. Some fmall veifels likewife come from the iflands of Cuba,
La Trinidad, and St. Domingo, with cacao and rum.

Whilfl the affiento of negroes fubfifted either with the French or Englifh, one of
their principal factories was fettled here, and was of confiderable advantage to its com-
merce, as being the channel by which not only Panama was fupplied with negroes,
but from whence they were fent all over the kingdom of Peru ; on which account the
agents of the affiento were allowed to bring with them fuch a quantity of provifions as
was thought neceffary, both for their own ufe, and their flaves of both fexes.

BOOK III.

VOYAGE FROM PORTO BELLO TO PANAMA.

CHAP. I. — Voyage up the Chagre, and Journey from Cruces to Panama by Land,

A S it had always been our fixed defign to flay no longer than abfolutely neceffary
'^ in any place, till we had anfwered the great end of our commiffion, our ardour
to enter upon it, together with a defire of quitting this dangerous climate, induced us
to make the utmofl difpatch. In order to this, we fent advice from Porto Bello to
Don Dionyfio Martinez de la Vega, prefident of Panama, of our arrival, the motives
of our voyage, and other circumflances, together with His Majelly's orders relating
to the affiftance to be given us by all his officers ; adding our requefts, that he would
be pleafed to fend one or two of thofe veffels ufed on the Chagre, to bring us to Pana-
ma, it being impradicable for us to travel thither by land, as fome of the inflruments
were too large for the narrow craggy roads in many parts, and others of a nature not
to be carried on mules. This gentleman, who has always fhewn a rpmarkable zeal
for every thing dignified with His Majefly*s name, was not in the leafl wanting on this
occafion ; and his polite reply, which fully anfwered our mofl fanguine hopes, was
followed by two veffels difpatched. to Porto Bello. Immediately on their arrival, we
put on board the inflruments and baggage, belonging both to the French gentlemen,
and ourfelves ; and on the 2 2d of December 1735, departed from Porto Bello.

The land wind being contrary to us, we rowed out of Porto Bello harbour ; but
the brifas fetting in at nine in the morning, both veffels got under fail ; and a frefh
gale brought us, at four in the evening of the fame day, to the mouth of the river

9 Chagre,

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 37 f

Chagre, where we landed at the cuftom-houfe ; and the next day we began to row
up the river.

On the 24th, we endeavoured to proceed in the fame manner, but the force of our , , .
oars being too weak to ftem the current, we were obliged to fet the vefTels along with * ' ^'^'

poles. At a quarter after one in the afternoon, we meafured the velocity of the cur- -i^^*"^^*'
rent, and found it ten toifes and one foot in forty feconds and an half. In this flow ♦/,'?r /ne^
toilfome manner we proceeded till the 27th at eleven in the morning, when we arrived
at Cruces, the landing place, about five leagues from Panama. As we advanced up
the river we found a great increafe in the velocity of the current, which on the 25th
was ten toifes in twenty-fix feconds and a half: on the 26th, at the place where we
anchored for that night, ten toifes in fourteen feconds and a half: and on the 27th,
at the town of Cruces, the fame fpace in fixteen feconds. Confequently the greateft
velocity of the water is two hundred and eighty-three toifes, or about a league, in
an hour. '^ ^

This river, which was formerly called Lagartos, from the number of alligators in
it, though now better known by that of Chagre, has its fource in the mountains near
Cruces. Its mouth, which is in the North Sea, in 9° 1 8' 40" north latitude, and
295° 6' longitude, from the meridian of Teneriffe, was difcovered by Lopez de Olano.
Diego de Alvites difcovered that part of it where Cruces is lituated ; but the firffc
Spaniard who failed down it, to reconnoitre it to its mouth, was Captain Hernando de
la Serna, in the year 1527. Its entrance is defended by a fort, fituated on a fteep
rock on the eaft fide near the fea fliore. This fort is called San Lorenzo de Chagres,
has a commandant and a lieutenant, both appointed by His Majefty, and the garrifon
is draughted from Panama.

About eight toifes from the above fort, is a town of the fame name. The houfes
are principally of reeds, and" the inhabitants negroes, mulattos, and meftizos. They
are a brave and adive people, and on occafion, take up arms to the number of triple
the ufual garrifon of the fort.

Oppofite, on a low and level ground, ftands the royal cuftom-houfe, where an
account is taken of all goods going up the Chagre. Here the breadth of the river is
about one hundred and twenty toifes, but grows narrower gradually as you approach its
fource. At Cruces, the place where it begins to be navigable, it is only twenty toifes
broad ; the neareft diftance between this town and the mouth is twenty-one miles, and
the bearing north-weft 7° 24' wefterly ; but the diftance meafured along the feveral
windings of the river, is no lefs than forty-three miles.

It breeds a great number of caymanes or alligators ; creatures often feen on its
banks, which are impaflable, both on account of the clofenefs of the trees, and the
bulhes which cover the ground, as it were with thorns. Some of thefe trees, efpecially
the cedar, are ufed in making the canoes or banjas employed on the river. Many of
them being undermined by the water, are thrown down by the fwellings of the river ;
but the prodigious magnitude of the trunk, and their large and extenfive branches,
hinder them from being carried away by the current ; fo that they remain near their
original fituation, to the great inconvenience and even danger of the veffels j for the
greater part of them being under water, a veffel by ftriking fwddenly on them is fre-
quently overfet. Another obftrudion to the navigation of this river is the races, or
fwift currents over the fhallows, where thofe veffels, though built for that purpofe,
cannot proceed for want of a fufficient quantity of water j fo that they are obliged to
be lightened, till they have pafled the fliallow.

3 B 2 The

37^

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

The barks employed on this river are of two kinds, the chatas and bongos, called
in Peru, bonques. The firfl: are compofed of feveral pieces of timber, like barks,
and of great breadth, that they may draw but litte water ; they carry fix or feven hun-
dred quintals. The bongos are formed out of one piece of wood ; and it is furprifmg
to think there ihould be trees of fuch a prodigious bulk, fome being eleven Paris feet
broad, and carrying conveniently four or five hundred quintals. Both forts have a
cabin at the ftern, for the conveniency of the paflengers, a kind of awning fupported
with a wooden ftancheon reaching to the head, and a partition in the middle, which
is alfo continued the whole length of the veflel ; and over the whole, when the veffel
is loaded, are laid hides, that the goods may not be damaged by the violence of the
rains, which are very frequent here. Each of thefe require, befides the pilot, at lealt
eighteen or twenty robuft negroes ; for without fuch a number, they would not be
able, in going up, to make any way againfl the current.

All the foreftsand woods near this river are full of wild beafts, efpecially different
kinds of monkeys. They are of various colours, as black, brown, reddilh, and
ftriated; there is alfo the fame diverfity in their fize; fome being a yard long, others
about half a yard, and others fcarce one third. The flefh of all thefe different kinds
is highly valued by the negroes, efpecially that of the red ; but however delicate the
meat may be, the fight of them is I think, enough to make the appetite abhor them;
for when dead, they are fcalded in order to take off the hair, whence the fkin is con-
trafted by the heat, and when thoroughly cleaned, looks perfectly white, and very greatly
refembles a child of about two or three years of age, when crying. This refemblance
is Ihocking to humanity, yet the fcarcity of other food in many parts of America renders
the flefh of thefe creatures valuable ; and not only the negroess, but the Creoles and
Europeans themfelves, make no fcruple of eating it.

Nothing in my opinion, can excel the profpeds which the rivers of this country ex-
hibits The mofl fertile imagination of a painter can never equal the magnificence of
the rural landfcapes here drawn by the pencil of Nature. The groves which fhade the
plains, and extend their branches to the river ; the various dimenfions of the trees
which cover the eminences ; the texture of their leaves ; the figure of their fruits, and
the various colours they exhibit, form a moli delightful fcene, which is greatly height-
ened by the infinite varitety of creatures with which it is diverfified. The different
fpecies of monkeys, ikipping in troops from tree to tree, hanging from the branches,
and in other places fix, eight, or more of them linked together, in order to pafs a
river, and the dams with their young on their fhoulders, throwing themfelves into odd
poftures, making a thouimd grimaces, will perhaps appear fiftitious to thofe who have
not aAually feen it. But if the birds are confidered, our reafon for admiration will be
greatly augmented : for, befide thofe already mentioned (Book I. chap, vii.), and
which, from their abundance, feem to have had their origin on the banks of this river,
here are a great variety of others, alfo eatable, as the wild and royal peacock, the
turtle-dove, and the heron. Of the latter there are four or five fpecies ; fome entirely
white, others of the fame colour, except the neck and fome parts of the body, which
are red ; others black, only the neck, tips of the v/ings and the belly white ; and fome,
with other mixture of colours; and all differing in fize. The fpecies firll mentioned
are the lead ; the white mixed with black the largell and mod palatable. The flelh
■of peacocks, pheafants, and other kinds, is very delicate *. The trees along the banks

* The fifhy tafte, which mofl of the fowls in this country have^ is an exception to tbeir delicacy as
ioQd. A.

of

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 373

'cf this rh'er are furprlfingly loaded with fruit ; but the pine-apples, for beauty, fize,
^flavour, and fragrancy, excel thofe of all other countries, and are highly efleemed in
-all parts of America.

On our arrival at Cruces, we went on fhore, and were entertained by the alcalde of
the town, whofe houfe was that of the cuftoms, where an account is taken of all goods
t»rought up the river. Having, with all poffible difpatch, got every thing ready for
our journey to Panama, on the 29th, at half an hour after eleven in the morning, we
■fet out, and reached that city by three quarters after fix in the evening. We made
it our firft bufinefs to wait on the prefident, a mark of refpedt due, not only to his
dignity, but alfo for the many civilities he had fhewn us. This worthy gentleman re-
ceived us all, and particularly the foreigners, in the mofl cordial and endearing man-
ner. He alfo recommended to all the King's officers, and other perfons of diftin£tion
in the city, not to be wanting in any good office, or mark of efleem ; a behaviour
which fhevved at once the weight of the royal orders, and his zeal to execute his Sove-
-reign's pleafure.

Some indifpenfable preparations which were to be made for the profecution of our
journey, detained us longer at Panama than we expefted. We however employed
our time to the bed advantage, making feveral obfervations, particularly on the latitude
and the pendulum ; but the proximity of Jupiter at that time to the fun hindered us
(from fettling the longitude. I alfo employed myfelf in taking a plan of the place,
with all its fortifications, and adjacent coaft. At length, all things being in readinefs,
we embarked without any farther lofs of time.

CHAP. II. — Defcripiion of the City of Panama.

PANAMA is built on an ifthmus of the fame name, the coaft of which is wafhed ^ay
the South Sea. From the obfervations we made here, we found the latitude of this city
to be 8° 57' 48 '4^ north. With regard to its longitude, there are various opinions;
^jione of the aftronomers having been able, from obfervations made on the fpot, to afcer-
tain it, fo that it is flill doubtful whether it lies on the eaft or weil fide of the meridian
•of Porto Bello. The French geographers will have it to lie on the eaft fide, and ac-
»cordingly have placed it fo in their maps ; but, in thofe of the Spaniards, it is on the
weft : and I conceive the latter, from their frequent journies from one place to the other,
may be concluded to have a more intimate knowledge of their refpeftive fituations ;
whereas the former, being ftrangers, in a great meafure, to thofe places, have not the
•opportunity of making fo frequent obfervations. I allow indeed that, among the Spa-
niards who make this little journey, the number is very fmall of thofe who have either
-capacity or inclination for forming a well-grounded judgment of the road they travel ;
but there have been alfo many expert pilots, and other perfons of curiofity, who have
employed their attention on it, and from their report the fituation of the city has been
determined. This opinion is in fome meafure confirmed by our courfe, the diredion
of which on the river, from its mouth to the town of Cruces, was eaft 6^ 15' foutherly,
and the diftance being twenty-one miles, the diff'erence between the twO meridians is
twenty minutes, the diftance Chagre is fituated to the weft of Cruces. We muft alfo
■confider the diftance between Porto Bello and Chagre. During the firft two hours and
.a half we failed a league and a half an hour, when, the land-breeze fpringing up, we
.failed X.\vo leagues an hour for feven hours, which in all makes eighteen leagues ; and
ihe whole courfe having been very nearly weft, the difference of longitude muft have

J been

374

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

been forty-four miles, or forty-one, allowing for what might have been wanting of a
due weft courfe ; and from this again fubtrading the twenty minutes which Cruces lies
to the eaft of Chagre, the refult is, that Cruces is fituated twenty-one minutes to the
weftward of Porto Bello. To this laft refult muft be added the diftance of meridians
between Cruces and Panama, the bearing of which is near fouth-weft and north-eaft ;
and reckoning that we travelled, on account of the roughnefs and cragginefs of the road,
only three quarters of a league an hour, during ^he feven hours, the whole is fourteen
miles, and the difference of meridians ten minutes and a half. Confequently Panama is
fituated about thirty minutes weft of Porto Bello ; and the Spanifh artifts are nearer the
truth than the French.

The firft difcovery of Panama the Spaniards owe to Tello de Guzman, who landed
here in 15 15; but found only fome fiftiermen's huts, this being a very proper place
for their bufinefs, and from thence the Indians call it Panama, which fignifies a place
abounding in fifli. Before this, namely, in the year 1 5 1 3, Bafco Nunez de Balboa dif-
covered the South Sea, and took legal pofleffion of it in the names of the Kings
of Caftile. The difcovery of Panama was, in the year 1518, followed by the fet-
tlement of a colony there, under Pedrarias Davila, governor of Caftilla del Oro,
the name by which this Terra Firma was then called; and in 1521, His Catholic
Majefty, the Emperor Charles V., conftituted it a city, with the proper privileges.

It was this city's misfortune, in the year 1670, to be facked and burnt by John
Morgan, an Englifh adventurer. He had before taken Porto Bello and Maracaybo j
and, retiring to the iflands, he every where publiflied his defign of going to Panama ;
upon which many of the pirates, who then infefted thofe feas, joined him. He firft
failed for Chagre, where he landed fome of his men, and, at the fame time, battered
the caftle with his fliips j but his fuccefs was owing to a very extraordinary accident.
His ftrength was confiderably diminiftied by the great numbers killed and wounded by
the fort, and he began to think it advifable to retreat ; when an arrow, fhot from the
bow of an Indian, lodged in the eye of one of Morgan's companions. The perfon
wounded, rendered defperate by the pain, with a remarkable firmnefs and prefence of
mind, drew the arrow from the wound, and, wrapping one of its ends in cotton, or
tow, put it into his mufket, which was ready loaded, and difcharged it into the fort,
where the roofs of tl;ie houfes were of ftraw, and the fides of wood, according to the
cuftom of that country. The arrow fell on one of the roofs, and immediately fet it
on fire, which was not at firft obferved by the befieged, who were bufy in defending
the place ; but the fmoke and flames foon informed them of the total deftrudion of
the fort, and of the magazine of powder, which the flames muft foon reach. This
unexpected accident filled them with terror and confufion ; the courage of the foldiers
degenerated into tumult and difobedience ; and, every one being eager to fave himfelf,
the works were foon abandoned, in order to efcape the double danger of being either
burnt or blown up. The commandant, however, determined to do all in his power,
ftill defended the fort, with fixteen or twenty foldiers, being all that were left him, till,
covered with wounds, he fell a viftim to his loyalty. The pirates, encouraged by this
accident, pufhed their attack with the utmoft vigour ; and the few people were obliged
to furrender the place, which the violence of the flames foon laid in afhes. Having
furmounted this difficulty, the greater part of them proceeded up the river in boats
and launches, leaving the fhips at anchor, for the defence of their new conqueft. The
detachment having landed at Cruces, marched towards Panama, and, on the Sabana,
a fpacious plain before the city, they had feveral fkirmifhes, in which Morgan always
gained the advantage ; fo that he made himfelf mafter of the city, but found it almoft

forfakenj

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 375

forfaken ; the inhabitants, on feeing their men defeated, having retired into the woods.
He now plundered it at his leifure ; and, after (laying fome days, agreed, for a large
ranfom, to evacuate it without damaging the buildings ; but, after the payment of the
money, the city was fet on fire, by accident, as they gave out, and as the hiftory of
his adventures relates ; but it is much more probable that it was done by defign. To
pretend it was owing to accident, feemed to them the bed palliative for their violating
the treaty.

This misfortune rendering it abfolutely neceffary to rebuild the city. It was removed
to its prefent fituation, which is about a league and a half from the former, and much
more convenient. It has a wall of free-flone, and is defended by a large garrifon of
regulars ; whence detachments are fent to do duty at Darien, Porto Bello, and Chagre.
Near the city, on the north-weft, is a mountain called Ancon, whofe perpendicular
height, by a geometrical menfuration, we found to be one hundred and one toifes.

The houfes, in general, when we vifited this city, were of wood, having but one
ftory, and a tiled roof, but large ; and from their difpofition, and the fymmetry of their
windows, made a handfome appearance. A few were of ftone. Without the walls is
an open fuburb, larger than the city itfelf, and the houfes of the fame materials and
conftrudlion as thofe within, except fuch as border on the country, moft of which are
thatched with ftraw ; and among them fome bujios, or huts. The ftreets, both of the
city and fuburb, are ftraight, broad, and, for the moft part, paved.

Though the greater part of the houfes were formerly of wood, fires were rarely
known at Panama, the nature of the timber being fuch, that if any fire is laid on
the floor, or placed againft a wall, it is productive of no other confequence than
that of making a hole, without kindling into a flame ; and the fire itfelf extinguifli-
ed by the aflies. But, notwithftanding this excellent quality In the wood, in the year
1737, the city was almoft entirely confumed, the goodnefs of the timber being
unable to fecure it from the ravages of the flames ; indeed, by the concurrence of
another caufe, the timber was then rendered more combuftible. The fire began
in a cellar, where, among other goods, there were great quantities of pitch, tar,
naphtha, and brandy ; thefe inflammable fubftances rendered this fingular kind of
wood a more eafy prey to the devouring flames. In this conflagration the fuburb owed
its fafety to its diftance" from the city, which is one thoufand two hundred toifes.
Since this misfortune, it has been again rebuilt ; and the greater part of the houfes are
now of ftone, all forts of materials for buildings of this kind being here in the greateft
plenty.

In this city Is a tribunal or royal audience, in which the governor of Panama prefides ;
and to this employment is annexed the captainflilp general of Terra Firma, which is
generally conferred on an officer of diftlndion, though his common title is that of pre-
fident of Panama. It has alfo a cathedral, and a chapter confifting of the bifliop, and
a number of prebendaries ; an aujutamiento, or corporation, compofed of alcaldes and
regidores ; three officers of revenue, under an accomptant, treafurer, and agent ; and a
court of inquifitlon appointed by the tribunal of inquifition at Carthagena. The cathe-
dral, and alfo the convents, are of ftone ; Indeed, before the conflagration, feveral of the
latter were of wood ; but that terrible misfortune fliewed them the necefllty of ufmg
more folid materials. The convents are thofe of the Dominicans, Francifcans, Auguf-
tines, and Fathers of Mercy ; a college of Jefuits, a nunnery of the order of St. Clara,
and an hofpltal of St. Juan de Dios. The flender revenues will not admit of their being
very numerous ; and accordingly the ornaments of the churches are neither remarkably
rich, nor contemptible.

The

^yS ULLOA's voyage TO SOUTH AMERICA.

The decorations of private houfes are elegant, but not coftly ; and though there arc
here no perfons of fuch monftrous fortunes as in fome cities of America, it is not defti^
tute of- wealthy inhabitants, and all have a fufficiency ; fo that, if it cannot be claffed
among opulent cities, it is certainly above poverty.

The harbour of this city is formed in its road, by the fhelter of feveral iflands, parti-
cularly Ifla de Naos, de Perico, and Flamencos : the ancho ring-place is before the
fecond, and thence called Perico. The fhips here lie very fafe ; and their diftance from
the city is about two and a half, or three leagues.

The tides are regular ; and, according to an obfervation we made on the day of the
€onjun£lIon, it was high-water at three in the evening. The water rlfes and falls con-
fiderably ; fo that the fhore, lying on a gentle flope, is, at low water, left dry to a great
diftance. And here we may obferve the great difference of the tides in the <North and
South Seas, being diredly opppfite : what in the ports on the North Sea is accounted irre-
gular, is regular in the South ; and when in the former it ceafes to increafe or decreafe^
in the latter it both rifes and falls, extending over the flats, and widening the channels,
as the proper effe6t of the flux and reflux. This particular is fo general, as to be
obferved in all the ports of the South Sea ; for even at Manta, which is almoft under
the equinodial, the fea regularly ebbs and flows nearly fix hours ; and the effeds of
thefe two motions are fufEciently vilible along the fliores. The fame happens in the
river of Guayaquil, where the quantity of its waters does not interrupt the regular fuc-
cefllon of the tides. The like phenomena are feen at Paita, Guanchaco, Callao, and
the other harbours ; with this difference, that the water rifes and fiills more in fome
places than in others ; fo that we cannot here verify the well-grounded opinion enter-
tained by failors, namely, that between the tropics the tides are irregular, both in the
difproportion of the time of flood to that of the ebb, and alfo in the quantity of water
rifmg or falling by each of thefe motions ;. the contrary happening here. This pheno-
menon is not eafily accounted for ; all that can be faid is, that the ifthmus, or narrow
neck of land, feparating the two feas, confines their waters, whereby each is fubject to
different laws.

The variation of the magnetic needle, in this road, is 7° 39' eafterly. Both the road
and whole coaft abound in a great variety of excellent fifli, among which are two kinds
of oyfters, one fmaller than the other ; but the fmalleft are much the beft.

At the bottom of the fea are a great number of pearls ; and the oyfters, in which they
are found, are remarkably delicious. This fifliery is of great advantage to the inhabit-
ants of all the iflands in this bay.

The harbour of Perico is the rendezvous of the Peru fleet, during the time of the fair ;
and is never without barks loaded with provifions from the ports of Peru, and a great
number of coafting veflels going from thence to Choco, and parts on the weftern coaft
of that kingdom.

The winds are the fame as along the whole coaft ; the tides or currents are ftronger
near the iflands than at a diftance from them ; but no general rule can be given as to
their courfe, that depending on the place where the fliip is, with regard to the channels
which they form. They alfo vary in the fame place according to the winds. Let it
therefore fuffice that we have ftiewn there are tides on this coaft, that, on any occafion,
this notice may be applied to ufe.

CHAP.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 377

CHAP. III. — Of the Climate and Inhabitants of Panama,

MANY countries of America have fuch a refemblance, in refpeft to the inhabitants
and cuftoms, that they appear the fame. This is equally obfervable in the climate,
when no difference is occasioned by the accidental difpofition of the ground, or quality
of the foil. But, this fubject having been already fufficiently handled, a rational
curiofity will require us only to mention thofe particulars in which they differ. Thus,
after faying that the inhabitants of this city refemble thofe of Carthagena with regard
to their conflitution, I muft add, that there is fome difference in their difpofition, thofe
of Panama being more parlimonious, more defigning and infidious, and Hopping at
nothing when profit is in view, the pole-flar both of Europeans and Creoles ; and it is
difficult to determine which fet the firfl example. The fame felfifhnefs and parfimony
reigns equally among the women, fome Spanilh ladies excepted, who have accompanied
their hufbands, appointed auditors, or to fome other employments ; thefe flill retaining
the qualities they imbibed from education.

The women of Panama begin to imitate the drefs of thofe of Peru, which, when they
go abroad, confifls only of a gown and petticoat, nearly refembling thofe worn in Spain ;
but at home, on vifits, and fome particular ceremonies, their ihift is their only clothing
from the waifl upwards. The fleeves are very long and broad, and quite open in the
lower part or near the hand ; and thefe, like the bofom, are decorated with very fine
lace, the chief pride of the ladies of Panama. They wear girdles, and five or fix chap-
lets or rows of beads about their necks, fome fet in gold, fome of coral mixed with fmall
pieces of gold, and others lefs coftly ; but all of different fizes, in order to make the
greater fhow ; and befides thefe, one, two, or more gold chains, having fome relics
dependent from them. Round their arms they wear bracelets of gold and tombac ;
alfo firings of pearls, corals, and bugles. Their petticoat reaches only from their waift
to the calf of their legs ; and from thence to a little above their ancle, hangs, from their
under petticoat, a broad lace. The Meftiza, or Negro women, or the coloured women
as they are called here, are diflinguifhed in their drefs from thofe of Spain, only by the
gown and petticoat ; the particular privilege of the latter, and which alfo gives them the
title of Signora ; though many of them have little to boafl of, either with regard to rank
or wealth *.

If I omitted in Carthagena the following obfervation, it was in order to referve it for
this place ; namely, that in Carthagena, Porto Bello, and Panama, the inhabitants have
a very fingular pronunciation ; and as fome nations have a haughty accent, fome a
politenefs in their manner of expreffion, and others fpeak in a very quick manner ; fo
here their pronunciation has a faintnefs and languor, which is very difagreeable, till we
are reconciled to it by cuflom. And what is ftill more particular, each of thefe three
cities has a different accent in this languor ; befides particular fyllables peculiar to each,
and no lefs different than they are from the manner of fpeaking ufed in Spain. This
may, in fome meafure, flow from an ill habit of body, weakened by the exceflive heat of
the climate ; but I believe it is principally owing to cuftom.

The only difference between the climate of Carthagena and this is, that fummer
begins later, and ends fooner, as, the longer the brifas delay their return, the fooner
they are over. From many thermometrical obfervations made on feveral days without
any fenfible difference betwixt them at the fame hours, on the 5th and 6th of January

* Thefe cuftoms are general throughout all the northern parts of South America. A.

vol.. XIV, 3 c ^7Z^^

0^8 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

1736, at fix in the morning, they found the liquor at io2of , at noon 1023I, and at
three in the afternoon at 1025. But, at the fame time, it muft be obferved, that the
brifas now began to blow, and, confequently it was not the time of the greateft heats ;
thefe orevailing in the months of Auguft, September, and Odober.

Though this climate would naturally be fuppofed to produce the fame plants with
others in the fame latitude, it is very different. Nor does this feem to proceed from
any defedt in the foil, but from the fondnefs of the inhabitants for trade, and their total
negleft of agriculture, as too laborious. But, be the real caufe of it what it will, this
is certain, that even in the parts contiguous to the city, the land is left entirely to nature ;
nor does the leaft veftige remain of its being formerly cultivated. From hence proceeds
a fcarcity of all things, and, confequently, they are fold at a high price. Here are no
pulfe or pot-herbs of any kind j and that this is not owing to the flerility of the earth,
we h?A an evident proof in a fmall garden, belonging to a GalHcian, where all things of
this kind were produced in great plenty. By this means Panama is under a neceflity of
being fupplied with every thing, either from the coaft of Peru, or places in its own
jm'ifdidion. *

CHAP. IV. — Of the ufual Food of the Inhabitants of Panama.

THE very want of provifions caufes the tables at Panama to be better furniflied ;
and it may be truly faid, that this city fubfifts wholly by commerce, whatever is con-
fumed in It coming from other places. The fliips of Peru are continually employed in
exporting goods from that country, and the coafting barks in bringing the produdls
of the feveral places in its jurifdiftion and that of Veraguas. So that Panama is plenti-
fully furniftied with the bell of wheat, maize, poultry, and cattle. Whether it be
owing to the fuperior goodnefs of their food, the temperament of the climate, or to
fome other caufe to me unknown, it is certain that the inhabitants of this city are not
fo meagre and pale as thofe who live at Carthagena and Porto Bello.

Their common food is a creature called Guana. It is amphibious, living equally on
the land and in the water. It refembles a lizard in fhape, but is fomething larger, being
generally above a yard in length : fome are confiderably bigger, others lefs. It is of
a yellowifh green colour, but of a brighter yellow on the belly than on the back, where
the green predominates. It has four legs like a lizard ; but its claws are much longer
in proportion ; they are joined by a web, which covers them, and is of the fame form as
thofe of geefe, except that the talons at the end of the toes are much longer, and
projed: entirely out of the web or membrane. Its fkin is covered with a thin fcale
adhering to it, which renders it rough and hard ; and, from the crown of its head to
the beginning of its tail, which is generally about half a yard, runs a line of vertical
fcales, each fcale being from one to two lines in breadth, and three or four in length,
feparated fo as to reprefent a kind of faw. But from the end of the neck to the root
of the tail, the fcales gradually leflen, fo as, at the latter part, to be fcarce vifible.
Its belly is, in largenefs, very difproportionable to its body ; and its teeth feparated,
and very Iharp pointed. On the water it rather walks than fwims, being fupported
by the webs of its feet ; and on that element its fwiftnefs is fuch, as to be out of light
in an inftant ; whereas on the land, though far from moving heavily, its celerity is
greatly lefs. When pregnant, its belly fwells to an enormous fize; and, indeed,
they often lay fixty eggs at a time, each of which is as large as thofe of a pigeon.
Thefe are reckoned a great dainty, not only at Panama, but in other parts where this

10 creature

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

379

creature is found. Thefe eggs are all inclofed in a long, fine membrane, and form a
kind of ftring. The flefh of this animal is exceedingly white, and univerfally admired
by all ranks. I tailed both the flelh and the eggs, but the latter are vifcid in the
mouth, and of a very difagreeable tafte : when dreffed, tbeir colour is the fame with
that of the yolk of a hen's egg. The tafte of the flelh is fomething better : but,
though fweet, has a naufeous fmell. The inhabitants, however, compared it to that
of chicken ; though I could not perceive the leaft fimilarlty *. Thefe people, who,
by bemg accuftomed to fee them, forget the natural horror attending the fight of an
alligator, delight in this food, to which the Europeans at firft can hardly reconcile
themfelves.

Here are two fmgularities attributed to Nature, and firmly believed by the inhabit-
ants ; one in the plant called Yerva del Gallo ; the other, the double-headed fnake,
called La Cabe9a.

It is conftantly alTerted in this city, that its neighbourhood produces a fnake having
a head at each extremity ; and that from the bite of each a poifon is conveyed equal in
adivity to that of the coral, or rattle-fnake ; we could not have the fatisfadion of fee-
ing one of this ftrange fpecies, though we ufed all the means in our power to gratify
our curiofity : according to report, its ufual length is about half a yard, in figure per-
fectly refembling an earth-worm. Its diameter is about fix or eight lines, and its head
different from that of other fnakes ; being of the fame dimenfions with its body. It is,
however, very probable, that the creature has only one head, -and, from its refembling
a tail, has been imagined to have two f. The motion of it is very flow, and its colour
variegated with fpots of a paler tint.

The herb called Del Gallo, or cocks-herb, is fo highly valued here, that they
affirm, if an incifion be made round the neck of that fowl, provided the vertebra be
not injured, on the application of this herb, the wound immediately heals. Whatever
conftruftion we put upon this pretended cure, it can only be confidered as a mere
vulgar notion ; and I mention it here with no other intention, than to fatisfy the world
that we were not ignorant of it.

During our ftay at Panama, we were very urgent with thofe who related this ftory to
procure us fome of the herb, that we might make the experiment ; but in this we were
as unfortunate as in the article of the two-headed fnake, none being to be had. I have,
however, fince been told, by perfons fettled in Panama, that it was very common ; a
fufficient proof, in my opinion, that the ftory has no foundation ; for, if it was fo eafy
to be had, and of fuch furprifing virtue, what reafon could they have for refufing to
convince us by ocular demonft ration ? It may have a ftyptic virtue, when none of the
principal blood- veflels are injured ; but that it can join them after being cut, together
with the nerves and tendons when totally fevered, no perfon of any knowledge or judg-
ment will ever be brought to believe. And, if its effefts are fo remarkably happy on
poultry, it is furely natural to think it fhould have the fame on any other animal ; and,
confequently, on the human fpecies. If this were the cafe, it would be of infinite
value ; and no foldier, efpecially, fliould be without it, as a few ounces of this grand
reftorative would immediately cure the moft terrible wounds.

* The flefh of the guana is whiter than chicken, and more pleafing to moft palates, except as to the
drynefs of it. The common fauce to it is lime juice, fcafoned with Chian pepper ; which fauce the
natives eat with their fifh, flefli, and fowl. If the guana were to be had in England, T doubt not but
it would be ranked among the greateft dainties. A.

f This conjeftur& is very right. H,

3 C 2

CHAP.

2 go ^ ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

CHAP. V. — Of the Trade and Commerce of Panama,

FROM what has been faid relating to the commerce of Porto Bello in the time of
the galleons, an idea may be formed of that of Panama on the fame occafion ; this city
being the firfl where the treafure from Peru is landed, and likewife the ftaple for the
goods brought up the river Chagre. This commerce is of the greateft advantage to the
inhabitants, both with regard to letting their houfes, the freight of veffels, the hire of
mules and Negroes, who, forming themfelves into feparate bodies, draw along from
Cruces large bales, or any brittle and delicate wares ; the roads here, though the dif-
tance is but fhort by croffing the chain of mountains called the Cordilleras, are in fome
parts fo narrow, that a beafl of burden can hardly pafs along ; and, confequently, an
imminent danger would attend the employing of mules for this fervice.

This city, even during the abfence of the armada, is never without a great number
of ftrangers ; it being the thoroughfare for all going to the p>orts of Peru, in the South
Sea, as alfo for any coming from thence to Spain : to which muft be added, the con-
tinual trade carried on by the Peruvian fhips, which bring variety of goods, as meal of
different forts, wines, brandy from grapes, or brandy caftilla, as it is called by all the
Americans in thefe parts, fugar, tallow, leather, olives, oil, and the like. The fhips
from Guayaquil bring cacao, and quinquina or Jefuits* bark ; which always meet with a
quick exportation here, efpecially in time of peace. All goods, particularly thofe of
Peru, are fubjeft to great alterations in their prices, fo that, on many occafions, the
owners lofe confiderably, and fometimes their whole purchafe : on the other hand,
there are favourable opportunities, when they triple it, according to the plenty or
fcarcity of the commodity. The different forts of meals are in particular fubjefl: to this
accident ; they foon becoming fo extremely vitiated by the great heat, that there is an
abfolute neceffity for throwing them overboard. The wines and brandies alfo, from the
heat of the jars, contract a pitchy tafle, and are foon unfit for ufe. The tallow melts,
becomes full of maggots, and turns into a kind of earth ; the fame may be obferved of
other goods. Hence, if the gain is fometimes great, the rifk of the lofs is proportional.

The coafting barks, which make frequent trips from the adjacent ports, fupply the
city with hogs, poultry, hung-beef, hogs'-lard, plantanes, roots, and other eatables ;
with all which, this city, by the induftry of others, is abundantly fupplied.

The Peru and Guayaquil veffels, unlefs at the time when the armada is here, return
empty, except when they have an opportunity of taking Negroes on board ; as, while
the afliento fubfifts, there is at Panama a fadlory, or office, which correfponds with that
at Porto Bello; and hither the Negroes are brought, as being, in fome meafure, the
ftaple for them, with regard to the kingdoms of Terra Firma and Peru.

The prefident of Panama is inverted with a power of licenfing every year one or two
fhips, which go to Sonfonate, el Realejo, and other ports in the province of Guatemala
and New Spain, to fetch from thence tar, naphtha, and cordage, for the veffels belong-
ing to the Panama trade ; they carry thither fuch parts of the Peruvian goods as do not
find a market at Panama ; but few of the fhips which have obtained this permiflion
return immediately ; for the moft profitable part of their trade confifting of indigo, they
make the beft of their way to Guayaquil, or other ports farther to the fouthward. The
dearnefs of provifions in this city and its diftrid, occafioned by the large quantity re-
quired, and the great diftance from whence they are brought, is amply compenfated by
the multitude and value of the pearls found in the oyfters of its gulf; and particularly
thofe near the iflands del Rey, Tabaga, and others, to the number of forty-three, form-

ULLOA*^ VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 38 1

mg a fmall archipelago. The firft to whom the Indians made this valuable difcovery
was Bafco Nunez de Balboa, who, in his paffage this way, to make farther difcoveries
on the South Sea, was prefented with fome by Tumaco, an Indian prince. At prefent
they are found in fuch plenty, that there are few perfons of fubftance near Panama, who
do not employ all, or, at leaft, part of their flaves in this fifliery, the manner of which
not being commonly known, it will not be improper to defcribe it here.

The owners of the Negroes employ the mofl proper perfons for this fifhery ; which
being performed at the bottom of the fea, they mufl be expert fwimmers, and capable
of holding their breath a long time. Thefe they fend to the iflands, where they have
huts built for their lodgings, and boats which hold eight, ten, or twenty Negroes, under
the command of an officer. In thefe boats they go to fuch parts as are known to pro-
duce pearls, and where the depth of water is not above ten, twelve, or fifteen fathom.
Here they anchor ; and the Negroes having a rope faftened round their bodies, and the
other end to the fide of the boat, they take with them a fmall weight, to accelerate their
finking, and plunge into the water. On reaching the bottom, they take up an oyfter,
which they put under the left arm ; the fecond they hold in their left hand, and the
third in their right : with thefe three oyfters, and fometimes another in their mouth,
they rife to breathe, and put them in a bag. When they have relied themfelves awhile,
and recovered their breath, they dive a fecond time ; and thus continue, till they have
either completed their talk, or their ft rength. fails them. Every one of thefe Negro
divers is obliged daily to deliver to his mafter a fixed number of pearls j fo that when
they have got the requifite number of oyfters in their bag, they begin to open them, and
deliver the pearls to the officer, till they have made up the number due to their mafter ;
and if the pearl be but formed, it is fufficient, without any regard to its being fmall or
.faulty. The remainder, however large or beautiful, are the Negro's own property, nor
has the mafter the leaft claim to them ; the flaves being allowed to fell them to whom
they pleafe, though the mafter generally purchafes them at a very fmall price.

Thefe Negroes cannot every day make up their number, as in many of the oyfters
the pearl is not at all, or but imperfectly formed ; or the oyfter is dead, whereby the
pearl is fo damaged, as to be of no value ; and as no allowance is made for fuch pearls,
they muft make up their numbers with others.

Befides the toil of this filhery, from the oyfters ftrongly adhering to the rocks, they
are alfo in no fmall danger from fome kinds of filh, which either feize the Negroes, or,
by ftriking on them, crulh them by their weight againft the bottom. So that thefe
creatures Teem to know that men are robbing them of the moft valuable produft of their
element, and therefore make a moft vigorous defence againft their enemy. The fifhery
on the whole coaft is obnoxious to the fame danger from thefe fifh ; but they are much
more frequent where fuch riches abound. The fharks and tintoreras, which are of an
enormous fize, feed on the bodies of thefe unfortunate fifhermen ; and jhe mantas, or
quilts, either prefs them to death by wrapping their fins about them, or crufh them
againft the rocks by their prodigious weight. The name manta has not been improperly
given to this fifh, either with regard to its figure or property ; for being broad and long
like a quilt, it wraps its fins round a man, or any other animal that happens to come
within its reach, and immediately fqueezes it to death. This filh refembles a thornback
in fhape, but is prodigioufly larger.

Every Negro, to defend himfelf againft thefe animals, carries with him a fharp knife,
with which, if the fifh offers to affault him, he endeavours to ftrike it in a part where it
has no power to hurt him ; on which the fifh immediately flies. The officers keep a
watchful eye on thefe voracious creatures, and, on difcovermg them, fhake the ropes

Q faftened

382 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

faftened to the Negroes* bodies, that they may be upon their guard ; many, on the
divers being in danger, have thrown themfelves into the water, with the like weapon,
and haften down to their defence : but too often all their dexterity and precaution is not
fufficient to protect the diver from being devoured by thefe filli, or lofmg one of his
legs or arms by their bite. Several inefFe6lual fchemes have been pradifed, to prevent
fuch melancholy accidents.

The pearls of thefe fifheries are generally of a good water, and fome very remarkable,
both in their fhape and fize ; but as there is a difference in both thefe properties, fo
there is alfo a difference in their water and colour ; fome being highly valuable, and
others as remarkably defective. Some of thefe pearls, though indeed but few, are fent
to Europe, the greater part being carried to Lima ; where the demand for them is very
great, being not only univerfally worn there by all perfons of rank, but alfo fent from
thence into the inland parts of Peru.

Befides thefe pearls, the kingdom of Terra Firma was formerly equally remarkable
for the fine gold produced by the mines in its territories ; and which confequently
proved a very confiderable addition to its riches. Part of thefe mines were in the pro-
vince of Veraguas, others in that of Panama ; but moll, alfo the richeft, and whofe
metal was of the fineft quality, were in the province of Darien ; and, on that account,
the conftant objed of the mmers. But the Indians revolting, and making themfelves
mafters of the whole province, there was a neceflity for abandoning thefe mines, by
which means the greater part of them were loft ; a few only remaining on the frontiers,
which ftill yield a fmall quantity of gold. Their produce might indeed be increafed,
did not the fear of the fickle nature of the Indians, and the fmall confidence that can
be placed on their apparent friendfhip, deter the mafters of the mines from taking pro-
per meafures for improving them.

Though the mines of Veraguas and Panama are not expofed to thefe dangers, yet
they are not worked with more vigour than the others ; and this for two reafons : the
firft is, that, befides their being lefs rich in metal than the others, the gold they yield is
not of fo good a quaHty as that of Darien : the fecond, and indeed the moft weighty, is,
that as thefe feas, by their rich produce of pearls, offer a more certain, and at the fame
time a more eafy profit, they apply themfelves to this fifhery preferably to the mines.
Some, indeed, though but few, are worked, befides thofe above mentioned, on the
frontiers of Darien.

Befides the advantage arifmg to Panama from its commerce, as the revenue here is
not equal to the difburfements, a very confiderable fum of money is annually remitted
hither from Lima, for the payment of the troops, the officers of the audience, and others
in employment under His Majefty.

CHAP. VI. — Extent of the Audience of Panama^ in the Kingdom of Terra Firma»*

THE city of Panama is not only the capital of its particular province, but alfo of the
whole kingdom of Terra Firma, which confifts of the three provinces of Panama, Da-
rien, and Veraguas. The firft is the feat of every branch of the government, as being
fituated between the other two j Darien lying on the eaft fide, and Veraguas on the
weft.

* The appellation of Terra Firma has been abfurdly extended by our mariners to Caraccas, &c.

The

ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA. 383

The kingdom of Terra Firma begins northwards at the river of Darien, and ftretching
along by Nombre de Dios, Bocas del Toro, Bahia del Almirante, is terminated weftward
by the river de los Dorados in the North Sea ; and towards the South Sea, beginning on
the weftern part, it extends from Punta Gorda, in Cofta Rica, by Punta de Mariatos,
Morro de Puercos, to the gulf of Darien ; whence it continues fouthward along the
coaft, by Puerto de Pinas, and Mcrro Quemado, to the bay of St. Bonaventura. Its
length from eaft to weft is one hundred and eighty leagues, but if meafured along the
coaft, it exceeds two hundred and thirty j and its breadth, from north to fouth, is the
fame as that of the ifthmus, which includes the whole province of Panama, and part of
that of Darien. The narroweft part of this ifthmus is from the rivers Darien and
Chagre, on the North Sea, to thofe of Pito and Camito on the South Sea : and here
the diftance, from fea to fea, is about fourteen leagues. Afterwards it increafes in
breadth towards Choco and Sitara ; and the fame weftward in the province of Veraguas,
forming an interval of forty leagues from fea to fea.

Along this ifthmu<? run those famous chains of lofty mountains, called the Andes,
which, beginning at fuch a prodigious diftance as the Terra Magellanica, traverfe the
kingdom of Chili, the province of Buenos Ayres, and thence through the provinces of
Peru and Quito ; and from the latter, contrad themfelves, as it were, for a pafTage
through this narrow ifthmus. Afterwards, again widening, they continue their courfe
through the provinces and kingdoms of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Cofta Rica, St. Miguel,
Mexico, Guajaca, la Puebla, and others ; with feveral arms or ramifications, for ftrength-
ening, as it were, the fouthern with the northern parts of America.

In order to give the reader a comprehenfive idea of this kingdom, I ftiall fpeak parti-
cularly of each of its three provinces, beginning with that of Panama as the principal.
Moft of its towns and villages are fituated in fmall plains along the ftiore, the reft of the
country being covered with enormous and craggy mountains, uninhabited on account
of their fterility.

In this province are three cities, one town, a few forts, villages, and country feats ;
the names of which, with the tribes of the inhabitants, are here fubjoined.

The cities are Panama, Porto Bello, and Santiago de Nata de los Cavelleros. The
fituation of the latter was firft difcovered, in the year 15 15, by captain Alonzo Perez
de la Rua, at which time Nata was prince of this diftrift. Gafpar^ de Efpinofa was firft
commiilioned to people it, under the title of a town. It was afterwards taken and burnt
by the Indians, but he rebuilt it, and called it a city. It is large, but the chief houfes
are only of earth, or unburnt bricks, and the others of mud walls. Its inhabitants are a
mixture of Spaniards and Indians.

The town called los Santos is a modern fettlement of Spaniards, who before lived at
the city of Nata, but, with a viev/ of augmenting their fortune by improving the ground,
left the city ; and the inhabitants of the town are at prefent more in number than thofe
of Nata. Its environs were firft difcovered by Rodrigo Valenzuela, and at that time
contained an Indian town, governed by a prince called Guazan : the origin of the town
fufficiently ftiews it is peopled by Spaniards and Indians.

The number of villages in this province is very confiderable, and of different
kinds.

1. Nueftra Senora de Pacora, to which we give the preference, is inhabited by
Mulattos and their defcendants.

2. San Chriftoval de Chepo owes its name to the caciques, or princes, Ghepo and
Chepauri, and was difcovered m 1515, by Tello de Guzman. Befides Indians, here

is

384 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

is a company of foot, belonging to the garrifon of Panama, moft of whom are fettled
here with their families.

Several Rancherias, or afTemblages of Indian huts, are under the jurifdi6lion of a
village. Thefe Rancherias are fituated to the fouthward, in the fmall chafms or
breaches of the mountains.

In the favannahs of the river Mamoni are feveral fuch affemblages of huts, and
within the fame jurifdidion ; namely.

On the river De la Campana.

In the breach of Curcuti.

On the banks and at the mouth of the river Canas.

On the river Del Platanar.

On the river de Pinganti.i

On the river De Bayano.

In the breach De Terralbe.

In that of Platanar.

In that of Calobre. 1

In that of Pugibay.

In that of Marcelo.

On the river de Mange.

Under the jurifdidion of the fame village are alfo the following Rancherias, fituated
to the northwards.

On the river Del Playon.

On the fmaller river De la Conception.

On^:he river de Guanacati.

On the river Del Caco, or Mandinga.

On the river De Sarati.

3. The village of San Juan, fituated on the road between Panama and Porto Bello,
is inhabited by Mulattos and their defcendants.

4. The village of Nueftra Sinor de la Confolation, a Negro fettlement.

5. The village De la Santiflima Trinidad de Chame, difcovered by Captain Gonzalo
de Badajoz, and called Chame from its prince at that time, is inhabited by Spaniards
and Indians.

6. The village of St. Ifidro de Quinones, difcovered by the fame officer, and then
governed by its prince Totronagua : its prefent inhabitants Spaniards and Indians.

7. The village of St. Francifco de Paula, in the Cordillera j alfo inhabited by Spa-
niards and Indians.

8. The village of St.Juan de Pononome, fo called from the name of its cacique;
its inhabitants are Indians, who ftill retain the bow and arrow, at which they are very
dextrous, and of an intrepid bravery.

9. The village of Santa Maria is fituated in a traft of land difcovered by Gonzalo
de Badajoz. The namq of its lafl prince was Efcolia ; it is at prefent wholly inhabited
by Spaniards.

I o. The village of Santo Domingo de Parita, the lafl word being the name of its
prince. It was formerly inhabited wholly by Indians, but at prefent there are many
Spaniards among them.

1 1 . Taboga, Taboguilla, and other iflands, near which the pearl filheries are carried
on, were difcovered by the order of Pedro Arias Davila, the firft governor and captain-
general of the kingdom of Terra Firma. In thefe iflands are houfes belonging to Spa.
niards, and huts for the Negro divers,

12, The

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 385

1 2. The iflands del Rey were difcovered by Gafpar de Morales and Captain Fran-
clfco Pizarro. In thefe iflands fome Spaniards have houfes, befides great numbers of
Negro divers.

Second Province of Terra Firma.

The fecond province of this kingdom is that of Veraguas, of which the city of
Santiago is the capital. The firft who difcovered this coaft was Admiral Chriftopher
Columbus, in 1503. To the river now called Veragua, he gave the name of Verdes-
aguas, on account of the green colour of its water ; or, according to others, becaufe
the Indians called it by that name in their language. But, however that may be, it is
from this river that the province derives its name. In 1508, the Captains Gafpar de
Efpinofa, and Diego de Alvirez, renewed the difcovery by land ; but being repulfed
by prince Urraca, were obliged to content themfelves with a fettlement in the neigh-
bourhood : and even here the Spaniards were not able to maintain their ground againfl
the frequent incur fions of the Indians ; fo that, finding the abfolute neceflity of a
ftronger fettlement, they built the city of Santiago de Veraguas on the fpot where it
now (lands.

Befides this city, the province contains two others, and feveral villages.

The city of Santiago al Angel was founded in 1521 by Benedi£l: Hurtado, governor
of Panama : it has been twice deftroyed and rebuilt : the inhabitants partly Spaniards,
partly Mulattos.

The city of Nueftra Senora de los Remedios de Pueblo-Nuevo ; the inhabitants the
fame as thofe of the former.

1. The villages in this province are San Franclfco de la Montana, inhabited by In-
dians ufing bows and arrows.

2. San Miguel de la Haya, inhabited by different forts of people.

3. San Marcelo de Leonmefa de Tabarana, inhabited by Indians.

4. San Raphael del Guaymi, by Indians.

5. San Philipe del Guaymi, by Indians.

6. San Martin de los Caftos, by Indians.

7. San Auguftin de Ulate, by Indians.

8. San Jofeph de Bugava, by Indians.

9. and 10. La^Piedad, and San Miguel, by Indians.

1 1 . San Pedro, and San Pablo de los Platanares, by Indians.

1 2. San Pedro Nolofco, by Indians.

13. San Carlos, by Indians.

Third Province of Terra Firma,

The third province of Terra Firma is that of Darien, where the greater part of the
inhabitants are wandering Indians, living without any religion, and in the moft fliock-
ing barbarifm, which was indeed the motive of their revolt. In 1 7 1 6, there was here
a confiderable number of villages, Rancherias, and Dodrinas *, whofe inhabitants had
fworn allegiance to the King of Spain, and therefore under the governors of Panama ;

* A name, given by the Jefuits, to Indian communities, which they have gathered together and
civilized.

VOL. XIV, 3 D though,

2 86 ulloa's voyage to south America.

though, at prefent, very fevr are remaining. Thofe remaining in the above-mentioned

year, were,

1. The village and ftaple for the mines of Santa Cruz de Cana, a very confiderable
fettlement of Spaniards and Indians.

2. The village De la Conception de Sabalo, inhabited like the preceding, but lefs

populous.

-?. The village of San Miguel de Tayequa ; inhabitants the fame.

4. The village of San Domingo de Balfas, inhabitants like the others, being Spa-
niards and Indians.

5. Spanilh village, in the territory of Santa Marica.

6. The Dodrina San Geronymo de Yabira, a word in the Indian language fignify-
ing Doncel, i. e. a virgin ; and, for this reafon, the river near it is called Rio Doncel,
or Virgin River.

7. San Enrique de Capeti, or the lleepy.

8. Santa Cruz de Pucro. In the Indian language, Pucro fignifies a fort of light
wood, which, at Guayaquil, is called Balfa.

9. The Dodrina de San Juan de Tacaracuna, and Matarnati ; the names of two of
the mountains of the Andes, contiguous to the community.

10. The Indian village of San Jofeph de Zete-Gaati, is not a Dodrina. Zete-Gaati
is the name of a kind of willow growing in the neighbourhood.

Rancherias and Hamlets in the Southern Parts,

The hamlet of Nueftra Senora del Rofario de Rio Congo.

Other hamlets on the rivers Zabalos, Balfas, and Uron.

On the river Tapanacul.

On the river Pucro.

On the banks, and at the mouth of the river Paya.

At Los Paparos, or the Peafants. . ^

On the river Tuquefa.

On the river Tupifa.

On the river Yabifa.

And at ChejMgana.

Rancherias and Hamlets in the Northern Parts,

On the river Queno.
On the Seraque.
On the Sutagunti.
On the Moreti.
On the Agrafenequa.
On the Ocabajanti.
On the Uraba.

All thefe Dodlrinas and communities were formerly of Indians, and not inconfider-
able, fome of the latter confiding of four hundred perfons ; but their general number
was between one hundred and fifty and two hundred ; from whence we may form an
idea of the populoufnefs of thefe Dodrinas. But, to fave the trouble o computing

a the

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 387

the feveral inhabited places in this kingdom, as I thought proper to infert their names,
I fhall conclude with a concife lift of all thefe places, which will affift the reader in
forming fome idea of this country.

Recapitulation of all the inhabited Places in the Kingdom of Terra Fir ma.

Four fortreffes.

Six cities.

One town of Spaniards and Indians.

r Eleven of Spaniard and Indians.

Thirty-five villages - - < Two of Mulattos and Negroes.

C Twenty-two of Indians, moft of them Dodrinas,

Thirty-two Rancherias or hamlets, each containing feveral cottages fcattered among
the breaches, along the fides of rivers and favannahs.

Forty-three iflands, where the pearl-fifhery is carried on, fome of them in the bay of
Panama, fome near the coaft of that city, and others fouth of Veraguas.

BOOK IV.

VOYAGE FROM PERICO HARBOUR TO GUAYAQUIL,

CHAP. I. — Voyage from Perico to the City of Guayaquil.

OUR tents and other neceflaries being ready, we all embarked on board the St. Chrif-
topher, captain Don Juan Manuel Morel ; and the next day, being the 2 2d of Fe-
bruary 1736, we fet fail ; but having little wind, and that variable, it was the 26th at
funfet before we loft fight of the land, the laft we faw being Punta de Mala.

By remarks repeatedly made till we loft fight of this laft point, and which agreed
with obfervations, but differed from thofe by account, we found the fetting of the cur-
rent to be fouth-weft 5^ wefterly ; which obfervation correfponded with the accounts
given us by able pilots, who aflured us it continued to three or four degrees of latitude ;
and, according to their farther information, we corrected our daily account at one mile
and one fixth per hour ; and found their information to be well founded. But it is
neceffary to obferve, that, till our fhip was off Punta de Mala, there was no vifible cur-
rent ; and that, whilft we continued failing in the gulf of Panama, the latitude by
account agreed with the obferved.

From the time we fet fail, till Punta de Mala bore from us north-weft 6° 30' wefterly,
we continued to fteer S. S. W. 1° 30' and 8^ 30' wefterly: the winds variable with
calms.

After paffing Punta de Mala, we fteered S. between 8° wefterly and 2° 30' eafterly,
till fix in the evening of the firft of March 1736, when we difcovered the land conti-
guous to St. Matthew's bay. Upon which we ftood to the S. W. to avoid a ledge of
rocks, which runs three leagues into the fea, and alfo the currents, which fet towards
it, and Gorgona bay.

3 D 2 This

2^8 ulloa's voyage to south America.

This ledge of rocks was difcovered in 1594, by a (hip's ftriking on it.

From St. Matthew's bay, we, for fome hours, fteered fouth-weft 6^ 15'wefterly;
and the next day fouth-eaft and one-fourth foutherly ; which, being the third day, at
one in the afternoon, brought us in fight of Cape St. Francis, bearing north one-
fourth eafterly.

According to the reckoning of Don George Juan, the difference of meridians between
Panama, and Cape St. Francis was o^ 36'; which nearly agrees with the map of this
coaft. It mufl, however, be fuppofed that the diftance between each knot on the log-
line wks forty-feven feet by five and an half royal inches, which is equal to fifty and an
half Englifh feet : this confirms what we have already obferved, book I. chap. i. and
proves the juflnefs of our obfervations on the currents.

Having weathered this cape, we fteered weft 3^ foutherly; fouth-weft 3^ wefterly ;
and on the 6th and 7th fouth 7^ eafterly, and fouth-eaft 6^ eafterly ; till on the 7th,
at eight in the morning, we again made Cape St. Francis, bearing north 5° eafterly, and
Cape Paffado fouth ; after which we coafted along fhore, obferving the moft remark-
able parts, till the 9th, when, at half an hour after three in the evening, we came to an
anchor in Manta bay, in eleven fathom water, the bottom mud mixed with fand : Cape
St. Lorenzo, bearing weft-fouth-weft and Monte Chrifto fouth-fouth-eaft 6" eafterly.

Two reafons induced us to anchor here : the firft was, that as part of the intention of
our original voyage was to meafure fome degrees of the equator, befides thofe of the
meridian ; and having been informed at Panama of the fituation of this coaft, we were
defirous of viewing it, in order to know whether, by forming our firft bafe on its plains,
the feries of triangles could be continued to the mountains contiguous to Quito : the
fecond, the want of water and provifions ; for the feafon being pretty far advanced, we
had flattered ourfelves, while at Panama, with falling in with the brifas, and by that
means of foon reaching Guayaquil j and had therefore taken in provifions only for fuch
a ftiort voyage.

In order to fatisfy ourfelves with regard to our firft and principal view, we all went
on fhore on the i ©th in the evenmg to the village of Monte Chrifto, about two leagues
and a half from the coaft. But we foon found any geometrical operations to be imprac-
ticable there, the 'country being every where extremely mountainous, and almoft
covered with prodigious trees, an infurmountable obftruftion to any fuch defign. This
being farther confirmed to us by the Indian inhabitants, we determined to purfue our
voyage to Guayaquil, and thence to Quito. Accordingly, on the i ith we returned to
the coaft of Manta, where, whilft the fhip was taking in water and provifion, we em-
ployed ourfelves in making obfervations, by which we found the latitude of this place to
be 56' 5I'' fouth. But MefTrs. Bouguer and De la Condamine, reflecting that our ftay
at Guayaquil would be confiderable before the feafon would permit the mules to come
from Guaranda to carry us to the mountains, and defirous of making the beft ufe of
their time, determined to ftay here, in order to make further obfervations on the longi-
tude and latitude, that they might afcertain the place where the equator cuts this coaft,
examine the length of the pendulum, and make other obfervations equally important.
Accordingly proper inftruments were left with them.

On the 13th of the fame month of March, our veffel put to fea, keeping along
the coaft, and paffed the next day within the ifland de la Plata. The 15th we
began to lofe fight both of Cape St. Lorenzo, and alfo of the ifland ; at one in the
afternoon we fteered fouth-fouth-eaft, till the 1 7th, when we difcovered Cape Blanco,
the fouth point of the Bay of Guayaquil. From Cape Blanco we coafted along the
bay, till, about noon on the 1 8th, coming to the mouth of the river Tumbez, we

, 9 anchored

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 389

anchored about half a league from the land ; the river's mouth bearing eaft five degrees
northerly, and the ifland of Santa Clara, commonly called Amortajado, or Muerto,
from its refembling the figure of a human corpfe, north four degrees eaflerly, in four-
teen fathoms water, and a muddy bottom.

Some particular affairs of the captain of the fhip obliged us to remain here till
the 20th, when, at fix in the morning, we weighed ; and at half an hour after fix
in the evening, the flrength of the current on the ebb obliged us to come to an
anchor. Thus we continued anchoring every ebb, and failing during the flood.
And here we found that the current always fets out of the bay, though with much
lefs velocity on the flood than on the ebb ; for we obferved that the tide never
altered its direftion in nineteen hours and a half. The caufe of this phenomenon
is fuppofed to be, the prodigious quantity of water difcharged into it by the rivers.
On the 23d, having come to an anchor off Punta de Arenas in the ifland of Puna,
we fent on fliore for a pilot to carry in our fhip ; for, though the diflance was
only feven leagues, the great number of fhallows in this fhort paffage rendered a
precaution of this kind prudent, if not abfolutely necefTary ; and on the 24th, at
feven in the morning, we fafely anchored in Puna harbour. Cape Centinela bearing
fouth-fouth-wefl 2° 30' weflerly, and Cape Maria Mandinga wefl-north-wefl 1° 15'
wefl:erly, dift:ant one quarter of a league.

From Punta de Mala to St. Matthew's bay, we had the wind firfl at north, and
north-wefl ; afterwards it fhifted to the north-eaft, and during the lafl day veered to the
eafl-north-eaft ; but when we came in fight of this bay, changed again to north, being
preceded by rains, which continued till our arrival at Manta, the winds having fhifted to
the fouth-eaft, fouth, and fouth-wefl and weft, but with fome variations from all thofe
points.

I have already mentioned that at St. Matthew's bay it was not only the opinion
of the pilots relating to the currents which fet towards Gorgona, but alfo our own
experience, that induced us to alter our courfe, which was neceflfary, in order to
continue our voyage. All the reft of the coaft, from Cape St. Francis to Manta,
they fet to the north, and this prevented us from getting to windward, and obliged
us to tack, as the wind was contrary.

In our paflTage from Manta to Cape Blanco, the winds were not lefs favourable,
continuing as before, except a few gales at north-weft and north-north-eaft, till we
made the above cape. The currents here alfo fet to the northward, and from Cape
Blanco to Puna harbour, to feaward, that is, towards the weft ; but, as we have
before obferved, a greater velocity on the ebb than on the flood.

Being very defirous of obferving an eclipfe of the moon, which was to happen
on the 26th of March, and our time for preparing for it being but fhort, we con-
cluded to ftay at a little village fituated in this harbour ; but finding thefe houfes,
which were entirely built of canes, too weak to fupport the pendulum, we determined
to make the beft of our way to Guayaquil ; and accordingly, at half an hour after
eleven at night we left the fhip at anchor, and went to the city in a boat ; and,
at five in the evening of the 25th, by the vigour of our rowers, we arrived at
Guayaquil, notwithftanding the flrength of the tide againft us. Here we imme-
diately applied ourfelves to fettle the pendulum ; but our diligence was entirely fruf-
trated, the air being fo filled with vapours, that nothing was to be feen.

It may not be amifs here to infert the variations we obferved in different parts of the
South Sea, in the fame order with thofe obferved from Cadiz to Carthagena.

A Table

390

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

A Table of Variations obferved infeveral Parts of the South Sea, the Longitude reckoned

from the Meridian of Panama.

Latitudes.

Longitude.

Variation.

deg. min.

deg. min.

deg.

mm.

8 17N.

359 55

8

45 E.

7 49

359 42

7

34

7 30

359 31

7

49

7 02

359 18

7

59

3 55

358 21

7

34

0 ^6

358 43

7

20

0 2,^

359 06

8

29

0 20

358 40

7

25

0 15

358 56

7

30

0 22 S.

.^59 50

8

17

f Monte Chrifto, "^

0 51 -j bearing S. E. » >

L foutherly J

8

00

Ifland de la Plata, bearing fouth ^

1 5° 45 ' wefterly, and Monte >

7

46

Chrifto, E.S.E. 3

2 18S. 1

8

00

Cape Blanco, S.S.W.

3

30 W.

Punto de Mero, E. 7° northerly 1
diftant three leagues 3

8

T /^^

iOO

On the coaft of Sumber,of which "^

the latitude by obfervation was >

8

II

3* 14' )

We fhould, for feveral days, have been without knowing certainly the latitude,
an object of the laft importance in any voyage, had not Mr. Godin had the pre-
caution to take with him a Hadley*s quadrant. This ingenious gentleman having
been pitched upon for the voyage to America, undertook a journey to London, purely
to purchafe feveral inftruments, and amon§ others bought that already mentioned,
and which proved of the greateft ufe to us in finding the latitude during this paflage ;
a point the more difficult and neceffary, on account of feveral perplexing circum-
ftances, the courfe being fometimes north, fometimes fouth, and the currents fetting
in the fame diredion. AfTifted by this inftrument, we were enabled to take the
meridian altitude of the fun, whilft, from the denfity of the vapours which filled the
atmofphere, the fliadow could not be defined on the ufual inftruments.

CHAP. IL — Account of the Voyage from P erica to Puna,

THE brifas, by their return, as we before obferved, occafion an alteration in the
weather of Panama, by introducing the fummer, as they alfo do in the paflage from

Perico

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 39 1

Perico to Puna, or more properly, to Cape Blanco ; for, after the brifas have begun
to blow at Panama, they gradually increafe and fpread in oppofition to the fouth winds,
till, overcoming them, they are fettled : but their periods are not always equal, either
on the land or in the ocean. Generally the brifas do not reach beyond the equator, or
are fo faint, as often to be interrupted by calms, or other weak and unfettled winds.
Sometimes, indeed, they have an extraordinary ftrength, being felt even to the ifland
of Plata : iDut their greateft force is gradually increafed as we approach nearer to Pana-
ma. Thefe winds, which blow from between the north and north-eaft, clear the atmo-
fphere, free the coaft from fogs, and are not attended with tempefts of rain ; but fre-
quently fo fqually, efpecially between Cape Francifco and the Bay of Panama, that,
without particular care and the utmoft difpatch in putting the fhip in a proper condition,
they are often dangerous.

At the period of the brifas, the fures or fouth winds begin to blow, and, when fettled,
are more violent than the former. But they do not, as many have imagined, blow al-
ways precifely from the foUth ; for they fhift from the fouth-eafl even to the fouth-weft,
and their diftance from the fouth is obferved to be greateft at particular times. When
they incline to the fouth-eaft, which is the land fide, they are accompanied with violent,
but happily ihort tempefts of wind and rain. The fhips which trade from the coafts of
Peru and Guayaquil to Panama, generally fail during the fures, in order to take the
benefit of the north wind at their return, and, by that means their voyages are eafily
and expeditioufly performed. Sometimes, indeed, they fail with other winds, though
they are generally longer at fea, in order to reach Paita ; but often this diligence, or
rather avarice, is fo far difappointed, that they are obliged to put in at Tumaco, Aca-
mes, Manta, or Punta de Santa Elena, for provifions and water.

Thefe are the principal winds in this palTage ; and whatever changes may fometimes
happen, they are not of any continuance, the fettled wind foon recovering its place.

The currents in thefe parts are not fo regular as the winds ; for, during the brifas, the
waters run from Morro de Puercos fouth-weft and weft, to the height of Malpelo ; and
from thence eaft and eaft-fouth-eaft to Cape St. Francis, inclining fomething towards
Gorgona. From Cape St. Francis, their direftion is fouth and fouth-weft, which con-
tinues for thirty or forty leagues feawards, the ftrength of them being proportionate to
that of the brifas.

During the feafon of the fures, or fouth winds, the currents run north and north-weft
from Punta de Santa Elena, as far as Cape St. Francis, extending thirty or forty leagues
feawards ; from hence they run with a great velocity eaft, as far as the meridian of
Malpelo ; and from Morro de Puercos fouth-eaft along the coaft, though at fome dif-
tance from it, and tending partly to the bay, of Gorgona. But from the meridian of
Malpelo to Morro de Puercos, they run with great violence north-weft and weft. Alfo
in the paiTage from Cape Blanco to Cape Santa Elena, a violent current runs weft from
the river of Guayaquil, during its fwellings ; but when the river is low, the current fets
into Puna bay : the time of the former is during the brifas, and the latter in the feafon
of the fures. <

At all times, in leaving Perico to. fail to Guayaquil, or the coaft of Peru, care muft
be taken to keep at a proper diftance from the ifland of Gorgona, many inftances
having happened of fhips being loft either by this negligence, or more frequently, by
calms. It is alfo equally neceffary to be careful of the ifland of Malpelo ; but the
latter is of the two the leaft dangerous, as the greateft detriment is only a longer
delay of the voyage.

392 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

If a (hip happens to come in fight of the ifland of Gorgona, it will be found very
difficult to get clear of it by fleering either fouth-fouth-wefl, or even north, fo that
the furefl method is to return towards Panama along the coafl, the currents there
changing their direftion ; at the fame time taking care not to keep at a great diftance
from it, to avoid being again carried away by the current, which fets fouth-eaft.

The land all along the coafl from Panama to Santa Elena is of a middling height,
except in fome parts, where we difcern mountains at a vafl diflance, and very high ;
being part of the Cordillera. Monte Chrifto is the land-mark of Manta, being a
high mountain, and having a village of the fame name at its foot.

In the bays along this coafl, and particularly at the mouths of rivers, it is dan-
gerous to keep clofe to the fhore, there being many fhallows not known even to the
pilots of the country. In the bay of Manta, there is one at the diftance of three or
four leagues from the fhore, on which feveral fhips have ftruck ; but the water is'
here fo fmooth, that all the damage they fuftained was, their being obliged to be
immediately careened, in order to flop the leaks occafioned by the accident.

In all this pafTage a rough fea is feldom met with ; for, if it be fometimes agitated
by fqualls and fhort tempefts, it foon fubfides after the florm is over. Whilft the
fouth winds prevail, fogs are very frequent, and fometimes fo thick as totally to pre-
clude all fight of the coaft. This we ourfelves partly experienced in our pafTage :
whereas during the brifas, it is quite the contrary : the air is ferene, and the coafi fo
clear as to be approached with confidence and fafety.

CHAP. III. — Of our Stay at Guayaquil, and the Meafures taken for our Journey to

the Mountains,

THE (hip St. Chriftopher, which we left at Puna, followed us fo foon, that on
the 26th in the evening fhe came to an anchor before the city ; the next day all our
baggage and inftruments were landed, and we began our obfervations for determining
the fituation of Guayaquil, with regard to its latitude and longitude. The defire of
fucceeding rendered us very attentive to obferve an immerfion of the fatellites of Jupiter,
to make amends for our difappointment of the eclipfe of the moon ; but we were in
this equally unfortunate ; the denfity of the vapours which filled the atmofphere ren-
dered our defign abortive ; but, the days being more favourable than the nights for
aftronomical obfervations, we took feveral meridian altitudes of the fun, and never
negleded any opportunities that offered, during the nights, of doing the fame with
regard to fome particular ftars.

On our arrival at Guayaquil, the corregidor of that city, whofe great civility,
together with that of all the King's officers and other perfons of diftindion, deferves
our acknowledgments, fent notice of it to the corregidor of Guaranda, that he might
order carriages to the port of Caracol, for conveying us to the mountains. The
pafTage thither was then indeed impradicable ; it being in this country the end of
winter, at which time the roads are extremely bad, and the rivers fwelled fo as not
to be forded without the greateft rifk, and too wide for the bridges of this country.

The corregidor of Guaranda was then at Quito on fome bufmefs of his office j but
the prefident and governor of that province, Don Dionyfio de Alcedoy Herrera,
ordered him to return to his jurifdidion without delay, for providing every thing necef-
fary for our journey ; fending, at the fame time, circular orders to all the other corre.
giciors, through whofe jurifdidions we were to pafs to Quito, enjoining them not to be

wanting

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 30*

wanting in any kind of good office in their power. Every thing being thus happily
difpofed, and advice arriving that the mules were on their way to Caracol, where they
arrived the 6th of May, we were no lefs expeditious to embark on the river, which
is the ufual paflage. There is indeed a road by land ; but at all times extremely diffi-
cult and dangerous, on account of the many bays and large rivers which muft be
pafled ; fo that no perfon travels this road but in fummer, and then only fuch as have
no baggage, and are, befides, well acquainted with the country and the ferries.

CHAP. IV. — Defcription of Guayaquil.

THOUGH there is no certainty with regard to the time when Guayaquil was
founded, it is univerfally allowed to be the fecond city of Spanifh origin, both in its
own province and the kingdom of Peru ; it appearing, from antient records preferved
in its archives, that it was the next city founded after San Miguel de Piura : and the
foundation laid of Los Reyes, Remac, or Lima, being' in 1534, or according to
others, in 1535, the building of Guayaquil may be fixed between thofe two years j
but the proiperity it attained under its governor Belalcazar, was^of no long continuance,
being, after feveral furious attacks, entirely deftroyed by the neighbouring Indians.
It was however in 1537, rebuilt by Captain Francifco de Orellana. The firfl fituatioa.
of Guayaquil was in. the bay of Charapoto, a little to the northward of the place where
the village of Monte Chrifto now ftands ; from whence it was removed to the prefent
fpot, which is on the weft bank of the river of Guayaquil, in 2° 11' 21'' of fouth
latitude, as appeared from our obfervations. Its longitude was not determined by any
accurate obfervations ; but by computing it from thofe made at Quito, it is 297° 17',
reckoning from the meridian of Teneriffe. On its removal by Orellana, from its firft
fituation, it was built on the declivity of a mountain called Cerillo Verde, and is now
termed Ciudad Vieja, or the old town. Its inhabitants being afterwards ftraitened by
the mountain on one fide, and by ravines or hollows made by floods of rain on the
other, formed a defign, without entirely abandoning the place, to build the principal
part of the city at the diftance of five or fix hundred toifes ; which was accordingly
begun in 1693; and for pxeferving a communication with the old part, a bridge of
timber was eredled, of about three hundred toifes in length, by which means the
inconveniences of the ravines are avoided, and, the intervals being filled with fmall
houfes, the old and new towns are now united.

This city is of confiderable extent, taking up, along the bank of the river from the*
lower part of the old town to the upper part of the new, near half a league ; but
the breadth is not at all proportional, every perfon being fond of having a houfe near
the river, both for the amufements it affords, and for the benefit of refrefhing winds,
which, in winter, are the more eagerly coveted as they are very rare.

All the houfes of both towns are built of wood, and many of them qovered with
tiles ; though the greater part of thofe in the old town are only thatched ; but in
order to prevent the fpreading of fires, by which this city has feverely fuifered on feve-
ral occafions, fuch covering is now prohibited. Moft of thefe conflagrations Qwedi
their rife to the malevolence of the negroes, who, in order to revenge fome punish-
ments inflifted on them by their mafters, took the opportunity, during the night, of
throwing fire on the thatch, and by that means, not only ruined thofe who were the
immediate objefts of their revenge, but alfo the greater part of the inhabitants of
the city.

VOL. XIV. 3 E Though

394

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

Though the houfes are wholly built of wood, they are generally large and beautiful ;
have all one ftory and an entrefole j the back part of the ground floor ferves for
warehoufes ; in the front are fhops of all kinds, and generally before them fpacious
porticos, which in winter are the only parts where you can walk, the ftreets being
utterly impaffable.

As a further precaution againft fire, which they have fo much reafon to dread,
the kitchens ftand twelve or fifteen paces from the houfes, with which they communi-
cate by means of a long open gallery, refembling a bridge ; but fo lightly built,
that on the leafl appearance of fire in the kitchen, it is demoliflied in an inftant ; by
which means the houfe is preferved. Perfons of rank and fortune live in the upper
apartments, and the entrefoles are let to ftrangers who come to trade, or paf» through
the city with their goods.

The ground on which the new city is built, and the favannahs in its neighbour-
hood, are not to be travelled over either on foot or horfeback during the winter ; for,
befides being a fpongy chalk, it is every where fo level, that there is no declivity for
carrying off the water ; and therefore on the firft rain, it becomes one general flough.
So that, from the time of the rains fetting in till the end of winter, it is neceflary to
lay in the parts not covered by the above-mentioned piazzas, very large planks for
crofling over them ; but thefe foon become flippery, and occafion frequent falls into
the chalky flough. The return of fummer, however, foon exhales the water, and
renders the ground fufficiently dry for travelling. In this refpedb the old town has
the advantage, being built on a gravelly foil, which is never impaffable.

This city is defended by three forts, two on the river near the city, and the third
behind it, guarding the entrance of a ravine. Thefe are all built after the modern
method of fortification ; but before they were ereded, it had only a platform, which
is ft:ill remaining in the old town. Thefe forts are built of large pieces of very hard
wood, forming a variety of pallifades, and the wood is particularly proper for this
country, and the ufe it is here applied to ; retaining its folidity either under the water
or in the mud. Before thefe fortifications were erefted, the city was taken by Euro-
pean corfairs, in the year 1686 and 1709 ; but the fuccefs of the latter was owing
to the villainy of a mulatto, who, in order to revenge himfelf on fome particular per-
fons in the city, conduced the enemy through a bye-way, where they were not
expected ; fo that the inhabitants being furprifed, were not prepared for defence.

All the churches and convents are of wood, except that of St. Domingo, fl:ill ftanding
in the old town, which is of fl:one ; the great folidity of the ground in that part being
fufficient for fupporting buildings of this kind. The convents in the new city, befides
the parochial church, are an Augufl:ine and a Francifcan, with a college of JefuitSf
the members of them not very numerous, on account of the fmallnefs of the revenues.
Here is alfo an hofpital, but without any other endowment than the fliell of the build-
ing. The city and its jurifdiftion are under a corregidor, nominated by the King, who
holds his oflice during five years. Notwithftanding he is fubordinate to the prefident
and audience of Quito, he appoints the deputies in the feveral departments of his
jurifdiftion ; and, for the police and civil government, Guayaquil has ordinary
alcaldes and regidores. The revenue is managed here by a treafurer and an accomp-
tant, who receive the tributes of the Indians, the duties on imports and exports, and
the taxes on commodities, which are either confumed there, or carried through it.

The ecclefiaftiical government is lodged in the bifliop of Quito's vicar, who is gene-
rally alfo the prieft of the town.

CHAP.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 39^

CHAP. V. — Of the Inhabitants^ Cujkms, and Riches of Guayaquil.

GUAYAQUIL contains, in proportion to its dimenfions, as many inhabitants as any
city in all America ; the continual refort of ftrangers, drawn thither by commerce,
contributing very greatly to increafe the number, generally computed at twenty thou-
fand. A great part of its eminent families are Europeans, who have married there j
befides which, and fubftantial Creoles, the other inhabitants are of diflferent cafts, as
in the cities already defcribed.

The inhabitants capable of bearing arms, are divided into companies of militia,
according to their rank and caft ; fo that on occafion they may be ready to defend
their country and property. One of thefe, confifting entirely of Europeans, and called
the foreign company, is the mofl numerous, and makes the moft fplendid appearance
among the whole militia. Without confidering their wealth or ftation, they appear in
arms, and pay a proper obedience to their officers, who are chofen by themfelves from
their own body, being generally fuch as have ferved in Europe, and confequently more
expert in military affairs. The corregidor is the commander in chief; having under
him a colonel and major, for difciplining the other companies.

Though the heat here is equal to that of Panama, or Carthagena, yet the climate
diftinguifties itfelf in the colour of the human fpecies ; and if a certain author has ftyled
it the equinoftial Low Countries, in allufion to the refemblance it bears to the Nether-
lands of Europe, it may, with equal propriety, bear that appellation from this fingu-
larity, namely, that all the natives, except thofe born frorh a mixture of blood, are
frefli-coloured, and itb finely featured, as juftly to be ftyled the handfomeft, both in the
province of Quito, and even in all Peru. Two things are here the more remarkable,
as being contrary to common obfervation : one, that notwithftanding the heat of the
climate, its natives are not tawny ; the other, that though the Spaniards have not
naturally fo fair a complexion as the nothern nations, their children born here of Spa-
nifh women are very fair ; nor has this phenomenon hitherto been fufficiently explained.
To attribute it to the effluvia exhaling from the contiguous river, appears to me little
fatisfadory ; other cities having the fame advantageous fituation, without producing
any improvement in the complexions of the inhabitants ; whereas here fair perfons are
the moft common, and the children have univerfally light hair and eye-brows, and
very beautiful faces.

To thefe perfonal advantages beftowed by nature in a diftinguifhed manner on the
inhabitants, it has added the no lefs pleafing charms of elegance and politenefs ; fo that
feveral Europeans, who intended only a fhort ftay here, have married and fettled ;
nor were their marriages owing to the immenfe fortunes of their ladies, as in fome
other cities of this country, the inhabitants not being at all famous for their riches.

The drefs of the women at Guayaquil nearly relembles that at Panama, except
only when they either pay or receive a vifit ; inftead of the pollera, they wear a faldellin,
which is no longer than the pollera, but being open before, and croffing one fide
over the other, is adorned in the moft profufe manner. It is furbeloed with a richer
ftuff, near half a yard in depth, and bordered with fine laces, gold or fringe, or
ribands, difpofed with an air which renders the drefs extremely rich and becoming.
When they go abroad without a veil, they wear a light brown-coloured mantelet,
bordered with broad ftrips of black velvet, but without laces or any other decorations,
befides necklaces and bracelets, they wear rofaries, of the fame degree of richnefs as

3 E ?' af

2^6 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

at Panama ; and not only load their ears with brilliant pendants, but add tufts of black
filk, about the fize of a filbert, and fo full of jewels, as to make a very fplendid
appearance.

From the commerce of this city, a ftranger would imagine it richer than it adlually
is. This is partly owing to the two dreadful pillages it has fuffered, and partly to fires,
by both which it has been totally ruined. And though the houfes here, as already
obferved, are only of wood, the whole charge of which is the cutting and bringing it
to the city ; yet the expcnce of a houfe of any figure amounts to fifteen or twenty
thoufand dollars, workmen's wages being very high, and iron remarkably dear. Eu-
ropeans, who have raifed any thing of a fortune here, when they have no immoveable
goods to detain them, retire to Lima, or fome other city of Peru, where they may
improve their flocks with greater fecurity.

CHAP. VI. — Of the Temperature of the Air, and the different Seafons at Guayaquil ;

its Inconveniences and Dijiempers,

IN Guayaquil, the winter fets in during December, fometimes at the beginning,
fometimes in the middle, and fometimes not till the end of the month, and lads till
April or May. During this feafon, the elements, the infeds, and vermin, feem to have
joined in a league to incommode the human fpecies. Its extreme heat appeared from
fome thermometrical experiments; for, on the 3d of April, when its intenfenefs had
begun to abate, at fix in the morning the liquor flood at one thoufand and twenty-two ;
at noon at one thoufand and twenty-five ; and at three in the afternoon at one thoufand
and twenty-feven ; which fhews the heat in the middle of winter to be greater than at
Carthagena. The rains alfo continue day and night, accompanied with frequent and
dreadful tempefts of thunder and lightning ; fo that every thing feems to confpire to
dillrefs the inhabitants. The river, and all thofe which join it, overflow their banks,
and lay under water the whole country. The long calm renders the refrefhing winds
very defirable ; and the innumerable fwarms of infeds and vermin infefl both the air
and ground in an intolerable manner.

The fnakes, poifonous vipers, fcorpions, and fcolopendras, in this feafon find methods
of getting into the houfes, to the deftruftion of many of the inhabitants. And though
they are not actually free from them all the reft of the year, yet at this time they are
far more numerous, and alfo more aftive ; fo that it is abfolutely neceffary to examine
carefully the beds, fome of thefe animals having been known to find their way into
them : and both as a fafeguard againfl the danger, and to avoid the tortures of the
mofchitos and other infefts, all perfons, even the Negro flaves and Indians, have toldos
or canopies over their beds. Thofe ufed by the lower clafs of people are made of
tucuyo, or cotton, wove in the mountains : others ufe white linen laced, according to
the temper or ability of the owner.

Though all thefe hot and moifl countries fwarm with an infinite variety of volatrte
infects, yet the inhabitants are no where fo greatly incommoded as at Guayaquil, it being
impofTible to keep a candle burning, except in a lantern, above three or four minutes,
nuaiberlefs infects flying into its flame and extinguifhing it. Any perfon therefore
being obliged to be near a light, is foon driven fi om his poft by the infinite numbers
which fill his eyes, ears, and nollrils. Thefe infeds were almofl infupportable to us,
during the fhort clear intervals of fome nights, which we fpent in making obfervations
oa the heavenly bodies. Their flings were attended with great tortures j and more

than

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 397

than once obliged us to abandon our obfervatlons, being unable either to fee or breathe
for their multitudes *.

Another terrible inconvenience attending the houfes here, are the numbers of peri-
cotes, or rats ; every building being fo infefted with them, that, when night comes on,
they quit their holes, and make fuch a noife in running along the ceiling, and in clam-
bering up and down the fides of the rooms and canopies of the beds, as to difturb per-
fons not accuflomed to them. They are fo little afraid of the human fpecies, that, if a
candle be fet down without being in a lantern, they immediately carry it off; but, as
this might be attended with the mofl melancholy confequences, care is taken, that their
impudence is feldom put to this trial, though they are remarkably vigilant in taking
advantage of the lead neglecl. All thefe inconveniences, which feem infupportable to
flrangers, and alone fufficient to render fuch a country uninhabited, little affefl: the
natives, as having been ufed to them from their infancy : they are more affeded with
cold on the mountains, which the Europeans fcarce feel, or, at leaft, think very mode-
rate, than with all thefe difagreeable particulars.

The leaft troublefome feafon is the fummer, as then both the number and adivity of
thefe vermin are diminiflied ; it being a miftake in fome authors to fay they abound
moft in that feafon. The heat is then abated, by the fetting in of the fouth-weft and
weft-fouth-weft breezes, called here chandui, as coming over a mountain of that name.
Thefe begin conftantly at noon, and continue to refrelh the earth till five or fix in the
following morning. The fky is always ferene and bright, the gentleft fhowers being
rarely known. Provifions are in greater plenty, and thofe produced in the country of
a very agreeable tafte, if ufed while frefh. Fruits are more common, efpecially melons
and water-melons, which are brought in large balzas t to the city. But the capital
advantage is the remarkable falubrity of the air in that feafon.

During the winter, tertian fevers are very common, and are here particularly painful
and dangerous, owing partly to negleft, and partly to an averfion to the ufe of the bark,
being prepoflelTed with a notion, that on account of its hot quality it can have no good
effedt in that climate ; fo that, blinded with this prejudice, without ever confulting phy-
ficians, who would undeceive them, they fuffer the diftemper to prey upon them, till they
are often reduced to an irrecoverable ftate. The natives of the mountains, who are inured
to a cold air, cannot endure that of Guayaquil, it having a natural tendency to debilitate
them ; and by an intemperate ufe of its delicious fruits they throw themfelves into thofe
fevers, which are as common to them in one feafon as another.

Befides this difeafe, which is the moft general, fmce the year 1 740 the black vomit
has alfo made its appearance, the galleons of the South Sea having, on account of the
war, touched here in order to fecure the treafure aniong the provinces of the Cordillera.
At that time great numbers died on board the fhips, together with many foreigners,
but very few of the natives. In faying that the galleons brought this diftemper to Guay-
aquil, 1 follow the general opinion, as it was before that epoclia unknown there.

The natives are very fubjeft to cataracts, and other diftempers of the eye, which often
caufe a total blindnefs. Though thefe diftempers are not general, yet they are much
more common than in other parts ; and I am inclined to think it proceeds from the
aqueous exhalations during the winter, when the whole country is overflowed with
water, and which,^from the chalky texture of the foil, muft be vifcid in the higheft

♦v.This account is too hyperbolical. They are, however, troublefome enough, and almoft infupportable,
throu^out all South America, except in the plains and deferts. A.

■f Called by the natives juiigadas : they are rafts made by pinning or tying feveral bodies of imall trees
together ; the author defcribes them particularly in the next chapter. A.

degrees j

^Qg ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

degree ; and, penetrating the external tunic, not only foul the cryftalline humour, but
alfo cover the pupil, from whence catarads, and other diforders of the eyes, have their
origin.

CHAP. VII. — Provifions, and Manner of Living at Guayaquil.

HERE, as at Carthagena, nature and neceffity have introduced feveral kinds of bread,
made from different grains and roots, to fupply the want of wheat. The moft ufual
here is the crioUo, or natural bread, being unripe plantanes, cut into flices, roafted, and
ferved up as bread. But this is not entirely owing to neceffity, as feveral kinds of meal
might eafily be brought from the neighbouring mountains in fufficient quantities to fup-
ply all the inhabitants of the city ; though only a fmall fhare'^of it would fall to the
lot of the poor, on account of the price, which vaftly exceeds that of the plantanes.
However this be, the latter are defervedly preferred to wheat bread, which is fo badly
made, that even the Europeans refufe to eat it, and accuftom themfelves to the criollo'
which is far from being unpalatable.

Moft of the other provifions, except beef, fruits, and roots, are imported from the
provinces of the Cordilleros and Peru. It would naturally be expeded, that the feve-
ral branches of this river, which abounds in fifli, would caufe a great plenty of them in
the city ; but it is quite otherwife, and the fmall quantity caught near it is far from
being good, and fo bony, that none but the inhabitants can eat them without danger.
Their badnefs in the neighbourhood of the city is probably owing to the brackifh water j
but fome leagues above the city, the river affords a great fupply of what is very exceU
lent. In fuch hot climates, however, they cannot be kept without fait j and it is feldom
the filhermen venture to carry any to the city, lefi, after all their labour, they Ihould be
obliged to throw them away.

The coafts and neighbouring ports abound in very delicious fifh, fome of which are
carried to the city, as keeping better than the fpecies in the river ; and thefe, together
with feveral of the teftaceous kind, conftitute a confiderable part of the food of the inha-
bitants of Guayaquil. In the fait creek are taken very large and fine lobfters, of which
they make delicious ragouts : and from Jambeli creek, on the coaft of Tumbez, are
brought great quantities of oyfters, which, in every refpeft, furpafs thofe of all the coafts
from Panama to Peru, where there is alfo a great demand for them.

The fame caufe which drives from that part of jhe river near the city the fineft fifh,
fome to the fait and others to the frefh waters, according to their refpedive natures, ren-
ders good water very fcarce at Guayaquil, efpecially in fummer ; none being to be had
at a le(s diftance than four or five leagues up the river, according to the height of its
waters. Many balzas are therefore employed in fetching water, and felling it to the
inhabitants. During the winter, this trade is partly at a ftand, as, by the increafe of the
rivers, the water at Guajpaquil is rendered fit for ufe.

Inftead of lard, as at Carthagena and other places, they commonly ufe, in dreffing
their food at Guayaquil, beef fuet. But whether the climate will not permit the beafts
to acquire a proper degree of fatnefs, whether the fuet itfelf be not good, or whether they
are carelefs in feparating it from the tallow ; the fmell and tafte of both are much the
fame, which render their difhes extremely naufeous to ftrangers ; and what is little bet-
ter, they feafon all of them with Guinea pepper, which, though fmall, is fo very ftrong,
that the fmell of it, when whole, fufficiently declares its furprifmg adlivity ; fo that per-
sons, not accuftomed to it, fuffer either way. Jf they eat, their mouths feem in a flame ;

if

ULL0A*S voyage to south AMERICA. 399

if they forbear, they muft endure hunger, till they have overcome their averfion to this
feafoning ; after which they think the Guinea pepper the fineft ingredient in the world
for giving a relifh to their food.

The inhabitants of Guayaquil afFe6t greater fplendour in their formal entertainments ;
but the method of them is not very agreeable to an European gueft. The firft courfe
confifls of different kinds of fweetmeats, the fecond of high-feafoned ragouts ; and thus
they continue to ferve up an alternate filcceffion of fweet and high-feafoned difhes. The
common drink on thefe occafions is grape brandy, there called Aqua ardiente de Caf-
tilla, cordials and wine : of all which they drink freely during the entertainment, height-
ening the pleafure by the variety ; but the Europeans generally prefer wine.

The cuftom of drinking punch has lately increafed confiderably in this city j and,
when drunk in moderation, is found to agree very well with the conftitutions of this
climate. Accordingly it has obtained greatly among perfons of diftinftion, who gene-
rally drink a glafs of it at eleven, and again in the evening ; thus allaying their third,
and at the fame time correcting the water, which, befides the difagreeable tafte com-
municated to it by heat, promotes an exceffive perfpiration : and this cuftom is fo pre-
vailing, that even the ladies punctually obferve it ; and the quantity both of acid and
fpirit being but fmall, it becomes equally wholefome and refrefhing.

CHAP. VIII. — Extent ofjhe Jurtfdi8ion of Guayaquil.

THE moft northern part of the jurifdiftion of Guayaquil begins at Cape Paffado, fo
called from its lying 21' fouth of the equinoctial, and about half a degree north of the
bay of Manta. From this cape it continues all along the coaft, including the ifle of
Puna, to the town of Machala on the coaft of Tumbez, where it is terminated by the
jurifdiction of Piura. From thence it runs away eaftward, and is bounded by that of
Cuenca ; and then, turning northwards along the weftern fkirts of the Andes, it termi-
nates on thofe of Bamba and Chimbo. Its length, from north to fouth, is about fixty
leagues, and its breadth, from eaft to weft, forty or forty-five ; reckoning from the
point of Santa Elena to the parts called Ojibar. Its whole country, like that in the
neighbourhood of the city, is one continued plain, and in winter univerfally overflow-
ed. It is divided into feven lieutenancies or departments, for each of which the corre-
gidor appoints a lieutenant or deputy, who, however, muft be confirmed by the audi-
ence of Quito. Thefe departments are, Puerto Viejo, Punta de Santa Elena, Puna,
Yaguache, Babahoyo, Baba, and Daule.

The lieutenancy de San Gregorio de Puerto Viejo is bounded northward by the go-
vernment of Atacames, and fouth ward by the lieutenancy of Santa Elena. Its capital
of the fame name, though fmall, thinly peopled, and poor, enjoys the privileges of a
city, and includes the towns of Monte Chrifto, Picoafa, Charapoto, and Xipijapa.
Thefe have their particular priefts, who are likewife the fpiritual diredors of all the
fmaller villages in this diftrid:.

The town of Monte Chrifto ftood at firft in the bay of Manta, and was called by
that name. It had then a confiderable commerce by means of veffels pafting from Pa-
nama to the ports of Peru ; but, having been pillaged and deftroyed by fome foreign
adventurers, who infefted thofe feas, the inhabitants removed it to the foot of Monte
Chrifto, where it now ftands, and from whence it has its name.

Some tobacco is planted in this jurifdiCtion, but is not much efteemed j and the
reft of its products, as wax, cotton, and pita, are barely fufficient to fupport its inha-

9 ' bitants,

^Oty ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

bitants, though they are far from being numerous ; occafioned by the general poverty
which reigns through all its towns and villages. The kinds of timber natural to fuch
hot and moift countries grow here in prodigious quantities.

Formerly along the coaft, and in the bay belonging to this lieutenancy, was a confider-
able pearl fifhery ; but it has been totally difcontinued for fome years ; occafioned partly
from the dangers the divers were expofed to, from the mantas and tintoreas already
defcribed ; and partly from the poverty of the inhabitants of this country, who, being
in general Indians and calls, want ability to purchafe Negroes for this occupation.
The bay has probably its name from the great number of mantas in thofe parts, efpe«
daily as the common employment of the inhabitants is the taking of that filh, which
they fait, and carry into the inland provinces. The Europeans cannot help admiring
their dexterity in this kind of filhery, which they carry on in the following manner :
they throw into the water a log of wood, fuch as they ufe in making a balza, being
about five or fix yards in length, and near a foot in diameter, and fufficient to bear the
weight afligned it, which is a net lying acrofs one end of it, while an Indian Hands in
an ered pofition on the other ; and, by help of a canalete or oar, puts off to fea, to the
diftance of half a league [or more, where he ihoots his net. Another Indian, who
follows him on a fimilar log, takes hold of the rope faftened to one end of the net j
and when the whole is extended, they both move towards the land, where their part-
ners wait to draw the net afhore. And here one cannot help obferving with aflonifh-
ment the dexterity and agility of the Indians, in maintaining an equilibrium on round
logs, where, by the continual agitations of the fea, they muft be always changing their
pofition, and making different motions with their body ; and what Hill heightens the
difficulty is, that he is obliged, at the fame time, to mind both his oar and the net, in
drawing it towards the land. They are indeed excellent fwimmers ; fo that if they
happen (which is very feldom) to flip off, they are foon on the log again, and in their
former pofture ; at lead, they are in no danger of being fhipwrecked.

I fliall place Punta de Santa Elena as the fecond lieutenancy, becaufe it joins to the
fouth part of the former. It extends all along the weftern coaft from the ifles of Plata
and Salango, to the fame Punta de Santa Elena ; from thence it ftretches along the
north coaft, formed by the bay of Guayaquil ; comprehending in this extent the towns
of Punta, Chongon, Morro, Colonche, and Chandui. At Chongon and Morro two
priefts refide, to whofe pariflies the others belong. The lieutenant, inverted with the civil
government, refides in the town of Punta, two leagues from the port, where there are
indeed warehoufes, or rather ftieds, for receiving fait and other goods, but no dwelling-
houfes.

The port of Punta has fo many falt-works, that it fupplles the whole province of
Quito and jurifdiftion of Guayaquil. The fait is not the fineft, but remarkably com-
paft, and anfwers very well the principal intention, that of falling flefh.

On the coaft belonging to this lieutenancy is found that exquifite purple, fo highly
efteemed among the ancients ; but the fifti from which it was taken, having been either
unknown or forgotten, many moderns have imagined the fpecies to be extinft. This
colour, however, is found in a fpecies of ftiell-filh growing on rocks waflied by the fea.
They are fomething larger than a nut, and are replete with a juice, probably the blood,
which, when expreffed, is the true purple ; for if a thread of cotton, or any thing of
a fimilar kind, be dipt in this liquor, it becomes of a moft vivid colour, which repeated
wafhings are fo far from obliterating, that they rather improve it ; nor does it fade by
wearing. ^ The jurifdidion of the port of Nicoya, in the province of Guatemala, alfo
affords this fpecies of turbines, the juice of which is alfo ufed in dying cotton threads,

8 and.

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 4OI

and, in feveral parts, for ribands, laces, and other ornaments. Stuffs dyed with
this purple are alfo highly valued. This precious juice is extraded by different
methods. Some take the fifh out of its Ihell, and,- laying it on the back of
their hand, prefs it with a knife from the head to the tail, feparating that part of
the body into which the compreflion has forced the juice, and throw away the
reft. In this manner they proceed, till they have provided themfelves with a fufficient
quantity. Then they draw the threads through the liquor, which is the whole procefs.
But the purple tinge does not immediately appear, the juice being at firft of a milky
colour ; it then changes to green ; and, laftly, into this celebrated purple. Others
purfue a different method in extracting the colour; for they neither kill the fifti, nor
take it entirely out of its (hell ; but fqueeze it fo hard as to exprefs a juice, with which
they dye the thread, and afterwards replace the fifh on the rock whence it was taken.
Some time after it undergoes a fecond operation ; but without yielding fo much juice
as at firft ; and at the third or fourth very little, by which means the fifli is exhaufted
beyond recovery. In 1 744,- being in the lieutenancy of Santa Elena, I had the fatis-
fadion to fee this liquor extracted according to the firft procefs, and fome threads dyed
with it. This purple is far from being fo common as fome authors have imagined ; for,
though the fifli increafes, yet fo large a quantity is neceffary to dye a few ounces of
thread, that little of it is feen ; and, indeed, its great price is partly owing to its fear-
city. Another circumftance worthy of obfervation, and which increafes or diminifties
the value, is the difference of weight and colour of the cotton dyed with it, according
to the different hours of the day. I could not find any fatisfadory account of this
property at Punta de Santa Elena, where the inhabitants, being lefs curious, have not
carried their fpeculations fo far as to be acquainted with this remarkable fingularity ;
whereas at Nicoya it is fo well known, that the dealers in it, both buyers and fellers,
are exactly acquainted with the times of its increafe or decreafe, fo that one of the firft
preliminaries to a contrad is, to fettle the time when it fhall be weighed. From this
alteration of the weight of the purple thread at Nicoya it may be inferred, that the
fame happens at Punta de Santa Elena j the turbines at both places being exadly of the
fame fpecies, and without the leaft vifible difference in colour. Another very remark-
able particular relating to its tin£t, and which I have heard from perfons of undoubted
veracity, is, that the colour of a thread of flax is very different from that of a thread
of cotton. It would, therefore, be proper, to make repeated experiments, on threads
of filk, flax, and wool.

Some, by faying that the fifli, from whence this dye is extraded, breeds in a fliell,
by which either the flat or acaracolada or fpiral may be underftood ; it may not be im-
proper to remark that it is the laft fpecies, and, accordingly, the cotton tinged with this
juice, is called Caracolillo. This department alfo abounds in fruits, cattle of all kinds,
wax, and fifli ; fo that the inhabitants have very profitable motives for induftry j accord-
ingly it is very populous, and though it does not abound in towns, the number of in-
habitants far exceeds that of the preceding government, and the harbour of Punta is
much frequented by veffels, that is, by fuch as trade between Panama and the ports of
Peru, in order to purchafe different kinds of provifions, as calves, kids, fowl, and other
kinds, of which there is here a great plenty. Veffels belonging to the merchants of
Guayaquil of two hundred tons, load here with fait ; a trade which, from the cheap-
nefs of that commodity, turns to a very good account.

The next lieutenancy fouthward is Puna, an ifland in the mouth of Guayaquil river.
It extends north-eaft and fouth-weft between fix and feven leagues, and is of a quadri-
lateral figure. According to an ancient tradition, its inhabitants were once between
twelve and fourteen thouland : but, at prefent, it has only one fmall town, fituated at

VOL. XIV. a F ihe

4oa ulloa's voyage to sooth aJUerica.

the head of its harbour in the north-eaft part ; and the few inhabitants confift chiefly
of cafts, and fome Spaniards, but very few Indians. To this lieutenancy has been
annexed the'town of Machala, on the coaft of Tumbez, together with that of Naran-
jal, the landing-place of the river of the fame name, called alfo the Suya j near which is
a road leading to the jurifdiftions of Cuenca and Alaufi. But neither of thefe towns
is in a more flourifhing condition than that on the ifland. In the latter refide both the
lieutenant and prieft, to whom the others are fubjeft, both in civil and ecclefiallical
affairs ; Puna not only being the principal town, but great Ihips, by reafon of the
depth of its harbour, load there, which cannot be done at Guayaquil, on account of
the fand in its river ; while others come there to load with wood.

The jurifdi£iions of Machala and Manaranjol produce great quantities of cacao, and
that of the former is efteemed the beft in all Guayaquil. In its neighbourhood, as in
the ifland of Puna, are great numbers of mangles, or mangrove trees, whofe interwoven
branches and thick trunks cover all thofe plains ; which, lying low, are frequently
overflowed. As this tree is little known in Europe, it mufl: not be paflTed over without
a fliort defcription.

The mangrove is fo far different from other trees, that it requires a foil daily over-
flowed by the fea. Accordingly, when the water is ebbed away from the fpots where
the mangroves thrive, they exhale very difagreeable effluvia from their muddy furface.
This tree no fooner appears above the ground, than it divides itfelf into very knotty and
diftorted branches ; and from each knot germinates a multitude of others, increafmg
fo as to form, when grown up, an impenetrable thicket. Nor is it pofllble to difcern
the flioots belonging to the principal branches ; for, befides this entangled labyrinth,
thofe of the fifth or fixth produftion are equal in magnitude to thofe of the firfl:, which
is generally of an inch and a half or two inches in diameter ; and all fo flexible, that
the only method of fevering them is by fome edged tool. Though they extend them-
felves nearly horizontally, yet the trunk and principal branches increafe both in height
and thicknefs. Its leaves are very fmall, in proportion to the branches, not being
above an inch and a half or two inches in length, oval, thick, and of a pale green.
The ufual height of the principal fl;ems of the mangrove is eighteen or twenty yards,
ten or twelve inches in diameter, and covered with a thin, rough bark. But its wood is
fo folid and heavy, that it fmks in water, and, when ufed in fliips or veflels, is found
very durable, being not fubjedt either to fplit or rot.*

The Indians here pay their annual tribute in the wood of the mangrove, which is
ufed occalionally in fuch works as its natare is befl; adapted to.

The lieutenancy of Yaguache is at the mouth of the river of the fame name, which
falls into that of Guayaquil on the fouth fide ; and has its rife from the flcirts of the
Cordillera, fouth of the river Bamba. Its jurifdidion contains three towns ; the printi-
pal, that where the cufl;om-houfe is erected, is San Jacinto de Yaguache ; the two others
are Noufa and Antonche. To thefe belong two priefts, one refiding at Yaguache, and
the other at Noufa. Though thefe towns are but thinly inhabited, the farms and
country have great numbers, particularly of the poorer fort.

The chief produdlion of Yaguache is wood, and a little cacao : but cattle and cotton
are the principal objeds of their attention.

* The mangrove ftioots out collateral branches, which bend down, take root, and put out others which
do the fame, to that one tree in a few years covers a large fpace of ground. Thofe ftems that are within
the reach of high-water mark are generally covered with a fmall kind of oyfter, called Mangrove- oyfter'^,
which are eaten .by the natives. The bark of the tree is ufed to tan leather, in which it fucceeds very
well, but gives the leather a much higher colour than oak bark. A.

lo Babahoyoj

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 403

Babahoyo, a name fufficiently known in all thefe countries, it being the feat of the
grand cuftom-houfe for every thing going into the Cordillera, or coming from thence,
has a very large jurifdidion, in which, befides the principal town, are thofe of Ujiba,
Caracol, Quilea, and Mangaches ; the two laft border on the Cordillera, and are a con-
fiderable diftance from Ujiba, where the prieft refides during the winter, removing in
the fummer to Babahoyo, which, befides its fettled inhabitants, has always a great
number of traders from other parts.

The country of this jurifdidion, being level and low, on the firft fwellings of the
rivers Caluma, Ujiba, and Caracol, is overflowed to a prodigious diftance, though at
different depths, particularly at Babahoyo, where the waters rife to the firft ftory of the
houfes, fo that during the winter it is entirely forfaken.

The country of this jurifdidion, as well as that of Baba, contiguous to it, abounds
in fuch numbers of cacao plantations, that many are negleded, and their fruit left to
the monkies and other animals, which are thus happily provided for by the fpontaneous
fertility of the ground, without any affiftance from agriculture. It alfo produces cot-
ton, rice, Guinea pepper, and a great variety of fruits. It has likewife large droves of
black cattle, horfes, and mules, which, during the time the country is under water, are
kept in the mountains j biit, as foon as the lands are dry, are driven down to fatten on
the garaalotes, a plant of fuch luxuriance, as to cover entirely the ground ; its height
exceeds two yards and a half. It alfo gVows fo thick, as to preclude all paffage, even
along the paths made by the traders.

The blade of the gamalote refembles that of barley, but longer, broader, thicker, and
rougher. The green is deep, but lively, and the ftalk diverfified with knots, from which
the leaves, which are ftrong, and fomething above two lines in diameter, have their
origin. When the gamalote is at its full growth, the height of water during the floods,
by rifmg above its top, preffes it down, and rots it, fo that, when the waters ebb away,
the earth feems covered with it ; but at the firft impreflion of the fun it flioots again,
and in a few days abounds in the fame plenty as before. One thing remarkable
in it is, that, though it proves fo nourifliing to the cattle of this diftrid, it is very
noxious to thofe from the Cordillera, as has been often experienced.

Baba is one of the largeft lieutenancies of Guayaquil, reaching to the fldrts of the
Cordillera, or the mountains of Anga Marca, belonging to the jurifdidion of Lata-
cunga, or, according to the Indian pronunciation, Llatacunga. Befides the princi-
pal town of the fame name, it has others annexed to it, fo far as to be under one
prieft, who, with the corregidor's lieutenant, refides continually at Baba. Formerly,
the river of the fame name ran clofe by this town ; but Don En Vinces having cut
a canal for watering the cacao plantations on his eftate, the river inclining more to
this courfe than its former, it was found impoflible to ftop it ; fo that, leaving its
original channel, it has ever fince continued to run in a courfe fome diftance from
the town. The other two places are San Lorenzo and Palenque, both at a great
diftance from the capital, and near the Cordillera, fo that their Indian inhabitants
are but little civilized.

The cacao tree, which, as I have already obferved, abounds in this diftrid, inftead
of being only four or five, according to fome authors, who poflibly faw it when very
young, is generally not lefs than eighteen or twenty feet high. It begins from the
ground to divide itfelf into four or five ftems, according to the vigour of the root, from
whence they all proceed. They are generally between four and feven inches in dia-
meter ; but their firft growth is in an oblique diredion, fo that the branches are all ex-
panded and Separated from one another. The length of the leaf is between four and

3 F 2 fix

404 ULLOA's VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

fix inches, and its breadth three or four. It is very fmooth, foft, and terminates in a
point, like that of the China orange tree, but with fome difference in colour, the former
being of a dull green, and has nothing of the glofs obfervable on the latter ; nor is the
tree fo full of leaves as that of the orange. From the ftem, as well as the branches,
grow the pods which contain the cacao. The firft appearance is a white bloffom, not
very large, whofe piftil contains the embryo^ of the pod, which grows to the length of
fix or feven inches, and four or five in breadth, refembling a cucumber in ftiape ; and
ftriated in a longitudinal diredVion, but deeper than the cucumber. The pods are not
precifely of the above dimenfions, nor are they always proportionate to the ftem or
branch, to which they adhere in the form of excrefcences, fome being much fmaller ;
and it is not extraordinary to fee one of the leaft fize on the principal trunk, and one
prodigioufly large near the extremity of a flender branch. But it is obferved that, when
two grow in contaft, one of them attrafts all the nutritive juice, and thrives on the
decay of ihe other.

The colour of the pod while growing is green, nearly refembling that of the leaf, but
when arrived at its full perfedlion, it gradually changes to a yellow. The fhell which
covers it is thin, fmooth, and clear. When the fruit is arrived at its full growth, it is
gathered ; and being cut into dices, its pulp appears white and juicy, with fmall feeds
regularly arranged, and at that time of no greater confiftence than the reft of the pulp,
but whiter, and contained by a very fine delicate membrane, full of Hquor, refembling
milk, but tranfparent, and fomething vifcid ; at this time it may be eaten like any other
fruit. Its tafte is a fweetifti acid j but in this country is thought to be promotive of
fevers. The yellownefs of the pod indicates that the cacao begins to feed on its fub-
ftance, to acquire a greater confiftence, and that the feeds begin to fill ; the colour
gradually fading till they are fully completed, when the dark-brown colour of the fhell,
into which the yellow has deviated, indicates that it is a proper time to gather it. The
thicknefs of the fhell is now about two lines, and each feed found inclofed in one of
the compartments formed by the tranfverfe membranes of the pod. After gathering
the fruit, it is opened, and the feeds taken out and laid on fkins kept for that pur-
pofe, or more generally on vijahua leaves, and left in the air to dry. When fully
dried, they are put into leather bags, fent to market, and fold by the carga or
load, which is equal to eighty-one pounds; but the price is far from fixed, being
fometimes fold for fix or eight rials per carga, though lefs than the charge of
gat^'Cring : but the general price is between three and four dollars, and, at the time
of the armadas, when the demand is very large, rifes in proportion.

This tree produces its fruit twice a year, and in the fame plenty and goodnefs.
The quantity gathered throughout the whole jurifdiftion of Guayaquil amounts at
leaft to 50,000 cargas.

The cacao trees delight fo exceflively in water, that the ground where they are
planted muft be reduced to a mire, and, if not carefully fupplied with water, they
die. They muft alfo be planted in the fhade, or at leaft defended from the per-
pendicular rays of the fun; accordingly, they are always placed near other larger
trees, under the fhelter of which they grow and flourilh. No foil can be better
adapted to the nature of thefe trees than that of Guayaquil, as it favours them in
both refpeds ; in the former, as confifting wholly of favannahs or wide plains, over-
flowed in winter, and in fummer plentifully watered by canals ; and, with regard to
the latter, it abounds in other trees, which afford them the requifite fhelter.

All the care neceffary in the culture of this tree confifts in clearing the ground from
the weeds and Ihrubs abounding in fo wet a foil : and this is fo neceffary, that, if

I a negleded.

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA,

405

riCgiefted, in ?. few years thefe veget£±)les will deftroy the cacao plantations, by robbing
the foil of all its nourifhment.

The laft lieutenancy to be defcribed, is that of Daule. The principal town is of the
fame name, and waflied by the river, to which it owes its appellation. It contains
many fpacious houfes belonging to the inhabitants of Guayaquil. It is alfo the refidence
of a lieutenant and a parifb prieft, having under their infpedion the two towns of Santa
Lucia and Valfar, Here are a great number of plantations of tobacco and fugar^:anes,
cacao, and cotton; together with large orchards of fruit-trees, and extenlive
corn-fields.

The river Daule, which, like that of Baba, difcharges itfelf into Guayaquil river, is
very large, and on both a great trade is carried on with that city. By the former, it
receives the great plenty and variety of fummer fruits, and a confiderable part of tlie
plantanes, which conllitute the bread ufed there during the whole year. Though great
quantities of tobacco grow in c^her parts of the jurifdidic«i of Guayaquil, yet none
equals that of Daule.

The bufinefs of grazing is followed in all thefe lieutenancies ; but more or lefs, in
proportion to their extent, the nature of the foil, and the conveniency of driving the
cattle to the mountains, beyond the reach of the inundations.

CHAP. IX. — Defer tption of the River sf Guayaquil, and of the Veffels trading on it,

THE river of Guayaquil being the channel of the commerce of that place, it will be
proper to give fome account of it, in order to affift the reader in forming an idea of the
trade carried on in that city.

The diftance of the navigable part of this river, from the city to the cuflom-houfe at
Babahoyo, the place where the goods are landed, is, by thofe who have long frequented
it, commonly divided into reaches, of which there are twenty, its courfe being wholly
Terpentine ; but to Caracoi, the landing-place in winter, there are twoity-four reaches,
the longeft of which are the three neareft the city 5 and thefe may be about two leagues
and a half in length, but the others not above one. Whence it may be inferred, on
an average, that the diftance, meafured on the furface of the river, between Guayaquil
and the cuftom-houfe of Babahoyo, is twenty-four leagues and a half, and to Caracoi
twenty-eight and a halt The time requifite to perforna this pailage is very different,
according to the feafon, and nature of the veflei. During the winter, a chata generally
takes up eight days in going from Guayaquil to Caracoi, being againft the current of
the river; whereas two days are fufficient to perform the paiTage downwards. In
fummer a light canoe goes up in three tides, and returns in little more than two ; the
fame may be faid of other veflels, the palTage downwards bang always performed in
much lefs time than the other, on account of the natural current of the river, in the
reaches near the cuftom-houfe, where the ftrongeft flood only ftops the water from
running downwards.

The diftance from Guayaquil to Ifla Verde, Situated at the mouth of the river in
Puna bay, is by pilots computed at about fix leagues, and divided, like the other part,
into reaches ; and from Ifla Verde to Puna three leagues : fo that the whole diftance
from Caracoi, the moft inland part up the river, to that of Puna, is thirty-feven
leagues and a half. Between Ifla Verde and Puna it widens fo prodigioufiy, that the
bcaizon towards the north and fouth is bounded by the fl^y, except m fome few parts
northwards, where 4he plantations of mangroves are perceived.

The

4o6 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

The mouth of thq river at the Ifla Verde is about a league in breadth, and even
foniething broader at Guayaquil, above which it contrads itfelf as it advances nearer
the mountains, and forms other creeks, the mouth of one of which, called Eftero de
Santay, faces the city ; another, termed Lagartos, is near the cuftom-houfe at Baba-
hoyo. Thefe are the largeft, and at the fame time extend to fuch a diftance from the
principal river, as to form very confiderable iflands.

The tides, as we have before obferved, in fummer-time reach up to the cuftom-houfe,
checking the velocity of the waters, and confequently cauflng them to fwell ; but, in
winter, the current being ftronger and more rapid, this increife of the water is vifible
only in the reaches near Guayaquil ; and in three or four different times of the year
the great velocity of the current renders the tides imperceptible : the firft of this feafon
happens about Chriftmas. »

The principal caufe of the fwellings of this river arifes from the torrents rufliing
down/rom the Cordillera into it. For though rain is frequent here, great part of the water
is received by its lakes, or ftagnates on the plains : fo that the increafe of the river is en-
tirely owmg to the torrents from the mountains.

One particular inconvenience of thefe floods is, their fliifting the banks of fand lying
between the city and Ifla Verde ; fo that no ftiips of any confiderable burden can go
up with fafety, vdthout continually founding with the lead, unlefs care has been taken
to mark the banks fince their laft change.

The borders of this river, like thofe of Yaguache, Baba, and Daule, as well as thofe
of the creeks and canals, are decorated with country-feats, and cottages of poor people
of all cafts, having here both the convenience of fifliing and agriculture ; and the in-
termediate fpaces filled with fuch a variety of thickets, that art would find it difficult to
imitate the delightful landfcape here exhibited by nature.

The principal and moft uncommon materials ufed in buildings on thefe rivers, are
canes, whofe dimenfions and other particulars fliall be taken notice of in their place.
Thefe alfo form the inward parts, as walls, floors, and rails of the flairs ; the larger
houfes differ only in fome of the principal pieces, which are of wood. Their method
of building is, to fix in earth, eight, ten, or twelve pieces of wood, more or lefs,
according to the dimenfions of the houfe, forked at the top, and of a proper length, all
the apartments being on the firft ftory, without any ground floor. Beams are then
laid acrofs on thefe forks, at the diftance of four or five yards from the ground. On
thefe beams canes are laid in fuch a manner as to form a kind of rafters, and over
thefe boards of the fame canes a foot and a half in breadth, which form as firm and
handfome a flooring as if of wood. The partitions of the feveral apartments are of the
fame materials, but the outer walls are generally latticed, for the free admiflion of
the air. The principal beams of the roof of large houfes are of timber, the rafters of
cane, with fmaller, in a tranfverfe diredion, and over thefe vijahua leaves.* Thus a
houfe is built at very little expenfe, though containing all the neceffary conveniences.
With regard to the poorer fort, every one's own labour fuffices to procure him a
habitation. He goes up a creek in a fmall canoe, and from the firft wood cuts down as
many canes, vijahuas, and bejucos,t as he wants, and, bringing the whole to the
,{hore, he makes a balza or float, on which he loads his other materials, and falls
down the river to the place where he intends to ereft his cottage. After which,
he begins his work, faftening with bejucos thofe parts which are ufually nailed j and,

* This leaf is three or four feet long, and about one broad. A.

f A long pliant twig, ufed as a cord by the natives j defcribed Book V. Ch. I. A,

in

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 407

in a few days, finilhes it in the completeft manner. Some of thefe cottages are almoft
equal in dimenfions to thofe of timber.

The lower part, both of thefe houfes, as well as thofe in the greater part of the
jurifdidion of Guayaquil (which are of the fame form), are expofed to all winds,
being entirely open, without having any wall, or fence, except the ports or ftancheons
by which the building is fupported. For whatever coft was expended on the ground
floor, it would be wholly ufelefs in the winter, when all the country is turned to mud.
Such houfes, however, as iland beyond the reach of inundations, have ground floors,
walled and finiflied like the other apartments, and ferve as warehoufes for goods ; but
thofe within the inundations are built, as it were, in the air, the water having a free
paflage under them. All the inhabitants have their canoes for pafling from one houfe
to another, and are fo dexterous in the management of thefe flciffs, that a little girl
ventures alone in a boat fo fmall and flight, that any one lefs fl^ilful would overfet in
ftepping into it, and without fear crofles rapid currents, which an expert failor, not
accufliomed to them, would find very difficult.

The continual rains in winter, and the flightnefs of the materials with which thefe
houfes are built, render it neceflary to repair them during the fummer ; but thofe of
the poorer fort, which are low, muft be every year rebuilt, efpecially thofe parts
which confifl: of cane, bejuco, and vijahua, while the principal ftancheons, which form
the foundation, ftill continue ferviceable, and able to receive the new materials.

From the houfes I proceed to give an account of the veflels, which (omitting the
chatas and canoes as common) are called Balzas, i. e. rafts. The name fufficiently
explains their conftruftion, but not the method of managing them, which thefe Indians,
ftrangers to the arts and fciences, have learned from neceflity.

Thefe Balzas, called by the Indians Jungadas, * are compofed of five, feven, or
nine beams of a fort of wood, which, though known here only by the name of Balza,
the Indians of Darien called Puero j and, in all appearance, is the ferula of the Latins,
mentioned by Columella ; Pliny takes notice of two fpecies of it, the lefler by the
Greeks called Nartechia, and the larger Narthea, which grows to a great height.
Nebrija calls it in Spanifli Canna Beja or Canna Heja. Don George Juan, who faw it
growing in Malta, found no other difference betwixt it and the Balza or Puero, only
the Canna Beja, called ferula by the Maltefe, is much fmaller. The Balza is a
whitifli foft wood, and fo very light, ,that a boy can eafily carry a log of three or four
yards in length and a foot in diameter. Yet, of this wood are formed the Janjades or
Balzas, already mentioned. Over part of it is a ftrong tilt formed of reeds. Inftead
of a maft, the fail is hoifted on two poles or flieers of mangrove wood, and thofe which
carry a forefail have two other poles ereded in the fame manner.

Balzas are not only ufed on rivers, but fmall voyages are made at fea in them, and
fometimes they go as far as Paita. Their dimenfions being different, they are alfo
applied to different ufes ; fome of them being fifliing Balzas ; fome carry all kinds of
goods from the cuftom-houfe to Guayaquil, and from thence to Puna, the Salto de
Tumbez, and Paita ; and others, of a more curious and elegant copftruftion, ferve
for removing families to their eftates and country-houfes, having the fame convenience
as on ftiore, not being the leaft agitated on the river ; and that they have fufficient
room for accommodations, may be inferred from the length of the beams, which are
twelve or thirteen toifes and about two feet or more in diameter : fo that the nine

* They are the fame that are called Catamorans in the Eaft Indies. A.

beams

4o8 dlloa's voyage to south America.

t

beams of which they confift, form a breadth of between twenty and twenty-four
Paris feet ; and proportional in thofe of feven, or any other number of beams.

Thefe beams are faftened or lafhed together by bejucos, and fo fecurely, that with
the crofs-pieces at each end, which are alfo lafhed with all poffible ftrength, they refifl
the rapidity of the currents in their voyages to the coaft of Tumbez and Paita. The
Indians are fo fkilful in fecuring them, that they never loofen, notwithftanding the
continual agitation ; though by their negleft in examining the condition of the bejucos,
whether they are not rotten or worn, fo as to require others, there are fome melan-
choly inftances of Balzas, which, in bad weather, have feparated, and, by that means,
the cargo loft, and the paflengers drowned. With regard to the Indians, they never
fail of getting on one of the beams, which is fufficient for them to make their way to
the next port. Qjie or two unfortunate accidents of this kind happened even while
we were in the jurifdidion of Quito, purely from the favage careleffnefs of the
Indians.

The thickeft beam of thofe which compofe the Balza, is placed fo as to projed
bejond the other in its after-part ; and to this are laflied the firft beams on each fide,
and thus, fucceffively, till the whole -are fecured ; that in the middle being the prin-
cipal piece, and thence the number of beams is always odd. The larger fort of Balzas
generally carry between four and five hundred quintals, without being damaged by
the proximity of the water ; for the waves of the fea never run over the Balza ; nei-
ther does the water fplafli up between the beams, the Balza always following the motion
of the water.

Hitherto we have only mentioned the conftru£tion and the ufes they are applied to ; but
the greateft Angularity of this floating vehicle is, that it fails, tacks, and works as well in
contrary winds, as fhips with a keel, and makes very little lee-way. This advantage
it derives from another method of fteering than by a rudder ; namely, by fome boards,
three or four yards in length, and half a yard in breadth, called Guaras, which are
placed vertically, both in the head and ftern between the main beams, and by thruft-
ing fome of thefe deep in the water, and raifmg others, they bear away, luff up, tack,
lie to, and perform all the other motions of a regular Ihip : an invention hitherto un-
known to the moft intelligent nations of Europe, and of which even the Indians kno^
only the mechanifm, their uncultivated minds having never examined into the rationale
of it. Had this method of fteering been fooner known in Europe, it would have
alleviated the diftrefs of many a fhipwreck, by faving numbers of lives; as in 1730,
the Genovefa, one of His Majefty*s frigates, being loft on the Vibora, the fhip's com-
pany made a raft; but coijimitting themfelves to the waves, without any means of
direfting their courfe, they only added fome melancholy minutes to the term of their
exiftence. Such affecting inftances induced me to explain the reafon and foundation
of this method of fteering, in order to render it of ufe in fuch calamitous jundures ;
and, that I may perform it with the greater accuracy, I fhall make ufe of a fhort
memoir, drawn up by Don George Juan.

The diredion, fays he, in which a fliip moves before the wind, is perpendicular to
the fail, as Meff. Renau, in the Theorie de Manoeuvres, chap. ii. art. i. Bernoulli,
cap. i. art. 4. Pitot, fed. ii. art. 13. have demonftrated. And' re-adtion being contrary
and equal to the adion, the force with which the water oppofes the motion of the
velTel, will be applied in a perpendicular direction to the fail, and continued from lee-
ward to windward, impelling with more force a greater body than a fmaller, in pro-
portion to the fuperficies, and the fquares of the fines of the angle of incidence, fup-
pofing their velocities equal. Whence it follows, that a Guara being ftioved down in

the

VLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 409

the fore-part of the veffel, muft make her lufF up ; and by taking it out, fhe will bear
away or fall off. Likewife on a guara's being flioved down at the ftern, flie will bear
away j and by taking it out of the water, the balza will luff, or keep nearer to the
wind. Such is the method ufed by the Indians m fleering the balzas j and fometimes
they ufe five or fix guaras, to prevent the balza from making lee-way j it being
evident, that the more they are under water, the greater refiftance the fide of the
veffel meets with ; the guaras performing the office of lee-boards, ufed in fmall veffels.
The method of fleering by thefe guaras is fo eafy and fimple, that when once the
balza is put in her proper courfe, one only is made ufe of, raifing or lowering it as
accidents require ; and thus the balza is always kept in her intended dire£lion.

We have before obferved, that this river and its creeks abound in fifh, which for
fome time in the year afford employment for the Indians and Mulattos inhabiting its
banks, and for which they prepare towards the end of fummer, having then fown and
reaped the produce of their little farms. All their preparatives confifl in examining
their balzas, giving them the neceffary repairs, and putting up a frefh tilt of vijahua
leaves. This being finifhed, they take on board the neceffary quantity of fait, har-
poons, and darts. With regard to their provifion, it confills only of maize, plantanes,
and hung-beef. Every thing being ready, they put on board the balzas, their canoes,
their families, and the little furniture they are maflers of. With regard to the cattle
and horfes, of which every one has a few, they are driven up to winter in the
mountains.

The Indians now fleer away to the mouth of fome creek, where they exped to take
a large quantity of fifh, and flay there during the whole time of the fifhery, unlefs they
are difappointed in their expedations ; in which cafe they fleer away to another, till
they have taken a fufficient quantity, when they return to their former habitations j
but not without taking with them vijahua leaves, bejucos, and canes, for making the
neceffary repairs. When the communication is opened with the provinces of the Cor-
dilleras, and the cattle begin to return into the plains, they carry their fifh to the
cuflom-houfe of Babahoyo, where they fell it ; and with the produce, purchafe baize,
tucuyo, and other fluffs, for clothing themfelves and families.

Their method of fifhing is thus : Having moored their balza near the mouth of a
creek, they take their canoes, with fome harpoons and fpears, and on fight of a fifh
make towards it, till they arrive at a proper diftance, when they throw their fpear at it
with fuch dexterity, that they feldom mifs; and if the place abounds in fifh, they
load their canoes in three or four hours, when they return to their balzas to fait and
cure them. Sometimes, efpecially in places where the creeks form a kind of lake, they
make ufe of a certain herb called Barbafco, which they chew, mix with fome bait,
and fcatter about on the water. The juice of this herb is fo flrong, that the fifh on
eating a very little of it become inebriated, fo as to float on the furface of the water,
when the Indians have no other trouble than to take them up. This juice is adually
fatal to the fmaller fifh, and the larger do not recover for fome time ; and even thefe,
if they have eaten a confiderable quantity, perifh. It is natural to think, that fifh
caught in this manner mufl be prejudicial to health : but experience proves the con-
trary, and accordingly the mofl tihiorous make no difficulty of eating them. Their
next method of fifhing is with nets ; when they form themfelves into companies, for the
better management of them.

The largefl fort of fifh caught here is called Bagre, fome of which are a yard and a
half long; but flabby, and of an ill laft;e, fo that they are never eaten frefli.^ The
Robalo, a fort of large trout, is the mofl: palatable ; but being only taken in the

VOL. XIV, '? G creeks

41 0 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

creeks a great way above Guayaquil, the diftance will not admit their being brought to
that city.

The increafe of fifh in this river is greatly hindered by the prodigious numbers of
alligators, an amphibious creature living both in the rivers, and the adjacent plains,
though it is not often known to go far from the banks of the river. When tired with
fifliing, they leave the water to baik themfelves in the fun, and then appear more like
logs of half rotten wood thrown afhore by the current, than living creatures ; but
upon perceiving any vefTel near them, they immediately throw themfelves into the
water. Some are of fo monftrous a fize as to exceed five yards in length. During
the time they lie bafking on the ihore, they keep their huge mouths wide open, till
filled with mofchitos, flies, and other infe£ts, when they fuddenly Ihut their jaws and
fwallow their prey. Whatever may have been written with regard to the fiercenefs
and rapacity of this animal, I and all our company know, from experience, they avoid
a man, and on the approach of any one, immediately plunge into the water. Their
whole body is covered with fcales impenetrable to a mulket-ball, unlefs it happens to
hit them in the belly near the fore legs ; the only part vulnerable.

The alligator is an oviparous creature. The female makes a large hole in the fand
near the brink of a river, and there depofits her eggs ; which are as white as thofe
of a hen, but much more folid. She generally lays about a hundred, continuing in
the fame place till they are all depofited, which is about a day or two. She then
covers them with the fand ; and the better to conceal them, rolls herfelf, not only over
her precious depofitum, but to a confiderable diftance. After this precaution, fhe
returns to the water till natural inftind informs her that it is time to deliver her young
from their confinement ; when fhe comes to the fpot, followed by the male, and
tparing up the fand, begins breaking the eggs, but fo carefully, that fcarce a fingle
one is injured ; and a whole fwarm of little alligators are feen crawling about. The
female then takes them on her neck and back, in order to remove them into the
water ; but the watchful gallinazos make ufe of this opportunity to deprive her of
fome ; and even the male alligator, which indeed comes for no other end, devours
what he can, till the female has reached the water with the few remaining ; for all
thofe which either fall from her back, or do not fwim, Ihe herfelf eats 5 fo that of fuch
a formidable brood, happily not more than four or five efcape.

The gallinazos, mentioned in our account of Carthagena, are the moft inveterate
enemies of the alligators, or rather extremely fond of their eggs, in finding which they
make ufe of uncommon addrels. Thefe birds often make it their whole bufinefs to
watch the females during the fummer, the feafon when they lay their eggs, the fands
on the fides of the river not being then covered with water. The gallinazo perches
on fome tree, where it conceals itfelf among the branches, and there filently watches
the female alligator, till Ihe has laid her eggs and retires, pleafed that fhe has con-
cealed them beyond difcovery. But fhe is no fooner under the water, than the gallinazo
darts down on the repofitory, and with its beak, claws, and wings, tears up the fand,
and devours the eggs, leaving only the fhells. This banquet would indeed richly
reward its long patience, did not a multitude of gallinazos from all parts, join the
fortunate difcoverer and fhare in the fpoil. I have often been entertained with this
flratagem of the gallinazos, in paffing from Guayaquil to the cuftom-houfe of
Babahoyo ; and my curiofity once led me to take fome of the eggs, which thofe who
frequent this river, particularly the Mulattos, make no difficulty of eating, when frefh.
Here we muft remark the methods ufed by Providence in dirainifhing the number of
thefe deftrudive creatures, not only by the gallinazos, but even by the males them-

1 1 felves.

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA, 411

felves. Indeed, neither the river nor the neighbouring fields would otherwife be
fufficient to contain them ; for, notwithflanding the ravages of thefe two infatiable ene-
mies, their numbers can hardly be imagined.

Thefe alligators are the great deftroyers of the fifh in this river, it being their moft
fafe and general food ; nor are they wanting in addrefs to fatisfy their defires ; eight
or ten, as it were by compact, draw up at the mouth of a river or creek, whilft others
go a confiderable diftance up the river, and chafe the fifli downwards, by vi-hich none
of any bignefs efcape them. The alligators being unable to eat under water, on
feizing a fifh, raife their heads above the furface, and by degrees draw the fifh from
their jaws, and chew it for deglutition. After fatisfying their appetite, they retire to
reft on the banks of the river.

When they cannot find fifh to appeafe their hunger, they betake themfelves to the
meadows bordering on the banks, and devour calves and colts ; and, in order to be
more fecure, take the opportunity of the night, that they may furprife them in their
fleep ; and it is obferved, that thofe alligators which have once tafted flefh, become fo
fond of it, as never to take up with fifh but in cafes of necelTity. There are even too
many melancholy inftances of their devouring the human fpecies, efpecially children,
who from the inattention natural to their age, have been without doors after it is dark ;
and though at no great diflance, thefe voracious animals have dared to attack them,
and having once feized them, to make fure of their prey againft that alFiftance which
the cries of the viftim never fail to bring, haften into the water, where they immedi-
ately drown it, and then return to the furface, and devour it at leifure.

Their voracity has alfo been felt by the boatmen, whom, by inconfiderately fleeping
with one of their arms or legs hanging over the fide of the boat, thefe animals have
feized, and drawn the whole body into the water. Alligators who have once feafted
on human flefh, are known to be the moft dangerous, and become, as it were,
inflamed with an infatiable defire of repeating the fame delicious repaft. The inhabi-
tants of thofe places where they abound, are very induftrious in catching and deftroy-
ing them. Their ufual method is by a cafonate, or piece of hard wood fharpened at
both ends, and baited with the lungs of fome animal. This cafonate they faften to a
thong, the end of which is fecured on the fhore. The alligator^ on feeing the lungs
floating on the water, fnaps at the bait, and thus both points of the wood enter his
jaws, in fuch a manner that he can neither fhut nor open his mouth. He is then
dragged afhore, where he violently endeavours to refcue himfelf, while the Indians bait
him like a bull, knowing that the greateft damage he can do, is to throw down fuch
as for want of care or agility, do not keep out of his reach.

The form of this animal fo nearly refembles that of the lagarto or lizard, that here
they are commonly called by that name ; but there is fome difference in the fhape of
the head, which in this creature is long, and towards the extremity flender, gradually
forming a fnout like that of a hog, and when in the river, is generally above the fur-
face of the water ; a fiifficient demonltration, that the refpiration of a grolfer air is
neceflfary to it. The mandibles of this creature have each a row of very ftrong and
pointed teeth, to which fome writers have attributed particular virtues ; but all I can
fay to this is, that they are fuch as I and my companions, notwithftanding all our
enquiries to attair^ a complete knowledge of every particular, could never hear any
fatisfadory account of.

2 G 2 CHAPf

412 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

CHAP. X. — Of the Commerce carried on by means of the City and River ofGuayaquH^
betwixt the Provinces of Peru and Terra Firma, and the Coaji of New Spain,

THE commerce of Guayaquil may be divided into two parts : one reciprocal, being
that of the produds and manufadures of its jurifdidion ; the other tranfitory, its port
being the place where the goods from the provinces of Peru, Terra Firma, and Gau-
temala, configned to the mountains, are landed j and on the other hand, thofe from
the mountains, defigned for the abovementioned provinces, are brought hither and
fhipped for their refpedtive ports. And as thefe two branches are very different, I
fhall firft treat particularly of its reciprocal commerce.

The cacao, one of its principal produds, is chiefly exported to Panama, the ports
of Sonfonate, el Realejo, and other ports of New Spain j and alfo to thofe of Peru,
though the quantity fent to the latter is but fmall. It is fomething fmgular, that in
this city and jurifdidion, where cocao grows in fuch plenty, little or no ufe fhould be
made of it.

Timber, which may be efteemed the fecond article of its commerce, is chiefly fent
to Callao, though a little is fold to the places between Guayaquil and that port. All
the expenfe of it here is the charge of felling, carrying it to the next creek or river,
and floating it down to Guayaquil ; where, or at Puna, it is fliipped for the ports it
is configned to.

Though both thefe branches of trade are very advantageous to Guayaquil, as may
be eafily imagined, from the prodigious quantities exported ; yet the trade of fait is
not inferior to either, though the principal markets to which this is fent, are only the
inland towns in the province of Quito. To thefe may be added cotton, rice, and fifh>
both falted and dried ; the two firft of which deferve to be mentioned, as they are
exported both to the maridme and inland provinces.

The fourth and laft ardcle of the commerce of this jurifdidion, is the trade in horned
cattle, mules, and colts, of which great numbers are bred in the extenfive favannahs
of this province. Thefe turn to good account in the provinces of the mountains, where
there is not a fufficiency to anfwer the neceffary demands.

Befides thefe four capital articles, there are others, though fmgly of little confe-
quence, yet jointly are equal to any one of the former, as tobacco, wax, Guinea pepper,
drugs, and lana de ceibo, by which great numbers of the lower clafs of people acquire
a comfortable fubfiftence.

The lana de ceibo, or ceibo wool, is the product of a very high and tufted tree of
tfiat name. The trunk is ftraight, and covered with a fmooth bark ; the leaf round
and of a middling fize. At the proper feafon the tree makes a very beautiful appear-
ance, being covered with white bloflfoms : and in each of thefe is formed a pod, which
encreafes to about an inch and a half or two inches in length, and one in thicknefs.
In this pod the lana or wool is contained. Wjien thoroughly ripe and dry, the pod
opens, and the filamentous matter or wool gradually fpreads itfelf into a tuft refeni-
bling cotton, but of a reddifh caft. This wool is much more foft and delicate to the
touch than cotton itfelf, and the filaments fo very tender and fine, that the natives here
think it cannot be fpun ; but I am perfuaded that this is endrely owing to their igno-
rance : and if a method be ever difcovered of fpinning it, its finenefs will entitle it rather
to be called ceibo filk than wool. The only ufe they have hitherto applied it to, is to
fill matraflTes j and in this particular, it mult be allowed to have no equal, both with

regard

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 4I3

regard to its natural foftnefs, and its rifmg fo, when laid in the fun, as even to ftretch
the covering of the mattrafs ; nor does it fink on being brought into the (hade, unlefs
accompanied with dampnefs, which immediately compreffes it. This wool is here
thought to be of an extreme cold quality, which is abundantly fufficient to hinder it
from being generally ufed, though great numbers of perfons of rank, and tenderly
brought up, have never flept on any thing elfe, but without any injury to their health.

The goods imported into this jurifdidtion from Peru, in return for the above-men-
tioned commodities, are wine, brandy, oil, and dried fruits. From Quito it receives
bays, tucuyos, flour, papas, bacon, hams, cheefe, and other goods of that kind.
From Panama, European goods purchafed at the fairs. The chief commodities it
receives from New Spain are iron, found in that country, but much inferior to that of
Europe, being brittle and vitreous. It, however, ferves for fuch ufes where malleabi-
lity is of no great importance, but is rarely ufed in building fhips ; alfo, naphtha, and
tar for the ufe of fhipping. From the fame coaft, as well as from Peru, they have alfo
cordage ; though the laft article, together with European iron, the owners of (hips
import on their own account ; and therefore make no part of the commerce.

The tranfitory commerce is ui quantity much more confiderable than that of the preced-
ing, as it confifts of the reciprocal exchange between the large kingdoms of Quito and
Lima, of their refpedive commodities both natural and faditious. Lima fends the pro-
dudts of its vineyards and olive yards j and Quito furnifhes cloth, bays, tucuyos, ferges,
hats, ftockings, and other woollen goods ; but indigo being neceflary for increafing
the beauty of the colours, and none of it growing in the province of Quito, the mer-
chants of Guayaquil import it from New Spain, and fend it to the Quito manu-
facturers. '

Summer is the proper feafon for carrying on thefe branches of commerce ; becaufe
then the manufaftures of the mountains can be brought down to Guayaquil, and the
goods fent from other parts carried up to the mountainous parts. But the river of
Guayaquil is never without vefTels loading with goods of that jurifdiftion, the fea here
being always open. The profits refulting from this large and conftant commerce could
alone have preferved it from a total defertion, after being fo frequently pillaged by
pirates, and wafted by fire. And it is owing to the advantages refulting from this
commerce, that we now behold it large, flourifhing, and magnificent, as if it had en-
joyed an uninterrupted profperity from its very foundation.

BOOK V.

JOURNEY FROM GUAYAQUIL TO THE CITY OF QUITO.

CHAP. L — Pajagefrom Guayaquil to the Torwn of Caracole and from thence to Quito.

ON receiving advice that the mules, provided by the corregidor of Guaranda, were
on the road to Caracol, we immediately embarked at Guayaquil, on the 3d of
May 1736, on board a large chata: but the ufual impediment of the current, and
feveral unfortunate accidents, rendered the paflage fo very long, that we did not land

9 at

>^

414 ulloa's voyage to south America.

at Caracol before the i ith. The tortures we received on the river from the mofchitos
were beyond imagination. We had provided ourfelves with guetres, and mofchito
cloths ; but to very little purpofe. The whole day we were in continual motion to
keep them off; but at night our torments were exceflive. Our gloves were indeed
fome defence to our hands, but our faces were entirely expofed, nor were our clothes
a fufficient defence for the reft of our bodies ; for their ftings, penetrating through the
cloth, caufed a very painful and fiery itching. The moft difmal night we fpent in this
paffage was when we came to an anchor near a large and handfome houfe, but unin-
habited ; for we had no fooner feated ourfelves in it, than we were attacked on all fides
with innumerable fwarms of mofchitos ; fo that we were fo far from having any reft
there, that it was impoffible for a perfon, fufceptible of feeling, to be one moment
quiet. Thofe who had covered themfelves with their mofchito cloths, after taking the
greateft care that none of thefe malignant infefts were contained in themj, found them-
felves in a moment fo attacked on all fides, that they were obliged foon to return to the
place they had quitted. Thofe who were in the houfe, hoping that they fhould find
fome relief in the open fields, ventured out, though in danger of fuffering in a more
terrible manner from the ferpents ; but were foon convinced of their miftake ; it being
impoffible to determine which was the moft fupportable place, within the mofchito
cloth, without it, or in the open fields. In fhort, no expedient was of any ufe againft
their numbers. The fmoke of the trees we burnt, to difperfe thefe infernal infeds,
befides almoft choking us, feemed rather to augment than diminilh their multitudes.
At day-break, we could not without concern look upon each other. Our faces were
fwelled, and our hands covered with painful tumours, which fufficiently indicated the
condition of the other parts of our bodies expofed to the attacks of thofe infeds. The
following night we took up our quarters in a houfe inhabited, but not free from mof-
<chitos ; though in much lefs numbers than before. On informing our hoft of the de-
plorable manner in which we had fpent the preceding night, he gravely told us, that the
houfe we fo greatly complained of had been forfaken on account of its being the pur-
gatory of a foul. To which, one of our company wittily anfwered, that it was much
more natural to think that it was forfaken on account of its being a purgatory for the
body.

The mules being arrived at Caracol, we fet out on the 1 4th of May, and, after tra-
velling four leagues, through favannahs, woods of plantain, and cacao-trees, we arrived
at the river Ojibar ; and continued our journey, during the whole day, along its banks,
fording it no lefs than nine times, though with no fmall danger, from its rapidity,
breadth, depth, and rocky bottom ; and, about three or four in the afternoon, we
halted at a place called Puerto de Mufchitos.

All the road from Caracol to the Ojibar is fo deep and boggy that the beafts at every
ftep funk almoft up to their bellies ; but along the banks of that river we found it much
more firm and commodious. The name of the place where we were to take up our
lodging that night fufficiently indicates its nature. The houfe had been for fome time
forfaken, like that already mentioned on Guayaquil river, and become a neft of mofchi-
tos of all kinds ; fo that it was impoffible to determine which was the worft. Some, to
avoid the tortures of thefe infedls, ftripped themfelves, and went mto the river, keeping
only their heads above water ; but the face being the only part expofed, was immedi-
ately covered vidth them ; fo that thofe who had recourfe to this expedient, were foon
forced to deliver up their whole bodies to thefe tormenting creatures.

On the 15th we continued our journey through a very thick foreft, the end of which
brought us once more to the banks of the fame river, which we again forded four times,

and

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 415

and rather with more danger than at firft. About five, we haUed on its banks, at a
place called Caluma, or the Indian poft. Here was no houfefor lodging in, nor had we
feen one during the whole day's journey ; but this inconvenience was in fome meafure
removed by the furprifing dexterity of our Indians, who, running into the woods, foon
returned with branches of trees and vijahua leaves, with which, in lefs than an hour,
they ereded feveral huts large enough to contain our whole company ; and fo well
covered, that the rain, which came on very violently, did not penetrate them. *

The thermometer at Caluma, on the 1 6th, at fix in the morning, was at one thoufand
and fixteen ; and we were ourfelves fenfible that the air began to grow cool. At
half an hour after eight in the morning we began our journey, and at noon paffed by a
place called Mamarumi, or mother of ftone, where there is an inconceivably beautiful
cafcade. The rock from which the water precipitates itfelf is nearly perpendicular, and
fifty toifes in height, and on both fides bordered with lofty and fpreading trees. The
clearnefs of the water dazzles the fight, which is, however, charmed with its luflre as
it falls from the precipice ; after which it continues its courfe in a bed along a fmall
defcent, and is crofled by the road. Thefe catarafts are by the Indians called Paccha,
and by the Spaniards of the country Chorrera. From hence we continued our journey ;
and after croffing the river twice on bridges, but with equal danger as in fording it, we
arrived at two in the evening at a place called Tarigagua, where we refted in a large
ftruflure of timber, covered with vijahua leaves, built for our reception. Indeed we
were no lefs fatigued with this day's journey than with any of the preceding j fome parts
of it being over dreadful precipices, and the road in others fo narrow, as hardly to afford
a paffage for the mules, that it was impoflible to avoid frequently flriking againfl the trees
and rocks ; few of us therefore reached Tarigagua without feveral bruifes.

It muft not be thought ftrange that I fhould fay the bridges are equally dangerous
with the fords ; for thefe ftrudures, all of wood, and very long, fhake in pafTing them ;
befides, their breadth is not above three feet, and without any rail 'f fo ^at one falfe flep
precipitates the mule into the torrent, where it is inevitably loft ; accidents, according
to the report of our guides not uncommon. Thefe bridges, by the rotting of the wood
under water, are annually repaired towards winter, the only feafon when they are ufed j
the rivers during the fummer being fordable.

When a perfon of diftin6:ion, as a prefident, a bifhop, &c. is on a journey from Cara-
col or Babahoyo, the corregidor of Guaranda difpatches Indians for building cottages at
the ufual refting places, like that we found at Tarigagua ; and thefe being left ftanding,
ferve afterwards for other paflengers, till the rains deftroy them. When thefe are thrown
down, travellers muft content themfelves with the huts which their Indian guides build
with wonderful difpatch.

At Tarigagua, on the 17th, at fix in the morning, the thermotneter ftood at ioi4fi.
And having been for fome time accuftomed to hot climates, we now fenfibly felt the
cold. It is remarkable, that we here often fee inftances of the effects of two oppofite
temperatures, in two perfons happening to meet, one of them coming from Guayaquil,
and the other from the mountains : the latter finding the heat fo great that he is fcarce
able to bear any clothes, while the former wraps himfelf up in all the garments he can
procure. The one is fo delighted with the warmth of the water of the river, that he
bathes in it ; the other thinks it fo cold, that he avoids being fpattered by it. Nor is the

• The natives when they travel, ere£t new huts every night in this manner, except they have the con-
veniency of tying their hammock up in trees, by which means they fave the trouble of a watch and fire all
night to keep off the wild beafts.

cafe

41 6 ULLOA's voyage to SOUTit AMERICA.

cafe very different even in the fame perfon, who, after a journey to the mountains, is
returning to Guayaquil, or vice verfa, provided the journey and return be made at the
fame feafon of the year. This fenfible difference proceeds only from the change natu-
rally felt at leaving a climate to which one has been accuflomed, and coming into
another of an oppofite temperature ; and thus two perfons, one ufed to a cold climate,
like that of the mountains, the other to a hot, like that of Guayaquil, mufl, at coming
into an intermediate temperature, as at Tarigagua, feel an equal difference ; one with
regard to heat, and the other with regard to cold ; which demonflrates that famous
opinion-— that the fenfes are fubject to as many apparent alterations, as the fenfations are
various in thofe who feel them. For the impreflions of objefts are different, according
to the different difpofition of the fenfes ; and the organs of two perfons differently dif-
pofed are differently affected. At a quarter pafl nine in the morning we began to
afcend the mountain of San Antonio, the foot of which is at Tarigagua j and, at one,
came to a place called by the Indians Guamac, or Crofs of Canes. Here is a fmall but
inclining plain ; and being told that it was half way up the acclivity, and our beafts
requiring reft, we halted here.

The ruggednefs of the road from Tarigagua leading up this mountain is not eafily
defcribed. It gave us more trouble and fatigue, befides the dangers we were every
moment expofed to, than all we had experienced in our former journeys. In fome
parts the declivity is fo great that the mules can fcarce keep their footing, and in others
the acclivity is equally difficult. In many places the road is fo narrow that the mules
have fcarce room to fet their feet ; and in others a continued feries of precipices. Be-
fides, thefe roads, or rather paths, are full of holes, or camelones, near three quarters of
a yard deep, in which the mules put their fore and hind feet ; fo that fometimes they
draw their bellies and riders* legs along the ground. Indeed thefe holes ferve as
fteps, without which the precipices would be in a great meafure impradicable. But
fhould the creat^jjre happen to put his foot between two of thefe holes, or not place it
right, the rider falls, and, if on the fide of the precipice, inevitably perilhes. It may
perhaps be faid, that it would be much fafer to perform this part of the journey on foot :
but how can any perfon be fure always of placing his feet diredtly on the eminences
between the holes ; and the leaft falfe ftep throws him up to the waift in a flimy mud,
with which all the holes are full ; and then he will find it very difficult either to proceed
or return back,

Thefe holes, or camelones, as they are called, render all this road very toilfome and
dangerous, being as it were fo many obflacles to the poor mules ; though the danger is
even greater in thofe parts where they are wanting. For as the tracks are extremely
fteep and flippery, from the foil, which is chalky and continually wet j fo they would
be quite impracticable, did not the Indians go before, and dig little trenches acrofs the
road, with fmall fpades which they carry with them for this purpofe ; and thus both the
difficulty and danger of thefe craggy paths are greatly leffened. This work is continual,
every drove requiring a repetition of it ; for in lefs than a night the rain utterly deftroys
all the trenches cut by feveral hands the preceding day. The trouble of having people
going before to mend the road ; the pains arifing from the many falls and bruifes ; and
the difagreeablenefs of feeing one's felf entirely covered with dirt, and wet to the fkin,
might be the more cheerfully fupported, were they not augmented by the fight of fuch
frightful precipices, and deep abyffes, as muft fill the traveller's mind with terror. For,
without the leafl exaggeration, it may be faid, that in travelling this road, the moft refo-
lute tremble.

The

^

^

^

"A,

i'

^^'

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 417

The manner of defcending from thefe heights is not lefs difficult and dangerous. In
order to underftand this, it is neceflary to obferve, that in thofe parts of the mountains,
the exceffive fleepnefs will not admit of the camelones being lafting ; for the waters, by
continually foftening the earth, waih them away. On one fide are fleep eminences, and
on the other frightful abylTes; and as they generally follow the diredion of the moun-
tain, the road, inflead of lying in a level, forms two or three fleep eminences and decli-
vities, in the diflance of two or three hundred yards : and thefe are the parts where no
camelones can be lafting. The mules themfelves are fenfible of the caution requifite in
thefe defcents ; for, coming to the top of an eminence, they ftop, and having placed
their fore feet clofe together, as in a pofture of ftopping themfelves, they alfo put their
hinder feet together, but a little forwards, as if going to lie down. In this attitude,
having as it were taken a furvey of the road, they flide down with the fwiftnefs of a
meteor. All the rider has to do is to keep himfelf faft in the faddle without checking
his beaft ; for the leaft motion is fufficient to diforder the equilibrium of the mule, in
which cafe they both unavoidably perifh. The addrefs of thefe creatures is here truly
wonderful ; for, in this rapid motion, when they feem to have loft all government of
themfelves, they follow exaftly the different windings of the road, as if they had before
accurately reconnoitred, and previoufly fettled in their minds, the route they were to
follow, and taken every precaution for their fafety, amidft fo many irregularities. There
would indeed otherwife be no poffibility of travelling over fuch places, where the fafety
of the rider depends on the experience and addrefs of his beaft.

But the longeft pradice of travelling thefe roads cannot entirely free them from a kind
of dread or horror which appears when they arrive at the top of a fteep declivity. For
they ftop without being checked by the rider ; and if he inadvertently endeavours to
fpur them on, they continue immoveable ; nor will they flir from the place till they
have put themfelves in the above-mentioned pofture. Now it is that they feem to be
actuated by reafon ; for they not only attentively view the road, but tremble and fnort
at the danger, which, if the rider be not accuftomed to thefe emotions, cannot fail of
filling him with terrible ideas. The Indians go before, and place themfelves along the
fides of the mountain, holding by the roots of trees, to animate the beafts with fhouts,
till they at once ftart down the declivity.

There are indeed fome places where thefe declivities are not on the fides of pre-
cipices ; but the road is fo narrow and hollow, and the fides nearly perpendicular, that
the danger is almoft equal to the former ; for the track being extremely narrow, and
the road fcarce wide enough to admit the mule with its rider, if the former falls, the lat-
ter muft be neceffarily crufhed ; and for want of room to difengage himfelf, generally
has a leg or an arm broken, if he efcapes with life. It is really wonderful to confidcr
thefe mules, after having overcome the firft emotions of their fear, and are going to
flide down the declivity, with what exadlnefs they ftretch out their fore-legs, that by
preferving the equilibrium they may not fall on one fide ; yet at a proper diftance make,
with their body, that gentle inclination neceffary to follow the feveral windings of the
road 5 and, laftly, their addrefs in ftopping themfelves at the end of their impetuous
career. Certainly the human fpecies themfelves could not fhow more prudence and
conduft. Some mules, after being long ufed to thefe journeys, acquire a kind of repu-
tation for their fkill and fafety, and accordingly are highly valued.

The worft feafons for thefe journeys, though difficult and dangerous at all times, are
the beginnings of fummer and winter ; the rain then caufing fuch dreadful torrents,
that in fome places the roads are covered with water ; and in others fo damaged, that
there is no poffibility of paffing, but by fending Indians before to mend them ; though

VOL. XIV. 3 H after

41 8 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

after all their labour, which mufl be done in hafte, and when thofe people think thenf
both fafe and eafy, they are fuch as an European flranger would willingly avoid.

Befides,^ the natural difficulty of all the roads among the mountains is inereafed by
the negled of them, which is greater than could eafily be conceived. If a tree, for
inftance, happens to fall down acrofs the road, and flop up the pafTage, no perfon will
be at the pains to remove it ; and though all paffing that way are put to no fmall diffi-
culty by fuch an obftacle, it is fuffered to continue ; neither the government, nor thofe
who frequent the road, taking any care to have it drawn away. Some of thefe trees
are indeed fo large, that their diameter is not lefs than a yard and a half, and, confe-
quently, fill up the whole pafTage ; in which cafe, the Indians hew away part of the
trunk, and affift the mules to leap over what remains ; but, in order to this, they mufl
be unloaded ; and, after prodigious labour, they at lafl furmount the difficulty j though
not without great lofs of time, and damage to the goods : when, pleafed with having
got over the obftacle themfelves, they leave the tree in the condition they found it ; fo
that thofe who follow are obliged to undergo the fame fatigue and trouble. Thus the
road, to the great detriment of trade, remains encumbered till time has deflroyed the
tree. Nor is it only the roads over San Antonio, and other mountains between Guaya-
quil and the Cordillera, that are thus negleded ; the cafe is general all over this coun-
try, efpecially where they lead over mountains, and through the forells.

On the 1 8th, at fix in the morning, the thermometer at Cruz de Canos was at loio,
and after travelling along a road no better than the day before, we arrived at a place,
at the end of the acclivity of the mountain, by the Indians called Pucara, which figni-
fies a gate or narrow pafs of a mountain ; it alfo fignifies a fortified place, and poffibly
derived its name from its narrownefs and the natural ftrength of its fituation. We
now began to defcend with more eafe towards the province of Chimbo, though the
road waS not much better than the former. Here we were met by the corregidor of
Guaranda or Chimbo, attended by the provincial alcalde, and the moft eminent per-
fons of the town. After complimenting us in the mofl cordial manner on our arrival,,
we proceeded together, and within a league of the town were met by the prieft, a Do-
minican, accompanied by feveral of his order, and a great number of the inhabitants,
who alfo left the town on the fame friendly occafion ; and, to heighten the ceremony,
had brought with them a troop of cholos, or Indian boys.

Thefe cholos were drelfed in blue, girded round their wafle with fafhes, on their
heads a kind of turban, and in their hands they carried flags. This little corps was«
divided into two or three companies, and went before us dancing, and finging fome
words in their language, which, as we were told, expreffed the pleafure they received
from the fight of fuch perfons arrived fafe in their country. In this manner our caval-
cade entered the town, on which all the bells in the place were rung, and every houfe
refounded with the noife of trumpets, tabors, and pipes.

On expreffing to the corregidor our furprife at this reception, as a compliment far
above our rank, he informed us, that it was not at all fingular, it being no more than
what was commonly pradifed when perfons of any appearance enter the town j and
that there was no fmall emulation between the feveral towns, in paying thefe congra-
tulations.

After we had palfed the mountains beyond Pacara, the whole country, within the
Teach of the eye, during a palTage of two leagues, was a level and open plam, without
trees or mountains, covered with fields of wheat, barley, maize, and other grain,
whofe verdure, different from that of the mountain, naturally gave us great pleafure ;
our fight for near a twelvemonth having been converfant only with the produds of hot

II and

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. ^l^

;and molfl countries, very foreign to thefe, which nearly refemble thofe of Eurppe, and
excited in our minds the pleafing idea of our native foil.

The corregidor entertained us in his houfe at Guaranda till the 2ifl: of the fame
month, when we continued our journey to Quito. The thermometer was for three
days fucceffively at 1 004! .

On the 2 2d, we began to crofs the defert of Chimborazo, leaving the mountain of
that name on the left, and travelling over different eminences and heights, mod of
which were of fand, the fnow for a great diflance forming, as it were, the fides of the
mountain. At half an hour after five in the evening, we arrived at a place called Rumi
Machai, that is, a flony cave, an appellation derived from a vafl cavity in a rock, and
which is the only lodging travellers find here.

This day's journey was not without its trouble; for, though we had nothing to fear
from precipices, or dangerous pafTes, like thofe in the road to Guaranda, yet we fuf-
fered not a little from the cold of that defert, then increafed by the violence of the
wind. Soon after we had pafTed the large fandy plain, and being thus got over the
feverefl part of the defert, we came to the ruins of an ancient palace of Yncas, fituated
in a valley between two mountains ; but thefe ruins are little more than the foundations
of the walls.

On the 23d, at three quarters after five in the morning, the thermometer was at
1000, or the freezing point, and, accordingly, we found the whole country covered
with a hoar frofl ; and the hut in which we lay had ice on it. At nine in the morning
we fet out, flill keeping along the fide of Chimborazo. At two, in the afternoon,
we arrived at Mocha, a fmall, mean place j but where we were obliged to pafs the
night.

On the 24th, at fix in the morning, the thermometer was at 1 006 ; and at nine we
fet out for Hambato, which we reached at one in the afternoon, after paffing feveral tor-
rents, breaches, or chafms of the mountain Carguairafo, another mountain covered
with fnow, a little north of Chimborazo. Among thefe chafms is one without water,
the earth remaining dry to the depth of twelve feet. This chafm was caufed by a
violent earthquake, which will be fpoken of in its place.

On the 25th, the thermometer at Hambato, at half an hour after five in the morn-
ing, flood at 1 010, and on the 26th, at fix in the morning, at 1009!. This day,
having pafTed the river of Hambato, and afterwards that of St. Miguel, by help of a
wooden bridge, we arrived at Latacunga.

On the 27th, at fix in the morning, the thermometer was at 1007, when leaving
Latacunga we reached in the evening the town of Mula-Halo, having in the way forded
a river called Alaques.

On the 28th, the liquor of the thermometer was at the fame height as at Lata^
cunga, and we proceeded on our journey, arriving in the evening at the manfion-
houfe or villa called Chi Shinche. The firfl part of this day's journey was over a large
plain, at the end of which we had the pleafure of paffing by a ftrudure that belonged
to the Pagan Indians, being a palace of the Yncas. It is called Callo, and gave name
to the plain. We afterwards came to an acclivity, at the top of which we entered on
the plain of TiopuUo, not lefs in extent than the firft ; and at the bottom, towards the
north, is the houfe where we were entertained that night.

On the 29th, the thermometer, at fix in the morning, was at 1003I. We fet out
the earlier, as this was to be our laft journey. A road croffing feveral breaches and
beaten trads, brought us to a fpacious plain called Tura-Bamba, that is, a muddy
plain J at the other extremity of which ft:ands the city of Quiljo, where we arrived at

3 H 2 five

^ao ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

five in the evening. The prefident of the province was Don Dionefio de Alzedo y
Herrera, who, befides providing apartments for us in the palace of the Audencia, en-
tertained us the firft three days with great fplendour, during which we were vifited by
the bifliop, the auditors, the canons, the regidcyes, and all other perfons of any dif-
tindion, who feemed to vie with each other in their civilities towards us.
* In order to form an adequate idea of this country, it will not be amifs, after being fo
particular in defcribing the difagreeable parts, and the many dangers to'which travellers
are expofed, to add a defcription of the moft remarkable productions of nature. The
lands between the cuftom-houfe of Babahoyo, or Caracol, and Guaranda, are of two
kinds : the firft, which extends to Tarigagua, is entirely level ; and the fecond, which
begins at that part, wholly mountainous. But both, and even two leagues beyond
Pucara, are full of thick forefts of various kinds of large trees, differing in the foliage,
the difpofition of their branches, and the fize of their trunks. The mountains, which
form this chain of the Andes, are, on the weft fide, covered with woods ; but on the
eaft entirely bare. Among thefe mountains is the fource of that river which, being in-
creafed on all fides by brooks, makes fo grand an appearance between Caracol and
Guayaquil, and proves fo advantageous to the commerce of the country.

In the level part of this woody extent are a great number of animals and birds, of
the fame kind with thofe defcribed in our account of Carthagena, except that to the
laft may be added wild peacocks, buftards, pheafants, and a few others, which are here
in fuch abundance, that, did they not always reft on the tops of the trees, where,
either from their enormous height, or being covered with leaves, they are fecure, a
traveller, with a good fowling-piece and ammunition, might at any time procure himfelf
an elegant repaft. But thefe forefts are alfo terribly infefted with fnakes and monkeys,
particularly a kind called Marimondas, which are fo very large, that, when ftanding on
their hind legs, they are little lefs than fix feet high. They are black, and, in every
refped, very ugly ; but eafily tamed. None of the forefts are without them ; but they
feem moft common in thofe of Guayaquil.

Among the vegetable produftions, I fhall MeO. three, which to me feemed worthy
of a particular defcription ; namely, the cana, vijahua, and the bejuco ; as they are not
only the materials of which the houfes in the jurifdi6tion of Guayaquil are built, but
alfo applied to various other ufes.

The canas, or canes, are remarkable both for their length and thicknefs, and the
water contained in their tubes. Their ufual length is between fix and eight toifes ; and
though there is a difference in their fize, the largeft do not exceed fix inches diameter.
The wood or fide of the tube is about fix lines in diameter ; fo that, when the cana is
opened, it forms a board near a foot and a half in breadth ; and hence it will not ap-
pear ftrange, that houfes fhould be built of fuch materials. From the time of their
firft appearance, till they attain their full perfeftion, when they are either cut down, or
of themfelves begin to dry, moft of their tubes contain a quantity of water ; but with
this remarkable difference, that at full moon they are entirely, or very nearly, full ;
and with the decreafe of the moon the water ebbs, till at the conjundion little or none
is to be found. I have myfelf cut them at all feafons, fo that I here advance nothing
but what I know to be true from frequent experience. I have alfo obferved that the
water, during its decreafe, appears turbid, but about the time of the full moon it is as
clear as cryftal. The Indians add another particular, that the water is not found 'in all
the joints, one having water, and another not, alternately. All I can fay to this fin-
gularity is, that on opening a joint which happens to be empty, the two contiguous ones
have water j and this is commonly the cafe in almoft all the canes. This water is faid

9 to

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 421

to be an excellent prefer vative againft the ill confequence of any brulfes ; at leaft it is
drunk as fuch by all who come from the mountains, where fuch accidents are un-
avoidable.

The canes being cut, they are left to dry, or, as they fay here, to be cured j whence
they acquire fuch a degree of ftrength, that they ferve either for rafters, beams, floor-
ing, or even mafls for balzas. Ships which load with cacao are alfo ceiled with them,
to preferve the timbers from the great heat of that fruit. They are alfo ufed as poles
for litters, and in an infinite number of other particulars.

The vijahua is a leaf generally five feet in length, and two and a half in breadth.
They grow wild, and without any ftem. The principal rib in the middle, is between
four and five lines in breadth, but all the other parts of the leaf are perfedly foft and
fmooth : the under fide is green, and the upper white, covered with a very fine white
and vifcid down. Befides the common ufe of it in covering houfes, it alfo ferves for
packing up fait, fifti, and other goods fent to the mountains j as it fecures them from
the rain. They are alfo, in thefe defert places, of fmgular ufe for running up huts on
any exigency.

The bejucos are a kind of ligneous cordage, and of two kinds ; one growing from
the earth, and twining round trees ; the other ftrike their roots into certain trees, and
from thence derive their nourifhment. Both kinds, after growing to a great height,
incline again to the earth, on which they creep till they meet with another tree, to the
top of which they climb as before, and then again renew their inclination towards the
earth ; and thus form a labyrinth of ligatures. Some are even feen extended from the
top of one tree to another, like a cord. They are fo remarkably flexile, that no bend-
ing or twifting can break them. But if not cut at the proper time, they grow of an
unwieldy bignefs. The flendereft of them are about four or five lines in diameter, but
the moft common fize is between fix and eight j though there are others much thicker,
but of little or no ufe, on account of the hardnefs contradled in their long growth.
The chief ufe of them is for lafliing, tying, or fafi:ening different things together ; and,
by twifting feveral of them in the nature of ropes, they make cables and hawfers for
the balzas and fmall veflels j and are found by experience to laft a long time in the
water.

In thefe forefts alfo grows a tree, called very properly Matapalo, i. e. kill-timber.
It is of itfelf a weak tree ; but, growing near another of confiderable bulk, and coming
into contaft with it, fhoots above it, when, expanding its branches, it deprives its
neighbour of the rays of the fun. Nor is this all ; for, as this imbibes the juices of
the earth, the other withers and dies. After which, it becomes lord of the foil, and
increafes to fuch a bulk, that very large canoes are made of it ; for which its wood is,
of all others, the beft adapted, being very light and fibrous.

CHAP. II. — Difficulties attending our making the necejfary Obfervations for meafuring
the Length of an Arch of the Meridian^ and the Manner of our Living during the
Operations.

ALL the progrefs made during one whole year, which we fpent in coming to Quito,
was the furmounting the diflSculties of the paflage, and at length reaching that country -
where we were to enter on the principal part of our commiilion. Nor will even this
appear a fmall matter, if the great diftance and diverfity of climates be confidered. ^ A
few of the firft days after our arrival were fpent in making proper returns for the civili-
ties

422 ■ ULLOa's voyage TO SOUTH AMERICA.

ties we had received from all perfons of rank ; after which, we began to deliberate on
the beft methods of performing our work ; and the rather, as M. Bouguer and de la
Condamine were now arrived. The former reached Quito on the loth of June, by the
fame road of Guaranda ; and the latter on the 4th of the fame month, having taken his
* route by the river of Emeralds, in the government of Atacames.

Our firfl operation was, to meafure a piece of ground, which was to be the bafe of
the whole work ; and this we finifhed during the remainder of the current year. But
it proved a very difficult and fatiguing operation, from the heat of the fun, and the
winds and rains, which continually incommoded us. The plain made choice of for this
bafe is fituated two hundred and forty nine toifes lower than Quito, and four leagues to
/ the north-eaft of that city. It is called the plain of Yaruqui, from a village of that name
near it. This plain was particularly chofen, as the beft adapted to our operations ; for
though there are feveral others in this diftridt, yet all of them lay at too great a diftance
from the direftion of our bafe. The quality, difpofition, and lower fituation, all contri-
bute to render it lefs cold than Quito. Eaftward it is defended by the lofty Cordillera
of Guamani and Pambamarca, and weftward by that of Pichincha. The foil is en-
tirely fand ; fo that, befides the heat naturally refulting from the direct rays of the fun,
it is increafed by the rays being reverberated by the two Cordilleras ; hence it is alfo
expofed to violent tempefts of thunder, lightning, and rain ; but, being quite open
towards the north and fouth, fuch dreadful whirlwinds form here, that the whole inter-
val is filled with columns of fand, carried up by the rapidity and gyrations of violent
Jir eddy winds, which fometimes produce fatal confequences : one melancholy inftance
* . happened while we were there ; an Indian, being caught in the centre of one of thefe
blafls, died on the fpot. It is not, indeed, at all ftrange, that the quantity of fand in
one of thefe columns fhould totally ftop all refpiration in any living creature, who has
the misfortune of being involved in it.

Our daily labour was, to meafure the length of this plain in a horizontal direction,
and, at the fame time, by means of a level, to corred the inequalities of the ground ;
beginning early in the morning, and continuing to purfue our talk clofely till evening,
unlefs interrupted by extreme bad weather ; when we retired to a tent always pitched
for that purpofe, as well as for a retreat at noon, when the heat of the fun became too
great for us, after the fatigue of the morning.

We at firft intended to have formed our bafe in the plain of Cayambe, fituated twelve
leagues to the north of Quito. Accordingly, the company firfl repaired to this plain,
to view it more attentively. In tliis place we loft M. Couplet, on the 1 7th of Septem-
ber 1736, after only two days illnefs. He was indeed flightly indifpofed when we fet
out from Quito ; but, being of a ftrong conftitution, his zeal for the fervice would
not permit him to be abfent at our firft efTay. On his arrival, however, his diftemper
rofe to fuch a height, that he had only two days to prepare for his paffage into eternity ;
but we had the fatisfaftion to fee he performed his part with exemplary devotion. This
almoft fubitaneous death of a perfon in the flower of his age, was the more alarming, as
none of us could difcover the nature of his difeafe.

The menfuration of the bafe was fucceeded by obferving the angles, both horizontal
and vertical, of the firft triangles we intended to form ; but many of them were not pur-
fued, the form and difpofition of the feries being afterwards altered to very great advan-
tage. In order to this, M.Verguin, with fome others, was fent to draw a geopraphical map
of the parts fouth of Quito ; whilft M. Bouguer did the fame with regard to the northern
parts ; a talk we found abfolutely neceffary, in order to determine the points where the

fignals

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 423

fignals fliould be placed, fo as to form the moft regular triangles, and whofe fides fhould
not be intercepted by higher mountains.

During thefe operations, M. de la Condamine went to Lima, in order to procure
money on recommendatory letters of credit, which he had brought from France, for
defraying the exoences of the company, till remittances arrived; and Don George
Juan followed him, in order to confer with the viceroy of Peru, for amicably deter-
mining fome differences which had arifen with the new prefident.

Thefe two gentlemen, having happily terminated their refpedtive affairs, returned to
Quito about the middle of June, when both M. Bouguer and thofe who furveyed the
fouthern parts had finifhed their plans. It was now determined to continue the feries
of triangles to the fouth of Quito ; and the company accordingly divided themfelves
into two bodies, confiding of French and Spaniards, and each retired to the part
affigned him ; Don George Juan and M. Godin, who were at the head of one party,
went to the mountain of Pambamarca ; while M. Bouguer, De la Condamine, and
myfelf, together with our affiftants, climbed up to the higheft fummit of Pichincha.
Both parties fuffered not a little, both from tlie feverity of the cold, and the impetuofity
of the winds, which on thefe heights blew with inceffant violence ; and thefe difficulties
were the more painful to us, as we had been little ufed to fuch fenfations. Thus in
the torrid zone, nearly under the equinoctial, where it is natural to fuppofe we had
mofl to fear from the heat, our greateft pain was caufed by the exceffivenefs of the
cold, the intenfenefs of which may be conjectured from the following experiments
made by the thermometer, carefully fheltered from the wind, on the top of Pichincha j
the freezing point being at 1000.

On the 15th of Auguft, 1737, at twelve at noon, the liquor was at the height of
1003. At four in the evening, at iooi|. At fix in the evening, at 998I.

On the 1 6th of Auguft, at fix in the morning, at 997. At ten in the forenoon, at
1005. At twelve at noon, at 1008. At five in the evening, at looif. At fix in the
evening, at 9994.

On the 1 7th, at three quarters after five in the morning, at ggC. At nine in the
morning, at 1001. At three quarters after twelve, at 1010. At a quarter after two
in the afternoon, at ioi2|. At fix in the evening, at 999. And at ten in the even-
ing, at 998.

Our firft fcheme for fhelter and lodging, in thefe uncomfortable regions, was, to
pitch a field-tent for each company ; but on Pichincha this could not be done, from
the narrownefs of the fummit ; and we were obliged to be contented with a hut, fo
fmall, that we could hardly all creep into it. Nor will this appear flrange, if the
reader confiders the bad difpofition and fmallnefs of the place, it being one of the
loftiefl crags of a rocky mountain, one hundred toifes above the highefl part of the
defert of Pichincha. Such was the fituation of our manfion, which, like all the other
adjacent parts, foon became covered with ice and fnow. The afcent up this ftupend-
ous rock, from the bafe, or the place where the mules could come, to our habitation,
was fo craggy, as only to be climbed on foot, and to perform it, cofl us four hours
continual labour and pain, from the violent efforts of the body, and the fubtility of
the air ; the latter being fuch, as to render refpiration difficult. It was my misfortune,
when I climbed fomething above half way, to be fo overcome, that I fell down, and
remained a long time without fenfe or motion ; and, as I was told, with all the ap-
pearances of death in my face. Nor was I able to proceed after coming to myfelf,
but was obliged to return to the foot of the rock, where our fervants and inflruments
remained. The next day I renewed the attempt of climbing the rock ; though pro-
bably

4«4

ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA.

bably I Ihould have had no better fuccefs than before, had not fome Indians affifted me
in the moft fteep and difficult places.

The ftrange manner of living which we were reduced to, may not, perhaps, prove
unentertaining to the reader ; and therefore I fhall, as a fpecimen of it, give a fuccindt
account of what we fuffered on Pichincha. For this defert, both with regard to the
operations we performed there, and its inconveniences, differing very little from others,
an idea may be very eafily formed of the fatigues, hardftiips, and dangers, fo which
we were continually expofed. The principal difference between the feveral deferts,
confifled in their greater or leiTer diflance from places where we could procure pro-
vilions ; and in the inclemency of the weather, which was proportionate to the height of
the mountains, and the feafon of the year when we vifited them.

We generally kept within our hut. Indeed, we were obliged to do this, both on
account of the intenfenefs of the cold, the violence of the wind, and our being con-
tinually involved in fo thick a fog, that an objeft at fix or eight paces was hardly dif-
cernible. When the fog cleared up, the clouds, by their gravity, moved nearer to
the furface of the earth, and on all fides furrounded the mountain to a vafl diflance,
reprefenting the fea, with our rock like an ifland in the centre of it. When this hap-
pened, we heard the horrid noifes of the tempefts, which then discharged themfelves
on Quito and the neighbouring country. We faw the lightnings iffue from the clouds,
and heard the thunders roll far beneath us, ; and whilfl the lower parts were involved
in tempefts of thunder and rain, we enjoyed a delightful ferenity ; the wind was abated,
the fky clear, and the enlivening rays of the fun moderated the feverity of the cold.
But our circumflances were very different when the clouds rofe ; their thicknefs ren-
dered refpiration difficult ; the fnow and hail fell continually, and the wind returned
with all its violence j fo that it was impoflible entirely to overcome the fears of being,
together with our hut, blown down the precipice on whofe edge it was built, or of
being buried under it by the daily accumulations of ice and fnow.

The wind was often fo violent in thefe regions, that its velocity dazzed the fight ;
whilfl our fears were increafed by the dreadful concuffions of the precipice by the fall
of enormous fragments of rocks. Thefe crafhes were the more alarming, as no other
noifes are heard in thefe deferts. And, during the night, our refl, which we fo greatly
wanted, was frequently diflurbed by fuch fudden founds. When the weather was
any thing fair with us, and the clouds gathered about fome of the other mountains
which had a connedion with our obfervations, fo that we could not make all the ufe
we defired of this interval of good weather, we left our hut, to exercife ourfelves, in
order to keep us warm. Sometimes we defcended to fome fmall diflance, and at others
amufed ourfelves with rolling large fragments of rocks down the precipice ; and thefe
many times required the joint flrength of us all, though we often faw the fame per-
formed by the mere force of the wind. But we always took care, in our excurfions, not
to go too far, but that on the leafl appearance of the clouds gathering about our
cottage, which often happened very fuddenly, we could regain our fhelter. The door
of our hut was faflened with thongs of leather, and on the infide not the fmallefl
crevice was left unflopped ; befides which, it was very compadly covered with flraw.
But, notwithflanding all our care, the wind penetrated through. The days were often
little better than the nights; and all the light we enjoyed was that of a lamp or two,
which we kept burning, that we might diflinguifh one another, and improve our time
as much as poffible in reading. Though our hut was fmall, and crowded with in-
habitants, befides the heat of the lamps, yet the intenfenefs of the cold was fuch, that
every one of us was obliged to have a chafing difli of coals. Thefe precautions would

have

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

4*5

have rendered the rigour of the climate fupportable, had not the Imminent danger
of perifhing by being blown down the precipice roufed us, every time it fnowed, to
encounter the feverity of the outward air, and fally out with ihovels, to free the roof
of our hut from the maffes of fnow which were gathering on it. Nor would it, with-
out this precaution, have been able to fupport the weight. We were not, indeed,
without fervants and Indians ; but they were fo benumbed with the cold, that it was
with great difficulty we could get them out of a fmall tent, where they kept a con-
tinual fire. So that all we could obtain from them was, to take their turns In this
labour ; and even then they went very unwillingly about it, and confequently per-
formed it flowly.

It may be eafily conceived what we fufFered from the afperitles of fuch a climate.
Our feet were fwelled, and fo tender, that we could not even bear the heat, and
walking was attended with extreme pain. Our hands were covered with chilblains ;
our lips fwelled and chopped ; fo that every motion, in fpeaking or the like, drew
blood ; confequently we were obliged to a ftrifl: taciturnity, and but little difpofed to
laugh, an extenfion of the lips producing fiffures, very painful for two or three days
together.

Our common food in this inhofpitable region w^as a little rice boiled with fome flefh or
fowl, which we procured from Quito ; and, inllead of fluid water, our pot was filled
with ice : we had the fame refource with regard to what we drank ; and, while we were
eating, every one was obliged to keep his plate over a chafing-dilh of coals, to prevent
his provifions from freezing. The fame was done with regard to the water. At firfl we
imagined, that drinking ftrong liquors would dilfufe a heat through the body, and con-
fequently render it lefs fenfible of the painful fharpnefs of the cold ; but, to our fur-
prife, we felt no manner of ftrength in them, nor were they any greater prefervatlve
againfl: the cold than common water. For this reafon, together with the apprehenfion
that they might prove detrimental to our health, befides the danger of contradting an
ill habit, we difcontinued their ufe, having recourfe to them but very feldom, and then
fparingly. We frequently gave a fmall quantity to our Indians, together with part of
the provifions which were continually fent us from Quito, befides a daily falary of four
times as much as they ufually earn.

But, notwithllanding all thefe encouragements, we found it impoffible to keep the
Indians together. On their firfl feeling the rigours of the climate, their thoughts were
immediately turned on deferting us. The firfl inflance we had of this kind was fo un-
expedled, that, had not one of a better difpofition than the refl flaid with us, and ac-
quainted us of their defign, it might have proved of very bad confequence. The affair
was this : there being on the top of the rock no room for pitching a tent for them, they
ufed every evening to retire to a cave at the foot of the mountain, where, befides a na-
tural diminution of the cold, they could keep a continual fire, and confequently enjoyed
more comfortable quarters than their mafters. Before they withdrew at night, they faf-
tened on the outfide the door of our hut, which was fo low that it was impoffible to go
in or out without flooping ; and as every night the hail and fnow which had fallen
formed a wall againfl the door, it was the bufinefs of one or two to come up early and
remove this obflruftion, that, when we pleafed, we might open the door. For though
our Negro fervants were lodged in a little tent, their hands and feet were fo covered
with chilblains, that they would rather have fuifered themfelves to have been killed thari
move. The Indians therefore came conflantly up to difpatch this work betwixt nine
and ten in the morning ; but we had not been there above four or five days, when we
were not a little alarmed to fee ten, eleven, and twelve come, without any news of our

VOL. XIV. 3 1 labourers,

425 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

labourers, when we were relieved by the honefl fervant mentioned above, who had
withflood the feduftion of his countrymen, and informed us of the defertion of the four
others. After great difficulty, he opened a way for us to come out, when we all fell
to clearing our habitation from the malTes of fnow. We then fent the Indian to the cor-
regidor of Quito with advice of our condition, who, with equal difpa'tch, fent others,
threatening to chaftife them feverely if they were wanting in their duty.

But the fear of punifhment was not fufficient to induce them to fupport the rigour of
our fituation ; for within two days we miffed them. On this fecond defertion, the cor-
regidor, to prevent other inconveniences, fent four Indians under the care of an alcalde,
and gave^orders for their being relieved every fourth day.

Twenty-three tedious days we fpent on this rock, viz. to the 6th of September, and
even without any poffibility of finilhing our obfervations of the angles ; for, when it was
fair and clear weather with us, the others, on whofe fummits were erected the fignals
which formed the triangles for meafuring the degrees of the meridian, were hid in
clouds ; and when (as we conjectured, for we could never plainly difcern them) thofe
were clear, Pichincha was involved in clouds. It was therefore neceffary to ere£l our
fignals in a lower fituation, and in a more favourable region. This, however, did not
produce any change in our habitation till December, when, having finiftied the obferv-
ations which particularly concerned Pichincha, we proceeded to others ; but with no
abatement either of inconveniences, cold or fatigue, the places where we made all our
obfervations being neceffarily on the higheft parts of the deferts ; fo that the only refpite,
in which we enjoyed fome little eafe, was during the Ihort interval of palling from one
to the other.

In all our ftations fubfequent to that on Pinchlncha, during our fatiguing menfura-
tion of the degrees of the meridian, each company lodged in a field-tent, which, though
fmall, we found lefs inconvenient than our Pinchlncha hut, though at the fame time we
had more trouble, being oftener obliged to clear it from the fnow, as the weight of it
would otherwife have demolifhed the tent. At firft, indeed, we pitched it in the mofl
fheltered places ; but, on tajdng a refolution that the tents themfelves fhould ferve for
fignals, to prevent the inconvenience of thofe of wood, we removed them to a more ex-
pofed fituation, where the impetuofity of the winds fometimes tore up the piquets, and
blew them down. Then we were not a little pleafed with our having brought fupernu-
merary tents, and with our dexterity in pitching another Inftead of that which the wind
had torn away. Indeed, without this precaution, we Ihould have been in the utmofl
dzuiger of perifhing. In the defert of Afuay we particularly experienced the benefit of
this expedient ; three tents belonging to our company being obliged to be pitched one
after another, till at laft they all became unfit for ufe, and two flout poles were broken.
In this terrible condition our only refource was to quit the poll, which was next lo the
fignal of Sinafaguan, and fhelter ourfelves in a breach or chafm. The two companies
were both at that time on this defert, fo that the fufferings of both were equal. The
Indians who attended us, not willing to bear the feverity of the cold, and difgufted with
the frequent labour of clearing the tent from the fnow, at the firft ravages of the wind,
deferted us. Thus we were obliged to perform every thing ourfelves, till others were
fent us from a feat about three leagues dillant at the bottom of the mountain.

While we were thus labouring under a variety of difficulties from the wind, fnow,
frofl;, and the cold, which we here found more fevere than in any other part ; forfaken
by our Indians, little or no provifions, a fcarcity of fuel, and in a manner deftitute of
ihelter, the good prieft of Cannar, a town fituated at the foot of thefe Cordilleras, fouth-
weft from the fignal of Sinafaguan, about five leagues from it, and the road very diffi-

I cult.

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 42^1

cult, was offering his prayers for us ; for he, and all the Spaniards of the town, from
the blacknefs of the clouds, gave us over for loft; ; fo that, after finifhing our obfervr
ations, we paiTed through the town, they viewed us with aflonifhment, and received us
with the mod cordial figns of delight, adding their congratulations, as if we had, amidil
the mofl threatening dangers, obtained a glorious viftory : and, doubtlefs, our opera-
tions muft appear to them a very extraordinary performance, if we confider the inex-
preffible horror with which they view thofe places where we had palTed fo many
days.

It was at firft: determined to ered fignals of wood in the form of a pyramid ; but to
render our flay in the piercing colds of thefe regions as fhort as poffible, we abandoned
that intention, of which there would *have been no end ; becaufe, after remaining feveral
days in the denfeft parts of the clouds, when a clear interval happened, the fignals could
not be diflinguifhed : fome the winds had blown down, and others had been carried
away by the Indians who tended their cattle on the fides of the mountains, for the fake
of the timber and ropes. To remedy which, the only expedient was to make the very
tents in which we lodged ferve for fignals ; for the orders of the magiftrates, and threat-
enings of the priefls, were of little confequence in fuch a defert country, where it was
almoil impoflible to difcover the delinquents.

. The deferts of the mountains of Pambamarca and Pichincha were the noviciates, in
which we were inured to the fevere life we led from the beginning of Augufl 1737 to the
end of July 1739. During which time, our company occupied thirty-five deferts, and
that of Don George Juan, thirty-two, the particulars of which fhall be enumerated, to-
gether with the names of all thofe on which we eredted fignals for forming the triangles ;
in all which the inconveniences were the fame, except that they became lefs fenfible, in
proportion as our bodies became inured to fatigue, and naturalized to the inclemencies
of thofe regions, fo that in time we were reconciled to a continual folitude, coarfe pro-
vifions, and often a fcarcity of thefe. The diverfity of temperatures did not in the leafl
aifed: us, when we defcended from the intenfe cold of one of thofe deferts into the plains
and valleys, where the heat, though but moderate, feemed excefTive to thofe coming
from fuch frozen regions. Laftly, without any concern, we encountered the dangers
unavoidable among thofe fleep precipices, and a great variety of others to which we
were continually expofed. The little cabins of the Indians, and the flails for cattle fcat-
tered up and down on the fkirts of the mountains, and where we ufed to lodge in our
paifage from one defert to another, were to us fpacious palaces ; mean villages appeared
like fplendid cities, and the converfation of a priell, and two or three of his companions,
charmed us like the banquet of Xenophon : the little markets held in thofe towns, when
we happened to pafs through them on a Sunday, feemed to us as if filled with all the
variety of Seville fair. Thus the leafl objed: became magnified, when we defcended
for two or three days from our exile, which in fome places lafled fifty days fucceflively ;
and it mull be owned, that there were particular occafions when our fufferings were fuch
that nothing could have fupported us under them, and animated us to perfevere, but
that honour and fidelity which jointly confpired to induce both companies, whatever
fhould be the confequence, not to leave imperfect a work fo long defired by all civilized
nations, and fo particularly countenanced by the two powerful monarchs our fovereigns.

It may not be amifs here to inform the reader of the different opinions conceived by

the neighbouring inhabitants, with regard to our enterprife. Some admired our refo-

- lution, others could not tell what conftruftion to put upon our perfeverance ; and even

thofe of the befl parts and education among them were utterly at a lofs what to think.

I'hey made it their bufinefs to examine the Indians concerning the life we led, but the

2 I 2 aiifwcrs

428 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

anfwers they received only tended to increafe their doubts and aftonifhment. They
faw that thofe people, though naturally hardy, robuft, and inured to • fatigues, could
not be prevailed upon, not with (landing the encouragement of double pay, to continue
any time with us. The ferenity in which we lived on thofe dreaded places was not
unknown to them ; and they faw with what tranquillity and conftancy we pafTed from
one fcene of folitude and labour to another. This to them appeared fo ftrange, that
they were at a lofs what to attribute it to. Some confidered us as little better than
lunatics, others more fagacioufly imputed the whole to covetoufnefs, and that we were
certainly endeavouring to difcover fome rich minerals by particular methods of our
own invention ; others again fufpeded that we dealt in magic ; but all were involved
in a labyrinth of confufion with regard to the nature of our defign. And the more
they refleded on it, the greater was their perplexity, being unable to difcover any thing
proportionate to the pains and hardfhips we underwent. And even when we informed
them of the real motive of this expedition, which caufed fo much aftonifhment, their
ignorance of its importance would not fuffer them to give credit to what we faid ; fuf-
peding that we concealed, under the veil of an incomprehenfible chimera, our real
practices, of which, as I have already obferved, they had no good opinion.

Among feveral pleafant adventures which this occafioned, I fhall only mention two,
both of which are Hill frefli in my memory ; and may ferve to illuflrate the ftrange
ideas thefe ignorant people formed of us. While we were at the fignal of Vengotafm,
ere£ted on a defert at no great diftance from the town of Latacunga, about a league
from the place where we had pitched our field-tent was a cow-houfe, where we con-
ftantly pafled the night ; for the afcent not being remarkably difficult, we could every
morning, in fair weather, return foon enough to the tent to begin our obfervations.
One morning as we were pailing to the fignal, we faw at a dillance three or four
Indians, in appearance on their knees ; and we found indeed, on our approaching
nearer, that this was their real poflure ; we alfo obferved that their hands were joined,
and that they uttered words in their language with the greateft fervour and the moft
fupplicant accent; but by the pofition of their eyes, it was evident that we were the
peribns whom they thus addreffed. We feveral times made figns for them to rife,
but they ftill kept their pofture till we were got at a confiderable diflance. We had
fcarce begun to prepare our inftruments within the tent, when we were alarmed with
a repetition of the fame fupplicant vociferations. On going out to know the caufe, we
found the fame Indians again on their knees before the tent ; nor were we able, by all
the figns we could make, to raife them from that pofture. There fortunately happened
at that time to be with us a fervant who underftood both the Indian and Spanilh lan-
guages ; and having direded him to alk thefe poor people what they wanted of us,
we were informed that the eldeft of them was the father of the others, and that his
afs being either ftrayed or ftolen, he came to us, as perfons who knew every thing,
to entreat us to commiferate his great lofs, and put him in a method of recovering his
beaft. This fimplicity of the Indians afforded us no fmall entertainment ; and though
we did all we could, by means of our interpreter, to undeceive them, we found they
were equally tenacious of this ftrange error as of genuflexion ; and would ftill believe,
that nothing was hid from us ; till having wearied themfelves with thefe clamorous
vociferations, and finding we took no notice of them, they retired, with all the marks
of extreme forrow that we would not condefcend to inform them where they might find
the afs ; and with a firm perfuafion that our refufal proceeded from ill-nature, and not
from ignorance. 6

The

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 425

The other adventure I (hall mention, happened to myfelf in particular, and not with
fimple and ignorant Indian peafants, but with one of the principal inhabitants of
Cuenca. While the whole company were on the mountain of Bueran, not far from the
town of Cannar, I received a meflage from the priefl of that place, informing me, that two
Jefuits of my acquaintance were pafTmg that way, and, if 1 was defirous of feeing them,
i might find them at his houfe. As I was cheerfully defcending the mountain to enjoy
this pleafmg invitation, I happened to be overtaken by a gentleman of Cuenca, who
was going to take a view of his lands in that jurifdiction, and had obferved me coming
from our tent. He was, it feems, acquainted with my name, though he had never
feen me ; but obfeiving me drefled in the garb of the Meftizos, and the loweft clafs
of people, *the only habit in which we could perform our operations, he took me for
one of the fervants, and began to examine me ; and I was determined not to undeceive
him till he had finilhed. Among other things, he told me, that neither he nor any
body elfe would believe, that the afcertaining the figure and magnitude of the earth,
as w^e pretended, could ever induce us to lead fuch a difmal and uncouth life ; that,
however we might deny it, we had doubtlefs difcovered many rich minerals on thofe
lofty deferts ; adding, that perfons in his circumftances were not to be fatisficd with
fine words. Here I laboured to remove the prejudices he entertained againft our ope-
rations ; but all I could fay only tended to confirm him in his notion ; and, at parting,
he added, that doubtlefs, by our profound knowledge in the magic art, we m.ight
make much greater difcoveries than thofe who were ignorant of it. Thefe opinions
were blended with others equally abfurd and ridiculous ; but I found it impoffible to
undeceive him, and accordingly left him to enjoy his own notions.

Our feries of triangles in the fouth part being finifhed, and a fecond bafe meafured"
by each company, to prove the truth of our work, we began our aftronomical obfer-
vations ; but our inftruments not being perfectly adapted to that intention, we were
obliged, in the month of December of the fame year, to return to Quito, in order to
conftrud another, on whofe accuracy we could fafely rely ; and this employed us till
the firfl of Auguft of the following year 1740 ; when, without any farther lofs of time,
we again repaired to Cuenca, and immediately began our obfervations ; but thefe being
very tedious, were not finiflied before the end of September ; the atmofphere of that
country being very unfavourable to aftronomical obfervations. For, in the deferts,
the clouds in which we were fo frequently involved hindered us from difcerning the other
fignals ; and in the city, over which they fpread a kind of perpetual pavilion, they hid the
ftars from us while they pafTed the meridian ; but patience and refolution, infpired by
the importance of our enterprife, having enabled us at laft to perform our talk on the
fouth fide of the equator, we prepared for our journey to the north of it, in order to
make the aftronomical obfervations at the other extremity of the arch of the meridian,
and thus put the finifhing hand to our work : but this was for fome time retarded by
an accident of importance which called u^ to Lima.

In December 1743, the reafons which detained us at Lima, Guayaquil, and in
ChiU, no longer fubfifting, we returned to Quito in January 1 744, when Don George
Juan and I prolonged the arch of the meridian four triangles, by which it was extended
to the place where M. Godin, in 1740, had made the fecond aftronomical obfervation,
and which he now repeated, and finiflied in the month of May 1744.

Meffrs. Bouguer and M. de la Condamine having at that time finiflied the feveral parts
afilgned to them, had left Quito, in order to return to France; the former by the way.
of Carthagena,. and the latter by the river of the Amazons ; but the reft of the com-
pany remained there fome time j fome for fear of being taken by the enemy, fome for

want;

J^yf trELOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

want of the means to defray the charges neceflary in fo long a journey, and others on
account of their having contraded fome obhgations, and were unwilling to leave the
country till they could difcharge them. So that in the former only the natural defire
of returning to their country prevailed, in order there to repofe thenifelves after fuch
■a feries of labours and hardftiips, by which the health and vigour of all were in fome
meafure impaired.

CHAP. III. — The Names of the Deferts and other Places where the Signals were ere6led
for forming the Series of Triangles for meafuring an Arch of the Meridian.

IN order to gratify the curiofity of the reader with regard to our operations, I fliall
mention in feparate articles, the places where each company made their obfervations,
and the time they were obliged to remain there ; omitting a detail of circumftances,
marly of which would be little more than a paraphrafe on the fubjedl of the preceding
chapter. Nor fhall I here include thofe flationS ufed in the year 1736, after meafuring
the bafe of Yaruqui, both on its extremities and in the deferts of Pambamarca and
Yllahalo ; for the difpofition of the triangles being afterwards altered, they were
repeated. Therefore, confidering them as not ufed at that time, I fhall begin with
thofe ftations in which no fuch circumftances happened, and range them in the order
they were occupied.

Deferts on which the Signals were ereBed for the Operations conduced by M. de la Conda-

mine and myfelf

I. — Signal on the Defert of Pichincha.

The fignal was at firft ereded on the higheft fummit of Pichincha, but afterwards
removed to another ftation at the foot of the pic ; the top having been afterwards found
not to be the moft proper place. We began our obfervations on this mountain on the
i4thof Auguft i737> but could not finifli them before the beginning of December
following,

II. — The Signal on Oyambaro, the South Extremity of the Bafe of Yaruqui.

On the 20th of December 1737, we removed to Oyambaro ; and finifhed our ob-
fervations neceflary to be made there on the 29th of the fame month.

ni. — Signal on Caraburu, the Northern Extremity of the Bafe of Yaruqui.

On the 30th of December we pafled to Caraburu, and continued there till the 24th
of January 1738. This long ftay was partly occafioned by the badnels of the weather,
and partly by the want of fignals.

IV. — Signal on the Defert of Pambamarca.

On this defert of Pambamarca, where we had before been in 1736, on finifhing the
meafurement at Yaruqui, a fecond Ijgnal was eredted here, and we went up the 26th
of January 1738, where we remained till the 8th of February; and though we had
not here the difficulties of the ice and fnow to ftruggle with, as on Pichincha and other

fubfequent

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 43 1

fubfequent ftations, yet we were extremely incommoded by the velocity of the winds^
which were fo violent that It was difficult to fland ; and, notwithftanding the beft flielter
poflible to be procured, we often found it very difficult to keep the inftrument fleady ;
which, of confequence, greatly increafed the difficulty of making the obfervations with,
the neceflary accuracy.

V. — Signal on the Mountain of Tanlagua.

On the 1 2th of February we afcended the mountain of Tanlagua ; and having the
next day finilhed our obfervations, returned. If this mountain be^ but fmall in com-
parifon of others in this Cordillera, and thus faved us the many inconveniencies of a
lofty flation, yet the fteepnefs of its fides put us to no fmall difficulty, there being no
other poffible method of going up than by climbing ; and the greateft care is requifite
in fixing the hands and feet clofe and firm ; nor is it poffible to climb it in lels than
four hours. The defcent, as may naturally be concluded, is little lefs hazardous, as
you mufl fit and Aide d'own much the greater part of it ; and this mufl be done gently^
left, by celerity of motion, you tumble down the precipice.

VI. — Signal on the Plain of Changalli.

On the 1 7th of March we removed to the fignal of Changalli, and finilhed the ne*
ceiTary obfervations on the 20th. We fpent the time here very comfortably. The
fignal was ereded on a plain, where neither the air nor weather molefted us ; and be-
ing lodged in a farm-houfe near the fignal, and not far from the town of Pintac, we
had all the neceifary conveniencies of life, the want of which we often feverely felt in
the deferts. Thefe comforts did not, however, in the leaft abate our diligence to avail'
ourfelves of every inftant when the fignals on the mountains were not concealed ia
clouds. But one circumftance which lengthened our ftay was, that fome of the fignals
were wanting, having been blown down by the wind ; it was therefore refolved, that
for the future the field-tents fhould ferve for fignals. And, accordingly, we afterwards
conftantly purfued this method.

VII. — Signal on the Defert of Pucaguaico, on the Side of the Mountain Catopaxi.

This mountain we afcended the 21ft of March, and on the 4th of April were obliged
to return, after in vain endeavouring to finifli our obfervations. For, not to mention
our own fufferings, the froft and fnow, together with the winds, which blew fo vio-
lently that they feemed endeavouring to tear up that dreadful volcano by its roots, ren-
dered the making obfervations abfolutely impracticable. Such is indeed the rigour of
this climate, that the very beafts avoid it ; nor could our mules be kept at the place
where we, at firft, ordered the Indians to take care of them ; fo that they were obliged
to wander in fearch of a milder air, and fometimes to fuch a diftance that we had often
no fmall trouble in finding them.

At Pucaguaico we however faw the neceffity of either erefting the fignal further to
the fouth, or fetting up another in the intermediate fpace. Several confultations were
held, to determine on the beft method ; but, as other things were neceffary to be done
before we came to a conclufion, the operations were fufpended, and the interval fpent
in making obfervations on the velocity of found, and other phyfical fubjedls. Every
thing being ready for renewing our operations, we a fecond time afcended Pucaguaico

oa

^-2 ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA.

^n the 1 5th of Augufl, and it was our good fortune by the 2 2d to have finifiied all our
neceffary operations.

VIII. — Signal on the Defert Corazon.

On the 1 2th of July, before we had finifhed our operations at the ftation of Puca-
■ffuaico, we afcended to the defert Corazon, where we ftaid till the 9th of Auguft. This
mountain is nearly of the fame height with that of Pichincha ; and its loftiell fummit,
like that of the former, a rock of confiderable altitude. At the foot of this rock the
iignal was erefted ; and thus our ftation nearly refembled that of Pichincha. There was
indeed this confiderable difference, that our fufierings from the winds, froft, and fnows,
ivere confiderably lefs.

IX. — Signal on Papa-urco.

It had been determined that Papa-urco fhould be the place where the intermediate
fignal betwixt thofe of Pucaguaico and Vengotafni fhould be ereded. This mountain,
which is of a middling height, we afcended the nth of Auguft, and continued on it
till the 1 6th, when we returned to Pucaguaico ; fo that this eafy mountain was a kind
:Of refting- place between the two painful ftations of Corazon and Pucaguaico.

X. — Signal on the Mountain of Milin ;

Whofe height is nearly the fame with that of the Papa-urco. We afcended it On
the 23d of Auguft, and by the 29th had finiftied the neceffary obfervations.

XI. — Signal on the Mountain Vengotafm.

The mountain of Vengotafm is not remarkably high, but our ftay on it was longer
than we at firft imagined ; for, after finilhing our obfervations on the 4th of September,
fome difficulties which arofe with regard to the pofition of the following fignal towards
the fouth detained us till the 1 8th. However, the town of Latacunga being contiguous
to the fkirts of this mountain, and having feveral farms in its neighbourhood, we
were at no lofs for many conveniencies of which we were deftitute in feveral other
ilations.

XII. — Signal on the Mountain of Chalapu.

Our ftay on this mountain was ftiorter than on any other in the whole feries of tri-
angles ; for we continued only part of four days, going up the 20th and coming down
the 2 :d. It is none of the higheft mountains, and has in its neighbourhood the town
of Hambato, and its ikirts diverfified with feats and farms j but the aclivity is fo fteep,
that the fafeft way is to afcend it on foot.

Xin. — Signal of Chichichoco.

iThe iignal of Chichichoco was erefted on the fide of the mountain of that name,
which is a branch of the famous fnowy mountain of Carguairafo. Here we ftayed
jonly from the 24th to the 29th of September. Though the fpot where we placed the
iignal was of a very inconfiderable height when compared with that of the other moun-
tains, yet, from its proximity to Carguairafo, when the wind blew from that quarter,
it was confiderably cold, but not comparable to that we felt on the deferts, where every

part

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA, 4^3

part was covered with ice, hail, or fnow. The day we left this place, while our
Indians were loading the mules, and we in the tent ready to fet out on our journey, an
earthquake was felt, which reached four leagues round the country. Our tent rocked
from fide to fide, in conformity to the undulating motion obferved in the earth ; this
fhock was only one of the fmall concuflions frequent in thofe parts.

XIV. — Signal of Mulmul.

This fignal, and the three following, occafioned feveral journeys from one to another ;
as, for the greater accuracy of the obfervations,-auxiliary triangles were to be formed,
in order to verify the diftances refulting from the principal. The difficulty alfo of reci-
procally diftinguilhing fome fignals from others, obliged us to change their polition, till
they ftood in proper places ; and confequently laid us under a neceffity of going often
from one ftation to another. On the 8th of November, having finiflied all our obfer-
vations, the company removed to Riobamba, where I myfelf had been confined ever
fince the 20th of Oftober, with a critical difeafe, which at firft attacked me at Chichi-
choco, and increafing at Mulmul, I was obliged to remain in a cow-houfe on that
mountain, from whence I was removed to Riobamba ; and this accident hindered me
from being prefent at the fignals XV. XVI. and XVII. which were thofe of Guayama,
Limal, and Nabufo.

XVIII. — Signal of Sifa-pongo.

At the fignal of Sifa-pongo we continued from the 9th to the end of November ; and
here the trigonometrical obfervations were intermitted till Don George Juan and
M. Godin returned from Quito, to which city they repaired in order to take fome mea-
fures neceffary for the continuation of the work. But, that this interval might not be
loft, M. Bouguer propofed to make fome experiments, in order to demonftrate the fyf-
tem of attradion. The place he made choice of for thefe experiments was the moun-
tain of Chimborazo. In this ftation, and the following, of the fandy defert of the fame
mountain, we fuffered more than on any other.

XIX. — Signal of Lalangufo.

On the defert of Lalangufo, our obfervations were continued from the 24th to the
31ft of January 1759.

XX. — Signal on the Defert of Chufay.

■ The ftation on the defert of Chufay was one of the moft tedJous in the whole feries
of triangles, being unavoidably detained on this difagreeable mountain from the 3d of
February to the 24th of March. This delay was occafioned by the difficulty of pitching
on proper places for erecting the fucceeding fignals, that they might ftand in full view,
be eafily diftinguifhed one from another, and form regular triangles. This was indeed
a difficult talk, the lofty fummits of the mountains of the Cordillera of Azuay, where
they were to be placed, intercepting each other from our fight. The tedioufnefs of this
ftation was increafed by the rigour of the weather, the ftrength of the winds, and its
great diftance from any place where we could procure convenient fhelter and re-
frefliments.

VOL. XIV. 3 K XXL

^24 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA,

XXI. — Signal on the Defert of Tialoma.

On the defert of Tialoma we continued from the 26th of March to the 25th of April,
but had little, except the length of the time, to complain of.

XXII. — Signal on the Defert of Sinafaguan.

We arrived at the defert of Sinafaguan on the 27th of April, and left it on the 9th
of May, the only clear day we had during our ftay ; but as we have already mentioned
our fufferings on this defert, it will be unneceffary to repeat them here.

XXIII. — Signal on the Defert of Bueran.

We continued on the defert of Bueran from the loth of May to the ifl of Junej
but, befides the fmall height of the mountain, the town of Cannar being only two '
leagues diftant from it, we were in want of nothing. The temperature of the air was
alfo much more mild than on the other deferts ; befides, we had the great fatisfaftion
of relieving our folitude by going to hear mafs on Sundays, and other days of precept,
in the town. Thefe comforts had, however, feme allay ; for while we continued on
this defert, the animals, cottages, and Indians, fufFered three times in a very melancholy
manner by tempefts of lightning, which fell on the neighbouring plains ; all thofe coun-
tries, efpecially the defert of Burgay, which borders on that of Bueran, being fubjed to
terrible ftorms.

XXIV. — Signal on the Defert of Yafuay.

Our obfervations at the fignal of Yafuay were not finiihed till the 1 6th of July ; th^e
being a neceffity, before we could conclude them, to pitch on the moft convenient place
for meafuring a fecond bafe, in order to prove the accuracy of all the preceding geome-
trical operations ; and, after fixing on a proper fpot, to determine where the fignals
between Yafuay and the bafe could be mofl properly placed. In order to this, we went
to Cuenca, and from thence proceeded to the plains of Talqui and los Bannos. At laft
it was determined that the bale' fhould be meafured in the former, by which the refult
of the triangles was to be verified by my company, and that of the other in the plain of
Los Bannos. The requifite fignals alfo were erected ; an^ we returned to the defert of
Yafuay, where we continued our obfervations, which employed us from the 7th to the
i5th of July. Though this mountain is one of the highefl in the whole territory of
Cuenca, and the afcent fo fteep that there is no going up but on foot, nor even by that
method without great labour, yet the cold is far from being fo intolerable as on Sina-
faguan and the deferts north of that mountain. So that we cheerfully fupported the
inconveniences of this ftation.

XXV. — Signal on the Mountain of Borma.

This mountain is but low, as are all the others in the neighbourhood of Cuenca, fo
that here we were not impeded by any cloudy fummits. It was alfo our good fortune
that Yafuay, contrary to our apprehenfions, was clear and vifible the whole 19th of
July ; fo that we finiihed our obfervations in two days agreeably.

XXVI.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

43S

XXVI. XXVII. XXVm. XXIX. — signals of Pugin, Pillachlquir, Alparupafca, and

Chinan.

The two laft being the north and fouth extremities of the bafe of Talqui, the four
flations of Pugin, Pillachiquir, Alparupafca, and Chinan did not require our attendance ;
for being near the bafe of Talqui, we daily went from the farm-houfes where we lodged,
and obferved the angles, except that of Pillachiquir, to which, on account of its greater
diftance than that of the other fignals, there was a neceflity for our vifiting-; but hap-
pily concluding our obfervations the fame day we reached it, there was no rcafon for our
longer ftay.

XXX. XXXI. — Signals of Guanacauri, and the Tower of the great Church of

Cuenca.

The feries of triangles, except the two laft at the extremities of the fecond bafe, being
finifiied, it was necefl'ary to form other triangles, in order to fix the place of the obfer-
vatory where, when the geometrical obfervations were fmifhed, the agronomical were to
begin. Thofe which fell to my lot, were a fignal on the^mountain of Guanacauri, and
the tower of the great church of Cuenca ; and thefe angles were taken at the fame time
the aftronomical obfervations were making.

At the north extremity of the arch of the meridian new triangles were afterwards
formed, as we have already obferved in the foregoing chapter. This rendered it necef-
fary for us to make choice of different places on thefe mountains for erefting other
fignals in order to form thefe triangles. The fame order which had been followed
during the whole feries of menfu ration, that each perfon fhould take two angles of every
triangle, was obferved here ; and thofe afligned to me were the following :

XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. — Signals on Guapulo, the Mountain of Cam-

panario, and thofe of Cofm, and Mira.

The obfervations to be made at thefe four flations could not be finifhed till thofe
alarming reafons which called us to Lima and Chili no longer fubfifted, and we were
returned to Quito. The work at the firfl and laft ftations was difpatched without the
neceflity of lodging there ; for, being near Quito and the village of Mira, when the
v/eather promifed us a favourable opportunity, it was only an eafy ride ; but we found
it very different with regard to the ftations of Campanario and Cofm. However, we
left all the four at the fame time, namely, on the 23d of May 1744; the day when
Don George and myfelf put the finiftiing hand to the aftronomical obfervations which
we had re-affumed on the 14th of Febrt^ary of the fame year ; and thus the whole pro-
cefs relative to the menfuration of an arch of the meridian was concluded.

Signals ere^ed on Deferts, tsfc. where the Obfervations were conduced by Mr, Godin

and Don George Juan,

The ftations immediately fubfequent to the admeafurement of the bafe of Yaruqui,
In the year 1736, and afterwards not made ufe of, as we have .already obferved, were
common to both companies ; the method which was afterwards followed, for every one
to obferve two angles in all the triangles, not having been thought of; though it both
fhortened the work, and, at the fame time, rendered it much eafier : io that Don George

3 K ^ Juan

^26 ULLOA*S VOYAGE- TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Juan and Mr. Godin were on the deferts of YUahalo and Pambamarca, at the fame time
with Meff. Bouguer and Condamine and myfelf.

I, II. — Signals on the Extremities of the Bafe of Yaruqui.

In order to make the neceflary qjbfervations relating to thefe two fignals, they left
Quito on the 20th of Auguft 1737, and had completely finifhed them by the 27th.

III. — Signal on the Defert of Pambamarca..

After they had concluded all the neceffary oblervations at the extremities of the bafe,
they went \vithout delay to the defert of Pambamarca, and completely finifhed their
operations by the firfl of September.

IV. — Signal on the Mountain of Tanlagua.

Havmg finifhed their obfervations on the defert, they came down to the little totvn of
Quenche, in that neighbourhood, in order to proceed from thence to Tanlagua ; but
the Indians, who were to accompany them, being no ftrangers to the extreme feverity
of the weather on that defert, difcouraged by their recent fufferings on Pambamarca,
and knowing they fhould flill fufFer more on Tanlagua, were not to be found ; and the
loweft clafs of inhabitants in the town, apprehending that they fhould be fent on this
painful fervice, alfo left their habitations and abfconded ; fo that the joint endeavours of
the alcalde and prieft to difcover them proved ineffectual ; and after a delay of two whole
days, the curate, with great difficulty, prevailed on the facriflan, and other Indians em-
ployed in the fervice of the church, to accompany them, and take care of the loaded
mules as far as the farm-houfe of Tanlagua, where they arrived the 5th of September.
The next day they began to afcend the mountain, which, being very fteep, took them
up a whole day in climbing it. But this being more than the Indians were able to per-
form, as they carried the field-tents, baggage, and inftruments, they were obliged to
flop half way ; fo that thofe on the top were under a neceffity of paffing the night
there without any fhelter ; and a hard frofl coming on, they were almoft perifhed with
cold ; for they were fo greatly affeded by it, that they had no ufe of their limbs till
they returned to a warmer air. After all thefe hardfhips, the gentlemen could not finifh
their obfervations, fome of the fignals being wanting, having either been blown down
by the winds, or carried away by the Indian herdfmen : fo that, during the interval,
while perfons were employed in erefting others, they returned to Quito, and applied
then\felves to examine the divifions of the quadrants. Thefe operations, being very
tedious, employed them till the month of December, when, all the fignals which were
wanting being replaced, they again, on the 20th of December, repaired to their poft at
Tanlagua J and on the 27th finifhed the obfervations neceflary to be made at that
flation.

V. — Signal on the Mountain of Guapulo.

The fignal of Guapulo being ereded on a mountain of no great height, and in the
neighbourhood of Quito, their refidence was not neceffary ; for, by fetting out from the
city at day-break, they could reach the field tent, where the inftruments were left, early
in the morning. Thefe journeys repeated every day, and though every moment of
time was improved to the greatefl advantage, it was the 24th of January 1738 before

a they

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 437

they finiflied the obfervations, with that accurate precifion fo confpicuous in all their
operations.

VI. — Signal on the Cordillera and Defert of Guamani.

They were obliged to make two journeys to the mountain of Guamani, the fignal
having been firft mifplaced, fo as not to be feen from that erefted on Corazon ; and
confequently there was a neceffity for removing it. And though, in order to do this,
they afcended the mountain on the 28 th of January, they found it neceffary to return
thither on the 7th of February, when they were fortunate enough to finifh every thing
remaining the very next day.

VII. — Signal on the Defert of Corazon.

This mountain alfo the gentlemen were obliged to vifit twice ; the firft journey was
on the 20th of January, and the fecond on the 12th of March 1738.

VIII. — Signal of Limpie-pongo, on the Defert of Cotopaxi.

They went up to the defert of Cotopaxi on the 1 6th of March, and remained there
till the 31ft; when they obferved that the fignal of Guamani was not vifible from
thence, and therefore it was neceffary to ere6t another in the intermediate fpace ; which
being completed on the 9th of Auguft, they again repaired to the fignal of Limpie-
pongo, on Cotopaxi ; where they finifhed all their operations by the 1 3th of the fame
month, and left every thing in exa£t order. In afcending the mountain in this fecond
journey, the mule on which Don George Juan rode fell down a breach four or five
toifes deep, but providentially without receiving the leaft hurt.

As they had been obliged to ereft another fignal between thofe of Guamani and
Limpie-pongo, in order to continue the feries of triangles ; fo there was alfo a neceffity
for returning to fome ftations, to obferve again the angles which had before been deter-
mined. Thefe operations, together with the experiments on the velocity of found,
and the obfervations at the new fignal, filled up the interval from the time the operations
were fufpended on Limpie-pongo, till they returned to finifh them.

IX. — Signal on the Defert of Chinchulagua.

The operations of the fignal of Chinchulagua, ereded on the defert of the fame
name, were completed on the 8th of Auguft ; but a doubt arifing with regard to one
of the angles obferved, for the greater certainty, they returned to this ftation, and again
examined the angle in queflion, after they had finifhed their obfervations at Limpie-
pongo.

X. — Signal on the Mountain of Papa-urco.

After verifying the obfervation on Chinchulagua, they removed to the fignal of
Papa-urco, and finifhed their obfervations in the fame month of Auguft. Here they
for fome time fufpended their operations, being called to Quito on affairs of importance,
relating to the French academicians.

XI. — Signal on the Mountain of Milin.

The affairs which had required M. Godin*s prefence at Quito being terminated within
the month, they returned, on the ift of September, to make the neceffary obferva-
tions

^0$ VlLOA.*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

tions at the fignal of Milin, where they continued till the 7th, when they left it, having
completely finifhed their operations.

XII. — Signal on the Defert of Chulapu.

From Milin they proceeded to the defert of Chulapu, where they remained till the
1 8th of September, when they had finifhed all their obfervations. Till this fignal,
exclufive, each company had obferved the three angles of all the triangles ; both be-
caufe they differed from one another, and to prove by this precifion the errors in the
divifions of the quadrants, before obferved by other methods. But from this fignal,
inclufive, each company obferved two angles only of the other triangles, as had been
agreed on. *

XIII. — Signal in Jivicatfu.

In Jivicatfu they remained from the i8th to the 26th of September. This flation
was one of the mofl agreeable ; for, befides the height on which the fignal was erefted,
the temperature of the air, and the cheerful afpeft of the country, the town of Pilaro
was in the neighbourhood, fo that they wanted for nothing.

XIV. XV. — Signals on the Deferts of Mulmul and Guayama.

Thefe two deferts are placed together, becaufe their fummits are united by gentle
eminences ; on one of which is a cow-houfe, ufed by the Indians when they go in
fearch of their cattle, which feed on the fides of this mountain. In this cow-houfe
Don George Juan, M. Godin, and their attendants, took up their quarters on the
30th of September, and every morning, when the weather was favourable, repaired
to the fignal ereded on one or other of the eminences. But the diftance between the
two ftations being very fmall, and the obfervations made there requiring to be verified
by thofe of other auxiliary triangles, it was abfolutely neceffary to determine exaftly
the ftations where thefe triangles were to be formed ; and to remain there till the
diftances were fettled, and the obfervations relating to them concluded ; which opera-
tions, notwithftanding the greateft diligence was ufed, employed them till the 20th of
Oftober.

Every thing at the two preceding ftations being finifhed, they repaired to the village
of Riobamba, determining to continue their work without interruption ; but meeting
with fome difficulties concerning the moft advantageous pofition of the fubfequent
triangles, and money beginning to grow fliort with our whole fociety, both Spaniards
and French, it was thought neceffary to make ufe of the interval while the proper
places for erefting the fignals were determining, to procure fupplies. Accordingly,
M. Godin and Don George Juan again fet out from Riobamba for Quito on the 7th of
November ; but it was the 2d of February following before we had the pleafure of con-
gratulating them on their return, the former having been feized with a fever, which
brought him very low, and detained them a confiderable time at Quito.

' XVI. XVII. — Signals on Amula and Sifa-pongo.

The obfervations neceffary at the fignal of Amula were finifhed before the journey to
Quito; and from the 2d of February 1739, when they returned to Riobamba, till the
19th, they were employed in thofe relating to Sifa-pongo.

xvm.

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 4^9

XVni. — Signal on the Mountain of Sefgum.

On the mountain of Sefgum they had occafion to flay only from the 20th to the 23d
of February. For this fignal ftood on the declivity of a mountain, and they^gilantly
employed every moment when the other deferts were free from thofe clouds in which
they are ufually involved.

XIX. — Signal on the Defert of Senegualap.

The obfervations at the fignal of Senegualap detained them from the 23d of February
to the 1 3th of March. The length of the time was indeed the mod difagreeable part,
as otherwife they did not place this among the worft flations they had met with during
their courfe of obfervations.

XX. — Signal on the Defert of Chufey.

From Senegualap they proceeded to the defert of Chufay, a flation which gave thefe
gentlemen no lefs trouble than it had done us. Our company had no concern with
the ftation on this defert ; for according to the alternative eftablifhed between the two
companies, that of Senegualap was the place to which we were to repair. But after
finifhing the obfervations at Lalangufo, being uneafy at the long ftay of M. Godin
and Don George Juan at Quito, to divert our thoughts by fome laborious employ-
ment, we divided our company into two, in order to profecute the menfuration, till
thofe gentlemen returned. Accordingly, M. Bouguer, at the head of one detachment,
went to the fignal of Senegualap, and M. de la Condamine and myfelf repaired to that
of Chufay. But M. Godin and Don George Juan joining us there, we returned to our
proper company, and the operations were continued in the order agreed on.

XXI. — Signal on the Defert of Sinafaguan.

This defert was one of thofe common to both companies ; and that of Don George
Juan remained on it till the 29th of May, when the obfervations of both were finilhed*
Thus every member of the two companies equally fhared in the fatigues of the opera-
tions, and in the hardfhips unavoidable in fuch dreary regions.

XXII. — Signal on the Defert of Quinoaloma.

The defert of Quinoaloma, like the former, may be claiTed among the moft dif.
agreeable flations in the whole feries ; for though they repaired hither from Sinafaguan,
it was the 3ifl of the fame month before they could finifh the obfervations relating to
this fignal.

In their road from Quinoaloma they pafTed through the town of Azogues ; where
leaving their inflruments and baggage, they went to Cuenca, to furvey the plains of
Talqui and Los Bannos, in order to make choice of one of them for meafuring the
bafe ; and having pitched on the latter, and confulted with us relating to the fignals
wanting, they returned to the town of Azogues.

XXIII. — Signal on the Defert of Yafuay,

On the 1 5th of June they proceeded to the defert of Yafuay, and continued there

till the nth of July; when, having finifhed their obfervations, they returned to

Cuenca, where they employed themfelves in meafuring the bafe on the plain of Los

8 BannoSj

440 VLLOa's voyage to south abierica.

Bannos, and in beginning the aftronomical obfervations. This they profecuted with
inceffant diligence till the loth of December following, when, in order to continue
them with the greater precifion and certainty, a new inftrument became neceffary, and
for this purpofe they repaired to Quito.

XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. — Signals of Namarelte, Guanacauri, Los Bannos,
and the Tower of the great Church of Cuenca.

Whilft they were making the aftronomical obfervations at Cuenca, they alfo, by
unwearied diligence, finifhed thofe relating to the geometrical menfuration at the four
ftations of Namarelte, Guanacauri, Los Bannos, and the tower of the great church
of Cuenca. The firft three ftations were to conned the bafe (which reached from
Guanacauri to Los Bannos) with the feries of triangles ; and the laft ferved for the ob-
fervatory jointly with the bafe. The obfervations at all thefe were completely finifhed
at this time ; for though the next year we found it neceflfary to go to Cuenca to repeat
the aftronomical obfervations, yet all the operations relating to the geometrical menfu-
rations were accurately finifhed at this time.

XXVin. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXIL— signals on the Moifntains of Guapulo,
Pambamarca, Campanario, Cuicocha, and Mira.

In the year 1744, when we returned to the province of Quito, in order to conclude
the whole work, having conquered the difficulties which obliged us to intermit the
aftronomical obfervations, as we have already obferved, Don George Juan added fix •
ftations to the feries of triangles, there being a necefTity for repeating the obfervations
Off Guapulo and Pambamarca, in order to extend the feries of triangles farther to the
northward, and of his repairing again to the mountains of Campanario and Cuicocha.
Here, and at Pambamarca, he was obliged to remain amidft all the inconveniences and
hardlhips of thofe dreadful regions, till he had completed the necelTary obfervations ;
all which he bore with great magnanimity ; but at thofe of Guapulo and Mira, which
ferved to conned the obfervatory, thofe inconveniences were avoided ; but as the obfer-
vations at the laft ftation were jointly: performed by both companies, the particulars of
them have been already mentioned.

CHAP. W.-^Defcnption of the City of Quito.

AS in the preceding defcriptions of the feveral cities and towns, I have not fwelled
the accounts with chronological and hiftorical remarks, I fhall obferve the fame method
X with regard to Quito, and only give an accurate account of the prefent ftate of this
country, the manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants, and the fituation of the feveral
places ; that fuch as know them only by name, may avoid thofe dangerous errors which
too often refult from forming a judgment of things without a thorough knowledge of
them. It may not, however, be amifs to premife, that this province was fubjeded to
the empire of Peru, by Tupac-Inga-Yupanqui, the eleventh Ynca.

Garcilafo, in his hiflory of the Yncas of Peru, the beft guide we can follow on this
fubjed, obferves, that this conqueft was made by the army of that emperor, commanded
by his eldeft fon Hueyna-Capac, who alfo fucceeded him in the empire. Hueyna-Ca-
pac, among other natural children, had one called Ata-Hualpa, by a daughter of the

laft

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMI- RICA. 44 1

«

laft king of Quito ; and being extremely fond of him, on account of his many amiable
qualities and accompliihments^ in order to procure him an honourable fettlement, pre-
vailed on his legitimate and eldefl fon Huafcar to allow him to hold the kingdom of
Quito as a fief of the empire ; it being an invariable law, that all conquefls were to be
perpetually annexed to the empire, and not alienated from it on any account whatever.
Thus Hueyna-Capac enjoyed the fatisfadion of feeing his favourite a fovereign of large
dominions. But on the death of his father, this prince, of whom fuch great hopes had
been conceived, ungratefully rebelled, feized on the empire, imprifoned his brother,
and foon after put him to a violent death. His profperity was, however, but of (hort
continuance ; for he fuftered the fame fate by order of Don Francifco Pizarro, who had
fent Sebaftian de Belalcazar to make a conquefl of the kingdom of Quito. He routed
the Indians wherever they ventured to face him ; and having foon, by a feries of vic-
tories, made himfelf mafter of the kingdom, and in the year 1534, rebuilt the capital,
which had fuffered extremely from inteftine commotions, called it San Francifco de
Quito, a name it (till retains, though it was not till feven years after that the title of
city was conferred upon it.

We found, from accurate obfervations, that the city of Quito is fituated in the lati-
tude of o^ 13' 33'' fouth, and in 298^ 15' 45" of longitude from the meridian of Te-
neriffe. It ftands in the inland parts of the continent of South America, and on the
eaftern Ikirts of the Weft Cordillera of the Andes. Its diftance from the coaft of the
South Sea is about thirty-five leagues weft. Contiguous to it, on the north-weft, is
the mountain and defert of Pichincha, not lefs famous among ftrangers for its great
height, than among the natives for the great riches it has been imagined lO contain ever
fmce the times of idolatry ; and this only from a vague and unfupporled tradition.
The city is built on the acclivity of that mountain, and furrounded by others of a mid-
dling height, among the breaches, or guaycos, as they are called here, which form the
eminences of Pichincha. Some of thefe breaches are of a confiderable depth, and run
quite through it, fo that great part of the buildings ftand upon arches. This renders
the ftreets irregular and extremely uneven, fome being built on the afcents, defcents,
and fummits of the breaches. This city, with regard to magnitude, may be compared
to one of the fecond order in Europe ; but the unevennefs of its fituation is a great
difadvantage to its appearance.

Near it are two fpacious plains ; one on the fouth called Turu-bamba, three leagues
in length ; and the other on the north, termed Inna-Quito, about two leagues in extent.
Both are interfperfed with feats and cultivated lands, which greatly add to the profpeQ:
from the city, being continually covered with a lively verdure, and the neighbouring
plains and hills always enamelled with flowers, there being here a perpetual fpring.
This fcene is beautifully diverfified with large numbers of cattle feeding on the eminen-
ces, though the luxuriancy of the foil is fuch, that they cannot confume all the
herbage.

Thefe two plains contradl as they approach the city, and, at their junftion, form a
neck of land, covered with thofe eminences on which part of Quito ftands. It may,
perhaps, appear ftrange, that, notwithftanding two fuch beautiful and extenfive plains
are fo near the city, a fituation fo very inconvenient fhould be preferred to either. But
the firft founders feem to have had lefs regard for convenience and beauty, than for
preferving the remembrance of their conqueft, by building on the fite of the ancient
capital of the Indians, who made choice of fuch places for erefting their towns ; pro-
bably from their being better adapted to defence. Befides, the Spaniards, during the
infancy of their conqueft, little imagined this place would ever increafe to its prefent
magnitude. Quito, however, was formerly in a much more flouriihing condition than

VOL. XIV. 3 L at

443 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

at prefent ; the number of its inhabitants being confiderably decreafed, particularly the
Indians, whole ftreets of whofe huts are now forfaken, and in ruins.

South- weft from Quito, on the neck of land belonging to the plain of Turu-bamba,
is an eminence called Panecillo, or the Little Loaf, from its figure refembling a fugar
loaf. Its height is not above a hundred toifes, and between it and the mountains cover-
ing the eaft part of the city is a very narrow road. From the fouth and weft fides of
the Panecillo iflue feveral ftreams of excellent water j and from the eminences of Pi-
chincha feveral brooks flow down the breaches, and, by means of conduits and pipes,
plentifully fupply the whole city with water ; whilft the remainder, joining in one
ftream, forms a river called Machangara, which walhes the fouth parts of the city, and
is crofted over by a ftbne bridge.

Pichincha, in the Pagan times, was a volcano, and even fome fiery eruptions have
been known fince the conqueft. The mouth, or aperture, was in a pic nearly of the
fame height with that on which we took our ftation ; and the top of it is now covered
with fand and calcined matter. At prefent no fire is ejedled, nor does there any fmoke
iffue from it. But fometimes the inhabitants are alarmed by dreadful noifes, caufed by
winds confined in its bowels, which cannot fail of recalling to their minds the terrible
deftrudion formerly caufed by its eruftations, when the whole city and neighbouring
country were often, as it w^ere, buried under a deluge of allies, and the light of the
fun totally intercepted, for three or four days fucceffively, by impenetrable clouds of
duft. In the centre of the plain of Inna-Quito is a place called .Rumibamba, i. e. a
ftony plain, being full of large fragments of rocks thrown thither by the ejedions of
the mountain. We have already obferved, that the higheft part of Pichincha is covered
with ice and fnow, confiderable quantities of which are brought down to the city, and
mixed with the liq,uors drunk by people of faftiion.

The principal fquare in Quito has four fides, in one of which ftands the cathe-
dral, and in the oppofite the epifcopal palace; the third fide is taken up by the
town-houfe, and the fourth by the palace of the audience. It is very fpacious, and
has in the centre an elegant fountain. It is indeed rather disfigured than
adorned by the palace of the audience; which, inftead of being kept in repair
conformable to the dignity of government, the greateft part of it has been fuftered to
fall mto ruins, and only a few halls and offices taken any care of; fo that even the
outward walls continually threaten to demolifti the parts now ftanding. The four ftreets
terminating at the angles of the fquare are ftraight, broad, and handfome ; but at the
diftance of three or four quadras (or the diltance between every two corners, or ftacks
of building, and which here confifts of about a hundred yards, more or lefs) begin the
troublefome declivities. This inequality deprives the inhabitants of the ufe of coaches^
or any other wheel-carriage. Perfons of rank, however, to diftinguilh themfelves, are
attended by a fervant carrying a large umbrella : and ladies of the firft quality are car-
ried in fedans. Except the four ftreets above-mentioned, all the reft are crooked, and
deftitute both of fymmetry and order. Some of them are crofted by breaches, and
the houfes ftand on the fides of their winding courfe and irregular projeftions. Thus
fome parts of the city are fituated at the bottom of thofe breaches, while others ftand
on their fummits. The principal ftreets are paved ; but thofe which are not, are almoil
impaffable after rain, which is here very common.

Befides the principal fquare, there are two others very fpacious, together with feveral
that are fmaller. In thefe the greateft part of the convents are fituated, and make a
handfome appearance ; the fronts and portals being adorned with all the embelliftiments
of architedure, particularly the convent of the order of Francifcans, which, being
wholly of free-ftone, muft have coft a prodigious fum j and indeed the juftnefs of the

^ , proportions.

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 443

proportions, the difpofition of the parts, the elegant tafte and execution of the work,
render it equal to mofl of the admired buildings in Europe.

The principal houfes are large ; fome of them have fpacious and well-contrived apart-
ments, though none are above one ftory in height, which is feldom without a balcony
toward the ftreet ; but their doors and windows, particularly thofe within, are very low
and narrow, following in thefe particulars the old cufloni of the Indians, who conftantly
built their houfes among breaches and inequalities, and were alfo careful to make the
doors very narrow. The Spaniards plead in defence of this cuftom, that the apartments
are freer from wind ; but be that as it may, I am inclined to think that this peculiarity
owed its origin to a blind imitation of the Indians.

The materials made ufe of in building at Quito are adobes, or unburnt bricks, and
clay ; and to the making of the former the earth is fo well adapted, that they laft a long
time, provided they are defended from the rain. They are cemented or joined together
by a certain fubflance called fangagua, a fpecies of mortar of uncommon hardnefs, ufed
by the ancient Indians for building houfes and walls of all kinds, feveral remains being
ftill to be feen near the city, and in many other parts of the kingdom, notwithftanding the
remarkable inclemency of the weather ; a fufficient proof of its ftrength and duration.

The city is divided into feven parifhes, the Sagrario, St. Sebaftian, St. Barbaria,
St. Roque, St. Mark, St. Prifca, and St. Blaize. The cathedral, befides the richnefs of
its furniture, is fplendidly adorned with tapeftry hangings and other coftly decorations ;
but in this refpeft the other parifh- churches are fo mean as to have fcarce neceffaries for
performing divine worfhip. Some of them are without pavement, and with every other
mark of poverty. The chapel del Sagrario is very large, wholly of (tone, and itsarchi-
tedure executed in an elegant tafte j nor is the difpofition of the infide inferior to the
beauty of its external appearance.

The convents of monks in Quito are thofe of the Auguftines, Dominicans, and the
Fathers of Mercy, which are the heads of provinces ; but befides thele, there is an-
other of Francifcan Recolleds, another of Dominicans, and another of the Fathers of
Mercy. In this city is alfo a college of Jefuits ; two colleges for feculars, one called
St. Lewis, of which the Jefuits have the diredion ; and the other St. Ferdinand, and is
under the care of the Dominicans. In the firft are twelve royal exhibitions for the fons
of auditors and other officers of the crown. It has alfo an univerfity under the patronage
of St. Gregory, That of the fecond is a royal foundation, and dedicated to St. Thomas ;
the falaries of the profelfors are paid by the crown. Some of the chairs in this college
are filled by graduates, as thofe appropriated to the canon and civil law, and phyfic ;
but the latter has been long vacant for want of a profelTor, though the degrees would
be difpenfed with. The Francifcan convent has a college, called San Buena Ventura,
for the religious of its order ; and, though under the fame roof with the convent, has a
different government and economy.

Quito has alfo feveral nunneries, as that of the Conception, the orders of St. Clare,
St. Catharine, and two of bare-footed Therefians. Of thefe one was originally founded
in the townof Latacunga ; but having, together with the place itfelf, been destroyed by
an earthquake, the nuns removed to Quito, where they have ever fmce continued.

The college of Jefuits, as well as all the convents of monks, are very large, well
built, and very fpl^idid. The churches alfo, though the architefture of fome is not
modern, are fpacious, and magnificently decorated, efpecially on folemn feftivals, when
it is amazing to behold the vaft quantities of wrought plate, rich hangings, and coffly
ornaments, which heighten the folemnity of worfliip, and increafe the reputation of thefe
churches forinngnifjcence. If thofe of the nunneries do not, on thofe occafions, exhibit

3 I, 2 ^^ch

^44 ulloa's voyage to south America.

fuch an amazing quantity of riches, they exceed them in elegance and delicacy. It is
quite otherwife in the parifli-churches, where poverty is confpicuous, even on the moft
folemn occafions ; though this is partly imputed to thofe who have the care of them.

Here is alfo an hofpital, with feparate wards for men and women ; and though its re-
venues are not large, yet by a proper economy they are made to anfvver all the neceffary
expences. It was formerly under the direction of particular perfons of the city, who, to
the great detriment of the poor, neglefted their duty, and fome even embezzled part of
the money received : but it is now under the care of the order of our Lady of Bethlehem,
and by the attention of thefe fathers, every thing has put on a different afpe£t, the whole
convent and infirmary having been rebuilt, and a church ereded, which, though fmall,
is very beautiful and finely decorated.

This order of our Lady of Bethlehem has been lately founded under the name of a
congregation, and had its origin in the province of Guatemala. The name of the
founder was Pedro dc San Jofeph Betaneur, a native of the town of Chafna (or Villa
Fuerte) on the ifland of Teneriffe, in the year 1626, After his death, which happened
in the year 1667, his congregation was approved of by a bull of Clement X. dated the
1 6th of May 1672, and flill more formally in another of 1674. In 1687, Innocent XL
erefted it into a community of regulars, fmce when it has begun to increafe in thefe
countries as a religious order. It had indeed before paffed from Guatemala to Mexico,
and from thence, in the year 1671, to Lima, where the fathers had the care of the hof-
pital del Carmen. In the city of St. Miguel de Piura, they took pofTeffion of the hofpital
of St. Ann in the year 167S, and that of St. Sebailian in Truxillo in 1680 ; and their
probity and diligence in difcharging thefe trufts induced other places to felecl them as
diredors of their hofpitals, and among the reft the city of Quito ; where, notwithftand-
ing they have been only a few years, they have repaired all former abufes, and put the
hofpital on a better footing than it had ever known before.

The fathers of this order go bare-footed, and wear a habit of a dark-brown colour,
nearly refembling that of the Capuchins, which order they alfo imitate in not {having
their beards. On one fide of their cloak is an image of our Lady of Bethlehem. Every
iixth year they meet to choofe a general, which ceremony is performed alternately at
Mexico and Lima.

I Among the courts, whofe feflions are held at Quito, the principal is that of the Royal
Audience, which was eftablifhed there in the year 1563, and confifts of a prefident (who
is alfo governor of the province with regard to matters of law), four auditors, who are at
the fame time civil and criminal judges, and a royal fifcal, fo called, as, befides the
caufes brought before the Audience, he alfo takes cognizance of every thing relating to
the revenue of the crown. Befidas this, there is alfo another fifcal, called Protestor de
los Indios (Protector of the Indians), who folicits for them, and when injured pleads in
their defence. The jurifdiftion of this court extends to the utmoft limits of the pro-
vince^ with no other appeal than to the Council of the Indies, and this only in cafe of a
rejedion of a petition, or flagrant injuftice.

The next is the Exchequer, or chamber of finances, the chief officers of which are ah
arcomptant, a treafurer, and a royal fifcal. The revenues paid into the receipt of this
court are, the tributes of the Indians of this jurifdidion and thofe of Otabalo, Villa de
San Miguel de Ibara, Latacunga, Chimbo, and Riobamba ; as alfo the taxes levied in
thofe parts, and the produce of the cuftoms at Babahoyo, Yaquache, and Caracol :
which fums are annually diftributed, partly to Carthagena and Santa Martha, for pay-
ing tl*e falaries of the prefidents, fifcals, corregidors, together with the ftipends of the

priefts.

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 445

priefls, and the governors of Maynas and Quijos ; partly for the officers of the Com-
mandries, and partly for the caciques of the villages.

The Tribunal de Cruzada, or Croifade, has a commiflary, who is generally fome dig-
nitary of the church ; and a treafurer, who is alfo the accomptant, through whofe hands
every thing paffes relating to the Croifade.

Here is alfo a treafury for the eifedts of perfons deceafed ; an inftitution long fince
eftablifhed all over the Indies, for receiving the goods of thofe whofe lawful heirs were
in Spain, that thus they might be fecured from thofe accidents to which, from difhonefty
or negligence, they would be liable in private hands, and fecurely kept for the perfons
to which they belong : an inllitution originally very excellent, but now greatly abufed,
great defalcations being made in the ellates before they are reftored to their proper
owners.

Befides thefe tribunals, here is a commiflary of the inquifition, with an alguazil major,
and famiUars appointed by the holy office at Lima.

The Corporation confids of a corregidor, two ordinary alcaldes chofen annually, and
regidores. Thefe fuperintend the election of the alcaldes, which is attended with no
fmall diflurbance in this city, perfons of all ranks being divided into the two parties of
Creoles, and Europeans or Chapitones, to the great detriment of private repofe and fo-
ciability. This aflembly alfo nominates the alcalde major of the Indians, who mufl be
a governor of one of the Indian towns within five leagues of the city, and has under him
other inferior alcaldes, for the civil government of it ; and this alcalde major, together
with the others, are little more than the alguazils, or officers of the corregidor or ordi-
nary alcaldes of the city, though at firft they were invefled with much greater power. .
Befides thefe, here are others called alcaldes de harrieros, whofe bufmefs it is to provide
mules, &c. for travellers ; and though all thefe are fubordinate to the alcalde major, yet
he has very little authority over them.

The cathedral chapter confifls of the bifhop, dean, archdeacon, chanter, treafurer,
a doctoral, a penitentiary, a magiftral, three canons by prefentation, four prebends,
and two demi-prebends, with the following revenues. That of the bifhop 24,000 dol-
lars j the dean 2,500; the four fucceeding dignities 2,000 each ; the canons 1,500
each ; the prebends 600, and the demi-prebends 420. This church was erefted into a
•cathedral in the year 1545, and, among other fefl:ivals, are celebrated in it, with amaz-
ing magnificence, thofe of Corpus Chrifti, and the Conception of our Lady, when all
the courts, offices, and perfons of eminence, never fail to affift. But the fingular pomp
of the proceffion of the hoft in the former, and the dances of the Indians, mud not be
omitted. Every houfe of the ftreets through which it pafles are adorned with rich hang-
ings ; and fuperb triumphal arches are ereded, with altars at ftated diltances, and .
higher than the houfes, on which, as on the triumphal arches, the fpedlator fees with
admiration immenfe quantities of wrought plate, and jewels, difpofed in fuch an elegant
manner as to render the whole even more pleafing than the afloniihing quantity of
riches. This fplendor, together with the magnificent drefles of the perfons who affift at
the proceffion, render the whole extremely folemn, and the pomp and decorum are both
continued to the end of the ceremony.

With regard to the dances, it is a cuftom, both among the parifhes of Quito and all
thofe of the mountains, for the prieft, a month before the celebration of the feafts, to
Med: a number of Indians who are to be the dancers. Thefe immediately begin to
pradtife the dances they ufed before their converfion to chriftianity. The mufic is a
pipe and tabor, and the moft extraordinary of their motions fome awkward capers ; in
(hortj the whole is little to thetafte of an European. Within a few days of the folem-
6 nity,

44^ ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

nity, they drefs themfelves in a doublet, a fhirt, and a woman's petticoat, adorned in
the fineft manner poffible. Over their ftockings they wear a kind of pinked bulkins,
on which are faflened a great number of bells. Their head and face they cover with
a kind of mafl^, formed of ribbands of feveral colours. Drefled in this fantaftical
garb, they proudly call themfelves angels, unite in companies of eight or ten, and
Spend the whole day in roving about the ftreets, highly delighted with the jingling of
their bells; and frequently flop and dance, to gain the applaufes of the ignorant
multitude, who are ftrangers to elegant dancing. But what is really furprifmg, is,
that without any pay, or view of intereft, unlefs they think it a religious duty, they
continue this exercife a whole fortnight before the grand fellival, and a month after
it, without minding either their labour or their families ; rambling about, and dancing
the whole day, without being either tired or difgufted, though the nujnber of their
admirers daily decreafe, and the applaufe- is turned into ridicule.

The fame drefs is worn by them in other proceffions, and at the bull-feafls, when
they are excufed from labour, and therefore highly pleafed with them.

The corporation and cathedral chapter keep, by vow, two annual feftivals in
honour of two images of the Virgin, which are placed in the villages of Guapulo and
Quinche, belonging to this jurifdiftion. They are brought with great folemnity to
^uito, where a feftival is celebrated, with great magnificence and rejoicing, and is
fucceeded by nine days' devotion, the Audience and other courts alfiiling at the fefti-
val. The ftatues are afterwards returned with the fame folemnity to their refpedive
churches, the firft of which is one league from Quito, and the other fix. Thefe feftivals
are held in commemoration of the mercy and afliftance vouchfafed by the Holy Virgin
at the tiqieof an earthquake and terrible ejeftions from Pichincha, by which Latacunga,
Hambato, and a great part of Riobamba, were utterly deftroyed j while the prayers
offered up at Quito to the holy Virgin, induced her to interpofe in fo fmgular a man-
/ / ner, that not the leaft misfortune attended this city, though apparently in equal danger
with thofe which fuffered.

CHAP. Y. — OfthelnhabitmitsofQuito,

THIS city is very populous, and has, among its inhabitants, fome families of high
rank and diftindion ; though their number is but fmall confidering its extent, the
poorer clafs bearing here too great a proportion. The former are the defcendants
either of the original conquerors, or of prefidents, auditors, or other perfons of cha-
rafter, who at different times came over from Spain inverted with fome lucrative poft,
and have ftill preferved their luftre, both of wealth and defcent, by intermarriages,
without intermixing with meaner families though famous for their riches.

The commonalty may be divided into four claffes ; Spaniards or Whites, Meftizos,
Indians or Natives, and Negroes, with their progeny. Thefe lafl are not proportionally
fo numerous as in the other parts of the Indies ; occafioned by its being fomething
inconvenient to bring Negroes to Quito, and the different kinds of agriculture being
generally performed by Indians.

The name of Spaniard here has a different meaning from that of Chapitone or Euro-
pean, as properly fignifying a perfon defcended from a Spaniard without a mixture of
blood. Many Meftizos, from the advantage of a frefh complexion, appear to be Spa-
niards more than thofe who are fo in reality j and from only this fortuitous advantage are

I accounted

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 447

accounted as fuch. The Whites, according to this conftrudion of the word, may be
conlidered as one-fixth part of the inhabitants.

The Meftizos are the defcendants of Spaniards and Indians, and are to be confi-
dered here ih the fame different degrees between the Negroes and Whites, as before
at Carthagena ; but with this difference, that at Quito the degrees of Meftizos are not
carried fo far back ; for, even in the fecond or third generations, when they acquire
the European colour, they are confidered as Spaniards. The complexion of the
Meftizos is fwarthy and reddifh, but not of that red common in the fair Mulattos.
This is the firfl degree, or the immediate iffue of a Spaniard and Indian. Some are,
however, equally tawny with the Indians themfelves, though they are diflinguifhed
from them by their beards : while others on the contrary, have fo fine a complexion
that they might pafs for Whites, were it not for fome figns that betray them, when
viewed attentively. Among thefe, the mod remarkable is the lownefs of the forehead,
which often leaves but a fmall fpace between their hair and eye-brows ; at the fame
time the hair grows remarkably forward on the temples, extending to the lower part
of the ear. Befides, the hair itfelf is harfli, lank, coarfe, and very black ; their nofe
very fmall, thin, and has a little rifmg on the middle, from whence it forms a fmall
curve, terminating in a point, bending towards the upper lip. Thefe marks, befides
fome dark fpots on the body, are fo conftant and invariable, as to make it very difficult
to conceal the fallacy of their complexion. The Meftizos may be reckoned a third
part of the inhabitants.

The next clafs is the Indians, who form about another third ; and the others, who "-
are about one-fixth, are the Cafts. Thefe four claffes, according to the moft authentic
accounts taken from the parifh regifter, amount to between 50 and 60,000 perfons,
of all ages, fexes, and ranks. If among thefe claffes the Spaniards, as is natural to
think, are the moft eminent for riches, rank, and power, it muft at the fame time be
owned, however melancholy the truth may appear, they are in proportion the moft
poor, miferable and diftreffed ; for they refufe to apply themfelves to any mechanical
bufinefs, confidering it as a difgrace to that quality they fo highly value themfelves upon,
which confifts in not being black, brown, or of a copper-colour. The Meftizos,''
whofe pride is regulated by prudence, readily apply themfelves to arts and trades, but
chufe thofe of the greateft repute, as painting, fculpture, and the like, leaving the
meaner fort to the Indians. They are obferved to excel in all, pslrticularly painting
and fculpture ; in the former a Meftizo, called Miguel* de Santiago, acquired great
reputation, fome of his works being ftill preferved and highly valued, while others were
carried even to Rome, where they were honoured with the unanimous applaufes of the
virtuofi. They are remarkably ready and excellent at imitation, copying being indeed,
beft adapted to their phlegmatic genius. And what renders their exquifite performances
ftill more admirable, is, that they are deftitute of many of the inftruments and tools
requifite to perform them with any tolerable degree of accuracy* But, with thefe
talents, they are fo exceffively indolent and llothful, that, inftead of working, they
often loiter about the ftreets during the whole day. The Indians, who are generally
fhoemakers, bricklayers, weavers, and the like, are not more induftrious. Of thefe
the moft aclive and tradable are the barbers and phlebotomifts, who in their refpedive
callings, are equal to the moft expert hands in Europe. The ftioemakers, on the other ^*^-^
hand, diftinguifh themfelves by fuch fupinenefs and floth, that very often you have no
other way left to obtain the fiioes you have befpoke, than to procure materials, feize on
the Indian, and lock him up till they are finilhed. This is indeed partly owing to a
wrong cuftom of paying for the work before it is done j and when the Indian has

once

448 "ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

once got the money, he fpends it all in chicha *, fo that while it lafts he is never fober ;
and it is natural to think that it will not be eafy afterwards to prevail on him to work
for what he has fpent.

The drefs here differs from that ufed in Spain, but lefs fo with the men than of the
women. The former, who wear a black cloak, have under it a long coat, reaching
down to their knees, with a clofe fleeve, open at the fides, without folds ; and along
the feams of the body, as well as thofe of the fleeves, are button-holes, and two rows
of buttons, for ornament. In every other particular, people of fortune affeft great
magnificence in their drefs, wearing very commonly the fined gold and filver tiflues.

The Meftizos in general wear blue cloth, manufactured in this country. And though
the loweft clafs of Spaniards are very ambitious of diflinguilhing themfelves from them,
either by the colour or falhion of the clothes, little difference is to be obferved.

The mod fmgular dref«, with regard to its meannefs, is that of the Indians, which
confifts only of white cotton drawers, made either from the fluffs of the country, or
from others brought from Europe. They come down to the calf of the leg, where
they hang loofe, and are edged with a lace fuitable to the fluff. The ufe of a fhirt is
fupplied by a black cotton frock, wove'by the natives. It is made in the form of a
fack, with three openings at the bottom, one in the middle for the head, and the
others at the corners for the arms, and thus cover their naked bodies down to the
knees. Over this is a capifayo, a kind of ferge cloak, having a hole in the middle for
putting the head through, and a hat made by the natives. This is their general drefs,
and which they never lay afide, not even while they fleep. And ufe hasfo inured
them to the weather, that without any additional clothing or covering for their legs or
feet, they travel in the coldefl parts with the fame readinefs as iii the warmed.

The Indians who have acquired fome fortune, particularly the barbers and phleboto- ,
mids, are very careful to diltinguifh themfelves from their countrymen, both by the
finenefs of their drawers, and alfo by wearing a fhirt, though without fleeves. Round
the neck of the fliirt they wear a lace four or five fingers in breadth, hanging entirely
round like a kind of ruff or band. One favourite piece of finery is filver or gold buckles
for their fhoes ; but they wear no dockings or other coverings on their legs. Indead
of the mean capifayo, they wear a cloak of fine cloth, and often adorned with gold or
filver lace.

The drefs of the ladies of the fird rank confids of a petticoat already defcribed in our
account of Guayaquil. On the upper parts of their body they wear a fhift, on that a
loofe jacket laced, and over all a kind of bays, but made into no form, being worn jud
as cut from the piece. Every part of their drefs is, as it were, covered with lace ; and
thofe which they wear on days of ceremony are always of the riched duffs, with a pro-
fufionof ornaments. Their hair is generally made up in trefles, which they form into a
kind of crofs, on the nape of the neck ; tying a rich ribband, called balaca, twice round
their heads, and with the ends form a kind of rofe at their temples. Thefe rofes are
elegantly intermixed with diamonds and flowers. When they go to church, they fome-
times wear a full petticoat ; but the mod ufual drefs on thefe occafions is the veil.

The Medizo women affect to drefs in the fame manner as the Spanifh, though they
cannot equal them in tlie richnefs of their duffs. The meaner fort go barefooted. Two
kinds of drelfes are worn by the Indian women ; but both of them made in the fame
plain manner with thofe worn by the men : the whole confiding of a fhort petticoat, and
a veil of American bays. The drefs of the lowed clafs of Indian women is in effect

* A kind of beer or ale made of maize, and very intoxicating.

only

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 449

only a bag of the fame make and fluff as the frocks of the men, and called Anaco. This
they faflen on the fhoulders with two large pins, called Tupu or Topo. The only parti-
cular in which it differs from the frock is, that it is fomething longer, reaching down to
the calf of the leg, and faflened round the waifl with a kind of girdle. Inflead of a
veil, they wear about their neck a piece of the fame coarfe fluff dyed black, and called
Lliella ; but their arms and legs are wholly naked. Such is the habit with which the
lower clafs of Indian women are contented.

The caciqueffes, or Indian women, who are married to the alcaldes majors, gover-
nors, and others, are careful to diflinguifh themfelves from the common people by
their habits, which is a mixture of the two former, being a petticoat of bays adorned
with ribbands ; over this, inflead of the anaco, they wear a kind of black manteau,
called Afco. It is wholly open on one fide, plaited from top to bottom, and generally
faflened round the waifl with a girdle. Inflead of the fcanty lliella which the common
Indian women wear hanging from their fhoulders, thefe appear in one much fuller, and
all over plaited, hanging down from the back part of their head almofl to the bottom
of the petticoat. This they faflen before with a large filver bodkin, called alfo Tupu,
like thofe ufed in the anaco. Their head-drefs is a piece of fine linen curioufly plaited,
and the end hanging down behind : this they call Colla, and is worn both for diflinc-
tion and ornament, and to preferve them from the heat of the fun ; and thofe ladies,
that their fuperiority may not be called in queflion, never appear abroad without fhoes.
This drefs, together with that univerfally worn by Indians, men and women, is the
fame with that ufed in the time of the Yncas, for the propriety of diflinguifhing the
feveral claifes. The Caciques at prefent ufe no other than that of the more wealthy
Meflizos, namely, the cloak and hat ; but the fhoes are what chiefly diflinguifh them
from the common Indians.

The men, both Creoles and Spaniards, are well made, of a proper flature, and of
a lively and agreeable countenance. The Mellizos in^ general are alfo well made,
often taller than the ordinary fize, very robufl, and have an agreeable air. The Indians,
both men and women, are generally low, but well proportioned, and very flrong ;
though more natural defeds are to be obferved among them than in the other claffes of
the human fpecies : fome are remarkably fhort, fome ideots, dumb and blind, and
others deficient in fome of their limbs. Their hair is generally thick and long, which
they wear loofe on their fhoulders, never tying or tucking it up, even when they go
to fleep. But the Indian women plait theirs behind with ribband, and the part before
they cut a little above the eye-brows from one ear to another ; which form of hair they
cull Urcu, and are fo fond of this natural ornament, that the greatefl affront poflible
to be offered to an Indian of either fex, is to cut off their hair ; for whatever corporal
punilhment their maflers think proper to inflift on them, they bear with a dutiful tran-
quillity ; but this is a difgrace they never forgive ; and accordingly it was found necef-
fary for the government to interpofe, and limit this punifhment to the mofl enormous
crimes. The colour of their hair is generally a deep black ; it is lank, harfh, and
coarfe as that of horfes. The Meflizos, on the other hand, by way of diflinguifhing
themfelves from the Indians, cut off their hair ; but the women do not in this refpedt
follow the example of their hufbands. The Indians have no beard ; and the greatefl
alteration occafioned by their arriving at the years of maturity, is only a few flraggling
hairs on the chin, but fo fhort and thin as never to require the affiflance of the razor ;
nor have either males or females any indications of the age of puberty.

The youths of family are here inflruded in philofophy and divinity, and fome pro-
ceed to the fludy of the civil law, but follow that profeffion with reluctance. In thefe

VOL. xiY. 3 M fciencee

45© ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

fciences they demonftrate a great deal of judgment and vivacity, but are very deficient
in hiftorical and political knowledge, as well as other fciences, which improve the hu-
man underftanding, and carry it to a certain degree of perfection not otherwife attain-
able. This is, however, their misfortune, not their fault ; being owing to the want of
proper perfons to inftrudt them ; for with regard to thofe who vifit this country on
commercial affairs, their minds have generally another turn, and their whole time is
devoted to acquire riches. Thus after feven or eight years of fcholaflic inftruftion,
their knowledge is very limited ; though endowed with geniufes capable of making the
greateft progrefs in the fciences.

In the women of rank here, their beauty is blended with a graceful carriage and an
amiable temper ; qualities indeed common to the whole fex in this part of America.
Their children are always educated under their own eyes, though little to their advan-
tage, their extreme fondnefs preventing them from feeing thofe vices which fo often
bringN youth to ruin and infamy ; nor is it uncommon for them to endeavour to hide
the vices of the fon from the knowledge of the father ; and in cafe of detection, to
interpofe paffionately in defence of their favourite, in order to prevent his being properly
correfted.

This country is obferved to abound more in women than men ; a circumflance the
more remarkable, as thofe caufes which in Europe induce men to leave their country,
namely, travelling, commerce, and war, can hardly be faid to fubfift here. Numbers
of families may be found in this country, that have a great variety of daughters, but
not one fon among them. Nature alfo in the male fex, efpecially thofe who have been
tenderly brought up, begins to decay at the age of thirty ; whereas the females rather
enjoy a more confirmed flate of health and vigour. The caufe of this may, in a great
meafure, be owing to the climate ; food may alfo contribute to it ; but the principal
caufe, I make no doubt, is their early intemperance and voluptuoufnefs ; this debili-
tates the flomach, fo that the organs of digeftion cannot perform their proper office ;
and accordingly many conftantly ejed their victuals an hour or two after their meals.
Whether this be owing to a cuftom now become natural, or forced, the day they fail
of fuch ejeftion, they are fure to find themfelves indifpofed. But amidft all their weak-
neffes and indifpofitions they live the general time, and many even arrive at a very ad-
vanced age.

The only employment of perfons of rank, who are not ecclefiaftics, is from time to
time to vifit their eilates or chacaras, where they refide during the time of harveft ; but
very few of them ever apply themfelves to commerce, indolently pern^itting that lucra-
tive branch to be polTefled entirely by the Chapitones or Europeans, who travel about
the country, and purfue their interefl with great affiduity. Within the city, however,
fome few Creoles and MeflizosXo far overcome their indolent difpofitions as to keep-
fliops.

'i'he want of proper employments, together with the floth fo natural to the inhabi-
tants of this country, and the great negleft of education in the common people, are
the natural parents of that fondnefs fo remarkable in thefe parts for balls and entertain-
ments ; and thefe at Quito are both very frequent, and carried to fuch a degree of
licentioufnefs and audacity, as cannot be thought of without deteftation ; not to men-
tion the many tumults and quarrels which thence derive their origin. But fuch brutality
may be confidered as the natural confequence of the rum and chicha, which on thefe
occafions are drunk in enormous quantities. It tnuft, however, be remembered, that
no perfon of any rank or charader is even feen at thefe meetings, their feftivity being
conduded with the ftridefl decency and decorum.

Rum

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 45 1

Rum is commonly drunk here by perfons of all ranks, though very moderately by
thofe of fafhion ; particularly at entertainments, when it is made into a kind of cordial.
They prefer it to wine, which they fay difagrees with them. The Chapitones alfo
accuftom themfelves to this liquor ; wine, which is brought from Lima, being very
fcarce and dear. Their favourite liquor is brandy, brought alfo from Lima, and is lefs
inflammative than rum. The diforders arifing from the exceffive ufe of fpirituous liquors
are chiefly feen among the Meftizos, who are continually drinking while they are mafters
of any money. The lower clafs of women, among the Creoles and Meftizos, are
alfo addicted to the fame fpecies of debauchery, and drink exceffively.

Another con mon liquor in this country is the mate, which anfwers to tea in the
Eaft Indies, though the method of preparing and drinking it is fomething different. It
is made from an herb, which, in all thefe parts of America is known by the name of
Paraguay, as being the produce of that country. Some of it is put into a calabafli
tipped with filver, called here Mate or Totumo, with a fufficient quantity of fugar, and
fome cold water, to macerate it. After it has continued in this manner fome time, the
calabafh is filled with boiling water, and the herb being reduced to a powder, they drink
the liquor through a pipe fixed in the calabafh, and having a ftrainer before the end
of it. In this manner the calabafli is filled feveral times with water and frefli fupplies
of fugar, till the herb fubfides to the bottom, a fufiicient indication that a frefli quantity
is wanting. It is alfo ufual to fqueeze into the liquor a few drops of the juice of lemons
or Seville oranges, mixed with fome perfumes from odoriferous flowers. This is their
ufual drink in the mornhig fafting, and many ufe it alfo as their evening regale. I have
nothing to objeft again ft the falubrity and ufe of this liquor ; but the manner of drink-
ing it is certainly very indelicate, the whole company drinking fucceflively through the
fame pipe. Thus the mate is carried feveral times round the company, till all are fatif-
fied. The Chapitones make very little ufe of it ; but among the Creoles it is the
higheft enjoyment ; fo that even when they travel, they never fail to carry with them a
fufficient quantity of it. Thfis may indeed be owing in fome meafure to the difpatch
and facility with which it is prepared ; but till they have taken their dofe of mate, they
never eat.

There is no vice to which idlenefs is not a preliminary ; nor is floth ever unaccom-
panied with fome vice or other. What muft then be the ftate of morality in a country
where the greateft part of the people have no work, employment, or calling, to occupy
their thoughts ; nor any idea of intellectual entertainment ? The prevalence of drunk-
ennefs has been already mentioned, and the deftrudive vice of gaming is equally com-
mon. But in the latter, perfons of rank and opulence, whofe example is always
followed, have led the way ; and their inferiors have univerfally followed in their de-
ftruclive paths, to the ruin of families, and the breach of conjugal affedion; fome
lofing their ftocks in trade, others the very clothes from their backs, and afterwards
thofe belonging to their wives, rifking the latter to recover their own. This propenfity
in the Indians for gaming has by fome been imputed to caufes, in which I can perceive
no manner of relation. To me it plainly appears owing to the leifure of fome, who
know not how to fpend their time, and to the natural floth and idlenefs of others.

I'he common people and Indians are greatly addicted to theft, in which it muft be
owned they are very artful and dextrous. The domeftics alfo, cannot be fard to be
entirely free from this fault, which is attended with the inconvenience of referve and
fufpicion on the part of tneir mafter. The Meftizos do not want for audacity in any
kind of theft or robbery, though in themfelves arrant cowards. Thus, even at an
unfeafonable hour, they will not venture to attack any one in the ftreet j but their

o M 2 common

45^ ulloa's voyage to south America.

common praftice is, to fnatch off the perfon's hat, and immediately feek their fafety m
their flight ; fo that, before the perfon robbed can recover himfelf, the thief is out of
fight. However trifling this may feem, yet fometimes the capture is very confiderable ;
the hats generally worn by perfons of any rank, and even by the wealthy citizens when
dreffed in their cloaks, are of white beaver, and of themfelves worth fifteen or twenty
dollars, or more, of the Quito currency, befides a hatband of gold or filver-lace, faft-
ened with a gold buckle fet with diamonds or emeralds. It is very rare that any fuch
thing as a robbery on the highway is heard of; and even thefe may be rather ac-
counted houfebreaking, as they are either committed by the carriers themfelves or their
fervants. In order to execute their moft: remarkable pieces of villany within the city,
they fet fire, during the darknefs of the night, to the doors of fuch fliops or ware-
houfes, where they flatter themfelves with the hopes of finding fome fpecie ; and hav-
ing made a hole fufficiently large for a man to creep through, one of them enters the
houfe, while thfe others ftand before the hole to conceal their accomplice, and to receive
what he hands out to them. In order to prevent fuch practices, the principal traders
are at the expence of keeping a guard, which patroles all night through the ftreets
where attempts of this kind are mofl to be apprehended ; and thus the fhops are fecured ;
for, in cafe any houfe or fhop is broke open, the commander of the guard is obliged
to make good the damage received.

Neither the Indians, Mefl:izos, nor any of the loweft clafs of people, think the taking
any eatables a robbery ; and the Indians have a particular rule of condu£l in their ope-
rations, namely, if one of them happens to be in a room where there are feveral veffels
of filver, or other valuable effefts, he advances flowly, and with the utmoft circum-
fpedion, and ufually takes only one piece, and that the leaft valuable, imagining that
it will not be fo foon miffed as if he had taken one of greater price. If detefted in the
fad, he refolutely denies it, with a yanga, a very expreflive word in his language, and
now often ufed by the Spaniards of this country, fignifying that it was done without
,any n^ceflity, without any profit, without any bad intention. It is indeed a word of
fuch extent in difculpating, that there is no crime to which it is not applicable with
regard to the acquittal of the delinquent. If he has not been feen in the very fa6t, be
the circumftances ever fo plain againfl: him, the theft can never be afcertained, no Indian
having ever been known to confefs.

In Quito, and in all the towns and villages of its province, different dialeds are
fpoken, Spanifli being no lefs common than the Inga. The Creoles, in particular, ufe
the latter equally with the former ; but both are confiderably adulterated with borrowed
words and expreflions. The firft language generally fpoken by children is the Inga ;
the nurfes being Indians, many of whom do not underftand a word of Spanifli. Thus,
the children being firfl: ufed to the Indian pronunci&tiOn, the impreflion is fo flrong on
their minds, that few can be taught to fpeak the Spanifli language before they are five
or fix years old ; and the corruption adheres fo ft:rongly to them, that they fpeak a
jargon compofed of both ; an impropriety which alfo gains ground among the Euro-
peans, and even perfons of rank, when once they begin to underfl:and the language of
the country. But what is ftill more inconvenient, they ufe improper words ; fo that a
Spaniard himfelf, not accuftomed to their dialed, has often need of an interpreter.

The fumptuous manner of performing the lafl: offices to the dead, mentioned in the
defcription of Carthagena, is frugal and Ample, if compared to that ufed at Quito and
all its jurifdiftion. Their oftentation is fo enormous in this particular, that many fami-
lies of credit are ruined by a prepofterous emulation of excelling others. The inhabit-
ants may therefore be properly faid to toil, fcheme, and endure the greatefl: labour and

fatigue.

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA,

453

jFatiguc, merely to enable their fucceflbrs to bury them in a pompous manner. The
deceafed muft have died in very mean circumftances indeed, if all the religious com-
munities, together with the chapter of the cathedral, are not invited to his funeral, and
during the procelTion the bells tolled in all the churches. After the body is committed
to the earth, the obfequies are performed in the fame expenfive manner, belides the
anniverfary which is folemnized at the end of the year. Another remarkable inftance
of their vanity is, never to bury in their own parifli church ; fo that any one feen to be
buried in that manner may be concluded to have been of the loweft clafs, and to have
died wretchedly poor. The cuftom of making an offering either at the obfequies or
anniverfary, is ftill obferved, and generally confifts of wine, bread, hearts, or fowls,
according to the ability or inclination of the furvivor.

Though Quito cannot be compared to the other cities in thefe parts for riches, yet
it is far removed from poverty. It appears from feveral particulars, to have been in a
much more flouriihing ftate ; but at prefent, though it has many fubftantial inhabitants,
yet few of them are of diftinguifhed wealth, which, in general, confifts in landed eftates,
applied to feveral ufes, as I fliall fliow in the fequel. Here are alfo no very fplendid
fortunes raifed by trade. Confequently it may be inferred, that the city is neither
famous for riches, nor remarkable for poverty. Here are indeed confiderable eftates,
though their produce is not at all equal to their extent : but the commerce, though
fmall, is continual. It muft alfo be obferved, to the credit of this city, that the more
wealthy families have large quantities of plate, which is daily made ufe of; and in-
deed, through the feveral clafles, their tables are never deftitute of one piece of plate
at leaft.

CHAP. VI. — Of the Temperature of the Air at Quito ; Di/iin6lion between Winter and
Summer ; Inconveniences., Advantages^ and Dijicmpers.

TO form a right judgment of the happy temperature of the air of Quito, experience
muft be made ufe of, to correal the errors which would arife from mere fpeculation ; as
without that unerring guide, or the information of hiftory, who would imagine, that
in the centre of the torrid zone, or rather under the equinoctial, not only the heat is
very tolerable, but even, in fome parts, the cold painful ; and that others enjoy all the
delights and advantages of a perpetual fpring, their fields being always covered with
verdure, and enamelled with flowers of the moft lively colours ! The mildnefs of the
climate, free from the extremes of cold and heat, and the conftant equality of the
nights and days, render a country pleafant and fertile, which uninformed reafon would,
from its fituation, conclude to be uninhabitable : Nature has here fcattered her bleffings
with fo liberal a hand, that this country furpaflTes thole of the temperate zones, where
the vicifTitudes of winter and fummer, and the change from heat to cold, caufe the ex-
tremes of both to be more fenfibly felt.

The method taken by Nature to render this country a delightful habitation, confifts
in an aflTemblage of circumftances, of which, if any were wanting, it would either be
utterly uninhabitable, or fubjeO: to the greateft inconveniences. But by this extraor-
dinary aflemblage, the effed of the rays of the fun is averted, and the heat of that
glorious planet moderated. The principal circumftance in this aifemblage is its elevated
fituation above the furfaee of the fea ; or, rather, of the whole earth ; and thus, not
only the reflection of the heat is diminiflied, but by the elevation of this country, the
winds are more fubtile, congelation more natural, and the heat abated. Thefe are fuch

12 natural

454 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

natural efFe<3:s as muft doubtlefs be attributed to its fituation ; and is the only circum-
ftance from "whence fuch prodigies of nature, as are obferved here, can proceed. In
one part are mountains of a flupendous height and magnitude, having their fummits
covered with fnow ; on the other, volcanoes flaming within, while their fummits,
chafms, and apertures, are involved in ice. The plains are temperate ; the breaches
and valleys hot ; and, laflly, according to the difpofition of the country, its high or
low fituation, we find all the variety of gradations of temperature, poflible to be con-
ceived between the two extremes of heat and cold.

• Quito is fo happily fituated, that neither the heat nor cold is troublefome, though -the
extremes of both may be felt in its neighbourhood ; a Angularity fufficiently demon-
flrated by the following thermometrical experiments. On the 31ft of May 1736, the
liquor in the thermometer flood at 1011 ; at half an hour after twelve at noon, at
1014; on the firflof June, at fix in the morning, at 1011 ; and, at noon, at ioi2|.
But what renders this equality ilill more delightful, is, that it is conftant throughout
the whole year, the difference between the feafons being fcarce perceptible. Thus the
mornings are cool, the remainder of the day warm, and the nights of an. agreeable
temperature. Hence the reafon is plain, why the inhabitants of Quito make no differ-
ence in their drefs during the whole year ; fome wearing filks or light fluffs, at the fame
time others are dreffed in garments of fubftantial cloth j and the former as little incom-
moded by the cold as the latter are by heat.

The winds are healthy, and blow continually, but never with any violence. Their
ufual fituations are north and fouth, though they fometimes ihift to other quarters, with-
out any regard to the feafon of the year. Their inceffant permanence, notwithftanding
their conflant variations, preferves the country from any violent or even difagreeable im-
preffions of the rays of the fun. So that, were it not for fome inconveniences to which
this country is fubjed, it might be confidered as the moll happy fpot on the whole earth.
But when thefe difagreeable incidents are confidered, all its beauties are buried in obfcu-
rity ; for here are dreadful and amazing tempefls of thunder and lightning, and the flill
more deflrudive fubterraiieous earthquakes, which often furprife the inhabitants in the
midll of fecurity. The whole morning, till one or two in the afternoon, the weather is
generally extremely delightful ; a bright fun, ferene and clear fky, are commonly feen ;
but afterwards the vapours begin to rife, the whole atmofphere is covered with black
clouds, which bring on fuch dreadful tempefls of thunder and lightning, that all the
neighbouring mountains tremble, and the city too often feels their dreadful effe6ls.
Laftly, the clouds difcharge themfelves in fuch impetuous torrents of rain, that in a very
fhort time the flreets appear like rivers, and the fquares, though fituated on a flope, like
lakes. This dreadful fcene generally continues till near fun-fet, when the weather clears
up, and Nature again puts on the beautiful appearance of the morning. Sometimes,
indeed, the rains continue all the night, and they have been known to lafl three or four
days fuccelTively.

On the other hand, this general courfe of the weather has its exceptions, three, four,
or fix, or even eight fine days fucceeding each other ; though, after raining fix or eight
days in the manner above mentioned, it is rare that any falls during the two or three
fucceeding. But, from the moll judicious obfervations, it may be concluded, that thefe
intervals of fine or foul weather make up only one fifth of the days of the year.

The diftinftion of winter and fummer confifts in a very minute difference obfervable
between the one and the other. The interval between the month of September, and
April, May, or June, is here called the winter feafon ; and the other months compofe
the fummer. In the former feafon the rain chiefly prevails, and in the fecond the inhabit-
ants frequently enjoy intervals of fine weather j but whenever the rains are difcontinued

8 for

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 455

for above a fortnight, the inhabitants are in ^he utmoft confternation, and public prayers
are offered up for their return. On the other hand, when they continue any time
without intermiffion, the Hke fears return, and the churches are again crowded with
fupplicants for obtaining fine weather. For a long drought here is produdive of dan-
gerous diftempers ; and a continual rain, without any intervals of fun-fhine, deftroys the
fruits of the earth : thus the inhabitants are under a continual anxiety. Befides the
advantages of the rains for moderating the intenfe rays of the fun, they are alfo of the
greatefl benefit in cleanfing the flreets and fquares of the city, which by the filthinefs
of the common people at all hours, are every where full of ordure.

Earthquakes cannot be accounted a lefs terrible circumftance than any of the former ;
and if not fo frequent as in other cities of thefe parts, they are far from being uncom-
mon, and often very violent. While we continued in this city and its jurifdidlion, I
particularly remember two, when feveral county-feats and farm-houfes were thrown
down, and the greater part of the numerous inhabitants buried in ruins.

It is doubtlefs to fome unknown quality of the temperature of the air, that the city
owes one remarkable convenience, which cannot fail of greatly recommending it :
namely, being totally free from mofchitos or other infecls of that kind, which almofl
render life a burthen in hot countries. They are not known to the inhabitants j even
a flea is feldom feen here ; nor are the people molefled with venomous reptiles. In
fhort, the only troublefome infedt is the pique or nigua, whofe noxious effefl:s have been
already treated of.

Though the plague or peftilence, in its proper fenfe, be not known here, no inftance
of its ravages having appeared in any part of America, yet there are fome diftempers
which have many fymptoms of it, but concealed under the names of malignant fpotted
fevers and pleurifies ; .and thefe generally fweep away fuch prodigious numbers, that,
when they prevail, the city may with propriety be faid to be vifited with a peftilential
contagion. Another difeafe common here is that called mal del valle, or vicho j a dif-
temper fo general, that, at the firft attack of any malady, they make ufe of medicines
adapted to the cure of it, from its ufually feizing a perfon two or three days after a fever,
But M. de JufTieu often obferved, that the remedies were generally adminiftered to per-
fons not at all affected by the diftemper, which, in his opinion, is a gangrene in the
redum ; a difeafe very common in that climate, and confequently at the firfl attack all
means fhould be ufed to prevent its progrefs. Perfons who labour under a flux are
moft liable to that malady ; but the inhabitants of this country being firmly per-
fuaded that there can be no diflemper that is not accompanied with the vicho, the cure
is never delayed. The operation mufl be attended with no fmall pain, as a peffary,
compofed of gun-powder, Guinea-pepper, and a lemon peeled, is infmuated into the
anus, and changed two or three times a day, till the patient is judged to be out of
danger.

The venereal difeafe is here fo common, that few perfons are free from it, though its
effedls are much more violent in fome than, in others ; and many are afflicted with it,
without any of its external fymptoms. Even little children, incapable by their age of
having contracted it actively, have been known to be attacked in the fame manner
by it as perfons who have acquired it by their debauchery. Accordingly there is no
reafon for caution in concealing this diflemper, its commonnefs effacing the difgrace
that in other countries attends it. The principal caufe of its prevalence is, negligence
in the cure. For the climate favours the operations of the medicines, and the natural
temperature of the air checks the malignity of the virus more than in other countries.
And hence few are falivated for it, or will undergo the trouble of a radical cure. This

difeafe

^^6 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

difeafe muft naturally be thought in fome meafure to Ihorten their lives ; though it i«
not uncommon to fee perfons live feventy years or more, without ever Jiaving been
entirely free from that diftemper, either hereditary, or contracted in their early youth.

During the continuance of the north and north-eaft winds, which are the coldeft
from paffing over the frofty deferts, the inhabitants are afflided with very painful
catarrhs, called Pechugueras. The air is then lomething difagreeable, the mornings
being fo cold as to require warmer clothmg ; but the fun foon difperfes this incon-
venience.

As the peftilence, whofe ravages among the human fpecies in Europe, and other
parts, are fo dreadful, is unknown both at Quito and throughout all America, fo is alfo
the madnefs in dogs. And though they have fome idea of the peftilence, and call thofe
difeafes fimilar in their effefts by that name, they are entirely ignorant of the- canine
madnefs; and exprefs their aftonifhment when an European relates the melancholy
efteds of it. Thofe inhabitants, on the oth^r hand, are here fubjed: to a diftemper
unknown in Europe, and may be compared to the fmall-pox, which few or none efcape ;
but having once got through it, they have nothing more to apprehend from that quar-
ter. This diftemper is one of thoft; called pefte ; and its fymptoms are convulfions in
every part of the body, a continual endeavour to bite, delirium, vomiting blood ; and
thofe whofe conftitutions are not capable of fupporting the conflids of the diftemper,
perifti. But this is not peculiar to Quito, being equally common throughout all South
America.

CHAP. VII. — Fertility of the Territories of Quito, and the common Food of its

Inhabitants.

THOUGH an account of the fruits fhould naturally fucceed that of the climate, I
determined, on account of their variety, and their being different in different parts, to
defer a circumftantial defcription, till I come to treat more particularly of each of the
jurifdidions. So that I fliall here only take a tranfient view of the perennial beauty and
pleafantnefs of the country ; which has hardly its equal in any part of the known world :
the equability of its air exempts it from any fenfible changes, whereby the plants, corn,
and trees, are ftripped of their verdure and ornaments, their vegetative powers checked,
and themfelves reduced to a torpid inadivity. The fertility of this country, if fully
defcribed, would appear to many incredible, did not the confideration of the equality
and benignity of the climate inforce its probability. For both the degrees of cold and
heat are here fo happily determined, that the moifture continues, and the earth feldom
fails of being cheriflied by the fertilizing beams of the fun, fome part of every day j
and therefore it is no wonder that this country fliould enjoy a greater degree of fertility
than thofe where the fame caufes do not concur ; efpecially if we confider, that there
is no fenfible difference throughout the year; fo that the fruits and beauties of the
feveial feafons are here feen at the fame time. The curious European obferves, with a
pleafmg admiration, that whilft fome herbs of the field are fading, others of the fame
kind are fpringing up ; and whilft fome flowers are lofmg their beauty, others are blow-
ing, to continue the enamelled profped. When the fruits have obtained their maturity,
and the leaves begin to change their colour, frefti leaves, bloffoms, and fruits, are feen
in their proper gradztiuns on the fame tree.

The fame inceflant fertility is confpicuous in the corn, both reaping and fowing
being carried on at the fame time. That corn which has been recently fown is coming

up J

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 457

up ; that which has been longer fown is in its blade, and the more advanced begins to
bloflbm. So that the declivities of the neighbouring hills exhibit all the beauties of the
four feafons at one fingle view.

Though all this is generally feen, yet there is a fettled time for the grand harveft.
But fometiraes the moft favourable feafon for fowing in one place, is a month or two
after that of another, though their diftance is not more than three or four leagues ;
and the time for another at the fame diftance not then arrived. Thus, in different
fpots, fometimes in one and the fame, fowing and reaping are performed throughout
the whole year, the forwardnefs or retardment naturally arifmg from the different
fituations, as mountains, rifmg grounds, plains, valleys, and breaches ; and the tem-
perature being different in each of thefe, the times for performing the feveral operations
of hufbandry muft alfo differ. Nor is this any contradiction to what I have before
advanced, as will be feen in the following account of the jurifdiftion.

This remarkable fecundity of the foil is naturally produdive of excellent fruits and
corn of every kind, as is evident from the delicacy of the beef, veal, mutton, pork, and
poultry of Quito. Here is alfo wheat bread in fufficient plenty ; but the fault is, that
the Indian women, whofe bufinefs it is to make it, are ignorant of the beft methods
both of kneading and baking it ; for the wheat of itfelf is excellent, and the bread
baked in private houfes equal to any in the known world. The beef, which is not
inferior to that of Europe, is fold in the markets by the quarter of the hundred 'for
four rials of that country money, and the buyer has the liberty of choofmg what part
he pleafes. Mutton is fold either by the half or quarter of a fheep ; and when fat,
and in its prime, the whole carcafe is worth about five or fix rials. Other fpecies of
provifions are fold by the lump, without weight or meafure, and the price regulated
by cuftom.

The only commodity of which there is here any fcarcity is pulfe ; but this deficiency is
fupplied by roots, the principal of which are the camates, arucachas, yucas, ocas, and
papas ; the three former are the natives of hot countries, and cultivated in the planta-
tions of fugar canes, and fuch fpots are called vallies, or yungas, though thefe names
have different fenfes, the former fignifying plains in a bottom, and the latter thofe
on the fides of the Cordillera ; but both in a hotter expofure. In thefe are produced
the plantains, guincos, Guinea-pepper, chirimogas, aguacates, granadillas, pinas,
guayabas, and others natural to fuch climates, as I have already obferved in other
countries. The colder parts produce pears, peaches, nedtarines, quaitambos, aurimelos,
apricots, melons, and water-melons ; the lail have a particular feafon, but the others
abound equally throughout the whole year. The parts which cannot be denominated
either hot or cold, produce frutillas, or Peru ftrawberries, and apples. The fucculent
fruits, which require a warm climate, are in great plenty throughout the whole year,
as China and Seville oranges, citrons, lemons, limes, cidras, and toronjas. Thefe
trees are full of bloffoms and fruit all the year round, equally with thofe which are
natives of this climate. Thefe fruits abundantly fupply the tables of the inhabitants,
where they are always the firft ferved up, and the laft taken away. Befides the
beautiful contraft they form with the other difhes, they are alfo ufed for increafing the
pleafure of the palate, it being a cuftom among the people of rank here, to eat them
alternately with their other food, of which there is always a great variety.

The chirimoyas, aguacates, guabas, granadillas, and Peruvian ftrawberries, being
fruits of which, as well as of the ocos and papas, I have not yet given any defcriprion, I
fhall here give the reader a brief account of them. The chirimoya is univerfally
allowed to be the moft delicious of any known fruit either of India or Europe.. Its

VOL. XIV. 3 N dimenfions

^r8 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

dimenfions are various, being from one to five inches in diameter. Its figure is im-
perfedly round, being flatted towards the ftalk ; where it forms a kind of navel ; but
all the other parts nearly circular. It is covered with a thin foft fhell, but adhering
fo clofely to the pulp, as not to be feparated without a knife. The outward coat,
during its growth, is of a dark green, but on attaining its full maturity becomes fome-
what lio-hter. This coat is variegated with prominent veins, forming a kind of net-
work all over it. The pulp is white, intermixed with feveral almoft imperceptible
fibres, concentring in the core, which extends from the hollow of the excrefcence to
the oppofite fide. As they have their raigin near the former, fo in that part they are
larger and more diftinft. The flefh contains a large quantity of juice refembling
honey, and its tafte fweet mixed with a gentle acid, but of a moft exquifite flavour.
The feeds are formed in feveral parts of the flefli, and are about feven lines in length,
and three or four in breadth. They are alfo fomewhat flat, and fituated longi-
tudinally.

The tree is high and tufted, the ftem large and round, but with fome inequalities j
full of elliptic leaves, terminating in a point. The length is about three inches and a
half, and the breadth two or two and a half. But what is very remarkable in this tree
is, that it every year flieds and renews its leaves. The bloflbm, in which is the
embryo of the fruit, differs very little from the leaves in colour, which is a darkifti
green ; but when arrived to its full maturity is of a yellowilh green. It refembles a
caper in figure, but fomething larger, and compofed of four petals. It is far from
being beautiful ; but this deficiency is abundantly fupplied by its incomparable fra-
grancy. This tree is obferved to be very parfimonious in its bloflToms, producing
only fuch as would ripen into fruits, did not the extravagant paflion of the ladies,
for the excellence of the odour, induce them to purchafe the bloflbms at any rate.

The aguacate, which in Lima and other parts of Peru is known by the ancient
Indian name Plata, may alfo be clafled among the choicefl; fruits of this country. Its
figure in fome meafure refembles the calabaflies of which fnuflf-boxes are made ; that
is, the lower part is round, and tapers away gradually towards the ftalk ; from whence
to its bafe the length is ufually between three and five inches. It is covered with a
very thin, glofly, fmooth fliell, which, when the fruit is thoroughly ripe, is detached
from the pulp. The colour, both during its growth and when arrived at perfedion^
is green, but turns fomething paler as it ripens ; the pulp is folid, but yields to the
preflure of the finger ; the colour white, tinged with green, and the tafte fo infipid
as to require fait to give it an agreeable relifli. It is fibrous, but fome more fo than
others. The ftone of this fruit is two inches long, one and a half in thicknefs, and
terminates in a point. The tafte is four. It may be opened with a knife, and con-
fifts of two lobes, between which may be diftin£tly perceived the germ of the tree.
Within the fliell is a very thin tegument, which feparates it from the pulp, though
fometimes the tegument adheres to the pulp, and at other times to the fliell. The tree is
lofty and full of branches ; the leaf, both in dimenfion and figure, fomething difi'erent
from that of the chirimoya.

In the province of Quito they give the name of guabas to a fruit, which, in all
the other parts of Peru, is called by its Indian name Pacaes. It confifts of a pod Hke
that of the algarobo, a little flat on both fides. Its ufual length is about a foot, though
there are different fizes, fome larger and fome fmaller, according to the country
where they grow. Its outward colour is a dark green, and covered with a down,
which feels fmooth when ftroked downwards, and rough when the hand is moved
in the contrary diredion, as in velvet. The pod, opened longitudinally, is found

9 divided

ULL5a's voyage to south AMERICA. 459

divided into feveral cells, each containing a certain fpungy medulla, very light, and
equal to cotton in whitenefs. In this are inclofed fome black feeds of a very difpro-
portionate fize, the medulla, whofe juice is fweet and cooling, not being above a line
and a half in thicknefs round each feed.

The granadilla refembles a hen's egg in fhape, but larger. The outfide of the fhell
is fmooth and glofly, and of a faint carnation colour, and the infide white and foft.
It is about a line and a half in thicknefs, and pretty hard. This fhell contains a vifcous
and liquid fubftance, full of very fmall and delicate grains lefs hard than thofe of the
pomegranate. This medullary fubftance is feparated from the fhell, by an extreme
fine and tranfparent membrane. This fruit is of a delightful fweetnefs, blended with
acidity, very cordial and refrefhing, and fo wholefome that there is no danger in
indulging the appetite. The two former are alfo of the fame innocent quality. The
granadilla is not the produce of a tree, but of a plant, the bloffom of which refembles i / .:
the paffion-flower, * and of a moft delicate fragrance. But we muft obferve a remark- ^^
able fmgularity in the fruits of this country, namely, that they do not ripen on the qf^j^t^
trees, like thofe of Europe, but muft be gathered and kept fome time ; for if fufFered
to hang on the trees they would decay.

The laft of the fruits I fhall mention is the frutilla, or Peru ftrawberry, very diflferent
from that of Europe in fize ; for though generally not above an inch in length, and
two-thirds of an inch in thicknefs, they are much larger in other parts of Peru. Their
tafte, though juicy and not unpalatable, is not equal to thofe of Europe. The whole
difference between the plant and that known in Spain confifb in its leaves being fome-
what larger.

The papas are natives of a cold climate; and being common in feveral parts of ^
Europe, where they are known by the name of potatoes, all I fhall fay of them is, that
they are a favourite food with the inhabitants of thefe countries, who eat them inftead
of bread, nor is there a made difh or ragout in which they are not an ingredient. The
Creoles prefer them to any kind of meat, or even fowl. A particular difh is made of
them, and ferved up at the beft tables, called Locro j and is always the laft, that water
may be drank after it, which they look upon as otherwife unwholefome. This root is
the chief food of the lower clafs ; and they find it fo nutritive and ftrengthening, that
they are not defirous of more folid food.

The oca is a root about two or three inches in length, and about half an inch, or ^
fomething more, in thicknefs, though not every where equal, having a kind of knots
where they twift and wreath themfelves. This root is covered with a very thin an4
tranfparent fkin, whofe colour is in fome yellow, in fome red, and others orange.
It is eaten either boiled or roafted, and has nearly the fame, tafte as a chefnut ; with
this difference, however, common to all the fruits of America, that the fweetnefs pre-
dominates. It is both pickled and preferved, the latter being what the Americans are
very fond of. This root is alfo an ingredient in many made difhes. The plant is fmall,
like the camote, yucas, and others already defcribed.

With regard to the corn of this country, there is no neceffity for enumerating the
fpecies, they being the fame with thofe known in Spain. The maize and barley are ^
ufed by the poor people, and particularly by the Indians, in making bread. They
have feveral methods of preparing the maize ; one is by parching, which they call
Camea. They alfo make from this grain a drink called Chica, ufed by the Indians in

* This is the identical paffion-flower, which in England never bears any fruit, the climate being too
cold. A.

3 N 2

the

46o ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

the times of the Yncas, and ftill very common. The method of making it is this :
they deep the maize in water till it begins to fprout, when they fpread it in the fun,
where it is thoroughly dried ; after which they roaft and grind it, and of the flour they
make a decoftion of what ftrength they pleafe. It is then put into jars or calks, with
a proportional quantity of water. On the fecond or third day it begins to ferment, and
when that is completed, which is in two or three days more, they efteem it fit for
drinking. It is reckoned very cooling ; and that it is inebriating, is fufficiently evident
from the Indians : thofe people have indeed fo little government of themfelves, that
they never give over till they have emptied the cafk. Its tafte is not unlike cyder j
but feems in fome meafure to require the difpatch of the Indians, turning four in feven
or eight days after the fermentation is completed. Befides its fuppofed quality of being
cooling, it is, among other medical properties, confefledly diuretic ; and to the ufe of
this liquor the Indians are fuppofed to be indebted for their being ftrangers to the ftran-
gury or gravel. It is alfo not furprifing that thofe people who drink it, without any
other food than cancha, mote, and muchea, are, with the help of this liquor, healthy,
ftrong, and robuft.

Maize boiled till the grains begin to fplit, when it is called Mote, ferves for food
to the Indians, the poor people, and fervants in families, who being habituated to it,
prefer it to bread.

Maize, before it is ripe called Chogllos, is fold in the ear, and among the poorer
fort of inhabitants efteemed a great dainty.

Befides the grains of the fame fpecies with thofe in Spain, this country has one pecu-
liar to itfelf, and very well deferving to be ranked among the mod palatable foods ;
but ftill more valuable for its being one of the prefervatives againft all kinds of abfcefles
and impofthumes. This ufeful fpecies of grain, here called Quinoa, refembles a lentil
in fhape, but much lefs, and very white. When boiled it opens, and out of it comes
a fpiral fibre, which appears like a fmall worm, but whiter than the hulk of the grain.
It is an annual plant, being fowed and reaped every year. The ftem is about three or
four feet in height, and has a large pointed leaf, fomething like that of the malloro ;
the flower is of a deep red, and five or fix inches in length, and in it are contained the
grains or feed. The] quinoa is eaten boiled like rice, and has a very Ipleafant tafte ;
and the water in which it has been boiled, is often ufed as an apozem. The quinoa is
ufed in external applications, in order to which it is ground and boiled to a proper con-
fiftence ; and applied to the part affeded, from which it foon extrads all corrupt hu-
mours occafioned by a contufion.

Befides domeftic animals, here are great numbers of rabbits caught on the deferts.
The partridges are not very plenty, and rather refemble a quail than thofe of Europe.
Turtle-doves abound here, greatly owing to the indolence of the inhabitants in not
endeavouring to take them.

But one of the prmcipal foods ufed by the inhabitants is cheefe, of which it is com-
puted that the quantity annually confumed amounts to between feventy and eighty
thoufand dollars of that country money. It is ufed in various manners, and is the chief
ingredient in many difties. The neighbourhood of Quito alfo affords excellent butter,
and of which there is a great confumption, but falls far fhort of that of cheefe.

The fondnefs of thefe people for fweetmeats exceeds every thing I have ever mentioned
of other countries ; and this neceffarily occafions a great confumption of fugar and
honey. One method of indulging this appetite is, to fqueeze the juice out of the fugar
canes, let it fettle, and curdle it, out of which they make fmall cakes, which they call
rafpaduras. This is fo highly valued by the lower clafs, that with a flice of it, and

I o another

tJLLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 4^1

another of bread and cheefe, they make as hearty a meal as the rich with all their
variety of diflies. Thus it appears, that if there be feme difference between the foods
ufed here and thofe of Spain, the difference in their preparing them is flill greater.

CHAP. VIII. — Of the Commerce of the Province of Quito,

FROM the two preceding chapters, a fufHcient judgment may be formed of the
produdts and manufactures in the province of Quito, which are the fources of its com-
merce. The perfons who are the chief conductors of this commerce, are the Euro-
peans or Chapitones ; fome fettled here, and others coming occafionally. The latter
purchafe the country goods, and fell thofe of Europe. The manufactures of this pro-
vince, as we have already noticed, are only cottons, fome white called Tucuyos, and
others ftriped bays and cloths, which meet with a good market at Lima for fupplying
all the inward provinces of Peru. The returns are made partly jn filver, partly in
gold and filver thread fringes made in that city ; wine, brandy, oil, copper, tin, lead,
and quickfilver. The maflers of the manufactures either fell their goods to the traders,
or employ them as their faCtors.

On the arrival of the galleons at Carthagena, the traders refort thither either by the
way of Popayan or that of Santa Fe, to purchafe European goods, which, at their
return, they conlign to their correfpondents all over the province.

The products of the earth are chiefly confumed within the province, except the
wheat produced in the jurifdiCtion of Riobamba and Chimbo, part of which are fent
to Guayaquil. But this is a trade carried on only by Meflizos and poor people. It
would indeed admit of great improvements, were not the freights fo exceflively high,
that the trouble and expence of carrying them from Guayaquil to other countries, where
there is a fcarcity of them, renders it impoffible to get a living profit.

Goods, manufactured by the public, or wove by private Indians, are, together with
fome kinds of provifions, fent to the jurifdiCtion of Barbacoas ; and this is the com-
merce in which the Chapitones make the firfl effay of their abilities for trade. Thefe
provifions are exchanged for gold, found in that country, and which is afterwards fent
to Lima, where it bears a greater price. Their fluffs alfo find a vent in the govern-
ments of Popayan and Santa Fc ; and this commerce is perpetually carried on ; but
the only return in the dempo muerto, or abfence of the galleons, is gold, which, like
that from Barbacoas, is fent to Lima.

The coafl of New Spain fupplies this province with indigo, of which there is a very
large confumption at the manufactories, blue being univerfally the colour which this
people affeCt in their apparel. They alfo import^ by way of Guayaquil, iron and fleel
both from Europe and the coafl of Guatemala ; and though it fetches fo high a price,
that a quintal of iron fells for above a hundred dollars, and the fame quantity of fleel
for a hundred and fifty, there is a continual demand in order to fupply the peafants
with the neceffary inflruments of agriculture.

The inland, or reciprocal commerce, confifls in the confumption of the products of
one jurifdiCtion in another ; and is a conflant incentive to induflry among the inhabi-
tants of the villages, and the lower clafs. Thofe of the province of Chimbo purchafe
home-made tucuyos and bags in thofe of Riobamba and Quito, in order to vend them
at Guayaquil, bringing thence, in return, fait, fifh, and cotton \ the latter of which,
being wove in the looms of Quito, is again fent to Guayaquil in fluffs. The jurifdic-

tioHS

^$2 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

tions of Riobamba, Alaufi and Cuenca, by means of the warehoufes at Yaguache and
Noranjal, carry on a confiderable trade with Guayaquil.

This trade in the manufaftures of that country, which confift only of three forts,
cloth, bags, and linen, is attended with confiderable profit to the traders, and advan-
tage to the country, as all the poor people, who are remarkably numerous, and perfons
of fubftance, except thofe of the capital, wear the goods manufadtured in the country ; •
thofe of Europe being fo prodigioufly dear, that only Spaniards of large fortune, and*
perfons of the higheft diflin£lion, can afford to purchafe them. The quantity of cloth
and fluffs wove in this country, and all by Indians, either in the public manufactures or
their own houfes, appears from hence to be prodigioufly great : and to this, in a great
meafure, is owing the happy flate of this province ; the mafters and traders foon raifing
fortunes, and the fervants and dependents contented with the fruits of their induflry.

BOOK VI.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROVINCE OF QUITO.

CHAP. I. — Extent of the Province of Quito, and the Jurifdidion of its Audience.

TN the five preceding books, we have endeavoured, as far as the nature of the fubjed
-■■ would permit, to follow the order which the feries of our voyage required ; and we
flatter ourfelves it will appear, that, though our principal attention was diredted to the
aflronomical obfervations, we have not omitted any interefting particular, relating to the
towns and provinces through which we paffed. We were always perfuaded, that if the
former tended to the improvement of fcience, and was agreeable to thofe who profefs
it ; the latter might prove ufeful to hiflorians, and be acceptable to thofe who apply
themfelves to the fludy of the conflitution, flate, cufloms, and genius of nations. We
clofed the fifth book with an account of the city of Quito ; this we fhall employ in treat-
ing of the province, which is equally an obje£l of curiofity ; and we are enabled to gratify
the reader in the mofl fatisfadlory manner, having, in the courfe of our obfervations, not
only furveyed its whole extent, but, by our long flay, obtained the acquaintance of
many perfons of undoubted judgilient and veracity, on whom we could rely for parti-
culars not to be known from ocular infpeftion. So that we have fufficient reafons for
warranting the truth of the contents of this hiftory.

The large province of Quito, at the time when the Spaniards firfl fettled in it, was
annexed to the kingdom of Peru, and continued fo till the year 171 8, when a new
viceroyalty being erefted at Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital of the new kingdom of
Granada, it was difmembered from Peru, and annexed to Granada. At the fame time
the audience of Quito was fuppreffed, together with that of Panama, in the kingdom of
Terra Firma ; though the latter continued dependent on the viceroys of Lima. The
intention in this frugal fcheme was, that the falaries of the great number of officers in
both, which ceafed on this abolition, fhould be applied to the fupport of the new vice-
royalty, in order to prevent any additional burden on the royal revenue ; a confequence

otherwife

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 463

otherwife unavoidable. But experience has fliown the impropriety and infufficiency of
this meafure ; and that the tribunals abolifhed were of indifpenfable neceflity in their
refpeftive cities ; an infupportable detriment refulting to the inhabitants from the vaft
diftance of the audiences affigned them ; which were, Lima for the kingdom of Terra
Firma, and thofe of the province of Quito, were to apply for juflice to the audience
of Santa Fe. And as the amount of all the falaries fupprefled, befides the prejudicing
many families, was not fufficient to fupport the dignity of a Viceroy, new ideas fuc-
ceeded ; and rather than keep it up at the expence of the royal revenue, the viceroy-
alty was fupprefled, and things placed again on their ancient footing in the year 1722 :
the officers were reflored to their former pofls which they had fo worthily filled, and
the audiences have continued the fame as before. But the motives for ereding a new
viceroyalty at Santa Fe being confefiedly of the greateft importance, its reftitution was
again brought on the carpet ; and the great difficulty of fupporting it, without detri-
ment either to the pubHc or the audiences, the fuppreffion of which had been fo detri-
mental to the inhabitants, being overcome, the dignity of viceroyalty was again ere£l:ed
in the year 1739, Don Sebaftian de Eflaba, lieutenant-general, being appointed the firft
viceroy, and arrived in the beginning of the year 1740 to take pofTeffion of his govern-
ment ; which included the whole kingdom of Terra Firma and the province of Quito.

This province is bounded on the north by that of Santa Fe de Bogota, and includes
part of the government of Papayan ; on the fouth it is limited by the governments of
Peru and Chachapoyas ; eaftward it extends over the whole government of Maynas,
and the river of the Amazons, to the meridian of demarcation, or that which divides the
dominions of Spain and Portugal. Its weftern boundary is the fea, from the coaft of
Machala, in the gulf of Puna, to the coaft of the government of Atacames and the jurif-
didion of Barbacoas, in the bay of Gorgona. Its greateft breadth from north to fouth
is about 200 leagues j and its length, from eaft to weft, the whole extent from Cape
de Santa Elena, in the fouth-fea, to the meridian above mentioned ; which, by the moft
accurate computation, is 600 leagues. But a very great part of thefe vaft dominions
are, it muft be owned, either inhabited by nations of favage Indians, or have not hitherto
been thoroughly peopled by the Spaniards, if indeed they have been fufficiently known.
All the parts that can properly be faid to be peopled, and adually fubjed to the Spanifh
government, are thofe intercepted by the two Cordilleras of the Andes, which, in com-
parifon to the extent of the country, may be termed a ftreet or lane, extending from the
jurifdi6lion of the town of St. Miguel de Ibarra to that of Loga ; the country from
hence to the government of Popayan, and alfo that comprehended between the weftern
Cordillera and the fea. With this limitation the extent of the jurifdidtions from eaft
to weft will be fifteen leagues or fomething more, being the diftance intercepted between
the two Cordilleras. But to this muft be added the coantries comprehended in the go-
vernments of Jaen de Bracamoros, which borders on the jurifdidion of Loja, and the
extremity of the whole province, and fituated on the eaft fide of the eaftern Cordillera ;
and, to the northward, the government of Quixos, and that of Maynas to the eaftward
of it ; but feparated by large trads of land inhabited by wild Indians ; and on the north
fide of the province from that of Papayan j though the latter is properly a diftind pro-
vince from that of Quito. Thus on the weft "fide of that interval between the two Cor-
dilleras, lies the lately ereded government of Atacames, and the jurifdidion of Guaya-
quil : on the eaft fide, the three governments above mentioned ; and on the north, that
of Papayan.

This province, exclufive of thefe five governments, confifts of nine jurifdidions,
which in that country are called provinces, that of Quito being fubdivided into as many

others

4^4 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

Others as there are governments and jurifdidions ; which it is neceflary for the reader to
obferve, in order to avoid any perplexity or miftake, when a jurifdidion happens to
be called a province j though I (hall be careful to avoid it as much as poflible. The
jurifdidions in the province of Quito, beginning with the moft northern, are the
following : —

I. The town of San Miguel de Ibarra.
II. The village of Otabala.

III. The city of Quito. •

IV. The affiento of Latacunga.
V. The town of Riobamba.

VI. The affiento of Chimbo, or Guaranda.
VII. The city of Guayaquil.
VIII. The city of Cuenca.
IX. The city of Loja.

Of thefe nine jurifdiftions I fhall give a fuccind account in this and the following
chapter, and then proceed to the governments.

I. The town of San Miguel de Ibarra, is the capital of the jurifdidion of that name,
which alfo contains eight principal villages or parilhes, the names of which are,

I. Mira. V. Salinas.

II. Pimanpiro. VI. Tumbabiro.

III. Carangue. VII. Quilca.

IV. San Antonio de Carangue. VIII. Caguafqui.

This jurifdidion formerly included that of Otabalo, ; but, on account of its too enor-
mous extent, it was prudently divided into two.

The town of San Miguel de Ibarra ftands on the extremity of a very large plain or
meadow, at a fmall diftance from a chain of mountains to the eaftward of it, and
betwixt two rivers, which keep this whole plain in a perpetual verdure. The foil is
foft and moift, which not only renders the houfes damp, but alfo caufes the foundations
of their buildings often to fmk.- It is moderately large, with ftraight broad flreets,
and the greateft part of the houfes of ftone, or unburnt bricks, and all tiled. The
town is lurrounded by fuburbs inhabited by the Indians, whofe cottages make the fame
appearance as in all other mean places ; but the houfes are neat and uniform, though
they are but low, having only a ground floor, except thofe in the fquare, which have
one ftory. The parifh church is a large and elegant ftrudure, and of the fame mate-
rials as the houfes. It is alfo well ornamented. This town has convents of Francifcans,
Dominicans, the Fathers of Mercy, a college of Jefuits, and a nunnery of the order
of the Conception, Its inhabitants, of all ages, feds, and claffes, are computed at
ten or twelve thoufand fouls.

Within the limits of this jurifdidion is the lake of Yagarchoca, famous for being the
fepulchre of the inhabitants of Otabalo, on its being taken by Huayna-Capac, the twelfth
Ynca, who, inftead of (hewing clemency to their magnanimity, being irritated at the
noble refiflance they made, ordered them all to be beheaded, both thofe who had
quietly furrendered, and thofe taken in arms, and their bodies thrown into the lake ;
and from the water of the lake being tinged of a bloody hue, it acquired its prefent
name, which fignifies a lake of blood.

The

ULLOa's voyage to south AMEIIICA. 4^5

The air is very mild, lefs cold than that of Quito, and at the fame time the heat is
not at all inconvenient. The temperature of the air is different in all the villages of this
jurifdidion, but in mofl warm, on account of their low fituation. Thefe parts are all
over this country called Valles, as I have already obferved ; and the names of thofe in
the jurifditlion of San Miguel de Ibarra are Chotar Carpuela, and feveral others. Moft
of the farms in them have plantations of fugar canes, and mills for extracting the juice,
from whence they make great quantities of fugar, and very white : fome are planted
wath the fruits common in a hot climate ; and in others cotton only is cultivated, and to
the greateft perfeftion.

The fugar canes do not ripen here fo late as in Quito ; but they may be committed at
any time to the mill, there being no neceflity for cutting them at any precife time, re-
taining all their goodnefs, even when fuffered to ftand two or three months after they
are ripe ; fo that they are cut every quarter, and the mills by that means kept at work
the whole year.

The farms fituated in a lefs hot part are employed for cultivating maize, wheat, and
barley, in the fame manner as in the jurifdiftion of Otabalo, and which we (hall explain
in its proper place. Here are alfo large numbers of goats, but not many Iheep ; and
though the manufactures here are not fo numerous as in Otabalo, yet the Indians weave
a conliderable quantity of cloth and cotton.

In the neighbourhood of the village of Salinas are fait mine?, which, befides the home
confumption, fupply the countries to the northward of it. This fait has fome mixture
of nitre ; and though it may thence be concluded to be lefs wholefome, yet it is attended
with no ill confequence to thofe who are accuftomed to it j but not anfwering the inten-
tion in faking, that from Guayaquil is ufed inlfead of it.

Within the diftridt of the village of Mira are great numbers of wild afl'es, which in-
creafe very faft, and are not eafily caught. The owners of the grounds where they are
bred fulfer all perfons to take as many as they can, on paying a fmall acknowledgment
in proportion to the number of days their fport has lafted. The manner of catching
them is as follows : a number of perfons go on horfeback, and are attended by Indians
on foot. When arrived at the proper places, they form a circle, in order to drive them
into fome valley, where, at full fpeed, they throw the noofe, and halter them ; for thefe
creatures, on finding themfelves inclofed, make very furious efforts to efcape, and if
only one forces his way through, they all follow with an irrefiflible impetiiofity. But
when the hunters have noofed them, they throw them down, and fecure them with fet-
ters^ and thus leave them till the hunting is over j when, in order to bring them away
with the greater facility, they pair them with tame beafls : but this is not eafily per-
formed ; for thefe affes are fo remarkably fierce, that they often hurt the perfons who
undertake to manage them. They have all the fwiftnefs of horfes ; and neither acclivi-
ties nor precipices retard them in their career : when attacked, they defend themfelves
with their heels and mouth, with fuch activity that, without flackening their pace, they
often maim their purfuers : but the mofl remarkable property in thefe creatures is, that
after carrying the firfl load, their celerity leaves them, their dangerous ferocity is loft,
and they foon contract the Itupid look and dullnefs peculiar to the afinine fpecies. It is
alfo obfervable, that thefe creatures will not permit a horfe to live among them ; and if
one of them happens to ftray into the places where they feed, they all fall upon him,
and, without giving him the liberty of flying from them, they bite and kick him till they
leave him dead on the fpot. They are very troublefome neighbours, making a^ moft
horrid noife ; for whenever one or two of them begin to bray, they are anfwered in the

VOL. xiv. 3 o *^"^®

^55 ulloa's voyage to south America.

fame vociferous manner by all within the reach of the found, which is greatly increafed
and prolonged by the repercuffions of the valleys and breaches of the mountains.

II. The jurifdidion joining on the fouth to that of St. Miguel de Ibarra, is called Ota-
balo, in the jurifdidtion of which are the following eight principal villages or parifhes :

I. Cayambe. V. Cotacache.

II. Tabacundo. VI. San Pablo.

' III. Otabalo. VII. Tocache.

IV. Atontaqui. VIIL Urququi.

The parifh of Otabalo is well fituated, and fo large and populous th^t it is faid to con-
tain eighteen or twenty thoufand fouls, and among them a confiderable number of Spa-
niards. But the inhabitants of all the other villages are univerfally Indians.

The lands of this jurifdiftion are laid out in plantations like thofe of the former, ex-
cept that here are not fuch great numbers of fugar mills ; but this is compenfated by its
great fuperiority in manufadures, a confequence refulting from the multitude of Indians
refiding in its villages, who feem to have an innate inclination to weaving ; for befides
the fluffs made at the common manufactories, fuch Indians as are not Mitayos, or who
are independent, make, on their own account, a variety of goods, as cottons, carpets,
pavilions for beds, quilts in damafk work, wholly of cotton, either white, blue, or va-
riegated with different colours ; but all in great repute, both in the province of Quito
and other parts, where they are fold to great advantage.

The method of fowing wheat and barley in this jurifdidtion is very different from
that ufed in any of the former j for, inftead of fcattering the feeds, as is commonly prac-
tifed, they divide the ground, after it is plowed, into feveral parts by furrows, and
along the fides of them they make little holes a foot diflant from one another, putting
five or fix corns into each. However tedious this may be, it is abundantly made up to
the farmer by the uncommon increafe, which is ufually above a hundred fold.

This jurifdiClion has a great number of ftuds of horfes, and multitudes of black cat-
tle, from whofe milk large quantities of cheefe are made. This country is happily fitu-
ated for paflure, being every where watered with an infinite number of rivulets. It has
alfo large flocks of fheep, though thefe feem to be negleded, in comparifon of the
others.

The village of Cayambe flands in the middle of a fpacious plain, at the end of which
is the foot of the mountain Cayamburo, one of the largefl mountains of the Cordilleras
in this part of the country, being equal in height to that of Chimborazo, and its fum-
mits covered with fnow and ice. Its altitude is fo much greater than the reft between it
and Quito, that it may be plainly feen from that city. The vicinity of this mountain
renders the whole plain of Cayambe cold, which is increafed by the violence and con-
tinuance of the winds. In the territories of this jurifdidion are two lakes, one called
San Pablo, from a village of that name on its banks ; it is a league in length, and about
half a league in breadth. This lake is every where furrounded with a fpecies of rufhes,
called there Totoral, among which are vaft flocks of wild geefe and gallaretes. This
lake receives its water from the mountain of Mojanda, and from it iffues one of the
branches of the Rio Blanco. The other lake, which has nearly the fame dimenfions as
the former, is called Cuichocha, and is fituated in a plain on the fide of a mountain of
the fame name. Near the middle of this are two iHands, both which abound with wild
cuyes, a fpecies of rabbits and deer, which often fwim to main land j but, when pur-
fued by the hunters, difappoint them by gaining the lake, and fwimming back to their

retreat.

VLL6A*^ VOTAGE to south AMERICA. 467

retreat. Several fmall fifh are found in this lake, refembling the cray-fifh, but without
a (hell. ^ They are called, by the inhabitants of the adjacent country, prennadillas, and
are fent in the pickle to Quito, where they are the more efteemed, as being the only
frefh- water fifh that can be bought in that city. Nor are thefe caught in any great quan-
tities, though they are alfo found in the lake of San Pablo.

III. The jurifdidion of Quito confifls of the following twenty-five parilhes, befides
thofe in the city :

I. St. Juan Evangeliila. XIV. El Quinche.

II. Santa Maria Magdalena. XV. Guaylhbamba.

III. ChiJogalle. XVI. Machacha.

IV. Cono-coto. XVII. Aloafio.

V. Zambiza. XVIII. Aloa. n

VI. Pintac. XIX. Yumbicho.

VII. Sangolqui. XX. Alangafi.

VIII. Amaguana. XXI. Pomafque.

IX. Guapulo. XXII. San Antonio deLulum-bamba.

X. Cumbaya. XXIII. Perucho.

XI. Co-collao. XXIV. Cola-cali.

XII. Puembo, and Pifo. XXV. Tumbaco.

XIII. Yaruqui.

-This jurifdidion, though called Cinco Leguas, five leagues, extends, in fome parts,
a great deal farther, and the lands are as it were covered with plantations, fome fituated
in the plains, fome in the capacious breaches, and others on the fummit of the moun-
tains; and all producing according to the quality, fituation, and expofure of the
ground. Thofe on the temperate plains yield plentiful harvefts of maize ; thofe at the
bottoms of deep breaches, being in a hot temperature, are planted with fugar canes,
from whence they extract great quantities of fugar and rum. From the fruits peculiar
to fuch a temperature are made a variety of fweetmeats, here called Rayados ; and of
which there is a great confumption among the inhabitants.

The fugar cane ripens very flowly in this jurifdiftion ; for though the plantations
enjoy a hot air, yet it is not of that degree of heat requifite to its fpeedy maturity ; fo
that it is three years after they are planted, before they are fit to be cut. Nor are they
ever cut but once, the fecond crop only producing the foca or germ, which ferves for
re-planting.

The guarapo, which we have had occafion to mention, is nothing more than the
juice of the cane, as it flows from the mill, and afterwards fuffered to ferment. It is
very pleafant, its tafte being a fweetifh acidity, and at the fame time very wholefome ;
but inebriating if drunk to excefs. This liquor is a favourite regale among the vulgar.

The plantations near the fummits of the mountains, from their having a variety of
temperatures, produce wheat, barley, pot-herbs of all kinds, and potatoes.

Above thefe plantations are fed numerous flocks of fheep, producing that wool,
which, from the feveral operations it undergoes, affords employment for fuch multi-
tudes of people. Some farmers make it their fole bufmefs to breed cows, principally
for the advantages they derive from their milk in making cheefe and butter. In other
farm-houfes you fee various occupations carried on at the fame time, namely, the
breeding of cattle, agriculture, and manufactures, particularly of cloth, bays, and
ferges.

302 , From

468 ULLOa's voyage to SOtJTH ABflERICA.

»

From what has been faid, it Is evident that neither this, nor the preceding jurifdiclIoHj
has any general temperature, the degree of cold and heat depending on the fituation ;
and that to this difference is owing the delightful, and even profitable variety of all
kinds of fruits and grains, each finding here a temperature agreeable to its nature.
Accordingly, in travelling only half a day, you pafs from a climate where the heat
fufficiently indicates that you are in the torrid zone, to another where you feel all the
horrors of winter. And what is ftill more fmgular, and may be efteemed an advan-
tage, no change occurs during the whole year ; the temperate parts never feeling the
viciflitudes of cold and heat. This, however, muft be allowed not to hold precifely
with regard to the mountainous parts, the coldnefs of which is encreafed by the violence
of the winds, or a change of weather, called tiempo de paramos, when the clouds
involve the greateft part of thefe mountains, and precipitate themfelves in a fleet ; at
wl]ich time the cold becomes intolerable : and on the other hand, when thofe frigorific
clouds are difperfed, and the wind allayed, fo that the rays of the fun reach the earth,
they feel the comfortable heat of his cheering beams.

Moft of thefe villages are built with very little regularity. The principal part of them

^ is the church and parfonage, which they call the convent, from the priefts being all

formerly religious. Thefe ftru£tures have fome appearance of decency : but the other
parts of the village confift of a number of huts with mud walls, fcattered all over the
country, where every one has his fpot of ground, which he tills for his fubfiftence. A
great part, and in fome villages the whole of the inhabitants are Indians, who live there
when out of place ; though in fome parts the inhabitants are Meftizos, and here and
there a, Spanilh family ; but thefe are extremely poor.

IV. The firfl: jurifdiclion to the fouthward of that of Quito, is the affiento of Lata-
cunga. The word Afliento implies a place lefs than a town, but larger than a village.
This place Hands in a wide plain, having on the eaft fide the eaftern Cordillera of the
Andes, from whence projeds a very high mountain, and at a fmall dillance from its
foot is fituated Latacunga, in o° 55' 14" 30'", fouth latitude. On the weft fide of it
is a river, which, though fometimes fordable, on an increafe of the waters muft be
paffed over by the bridge. This afliento is large and regular ; the ftreets broad and
^ ftraight ; the houfes of ftone, arched, and well contrived : but on account of the dan-
gerous confequences fo often refulting from earthquakes, without any ftory. This
precaution the inhabitants were taught by a dreadful deftru6tion of all the buildings,
on the 20th of June 1698. This terrible concuflion was general all over the province
of Quito ; and its effects, as we fliall fliow in the fequel, in many other places, equally

teixHt,^*'^^ melancholy. Out of fix hundred ftone houfes, the number of which this affiento then
confifted, only a part of one, and the church of the Jefuits, were left ftanding ; and even
thefe were fo greatly damaged, that there was a neceflity for pulling them down. But
the greateft misfortune was, that moft of the inhabitants were buried under their ruins,
the earthquake beginning at one in the morning, a time of general filence and fecurity,
and continuing its concufllons, at Ihort intervals, the greateft part of the day.

The ftone of which the houfes and churches are built, is a kind of pumice, or
fporigy ftone, ejefted from volcanoes, inexhauftible quarries of it being found in the
neighbourhood. It is fo light that it will fwim in water, and from its great porofity
the lime cements the different pieces very ftrongly together ; whence, and from their
lownefs, the houfes are now enabled to fupport themfelves during a concuffion, much
better than before the earthquake, when few were without a ftory j and if they ftiould
be unfortunately thrown down, the crufli in all probability would be much lefs fatal.

8 The

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 469

The jurIfdi£lion contains thefe principal villages :

I. Zichios Mayor. X. San Miguel de MoUeambato.

II. Zichios Menor. XI. Saquifili.

III. Yungas, or Colorados. XII. Pugili.

IV. Yfilimbi, XIII. Tanicuchi.
V. Chifa-Halo, or Toacafo. XIV. Cuzubamba.

VI.' Rllaro. XV. Tifaleo.

VII. San Phelipe. XVI. Angamarca. '

VIII. Mula-Halo. XVII, Pila-Halo.

IX. Alaquez. ^

The air of this afliento is the colder, from the place being only fix leagues from the
mountain of Cotopaxi, which, as it is not lefs in height and extent than thofe of Chim-
borazo and Cayamburo, fo it is, like them, covered with ice and fnow. The com-
buftible fubftances within the bowels of this mountain, firfl declared themfelves in
the year 1533, when Seballian and Belalcazar, who undertook the conqueft of this
province, had entered it, and proved very favourable to the enterprife. For the
Indians, poflefled with the truth of a predidion of their priells, that, on the burfting
of this volcano, they would be deprived of their country, and reduced under the
government of an unknown prince, were fo ftruck with the concurrence of the
burfting of this volcano, and the invafion of a foreign army, that the fpirit, which
univerfally began to fhow itfelf in the preparatives every where made for a vigorous
refiftance, entirely left them, and the whole province eafily conquered, all its caciques
fubmitting to the King of Spain. The large plain in which this afliento ftands is full
of rocks, ejeded at that fuppofed ominous eruption, and fome of them to the diftance
of five leagues from its roots. In the year 1743, while we were on thecoaft of Chili,
a fecond eruption happened, the particulars of which we fhall relate in another place.

The temperature of the air is very different in the feveral villages of this jurifdidtion ;^
being hot in thofe lying In the valleys ; temperate in thofe fituated on the plains ; whilll
the air In thofe bordering on the mountains, like that of the afliento, is cold, and
fometimes to an exceflive degree. The villages are in general larger, and more popu-
lous than thofe of the other jurifdidions in the fame province. Their inhabitants are
Indians, Meftizos, and a few Spaniards.

Befides the parifh church, which is ferved by two priefts, one for the Spaniards, and
the other for the Indians, this afflento has convents of Franclfcans, Auguftines, Domi-
nicans, the Fathers of Mercy, and a college of Jefuits. The churches of thefe reli-
gious are well built, decently ornamented, and kept very neat. The inhabitants, by
the neareft computation, amount to between ten and twelve thoufand, chiefly Spaniards
and Meftizos. Among the former are feveral families of eminent rank and eafy cir-
cumftances, and of fuch virtues and accomplifhments as add a luftre to their happy
fituation. The Indians, as at Quito, live in a feparate quarter adjoining to the
country.

In this afTiento all kinds of trades and mechanic arts are carried on ; and, as in all
the other parts of this jurIfdI6tion, it has a confiderable number of manufadories of
cloth, bays, and tucuyos. Great quantities of pork are falted here for exportation to
Quito, Guayaquil, and Riobamba, being highly efteemed for the peculiar flavour given
to it in the pickling, and which it ever after retains.

All

470 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

All the neighbouring country is fowed with clover, and int;erfperfed with plantations
of willows, whofe perpetual verdure gives a cheerful afped to the country, and
heightens the pleafantnefs of the afliento.

The Indians of Pugili and Saquifili are noted for making earthen ware, as jars, pans,
pitchers, &c. which are greatly valued all over the province of Quito. The clay of which
they are made is of a lively red, very fine, and emits a kind of fragrancy, and the work-
manfhip very neat and ingenious.

V. The next jurifdidion Southwards is Riobamba, the capital of which is the town
of the fame name. Its jurifdidion is divided into two departments ; the corregidor,
who refides at Riobamba, appointing a deputy, who lives at the afliento of Hambato,
fituated between the capital and Latacunga. In the firft department are the following
principal villages :

I. Calpi. X. Pungala.

II. Lican. XI. Lito.

III. Yaruquiz. XII. Guano.

IV. San Luis. XIII. Hilapo.

V. Cajabamba. XIV. Guanando.

VI. San Andres. XV. Penipe.

VII. Puni. XVI. Cubijis.

VIII. Chambo. XVII. Cevadas.

IX. Quimia. XVIII. Paladanga.

The department of the afliento of Hamberto has, in its jurifdiftion, fix principal
villages :

I. Kambo. IV. Pelileo.

II. Quifupincha. V. Patate.

III. Quero. VI. Santa Rofa de Pilaguin.

This afliento fl:ands in the latitude of i° 41' 40" fouth, and 22' wefl:, of the city of
Quito. In 1533 it was an Indian town, of which Sebafl:ian de Belalcazar having
made himfelf mafl:er, the following year Marflial Diego de Almagro laid the founda-
tion of the prefent afliento. It fl:ands in a very large plain furrounded by mountains ;
particularly on the north fide, which is bounded by Chimborazo, from the foot of
which it is at no great difl:ance. On the fouth fide is a lake called Colta, about a
league in length and three quarters of a league in breadth, where there are great num-
bers of wild geefe and gallaretas ; and its banks covered with plantations.

The principal fquare and fl:reets are very regular, ft:raight, and airy ; the houfes of
a light fl:one, but fomething heavier than the pumice made ufe of at Latacunga. Some,
efpecially thofe in and near the fquare, have a fliory ; but the others are univerfally
without any, being built low, on account of the earthquakes which this place has
often felt, particularly that already mentioned of 1698, when many of its houfes and
public buildings were thrown down. The Indians who inhabited this place, and all
thofe to the fouthward in this jurifdidion, before their converfion to Chriftianity,
were known by the name of Puruayes ; and are to this day difl:inguiflied from all the
other Indians in the whole province.

Befides the great church, here is another called St. Sebafl:ian, with convents of the
fame orders as at Latacunga, and a nunnery of the Conception j contributions are fl:ill

9 raifed

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

471

raifed for the ufe of the hofpital, though it is in fo ruinous a condition as not to admit
of patients.

On the weft fide of the afliento is a river cut into fmall channels or trenches, for
watering the adjacent fields ; by which means they are rendered fo remarkably fertile,
that they produce clover the whole year.

The inhabitants, according to an accurate calculation, amount to between fixteen
and twenty thoufand fouls. The manners and cuftoms here are nearly the fame with
thofe at Quito ; the greateft part of the families of diftindion in that city owing their
origin to this place. For at the beginning of the conquefts, many of the eminent
families which came from Spain fettled here at the conclufion of the war, and have
been very careful not to diminifh either the luftre of their families, or their wealth, by
promifcuous alliances, marrying only into one another.

The magiftracy confifts of regidores, who are always perfons of the firft diftin£iion,
and from among thofe are annually chofen the ordinary alcaldes ; with this fmgularity,
that the validity of the eledion depends on its being unanimous, a fmgle vote render-
ing it void. Befides, the perfon thus elefted is either confirmed or rejeded by the
townfmen ; a privilege known in no other part of the whole province.

The air is colder here than at Quito, owing in a great meafure to the neighbour-
hood of the mountain of Chimborazo ; and, when the wind blows from that quarter,
the weather is fo fharp, that the rich families leave the town, and retire to their eftates,
fituated in a warmer air, though at no great diftance. This uncomfortable feafon
generally lafts from December to June, the north and north-weft winds then princi-
pally prevailing. It is, however, in a great meafure, free from thofe violent fhowers
and tempefts fo common at Quito, that fometimes for many days fucceffively it enjoys
ferene and delightful weather ; and the fame may be faid of the greateft part of its
jurifdidlion.

Here are many plantations, or farms, and moft of them confiderable ; and for the
number and largenefs of its manufadories, it furpafles every other part of this pro-
vince ; though the Indians feem born with an inclination for weaving, particularly
thofe of the village of Guana, who are famed for their manufaftures of worfted
ftockings, and it is indeed the only place in the whole province where they are
made. This induftrious difpofition probably gave rife to the large flocks of ftieep in
this jurifdi£tion, whence thefe manufadlories are never in want of wool. The foil is
very fertile, producing all kinds of grain and pulfe in abundance. And here is moft
frequently feen what I have elfewhere obferved, that in one part the huft^andmen are
fowing, in another reaping ; the landfcape alfo elegantly adorned with fuch an enchant-
ing variety of colours as painting cannot exprefs.

In this jurifdidion is a large plain lying fouth of the town of Tiocaxas, and famous
for a battle between the Spaniards commanded by Belalcazar and the Puruayes Indians,
before their courage had been depreffed by the ominous explofion of the mountain.
Both armies fought with great obftinacy, though neither gained the viftory.

The afliento of Hambato ftands in a wide plain at the bottom of a mountain. On
the north fide of it runs a large river, over which a bridge has been built, it being
never fordable on account of its depth and extreme rapidity. It is finely fituated, and
in extent and populoufnefs nearly equal to Latacunga, the number of its inhabitants
amounting to eight or nine thoufand. The houfes are of unburnt bricks, well con-
trived, and make a good appearance. With regard to their lownefs, it is owing to a
difcreet precaution againft the melancholy fliocks of earthquakes. It has a parifh-
church, two chapels of eafe, and a convent of Francifcans. The earthquake which

made

472 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

made fuch terrible havock in the afiiento of Latacunga, proved alfo fatal to this. The
earth near it opened in feveral places, of which there ftill remains an aftonifliing
monument on the fouth fide of the alliento, being a chafm four or five feet broad, and
about a league in length, north and fouth. And on the north fide of the river are
feveral openings of the fame kind. The horror of the fliock was greatly increafed by
terrible eruptions from Mount Carguairafo, from whence a muddy torrent, formed of
afhes, cinders, and fnow melted by the flames from the aperture, precipitated down
the fides of the mountain, overflowing the fields, fweeping away the cattle, and every
other object, by its violence. A track of this impetuous current is fl:ill to be feen on
the fouth fide of the afliento.

The inhabitants in their manners and cuflioms refemble thofe of Quito ; but with re-
gard to families of difl:in£tion, it is much inferior to Riobamba. Courage is an innate
quality of the natives, but blended with fuch vices, that both their neighbours, and
the inhabitants of the other parts of the province, will have no concerns with them, ex-
cept thofe abfolutely neceflary ; and, in all dealings with them, take care to guard
equally againfl: their deceit and violence.

This jurifdi6tion in feveral of its products and manufaftures excels all the refl : one
of which is bread, particularly that made at the afliento, which is famous all over the
province; and accordingly it is fent to Quito, and other parts, without lofing any
thing of its goodnefs by length of time. The Indian inhabitants of the village of
Quero make all forts of cabinet work, for which there is a great demand all over the
province, as, befides the goodnefs of the workmanfliip,. this is the only place where
goods of this kind are made. The jurifdidion of Patate is equally famous for the
plenty of fugar canes, and the goodnefs of the fugar made from them, being of the
fineft fort. That of Santa Rofa de Pilaguin, which, with its fields, lies on the fide of
Carguairafo, is famous for the particular goodnefs of its barley, as the difl:riQ: border-
ing on the afliento is for the exquifitenefs of its fruits ; and to this difl:ri6l Quito owes
mofl: of the European kinds fold in that city, the temperature of the air being peculiarly^
adapted to the perfedion of thofe fruits.

VI. On the weft: fide of the jurifdidion of Riobamba, between it and Guayaquil,
lies that of Chimbo, whofe jurifdidion confifts of an afliento and feven villages : the
former, being the capital, is called Chimbo, and was the refidence of the corregidor,
till it was thought proper, for the conveniency of commerce, to remove it to Guaranda.
This afliento does not contain above eighty families ; fome of which are Spaniards, but
all poor. The names of the villages are,

I. San Lorenzo. V. Guaranda.

II. Afaneoto. VI. Guanujo.

III. Chapacoto. VII. Tomabelas.

IV. San Miguel,

The mofl: confiderable of their villages is that Guaranda, though the inhabitants are
generally Meftizos ; there are fome Indians, but very few Spaniards.

The jurifdidion of Chimbo, being the firfl: of the Serrania, or ridge of mountains,
bordering on that of Guayaquil, carries on, by means of innumerable droves of mules,
the whole trade of Quito and the other provinces, by the way of Guayaquil, carrying
the bales of cloth, and fl:uflfs, together with the meal, corn, and other products of the
country, from the former to the latter ; and returning with wine, brandy, fait,
cotton, fifli, oil, and other goods wanted in the provinces of the mountains. This

traffic

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 475

traffic is of inconceivable benefit to the inhabitants ; but it can only be carried on
during the fummer, the rSads in the winter being abfolutely impradicable to beads
of any kind. This intermiflion of trade they call ' Cerrarfe la Montana,' the (hutting
up of the mountains.

The temperature of the air at Guaranda, and that of the greateft part of the jurif-
di£tion of Chimbo, from the proximity of Chimborazo, fo often mentioned for its
frigorific eiFeds, is very cold. The country is large and fertile, like thofe already
mentioned ; but the ha9iendas, or farms, are in general appropriated to the breeding
of mules -f a few only being fown with different fpecies of grain.

VII. The jurifdidion of Guayaquil is the laft ; but this has been already treated of
at large.

CHAP. II. — Sequel of the Account of the Jurifdi^ions in the Province of Quito.

VIII. THE jurifdidion bordering on the fouthern parts of Riobamba is that of
Cuenca, whofe capital is the city of the fame name, founded in the year 1557, by
Gil Ramirez Davalos. Its jurifdidion is divided into two departments, of which the
capital is one, and that of Alaufi the other ; the laft reaches to Riobamba, and is
governed by a deputy of the corregidor. Befides the affiento, it contains only the four
following villages :

I, Chumche. HI. Cibambe.

II. Guafuntos. IV. Ticfan.

But that of the city of Cuenca includes ten :

I. Azogues. VI. Paccha,

II. Atuncanar. VII. Gualafeo. -*

III. Giron. ^ VIII. Paute.

IV. Canary-bamba. IX. Delec.

V. Efpiritu. X. Molleturo.

The city of Cuenca lies in 2° 53' 49" fouth latitude, and 29' 25'' weft of the meri-
dian of Quito. It ftands in a very fpacious plain, along which, at about half a league
to the northward of the city, runs a little river called Machangara ; and clofe to the.
fouth fide of the city runs another, known by the name of Matadero. Befides thefe,
at the diftance of a quarter of a league, runs another called Yanuncay ; and at about
the fame diftance is another termed Los Banos, from a village of that name, through
which it flows. All thefe rivers are at fome feafons fordable ; but at others can only
be crolTed with fafety over the bridges.

The plain in which this city ftands reaches about fix leagues from north to fouth ;
and the four rivers, whofe courfes are nearly in the fame diretftion, form, at a imall
diftance, by the conflux of their ftreams, a very large river. To the fouth of the
city is another plain of about two leagues in extent, and, with its great variety of regu*
lar plantations of trees, and other rural improvements, makes a very delightful appear-
ance all the year round.

This city may be claflTed among thofe of the fourth order. Its ftreets are ftraight,
iind of a convenient breadth j the houfes of unburnt bricks, tiled, ajid many of them

VOL. XIV. 3 p have

474 clloa's voyage to south America.

have one ftory, the owners, from a ridiculous afFeftation of grandeur, preferring ele-
gance to fecurity. The fuburbs, inhabited by the Indians, are, as ufual, mean and
regular. Several ftrearns of water, by great labour, are brought from the above
rivers, and flow through the flreets ; fo that the city is plentifully fupplied ; and for its
admirable fituation, and the fertility of the foil, it might be rendered the paradifc, not
only of the province^ of Quito, but of all Peru ; few cities being capable to boaft of fo
many advantages as concentre here ; but, either from fupinenefs or ignorance, they are
far from being duly improved. One circumflance, which adds a fmgular beauty to
Jts fituation, is, that the mountains are not fo high as to intercept the view.of a beau-
tiful country ; but at a proper diftance they rife again to their flupendous height, as is
feen in the mountain Azuay, which divides this jurifdidion from that of Alaufi.

Cuenca contains three parifhes ; that of the great church confifts of Spaniards and
Meftizos ; the two others, which are called San Bias and San Sebaftian, are for the
Indians. Here are convents of Francifcans, Dominicans, Auguftines, and the Fathers
of Mercy; a college of Jefuits, and two nunneries, one of the Conception, and the
other of Santa Terefa. Here is alfo an hofpital, but through ill management now
almoft in ruins.

The magiftracy is compofed of regidores and ordinary alcaldes, which, according to
the general cuilom, are chofen annually, and at their head is the corregidor. Here is
a chamber of finances, under the direftion of an accomptant and treafurer. It was
formerly kept in the city of Sevilla del Oro, ajurifdidion, and the capital of the de-
partment of Macas ; but on the lofs of the city of Logrono, the village of Cuambaya
and other places, it was removed to Loja, and fince to Cuenca. The revenues paid
into it confift of the tribute of the Indians of this department, together with that of
Alaufi, the jurifdiftion of Loja, and the government of Jean de Bracamoros ; the
duties on provifions, and the cuftoms collefted at Naranjal.

The inhabitants here, though of the fame claffes with thofe of Quito, differ fomething
in their genius and manners ; particularly in a mofl fhameful indolence, which feems
fo natural to them, that they have a flrange averfion to all kinds of work ; the vulgar
are alfo rude, vindictive, and, in fhort, wicked in every fenfe. From this general
reproach, the women muft, however, be excepted, being remarkable for an uncom-
mon fpirit of induftry ; as if they were determined to atone for the indolence of the
other fex. They fpin and weave bays, which, for their goodnefs, and efpecially the
brilliancy of the colours, are famous in every part of Peru. They alfo weave fome
tucuyos ; and make bargains with the merchants or traders. They buy and fell ; and,
in fhort, manage entirely that little commerce by which their families are fupported ;
whilft their hufbands, brothers, and fathers, give themfelves up to floth and idlenefs,
with all its infamous concomitants. The whole number of inhabitants of this city is
computed at twenty or thirty thoufand fouls ; and both thofe of the city and of the
jurifdidtion are commonly known by the general name of Morlacos.

The pleafures arifmg from the fertility of the foil are increafed by the mildnefs of the
climate, the liquor of the thermometer flu6luating the whole year between 1013 and
1015 ; fo that the cold is very little felt, and the heat very fupportable. With regard
to rains, and tempefts of thunder and lightning, they are as common here as at Quito-
In calm weather, the Iky is ferene, and the inhabitants healthy ; nor are malignant
fevers and pleurifies, though common to the whole province, fo often known as at
Quito. The country is finely interfperfed with farm-houfes and plantations of fugar
canes ; fome parts are cultivated for corn, and others applied to the feeding of fheep
and horned cattle, from the laft of which they make great quantities of cheefe, not
3 ' inferior

TO SOUTH AMERICA.

471

inferior to that of Europe ; and accordingly there is a very confiderabie demand for it
all over thefe parts.

The village of Atun-canar, or Great-canar, is famous for its extenfive corn fields,
and the rich harveft they afford. It is alfo remarkable for the riches concealed in its
mountains, the bravery of its ancient inhabitants, and their unfhaken loyalty to Ynca
Tupac- Yupanqui, to whom, when his army intended for thi^ country was arrived near
the frontiers, fenfible of their inability of making any effe£lual refiftance, they fub-
initted, and paid him all the honours which denoted a voluntary fubjeAion ; and thefe
marks of loyalty fo prepoffeffed the emperor in their favour, that, to encourage them to
cherifh fuch good difpofitions, he ordered feveral magnificent temples, fplendid palaces,
and forts, all of flone, to be built here, in the manner of thofe of Cufco, and the
infide of the walls to be plated over with gold. And of thefe works fome monuments
ftill remain in a fort and palace, and of which neither time nor accidents have obli-
terated their aftonifliing magnificence ; a defcription will be given of both in another
place. Thefe works had fuch happy effects on the grateful inhabitants, that they fell
at laft victims to their loyalty ; for, having fided with the Ynca Huefcar, their lawful
fovereign, againfl his brother Ata Huallpa, and the former lofing a decifive battle, the
conqueror inhumanly abufed his viftory, by deftroying thofe unhappy perfons who had
done no more than their duty, no lefs than 60,000 of them being maffacred in cold
blood.

Thefe Indians were united with the Guafantos, and thofe of Pamalla£ta, in which
diftrift are flill to be feen the ruins of another fort, built by the Yncas. The intimacy
between the inhabitants of thefe countries was fo remarkable, that they were all called
Canarejos, that under one name they might form one body.

The affiento of Alaufi, the chief place of the fecond department, is not very popu-
lous, though among its inhabitants are fome Spanifh families of the firfl rank. The .
other inhabitants are Meftizos and Indians, but both claffes in mean circumflances.
The parochial church is the only ecclefiaftical flrufture j nor has this the ornaments
which decency requires.

The village of Ticfan, which flood in this department, was totally deftroyed by an
earthquake, and the inhabitants removed to a fafer fituation. The marks of thefe
dreadful convulfions of nature are ftill vifible in feveral chafms among the mountains,
many being two or three feet broad, a convincing proof of the violent concuflions in
the bowels of the earth at the time of that cataftrophe. The temperature of the air is
here fomething colder than at Cuenca j but not in a degree fuflicient to leffen the
exuberant fertility of the foil.

Among the great variety of mines in the jurifdidion of Cuenca, and which I fhall
confider more at large in the fequel, thofe of gold and filver, according to the com-
mon opinion, are not the leaft numerous. Report has indeed magnified them to fuch
a degree, that, to prove the aftonifliing quantity of thofe metals, the inhabitants relate
the following ftory, the truth of which I do not pretend to warrant. It exhibits indeed
an inftance fo contrary to the common order of things, as to be fcarce reconcileable to
reafon. I fhall, however, venture to relate it, becaufe, if the reader fhould think it
incredible, it will at leaft ferve to convey an idea of the riches fuppofed to be concealed
in the bowels of the mountains.

Between the valleys of Chugui-pata, which extend from the village and jurifdidion
of Los Azogues fouthward, and that of Poute running eaftward along the banks of
the fame name, are feveral eminences which divide the two plains, and among thefe,
one higher than the reft, called Supay-urco, a name faid to have been given it on the

2 p 3 following

476 CLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

following account. An inhabitant of the province of Eftramadura in Spain, from tTie
extremity of his diftrefs, abandoned himfelf to defpair ; and, in the phrenzy of his
wild imagination, fometimes implored the afliftance of Satan, and fometimes curfed
the moment that gave birth to his wretched being, and was for laying violent hands
. iipon himfelf. The devil, taking advantage of his condition, appeared to him, but in
a drefs which fufficiently concealed his nature, and courteoufly afked the caufe of his
exceflive melancholy ; and, being informed that it was owing to an unhappy change of
circumftances, from a plentiful fortune to the moft extreme poverty, the devil, with
a cheerful air, told him, that he would fhow him a fpot from whence he might have
what quantity of gold he pleafed, the mine being abfolutely inexhauflible. The Spa-
niard embraced the offer with the greateft tranfport of joy ; and concluding that it
would at leaft prove a journey of fome days, purchafed, with the penurious remains of
his fubftance, a few loaves, which he packed up in his wallet ; and, his mind being
fomething eafier from thefe flattering promifes, laid himfelf down to reft till the time
appointed, when he was to call upon his guide. But when he awaked, he found him-
felf in a country abfolutely unknown, the plain of Chiquipata lying before him, and
himfelf reclined on the eminence, of Supay-urco. His aftonifhment, at viewing fuch
multitudes of ftrange objects, can be much better conceived than expreffed. For
fome time indeed he doubted whether they were real or illufive, till tired with uncer-
tainties, and, determined to know in what country he was, he directed his way to a
houfe of fome figure, which he faw at a diftance. This happened fortunately to belong
to a Spaniard, who was a native of the fame province of Eftramadura ; and being in-
formed by his fervants that a ftranger of the fame country was at the gate, the mafter,
pleafing himfelf with the hopes of hearing fome news from his native land, ordered
him to be brought in, received him with great marks of friendftiip, and, being at break-
faft, made him fit down with him, and began to enter on the pleafmg inquiry after his
friends and relations ; but his gueft taking out one of his loaves, which the gentleman
knew was baked in Spain, and finding it quite new, was fo loft in aftoniftiment, that
he forgot both his breakfaft and relations, infifting (though afraid to hear) that his
apparent countryman fhould inform him how it was poflible to make fo long a voyage
in fo fhort a time. The other readily fatisfying his defire, they both agreed that this
muft have been an adtion of that enemy to mankind, who had brought the poor Spa-
niard thither to enrich himfelf from the treafures concealed in the bowels of the hill on
which he had laid him ; and, ever fince, it has been called Supay-urco, or the DeviPs
Hill. This ftory is well known throughout all the jurifdidion of Cuenca, even the
children are acquainted with it ; and father Manuel Rodriguez, in his *' Hiftoria del
Maranon, y Amazonas, lib. ii. cap. 4." mentions it. From all which, it may be in-
ferred, that it is, in reality, of as ancient a date as the inhabitants of Cuenca pretend ^
that it has defcended through a long feries of time without alteration j and from this
ftory, though deftitute of proof, the notion that this hill contains an inexhauftible
treafure had its rife.

IX. The laft jurifdiftion of the province of Quito, on this fide, is that of Loja, the
capital of which is called by the fame name, and was founded in the year 1 546, by
Captain Alonfo de Mercadillo. It refembles, in extent, form, and buildings, the city
of Cuenca ; but the temperature of the air is confiderably hotter. In its diftri£t are
the following fourteen villages :

I. Saraguro and Ona. IV. Yuluc.

II. San Juan del Valle, V. Guachanana.

III. Zaruma, VI. Gonzanama*

VII. Cariumanga^

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 477

VII. Cariumanga. XI. San Lucas de Amboca.

VIIL Zororonga. XII. El Sifne.

IX. Dominguillo. XIII. Malacatos.

X. Catacocha. XIV. San Pedro del Valle.

LojA, befides two churches, has feveral convents, a nunnery, a college ofJefuitSy
and an hofpital.

In the territory of this jurlfdiftion is produced that famous fpecific for intermitting
fevers, known by the name of Cafcarilla de Loja, or Quinquina. Of this fpecific
there are different kinds, one of which is more efficacious than the others. M. de
Juffieu, whom I have already had occafion to mention more than once, being fent to
make botanical obfervations, and take care of the health of the academicians, took the
trouble of making a journey to Loja, purely to examine the tree which produces it ;
and in a full defcription, which he drew up for the fatisfaftion of botanifts and other
curious perfons, enters, with his known fkill and accuracy, into a very minute diftindioa
of the feveral fpecies, and enumerates the fmalleft circumflances. At the fame time^
he was pleafed to inform the corregidor of the differences, and to inftruft the Indians
employed in cutting it to diftinguifli each fpecies, that the^ bed fort only might be fent
unmixed to Europe. Nor was this all ; he farther inflrufted them how to make an
ex trad of it, and prevailed on the inhabitants of that territory to ufe it, where its vir-
tues had till that time been neglefted, though intermitting fevers are there as common
as in any other parts. Before he undeceived them, the natives imagined that it was
exported to Europe only as an ingredient in dyeing ; and, though they were not entirely
ignorant of its virtues, they made no ufe of it, little imagining that a fimple of fo hot
a nature could be good for them. But this ingenious phyfician convinced them of their
miftake by many happy effeds ; fo that, now, it is generally ufed in all kinds of fevers :.
and perfons of undoubted veracity, who have fmce vifited Loja, have given me very
pleafmg accounts of its falutary effefts.

The tree which produces the cafcarilla is not of the largeft fize, its ufual height be-
ing about two toifes and a half, and the body and branches of a proportionate thick-
nefs. In this, however, there is fome difference, and in that confifts the goodnefs of
the cafcarilla, the largeft branches not yielding the beft. There is alfo a difference both,
in the bloffom and feed. The Indians, in order to take off the cafcarilla or cortex, cut
down the tree ; after which, they bark it, and dry the quinquina. There are here
large and thick forefts of this tree j but notwithftanding this, there is a very fenfible
diminution of them, occafioned by the Indians not fowing the feed ; thofe which grow
fpontaneoufly not being by any means equal to thofe which have been cut down.

In the jurifdi6lion of Cuenca have alfo been difcovered many woody parts, in which-
this valuable tree is found : and when I was in that country, a prieft at Cuenca procured
a large quantity of cafcarilla, and fent it to Panama, the only place from whence it is
exported. This inftance, together with his affurances that it was of the lame kind with
that of Loja, induced feveral of the inhabitants of Cuenca to attempt the difcovery^
and were foon convinced that the jurifdittion contained large forefts of this tree, which,
had been negleded by them, whilft their neighbours reaped no fmall advantages from
it.

The jurifdiftion of Loja has alfo a very great advantage from breeding the cochineal,
and which intelligent perfons reckon of equal goodnefs with that of Oaxaca in New
Spain ; but the inhabitants are fo far from applying themfelves to the breeding of that
infed, fufficient to fupply the demands of a particular trade,, that they breed no more

1 2 thaa

478 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

than what they imagine will be fufficient for the dyers in that and the neighbouring ju-
rifdiftion of Cuenca. To this elegant and lading colour it is probably owing that the
bays of Cuenca, and the carpets of Loja, are preferred to all others : though the
beauty of the colours may in forae meafure proceed from the fuperior Ikill of the work-
men of Loja and Cuenca, over thofe of Quito and other parts of the province where
the fame goods are manufactured. The cochineal is alfo bred in the department of
Hambato, though without any conftant gatherings of that infeft. It is not, however,
to be doubted, but that a more careful attention would enfure them the fame fuccefs in
great as in fmall quantities.

Having mentioned this infed, fo highly valued in every part of the world for the
incomparable beauty of its red, which it equally communicates to wool, filk, linen,
and cotton, it may be expefted that I fhould give fome farther account of it ; and' as
I fhould be forry to difappoint any rational curiofity of my readers, and at the fame
time to infert any thing that is not ftriftly true, I was unwilling to rely wholly on my
own experience; together with the accounts 1 procured at Loja and Hambato, es-
pecially as Oaxaca is the principal place where this infedt is produced, I made it my
bufmefs to confult perfons well acquainted with the fubjed:, and received the following
account, in which they all unanimoufly agreed.

The cochineal is bred on a plant known in Oaxaca, and all thofe parts where it
abounds, by the name of Nofpal *, or Nopalleca, the Indian fig-tree, which, except
in the difference of the foliage, refembles the tunos, fo common in the kingdom of
Andalufia. The leaf of the tuna being broad, flat, and prickly ; and that of the
nopal, oblong, with feveral eminences ; and inflead of fpines, has a fine fmooth mem-
brane, of a fine permanent and lively green.

The method of planting the nopal is by making rows of holes, about half a yard
deep, and about two yards diflant from one another. In each of thefe holes is placed
one or two leaves of the nopal, in a flat pofition, and then covered with earth. This
leaf foon after fhoots up into a fmgle ftem, which during its growth divides into feveral
branches, and thefe fucceflively produce frefh leaves, the largefl being neareft to the
ftem, which is full of knots, as are alfo the branches, and from thefe the leaves have
their origin. The ufual height of this plant is about three yards, which it feldom ex-
ceeds. The feafon when the nopal difplays all its t>eauty and vigour is, like that of
other plants, from the fpring to the autumn, which at Oaxaca, and other parts of
North America, is at the fame time as in Spain. Its bloffom is fmall, of a bright red,
and in the fhape of a bud, from the centre of which proceeds the tuna, a name given
to its fruit ; and as this increafes, the bloffom fades, till at length it falls. When the
tuna, or fig, is ripe, the outward fkin becomes white ; but the pulp is fo fully im-
pregnated with a deep red, that it tinges of a blood colour the urine of thofe who eat
it ; a circumflance of no fmall uneafinefs to thofe who are unacquainted with this par-
ticular. Few fruits, however, are either more wholefome or pleafant.

The ground where the nopal is intended to be planted mull be carefully cleanfed
from all kinds of weeds, as they drain the foil of thofe juices which the nopal re-
quires. Alfo after the cochineal is taken from the plant, which is never done till the
infeds are arrived at perfedtion, all the fuperfluous leaves are plucked off, that they
may be fucceeded by others the following year. For it muft be obferved, that the

* This plant is called by botanifts, Opuntia maxima, folio oblongo rotundo majorct fpittuVts obtujis moUibus
at innocentibus objito, Jlsrejlriis rubris variegato. Sloane's Catalogue.

cochineal

IJLLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMEHICA.

47^

cochineal which are bred on young plants thrive much better, and are of a finer
quality, than thofe produced on fuch as have flood fome years.

The co€hineal was formerly imagined to be a fruit or feed of fome particular plant ;
an error which probably arofe from an ignorance of the manner in which it is propa-
gated ; but, at prefent, every one is convinced of its being an infeft, agreeably to its
name, fignifying a wood-loufe, which generally breeds in damp places, efpecially in
gardens. Thefe infefts, by rolling themfelves up, form a little ball, fomething lefs
than a pea, and in fome places are known by the name of Baquilas de San Anton,
i. e. St. Anthony's little cows : and fuch is the figure of the cochineal, except that it
has not the faculty of rolling itfelf up ; and its magnitude, when at its full growth,
does not exceed that of a tick, common in dogs and other animals.

Thefe infeds breed and are nourifhed on the nopals, where their eggs are placed
among the leaves ; the juice of the plant, which is their fole nouriiliment, becomes
converted into their fubftance ; when, inftead of being thin and waterilh, and, to all
outward appearance, of little or no ufe, it is rendered a mod beautiful crimfon colour.
The plant is in May or June in its moft vigorous ftate, and at this favourable feafon
the eggs are depofited ; and in the fliort fpace of two months, from an animalcule, the
infeft grows up to the fize above-mentioned : but its infant ftate is expofed to a variety
of dangers ; the violent blafls of the north wind fvveep away the eggs from the foliage
of the plant : and, what is equally fatal to their tender conflitutions, fhowers, fogs,
and frofts, often attack them and deftroy the leaves, leaving the careful cultivator this
only refource, namely, that of making fires at certain diftances, and filling the air
with fmoke, which frequently preferve them from the fatal effefts of the inclemency
of the weather.

The breeding of cochineal is alfo greatly obftru^fed by birds of different kinds,
which are very fond of thefe infefts ; and the fame danger is to be apprehended from
the worms, &c. which are found among the plantations of nopals : fo that, unlefs con-
stant care be taken to fright the birds away from the plantation, and to clear the
ground of thofe various kinds of vermin which multiply fo fail in it, the owner will
be greatly difappointed in his expectations.

When the infe£ls are at their full growth, they are gathered and put into pots of
earthen ware ; but great attention is requifite to prevent them from getting out, as in
that cafe great numbers of them would be loft : though there is no danger of it, where
they are at liberty on the nopal leaves, thofe being their natural habitation, and where
they enjoy a plenty of deliciou-s food ; for though they often remove from one leaf to
another, they never quit the plant ; nor is it uncommon to fee the leaves entirely
covered with them, efpecially when they are arrived at maturity. When they have
been confined fome time in thefe pots, they are killed and put into bags. The
Indians have three different methods of killing thefe infefts ; one by hot water,
another by fire, and a third by the rays of the fun ; and to thefe are owing the
feveral gradations of the colour, which in fome is dark, and in others bright ; but
all require a certain degree of heat. Thofe, therefore, who ufe hot water are very
careful to give it the requifite heat, and that the quantity of water be proportioned to
the number of infers. The method of killing them by fire, is to put them on fhovels
into an oven, moderately heated for that intention ; the fine quality of the cochineal
depending on its not being over-dried at the time of killing the infects : and it muft be
owned, that among the feveral ways made ufe of to deftroy this valuable creature,
that of the rays of the fun feems to bid faireft for performing it in the moft perfed
manner.

Befides

480 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Befides the precaution requifite in killing the cochineal, in order to preferve its qua-
lity, it is equally neceflary to know when it is in a proper ftate for being removed from
the leaves of the nopal ; but, as experience only can teach the cultivator this neceflary
criterion no fixed rule can be laid down. Accordingly, in thefe provinces where the
cultivation of thefe infeds is chiefly carried on, thofe gathered by Indians of one
village differ from thofe gathered in another ; and even thofe gathered by one perfon
in the fame village are often different from thofe gathered by another j every individual
adhering to his own method.

The cochineal infed may in fome circumft;ances be compared to the filk worm, parti-
cularly in the manner of depofiting its eggs. The infects deft:ined for this particular are
taken at a proper time of their growth, and put into a box well clofed, and lined with a
coarfe cloth, that none of them be lofl:. In this confinement they lay their eggs and die.
The box is kept clofe fliut till the time of placing the eggs on the nopal, when, if any
motion is perceived, it is a fuflicient indication that the animalcule has life, though the
egg is fo minute as hardly to be perceived ; and this is the feed placed on the foliage
of the nopal, and the quantity contained in the ftiell of a hen's egg is fuflicient for cover-
ing a whole plant. It is remarkable that this infeft does not, or at leafl: in any vifible
manner, injure the plant ; but extracts its nourifliment from the mofl: fucculent juice,
which it fucks by means of its probofcis through the fine teguments of the leaves.

The principal countries where the cochineal infeds are bred, are Oaxaca, Flafcala,
Ceulula, Nueva Gallicia, and Chiapa in the kingdom of New Spain ; and Hambato,
Loja, and Tucuman in Peru. And though the nopal thrives equally in all, yet it is
only in Oaxaca that they are gathered in large quantities, and form a branch of com-
inerce, the cultivation of thefe little creatures being there the chief employment of the
Indians ; whereas in others, where the inhabitants take but little trouble in their culti-
vation, they breed wild, and thofe gathered in them are accordingly called Grana
Sylveftria *. Not that either the infeds or nopals are of different fpecies ; for with
regard to the difadvantageous difference between the colour of the wild cochineal and
that of Oaxaca, it does not proceed from a difference of fpecies, but for want of a
proper care in its improvement ; and were the culture every alike, this difference would
no longer fubfifl:. But the Indians negleft it, either becaufe no commerce of that
kind has been opened among them j or from an averfion to the trouble and attention
requifite to bring thofe infefisto perfedion; or, lafl:ly, from the apprehenfion that the
fruits of all their time and care may be deftroyed by one of the above-mentioned accidents.
The temperature befl: adapted to the production of this infed cannot be precifely
determined, there being in Oaxaca, as well as in the province of Quito, parts of very
diffierent temperatures, fome hot, fome temperate, and others cold ; yet all breed the
cochineal. It is, however, very probable, that the niofl: proper climate is the temperate
and dry ; becaufe in thefe the nopal thrives the beft. And agreeably to this obferva-
tion it k remarked, that Hambato and Loja are the countries in the province of Quito
where they moll abound ; though they are alfo feen in other parts, where both the
heat and cold are greater.

Here I cannot help, obferving, that Andalufia in Spain appears to me extremely well
fituated for breeding cochineal, both from the nature of the climate, and the plantation of
fig trees, which there attain fo great perfection. Here alfo neither frofl:s, fogs, or fnows,
are to be apprehended, particularly in fpring ; and the happy medium between cold
and heat is, as I have before obferved, that which this creature is particularly fond of,

* This wild cochineal is generally known in England by the name of cochineal mefti^ue.

Th«

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 48 1

The inhabitants of Loja, who are known all over this province by the name of
Lojanos, do not exceed ten thoufand fouls, though formerly, when the city was in
Its greatefl profperity, they were much more numerous. Their character is much
better than that of the inhabitants of Cuenca ; and befides their affinity In cuftoms and
tempers to the other villages, they cannot be branded with the charader of being
flothful. In this jurlfdidion, fuch numerous droves of horned cattle and mules are
bred, that it fupplies the others of this province, and that of Piura in Valles. The
carpets alfo manufactured here are of fuch remarkable finenefs, that they find a ready
fale wherever they are fent.

The corregidor of Loja is alfo governor of Yaguarfongo, and principal alcalde of
the mines of Zaruma ; and, as fuch, a chair of ftate is placed for him at all public
folemnities of the church, where he is prefent ; a diftinguifhing honour allowed only
to the prefidents or governors of thofe provinces. The poft of governor of Yaguar-
fongo is at prefent a mere title without any jurifdldion ; part of the villages which
formed it being loft by the revolt of the Indians, and the others added to the govern-
ment of Jaen ; fo that the corregidor of Loja enjoys only thofe honours intended to
continue the remembrance of that government.

The town of Zeruma, in the jurifdidion of which are thofe mines of gold I fhall
mention in another part, has prefented the corregidor of Loja with the title of its alcalde
major. It was one of the firft towns founded in this province, and at the fame time
one of the moft opulent ; but is at prefent In a mean condition, owing chiefly to the
decay of its mines, on which account moft of the Spanifh families have retired, fome
to Cuenca, and others to Loja ; fo that at prefent its Inhabltant-s are faid not to exceed
fix thoufand. The declenfion of thefe mines, which is not fo much to be Imputed to
a fcarcity of metal, as to the negligence of thofe concerned in working them, has been
difadvantageous to the whole department of Loja ; and confequently diminiflied the
number of its inhabitants.

Having thus defcribed thofe nine jurlfdidllons which form the moft wealthy part of
the province of Quito, I ftiall, in the following chapters, treat of the governments.

CHAP. III. — Account of the Governments of Popayan and Atacames, belonging to the

Province of Quito,

WE have already given a juft account of every thing worthy notice in the jurifdic-
tlons within the audience of Quito. To render the narrative complete. It is neceffary
that we now proceed to the governments within the limits of that audience, as they
jointly form the vaft country of the prbvlnce of Quito. And though they generally
give the name of province to every government, and even to the departments Into which
both are fubdivided, we /hall not here follow this vulgar acceptation, it being in reality
founded only on the difference of the notions of Indians who formerly inhabited this
country, every one being governed by its curaca, or defpotic fovereign. Thefe nations
the Yncas fubdued, and obliged them to receive the laws of their empire; but the
curacas were confirmed in all thofe hereditary rights of fovereignty compatible with the
fupreme prerogative. Were we indeed to ufe the name of province in this fenfe, every
vlllage^muft be called fo ; for it may be eafily fhown, that in the time of heathenifm,
every "village had its particular curaca : and fometimes, as in Valles, in this jurifdic-
tion of Popayan, in Maynas, and the Maragnon, there was not^only a curaca in each

VOL. xiv. 3 Q '* village,

482 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

village, with all the appendages of government, but the inhabitants fpoke a different
language, had different laws and cufloms, and lived totally independent of each other.
But thefe villages and ancient provinces being now comprehended under the jurifdidion
of one fmgle tribunal ; and thofe which before were under a multitude of curacas
acknowledging one fovereign, and compofmg one province, where juftice is adminiflered
to them in the name of the prince j and the governments being in juridical affairs de-
pendent on the audience of Quito, they can only be confidered as parts of its province.
It is therefore requifite, in order to form a proper idea of this country, that I ftiould
treat of them in the fame circumflantial manner I have already obferved in defcribing
the jurifdiftions.

I. The firft government in the province of Quito, and which terminates it on the
north, is that of Popayan. It is not indeed wholly dependent on it, being divided into
two jurifdidions, of which that on the north and eaft belong to the audience of Santa
Fe, or the new kingdom of Granada, Quito having only thofe parts lying towards the
fouth and weft ; fo that, without omitting any thing remarkable in the whole govern-
ment, I fhall be a little more explicit in my account of the department belonging to
Quito.

The conqueft of the whole country now containing the government of Popayan, or
at leaft the greater part of it, was performed by that famous commander Sebaftian de
Belalcazar, who being governor of the province of Quito, where ho had fettled a per-
feft tranquillity, and finiflied the building of that city, being informed that on the north
fide of his government lay a country of great extent, and richer than the parts he already
poffeffed, prompted by that fpirit which had animated the Spaniards, to extend their
reputation by a feries of amazing conquefts in this part of the globe, he fet out on his
enterprife in 1536, at the head of three hundred Spaniards; and after feveral fharp
encounters with the Indians of Pafto, who firft oppofed his march, he proceeded in his
conquefts, and reduced the two principal curacas of that country, Calambas and Popay-
an (after whom both the country and chief town were called), two brothers equally
refpedted for their power and military talents. This defeat opened him a paffage to fu-
ture conquefts ; and the neighbouring nations, terrified at the fuccefs of thofe illuftrious
warriors, fubmitted to the King of Spain. Belalcazar, afte^- thefe exploits, in the pro-
fecution of his conquefts, had feveral other encounters with Indians, fired with the dif-
dain of fubmitting to a foreign yoke. His conquefts were, however, at laft fo rapid,
that at the clofeofthe fame year he pitched his camp in the centre of that country, where
the mildnefs of the climate, the fertility of the foil, and falubrity of the air, confpired to
induce him to render it the feat of the Spanifh government. Accordingly, in 1537, he
laid the foundation of the firft city, which ftill retains the name of Popayan ; and whilft
the place was building, he, to keep his people in exercife, and prevent the Indians he
had conquered from, forming themfelves into a new army, or carrying on any clandef-
tine correfpondence with thofe whom his arms had not reached, fent out detachments
different ways, with orders to march into the neighbouring countries, that they might
prevent the rifmg of fome, and reduce others to obedience.

Belalcazar had fcarce finiflied his new town, when the officers of thefe corps, on their
return made fuch a report of the riches and fertility of the country, that he determined
to view it in perfon, increafe the number of towns, and by that means fecure the poffef-
fion of it. Accordingly he continued his march to Cali, where he built a town, which
ftill retains the fame name, though in a different country ; for after it was finifhed in
the country of the Gorrones Indians, captain Miguel Munoz foon after removed it, on
account of the unhealthinefs of the air. Belalcazar founded alfo another town, called

Santa

ULLOA's voyage to south AMEllICA. 4S3

Santa Fe de Antioquia ; and, charmed with the fertility and richnefs of the country, he
proceeded to people it every where.

Nor was this all ; for Belalcazar, in order to enhance the glory and importance of
this country, was very defirous of making a road from Quito to the North Sea, as he
had before done to the Pacific Ocean. Among the difcoveries made by his captains
whilft he was employed in fuperintending the building of Popayan, one was, that at no
great diflance from that place were two of the principal fources of the great river Mag-
dalena ; whence he conceived they might eafily find a paflage to the North Sea. This
opinion the general had the pleafure of finding unanimoufly agreed to, which induced
him to make every difpofition for the fecurity and welfare of his conquefts, being deter-
mined to return by way of that river to Spain, in order to folicit the title of governor of
the country which he had difcovered, conquered, and peopled. Accordingly the title
was conferred on him, and in his government were comprehended all the territories then
confidered as within his conquefls ; but in the year 1 730 the country of Choco was
feparated from it, and made a particular government, though the order was not carried
into execution till the year 1735. This part, belonging to the province of the new
kingdom of Granada, does not come within our defcription.

The city of Popayan, one of the mod ancient in thefe parts, that title having been
granted it on the fifth of July 1538, ftands in a large plain, having on the north fide an
uninterrupted profped of the country. Its latitude is 2^ 28' north ; lies about two de-
grees eaft of the meridian of Quito, on the eaft fide of a mountain of a middling height
called M, from the refemblance it bears to that letter ; and, being covered with a variety
of trees, affords an entertaining profped j the weft fide is alfo diverfified with fmall
eminences.

The city is moderately large, with broad, ftraight, level ftreets ; and, though not
every where paved, are equally convenient, the foot-path near the houfes being paved
in all parts ; and the middle of the ftreets, being compofed of a hard fmall gravel, is
never dirty in rainy weather, nor dufty in the great droughts of this climate ; hence
the middle of the ftreets are more convenient for walking than even the pavement
itfelf.

The houfes are built of unburnt bricks, as at Quito, and entirely of the fame con-
ftrudion : all the houfes of note have a ftory ; but the others only a ground floor. An '
idea of the largenefs and convenience of the offices and apartments may be formed by
their outward appearance, as well as the magnificence of the furniture, which is all
brought from Europe ; the expence of which muft be enormoufly great, as, befide the
long voyage, there is a neceflity for bringing it a prodigious diftance by land carriage,
and fubje6l to unknown dangers in thefe countries.

The church was ereded into a cathedral in the year 1 547, and is the only parochial
church in the city. Not that its extent is too fmall for maintaining others ; but, having
originally been the only church, the prebends could never be brought to allow of its
being fubdivided, and part of its revenues applied to the fupport of other pariflies.
Here are alfo convents of Francifcans, Dominicans, and Auguftines, with a college of
Jefuits ; all of them having churches. In the latter is alfo a grammar fchool. The
plan of an univerfity, under the direction of the fame fathers, is in fuch forwardnefs,
that the charter is already granted. The number of religious belonging to each of thefe
convents is but fmall, feme of jheni amounting to no more thjin fix or eight. It is,
however, very different with regard to one of the nunneries, that of the Incarnation, the
profeffed nuns being between forty and fifty ; but the whole number, nuns, feculars,
and fervants included, exceeds four hundred. The other nunnery is of the order of

3 q 2 Santa

484 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Santa Terefa. All thefe convents and their churches are pretty large ; and if the latter
do not dazzle the fight with the fplendor of their ornaments, they do not want any
which decency requires. Here was formerly a convent of bare-footed Carmelites, built
on a fpacious plain, near the top of the mountain of M, from whence, on account of the
fharpnefs of the winds, the fathers fome time after removed to the foot of the mountain.
But they were alfo foon difgufted with their new fituation ; the dry and falted fifh,
falads, and fuch like, being the only particulars which this country affords, fuitable to
the perpetual abftinence of their order ; and accordingly they again retired to their
original fituation, chufing rather to fuffer the inclemency of the weather, than be con-
fined to difagreeable food. This was the cafe of another convent of the fame order
founded at Latacunga, where there is alfo no frefli fifh of any fort to be had. It muft,
however, be obferved, that the Terefian convents, who are under the fame vow of
abftinence, are not difcouraged by thefe inconveniences ; nor is there a fingle inftance
of any deficiency in the appointed number of nuns.

From the mountain of M iffues a river, which by running through the city, befides
other conveniences, carries away all its foil. Two bridges are erected over it, one of
ftone, and the other 6f wood. The name of this river is del Molino. Its waters have a
particular medicinal virtue, which they are thought to derive from the many briars
through which they flow. In this mountain is alfo a fpring of very charming water ;
but, not being fufficient to fupply the whole city, it is conveyed to the nunneries, and
the houfes of men of rank. A little above a league to the north of Popayan runs the
river Cauca. It is very large and deep, its current rapid, and fubjeA to dangerous
fwellings in the months of June, July, and Auguft ; the feafon when the horrors of the
mountains of Cuanacas, where it has its fource, are at their height ;, fo that the palT-
age of it is extremely dangerous, as many travellers, rafhly expofing themfelves to
, the intenfenefs of its cold, amidft thick fnows and violent winds, have fatally ex-
perienced.

The inhabitants of Popayan and Quito differ very fenfibly in their cafts ; for, as at
Quito, and the other towns and villages of its jurifdictions, the moft numerous clafs of
people is that of the cafts which fprung from the intermarriages of Spaniards and In-
dians, fo at Popayan, Carthagena, and other parts where Negroes abound, the lower
clafs confifts of cafts refulting from the marriages of the Whites and Negroes ; but
very few Indian cafts. This is owing to the great multitude of Negro flaves kept as
labourers at the plantations in the country, the mines, and to do the fervile offices in
the city: fo that the number of Indians here are very few, compared with the other
parts of the province. This government has, however, many large villages of them ;
and it is only in the capital, and other Spanifh towns, that they are fo greatly out-num-
bered by the Negroes.

The inhabitants of Popayan are computed at between twenty and twenty-five thou-
fand ; and among thefe are many Spanifh families, particularly fixty, known to have
been originally defcended from very noble families in Spain. It is worth obferving
here, that, whilft other towns fee their inhabitants conftantly decreafing, Popayan may
boaft of a daily increafe. This has indeed nothing myfterious in it ; the many gold
mines worked all over its jurifdidion, afford employment to the indigent, and, confe-
quently, occafion a great refort of people to thefe parts.

Popayan is the conftant refidence of the governor ; whofe office being purely civil,
it is not requifite, as in many others, that he fhould be acquainted with military affairs.
Within the jurifdidlion of his government, all matters, civil, political, and military, are
under his direction. He is alfo the chief magiftrate of the city j the others are the two

ordinary

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AjVIERICA, 485

ordinary alcaldes, chofen annually, and a proper number of regidores, the conftitution
being the fame as in other cities.

Here is a chamber of finances, into which are paid the feveral branches of the royal
revenue ; as the tribute of the Indians, the duties on goods, the fifth of the metals,
and the like.

The ecclefiaftical chapter is compofed of the bifhop, whofe revenue is fettled at fix
thoufand dollars annually ; the dean, who has five hundred ; the archdeacon, chanter,
reftor, and treafurer, who have each four hundred. This fee is a fuffragan of the
archbifhoprick of Santa Fe de Bogota.

Popayan, lying within the jurifditlion of the inquifitlon of Carthagena, has a com-
miffary from thence. Here is alfo another of the Croifade ; but the authority of thefe
two judges extends not beyond the diocefe, which is far lefs than that of the govern-
ment, a confiderable part of it belonging to the archbifhoprick of Quito.

The jurifdidion of the government of Popayan reaches fouthward to the river Mayo,
and to Ipiales, where it borders on the jurifdidion of the town of San Miguel de Ibarra ;
north-eafl it terminates with the province of Antioquia, the lafl of its provinces, and
contiguous to that of Santa Fe ; and, northward, borders on the government of Car-
thagena. Its ancient weflern bounds were the South Sea, but it has fince been fo con-
traded by the new government of Choco, that the territory of Barbacoas is the only
part of it which reaches to the fea ; eaflward it fpreads itfelf to the fources of the river
Coqueta, which are alfo thought to be thofe of the river Oronoco and Negro : its
extent is not precifely determined : but a probable conje£lure may be made, that from
eaft to weft it is about eighty leagues, and little lefs from north to fouth. This jurif-
didtion being fo large, and containing many towns and villages, is divided into feveral
departments, over each of which the principal governor nominates a deputy for the
adminiflration of juflice, and introduces them to the audience to which they belong,
where his nomination is confirmed ; a circumfhance necelTary to procure them all the
weight and fecurity in the feveral departments which are conferred on them. Thofe
which form the government of Popayan are,

I. Santiago di Cali. VII. Almaguer.

II. Santa Fe de Antioquia. VIII. Caloto.

III. Las Quatro Ciudades. IX. San Juan de Paflo.

IV. Timana. X. El Rapofo.
V. Guadalajara de Buga. XL Barbacoas.

VL S. Sebaftian de la Plata.

In each of thefe departments, befides the chief town, are feveral others very
large and well peopled ; and great numbers of feats and farm-houfes, where the num-
ber of people employed gives them the appearance of villages rather than private
dwellings.

Of the above-mentioned departments, thofe towards the north and eaft of the city of
Popayan, as Santa Fe de Antioquia, Las Quatro Ciudades, Timana, and S. Sebaftian
de la Plata, belong to the audience and province of Santa Fe ; the others lying nearer
to Quito belong to its province ; and thofe of San Juan de Palto, and Barbacoas, are
within its diocefe.

The departments of Cali and Buga, lying betwixt the governments of Popayan and
Choco, thrive, as being the channel of the commerce which is carried on continually

betwixt

486 ulloa's voyage to south America.

betwixt thefe two governments : whereas it is otherwife with that of Ahnaguer, from
the fmallnefs of its jurifdidtion, and the little traffic there. That of Caloto, as its ex-
tent is confiderable, fo is it rich, and abounds in the produfts of the earth, the foil
being fertile, and the country every where interfperfed with farms. That of El Rapofo
is on the fame happy footing as the two firft. That of Paflo is alfo large, but lefs
wealthy. Barbacoas is very fmall ; and in fuch a general want of provifions, that, ex-
cept a few roots and grains peculiar to hot and moift climates, it is fupplied with^every
thing from other provinces.

The temperature of this government is entirely the fame as that already fpoken of in
the other parts of the province of QuitJ) ; that is, it varies according to the fituation of
places ; fome being more cold than hot, others the reverfe ; and fome, throughout the
whole year, enjoy a continual fpring, as particularly Popayan the capital. The like
may be faid of the foil, which exuberantly produces the grains and fruits proper to its
fituation : and the farms breed great numbers of horned cattle and flieep, for the con-
fumption of the towns and country people : and in the territory of Pailo graziery is a
very profitable article, large herds and flocks being driven to Quito, where ihey always
find a good market. The jurifdidion of Popayan is more fubjed to tempefts of thun-
der and lightning, and earthquakes, than even Quito ; though in the latter, as we have
obferved, they are fo very frequent. No longer ago than ly^s^ ^^ °^^ ^^ ^^^ after-
noon on the fecond of February, the greateft part of the town was ruined by one.
This remarkable frequency of tempefts and earthquakes, in the country of Popayan,
may be conjectured /to proceed from the great number of mines, in which it exceeds all
the others within the province of Quito.

But of all the parts in this jurifdidtion Caloto is accounted to be the moft fubje6b to
tempefts of thunder and lightning ; this has brought into vogue Caloto bells, which
not a few perfons ufe, being firmly perfuaded that they have a fpecial virtue againft
lightning. And, indeed, fo many ftories are told on this head, that one is at a lofs
what to believe. Without giving credit to, or abfolutely rejefting all that is reported,
leaving every one to the free decifion of his own judgment, I fhall only relate the mofl
received opinion here. The town of Caloto, the territory of which contains a great
number of Indians, of a nation called Paezes, was formerly very large, but thofe In-
dians fuddenly aflaulting it, foon forced their way in, fet fire to the houfes, and maffa-
cred the inhabitants : among the flain was the prieft of the parifh, who was particularly
the objedl of their rage, as preaching the Gofpel, with which they were fenfible their
favage manner of living did not agree, expofing the folly and wickednefs of their
idolatry, and laying before them the turpitude of their vices. Even the bell of the
church could not efcape their rancour, as by its found it reminded them of their duty
to come and receive divine inftrudion. After many fruitlefs endeavours to break it,
they thought they could do nothing better than to bury it under ground, that, by the
fight of it, they might never be put in mind of the precepts of the Gofpel, which
tended to abridge them of their liberty. On the news of their revolt, the Spaniards
in the neighbourhood of Caloto armed ; and, having taken a fmart revenge of the in-
furgents in a battle, they rebuilt the town, and having taken up the bell, they placed
it in the fteeple of the new church ; fmce which, the inhabitants, to their great joy
and aftonifhment, obferved, that, when a tempeft appeared brooding in the air, the
tolling of the bell difperfed it ; and if the weather did not every where grow clear and
fair, at leaft the tempeft difcharged itfelf in fome other part. The news of this miracle
fpreading every where, great felicitations were made for procuring pieces of it to make
clappers for little bells, in order to enjoy the benefit of its virtue, which, in a country
I where

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 487

where tempefls are both fo dreadful and frequent, muft be of the highefl advantage.
And to this Caloto owes its reputation for bells.

In the valleys of Neyba, and others within the jurifdidion of Popayan, is a very re-
markable infed, particularly famous for the power of the fmall quantity of venom in it.
This infeft, which is fhaped like a fpider, is much lefs than a bug. Its common name
is coya, but others call it coyba ; its colour is of a fiery red, and, like fpiders, it is ge-
nerally found in the corners of walls, and among the herbage. Its venom is of fuch a
malignity, that, on fqueezing the infedt, if any happen to fall on the fkin of either man
or beaft, it immediately penetrates into the flefh, and caufes large tumours, which are
foon fucceeded by death. The only remedy hitherto known is, on the firfl appearance
of a fwelling, to fmge the party all over the body with the flame of fl:raw, or long grafs,
growing in thofe plains. In order to this, the Indians of that country lay hold of the
patient, ibme by the feet, and others by the hands, and with great dexterity perform the
operation, after which the perfon is reckoned to be out of danger. But it is to be ob-
ferved, that though this infeft be fo very noxious, yet fqueezing it between the palms
of the hands is attended with no bad confequence ; from whence the plain inference is,
that the callus, ufual on the hands of moft people, prevents the venom from reaching the
blood. Accordingly the Indian muleteers, to pleafe the curiofity of the paflengers,
fqueezethem betwixt the palms of their hands, though unqueftionably, fhould a perfon
of a delicate hand make a trial, the effedls would be the fame as on ariy other part of
the body*.

Nature is equally admirable in her works, and in her care of them. Man is endued
with difcernment, knowledge, and obfervation, that he may avoid whatever is hurtful
to his being ; and the irrational fpecies receive the like notices from inflinft, and are
not lefs obfervant than man. The people who travel along thefe valleys, where they
are fo much in danger of thefe coyas, according to the warning before given them by
the Indians who attend them, though they feel fomething flinging them or crawling on
their neck or face, are careful not to fcratch the part, nor even fo much as lift up their
hands to it, the coya being of fuch a delicate texture that it would immediately burfl ;
and as there is no danger whilfl they do not ejedt the humour in them, the perfon ac-
quaints fome one of the company with what he feels, and points to the place ; if it be a
coya, the other blows it away. The beafts, who are not capable of fuch warning, are
yet by inflinft taught a precaution againft the danger which may refult from thefe infers
in the paflures ; for before they offer to touch the herbage, they blow on it with all
their force in order to difperfe any of thofe pernicious vermin ; and when their fmell
acquaints them that they are near a nefl of coyas, they immediately leap back and run
to fome other part. Thus they fecure ^themfelves from the venom of the(e infedts,
though fometimes a mule, after all its blowing, has been known to take in fome with
its paflure, on which, after fwelling to a frightful degree, they have expired on the
fpot.

Among the plants of the country of Popayan, in the jurifdiftion of Timana, grows the
cuca or coca, an herb fo efleemed by the Indians in fome provinces of Peru, that they would
part with any kind of provifions, the moft valuable metals, gems, or any thing elfe, rather
than want it. It grows on a weak ftem, which for fupport twifts itfelf round another ftronger
vegetable, like the vine. Its leaf is about an inch and a half, or two inches in length, and ex-
treraelyfmooth ; the ufe the Indians make of it is for chewing, mixing it with a kind of chalk

* The Brazilians fay, oil and fait is a certain cure for the poifon of th« coyba, A.

or

488 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

or whitifli earth called mambi. They put into iheir mouth a few cuca leaves, and a
fuitable portion of mambi, and, chewing thefe together, at firft (pit out the faliva which
that manducation caufes, but afterwards fwallow it ; and thus move it from one fide of
the mouth to the other, till its fubjflance be quite drained ; then it is thrown away, but
immediately replaced by frefh leaves. This herb is fo nutritive and invigorating, that
they labour whole days without any thing elfe, and on the want of it they find a decay
in their ftrength : they alfo add, that it preferves the teeth found, and fortifies the
ftomach.

In the fouthern provinces of Peru great quantities of it are produced, being cultivated
by the Indians ; but that growing wild in the neighbourhood of Cufco is accounted the
bell of any. It makes no fmall article in trade, particularly vaft quantities of it are car-
ried to the mine towns, that the owners of the mines may have wherewithal to furnifli
the Indians, who otherwife could not be brought to work, or would not have ftrength
to go through it.

This coca is exactly the fame with the betel of the Eaft Indies. The plant, the leaf,
the manner of ufmg it, its qualities, are all the fame : and the eaftern nations are no lefs
fond of their betel than tKe Indians of Peru and Popayan are of their coca ; but in the
other parts of the province of Quito, as it is not produced, fo neither is it ufed.

In Pafto, one of the moft fouthern diftridls of Popayan, are certain trees which yield
a refin called mopa-mopa ; and of this is made a varnilh, which, befides its exquifite
beauty, will bear boiling water, and even acids. The method of applying it is, to dif-
folve fome of the refin in one's mouth, and then wet the pencil with it ; afterwards it is
dipped in the colour which is to be laid on, and when dried has all the luftre of the
Chinefe laque, but with this fuperior quality, that it never wears off, nor becomes moift,
though rubbed with fpittle. The cabinets, tables, &c. made by the Indians of this coun-
try, and thus varniftied, are carried to Quito, where they are highly valued.

Popayan is one of the beft trading countries within the province of Quito, as all the vaft
variety of Spanifh goods from Carthagena are configned thither and forwarded to Quito ;
and great numbers of traders go their rounds through the feveral jurifdidions, to the
great conveniency of the towns and villages, which thus fupply themfelves. Befides this
tranfitory commerce, it has another reciprocal with Quito, to which it exports horned
cattle and mules, and receives in return cloths and bays. Its adive commerce confifts
in dried beef, falted pork, roll-tobacco, hogs'-lard, rum, cotton, pita, ribbons, and
other fmall wares, which are brought to Choco, and there exchanged for gold ; fugar
and fnuff are imported from Santa Fe and fent to Quito ; and the returns to Santa Fe
are home-made cloths and bays. Here is alfo another traffic, which confifts in barter-
mg filvef for gold ; for, there being an abundance of the latter, and a fcarcity of the
former, filver is brought to exchange for gold, of which great profit is made by con-
verting it into doubloons : the like is alfo practifed at Choco- and Barbacoas, which are
in the fame cafe as to metals.

Popayan being the centre of all thefe feveral kinds of commerce, the moft wealthy
perfons of the whole jurifdidion are here, and five or fix of its inhabitants are reckoned
to be mafters of above 100,000 dollars j twenty to be worth betwixt 40 and 80,000,
befides many of fmaller, yet handfome, fortunes : and this exclufive of their farms
and mines, with which this country abounds. The former are the fame with thofe I
have had occafion to mention in the other parts of this province, according to the quality
of the temperature.

Weft of the weftgrn Cordillera of the Andes, is the government of Atacames, which

on this quarter borders on the jurifdidions of the corcegmientos of Quito and the town

10 of

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERfCA. 489

of San Miguel de Ibarra ; northward on the department of Barbacoas in the govern-
ment of Popayan ; its weftern boundary is the South Sea ; and fouthward it joins the
territory of Guayaquil. Thus it reaches along the coaft from the ifland of Tumaco,
and the houfe of Hufmal, which lie in one degree and a half north latitude, to the bay of
Caracas, and the mountains of Balfamo, in 34' fouth latitude. '

The country of this jurifdiftion lay a long time uncultivated ; and if not wholly, at
leaft the greateft part of it, unknown ; for, after its conqueft by Sebaftian de Belalca-
zar, the peopling of it was negleded, either becaufe the Spaniards were more intent
in regulating their conquefts than in improving what they had got, or becaufe the
country did not feem to them fo proper for a fettlement as the fierra or mountainous
parts ; or perhaps they judged it barren and unhealthy. And though care was taken
to furnifli Quito with priefts, to preferve its Indian inhabitants in an adherence to thofe
precious truths they had embraced ; yet it was with the total negleft of that improve-
ment of the country, which was feen in all the other parts where the Spaniards had
fettled. Thus thefe people, though Chriftians by profeffion, remain in that rufticity
and favagenefs natural to men who are out of the way of rational converfation and
comm^erce to civilize them ; an Indian only coming now and then from their woods
with aji, achote, and fruits, to fell at Quito, where they feem ftruck with amazement
at the fight of fuch a concourfe of people at one place ; it being indeed far beyond
what could be imagined by fuch as feldom or never came to any diftance from their
poor cottages, difperfed and fhut up in the woods, and living among the wild beafts.

Though the country of Atacames lay thus neglefted for fome years after the intro-
duction of the Chriftian religion, and its inhabitants had performed homage to tlie King
of Spain ; yet the importance of making fettlements here, and cultivating the ground,
for facilitating the commerce betwixt the province of Quito and the kingdom of Terra
Firma, was not unknown, as thereby an end would be put to the inconveniences of
carrying it on by the way of Guayaquil ; which being a great circuit, the trade fuffered
in many particulars ; and indeed could not long have fubfifted, without making a fet-
tlement of Spaniards in Atacames ; as thus the way would be much Ihorter for the
commerce betwixt Terra Firma and Quito, which now conveniently fupplies it with
provifions of all kinds, and receives European goods in return.

Purfuant to thefe views, Paul Durango Delgadillo was, in the year 1621, appointed
governor of Atacames and Rio de las Efmaraldas. He had fome years before entered
into a contrafl: with the Marquis de Montes Claros, for opening a way from the town
of San Miguel de Ibarra to the river Santiago, one of thofe which traverfed the country
belonging to the jurifdidion of this government ; and likewife to people and cultivate
it. But failing of fulhlling the agreement, though he was not wanting in endeavours,
the government in the year 1626 was taken from him, and conferred on Francifco
Perez Menacho, who however had no better fuccefs than he who had been difplaced. r
After thefe two, came Juan Vincencio Juftiniani in the fame charader ; but he, feeing
the infuperable difficulties aceording to the methods of his predeceflbrs, confidently
offered to make the way by the river Mira, but alfo failed in the execution j and Don
Hernando de Soto Calderon, who began it in the year 17 13, and rather more fanguine
in his afTurances of fuccefs than the former, alfo difappointed the general expectation ;
and thus the fo much defired communication of the province of Quito and the kingdom
of Terra Firma remained as it was till the year 1735, when Don Pedro Vincente Mal-
donado, being inverted with the fame powers as his predeceflbrs, furpafled them in
execution; and in 1741 laid open a direct communication betwixt Quito and the
Rio de las Efmaraldas j and having verified his proceeding before the audiences, and
VOL. XIV. «. 3 R obtained

490 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

obtained their approbation, he returned to Spain, to folicit the confirmation of his
employment as governor, and the rewards fpecified in the contract. On the favourable
report of the fupreme council of the Indies, His Majefty, in 1746, confirmed him as
governor of that country, which, in 1747, was formally eredled into a government,
by the commiflion then given to the above gentleman, who by his ikill and refolution
had fo well deferved it.

The towns within the government of Atacames are at prefent but fmall and poor,
having hitherto lain out of the way of traffic, and the country but little culuvated.
However, this governor takes fuch meafures for the improvement of it, that already
the face of things begins to alter greatly for the better ; and the fertility of the foil will,
naturally invite fettlers, and the communication being opened through it betwixt the
kingdom of Terra Firma and the province of Quito, will caufe a circulation of money.
In the mean time this government contains twenty towns, five of which are on the fea-
coaft, and ftand the firft in the following lift : the others are inland places :

I. Tumaco. XI. Tambillo.

II. Tola. XII. Niguas.

III. SanMatheodeEfmeraldas. XIII. Cachillada.

IV. Atacames. ' XIV. Mindo.
V. La Canoa. . XV. Yambe.

VI. Lachas. XVI. Cocaniguas.

VII. Cayapas. XVII. Canfa Goto.

VIII. Inta. XVIII. Santa Domingo.
IX. Gualea. XIX. San Miguel.

X. Nanegal. XX. Nono.

The inhabitants of the five towns are Spaniards, Meftizos, Negroes, and Cafts,
which fprung from thefe three fpecies. Thofe of the other fifteen are in general Indians,
having few Spaniards, Mulattos, or Negroes, among them. With the fpiritual con-
cerns eleven priefts are inverted, who continually refide in the great towns, and occa-
lionally vifit the others, where are chapels of eafe.

The temperature of Atacames is like that of Guayaquil, and accordingly produces
the fame kinds of vegetables, grains, and fruits, though fome of them to a much
greater perfedion ; for, by lying higher, it is not fubjed to the inundations proceeding
from the fwelling of rivers : and thus the cacao, in its plantations and forefts, having,
all the moifture that plant delights in, without being drowned, is much fuperior to the
other in fize, oilinefs, and delicacy of flavour. It likewife produces in great abundance
vanillas, achote, farfaparilla, and indigo ; alfo a great deal of wax is made here : and
the forefts are fo thick fet with trees of a furprifing bulk and loftinefs, as to be impene-
trable ; and thefe trees, as in the forefts of Guayaquil, are of an infinite variety j fome
fitter for land works, others for naval ufes, and fome excellent for both.

CHAP. IV. — Defcription cf the Governments of Quixos and Macas ; with an Account
of Jean de Bracamoros^ the Difcovery and Conqueji of it.

NEXT to the government of Popayan, which has been treated of in the foregoing
chapter, follow thofe of Quixos and Macas, on the eaft fide of the Cordillera of the
Andes j it is divided into two diftrids, Quixos being the north part of the government,.

and!

ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA. 49 1

and Macas the fouth, with the country of Camelos lying betwixt them. As their
fituation and other circumftances require that each Ihould be treated diftindly, I fhall
begin with Quixos, which on the north fide borders on the jurifdidion of Popayan ;
eaftward it reaches to the river Aguarico, and weftward is feparated from the jurif-
didions of Quito, Latacunga, and the town of San Miguel de Ibarra, by the Cordilleras
of Cotopaxi and Cayamburo. The firft difcovery of the country of Quixos is owing to
Gonzalo Diaz de Pineda, in the year 1536, who, among the officers fentfrom Popayan
by Sebaftian de Belalcazar, to trace the courfe of the river of Magdalena, and take a
furvey of the country adjacent to that which had been conquered, was appointed to
make difcoveries in thefe parts, which he performed with great care and difpatch ; and
finding it to abound in gold, and cafTia trees, he returned to his commander ; and on
his report, Gonzalo Pizarro, in the year 1539, at that time governor of Quito, marched
to it with a defign of reconnoitring its whole extent, and making fettlements. But,
his expedition mifcarrying, the conquelt of this country, though from Pineda's report
very defirable, was fufpended till the year 1 549, when the Marquis de Canete, Viceroy
of Peru, gave a commiflion to Gil Ramirez Davalos, a man of undaunted courage
when intereft was in view, for reducing the Indians and making fettlements in the
country ; which he accordingly accomplifhed, and founded the town of Baeza, the
capital of the government, in the year 1559; and it was foon followed by other
towns and villages, flill exifting ; but with very little improvement beyond their
firfl flate.

The town of Baeza, though the mofl ancient of the country, and long the refidence
of the governors, has always remained very fmall, which is owing to the building of
the two cities of Avila and Archidona, ftill fubfifting, and at that time the chief objed
of the attention of the fettlers, Baeza being left as firft built ; and thefe, fo far from
having increafed fuitably to the title of cities, which was given them at their foundation,
remain on their firft footing. The caufe of the low ftate of the places here is the
nature of the country, which, in air, fertility, and other enjoyments of life, being
inferior to that of Quito, few fettle here who can live in the other. Baeza is indeed
extremely declined, confifting only of eight or nine thatched houfes, with about
twenty inhabitants of all ages, fo that from the capital it is become annexed to the
parifh of Papallada, in which town refides the prieft, who has befides under his care
another town called Mafpu. This decay was no more than a confequence of the re-
moval of the governor, who of late has refided at Archidona.

The city of Archidona is a fmall place, lying in one degree and a few mmutes fouth
of the equinoctial, and about one degree fifty minutes eaft of the meridian of Quito,
The houfes are of wood, covered with ftraw, and the whole number of its inhabitants
is reckoned at betwixt 650 and 700, confifting of Spaniards, Indians, Meftizos, and
Mulattos ; it has only one prieft, under whofe care are alfo three other towns, called
Mifagualli, Tena, and Napo ; the laft receives its name from the river on the borders
of which it ftands ; and this fituation proved its ruin on the 30th of November 1744,
when, by the explofion of the Volcano, or Cotopaxi, of which a more particular ac-
count fhall be given in another place, this river became fo fwelled by the torrents of
melted fnow and ice, that it entirely bore down the town of Napo, and the houfes
were carried along by the impetuofity of the current.

The city of Avila, but very much below that title, ftands on 0° 44" S. lat. and
near 2° 20" E. of Quito. It is fo much lefs than the former, that its inhabitants fcarce
amount to 300 of both fexes. Its houfes are built of the fame materials. It has alfo a

3 E 2 prieft.

492

VLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

prieft, whofe ecclefiaftical jurifdidion comprehends fix towns, fome of them in largenefs
and number of inhabitants not inferior to the city. Thefe are,

I. La Conception. IV. Motte.

11. Loreto. V. Cota Pini.

III. San Salvador. VI. Santa Rofa.

The foregoing towns conftitute the chief part of this government ; but it alfo inchides
the towns of the million of Sucumbios, the chief of which is San Miguel. At the
beginning of this century they were ten, but are now reduced to thefe five :

I. San Diego de los Palmares.
II. San Francifco de los Curiquaxes.

III. San Jofeph de los Abuccees.

IV. San Chriftoval de los Yaguages.

V. San Pedro de Alcantara de la Cocao, or Nariguera.

The inhabitants of the two cities, and the villages in the dependencies, and thofe of
Baeza, are obliged to be conftantly upon their guard againft the infidel Indians, who
frequently commit depredations among their houfes and plantations. They compofe
different and numerous nations; and are fo difperfed all over the country, that
every village is under continual apprehenfions from thofe which live in its neighbour-
hood : and when an adion happens between the inhabitants and thofe Indians to the
advantage of the former, all they get by it is to return quietly to their dwellings with
a few prifoners, no booty being to be had from a people who live without any fettle-
ment ; and from mere favagenefs make no account of thofe things in w^hich the bulk
of mankind place their happinefs. Their method in thefe incurfions is, after an
interval of apparent quiet and fubmiffion, to fteal up to the Spanifh fettlements at a
time when they have reafon to conclude that the inhabitants are off their guard ; and
if their intent be anfwered, they fall to pillaging and plundering ; and, having got
what is neareft at hand, retire with all fpeed. This perpetual danger may alfo be
reckoned among the caufes which have hitherto kept the government in fuch low cir-
cumftances.

The temperature of all this country is hot and very moift. The rains are almoft
continual ; fo that the only difference betwixt it, Guayaquil, and Porto Bello, is, that
the fummer is not fo long : but the diftempers and inconveniencies of the climate are
the fame. The country is covered with thick woods ; and in thefe are fome trees of
a prodigious magnitude. In the fouth and weft part of the jurifdidtion of Quixos is
the canela or cinnamon-tree, which, as I have before obferved, being difcovered by
Gonzalo Diaz de Pineda, he, from them, called the country Canelos, which name^^it
flill retains. A great quantity of it is cut for the neceffary confumption, both in the
province of Quito and in Valles. The quality of this cinnamon does not come up to
that of the Eaft Indies ; but in every other particular very much refembles it ; the
fmell, its circumference, and thicknefs, being nearly the fame: the colour is fome-
thing browner, the great difference lying in the tafte, that of Quixos being more
pungent, and without the exquifite flavour of that of the Eaft Indies. The leaf is the
fame, and has all the delicate fmell of the bark ; but the flower and feed furpafs even
thofe of India ; the former particularly is of an incomparable fragrancy, from the

2 abundance

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 493

abundance of aromatic parts it contains ; and this favours an opinion, that the trees
duly cultivated might be made in every refpedt equal to thofe of the ifland -of Ceylon.

The other produ6ls in the ifland of Quixos are the very fame with thofe in all the
other lands in the fame climate as this government. The like may be faid of fruits,
roots, and grains, as wheat, barley, and others, which, requiring a cold air, feldom
thrive much in any of an oppofite quality.

The other diftrid of Macas is bounded on the eafl by the government of Maynas ;
fouthward by that of Bracamoros and Yaguarfongo ; and weftward, the eaft Cordillera
of the Andes divides it from the jurifdiclion of Rio Bamba and Cuenca. Its chief town
bears the fplendid title of the city of Mucas, being the common name given to the whole
country. And this is better known than its proper ancient name of Sevilla del Oro.
It lies in 2° 30" S. lat., and 40" E. of Quito. Its houfes, which do not exceed one
hundred and thirty, are built of timber, and thatched. Its inhabitants are reckoned
at about one thoufand two hundred ; but thefe, and it is the fame all qver this dif-
trid, are generally Meftizos with Spaniards. The other towns belonging to this jurif-
diftion are :

» *

I. San Miguel de Narbaes. V. Zuna.

II. Barahonas. VI. Payra.

III. Yuquipa. VII. Copueno.

IV. Juan Lopez. VIII. Aguayos.

The fpiritual government of them all is lodged in two priefls ; one of whom refiding
in the city has the care of the four firft : and to the latter, who lives at Zuna, belong
that town and the three others. At the conqueft, and for fome time after, this
country was very populous, and, in honour of the great riches drawn from its capital,
was diftinguifhed by the name of Sevilla del Oro ; but at prefent only the memory
of its former opulence remains. Such an extreme declenfion proceeded from an in-
furredion of the natives, who, after fwearing allegiance to the King of Spain, took
arms, and made themfelves mafters of the city of Logrono, and a town called
Guamboya, both in the fame jurifdidion, and very rich. Thefe devaftations have fo
difcouraged any further fettlement there, that the whole country lies as a wafte ; no
money goes current in it, and the only way the wretched inhabitants have to provide
themfelves with neceflaries is by bartering their home products.

The nearnefs of Macas to the Cordillera of the Andes caufes a fenfible difference
betwixt its temperature and that of Quixos : for though it be alfo a woody country,
the diverfity betwixt the two moft dillant feafons of the year is manifeft ; and as its
territory is different from that of the jurifdidlion of Quito, fo the variety in the periods
of the feafon is alfo great. Thus winter begins here in April, and lafts till September,
which is the time of fummer betwixt the Cordilleras : and at Macas the fine feafon is in
September, and is the more delightful on account of the winds which are then moftly
northward : and thus charged with the frigorific particles which they have fwept away
from the fnowy mountains over which they have paffed. The atmofphere is clear ;
the &y fcrene ; the earth clothed in its various beauties ; and the inhabitants, gladdened
by fuch pleafmg objeQ:s, rejoice that the horrors of winter are paffed, as they are no
lefs dreadful and detrimental here than at Guayaquil.

In grains and other products which require a hot and moift temperature, the country
is very fruitful ; but one of the chief occupations of the country people here, is the
culture of tobacco^ which, being of an excellent kind, is exported in rolls all over

Peru.

^94 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

Peru. Sugar canes alfo thrive well here ; and confequently cotton. But the dread
of the wild Indians, who have often ravaged their country, difcourages them from
planting any more than what juft fuffices for prefent ufe ; they being here in the fame
unhappy fituation as in Quixos, the villages having in their neighbourhood bands of
thofe favage Indians j and when they imagine them to be furtheft off, are often fud-
denly alTaulted by them, fo that they muft be ready at every inftant to take arms.

Among the infinite variety of trees which crowd the woods of this country, one of
the mofl remarkable is the ftorax, the gum of which is of a mofl exquifite fragrancy ;
but is rare, the trees growing in places at fome diflance from the villages ; and it is
dangerous going to them, by reafon of the favage Indians, who lie in wait hke wild
beafls. The like may be faid with regard to the mines of Polvos Azules, or Ultra-
marine, from which, by reafon of that danger, very little is brought ; but a finer colour
cannot be imagined. *

The territory belonging to Macas alfo produces cinnamon-trees, which, as the Reve-
rend Don Juan Jofeph de Lozay Acuna, priefl of Zuna, a perfon of eminent learning,
and perfectly verfed in natural hiftory, told me, is of a fuperior quality to that of
Ceylon, here known by the name of Spanifh cinnamon ; and this was confirmed to
me by many other perfons of judgment. This cinnamon vifibly differs from that of
Quixos, which, as the fame perfon informed me, proceeds from the full expofure of
the Maca trees to the fun, its rays not being intercepted by the foliage of any other
trees near them ; and thefe alfo are at a diflance from the roots of other trees, which
deprive them of part of the nourifhment neceffary to bring it to perfection. And this
opinion is confirmed by a cinnamon tree planted either accidentally or by defign, near
the city of Macas, the bark of which, and efpecially the bloffom, in its tafle, fragrancy
and aromatic power, far exceeds that of the Eaft Indies.

Great quantities of copal are brought from Macas, alfo wild wax ; but the latter of
little value, for, befides being reddifh, it never indurates ; and the fmell of it, when
made into candles, and thefe lighted, is very flrong and difagreeable ; and that of
Guayaquil and Valles no better. Indeed all the wax in thofe countries cannot come
into competition with thofe of Europe ; though it mufl be obferved, that there is no
fmall difference in the bee, which in this country is much larger, and its colour
inclinable to black. However, it might be made fomething better, if the inhabitants
were acquainted with the art of cleanfing and working it as in Europe ; and if it could
not be brought to equal the European, a greater confiflence might be given to it,
which would be no fmall advantage.

The government, which on the fouth limits the jurifdiflion of the audience of Quito,
and follows next to Macas, is that of Jaen, which was difcovered and fubdued by
Pedro de Vargara in the year 1538, whom Hernando Pizarro had appointed to com-
mand in that expedition. Afterwards Juan de Salinas entered the country, with the
title of governor of it ; and he having by his courage and courtefy reduced the Indians,
and ingratiated himfelf with them, a more formal fettlement was made, and feveral
towns built, which are flill exifting, though in no better condition than thofe of Macas
and Quixos. Some ftill retain the appellation of city, not that their largenefs, num-
ber of inhabitants, or wealth, become the title, but on account of the privileges an-
nexed to it.

At the time of the conqueft this government was known by the names of Igualfongo
and Pacamoros, fince corrupted into Yaguarfongo and Bracamoros ; the names of the

* Probably mountain bluet an ore of copper. Ultramarine is, from the lapis lazuli, unknown in
America:

govern^

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

495

government conferred on Juan de Salinas. And thus they continued to be called for
many years, till the Indians of both territories in a fudden revolt deftroyed the prin-
cipal towns. Thofe which were fpared, after pafling near an age in wretchednefs and
barbarifm, happily recovered thenifelves, became united to the city of Jaen, as part
of a government, with the title of Jaen de Bracamoros ; and the title of governor of
Yaguarfongo, was as before related, kept up by being annexed to the corregidor
of Loja.

The town of Jaen, with the addition of Pacamoros, or Bracamoros, from the
reunion of the towns of that country to it, was founded in the year 1 549, by Diego
Palomino. It ftands in the jurifdidion of Chaca-Inga, belonging to the province of
Chuquimayo, and is the refidence of the governor. It is fituated on the north fhore
of the river Chinchipe, at its conflux into the Maranon. It lies in about 5" 25' fouth
latitude, and its longitude may be conjedured to be very little diftant from the meridian
of Quito, if not under it. The account given of the mean condition of the cities of
Macas and Quixos alfo fuils Jaen. We mud however obferve, that it is much more
populous, its inhabitants being, of all ages and fexes, computed at three or four thou-
land ; though thefe, for the moft part, are Meftizos, with fomeTndians, but very few
Spaniards.

Juan de Salinas likewife found in his government of Yaguarfongo three other cities^
ftill fubfifling, but fmall, mean, and defencelefs, like Jaen. Their names are Vallado-
lid, Loyola, and Saniago de las Montagnas : the laft borders on the government of
Minas, and is only feparated from its capital, the city of Borja, by the Pongo de
Manceriche. In this country of Jaen de Bracamoros are feveral fmall villages :

I. San Jofeph. VI. Chinchipe,

II. Chito. VII. Chyrmos.

III. Sander, VIII. Poinaca.

IV. Charape. IX. Tomependa,
V. Pucara. X. Chucunga,

The inhabitants of which are moftly Indians, with fome Meftizos, but no great
number of either.

Though Jaen ftands on the bank of the river Chinchipe, and fo near the Maranon,
yet the latrer is not navigable up to it : fo that thofe who are to embark on it, go by
land from Jaen to Chuchunga, a fmall place on another river of that name, and in
25 29' latitude, whence they fall down into the Maranon. This town, which may
be accounted the port for Jaen, lies four days journey from the city,^ which is the me-
thod of calculating the diftances here ; the difficulties of the road increafing them far
beyond what they are in reality, that not feldom that which on good ground might be
travelled in an hour or two, takes up a half and fometimes a whole day.

The climate of Jaen, and the fame may be faid of the whole jurifdidion of this
government, is like that of Quixos, except that the rains are neither fo lafting nor vio-
lent ; and, like that of Macas, it enjoys fome interval of fummer ; when the heats,
tempefts, and all the inconveniences of winter, abate. The foil is fruitful in all the
grains and produds agreeable to its temperature. The country is full of wild trees,
particularly the cacao, the fruit of which, befides the exuberance of it on all the trees,.
is equal to that cultivated in plantations ; but is of little ufe here for want of con-
fumption : and the carriage of it to diftant parts would be attended with fuch charges

as

4q5 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

as to prejudice its fale. Thus the fruits rot on the trees, or are eaten by monkeys or
other creatures.

At the time of its firft difcovery, and the fucceeding conqueft, this country was in
great repute for its riches ; and not undefervedly, vaft quantities of gold being brought
from it. But thefe gains were foon brought to a period by the revolt of the Indians,
though in the opinion of many, who look upon thofe people to be a part of the human
fpecies no lefs than themfelves, the infurredlion was owing to the exceffive rigour of the
Spaniards, in making them work in the mines under infupportable fatigues. At prefent,
all the gold colleded here is by Indians waihing the fands of the rivers during the time
of the inundations ; and thus find gold duft, or fmall grains of gold, with which they pay
the tributes, and purchafe neceflaries ; and they make fo little account of this metal,
that though by a proper induftry they might get a confiderable quantity, it is only the
pooreft Indians that live near the fettlements who pradife it ; as for the independent
Indians, they give themfelves no concern about it.

The jurifdidion'of this government produces in particular vaft quantities of tobacco ;
the cultivation of it indeed is the chief occupation of all the inhabitants. After fteep-
ing the plant in hot mead, or decoftions of fragrant herbs, in order to improve its
flavour, and the better to preferve its ftrength, it is dried, and tied up in the form of
a faucifTon, each of a hundred leaves. Thus it is exported into Peru, all over the
province of Quito, and the kingdom of Chili, where no other is ufed /or fmoking,
in cornets of paper, according to the cuftom of all thefe countries. This great vogue
it owes to the manner of preparing the leaves, which gives it a particular relilh, and
a ftrength to its fmoke, that is very agreeable. to thofe who are fond of that amufement.
The country alfo produces a great deal of cotton ; likewife large breeds of mules ; and
thefe three articles conftitute the advantageous traffic which this government carries on
with the jurifdi6tion of its province and the other parts of Peru.

In the countries of Jaen de Bracamoros, Quixos, and Macas, are feen great numbers
of thofe wild animals, a defcription of which has been given in treating of other coun-
tries of a like climate. But thefe, befides tigers, are infefted with baftard lions, bears,
dantas or grand beftias (an animal of the bignefs of a bullock, and very fwift, its
colour generally white, and its fkin very much valued for making buff leather ; in the
middle of its head is a horn bending inward). Thofe three kinds of wild beafts are
unknown in the other countries ; and that they are known here, is owing to the prox-
imity to the Cordilleras, where they breed, as in a cold climate adapted to their nature :
whence they fometimes come down into the neighbouring countries ; but without this
circumftance of lying fo near the mountains, they would never be feen. Among the
reptiles in the country is themaca, a fnake which the Indians diftinguifh by the name
of Curi-Mullinvo, having a fhining fpotted Ikin like that of the tiger,* Curi in the
Indian language fignifying gold ; it is wholly covered with fcales, and makes a fright-
ful appearance, its head being out of all proportion to the body, and has two rows of
teeth, and fangs like thofe of a large dog. The wild Indians, as an oftentatious mark
of their intrepidity, and to give them a more terrible appearance, paint on their targets
figures of this fnake, the bite of which is incurable ; and wherever it has feized, it
never lets go its hold ; which the Indians would alfo intimate by their device.

CHAP.

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 497

CHAP. V, — Gcvernment of Js/laynas, ayid of the River Maranon, or that of the
A?nazons ; its Difcovery^ Courfe, and that of the Rivers running ifito it.

HAVING treated of the governments of Popayan and Jean de Bracamoros, which
are the northern Hmits of the province of Quito ; as alfo of Atacames, which is its
wellern boundary ; I now proceed to the government of Maynas, the eaflern limit of
its jurifdi<5iion. This is particularly entitled to a feparate and fuccind: defcription, as
the great river Maranon flows through it.

The government of Maynas lies contiguous to thofe of Quixos and Jean de Braca-
moros, towards the eaft. In its territories are the fources of thofe rivers, which, after
rapidly traverfmg a vaft extent, form, by their conflux, the famous river of the Ama-
zons, known alfo by the name of Maranon. The Ihores of this and many rivers which
pay it the tribute of their waters, environ and pervade the government of Maynas. Its
limits, both towards the north and fouth, are little known, being extended far among
the countries of infidel Indians ; fo that all the account which can be expedted is from the
miflionaries employed in the converfion and fpiritual government of the wild nations
which inhabit it. Eaftward it joins the poflfeflions of the Portuguefe, from which it is
feparated by the famous line of demarcation, the boundary between the Spanifli and
Portuguefe poflTeflions.

Were I to confine myfelf in general to the extent of the government of Maynas, my
defcription would be very imperfedl, and want the nobleft object of the reader's curio-
fity, 'a defcription of the river of the Amazons ; a fubjeft no lefs entertaining than
unknown ; and the more difficult of obtaining a thorough knowledge of, from its lying
.fo very remote. This defcription I fliall divide into the three following heads, which
(hall contain its fource, and the principal rivers whereof it is compofed ; its courfe
through the vail trafts of land it waters ; its firft difcoveries, and the fubfequent voyages
made on it ; in order to give an adequate idea of this prince of rivers ; and at the fame
time a more circumflantial account of the government of Maynas.

I. — Of the Source of the River Maranon, and of the many others which compofe it.

As, among the great number of roots by which nourifliment is conveyed to a ftately
tree, it is difficult, from the great length of fome, and the magnitude of others, to
determine precifely that from which the product is derived ; fo the fame perplexity
occurs in difcovering the fpring of the river Maranon ; all the provinces of Peru as it
were emulating each other in fending it fupplies for its increafe, together with many
torrents which precipitate themfelves from the Cordilleras, and, encreafed by the fnow
and ice,- join to form a kind of fea of that which at firft hardly deferves the name of
a river.

The fources by which this river is increafed are fo numerous, that very properly
every one which ifllies out of the eaftern Cordillera of the Andes, from the govern-
ment of Popayan, where the river Caqueta or Yupura has its fource, to me pro-
vince of Guanuco, within thirty leagues of Lima, may be reckoned among the num-
ber. For all the ftreams that run eaflward from this chain of mountains, widening as
they advance from the fource by the conflux of others, form thofe mighty rivers, which
afterwards unite in the Maranon ; and though fome traverfe a larger diftance from their
fource, yet others, which rife nearer, by receiving in their fhort courfe a greater num-

voL. XIV. 3 s ber

4o8 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

ber of brooks, and, confequentiy, difcharging a quantity of water, may have an equal
claim to be called the principal fource. But without confidently determining this intri-
cate point, I fhall firll confider the fources of thofe which run into it from the more
remote diftances, and next, thofe which precipitate themfelves down feveral cafcades
formed by the crags of the Andes, and, after being augmented by others it receives,
join the Maranon in a more copious ftream ; leaving it to the reader to determine which
is the original fource.

The moft received opinion, concerning the remoteft fource of the river Maranon, is
that which places it in the jurifdi£lion of Tarma, ifluing from the lake of Lauricocha,
near the city of Guanuco, in 1 1° fouth latitude, whence it direfts its courfe fouth almoft
to 1 2° through the country belonging to this jurifdiftion ; and, forming infenfibly a circuit,
flows eaftward through the country of Juaxa ; where, after being precipitated from the
eaft fide of the Cordillera of the Andes, proceeds northward ; and, leaving the jurifdic-
tions of Mayabamba and Chacha-poyas, it continues its courfe to the city of Jaen, the lati-
tude of which, in the foregoing chapter, has been placed in 5° 2 1 '. There, by a fecond
circuit, it runs towards the eaft in a continual diredion ; till at length it falls into the
ocean, where its mouth is of fuch an enormous breadth, that it reaches from the equi-
no£lial to beyond the firft degree of north latitude. Its diftance from Lauricocha lake
to Jaen, its windings included, is about two hundred leagues; and this city being 30*^
to the weft of its mouth, is fix hundred leagues from it, which, with the feveral cir-
cuits and windings, may, without excefs, be computed at nine hundred fuch leagues :
fo that its whole courfe, from Lauricocha to its influx into the ocean, is at leaft one
thoufand one hundred leagues.

Yet the branch which ilTues from Lauricocha is not the only one flowing from thefe
parts into the Maranon ; nor is it the moft fouthern river which difcharges its waters
into that of the Amazons ; for, fouth of that lake, not far from Afangara, is the fource
of the river which pafles through Guamanga. Alfo in the jurifdidions of Vilcas and
Andaguaylas are two others, which, after running for fome time feparately, unite their
ftreams, and difcharge themfelves into the river ifluing from the lake Lauricocha. An-
other rifes in the province of Chimbi- Vilcas. And, laftly, one ftill farther to the fouth,
is the river Apurimac, which, directing its courfe to the northward, pafles through the
country of Cufco, not far from Lima-Tambo ; and after being joined by others, falls
into the Maranon about one hundred and twenty leagues eaft of the jundion of the
latter with the river Santiago. But here it is of fuch a width and depth, as to leave a
doubt whether it infinuates itfelf into the Maranon, or the Maranon pays tribute to the
Ucayale, as it is called in that part ; fmce at the conflux its impetuofity forces the
former to alter the ftraight diredion of its courfe, and form a curve. Some will have
the Ucayale to be the true Maranon, and found their opinion on the remotenefs of its
fource, and the quantity of its waters, which equals at leaft, if it does not exceed, that
of Lauricocha.

In the fpace intercepted between the junction of the Maranon and the river Santiago,
are the Pongo de Manzeriche, and the mouth of the river Ucayale ; and about mid-
way betwixt them the river Guallaga, which has alfo its fource in the Cordilleras, eaft
of the province of Guamanga, and falls into the Maranon. One of the rivers contri-
buting to its increafe has its rife in the mountains of Moyo-Bamba ; and on its banks,
in the middle of its courfe towards the Gualaga, ftands a fmall village called Llamas ;
which, according to the moft credible accounts, was the place where Pedro de Orfica
embarked with his people on his expedition for the difcovery of the Maranon, and the
conqueft of the adjacent countries.

Eaftwjird

, ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 499

Eaftward of Ucayale, the Maranon receives the river Yabari, and afterv/ards four
others, namely, the Yutay, Yurua, Tefe, and Coari ; all running from the fouth, where
they have their fource nearly in the fame Cordilleras as that of the Ucayale ; but the
countries through v^'hich the latter paiTes being inhabited by wild Indians, and confe-
quently but little known to the Spaniards, its courfe, till its jundion with the Maranon,
cannot be afcertained : and it is only from vague accounts of fome Indians, that in cer-
tain months of the year it is navigable. There is indeed a tradition of voyages made
upon it, and by which it was perceived to run very near the provinces of Peru.

Beyond the Rio Coari, eaftward, the Cuchibara, alfo called the Purus, joins the
Maranon ; and after that likewife the Madera, one of the largeft rivers that unite their
waters with it. In 1741, the Portuguefe failed up it, till they found themfelves not
far from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, betwixt 1 7* and 1 8^ of fouth latitude. From this
river downwards, the Maranon is known among the Portuguefe by the name of the
river of the Amazons : upwards they give it the name of the river of Solimoes. Within
a fmall diftance follows the river of Topayos, likewife very confiderable ; and which has
its fource among the mines of Brazil. After thefe, it is further joined by the rivers
Zingu, Dos Bocas, Tocantines, and Muju, all iffuing from the mines and mountains of
Brazil ; and on the eaftern fhore of the latter ftands the city of Gran Para.

Having thus given an account of the moft diftant branches of the ftately river of
Maranon, and of the principal ones which join it from the fouth, I proceed to thofe,
the fources of which are nearer, iffuing from the Cordilleras, and which immediately
run into the eaftern diredion ; and alfo thofe which join it from the north.

In the mountains and Cordilleras of Loja and Zamora rife feveral little rivers, the
conflux of which forms that of Santiago ; and from thefe of Cuenca, others which
unite in the Paute : but this, on its union with the former, lofes its name, being ab-
forbed by the Santiago, Tfo called from a city of that name) near which it joins the two
others from Lauricocha and Apurimac. The river Morona iffues from the lofty deferts
of Sangay ; and paffmg very near the city of Macas, runs in a fouth-eaft courfe, till it
lofes itfelf in the principal channel of the Maranon ; which happens at the diftance of
about twenty leagues eaft of Borja, the capital of the government of Maynas.

In the mountains of the jurifdiftion of Riobamba, thofe of Latacunga, and the town
of San Miguel de Ibarra, are the fources of the rivers Paftaza and Tigre ; and from
Cotopaxi and its Cordillera iffue the firft branches of the rivers Coca and Napo. Thefe,
though their fources are at no remarkable diftance, run to a great extent before they
join ; and retaining the name of Napo, fall into the Maranon, after a courfe of above
two hundred leagues in a direft line from eaft to weft, with fome, though infenfible, in-
clinations to the fouth. This is the river which father Chriftopher de Acuna, who will
be mentioned hereafter, takes for the true Maranon, to which, as exceeding all the reft
in largenefs, the others may be faid to add their waters.

From the mountains of the jurifdiftion of San Miguel de Ibarra, and thofe of Pafto,
iffues the river Putu-mayo, called alfo lea, which, after running fouth-eaft and eaft
about three hundred leagues, joins the Maranon much more eaftward than the river
Napo : laftly, in the jurifdidion of Popayan, the river Caqueta has its origin, which
becomes divided into two branches ; the weftern, called Yupura, difembogues itfelf
into the Maranon like another Nile, through feven or eight mouths, and thefe are at
fuch a diftance, that the intermediate fpace betwixt the firft and the laft is not
lefs than one hundred leagues ; and the other, which runs to the eaftward, is not
lefs famous under the name of Negro. M. de la Condamine, in the narrative of his
voyage, confirms the opinion of its being one of the communications betwixt the

2 s 2 Oronoque

roo ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Qronoque and Maranon ; and corroborates his affertion, by the authority of a map
compofed by father John Ferreira, re6lor of the college of Jefuits in the city of Gran
Para ; in which he obferves, that in the year 1744? a flying camp of Portuguefe, polled
on the banks of the Negro, having embarked on that river, went up it, till they found
themfelves near the Spanifh miflions on the river Oronoque, and meeting with the fu-
perior of them, returned with him to the flying camp on the river Negro, without
going a ll:ep«by land ; on which, the author makes this remark, that the river Caqueta,
(already mentioned, and fo called from a fmall place by which it paiTes, near its fource)
ifluing from Mocoa, a country joining eaftward to Almaguar in the jurifdiclion of Po-
payan, after running eaftward with a fmall declenfion towards the fouth, divides itfelf
into two branches ; one of which declining a little more fouthward, forms the river
Yupura, and after feparating into feveral arms, runs, as we have noted above, into the
Maranon, through feven or eight mouths ; and the other, after a courfe eaftward, fub-
divides itfelf into two branches, one of which, running north-eaft, joins the Oronoque ;
and the other, in a fouth-eaft direction, is the river Negro. This fubdivifion in the
branches of large rivers, and their oppofite courfes, though fomething extraordinary,
is not deftitute of probability ; for a river flowing through a country every way level,
may very naturally divide into two or more branches, in thofe parts where it meets
with any inclination, though almoft infenfible, in the ground. If this declivity be not
very great, and the river large and deep, it will eafily become navigable every where,
with a free pafl"age from one arm into the other. And in this manner the marfties are
formed in a level country, as we have particularly remarked in the coaft of Tumbez :
for the fea-water on the flood running into thefe various mouths, which fometimes are
twenty leagues diftant or more, a veflel enters one arm by the favour of the tide ; but
coming to a place where the foil rifes, the ftreani runs againft her, being the water
which the fame flood had impelled through another channel. Thus the ebb caufes the
waters to feparate at that point ; and each portion of water takes the fame courfe at
going out as at its entrance ; yet the place where the feparation is made is not left dry.
But even though the place where the waters of the river Caqueta are feparated fliould
not be level, or nearly horizontal, but lie on a confiderable declivity, yet if this fall be
equal on both fides, one part of the waters may take its courfe to the Oronoque, and
the other to the Negro, without any other confequence than that the great rapidity
would render them impradicable to navigation ; but this has nothing to do with the
divifion of the waters, it being no more than forming an ifland either large or fmall.

From the province of Quito there are three ways to the river Maranon ; but all ex-
tremely troublefome and fatiguing, from the nature of the climate, and being full of
rocks, that a great part of the diftance muft be travelled on foot ; for being fo little
frequented, no care has been taken to mend them, whence they are even more danger-
ous than the others in South America, of which we have given a defcription.

The firft of thefe roads, which is the neareft to the town of Quito, runs through
Baza and Archidona ; where you embark on the river Napo. The fecond is by Ham-
bato and Papate, at the foot of the mountain of Tunguragua ; and from thence the
road lies through the country of Canelos, watered by the river Bobonaza, which joining
the Paftaza, both difcharge themfelves into the Maranon. The third lies through
Cuenca, Loja, Valladolid, and Jaen, from whence at the village of Chuchunga, which
is as it were its port, this river becomes navigable ; and here all embark who are either
going to Manas, or a longer voyage on this river. Of the three, this alone is pradli-
cable to beafts ; but the tedioufnefs of the diftance from Quito renders it the leaft fre-
quented ; for the miflionaries, who take thefe journeys oftener than any other fet of

4 men,

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. , 50I

men, in order to avoid its circuit, and the danger of the pafs of Manzeriche, prefer the
difficulties and dangers fb the others.

In the long courfe oT this river from Chuchunga, are fome parts where the banks,
contracting themfelves, form ftreights, which, from the rapidity of the waters, are dan-
gerous to pafs. In others, by a fudden turn of its diredtion, the waters are violently
carried againfl the rocks ; and in their repercuffion, form dangerous whirlpools, the
apparent fmoothnefs of which is no lefs dangerous than the rapidity in the ftreights.
Among thefe, one of the moft dangerous is that betwixt Santiago de las Montahas and
Borja, called Pongo de Manzeriche ; the firft word of which fignifies a door or entrance,
and by the Indians is applied to all narrow places ; the fecond is the name of the ad-
jacent country.

The Spaniards who have pafled this ftreight make the breadth of it to be no more
than twenty-five yards, and its length three leagues ; and that, without any other help
than merely the current of the water, they were carried through it in a quarter of an
hour. If this be true, they muft move at the rate of twelve leagues an hour ; a mofl
aftonifhing velocity ! But M. de la Condamine, who examined it with particular atten-
tion, and to whofe judgment the greatefl deference is due, is of opinion, that the breadth
of the Pongo, even in its narrowefl part, is twenty-five toifes ; and the length of the
Pongo about two leagues, reckoning from the place where the fhores begin to approach,
as far as the city of Borga. And this diftance he was carried in fifty-feven minutes.
He obferves alfo, that the wind was contrary ; and confequently his balza did not go fo
far as the current would otherwife have carried her ; fo that, making allowance for this
obftrudtion, the current may be ftated at two leagues and a half, or at three leagues an
hour.

The breadth and depth of this river is anfwerable to its vaft length ; and in the pon-
gos or ftreights, and other parts where its breadth is contracted, its depth is augmented
proportionally. And hence many are deceived by the appearance of other rivers which
join it, their breadth caufmg them to be taken for the real Maranon ; but the mind is
foon convinced of its error, by obferving the little increafe which the Maranon receives
from the influx of them. This large river, by continuing its courfe without any vifible
change in its breadth or rapidity, demonftrates that the others, though before the objeCb
of ajftonifhment, are not comparable with it. In other parts it difplays its whole gran-
deur ; dividing itfelf into feveral large branches, including a multitude of iflands, parti-
cularly in the intermediate fpace between the mouth of the Napo and that of the
Coari, which lies fomething to the weftward of the river Negro ; where, dividing itfelf
into many branches, it forms an infinite number of iflands. Betwixt the miflion of
Peba, which is at prefent the laft of the Spanilh, and that of ^an Pablo the firft of the
Portuguefe, M. de la Condamine, and Don Pedro Maldonado, having meafured the
breadth of fome of thefe branches, found them nearly equal to nine hundred toifes, that is,
almofl a fea league. At the influx of the river of Chuchunga, the place where the Mara-
non becomes navigable, and where M. de la Condamine firft embarked on it, he found
its breadth to be one hundred and thirty five toifes : and though this was near its begin-
ning, the lead did not reach the bottom at twenty-eight toifes, notwithftanding this
founding was made at a great diftance from the middle of the river.

The iflands formed by the Maranon eaft of the Napo, terminate at the river Coari,
where it again reunites its waters, and flows in one ftream : but here its breadth is from
one thoufand to twelve hundred toifes, or near half a league ; and here the fame inge-
nious gentleman, after taking all poffible precautions againft the current, as he had
before at the mouth of the river Chuchunga, founded, but found no bottom with one

hundred

^02 TJLLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

hundred and three fathom of line. The river Negro, at the diftance of two leagues
from its mouth, meafured twelve hundred toifes in breadth, which being nearly equal
to that of the principal river, and fome of thofe we have named, Ucayale, the Madera,
and others, were found to be nearly of the fame width.

About one hundred leagues below the mouth of the river Negro, the fhores of the
Maranon begin to approach each other near the efflux of the river Trumbetas, which
part is called the Eftrecho de Pauxis, where, as alfo at the polls of Peru, Curupa and
Macapa, along its banks, and on thefe eaft of the rivers Negro and Popayos, the Portu-
guefe have forts. At the Eftrecho de Pauxis, where the breadth of the river is near
nine hundred toifes, the effeft of the tides may be perceived ; though the diftance from
the fea-coafts be not lefs than two hundred leagues. This effedb confifts in the waters,
which, without any change in the direction of their courfe, decreafe in their velocity,
and gradually fwell over their banks. The flux and reflux are conftant every twelve
hours, with the natural differences of time. But M. de la Condamine, with his ufual
accuracy, as may be feen in the narrative of his own voyage, obferved that the flux and
reflux perceived in the oceaii, on any certain day and hour, is different from that which
is felt at the fame day or hour, in the intermediate fpace between the mouth of the river
- and Pauxis, being rather the eft'edl of the tides of the preceding days ; proportional to the
diftance of the place from the river's mouth ; for as the water of one tide cannot flow
two hundred leagues within the twelve hours, it follows, that having produced its effect
to a determined diftance during the fpace of one day, and renewing it in the following
by the impulfe of the fucceeding tides, it moves through that long fpace with the ufual
alternation in the hours of flood and ebb ; and in feveral parts thefe hours coincide with
thofe of the flux and reflux of the ocean.

After flowing through fuch a vaft extent of country, receiving the tribute of other
rivers precipitated from the Cordilleras, or gKding in a more gentle courfe from remote
provinces ; after forming many circuits, catarafts, and ftreights ; dividing itfelf into
various branches, forming a multitude of iflands of different magnitudes, the Maranon
at length, from the mouth of the river Xingu, direds its courfe north-eaft and enlarging
its channel in a prodigious manner, as it were to facilitate its difcharge into the ocean,
forms in this aftonifliing fpace feveral very large and fertile iflands ; of which the chief
is that of Joanes or Marayo, formed by a branch of the great river which feparates from
it twenty-five leagues below the mouth of the Xingu ; and direding its courfe to the
fouthward, in a direftion oppofite to that of the principal ftream, opens a communica-
tion between the Maranon and the river of Dos Bocas, which has before received the
waters of the Guanapu and Pacayas, and flows into it through a mouth of above two
leagues in breadth. Thefe are afterwards joined by the river Tocantines ; the outlet of
which is ftill broader than the former, and at a ftill greater diftance : the river of Muju,
on the eaftern fide of which ftands the city of Gran Para, difcharges its waters into the
fame ftream ; and it afterwards receives the river Capi, which wafties the city of the
fame name.

The river of Dos Bocas, after joining that of Tagipuru, runs eaftward, forming an
arch as far as the river of Tocantines, from which it continues north-eaft like the Mara-
non, leaving in the middle the ifland of Joanes, which is nearly of a triangular figure,
except the fouth fide about one hundred and fifty leagues in length, and forms the arch
of a circle. This ifland divides the Maranon into the two mouths, by which that river
difembogues itfelf into the fea. The principal of thefe two mouths from Cape Maguari
in this ifland, and the North Cape, is about forty-five leagues broad ; and that of the

channel

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

503

channel of Tagipuri, as Hkewife of the rivers which have joined it, from the fame Gape
Maguari to Tigioca point, is twelve leagues.

This river, which exceeds any one mentioned either in facred or profane hiftory, has
three names ; and is equally known by them all, each implying its ftupendous majefty,
and importing its fuperiorityvto any other in Europe, Africa, or Afia. And this feems
to have been intended by the fmgularity of its having three different names ; each of
them enigmatically comprehending thofe of the mofl famous in the other three parts of
the world ; the Danube in Europe, the Ganges in Afia, and the Nile in Africa.

The names which exprefs the grandeur of this river are the Maranon, the Amazons,
and the Orellana. But it is not known with certainty that either of them was the origi-
nal, before its difcovery by the Spaniards, given it by the Indians, though probably it
was not without many ; for as various nations inhabited its banks, it was natural for
every one to call it by a particular name, or at leafl to make ufe of that which had been
previoufly given it. But either the firft Spaniards who failed on it negledted this enquiry,
or the former names became confounded with others given it fince that epocha, fo that
now no' veftiges of them remain.

The general opinion prefers, in point of antiquity, that of Maranon, though fome
authors will have it pofterior to the two others ; but we conceive they are miftaken,
both in their alTertion, and in the caufe of that name. They fuppofe that it was firft
given to this river by the Spaniards, who failed down it under the conduct of Pedro de
Orfua, in 1560 or 1559 ; whereas it had been known by that name many years before :
for Pedro Martyr in his Decades, fpeaking of the difcovery of the coaft of Brazil, in the
year 1500, by Vincente Yanez Pinzon, relates, among other things, that they came to
a river called Maranon. This book was printed in the year 1516, long before Gonzalo
Pizarro undertook the difcovery of the river, and conqueft of the adjacent nations who
inhabited its banks ; or Francifco de Orellana had failed on it. This demonflrates the
antiquity of the name of Maranon ; but leaves us under the fame difficulties with regard
to its date and etymology. Some, following Auguftine de Zarate, attribute the origin
of this name to a Spanifh commander called Maranan, from whom, as being the firfl
that difplayed the Spanifh enfign on this river, it was thence called after his own name.
But this opinion is rather fpecious than folid, being founded only on the fimilarity of the
names, a very exceptionable inference, efpecially as no mention is made of any fuch
officer in any hiftory publifhed of thefe difcoveries and conquefts ; whence it feems na-
tural to conclude, that Zarate, on hearing that the river was called Maranon, inferred
that the name was taken from fome perfon of eminence who had made an expedition on
it. For had he known any thing further, he doubtlefs would have enriched his hiftory
with fome of the adventures of the difcovery of it ; for if he had not thought them fuf-
ficiently interefting, it is fomething ftrange that all the Spanifh hiftorians fhould be in
the fame way of thinking, and concur to fupprefs the memory of a Spaniard whofe name
was thought worthy to be given to the mofl diftinguifhed river in the world. But what
carries along with it a much greater air of probability is, that Vincente Yanez Pinzon,
upon his arrival in the river, heard it called by the Indians who inhabited its iflands and
banks, Maranon, or fome name of a fimilar found ; and thence Vincente Yanez con-
cluded that its name was Maranon. Hence it is undeniable, that the preference in an-
tiquity belongs to the name of Maranon ; and that this name was not given it by Orfua
or his men, in allufion to fome feuds and confufions among them, called in Spanifh,
maranas, or from being bewildered among the great number of iflands, forming enma-
ranado, or an intricate labyrinth of channels, according to the opinion of fome hiftorians.

<> The

^04 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

The fecond name is that of the river of the Amazons, which was given it by Francifco
"^ Orellana, from the troops of women who made part of the body of Indians who oppofed

his paflage, and who were not inferior either in courage, or the dexterous ufe of the
bow, to the men ; fo that, in Head of landing where he intended, he was obliged to keep
at a diftance from the fhore, and often in the middle of the channel, to be out of their
reach. However, on his return to. Spain, and laying before the miniflry an account of
his proceedings, and of the female warriors that oppofed him, he was by patent created
governor of thefe parts, in recompenfe, as it was exprefled, for his having fubdued the
Amazons ; and ever fince the river has been called by that name.

Some have indeed doubted whether the Maranon and the Amazons were the fame
river ; and many feem to be ftrongly perfuaded, that they were really different. But
this opinion proceeds only from the river's not having been completely reconnoitred till
the clofe of the laft century.

This particular of the Amazons is confirmed by all writers, who have given a fuccind
account of the river, and Orellana's expedition ; and though this proof is abundantly
fufKcient, if not of its reality, at leaft of its probability, it is additionally confirmed by
the tradition flill fubfifling among the natives, which we may believe on the authority
of one of the mofl eminent geniufes the province of Quito ever produced ; I mean Don
Pedro Maldonado, who was a native of the town of Riobamba, but lived at Quito, and
whofe performances are well known in the republic of letters. In 1743, this gentleman
and M. de la Condamine agreed to return to Europe in company, by the way of the
river Maranon ; and among their other inquiries towards a complete knowledge of it,
and the countries through which it flows, they did not forget the famous Amazons ;
and were informed by fome old Indians, that it was an undoubted truth that there had
formerly been feveral communities of women, who formed a kind of republic, without
admitting any men into the government ; and that one of thefe female ftates flill fubfift-
ed, but had withdrawn from the banks of the river to a confiderable diflance up the
country ; adding, that they had often feen fome of thefe females warriors in their coun-
try. M. de la Condamine, in the narrative of his voyage down this river, printed at
Paris in the year 1745, and who had all the rational curiofity of his fellow-traveller Don
Pedro Maldonado, relates fome of the fadts told him by the Indians, concerning the
Amazons whom they had feen. But I fhall only here infert what hiflorians have faid
on this head, leaving every one to give what degree of credit he pleafes to the adventure
of Orellana, and the aftual exiflence of the Amazons.

Some who are firmly perfuaded of the truth of the adventure of the Amazons with
Orellana, and believe that their valour might be equal to that of the men, in defence of
their country and families, will not hear of a female republic feparated from the inter-
courfe of men. They fay, and not without fufficient reafon, that the women who fo
gallantly oppofed Orellana were of the Yurimagua nation, at that time the mofl power-
ful tribe inhabiting the banks of the Maranon, and particularly celebrated for their
courage. It is therefore, fay they, very natural to think that the women fhould, in
fome degree, inherit the general valour of their hufbands, and join them in oppofing
an invader, from whom they imagined they had every thing to fear, which might in-
flame their ardour ; as likewife from an emulation of military glory, of which there are
undeniable inflances in the other parts of the Indies.

The third and lafl name is that of the Orellana, defervedly given to it in honour of
Francifco de Orellana, the firfl who failed on it, furveyed a great part of it, and had
feveral encounters with the Indians who lived in its iflands or along its banks. Some
have been at a great deal of pains to afTign certain diflances through its long courfe, and

to

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 505^^

to appropriate to each of thefe one of the three names. Thus they call Orellana all that
fpace from the part where this officer failed down in his armed Ihip till it joins the Ma-
ranon. The name of Amazons begins at the influx of another river, at the mouth of
which Orellana met with a flout refiftance from the women or Amazons ; and this name
reaches to the fea: and laftly, the name of Maranon comprehends the river from its fource
a confiderable way beyond the Pongo downwards all along the part of the defcent of
this river through Peru, alleging that this was the part through which Pedro de Orfua
entered the river ; fupporting their opinion by a derivation, to which we cannot fub-
fcribe, namely, that he gave it this name on account of the diflurbances which hap-,
pened among his men. The truth is, that the Maranon, the Amazons, and the Orellana,
are one individual river ; and that what is meant by each of thefe names, is the vaft
common channel into which thofe many rivers fall, which contribute to its greatnefs j.
and that to the original name of Maranon the two others have been added for the caufes
already mentioned. The Portuguefe have been the mofl flrenuous fupporters of this
opinion, calling it by no other name than that of the Amazons, and transferring that of
Maranon to one of the captainfhips of Brazil, lying betwixt Grand Para and Siara j and
whofe capital is the city of San Luis del Maranon.

II. — Account of thefirji Difcoveries, and of the mojt famous Expeditions on the Maranon^
in order to obtain a more adequate Idea of this famous River,

After this account of the courfe and names of this river, I Ihall, proceed to the dif-^
covery of it, and the mofl remarkable voyages made thereon. Vincente Yanez Pinzon,,
one of thofe who had accompanied the Admiral Don Chriflopher Columbus in his firfl
voyage, was the perfon who difcovered the mouth through which this river, as I have
before taken notice, difcharges itfelf into the ocean. This adventurer, at his own ex-
pence, in 1499, fitted out four fhips, difcoveries being the reigning tafle of that time.
With this view he fleered for the Canary Iflands ; and after pafTmg by thofe of Cape
de Verd, continued his courfe diredlly weft, till on the 26th of January, in the year
1500, he had fight of land; and called it Cabo de Confolacion, having juft weathered
a moft violent ftorm. This promontory is now called Cabo de San Auguftin. Here
he landed ; and, after taking a view of the country, coafted along it northward j
fometimes he loft fight of it, when on a fudden he found himfelf in a frefh-water fea,
out of which he fupplied himfelf with what he wanted ; and being determined to
trace it to its fource, he failed upwards, and came to the mouth of the river Maranon,
where the iflands made a moft charming appearance. Here he ftaid fome time, carry-
ing on a friendly traffic with the Indians, who were courteous and humane to thefe
ftrangers. He continued advancing up the river, new countries appearing ftill as he
failed further.

To this maritime difcovery fucceeded that by land in the year 1 540, under the con-
dud of Gonzalo Pizarro, who was commiffioned for this enterprife by his brother the
Marquis Don Francifco Pizarro, on the report which Gonzalo Dias de Pineda had
made of the country of La Canela, in the year 1536 ; at the fame time making him
governor of Quito. Gonzalo Pizarro arrived at the country of Los Canelos ; and
following the courfe of a river, either the Napo or Coca, it is not certain which,
though more probably the firft, met with unfurmountable difficulties and hardfhips ;
and feeing himfelf deftitute of provifions of every kind, and that his people, by
feeding on the buds and rinds of trees, fnakes, and other creatures, wafted away one
after another, he determined to build a veflel, in order to feek provisions at the

VOL. XIV. 3 T place

^o6 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

place where this river joined another ; the Indians having informed him that there
he would meet with a great plenty. The command of this veffel he gave to Fran-
cifco de Orellana, his lieutenant-general and confident, recommending to him all
the diligence and punduality which their extremity required. After failing eighty
leagues Orellana arrived at the junftion of the two rivers, but met with nothing of
what he had been fent for ; being difappointed in the provifions he fought, the trees
not bearing any fruit, or the Indians having already gathered it. His return to
Pizarro feemed very difficult, if not impracticable, on account of the rapidity of the
current ; befides, he could not think of returning, without bringing with him that
relief fo earneftly expeded ; fo that, after long debating the matter with himfelf, he
determined, without the privity of his companions, to fail with the current to the
fea. But this could not long remain a fecret, the hoifting the fails fufficiently demon-
ftrating his intentions ; and fome vehemently oppofmg fuch a defertion, as they called
it, were near coming to blows. But at length Orellana, by plaufible reafons and
magnificent promifes, pacified them ; and the oppofition ceafing, he continued his
voyage, after fetting afhore Hernando Sanchez de Vargas to perifli with hunger, as
being the ring-leader of the malcontents j and perfifting in his invedives againft Orel-
lana's projeft.

Pizarro, furprifed at having no account of Orellana, marched by land to the place
where he had ordered him, and near it met with Hernando Sanchez de Vargas, who
acquainted him with the whole affair of the velTel ; at which Pizarro feeing himfelf
without refource, a confiderable part of his men dead, the other fo exhaufled with
fatigue and hunger that they dropt down as they marched, and thofe in the beft ftate
reduced to mere fkeletons ; he determined to return to Quito, which, after fatigues
and hardfhips even greater than the former, he at laft reached with a handful of men
in the year 1542, having only reconnoitred fome rivers, and the adjacent country; a
fervice difproportionate to the lofs of fo many men, and the miferies fuffered in this
enterprife.

This was the firft expedition of any confequence, to make difcovery of the river
Maranon : and if the fuccefs of Pizarro was not equal to his force and zeal, he was at
leaft the inftrument of its being entirely accomplilhed by another ; and to his refolu-
tion in preffing forward through difficulties and dangers, and by his expedient of
building the armed veffel, muft, in fome meafure, be attributed the happy event of
Orellana's voyage, who, with a conftancy which fhowed him worthy of his general's
favour, reconnoitred the famous river of the Amazons through its whole extent, the
adjacent country, its innumerable iflands, and the multitude and difference of nations
inhabiting its banks. But this remarkable expedition deferves a more particular
detail.

Orellana began to fail down the river in the year 1541 ; and in his progrefs through
the feveral nations along its banks, entered into a friendly conference with many,
having prevailed upon them to acknowledge the fovereignty of the Kings of Spain
formally, and with the confent of the caciques took possession of it. Others, not fo
docile, endeavoured to oppofe, with a large fleet of canoes, his further navigation :
and with thefe he had feveral fharp encounters. In one Indian nation bravery was fo
general, that the women fought with no lefs intrepidity than the men ; and by their
dexterity fhowed that they were trained up to the exercife of arms. This occafioned
Orellana to call them Amazons ; which name alfo paffed to the river. The ' fcene of
this a£tion, according to Orellana's own account, and the defcription of the place, is
thought to have been at fome diftance below the junction of the Negro and Maranon.

I Thus

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 507

Thus he continued his voyage till the 26th of Auguft, in the fame year ; when,
having pafled a prodigious number of iflands, he faw himfelf in the ocean. He nou^
proceeded to the ifle of Cubagua, or, according to others, to that of La Trinidad, with
a delign of going to Spain, to folicit for a patent as governor of thefe countries. The
diftance he failed on this river, according to his own computation, was eighteen hun-
dred leagues.

This difcovery was followed by another, but not fo complete ; it was undertaken in
the year 1559 or 1560, under Pedro' de Orfua, by commiifion from the Marquis de
Canete, viceroy at Peru, who at the fame time conferred on him the title of governor
of all his conquells. But the firfl news of Orfua was, that he and the greateft part
of his men were killed in an ambufcade by the Indians ; a cataftrophe entirely owing
to his own ill conduct, which deflroyed the great armament made for this enterprife,
and created an averfion to defigns liable to fuch dangers.

In the year 1602, the Reverend Raphael Ferrer, a Jefuit, having undertaken the
mifTion of Cofanes, pafled down the Maranon, and attentively furveyed the country as
far as the conflux of the two rivers where Orellana had left Hernando Sanchez de
Vargas ; and at his return to Quito gave a very circumfl;antial account of what he had
feen, and the different nations he had difcovered.

Another, but fortuitous, view of the river was taken in 1616. Twenty Spanifii
foldiers, quartered in Santiago de las Montanas, in the province of Yaguarfongo,
purfued a company of Indians, who, after murdering fome of their countrymen in the
city, fled up the country, and embarked on the Maranon in their canoes. The foldiers,
in falling down the river, came to the nation of the Maynas,* who received them in a
friendly manner ; and after fome difcourfe fliowed a difpofition of fubmitting to the
King of Spain, and defired miflionaries might be fent them. The foldiers, on their
return to Santiago, having made a report of the good inclination of the Maynas, and
their defire of being infl:ru6:ed in the Chrifl:ian religion, an account was fent to the
Prince of Efquiloche, viceroy of Peru : and in 1618, Don Diego Baca de Vega was
appointed governor of Maynas and Maranon ; and may be faid to have been in reality
the firfl:, as neither Pizarro, Orellana, nor Orfua, though invefl:ed with the title, were
ever in poflefllon of it, having made no abfolute conquefl.s ; a neceflfary circumfl;ance
towards realizing the title.

This expedition was performed in 1635 and 1636, and was fucceeded by that of
two Francifcans, with others of the fame order, who fet out from Quito with a de-
termined zeal for propagating Chrifl;ianity among the nations on the Maranon. But
many of them, unable to fupport themfelves under the fatigues and hardlhips natural
in fuch a country, and difcouraged with the little fruit their good defires produced,
after wandering among mountains, woods, and deferts, returned to Quito, leaving
only two, Dominico de Brieda and Andrew de Toledo, both lay-brothers. Thefe,
either from a religious zeal, or naturally more brave and hardy, or of greater curiofity,
ventured to penetrate further into thofe dreary wafl;es. They were indeed attended by
fix foldiers, remaining of a whole company who had been fent, under Captain Juan de
Palacio, for the fafeguard of the miflionaries ; but fo many of them had returned
with the religious to Quito, that thefe fix and 'the captain were all that remained : and
that officer, a few days after, loft his life in an action againft the Indians.

The fix foldiers and two lay-brothers, however, continued with undaunted refolution
to travel through countries inhabited by favages, unknown, and full of precipices on
all fides ; at length they committed themfelves to the fliream, in a kind of launch ;
and after many fatigues, hardfliips, aud here and there a rencounter, reached the city

c; T 2 of

^08 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ,

x)f Para, at that time dependent on, or united with, the captainfhip of the Maranon,
the governor of which refided at San Louis, whither they went, and gave him an
account of what they had obferved in this navigation.

At that time the crown of Portugal was annexed to Spain ; and the governor of the
captainfhip, or Maranon, for the fovereign of both kingdoms, was Jacome Reymundo
de Norona, who, zealous for the improvement of this difcovery, as of the highefl
importance to his Prince, fitted out a fleet of canoes, under the command of Captain
Texera, to go up the river, and furvey the country with greater form and accuracy.
This flotilla departed from the neighbourhood of Para, on the 28th of Oftober 1637,
with the two religious on board ; and after an incelTant fatigue in making way againfl
the flream, they arrived at Pahamino on the 24th of June 1638. This place belongs
to the jurifdiftion of the government of Quixos ; whence Texera, with the foldiers
. and the two religious, went to Quito, where he gave an account of the expedition to
the audiencia, which tranfmitted the particulars to the Count de Chinchon, Viceroy of
Peru ; and he, agreeably to the zeal he had always manifefted for enlarging His Ma-
jefty's dominions, held a council about making more particular difcoveries along the
fhores of that river.

Among other things, the Count de Chinchon gave orders, that the Portuguefe
flotilla Ihould returri to Para ; and with it fent fome intelligent perfons, whofe zeal
might be depended on, with orders to take an accurate furvey of the river and its
banks ; and after difcharging this commiflion, to proceed to Spain, and make a report
of their expedition to the council of the Indies, in order to be laid before His Majefly,
that meafures might in confequence be taken for fecuring the conqueft of thefe nations.
The perfons chofen were, the Reverend Fathers Chriftopher de Accuna and Andrez de
Artieda, Jefuits, and perfons every way equal to the fervice. They left Quito on the
16th of February 1039; and having embarked with the armadilla, after a voyage of
ten months, they arrived at Gran Para on the 12th of December, whence, according
to their inftruftions, they pafTed over to Spain, and completely acquitted themfelves of
the trufl repofed in them.

At the end of the laft century, another expedition was undertaken, for making dif-
coveries on the Maranon ; but at that time it was already fo well known, that moll of
the adjacent lands had been improved by the mifTions which the Jefuits had fettled
there : and the government of Manas now includes many nations, who, on the fervent
preaching of the Jefuits, having embraced Chriflianity, vowed obedience to the Kings
of Spain ; and a happy alteration was feen in their morals and cuftoms. The banks of
this river, where before only wild Indians were feen living in the manner of. beafts,
were now turned into plantations and regular towns, the inhabitants of which fhewed
that they were not deftitute of reafon and humanity. Thefe improvements were in a
great meafure owing to Father Samuel Fritz, who, in 1686, preached the Gofpel
among thofe people, and in a fhort time was the inftrument of the converfion of many
nations : but the continual fatigues and hardfhips, both by land and water, aifeded
his health to fuch a degree, that he was obliged to fet out for Para in January 1689,
and arrived there on the nth of September of the fame year. Here he remained in a
difagreeable inactivity, till his health was reftored, and fome affairs fettled which
required inftrudions from the court of Lifbon.

July the 8th 1691, Father Fritz left" Para, in order to return to his miffion, which
then reached from the mouth of the river Napo to fome diftance beyond the Negro,
and included the Omaguas, Yurimaguas, Ayfuares, and many other adjacent nations,
the moft numerous of the whole river. Odober the 13th, in the fame year, he

II returned

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ^09

returned to the town of Nueftra Senora de las Nieves, the capital of the Yurimagua
nation ; and having vifited the reft under his charge, to the number of forty-one, all
large and populous, he went, on other public affairs, to the town of Laguna, the
capital of all the miflions on the Maranon, where the fuperior refided ; and afterwards
repaired to the city of Lima, in order to communicate to the Count de Moncloa, at
that time viceroy, a full account of all thofe countries. This laft journey he under-
took by the way of the rivers Guallaga, Patanapura, Moyobamba, Chachapoyas,
Caxamarca, Truxillo, and Lima.

The affairs which brought this indefatigable miffionary to Lima, where he was
received with great honour, being finilhed ; Father Fritz, in Auguft 1693, ^^^ °"^ ^^
his return to his miflions, by the way of the city .of Jaen de Bracamoros, with a view
of reconnoitring the courfe and lituation of the rivers which, from thofe fouthern
parts, fall into the Maranon. By the help of thefe additional lights, he drew a map
of that river, which was engraved at Quito, in the year 1707 : and though it had not
all the accuracy which could be defired, the father being without inftruments for
obferving the latitudes and longitudes of the chief places, taking the courfe of the
rivers, and determining the diftances ; yet it was received with very great applaufe, as
being the only one in which were laid down the fource and direction of all the rivers
which join the Maranon, and the whole courfe of the latter till its junction with the
ocean.

in. Account of the Conquejiy MiJJions^ and Nations, ejiablijhed on the Maranon.

The difcovery of this famous river, and the furvey of the adjacent countries and
nations, was followed by the conqueft of the nations who inhabited its banks and
iHands. The mifcarriage of the expedition under Gonzalo Pizarro has already been
mentioned : Orellana was not more fortunate ; when, purfuant to the grant of the
government, he returned to fettle in it ; and Orfua's fate was ftill more deplorable,
perilhing himfelf, with the greateft part of his followers. But we are now to fpeak of
the more fuccefsful enterprize of Don Diego Baca de Vega, whom we have already
mentioned, but in a curfory manner.

The government of Maynas, and the Maranon, having been conferred on De Vega ;
confident of the good difpofitions of the Maynas Indians, as it had been carefully cul-
tivated, fince its firft commencement with the Santiago foldiers, he entered the country
with a little colony, and founded the city of San Francifco de Borga, in 1634, as the
capital of the whole government ; a title which it juftly deferved, for being the firft
erected in that vaft country ; and alfo on account of the friendfhip which the Indians
had fhewn for the Spaniards ever fince their firft arrival. The new governor being a
perfon of judgment and penetration, was not long in obferving that thefe nations were
rather to be governed by moderation and gentlenefs, with a proper firmnefs to create
refpedt, than by rigour or aufterity : and accordingly informed the audiencia of Quito
and the Jefuits of their difpofition. Miffionaries were accordingly fent them, in the
perfons of Gafpar de Cuxia and Lucas de Cuebas, who came to Maynas in the year
1637 ; and their preaching had fuch remarkable fuccefs, that, being not of themfelves
fufficient for inftrufting the multitudes of new converts, they fent to Quito for affift-
ance : and thus the number of miffions continually increafed, and whole nations re-
forted from their forefts in fearch of the light of the Gofpel. By this means the
King*s dominions were extended, every profelyte with joy acknowledging himfelf in

his

^lO ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

his new ftate a fubjed of the King of Spain, as he owed to his bounty the ineftimable
felicity of his converfion.

Thus the miflions and the number of towns increafed together, and the propagation
of the Chriftian religion in thofe remote countries, and the aggrandifement of the
Spanifli monarchy, went hand in hand. But the moft diftinguifhed sera of thefe pro-
greflions was the year 1686, by the zeal and adivity of Father Fritz, whom we have
had occafion before to mention with honour : he went direftly among the nation of
the Omaguas, who havmg by the Cocamas Indians been informed of the mildnefs and
wifdom with which the miffionaries taught them to live under juft and wholefome laws,
and a police hitherto unknown among them ; together with the many happy effeQs it
had produced in thofe nations which had conformed to their inftruftions ; animated
with thefe pleafmg relations, they fent, in 168 1, a deputation to the town of Laguna,
belonging to Cocamas, where Father Lorenzo Lucero, fuperior of the miflions, refided,
\ entreating him to fend among them perfons for their inftrudion : but the father at that
time was not in a capacity of complying with their requefl", all the miffionaries being
employed elfewhere. He therefore difmiifed them, with commending their good inten-
tions ; promifmg them, that he would fend to Quito for a proper perfon to infl:ru6t
them in thofe falutary dodrines embraced by the other nations.

The Omaguas, full 0f anxiety, did not give Father Lorenzo Lucero time to negled
his promife ; for, on hearing that new miffionaries, and among them Father Samuel
Fritz, were juft arrived at Laguna from Quito, the fame deputation returned to requeft
the immediate performance of the promife ; and having the greateft reafon to expeft
it would be complied with, great part of the people came in canoes to the town of
Laguna, as a teftimony of refpeft to Father Fritz, in order to conduft him to their
country, where they treated him with fuch veneration, that in his progrefs through the
towns they would not fuffer him to walk, but carried him on their Ihoulders ; an
honour which the caciques referved to themfelves alone. The eiFefts of his preaching
were anfwerable to thefe marks of ardour and efteem, fo that in a fhort time the
whole nation was brought to a ferious profeffion of Chriftianity, deploring their former
ignorance and brutality, and forming themfelves into a political community, under
laws calculated for the happinefs of fociety. And their example fo influenced feveral
other adjacent nations, that the Yurimaguas, Afuares, Banomas, and others, unani-
moufly and voluntarily came and addrefled themfelves to Father Fritz, defiring him to
inftruft them how to live in the fame order and regularity as the Omaguas. Thus
whole nations, on embracing Chriftianity, fubmitted to the fovereignty of the Spanifh
monarchs : and all the countries from the Napo to a confiderable diftance below the
Negro, were reduced without the leaft force throughout the whole extent of the
government of Maynas : and fuch, at the end of the laft century, was the number of
the nations thus converted, that Father Fritz, though without indulging himfelf in any
refpite, was not able to vifit every fmgle town and village within the compafs of a year,
exclufively of the nations under the care of other miffionaries, as thofe of the Maynas,
Xebaros, Cocamas, Panos, Chamicuros, Aguanos, Muniches, Otanabes, Roamaynas,
Gaes, and many more. The other miffions were in the fame flouriftiing condition.

The city of San Francifco de Borja, which we have already mentioned as the capital
of Maynas, ftands in 4° 28" S. lat. and 1° 54'" E. of the meridian of Quito : but of its
largenefs and appearance we can only add, that it refembles the cities of the govern-
ment of Jaen : and its inhabitants, though confifting of Meftizos and Indians, and the-
place is the refidence of the governor of Maynes and Maranon, yet they are not equal
in number to thofe of Jaen de Bracamaros. The principal town of the miffions, and

in

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 511

in which the fuperior is obliged to refide, is Santiago de la Laguna, lying on the
eaftern bank of the river Guallaga. The places which at prefent compofe thofe miflions
in the government of Maynas, and diocefe of Quito, are :

On the River Napo.

I. San Bartholome de Necoya.
II. San Pedra de Aguarico.

III. San Eftaniflao de Aguatico.

IV. San Luis Gonzaga.
V. Santa Cruz.

VI. El Nombre de Jefus.
VII. San Pablo de Guajoya.
VIII. El Nombre de Maria.

IX. San Xavier de Icaguates.

X. San Juan Bautifta de los Encabellados.

XI. La Reyna de los Angeles.
XII. San Xavier de Urarines.

On the River Maranon, or Amazons,

I. La Ciudad de San Francifco de Borja.
II. La Certaon, or inland country towards St. Terefa.

III. San Ignacio de Maynas.

IV. San Andres del Alto.

V. Santo Thomas Apoftol de Andoas.
VI. Simigaes.

VII. San Jofeph de Pinches.
VIII. La Concepcion de Cagua-panes.
IX. La Prefentacion de Chayabitas.
X. La Incarnacion de Paranapuras.
XI. I^a Conception de Xebaros.
XII. San Antonio de la Laguna.

XIII. San Xavier de Chamicuro.

XIV. San Antonio Adad de Aguanos.

XV. Nueftra Senora de las Neves de Yurimaguas,
XVI. San Antonio de Padua.
XVII. San Joaquin de la Grande Omagua.
XVIII. San Pablo Apoftol de Napeanos.
XIX. San Phelipe de Amaonas.
XX. San Simon de Nahuapo.
XXI, San Francifco Regis de Yameos.
XXII. San Ignacio de Bevas 'y Caumares.

XXIII. Nuefta Senora de las Nieves.

XXIV. San Francifco Regis del Baradero.

Befides thefe towns, which have exifted for fome time, there are feveral others yet
in their infancy ; and the Indians, by whom they are inhabited, of different nations
from thofe above-mentioned : likewife many others, both large and populous ; fome
on the banks of the rivers which fall into the Maranon, and others up the country.

Many

^12 ULLOA's voyage TO^ south AMERICA.

Many of the Inhabitants of both nations hold a friendly intercourfe with the Spanifh
miflionaries, and with the inhabitants of the Chriftian villages, with whom they traffic,
as well as with the Spaniards and Meftizos, fettled at Borja and Laguna. All thefe
nations of Indians have fome refemblance in their cuftoms ; but in their languages
very different, every one feeming to have a particular dialed, though there are fome
of a nearer affinity than others to the general language of Peru. The moft difficult
to be pronounced is that of the Yameos Indians : while, on the other hand, none is
fo eafy and agreeable to the ear as that of the Omaguas : and the genius* and tempers
of thefe two nations were found to be as different as their language. Thus the
Omaguas, even before their fubmiffion, gave many furprizing proofs of the clearnefs
of their intelle6ls; but were furpaffed by the Yurimaguas, both in wit. and penetration.
The former lived in villages under fome kind of government, peacefully obeying their
curacas or chiefs. They were lefs barbarous ; their manners lefs turbulent and
corrupt than thofe of moft other Indians. The Yurimaguas formed a kind of republic ;
and had fome laws which were ftri6lly obferved, and the breach of them punifhed in
an exemplary manner. But in police the preference doubtlefs belongs to the Omaguas :
for, befides living in fociety, there was an appearance of decency among them, their
nudities being covered, which by others were totally negleded. This difpofition in
thofe two nations for making approaches, however fmall, to civil cuftoms and a rational
life, not a little contributed to the fpeedy progrefs of their converlion. They were
more eafily convinced, from the light of nature, of the truth and propriety of the
doctrines preached by the miffionaries ; and were convinced, that happinefs, both pub-
lic and private, was intimately connected with an uniform obfervance of fuch precepts,
inftead of the innumerable evils refulting from the manner of living hitherto praftifed
by them.

Among the variety of fmgular cuftoms prevailing in thefe nations, one cannot help
being furprifed at the odd tafte of the Omaguas, a people otherwife fo fenfible, who,
to render their children what they call beautiful, flat the fore and hind parts of the
head, which gives them a monftrous appearance ; for the forehead grows upwards in
proportion as it is flatted j fo that the diftance from the rifmg of the nofe, to the
beginning of the hair, exceeds that from the lower part of the nofe to the bottom of
the chin : and the fame is obfervable in the back part of the head. The fides alfo are
very narrow, from a natural confequence of the preflure ; as thus the parts preflfed,
inftead of fpreading, conformably to the common courfe of nature, grows upwards.
This praftice is of great antiquity among them ; and kept up fo ftridly, that they
make a jeft of other nations, calling them calabafli heads.

In order to give children this beautiful flatnefs, the upper part of the head is put,
foon after the birth, betwixt two pieces of board ; and repeated, from time to time, till
they have brought it to the fafliionable form.

Another nation of thefe Indians, affi26:ing a ftriking appearance, make feveral holes
in both their upper and under lips, both fides of the cartilage of their nofe, their
chins, and jaws , and in thefe they ftick fine feathers, or little arrows, eight or nine
inches long. The reader's own imagination will fufficiently paint the ftrange appear-
ance they muft make with thefe decorations. Others place a great beauty in long
ears j and accordingly extend theni by art to fuch a degree, that in fome the inferior
lobe touches the flioulder : and they value themfelves on the nickname of long ears,
which has been given them in ridicule. The method they make ufe of to extend
their ears, is this : they bore a hole in the lobe, and faften to it a fmall weight, which
they from time to time increafe, till the ear is ftretched to nearly the length above-
mentioned ;

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

5t3

mentioned: and as the lobe increafes in length, fo likewife does it in magnitude.
Others paint fome parts of their bodies ; fome the whole. All have fomething peculiar
in their modes and cuftoms, but generally of fuch a nature, that Europeans wonder
how they could ever enter the thoughts of rational creatures. *

After defcribing this great river, and giving an account of the villages and nations
near its banks, I fhall proceed to fome other particularities relating to it ; as the ex-
traordinary fpecies of fifh found in its waters, and likewife the birds and other animals
feen in the adjacent countries through which it flows. Among the various kinds of
fifh, are two of an amphibious nature ; the caymans or alligators, and the tortoife,
which fwarm on the fhores and iflands. Its tortoifes, for tafle, are preferred to thofe
of the fea. Another remarkable fifh here is the pexe-buey, or fea-cow, fo called from
its refembling the land quadruped of that name. This is one of the largefl fpecies
known in the river, being generally three or four yards in length, and of a proportional
thicknefs : the flefh is very palatable, and, according to fome, has pretty much the
tafle of beef. It feeds on the herbage growing along the fhore, but the flrufture of
its body does not admit of its coming out of the water. The female has dugs for
fuckling its young ; and whatever fome may have faid of any farther refemblance to
the terreftrial fpecies of that name, it has neither horns nor legs. It has indeed two
fins, which ferve equally for fwimming, and fupporting itfelf on the banks whilfl feed-
ing. The general method of the Indians for filhing, is with inebriating herbs, like that
I have mentioned on the river Guayaquil. On fome occafions they make ufe of arrows
dipped in poifon, of fuch an aftivity, that the flighteft wound immediately kills the
fifh. This is alfo their method of hunting ; and in both they are fo very expert and
aftive, that they are very feldom known to mifs their aim. This powerful venom is
principally the juice of a bejuco, near fix fingers broad, and flat on both fides, of a
brownifh colour, and growing in very damp marfhy places. In order to prepare
the poifon, they cut it into pieces, which they bruife and boil in water. On taking it
off the fire, they add to it a particular ingredient which caufes a coagulation. With
this they rub the point of their arrows; and when dry, for want of frefh undion,
they moiften it with their fpittle : the quality of it is fo frigorific, that it immediately
repels all the blood to the heart, where the vefTels burfl, being unable to contain fuch
a torrent as fuddenly ruflies into them. But what is moft furprifing here, is, that the
creature thus killed, and its coagulated blood, are eaten without any inconveniency.
The moft powerful antidote to this venom is, immediately to eat fugar: but this
fpecific, though often falutary, is not infallible, as feveral melancholy inftances have
demonflrated.

The borders and parts adjacent to this famous river, as well as thofe contiguous to
the others which difcharge their waters into it, abound with large and lofiy trees, the
wood of which is of different colours ; fome white, others of a dark brown ; fome red,
or veined with variety of colours. Some of another fpecies diflil balfams of an exqui-
fite fragrancy, or rare and medicinal gums ; others are noted for their delicious and
falubrious fruits. Among thefe the wild cacoa, by the mere goodnefs of the foil, with-
out any culture, grows in the greatefl plenty, and yields fruit of a goodnefs equal to
that in the jurifdidion of Jean and Quixos. Here alfo are gathered great quantities of
■ farfaparilla, vanillas, and a bark called Declavo, or cloves : for though it refembles

* Another remarkable cuflom is, that of their tying their privities in a bladder before they go into
the water. A.

VOL. XIV. 3 u cinnamoa

514 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

cinnamon m appearance, except its colour, which is fomething darker, its tafte and
fmell are very different, being nearly the fame with that of the Eaft India clove.

As to quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and infefts, they are nearly the fame, and in as
great numbers as thofe already mentioned in the defcription of other hot countries.
One reptile of a very extraordinary nature, and known only here and in the provinces
of New Spain, I fliall, as a conclufion of my account of the Maranon, add a defcrip-
tion of.

In the countries watered by that vaft river, is bred a ferpent of a frightful magnitude,
and moft deleterious nature. Some, in order to give an idea of its largenefs, affirm,
that it will fwallow any beaft whole ; and that this has been the miferable end of many
a man. But what feems ftill a greater wonder, is the attradive quality attributed to
its breath, which irrefiftibly draws any creature to it, which happens to be within the
fphere of its attraftion : but this, I muft own, feems to furpafs all belief. The Indians
call it jacumama, i. e. mother of water : for as it delights in lakes and marlhy places,
it may, in fome fenfe, be confidered as amphibious. I have taken a great deal of pains
to inquire into this particular -, and all I can fay is, that the reptile's magnitude is really
furprifing. Some perfons, whofe veracity is not to be queftioned, and who have feen
it in the provinces of New Spain, agreed in their account of the enormous corpulency
of this ferpent ; but, with regard to its attradlive quality, could fay nothing decilive.*

Sufpending, therefore, for the prefent, all politive judgment, without giving entire
credit to all the qualities vulgarly attributed to this animal, efpecially the more fufpedt-
cd, as not improbably jBowing from aftonifhment, which frequently adopts abfurdities,
it being impoffible, in fo great a perturbation, to confult reafon ; let me be indulged,
with fome variation of the accidents, to inveftigate the caufe; in order to come at the
knowledge of its properties, which it is difficult to afcertain, unlefs fupported by un-
doubted experiments. Not that I would offer my opinion as a decifive rule : I defire
that the judgment of others may declare for that which appears moft conformable to
truth. I would alfo further acquaint the reader, that I only fpeak from the teftimony
of thofe who have feen this famous ferpent, having never myfelf had an opportunity of
examining it with my own eyes.

Firft, it is faid, that this ferpent, in the length and thicknefs of its body, very much
refembles the trunk of an old tree, whofe roots have for fome time ceafed to convey
the ufual noui ifhment ; and that on every part of it grows a kind of mofs, like that feen^
on the bark of wild trees. This is accounted for by the duft and mud adhering to it ;;
and alternately moiftened and dried by the water and fun. This forms a flight cruft
over the thick fcales ; and this cruft is increafed by the fluggifhnefs and flow motion of
the ferpent j which, unlefs when forced by hunger to ga in queft of food, continues

* I have feen three of thefe ferpents killed ; out of the body of one of them was taken a hog about
ten ftone in weight. The largeft was about eleven feet long, and twenty -three inches in circumference ;
the fmallcft about nine feet long, and nineteen in circumference. They generally lie coiled up, and wait
till their prey pafles near enough to be feized. As they are not eafily diitinguifhed from the large rottea
wood (which lies about in plenty in thefe parts), they have opportunities. enough to feize their prey and^
fatiate thtir hunger. The Indians watch this opportunity, and when they have half gorged their prey,
kill them without danger. As I was walking in the woods one day, attended by two Indians and a Ne-
gro boy, we were within ten yards of one of thefe ferpents, when the Negro cried out, Cobra, Senhor !
Cobra, Senhor! on which it made away into a neighbouring thicket, which concealed from our fight the
moft hideous creature I at that time had ever feen. In its motion, which was flow and peculiar to that
ferpent, it appeared like a ferpentine log, with two bright gems for eyes, placed within three or four
inches from thue end which wac fartheft from us, from which rays of azure light feemed to dart. A.

motionlefg

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 515

motionlefs in one place for feveral days together ; and even then its motion is almoft
imperceptible, leaving a track like that of a log of timber drawn along the ground.

Its breath is afferted to be of fuch a nature as to caufe a kind of drunkennefs or ftu-
pidity in man or beaft, which has the misfortune of being within the bounds of its
adbivity ; and thus caufes the animal involuntarily to move till it unhappily comes within
the reach of the ferpent, which immediately fwallows it. This is the vulgar report :
and it is added, that the only method of averting the danger, is, on firft feeling the
breath, to cut it, that is, to flop it by the interpofition of another body, which haftily
intervening, cuts the current of the blafl: and diflipates it. Thus the perfon, who was
moving on to certain deflrudion, is enabled to take another path, and avoid the fatal
cataftrophe. Thefe particulars, if thoroughly confidered, feem mere fables : as indeed
the learned M. de la Condamine intimates ; and the very circumftances with which
they are decorated, increafe their improbability.

But, in my opinion, with a little alteration in the circumftances, what feems to ftiock
credibility, \Ki\\ appear natural and founded on truth.

That its breath is of fuch a quality as to produce a kind of inebriation in thofe
whom it reaches, is far from being impoflible ; the urine of the fox is well known to
have the fame effed: ; and the breath of the whale is frequently attended with fuch an
infupportable foetor as to bring on a diforder in the brain. I therefore fee no manner
of difficulty in admitting, that the breath of this ferpent may be of that intoxicating
quality attributed to it ; and may be confidered as an expedient for catching its prey,
as otherwife the creature, from the flow movement of its body, would be utterly in-
capable of providing itfelf with food ; whereas, by this deleterious fmell, the animal
may be thrown into fuch horror and perplexity, as to be unable to move, but remain
fixed like a ftatue, or faint away, whilft the fnake gradually approaches and feizes it.
As to what is related of cutting the breath, and that the danger is limited to the direc-
tion in which the ferpent breathes ; theie are tales which, to believej would imply an
utter ignorance of the origin and progrefs of odours, hi fhort, the vulgar errors, pro-
pagated by thefe rude nations, have gained credit among the Spaniards, merely becaufe
none has had the curiofiiy or refolution to put them to the teft of experience.

CHAP. VJ. — 0/ the Genius, Cujioms, and Manners of the Indians, who are Natives

of the Province of Quito,

THE fubjcd: of this chapter, and its circumftances, are of fuch a nature, th^t, if
what ancient hiftories deliver concerning them ftiould recur to the memory, they will
appear totally different. Indeed the difproportion between what I read, and what I
am going to relate, is fo remarkable, that, on a retrofped: towards paft times, I am
utterly at a lofs to account for the univerfal change of things ; efpecially when fur-
rounded by fuch vifible m.onuments of the induftry, polity, and laws of the Indians of
Peru, that it would be madnefs to queftion the truth of the accounts that have been
given of them ; for the ruins of thefe ancient works are ftill amazing. On the other
hand, I can haidly credit my own eyes, when I behold that nation involved, as it were,
in Cimmerian darknefs, rude, indocile, and living in a barbaiifm little better than thofe
who have their dwelling among the waftes, precipices, and forefts. But what is ftill
more difficult to conceive is, how thefe people, whofe former wifdom is confpicuous in
the equity of their laws, and the eftablifhment of a government fo lingular as that under
which they live, (hould at prefent ftiew no traces of that genius and capacity which

3 u 2 formed

5'6

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

formed fo excellent an economy, and fo beautiful a fyftem of facial duties : though
undoubtedly they are the fame people, and ftill retain fome of their ancient cuftoms
and manners. Leaving, therefore, this intricate fubjedl to be inveftigated by farther
inquiries, I fhall proceed to give an account of the prefent Indians, their genius, cuf-
toms, and qualities, according to the bed information I could obtain from a commerce
with thofe people of all ranks, during ten years. Some particulars in this narrative will
demonftrate that they ftill retain a few fparks of the induftry and capacity of the an-
cient Indians of Peru ; whilft others will Ihew that they are utterly deftitute of the
knowledge of certain fciences which were common among their anceftors ; and that
they are equally degenerated from their wifdom in making laws, and their regular ob-
fervance of them.

It is no eafy talk to exhibit a true picture of the-cuftoms and inclinations of the In-
dians, and precifely difplay their genius and real turn of mind ; for if confidered as*
part of the human fpecies, the narrow Hmits of their underftanding feem to clafh with
the dignity of the foul ; and fuch is their ftupidity, that, in fome particulars, one can
fcarce forbear entertaining an idea that they are really beafts, and even deftitute of that
inftindl we obferve in the brute creation. While in other refpefts, a more comprehen-
five judgment, better-digefted fchemes, and conducted with greater fubtilty, are not
to be found than among thefe people. This difparity may miflead the moft difcerning
perfon : for, fliould he form his judgment from their firft adlions, he muft neceflarily
conclude them to be a people of the greateft penetration and vivacity. But when he
refledls on their rudenefs, the abfurdity of their opinions, and their beaftly manner
of living, his ideas muft take a different turn, and reprefent them in a degree little above
brutes.

Such is the difpofition of the Indians, that if their indifference to temporal things
did not extend itfelf alfo to the eternal, they might h^e faid to equal the happinefs of the
golden age, of which the ancient poets have given fuch enchanting defcriptions. They
poffefs a tranquillity immutable, either by fortunate or unfortunate events. In their
mean apparel they are as contented as the monarch clothed with the moft fplendid in-
ventions of luxury ; and fo far are they from entertaining a defire for better or more
comfortable clothing, that they give themfelves no manner of concern about lengthen-
ing their own, though half their bodies continue naked. They fhew the like difregard
for riches ; and even that authority or grandeur within their reach is fo little the obje6b
of their ambition, that, to all appearance, it is the fame thing to an Indian, whether
he be created an alcalde, or forced to perform the office of a common executioner.

And thus reciprocal efteem among them is neither heightened nor leffened by fuch
circumftances. The fame moderation appears in their food, never defiring more than
what fuffices ; and they enjoy their coarfe limple diet with the fame complacency as
others do their well-furnifhed tables. Nor do I indeed queftion but if they had their
choice of either, they would prefer the latter ; but at the fame time they fliew fo little
concern for the enjoyments of life, as nearly approaches to a total contempt of them :
in. fliort, the moft fimple, mean, and eafieft preparation feems beft adapted to their
humour.

Nothing can move them, or alter their minds ; even intereft here lofes all its power ;
it being common for them to decline doing fome little a6t of fervice, though offered a
very conliderable reward. Fear cannot ftimulate, refpeO: induce, nor punifhment com-
pel them. They are indeed of a very fmgular turn ; proof againft every attempt to
roufe them from their natural indolence, in which they feem to look down with con-
tempt on the wifeft of mortals : fo firmly bigoted to their own grofs ignorance, that the

wifefl

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

sn

wifeft meafures to improve their underftanding have been rendered abortive ; fo fond
of their fimplicity and indolence, that all the efforts and attention of the moft vigilant
have mifcarried. But in order to give a clearer idea of their tempers, we fhall relate
fome particular inftances of their genius and cuftoms ; as otherwife it will be impoffible
to draw their true charafter.

The Indians are in general remarkably flow, but very perfevering ; and this has given
rife to a proverb, when any thing of little value in itfelf requires a great deal of time
and patience, " That it is only fit to be done by an Indian." In weaving carpets, cur-
tains, quilts, and other fluffs, being unacquainted with any better method, at pafling
the woof they have the patience every time to count the threads one by one, fo that two
or three years is requifite to finifh a fingle piece. This fiownels undoubtedly is not e^itirely
to be attributed to the genius of the nation ; it flows in fome meafure from the wan«- of a
method better adapted to difpatch : and perhaps, with proper inflruditions, they would
make confiderable progreffes, as they readily comprehend whatever is fhewn them re-
lating to mechanics ; of this the antiquities flill remaining in the province of Quito, and
over all Peru, are undeniable teflimonies. But of thefemore will be laid in the fequel.
This indiff^erence and dilatorinefs of the Indians is blended with floth, its natural com-
panion ; and their floth is of fuch a nature, that neither their own inter eft, nor their"
duty to their mafters, can prevail on them to undertake any work. Whatever therefore
is of abfolute neceflity to be done, the care of it is left to the Indian women. Thefe fpin,
and make the half-fliirts and drawers, which conftitute the whole apparel of their huf-
bands. They cook the matalotage, or food, univerfally ufed among them ; they grind
the barley for machca, roaft the maize for the camcha, and brew the chicha ; hi the
mean time, unlefs the mafter has been fortunate enough to get the better of the huf-
band*s floth, and taken him to work, he fits fquatting on his hams (bemg the ufual
pofture of all the Indians), and looks on his wife while fhe is doing the neceflfary work
of the family ; but, unlefs to drink, he never moves from the fire-fide, till obliged to
come to table, or wait on his acquaintance. The only domeftic fervice they do, is to
plough their chacarita, or little fpot of land, in order to its being fown ; but the latter,
together with the reft of the culture, makes another part, which is alfo done by 'the
wife and children. V7hen they are once fettled in the above pofture, no reward can
make them ftir ; fo that if a traveller has loft his way, and happens to come to any of
thefe cottages, they hide themfelves, and charge their wives to fay that they are not at
home ; when the whole labour confifts in accompanying the traveller a quarter of a
league, or perhaps lefs, to put him in his way : and for this fmall fervice he would get a
rial, or half a rial at leaft. Should the paffenger alight and enter the cottage, the
Indian would ftill be fafe ; for, having no light but what comes through a hole in the
door, he could not be difcovered : and even if he fhould fee the Indian, neither en-
treaties nor offers would prevail on the flothful wretch to ftir a ftep with him : and it is
the fame if they are to be employed in any other bufmefs.

That the Indians may perform the works appointed by their mafters, and for which
they are properly paid, it will be of little fignification to Ihew them their tafk ; the maf-
ter muft have his eye continually upon them : for whenever he turns his back, the Indian
immediately leaves off working. The only thing in which they fhew a lively fenfation
and alacrity, is for parties of pleafure, rejoicings, entertainments, and efpecially danc-
ings. But in all thefe the liquor muft circulate brifkly, which feeqs to be their fupreme
enjoyment. With this they begin the day, and continue drinking till they are entirely
deprived both of fenfe and motion.

2 Such

jl8 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

Such IS their propenfity to intemperance, that they are not retrained by any dignity
of charafter j the cacique and the alcalde never fail to be of the company at all enter-
tainments, and drink like the reft, till the chicha has quite overcome them. It is vi^orth
notice that the Indian vi^omen, vi^hether maids or married, and alfo the young men be-
fore they are of an age to contract matrimony, entirely abftain from this vice ; it being
a maxim among them, that drunkennefs is only the privilege of mafters of families, as
being perfons who, when they are unable to take care of themfelves, have others to take
care of them.

Their manner of celebrating any folemnity is too fmgular to be omitted : the perfon
who gives the entertainment invites all his acquaintance, and provides chicha fufficient
for the number of his guefts, at the rate of a jug for each ; and this jug holds about two
gallons. In the court of the houfe, if it be a large town, or before the cottage, if in a
village, a table is placed, and covered with a tucuyo carpet, only ufed on fuch feftivities.
The eatables confift wholly of camcha, and fome wild herbs boiled. When the guefts
meet, one or two leaves of thefe herbs, with ten or twelve grains of camcha, finifh the
repaft. Immediately the women prefent themfelves with calabafties or round totumos,
called pilches, full of chica, for their huflDands ; and repeat it till their fpirits are raifed :
then one of them plays on, a pipe and tabor, whilft others dance, as they call it, though
it is no more than moving confufealy from one fide to the other, without meafure or
order. Some of the beft voices among the Indian women fmg in their own language.
Thus their mirth continues while kept up by the liquor, which, as I have faid before, is
the foul of all their meetings. Another odd circumftance is, that thofe who do not
' dance, fquat themfelves down in their ufual pofture, till it comes to their turn. The
table ferves only for ftate, there being nothing on it to eat, nor do the guefts fit down
at it. "When tired with intemperance, they all He down together, without minding
whether near the wife of another, or their own fifter, daughter, or morediftant relation;
fo (hocking are the excefles to which they give themfelves up on thefe folemnities, which
are fometimes continued three or four days, till the priefts find themfelves obliged to go
in perfon, throw away all the chica, and difperfe the Indians, left they fliould buy
more.

The day after the feftival is called Concho, which fignifies the day for drinking off"
the remains of the preceding : with thefe they begin ; and if not fufficient to complete
their revel, every one. of the guefts runs home to his houfe, and fetches a jug, or they
club for more. This occafions a new concho for the next day ; and thus, if left to
4i themfelves, from day to day, till either no more chica is to be had, or they left without
money or credit.

Their burials are likewife folemnized with excefliye drinking. The houfe of mourn-
ing is filled with jugs of chica ; and not for the folace of the mourners and their vifitors
alone : the latter go out into the ftreets, and invite all of their nation who happen to
pafs by, whether married or fmgle of both fexes, to come in and drink to the honour
of the deceafed ; and to this invitation they will take no denial. The ceremony lafts
four or five days, and fometimes more, ftrong liquor being their fupreme wifh, and the
great obje£t of all their labours.

If the Indians are thus exceflively addided to intemperance, gaming is a fault with
which they cannot be charged, though thefe two vices are generally feen together.
They feem to have no manner of inclination for play \ nor have they above one
kind, and that of great antiquity, among them ; this they call pafa, i. e. a hundred,
as he wins who firft gets that number. They play at it with two inftruments ; one a
fpread eagle of wood with ten holes on each fide, being tens, and are marked with pegs,

to

ULLOA'8 voyage to south AMERICA.

519

to denote every man*s gettings ; the other is a bone in the manner of a die, cut with
feven faces, one of which has a particular mark, and is called guayro. The other five
tell according to the number of them, and the laft is a blank. The way of playing is
only to tofs up the bone ; and the marks on the upper furface are fo many got. But
the guayro goes for ten ; and the like number is loft if the blank fide appears. Though
this game is peculiar to the Indians, it is very little ufed except at their revels.

The common food of the Indians, as before obferved, is maize made into camcha or
mote, and machca ; the manner of preparing the latter is, to roaft the grain, and then
reduce it to a flour ; and this, without any other apparatus or ingredient, they eat by
fpoonfuls : two or three of which, and a draught of chicha, or, when that is wanting,
of water, completes their repaft. When they fet out on a journey, their whole viati-
cum is a little bag, which they call gucrita, full of this meal, and a fpoon. And this
fuJEces for a journey of fifty or a hundred leagues. When hungry, or fatigued, they
ftop at fome place where chicha is to be had, or at fome water ; where, after taking a
fpoonful of their meal into their mouth, they keep it fome time, in order the more eafily
to f wallow it ; and with two or three fuch fpoonfuls, well diluted with chicha, or, if
that is not to be had, with water, they fet forward as cheerfully as if rifen from a feaft.

Their habitations, as may be imagined, are very fmall ; confifting of a little cottage,
in the middle of which is their fire-place. Here both they, and the animals they breed,
live promifcuoufly. They have a particular fondnefs for dogs ; and never are without
three or four little curs in their hut: a hog or two, a little poultry, and cuyes, with
fome earthen ware, as pots and jugs, and the cotton which their wives fpin, conftitute ,
the whole inventory of an Indian's effeds. Their beds confift of two or three fheep-
ikins, without pillows or any thing elfe ; and on thefe they fleep in their ufual fquatting
pofture : and as they never undrefs^ appear always in the fame garb.

Though the Indian women breed fowl and other domeftic animals in their cottages,
they never eat them : and even conceive fuc*h a fondnefs for them that they will not
even fell them, much lefs kill them with their own hands ; fo that if a ftranger, who is •
obliged to pafs the night in one of their cottages, offers ever fo much money for a fowl,
they refufe to part with it, and he finds himfelf under the neceflity of killing the fowl
himfelf. At this his landlady fhrieks, diiTolves in tears, and wrings her hands, as if it
had been an only fon ; till, feeing the mifchief paft remedy, fhe wipes her eyes, and
quietly takes what the traveller offers her.

Many of them in their journeys take their whole family with them ; the women car-
rying on their fhoulders fuch children as are unable to walk. The cottages in the mean
time are fhut up ; and there being no furniture to lofe, a ftring, or thong of leather,
feryes for a lock : their animals, if the journey is to laft for feveral days, they carry to
the cottage of fome neighbour or acquaintance: if otherwife, their curs are left guar-
dians of the whole ; and thefe difcharge their truft with fuch care, that they will fly at
any one, except their mafters, who offers to come near the cottage. And here it is
worth obferving, that dogs bred by Spaniards and Meftizos have fuch a hatred to the
Indians, that, if one of them approaches a houfe where he is not very well known, they
fall upon him, and, if not called off, tear him to pieces : on the other hand, the dogs of
Indian breed are animated with the fame rage againft the Spaniards and Meftizos ; and,
like the former, fcent them at a diftance.

The Indians, except thofe brought up in cities or towns, fpeak no language but their
own, called Quichua, which was eftablifhed by the Yncas, with an order for its being
propagated all over the vaft empire,' that all their fubjefts might be able to underftand
each other j and therefore was diftinguiflied by the name of the Yncas language.

1 1 Some

S20

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Some underfland the Spanifh, and fpeak it; yet yery few have the good-nature to
anfwer in it, though they know, at the fame time, that the perfon with whom they are
converfmg cannot underfland them in Quichua. Nor is it of any confequence to defire
and prefs them to explain themfelves in Spanifh, for this they abfolutely refufe : whereas
it is quite otherwife with the Indians born and bred in the towns ; for, if fpoken to ia
their own language, they are fure to anfwer in the Spanifh.

Superflition is general among them ; and they all, more or lefs, pretend to fortune-
telling. This weaknefs is alfo of a long Handing among them ; and which neither the
remonflrances of the priefls, nor their own experience, can radically cure. Thus they
employ artifices, fuppofed charms, and flrange compofitions, in order to obtain fome
vifionary happinefs for the fuccefs of a favourite fcheme, or other weighty concern. In
thefe prefliges their minds are fo infatuated, that, to bring them to a fight of the folly
and wickednefs of fuch practices, and folidly to embrace the Chriflian religion, is a
work of the greateft difficulty. And even when they have embraced it, are fo fuper-
ficial and fickle, that, if they attend divine fervice on Sundays and holidays, it is merely
from fear of punifhment ; for otherwife there would be fcarce one Indian, efpecially of
the meaner fort, among the whole congregation. Pertinent to this, I fhall relate, among
many other infiances, the following ftory, told me by a priefl. An Indian had, for
fome time, abfented himfelf from the fervice of the church ; and the priefl being in-
formed that it was owing to his drinking early in the morning, on the following Sunday,
when he had been particularly ordered to make his appearance, charged him with his
fault, and direded that he fhould receive fome lafhes, the ufual punifhment of fuch
delinquents, be their age or fex what it will, and perhaps the befl adapted to their flu-
pidity. After undergoing the punifhment, he turned about to the prieft, and thanked
him for having chaflifed him according to his deferts ; to which the priefl replied with
fome words of exhortation to him, and the audience in general, that they would never
omit any duty of Chriflianity. But he had no fooner done, than the poor Indian flep-
ped up to him, and defired that he would order him a like number of lafhes for the
next Sunday, having made an appointment for a drinking match, fo that he fhould not
be prefent. This may ferve as a fpecimen of the little impreffion made on them, not-
withflanding all the affiduity of the miffionaries ; and that though continually inflrufted,
from the firfl dawnings of reafon till the day of their death, they are found to continue
in a flrange ignorance of the mofl effential points of religion. Their indifference here
is fo very deplorable, that they may be &id to give themfelves no more concern about
their fouls than about their bodies , and though I with pleafure allow, that there are
many who, in the culture of their minds, fandity of manners, and delicacy of con-
fcience, equal the mofl wife and circumfpedt ; yet the bulk of them, either by that
grofs ignorance which clouds their intellefts, and renders them infenfible of their eternal
concerns, or their natural depravity, are hardened againfl religious exhortations. For
though they readily grant every thing that is faid to them, and never offer to make the leafl:
objeftion ; yet they fecretly harbour fufpicions of fome evil defign, and leave room for
mental refervations, which fpoil all. I am little inclined to lay any falfe charge to this
or any nation, and efpecially with regard to fuch an important fubjed : and ' in confir-
mation of what I have faid, fhall relate fome further particulars.

Every Sunday in the year, the doftrinal priefls inflruft their parifh in the articles of
Chriflianity with indefatigable zeal : alfo, when any Indian is fick, they never fail to
vifit and exhort him to prepare for a comfortable paffage into eternity, adding whatever
they judge may conduce to the opening the eyes of his underflanding ; pathetically ex-
patiating on the juflice and mercy of God, the nature of death, the certainty of an

approaching

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 52 1

approaching judgment, and his prefent danger. After fpeaking thus a confiderable
time, without a word from the patient, or the leaft lign of emotion in his countenance,
the good man proceeds to remind him of his fins, and exhorts him to a fmcere repent-
ance, and to implore the mercy of his Creator ; as otherwife, his foul will be punifhed
to all eternity. The Indian at length anfwers, with a ferene faintnefs, " So it will be,
father :" meaning, that things will happen as he has predicted ; but does not underftand
in what thefe threatened fufferings confift. I have often heard priefts of thofe towns,
and men of parts and learning, talk with great concern on this fubjed. Hence it is
that there are very few Indians to whom the holy eucharift is adminiftered ; nor would
thofe of the houfe, where a fick perfon lies, ever give notice of it to the prieft, were
they not afraid of the punifhment which the law in thefe cafes inflicts ; and even as it
is, they often negle£t this duty, and the patient dies without receiving the facrament.

In their marriages, they run counter to the fentiments of all nations, efteeming what
others detefl ; a virgin being never the objedt of their choice : for they look on it
as a fure fign, that Ihe who has not been known to others, can have nothing pleafmg
about her.

After a young man has alked the objed of his afFeftions of her father, and obtained
his confent, they immediately begin to live together as man and wife, and aflifl the
father-in-law in cultivating his chacara. At the end of three or four months, and often
of a year, he leaves his bride, without ceremony, and perhaps for the wild reafon
above mentioned : and even expoftulates with the father-in-law, that he fhould endea-
vour to deceive him,^ by impofing upon him his daughter, whom nobody elfe had
thought worthy of making his bedfellow. But if nothing of this happens, after palling
three or four months in this commerce, which they call Amanarfe, i. e. to habituate
one's felf, they then marry : and this cuftom is flill very common, having hitherto
proved too ftrong for the joint endeavours of the whole body of the clergy to extir-
pate. Accordingly, the firfl queftion at the ceremony of marriage is, whether they
are Amannados, in order to abfolve them of that fm before they receive the nuptial
benediction. They look upon no marriage to be legal which is not folemn, and
according to them the whole confifls in the nuptial benedidion, which mud be given
them at the time they join their hands, as otherwife, on any caprice, they feparate :
and it is to no purpofe to go about to perfuade them that they were married ; nor will
any puniftiment have the leaft effed:. For as it does not imply any infamy, the inten-
tion is loft. It is the fame thing with them to be expofed to the pubhc derifion and
infults, as to be ordered to fliew their Ikill in dancing on a feftival ; the thing which,
of all others, they moft delight in. They are indeed fenfible of corporal puniftiments
during the time they are inflicting, but immediately afterwards are as placid and eafy
as if they had not been touched. This occafions many things to be connived at in
them, and other means of prevention ufed.

It is not uncommon- among them to change their wives, without any other prelimi-
nary or agreement, than having been familiar with the wife of another. The former
wife, together with the injured huft)and, concert a revenge ; and if reproached for
fuch a proceeding, they cheerfully anfwer, that they had ferved them only as they
deferved ; and it avails little to feparate them, as they foon find means to return to the
fame manner of living. Incefts are very common among them, both as the confequence
of their monftrous drunkennefs, already mentioned, and from their making no
diftindion between honour and infamy, whereby their brutal appetites are under no
feftraint,

VOL. xiv, 3 X If

^522 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA,

If the foregoing tempers or culloms appear ftrange, their behaviour at confeffion is
not lefs fo : for, befides having but a flender acquaintance with the Spanifh language,
they have no form to dired them in it. On their coming to the confeffor, which is
always at his fummons, he is obliged to inflru£t them in what they are going about, and
with them repeat the Conjiteor from one end to the other. For if he flops, the Indian
alfo remains filent. Having gone through this, it is not enough for the priefl to afk
him, whether he has committed this or that fault ; but if it be one of the common fort,
he mufl affirm that he has committed it, otherwife the Indian would deny every thing.
The priefl further is obliged to tell him, that he well knows he has committed the fin,
and he has proofs of it. Then the Indian, being thus prefTed, anfwers, with great
aflonifhment, that it is fo : and, imagining the priefl really endued with fome fuper-
natural knowledge, adds circumflances which had not been afked him. It is not only
difficult to bring them to declare their faults, but even to keep them from denying
them, though publicly committed, and equally fo to prevail on them to determine the
number ; this being only to be obtained by fineffes ; and then little flrefs is to be laid on
what they fay. The natural dread, which more or lefs rifes in all men at the approach
of death, is what the Indians are lefs fufceptible of than any other people. Their con-
tempt of thofe evils which make the flrongefl impreffions on the minds of men, isfuch,
that they view the approach of death without perturbation : and the pain of the diflemper-
alfeds them more than the danger of it. This I have often heard from feveral of the
priefls : and their words are confirmed by daily inflances. For when the priefls perform
the lafl offices to dying perfons, their anfwers are delivered with that Compofure and
ferenity, as leave no doubt but the inward flate of their mind correfponds with thefe
external appearances, being the principle and caufe of them. The like is even feen iii
thofe whom their crimes have brought to die by the hands of juftice ; and among many
other examples, I happened myfelf to be an eye-witnefs of one. Whilfl I was at Quito,
two malefadors were to be executed ; one a Meflizo or Mulatto, and the other an
Indian : both having been brought into the prifon-chapel, I went to fee them the
night before the execution. The former was attended by feveral priefls, who, in Spa-
nifh, exhorted him to die like a Chriflian, and fhew a becoming fervour in his love to
God, faith, and contrition, and a deteflation for the crimes he had committed. On
which, his afpeft and whole deportment fhewed a fenfe of his condition. The Indian
had alfo ecclefialHcs about him, performing, in his own language, the like kind offices.
But to all appearance he was lefs concerned even than" thofe about him, and feemed
rather to be tilling a chacura, or tending a herd, than on the eve of eternity. His
appetite was fo far from leaving him, as was the cafe of his companion, that he was
more eager, and after difpatching his own, would have cleared his fellow fufferer's
plate ; fo that they were obliged to ufe fome force to prevent his eating to excefs on fuch
an exigency. He talked to the fpefliators with that eafe and tranquillity, as if only going
to take a fhort journey. He anfwered to the exhortations without the leafl confufion :
when he was ordered to kneel, he did fo. The prayers and ads of devotion he alfo
repeated word for word ; but all the time rolling his eyes about, like a fportive child,
whofe weak age is diverted by trifling objedls. Thus he behaved till brought to the
gibbet, where his companion had been carried before him : nor did he fhew the leafl
alteration even in the awful moment. And this, to a civilized European fo flrange,
is no more than what is common among the Indians of thefe parts.

This indifference with regard to death, or intrepidity, if we may term it fo, fhews
itfelf upon many other occafions, particularly in the alacrity and refolution with which
they face themfelves before a bull, with no other view than for the bull to run full at

3 him,

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

5*3

him, and tofs him fo high in the air, that any other than an Indian would be killed
by the fall. He however rifes without receiving any hurt, and is highly delighted with
the viftory, as he calls it, over the bull ; though the victory feems to lie on the bull's
fide. When they fight in a body againfl others, they fall on, without any regard to
fuperiority of numbers, or who drops, or is wounded of their party. An adlion which
in a civilized nation is counted the height of courage, is here merely the effe€t of barba-
rifm and want of thought. They are very dextrous in haltering a bull at full fpeed ;
and, as they fear no danger, attack him with what we fhould call great temerity.
With the fame dexterity they hunt bears : and a fingle Indian, with only a horfe and
his noofe, never fails of getting the better of all the cunning and rage of this furious
animal. This noofe is made of cow hide, fo thin as not to be feized by the beaft*s
paws, and yet fo flrong as not to be broken by the jflruggles of the creature. On per-
ceiving the bear, they immediately make towards him, whilft he fets up in order to
feize the horfe. But the Indian being come within a proper diftance, throws the noofe
about the creature's neck : then, with furprifing celerity having taken two or three
turns with the other end about the faddle, claps fpurs to his horfe : in the mean time
the bear, unable to keep pace with the horfe, and ftruggling to clear himfelf of the
noofe, is choaked. This is confidered as an achievement of admirable dexterity and
bravery ; and may be frequently feen in the province of Alaufi, near the eaftern Cor-
dillera, where thefe animals abound.

A great part of the rufticity in the minds of the Indians mufl be imputed to the want of
culture ; for they, who in fome parts have enjoyed that advantage, are found to be no
lefs rational than other men ; and if they do not attain to all the politenefs of civilized
nations, they at leaft think properly. The Indians of the miffion of Paraguay are,
among others, remarkable inftances of this ; where, by the zeal, addrefs, and exem-
plary piety of the Jefuits, a regular well-governed republic of rational men has been
eftablifhed : and the people, from an ambulatory and favage manner of living, have
been reduced to order, reafon, and religion. One of the moft effedual means for this
was, the fetting up fchools for inftruding the young Indians in Spanifh, in which they
alfo inllruft their converts ; and thofe who are obferved to be of a fuitable genius, are
taught Latin. In all the villages of the miffions are fchools for learning, not only to
read and write, but alfo mechanic trades ; and the artificers here are not inferior to thofe
of Europe. Thefe Indians, in their cuftoms and intelleds, are a different fort of peo-
ple from thofe before mentioned. They have a knowledge of things ; a clear difcern-
ment of the turpitude of vice, and the amiablenefs of virtue ; and ad up to thefe fenti-
ments : not that they have any natural advantage over the other : for I have obferved
throughout this whole kingdom, that the Indians of its feveral provinces through which
I travelled are alike. And thofe of Quito are not more deficient in their underftandings,
than thofe of Valles or Lima : nor are thefe more acute or fagacious than the natives
of Chili and Arauco.

Without going out of the province of Quito, we have a general inftance in confirma-
tion of what I have advanced. For all the Indians brought up to the Spanifh language
are far more acute and fenfible than thofe who have fpent their lives in little villages j
and their behaviour more conformable to the ditlates of a rational creature. They are
men of abilities and fkill, and have divefted themfelves of many of their errors. Whence
they are called Ladinos, i. e. knowing men ; and if they retain any of the culpable
pradices of the former, it is from the infection of intercourfe, or from a miflaken
notion that they fhould keep them up as tranfmitted to them from their anceftors.
Amon^ thefe are chiefly diflinguiflied the barber-furgeons, who bleed with fuch dexte-

3x2 rity,

524 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

rity, that in the opinion of Monf. de Juffieu and Monf. Seniergues, furgeons to the
French academifts, they equal the mofl famous in Europe ; and their intercourfe with
perfons of a liberal education enlightens their underftanding, fo that they diftinguilh
themfelves to great advantage among their countrymen. It feems to me unqueftionable,
that if in villages care was taken to infl:ru(ft the Indians in Spanifli, conformable to the
laws of the Indies, befides other acquirements, this people would have the benefit of
converfing more frequently with the Spaniards, which would greatly improve their
reafon, and give them a knowledge of many things for which they have no word in
their language. Accordingly it is obferved that the Cholos (a name given to the
Indian boys) becoming acquainted with the Spanifh language, improve fo much in
knowledge, that they look on their countrymen as favages, and take upon themfelves
the appellation of Ladinos.

I am very far from imagining that the Spanifh language itfelf has the virtue of im-
proving the intellefts of the Indians ; but only,^ that rational converfation with the
Spaniards would -lead them to a knowledge of many things : and confequently they
might be brought to a greater purity of faith and practice. Whereas the converfation
among themfelves mufl be very low and confined : and what they have with the
Spanifh traders who underlland their language, turns wholly on traffick. But if they
underftood the Spanifh, they would daily receive new lights by converfmg with
travellers whom they attend, as well as from the inhabitants of the cities, their mafters,
the priefts, the corregidors, and others ; and thus become more induftrious and trad-
able, and acquainted with the nature of things of which before they had not fo much as
an idea.

Are not the differences and advantages evident among ourfelves, betwixt a young man
whofe flock of learning is his natural language, and him who is acquainted with others ?
What a fuperiority of knowledge, difcernment, and facility in the latter ! Hence
we may form fome idea of the abje6l ftate of the human mind among rude country
people, who cannot exchange a word with a flranger, and never flir out of their
village : whereas, when any one happens to go to a neighbouring town, he returns
home with enlarged knowledge, and entertains all the village with his narratives : but
if he had not underftood the language fpoken in it, he would have been little the
better, nor able to relate the ftrange things he faw and heard. This is the very cafe
of the Indians ; and I am of opinion, that to teach them the Spanifh tongue would be
the beft means of improving their reafon, and confequently of making them better
members of fociety : and that my fuperiors thought fo, appears from the ordinances re-
lating to America.

The Indians in general are robuft, and of a good conftitution. And though the
venereal diftemper is fo common in this country, it is feldom known among them :
the principal caufe of which unqueftionably lies in the quality of the juices of their body
not being fufceptible of the venom of this diftemper. Many however attribute it to
a quality in the chicha, their common drink. The difeafe which makes the greateft
havock among them is the fmall-pox : which is fo fatal that few efcape it. Accord-
ingly it is looked upon in this country as a peftilence. This diftemper is not continual
as in other nations, feven or eight years, or more, pafTmg without its being heard of;
but when it prevails, towns and villages are foon thinned of their inhabitants. This
defolation is owing partly to the malignity of the difeafe, and partly to the want of
phyficians and nurfes. Accordingly, on being feized with this diftemper, they imme-
diately fend for the prieft to confefs ; and die for want of remedy and relief. The like
happens in all other diftempers; and were they frequent, would be equally fatal,

4 thefe

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 525

thefe poor creatures dying for want of proper treatment and afliftance ; as is evident
from the Creoles, who are alfo attacked by the diftempers of the country. Some of
the latter indeed die as well as of the former ; but many more recover, having atten-
dance and a proper diet : whereas the Indians are in want of every thing. What their
houfes and apparel are, has already been feen. Their bed is the fame in health and
licknefs ; and all the change in their food is in the manner of taking it, not in the
fpecies itfelf : for, however ill they may be, all they have" is a fmall draught of machca
diflblved in chicha ; fo that, if any one does get the better of a diftemper, it is more
owing to the happinefs of his conftitution, than any relief he receives.

They are alfo fubjedt to the bicho, or mal del valle ; but this is foon cured. Some-
times, though feldom, they are alfo feized with tabardillos, or fpotted fevers, for
which they have an expeditious but fmgular cure. They lay the patient near the fire,
on the two {heep-fkins which cOmpofe his bed ; and clofe by him place a jug of chicha.
The heat of the fever, and that of the fire increafing the other, caufe in him fuch a
third, that he is inceflantly drinking ; whereby the eruptions are augmented, and the
next morning he is either in a fair way of recovery, or fo bad as to be carried off in
a day or two.

They who either efcape, or recover from, thefe diflempers, reach to an advanced
age ; and both fexes afford many inftances of remarkable longevity. I myfelf have
known feveral, who, at the age of a hundred, were flill robufl and aftive ; which
unqueftionably mufl, in fome meafure, be attributed to the conflant famenefs and
fimplicity of their food. But I mufl obferve, that, befides the different kinds already
mentioned, they alfo eat a great deal of fait with agi, gathering the pods of it ; and
having put fome fait in the mouth, they bite the agi, and afterwards eat fome machca
or camcha : and thus they continue taking one after another, till they are fatisfied.
They are fo fond of fait in this manner of eating it, that they prefer a pod or two of agi
with fome fait to any other food.

After this account of the genius, cufloms, and qualities of the Indians, it will not
be improper to fpeak a word or two of their diverfions and occupations, premifing,
that this account does not extend to fuch Indians as live in cities and towns, or that
occupy any public office or trade, they being looked upon as ufeful to the public, and
live independently. Others in the kingdom of Quito are employed in the manufaftories,
the plantations, or in breeding of cattle. In order to this, the villages are annually to
furnifh thofe places with a number of Indians, to whom their mafler pays wages as
fettled by the equity of the King : and at the end of the year they return to their
villages, and are replaced by others. This repartition is called Mita. And though
thefe alterations fhould by order take place in the manufadories, yet it is not fo : for
being occupations of which none are capable but fuch as have been properly trained
up, the Indian families, which are admitted, fettle there, and the fons are inftruded
in weaving, from one generation to another. The earnings of thefe are larger than
thofe of the other Indians, as their trade requires greater fkill and capacity. Befides
the yearly wages paid them by thofe whom they ferve, they have alfo a quantity of
land, and cattle given them to improve. They live in cottages built near the manfion-
houfe, fo that every one of thefe forms a kind of village j fome of which confill of above
an hundred and fifty families.

CHAP.

^26 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA,

CHAP. VII. — An hijlorkal Account of the moji remarkable Mountains and Paramos , or
DeferiSy in the Cordilleras of the Andes ; the Rivers which have their Sources in ihefe
Mountains, and the Methods of pqffing them,

I NOW come to the moft remarkable paramos, or deferts, of the kingdom of
Quito, and the rivers flowing through that country, which, among many other natural
curiofities, is peculiarly remarkable for the difpofition of the ground, and its prodigious
mafles of fnow, that exceed all comparifon.

It has been before obferved, that all the dependencies of the jurifdictions of this
province are fituated betwixt the two Cordilleras of the Andes ; and that the air is
more or lefs cold according to the height of the mountains, and the ground more or
lefs arid. Thefe arid trads are called Paramos, or deferts ; for though all the Cor-
dilleras are dry or arid^ fome of them are much more fo than others j for the continual
fnows and frojft render them abfolutely uninhabitable, even by the beafts ; nor is there
a fmgle plant to be found upon them.

Some of thefe mountains, feemingly as it were founded on others, rife to a mofl
aftonifliing height, and are covered with fnow even to their fummits. The latter we
fhall more particularly treat of, as they are the mofl remarkable and curious objeds.

The paramo of Afuay, formed by the jundlion of the two Cordilleras, is not of this
clafs ; for, though remarkable for its exceflive coldnefs and aridity, its height does not
exceed that of the Cordilleras in general, and is much lower than that of Pichincha
and Corazon. Its height is the degree of the climate, where a continual congelation
or freezing commences ; and as the mountains exceed this height, fo are they perpe-
tually covered with ice and fnow ; that from a determined point above Carabucu for
inftance, or the furface of the fea, the congelation is found at the fame height in all
the mountains. From barometrical experiments made at Pucaguayco, on the mountain
Cotopaxi, the height of the mercury was 16 inches 54 lines ; whence we determined
the height of that place to be 1021; toifes above the plain of Carabucu, and that of the
latter above the fuperficies of the fea about 1268. Thus the height of Pucaguayco,
above the furface of the fea, is 2291 toifes. The fignal which we placed on this
mountain was thirty or forty toifes above the ice, or point of continual congelation ;
and the perpendicular height from the commencement of this point to the fummit of
the mountain, we found, from fome geometrical obfervations made for that purpofe,
to be about 880 toifes. Thus the fummit of Cotopaxi is elevated 3126 toifes above
the furface of the fea, or fomething above three geographical miles ; and 639 toifes
higher than the top of Pichincha. Thefe are mountains I intend to fpeak of; and the
height of them all, confidering the greatnefs of it, may be faid to be nearly equal.

In thefe Cordilleras, the moft fouthern mountain is that of Mecas, more properly
called Sanguay, though in this country better known by the former, lying in the jurif-
di£lion of the fame name. It is of a prodigious height, and the far greateft part of
the whole furface covered with fnow. From its fummit iflues a continual fire, attended
with explofions, which are plainly heard atPintac, a village belonging to the jurifdidion
of Quito, and near forty leagues diftant from the mountain; and, when. the wind is
fair, the noife is heard even at Quito itfelf. The country adjacent to this volcano is
totally barren, being covered with cinders ejected by it. In this Pacamo, the river
Sangay has its fource. This river cannot be faid to be fmall, but after its junftion
with another, called the Upano, forms the Payra, a large river which difcharges itfelf
into the Maranon.

In

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 527

In the fame eaflern Cordillera, about fix leagues weft of the town of Riobamba, is
a very high mountain, with two crefts, and both of them covered with fnow ; that on
the north is called CoUanes, and that on the fouth Altar ; but the fpace covered with
fnow is much lefs than that of Sangay and others of this clafs, its height being pro-
portionally lefs.

North of the fame town, and about feven leagues diftant, is the mountain of Tun-
guragua, of a conical figure, and equally fteep on all fides. The ground, at its bafis,
is fomething lower than that of the Cordillera, efpecially on the north fide, where it
feems to rife from the plain on which the villages are fituated. On this fide, in a fmali
plain betwixt its fkirts and the Cordillera, has been built the village of Bannos, fo
called from its hot medicinal baths, to which there is a great refort from all parts of
this jurifdidion. South of Cuenca, and not far from another village, called Bannos
alfo, belonging to this jurifdidion, are other hot waters on the fummit of an eminence,
gufhing out through feveral apertures of four or five inches diameter, and of a heat
which hardens eggs fooner than water boiling over the fire. Thefe feveral ftreams
unite and form a rivulet, the ftones and banks of which are tinged with yellow, and
the water is of a brackifh tafte. The upper part of this fmall eminence is full of 1
crevices, through which iffues a continual fmoke : a fufficient indication of its contain-
ing great quantities of fulphurous and nitrous fubftances.

North of Riobamba, inclining fome degrees to the weft, is the mountain of Chim-
borazo, by the fide of which lies the road from Quito to Guayaquil. At firft great
numbers of the Spaniards periflied in paffmg the vafl and dangerous deferts on its decli-
vity ; but being at prefent better acquainted with them, and inured to the climate, fuch
misfortunes are feldom heard of; efpecially as very few take this road, unlefs there is
the greateft appearance of two or three days of calm and ferene weather.

North of this mountain ftands that of Carguayrafo, which has been already taken
notice of.

North of Latacunga, and about five leagues diftant from it, is Cotopaxi, which,
towards the north-weft and fouth, extends itlelf beyond all the others ; and which, as
I have before obferved, became a volcano at the time of the Spaniards firft arrival in
this country. In 1743, anew eruption happened, having been fome days preceded
by a continual rumbling in its bowels. An aperture v/as made in its fummit, and
three about the fame height near the middle of its declivity, at that time buried under
prodigious maffes of fnow. The ignited fubftances ejected on that occafion, mixed
with a prodigious quantity of ice and fnowj melting amidft the flames, were carried
down with fuch aftonifhing cupidity, that in an inftant the plain, from Callo to Lata-
cunga, was overflowed ; and, beftdes its ravages in bearing down houfes of the Indians
and other poor inhabitants, great numbers of people loft their lives. The river of
Latacunga was the channel of this terrible flood, till, being too fmall for receiving fuch
a prodigious current, it overflowed the adjacent country like a vaft lake near the town,
and carried away all the buildings within its reach. The inhabitants retired to a fpot
of higher ground behind their town, of which thofe parts which ftood within the limits
of the current were totally deftroyed. The dread of ftill greater devaftations did not
fubfide in three days, during which the volcano ejecSled cinders, while torrents of
melted ice and fnow poured down its fides. The fire lafted feveral days, and was
accompanied with terrible roarings of the wind rufhing through the volcano, and
p-reatly exceeded the great rumblings before heard in its bowels. At laft all was quiet,
neither fire nor fmoke were feen, nor was there any noife to be heard till the following
year, 1744J when, in the month of May, the flames increafed, and forced their

pafTage

528 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

paffage through feveral other parts on the fides of the mountain ; fo that in clear nights,
the flames being refledled by the tranfparent ice, formed a very grand and beautiful
illumination. November the 30th, it ejedled fuch prodigious quantities of fire and
ignited fubftances, that an inundation equal to the former foon enfued ; fo that the
inhabitants of Latacunga gave themfelves over for loft. And we ought to acknowledge
the Divine protedtion, that it did not rage when we vifited it, having occafion twice
to continue fome time on its declivity, as we have already fhewn in the third chapter of
the fifth book.

Five leagues to the weft of this mountain ftands that of Illinifa, whofe fummit is alfo
bifid, and conftantly covered with fnow. From it feveral rivulets derive their fource ;
of which thofe flowing from the northern declivity continue that diredion : as thofe
from the fouthern fide alfo run fouthward. The latter pay their tribute to the northern
ocean, through the large river of the Amazons ; while the former difcharge themfelves
into the South Sea, by the river of Emeralds.

North of Cotopaxi is another fnowy mountain called Chinculagua, fomething lefs
than the former, though even that is not to be compared to the others.

The mountain of Cayamburo, which is one of the firft magnitude, lies north, fome
degrees eafterly, from Quito, at the diftance of about eleven leagues from that city.
There is neither appearance nor tradition of its having ever been a volcano. Several
rivers iflue from it, of which thofe from the weft and north run either into the river of
Emeralds or that of Mira, but all fall into the South Sea ; while thefe from the eaft dif-
charge themfelves into the river of the Amazons.

Befides the torrents which precipitate themfelves from the fnowy mountains, others
have their fource in the lower parts of the Cordilleras, and at their conflux form very
large and noble rivers, which either pay the tribute to the north or fouth feas, as we
fhall hereafter obferve.

All the fprings ifluing from the mountains in the neighbourhood of Cuenca, on the
weft and fouth fide as far as Talqui, with thofe of the eaftern Cordillera, and north-
ward as far as the Parama de Burgay, unite at about half a league eaftward of a chapel
called Jadan, under the care of the curate of Paute, where forming a river, and paflTmg
near the village from which it has its name, discharges itfelf into the river of the
Amazons. It is fo deep at Paute as not to be fordable, though very wide there.

From the mountains of Afuay, Bueran, and the adjacent hills on the fouth, is
formed a very confiderable river, over which are feveral bridges. It is called Cannar,
from that town being the only one in its courfe ; which it continues by Yocon to the
bay of Guayaquil.

The north parts of the Paramo of Afuay alfo gave rife to many ftreams, which,
uniting with others coming from Mount Senegaulap, and the weftern fide of the
eaftern Cordillera, form the river Alaufi, which difcharges itfelf into the fame bay.

On the higheft part of the Paramo de Tioloma, and near the fignal one ereded on
this mountain for forming our feries of triangles, are four lakes, the three neareft it
being lefs than the other, which is about half a league in length, and called Coley ;
and the others, which are not greatly inferior, Pichabinnac, Pubillu, and Madlallan.
From thefe is formed the river Cebadas, which runs near the village of that name,
and is joined by another arifing from the fprings on the Paramo of Lalangufo, and
the ftreams from the Colta lake, after which, inclining a little from the north towards
the eaft, pafles by Pungala ; and about a league from the "village of Puni, is joined
by the river Bamba, which has its fource in the Parambo of Sifapongo. Near the
town of Cobigies is another, which flows from the mountain of Chimborazo, and

which

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

529

which, after direding its courfe northward, till it is in an eafl: and weft diredion with
the mountain of Tunguragua, it winds to the eaft, and adds its water to thofe of the
river of the Amazons. At the town of Penipe, it is fo deep and rapid as only to be
crofled over a bridge made of bujucos. Alfo before it reaches the town of Los Bannos,
it is increafed by the rivers Latacunga and Bato, together with all the ftreams from
both the Cordilleras, thofe from the fouthern fummit of Elenifa, and the fouthern fide
of Ruminavi and Cotopaxi.

The ftreams flowing from the north fummit of Elenifa, I have already mentioned
to run northward ; and with thefe all from the fame Cordillera unite, together with
thofe ifluing from the north and weft fides of the mountain Ruminavi, thofe of Pa-
fuchua ; and from this junftion rifes the river Amaguanna. The two laft mountains
ftand north and fouth from each other, in an intermediate fpace of the Cordilleras.
From the north fide of Cotopaxi the Paramo of Chinchulagua, which is alfo covered
with fnovv, and the Cordillera de Guamani, other ftreams have their rife, and from
their conflux is formed the river Ichubamba, which, running northward, joins the
Amaguanna, a little to the north of Cono-Coto. Afterwards it receives the rivulets-
iflTuing from the eaftern Cordillera, and changes its name to that of Guayllabamba.
The waters which have their fource in the weftern part of Cayamburo, and the
fouthern part of Moxanda, form another river called Pifque, which firft runs towards
the weft, and joining the Guayllabamba, takes the name of Alchipichi, which, a little
to the north of St. Antonio, in the jurifdiftion of Quito, is fo broad and rapid, that
there is no pafling it but in a tarabita, which we ftiall prefently defcribe. From hence
it continues its courfe northwards, and at laft falls into the river of Emeralds.

The mountain of Majanda ftands in the interval between the Cordilleras ; and though
it has only one fide as it were, it is divided into two fummits, one eaftward and the
other weftward; and from both thefe runs a fmall Cordillera, which, afterwards join-
ing, inclofe this valley.

From the fide of the mountain iflfue two large torrents, which meet in the lake of
St. Pablo : from whence flows a river, which, being joined by others from the fprings
of the weftern Cordillera, form one ftream, and after being increafed by another
brook from the heights of Oezillo, give rife to the river which waflies the town of
St. Miguel de Ibarra ; after which it takes the name of Mira, and difcharges itfelf into
the South Sea, a little to the north of the river of Emeralds.

When the rivers are too deep to be forded, bridges are made at the moft frequented
places. Of thefe there are two kinds befides thofe of ftone, which are very few : the
former of wood, which are the moft common ; and the latter of bujucos. With re-
gard to the firft, they choofe a place where the river is very narrow, and has on each
fide high rocks. They confift of only four long beams laid clofe together over the
precipice, and form a path about a yard and a half in breadth, being juft fufficient for
a man to pafs over on horfeback ; and cuftom has rendered thefe bridges fo natural to
them, that they pafs them without any apprehenfion. The fecond, or thofe formed of
bujucos, are only ufed where the breadth of the river will not admit of any beanis to
be laid acrofs. In the conftrudion of thefe, feveral bujucos are twifted together, fo as
to form a kind of large cable of the length required. Six of thefe are carried from
one fide of the river to the other, two of which are confiderably higher than the other
four. On the latter are laid fticks in a tranfverfe direction, and, over thefe, branches
of trees, as a flooring ; the former are faftened to the four which form the bridge, and by
that means ferve as rails for the fecurity of the paflfenger, who would otherwife be in no
fmall danger from the continual ofcillation. The bejuco bridges in this country are

VOL. XIV. 3 Y only

53^

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

only for men, the mules fwim over the rivers ; in order to which, when their loading
is taken off, they are drove into the water near half a league above the bridge, that
they may reach the oppofite fliore near it, the rapidity of the flream carrying them fo
great a diftance. In the mean time, the Indians carry over the loading on their fhoul-
ders. On fome rivers of Peru there are bejuco bridges fo large, that droves of loaded
mules pafs over them ; particularly the river Apurimac, which is the thoroughfare of
all the commerce carried on between Lima, Cufco, La Plata, and other parts to the
fouthward.

Some rivers, inftead of a bejuco bridge, are pafled by means of a tarabita ; as is the
cafe with regard to that of Alchipichi. This machine ferves not only to carry over
perfons and loads, but alfo the beafts themfelves ; the rapidity of the flream, and the
monftrous Hones continually rolling along it, rendering it impracticable for them to
fwim over.

The tarabita is only a fmgle rcpe made of bejuco, or throngs of an ox*s hide, and
confiding of feveral Itrands, and about fix or eight inches in thicknefs. This rope is
extended from one fide of the river to the other, faflened on each bank to ftrong
pofts. On one fide is a kind of wheel, or winch, to flraighten or flacken the tarabita
to the degree required. From the tarabita hangs a kind of leathern hammock capa-
ble of holding a man ; and is fufpended by a clue at each end. A rope is alfo faflened
to either clue, and extended to each fide of the river, for drawing the hammock to the
fide intended. A pufh at its firfl fetting off fends it quickly to the other fide.

For carrying over the mules, two tarabitas are neceffary, one for each fide of the
river, and the ropes are much thicker and flacker. On this rope is only one clue,
which is of wood, and by which the beafl is fufpended, being fecured with girts round
the belly, neck, and legs. When this is performed, the creature is fhoved off, and
immediately landed on the oppofite fide. Such as are accuftomed to be carried over
in this manner, never make the leafl motion, and even come of themfelves to have
the girts faflened round them ; but it is with great difficulty they are firfl brought to
fuffer the girts to be put round their bodies, and when they find themfelves fufpended,
kick and fling, during their fhort pafTage, in a mofl terrible manner. The river of
Alchipichi may well excite terror in a young traveller, being between thirty and forty
fathoms from fhore to fhore ; and its perpendicular height, above the furface of the
water, twenty-five fathoms.

The roads of this country are fuitable to the bridges ; for though there are large
plains between Quito and the river Bamba, and the greatefl part of the road between
the river Bamba and Alaufi, and even to the north of that city, lies along the moun-
tains, yet thefe are interrupted by fruitful breaches, the acclivities and declivities of
which are not only of a great length and very troublefome, but alfo dangerous. In ^
fome places there is a neceflity for travelling along tra£ts on the declivities of moun-
tains, which are fometimes fo narrow as hardly to allow room for the feet of the beafl ;
part of its body, and that of the rider, being perpendicular over a torrent fifty or fixty
fathoms beneath the road. So that certainly nothing but abfolute neceffity, there
being no other road, and long cuflom, can get the better of that horror which mufl
aife£l the perfon at the fight of fuch imminent danger ; and there are too many
inflances of travellers lofing their effedls, if not lives, their whole dependance being
on the fure foot of the mule. This danger is indeed, in fome meafure, compenfated
by the fecurity of the roads ; fo that we fee here what none of the civilized nations
can boafl of, namely, fingle perfons travelling, unarmed, with a great charge of gold and
filver, but equally fafe as if flrongly guarded. If the traveller happens to be fatigued

afa^/^

M^ <::^y7i/^ at' i^.^^^^^XD •^'/^ ^fy^.

^y^r/^m^^-^T^iy .=^a?'/'^^<fJx<^

o

''r^^:a^.

ULLOa's voyage to SODTH xiMERICA. 53 1

in a defert, he lays him down, and fleeps without the leafl apprehenfion of danger*
Or if he takes up his lodgings in a tambo, or inn, he fleeps with the fame fecurity,
though the doors are always open : nor is he ever molefted on the road. This is a con-
venience fo favourable to commerce and intercourfe, that it were greatly to be wifhed
the fame fecurity could be eftabliihed in the other parts of the world.

CHAP. VIII. — Continuation of the Account of the Paramos^^or^Deferts; with an
Account of the Beafls^ Birds, and other Particulars ^f this Province*

TO conclude my obfervatlons on the Paramos, which it was neceffary to interrupt,
in order to give a fhort account of the rivers, bridges, and roads, I fhall obferve, that
thefe parts not being of a height fufficient to expofe them to an eternal frofl, they are
covered with a kind of rufh refembling ihe genilla Hifpanica, but much more foft and
flexible. It is about half or three quarters of a yard in height, and, when of its full
magnitude, its colour is like that of dried genifta Hifpanica. But where the fnow
remains fome time on the ground without melting, none of thefe plants growing in
habitable climates are found. There are indeed others, though few, and even thefe
never exceed a certain height. Above this tra<5l, nothing is feen but ftones and fand
all the way up to the beginning of the ice.

In thefe parts, where the above rufh is the principal produft, the foil is as little
adapted to cultivation ; but produces a tree, which the inhabitants call Quinual, the
nature of which very well fuits the roughnefs of the climate. It is of middling height,
tufted, and the timber flrong ; its leaf of a long, oval form, thick, and of a deep green
colour. Though it bears the fame name as the grain called Quinua, of which we have
fpoken elfewhere, and which grows in great plenty, the latter is not, however, the
production of this tree ; nor has the plant, on which it grows, any thing in common
with it.

The climate proper for quinua is alfo adapted to the produce of a little plant, which
the Indians call Palo de Luz. It is commonly about the height of two feet, confifling
of ftalks which grow out of the ground, and proceed from the fame root. Thefe
ftems are flraight, and fmooth up to the top, from which grow Httle branches with very
fmall leaves. All of thefe nearly rife to the fame height, except the outer ones, which
are of a lefs fize : it is cut clofe to the ground, where it is about three lines in diameter ;
and being kindled whilft green, gives a light equal to that of a torch, and, with care
taken to fnuff it, lafls dll the whole plant is burnt.

In the fame place grows alfo the achupalla, confifling of feveral flalks, fomething
refembling thofe of the fabilla ; and as the new fhoot up, the mofl outward grow old
and dry, and form a kind of trunk, with a great number of horizontal leaves, hollow
in the middle ; and this, when not very large, is eatable like that of the palmitos.

Towards the extremity of the part where the rulli grows, and the cold begins to
increafe, is found the vegetable called Puchugchu, with round leaves growing together
fo as to reprefent a very fmooth bulb, having nothing in them but the roots : and as
thefe increafe, the outward cafe of leaves dilates into the form of a round loaf, ufually
a foot or two in height, and the fame in diameter : on this account, they are alfo called
Loives or Onions. When in their vigour, they are of fo hardy a nature, that a flamp
with a man's foot, or the tread of a mule, makes no impreflion on them ; but when
once fully ripe, they are eafily broken. In the middle flate, betwixt the full flrength
of their refiflance and the decay of their roots by age, they have an elaftic quality,

3 Y 2 yielding

532

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

yielding with a tremulous motion to the prelTure of the foot, and on its being taken off,
recover their form.

In the places where the puchugchu thrives beft, alfo grows the canchalagua, the
virtues of which are well known in Europe. The form of this is like a very thin rufh
or ftraw ; bears no leaves, but has a few fmall feeds at its extremity. It is medicinal,
and particularly ufeful as a febrifuge ; its tafte is bitter, which it eafily communicates
either by infufion or decoftion. In this country, it is chiefly ufed as a fweetener of the
blood, though thought to be of a hot quality. It grows in great quantities, and is
found both among the puchugchu, and in other parts on the heath, where the cold is
lefs intenfe.

Another plant, not lefs valuable for its virtues, and growing chiefly in thofe dreadful
deferts where, either from the feverity of the cold or perpetual fnows, or from the
badnefs of the foil, nothing elfe is produced, is found the fo celebrated calaguala ; its
height is about fix or eight inches, and naturally fpreads itfelf in thin flems along the
fand, or climbs up the rocks. Thefe branches, in their form, refemble the fibril of
the roots of the other plants, being not above two or three lines in their greateft thick-
nefs, round, and full of little knots, where they bend round like the tendrils of a vine.
They have a thin pellicle of a loofe texture, which of itfelf feparates when the plant
dries. The mofl lingular virtue of this plant is for all kinds of impofthumes, internal
or external, which it difcufles and heals in a very little time. The manner of admini-
flering it is by decoftion, of which a very little ferves ; or, after bruifmg it, to infufe it
in wine, and take it faft;ing for three or four days, and no longer, its good effeds in
that time being ufually confpicuous j and being extremely hot, it might prove perni-
cious, if taken in greater quantity than abfolutely neceffary ; for which reafon only,
three or four pieces, each about an inch and a half in length, are ufed for the infufion,
and with fuch fort of wine as will beft correal: its bitternefs. Though this excellent
herb grows in moft of thofe frozen deferts, yet the beft is that in the fouthern province
of Peru. The leaves are very fmall, and the few it bears grow contiguous to the
ftem.

The paramos, or barren heaths, likewife yield the contrayerva, which makes a part
of the materia medica in Europe, and is conftdered as an excellent alexipharmic. This
is alfo a creeping plant, with a leaf, of about three or four inches in length, and a little
more than one in breadth, . thick, the back part of it exceeding foft to the touch,
and of a deep green. The other fide is alfo fmooth, but of a light green. On its
ftem grows a large bloflfom, confifting of many flowers inclining to a violet colour :
but neither thefe nor the other flowers, which grow in great abundance in thefe coun-
tries,, according to its feveral climates, are much efteemed ; fo that, when wanted, the
readieft way is to fend and have them cut from the plant.

Though the feverity of the air on the deferts is fuch, that all animals cannot live
there, yet they afford many beafts of venery, which feed on the ftraw or rufii peculiar
to thofe parts ; and fome of thefe creatures are met with on the higheft mountains,
where the cold is intolerable to the human fpecies. Among the ruflies are bred great
numbers of rabbits, and fome foxes, both which, in their appearance and qualities,
refemble thofe of Carthagena and other parts of the Indies.

The only birds known in thofe rigorous places are partridges, condors, and zumba-
dores or hummers. The partridges differ fomething from thofe of Europe ; they
nearly refemble the quail, and are very fcarce.

The condor is the largeft bird in thefe parts of the world ; its colour and appearance
refemble thofe of the galinazos, and fometimes it foars from the higheft mountains fo

as

ULLOa's VOVAGE to south AMERICA.

533

as to be almoft out of fight : and by its being feldom feen in low places, a fubtile air
feems befl to agree with it ; though fome, which have been tamed when young, live
in the villages and plantations. Like the galinazos, they are extremely carnivorous,
and are known frequently to feize and fly away with lambs that feed on the heaths : of
this I happened to fee an inftance, in my way down from the fignal of Lalangufo to-
ward the plantation of Pul, lying near the bottom of thofe mountains. Obferving, on
, a hill adjoining to that where I was, a flock of. fheep in great confufion, I faw one of
thefe condors flying upwards from it with a lamb betwixt its claws ; and, when at fome
height,' dropt it ; then, following it, took it up, and let it fall a fecond time,, when it
winged its way out of fight, for fear of the Indians, who, at the cries of the boys arid
barkings of the dogs, were running towards the place.

In fome deferts this bird is common ; and, as it preys on the flocks, the Indians are
not wanting in their endeavours to catch them. One of the ways is, to kill a cow, or
other beafl:, when of no further ufe, and to rub the flefli with the juice of fome potent
herbs, which they afterwards carry away : for otherwife the bird, fenfible of them by
natural inftiind, would not touch the flefli. Further, to take off' the fmell, they bury
the flefli till it becomes putrid, and then expofe it ; when the condors, allured by the
fmell of the carcafe, haft:en and greedily feed on it, till the herbs operate fo as to ren-
der them quite fenfelefs and incapable of motion : the Indians feize the opportunity, and
defl:roy them. They likewife catch them with fprings laid near fome flefli : but fuch is
the force of this bird, that, with a fl:roke of its wing, it fometimes knocks down the
man who approaches it. Their wing alfo ferves them as a fliield, by which they ward
off" blows, without receiving any hurt.

The zumbador, or hummer, is a night bird, peculiar to the mountainous deferts ;
and they are feldom feen, though frequently heard, both by the fmging, and a fl:range
humming made in the air by the rapidity of their flight, and which may be heard at the
difl:ance of fifty toifes ; and when near, is louder than that of a rocket. Their fmging
may indeed be called a kind of cry, refembling that of night-birds. In moonlight
nights, when they more frequently make their appearance, we have often watched to
fee their fize and the celerity of their motion ; and though they pafled very near us,
we never were able to form any idea of their magnitude j all that we could fee, was a
white line which they formed in their flight through the air ; and this was plainly per-
ceivable, when at no great diftance. We promifed the Indians a reward if they would
procure us one ; but all they could do was to procure a young one, fcarce fledged,
though it was then of the fize of a partridge, and all over fpeckled with dark and light
brown ; the bill was proportionate and fl:rait ; the aperture of the nofl:rils much larger
than ufual, the tail fmall, and the wings of a proper fize for the body. According to
our Indians, it is with the noflirils that it makes fuch a loud humming. This may, in
fome meafure, contribute to it ; but the effeft feems much too great for fuch an inftru-
ment ; efpecially as at the time of the humming it alfo ufes its voice.

Among the valleys and plains formed by thefe mountains, are many marfliy places,
occafioned by the great variety of fmall fl:reams of water ; and in thefe breed great
numbers of a bird called Canclon, a name perfectly expreflive of its manner of fmg-
ing. It very much refembles the bandurria, though the fpecies be different : it exceeds
the bignefs of a large goofe, has a long thick neck, and a head fomething refembling
that bird. The bill is flraight and thick, and its legs and feet thick and Itrong. The
outward feathers of the wing are of a dark brown, thofe of the infide of a pure white;
but the other parts of the body fpotted. At the meeting of the wings they have two
fpurs, projecting to the length of an inch and a half, as their defence. The male and
female are infeparable, whether flying, or on the ground, where they mofl:ly keep them-

felves,

534 ulloa's voyage to south America.

felves, never taking flight except acrofs a valley, or when purfued. The fle(h eats very
well, after being kept three or four days to leflen its natural toughnefs. Thefe birds
are alfo found in places lefs cold than the mountainous deferts ; but here, indeed, they
are fomething different, having on the forehead a kind of cartilaginous horn ; but both
thefe and the other fpecies have a creft on their head.

The gardens of all kinds in the villages are much frequented by a bird very lemark-
able both for its fmallnefs and the vivid c^olours of its feathers. It is generally called
Picaflores, or flower-pecker, from its hovering over them, and fucking their juices
without lacerating or fo much as difordering them. Its proper name is Ouinde, though
it is alfo known by thofe of Rabilargo and Sifongero, and in England by that of
humming-bird. Its whole body, with its plumage, does not exceed the bignefs of a
middle-fized nutmeg ; the tail is ufually near three times the length of the whole body,
yet has but few feathers ; its neck is fhort ; the head proportioned, with a very briflc
eye ; the bill long and flender, white at the beginning and black at th^end : the wings
are alfo long and narrow. Moll of the body is green, fpotted with yellow and blue.
Some are higher coloured than others ; and all are variegated with fl:reaks, as it were,
of gold. Of this bird, alfo, there *are various fpecies, difl:inguiflied by their fize and
colours. This is thought to be the fmalleft of all known birds ; the female lays but
two eggs at a time, and thofe no bigger than peas. They build in trees, and the coarfeft
materials of their nefts are the fineft fl:raws they can pick up.

In the parts of this country, which are neither taken up by mountains nor forefls, only
tame animals are met with ; whence it is probable, that formerly its native fpecies were
but very few ; mod of thefe having been introduced by the Spaniards, except the llama,
to which the Indians added the name of runa, to denote an Indian flieep, that beafl be-
ing now underfliood by the runa-llama ; though, properly, llama is a general name im-
porting beafl:, in oppofition to the human fpecies. This animal, in feveral particulars,
refembles the camel : as in the fliape of its neck, head, and fome other parts ; but has
no bunch, and is much fmaller ; cloven-footed, and different in colour : for though mofl:
of them are brown, fome are white, others black, and others of difi'erent colours : its pace
refembles that of a camel, and its height equal to that of an afs betwixt an year and two
old. The Indians ufe them as beaflis of carriage ; and they anfwer very well for any
load under a hundred weight. They chiefly abound in the jurifdidion of Riobamba,
there being fcarce an Indian who has not one for carrying on his little traffick from one
village to another. Anciently the Indians ufed to eat the flefii of them, and fl:ill continue
to make that ufe of thofe which are pafl; labour. They fay there is no difference be-
twixt it and mutton, except that the former is fomething fweeter ; it is a very docile*
creature, and eafily kept. Its whole defence is, to ejed from its nofl:rils fome vifcofi-
ties, which is faid to give the itch to any on which they fall ; fo that the Indians, who
firmly believe this, are very cautious of provoking the llama.

In the fouthern provinces of Peru, namely, in Cufco, La Paz, La Plata, and the adja-
cent parts, are two other animals, not very different from the llama : thefe are the vicuna
and the guanaco ; the only difference between them being, that the ^icuna is fomething
fmaller, its wool ftiorter and finer, and brown all over the body, except the belly,
which is whitifli. The guanaco, on the contrary, is much larger, its wool long and
harfli ; but the fliape of both is pretty near alike. Thefe lafl: are of great fervice in the
mines, carrying metals in fuch rugged roads as would be imprafticable to any other
beaft.

In the houfes is bred a creature called chucha ; but in the other fouthern provinces it
is known by the Indian name of muca-muca ; it refembles a rat, but confiderably big-
ger, with a long fnout, not unlike that of a hog ; the feet and tail are exactly the fame

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 535

as thofe of a rat, but the hair is longer and black. In the lower part of its belly, from
the beginning of the ftomach to the natural orifice of the fex, runs a fort of bag, formed
of two membranous (kins, which growing from the lower ribs, and joining in the mid-
dle, follow the conformation of the belly, which they inclofe : in the middle of it is an
aperture extending about two-thirds of its length, and which the creature opens and
fhuts at pleafure by means of mufcles, doubtlefs formed by nature for this purpofe.
After bringing forth her young, fhe depoiits them in this bag, and carries them as a
fecond pregnancy till they are fit for weaning ; fhe then relaxes the mufcles, and the
young come out as a fecond brood. Monfieur de Juflieu and M. Seniergues, when at
Quito, made an experiment, at which Don George Juan and I were both prefent. The
dam had been dead three days, and'began to fmell very difagreeably ; the orifice of the
bag remained ftill fhqt, but the young ones we found full of life within, each with a
teat in his mouth, from which, at the time we took them off, fome fmall drops of milk
came out. The male I never faw : but was told that it was of the fame bignefs and
fhape as the female, except the bag ; the teflicles of this creature are of an enormous
difproportion, being of the fize of a hen's egg. It is a very fierce enemy to all tame
birds, and does a great deal of damage in the maize fields. The Indians eat the flefh,
and fay it is not at all difagreeable : but few Europeans have much veneration for their
tafte or cookery.

CHAP. IX. — Phanoinena ohferved in the mountainous Deferts and other Parts of this
Province, Hunting Matches. Dexterity of the America?i Horfes.

TO the before-mentioned particulars of -the mountainous deferts, I fhall fubjoin the
phenomena feen there, as fubjeds equally meriting the curiofity of a rational reader. /
firlt we were greatly furprifed with two, on account of their novelty ; but frequent c*'^
fervations rendered them familiar. One we faw in Pambamarca on our firft afcV
thither ; it was a triple circular iris. At break of day the whole mountain was encc
paffed with very thick clouds, which the rifing of the fun difperfed fo far as to lea
only fome vapours of a tenuity not cognizable by the fight: on the oppofite f."
to that where the Am rofe, and about ten toifes diflant from the place where
we were flanding, we faw, as in a looking-glafs, the image of each of us, the
head being as it were the centre of three concentric iris's ; the lall or mofl external
colours of one touched the firft of the following ; and at fome diftance from them all,
was a fourth arch entirely white. Thefe were perpendicular to the horizon ; and as
the perfon moved, the phenomenon moved alfo in the fame difpofition and order. But
what was moft remarkable, though we were fix or feven together, every one faw the
phenomenon with regard himfelf, and not that relating to others. The diameter of the
arches gradually altered with the afcent of the fun above the horizon ; and the pheno-
menon itfelf, after continuing a long time, infenfibly vaniflied. In the beginning, the
diameter of the inward iris, taken from its laft colour, was about five degrees ami a
half, and that of the white arch, which circumfcribed the others, not lefs than fixty-feven
degrees. At the beginning of the phenomenon, the arches feemed of an oval or ellipti-
tical figure, like the difk of the fun, and afterwards became perfedly circular. Each of
the leafl was of a red colour, bordered with an orange, and the laft followed by a bright
yellow, which degenerated into a ftraw colour ; and this turned to a green. But in all,
the external colour remained red.

On the mountains we alfo had frequently the pleafure of feeing arches formed by the
light of the moon J particularly one on the 4th of April 1738, about eight at night, on

the

^^6 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

the plain of Turubamba. But the mofl fingular was one feen by Don George Juan, on
the mountain of Quinoa-Ioma, on the 2 2d of May 1739, at eight at night. Thefe
arches were entirely white, without the mixture of any other colour, and formed along
the flope or fide of a mountain. That which Don George Juan faw confided of three
arches, touching in the fame point : the diameter of the inner arch was fixty degrees ;
and the breadth of the white mark, or delineation, took up a fpace of five degrees ;
the two others were, in every refpeO:, of the fame dimenfions.

The atmofphere, and the exhalations from the foil, feem more adapted than in any
other place for kindling the vapours ; meteors being here more frequent, and often very
large, lafl longer, and are nearer the earth, than the like phenomena feen in other parts.
One of thefe inflammatiofis, of a very extraordinary largenefs, was feen at Quito whilft
we were there. I cannot exadly determine the date of its appearance, the paper on
which I had wrote an account of it being loft, when I was taken by the Englifti : but
the particulars, which I remember, are as follow :

About nine at night, a globe of fire appeared to rife from the fide of Mount Pichin-
cha ; and fo large, that it fpread a light all over the part of the city facing that moun-
tain. The houfe where I lodged tooking that way, I was furprized with an extraordi-
nary light darting through the crevices of the window Ihutters. On this appearance,
and the buftle of the people in the ftreets, I haftened to the window, and came time
enough to fee it in the middle of its career, which continued from weft to fouth, till I
loft fight of it, being intercepted by the mountain of Panecillo, which lies in that quar-
ter. It was round, and its apparent diameter about a foot. I faid that it feemed to rife
from the fides of Pichincha : for to judge from its courfe, it was behind that mountain
(jwhere this congeries of inflammable matter was kindled. In the firft half of its vifible

urfe, it emitted a prodigious effulgency, then gradually began to grow dim, fo that at

occultation behind the Panecillo, its light was very faint,
ftiall conclude this chapter with an account of the manner of hunting, which is the

W diverfion in the country, and in which they paflionately delight. Indeed the moft

narkable circumftance in it is the ardour and intrepidity of the hunters ; and which a
ftranger, at firft, will naturally confider as mere ralhnefs, till he fees perfons of the
greateft prudence, after having made one fingle trial, join in thefe parties, trufting en-
tirely to their horfes ; fo that it is rather to be termed a dextrous and manly exercife,
and proves the fuperiority both of the riders and horfes to the moft celebrated in Europe ;
and that the boafted fleetnefs of the latter is dullnefs, when compared to the celerity
with which thofe of America run over mountains and precipices.

The hunting is performed by a great number of people, who are divided into two
claffes, one on horfeback, the other on foot, who are generally Indians. The bufinefs
of the latter is, to roufe the beaft, and that of the others, to hunt it. They all, at
break of day, repair to the place appointed, which is generally on the fummit of the
paramos. Every one brings his greyhound ; and the horfemen place themfelves on the
higheft peaks, whilft thofe on foot range about the breaches, making a hideous noife in
order to ftart the deer. Thus the company extend themfelves three or four leagues,
or more, according to their numbers. On the ftarting of any game, the horfe which
firft perceives it fets off; and the rider, being unable to guide or ftop him, purfues the
chace fometimes down fuch a fteep flope, that a man on foot, with the greateft care,
could hardly keep his legs ; from thence up a dangerous afcent, or alongfide of a
mountain, that a perfon, not ufed to this exercife, would think it much fafer to throw
himfelf out of the faddle, than commit his life to the precipitate ardour of the horfe.

Thus

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ' 537

Thus they cointmue till they come up with the game, or till, after following it four or
five leagues, the horfes tire. Thofe in the other ftations, on perceiving one horfe on
its fpeed, immediately ftart ; and thus the whole company are foon in motion ; fome
haftening to meet the beaft, and others following the chace ; fo that in fuch nmltitudes
it is very feldom his good fortune to efcape. The horfes here do not wait for the riders
to animate them ; they fet forward immediately on feeing another on full fpeed on a
different mountain, or at the.fhouts of the huntfmen, or cries of the dogs, though at
ever fo great a diftance, or even by obferving in a dog the leaft motion that he fcents
the game. One fuch circumftance is fufficient for thefe horfes : and it then becomes
prudence in the rider to give him his way, and at the fame time, to let him feel the fpur
to carry him over the precipices. But, at the fame time, let'liim be very attentive to
keep the faddle ; for on fuch declivities the leaft negleft throws the rider over the
horfe's head : the confequence of which, either by the fall, or by being trampled upon,
is generally fatal. Thefe horfes are called paramos, being backed and exercifed in run-
ning over fuch dangerous places. Their ufual pace is trotting. There is indeed another
fpecies called aguilillas, equally remarkable for their fwiftnefs and fecurity. Though
the aguilillas only pace, they equal the longeft trot of *the others : and fome of them are
fo fleet, that no other horfe can match them even at full gallop. I once was mafter of
one of this kind ; and which, though none of the racers, often carried me in twenty-nine
minutes from Callao to Lima, which is two meafured leagues and a half, though not-
withftanding great part of the road was very bad and ftony ; and in twenty-eight or ,
twenty-nine minutes brought me back again, without ever taking off the bridle. This
I can affert from my own experience. Thefe horfes are very feldom known to gallop
or trot ; and it is a very difficult matter even to bring them to it by teaching, though
the trotting horfes foon come into pacing. The pace of the aguiHUas is by lifting up
the fore and hind leg of the fame fide at once ; but inftead of putting the hinder foot
in the place where the fore foot was, as is the ufual way of other pacing horfes, they
advance it farther, equal to that on the contrary fide, or fomething beyond it ; that thus,
in each motion, they advance twice the fpace of the common horfes. Befides, they are
very quick in their motions, and remarkably eafy to the rider.

Other horfes, not of this breed, are taught the fame manner of pacing, and perform
it with eafe and expedition, as thofe in whom it is a natural quality : neither fpecies are
handfome, but very gentle and docile ; full of fpirit and intrepidity.

CHAP. X, — A Jhort Account of the many Stiver and Gold Mines in the Province of
Quito ; and the Method of extra6ling the Metal,

THE chief riches of the kingdom of Peru, and the greateft part of the Spanilh pof-
feffions on the continent, being the mines, which fpread their ramifications through the
whole extent of thefe countries j that province is juftly accounted the moft valuable
where the mines are moft numerous, or at leaft, where the greateft quantity of metal is
procured. The fertility of the foil, the exuberant harvefts with which the labourer's
toil is rewarded, would lofe much of their advantage, had not the precious contents in
the bowels of the earth exercifed the ingenuity of the miner. The fertile paftures which
fo richly cover the country, are difregarded, if the ftones upon trial are not found to
anfwer the avidity of the artifts : and the plentiful produdlions of the earth, which are
in reality the moft excellent gifts of nature, for the fupport and comfort of human life,
are undervalued and flighted, unlefs the mountains contain rich veins of a fine filver.

VOL. XIV. 3 z * Tktf >

538 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

Thus, contrary to the nature of things, the name of rich is beftowed on that province
where moil mines are worked, though fo entirely deftitute of the other more neceflary
produds, that the great number of people employed in the mines are under a neceffity
of being fupplied from other parts : and thofe provinces, whofe paftures are covered
with flocks and herds, whofe fields yield plentiful harvefts, and their trees bend beneath
rich fruits, under the fertilizing influence of a benign climate, but defl:itute of mines, or
forgotten through negleQ, are looked upon as poor ; and indeed, except in the plentiful
furface of the earth, make no wealthy appearance. This is the cafe here ; and the rea-
fon of it is evident : thofe countries are as fl:aples for filver and gold, which are taken
from the bowels of the earth only to be fent into difl:ant nations with all pofllble dili-
gence, their native country being that where they make the leafl; fl:ay : and the fame
practice is obferved to be carried on, no lefs eagerly, throughout every town and village
in the Indies : for, as they cannot well do without European goods, the gold and filver
of America mufl: be paid in exchange for them.

In a province where no mines are worked, the fertility of the foil, and goodnefs of
its producls are negledled j for the fcarcity of money reduces them to fuch a low price,
that the hufbandman, for want of an incentive to any afliduous indufl:ry, infl:ead of fow-
ing and planting all he could, confults only what he may vend according to the common
confumption, belides what is neceflary for the fupport of his family. And as the whole
return of what he receives for his fruits and grain, even when he is fo fortunate as to
export any, goes away again in exchange for European goods, the fcarcity of money
ftill continues, and he is fo poor as fometimes poflibly to want even neceflaries. It is
otherwife in provinces abounding with mines ; for thefe being the objefts of the atten-
tion and labours of its inhabitants, there is a continual circulation of money. What is
carried out, is replaced by that drawn from the mines. Nor are they even in want of
European goods, or the produce of the more fertile countries, plenty of traders from all
parts reforting to places near the mines, as the original feats of gold and filver. But
that province where the richnefs of the mines and of the foil concenter, is doubtlefs
preferable to thofe where nature has given only one of thefe advantages. Quito may
juflily be clafled among the former, being that province which of all Peru is the moft
fertile in grain and fruits ; the mofl: populous, and epecially in Spaniards ; abounds
mofl: in cattle ; has the mofl: manufaftures, and excels in them ; and in mines, if not
the richefl:, yet equal to any of the others, on which nature has poured out thefe her
choiceft favours. But it feems as if nature, unwilling to diftinguifh this by an abfolute
happinefs, has denied it a fuitable concourfe of people, that it might not at once have a
full enjoyment of all the benefits lavilhed on it, there being, no reafon which can difcul-
pate the inhabitants of Quito in the negleft of the mines. For though the number of
them difcovered be very great, and afford a very probable conjefture that the Cordil-
leras muft contain many more; yet very few are worked, particularly within thefe
jurifdiftions. Thus the riches of the country lie buried, and without them the fertility
of the foil cannot fupply their want ; fo as to fpread through the province an opulence
like that obfervable in the other provinces of Peru, where, by the circulation of filver,
there is an univerfal appearance of affluence, gaiety, and fplendour.

Of the great number of mines within the province of Quito, fome were formerly
worked which at prefent are abandoned. The country then was fenfible of its advan-
tage ; and the remembrance of the general opulence of thofe times, refulting from the
riches taken out of the mines, ftill fubfifts. Not only the capital, but the towns and
villages were then very populous: and many of its inhabitants were famous all over
Peru for their prodigious wealth. The rich mines -within the jurifdidtlon of Mecas>

1 1 were

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

539

were irrecoverably loft by a revolt of the Indians ; and in procefs of time the very
remembrance of their fituation was obliterated. The mines of Zaruma have been
abandoned, the art of working the ore being loft, for want of a fufficient number of
people to apply themfelves to it : and the fame decline is now feen all over the province.
The fertility, as natural to the climate, ftill continues in all its plenty : but fcarce the
fhadow of its former luftre and magnificence remains ; and that enormous wealth, in
which it gloried is now no more. For if its products and manufactures bring in con-
fiderable quantities of filver from Lima and Valles, all is expended on European goods ;
fo that, as I obferved, little of that gold and filver, fo common in the more fouthern
provinces, is to be feen here.

The only part of the province of Quito, which, under this unhapj5y change, preferves
its ancient opulence, is the department within the government of Popayan, which
throughout abounds in gold mines, and great numbers of them are ftill worked. To
gratify the curious, I fliall give an account of the principal, and the manner of working
the gold ore ; as it is different from that ufed in the mines of Caxa j after which, I
ftiall mention the other mines known within that province.

Every part of the jurifdidtion of Popayan abounds in mines of gold ; and though in
fome departments more are worked than in others, yet they all yield gold : and new
mines are daily difcovered and worked ; which, under all the inclemencies of the air,
in fome parts fills its towns with inhabitants. Among the departments belonging to the
province of Quito, the richeft in gold are thofe of Cali, Buga, Almaguar, and Barba-
coas, fome of its mines being always more or Jefs worked ; and with this fingular
advantage in its gold, of never being mixed with any heterogeneous body ; confequently
no mercury is requifite in extrading it.

The gold mines in thefe parts are not Caxa mines, as thofe of filver and many of
gold are; that is, they are not contained and confined as it were betwixt two natural
walls : but the gold is found difperfed and mixed with the earth and gravel j as fands
are found mingled with earths of different fpecies. Thus the whole difficulty confifts in
feparating the grains of gold from the earth ; and this is very eafily done, though other-
wife it would be impradticable, by running conduits of water. This method is alfo
equally neceflTary in the Caxa mines, where the filver and gold are intimately united
with other bodies, as, after having gone through the operation of the quickfilver, which
their quality renders indifpenfable, it is waflied in order to feparate the remaining filth.
After the laft operation the amalgama is pure, confifting entirely of quickfilver, and
gold or filver, according to the fpecies which has been worked.

The manner, throughout the whole jurifdidion of Popayan, for extracting the gold,
is, to dig the ore out of the earth, and lay it in a large cocha, or refervoir made for
that purpofe; and when this is filled, water is conveyed into it through a conduit:
they then vigoroufly ftir the whole, which foon turns to a mud, arid the lighteft parts
are conveyed away through another conduit, which ferves as a drain ; and this work is
continued till only the moft ponderous parts, as little ftones, fand, and the gold, remain
at the bottom. The next part of the progrefs is, to go into the cocha with wooden
buckets made foj this purpofe, in which they take up the fediment ; then moving them
circularly and uniformly, at the fame time changing the waters, the lefs ponderous parts
are feparated ; and at laft the gold remains at the bottom of the bucket, clear from all
mixture. It is generally found in grains as fmall as thofe of fand ; and for that reafon
called oro en polvo ; though fometimes pepitas, or feeds, are found among it, of differ-
ent fizes, but generally they run fmall. The water ifluing from this cocha is ftopped
^ another contrived a little beneath it, and there undergoes a like operation ; in order

322 * to

J40 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

to fecure any fmall particles of gold, which, from their extreme fmallnefs might be
carried oflF by the current of the water being mixed with earth and other fubftances :
and laftly, this water is paffed into a third cocha : but the fayings here are generally
inconliderable.

This is the method praftifed in all the mines belonging to the jurifdidion of Popayan.
The labourers are Negro flaves, purchafed by the owners 5 and whilft fome are
employed in wafhing, others bring earth ; fo that the wafhers are kept in continual
employment. The finenefs of this gold is generally of twenty-two carats ; fometimes
more, even to twenty-three j fometimes indeed it is under, though very feldom below
twenty-one-

In the diftrid of Choco are many mines of Lavadero, or wafh gold, like thofe we
have juft defcribed. There are alfo fome, where mercury muft be ufed, the gold
b'eing enveloped in other metallic bodies. Hones, and bitumens. Several of the mines
have been abandoned on account of the platina ; a fubflance of fuch refiftance, that,
when ftruck on an anvil of fleel, it is not eafy to be feparated : nor is it calcinable ;
fo that the metal enclofed within this obdurate body, could not be extraded without
infinite labour and charge. In fome of thefe mines the gold is found mixed with the
metal called tumbaga, or copper, and equal to that of the Eaft ; but its moil remark-
able quality is, that it produces no verdigreafe, nor is corroded by any acids, as com-
mon copper is well known to be.

The gold taken out of all thefe lavaderos, or mines, in the province of Quito, is
partly circulated in it : but after no long Itay, like the other gold of thefe countries,
goes away to Lima ; yet thefe circulations, however temporary, preferve it from that
decay which other parts have felt. A large quantity of this gold is carried to Santa
Fe or Carthagena, fo that Quito fees very little of it.

In the diftrift of the town of Zaruma, within the jurifdidtion of Loxa, are feveral
gold mines worked ; and though of no great finenefs, being only betwixt fixteen and
eighteen carats, they are fo rich, that, when refined to twenty carats, they prove more
advantageous to the miners than thofe where the gold is naturally of that finenefs, but
lefs abundant. Antiently it was ufual to work veins, but the inhabitants are now fo
indolent, that moll of them are neglefted. Thefe ores are worked with quickfilver,
and all the mines here are Caxa mines. Of the fame kind alfo are other gold mines
within thejurifdi£lion of the government of Jaen Bracamoros, which, about eighty or
a hundred years ago, yielded great quantities of metal. But the Indians of thofe parts,
encouraged by the fuccefs of their brethren of Macas, having revolted, the fituation of
them was entirely forgotten ; and no care has fince been taken to fearch after them.
The gold extracted from thefe mines, though not fo fine as that of Popaydn, far
exceeded the Zaruma gold. The Indians ftill extract fome fmall quantities, when
abfolute neceflity drives them to this refource for paying the tribute. In order to this,
they go to fome brook or river, and there wait till it overflows its bank, then wajfh the
fands till they have procured a fufficient quantity to anfwer their prefent neceflity ; then
they immediately leave off, not thinking it worth while to fatigue themfelves any longer
about it. Several mines difcovered all over this province, have undergone the fame
fate. One of thefe was in the jurifdi(5lion of the town of Latacunga, near the village
of Angamarca ; the owner of which was an inhabitant of the village called Sanabria.
The quantity of metal he procured from it was fo great, that in order to lofe no time,
he caufed it to be worked day and night, and had for that purpofe a great number of
Negro flaves, who laboured in the night ; and the Indians continued the work in tne
day time. But in the height of his profperity, the mine in a violent florm gave way,

and

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

541

and funk fo low, that though frequent fearches have been made after it, the vein could
not be found. At laft, in the year 1743, a perfon difcovered it by an accident of the
fame nature that had deftroyed it ; a violent tempeft happened, during which, a torrent
of water gulhed out through the former entrance of the mine. The perfon, inter-
preting this accident as a providential indication, immediately undertook the working
of it ; and it has fully anfwered his expectations.

Within the jurifdidion of this province are many other mines, which appear to have
been worked at diiFerent times, and to have yielded a great quantity of metal. The
nature of the country feems beft adapted to gold mines ; though there are feveral filver
veins, which appear to be very rich, and accordingly an account of them is entered in
the feveral revenue offices, and in the records of the audience of Quito. Some have
been lately worked, though with little encouragement ; of this number may be faid
to be that of Guacaya, in the jurifdidion of Zicchos, on the frontiers of Latacunga j
and another likewife of filver, about two leagues from the former. Both were worked
fome time, but never beyond the furface of the earth, the undertakers not having a
fufficient flock of their own to work them in form ; and the affiflance they folicited was
denied. The moft celebrated filver mine in all this diftritt, is that called Sarapullo,
about eighteen leagues from the fame town of Zicchos. This alfo was opened, but
difcontinued through the inllability of the undertaker, and the want of proper
affiftance.

In the other jurifdidion, as well as in that of Latacunga, are all the indications of rich
mines, though the number of them difcovered is much lefs. The mountain of Pichincha is,
by the inhabitants of Quito, thought to contain immenfe treafures ; and the grains of gold,
found in the fands of the waters which iffue from it, greatly countenance the opinion ;
though there is not the leaft veltige all over the mountain, that formerly any mine was
difcovered or worked there. But the latter is no great objeftion : as the difruptions
caufed by ftorms, or procefs of time, are fuch as fometimes might entirely choak them
up, and cover them fo as to leave no traces of their exiflence ; and a fuitable diligence
and care have not been ufed for the difcovery of any. Befides this mountain, its whole
Cordillera, together with the eaftern chain of Guamani, and many other parts, equally
abound with the like appearances of rich mines.

In the diftrifts of Otabalo, and the town of San Miguel de Ibarra, in the territories
of the village of Cayambe, along the fides and eminences of the vafl mountain Cayam-
buro, are flill remaining fome monuments in confirmation of the tradition, that, before
the conquefl, mines were worked there, which yielded a vafl quantity of metal.
Among feveral mountains near the village of Mira, famed for their antient riches, is
one called Pachon, from which an inhabitant of that village is certainly known to have
colleded, a few years ago, a vafl fortune. None of thefe are worked : a particular,
nothing flrange to him who fees how the mines lately difcovered are negleded, though
their quality is fufficiently known.

The whole country of Pallaclanga, in the jurifdidion of the town of Riobamba,
is full of mines of gold and filver : and the whole jurifdidlion abounds with them to
fuch a degree, that one perfon with whom I was acquainted in that town, and who, by
his civilities to us and the French academicians, feemfed to have a foul fuitable to his
opulence, had entered, on his own account, at the mine office of Quito, eighteen veins
of gold and filver, and all of a good quality. The ore of one of thefe veins, by the
miners called Negrillos, being aflayed at Lima, in 1728, it appeared, from a certificate
of Don Juan Antonio de la Mota Torres, that it produced eighty marks of filver per chefl ;
a very aftonifhing circumflance, the ufual produce in rich mines being only eight or

12 ten

542

' ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

ten marks per cheft, each cheft containing fifty quintals of ore. This is the cafe of
Potofi and Lipes, which, after the expence of carrying the ore to other places, in order
to its being refined, and other charges, not only anfwers them all at ten marks per
cheft, but the furplus is then very confiderable.' There are likewife other mines
where, after being refined, a cheft yields only five or fix marks of filver, and in fome
only three ; which yet will bear the expence of refining, being in a cheap country,
where great numbers of people are willing to work for low wages. Befides the riches
contained in the mountains belonging to the jurifdidion of Cuenca, though this refts
only on an old Indian tradition, feveral mines have lately been difcovered and worked,
but not with the care requifite to reap all the advantages they offer. One of thefe was
in the diftrid of Alaufi, at about fix leagues from a plantation called Sufna ; the owner
of which, during the intervals of rural labour, ufed to employ his Indians and Negroes
in taking out the ore, which he found to be very rich ; but for want of a fufficient
fund to profecute this work, and at the fame time not negled his plantation, he never
was able to get from the mine that immenfe quantity of filver which its richnefs
feemed to promife, if worked in form. All that country is indeed fo full of mines,
that with an induftrious turn in the minds of the inhabitants, they would be found in
number and richnefs to equal thofe which have proved the fources of fuch infinite wealth
to the fouthern provinces of Peru ; but it is far otherwife. This fupinenefs is thought
to be owing to the great plenty ; and confequently a low rate of all lands of provifions ;
for the inhabitants, having all they defire for little or nothing, cannot be prevailed on
to flave in digging the earth for gold ; whence the inhabitants of the cities and towns
are hindered from acquiring large fortunes, and confequently encreafing them by
undertaking to work more mines. Add to this the prejudice, or rather apprehenfion
of the difficulties ; which are thought fo great, that when a perfon exprefles his inten-
tion of working in fome mine, others look upon him as a man running headlong to his
deftruftion, and who rilks certain ruin for remote and uncertain hopes. They endea-
vour therefore to divert him from his purpofe ; and if they cannot fucceed in this,
they fly fym him as if they were afraid left he fhould communicate the infection to
them^ It is not therefore ftrange that thefe mines, fo rich in all appearance, fhould
be neglefted, and no perfon found defirous of reaping the great advantages which
would doubtiefs refult from working them. This occupation, for want of being fuf-
ficiently acquainted with it, is univerfally dreaded : whereas in the fouthern provinces
of Quito it is quite otherwife ; the celebrated miners being men of great power, vaft
fortunes, and the moft eminent families in the country. Befides which, are great
numbers of other miners of more limited circumftanees, all eagerly embracing any
opportunity of employing their fubftance in undertaking mines.

The governments of Quijos and Majos are no lefs abundant in mines than the juirif^
diQions of Quito ; thofe in J^en are of infinite richnefs ; and thofe of Maynas and
Atacames not inferior to them. With regard to the firft, it is very well known, that
the Indians on the banks of the Maranon, by wafhing the fands of fome of the rivers
running into it, procure what gold they want, though their defires in this point are as
moderate as the avidity of other nations are infatiable. This gold is an evident fign
that the adjacent country abounds in mines. As to the fecond, experience has fhewn
that the borders of the rivers of Santiago and Mira are full of veins of gold, the Mu-
lattos and Meftizos fupplying themfelves with that metal by wafhing the fands. But
neither of them have applied themfelves to difcover the original veins. Befides gold
and filver mines, the province of Quito has alfo thofe of other metals, and quarries
of fine ftone : but tSefe are utterly difregarded by the inhabitants. Yet this province

could

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 543

could not attain the complete pofleflion of its riches, if to the mines of gold and filver,
nature had not added thofe materials which are neceffary in extracting the treafures
they contain, and in the other fer vices of life : nor could this country be properly faid
to be rich in mines, if it afforded only thofe of gold and filver ; but nature, that there
might be no deficiency in her gift, hath alfo furnifhed it with mines of azogue or quick-
filver, which are found in the fouthern extremity of the province, near a village of the
fame name belonging to the jurifdidion of Cuenca. Formerly the quickfilver for the
gold and filver mines was furnifhed from hence ; but this has been fuppreffed 5 fo that
at prefent only thofe of Guanca Velica are allowed to be worked : by which means a
ftop has been put to thofe frauds difcovered in the payments of the fifths ; the miners,
inflead of applying to the mine-ofEces within their department, or the principal ftaple,
fupplying themfelves with contraband mercury. And the end has been fully anfwered
with regard to the revenue ; frauds being now much more difficult, and confequently lefs
frequent, fince the quickfilver can be had only from one mine, than when feveral were
open. But at the fame time it is certain, that this prohibition was the principal caufe
of the decay of the filver mines in the province of Quito : and had the cafe been duly
examined, many other remedies might have been found to prevent thefe clandefline
pra6tices, befides an abfolute obftruftion to. fo great a part of the riches of that country.
It is the opinion of fome naturalifts, and the marks of it ai"e indeed very evident,
that the ground on which the city of Cuenca (lands, is entirely an iron mine, its veins
/hewing themfelves in the chafms of fome breaches ; and the pieces taken out of the
floughs prove it beyond difpute, not only by their colour and weight, but by being
attraded by the magnet, when reduced to fmall pieces ; and many intelligent perfons
in thefe fpecies of mines affirm, that it not only is an iron-mine, but alfo of extreme
richnefs ; though this has not been afcertained by ► experiment.

It is alfo equally unqueflionable, that, were it poffible to turn the induftry of the
inhabitants into this channel, mines of copper, tin, and lead, might alfo be difcovered,
though no fuch thing is at prefent known. But it is natural to fuppofe, that, where
there are fo many mines of the mofl precious metals, thofe of copper and lead are not
wanting. In the next chapter, I Ihall give fome account of other mines ; together with
the quarries of curious flone, and feveral ancient monuments of antiquity, that nothing
may be wanting towards the complete knowledge of this province, from which Spain
derives fuch great advantages.

CHAP. XI. — Monwnents of the ancient Indians, in the Jiirif diction of Quito. — Account
of the feveral Gems ayid Quarries found near that City,

THE ancient inhabitants of Peru were far enough from carrying the fciences to any
perfeftion, before the conqueft of the country by the Spaniards. They were not des-
titute of all knowledge of them ; but it was fo faint and languid, that it was far from
being fufficient for cultivating their minds. They had alfo fome glimmerings of the
mechanic arts ; but their fimplicity, or want of tafte, was fo remarkable, that, unlefs
forced by abfolute necefiity, they never departed from the models before them. The
progrefs and improvements they made were owing to induftry, the common direftrefs
of mankind. A clofe application fupplied the want of fcience. Hence, after a long
feries of time, and excefTive labour, they raifed works, not fo totally void of art and
beauty, but that fome particulars raife the admiration of an attentive fpedtatot*. Such
for infiance, were fome of thofe ftruclures, of which we have ftill fuperb ruins, in

which.

544

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

which, confidering the magnitude of the works, and the few tools they were mafters
of, their contrivance and ingenuity are really admirable. And the work itfelf, though
deftitute of European fymmetry, elegance, and difpofition, is furprifmg, even in the
very performance of it.

Thefe Indians raifed works both for the convenience and veneration of pofterity.
With thefe the plains, eminences, or leffer mountains, are covered ; like the Egyptians,
they had an extreme paflion for rendering their burial-places remarkable. If the latter
ereded aftoniihing pyramids, in the centre of which their embalmed bodies were de-
pofited ; the Indians, having laid a body without burial in the place it was to reft in,
environed it with ftones and bricks as a tomb j and the dependents, relations, and in-
timate acquaintance of the deceafed, threw fo much earth on it as to form a tumulus or
eminence which they called Guaca. The figure of thefe is not precifely pyramidical j
the Indians feeming rather to have affected the imitation of nature in mountains and
eminences. Their ufual height is about eight or ten toifes, and their length betwixt
twenty and twenty-five, and the breadth fomething lefs ; though there are others much
larger. I have already obferved, that thefe monuments are very common all over this
country ; but they are moft numerous within the jurifdidion of the town of Cayambe,
its plains being, as it were, covered with them. The reafon pf this is, that formerly
here was one of their principal temples, which they imagined muft communicate a fa-
cred quality to all the circumjacent country, and thence it was chofen for the burial-
place of the kings and caciques of Quito ; and, in imitation of them, the caciques of
all thefe villages were alfo interred there.

The remarkable difference in the magnitude of thefe monuments feems to in-
dicate, that the guacas were always fuitable to the charader, dignity, or riches
of the perfon interred ; as indeed the great number of vaflals under fome of the
moft potent caciques, concurring to raife a guaca over his body, .it muft certain-
ly be confiderably larger than that of a private Indian, whofe guaca was raifed
only by his family and a few acquaintance : with them alfo were buried their furniture,
and many of their inftruments, both of gold, copper, ftone, and earth : and thefe now
are the objefts of the curiofity or avarice of the Spaniards inhabiting the country ;
that many of them make it a great part of their bufmefs to break up thofe guacas, in
expedlation of finding fomething valuable : and, miiled by finding fome pieces of gold
here and there, they fo devote themfelves to this fearch, as to fpend in it both their
fubftance and time : though it muft be owned, that many, after a long perfeverance
under difappointments, have at length met with rich returns for all their labour and ex-
pence. Two inftances of this kind happened while we were in the country ; the firft
guaca had been opened near the village of Cayambe, in the plain of Pefillo, a little
before our arrival at Quito ; and out of it were taken a confiderable quantity of 'gold
utenfils ; fome of which we faw in the revenue-office, having been brought there as
equivalents for the fifths. The fecond was more recently difcovered in the jurifdidion
of Paftos, by a Dominican friar, who, from a turn of genius for antiquities, had laid
out very large fums in this amufement ; and at laft met with a guaca in which he is faid
to have found great riches. This is certain, that he fent- fome valuable pieces to
the provincial of his order, and other perfons at Quito. The contents of moft of them
confift only of the fkeleton of the perfon interred ; the earthen veifels in which he ufed
to drink chica, now called Guaqueros ; fome copper axes, looking-glafTes of the ynca-
ftone, and things of that kind, being of little or no value, except for their great anti-
quity, and their being the works of a rude illiterate people.

The

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERfCA. 545

The manner of opening the guacas is, to cut the lower part at right angles, the ver-
tical and horizontal line meeting in the centre, where the corpfe and its furniture are
found.

. The ftone mirrors taken out of the guacas are of two forts ; one of the ynca-ftone,
and the other of the gallinazo-ftone : the former is not tranfparent, of a lead colour,
but foft ; they are generally of a circular form, and one of the furfaces flat, with all
the fmoothnefs of a cryftal looking-glafs ; the other oval and fomething fpherical, and
the polilh not fo fine. They are of various fizes, but generally of three or four inches
diameter, though I faw one of a foot and a half; its principal furface was con-
cave, and greatly enlarged objeds ; nor could its polifh be exceeded by the belt work-
men among us. The great fault of this ftone is, its having feveral veins and flaws,
which, befides the difadvantage to the furface of the mirror, render it liable to be
broken by any little accident. Many are inclined to think that it is not natural, but
artificial. There are, it muft indeed be owned, fome appearances of this, but not fuf-
ficient for conviftion. Among the breaches in this country, fome quarries of them are
found ; and quantities continue to be taken out, though no longer worked for the ufe
the Indians made of them. This does not, however, abfolutely contradid the fufion
of them, in order to heighten their quality, or caft them into a regular form.

The gallinazo-ftone is extremely hard, but as brittle as flint : it is fo called from its
black colour, in allufion to the colour of the bird of that name, and is in fome meafure
diaphanous. This the Indians worked equally on both fides, and reduced it into a cir-
cular figure. On the upper part they drilled a hole for a ftring to hang it by ; the
furfaces were as fmooth as thofe of the former, and very exactly refledl objeds. The
mirrors made of this ftone were of different kinds, fome plain, fome concave, and others
convex. I have feen them of all kinds : and, from the delicacy of the workmanfliip,
one would have thought thefe people had been furniftied with all kinds of inftruments,
and completely fliilled in optics. Some quarries of this ftone are likewife met with ;
but they are entirely neglected, though its tranfparency, colour, and hardnefs, belides
its having no flaws or veins, render it very beautiful.

The copper axes of the Indians differ very little in their fliape from ours : and it
appears that thefe were the inftruments with which they performed moft of their works ;
for if not the only, they are the moft common edge-tools found among them ; and the
whole apparent difference betwixt thofe they ufe, conflfts only in fize and fliape : for
though they all refemble an axe, the edge in fome is more circular than in others.
Some have a concave edge, others a. point on the oppofite fide, and a fluted handle.
Thefe inftruments were not all of copper, fome having been found of gallinazo, and of
another ftone fomething refembling the flint, but lefs hard and pure. Of this ftone,
and that of the gallinazo, are feveral points, fuppofed to have been heads of fpears, as
thefe were their two chief inftruments or weapons : for, had they ufed any other, fome
would doubtlefs have been found among the infinite number of guacas which have been
opened.

The guaqueros, or drinking-veflels, are of a very fine black earth : but the place
where they were made is utterly unknown. They are round, and with a handle in the
middle, the mouth on one fide, and on the other the head of an Indian, whofe features
are fo naturally exprefled, that very few of our workmen could equal it. Others,
though of the fame form, are of a red earth. Befides which, there are found larger
and fmaller veflels of both kinds of earth ufed in making and keeping the chicha.

Among the gold pieces are the nofe-jewels, which in form refemble the foot of a
chalice, and very little lefs : thefe were appended to the feptum, which divides the two

VOL. XIV. 4 A noftrils.

t^6 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

noftrils. There are alfo found collars, bracelets, and ear-pendants, refembling the
nofe-jewels : but all thefe are no thicker than paper : the idols, which are at full length,
are every where hollow within ; and as they are all of one piece, without any mark
of foldering, the method they ufed in making them is not eafily conceived. If it be
faid that they were caft, ftill the difficulty remains how the mould could be of fuch a
fragility as to be taken away without damaging works, which, in all their parts, are fo
extremely thin.

The maize has ever been the delight of the Indians ; for, befides being their food,
their favourite liquor chicha was made of it ; the Indian artifts therefore ufed to fhew
their fkill in making ears of it in a kind of very hard flone ; and fo perfed was the
refemblance, that they could hardly be diftinguifhed by the eye from nature ; efpecially
as the colour was imitated to the greatefl perfe(Sl:ion ; fome reprefented the yellow
maize, fome the white ; and in others, the grains feemed as if fmoke-dried by the
length of time they had been kept in their houfes. The moft furprifing circumftance
of the whole is, the manner of their working, which, when we confider their want
of mftruments, and wretched form of thofe they had, appears an inexplicable myftery :
for either they worked with copper tools, a mettle little able to refill the hardnefs of
ftones ; or, to give the nice polifh confpicuous on their works, other ftones mufl have
been ufed for tools. But the labour, time, and patience, requifite to make only a hole
in the gallinazos, as was made in the mirrours ; and much more to give their furfaces
fuch a fmoothneis and polifh, that they are not to be diftinguifhed from the fineft glafs,
muft have been prodigious. Thefe are works which the moft ingenious of our artifts
would be extremely at a lofs to produce, if they were allowed only pieces of copper
and ftones, without any other tools or materials. It is the greateft proof of the inge^
nuity of thefe people, that by mere dint of genius, and unafTifted by information, they
ihould attain to fuch contrivances and fuch a delicacy of workmanfhip.

Yet all that we have faid is furpaffed by the ingenuity of the Indians in working
emeralds, with which they were fupplied from the coaft of Manta, and the countries
dependent on the government of Atacames, Coaquis or Quaques. But thefe mines
are now entirely loft, very probably through negligence. Thefe curious emeralds are
found in the tombs of the Indians of Manta and Acatames: and are, in beauty, fize,
and hardnefs, fuperior to thofe found in the jurifdiftion of Santa Fe ; but what chiefly
raifes the admiration of the connoiffeur is, to find them worked, fome in fpherical, fome
cylindrical, fome conical, and of various other figures ; and all with a perfect accuracy.
But the unfurmountable difficulty here is, to explain how they could work a ftone of
fuch hardnefs ; it being evident, that fteel and iron were utterly unknown to them.
They pierced emeralds, and other gems, with all the delicacy of the prefent times,
furnifhed with fo many tools : and the direction of the hole is alfo very obfervable ; in
fome it paffes through the diameter ; in others, only to the centre of the ftone, and
coming out at its circumference they formed triangles at a fmall diftance from one
another : and thus the figure of the ftone, to give it relief, was varied with the direction
of the holes.

After this account of the guacas of thefe idolatrous nations, the cuftom which
equally prevailed among the fouthern nations of Peru, I proceed to their fuperb edifices,
whether temples, palaces, or fortreffes : and though thofe in the kingdom of Quito are
not the moft ftately and magnificent, the court and refidence of the yncas having been
in the province of Cufco ; yet fome of the former fufficiently denote the grandeur of
the Indians who then inhabited it, and their fondnefs for fuch edifices j intending as it

2 were

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA, , 547

were to hide the ruftlcity of their archite£lure under richnefs and magnificence which
they profufely bellowed on their edifices, whether of brick or ftone.

The greateft part of one of thefe works is ftill exifting, near the town of Cayambe,
being a temple built of unbaked bricks. It ftands on an eminence of fome height ;
its figure is perfeftly circular, and its diameter eight toifes. Of this ftrudure nothing
now remains but the walls, which are in good condition ; and about two toifes and a
half in height, and four or five feet in thicknefs. The cement of the bricks is of the
fame earth with that of which they are made : and the hardnefs of them may be con-
ceived, from remaining fo long in a good condition expofed to the injuries of weather,
having no cover.

Befides the ancient tradition that this flru£lure was one of the temples of thofe times,
the manner of its conftruftion countenances fuch a conjecture : for its circular form,
without any feparation in the infide, fhews it to h9,ve been a place of public refort, and
not any habitation. The fmallnefs of the door renders it probable, that, though the
yncas entered into their palaces in the chairs in which they were carried, as will be feen
hereafter, this place they entered on foot, in token of veneration ; the dimenfions of
the door not admitting of any other manner. And, as I have before obferved, that
one of the principal temples was not far from hence, this was probably the very
ftrufture.

At the extremity of the plain which runs northward from Latacunga, are flill feen
the walls of a palace of the yncas of Quito j and is ftill called by its ancient name
Callo. At prefent it ferves for the manfion-houfe of a plantation belonging to the
Auguftines at Quito. If it wants the beauty and grandeur which charafterife the
works of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and other nations verfed in the fine
arts ; yet, if we make proper allowance for the rufticity of the Indians, and compare
this with their other buildings, the dignity of the prince will be abundantly confpicuous,
in the prodigious magnitude of the materials, and the magnificence of the ftrudure.
You enter it through a paflage five or fix toifes in length, leading into a court, round
which are three fpacious faloons, filling the three other fides of its fquares. Each of
thefe faloons has feveral compartments ; and behind that which faces the entrance, are
feveral fmall buildings, which feem to have been offices, except one ; and this,
from the many divifions in it, was, in all probability, a menagerie. Though the prin*
cipal parts ftill continue, the ancient work is fomething disfigured, dwellings having
been lately built among them, and alterations made in the chief apartments.

This palace is entirely of ftone, equal in hardnefs to flint ; and the colour almoft
black. They are exceedingly well cut, and joined fo curioufly, that the point of a
knife, or even fo much as a piece of the fineft paper cannot be put betwixt them ; fo
that they only ftiew the walls to be of different ftones, and not one entire compofition,
but no cement is perceivable. The ftones without are all of a convex figure, but at
the entrance of the door are plane. But there is a vifible inequality, both in the ftones
and in their courfes, which gives a more fingular air to the work ; for a fmall ftone is
immediately followed by one large and ill-lquared, and that ''above is made to fit the
inequalities of the other two, and at the fame time fill up all the interftices between the
proj^dions and irregularity of their faces ; and this in fuch perfection, that, whatfoever
way they are viewed, all parts appear joined with the fame exadnefs. The height of
thefe walls is about two toifes and a half, and about three or four feet in thicknefs.
The doors are about two toifes high, and their breadth at the bottom about three or
four feet, but run narrowing upwards, where the aperture is only two feet and a half.
The doors of the palaces, where the yncas refided, were made of fuch a height, to

4A 3 allow

548 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

allow room for the chairs in which the monarch was carried on men*s fhoulders into
his apartment, the only place in which his feet touched the ground. It is not known
whether this or the other palaces of the yncas had any ftories, nor how they were
roofed : for thofe we examined were either open, or had been roofed by the Spaniards :
but it is highly probable that they covered them with boards, in the form of a
terxace, that is, fupported by beams laid acrofs : for in the walls there is nothing near
the ground that affords room for a conjefture, that they ever fupported any roofs : on
this horizontal roof they contrived fome flope for carrying off the waters. The reafon
of contracting their doors at the top was, that the lintel might be of one flone ; for
they had no idea either of arches or of key-flones, as may be concluded from no fuch
works occurring among all their edifices.

About fifty toifes north of this palace, fronting its entrance, is a mountain, the more
Angular as being 'in the midll of a plain : its height is betwixt twenty- five and thirty
toifes, and fo exa^ly, on every fide, formed with the conical roundnefs of a fugar-
loaf, that it feems to owe its form to induflry ; efpecially as the end of its flope on all
fides forms exactly with the ground the fame angle in every part. And what feems
to confirm this opinion is, that guacas, or maufoleums, of prodigious magnitude, were
greatly affeded by the Indians in thofe times. Hence the common opinion, that it
is artificial, and that the earth was taken out of the breach north of it, where a little
river runs, does not feem improbable. But this is no more than conje£lure, not being
founded on any evident proof. In all appearance this eminence, now called Pane-
cillo de Callo, ferved as a watch tower, commanding an uninterrupted view of the
country, in order to provide for the fafety of the prince on any fudden alarm of an
invafion, of which they were under continual apprehenfions, as will appear from the
account of their fortreffes.

About two leagues north-eaft of the town of Atun-Canar, or great Canar, is a for-
trefs or palace of the yncas. It is the mofl entire, the largeft, and bell built in all the
kingdom. Clofe by its entrance runs a little river, and the back part of it termi-
nates in a high and thick wall at the flope of a mountain. In the middle of it is a kind
of oval tower, about two toifes high from the ground within the fort, but without it
rifes fix or eight above that of the hill. In the middle of the tower is a fquare
of four walls ; which, on the fide facing the country, leave no paffage ; and all its
angles touch the circumference of the oval. On the oppofite fide only, is a very nar-
row pafs, anfwering to the inward part of the tower. In the middle of this fquare is
an apartment of two fmall rooms, without any communication, and the doors of them
oppofite to the fpace which feparates them. In the fides towards the country are
loop-holes ; and in critical times it was made a court of guard. From the outfide of
this oval tower, a wall is extended on the left fide about forty toifes, and about
twenty-five on the right ; this wall was continyed in a great number of irregular angles,
and enclofed a large fpot of ground. It had only one entrance, which was in the fide
oppofite to the tower, and facing the laft angle on the right near the rivulet. From
this gate or entrance was a paffage, jufl broad enough for two perfons to walk abreafl,
and at the wall turned Ihort off towards the tower, but always of the fame breadth.
After this it winded towards the breach, and widened fo as to form a parade before the
tower. In thefe paffages, at the diflance of every two or three paces, one fees niches
formed within the wall, like fentry-boxes ; and on the other fide two doors, which
were entrances to the fame number of foldiers de logis, and feem to have ferved the
corps of the garrifon for barracks. In the inner fquare, to the left of the tower, were
feveral apartments, of which the height, difpofition, and doors, are a fuflicient proof

that

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 549

that this was once the Prince's palace. All the walls being full of hollows, refembling
cupboards, in which, as likewife in the two chambers of the tower, the niches, and
along the paflages, were ftone pegs, with a head betwixt fix and eight inches long,
and three or four in diameter : the ufe of thefe probably was for hanging up their
arms.

The whole main wall on the flope of the mountain, and defcending laterally from
the oval tower, is very thick, and the outfide perpendicular. Within is a large ram-
part, and on it a parapet of an unufual height ; and though the rampart reached quite
round the wall, there was only one afcent to it, which was adjoining to the oval tower.
The outward and inward walls are all of the fame kind of ftone, very hard and well-
polifhed : and difpofed like thofe of Callo. The apartments alfo were without ceiling
or flooring, like thofe of the above-mentioned palace.

At Pomalladla, within the jurifdiftion of the town of Guafuntos, are fome rudera
of another fortrefs like the former : and it is a common opinion here, that there was a
fubterraneous communication between thefe two fortifications ; but this does not feem
at all probable. For befides the diftance of fix leagues, the ground is very uneven,
and interrupted by fome of the fmaller branches of the Cordilleras, breaches, and
brooks. The inhabitants are, however, very tenacious of their opinion: and fome
affirm, that a few years before our arrival in the country, a perfon entered this fubter-
raneous pafTage at the fort of Canar, but, his light going out, he was obliged to return.
They farther fay, that the entrance is within the fort at the foot of the tower, where
indeed there is a fniall low door, but now choaked up with earth ; and was doubtlefs
for fome ufe. But this does not imply that it led to the other fortrefs, as, befides a
great quantity of lights, there muft alfo have been here and there vent-holes or fpiracles,
which, confidering the mountains, is utterly impra(5licable.

Many other walls and ruins are feen all over the country, both in the plains, on the
fides of the hills, and on their fumniits ; but moft in defert places, and without any
veftige of a town or village near them ; and except thefe three, they are either of
adoves or unknown ftone, without any arrangement. The more irregular are thought
to be the works of Indians before they were reduced by the yncas : but thofe of Callo,
and the other two fortreffes, by their fuperior fymmetry, ftiew that they are of a
later date, and built under the direction of the yncas, who applied themfelves with
exemplary attention to promote neceifary arts throughout all their conquefts ; poffibly
from this political view, that the people, fenfible of the happy change, might be the
better fubjects. All thefe remains of antique edifices the Indians call Inca perca, the
Yncas walls.

Another Indian method of fortification, and of which there are ftill fome remains,
was, to dig three or four ranges of moats quite round the tops of fuch mountains, as,
though high and fteep, were not fubjeft to frofts: and every one on the infide
ftrengthened by a parapet, whence they could fafely annoy the enemy. Thefe they
called Pucuras; and within the laft range of moats they built barracks for the
garrifon. Thefe kinds of forts were fo common, that one fcarce meets with a moun-
tain without them. On the peaks of Pambamarca, are three or four ; and one of
them on the place where we fixed our fignal for the meridian triangles. In like
manner we found them on almoft all the other mountains ; and the outward moat of
circumvallation was above a league in extent. The breadth and depth of each was
alike j but in refpeQ: of one another, there was not the fame uniformity, fome of them
having a breadth of two toifes and even more, and others not one; and the like
difference is obfervable hi their depth. It was, however, their conftant care to make

3 the

55<^

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

the inward bank at leafl: three or four feet higher than the outward, to have the greater
advantage over the aflailants.

The jundion and poHfh fo much admired in all the remaining flone-works of the
Indians, plainly fhew, that they made ufe of fome ftones to polifh others, by rubbing
them together ; it being highly improbable that they could bring them to fuch perfec-
tion with the few and awkward tools they ufed : as for the working of iron, they were
undoubtedly ftrangers to it, there being many mines of that metal in this country,
and not one of them with any marks of having ever been touched. And no iron was
found among them at the arrival of the Spaniards. But, on they contrary, they fhewed
an extreme fondnefs for any thing made of that metal.

I have already mentioned the quarries, or mines, producing the two kinds of ftone
of which the Indians made their mirrors ; and which veere thofe moft efteemed. There
are likewife quarries of other ftones, which, in a country where gold and lilver mines
do not abound, would be thought valuable. Of thefe one is in the plain of Talqui,
fouth of Cuenca ; out of which are taken very large and beautiful blocks of white and
very clear alabafter. Its only fault is its foftnefs : yet that is not fuch as to hinder all
kinds of works from being made of it ; or rather, its eafmefs contributes to their
perfeftion : nor is there any danger of large flakes flying off, which often fpoil an entire
piece. The only quarries of this ftone are near Cuenca ; but thofe of rock cryftal
I have feen in many parts, from whence I have had fome very large, clear, and tranf-
parent pieces, and of a remarkable hardnefs : but, as it is not efteemed here, no ufe
is made of it ; fo that what is found is purely by accident. In the fame jurifdiftion of
Cuenca, and about two leagues north-weft of the city, "not far from the villages of
Racan and Saanfay, is a fmall mountain, entirely covered with flints ; moftly black,
fome of a reddifti caft, and others whitifti. But, being ftrangers to the manner of
cutting and filing them for fire-arms, the people make no ufe of them : and on fome
occafions, flints, either for muflcets or piftols, have been fold at Cuenca, Quito, and
all over the country, for two rials each ; but one is the common price of them, being
brou:iht from Europe. Confequently, as there is here a whole quarry of them, their
exorbitant price is wholly owing to a want of induftry, as this would in a ftiort time
render them as expert at cutting flints as the Europeans.

After the mines of metals, and the quarries of large ftones, it would be improper to
omit the gems found in this province. I have already obferved, that the jurifdiftion
of Atacames and Manta formerly abounded in emeralds of a finenefs furpafllng thofe
of the mines of Santa Fe. Not a fmall number of them was deftroyed by an error of
the firft Spaniards, who came hither, imagining that, if they were real gems, they
would ftand the ftroke of a hammer on an anvil. The lofs of the mines of Atacames,
and the negleO: of many others of gold and filver, was in fome nieafure compenfated
by the difcovery of feveral in the jurifdiOion of Cuenca ; but which have been but
little improved, though they exhibit the moft inviting figns of their great riches,
namely, fragments of rubies ; and which, intelligent perfons fay, are very fine. Thefe
are ufually found among the lands of a rapid river, not far from the village of Azogues.
The Indians, and others, frequently make it their bufmefs to go and wafli thofe fands,
where they find fmall fparks,' about the bignefs of a lentil, and fometimes larger ;
and it is not to be queftioned but thefe are waflied away by the continual allifion of
the water in its palTage along the mine. But the inhabitants, content with this piddling
work, do not trouble themfelves to trace the origin of the mine ; though there is all
the appearance in the world that it would turn to very good account. I myfelf, when

I wa§

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 55 1

I was at that village, faw fome of thefe fparks in their natural ftate ; and both their
colour and hardnefs fufficiently fhewed that they were of a very fine fort.

Another kind of ftone is found in great plenty all over this country. It is of a fine
green, and harder than alabafter, though not pellucid : but no more valued than any
of the former ; except that a few toys or utenfils are made of it.

Here are alfo fome mines of fulphur, and fome parts afford vitriol ; but no farther
known than as Nature has placed them in view ; not only the improvement of them
being entirely negledled, but fcarcely any notice taken of thofe which lie on the furface
of the ground ; either becaufe the inhabitants ftand in no need of thofe minerals, or
from their jflrong averfion to any thing that requires labour.

North of Quito, betwixt two plantations, at the foot of mount Anlagua, one of
which bears the fame name, and the other that of Courogal, runs a very large river,
which petrifies any wood, leaves, &c. thrown into it. I have had whole branches thus
petrified ; and the porofity of the ftem, the fibres of the rind, even the fmalleft veins
of the leaves, and the meander of its, fibril, equally difcernable as when frefh cut
from the tree. I have alfo had large pieces of timber petrified, which at firfl fight ap-
peared to be wood thoroughly dried j no vifible alteration having been made in them,
except in colour.

With all thefe appearances, I cannot think that the wood, leaves, and the like,
which are put into the river, are really turned into ftone of fuch a hardnefs as that I
experienced : but as the appearance is undeniable, I ihall offer an explanation of this fup-
poied tranfmutation.

It muft be obferved, that the rocks and all the parts which this river waihes, are
covered with a cruft of hardnefs little inferior to that of the main rock ; and this in-
cr^afes its volume, and diftinguiihes itfelf from the original rock, which is fomething
yellowifli. The inference I would draw from hence is, that the water of the river
is mixed with petrifying, vifcid, and glutinous particles, which adhere to the body
they furround : and as by their extreme fubtility they infinuate themfelves through
its pores, they fill the place of the fibres, which the water infenfibly rots off and fepa-
rates, till at length all that was leaf or wood gives way to that petrifying matter ; which
ftill retains the impreflion of the parts of the original, with its feveral veins, fibres, and
ramifications. For at the time of its infinuation, the dudls of the wood, or leaves, ferve
for a kind of mould, by which it naturally takes the entire figure of the body into which
it has obtruded itfelf.

An obfervation I made v/ith fome branches confirms me in this opinion : for, having
opened them, I found fome leaves and bits of wood, which fnapped on breaking ; and
the infide was as large as real ftone, the texture only remaining of its firft fubftance.
But in others, the parts confolidated by the ftony matter fnapped ; and the fibres, not
having yet undergone a total corruption, retained the appearance of wood, though fome
were more rotten and decayed than others. I had alfo fome leaves, the furface of which
was only covered with a very fine lapideous tegument, but within were entire leaves,
except here and there a little mark of decay. ^

It is to be obferved, that this matter much more eafily faftens on any corruptible
fubftance, than on the more compad: and folid, as ftones, and the like : tha reafon of
which is, that in one it meets with pores, in which it fixes itfelf ; but h.iiving no fuch
hold on the harder bodies, it is foon wafhed off by the agitation of tiie water ; that if
now and then fuch crufts are feen on ftones, they never make any fenfible addition to
their volume, though fome excrement is nov/ confpicuous from the difference of the
colour 5 that of the petrified leaves, both within and without, is of a pale yellow j and

the

ss^

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

the fame prevails m the ftems : though in thefe always with a mixture of that of the
wood itfelf when dry.

Though all the jurifdidions of the kingdom of Quito, from north to fouth, are not
molefted by the vicinity of wild Indians, yet it is the misfortune of the governments of
Quixos and Macas, Jean and Maynas, to be furrounded and intermixed with thofe bar-
barians ; fo that, by only palling the eaftern Cordillera of the Andes, towards that
part you ufually meet with them : and from fome parts of thofe eminences the fmoke
of their cottages may be feen. This fight is moft frequently beheld from the moun-
tain on the back of the town of Cayambe ; and all along to the northward, from the
village of Mira, within the jurifdidion of the town of San Miguel di Ibarra. The
fportfmen, when hunting on thofe hills,' often fee the fmoke both on this fide and like-
wife on the fame Cordillera, from the jurifdidion of Riobamba, to that of Cuenca.
The village of Mira has often been furprifed with the fudden appearance of fome of
thefe Indians ; but they have as fuddenly turned back, and with the fame hafte they
came. It is not uncommon for Indians of thefe jurifdidions, from a fondnefs for floth
and licentioufnefs, to leave their houfes and go over to the favages ; as among them
they may, "without controul, follow their natural idolatry, and give themfelves up to
drunkennefs and all manner of vice ; and, what they think a fupreme happinefs, be
ferved and attended by women, whofe office it is to take care of and fupport them : all
their occupation being hunting, whenever compelled by neceflity, or induced by a fud-
den fit of induftry. Thus they live in a debafement of human nature ; without laws
or religion ; in the moft infamous brutality ; ftrangers to moderation j and without the
leaft controul or reftraint on their exceffes.

PART II.

ACCOUNT OF PERU AND CHILI.

BOOK VII.

Account of our Journey to Lima ; with a Defcription of the Towns and Settlements on the

Road, and of the City of Lima.

CHAP. I. — Journey from Quito to Truxilh,

'X'HE accidents to which human enterprizes and attempts are generally expofed,
-*- dired, with an inconftant but wonderful harmony, the feries of our adions and
adventures, and introduce among them a great variety of alterations and changes. It is
this variety which, in vegetation, embellimes nature, and equally difplays the glory and
wifdom of the Supreme Creator in the political and rational world ; where we admire
the furprifing diverfity of events, the infinity of human adions, and the different fchemes
and confequences in politics, the fucceflive chain of which renders hiftory fo delightful,

and.

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

m

and, to a reflecting mind, fo inftrudlive. The inconftancy fo often feen In things the
moft folid and liable, is generally one of the moft powerful obftacles to the advan-
tages which might otherwife be derived from works of any duration. However great
they are, either in reality, or idea, the perfe6tion of them is not only impeded by the
viciffitudes of time, and the inconilancy of things, but they even decline, and fall into
ruins : fome, through want of proper fupport and encouragement ; while others, from
the mind being wearied out by delays, difficulties, and a thoufand embarraflments, are
abandoned ; the imagination being no longer able to purfue its magnificent fcheme.

To meafure fome degrees of the meridian near the equator, the principal intention of
our voyage, if confidered only in idea, and abilradedly from the difficulties which at-
tended its execution, muft appear eafy, and as requiring no great length of time ; but
experience convinced us, that a work of fuch importance to the improvement of fcience,
and the interell of all nations, was not to be performed without delays, difficulties, and
dangers, which demanded attention, accuracy, and perfeverance. Befides the diffi-
culties neceffarily attending the requifite accuracy of thefe obfervations, the delays we
were obliged to make in order to take them in the moft favourable feafons, the inter-
vening clouds, the Paramos, and difpofition of the ground, were fo many obftacles to
our making any tolerable difpatch ; and thefe delays filled us with apprehenfions, that
if any other accidents ftiould happen, the whole defign would be rendered abortive, or
at leaft, fufter a long interruption.

It has already been obferved, that while we were at Cuenca, finiftiing our aftronomi-
cal obfervations in that extremity of the arch of the meridian, we unexpectedly re-
ceived a letter from the Marquis de Villa Garcia, viceroy of Peru, defiring us to come
with all fpeed to his capital : any delay on our part might have been improper ; and we
were folicitous not to merit an accufation of the leaft remifsnefs in His Majefty's fervice.
Thus we were under a neceflity of fufpending our obfervations for fome time * ; though
all that remained was the fecond aftronomical obfervation, northward, where the feries
of our triangles terminated.

The occafion of this delay arofe from an account, received by the viceroy, that war
being declared between Spain and England, the latter was fending a confiderable fleet
on fome fecret defigns into thofe feas. Several precautions had been taken to defeat
any attempt ; and the viceroy, being pleafed to conceive that we might be of fome ufe
to him in acquitting himfelf with honour on this occafion, committed to us the execu-
tion of fome of his meafures ; giving us to underftand, that the choice he made of us,
was the moft convincing proof of the high opinion he entertained of our abilities ; and
indeed our obligations were the greater, as the diftance of four hundred leagues had
not obliterated us -from his remembrance, of which he now gave us fo honourable a
proof.

On the 24th of September 1740, the viceroy's letter was delivered to us, and we
immediately repaired to Quito, in order to furnifli ourfelves with neceflaries for the
journey.

Every thing being performed, we fet out from that city on the 30th of October, and
determined to go by Guaranda and Guayaquil ; for, though there is a road by land
through Cuenca and Loja, yet the other feemed to us the moft expeditious, as the ways
are neither fo bad, nor mules and other beafts of carriage fo difficult to be met with.
The long ftays in villages were here alfo little to be apprehended, which are frequently
rendered neceflary in the other road by inundations, rivers, and precipices.

* Book V. Chap. II.

VOL. XIV. 4 B On

554 ulloa's voyage to south America. ^

On the 30th of Odober we reached tlje Bodegas, or warehoufes, of Babayoho, where,
taking a canoe, we went down the river to Gayaquil ; and embarking on board a fmatl
fhip bound for Puna, we anchored in that port November the 3d. At this place we
hired a large balza, which brought us through the gulph to Machala. For though the
ufual route is by the Salto de Tumbez, we were obEged to alter our courfe, the pilot
not being well acquainted with the entrance of a creek, through which you pafs to the
Salta.

On the 5th, in the morning, our balza landed us on the coaft of Machala, from
whence we travelled by land to the town, the diftance being about two fliort leagues.
The next day we fent away our baggage in a large canoe to the Salto de Tumbez ; go-
ing myfelf in the fame canoe, being difabled by a fall the preceding day. Don George
Juan, with the fervants, followed on horfeback : the whole country being level, is
every where full of fait marfhes, and overflows at high-water, fo that the track is not
fufficient for two to go abreaft.

The Salto, where I arrived on the 7th at night, is a place which ferves as a kind of
harbour for boats and fmall veflels. It is fituated at the head of fome creeks, particu-
larly that of the Jambeli, between fourteen and fixteen leagues from the coaft, but en-
tirely deftitute of inhabitants, no frefh water being found in any part of the adjacent
country ; fo that it only ferves for landing goods configned to Tumbez, where they are
carried on mules, kept there for this purpofe ; and in this its whole trade confifts. The
Salto is uninhabited ; nor does it aiford the leaft fhelter, all the goods brought thither
being depofited in a fmall fquare ; and, as rain is feldom or ever known here, there is
little danger of their receiving any damage before they are carried to Tumbez.

Here, as along the fides of all the creeks, the mangrove-trees ftand very thick, with
their roots and branches fo interwoven as to be abfolutely impenetrable ; though the
fwarms of mufchitos are alone fufficient to difcourage any one from going among them.
The only defence againft thefe infeds is, to pitch a tent, till the beafts are loaded, and
you again move forward. The more inland parts, where the tides do not reach, are
covered with forefts of fmaller trees, and contain great quantities of deer ; but, at the
fame time, are infefted with tigers ; fo that, if the continual ftinging of the mufchitos
deprives travellers of their reft, it alfo prevents their being furprifed by the tigers, of
the fury of which there are many melancholy examples.

On the 9th, in the morning, I arrived at the town of Tumbez, fituated feven leagues
from the Salto ; the whole country through which the road lies is entirely wafte, part
of it being overflowed by the tides, and the other part dead fands, which refleO: the
rays of the fun fo intenfely, as to render it neceflary, in general, to perform this jour-
ney in the night ; for travelling feven leagues thither, and as many back, without either
water or fodder, is much too laborious for the mules to undergo in the day-time. A
drove of mules, therefore, never fets out from Tumbez for the Salto, till an account
arrives, generally by one of the failors belonging to the veflel, of the goods being
landed, and every thing in readinefs ; as it would otherwife be loft labour, it being im-
poffible that the mules fhould make any ftay there.

Don George Juan had reached Tumbez on the 8th, and, though he did every thing
in his power to provide mules for continuing our journey, we wer6 obliged to wait there
fome time longer. Nor could we make any advantage of our ftay here, except to ob-
ferve the latitude, which we did on the ninth with a quadrant, and found it to be
3° 1 3' 1 6" fouth.

Near Tumbez is a river of the fame name, which difcharges itfelf into the bay of
Guayaquil, almoft oppofite to the ifland of St. Clare. Barks, boats, balzas, and canoes,

may

VLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 555

may go up and down this river, being three fathoms deep and twenty-five broad ; but it
is dangerous going up it in the winter feafon, the impetuofity of its current being then
increafed by torrents from the mountains. At a little diftance from the Cordillera, on
one fide of the banks of the river, ftands the town of Tumbez in a very fandy plain, in-
terfperfed with fome fraall eminences. The town confifts only of feventy houfes, 'built
of cane, and thatched, fcattered up and down without any order or fymmetry. In thefe
houfes are about one hundred and fifty families of Meftizos, Indians, Mulattoes, aiid a
few Spaniards. There are befides thefe other families living along the banks of the river,
who having the cdnveniency of watering their grounds, continually employ themfelves
in rural occupations.

The heat isexceflive; nor have theyhere any rain for feveral years fuccefllvely; but when
It begins to fall, it continues during the winter. The whole country from the town of
Tumbez to Lima, contained between the foot of the Cordillera and the fea, is known by
the name of Valles, which we mention here, as it will often occur in the remaining parts
of this narrative.

' Tumbez was the place where, in the year 1526, the Spaniards firft landed in thefe
parts of South America, under the command of Don Francifco Pizarro ; and where he
entered into feveral friendly conferences with the princes of the country, but vaflals to
the Yncas. If the Indians were furprized at the fight of the Spaniards, the latter were
equally fo at the prodigious riches which they every where faw, and the largenefs of the
palaces, caftles, and temples ; of all of which, though built of ftone, no velliges are now
remaining.

Along the delightful banks of this river, as far as the water is conveyed, maize, and
all other fruits and vegetables that are natives of a hot climate, are produced in the
greateft plenty ; and in the more diftant parts, which are deftitute of this advantage,
grows a kind of leguminous tree, called algarrobale, producing a bean, which ferves as
food for all kinds of cattle. It refembles almoft that known in Spain by the name of
Valencia ; its pod being about five or fix inches long, and only four lines broad, of a
whitifh colour, intermixed with veins of a faint yellow. It proves a very ftrengthening
food to beafls of labour, and is ufed in fattening thofe for the llaughter, which hence
acquire a tafte remarkably delicious.

On the 14th I arrived at the town of Piura, where I was obliged to wait fome time for
Don George Juan, during which I entirely recovered from the indifpofition I before la-
boured under from my fall.

Here I experienced the efficacy of the Calaguala, which I happily found not to fall
fliort of the great reputation it has acquired in feveral parts of Europe.

From the town of Tumbez to the city of Piura is fixty-two leagues, which we per-
formed in fifty-four hours, exclufive of thofe we refted j fo that the mules, which always
travel one conftant pace, go fomething above a league an hour. To the town of Amo-
tape, the only inhabited place in the whole road, is forty-eight leagues ; the remaining
part is one continued defart. At leaving Tumbez, its river is crofled in balzas, after
which, for about two leagues, the road lies through thickets of algarrobale, and other
trees, at the end of which the road runs along the fea-coall to Mancora, twenty-four
leagues from Tumbez. In order to travel this road, an opportunity at low water mud
be taken for croffing a place called Malpaflb, about fix leagues from Tumbez ; for
being a high deep rock, wafhed by the fea during the flood, and the top of it impaflable
from the many chafms and precipices, there is a neceflity of paffing between the fea and
its bafis, which is about half a league in length : and this mud be done before the flood
returns, which foon covers this narrow way, though it is very fafe at low water. During

4 B 2 the

-^5 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

the remainder of this journey, it is equally neceffary to confult the tide ; for the whole
country being fandy, the mules would, from their fmking fo deep in it, be tired the
firft league or two. Accordingly travellers generally keep along the Ihore, which being
walhed by the breaking of the waves, the fand is more compaft and firm, and confe-
quently much eafier to the beafts. During the winter, there runs through Mancora a
fmall rivulet of frefh water, to the great relief of the mules ; but in fummer the little
remaining in its courfe is fo brackifh, that nothing but abfolute neceffity can render it
tolerable. The banks of this rivulet are fo fertile by its water, that it produces fuch
numbers of large algarrobales, as to form a fhady foreft.

From Mancora, the road for fourteen leagues runs between barren mountains, at
fome diftance from the coaft, with very troublefome afcents and declivities, as far as the
breach of Parinnas, where the fame cautions are to be obferved as at Mancora, and is
the fecond ftage ; from whence the road lies over a fandy plain ten leagues in length,
to the town of Amotape, and at fome diftance from the coaft.

This town, which ftands in 4° 5i'43"fouth latitude, is an appendix to the parifh of
Tumbez, belonging to its lieutenancy, and in the jurifdidion of Piura. The houfes are
about thirty in number, and compofed of the fame materials with thofe of Tumbez ;
but the inhabitants are only Indians and Meftizos. A quarter of a league from it is a
river of the fame name, and whofe waters are of fuch prodigious ufe to the country,
that it is every where cultivated, and divided into fields, producing plenty of the feveral
grains, efculent vegetables, and fruits, natural to a hot climate ; but Hke Tumbez, is
infefted with mofchitos. This river in fummer may be forded ; but in winter, when
the torrents defcend from the mountains, it muft be crofted in a balza, the rapidity of
its current being then confiderably increafed. There is a neceflity for palling it in
going to Piura, and after this for about four leagues the road lies through woods of
lofty algarrobales. Thefe woods terminate on ajTmdy plain, where even the moft ex-
perienced drivers and Indians fometimes lofe their way, the wind levelling thofe hills of
fand which ferved as marks, and effacing all the tracks formerly made ; fo that in tra-
velling this country, the only direftion is the fun in the day-time, and the ftars in the
night ; and the Indians being little acquainted with the fituation of thefe objeds, are
often bewildered, and expofed to the greateft hardfhips before they can again find their

way. ■

From what has been faid, the difficulties of travelling this road may be conceived.
Befides, as far as Amotape, not only all kinds of provifions , muft be carried, but even
water, and the requifites for kindling a fire, unlefs your provifion confifts of cold meat.
In this laft ftage is a mine of cope, a kind of mineral tar, great quantities of which are
carried to Callao, and other ports, being ufed in ftiips inftead of naphtha, but has the
ill quality of burning the cordage j its cheapnefs, however, induces them to ufe it mixed
with naphtha.

The city of Piura, which is at prefent the capital of its jurifdidion, was the firft Spanifti
fettlement in Peru. It was founded in the year 1531 by Don Francifco Pizarro, who
alfo built the firft church in it. This city was originally called San Miguel de Piura, and
ftood in the valley of Targafala, from whence, on account of the badnefs of the air, it
was removed to its prefent fituation, which is on a fandy plain. The latitude of it is
50 11' \" fouth, and the variation of the needle we obferved to be 8° 13' eafterly. The
houfes are either of bricks dried in the fun, or a kind of reeds called quinchas, and
few of' them have any ftory. Here the corregidor refides, whofe jurifdidion extends
on one fide along Valles, and on the other among the mountains. Here is an office for
the royal revenue, under an accountant or treafurer, who relieve each other every fix

9, monthsj^,

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

5S7

months, one refiding at the port of Paita, and the other in this place : at the former
for receiving the duties on imports for goods landed there, and alfo for preventing a
contraband trade ; and at the latter for receiving the revenues and merchandizes on
goods configned from the mountains to Loja, or going from Tumbez to Lima.

This city contains near fifteen hundred inhabitants ; and among thefe fome families
of rank, befides other Spaniards, Meftizos, Indians, and Mulattoes. The climate is
hot and very dry, rains being feldomer known here than at Tumbez : notwithftanding
which it is very healthy. It has a river of great advantage to the inhabitants as well
as the adjacent country, the foil of vi^hich is fandy, and therefore eafier penetrated by
the water ; and being level, the water is conveyed to different parts by canals. But in
the fummer the rive/ is abfoiutely deftitute of water, the little which defcends from
the mountains being abforbed before it reaches the city ; fo that the inhabitants have no
other method of procuring water, but by digging wells in the bed of the river, the
depth of which muft be proportioned to the length of time the drought has continued.

Piura has an hofpital under the care of the Bethlemites ; and though patients af-
flicted with all kinds of diftempers are admitted, it is particularly famous for the cure
of the French difeafe, which is not a little forwarded by the nature of the climate.
Accordingly there is here a great refort of perfons infected with that infamous dif-
temper ; and are reflored to their former health by a lefs quantity of a fpecific than is
ufed in other countries, and alfo with greater eafe and expedition.

As the whole territory of this jurifdiction within Valles produces only the algarroba,
maize, cotton, grain, a few fruits and efculent vegetables, mofl of the inhabitants
apply themfelves to the breeding of goats, great numbers of which are continually
fold for llaughter, and from their fat they make foap, for which they are fure of a good
market at Lima, Quito, and Panama ; their {kins are dreffed into leather called Cor-
dovan, and for which there is alfo a great demand at the above cities. Another branch
of its commerce is the Cabuya, or Pita, a kind of plant from whence a very fine and
ftrong thread is made ; and which abounds in the mountainous parts of its jurifdidion.
Great advantages are alfo made from their mules ; as all the goods fent from Quito to
Lima, and alfo thofe coming from Spain, and landed at the port of Paita, cannot be
forwarded to the places they are configned to but by the mules of this province ; and
from the immenfe quantity of goods coming from all parts, fome idea may be formed
of the number of beafts employed in this trade, which continues more or lefs through-
out the year, but is prodigious when the rivers are fhallow.

Don George Juan being arrived at Piura, every thing was got ready with the utmoft
difpatch, and on the 21ft we continued our journey. The next day we reached the
town of Sechura, ten leagues diflant from Piura, according to the time we were
travelling it. The whole country between thefe two places is a level fandy defart.

Though the badnefs and danger of the roads in Peru fcarce admit of any other
method of travelling than on mules, yet from Piura to Lima there is a conveniency of
going in litters. Thefe inflead of poles are fufpended on two large canes, like thofe of
Guayaquil, and are hung in fuch a manner as not to touch the water in fording rivers,
nor ftrike againfl the rocks in the afcents or defcents of difficult roads.

As the mules hired at Piura perform the whole journey to Lima, without being relieved,
and in this great diftance, are many long defarts to be croffed, the natural fatigue of the
diflance, increafed by the fandinefs of the roads, render fome intervals of refl abfo-
iutely necelTary, efpecially at Sechura, becaufe on leaving that town we enter the great
defart of the fame name. We tarried here two days 5 during which we obferved the
latitude, and found it 5° 32' 33^" S.

The

1^^^ ULLOA'S voyage to SO^TH AMERICA.

The original fituation of this town was contiguous to the fea, at a finall diftance
from a point called Aguja ; but being deftroyed by an inundation, it was thought
proper to build the prefent town of Sechura about a league diftance from the coaft,
near a river of the fame name, and which is fubjeft to the fame aherations as that of
Piura ; for at the time we crofTed it no water was to be feen ; whereas from the months
of February or March till Auguft or September, its water is fo deep, and the current
fo ftrong, as to be paffed only in balzas ; as we found in our fecond and third journey
to Lima. When the river is dry, the inhabitants make ufe of the above-mentioned
expedient of digging wells in its beds, where they indeed find water but very thick and
brackifh. Sechura contains about two hundred houfes of cane, and a large and hand-
fome brick church ; the inhabitants are all Indians, and confift of near four hundred
families, who are all employed either as drivers of the mules or fifhermen. The houfes
of all thefe towns are quite fimple ; the walls confiding only of common canes and
reeds, fixed a little way in the ground, with flat roofs of the fame materials, rain being
hardly ever known here ; fo that they have fufficient light and air, both the rays of
the fun and wind eafily find a paffage. The Indian inhabitants of this place ufe a dif-
ferent language from that common in the other towns both of Quito and Peru ; and
this is frequently the cafe in great part of Valles. Nor is it only their language which
diftinguifhes them, but even their accent ; for befides their enunciation, which is a
kind of melancholy finging, they contrad half of their lall words, as if they wanted
breath to pronounce them.

The drefs of the Indian women in thefe parts, confifts only of an anaco, like that
of the women of Quito, except its being of fuch a length as to trail upon the ground.
It is alfo much larger, but without fleeves, nor is it tied round them with a girdle. In
walking they take it up a little, and hold it under their arms. Their head-drefs con-
fifts of cotton cloth laced or embroidered with different colours ; but the widows wear
black. The condition of every one may be known by their manner of drefling their
hair, maids and widows dividing it into two plaited locks, one hanging on each
Ihoulder, whilft married women braid all their hair in one. They are very induf-
trious, and ufually employed in weaving napkins of cotton and the like. The men
drefs in the Spanilh manner ; and confequently wear Ihoes ; but the women none.
They are naturally haughty, of very good underftandings, and differ in fome cuftoms
from thofe of Quito. They are a proof of what has been obferved (Book VI. Chap. VI.)
with regard to the great improvement they receive from a knowledge of the Spanifh lan-
guage ; and accordingly it is fpoken here as fluently as their own. They have genius, and
generally fucceed in whatever they apply themfelves to. They are neither fo fuper-
ftitious, nor fo exceflively given to vice as the others ; fo that except in their colour and
other natural appearances, they may be faid to differ greatly from them ; and even in
their propenfity to intemperance, and other popular cuftoms of the Indians, a certain
moderation and love of order is confpicuous among thefe. But to avoid tedious repe-
titions, I fliall conclude with obferving, that all the Indians of Valles from Tumbez to
J^ima are induftrious, intelligent, and civilized beyond what is generally imagined.

The town of Sechura is the laft in the jurifdidion of Piura, and its inhabitants not
only refufe to furnifti paffengers with mules, but alfo will not fuffer any perfon of
whatever rank, to continue his journey, without producing the corregidor's paffport.
The intention of this ftridnefs is to fupprefs all abufes in trade j for there being befides
this road which leads to the defart, only one other called the Rodeo ; one of them
muft be taken ; if that of the defart, mules muft be hired at Sechura for carrying
^ater for the ufe of the loaded mules when they have performed half their journey.

lo This

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 559

This water is put into large callebafhes, or fkins, and for every four Joaded mules one
mule loaded with water is allowed, and alfo one for the two mules carrying the litter.
When they travel on horfeback, the riders carry their water in large bags or wallets
made for that purpofe ; and every one of the paflengers, whether in the litter or on
horfeback, provides himfelf with what quantity he thinks fufficient, as during the
whole journey nothing is feen but fand, and hills of it formed by the wind, and here
and there maffes of fait ; but neither fprig, herb, flower, or any other verdure.

On the 24th we left Sechura, and croffed the defart, making only fome fhort flops
for the eafe of our beafts, fo that we arrived the next day at five in the evening at the
town of Morrope, twenty-eight or-thirty leagues diftance from Sechura, though falfely
computed more by the natives. The extent and uniform afpeft of this plain, together
with the continual motion of the fand which foon effaces all tracks, often bewilders the
mofl experienced guides, who, however, fhew their fkill in foon recovering the right
way ; for which they make ufe of two expedients : firft, to obferve to keep the wind
diredly in their face ; and the reverfe upon their return ; for the fouth winds being
conflant here, this rule cannot deceive them : fecond, to take up a handful of fand at
different diftances, and fmell to it ; for as the excrements of the mules impregnate the
fand more or lefs, they determine which is the true road by the fcent of it. Thofe who
are not well acquainted with thefe parts, expofe themfelves to great danger, by flopping to
refl or fleep ; for when they again fet forward, they find themfelves unable to deter-
mine the right road ; and when they once have lofl the true direction, it is a remarkable
inflance of Providence if they do not perifh with fatigue or diflrefs, of which there are
many melancholy inftances.

The town of Morrope confifls of between feventy and eighty houfes, built like thofe
in the preceding towns ; and contains about one hundred and fixty families, all Indians.
Near it runs a river called Pozuelos, fubje£l to the fame changes as thofe above-men-
tioned : though the lands bordering on its banks are cultivated, and adorned with trees.
The inflinct of the beafls ufed to this road is really furprifing ; for even at the diftance
of four leagues, they fmell its water, and become fo impatient that it would be difficult
to flop them : accordingly they purfue themfelves the fhortefl road, and perform the
remainder of the journey with remarkable cheerfulnefs and difpatch.

On the 26th we left Morrope, and arrived at Lambayeque, four leagues from it : and
being obliged to continue there all the 27th, we obferved its latitude, and found it 6^
41' 2)1" fouth. This place confifls of about one thoufand five hundred houfes, built
fome of bricks, others of bajareques, the middle of the walls being of cane, and plaifler-
ed over, both on the infide and outfide, with clay : the meanefl confifl entirely of cane,
and are the habitations of the Indians. The number of inhabitants amount to about
three thoufand, and among them, fome confiderable and opulent families; but the
generality are poor Spaniards, Mulattoes, Meflizos, and Indians. The parifh-church is
built of flone, large and beautiful, and the ornaments fplendid. It has four chapels
called ramos, with an equal number of priefls, who take care of the fpiritual concerns
of the Indians, and alfo attend, by turns, on the other inhabitants.

I'he reafon why this town is fo populous is, that the families which formerly inhabited
the city of Sana, on its being facked in 1685, by Edward Davis, an Englifh adventurer,
removed hither ; being under a farther neceflity of changing their dwelling from a fud-
den inundation of the river of the fame name, by which every thing that had efcaped
the ravages of the Englifh was deflroyed. It is the refidence of a corregidor, having
under his jurifdidion, bcfides many other towns, that of Morrope. One of the two
officers of the revenue appointed for Truxillo, refides here. A river called Lambay-
eque,

^6o ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

V eque, wafhes this place; which, when the waters are high, as they were when we
arrived here, is crofled over a wooden bridge ; but at other times may be forded, and
often is quite dry.

The neighbourhood of Lambayeque, as far as the induftry of its inhabitants have
improved it, by canals cut firom the river, abounds in feveral kinds of vegetables and
fruits ; fome of the fame kind with thofe known in Europe, and others of the Creole
kind, being European fruits planted there, but which have undergone confiderable
alterations from the climate. About ten leagues from it are efpaliers of vines, from the
grapes of which they make wine, but neither fo good, nor in fuch plenty as in other
parts of Peru. Many of the poor people here employ themfelves in works of cotton,
as embroidered handkerchiefs, quilts, mantelets, and the like.

On the 28th we left Lambayeque, and having pafTed through the town of Monfefu,
about four or five leagues diftant from it, we halted near the fea-coaft, at a place called
Las Lagunas, or the Fens ; thefe contain frefh water left in them by the overflowings
of the river Sana. On the 29th we forded the river Xequetepeque, leaving the town
of that name at the difl:ance of about a quarter of a league, and in the evening arrived
at the town of St. Pedro, twenty leagues from Lambayeque, and the lalt place in its
jurifdidtion. By obfervation we found its latitude to be 7° 25' 49" fouth.

St. Pedro confifts of about one hundred and thirty baxareque houfes, and is inha-
bited by one hundred and twenty Indian families, thirty of whites and Meftizos, and
twelve of Mulattoes. Here is a convent of Auguftines, though it feldom confifts of
above three perfons, the prior, the prieft of the town, and his curate. Its river is called
Pacafmayo, and all its territories produce grain and fruits in abundance. A great part
of the road from Lambayeque to St. Pedro, lies along the fhore, not indeed at an equal,
but never at a great diftance from it.

On the 30th of November we pafled through the town of Payjan, which is the firft
in the jurifdidlion of Truxillo, and on the firft of December we reached that of Cho-
cope, thirteen or fourteen leagues diftant from St. Pedro. We found its latitude to be
7® 46' 40" fouth. The adjacent country being watered by the river called Chicama,
diftributed to it by canals, produces the greateft plenty of fugar canes, grapes, fruits of
different kinds, both European and Creole : and particularly maize, which is the general
grain ufed in all Valles. From the banks of the river Lambayeque to this place, fugar
canes flourifli near all the other rivers, but none of them equal, either in goodnefs or
quantity, thofe near the river Chicama.

Chocope confifts of betwixt eighty and ninety baxareque houfes, covered with earth.
The inhabitants, who are between fixty and feventy families, are chiefly Spaniards, with
fome of the other cafts ; but not above twenty or twenty-five of Indians. Its church is
built of bricks, and both large and decent. They report here, as fomething very
remarkable, that in the year 1726, there was a continual rain of forty nights, beginning
conftantly at four or five in the evening, and ceafing at the fame hour next morning,
the iky being clear all the reft of the day. This unexpected event entirely ruined the
houfes, and even the brick church, fo that only fome fragments of its walls remained.
What greatly aftoniflied the inhabitants was, that during the whole time the foutherly
winds not only continued the fame, but blew with fo much force, that they raifed the
fand, though thoroughly wet. Two years after a like phenomenon was feen for about
eleven or twelve days, but was not attended with the fame deftruclive violence as the
former. Since which time nothing of this kind has happened, nor had any thing like
]$. been remembered for many years before.

CHAP.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 56 1

CHAP. II. — Our Arrival at Truxillo ; a Defcription of that City, and the Continuance

of our Journey to Lima»

WITHOUT flaying any longer at Chocope than is ufual for refting the beads, we
continued our journey, and arrived at the city of Truxillo, eleven leagues diftant, and,
according to our obfervations, in 8^ 6' 3'' fouth latitude. This city was built in the
year i$%$, by Don Francifco Pizarro, in the valley of Chimo. Its fituation is pleafant,
notwithftanding the fandy foil, the univerfal defedl of all the towns in Valles. It is fur-
rounded by a brick wall, and its circuit entitles it to be claffed among cities of the third
order. It ftands about half a league from the fea, and two leagues to the northward of
it is the port of Guanchaco, the channel of its maritime commerce. The houfes make
a creditable appearance. The generality are of bricks, decorated with ftately balconies,
and fuperb porticos ; but the other of baxareques. Both are however low, on account
of the frequent earthquakes ; few have fo much as one flory. The corregidor of the
whole department refides in this city ; and alfo a biihop (whofe diocefe begins at Tum-
bez) with a chapter confiding of three dignitaries, namely, the dean, arch-deacon, and
chanter ; four canons, and two prebendaries. Here is an office of revenue, conducted
by an accomptant and treafurer; one of whom, as I have already obferved, refidcs at
Lambayeque. Convents of feveral orders are eftabliflied here ; a college of Jefuits, an
hofpital of our Lady of Bethlehem, and two nunneries, one of the order of St. Clare,
and the other of St. Terefa.

The inhabitants confift of Spaniards, Indians, and all the other cafts. Among the
former are feveral very rich and diflinguifhed families. All in general are very civil
and friendly, and regular in their conduft. The women in their drefs and cuftoms
follow nearly thofe of Lima, an account of which will be given in the fequel. Great
number of chaifes are feen here, there not being a family of any credit without one ; as
the fandy foil is very troublefome in walking.

In this climate, there is a fenfible difference between winter and fummer, the former
being attended with cold, and the latter with exceffive heat. The country of this whole
valley is extremely fruitful, abounding with fugar canes, maize, fruits and garden fluff;
and with vineyards and olive yards. The parts of the country nearefl the mountains
produce wheat, barley, and other grain ; fo that the inhabitants enjoy not only a plenty
of all kinds of provifions, but alfo make confiderable exports to Panama, efpecially of
wheat and fugars. This remarkable fertility has been improved to the great embelhfh-
ment of the country ; fo that the city is furrounded by feveral groves, and delightful
walks of trees. The gardens alfo are well cultivated, and make a very beautiful
appearance ; which with a continual ferene fky, prove not lefs agreeable to travellers
than to the inhabitants.

About a league from the city is a river, whofe waters are condufled by various canals,
through this delightful country. We forded it on the 4tli when we left Truxillo ; and
on the 5th, after palling through Moche, we came to Biru, ten leagues from Trux-
illo. The pafs of the corregidor of Truxillo mufl be produced to the alcalde of
Moche, for without this, as before at Sechura, no perfon would be admitted to con-
tinue his journey.

Biru, which lies in 8° 24' 59" fouth latitude, confifls of fifty baxareque houfes, inha-
bited by feventy families, of Spaniards, Indians, Mulattoes, and Meflizos. About half
a league to the northward of it is a rivulet, from' which are cut feveral trenches for
watering the grounds. Accordingly the lands are equally fertile with thofe of Truxillo,

VOL. XIV. 4 c *wd

^62 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

and the fains may be faid of the other fettlements farther up the river. This place we
left the fame day, travelling fometimes along the fnore, fometimes at a league diflance
from it.

On the 6th we halted in a defert place called Tambo de Chao, and afterwards came

to the banks of the river Santa ; which having paffed by means of the Chimbadores,

' we entered the town of the fame name, which lies at about a quarter of a league from

it, and fifteen from Biru. The road being chiefly over vaft fandy plains intercepted

betwe 11 two hills.

The river Santa, at the place where it is ufually forded, is near a quarter of a league
in breadth, forming five principal ftreams, which run during the whole year with
great rapidity. It is always forded, and for this purpofe perfons make it their bufmefs
to attend with very high horfes, trained up to flem the current, which is always very

J>^^ flrong. They are called Chimbadores ; and muft have an exaO; knowledge of the

fords, in order to guide the loaded mules in their paiTage, as otherwife the fording
this river would be fcarce practicable, the floods often fhifting the beds of the river j
fo that even the Chimbadores themfelves are not always fafe ; for the fords being
fuddenly changed in one of the ftreams, they are carried out of their depth by the cur-
rent, and irretrievably loft. During the winter feafon, in the mountains, it often fwells
to fuch a height, as not to be forded for feveral days, and the paflengers are obliged
to wait the fall of the waters, efpecially if they have with them any goods ; for thofe
who travel without baggage may, by going fix or eight leagues above the town, pafs

\taL UtM over it on balzas made of calabaflies ; though even here not without danger, for if the
•/^ balza happens to meet any ftrong current, it is fwept away by its rapidity, and carried

into the fea. When we forded it, the waters were very low, notwithftanding which, we
found, from three feveral experiments made on its banks, that the velocity of the cur-
rent was thirty-five toifes in twenty-nine feconds and a half ; fo that the current runs
4271 toifes, or a league and a half in an hour. This velocity does not indeed equal
what M. de la Condamine mentions in the narrative of his voyage down the river Ma-
ranon, or that of the Amazons, at the Pango, or ftrait of Manceriche. But doubtlefs
when the river Santa is at its ufual height, it exceeds even the celerity of the Pango r
at the time of makiiM our obfervations, it was at its loweft.

The latitude of tpe town of Santa Miria de la Parrilla, for fo it is called, we deter-
mined by an obfervation of fome ftars, not having an opportunity of doing it by the
fun, and found it 8 57' 36'' S. It was firft built on the fea coaft, from which it is
now fomething above half a league diftant. It was large, populous, the refidence of
a corregidor, and had feveral convents. But in 1685, being pillaged and deftroyed
by the above-mentioned Englifti adventurer, its inhabitants abandoned it, and fuch as
were not able to remove to a place of greater fecurlty, fettled in the place where it now
ftands. The whole number of houfes in it at prefent does not exceed thirty ; and of
thefe the beft are only of baxareque, and the others of ftraw. Thefe houfes are
inhabited with about fifty poor families confifting of Indians, Mulattoes and Meftizos.
During our obfervations, we were entertained with a fight of a large ignited exhala-
tion, or globe of fire in the air, like that mentioned in the firft volume of this work,
though not fo large, and lefs effulgent. Its direction was continued for a confiderable
time towards the weft, till having reached the fea coaft, it difappeared with an explofion.
like that of cannon. ' Thofe who had not feen it were alarmed, and imagining it to be
a cannon fired by fome fhip arrived in the port, ran to arms, and haftened on horfeback
to the fhore, in order to oppofe the landing of the enemy. But finding all quiet, they
returned to the town, only leaving fome centinels to fend advice, if any thing extraor-

I , dinary

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 563

binary fhould happen. Thefe igneous phsenomena are fo far from being uncommon
all over Valles, that they are feen at all times of the night, and fome of them remark-
ably large, luminous, and continuiitg a confiderable tjme.

This town and its neighbourhood are terribly infefted with mofchitos. There are
indeed fome parts of the year when their numbers decreafe, and fometimes, t^iough
very feldom, none are to be feen : but they generally continue during the whole year.
The country from Piura upwards is free from this troublefome infed, except fome
particular towns, fituated near rivers ; but they fwarm no where in fuch intolerable
numbers as at Santa.

Leaving this town on the 8th, we proceeded to Guaca-Tambo, a plantation fo called,
eight leagues diftant from Santa ; and contiguous to it is the Tambo, an inn built by the
Yncas for the ufe of travellers. It has a Ihed for the convenience of paffengers, and
a rivulet running near it.

On the 9th, we came to another plantation known by the name of Manchan, within
a league of which we pafled through a village called Cafma la Baxa, having a church,
with not more than ten or twelve houfes. Half way betwixt this and Manchan is
another rivulet. The latter plantation is about eight leagues diftant from the former.
From Manchan on the loth, we travelled over thofe llony hills called the Culebras,
extremely troublefome, particularly to the litters, and on the following day, being the
nth, we entered Guarmey, fixteen leagues from Manchan ; and after travelling about
three leagues further we reached the Pafcana, or reding place, ere6ted inftead of a
Tambo or inn, and called the Tambo de Culebras. The town of Guarmey is but
fmall and inconfiderable, confiding only of forty houfes, and thefe no better than the
preceding. They are inhabited by about feventy families, few of which are Spaniards.
Its latitude is 10° 3' 53''' fouth. The corregidor has obtained leave to refide here conti-
nually, probably to be free from the intolerable plague of the mofchitos at Santa,
where formerly was his refidence.

On the 13th we proceeded from hence to a place called Callejones, travelling over
thirteen leagues of very bad road, being either fandy plains, or craggy eminences.
Among the latter is one, not a little dangerous, called Salto del Frayle, or the Friar's
leap. It is ail entire rock, very high, and towards the fea almofl: perpendicular.
There is however no other way, though the precipice cannot be viewed without horror j
and even the mules themfelves feem afraid of it by the great caution with which they
take their fteps. On the following day we reached Guamanmayo, a hamlet at fome
diftance from the river Barranca, and belonging to the town of Pativirca, about eight
leagues from the Callejones. This town is the lafl in the jurifdidion of Santa or
Guarmey.

Patavirca confifts only of fifty or fixty houfes, and a proportional number of inhabi-
tants : among whom are fome Spanifh families, but very few Indians. Near the fea
coaft, which is about three quarters of a league from Guamanmayo, are ftill remaining
fome huge walls of unburnt bricks ; being the ruins of an antient Indian ftrudture ;
and its magnitude confirms the tradition of the natives, that it was one of the palaces
of the antient caciques, or princes ; and doubtlefs its fituation is excellently adapted
to that purpofe, having on one fide a mofl fertile and delightful country, and on the
other, the refrefhing profpe£l of the fea.

On the 15th we proceeded to the banks of the river Barranca, about a quarter of
a league diftant. We eafily forded it, under the diredlion of Chimbadores. It was
now very low, and divided into three branches, but being full of ftones is always dan-
gerous. About a league further is the town of Barranca, where the jurifdidion of

4 c 2 Guaura

*64 OLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

Guaura begins. The town is populous, and many of its inhabitants Spaniards, though
the houfes do not exceed fixty or feventy. The fame day we reached Guaura, which
from Guamanmayo makes a diftance of nine leagues.

This town confiils only of one fmgle ftreet, about a quarter of a league in length, and
contains about one hundred and fifty or two hundred houfes, fome of which are of
bricks, others of baxareques, befides a few Indian huts.

This town has a parifli church, and a convent of Francifcans. Near it you pafs by
a plantation, extending above a league on each fide of the road, which is every where
extremely delightful ; the country eaflward, as far as the eye can reach, being covered
with fugar canes, and weftward divided into fields of corn, maize, and other fpecies
of grain. Nor are thefe elegant improvements confined to the neighbourhood of the
town, but the whole valley, which is very large, makes the fame beautiful appearance.
At the fouth end of the town of Guaura, flands a large tower, with a gate, and
over it a kind of redoubt. This tower is ere6led before a flone bridge, under which
runs Guaura river ; and fo near to the town that it wafhes the foundations of the houfes,
but without any damage, being a rock. From the river is a fuburb which extends
above half a league, but the houfes are not contiguous to each other ; and the groves
and gardens with which they are intermixed, render the road very pleafant. By a folar
obfervation, we found the latitude of Guaura to be n" 3' 36" fouth. The fky is clear,
and the temperature of the air healthy and regular. For though it is not without a
fenfible difference in the feafons, yet the cold of the winter, and the heats of fummer,
are both eafily fupportable.

In proceeding on our journey from Guarmey we met with a great many remains of
the edifices of the Yncas. Some were the walls of palaces ; others, as it were large
dykes by the fides of fpacious high-ways ; and others fortrefles, or caftles, properly
fituated for checking the inroads of enemies. One of the latter monuments ftands
about two or three leagues north of Pativirca, not far from a river. It is the ruins of
a fort, and fituated on the top of an eminence at a fmall diflance from the fea ; but
the veftiges only of the walls are now remaining.

From Guaura we came to the town of Chancay ; and though the diflance between
this is reckoned only twelve leagues, we concluded, by the time we v/ere travelling,
it to be at leaft fourteen. From an obfervation we found its latitude 11° 33' 47'' S. The
town confifls of about three hundred houfes, and Indian huts ; is very populous, and
among other inhabitants can boafl of many Spanifh families, and fome of diflinguifhed
rank. Befides its parifh church, here is a convent of the order of St. Francis, and
an hofpital chiefly Supported by the benevolence of the inhabitants. It is the capital
of the jurifdidion of its name, and belongs to that of Guaura. The corregidor, whofe
ufual refidence is at Chancay, appoints a deputy for Guaura. The adjacent country
is naturally very fertile, and every where well watered by canals cut from the river
Paffamayo, which runs about a league and a half to the fouthward of the town.
Thefe parts are every where fowed with maize, for the purpofe of fattening hogs, in
which article is carried on a very confiderable trade j the city of Lima being furnifhed
from hence.

We left Chancay the 1 7th ; and after travelling a league beyond the river Paffamayo,
which we forded, arrived at the tambo of the fame name, fituated at the foot of a
mountain of fand, exceeding troublefome, both on account of its length, fleepnefs, and
difficulty in^alking j fo that it is generally paffed in the night, the foil not being then
fo fatiguing.

From

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. ^6$

From thence on the i8th we reached Tambo de Ynca, and after travelling twelve
leagues from the town of Chancay, we had at length the pleafure of entering the city
of Lima.

From the diftances carefully fet down during the whole courfe of the journey, it
appears that from Tumbez to Piura is fixty-two leagues, from Piura to Truxillo eighty-
nine, and from Truxillo to Lima one hundred and thirteen ; in all two hundred and
fixty-four leagues. The greateft part of this long journey is generally performed by
night ; for the whole country being one continued fand, the refledion of the fun*s
rays is fo violent, that the mules would be overcome by the heat ; befides the want of
water, herbage, and the Hke. Accordingly the road all along, is rather diftinguifhed
by the bones of the mules which have funk under their burdens, than by any track
or path. For "hotwithftanding they are continually pafTmg and re-pafling throughout
the whole year, the winds quickly efface all the prints of their feet. This country is alfo
fo bare, that when a fmall herb or fpring happens to be difcovered, it is a fure fign
of being in the neighbourhood of houfes. For thefe ftand near rivers, the moifture of
which fertilizes thefe arid wafles, fo that they produce that verdure not to be feen in
the uninhabited parts : as they are fuch merely from, their being deftitute of water ;
without which no creature can fubfift, nor any lands be improved.

In the towns we met with plenty of all neceffary provifions ; as flefh, fowl, bread,
fruits, and wine ; all extremely good, and at a reafonable price ; but the traveller is
obliged to drefs his meat himfelf, if he has not fervants of his own to do it for him ;
for in the greateft parts of the towns he will not meet with any one incHnable to do
liim that piece of fervice, except in the larger cities where the mafters of inns furnifh
the table. In the little towns, the inns, or rather lodging-houfes, afford nothing but
fhelter ; fo that travellers are not only put to the inconvenience of carrying water,
wood and provifions, from one town to another, but alfo all kinds of kitchen utenfils.
Befides tame fowl, pigeons, peacocks and geefe, which are to be purchafed in the
meaneil towns, all cultivated parts of this country abound in turtle-doves, which live
entirely on maize and the feeds of trees, and multiply exceedingly ; fo that fhooting
them is the ufual diverfion of travellers while they continue in any town ; but except
thefe, and fome fpecies of fmall birds, no others are to be had during the whole jour-
ney. On the other hand, no ravenous beafls, or venomous reptiles, are found here.

The diflribution of waters by means of canals, which extend the benefit of the rivers
to dillant parts of the country, owes its origin to the royal care and attention of the
Yncas ; who, among other marks of their zeal for promoting the happinefs of their
fubjeds, taught them by this method, to procure from the earth, whatever was necef-
fary either for their fubfiftence, or pleafure. Among thefe rivers, many are entirely
dry or very low, when the waters ceafe to flow from the niountains ; but others, as
thofe of Santa Baranca, Guaura, and Paffamayo, continue to run with a full ftream
during the greateft drought.

The ufual time when the water begins to increafe in thefe rivers is the beginning of
January or February, and continues till June, which is the winter among the moun-
tains ; and, on the contrary, the fummer in Valles ; in the former it rains, while in
the latter the fun darts a violent heat, and the fouth winds are fcarce felt. From June
the waters begin to decreafe, and in November or December the rivers are at their
loweft ebb, or quite dry ; and this is the winter feafon in Valles, and the fummer in
the mountains. So remarkable a difference is there in the temperature of the air,
though at fo fmall a diftance.

CHAP.

V .^

^SS ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

CHAP III. — Account of the City of Lima, the Capital of Peru.

FORTUITOUS events may fometimes, by their happy confequences, be clafled
among premeditated defigns. Such was the unforefeen caufe which called us to Peru ;
for otherwife the hiflory of our voyage would have been deprived of a great many
remarkable and inftrudive particulars ; as our obfervations would have been limited
to the province of Quito. But by this invitation of the viceroy of Peru, we are now
enabled to lead the reader into that large and luxuriant field, the fertile province of
Lima, and the fplendid city of that name, fo juftly made the Capital of Peru, and the
queen of all the cities in South America. It will alfo appear that our work would have
fuffered a great imperfedion, and the reader confequently difappointed in finding no
account of thofe magnificent particulars, which his curiofity had doubtlefs promifed
itfelf, from a defcription of this famous city, and an accurate knowledge of the capital
province. Nor would it have been any finall mortification to ourfelves, to have loft
the opportunity of contemplating thofe noble objects, which fo greatly increafe the
value of our work, though already enriched with fuch aftronomical obfervations and
nautical remarks, as we hope will prove agreeable to the intelligent reader. At the fame
time it opens a method of extending our refearches into the other more diftant countries,
for the farther utility and ornament of this voyage ; which, as it was founded on the moft
noble principles, fhould be conduced and clofed with an uniform dignity.

My defign however is not to reprefent Lima in its prefent fituation, as I fhould then,
inftead of noble and magnificent objefts, introduce the moft melancholy and ftiock-
ing fcenes ; ruinated palaces, churches, towers, and other ftately works of art, toge-
ther with the inferior buildings of which this opulent city confifted, now thrown into
ruin and confufion, by the tremendous earthquake of 06lober the 28th, 1746; the
affefting account of which reached Europe with the fwiftnefs which ufually attends
unfortunate advices, and concerning which, we ftiall be more particular in another
place. I ftiall not therefore defcribe Lima, as wafted by this terrible convulfion of
nature ; but as the emporium of this part of America, and endeavour to give the reader
an idea of its former glory, magnificence, opulence, and other particulars which ren-
dered it fo famous in the world, before it fuffered under this fatal cataftrophe j the re-
colledion of which cannot fail of being painful to every lover of his country, and every
perfon of humanity. * .

The city of Lima, or as it is alfo called the city of the Kings, was, according to
Garcilafo, in his hiftory of the Yncas, founded by Don Francifco Pizarro, on the
feaft of the Epiphany, 1535 ; though others affirm that the firft ftone was not laid
till the 1 8th of January that year ; and the latter opinion is confirmed by the ad, or
record of its foundation, ftill preferved in the archives of that city. It is fituated in
the fpacious and delightful valley of Rimac, an Indian word, and the true name of the
city itfelf, from a corrupt pronunciation of which word the Spaniards have derived
Lima. Rimac is the name by which both the valley and the river are ftill called.
This appellation is derived from an idol to which the native Indians ufed to offer facri-
fice, as did alfo the Yncas, after they had extended their empire hither ; and as it
was fuppofed to return anfwers to the prayers addrefled to it, they called it by way of
diftinction Rimac, or, he who fpeaks. Lima, according to feveral obfervations we
made for that purpofe, ftands in the latitude of 12° 2' 31" S. and its longitude from
the meridian of Teneriffe is 299° 27' 71". The variation of the needle of 9° 2' 30''
eafterly.

Its

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ^S'J

Its fituation Is one of the moft advantageous that can be Imagined ; for being in the
centre of that fpacious valley, it commands the whole without any difficulty. North-
ward, though at a ■ confiderable diftance, is the Cordillera, or chain of the Andes;
from whence fome hills projeft into the valley, the neareft of which to the cfty are
thofe of St. Chriftopher and Amancaes. The perpendicular height of the former,
according to a geometrical menfuration performed by Don George Juan, and M. de la
Condamine in 1737, is one hundred and thirty-four toifes ; but Father Feviilee makes
it one hundred and thirty-fix toifes and one foot, which difference doubtlefs proceeds
from not having meafured with equal exadinefs, the bafe on which both founded their
calculations. The height of the Amancaes, is little lefs than the former, and fituated
about a quarter of a league from the city.

The river, which is of the fame name, wafhes the walls of Lima, and when not in-
creafed by the torrents from the mountains is eafily forded ; but at other times, befides
the increafe of its breadth, its depth and rapidity render fording impoffible ; and ac-
cordingly a very elegant and fpacious ftone bridge is built over it, having at one end
a gate, the beautiful architedure over which is equal to the other parts of this ufeful
ftrudlure. This gate forms the entrance into the city, and leads to the grand fquare,
which is very large and finely ornamented. In the centre is a fountain, equally re-
markable for its grandeur and capacity. In the centre is a bronze ftatue of Fame, and
on the angles are four fmall bafons. The water is ejected through the trumpet of the
flatue, ahd alfo through the mouths of eight lions which furround it, and greatly
heighten the beauty of this work. The eafl fide of the fquare is filled by the cathedral
and the archiepifcopal palace, whofe height furpaffes the other buildings in the city.
Its principal foundations, arid the bafes of its columns and pilallers, together with the
capital front which faces the wefl, are of freeftone ; the infide refembles that of Seville,
but not fo large. The outfide is adorned with a very magnificent fa9ade or frontifpiece,
rifing into two lofty towers, and in the centre is the grand portal. Round the whole
runs a grand gallery, with a baluflrade of wood, refembling brafs in colour, and at
proper diflances are feveral pyramids, which greatly augment the magnificence of the
ftrufture. In the north fide of the fquare is the viceroy*s palace, in which are the
feveral courts of juflice, together with the offices of revenue, and the ftate prifon.
This was formerly a very remarkable building, both with regard to its largenefs and
architedure, but the greateft part of it being thrown down by the dreadful earthquake
with which the city was vifited, October 20th, 1687, it now confifts only of fome of
the lower apartments eredled on a terras, and is ufed as the refidence of the viceroy and
his family.

On the weft fide which faces the cathedral, is the council-houfe, and the city prifon ;
the fouth fide is filled with private houfes, having only one ftory ; but the fronts being
of ftone, their uniformity, porticoes, and elegance, are a great embellifhment to the
fquare, each fide of which is eighty toifes.

The form of the city is triangular, the bafe, or longeft fide, extending along the
banks of the river. Its length is 1920 toifes, or exadly two-thirds of a league. Its
greateft breadth from north to fouth, that is, from the bridge to the angle oppofite to
the bafe, is 1080 toifes, or two-fifths of a league. It is furrounded with a brick wall,
which anfwers its original intention, but is without any manner of regularity. This
work was begun and finifhed by the Duke de la Plata, in the year 1685. It is flanked
with thirty-four baftions, but without platforms or embrafures ; the intention of it
being merely to inclofe the city, and render it capable of fuftaining any fudden attack
of the Indians. It has, in its whole circumference, feven gates and three pofterns.

On

^58 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

On the fide of the river oppofite to the city is a fuburb, called St. Lazaro, which
has, within thefe few years, greatly increafed. All the ftreets of this fuburb, like
thofe of the city, are broad, parallel, or at right angles, fome running from north to
fouth, and others from eaft to weft, forming fquares of houfes, each one hundred and
fifty yards in front, the ufual dimenfions of all thefe quadras or fquares in this country,
whereas thofe of Quito are only one hundred. The ftreets are paved, and along them
run ftreams of water, conducted from the river a little above the city ; and being
arched over contribute to its cleanlinefs, without the leaft inconveniency.

The houfes, though for the moft part low, are commodious, and make a good
appearance. They are all of baxareque and quincha. They appear indeed to be com-
pofed of more folid materials, both with regard to the thicknefs of the principal walls,
and the imitation of cornices on them ; and that they may the better fupport themfelves
imder the ftiocks of earthquakes, of which this city has had fo many dreadful inftances,
the principal parts are of wood, mortifed into the rafters of the roof, and thofe which
ferve for walls are lined both within and without with wild canes, and chaglias or
ofiers ; fo that the timber-work is totally enclofed. Thefe ofiers are plaiftered over with
clay, and whitewalhed, but the fronts painted in imitation of free-ftone. They after-
wards add cornices and porticos which are alfo painted of a ftone colour. Thus the
whole front impofes on the fight, and ftrangers fuppofe them to be built of thofe ma-
terials which they only imitate. The roofs are flat, and covered only fo far as is
neceflary to keep out the wind and intercept the rays of the fun. The pieces of timber,
of which the roofs are formed, and which on the infide are decorated with elegant
mouldings and other ornaments, are covered with clay to preferve them from the fun.
This flender covering is fufficient, as no violent rains are ever known here. Thus the
houfes are in lefs danger than if built of more compact materials ; for the whole build-
ing yields to the motions of the earthquakes, and the foundations which are conneded
with the feveral parts of the building follow the fame motion 5 and by that means are
not fo ealily thrown down.

The wild canes, which ferve for the inner parts of the walls, refemble in length and
bignefs thofe known in Europe, but without any cavity. The wood of them is very
folid, and little fubjeft to rot. The chaglla is alfo a kind of fhrub growing wild
in the forefts and on the banks of rivers. It is ftrong and flexible like the ofier. Thefe
are the materials of which the houfes in all the towns of Valles mentioned in the pre^
ceding chapter, are built.

Towards the eaft and weft parts of the city, but within the walls, are a great many
fruit and kitchen gardens ; and moft of the principal houfes have gardens for enter-
tainment, being continually refreflied with water by means of the canals.

The whole city is divided into the five following pariflies : i. Sagrario, which has
three priefts. .--2. St. Ann, and 3. St. Sebaftian, each havmg two priefts. — 4. St.
Marcelo, and 5. St. Lazaro, each of which has one prieft only. The parifli of the
latter extends itfelf five leagues, namely, to the valley of Carabaillo, and to it belong
the many large plantations in that fpace ; chapels are therefore erefted for celebrating
mafs on days of precept, that the people may perform their duty without the fatigue
and trouble of travelling to Lima. Here are alfo two chapels of eafe ; that of St,
Salvador, in the parifli of St. Ann ; and that of the Orphans, in the Sagrario. There
is alfo in the Cercado, one of the quarters of the town, a parifli of Indians, under the
care of the Jefuits.

The convents here are very numerous ; four Dominicans, viz. La Cafa grande,
Recolleccion de la Magdalena, the college of St. Thomas appropriated to literature,

2 an4

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 569

and Santa Rofa. Three of Francifcans, viz. Cafa Grande, Recoletos de Nueftra Senora
de los Angeles, or Guadalupe, and Los Defcalzos de San Diego : the latter is in the
fuburb of San Lazaro. Three of the order of Auguftin, namely, Cafa Grande ; the
feminary of San Ildefonfo, a literary college ; and the noviciate at Nueftra Senora de
Guia. Three alfo belong to the order of Mercy, namely, the Cafa Principal, the
college of St. Pedro Nolafco, and a RecoUeccion, called Bethlehem.

The Jefuits have fix colleges or houfes, which are thofe of St. Paul, their principal
college ; St. Martin, a college for fecular ftudents ; St. Anthony, a noviciate ; the
Houfe of Poifelfion, or Defamparados, under the invocation of Nueftra Senora de los
Dolores ; a college in the Circado, where the Indians are inftruded in the precepts of
religion ; and that of the Chacarilla, appointed for the exercifes of St. Ignatius ; and
accordingly all feculars, on their defire to perform them, are admitted. They are alfo
allowed the liberty of beginning when moft convenient for themfelves, and are hand-
fomely entertained by the /college during the eight days of their continuance. But it
muft be obferved, that of all thefe convents, the Cafas Grandes are now the moft
confiderable j the others, befides being fmall, have but few members, and fmall
revenues.

Befides the preceding nineteen convents and colleges, here are alfo an oratory of St.
Philip Neri ; a monaftery of the order of St. Benedid:, with the title of Nueftra Senora
de Monferrat, the abbe of which is commonly the only member, and fent from Spain ;
and though this foundation is one of the moft ancient in the whole city, its revenue
is hardly fufEcient to fupport any more : a convent called Nueftra Senora de la Buena
Muerte, or the order of that name, generally known by the name of Agonizantes.
This order founded an hofpital in the city, in 1715, under the particular diredion of
the Fathers Juan Mugnos, and Juan Fernandez, who, with a lay brother of the fame
order having in 1736 obtained a licence from the council of the Indies, went from
Spain and founded a convent of community in every form. In the fuburb of St. La-
zaro is alfo a convent of St. Francis de Paula, a modern foundation, under the name
of Nueftra Senora del Scorro.

There are alfo in Lima three other charitable foundations, namely, St. Juan de Dios,
ferved by the religious of that order, and appropriated to the relief of perfons recover-
ing from ficknefs ; and two of Bethlemites ; one of which, being the Cafa Grande, is
without the city, and founded for the relief of fick Indians, who are taken care of in
Santa Anna ; and the other within the city, called that of the Incurables, being appro-
priated to perfons labouring under difeafes of that nature. The . latter, as we have
already obferved,* was founded fo early as the year 1 67 1 . This opulent city has alfo
nine other hofpitals, each appropriated to fome peculiar charity : —

1. San Andres, a royal foundation admitting only Spaniards.

2. San Pedro, for poor ecclefiaftics.

3. El Efpiritu Santo, for mariners, and fupported by the ftiips belonging to thefe
feas, their crews being properly aflelfed for that purpofe.

4. St. Bartholome, for the negroes.

5. Senora Santa Anna, for the Indians.

6. San Pedro de Alcantara, for women.

7. Another for that ufe, under the care of the Bethlemite fathers, ereded before
their Cafa Grande.

* Chap. IV. Lib. V.
VOL. XIV. 4 D 8. La

f

570 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

8. La Caridad, ajfo for women.

9. San Lazaro, for the lepers, which, with thofe already enumerated, make twelve.

Here are alfo fourteen nunneries, the number of perfons in which would be fufEcient
to people a fmall town. The five firft are regulars, and the other nine recolleds :

I. La Encarnation. — 2. La Conception. — 3. Santa Cathalina. — 4. Santa Clara. —
5. La Trinidad. — 6. El Carmen. — 7. Santa Terefa, 6 El Carmen baxo. — 8. Las
Defcalzas de San Jofeph. — 9. Las Capuchinas. — 10. Las Nazarenas. — 11. Las Mer-
cidarias. — 12. Santa Rofa. — 13. Las Trinitarias Defcalzas. — 14. Las Monjas del
Prado.

Laftly, Here are four other conventual houfes, where fome few of the fifters are not
reclufes, though moft of them obferve that rule. Thefe houfes are :

I. Santa Rofa de Viterbo. — 2. Nueflra Senora del Patrocinio, — 3. Nueftra Senora
de Capacabana, for Indian ladies. — 4. San Jofeph.

The laft is a retreat for women who defire to be divorced from their hufbands.
There is alfo a houfe conftituted in the manner of convents, for poor women, and
under the diredion of an ecclefiaftic appointed by the archbifhop, who is alfo their
chaplain.

The moft numerous of all thefe nunneries are the Incarnation, Conception, Santa
Clara, and Santa Cathalina. The others are indeed not fo large; but the Recolleds,
in the reftitude and aufterity of their lives, are an example to the whole city.

Here is alfo an orphan-houfe, divided into two colleges, one for the boys, and the
other for the girls ; befides feveral chapels, in different parts of the city : but the fol-
lowmg lift will fliew at once, the parifhes, hofpitals, churches, and monafteries of
Lima, which was always no lefs confpicuous with regard to a zeal for religion than
for fplendour.

'L'l/i of the Parijhes, Convents of each Order, Hofpitals, Nunneries, and Conventual

Houfes in Lima*

Parifhes, fix.

Convents hi San Domingo, four. — Of San Francis, three. — Of San Auguftin,
three. — Of La Merced, three.

Colleges of Jefuits, fix.
' Oratory of St. Philip Neri, one.

Monaftery of Benedidins, one. — Of San Francifco de Paula, one. — Of Agoni-
zantes, one. — Of San Juan de Dios, one. — Of Bethlemites, two.

Nunneries of Regulars, five. — Of Recolleds, nine.

Conventual Houfes, four. — Houfes for poor women, one. — Orphan houfe, one. —
Hofpitals, twelve.

All the churches, both conventual and parochial, and alfo the chapels, are large,
conftruded partly of ftone, and adorned with paintings and other decorations of great
value; particularly the cathedral, the churches of St. Dominic, St. Francis, St. Au-
guftin, the Fathers of Mercy, and that of the Jefuits, are fo fplendidly decorated, as
to furpafs defcription, an idea being only to be formed by the fight. The riches and
pomp of this city, efpecially on folemn feftivals, are aftonifhing. The altars, from

10 their

V

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 57 1

their very bafes to the borders of the paintings, are covered with maffive fllver, wrought
into various kinds of ornaments. The walls alfo of the churches are hung with velvet,
or tapeftry of equal value, adorned with gold and filver fringes ; all which, in this
country, is remarkably dear ; and on thefe are fplendid pieces of plate, in various
figures. If the eye be direded from the pillars, walls, and ceiling, to the lower part
of the church, it is equally dazzled with glittering objefts, prefenting themfelves on
all fides : among which are candlefticks of maffive filver, fix or feven feet high, placed
in two rows along the nave of the church : emboffed tables of the fame metal, fup-
porting fmaller candlefticks ; and in the intervals betwixt them pedeftals on which
ftand the ftatues of angels. In fine, the whole church is covered with plate, or fome-
thing equal to it in valu^ ; fo that divine fervice, in thefe churches, is performed with
a magnificence fcarce to be imagined ; and the ornaments, even on common days,
with regard to their quantity and richnefs, exceed thofe which many cities of Europe
pride themfelves with difplaying on the moft common occafions.

If fuch immenfe riches are beftowed on the body of the church, how can imagina-
tion itfelf form an idea of thofe more immediately ufed in divine worfhip, fuch as the
facred veflels, the chalices, oftenforiums, &c. in the richnefs of which there is a fort of
emulation between the feveral churches ? In thefe the gold is covered with diamonds,
pearls, and precious ftones, fo as to dazzle the eye of the fpe6lator. The gold and
filver ftuffs for veftments and other decorations, are always of the richeft and moft va-
luable among thofe brought over by the regifter Ihips. In fine, whatever is em-
ployed in ornamenting the churches, is always the richeft of the kind poffible to be
procured.

The principal convents are very large, with convenient and airy apartments. Some
parts of them, as the outward walls wKch inclofe them, are of unburnt brick ; but the
building itfelf of quinchas or baxareques. The roofs of many are arched with brick,
others only with quinchas ; but of fuch curious architefture, as entirely to conceal the
materials ; fo that the frontifpieces and principal gates have a majeftic appearance. The
columns, friezes, ftatues, and cornices, are of wood, finely carved, but fo nearly imi-
tating the colour and appearance of ftone, as only to be difcovered by the touch. This
ingenious imitation does not proceed from parfimony, but neceffity ; in order to avoid
as much as poffible the dreadful devaftations of earthquakes, which will not admit of
ftrudures built of pondrous materials.

The churches are decorated with fmall cupolas of a very pretty appearance : and
though they are all of wood, the fight cannot diftinguilh them from ftone. The towers
are of ftone from the foundation the height of a toile and a half, or two toifes, and from
thence to the roof of the church of brick, but the remainder of wood painted of a free-
ftone colour, terminating in a ftatue, or image, alluding to the name of the church.
The height of thefe may be nearly known from that of St. Dommic, which by a geo-
metrical menfuration, we found to be between fifty and fixty yards ; a height which,
though fmall in proportion to the largenefs of the ftrudure, is a neceflary caution, both
with regard to the Ihocks of earthquakes, and the weight of the bells, which, in fize
and number, exceed thofe of Spain, and, on a general ringing, produce a very agree,
able harmony.

All the convents are furniffied with water from the city, though not from that of the
rivulets, which, as we before obferved, run through the ftreets in covered channels ;
but brought from a fpring by means of pipes : while, on the other hand, both the mo*
nafteries and nunneries are each obliged to maintain a fountain in the ftreet, for the
public ufe of poor people, who have not the conveniency of water in their houfes.

4 D 2 The

gy2 ULLOA's voyage TO SOUTH AMERICA.

The viceroys, whofe power extends over all Peru, ufually refide at Lima : but the
province and audience of Quito has been lately detached from it ; as we have obferved
in our account of that province. This government is triennial, though, at the expira-
tion of that term, the fovereign may prolong it. This office is of fuch importance, that
the viceroy enjoys all the privileges of royalty. He is abfolute in all affairs, whether
political, military, civil, criminal, or relating to the revenue, having under him offices
and tribunals for executing the feveral branches of government ; fo that the grandeur
of this employment is in every particular equal to the title. For the fafety of his per-
fon, and the dignity of his office, he has two bodies of guards ; one of horfe confift-
ing of one hundred and fixty private men, a captain, and a lieutenant : their uniform
is blue, turned up with red, and laced with filver. This troop confills entirely of picked^
men, and all Spaniards.^ The captain's poil is efteemed very honourable. Thefe do
duty at the principal gate of the palace ; and when the viceroy goes abroad, he is at-
tended by a piquet-guard confiding of eight of thefe troopers. The fecond is that of
the halberdiers, confifting of fifty men, all Spaniards, dreffed in a blue uniform, and
crimfon velvet waiflcoats laced with gold. Thefe do duty in the rooms leading to the
chamber of audience, and private apartments. They alfo attend the viceroy when he
appears in public, or vifits the offices and tribunals. The only officer of this body is a cap-
tain, whofe poll is alfo reckoned very eminent. Both captains are nominated by the
viceroy. Befides thefe, there is another guard within the palace, confifting of one
hundred private men, a captain, lieutenant, and fub-lieutenant ; being a detachment
from the garrifon of Callao. Thefe are occafionally employed in executing the go-
vernor's orders, and the decrees of the tribunals, after they have received the fandion
of his affent.

The viceroy, befides affifting at the courts of juftice, and the councils relating both
to the finances and war, gives every day public audience to all forts of perfons ; for
which purpofe, there are in the palace three very grand and fpacious rooms. In the
firft, which is adorned with the portraits of all the viceroys, he receives the Indians and
other cafts. In the fecond, he gives audience to the Spaniards ; and, in the third,
where under a rich canopy are placed the pictures of the King and Queen then reign-
ing, he receives thofe ladies who defire to fpeak to him in private without being
known.

The affairs relating to the government are expedited by a fecretary of ftate, with an
affiftant, properly qualified for fuch an arduous poft. From this office are iffued the
orders for paffports, which mufl be had from every corregidor in his jurifdiftion. The
fecretary has alfo the power of filling all juridical employments as they become vacant,
for the term of two years ; as alfo thofe of the magiftracy, who, at the expiration of
their term, have not been replaced by others of His Majefty's nomination. In a word,
this office may be faid to be the channel by which all affairs relating both to war and
government are tranfadted.

All caufes relating to juftice are tried in the court called the Audiencia, from the de-
crees of which there is no appeal to the fupreme council of the Indies, unlefs after no-
torious injuftice, or a fecond trial ; as the viceroy himfelf prefides in it. The audiencia,
which is the chief court at Lima, is compofed of eight auditors or judges, and a fifcal
for civil caufes. This court is held in the viceroy's palace, iji the three faloons appro-
priated to it. In one the deliberations are held, and in the other two, the caufes are
tried either publicly or privately, the fenior judge always prefiding. Criminal caufes
are tried in a fourth apartment, the judges being four alcaldes of the court, and a

I criminal

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

S7Z

criminal fifcal. There is alfo a fifcal proteftor of the Indians, and fome fuper-
numeraries.

Next to the tribunal of audience is the chamber of accounts, confifting of a com-
miflioner, five chief accountants, two receivers, and tv^o dire6lors, with other inferior
officers belonging to each clafs. Here all corregidors, intrufled to colled the revenue,
pafs their accounts. Here alfo the diflributions and managements of the royal revenue
are regulated.

Laflly, the royal treafury, under a treafurer, accountant, and agent, who have the
fuperintendance of all His Majefly*s revenue of what kind foever ; fmce whatever re-
venue arifes from the other parts of this province is renytted to Lima as the capital of
the kingdom. ,, , ,

The corporation of Lima confifts of regidores or aldermen, and alfere zreal, or fhe-
riff, and two alcaldes, or royal judges ; all being noblemen of the firft diflindiion in
the city. Thefe have the direction of the police, and the ordinary adminiflration of
juftice. The alcaldes prefide alternately every month ; for, by a particular privilege of
this city, the jurifdiftion of its corregidor extends only to the Indians.

Here is a court for the effects of deceafed perfons, which takes cognizance of the
goods of thofe dying inteflate, and without lawful heir ; and likewife of thofe entrufted
with the effeds of 'Other perfons. Its confifls of a judge, who is generally one of the
auditors, a counfellor, and an accountant.

The next tribunal is that of commerce, or the confulado. Its principal officers are
a prefident and two confuls. All who are entered in the hft of merchants are members
of it, and have a vote in the choice of thefe officers, who, with an affefTor, decide all
commercial difputes and procelTes, by the fame rule as the confulados at Cadiz and
Bilboa.

Lima has alfo a corregidor, whofe jurifdidion extends to all Indians both within the
city and five leagues round it. The principal places in this jurifdiftion are Surco, Los
Chorillos, Miraflores, La Magdalena, Lurigancho, Late, Pachacama, and Lurin, to-
gether with the Indian inhabitants of the two fuburbs of Callao, called New and Old
Pitipiti. The infinite number of Indians who inhabited this valley before and at the
time of the conquefl, are now reduced to the few inhabitants of the above-mentioned
places ; and have only two caziques, namely, thofe of Miraflores and Surco, and thefe
in fuch low circumflances, as to teach mufic at Lima for fubfillence.

The cathedral chapter, befides the archbifhop, confifls of the dean, archdeacon,
chanter, treafurer, and reftor, four canons by fuffrage, five by prefentation, fix pre-
bendaries, and fix femi-prebendaries ; but the ecclefiaftical tribunal confifts only of the
archbifhop and his chancellor. His fuffragans are the bifhops of Panama, Quito,
Truxillo, Guamanga, Arequipa, Cuzco, St. Jago, and Conception j the two lafl are
in the kingdom of ,Chili.

The tribunal of inquifition confifts of two inquifitors and a fifcal, who, like the fub-
ordinate officers are nominated by the inquifitor-general ; and, in cafe of a vacancy^
filled up by the fupreme council of the inquifition.

The tribunal of the Cruzada is conducted by a fub-delegate commifTary, an acountt
ant, and treafurer, with other inferior officers. But the dean or fenior judge of the
audience, generally affifts at its deliberations.

Laftly, here is alfo a mint with its proper officers, where gold and fiiver are
coined.

In the univerfity and colleges, the happy geniufes of the natives are improved by-
divine and human learning, and, as we fhall fhew in the fequel, foon give elegant fpe-

cimens

^^4- ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

cimens of their future acqulfitions. They are in this much more indebted to nature
than either to art or to their own application ; and if they do not equally diftinguifh them-
felves in other ftudies, it is not for want of talents, but of proper perfons to inftrud: them
in the neceffary elements. For by their ready comprehenfion of whatever is taught them
we may conclude, that their q^ilities are equal to other improvements. The chief of
thefe feminaries is the univerli^ of St. Mark, and the colleges of St. Toribio, St. Martin,
and St. Philip. In the former are chairs for all the fciences, and filled by fuffrage ; a
method always favourable for perfons of learning and underftanding. Some of thefe
profeifors have, notwithftanding the vaft diftance, gained the applaufe of the literati of
Europe.

The univerfity makes a flately appearance without, and its infide is decorated with
fuitable ornaments. It has a large fquare court, with a handfome vaulted piazza round
it. Along the fides are the halls, where leftures are read ; and in one of its angles is
the theatre for the public arts, adorned with the portraits of the feveral great men who
had their education in this feat of learning, in frames finely ornamented with fculpture,
and richly gilded j as are alfo the two rows of feats which extend entirely round the
theatre.

From what has been faid it fufficiently appears, that Lima is not only large, magnifi-
cent, and diflinguifhed, as the capital of the kingdom, by the refidence of the viceroy,
and the fuperior courts and offices, but alfo that it has an acknowledged fuperiority over
the other cities in thefe parts from the public nurferies erected for the advancement of
learning and the fciences.

The richnefs of the churches, and the fplendour with which divine fervice is per-
formed, we have already defcribed. The magnificence of its inhabitants and of its pub-
lic folemnities are proportional, and difplayed with a dignity peculiar to minds inflamed
with a defire of honour, and who value themfelves on celebrating the principal folemni-
ties in a manner which diflinguifhes Lima from the other cities of its kingdom ; though
the latter are not wanting in their endeavours to vie with their capital.

Of all the folemnities obferved in America, the public entrance of the viceroy is the
moft fplendid ; and in which the amazing pomp of Lima is particularly difplayed. No-
thing is feen but rich coaches and calafhes, laces, jewels, and fplendid equipages, in
which the nobility carry their emulation to an aftonifhing height. In a word, this cere-
mony is fo remarkable, that I flatter myfelf the reader will not be difpleafed at the de-
fcription.

CHAP. IV. — Of the Public Entrance of the Viceroy at Lima ; his Reception, and the

chief annual Solemnities,

ON the landing of the viceroy at Paita, two hundred and four leagues from Lima,
he fends a perfon of great diflindion, generally fome officer of his retinue, to Lima,
with the chara£ter of an ambaffador ; and, by a memoir, informs his predecefTor of his
arrival, in conformity to His Majefly's orders, who had been pleafed to confer on him
the government of that kingdom. On this ambaffador^s arrival at Lima, the late vice-
roy fends a meffenger to compliment him on his fafe arrival ; and on difmifTmg the am-
baffador, prefents him with fome jewel of great value, and a jurifdidtion or two which
happen at that time to be vacant, together with an indulgence of officiating by deputy, if
mofl^ agreeable tO him. The corregidor of Piura receives the new viceroy at Paita, and
provides litters, mules, and every other neceffary for the viceroy and his retinue, as far

as

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ^7^

as the next jurifdidlon. He alfo orders booths to be built at the halting-places in the
deferts ; attends him in perfon, and defrays all the expences, till relieved by the next
corregidor. Being at length arrived at Lima, he proceeds, as it were incognito, through
the city to Callao, about two leagues and a half diftant. In this place he is received and
acknowledged by one of the ordinary alcaldes of Lima, appointed for that purpofe, and
alfo by the military officers. He is lodged in the viceroy's palace, which on thisoccafion
is adorned with aftonifhing magnificence. The next day all the courts, fecular and ec-
clefiaftical, wait on him from Lima, and he receives them under a canopy in the follow-
ing order. The audiencia, the chamber of accounts, the cathedral chapter, the magif-
tracy, the confulado, the inquifition, the tribunal de Cruzada, the fuperiors of the reli-
gious orders, the colleges, and other perfons of eminence. On this day the judges at-
tend the viceroy to an entertainment given by the alcalde ; and all perfons of note take a
pride in doing the like to his attendants. At. night there is a play, to which the ladies
are admitted veiled, and in their ufual drefs, to fee the new viceroy.

The fecond day after his arrival at Callao, he goes in a coach provided for him by the
city, to the chapel de la Legua, fo called from its being about half-way between Callao
and Lima, where he is met by-the late viceroy, and both alighting from their coaches,
the latter delivers to him a truncheon as the enfign of the government of the kingdom.
After this, and the ufual compliments, they feparate.

If the new viceroy intends to make his public entry into Lima in a few days, he re-
turns to Callao, where he ftays till the day appointed j but as a longer fpace is generally
allowed for the many preparatives necelTary to fuch a ceremony, he continues his jour-
ney to Lima, and takes up his refidence in his palace, the fitting up of which on this
occafion is committed to the junior auditor, and the ordinary alcalde.

On the day of public entry, the flreets are cleaned, and hung with tapeftry, and
magnificent triumphal arches erected at proper diftances. At two in the afternoon the
viceroy goes privately to the church belonging to the monaftery of Montferrat, which
is feparated by an arch and a gate from the flreet, where the cavalcade is to begin. As
foon as all who are to affift in the proceffion are aflembled, the viceroy and his retinue
mount on horfes, provided by the city for this ceremony, and the gates being thrown
open, the proceffion begins in the following order :

The militia ; the colleges ; the univerfity, with the profeffi^rs in their proper habits ;
the chamber of accompts ; the audiencia on horfes, with trappings ; the magiftracy, in
crimfon velvet robes, lined with brocade of the fame colour, and a particular kind of
caps on their heads, a drefs only ufed on this occafion. Some members of the corpo-
ration who walk on foot, fupport the canopy over the viceroy ; and the two ordinary
alcaldes, which are in the fame drefs, and walk- in the proceffion, ad: as equerries, hold-
ing the bridle of his horfe. This part of the ceremony, though prohibited by the laws
of the Indians, is ftill performed in the manner I have defcribed ; for the cuftom being
of great antiquity, the magiftrates have not thought proper to alter it, that the refpe^
to the viceroy might not fuffer any diminution, and no perfon has yet ventured to be
the firft in refufing to comply with it.

This proceffion is of confiderable length, the viceroy paffing through feveral ftreets
till he comes to the great fquare, in which the whole company draw up facing the cathe-
dral, where he alights, and is received by the archbiffiop and chapter. Te Deum is
then fung before the viceroy, and the officers placed in their refpeftive feats ; after
which he again mounts his horfe, and proceeds to the palace gate, where he is received
by the audiencia, and conduced to an apartment in which a fplendid collation is provided,
as are alfo others for the nobility in the antichambers.

On

576 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

On the morning of the following day he returns to the cathedral in his coach, with
the retinue and pomp ufual in folemn feftivals and public ceremonies. He is pre-
ceded by the whole troop of horfe-guards, the members of the feveral tribunals in their
coaches, and after them the viceroy himfelf with his family, the company of halberdiers
bringing up the rear. On this occafion all the riches and ornaments of the church are
difplayed ; the archbifhop celebrates in his pontifical robes the mafs of thankfgiving ;
and the fermon is preached by one of the beft orators of the chapter. From hence the
viceroy returns to the palace attended by all the nobility, who omit nothing to' make a
fplendid figure on thefe occafions. In the evening of this, -and the two following days,
the collations are repeated, with all the plenty and delicacy imaginable. To increafe the
feftivity, all women of credit have free accefs to the halls, galleries, and gardens of the
palace, when they are fond of Ihewing the difpofitions of their genius, either by the vi-
vacity of repartees, or fpirited converfations, in which they often filence ftrangers of
very ready wit.

This (hew and ceremony is fucceeded by buU-feafts at the city's expence, which con-
tinue five days ; the three firfl for the viceroy, and the two latter in compliment to the
ambaffador who brought advice of his arrival, and the great honour conferred on him
by the fovereign in the government of this kingdom.

This ambaffador, who, as I before obferved. Is always a perfon of eminent quality,
makes alfo a public entrance into Lima on horfeback on the day of his arrival, and the
nobility being informed of his approach, go out to receive and conduft him to the palace,
from whence they carry him to the lodgings prepared for him. This ceremony ufed to
be immediately followed by feafts and public diverfions ; but in order to avoid that in-
convenience, jultwhen the city is every where bufied in preparing for the reception of
the viceroy, they are deferred, and given at one and the fame time, as above recited.

The buU-feafls are fucceeded by that ceremony, in which the univerfity, the colleges,
the convents and nunneries, acknowledged him as their viceroyal protedor. This is
alfo accompanied with great fplendour, and valuable prizes are bellowed on thofe who
make the moft ingenious compofitions in his praife. Thefe ceremonies, which greatly
heighten the magnificence of this city, are fo little known in Europe, that I Ihall be ex-
cufed for enlarging on them.

They are begun by the univerfity, and the redor prepares a poetical conteft, adapted
to difplay either the wit or learning of the competitors. After publilhing the themes,
and the prizes to be given to thofe who beft handle the fubjefts they have chofen, he
waits on the viceroy to know when he will be pleafed to honour the univerfity with his
prefence ; and, the time being fixed, every part of the principal court is adorned with
the utmoft magnificence. The prizes, which are placed in order, diftinguifh themfelves by
their richnefs, while the pillars and columns are hung with emblematical devices, or
pertinent apophthegms on polifhed fhields, furrounded by the moft beautiful mouldings.

The reception is in the following order. On the viceroy's entering the court, he is
conduded to the redorial chair, which, on this occafion, glitters with the magnificence
of an Eaftern throne. Oppofite to it fits the redor, or, in his abfence, one of the
moft eminent members of that learned body, who makes a fpeech, in which he ex-
preffes the fatisfadion the whole univerfity feels in fuch a patron. After this the vice-
roy returns to his palace, where, the day following, the redor prefents him with a
book, containing the poetical conteft, bound in velvet, and plated at the corners with
gold, accompttnied with fome elegant piece of furniture, whofe value is never lefs than
eight hundred or a thoufand crowns.

The

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

sn

The principal end of the univerfity in this ceremony being to ingratiate itfelf with the
viceroy and his family, the rector contrives that the poetical pieces which gain the prizes
be made in the name of the principal perfons of his family, and accordingly the moft dif-
tinguifhed prizes are prefented to them ; and there being twelve fubjeds in the conteft,
there are three prizes for each, of which the two inferior fall to thofe members whofe
compofitions are moft approved of. Thefe prizes are pieces of plate, valuable both for
their weight and workmanlhip.

The univerfity is followed by the colleges of St. Philip and St. Martin, with the fame
ceremonies, except the poetical conteft.

Next follow the religious orders, according to the antiquity of their foundation in the
Indies. Thefe prefent to the viceroy the beft thefes maintained by ftudents at the public
afts.

The viceroy is prefent at them all, and each difputant pays him fome elegant compli-
ment, before he enters on his fubje£l.

The fuperiors of the nunneries fend him their congratulatory compliments, and when
he is pleafed in return to vifit them, they entertain him with a very fine concert of mulic,
of which the vocal parts are truly charming ; and at his retiring they prefent him with
fome of the chief curiofities which their refpedbive inftitutes allow to be made by them.

Befides thefe feftivities and ceremonies, which are indeed the moft remarkable, there
are alfo others, fome of which are annual, in which the riches and liberality of the in-
habitants are no lefs confpicuous. Particularly on New-year's day, at the eledion of al-
caldes, who being afterwards confirmed by the viceroy, appear publicly on horfeback
the fame evening, and ride on each fide of him, in very magnificent habits ornamented
with jewels, and the furniture of their horfes perfectly anfwerable. This cavalcade is
very pompous, being preceded by the two companies of horfe-guards, the halberdiers,
followed by the members of the tribunals in their coaches, the viceroy's retinue, and the
nobility of both fexes.

On Twelfth day in the morning, and the preceding evening, the viceroy rides on
horfeback through the town, with the royal ftandard carried in great pomp before him.
This is performed in commemoration of the building of the city, which, as we have al-
ready obferved, was begun on this day ; folemn vefpers are fung in the cathedral, and
a mafs celebrated ; and the ceremony is concluded with a cavalcade, like that on New-
year's day.

The alcaldes chofen for the current year give public entertainments in their houfes,
each three nights fucceflively ; but that the feafts of one might not interfere with thofe
of another, and occafion refentments, they agree for one to hold his feafts the three
days immediately fucceeding jthe election, and the other on Twelfth day and the two
following. Thus each has a great number of guefts, and the entertainments are more
fplendid and fumptuous. The other feafts in the courfe of the year are not inferior to
thefe either with regard to numbers or expence ; at leaft the number of them muft ex-
cite a high idea of the wealth and magnificence of Lima.

CHAP. V. — 0/" the Inhabitants of Lima,

HAVING, in our accounts of feveral towns through which we paffed to Lima, in-
cluded alfo the inhabitants, we ftiall obferve the fame rule with regard to Lima j for
though amidft fuch an infinite variety of cuftoms, there is always fome refemblance be-

voL. XIV. 4 E tween

578 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

tween thofe of neighbouring people, yet the difference is alfo conliderable, and no where
more fo than on this continent, where it doubtlefs arifes from the great diftance between
the feveral towns ; and, confequently, I may fay, from the different geniufes and difpo-
fitions of the people. And though Lima is the capital of the country, it will appear
that it is not a model to other places, with regard to drefs, cuftoms, and manner of
living.

The inhabitants of Lima are compofed of whites, or Spaniards, Negroes, Indians,
Meftizos, and other cafts, proceeding from the mixture of all three.

The Spanifh families are very numerous ; Lima according to the loweft computation,
containing lixteen or eighteen thoufand whites. Among thefe are reckoned a third or
fourth part of the mofl diftinguifhed nobility of Peru ; and many of thefe dignified with
the ftyle of ancient or modern Caftilians, among which are no lefs than forty-five counts
and marquifes. The number of knights belonging to the feveral military orders is alfo
very confiderable. Befides thefe are many families no lefs refpectable, and living in
equal fplendour ; particularly twenty-four gentlemen of large eftates, but without titles,
though mofl of them have ancient feats, a proof of the antiquity of their families. One
of thefe traces, with undeniable certainty, his defcent from the Yncas. The name of
this family is Ampuero, fo called from one of the Spanifh commanders at the conquefl
of this country, who married a Coya, or daughter of the Ynca. To this family the
kings of Spain have been pleafed to grant feveral diflinguifhing honours and privileges,
as marks of its great quality : and many of the moft eminent families in the city have
defired intermarriages with it. All thofe families live in a manner becoming their rank,
having eftates equal to their generous difpofitions, keeping a great number of flaves and
other domeftics, and thofe who affedl making the greateft figure have coaches, while
others content themfelves with calafhes or chaifes, which are here fo common, that no
family of any fubftance is without one. It muft be owned that thefe carriages are more
neceliary here than in other cities, on account of the numberlefs droves of mules which
continually pafs through Lima, and cover the ftreets with their dung, which being foon
dried by the fun and the wind, turns to a naufeous dirt, fcarce fupportable to thofe who
walk on foot. Thefe chaifes, which are drawn by a mule, and guided by a driver,
have only two wheels, with two feats oppofite to each other, fo that on occafion they
will hold four perfons. They are very flight and airy ; but on account of the gildings
and other decorations, fometimes coft eight hundred or a thoufand crowns. The num-
ber of them is faid to amount to five o^;* fix thoufand ; and that of coaches is alfo very
confiderable, though not equal to the former. The funds to fupport thefe expences,
which in other p^ts would ri^in families, are their large eftates and plantations, civil
and military employments, or commerce, which is here accounted no derogation to
families of the greateft diflinftion ; but by this commerce is not to be underftood the
buying and felling by retail or in fhops, every one trading proportional to his character
and fubftance. Hence families are preferved from thofe difafters too common in Spain,
where titles are frequently found without a fortune capable of fupporting their dignity*
Commerce is fo far from being confidered as a difgrace at Lima, that the greateft for-
tunes have been raifed by it ; thofe on the contrary, being rather defpifed, who not
being bleffed with a fufEcient eftate, through indolence, negleft to have recourfe to it
for improving their fortunes. This cuftom, or refource, which was eftablifhed there
without any determinate end, being introduced by a vain defire of the firft Spaniards to
acquire wealth, is now the real fupport of that fplendour in which thofe families live j
and whatever repugnance thefe military gentlemen might originally have to commerce,

II it was

ULLOA S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. ^J^

5t was immediately removed by a royal proclamation, by which it was declared that com- ^i!>H
merce in the Indies fliould not exclude from nobility or the military orders ; a very wife
meafure, and of which Spain would be ftill more fenfible, were it extended to all its
dependencies.

At Lima, as at Quito, and all Spanilh America, fome of the eminent families have
been long fmce fettled there, whilft the profperity of others is of a later date j for being
the centre of the whole commerce of Peru, a greater number of Europeans refort to it,
than to any other city ; fome for trade, and others from being inverted in Spain with
confiderable employments : among both are perfons of the greateft mei;it ; and though
many after they have finifhed their refpeftive affairs, return home, yet the major part,
induced by the fertility of the foil, and the goodnefs of the climate, remain at Lima, and ,

marry young ladies remarkable equally for the gifts of fortune as thofe of nature ; and
thus new families are continually fettled.

The Negroes, Mulattoes, and their defcendants, form the greater number of the inha-
bitants ; and of thefe are the greatefl part of the mechanics ; though here the Euro-
peans alfo follow the fame occupations, which are not at Lima reckoned difgraceful to
them, as they are at Quito ; for gain being here the univerflil pafTion, the inhabitants
purfue it by means of any trade, without regard to its being followed by Mulattoes,
intereft here preponderating againft any other confideration.

The third, and lad clafs of inhabitants, are Indians and Meftizos, but thefe are very
fmall in proportion to the largenefs of the city, and the multitudes of the fecond clafs.
They are employed in agriculture, in making earthenware, and bringing all kinds of
provifions to market, domeftic fervices being performed by Negroes and Mulattoes,
either flaves or free, though generally by the former.

The ufual drefs of the men differs very little from that worn in Spain, nor is the dif-
tindtion between the feveral claffes very great; for the ufe of all forts of cloth being
allowed, every one wears what he can purchafe. So that it is not uncommon to fee a
Mulatto, or any other mechanic, dreffed in a tiffue equal to any thing that can be worn
by a more opulent perfon. They all greatly affeft fine cloaths, and it may be faid with-
out exaggeration, the finefl fluffs made m countries, where induflry is always inventing
fomething new, are more generally feen at Lima than in any other place ; vanity and
oftentation not being reflrained by cuflom or law. Thus the great quantities brought
in the galleons and regifler fhips, notwithftanding they fell here prbdigioufly above their
prime coft in Europe, the richefl of them are ufed as cloaths, and worn with a careleiT-
nefs little fuitable to their extravagant price ; but in this article the men are greatly ex-
ceeded by the women, whofe paflion for drefs is fuch as to deferve g more particular
account.

In the choice of laces, the women carry their tafle to a prodigious excefs ; nor is this id-
an emulation confined to perfons of quality, but has fpread through all ranks, except
the lowefl clafs of Negroes. The laces are fewed to their linen, which is of the finefl
fort, though very little of it is feen, the greatefl part of it, efpecially in fome dreffes,
being always covered with lace ; fo that the little which appears feems rather for orna-
ment than ufe. Thefe laces too mufl be all of Flanders manufadure, no woman of
rank condefcending to look on any other.

Their drefs is very different from the European, which the cuflom of the country
alone can render excufable ; indeed to Spaniards at fheir firfl coming over it appears
extremely indecent. Their drefs confifls of a pair of fhoes, a fliift, a petticoat of dimi-
ty, an open petticoat, and a jacket, which in fummer is of linen, in winter of fluff. To

4 E 2 this,

580 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

this, fome add a mantelette, that the former may hang loofe. The difference between
this drefs and that worn at Quito, though confiding of the fame pieces, is, that at Lima
it is much fhorter, the petticoat, which is ufually tied below the waift, not reaching
lower than the calf of the leg, from whence, nearly to the ancle, hangs a border of very
fine lace, fewed to the bottom of the under petticoat ; through which the ends of thar
Aa garters are difcovered, embroidered with gold or filver, and fometimes fet with pearls ;

but the latter is not common. The upper petticoat, which is of velvet, or fome rich
fluff, is fringed all round, and not lefs crowded with ornaments than thofe defcribed in
the firft volume of this work. But be the ornaments what they will, whether of fringe,
lace, or ribands, they are always exquifitely fine. The fliift fleeves, which are a yard
and a half in length, and two yards in width, when worn for ornament, are covered
with rolls of lace, variegated in fuch a manner as to render the whole truly elegant.
Over the (hift is worn the jacket, the fleeves of which are exceffively large, of a circular
figure, and confifl of rows of lace, or flips of cambric or lawn, with lace difpofed betwixt
each, as are alfo the fliift fleeves, even of thofe who do not affe6t extraordinary orna-
ment. The body of the jacket is tied on the flioulders with ribands faflened to the
back of their flays ; and the round fleeves of it being tucked up to the fhoulders, are
fo difpofed together with thofe of the fliift, as to form what may be termed four
■ wings. If the jacket be not buttoned or clafped before, it is agreeably faflened on
the fhoulders ; and indeed the whole drefs makes a mofl elegant figure. They who
ufe a clofeveft, fallen it with clafps,'but wear over it the loofe jacket already defcribed.
In the fummer they have a kind of veil, the fluff and fafhion of which is like that of
the fhift and body of the vefl, of the finefl cambric or lawn, richly laced ; but in
winter the veil worn in their houfes is of bays ; when they go abroad full dreffed, it
is adorned like the fleeves. They alfo ufe brown bays, finely laced and fringed, and
bordered with flips of black velvet. Over the petticoat is an apron of the fame fluff
as the fleeves of the jacket, hanging down to the bottom of it. From hence fome idea
may be formed of the expence of a drefs, where the much greater part of the fluff
is merely for ornament ; nor will it appear flrange, that the marriage fhift fhould coft
a thoufand crowns, and fometimes more.

One particular on which the women here extremely value themfelves, is the fize of
their feet, a fmall foot being efleemed one of the chief beauties ; and this is the prin-
cipal fault they find with the Spanifh ladies, who have much larger feet than thofe of
Lima. From their infancy they are accuflomed to wear flrait fhoes, that their feet may
/*•* not grow beyond the fize which they efleem beautiful ; fome of them do not exceed
five inches and ^ half, or fix inches in length, and in women of a fmall flature they
are ftill lefs. Their fhoes have little or no fole, one piece of cordovan ferving both for
that and the upper leather, and of an equal breadth and roundnefs at the toe and heel,
fo as to form a fort of long figure of 8 : but the foot not complying with the figure,
brings it to a greater regula^ty. Thefe fhoes are always faflened with diamond buckles,
or fomething very brilliant in proportion to the ability of the wearer, being worn lefs for
ufe than ornament ; for the fhoes are made in fuch a manner, that they never loofen
of themfelves, nor do the buckles hinder their being taken off. It is unufual to fet
thefe buckles with pearls, a particular to be accounted for only from their being fo
lavifh of them in the other ornaments of drefs, as to confider them of too little value. The
flioemakers, who are no flrangers to the foible of the fex, take great care to make
them in a manner very little calculated for fervice. The ufual price is three half-crowns
a pair j thofe embroidered with gold or filver cofl from eight to ten crowns. The

latter

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 58 1

latter however, are but little worn, the encumbrance of embroidery being fuited rather
to enlarge than diminifh the appearance of a fmall foot. *

They are fond of white filk ftockings, made extremely thin, that the leg may appear
the more fliapely ; the greateft part of which is expofed to view. Thefe trifles often
afford very fprightly fallies of wit in their animadverfions on the drefs of others.

Hitherto we have confidered only the more common drefs of thefe ladies ; the reader
will conceive a ftill higher idea of their magnificence, when he is informed of the
ornaments with which they are decorated in their vifits, and upon public occafions.
We fhall begin with their manner of drelling the hair, which being naturally black,
and capable of reaching below their waifts, they difpofe in fuch a manner as to appear
perfeiSlly graceful. They tie it up behind in fix braided locks, through which a gol-
den bodkin, a little bent, is infer ted, and having a clufler of diamonds at each end.
On this the locks are fufpended fo as to touch the fhoulder. On the front and upper
part of the head they wear diamond aigrets, and the hair is formed into little curls,
hanging from the forehead to the middle of the ear, with a large black patch of velvet
on each temple. Their ear-rings are of brilliants, intermixed with tufts of black filk,
covered with pearls, refembling thofe already defcribed. Thefe are fo common an
ornament, that befides their necklaces, they alfo wear about their neck rofaries, the
beads of which are of pearls, either feparate or fet in clufters to the fize of a large
filbert ; and thofe which form the crofs are flill larger.

Befides diamong rings, necklaces, girdles, and bracelets, all very curious both with
regard to water and fize, many ladies wear other jewels fet in gold, or for fingularity's
fake, in tombago. Laftly, from their girdle before is fufpended a large round jewel
enriched with diamonds : much more fuperb than their bracelets, or other ornaments.
A lady covered with the mofl expenfive lace inftead of linen, and glittering from head
to foot with jewels, is fuppofed to be dreffed at the expence of not lefs than thirty or
forty thoufand crowns ; a fplendour flill the more aflonifhing, as it is fo very common.

A fondnefs for expence in thefe people, does not confine itfelf to rich apparel ; it
appears no lefs in the llrange negle6l, and the fmall value, they feem to fet upon
them, by wearing them in a manner the moft carelefs, and by that means bringing
upon themfelves frefh expences in repairing the old or purchafing new jewels ; efpecially
pearls, on account of their fragility.

The mofl common of the two kinds of dreffes worn when they go abroad, is the
veil and long petticoat ; the other is a round petticoat and mantelette : the former for
church, the latter for taking the air, and diverfions ; but both in the prevailing tafle
for expence, being richly embroidered with filver or gold.

The long petticoat is particularly worn on Holy Thurfday ; as on that day they vifit
the churches, attended by two or three female Negro or Mulatto flaves, dreffed in an
uniform like pages, t

With regard to the perfons of the women of Lima, they are in general, of a middling
flature, handfome, genteel, and of very fair complexions without the help of art ; the

* All thofe who can afford them wear flioes made in the European manner, but with heels of wrought
fdver ; the tinkling of which, added to the fmallnefs of their feet, has really, at leaft to the weather-
beaten fealor, fomethinpj captivating. A.

■)■ The lower clafs of women, wLofe whole flock of apparel feldom confifls of more than two camifas
(fhifts) and a faya (petticoat), wear bracelets, rofaries, and fmall golden images about their necks and
arms, to the intrinlic value of fifty or fixty crowns, and to them of much greater value, having cofl near
that fum in bencdiftion from the prieRs, without which the images, &c. would be efleemed pollutions. A.

beauty

581 ulloa's voyage to south ameuica.

beauty of their hair has been ah'eady mentioned, but they have ufually an enchanting
luftre and dignity in their eyes.

Thefe perfonal charms are heightened by thofe of the mind ; clear and comprehen-
five intellects : an eafmefs of behaviour, fo well tempered, that whilfl: it invites love,
it commands refped : the charms of their converfation are beyond expreflion ; their
ideas juft, their expreflions pure, their manner inimitably graceful. Thefe are the
allurements by which great numbers of Europeans, forgetting the fair profpefts they
have at home, are induced to marry and fettle here.

One material objeftion againft them is, that being too well acquainted with their
own excellences, they are tainted with a haughtinefs, which will fcarce ftoop to the
will of their hufbands. Yet by their addrefs and infmuating compliance, they fo far
gain the afcendancy over them, as to be left to their own difcretion. There may,
indeed, a few exceptions be found ; but thefe poffibly are rather owing to a want of
capacity. Another objedtion may be made to their being more expenfive than other
ladies ; but this arifes from the exorbitant price of flufts, laces, and other commodities,
in this country. And with regard to the independence they affedt, it is no more than
a cuftom long eftablifhed in the country. To which may be added, that being natives,
and their hufbands generally foreigners, it is very natural, that the latter fhould not
enjoy all that authority, founded on laws fuperior to cuftom ; and hence this error
remains uncorrected. The hufbands conform to the manners of the country, as their
charafter is not in the leaft affeded thereby ; and this complaifance is rewarded by the
difcretion and affedion of their ladies, which are not to be paralleled in any other part
of the world.

They are fo exceflively fond of perfumes, that they always carry ambergrife about
them ; putting it behind their ears, and otlrer parts of the body ; and alfo in feveral
parts of their clothes. Not content with the natural fragrancy of flowers, which are
alfo a favourite ornament, they fcatter perfumes even on their nofegays. The mofl
beautiful flowers they place in their hair, and others, which are moft valuable for their
odour, they ftick in their fleeves ; the effluvia therefore iffuing from thefe ladies, the
reader will conceive to reach to no inconfiderable diftance. The flower mofl in ufe
is the chirimoya, of mean appearance, but of exquifite fcent.

To this paffion for flowers it is owing, that the grand fquare, every morning, on
account of the vaft quantity of beautiful vegetables brought thither, has the appearance
of a fpacious garden. The fmell and the fight are there fufFiciently gratified. The
ladies refort thither in their calafhes, and if their fancy happens to be pleafed, they
make but little difficulty with regard to the price. A ftranger has the pleafure of fee-
ing affembled here not only the ladies, but every body of rank whofe health and avoca-
tions will admit of it.

The lower claffes of women, even to the very Negroes, affeO:, according to their
abilities^ to imitate tlieir betters, not only in the fafhion of their drefs, but alfo in the
richnefs of it. None here are feen without fhoes as at Quito, but they are made of fo
fmall a fize, in order to diminifh the natural bignefs of the feet, that they muft give
infinite uneafmefs in the wearing. A defire of being diftinguifhed by an elegant drefs
is univerfal. Their linen is always ftarched to a great degree, in order to difplay the
coftly patterns of their laces. After this univerfal pafTion, their next care, and indeed
a much more commendable one, is cleanlinefs ; of which the uncommon neatnefs of
their houfes are fufficient inftances.

They are naturally gay, fprightly, and jocofe, without levity ; remarkably fond of
mufic 5 fo that even among the loweft you are entertained with pleafmg and agreeable

fongs J

ulloa's voyage to south America. 583

fongs ; for the gratification of this paflion, they have in general good voices, and fome
of them are heard with admiration. They are very fond of balls, where they diftin-
guifh therafelves equally by the gracefulnefs and agility of their motions. In fine, the
reigning paflions of the fair at Lima, are Ihew, mirth, and feftivity.

The natural vivacity and penetration of the inhabitants -of Lima, both men and
women, are greatly improved by converfing with perfons of learning reforting thither
from Spain. The cuftom of forming fmall aflemblies, has alfo a great tendency to
improve their minds, and give them a ready and happy manner of expreflion, from an
emulation to diftinguilh themfelves in thefe engaging accompliihments.

Though the natives have too great a fhare of pride, they are not wanting in docility
when proper methods are taken. They indantly fhew their reluctance to obey a
command given with haughtinefs ; but, when delivered with mildnefs and aiFability,
equally obfequious and fubmiflive. They are charmed with gentlenefs of manners;
and a few inftances of kindnefs make a lading impreflion on their minds. They are
remarkably brave, and of fuch unblemifiied honour, as never to diifemble an affront
received, or give one to others ; fo that they live together in a cheerful and fecial
manner. The Mulattoes being, lefs civilized, and having but (lender notions of the
turpitude of vice, and the importance of virtue, are haughty, turbulent, and quarrel-
fome. Yet the mifchievous confequences of thefe vices are lefs common, than might
naturally be expeded in fuch a populous city.

The manners and difpofitions of the nobility, correfpond with their rank and for-
tune. Courtefy fliines in all their aftions, and their complaifance to ftrangers is
without limits. The reception they give them, is equally free from flattery and a
haughty referve ; fo that all the Europeans, whether tiiey vifit them out of curiofity
or from commercial motives, are charmed, with their probity, politenefs, candour, and
magnificence.

CHAP. VL — Of the Climate of the City of Linm^ and the whole Country of Valles :

and the Divi/ions of the Seafons,

THE temperature of the air of Lima, and its alterations, would be greatly injured
by an inference drawn from what is felt in the fame degree of north latitude; as
Lima would from hence be concluded another Carthagena ; the latitude of both cities,
one in the northern and the other in the fouthern hemifphere, differing but very little ;
whereas in fact it is quite the reverfe. For as that of Carthagena is hot to a degree
of inconvenience, this of Lima is perfedly agreeable. And though the difference
of the four feafons are fenfible, all of them are moderate, and none of them
troublefome.

Spring begins towards the clofe of the year, that is, towards the end of November,
or beginning of December. But this is to be underitood only of the heavens, as then
the vapours which filled the atmofphere during the winter fubfide, the fun to the great
joy of the inhabitants again appears, and the country now begins to revive, which
during the abfence of his rays had continued in a Hate of languor. This is fucceeded
by fummer, which, though hot from the perpendicular diredion of the fun's rays,
is far from bemg infupportable ; the heat, which would indeed otherwife be excef-
five, being moderated by the fouth winds, which at this feafon always blow, though
with no great force. At the latter end of June, or the beginning of July, the
winter begins, and continues till November or December, the autumn intervening

between

584 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

between both. About this time the fouth winds begin to blow ftronger, and bring^
the cold with them ; not indeed equal to that in countries where fnow and ice are
known, but fo keen that the light dreffes are laid by, and cloth or other warm fluffs
worn.

There are two caufes of the cold felt in this country, and nature, wife in all her
ways, provides others which produce the fame effe£t at Quito. The firft caufe of cold
at Lima is the winds, which paffing over the frozen climes of the fouth pole, bring
hither part of the frigorific particles from thofe gelid regions; but as a fufficient
quantity of thefe could not be brought over fuch an immenfe fpace as lies between
the frozen and torrid zones of its hemifphere, nature has provided another expedient ;
during the winter, the earth is covered with fo thick a fog, as totally to intercept the
rays of the fun ; and the winds, by being propagated under the Ihelter of this fog,
retain the particles they contracted in the frozen zone. Nor is this fog confined to
the country of Lima : it extends, with the fame denfity, northward through all the
country of Valles, at the fame time filling the atmofphere of the fea ; as will be fhewn
hereafter.

This fog feldom fails daily to cover the earth, with a denfity that obfcures objedls
at any diftance. About ten or eleven it begins to rife, but without being totally dif-
perfed, though it is then no impediment to the fight, intercepting only the rays of the
fun by day, and by night thofe of the ffars, the fky being continually covered what-
ever height the vapours float in the atmofphere. Sometimes, indeed, they are fo
far difperfed as to admit of feeing the difk of the fun, but flill precluding the heat of
his rays.

It is not unworthy obfervation on this head, that at the diflance of only two or three
leagues, the vapours are much more difTipated from noon to evening than in the city,
the fun fully appearing fo as to moderate the coldnefs of the air. Alfo at Callao,
which is only two leagues and a half from Lima, the winter is much more mild, and
the air clearer, during that feafon ; for the days at Lima are very melancholy and
difagreeable, not only on account of the darknefs, but frequently during the whole day
the vapours continue in the fame degree of denfity and pofition, without breaking, or
being elevated above the earth.

It is in this feafon only that the vapours diffolve into a very fmall mift or dew,
which they call garua, and thus every where equally moiflens the earth ; by which
means all thofe hills, which during the other part of the year offer nothing to the
fight but rocks and walles, are cloathed with verdure, and enamelled with flowers
of the mofl beautiful colours, to the great joy of the inhabitants, who, as foon as the
feverity of winter is abated, refort into the country, which exhibits fo elegant an
appearance. * Thefe garuas or dews never fall in quantities fufficient to damage the
roads, or incommode the traveller ; a very thin fluff will not foon be wet through ;
but the continuance of the mifls during the whole winter, without being exhaled by
the fun, renders the mofl arid and barren parts fertile. For the fame reafon they
turn the difagreeable dufl in the flreets of Lima into a mud, which is rather more
offenfive.

* 1 cannot underftand what the Author means here by '* feverity of the winter," unlefs he would fo
denominate the moft pleafant time of the year ; for during this time, while the fun's rays are cut off by
the mifts, there is a continual fpring : and plants and herbs recruit their ftrengih to endure the perpen-
dicular rays of the fun, which break through the mifts about the middle of November. A.

1 2 The

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMElllCA. 5^5

The winds which prevail during the winter, are nearly, though not exactly, fouth ;
fometiraes fhifting a little to the fouth-eaft between which and the fouth they always
blow. * This we obferved to have conftantly happened during the two winters we
fpent in this country, one at Lima, and the other at Callao ; the former in the year
1742, and the latter in 1743. The firfl was one of the moft fevere that had been
felt, and the cold general in all that part of America to Cape Horn. In Chili,
Baldivia, and Chiloe, the cold was proportionable to the latitudes ; and at Lima it
occafioned conftipations and fluxions, which fwept away fuch numbers that it feemed
to refemble a peflilence. And though diforders of this kind are very common in the
winter feafon, they are rarely attended with the danger which then accompanied them.

The extraordinary fingularity obferved in the kingdom of Peru, namely, that it
never rains ; or to fpeak more properly, that the clouds do not convert themfelves into
formal fhowers, has induced many naturalifts to enquire into the caufe : but in their
folutions of this difficulty they have varied, and invented feveral hypothefes to account
for fo flrange an eiFe£t. Some attribute it to the conftancy of the fouth winds, con-
cluding, that as they are inceflfant, they propel the vapours rifmg from the fea, to
the fame point ; and thus by never refling in any part, as no oppofite winds blow
during the whole year to check their courfe, there is not time fufficient for the mifts
to colle^l themfelves, and, by an increafe of gravity, to defcend in the manner of
rain. Others have attributed it to the natural cold brought by the fouth winds, which
continue the atmofphere in a certain degree of heat during the whole year, and thus
increafe the magnitude of the particles of the air, which with the nitrous effluvia ac-
quired in its paflage over the furface of the fea, together with thofe of the feveral
minerals with which this country abounds, leifen its velocity, and confequently its
power of uniting the vapours fo as to form drops whofe gravity is greater than that
of the air. To this we may add, that the rays of the fun not exerting a force fuffi-
cient for uniting and putting them In motion, the heat being greatly leflened by the
coldnefs of the wind, the fog cannot be converted into drops of rain. For while the
weight of the cloud does not exceed that of the air, by which it is fupported, it cannot
precipitate.

I fhall not cenfure this, or any other hypothefis, formed for explaining the above
phenomenon, not being certain that I have myfelf difcovered the true caufe ; I fhall
however give the reader my^ thoughts, and leave them to the difcuffion of philofophers.
In order to this I fhall lay down fome preliminary principles, which may ferve as a
foundation to thofe who fhall apply themfelves to difcover the true caufe of this pheno-
menon, with fome inftru£l:ions for judging of the feveral hypothefes that have been
formed on this extraordinary fubjed.

I, It is to be fuppofed, that throughout the whole country of Valles, no other winds
are known during the whole year, than the foutherly, that is, between the fouth and
fouth-eaft, and this not only on the land, but alfo to a certain diftance at fea ; it evi-
dently appearing that the winds are limited between the fouth and fouth-eaft. It is
therefore very flrange that fome writers fhould afTert that they are confined between
the fouth and fouth-weft, as this is abfolutely falfe. There are indeed intervals when
thefe winds are fcarcely felt, and an air, though extremely fmall, feems to come from
the north, and which forms the fog. 2. In winter the fouth wind blows harder than
in fummer, efpecially near the furface of the earth. 3. Though no formal rain is ever

* The wind here blows fouth by eaft to fouth by weft, but generally about fouth-fouth-eaft from June
to December. A,

VOL. XIV. 4 F known

j86 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA,

known in the country of Valles, there are wetting fogs called garuas, which continue
the greateft part of the winter ; but are never feen in fummer. 4. When the garuas
fall, it is obferved that the clouds, mift, or vapours, which rife from the earth, re-
main almoft contiguous to its furface j and the fame fog which is converted into a
garua, begins by a moift air, till the humidity gradually increafing to its greateft con-
denlation, the fmall drops which fall are eafily diftinguifliable. This is fo natural, that
it is known in all other countries fubjeiSt to any degree of cold, and, confequently, not
to be wondered at in this.

I give the name of cloud, mift, or vapours, to that which produces the garua or
fmall rain ; for though there may be fome accidental diftindions between thefe three
kinds, they are not fuch as caufe any material difference : the fog being only the
vapour condenfed more than when it firft rofe ; and the cloud only a fog elevated to
a greater height, and ftill more condenfed than the former : fo that in reality they
may all be confidered as one and the fame thing, differing only in degrees of denfity,
and therefore it is of little importance whatever name it is called by.

5. The rays of the fun during the fummer, caufe a prodigious heat all over Valles,
and the more fo as they are received upon a fandy foil, whence they are ftrongly rever-
berated, the winds being at the fame time very weak. Hence it appears, that the
fecond hypothefis above related, is not founded on truth ; for if the force or agitation
of the fouth winds be the caufe which hinders the vapours from rifmg to the height
neceffary for forming rain, this caufe generally ceafmg in the fummer, the rain might
be expeded to defcend ; whereas quite the reverfe happens, the garuas being then
much lefs common. 6. Particular times have been known when the nature of the
country departing as it were from its ufual courfe, formal fhowers have fallen, as we
have already mentioned (chap, i.) in defcribing the towns of Chocope, Truxillo, Tum-
bez, and other places ; but with this fmgulai'ity, that the winds continued at fouth,
and blew much ftronger during the time of the rain, than is ufual either in winter or
fummer.

Thefe fix preliminary principles are fo common to this climate, that they may be
applied to all the places mentioned in this chapter ; and are the only guides that muft
be followed in determining the true caufe why it does not rain in Peru as in Europe, or,
more properly, as is common in the torrid zone.

It will readily be granted, that the wind blows more ftrongly in fome regions of the
atmofphere than in others, experience itfelf having fufficiently proved this to be fa£l ;
as on high mountains, along whofe fummits a ftrong wind is felt, when at the foot
hardly any can be perceived ; at leaft, we found this to be the cafe in all the mountains
of the Cordilleras, one of the greateft inconveniences to us being the ftrength of the
wind. And, indeed, this is every where fo common, that any perfon may be convin-
ced of it by only afcending a high tower, then he will foon perceive the difference be-
tween the ftrength of the wind at the top and at the bottom. I am not ignorant that
fome have endeavoured to prove, that on the lanti this proceeds from the inequalities
of its furface, which hinder the winds from blowing in the plains or low countries with
that force which is felt on eminences ; but the fame thing happening at fea, as experi-
ence has abundantly proved, it appears beyond difpute, that the furface is not the place
where the wind exerts its greateft force. This being granted, it may be confidently
aflerted, that the fouth winds blow with the greateft force in a portion of the atmof-
phere at fome diftance from the earth ; but not generally higher than that in which the
rain is formed ; or where the aqueous particles unite fo as to form drops of any fenfi-
ble gravity or magnitude. In this country, therefore, the clouds or vapours elevated

3 above

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 587

above this fpace, that is, thofe which have the greateft degree of altitude, move with a
much lefs velocity than the winds under them. Nor is it uncommon in other climates, .
befides that of Valles, for thefe clouds to move in a direction contrary to the more ^

denfe ones below it. Thus it appears to me, that without the danger of advancing
irregular fuppofitions, the fpace of the atmofphere, where the winds generally blow
with the greateft force^ is that where the large drops, commonly called rain, are
formed.

Now, in order to explain the lingularity of this remarkable phenomenon, I conceive'
that, in fummer, when the atmofphere is moft rarefied, the fun, by the influence of
his rays, proportionally elevates the vapours of the earth, and gives them a greater
degree of rarefaction ; for his beams being then in a more perpendicular direftion to
the earth, they have the power of raifmg them to a greater height. Thefe vapours,
on their touching the lower part of the atmofphere, where the winds blow with the
greateft force, are carried away before they can rife to the height required for uniting
into drops, and, confequently, no rain can be formed. For, as the vapours iflfue from
the earth, they are wafted along the lower region of the atmofphere, without any ftop ;
and the winds blowing always from the fouth, and the vapours being rarefied propor-
tionally to the heat of the fun, its too great activity hinders them from uniting.
Hence, in fummer, the atmofphere is clear, or free from vapours.

In winter, the rays of the fun being lefs perpendicular to the furface of the earth,
the atmofphere becomes confiderably more condenfed, but the winds from the fouth
much more fo, as being loaded with the frigorific particles from the frozen zone, which
particles it communicates to the vapours as they iffue from the earth, and, confequently,
renders them much more condenfed than in fummer : hence they are hindered from
rifing with the fame celerity as before.

To thefe muft be added two other reafons ; one, that the rays of the fun for want
of fufficient activity diffipates the vapours lefs, fo that they rife much flower. The other,
that the region where the wind has its greateft velocity being, in this feafon, near the
earth, will not admit of their rifing to any height ; and thus they continue contiguous
to its furface, where they ftill follow the fame diredion, and form the moift fog then
felt : and having lefs fpace to dilate themfelves than at a greater height, they, confe-
quently, fooner come into contaft, and when fufiiciently condenfed, defcend in a
garua.

In the middle of the day the garna ceafes, being then difperfed, which proceeds
from the fun's rarefying the atmofphere, whence the vapours afcend and remain fuf-
pended at a greater height, and thus they are rendered more tenuious ; and being
raifed to a region where they have more room to dilate, they are fo far difperfed as to
become imperceptible.

After all, it muft be owned, that both in fummer and winter, fome vapours muft
furmount the difficulty of the wind in that region where its velocity is greateft, and,
getting above it, afcend to a greater height ; though not indeed in the very part where
they firft reached this current of wind, but at fome diftance from it : fo that thefe va-
pours are to be confidered, on one hand, as yielding to the current of the air, and, on the
other, as afcending in proportion to the rarefa6lion they have received from the rays of
the fun. Hence it follows, that thefe vapours cannot be tkofe which are moft con-
denfed, as the difficulty of rifing is always proportional to the degree of condenfation ;
and, at the fame time, their magnitude would render them more fufceptible of the im-
pulfe of the wind. So that thefe confequently being the moft fubtile or tenuious, on
having paffed that region, the celerity with which they were before carried upwards is

4 F 2 decreafed,

c8C| ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

/

decreafed, and great numbers of them being united, form that lofty mift which is feen
after the cloud is totally diflipated. This mift cannot be converted into rain ; for, hav-
ing paffed above the region proper for its formation, all the parts become congealed,
and their weight can never be increafed fufficiently to overcome the refiflance of the
air which fupports them ; for the quantity of thofe which have overcome this obftacle
being inconfiderable, they cannot be united with a fufficient quantity of others to with-
ftand the continual diffipation occafioned by the adion of the rays of the fun. Nor
can they defcend in either fnow or hail, as might be expefted from their prefent ftate.
Befides following always, though with lefs velocity, the current of the wind, any fuch
concretion of them as to form a thick cloud is prevented : for, as we have already ob-
ferved, thefe mifls are fo tenuious, as to afford in the day-time a confufed view of the
difk of the fun, and of the ftars in the night.

In order to render the premifes agreeable to obfervation, one difficulty ftill remains,
namely, that thefe lofty mills are feen only in winter, and not in fummer. But this,
in my opinion, muft naturally be the confequence ; for, befides the general reafon,
that the ftronger influence of the rays of the fun difperfes them, it proceeds from the
increafe of the force of the winds during the winter, in a region nearer the earth than
in fummer ; and the nearer the lower part of this region is to the furface of the earth,
the nearer alfo will be the upper part ; while, on the contrary, in the fummer, the
higher the lower part of this current of air is, the higher will be alfo its upper part ;
and. as we muft fuppofe, with all philofophers, that the vapours of the earth dan
afcend only to that height, where the gravity of the particles of the vapours are equal :
to thofe of the air ; and the rapidity of the wind extending in fummer to thefe limits,
they are confequently involved in its violent impulfe ; and thence there cannot be fuch
a multitude of conglomerations as to form the mift fo common in winter ; for the winds
in this feafon ftrongly blowing through a region nearer the earth, the agitation in the
upper parts is proportionally lefs. And this current of air being below the region to
which vapours can afcend, the fpace intercepted between the upper part of this current
and the part to which vapours rife, becomes filled with them. All this feems natural,
and is confirmed by experience ; for, in winter, the fouth winds are ftronger on the
land than in fummer. But as a further proof may be thought neceffary, I have added .
the following:

It has been faid that, in the town of Chocope, two very hard and continual rains
have happened ; and that the fame thing is more frequently feen at Tumbez, and other
towns of thofe parts, after fome years of continual drought, which feems ftrange ; for
that being in the country of Valles, and not at all different from Lima, no rain would
naturally be expeded there. Two caufes for this, however, have occurred to me, one
of them flowing from the other. I ftiall begin with the firft as produdlive of the
fecond.

From what has been faid, it may be inferred, that in a country or climate, where
one and the fame wind perpetually prevails, there can be no formal rain ; and, in order
to form it, either the wind muft entirely ceafe, or an oppofite wind muft arife, which,
by, checking the courfe of the vapours, brings them into contaft with thofe lately ex-
haled from the earth, and caufes them to condenfe in proportion as they rife by the
attraction of the fun, till being rendered heavier than the air by which they were fup-
ported, they defcend in drops of water.

On reconfidering the circumftances of what happened at Chocope, it will appear, that
during the whole day, the iky was clear, and that it was not before five in the evening
that the rain began, and with it the violence of the wind. It fliould alfo be obferved,

that

ulloa's voyage to south AMERICA. ^8g

that in the time of the brifas in thofe climates where they are periodical, they blow
ftrongeft between the fetting and rifing of the fun ; and this happening in September
and the following months, forms the fiimmer in Valles, when they enjoy clear days
and a lucid atmofphere. This was the cafe at Chocope at the time of that rain ; for,
though the inhabitants did not precifely mention the feafon in which that event happen-
ed, yet the feveral particulars related, efpecially that the fouth winds then prevailed
with an uncommon force, fufficiently indicate that it was in the fummer ; as this would
not have been at all remarkable in winter, when they are very variable and fometimes
ftormy. It may therefore be fafely concluded, that thefe events happened during the
fummer ; and, by way of corollary, that the brifas being ftronger than ufual, and ad-
vancing fo far on the continent as even to reach the fouth winds, they were overpower-
ed by them, and Ihifted their point; but the fucceeding fouth winds rendering it impof-
fible to return in the fame place, they left their former region, and blew in a current
nearer the earth. By which means, the vapours which had been exhaling during the
whole day, after being carried by the ftrongeft current of wind to a certain diftance,
afcended to the region where the brifas prevailed ; and being there repelled by them,
had time to condenfe ; for being within that region where the rain is formed, or where
many imperceptible drops compofe one of a large magnitude and gravity, and being more
minutely divided by the influence of the fun, they continued to afcend, till that power
ceafmg by the fetting of the fun, they again condenfed, and their weight becoming too
heavy to be fupported in the air, they defcended in rain, which was the more violent,
as the vapours were ftrongly repulfed by the brifas. At the dawn, thefe winds, as ufual,
began to decreafe, and the rain gradually leflened. The fouth winds blev/ all day as
before ; and there being then in the atmofphere no other winds to oppofe them, they;
carried with them the vapours as they exhaled, and the atmofphere continued clear and-
ferene.

This happened at Chocope, fituated at a much greater diftance from the parts to
which the brifas extend than Tumbez, Piura, Sechura, and other towns where this is
more frequent, as being nearer the equinoctial : notwithftanding, no brifas or north
winds are felt in that part of the atmofphere near the furface of the earth. So that it
is probable, or rather indeed evident from experience, that the north winds at the time
they prevail, more eafily reach to the countries neareft the equinoctial, than to thofe at
a greater diftance, though not fo as to be felt in the atmofphere near the earth, but in
a more elevated region. Confequently, it is natural for rains to be more frequent in
the former than in the latter, where thefe winds very feldom reach, whether in that
part of the atmofphere contiguous to the earth, or another, which being more diftant
from it they blow there more violently.

I at firft declared againft any pofitive aflertion, that the opinion I have now laid
before the reader is founded on fuch undoubted phylical principles, that no other can
be advanced more conformable to phenomena ; it being difficult immediately to fix on
caufes which agreeing with all circumftances, leaves the mind entirely fatisfied : and as
all within the reach of human perfpicuity cannot be accommodated to every particular,
as entire conviction requires, let it fuffice that I have here delivered my thoughts ;
leaving the naturalifts at full liberty to inveftigate the true caufe, and when difcovered,
to reject my hypothefis. *

* A more probable conjedlure is, that the vapours which arife in the great South Sea, and are brought
into this neighbourhood by the fouth wind (where they would naturally condenfe into clouds and fall
in fhowers), are attracted by the "Cordilleras, whofe tops are generally enveloped in clouds frightful to
behold, which fpend themfelvesin tremendous tempefts, even ftiaking the foundations of thofe lofty moun-
tains. A.

As

590

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

As rain is feldom or never feen at Lima, fo that place is alfo equally free from tem-
pefts ; that fo thofe who have neither vifited the mountains nor travelled into other
parts, as Guayaquil or Chili, are abfolute flrangers to thunder and lightning ; nothing
of that kind being known here. Accordingly, the inhabitants are extremely terrified
when they firfl hear the former or fee the latter. But it is very remarkable, that what
is here entirely unknown, fhould be fo common at thirty leagues diftant, or even lefs,
to the eaft of Lima ; it being no farther to the mountains, where violent rains and
tempefts are as frequent as at Quito. The winds, though fettled in the above-mentioned
points, are fubjedt to variations, but almoft imperceptible, as we fhall explain. They
are alfo very gentle, and even in the fevered winters, never known to do any damage
by their violence ; fo that if this country was free from other inconveniences and evils,
its inhabitants could have nothing to defire, in order to render their lives truly agree-
able. But with thefe fignal advantages, nature has blended inconveniences, which
greatly diminifh their value, and reduce this country even below thofe on which nature
has not bellowed fuch great riches and fertility.

It has been obferved, that the winds generally prevailing in Valles, throughout the
whole year, comes from the fouth ; but this admits of fome exceptions, which, without
any effential alteration, implies that fometimes the winds come from the north, but fo
very faint, as fcarcely to move the vanes of the Ihips, and confill only of a very
weak agitation of the air, jufl fufEcient to indicate that the wind is changed from the
fouth. This change is regularly in winter, and with it the fog immediately begins,
which in fome meafure feems to coincide with what has been offered with regard to the
reafon why fhowers are unknown at Lima. This breath of wind is fo particular, that
from the very inftant it begins, and before the wind is condenfed, the inhabitants are
unhappily fenfible of it by violent head-aches, fo as eafily to know what fort of weather
^„^^^ is coming on before they ftir out of their chambers,

CHAP. VIL — Inconveniencies, Difiempers, and Evils ^ to which the City of Lima is

fubjeSl ; particularly Earthquakes,

ONE of the inconveniences of Lima, during the fummer, is that of being tor-
mented with fleas and bugs, from which the utmoft care is not fufficient to free the
inhabitants. Their prodigious increafe is partly owing to the dull of that dung, with
which the ftreets are continually covered ; and partly to the flatnefs of the roofs, where
the fame dull, wafted thither by the winds, produce thefe troublefome infeds, which
are continually dropping through the crevices of the boards into the apartments, and-
by that means render it impoflible for the inhabitants, notwithftanding all their pains,
to keep their houfes free from them. The mofchitos are very troublefome, but much
lefs fo than the former.

The next, and indeed a mod dreadful circumftance, is that of earthquakes, to which
this country is fo fubjed, that the inhabitants are under continual apprehenfions of
being, from their fuddennefs and violence, buried in the ruins of their own houfes.
Several deplorable inflances of this kind have happened in this unfortunate city ; and
lately proved the total deftruftion of all its buildings. Thefe terrible concuffions of
nature are not regular, either with regard to their continuance or violence. But the
interval between them is never of a length fufficient to obliterate the remembrance of
them. In the year 1742, I had the curiofity to obferve the diflance of time between
thofe which happened fucceffively for a certain fpace. i. On the 9th of May, at three

quarters

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 59 1

(Quarters after nine in the morning. 2, The 1 9th of the fame month, at midnight,
3. The 27th, at thirty-five minutes after three in the evening. 4. The 12th of June,
at three quarters pafl five in the morning. 5. The 14th of October, at nine at night ;
all which I carefully noted. And it mull be obferved, that thefe concuffions were the
moft confiderable, and lafled near a minute ; particularly that of the 27th of May,
which continued near two minutes, beginning with one violent fhock, and gradually
terminating in tremulous motions. Between thefe above noted were feveral others,
which I omitted, as being neither fo. lafting nor violent.

Thefe earthquakes, though fo fudden, have their prefages, one of the principal of
which is, a rumbling noife in the bowels of the earth, about a minute before the
fliocks are felt ; and this noife does not continue in the place where it was firft pro-
duced, but feems to pervade all the adjacent Aibterraneous parts. This is followed by
difmal bowlings of the dogs, which feem to have the firft perception of the approaching
danger. The beafts of burden pafTmg the ftreets, ftop, and, by a natural inftinO:,
fpread open their legs, the better to fecure themfelves from falling. Ofi thefe portents
the terrified inhabitants fly from their houfes into the ftreets with fuch precipitation,
that if it happens inthe night, they appear quite naked ; fear and the urgency of the
danger, banifliing at once all fenfe of decency. Thus the ftreets exhibit fuch odd and
fingular figures, that might even afford matter for diverfion, were it pofTible in fo ter-
rible a moment. The fudden concourfe is accompanied with the cries of children
waked out of their fleep, blended with the lamentations of the women, whofe agonizing
prayers to the faints increafe the common fear and confufion : the men alfo are too
much affeded to refrain from giving vent to their terror ; fo that the whole city exhibits
one dreadful fcene of confternation and horror. Nor does this end with the fhock,
none venturing to return to their houfes through fear of a repetition, which frequently
demolifhes thofe buildings which had been weakened by the firft.

My attention to fet down the exa£l time of the above-mentioned fhocks, taught me,
that they happen indifferently at half-ebb or half-flood, but never at high or low water :
which fufficiently confutes what fome have confidently advanced, namely, that earth-*
quakes always happen during the fix hours of ebb, but never during the flood : be-
caufe this favours the hypothefis they have advanced to account for their origin and
caufes ; an hypothefis which, in my opinion, does not fufficiently correfpond with
obfervations, as to recommend itfelf to the affent of intelligent perfons.

The nature of this country is fo adapted to earthquakes, that all ages have feen their
terrible devaftatlons : and that nothing may be wanting to fatisfy the curiofity of the
reader, I fhall introduce the account of that which laid this large and fplendid city
totally in ruins, with a fhort narrative of the moft remarkable that have been felt In
latter ages.

1 . The firft concufTion fince the eftablifhment of the Spaniards In thefe parts, hap-
pened In 1582, a few years after the foundation of Lima; but the damage was much
iefs than in fome of the fucceeding, being chiefly confined to the city of Arequipa,
which being fituated near that fpot, where the motion of the earth was moft violent,
the greateft part of It was deftroyed.

2. On the 9th of July 1586, Lima was vlfited with another earthquake, and fo
violent, that even to this time it Is folemnly commemorated on the day of the vifitation
of Elizabeth.

3. In 1609, another like the former happened.

4. On the 27th of November 1630, fuch prodigious damage was done In the city
by an earthquake, and the entire ruin of it apprehended, that in acknowledgment of

its

59* ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

its deliverance, a feftival, called Nueftra Senora del Milagro, is annually celebrated on
that day.

5. In the year 1655, on the 3d of November, the moft ftately edifices, and a great
number of houfes, were thrown down by an earthquake ; the inhabitants fled into the
country, and remained there feveral days, to avoid the danger they were threatened
with in the city.

6. On the 17th of June 1678, another earthquake happened, by which feveral
houfes were deflfroyed, and the churches conliderably damaged.

7. One of the moft dreadful of which we have any account, was that of the 20th
of Oftober 1687. ^^ began at four in the morning, with the deftruftion of feveral
prtiblic edifices and houfes, whereby great numbers of perfons perifhed ; but this was
little more than a prefage of what was to follow, and preferved the greateft part of the
inhabitants from being buried under the ruins of the city. The fhock was repeated at
fix in the morning, with fuch impetuous concuffions, that whatever had withftood the
firft, was now laid in ruins ; and the inhabitants thought themfelves very fortunate in
being only fpedators of the general devaftation from the ftreets and fquares, to which
they had direded their flight on the firft warning. During this fecond concuflion the
fea retired confiderably from its bounds, and returning in mountainous waves, totally
overwhelmed Callao, and the neighbouring parts, together with the miferable inha-
bitants.

8. On the 29th of September 1697, this place was vifited by another terrible
earthquake.

9. On the 14th of July 1699, a great number of houfes were deftroyed by another
concuflion.

I o. The 6th of February 1716, a like difafter.

11. On the 8th of January 1725, another.

12. On the 2d of December 1732, was another earthquake at one in the
morning.

13. 14, 15. In the years 1690, 1734, and 1745, three others happened, but nei-
ther violent nor lafting. But all thefe were lefs terrible than the laft, as will appear
from the following account of it.

16. On the 28th of October, 1746, at half an hour after ten at night, five hours
and three quarters before the full of the moon, the concuflions began with fuch
violence, that in little more than three minutes, the greateft part, if not all the build-
ings, great and fmall, in the whole city, were deftroyed, burying under their ruins
thofe inhabitants who had not made fufficient hafte into the ftreets and fquares ; the
only places of fafety in thefe terrible convulfions of nature. At length the horrible ef-
fects of this ftiort fliock ceafed : but the tranquillity was of fliort duration ; concuflions
returning with fuch frequent repetitions, that the inhabitants, according to the account
fent of it, computed two hundred in the firft twenty-four hours : and to the 24th of
February of the following year, 1747, when the narrative was dated, no lefs than four
hundred and fifty fliocks were obferved, fome of which, if lefs lafting, were equal to
the firft in violence.

The fort of Callao, at the very fame hour, funk into the like ruins ; but what it
fuffered from the earthquake in its buildings, was inconfiderable, when compared with
the terrible cataftrophe which followed ; for the fea, as is ufual on fuch occafions,
receding to a confiderable diftance, returned in mountainous waves foaming with the
violence of the agitation, and fuddenly turned Callao and the neighbouring country,
into a fea. This was not, however, totally performed by the firft fwell of the waves ;
4 for

XTLLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 593

for the fea, retiring further, returned with ftill more impetuolity ; the ftupendous water
covering both the walls and other buildings of the place ; fo that whatever had efcaped
the firft, was now totally overwhelmed by thofe terrible moimtains of waves, and no-
thing remained except a piece of the wall of the fort of Santa Cruz, as a memorial of
this terrible devaftation. There were then twenty-three fhips and veffels, great and
fmall, in the harbour, of which nineteen were abfolutely funk, and the other four,
among which was a frigate called St. Firmin, carried by the force of the waves to a
great diftance up the country.

This terrible inundation extended to other ports on the coafi:, as Cavallos and Gua-
nape ; and the towns of Chancay, Guara, and the valleys Delia Baranca, Sape, and
Pativilca, underwent the fame fate as the city of Lima. The number of perfons who
perifhed in the ruin of that city, before the 31ft of the fame month of Oftober, ac-
cording to the bodies found, amounted to thirteen hundred, befides the maimed and
wounded, many of which lived only a fhort time in torture. At Callao, where the
number of inhabitants amounted to about four thoufand, two hundred only efcaped ;
and twenty-two of thefe by means of the above-mentioned fragment of a wall.

According to an account fent to Lima after this accident, a volcano in Lucanas burft
forth the fame night and ejeded fuch quantities of water, that the whole country was
overflowed ; and in the mountain near Patas, called Converfiones de Caxamarquilla,
three other volcanoes burfl, difcharging frightful torrents of water ; like that of Car-
guayraflb, mentioned in the firft part of this work.

Some days before this deplorable event, fubterraneous noifes were heard at Lima,
fometimes refembling the bellowing of oxen, and at others the difcharges of artillery.
And even after the earthquake they were ftill heard during the filence of the night ; a
convincing proof that the inflammable matter was not totally exhaufted, nor the caufe
of the fliocks abfolutely removed.

The frequent earthquakes to which South America, 'particularly Lima, and all the
country of Valles, is fubjed, opens a field for enquiry not lefs ample than that juft
mentioned, concerning their caiife. Many hypothefes have been formed by philofo-
phers ; but the generality, and with the greateft appearance of truth, agree in de-
ducing them principally from the violent force of the air contained in fulphureous fub-
ftances and other minerals, and alfo that confined in the pores of the earth ; which
being compreflTed by the incumbent load, make a very violent refiftance. This is fo
far from implying any contradidion, that befides being countenanced by reafon it is
alfo confirmed by experience. But the apparent diflliculty confifts in explaining how
the vents of the earth become again filled with air, after one concuflion has happened ;
it being natural to think, that the quantity which ftruggled for vent, was thereby dif-
charged, and that a long interval of time was neceflary before another could be pro-
duced. Alfo why fome countries are more fubjeft to thefe terrible convulfions than
others. Though this fubjed has been treated of by feveral authors, I think it my
duty here to deliver the opinion which to me feems moft probable.

Experience has fufficiently fliewed, efpecially in this country, by the many volcano^
in the Cordilleras which pafs through it, that the burfting of a new burning mountain
caufes a violent earthquake, fo as totally to deftroy all the towns within its reach j as
happened at the opening of the volcano in the defert of Carguagoazo, as mentioned
before. This tremulous motion, which we may properly call an earthquake, does not
fo ufually happen in cafe of a fecond eruption, when an aperture has been before made ;
or at leaft, the motion it caufes in the earth is comparatively but fmall. Whence it is
inferred that an aperture being once made, however the fubftances in the bowels of

VOL. XIV. 4 G the

594 ulloa's voyage to south America*

the mountain may take fire, the convulfion of the earth is fcldom or never felt a
fecond time. The reafon of which is, that , the fudden reiteration of this accident
greatly augments the volume of the air by rarefacrion ; and as it finds an eafy naifage
without labouring in the bowels of the earth for a vent, no other concuHion is pro-
duced than what muft follow from the eruption of a great quantity of air through an
aperture too narrow for its volume.

The formation of volcanoes is now well known ; and that they owe their origin to
fulphureous, nitrous, and other combuftible fubftances in the bowels of the earth ; for
thefe being intermixed, and, as it were, turned into a kind of pafte by the fubterraneous
waters, ferment to a certain degree, when they take fire ; and by dilating the contiguous
wind or air, and alfo that within their pores, fo that its volume is prodigioufly increafed
beyond what it was before the inflammation, it produces the fame efted: as gunpowder'
when fired in the narrow fpace of a mine, but with this difference, that powder on being
fired immediately difappears, whereas the volcano being once ignited, continues fo till all
the oleaginous and fulphureous particles contained in the mountain are confumed.

Volcanoes are of two kinds, contradled and dilated. The former are found where a
great quantity of inflammable matter is confined in fmall fpace ; the latter where thefe
combuftibles are fcattered at a confiderable difliance from one another. The
firft are chiefly contained in the bowels of mountains, which may be con-
fidered as the natural depofitaries of thefe fubftances. The fecend may be
confidered as ramifications, which, though proceeding from the former, are, however,
independent, extending themfelves under the plains, and traverfing them in feveral
directions. This being admitted, it will appear, that in whatever country volcanoes, or
depofitaries of thefe fubftances, are very common, the 4)lains will be more diverfified
with thefe ramifications ; for we are not to imagine that it is only within the bofoms of
mountains that fubftances of this nature exift, and that they are not difleminated through
all the parts of the adjacent regfcn. Thus the country now under confideration, abound-
ing in thefe igneous fubftances more than any other, muft by the continual inflammation
which neceflarily follows their natural preparation for it, be more expofed to earthquakes,

Befides the fuggeftions of natural reafon, that a country containing many volcanoes
muft alfo be every where veined with ramifications of correfpondent fubftances, it is con-
firmed by experiment in Peru ; where we find almoft univerfally mines of nitre, fulphur,
vitriol, fait, bitumen, and other inflammatory fubftances, which fufficiently confirm the
truth of thefe inferences.

The foil both of Quito and Valles, particularly the latter, is hollow and fpongy, fo
as to be fuller of cavities and pores than is ufually feen in that of other countries, and
confequently abounds with fubterranean waters. Befides which, as I fliall prefently
fhew more at large, the waters, from the ice continually melting on the mountains,
being filtrated through thefe pores during their defcent, penetrate deep into the cavities
of the earth, and during their fubterranean courfe, moiften, and turn into a kind of pafte,
thofe fulphureous and nitrous fubilances ; and though they are not here in fuch prodi-
gious quantities as in volcanoes, yet they are fufficient, from their inflammatory quality,
to rarefy the air contained in them, which, eafily incorporating itfelf with that confined
in the innumerable pores, cavities, or veins of the earth, comprefles it by its greater ex-
panfion, and at the fame time rarefies it by its heat ; but the cavities being too narrow
to admit of its proper dilatation, it ftruggies for a vent, and thefe efforts fhake all the
contiguous parts j till at laft, where it finds the leaft refiftance, it forces itfelf a pafiagCj
which fometimes clofes again by the tremulous motion it occafions, and at others con-
tinues open, as may be feen in different parts of all thefe countries. When, on account

of

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 595

cf the refiflance being equal, it finds a paflage in feveral parts, the chafms or fiflures
are generally fmaller, fo that rarely any veftiges remain after the concuffion. At other
times, when the fubrerranean cavities are fo large as to form fubterranean caverns, they
not only rend the earth, and at every fhock leave it full of difruptions, but a'lfo caufe it
to fink into fpacious hollows, as I particularly obferved near the town of Guaranda, a
place in the jurifdidion of Chimbo, in the province of Quito ; where, in the year 1744,
all the ground on the one fide of the chafm funk near a yard, the other fide rifing in
the fame proportion, though with fome inequalities on both fides.

The loud fubterranean noifes preceding earthquakes, and which imitate thunder at
a diftance, feem to correfpond with the above-mentioned caufe and formation of earth-
quakes, as they can only proceed from the rarefaftion of the air on the ignition of the
explofive fubflances ; which being impetuoufly propagated through all the caverns of
the earth, propelling and at the fame time dilating what is contained in them, till all the
cavities being pervaded, and no vent found, the efforts for a further dilatation begin,
and form the concuffion with which it terminates.

It mufi: be obferved that at the time when the air, which had been confined within
the earth, burfts through it, neither the light nor fire emitted from the chafins are feen.
The reafon is, that this light and fire exift only at the inftant when the matter becomes
injSamed, and the air fpreading itfelf through all the veins, the light is extinguiihed by
its dilatation, and becomes afterwards imperceptible. It is necelfary to fuppofe that
there muft be fome, though a fhort interval, between the inflammation and effeft.
Neither is the flame permanent, the fubftance ignited not containing thofe folid and
oleaginous particulars which fupply the volcanoes. Bcfides, they are not in fufficient
quantity to afcend from the fubterraneous caverns where they took fire, to the fuperfi-
cies of the earth. Farther, this not being the place where the matter was originally
contained, but that where it has forced a paflfage for the quantity cf air which its rare-
faction augmented, the firft light is loft among the meanders of its courfe, and there-
fore not to be feen when the wind violently forces a paflage. 1 here have, however,
been inftances when the light has been feen, though much oftener the fmoke ; but this
is generally loft in the clouds of duft afcending at the time of the concuflion.

The ftiocks are repeated at intervals, of a few days, fometimes of a few hours ; pro-
ceeding fiom the matter being difperfed in different places, and each in a different de-
gree of aptitude for inflammation, one part kindling after another fuccefllvely, as each
is more or lefs prepared. Hence proceed alfo the different violence of the ftiocks and
the different intervals of time. For the quantity firft inflamed increafes by its heat other
inflammable portions of matter ; whence a part which would not have been ignited till
after fome days, by means of this adventitious fire, becomes fo within a few hours. The
fecond fliocks are more violent, and caufe a greater deftrudion than the firft ; for the
fire of the portion of matter which is firft inflamed, though in itfelf fmall, is fufficient to
accelerate the fermentation of a much larger quantity, and confequently muft be attended
with more powerful effefts.

Though the fummer here, as we have already obferved. Is confiderably warm, yet it
Is not productive of venomous creatures, which in this country are not known ; and thf
fame may be faid of all Valles, though there are fome parts, as Tun.bez and Piura,
where the heat is nearly equal to that at Guayaquil. This fingularity can therefore pro-
ceed from no other caufe than the natural drought of the climate.

The diftempers moft common at Lima are malignant, intermittent, and catarrhous
fevers, pleurifies, and conftipations ; and thefe rage continually in the city. • The fmall-

4 G a pox

596 ULLOA^S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

pox is alfo known here as at Quito, but is not annual, though, when it prevails, great
numbers are fwept away by it.

Convulfions are likewife very common, and no lefs fatal. This diforder, though
unknown at Quito, is frequent all over Valles, but more dangerous in fome parts than
others. Something has already been faid of this diftempej in our account of Carthagena,
but a more circumftantial defcription of it was referved for this place.

This diflemper is divided into two kinds, the common or partial, and the malignant
or arched convulfions. They both come on when nature is flruggling in the crifis of
fome acute diftemper, but with this important difference, that thofe attacked with the"
former often recover, though the greater part die on the third or fourth day, the term
^ of its duration ; while thofe who have the misfortune of being attacked by the latter,
fink under it in two or three days, it being very extraordinary to recover, and is there-
fore termed malignant.

The fpafms or convulfions confift in a total inadivity of the mufcles, and a conflric-
tion of the nerves of the whole body, beginning with thofe of the head ; and thefe nerves
being the channels which convey nourifhment to the body, and this nourifhment being
precluded by the conftridlion of its conduits, they all fucceflively fuffer ; the mufcles, by
having loft their activity, cannot affift in the motion of the nerves, and thefe being con-
ftringed, can no longer perform their office. Add to this a pungent humour dif-
perfing itfelf through all the membranes of the body, and caufing infupportable pains ;
fo that the groaning patient labours under inconceivable tortures, which are llill in-
creafed on his being moved, though .with the greateft care and gentlenefs, from one fide
to the other. The throat is fo contraded that nothing can be conveyed into the fto-
mach. The jaws are alfo fometimes fo clofely locked, as impoffible to be opened ; thus
the miferable patient lies without motion, and tortured in every part of his body, till
natur,e quite exhaufted, falls a victim to this deleterious diftemper.

In the partial kind, the pulfe is more affefted than in the diftemper wliich preceded
it, and commonly abates the violence of a fever. But in the malignant kind it augments,
the circulations being quickened ; and whether it be the eifed; of the humour impetu-
oufly circulating through every part, or of the pain proceeding from the laceration of
the membranes and abrading the mufcles, the patient falls into a lethai^gy, but which
does not remove the torturing fenfation of thefe pundures, often fo infupportable, that
the miferable patient violently turns himfelf, and thus augments his agonies, as evidently
appears from his piercing cries and groans.

The malignant and arched fpafm, even in the firft ftage, is fo violent as to caufe a con-
traftion of the nerves of the vertebrae from the brain downwards ; and as the diftemper
increafes, and the malignant humour acquires great aftivity, the nerves become more
and more conftrifted, that the body of the patient, contrary to nature, inclines back-
ward into an arch, and all the bones become dillocated. However terrible the pains re-
fulting from hence may feera, they are ftill increafed by thofe of the other fpecies of con-
vulfions, when the violence is fuch that the patient ufually lofes all fenfation, and falls
into a total inadion, not having breath to utter his complaints.

It is common at the beginning of this diftemper to be totally convulfed, fo that every
part of the patient is affeded, and, during the continuance, is, as it were, deprived of
all fenfation. Their return is more frequent and lafting as the diftemper increafes, till
nature becomes entirely fpent, when the lethargy fits fucceed, and it is generally in one of
thefe that the patient breathes his laft.

The ufual method of treating this diftemper is by keeping both the bed and the cham-
ber very clofe, even with a tire in it, that the pores being opened by the heat, the tran-
I fpiration

UXLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 597

fpiration may be more copious. Laxative clyflers are often inje£ted to mollify^ the con-
tradions of the inteftines, and other internal parts. External applications are alfo ap-
plied to foften the parts, and open the duds by which nature may evacuate the morbid
humour : for the fame intention and to check its progrefs, cordials and diuretic draughts
are prefcribed, and alfo the bath ; but the latter only at the beginning of the firft ftage
of the dillemper ; for if it is found to increafe on the fecond day, bathing is no longer
ordered.

The women of Lima are fubjed to a diflemper, extremely painful, very contagious,
-«nd almofl incurable ; namely, a cancer in the matrix, which even at the beginning is
attended with fuch excruciating pains, that their lives are one continued feries of groans
and complaints. During its progrefs, they difcharge great quantities of morbid humours,
become attenuated, fall into a ftate of languor, which gradually puts a period to their
lives. It ufually continues fome years, with intervals of eafe, during which, if the eva-
cuations do not entirely ceafe, they are confiderably intermitted ; the pains feem over,
and they are capable of dreffing themfelves and v/alking abroad : but the difeafe fudden-
ly returns with double violence, and the patient becomes totally difabled. This diflem-
per comes on fo imperceptibly, as not to be indicated either by the countenance or pulfe,
till at its height ; and fuch is the contagion of it, that it is contracted only by fitting in
the fame chair commonly ufed by an infedled perfon, or wearing her cloaths ; but it has
not been known to affed the men, hulbands ufually living with their wives till the laft
ftage of the diftemper. Two caufes are affigned for this malady ; their exceflive ufe of
perfumes, which they always carry about them, and may doubtlefs contribute greatly
to promote it : the other a continual riding in their calalhes ; but this does not feem to
be of fo much confequence as the former. For then the moft diftinguifhed of the fair
fex in other countries, who ride in coaches, and even ufe the more violent exercife of
the horfe, would not be exempt from it.

Slow or hedic fevers alfo prevail greatly in thefe countries, and are likewife conta-
gious, but more from a want of proper care in the furniture and apparel of the perfon
infeded, than any malignancy of the climate.

The venereal difeafe is equally common in this country as in thofe we have already
mentioned ; it is indeed general in all that part of America ; and as little attention is
given to it till arrived to a great height, the general cuftom in all thofe parts, a repeti-
tion here would be needlefs.

CHAP. Vin. — Futility of the Territories of Lima y and the Manner of cultinxating

the Soil.

IT is natural to think that a country, where rain is feldom or ever known, mufl. of
necellity be totally barren, whereas the country of Lima enjoys a fertility to be envied,
producing all kinds of grain, and a prodigious variety of fruits. Here induftry and art
fupply that moifture which the clouds feem to withhold ; and the foil is by this means
rendered remarkably fruitful, amidft a continual drought.

It has already been obferved, that one of the principal cares of the Yncas was the
cutting and difpofmg in the moft advantageous manner trenches or fmall canals, in ordet
to condud the waters of the rivers to nourifh every part, and render large fields capable
of producing grain. The Spaniards finding thefe ufeful works ready executed to their
hands, took car^ to keep them in the fame order ; and by thefe are watered the fpacious
fields of wheat and barley, large meadows, plantations of fugar-canes and olive-trees^

vineyards^

598 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

vineyards, and gardens of all kinSs, all yielding uncommon plenty. Lima differs from
Quito, where the fruits of the earth have no determined fealbns ; but here the harvefts
are gathered in, and the trees drop their leaves, according to their refpeftive natures j
for thofe which grow fpontaneoufly in a hot climate, though the livelinefs of their ver-
dure fades, their leaves do not fail off till others fupply their place. The bloffoms alfo
have their refpedive times, and are correfpondently fucceeded by fruits ; fo that this
country refembles thofe of the temperate zones, no lefs in the produft and feafons of
corn, bloffoms, fruits, and flowers, than in the difference of winter and fummer.

Before the earthquake in 1687, when this city fuffered in fo deplorable a manner,
the harvefts of wheat and barley were fufficient to fupply the wants of the country
without any importation, efpecially of wheat ; but by this convulfion of nature, the
foil was fo vitiated, that the wheat rotted foon after it was fown, occafioned, probably,
by the vaft clouds of fulphureous particles then exhaled, and the prodigious quantities
of nitrous effluvia diffufed through it. This obliged the owners of the lands to apply
them to other ufes, and accordingly many of them were turned into meadows of
clover, plantations of fugar-canes, and other vegetables, which they found not fubjeft
to the fame misfortune. After the land had continued forty years in this ftateof
fterility, the hulbandmen began to perceive fuch alteration in the foil, as promifed a
fpeedy return to its former goodnefs. Accordingly fome trials were fuccefsfully made
with wheat, and by degrees that grain was found to thrive as before that dreadful
event. But whether it be from the other plants, which have been cultivated in thofe
parts, or from any miftruft of the hufbandmen, the fame quantity has not been fown
as before. It is natural to think that the late dreadful earthquake muft have had the
fame pernicious effeds on the foil ; though by means of the eftablilliment of the corn
trade with Chili fmce that time, the confequences will not be fo fenfibly felt. The
fields in the neighbourhood of Lima are chiefly fown with clover, of which there is
here a confumption not to be paralleled in any other place : it being the common
fodder for all beafts, particularly the mules and horfes, of which there is an incon-
ceivable number.

The other parts of the country are taken up with plantations already mentioned,
among which thofe of canes are not the leaft, and yield an excellent kind of fugar.
All thefe fields and plantations are cultivated by negro flaves, purchafed for this fer-
vice ; and the fame is feen in the other improved parts of Valles.

The olive plantations appear like thick forefts ; for befides the height, magnitude,
and fulnefs of leaves of thefe trees, in all which they exceed thofe of Spain, they are
never pruned, by which means their branches become fo interwoven, that the ligjit
cannot penetrate through their foliage. The plough is not ufed here ; the only culti-
vation they require, being to clear the holes made at the foot of each for receiving
the water, to keep the trenches open which convey it, and every three or four years
to cut down all fhoots or cions, in order to form paffages for gathering the fruit.
With this fmall trouble the inhabitants have an uncommon plenty of the fineft oHves,
which they either commit to the prefs for oil, or pickle, they being particularly adapted
to the latter, both with regard to their beauty, largenefs, and flavour. Their oil is
much preferable to that of Spain.

The country contiguous to the city is covered with gardens, producing all the herbs
and fruits known in Spain, and of the fame goodnefs and beauty, befides thofe com-
mon to America ; all which flourifh here in a very uncommon degree ; fo that none
of the parts of Peru, at leaft fuch as we vifited, are to be compared with thofe of the

4 neighbour-

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 599

neighbourhood of Lima, where every place is covered with fruits and efculent
vegetables.

It alfo enjoys another fingular advantage, the whole year being, as it were, fummer
with regard to the plenty and frefhnefs of fruits ; for the feafons of the year varying
alternately in Valles and the mountains, when the time of fruits is over in Valles, it
begins on the (kirts of the mountains ; and the diftance from Lima being not above
twenty-five or thirty leagues, they are brought thither, and by this means the city is
conftantly fupplied with fruits, except a few, as grapes, melons, and water-melons,
w^hich requiring a hot climate, do not come to perfedion in the mountains.

The grapes are of various kinds ; and among them, one called the Italian, very
large and delicious. The vines extend themfelves on the furface of the ground, which
is very well adapted to fupport them, being either ftony or full of fand. Thefe vines
are pruned and watered at proper times, and thrive remarkably without any
other care.

No other culture is bellowed on thofe defigned for wine, for both at lea, Pifco,
Nafca, and all other parts where they grow, they are formed into efpaliers. None of
the grapes near Lima are ufed in making wine, the demand for them in other refpedts
being too large.

The foil is ftony and fandy, that ife, confifting of fmooth flints or pebbles, which are
fo numerous that as other foils are entirely fand, rock, or earth, this is wholly of the
above ftones; and in fome parrs pnove very inconvenient to travellers, whether in a
carriage or on horfeback. The arable lands have a ftratum of about a foot or two
of earth, but below that the whole confifts entirely of ftones. From this circumftance,
the fimilarity of all the neighbouring coafts, and the bottom of the fea, this whole
fpace may be concluded to have been formerly covered by the ocean, to the diftance
of three or four leagues, or even farther, beyond its prefent limits. This is parti-
cularly obfervable in a bay about five leagues north of Callao, called Marques, where
in all appearance, not many years fmce, the fea covered above half a league of what is
now Terra Firma, and the extent of a league and a half along the coaft.

The rocks in the nivoft inland part of this bay are perforated and fmoothed like thofe
wafhed by the waves ; a fufficient proof that the fea formed thefe large cavities, and
undermined fuch prodigious maffes as lie on the ground, by its continual elifions ;
and it feems ncLtural to think that the' like muft have happened in the country contiguous
to Lima, and that parts, confifting of pebbles like thofe at the bottom of the adjacent
fea, were formerly covered by the water.

Another fingularity in this arid country is, the abundance of fprings, water being
found every where with little labour, by digging only four or five feet below the
furface. This may arife from two caufes ; the one, that the earth, being, from its
compofition, very fpungy, the water of the fea eafily infinuates itfelf to a great diftance,
and is filtrated in pafling through its pores. The other, that the many torrents, after
defcending from the mountains, foon lofe themfelves in thefe plains, but continue
their courfe along the fubterranean veins of the earth ; for this ftony quality of the
foil from the nature of the fprings cannot extend to any great depth, and underneath
it the ftratum is hard and compad ; confequently the water muft be conveyed to the
moft porous parts, which being the ftony y it there precipitates into a fubterranean
courfe, leaving the furface dry. We have already obferved * that from many of the
rivers in Valles, though apparently dry, the inhabitants procure a fufficient quantity

* Chap. I. of this Part.

of

6o& ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

of water by digging wells in the beds over which their waters run in the winter:
others might be paffed without being known^ but the bottom confifting entirely of
pebbles, wherever the beaft fet their feet, the water immediately oozes out. The
reafon of this is, that the water at that time runs a little below the furface, and I do
not doubt but the fame will be found in all Valles, though at diiferent depths in diflFe-
rent places.

This plenty of fubterraneous ftreams is doubtlefs of great advantage to the fertility
of the country, particularly with regard to the larger plants, whofe roots ftrike
deeped ; and this feems a bountiful indulgence of the wife Author of Nature, who, to
provide againft the fterility which would certainly affed thefe countries from a want of
water, has fent a fupply from the mountains, either in open rivers or fubterranc
ous canals.

The lands in the jurifdiftion of Chancay, like the other parts of the coafts of
Peru, are manured with the dung of certain fea birds, which abound here in a very
extraordinary manner. Thefe they call guanoes, and the dung guano, the Indian
name for excrement in general. Thefe birds, after fpending the whole day in catch-
ing their food in the fea, repair at night to reft on the iflands near the coaft, and their
number being fo great as entirely to cover the ground, they leave a proportionable
quantity of excrement or dung. This is dried by the heat of the fun into a cruft, and
is daily increafmg, fo that notwithftanding great quantities are taken away, it is never
exhaufted. Some will have this guano to be only earth endowed with the quality
of raifing a ferment in the foil with which it is mixed. This opinion is founded on
the prodigious quantities carried off from thofe iflands, and on the experiment made
by digging or boring, by which the appearance at a certain depth, was the fame as at
the fuperficies; whence it is concluded, that the earth is naturally endowed with
the heating quality of dung or guano. This would feem lefs improbable, did not
both its appearance and fmell prove it to be the excrement in queftion. I was in
thefe iflands when feveral barks came to load with it ; when the infupportable fmell
left me no room to doubt of the nature of their cargo. I do not however pretend to
deny, but that it may be mixed with earth, or that the moft fuperficial part of the
earth does not contra6: the like virtue, fo as to produce the fame effed. But however
it be, this is the manure ufed in the fields fowed with maize, and with proper water-
ings is found greatly to fertilize the foil, a little of it being put clofe to every ftem,
^id immediately watered. It is alfo of ufe in fields of other grain, except wheat and
barley, and, confequently, prodigious quantities of it yearly ufed in agriculture.

Bdides the orchards, fields, and gardens, with which this country is fo delightfully
variegated, there are other parts where nature itfelf fpontaneoufly furniflies beautiful
profpefts for the inhabitants, and plenty of excellent food for their cattle ; particularly
the hills of St. Chriftopher and Amaneaes, whofe perpetual verdure, diverfified in fpring
with elegant flowers, feems to invite the neighbouring inhabitants to a nearer enjoyment
of the beauties it prefents at a diftance to their view. The parts in the neighbourhood
of the city, to the diftance of fix or eight leagues, oflfer the like entertainment ; and
accordingly many families refort thither for the change of air, and the tranquillity of
rural amufement. The hills called Amaneaes, already mentioned, have their name from
a certain flower growing on them. It is yellow, and of the campanula form, with
four pointed leaves. Its colour is remarkably brilliant, and in that wholly confifts its
value, being totally void of fragrancy.

Befides thefe delightful retreats, the city has a public walk in the fuburb of St.Lazaro,
called Alameda, confifting of rows of orange and lemon trees j along the banks of

1 2 the

ULLOA*S VOTAeE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 6oi

the river is another, called the Acho, to which there is a daily refort of coaches and
calafhes.

The only monuments of antiquity remaining in the neighbourhood of Lima, are
the guacas, or fepulchres of the Indians, and fome, wails, which were built on both
fides of the roads, and are frequently feen all over this country. But three leagues
north-eaft of the city, in a valley called Guachipa, are ftill Handing the walls of a
large town. Through ignorance I did not vifit them whilft I was at Lima : the account
of them, however, which the ingenious Marquis de Valde Lyrios was pleafed to give
me, may be equally relied on, as if related from my own knowledge ; efpecially as he
took a very accurate furvey of the whole. He obferved, that the ftreets were very
narrow ; that the walls of the houfes, which in common with all the buildings of that
time were without roofs, were only of mud, and that each houfe confifted of three
fmall fquare apartments. The doors towards the ftreet, were not fo high as the general
ftature of a man, but the walls wanted little of three yards. Among all the houfes
which compofed this large town, fituated at the foot of a mountain, is one, whofe
walls overlook all the others, and thence it is concluded to have belonged to the
cacique or prince ; though its ruinous condition renders it impoffible to determine
abfolutely. The inhabitants of this valley, where the fruitful fields are watered from
the river Rimac, at no great diftance from thefe ruins, call them Old Caxamarca,
though it cannot now be difcovered whether that was the real name of the town in the
times of paganifm. For there neither remains any memorial of fuch tradition, nor
any mention of it in the hiftories of that kingdom, written by Garcilazo and Herrera ;
fo that all we know is, that the epithet Old is now applied to it by way of diftinftion
from the prefent town of Caxamarca.

One aftonifhing particular in the walls of this town, and in all others in the neigh-
bouring valleys, is, that though built on the furface of the earth, without any founda»
tion, they have withftood thofe violent earthquakes which overthrew the more folid
buildings of Lima and other large towns ereded in the Spanilh manner : having
received no other damage than what naturally refults from being forfaken, or what the
drivers have done who make it a reftipg place for their cattle in the road to Lima.

From the conftrudion of thefe houles it may be inferred, that long experience has
inftrudted the natives, that in parts fo fubjeft to earthquakes, it was improper to lay a
foundation in order to ftrengthen the walls ; and tradition informs us, that when the
newly-conquered Indians faw the Spaniards dig foundations for lofty buildings, they
laughed at them, telling them they were digging their own fepulchres ; intimating, that
the earthquakes would bury them under the ruins of their houfes. It is indeed a me-
lancholy proof of pride and obftinacy, that after having the prudent example of the
Indians before their eyes, the total ruin of the city, at four different times, in lefs than
the fpace of two hundred years, has not been able entirely to eradicate the deftru6Hve
paffion for airy and elegant buildings, though thefe neceffarily require large and lofty
walls, which muil have a foundation proportioned to the magnitude of the ftrufture*
and the weight they are to fupport.

CHAP. I^. — Of the Plenty and different Kinds of Prmftons ui Lima,

s \

THE fertility of ^e foil, the goodnefs of the climate, and the convenient fituation of'
Lima, concur to maintain in it a conftant plenty. The fruits and herbs have been
VOL. XIV. 4 H ilready

6o2 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

already mentioned ; it remains that we confider the meat and fifh with which it is alfo
equally provided.

The bread at Lima is inconteftably the befl: in all this part of America, both with
regard to its colour and tafte, the goodnefs of the corn being improved by the manner
of working it ; and at the fame time fo reafonable, that the inhabitants ufe no other.
It is of three kinds : one called CriollQ, the crumb of which is very light and fpongy j
the fecond, French bread ; and the lafl, foft bread. It is kneaded by negroes em-
ployed by the bakers, many of whom are very rich, and their fhops always well pro-
vided. Befides their own flaves, the bakers are alfo obliged to receive any delivered
up to them by their mafters to work as a punilhment ; and for thefe, befides finding
the flaves in provifions, they pay tl:e mafler the ufual wages in money or in bread.
This punifhment is the fevereft that can be inflided on them, and, indeed, all the
hardfhips and cruelties of the galleys are lefs than what thefe wretches are obliged to
undergo. They are forced to work the whole day, and part of the night, with
little food and lefs fleep; fo that in a few days the mofl vigorous and flubborn flave
becomes weak and fubmilTive, and proftrates himfelf before his mafler, with tears,
intreaties, and promifes of amendment on being removed from that place, the dread
of which is doubtlefs of the greatefl ufe in awing the vail number of flaves, both
within and without the city.

Their mutton is the mofl common food, and is very palatable from the nitrous
paflures where the Iheep are fattened. The beef alfo is good, but little eaten except
by the Europeans, fo that two or three bealls fupply the city for a week. Here is alfo
plenty of poultry, partridges, turtle-doves, &c. Pork is alfo in great abundance,
though not equally delicate with that of Carthagena. The lard is uled in dreffing all
kinds of difhes whether of flelh or fifli, oil being only ufed in falads and the like.
This method of cookery is faid to have had its rife when the country aflforded no oil,
and has been continued to the prefent time, notwithflanding it is now produced in great
quantities. Antonia de Rivero, an inhabitant of Lima, in the year 1 660, planted the
firll olive-tree ever feen in Peru.

From the mountains are often fent, by way of prefent, frozen calves ; being
killed there, and left two or three days on the heaths to freeze ; after which they are
carried to Lima, where they may be kept any time required, without the leaft tendency
to putrefadion.

Of fifh there is flill a greater variety daily brought from the neighbouring parts of
Chorillos, Callao, and Ancon, the Indian inhabitants of which make fifhing their
whole bufinefs. The mofl palatable are the corbinas, and the pege reyes, or king*s
fifh ; but thofe in the greatefl plenty, and at the fame time very palatable, are the
anchovies. The corbinas, and the king's fifli, infinitely excel thofe of Spain ; the
latter is alfo remarkable for its fize, being generally fix or feven Paris inches in length ;
yet even thefe are thought to be furpaffed by thofe caught in Buenos Ayres river. It is
a falt-water fifh, but very little different from that caught in the rivers of Spain. The
river of Lima affords a fort of prawns, two or three inches in length, but thofe fhould
rather be called cray-fifh.

The whole coafts abound with fuch fhoals of anchovies, as exceed all comparifon ;'
and befides the vafl quantities caught by fifhermen, they are the chief food of innumer-
able flights of birds, with which all thofe iflands abound, and commonly called guanoes,
poflibly from the guano or dung mentioned in the preceding chapter ; many of them
are indeed alcatraces, a kind of gull, though all comprehended under the generical
name of guanoes. A little after the appearance of the fun, they rife from thofe

iflands

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 603

iflands in fuch large and thick flights as totally to cover them, and fly towards the fea
for an hour or two, without any vifible decreafe of their number. When at fome dif-
tance from the land they divide themfelves, and begin their fifliing in a very entertain-
ing manner. They fly in a circle at a confiderable height above the water, and, on
feeing a fiflij, they dart down with their beak foremofl and their wings clofed with fuch
force, that the agitation of the water is feen at a diftance ; after which, they rife again
into the air, and devour the fifii. Sometimes they remain a confiderable time under
water, and rife at fome diftance from the place where they fell, doubtlefs becaufe the
fifli has endeavoured to efcape, thus difputing celerity with them in their own element.
They are continually feen in the place they frequent, fome watching in gyrations, fome
darting down, others rifmg with their prey ; while their great numbers render this con-
fufion diverting to the fpeftator. When they are either tired or fatisfied, they alight
upon the waves, and, at fun-fet, forming themfelves into one body, withdraw to the
iflands where they pafs the night.

At the port of Callao it is obferved, that all the birds which reft on thofe iflands to
the north of it, in the morning univerfally fly towards the fouth in queft of prey, re-
turning in the evening to their place of reft ; when the middle of the flight is over the
harbour, neither the beginning nor end can be feen, and the whole flock take up two
or three hours in pafling over.

Though fliell-fifli are very fcarce along this coaft, fome are found near Callao;
particularly a kind, the ftiell of which refembles that of a mufcle, though much larger.
The fifli itfelf has more the appearance of an oyfter, and much the fame tafte.

The wines at Lima are of different forts, white, red, and dark red : and of each '^
fort fome are very generous and delicious. They are imported from the coafts of Nafca,
Pifco, Lucumba, and Chili ; but the latter produces the beft, and among them fome
mufcadel. The wine of Nafca is white, and has the leaft demand of any, being in-
ferior to the others, both in quality and tafte. That from Pifco has the greateft fale ;
and, from the fame place, come all the brandies, either ufed at Lima or exported ; no
rum being either made or ufed here.

Moft of the dried fruits are brought from Chili ; and, by means of the trade carried
on between the two kingdoms, Lima is fupplied with all manner of fruits known in
Spain, as almonds, walnuts, filberts, pears, apples, &c. fo that their tables cannot, in
this refpeft, fail of plenty and elegance, having at one time the fruits of the different
feafons, both of America and Europe. But amidft this plenty, every thing is very
dear, the price being four or five times as much as at Quito, bread only excepted.
Wine, oil, and dried fruits, are fome of the cheapeft. The poor clafs, however, as
the negroes and other cafts, live tolerably well, fifh, which is little efteemed by the
opulent, felling at a low price ; the fame may be faid of mutton and beef, with regard
to the inhabitants of this country in general.*

Sweetmeats are alfo here in the fame plenty as in the other parts of South America,
though feldom eaten, except as deferts, and even then very moderately. Inftead of
chocolate, mate or Paraguay tea is generally ufed, and prepared twice a day. Though
this has here the defed already obferved, it is better prepared than in any other
part.

* A quarter of their beft beef may be bought for eight rials (3s. 7d. fterllng) ; the hide of a beafl
being, commonly, of more value than the carcafe. A.

4« 2

CHAP.

6o4 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

CHAP. X. — Trade and Commerce of Lima,

THE city of Lima could not have attained to fuch fplendour, if, befides being the
capital of Peru, it had not been alfo the general ftaple of the kingdom. But as it
is the refidence of the government and chief tribunals, fo it is alfo the common faftory
for commerce of every kind, and the centre of the produ£ls and manufadures of the
other provinces, together with thofe of Europe, brought over in the galleons or regif-
ter-fliips ; and from hence they are diftributed through the vaft extent of thefe king-
doms, whofe wants are fupplied from Lima, as their common mother. At the head
of this commerce is the tribunal Del Confulado, which appoints conimiflaries to refide
in the other cities of its dependencies, extending through all Peru.

All the wealth of the fouthern provinces is brought to Lima, where it is embarked
on board the fleet, which, at the time of the galleons, fails from Callao to Panama.
The proprietors of the treafure commit it to the merchants of Lima, who traffic at the
fair with this and their own flock. The fame fleet returns to the harbour of Paita,
where the European merchandizes of value purchafed at Porto Bello fair are landed, in
order to avoid the delay of failing to Callao, and fent by land to Lima, on droves of
mules ; but thofe of lefs value are carried thither by the fame fliips.

On the arrival of thefe commodities at Lima, the merchants remit to their correfpon-
<ients fuch parts as they had a commiflion to purchafe, referving the reft in warehoufes to
difpofe of on their own account to traders, who at this time refort to Lima, or fend
them to their factors m the inland provinces, who remit the returns in money or bills
of exchange to their principals at Lima. Thefe confignments are repeated till they
have difpofed of their whole ftock. Thus the cargo of a flotilla lafts a confiderable
time, there being no immediate vent for the whole.

The produce of the fales in the inland parts of the kingdom, is fent to Lima in bars
of filver, and pignas *, and is coined at the mint in this city. Thus the traders have
not only a great profit in the fale of their goods, but alfo in the returns of their filver,
which they take at a lower rate than is allowed them for it. All thefe fales may be
confidered as an exchange of one commodity for another ; for he who fells the goods
agrees both with regard to their price, at the rate in which he is to take the filver bars,
or pignas j and thus two fpecies of trade are tranfaded at the fame time, one on a fale
of goods, and the other of filver.

The remittances fent to Lima during the interval between the flotillas, ^re laid cut
in manufactures of the country, great quantities of which come from the province of
Quito ; and this trade is carried on in all refpeds like the former ; for the confumption
of them being equal or rather larger, they are not lefs necelTary here than in Europe,
being worn by all the lower clafs of people, who cannot afford the price of the Euro-
pean ftuflfs ; and the generality of traders who come to Lima purchafe ftuffs of both
kinds, that they may be provided with aflbrtments for cuftomers of all ranks.

Befides this commerce, which is the moft confiderable, and tranfaded wholly by
means of this city, Lima has alfo its particular trade with the kingdoms both of North
and South America. The moft confiderable commodity received from the former is
fnuflF, which is brought from the Havannah to Mexico, and after being there improved,
is forwarded to Lima, and from thence fent into the other provinces. This trade is

* Pignaa are porous light maffes of filver, being an amalgam of mercury and duft taken out of the
mioea.

carried

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 6o$

carried on nearly in the fame manner as that of Panama ; but thofe who deal in this
commodity, never trouble themfelves with any other except perfumes, as ambergrife,
muik, &c. and porcelain ware. Some of thefe traders are fettled at Lima ; others re-
fide there occafionally, but are in general factors to the merchants at Mexico. Lima
alfo receives from the ports of New Spain naphtha, tar, iron, and fome indigo for
dyeing.

The kingdom of Terra FIrma fends to Lima leaf-tobacco, and pearls, which here
meet with a good market ; for befides the great numbers worn by the ladies, no mu-
latto woman is without fome ornament or other made of them. During a free affiento
of negroes, this commerce is always carried by way of Panama, and to a confiderable
amount.

The ladies, and indeed women of all ranks, have a very ancient cuftom, namely, the
carrying in their mouths a limpion, or cleanfer, of tobacco. The firft intention of this
was to keep the teeth clean, as the name itfelf intimates. Thefe limpions are fmall
rolls of tobacco, four inches in length, and nine lines in diameter, and tied with a
thread, which they untwift as the limpion wafles. One end of this they put into their
mouth, and after chewing it for fome time, rub the teeth with it, and thus keep them
always clean and white. The lower clafs of people, who generally pervert the bell
things, carry this cuftom to fuch excefs, as to keep continually in their mouths a roll
of tobacco, an inch and a half in diameter ; aifefting to diftinguifh themfelves by the
largenefs of their limpions, though it abfolutely disfigures them. This cuftom, toge-
ther with that of fmoaking, which is equally common among the men, occafions a great
demand for leaf-tobacco. The limpions are made of Guayaquil tobacco mixed with
fome of that brought from the Havannah to Panama ; but that ufed in fmoaking comes
from Santa Mayobamba, Jaen de Bracamaros, Llulla, and Chillaos, where it grows in
the greateft plenty, and is beft adapted to that purpofe.

All the timber ufed in building houfes, refitting fhips, or building fmall barks at
Callao, is brought from Guayaquil, together with the cacao ; but the confumption of
the latter is here very fmall, the Paraguay tea being more generally ufed. The timber
trade is carried on by the mafters of fhips, who bring it hither on their own account,
as we have already obferved in defcribing Guayaquil, and, depofiting it in ftore-houfes
at Callao, fell it as opportunity offers.

The coafts of Nafca and Pifco fend to Lima wine, brandy, raifins, olives, and oil :
and the kingdom of Chili, wheat, flour, lard, leather, cordage, wines, dried fruits,
and fome gold. Befides thefe, all forts of goods are alfo laid up at Callao, in ftore-
houfes built for that purpofe ; fome on account of the ovraers who remit them, others
for mafters of fhips who purchafe them on the fpot where they grow, or are made.
Every Monday during the whole year there is a fair at Callao, whither the proprietors
and dealers refort from all parts ; and the goods are carried, according to the buyers'
direftion, on droves of mules kept there for that purpofe by the mafters of the ware-
houfes, and whofe profit wholly confifts in the hire of thefe beafts.

The provifions brought to Lima are not only fufEcient to fupply its numerous inha-
bitants, but great quantities of all kinds are fent to Quito, and its jurifdidion, to Valles,
and Panama. Copper and tin in bars are brought from Coquimbo ; from the moun-
tains De Caxamarca and Chacapoyas, canvas made of cotton for fails 3nd other ftuffs
of that kind, and alfo of Pita : cordovan leather, and foap, are made all over Valles*.

* Their cotton canvas is not above four inches wide, fo that fail-making in this part of America is very-
tedious ; but their fails made of this narrow cantas are very ftrong and lading. A.

From

6o6 ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA.

From the fouthern pwvinces, as Plata, Oruro, Potofi, and Cufco, is fent Vicuna wool
for making hats, and fome fluffs of a peculiar finenefs. Laftly, from Paraguay the
herb called by that name is fent, of which there is an amazing confumption, it being
fent from Lima among the other provinces, as far as Quito. There is no province in
Peru, which does not remit to Lima its produds and manufactures, and fupplies itfelf
from hence with the neceffary commodities. Thus Lima is the emporium to which
people refort from all parts ; and trade being always in a conftant circulation, befides
the continual refort of ftrangers, the families of rank are enabled to fupport the ex-
pences of that fplendour I have already mentioned ; for, without fuch continual affift-
ance, they muft either contradl their expences, or fall victims to their oftentation.

It would naturally be imagined that by a commerce fo extenfive and important, many
Taft fortunes muft be acquired, efpecially as every branch of it is attended with great
profits ; but if there are fome who actually do acquire great riches, neither their num-
ber nor opulence are equal to what might be expeded ; for by a narrow infpedion,
there will hardly be found above ten or fifteen houfes of trade, exclufive of immove-
ables, as lands and offices, whofe ftock in money and goods amounts to five or fix hun-
dred thoufand crowns ; and to one that exceeds this fum, there are more that fall fhort
of it. Many poffefs from one to three hundred thoufand crowns, and thefe are indeed the
perfons who compofe the main body of trade. Befides thefe there are great numbers of
inferior traders, whofe capitals do not exceed fifty or a hundred thoufand crowns. The
paucity of immenfe fortunes amidft fuch advantages is doubtfefs owing to the enormous
expences ; whence, though their gains are -great, they can hardly fupport their credit ;
fo that after paying the fortunes of their daughters, and the eftablifhing their fons, the
wealth of moft families terminates with the life of him who raifed it, being divided into
as many fmall ftocks as he had dependents ; unlefs fome, either by induftry or good
fortune, improve the portion they obtained by inheritance.

The inhabitants of Lima have a natural difpofition and aptitude for commerce, and
the city may be confidered as an academy to which great numbers repair to perfect
themfelves in the various arts of trade. They both penetrate into the fineffes of the
feller, and artfully draw the purchafer into their views. They are bleffed with a re-
markable talent of perfuafion, at the fame time that they are incapable of being per-
fuaded, as well as of artfully eluding objeftions. They affed to flight what they are
moft defirous of purchafing, and by that means often make very advantageous bargains,
which none can obtain from them. But after all thefe precautions and fineffes in buy-
ing and felling, for which they are fo diftinguifhed, none are more pundual and honour-
able in performing their contrails.

Befides the fhops where ftuffs and goods of that kind are fold, there are others for
fnuff ; and in thefe may be purchafed the wrought plate, which is bought in the cities
near the mines, where it is made.

The wholefale traders, who have large warehoufes, are not above keeping fhops
where they fell by retail, which is reckoned no difgrace ; and thus they gain that profit
which they muft otherwife allow to others. And from this indulgence granted to every
branch of commerce, it flourifhes very greatly. There are, however, many families,
who, as I have already obferved, fupport a proper fplendor entirely by the revenue of
their eftates, without joining in the cares and hurry of commerce. But a greater num-
ber with eftates, add the advantages of commerce, in order to preferve them. Thefe,
however, deal only at the fairs of the galleons, and in other large branches of commerce ;
and find the benefit of having abandoned thofe fcruples brought by their anceftors from
Spain, namely, that trade would tarnifh the luftre of their nobility.

12 CHAP.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 607

CHAP. XL — Extent of the Jurifdi6lion of the Viceroy of Peru : together with the Audi-
ences and Diocefes of that Kingdom.

THE foregoing accounts naturally lead to the extent of the audience of Lima, and the
jurifdiftion of the viceroy of Peru. But fuch a particular defcription as I have already
given of Quito, requiring a perfonal knowledge of all its provinces, and jurifdidions,
and alfo a particular work, from the extenfivenel^ of the fubjedt, I fhall confine myfelf
to fome principal accounts, but which will convey an adequate idea of the vaft domi-
nions of this country. In order to this I have confulted feveral perfons, fome of which
have been vefted with high. employments here, and others whofe commendable curiofity,
as natives of this country, had prompted them to acquire an exad knowledge of it.
This was a refource of abfolute neceffity ; no opportunity having offered of vifiting
the inland parts of thefe countries ; and the accounts we received of them at Lima,
were not to be depended upon, with that confidence neceffary to their being inferted
here; for confidering the vaft diftance between the capital and fome provinces, it is no
wonder they are but little known at Lima. The reader will therefore indulge me in
giving a fuperficial account of fome ; for according to the method in which I began to
write the hiftory, we fhall infert fuch particulars only as are authentic ; it being un-
doubtedly more advantageous to fay a little with truth, than to engage in prolix and
uncertain particulars.

In order the better to defcribe the countries governed by the viceroy of Peru, without
departing from the plan hitherto obferved, I fhall divide the whole jurifdidion of its
government into thofe audiences of which it confifts ; thefe into the diocefes they con-
tain ; and the diocefes into jurifdiftions under a corregidor.

The viceroyalty of Peru in South America, extends over thofe vaft countries, included
in the jurifdiAions of the audience of Lima, Los Charcas, and Chili ; and in thefe are
comprehended the governments of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Paraguay, Tucuman, and
Buenos Ayres. Though thefe three provinces and the kingdom of Chili have particu-
lar governors inverted with all the authority agreeable to fuch a character, and as fuch
are abfolute in political, civil, and military affairs, yet, in fome cafes, are fubordinate to
the viceroy ; for inftance, on the death of any inferior governor, the vacancy is fupplied
by him. Before the eredion of the viceroyalty of the new ki?igdom of Granada in
1739, that of Peru, as we have already obferved, extended to the countries of the two
audiences of Terra Firma and Quito ; but thofe being then feparated from it, the bounds
of it on the north were the jurifdi6tion of Piura, which extends to' thofe of Guayaquil
and Loxa, and that of Chacapayas, which joins to the government of Jaen de Braca-
moros. Thus the viceroyalty of Peru begins at the bay of Guayaquil, at the coaft of
Tumbez, in 3° 25' fouth latitude, and reaches to the land of Magellan in 50°, confe-
quently it extends one thoufand and twelve fea leagues. Eaftward it partly terminates
on Brazil, being bounded by the celebrated line, or meridian of demarkation, or that
which feparates the dominions of Spain and Portugal, and on the coaft of the North Sea :
and on the weft is terminated by the South Sea.

The audience of Lima, erefted in the year 1542, though it was the year 3544 before
any feffion was held in that city, contains within its jurifdiftion one archbifhoprick, and
four bifhoprics, viz.

The archbilhopric of Lima, and the bifhoprics of Truxillo, Guamanga, Cufco, and

Arequipa.

The

6o8 , ULLOA's voyage to south AMEftlCA,

The archbifliopric of Lima, to which the precedence in every refpefl belongs, fhall
he the fubjed of this chapter. It contains fourteen jurifdidions, which I (hall treat of
in the order of their fituation, beginning with thofe neareft the capital, and concluding
with thofe which are moft remote : the fame method fhall alfo be obferved in the other
diocefes.

I. The Curcado or circuit of Lima. IX. Yauyos.

II. Chancay. X. Caxatambo.

III. Santa. XI. Sarma.

IV. Canta. XII. Jouxa.

V. Canete. XIII. Conchucos.

VI. lea, Pifco, and Nafca. XIV. Guyalas.

VII. Guarachia. XV, Guamalies.
VIII. Guanuco.

I. II. III. The jurifdidions of Lima, Chancay, and Santa have been already defcribed
in Chap. III.

IV. The jurifdi£lion of Canta begins at the diftance of five leagues north-north-eaft
of Lima, where it terminates on the curcado of that city. It extends above thirty
leagues, and the greater part of them taken up by the firft branch of the Cordillera of
the Andes; fo that the temperature of the air is different in dijBPerent parts of the
country ; that part which lies low or among the valleys being hot, thofe on the fkirts
of the mountains, which are alfo intermixed with fome plains, temperate ; and thofe
in the upper parts of the mountains cold. This difference of air is of great advantage
both to the fruits of the earth and paflures ; for by appropriating every fpecies to its
proper degree of heat, the produce is large, and exceedingly good. Among all the
fruits the papa is particularly diflinguifhed, and the roots carried to Lima, where they
meet with a good market. The vaft fields of bombon, part of which belongs to this
jurifdi£tion, are by their high fituation always cold ; yet they afford pafture for innu-
merable flocks of fheep. Thefe extenfive trads of land are ^vided into haciendas, or
eflates belonging to noble families of Lima. At Guamantanga, one of the towns in
this jurifdidion, is a miraculous crucifix, devoutly worfhipped ; the inhabitants of Lima,
and the neighbouring country, go thither in pilgrimage at Whitfuntide to aflifl at a fef-
tival, inflituted particularly in honour of it.

V. The town of Canete is the capital of the jurifdidion of its name. Its jurifdidion
begins at the diftance of fix leagues fouth from Lima, and extends along the coaft in
the fame rhumb above thirty leagues. The temperature of the air in this jurifdidion is
the fame with that in the valleys of Lima ; and the country being watered by a large
river, and other lefTer ftreams, produced vaft quantities of wheat and maize. Great
part of the lands are planted with canes, from whence they extrad an excellent fugar.
Thefe profitable trads of land belong alfo to noble families. In the neighbourhood of
Chilca, fituated about ten leagues from Lima, is found faltpetre of which gunpowder is
made at that city. Befides thefe advantages it has a good fifhery, which affords a com-
fortable fubfiftence to the Indian inhabitants of the towns, particularly thofe fituated
near the fea-coaft : together with plenty of fruits, puMe, and poultry, the breeding of
which is another occupation of the Indians ; whence a large trade is carried on between
this jurifdidion and Lima.

VI. lea, Pifco, and Nafca, are three towns which denominate this jurifdidion ; one
part of it runs along the coaft fouthward, and its territories extend above fixty leagues ;

3 but

WLLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. ' * 609

but are intermixed with fome deferts, and the country being fandy^ thofe parts which
are beyond the reach of the trenches cut from the rivers are generally barren. I fay
generally, becaufe there are fome trafts, which, without the benefit of an artificial
watering, are planted with vines, and produce excellent grapes, the roots being fup-
plied with moifture from the internal humidity of the earth. Great quantities of wines
are made from them, and chiefly exported to Callao, and from thence to Guayaquil
and Panama ; alfo to Guamanga, and other inland provinces : they alfo extract from
thefe wines great quantities of brandy. Some parts of this jurifdi£tion are plailted with
olive-trees, which produce excellent fruit either for eating or oil. The fields, which
are w^atered by the trenches, yield an uncommon plenty of wheat, maize, and fruits.
The jurifdiftion of lea is remarkable for fpacious woods of algarrobales or carob-trees,
with the fruit of which the inhabitants feed vafl numbers of affes, for the ufes of agri-
culture. The Indians who live near the fea apply themfelves to fifhing, and after fak-
ing carry it to the towns among the mountains,' where they never fail of a good market.

VII. The jurifdiction of Guarachia contains the firfl chain and part of the fecond
of the mountains, extending itfelf along thefe chains above forty leagues. This province
begins about fix leagues eafl of Lima. From the difpofition of its parts, thofe places
only which lie in the valley, and in the breaches of the mountains, are inhabited ; and
thefe are very fertile, producing great quantities of fruit, wheat, barley, maize, and
other grain. In its mountains are feveral filver mines, though but few of them are
wrought, being none of the richefl.

VIII. Guanuco is a city and the capital of its jurifdiclion, which begins forty leagues
north-eafl of Lima. This city was formerly one of the principal in thefe kingdoms,
and the fettlement of fome of the firfl conquerors ; but at prefent in fo ruinous a con-
dition, that the principal houfes where thefe great men lived remain as it were only
monuments of its former opulence. The other parts of it can hardly be compared to
an Indian town. The temperature of the air in the greateft part of its, territories is very
pure and mild ; and the foil fruitful. Several kinds of fweetmeats and jellies are made
here, and fold to other provinces.

IX. The jurifdiction of Yauyos begins twenty leagues fouth-eaft from Lima, and
takes up part of the firfl and fecond chain of the Cordilleras ; confequently the tempe-
rature of the air is different in different parts. The greatefl length of this jurifdifliion
is about thirty leagues, and abounds in fruit, wheat, barley, maize, &c. whilfl other
parts are continually clothed with verdure, and feed numerous herds and flocks for the
markets of Lima ; and thefe are the moll confiderable articles of its commerce.

X. Thejurifdid;ion of Caxatamba, which begins thirty-five leagues north of Lima,
extends about twenty leagues, and partly among the mountains, whence the tempera-
ture of the air is various ; but the whole territory is very fertile in graiji. It has alfo
fome filver mines, which are worked, and the Indians have manufactures of bays,
which make part of the trade of this jurifdiCtion.

XI. The jurifdidion of Sarma is one of the largeft in this archbilhopric. It begins
forty leagues north-eafl from Lima, and terminates eaflward on a tract of land inhabited
by wild Indians, called Maran-cochas, who often make inroads into the territories of
this jurifdidlion. The difference of the air in its feveral parts, renders it capable of
producing all kinds of grain and fruits, which the inhabitants are not wanting to
improve. The temperate parts are fown with wheat, barley, maize, and other grain ;
while the colder parts afford paflure to infinite numbers of cattle of all kinds. This
province is alfo rich in filver mines ; and as many of them are vi'orked, they fpread
affluence all over the country, Befides thefe important four'wes of commerce, and that'

VOL. XIV, 4 J of

6lO ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

of the cattle, the making of bays and other coarfe fluffs, profitably employ great num-
bers of Indians in moft of its towns.

XII. The jurifdi^tion of Jouxa borders on the fouthern extremity of the former, and
begins about forty leagues eafl of Lima, and extends forty more along the fpacious
valleys and plains between the two Cordilleras of the Andes. In the middle of it runs
a large river, called alfo Jouxa, the fource of which is in the lake of Chincay-Choca,
in the province of Sarma. It is alfo one of the branches of the river of the Amazons.
The whole jurifdidion of this province is divided into two parts by the river, and in
both are feveral handfome towns, well inhabited by Spaniards, Meftizos, and Indians.
The foil produces plenty of wheat and other grain, together with a great variety of
fruits. It has alfo a confiderable fhare of trade, being the great road to the provinces
of Cufco, Pazj Plata, and others to the fouthward, here called Tiera de Ariba, or the
Upper Country. Like the former, it borders eaflward on the wild Indians of the moun-
tains, but among which the order of St. Francis has eflablilhed feveral miflions, the
firfl being in the town of Ocopa. Within its dependances are feveral filver mines,
fome of which being worked, greatly increafe the riches of this province.

XIII. The jurifdiftion ofConchucos begins forty leagues north-north-eaft of Lima,
and extends along the center of the Cordillera ; fo that its air is different according to
the height of the fituation of its feveral parts, the mildeft of which produce all kinds
of grain and fruits, and the others, where the effeds of the cold checks this fertility,
afford paflure for cattle of all kinds. In this jurifdidion are great numbers of looms ;
the principal occupation of the Indians being feveral kinds of woollen manufactures,
and thefe conftitute the greateft part of its commerce with other provinces.

XIV. The province of Guyalas, like the former, extends along the center of the
Cordillera, beginning fifty leagues from Lima, and in the fame diredion as the other ;
this jurifdidion is large, and has different temperatures of air. The low parts produce
grain and fruits, the upper abound in cattle and fheep, which form the greateft branch
of their trade.

XV. The laft is that of Guamalies, which, like the former, Is fituated in the
center of the Cordillera, confequently its air very different. This jurifdidion begins
eighty leagues north-eaft of Lima, and its fituation being rather cold than temperate,
few places are fertile in its whole extent, which is above forty leagues. The Indian
inhabitants of the towns apply themfelves to weaving, and make a great variety of bays,
ferges, and other ftuffs, with which they carry on a very confiderable trade with the
other provinces, deftitute of fuch manufadures.

The preceding provinces, together with the following in the audience of Lima, as
in thofe belonging to Charcas, are full of towns, villages and hamlets, inhabited by
Spaniards, Meftizos, and Indians ; but with fome difference, the number of Spaniards
being greater in fome, and in others that of the Indians. Many of them are indeed
folely inhabited by the latter. The diftance from the capital of the province, efpecially
to the towns fituated on its frontiers, being fo great, as to render it impoffible for the
corregidor to difcharge his office every where with the necelfary punduality and atten-
tion, the province is divided into feveral diftrids, confifting of three or four towns,
more or lefs, according to their largenefs and diftance ; and over thefe is placed a
delegate.

Every fettlement of any confequence maintains a prieft ; and fo commendable is their
provifion in this refped, that fometimes two, three, or more fmall places join to fup-
port one, either alone or with a curate ; fo that fome ecclefiaftics have diftant fettle-
ments under their care. Thefe incumbents are either feculars or regulars, according

to

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 6ll

to the right acquired by each of thefe claffes, as having been employed in the conver-
fion of the Indians immediately after the conqueft.

CHAP. XII. — Of the Provinces in the Diocefes of Truxillo, Guamanga, Cu/co, and

Arequipa,

NORTH of the archiepifcopal diocefe of Lima, lies the bifhopric of Truxillo, and
with it terminates on that fide both the jurifdidion of that audience, and the viceroyalty
of Peru : but the whole extent of this diocefe is not under the jurifdidion of this audi-
ence, nor of that of the viceroy : for it alfo includes the government of Jaen de Braca-
moros, which, as we have already obferved, belongs to the province and audience
of Quito. We Ihall therefore exclude it, and only give an account of the feven jurif-
difitions in the diocefe of Truxillo belonging to the viceroyalty of Peru, and the audience
of Lima. n

Jurifdiftions in the diocefe of Truxillo :

I. Truxillo. V. Chachapayas.

II. Sana. VI. Llulia, and Chllloas.

III. Piura. VII. Pataz, or Caxamarquilla.

IV. \Caxamarca.

I. II, III. A fufficient account having already been given (Chap. I. II.) of the jurif-
didions of Truxillo, Sana, and Piura, it only remains to fpeak of the other four.

IV. Caxamarca lies to the eaftward of Truxillo, and its jurifdidtion extends along a
vaft interval betwixt the two Cordilleras of the Andes. It enjoys a fertility of all kinds
of corn, fruits, and efculent vegetables ; alfo cattle, fheep, and efpecially hogs, of
which they fell vaft numbers to the farmers in the valleys, who, after fattening them
with maize, fend them to the markets in the great towns ; particularly the farmers of
the valley of Chincay and others, who derive a confiderable trade in thefe creatures at
Lima, Truxillo, and other flourifhing places. The Indians throughout this jurifdidion
weave cotton for ihips* fails, bed-curtains, quilts, and other ufes, which are fent into
the other provinces. Here are alfo fome filver mines, but of little confequence.

V. On the fame fide, but more towards the eaft, lies thejurifdidion of Chachapayas.
Its temperature is hot, being without the Cordilleras, and to the eaftward its territories
have a low fituation. It is of great extent, but very thinly inhabited ; and the products
of the earth only fuch as naturally flourifh in fuch a cUmate. The Indians here are
very ingenious in making cottons, particularly tapeftry, which, for the livelinefs of the
colours and delicacy of the work, make an elegant appearance ; thefe, together with
the fail-cloth, bring great profits to this country, being highly valued in the other
provinces.

VI. South of Chachapayas, and alfo on the eaft fide of the Cordillera of the Andes,
lies the jurifdiftion of Llulia and Chilloas, which is low, warm and moift, and covered
with woods, fo that great parts of it are uninhabited. It borders on the river of Maya»
bamba, which, beginning its courfe from thefe fouthern provinces of Peru, forms the
river of the Amazons, as we have already obferved. The principal commodity of this
country is tobacco, which, with a particular kind of almonds called andes, and a few
other fruits natural to its climate, form the commerce carried on by this province with
the others.

4 1 2 vn.

^12 ULLOA*S VOYAGi: TO SOUTH AMERICA.

VII. The laft jurifdiftion of this diocefe is that of Pataz, or Caxamarquilla. From
its different fituations it has a variety of products ; but is particularly remarkable for
gold mines ; its chief commerce conlifting in exchanging that metal for current money,
efpecially filver coin, which is the more efteemed here for its fcarcity.

Guamanga the fecond diocefe :

The city of Guamanga, the capital of this diocefe, was founded in the year 1539, by
Don Francifco Pizarro, on the fite of an Indian village of the fame name. The Spa-
niards added the name of San Juan del la Vidoria, in memory of the precipitate retreat
of Manco the Ynca, from Pizarro, who offered him battle. This city was founded for
the conveniency of the trade carried on between Lima and Cufco ; for during this long
diftance, there was at that time no town, whence the travellers frequently :£ifered by
the incurfions of Manco's army. This gave occafion to building the city on the fpot
where the Indian village flood, though extremely inconvenient with regard to provifions,
as lying contiguous to the great chain of the Andes ; but the war being happily termi-
nated by the entire defeat of Manco's party, the city was removed to its prefent fituation.
Its jurifdidion, regulated at the time of its foundation, began at the frontiers of Jouxa,
and reached to the bridge of Valcas ; but at prefent it is bounded by the provinces which
furround it, and contains the town of Anco, about three leagues from it : the city is
fituated on the declivities of fome mountains not remarkable for their height, which, ex-
tending fouthward, inclofe a fpacious plain to the eaflward of the town, watered by a
fmall ftream defcending from the neighbouring mountains ; but the ground on which
the city is built being higher than the breach through which the river flows, the inha-
bitants were obliged to provide themfelves with fmall fountains. Among the number
of inhabitants, Guamanga boaflsat lead of twenty noble families, who live in the center
of the town, in fpacious houfes of a confiderable height, built partly of flone, and
covered with tiles. Befides the largenefs of the apartments, they have extenfive gardens
and orchards, though it is no fmall difficulty to keep thefe in order, on account of the
fcarcity of water. The large Indian fuburbs round the city add greatly to its extent,
and the houfes though low are chiefly of ftone, and roofed, which confiderably augments
the appearance of the city. This is indeed the general manner of building in the towns
of this kingdom, remote from the coafl.

The cathedral is very fplendid, 'and its chapter, befides the bifhop, confifts of a dean,
archdeacon, chanter, two canons by compofition, a penitentiary, and two prebendaries.
It has a feminary for the fervice of the church, under the title of St. Chriflopher. The
church of this feminary is that belonging to the parifh of the Spaniards, and another de-
dicated to St. Ann, the parifh-church of the Indians. Befides thefe are the chapels of
Carmenca, Belin, St. Sebaflian, and St. John the Baptift, depending on it. The parifh
of Magdalena, inhabited by Indians, is under the cire of the Dominicans, and the in-
cumbent has the title of prieft. The city has alfo an univerfity, with profeflbrs of philo-
fophy, divinity, and law, and equal privileges with that of Lima, they being both royal
foundations. The corporation is compofed of the principal nobility of the city, at the
head of which is the corregidor, and out of this body the alcaldes are chofen, to fuper-
intend the civil and political government.

Within the walls of this city are the convents of St. Dominic, St. Francis, the fathers
of Mercy, St. Augufline, St. Juan de Dios, a college of Jefuits, an hofpital of St. Francis
de Paula. The nunneries are of the order of St. Clare, and the Carmelites ; and a reli-
gious fiflerhood.

2 The

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 615

The jurifdidions in the diocefe of Guamanga, are

I. Guamanga. VI. Angaraes.

II. Guanta. VII. Callio Vineyna.

III. Vilcas Guaman. VIII. Parina-Cocha.

IV. Andogualas. IX. Lucanas.
V. Guanca Belica.

I. The jurifdidion of Guamanga enjoys in every part fo good a temperature, that it
abounds in variety of grain, fruit, and cattle, and is very populous. One part of its
commerce confifts in bend-leather for foles of fhoes, which are cut out here. Conferves
and fweetmeats are here made in great quantity.

II. The jurifdiftion of Guanta, vi^hich lies north-north-weft of Guamanga, begins a
little above four leagues from that city, and is in length about thirty leagues. It is very
happy in the temperature of the climate, and fertility of the earth ; but its filver mines,
which were formerly very rich,, are now greatly exhaufted. In an ifland formed by the
river Jouxa, called in that country Tayacaxa, grows in remarkable plenty the caca al-
ready mentioned. This herb, and the lead produced from the mines of that metal in
this country, are the branches of its commerce. It fupplies the city of Guamanga with
great part of its corn and fruits.

III. South-eaft of Guamanga, and between fix and feven leagues from that city, is
Vilcas Guaman, which extends above thirty leagues. The greateft part of this country
lying in a temperate air, befides a fufficiency of corn and fruits, and efculent vegetables,
has very fine paftures, in which are bred vaft quantities of cattle of all kinds. The In-
dians in the towns of this jurifdi£lion apply themfelves to weaving bays, corded fluffs,
and other branches of the woollen manufaftory, which are carried to Cufco, and other
provinces ; but this trade is rendered very laborious by the great diftance of the feveral
places. Here is ftill remaining a fort built by the old Indians, and refembles that al-
ready defcribed, near the town of Cannar ; at the town of Vilcas Guaman was another,
very famous, but taken down in order to erect a church with the ftones.

IV. Eaft, a little inclining to the fouth of Guamanga, is Andogualas, extending eaft-
ward along an intermediate fpace between two branches of the Cordillera, above twenty
miles, having the advantage of being watered by feveral fmall rivers. Its climate is
partly hot, and partly temperate, fo that the foil, being watered by thefe ftreams, pro-
duces all kinds of fruits and grain in great plenty, efpecially maize, wheat, and fugar-
canes. This province is one of the moft populous in all thofe parts ; in it the gentry of
Guamanga have large fugar plantations.

V. The government of Guanca Belica begins thirty leagues north of Guamanga.
The town which gives name to this government was founded on account of the famous
rich quickfilver mine ; and to the working it, the inhabitants owe their whole fubfift-
ence, the coldnefs of the air checking the growth of all kinds of grains and fruits, fo
that they are obliged to purchafe them from their neighbours. The town is noted for
a water where fuch large petrifadions are formed, that the inhabitants ufe them in build-
ing houfes, and other works. The quickfilver mines wrought here fupply with that
necefTary mineral all the filver-mines of Peru ; and notvvithltanding the prodigious quan-
tities already extracted no diminution is perceived. Some attribute the difcovery of
thefe mines to a Portuguefe, called Henrique Garces, in the year 1566, who accident-
ally met an Indian with fome pieces of cinnaber, called by the Indians, Ilimpi, and ufed
in painting their faces. But others, among whom are Acofta, Laett, and Efcalona, fay
that the mines of Guanca Belica were difcovered by a Navincopa, or Indian, and fer-

vant

>,

6 14 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

vant to Amador Cabrera; and that before the year 1564, Pedro Contreras and Hen-
rique Garces had difcovered another mine of the fame kind at Patas. But however it
be, the mines of Guanca Belica are the only ones now worked ; and the ufe of quick-
filver for aggregating the particles of filver began in the year 1571, under the diredion
of Petro Fernandes Velafco. The mines of Guanca Belica immediately on the difcovery
were claimed in the King's name, and alternately governed by one of the members of
the audienza of Lima, with the title of fuperintendant, whofe office expired at the end
of five years, till in the year 1735, when Philip V. appointed a particular governor of
thefe mines, with the fame title of fuperintendant, but thoroughly acquainted with the
nature of extracting this mineral, having been employed in thofe of the fame nature in
Spain ; and by his economy the mines are worked with lefs charge, and will not be fo
foon exhaufted. Part of the quickfilver found here is fold on the fpot to the miners,
and the remainder fent to all the royal offices in the kingdom of Peru, for the more com-
modious fupply of thofe whofe mines are at a great diftance.

VL The jurifdidion of Angaraes depends on the government of Guanca Belica, and
begins about twenty leagues weft-north- weft of the city of Guamanga. Its territories
reach above twenty leagues ; its air is temperate, and it abounds in wheat, maize, and
other grains and fruits, and alfo breeds vaft droves of cattle of all kinds.

VII. Weft of the city of Guamanga is the jurifdiQion of Caftio Vineyna. In fome
parts this province extends above thirty leagues, and has fuch a variety of temperatures,
that it produces every kind of grain and fruits. The heaths, which are the coldeft parts,
are frequented by a kind of iheep called Vicunna, whofe wool is the moft confiderable
article of its commerce. This animal was alfo common in the provinces of Jouxa, Gua-
nuco, and Chuquiabo, till theconqueft of thofe countries, when every one hunted them
at pleafure for the fake of their wool, without reftraint from the government, they be-
came, as it were, exterminated in thofe parts ; now they are only to be found on the
fummits of mountains or the coldeft heaths, where they are not caught without great
difficulty

VIII. Abouftwenty leagues fouth of the city of Guamanga, is the jurifdidion of Pa-
rina-Cocha, which reaches about twenty-five leagues, and lies principally in fo tem-
perate an air, that the foil, befides excellent paftures, abounds in grain and fruits. It
has alfo feveral mines both of filver and gold, which now produce more confiderably
than heretofore. Thefe valuable metals make the chief branch of its adtive commerce,
its paffive being the fame as in the following jurifdidion.

IX. Thejurif.liftion of Lucanas begins about twenty-five or thirty leagues fouth-weft
of Guamanga. Its temperature is cold and moderate. The parts of the former breed
large droves of all forts of cattle ; and thofe of the latter are fertile in grain, herbs, and
fruits. It alfo abounds in valuable filver mines, in which chiefly the riches of Peru con-
fift, and by that means made the center of a very large commerce ; great numbers of
merchants reforting hither with their goods, and others for pujchafing fuch provifions
as their own countries do not affi^rd, for which they give in ex ange ingots and pinnas
of filver.

III. Diocefe of the Audience of Lima. — - Cufco.

Of all the cities in Peru, Cufco is the moft ancient, being of the fame date with the
vaft empire of the Yncas. It was founded by the firft Ynca Mango Capac, as the feat
and capital of his empire. Having peopled it with the firft Indians who voluntarily
fubmitted to him, he divided it into two parts, which he called High and Low Cufco,
the former having ^jeen peopled by Indians which the emperor himfelf had aiTembled,

I and

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 615

and the latter by thofe whom his confort Mama-Oello had prevailed upon to leave their
wandering manner of life. . The firfl: forms the north, and the latter the fouth part of
the city. The houfes originally were low and fmall like cottages ; but as the empire
increafed, they aiTumed a new appearance ; fo that when the Spaniards landed in thefe
parts, they were aftonifhed at the largenefs and fplendour of the city, efpecially the
magnificence of the temple of the fun, the grandeur of the palaces of the Ynca, and
the pomp and richnefs becoming the feat of fo vaft an empire. It was in the month of
0£tober 1534, when Don Francifco Pizarro entered and took poffeflion of it in the
name of Charles V. Emperor and King of Spain. This was followed by a fiege
of the Ynca Mango, who laid great part of it in aflies, but without diflodging the
Spaniards.

This city Hands in a very uneven fituation on the fides of the mountains, there be-
ing no other more convenient near it. On a mountain contiguous to the north part of
the city are the ruins of that famous fort built by the Yncas for their defence ; and it
appears from thence, that the delign was to inclofe the whole mountain with a prodi-
gious wall, of fuch conftruftion as to render the afcent of it abfolutely imprafticable to ""^^^ ■
an enemy, and, at the fame time, eafily to be defended by thofe within ; in order to
prevent all approach to the city. This wall was entirely of free-ftone, and ftrongly
built, like all the other works of the Yncas, already defcribed, but ftill more re-
markable for its dimenfions and the largenefs of the ftones, which are of different mag-
nitudes and figures. Thofe compofing the principal part of the work are of fuch pro-
digious dimenfions, that it is difficult to imagine how it was poffible for the ftrength of
man, unaffifted by machines, to have brought them hither from the quarries. The
interfaces formed by the irregularities of thefe enormous malTes are filled with fmaller,
and fo clofely joined, as not to be perceived without a very narrow infpedion. One of
thefe large ftones is ftill lying on the ground, and feems not to have been applied to
the ufe intended, and is fuch an enormous mafs, that it is aftonifiiing to human reafon
to think by what means it could be brought thither. It is called La Canfada, or the
Troublefome, alluding probably to the labour of bringing it from the quarry. The
internal works of this fortrefs confift of apartments, and two other walls are chiefly in
ruins, but the outward wall is ftanding.

The city of Cufco is nearly equal to that of Lima. The north and weft fides are
furrounded by the mountain of the fortrefs, and others called Sanca : on the fouth, it
borders on a plain, on which are feveral beautiful walks. Moft of the houfes are of
ftone, well contrived and covered with tiles, whofe lively red gives them an elegant ap-
pearance, The apartments are very fpacious, and finely decorated, the inhabitants be-
ing noted for their elegant tafte. The mouldings of all the doors are gilt, and the other
ornaments and furniture anfwerable.

The cathedral of Cufco, both with regard to materials, architefture, and difpofition,
greatly refembles that of Lima, but is a much fmaller ftrudure. It is built entirely of
ftone, and the architefture is even thought to exceed it. The facrifty is called Nuef-
tra Senora del Triumpo, being the place where the Spaniards defended themfeives from
the fury of the Indians, when furrounded by the army of the Ynca Mango ; and,
though the whole city was feveral times fet on fire, the flames had no eifed on this
part ; which was attributed to the fpecial protedion of the Holy Virgin. It is ferved
by three priefts, one in particular for the Indians of the parifh, and the other two for
the Spaniards. Befides this, Cufco alfo contains eight other parifties ; namely,

I. Belin. — II. The church of the general hofpital, which has* alfo its prieft and its
parifli.— m, Santa Anna.— IV. Santiago.— -V. San Bias-— VI. San ChriftovaL— VIL

5aa

6i6 ulloa's voyage to south America.

San Sebaftian.— •VIII, San Geronymo. And though the firft of the two laft be a
league, and the fecond two leagues from the city, they are reckoned among the num-
ber of its parifhes.

Here is alfo a convent of Dominicans, the principal walls of which were formerly
thofe of the temple of the fun, and at prefent the high altar (lands in the very place
where once was a golden image of that planet. There is likewife at Cufco a convent
of Francifcans, which is the head of that order in this province. The convents of the
Auguftines and the fathers of Mercy in this city, are alfo the principal of their refpec-
tive orders. The Jefuits have likewife a college here. The convent of St. Juan de
Dios and that of the Bethlemites, which are both very large, are hofpitals for the fick ;
the latter is particularly appropriated to the Indians, who are there ufed with the great-
eft care and tendernefs. The nunneries are thofe of St. Clare, St. Catherine, the bare-
footed Carmelites, and a Nazarene fifterhood.

The government of this city confifts of a corregidor, placed at the head of the.ma-
giftrates, who are the chief nobility ; and out of thefe are annually chofen two ordi-
nary alcaldes, according to the cuftom of all the cities in South America. The mem-
bers of the cathedral chapter befides the bilhop, are five dignitaries, namely, the dean,
archdeacon, chanter, reftor, and treafurer,; two canons by competition, a magiftral,
and penitentiary j three canons by pr efentation, and two prebendaries. Here are three
colleges ; in the firft, called St. Anthony, a feminary for the fervice of the cathedral,
are taught Latin, the fciences, and divinity. The fecond is under the direction of the
Jefuits, where thefe fathers inftruft youths of fortune. The third, called St. Francis
de Borja, belongs alfo to the Jefuits, and is appointed for the education of the fons of
caciques, or Indian princes. The two former confer all degrees below that of dodor,
and have been erefled into univerfities.

Among the courts of juftice, is one for the revenue, confifting of two judges. Here
is alfo a court of inquifition, and of the croifade ; together with the fame offices as in
the other large cities already defcribed. Formerly this city was very full of Spaniards,
and among them many noble families j but, at prefent, its inhabitants are very much
declined.

Jurifdidions in the Diocefe of Cufco :

I. Cufco. VIII. Canas, and Cances, or Tinta.
II. Quifpicanchi, IX. Aymaraes.

III. Avancay. X. Chumbi-Vilcas.

IV. Paucartambo, XI. Lampa.
V. Colcaylares. XII. Carabaya.

VI. Chilques, and Mafques. XIII. Afangaro, and Afilo.

VII. Cotobamba. XIV. Apolo-Bamba.

I. The jurifdidion of Cufco extends two leagues j the temperature of air is various,
but both the heat and cold very fupportable, except in fome parts where the cold is
intenfe : thefe, however, afford good pafture for all kinds of cattle, whilft the valleys
produce plenty of grain and fruits.

II.' The jurifdi£tion of Quifpicanchi begins, as it were, at the fouth gates of Cufco,
ftretcl ing from eafl to weft about twenty leagues. The lands belong, in general, to
the gentry of Cufco, and produce plenty of wheat, maize, and fruits. Here are alfo
mauufa6lories of bays, and coarfe woollen ftutfs. Part of this province borders on the

forefts

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 617

forefts inhabited by wild Indians, and produces great quantities of coca, which forms
one of the principal branches of its commerce.

ni. Four leagues north-eaft from the city of Cufco, begins the jurifdidion of Avan-
cay, and extends above thirty leagues ; the air differing in temperature according to the
fituation of its parts ; but it is in general rather hot than temperate, and, accordingly,
many parts of it are taken up with large plantations of canes, which yield a very rich
fugar. The lands where the air is more temperate, abound in wheat, maize, and fruits,
part of which are fent to the city of Cufco. In this province is the valley Xaquijaguana,
corruptly called Xajaguana, where Gonzalo Pizarro was defeated and taken. prifoner by
Pedro de la Gafco.

IV. Paucartambo begins eight leagues eaft of Cufco, and is of a confiderable extent.
This province produced, in the time of the Yncas, the great eft quantity of coca, with
which it carried on a very profitable commerce ; but is greatly declined fmce this Ihrub
has been planted in other provinces. The foil is equally fertile in other products.

V. The jurifdidtion of Calcay lares begins four leagues weft of the city of Cufco.
The air every where excels that of all other provinces, and accordingly produces an
exuberance of all kinds of grain and fruits. In the hotteft parts called Lares, were for-
merly very large plantations of fugar-canes, but for want of hands to cultivate them,
they are at prefent fo diminilhed, that inftead of fixty or eighty thoufand arobas, which
they annually produced in the time of their profperity, they are now reduced to fome-
thing lefs than thirty ; but the fugar is of fuch an excellent kind, that without any other
preparation than that of the country, it is equal both in colour and hardnefs to the
refined fugar of Europe. This diminution of its fugar has greatly leffened the princi-
pal branch of its commerce.

VI. South-eaft of Cufco, and at the diftance of about feven or eight leagues, begins
the jurifdiftion of Chilq«es and Mafques, extending above thirty leagues in length.
The temperature of the air is proportioned to the fituation of its feveral parts, fome of
which are very fertile in grain, and others feed vaft numbers of cows and fheep. But
befides thefe its commerce is greatly augmented by the woollen manufadlures of the
Indians.

VII. South-weft of Cufco, and about twenty leagues diftance, begins the jurifdiftion
of Cotabamba, which afterwards extends above thirty leagues between the rivers Avan-
cay and Apurimac, in which extent are different temperatures of air. It abounds in all
kinds of cattle, and the temperate parts produce plenty of wheat, maize, and fruits.
Here are alfo mines of filver and gold, the richnefs of which formerly rendered this
province very flouriftiing ; but, at prefent, their produce is greatly declined.

VIII. The jurifdidion of Canas and Canches or Tinta, begins about fifteen or twenty
leagues fouth of Cufco, and extends about twenty leagues in every direction. The Cor-
dillera divides it into two parts ; the higheft called Canas and the loweft Canches. The
latter, by reafon of its temperate air, yields all kinds of grains and fruits ; whilft the
former affords pafture for very numerous floclcs and herds; and in the meadows between
the eminences are fed no lefs than twenty-five or thirty thoufand mules, brought thither
from Tucuma to pafture. Here is a very great fair for thefe creatures, to which dealers
refort from all parts of the diocefe. In the part called Canas is the famous filver mine
Condonoma.

IX. About forty leagues fouth-weft from Cufco is the jurifdidion of Aymaraes,
which extends thirty farther, and like the former has different temperatures of air. The
lands abound in fugar, cattle, and grain ; and alfo in mines of gold and filver, which

VOL. XIV. 4 K formerly

6l8 CLLOA's voyage to south AMEIlieAr

formerly produced large quantities of thofe valuable metals ; but at prefent few of them
are wrought, the country being too thinly inhabited.

X. Something more than forty leagues from Cufco, begins the jurifdidlion of Chumbi
Vilcas, which in fome parts extends above thirty leagues, has different temperatures of
air, great quantities of corn and fruits, and large herds of cattle j together with fome
mines of filver and gold.

XI. The jurifdiftion of Lampa begins thirty leagues fouth of Cufco, and is the prin-
cipal of all the provinces included under the name of Callao. Its plains are interrupted

\ with fmall hills, but both abound in good pafture; and accordingly this province is
particularly remarkable for its quantity of cattle, with which it carries on a very profit-
able trade ; but the air being every where cold, the only fruits of the earth are papas
and quincas. Another very confiderable advantage are its filver mines, being very rich,
and conftantly worked.

XII. The jurifdiftion of Carabaya begins fixty leagues fouth-eaft of Cufco, and
extends above fifty leagues. The greateft part of it is cold, but the valleys fo warm
as to produce coca, and abounds in all kinds of fruits, grain, and pulfe, together with
fufEcient paftures for cattle of all kinds. Here are feveral gold mines, and the two
famous lavatories, called Lavaderos de San Juan del Oro, and Pablo Coya j alfo that
of Monte de Ananea, two leagues from the town of Poto, where there is an office for
<:olle£ting the quintos or fifth, belonging to the king. In this province alfo is a river,
which feparates it from' the mountains of the wild Indians, and is known to abound
fo greatly in gold, that at certain times the caciques fend out a certain number of Indians
in companies from the towns in their refpedive diftricls to the banks of this river, where
by waffling the fands in fmall wells they dig for that purpofe, they foon find a fufficient
quantity of gold to pay the royal tribute. This kind of fervice they call chichina.
This province has alfo mines of filver, which produces vaft quantities of that metal.
In 1713 was difcovered in the mountain of Ucuntaya a vein or ftratum nearly of folid
iilver, which, though foon exhaufted, yielded fome millions, and hopes have been con-
ceived from it of meeting with others, whofe riches will be of longer continuance.
This jurifdi£tion is alfo famous for the gold mine called Aporama, which is very rich,
and the metal twenty-three carats fine.

XIII. The jurifdidlion of Afangaro and Afilo, which lies about fifty leagues fouth
of Cufco, is every where cold, and confequently proper only for breeding cattle, in
which, however, it carries on a very profitable trade. In the north-eaft parts which
border on thofe of Caravaya, are fome filver mines, but a few of them only are worked.
Some of its lands produce plenty of thofe roots and grains which naturally flourifh in
a cold air, as papas, quinoas, and canaguas ; of the two laft the natives make chica
in the fame manner as it is made with maize. This jurifdidion belongs to the audience
of Charcas.

XIV. About fixty leagues from Cufco, on the borders of the Moxos, which are
miffions of the Jefuits, are others called Apolo-bamba, belonging to the Francifcans.
Thefe confift of feven towns of Indians newly converted, and who having received the
doftrine of the gofpel, have abandoned the favage manner in which they formerly
lived. In order to render the miffionaries more refpe6ted by the Indians, and at the
fame time to defend the latter from the infults of their idolatrous brethren, a major
general is polled here, who is both a civil and mihtary officer, adminiftering juftice,
and commanding in chief the feveral bodies of militia formed by the inhabitants of thefe
towns and villages.

1 IV. Dio.

lJLtOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 6lp

IV. Diocefe of the Audience of Lima. — Arequipa.

The city of Arequipa was founded in 1539 by order of Don Francifco Pizarro, in
a place known by the fame name : but this fituation being found very difadvantageous,
the inhabitants obtained permiffion to remove it to the valley of Quilca, where it at
prefent ftands, about twenty leagues diftant from the fea. The lands in its dependency
having been united to the empire of the Yncas by Malta Capac, the goodnefs of the foil
and the purity of the air, induced that monarch, for the farther improvement of the
country, to draw three thoufand families from fuch adjacent provinces as were lefs
fertile, and with thefe to people four or five towns.

This city is one of the largeft in all Peru, delightfully fituated in a plain, and the
houfes well built of (lone, and vaulted. They are not all of an equal height, though
generally lofty, but commodious, finely decorated on the outfide, and neatly furnifhed
within. The temperature of the air is remarkably good : and though fometimes a
fmall froft is feen, the cold is never exceflive, nor the heat troublefome ; fo that the
fields are always cloathed with verdure and enamelled with flowers, as in a perpetual
fpring. The inhabitants enjoy an exemption from many difeafes common to other
countries, partly owing to their care in keeping the ftreets clean by means of canals
which extend to a river running near the city ; and by thefe all the filth of the city
is fwcpt away.

But thefe pleafures and advantages are allayed by the dreadful fliocks of earthquakes,
to which, in common with all thofe parts of America, it is fo fubjed, that it has
been four times by thefe convulfions of nature laid in ruins ; befides other fmall fhocks
not attended with fuch terrible confequences. The firfb of thofe was felt in 1582, the
fecond on the 24th of February 1600, which was accompanied with an eruption of a
volcano called Guayna-Patina, in the neighbourhood of the city : the third happened in
1604, ^iid the laft in 1725. And though the defolation attending the three laft was
not fo univerfal, yet the public buildings, and the moft ftately houfes, were laid
in ruins.

The city is very populous, and among its inhabitants many noble families, this being
the place where moft of the Spaniards fettled, on account of the goodnefs of the air,
and the fertility of the foil ; as alfo for the conveniency of commerce at the port of
Aranta, which is only twenty leagues diftant. The civil, political, and military govern-
ment of the city is executed by a corregidor, who is placed at the head of the regidores,
from which are annually chofen two ordinary alcaldes.

The city of Arequipa did belong to the diocefe of Cufco, till the year 1609, v/hen
it was ereded into a particular bifliopric on the 20th of July. The chapter, befides
the bifhop, confifts of the five ufual dignitaries, namely, the dean, archdeacon, chanter,
redtor, and treafurer : three canons and two prebends. Befides the facrifty, which is
ferved by two priefts for the Spaniards, the parilh of Santa Martha is appropriated to
all the Indian inhabitants. Here are two Francifcan convents, one of obfervants, and
the other of recollects, both belonging to the province of Cufco ; alfo one of Domi-
nicans, and another of Auguftines, depending on Lima ; and a monaftery of the
fathers of Mercy, fubordinate to that of Cufco. Under their refpeftive fraternities
of Lima here is alfo a college of Jefuits, and a convent and hofpital of St. Juan de Dios.
Here is a feminary for the fervice of the cathedral ; and two nunneries ; namely, one
of the Carmelites, and the other of St. Catharine. A third is now building for the
x>rder of Santa Rofa. There is alfo at Arequipa an office of revenue, under the

4 K 2 direftion

(520 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

dire£tion of an acconiptant and treafurer ; together with commiflaries of the inqulfition
and croifades, with their fubalterns, as in all the other cities.

Jurifdidions in the Diocefe of Arequipa.

I. Arequipa. IV. Caylloma.

II. Camana. V. Monquegua.

III. Condefuyos de Arequipa. VJ. Arica.

I. Arequipa comprehends the fuburbs and towns in its neighbourhood, where the
climate being the fame as in the city, the country is perpetually covered with flowers,
corn, and fruits ; while the excellence of the paftures is fufficiently evident from the
numbers of fine cattle fed in them.

II. Along the coaft of the South Sea, but at fome diftance from the fliore, is the
jurifdiftion of Camana, which is very large, but contains many deferts, efpecially along
the coaft. Eaft ward it extemJs to the borders of the Cordillera ; fo that the temperature
of fome parts of its jurifdiction is nearly the fame with that of the former, while others
are cold ; both producing grain and fruits of a correfponding nature. Its principal
trade confifts in afles. It has filver mines near the mountains, but of little advantage,
as they are not worked.

III. North of Arequipa and thirty leagues diftant from that city, is the jurifdidion
of Condefuyos de Arequipa, extending about thirty leagues, with different temperatures
of the air, and confequently produces grains and fruits. Here is bred the wild
<:ochineal, with which the Indians carry on a kind of trade with thofe provinces where
the woollen manufadures flourifli.' They firft pulverize the cochineal by grinding,
and after mixing four ounces of it with twelve of violet maize, they form it into fquare
cakes called mango, each weighing four ounces, and fell it for a dollar per pound.
This country abounds in gold and filver mines j but they are not worked with the care
and diligence of former times.

IV. At about thirty leagues eaft from the city of Arequipa, begins Caylloma, famous
for a mountain of the fame name, and the filver mines it contains. Though thefe
mines have been long difcovered and conftantly and induftrioufly worked, their pro-
duce is ftill fo inconfiderable, that in the principal village, called by the fame name,
there is a governor and office appointed for receiving the king's fifths, and vending
the quickfilver ufed in feparating the metal from the ore. The cold in the greateft
part of the country is fo intenfe, that the inhabitants are obliged to have recourfe to
the neighbouring provinces for the fruits of the earth. Even the declivities of moun-
tains and valleys produce but little. In fome parts of this province are wild aiTes, like
thofe already mentioned.

V. The jurifdidion of Monquegua lies about forty leagues fouth of the city of
Arequipa, and fixteen from the coaft of the South Sea. The principal town, which
bears the fame name, is inhabited by Spaniards, and among them feveral noble and
opulent families. This jurifdidion extends at leaft forty leagues in length, and in
a happy climate, adorned with large vineyards, from the produce of which great quan-
tities of wine and brandy are made ; thefe conftitute its whole commerce, fupplying
all the provinces bordering on the Cordilleras as far as Potofi, by land carriage ; while
they are exported by fea to Callao, where they are greatly valued. Here are alfo papas
and olives.

VI. The

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 621

VI. The laft jurlfdidion of this diocefe Is Arica, which extends along the coaft of
the South Sea. Befides the heat, and inclemency of the air, the greateft part of the
country is barren, producing only aji, or Guinea-pepper, from which alone it derives
a very advantageous trade, as may eafily be imagined from the vaft confumption of it
in all thefe parts of America. Accordingly the dealers in this commodity refort
thiiher from the provinces on the other fide of the mountains, and by computation,
the annual produce of thefe plantations amounts to no lefs than 600,000 dollars per
annum. The pods of this pepper are about a quarter of a yard in length, and when
gathered are dried in the fun, and packed up in bags or rufties, each bag containing
an aroba, or quarter of a hundred weight ; and thus they are exported to all parts
of the kingdom, and ufed as an ingredient in moft of their difhes. Other parts of,
this jurifdiftion are famous for vaft quantities of large and excellent olives, far ex- otu^j^^
ceeding the fineft produced in Europe, being nearly as large as a hen*s egg. They
extrad fome oil from their olives, and find a good market for it in the provmces of the
Cordillera ; others are pickled, and fome, together with a fmall quantity of oil, ex-
ported to Callao.

CHAP. XIII. -— Of the Audience of Charcas.

THE provkice of Charcas, in the extent of its jurifdi£lion, is equal to that of
Lima; but with this -advantage, that many of its parts are not fo well inhabited, fome
being full of vaft deferts and impenetrable forefts ; while others are full of vaft plains,
intercepted with the ftupendous heights of the Cordilleras, fo that it is inhabited in
thofe parts only which are free from thefe inconveniences. The name of Charcas
formerly included many populous provinces of Indians, whom the Ynca Capac
Yupanqui fubjefted to his empire ; but he carried his arms no farther than the pro-
vinces of Tutyras and Chaqui, where he terminated his conquefts towards Callafuyo.
On the death of this monarch, his fon, Ynca Roca, the fixth in the fucceflion of
thofe emperors, pufhed his conquefts farther in the fame part, till he became fovereign
of all the intermediate nations to the province of Chaquifaca, where was afterwards
founded the city of Plata, at^ prefent the capital of the whole province* of Charcas.
Its jurifdi6lion begins on the north fide,^ at Vilcanota, belonging to the province of
Lampa in the diocefe of Cufco, and reaches fouthward to Buer^os Ayres. Eaftward it
extends to Brafil, being terminated by the meridian or demarcation ; and weftward
part of it reaches to the South Sea, particularly at Atacama, the moft northern part
of it on this fide. The remainder of Charcas borders on the kingdom of Chili.
Thefe vaft trafts of the land give one archbiftiop, and five bifliops his fuffragans,
namely,

^ The archbiftiop of Plata.

Bifhoprics :
I. La Pas. IV, Paraguay.

II. Santa Cruz de la Sierra. V, Buenos Ayres.

III. Tucuman.

Archbiftiopric of the Audience of Charcas, or Chuquifaca. — La Plata.

The Spaniards having conquered all the provinces between Tumbez and Cufco, and
quelled the tumults formed among the conquerors themfelves, turned their thoughts

on

622 mXOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AAIERICA.

on reducing the more remote nations. Accordingly in the year 1538, Gonzalo
Pizarro, and other commanders, marched from Cufco at the head of a large body
of troops, and, advancing as far as Charcas, were oppofed by the nations inhabiting
this country, and the Carangues, with fuch vigour, that it was not till after feveral
obftinate battles that they fubmitted. But their refiftance did not equal that made by
the Chuquifacans ; for Pizarro having, after feveral actions, penetrated to their prin-
cipal town, they belieged him in it, and the danger was fo great, that without the
fpeedy fuccours fent him from Cufco by his brother the Marquis Don Francifco
Pizarro, the few Spaniards who furvived the former actions would have been all cut
off. But on the arrival of this reinforcement, among which were a great number of
volunteers of diflindion, he routed the Indians, who, being no longer able to continue
the war, fubmitted, and acknowledged the fovereignty of the King of Spain. In the
following year 1539, Pizarro, convinced of the importance of making a ftrong fettle-
ment there, commiflioned Captain Pedro Anzures to build a town, which was accord-
ingly done on the fife of that of Chuquifaca, and great numbers of thofe who had
fhared in the conqueft, continued there in order to fubdue the other contiguous
nations. This town they called Plata, alluding to the filver mines of the mountain
of Porco in its neighbourhood, and from which the Yncas received great quantities of
filver, keeping in pay a proper number of Indians for working them ; but the primitive
name of Chuquifaca has prevailed, and is now commonly ufed. This city Hands in
a fmall plain environed by eminences which' defend it from the winds. The tempe-
rature of the air in fummer is very mild ; nor is there any confiderable difference
throughout the year ; but in the winter, which here begins in September and continues
till March, tempefls of thunder and lightning are very common, and the rains of
long continuance ; but all the other parts of the year the atmofphere is bright and
ferene. The houfes both in the great fquare and thofe adjoining to it have one ftory
befides the ground floor. They are covered with tiles, are very roomy and con-
venient, with delightful gardens planted with tjie fruits of Europe. But water is fo
fcarce that they have hardly enough to fupply the neceffary purpofes of life : the little
they have being fetched from feveral public fountains difperfed in different parts of the
city. The inhabitants confifl of Indians and Spaniards, and are faid to amount to
about i4,coo.

The cathedral is large, and divided into three aifles, of good archite£l-ure, and
finely adorned with paintings and gildings. The parifh is ferved by two priefls, one
for the Spaniards, and the other for the Indians. Here is alfo another parifh called
St. Sebaflian, fituated at one end of the city, and is appropriated to the Indians living
within its precind, who are thought to be about three thoufand. The convents are
thofe of the Francifcans, Dominicans, Auguflines, the fathers of Mercy, and a
college of Jefuits ; all fpacious buildings with fplendid churches. Here is alfo a con-
ventual hofpital of St. Juan de Dios, the expences of which are defrayed by the King ;
likewife two nunneries, of the order of St. Clare, and of St. Monica.

The city of La Plata has alfo an univerfity, dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, the
chairs of which are filled indifferently either by fecular clergy or laymen ; but the
redor is always a Jefuit. Here are alfo two other colleges in which leftures of all
kinds are read. That of St. John is under the direction of the Jefuits ; while the
archbifhop nominates to that of St. Chriflopher, which is a feminary.

Two leagues from Plata runs the river Cachimay along the plains, having on its
banks feveral pleafant feats of the inhabitants ; and about fix in the road leading to
Potofi, is the river of Philco-mayo, which is paffed over by a large flone bridge.

During

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 623

During feme months of the year, this river furnifhes the city of Plata with great plenty
of dehcious fifti ; among which is one called the Dorado *, which generally weighs
between twenty and twenty-five pounds. The other provifions, as bread, flefh, and
fruits, are brought from the adjacent provinces.

The chief tribunal in Plata is that of the audience, ereded in the year 1559, and
whofe prefident has the titles of governor and captain-general of the province, exclufive
of the government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Tucuman, Paraguay, and Buenos
Ayres, which are independent, and in military cafes abfolute. It has alfo a fifcal, a
proteftor-fifcal of the Indians, and two fupernumerary auditors.

The magiftracy or corporation, as in all other cities of this country, confifts of regi-
dores, who are perfons of the firft diftindion, with the corregidor at their head,
and from them are annually chofen two ordinary alcaldes, for maintaining order and the
police. Plata was ere6led into a bifhopric in 1551, the place having then the title of
city ; and in the year 1608, was railed to a metropolis. Its chapter confifts of a dean,
archdeacon, chanter, treafurer, and reftor j five canons, four prebendaries, and four
minor prebendaries. The archbifhop and his chancellor conflitute the ecclefiaftical
tribunal.

Here is alfo a tribunal of croifade, with a commiflary, fubdelegate, and other
officers : likewife a court of inquifition fubordinate to that of Lima, and an office for
taking care of the effisds of perfons dying inteftate ; all eftablifhed on the fame foun-
dation with thofe in other cities already mentioned.

The jurifdidlions belonging to the archbilhopric of Plata, are the fourteen fol-
lowing :

I. The city of Plata, and imperial VIII. Pilaya and Pafpaya.

town of Potofi. IX. Cochabamba.

II. Tomina. X. Chayantas.

III. Porco. XI. Paria.

IV. Tarija. XII. Carangas.
V. Lipes. XIII. Cuacica.

VI. Amparaes. XIV. Atacama.

VII. Oruro.

I. The jurifdidion of the city of Plata is of fuch prodigious extent as to include the
imperial town of Potofi, which is even the continual refidence of the corregidor.
There alfo is eftablifhed the office of revenue, which confifts of an accountant and
treafurer, with clerks ; as moft convenient on account of its vicinity to the mines, for
taking account of the filver produced by them.

The famous mountain of Potofi, at the foot of which, on the fouth fide, ftands
the town of the fame name, is known all over the commercial world, as having been
greatly enriched by the filver it produces. The difcovery of thefe immenfe mines hap-
pened in the year 1 545, by an accident feemingly fortuitous. An Indian, by fome
called Gualca, and by others Hualpa, purfuing fome wild goats up this mountain, and
coming to a part very fteep, he laid hold of a fmall Ihrub in order to climb it with
the greater celerity ; but the fhrub being unable to fupport his weight came up by the
roots, and difcovered a mafs of fine filver, and at the fame time he found fome lumps
of the fame metal among the clods, which adhered to the roots. This Indian, who

* This is a large fpecies of the Dolphin, which, without plenty of good fauce, is very dry eating. A.

lived

624 ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA.

lived at Porco, haftened home with thefe firft fruits of his difcovery, walhed the filver
and made ufe of it, repairing, when his flock was near exhaufted, to this perpetual
fund. At length an intimate friend of his, called Guanca, obferving fuch a happy
change in his circumflances, was defirous of knowing the caufe, and urged his queftions
with a warmth that Gualca was unable to deny. For fome time they retired in concert
to the mountain for frelh fupplies of filver, till Gualca, refufmg to difcover his method
of purifying the metal, Guanca revealed the whole fecret to his mafter Villarroel, a
Spaniard, who lived at Porco. Immediately on this information he went, on the
2 1 ft of April 1545, to view this fortunate breach in the mountain, and the mine was
without delay worked, with immenfe advantage.

This firft mine was called the Difcoverer, as having been the occafion of difcovering
other fources of riches enclofed in the bowels of this mountain ; for in a few days
another was found equally rich, and called the Tin-mine ; fmce that, another has been
difcovered, and diftinguifhed by the name of Rica, as furpaffing all the reft : and was
fucceeded by the Mendieta. Thefe are the principal mines of Potofi, but there are
feveral fmaller, crofting the mountain, on all fides. The fituation of the former of
thefe mines is on the north fide of the mountain, their direction being to the fouthj
a little inclining to the weft ; and it is the opinion of the moft intelligent miners in this
country, that thofe which run in thefe directions are the richeft.

On a report of thefe important difcoveries, people from all parts retired to Potofi,
particularly from the city of Plata, which is fituated about twenty-five leagues from
the mountains ; fo that at prefent, befides its extraordinary riches, having among its
inhabitants many noble families, particularly thofe concerned in the mines, the circuit
of the town is near two leagues. The air of the mountain being extremely cold and
dry*, renders the adjacent country remarkably barren, producing neither grain, fruits,
herbs, or other efculents. The town, however, is fo plentifully provided as to enjoy
an abundance of every kind j and the trade for provifions is greater here than in
any other place, that of Lima alone excepted. Nor will this appear at all ftrange if
the great number of people employed in the mines be confidered. Some provinces
fend the beft of their grain and fruits ; others their cattle ; others their manufac-
tures ; and thofe who trade in European goods refort to Potofi, as to a market where
there is a great demand, and no want of filver to give in exchange.

Befides this commerce, here are a fet of perfons called Aviadores, who find their
account in advancing to the mafters of the mines coined filver to pay their neceffary
expences, receiving in exchange filver in ingots and pinnas. Another article of great
confequence, is the trade of quickfilver for the ufe of thefe mines ; but this branch
the crown has referved to itfelf. The vaft confumption of this mineral may in fome
meafure be conceived by the great quantity of filver produced by thefe mines ; for
before the invention of extracting the filver with lefs mercury, a mark of that mineral
was confumed in obtaining a mark of fine filver ; and often by the ignorance of the
workmen, a ftill greater quantity ; but the immenfe confumption of quickfilver in the
mines of this mountain, and the riches extraded from it, will beft appear from the
following accounts of two authors, who were perfe£lly mafters of the fubjedt. The
firft is that of the Rev. Alonzo Barba, parifti-prieft in the imperial town of Potofi,
who, in a piece on metals, publifhed in the year 1637, fays, that from the year 1574,
when mercury was firft ufed here in extracting the filver, the royal office of Potofi has
received above 204,700 quintals of mercury, exclufive of what had been clandeftinely

* The extremell cold in this part feldom freezes the waters thicker than a half crown.

12 bought

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA* 6S5

bought by private perfons, and which amounted to no fmall quantity. And as this
was confumed in the fpace of fixty-three years, the annual amount is about 3,249
quintals. The fecond account is given us by Don Gafper de Efcalona, who, in his
Gazophilacio Perubico, declares, from very good authority, that before the year 1638,
it appeared by the public accounts, that the produce of the filver amounted to
395,619,000 dollars, which, in riinety-three years, the time" it had then been dif-
covered, amounted to 41,255,043 dollars per annum. Hence an idea may b*; formed
of the vafl commerce which has for many years been carried on in this town, and
which is flill like to continue for a long time ; fuch enormous fums being annually bar-
tered for goods fent hither, its whole trade confifting in -,filver extraded from this
mountain ; and if ibme diminution has been perceived in its produce, it is flill very
confiderable.

At a fmall diftance from Potoli, are the hot medicinal baths, called Don Diego,
whither, as in other countries, fome refort for health, and others for diverfion.

The jurifdidion of Tomina begins about eighteen leagues fouth-eaft from the city
of Plata, and borders eaftward on a nation of wild Indians, called Chiriguanos. The
climate is hot, and confequently its products are fuch as are common to hot countries.
Some parts have vineyards, and in others are made confiderable quantities of fugar.
It abounds alfo in cattle and fheep. The extent in fome parts is near forty leagues.
The vicinity of the Chiriguanos is a continual uneafmefs to the towns in this jurif-
didion, and even to the city of Plata itfelf, they having more than once attempted
to furprife it.

III. The jurifdidion of Porco begins at the weft fide of the town of Potofi, and
about twenty-five leagues diftance from the city of Plata ; extending about twenty far-
ther. The coldnefs of its fituation occafions a fcarcity of grain and fruits ; but,
on the other hand, it abounds in fine cattle of all forts. In this jurifdidion is the
mountain of Porco, whence it has its name, and from whofe mines the Yncas, as I
have already obferved, extraded all the filver for their expences and ornaments ; and
accordingly was the firft mine worked by the Spaniards after the conqueft.

IV. About thirty leagues fouth of Plata lies the jurifdidion of Tarija, or Chicas,
the greateft extent of which is about thirty-five leagues. The temperature of the air
is various, being in fome parts hot, and in others cold ; whence it has the advantage
of corn, fruits, and cattle. This country every where abounds in mines of gold and
filver, and efpecially that part called Chocayas. Between this province and the country
inhabited by wild Indians, runs the large river Tipuanys, the fands of which, being
mixed with gold, are walhed like thofe of the river Caravaga, already mentioned.

V. In the fame part as the former, but with a fmall inclination towards the fouth-
weft, is the jurifdidion of Lipes, and extends alfo thirty-five leagues. The air is
extremely cold, fo that grain and fruit thrive very httle here, but it abounds in cattle,
particularly thofe natural to the country, as the vicuna, alpaca, or taruga, and the
llama. It muft, however, be obferved, that thefe creatures are common to all the
other provinces of Punas, that is, to thofe where the heaths and mountains are of fuch
a height, as to render the air continually cold. Here are alfo mines of gold, but at
prefent forfaken, though the remains of the old works are ftill vifible, particularly in
one of the mountains near Colcha, known by the name of Abetanis, which, in the
Indian language, fignifies a golden mine. That of St. Chriftopher deAcochala was
formerly one of the moft famous in all Peru for the richnefs of its filver rnines,
the metal being in fome parts cut out with a chifTel, but now very greatly declined ;
which may, in a great meafure, be imputed to a want of people for working them : it

VOL. XIV. 4 jL being

626 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

being highly probable that the fame work would ftill produce nearly an equal quantity
of that valuable metal.

VI. The jurifdidion of Amparaes begins at a little diftance to the eaflward of the
city of Plata, and is terminated on the eall by the jurifdiclions belonging to the diacefe
of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, particularly on. that of Mifquepocona ; and the corregiHor
of the province of Amparaes has the cognizance of the Indian inhabitants of Plata. Its
Warm parts abound in grain, particularly barley, which, together with the numerous
droves of cattle in the colder parts, conflitute the chief branches of its trade.

VII. North-wefl of Plata is the province of Oruro, whofe capital San Phelipe de
Auftria de Oruro is thirty leagues diftant from it. The greateft part of this jurifdidion
is fo cold as to deny it any efculent vegetables; but on the other hand it feeds nume-
rous flocks and herds, befides great numbers of cattle peculiar to the country, as vicunas,
guanacos, and llamas. Here are alfo many gold and filver mines ; the former, though
known even in the time of the Yncas, have been feldom worked ; but thofe of lilver
have yielded great riches to the inhabitants of the province. They are now however,
according to all appearance, under an irremediable decay, being overflowed, and all the
endeavours hitherto ufed, in order to drain them, have proved ineffe£tual ; fo that
thofe of any confideration at prefent are in the mountains of Popo, about twelve leagues
from the town, which is large and very populous from the trade carried on there with
the mines. It has a revenue office for colledling the fifths belonging to the crown.

VIII. The province of Pilaya and Pafpaya, or Cinti, lies fouth of Plata, diflance about
forty leagues. The greateft part of its jurifdidion being among the breaches of the
mountains, is the better adapted for producing all kinds of grain, pulfe, and fruits ;
which, with the great quantity of wine made here, enable it to carry on a very lucrative
commerce with the other provinces, which are not fo happily fituated.

IX. The province of Cochabamba lies fifty leagues fouth-eaft of Plata, and fifty-fix
from Potofi. Its capital is one of the moft confiderable cities in Peru, with regard to
largenefs, and the number and wealth of its inhabitants. The province in fome direc-
tions extends, above forty leagues. Befides the fituation of the city in a moft fertile
plain, the whole country is fo fertilized by the many rivers and ftreams, which every
where traverfe it, that this province is efteemed the granary of the whole archbifhopric,
and even of the diocefe De la Paz. The air alfo is in moft parts very mild and pure ;
and in fome fpots filver mines have been difcovered.

X. ^About fifty leagues north-weft from the city De la Plata, lies the province of
Chayanta, extending in fome parts about forty leagues. This country is very famous
for its gold and filver mines. The former are indeed at prefent difccntinued, though
the ancient fubterraneous paflages are ftill open. This province is watered by the river
Grande, in whofe fand confiderable quantities of gold duft, and grains of that metal, are
found. The filver-mines are ftill worked to great advantage ; but with regard to cattle,
this province feeds no more than are barely fufficient for its inhabitants.

XL The contiguous province to that of Chayanta, on the north-weft fide of Plata,
-and feventy leagues diftant from that city, is that of Paria, the extent of which is about
forty leagues. The air here is cold, fo that it produces little grain, which is in fome
meafure compenfated by the great plenty of cattle of all kinds ; and the cheefes made
here, both from the milk of ftieep and cows, are fo highly efteemed, that they are fent
into every part of Peru : it has alfo fome filver-mines. The name of this province is
derived from a very large lake, being an arm of that prodigious colle(5lion of waters
called Titi-caca, or Chucuito.

XII. The

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 6^27

XII. The province of Carangas begins feventy leagues weft from the city of Plata,
and extends above fifty leagues. The climate of this jurifdidion is fo cold, that the
only efculent vegetables here are the papa, quinoa, and canagua ; but it abounds in cat-
tle. Here are a^ great number of filver-mines conftantly worked ; among which that
named Turco is very remarkable for a fort of ore termed by miners machacado ; the
fibres of the filver forming an admirable intertexture with the ftone in which they are
contained. Mines of this kind are generally the richeft. Befides this there are others
in this jurifdiction, which, if not richer, are equally remarkable ; and thefe are found in
the barren fandy deferts extending towards the coaft of the South Sea. And here, only
by digging in the fands, are found detached lumps of filver, not mixed with any ore or ^a WJ .,
ftone than what adheres in fome parts to the metal. Thefe lumps are called papas, ^
being taken out of the ground, in the fame manner as that root. It is doubtlefs very
difficult to account for the formation of thefe mafles of filver in a barren and moveable
fand, remote from iny ore or mine. Two conjedures may, however, be offered. The
firft by admitting the continual reproduction of metals, of which there are indeed
here fo many evident proofs ; as the matrices of gold and filver, met with in many parts
of this kingdom. Nay, the very mines themfelves, after being long forfaken, have
again been worked with great advantage ; but the ikeletons of Indians found in old
mines, and covered with fibres of filver, and the inward parts alfo full of the fame
metal, feem to put the matter beyond difpute. If this be admitted, it is natural to con-
clude, that the primordial matter of filver is firft fluid, and when it has acquired a cer-
tain degree of perfedion, fome parts of it are filtrated through the pores of the fand,
ftill ftopping in a place proper for completing the fixation ; they there form a folid con-
geries of filver ; and being joined with thofe earthy particles they colleded in their
courfe to the place where they were abforbed by the pores of the fand, confolidated
with the filver.

Though this conjecture be not deftitute of probability, yet I am more inclined to
embrace the fecond, as it is, in my opinion, more fimple and natural. Subterraneous
fires being very common in thefe parts of America, as I have already obferved in fpeak-
ing of the earthquakes, their adlivity is doubtlefs fo ftrong as to melt any metals depo-
fited near the places where they begin ; and to communicate to them a heat fufficient
for keeping them a long time in a ftate of fufion ; and hence a portion of filver thus
melted neceflarily fpreads, and introduces itfelf through the larger pores of the earth,
and continues to expand itfelf, till, being beyond the reach of heat, it fixes, and re-af-
fumes its former confiftency, together with other heterogeneous fubftances collefted in
its paflage. To this hypothefis, two objedions may be offered ; one, that the metal in
fufion, by changing its Situation, muft be expofed to the cold air, and confequently foon
condenfe. The fecond, that the pores of the earth being extremely minute, particularly
in a fandy foil, the filver fliould rather be found in filaments, or fine ramifications, than
in large lumps or pieces, as is really the cafe. To both thefe objeftions I fhall endea-
vour to give a brief but fatisfadlory anfwer. ^

Before the filver begins to run from the place where it was melted, the fubterraneous
fire had pervaded the pores of the earth, which by the dilatation of the'l)ody of air en-
clofed in them, became diftended ; the metal immediately follows, and finding a chan-
nel fufficiently capacious for introducing itfelf, farther compreffes the particles of the
earth contiguous to thofe it abrades, and, confequently, continues its courfe without
obftruftion. The fubterraneous fire which preceded the fufion, communicates to the
earth a degree of heat fufficient to expel the cold air, fo that the metal runs through it,
till by degrees the heat is abated, and the metal becomes fixed. Another circumftance

4L 2 whicli

6a8 • ulloa's voyage to south America.

which contributes to prolong the heat is, there being often no fpiracle to thefe palTages,
whence the earth through which the metal flows, does foon emit the firfl: heat it con-
tradted from the fubterraneous fire ; confequently the metal will not be fixed till at a
confiderable diftance from the place of liquidation : but the firft particles of the metal
being checked by the cold they have gradually contrafted, thofe which follow flow to
the lame place, and there form a concreted mafs, or mixed body of filver and fcoria,
brought with it from the original mine. It now remains that we examine whether what
is aftually obferved in thefe lumps of filver, agrees with what has been advanced, in
order to determine whether this opinion have a probable foundation.

Thefe papas or lumps of filver are of a different compofition from thofe found in the
mines, having all the appearances of melted filver, as any perfon, a ftranger to the man-
ner of finding them, would immediately conclude. In them the filver forms a mafs,
and the furface is covered over with terrene particles, few or none of which are mixed
with the filver ; conformable to what is feen in metals melted, and fufFered to cool
without feparating the drofs. The terrene particles adhering to the filver are black,
and exhibit all the marks of calcination, except that in fome it is ftronger than in others v
and as this mull happen if the lumps are formed by the fufion of the metal, it feems
natural to conclude that they were really formed in this manner.

The fize and figure of thefe lumps are very different ; fome weighing about two-
marks, and others much more ; for among feveral which I faw at Lima, were two, one
weighing fixty, and the other above one hundred and fifty marks, being a Paris foot in
length ; thefe indeed were the largeft ever feen here. Thefe lumps of filver are found
in different parts of the fame ground, though not often near one another. The metal
in its courfe takes various directions, introducing itfelf into thofe places where it finds
the leaft refiftance ; and as thefe parts are more or lefs capacious, the magnitude of the
papa is greater or fmaller,

XIII. About ninety leagues north of the city of Plata, but only forty from Paz,
lies the province of Ciacica. Its capital, which has the fame name, and all the places
fituated to the fouthward of it, belong to the archbilhopric of Plata j but many of
thofe to the northwards of it are in the diocefe of Paz. The countries in this jurif-
didion extend in fome parts above a hundred leagues, and confequently the tempera-
ture is various. Some fpots are very hot, and produce an exuberance of coca, which
flbrub alone is the fource of a very confiderable commerce, fupplying all the mine
towns from Charcas to Potofi. The leaves of this plant are packed in frails, each of
which mult, according to the ordinance, contain eight pounds ; and its current price
at Ururo, Potofi, and the other mine towns, is from nine to ten pieces of eight, and
fom6times more. The colder parts feed \irge herds of cattle : together with vicunas,
guanacos, and other wild creatures. This province has alfo fome filver-mines, but not
fo many, nor fo rich, as the preceding province.

XIV. Attacama is the weftern boundary of the audience of Charcas, extending to
the South Sea ; and the principal town, called alfo Attacama, is no lefs than one hun-
dred and twenty leagues from Plata. Its jurifdidion is of a confiderable extent, and a
great part of it very fruitful ; but intermixed with fome deferts particularly towards the
fouth, where it divides the kingdoms of Peru and Chili. On the coall in this province,
there is every year a large fifhery of tolo, a fort of fifli common in the South Sea, with
which a very great trade is carried on with the inland provinces, it being there the chief
food during Lent, and the other days of abftinence*

CHAP.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 629

CHAP. XIV. — Account of the three Diocefes of La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and
Tucuman ; and of their refpe^iive Provinces,

THE provmce in which the prefent city of La Paz is fituated, was formerly known
by the name of Chuquiyapu, which, in the idiom of that country, is commonly
thought to fignify Chacra, or an inheritance of gold, and is there corruptly called
Chuquiabo. Accordingly, Garcelafo pretends that Chuquiyapu fignifies Lanz Capitana,
or principal lance ; but this is deriving it from the general language of the Yncas, and
with a difference in the penultima, it not being uncommon for a word nearly alike in
found to have a very different fignification in each idiom. This province was firft con-
quered by Mayta-Capac, the fourth Ynca ; and the Spaniards having afterwards taken
poffeflion of it, and quelled all difturbances, this city was founded by Pedro de la Gafca,
that in the vaft diftance of an hundred and feventy leagues between Arequipa and
Plata, there might be a fettlement of Spaniards, for the improvement of commerce,
and the fafety and conveniency of the traders. The prefident Gafca committed the
care of building it to Alonzo de Mendoza, with orders that it Ihould be ereded on a
fpot, midway between Cufco and Charcas, which are one hundred and fixty leagues
. from each other ; and that it fhould be called Nueftra Senora de la Paz, in memory of
the public tranquillity receiltly fettled by the defeat and execution of Gonzalo Pizarro,
and his adherents. With regard to its fituation, a valley in the country called Las
Pacafas, was pitched upon, on the 8th of OQober 1548, as a place abounding ingrain
and cattle, and full of Indians.

Along the valley De la Paz, flows a pretty large river, but fometimes greatly in-
creafed by torrents from the Cordillera, about twelve leagues diftant from the city ;
but from its vicinity, great part of the country is expofed to fo cold an air, as hard
frofts, fnow, and hail, are not uncommon ; but the city itfelf is fecured from them by
its happy fituatiort. Other parts are alfo fo well flieltered, that they produce all the
vegetables of a hot climate, as fugar-canes, coca, maize, and the like. In the moun-
tainous parts are large woods of valuable timber, but infefted with bears, tigers, and
leopards ; they have alfo a few deer : while on the heaths are found guanacos, vicunas,
and llamas, with great numbers of cattle of the European fpecies, as will be feen in
the account of each refpective province.

The city is of a middling fize, and from its fituation among the breaches of the
Cordillera, the ground on which it ftands is not only unequal, but alfo furrounded by
mountains, without any other profped: than the channel of the river, and the adja-
cent mountains. When its river is increafed, either by rains or the melting of the
fnow on the mountain, its current forces along huge maffes of rocks, with fome grains
of gold, which are found after the flood has fubfided. Hence fome idea may be
formed of the riches inclofed in the bowels of thefe mountains ; but a more remarkable
demonftiration appeared in the year 1730, when an Indian, happening to wafli his feet
in the river, difcovered a lump of gold, of fo large a fize, that the Marquis de Cafl:el-
Fuerte gave twelve thoufand pieces of eight for it, and fent it to Spain, as a prefent
worthy the curiofity of his fovereign.

This city is governed by a corregidor, under whom are regidores, and ordinary
alcaldes, as in all other towns. Befides the cathedral, and the parifti church Del
Sagrario, where two priefts officiate, here are alfo thofe of St. Barbara, St. Sebafl:ian,
and St. Peter : the religious fraternities of Francifcans, Dominicans, Augufl:ines, ^ the
fathers of Mercy, a college of Jefuits, and a convent and hofpital of St. Juan de Dios ;

1 1 together

630 / ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

together with a nunnery of the order of the Conception, and another of Santa Terefa.
Here is alfo a college of St. Jerom, for the education of youth, whether defigned
for ecclefiaftical or civil employments.

In 1608, the church De la Paz was feparated from the diocefe of Chuquifaca, to
which it before belonged, and erected into a cathedral. Its chapter, befides the bifhop,
confifts of a dean, archdeacon, chanter, four canons, and prebendaries ; but with
regard to other circumftances, being the fame with feveral cities already defcribed, I
{hall proceed to the provinces in its diocefe.

I. Bifhopric of the audience of Charcas. — La Paz.

The provinces or jurifdidions in the diocefe of Paz, are the fix following :

I. La Paz. IV. Laricaxas.

II. Omafuyos. V. Chuciuto.
III. Pacages. VI. Paucar-Colla.

I. The jurifdiftion of La Paz is of no great extent, and the city is almoft the only
place worth notice in it. In the adjacent Cordillera is a mountain of remarkable
height, called Illimani, which doubtlefs contains immenfe riches. A crag of it beingr
fome years fmce flruck from it by a flafh of lightning, and falling on a neighbouring
mountain, fuch a quantity of gold was found in the fragments, that for fome time that
metal was fold at Paz, at eight pieces of eight per ounce. But its fummit being per-
petually covered with ice and fnow, no mine has been opened in this mountain. The
fame we have already obferved of thofe high mountains in the province of Quito,
all attempts having been rendered abortive.

II. North-weft, and almoft at the gates of Paz, the jurifdidion of Omafuyos begins,
and extends about twenty leagues, being bounded on the weft by the famous lake of
Titi-caca, or Chucuito, of which a farther account will be given in the fequel. The
air here is fomewhat cold, fo that it produces little grain ; but that deficiency is
abundantly compenfated by the great numbers of cattle ; befides an advantageous trade
for fifb, carried on in other provinces by the Indians living on the borders of the lake,
who are very induftrious in improving that advantage.

III. Almoft fouth-weft of Paz, is the jurifdidtion of Pacages, the greateft part of
which being in a cold climate produces little grain or fruits : fo that the inhabitants

^ apply themfelves to the iDreeding of cattle. This province is however very rich in
filver mines, though but a fmall part of them are worked ; and it is known from un-
doubted figns, that thefe mines were worked in the time of the Yncas. Here are alfo
mines of talc, called jafpas blancos de Verenguela. It is of a beautiful white, and,
on account of its tranfparency, is tranfported to different parts of Peru, for making
panes of windows, both in churches and houfes ; as the ftone called Tecali ferves for
the fame ufes in New Spain. In thefe mountains are alfo a great number of mines and
rhU g^"^s, particularly one of emeralds, well known in Europe, but for fome latent reafons
not worked ; together with quarries of different fpecies of marble. In this province
is the famous filver mine called Verenguela : and likewife the mountains of Santa Juana,
Tampaya, and others, well known for the immenfe treafures extradled from them.

IV. Adjacent to the territories of the jurifdidion of La Paz, and to the north of
that city, is the province of Laricaxas, which extends one hundred and eighteen
leagues from eaft to weft, and about thirty from north to fouth. The temperature of
the air is different in different parts, and fome of its produds are the fame with thofe

Pf

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA, 63 1

of Carabaya, by which it is terminated to the northward. This whole privince abounds
in gold mines, whofe metal is of fo fine a quality, that its flandard is twenty -three '■^-'^
carats, and three grains. In this province is the celebrated mountain of Sunchuli,
in which about fifty years fince was difcovered a gold mine remarkably rich, and of
the ftandard above-mentioned ; but when in its higheft profperity, it was unfortunately
overflowed ; and notwithftanding prodigious fums were expended in endeavours to
drain it, all the labour and expence, from the works being injudicioufly conducted,
were thrown away.

V. The jurifdi£tion of Chucuito begins about twenty leagues weft of Paz, and fome
part of it bordering on the lake of Titi-caca, that coUedtion of waters is alfo called the
lake of Chucuito. The extent of this province from north to fouth is betwixt twenty-
fix and twenty-eight leagues. Its temperature is in general cold and very difagreeable,
the frofts continuing one half of the year, and the other either fnow or hail is cbn-
tinually falling. Accordingly the only efculent produdlions of the vegetable kingdom
are the papas and quinoas. The inhabitants have however a very beneficial trade
with their cattle, which abound in this jurifdi6tion, by falting and drying the flefh. -'
The traders who carry it to the coaft exchange it for brandy and wine ; and thofe
who go to Cochabamba carry alfo papas and quinoas, which they barter for meal.

All the mountains in this province have their filver-mines, and formerly produced
largely, but at prefent are totally abandoned.

The territories of the province of Chucuito are on one fide bounded by the lake
of Titi-caca, the magnitude of which merits fome account to be given of it. This lake
lies between thefe provinces, comprehended under the general name of Calloa, and ^, ,
is of all the known lakes of America, much the largeft. Its figure is fomewhat oval, Z*-^*"
inclining nearly from north-weft to fouth-eaft its circumference is about eighty leagues,
and the water, in fome parts, feventy or eighty fathoms deep. Ten or twelve large
rivers, befides a great number of fmaller ftreams, empty themfelves into it. The water
of this lake, though neither bitter or brackifti, is turbid, and has in its tafte fomething
fo naufeous that it cannot be drank. It abounds with fifti, of two oppofite kinds ;
one large and palatable, which the Indians call Suchis ; the other fmall, infipid and
bony, termed long fince by the Spaniards Boyas. It has alfo a great number of g^d.^
and other wild fowl, and the fhores covered with flags and rurfies, the materials of
which the bridges are made, and of which an account will be given in the fequel.

As the weftern borders of this lake are called Chucuito, fo thofe on the eaft fide
are diftinguifhed by the name of Omafcuyo. It contains feveral iflands, among which
is one very large, and was anciently one mountain, but fince levelled by order of the
Yncas ; it, however, gave to the lake its own name of Titi-caca, which, in the Indian
language, fignifies a mountain of lead. In this ifland the firft Ynca Mancho-Capac, the
illuftrious founder of the empire of Peru, invented his political fable, that the fun, his
father, had placed him, together with his fifter and confort. Mama Oello Huaco,
there, enjoining them to draw the neighbouring people from the ignorance, rudenefs,
and barbarity in which they lived j and humanize them by cuftoms, laws and religious
rites dictated by himfelf; and in return for the benefits refulting from this artful
ftratagem, the ifland has, by all the Indians, been confidered as facred ; and the Yncas
determining to ereft on it a temple to the fun, caufed it to be levelled, that the fituation
might^ be more delightful and commodious.

This was one of the moft fplendid temples in the whole empire. Befides the plates
of gold and filver with which its walls were magnificently adorned, it contained an
immenfe colledion of riches, all the inhabitants of provinces which depended on the

4 empire,

63* uiloa's voyage to south America.

empire, being under an indifpenfable obligation of vifiting it once a year, and offering
fome gift. Accordingly they always brought, in proportion to their zeal or ability,
gold, filver, or jewels. This immenfe mafs of riches, the Indians, on feeing the
rapacious violence of the Spaniards, are thought to have thrown into the lake ; as it
is certainly known, they did with regard to a great part of thofe at Cufco, among
which was the famous golden chain made by order of the Ynca Huayna Capac, to
celebrate the feftival of giving name to his eldeft fon. But thefe valuable effeds were
thrown into another lake, fix leagues fouth of Cufco, in the valley of Orcos ; and
though numbers of Spaniards, animated with the flattering hopes of fuch immenfe
treafures, made frequent attempts to recover them, the great depth of the water, and
the bottom being covered with flime and mud, rendered all their endeavours abortive.
For notwithftanding the circuit is not above half a league, yet the depth of water is in
moft places not lefs than twenty-three or twenty-four fathoms.

Towards the fouth part of the lake Titi-caca, the banks approach each other, fo as
to form a kind of bay, which terminates in a river called El Defaguadero, or the
drain, and afterwards forms the lake of Paria, which has no vifible outlet ; but the
many whirlpools fuflSciently indicate that the water iffues by a fubterraneous paffage.
Over the river Defaguadero is ftill remaining the bridge of rufhes, invented by Capac
Yupanqui, the fifth Ynca, for tranfporting his army to the other fide, in order to
conquer the provinces of CoUafuyo. The Defaguadero is here between eighty and a
hundred yards in breadth, flowing with a very impetuous current under a fmooth, and,
as it were, a fleeping furface. The Ynca, to overcome this difficulty, ordered four
very large cables to be made of a kind of grafs which covers the lofty heaths and
mountains of that country, and called by the Indians ichu ; and thefe cables were
the foundation of the whole flirufture. Two of thefe being laid acrofs the water,
fafcines of dry juncia and totora, fpecies of ruflies, were fafl:ened together, and laid acrofs
them. On thefe the two other cables were laid, and again covered with the other
fafcines fecurely faftened, but fmaller than the firfl:, and arranged in fuch a manner
as to form a level furface ; and by this means he procured a fafe pafl^age to his army.
This bridge, which is about five yards in breadth, and one and a half above the fur-
face of the water, is carefully repaired, or rebuilt every fix months, by the neigh- .
bouring provinces, in purfuance of a law made by that Ynca, and fince often con-
firmed by the Kings of Spain, on account of its prodigious ufe ; it being the channel of
-intercourfe between thofe provinces feparated by the Defaguadero.

VI. The lafl: jurifdidion of this biflioprick is that of Paucar-Colla, whofe capital is
the town of Puno. Its jurifdi£l:ion fouth ward borders on that of Chucuito, and has
the fame temperature : confequently is obliged to have recourfe to other provinces for
the greateft part of its grain, and efculent vegetables ; but abounds in all kinds of
cattle, both of the European and American kinds. The Indians of the town weave
bags with their wool, and fell them to great advantage. The mountains in this pro-
vince contain feyeral filver mines, and among the refl: the famous Laycacota, which
formerly belonged to Jofeph Salcedo, and where the metal was often cut out of the
mine with a chiflel ; but its prodigious richnefs accelerated the death of its owner,
foon after which the waters broke into it ; nor has any labour and expence been able
to drain it, fo that it is at prefent abandoned. Few of the refl: are worked,^ the general
cafe with almofl: all the filver-mines in this audience, efpecially of thofe in the arch^
biihopric pf Charcas, and this diocefe of La Pa;s,

^ II. Biftiopric

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 6^^

II. Bifliopric in the Audience of Charcas. — Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

The province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra is a government and captain-gefieralfliip :
and though its jurifdiftion is of a large extent, not many Spaniards are found in it,
and the few towns are in general miffions comprehended under the common name of
Paraguay miffions. The capital of the fame name was eredled into a bifhopric in the
year 1605. Its chapter confifts only of a bifhop, dean, and archdeacon, having nei-
ther canons, prebendaries, or other dignitaries. The ufual refidence of the bifhop is
the city of Mifque Pocona, eighty leagues from Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

The jurifdidtion of Mafque Pocona reaches above thirty leagues ; and although the
city itfelf is very thinly inhabited, there are, in other parts of it, feveral populous
towns. The temperature is hot, but not in a degree too great for vineyards. The
valley in which the city (lands is about eighty leagues in circumference, and produces
all kinds of grain and fruits j and the woods and uncultivated mountains afford great
quantities of honey and wax, which conflitute a principal branch of its commerce.

The miffions belonging to the Jefuits in the parts dependent on this bifhopric, are
thofe called Indios Chiquitos, or little Indians, a name given them by the Spaniards,
on account of the great fmallnefs of the doors of their houfes. Their country lies
between Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and the lake Xarayes, from whence the river Para-
guay had its rife, and being increafed by the conflux of others, forms the famous river
De la Plata. It was about the clofe of the lafl century, when the fathers firfl began
their preaching in this nation, and fo great has been their fuccefs, that in the year
1732, they had formed feven towns, each confifling of above fix hundred families ;
and were then building others for affembling under the fame laws, the great number
of Indians, daily converted. Thefe Indios Chiquitos are well made and adive ; and
their courage has often been experienced by the Portuguefe, who ufed to make incur-
lions, in order to carry off the inhabitants for flaves : but the valour of thefe people
has taught them to defiil from fuch inhuman attempts, and, for their own fafety, to
keep within their limits. The arms of thefe Indians are mufquets, fabres, and poi-
foned arrows. Though their language is different from that of the other nations of
Paraguay, the fame cufloms nearly obtain here, as among all the other Indians.

Bordering on this nation of Chiquitos is another of Pagan Indians, called Chirigua-
nos, or Chiriguanaes, wlio have always refufed to liften to the miffionaries ; though the
fathers flill continue to vifit them at certain times, and preach to them,* but prudently
take care to be accompanied with fome Chiquitos for their fecurity ; and thus they make
now and then a few converts, who are fent to their towns, and there lead a focial life.
This generally happens after fome misfortune in the wars continually carried on between
them and the Chiquitos ; when, in order the more eafily to obtain a peace, and that
the Chiquitos may not abfolutely exterminate them, they fend for miffionaries ; but
foon difmifs them again, pretending that they cannot bear to fee punilhments inflicted
on perfons merely for deviating from the rules of reafon. This plainly demonftrates,
that all they defire or aim at, is an unbounded licentioufnefs of manners.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, the capital of this government, lies eighty or ninety leagues
eaft of Plata. It was originally built fomething farther toward the fouth-eafl, near the
Cordillera of the Chiriguanos. It was founded in the year 1548, by Captain Nuflo
de Chaves, who called it Santa' Cruz, from a town of that name near Truxillo in
Spain, where he was born. But the city having been deflroyed, it was built h\ the

VOL. XIV. 4 iVT place

634 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

place where it now ftands. It is neither large nor well built, nor has it any thing an-
fwerable to the promifing title of city.

III. Bifhoprick of the Audience of Charcas. — El Tucuman.

Tucma, by the Spaniards called Tucuman, lies in the centre of this part of America,
beginning fouth of the Plata, beyond the towns of Chicas, which furnifh Indians for
the mines in Potofi. On the eaft it borders on Paraguay and Buenos Ayres ; reaches
weftward to the kingdom of Chilio, fouthward to the Pampas or plains belonging to
the land of Magellan. This country, though united to the empire of the Yncas, was
never conquered by them ; having, when Vira Cocha the eighth Ynca had made him-
felf fovereign in Charcas, fent a deputation of their chiefs, with a requeft of being
admitted among the number of his fubjeds, and that he would be pleafed to fend them
governors, that their country might partake of the benefits of thofe, wife laws, and
ufeful improvements, he had introduced into all the parts of his empire.

The Spaniards having penetrated into Peru, and finifhed the conqueft of far the
greateft part of that empire, proceeded to that of Tucuman in 1 549, under the con-
duft of Juan Nunez de Prado, whom the prefident Pedro de la Gafca intruded with
the conduct of this expedition. He had, indeed, no opportunity of difplaying his mi-'
litary talents ; for the inhabitants, being of a mild and cafy difpofition, readily fubmit-
ted J on which, the following four cities were built in that country, namely, Santiago
del Eftero, fo called from a river of the fame name on which it was built, and whofe
inundations greatly contribute to increafe the fertility of the foil ; it ftands above one
hundred and fixty leagues fouth of Plata : San Miguel del Tucuman, twenty-five or
thirty leagues weft of the former : Nueftra Senora de Talavera, fomething more than
forty leagues north-weft of Santiago. The fourth was called Cordova de la Nueva
Andalucia, and is above eighty leagues fouth of Antiago.

The territories of this government being of fuch extent, that they reach from north
to fouth above two hundred leagues, and little ftiort of a hundred in fome parts from
eaft to weft, it was judged proper to increafe the number of Spanifti fettlements; and,
accordingly, orders were given for building two other cities, which are Rioja, about
eighty [leagues fouth-weft of Santiago, and Santa, between fixty and feventy leagues
north-weft of the fame city ; together with a village called San Salvador, or Xuxui,
about twenty leagues north of Salta. But all thefe places are fmall, and built without
dither order or fymmetry. The governor, not with ftanding Santiago was the firft, re-
fides at Salta ; and even the biftiop and his chapter at Cordova, which is the largeft.
The others have their refpeftive corregidors, under whom, alfo, are the Indian villages,
within the dependencies of their proper cities. But of thefe there is no great number,
the principal part of the country not being inhabitable, either from a want of water,
or from their being covered with impenetrable forefts. This want of inhabitants is alfo
greatly owing to the cruelties and ravages of the favage Indians, in their frequent in-
curfions.

The epifcopal church of Tucuman, which, as we have already obferved, is in Cor-
dova, was in the year 1570 erefted into a cathedral, and its chapter now confifts of
the biftiop, dean, archdeacon, chanter, reftor, and treafurer, who is eleded j but has
neither canons nor prebendaries.

Thofe parts of the country which are watered by the rivers, are fo remarkably fer-
tile in grain and fruits, that they produce fufficient for the common confumption of the
inhabitants. The woods abound in wild honey and wax, whilft the hot parts produce

1 2 fugar

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. ^ 6^^

fugar and cotton ; the laft is manufa6lured here, and, with the woollen fluffs alfo wove
by the inhabitants, form an advantageous branch of trade. But its great article con-
fifts in the mules bred in the luxuriant paftures of its valleys. Inconceivable droves of
thefe creatures are fent to all parts of Peru, the Tucuman mules being famous over
thefe countries, far exceeding all others in ftrength and docility.

CHAP. XV. — Account of Paraguay and Buenos Ayres ; the two Iq/i Governments of

the Audience of Charcas,

IV. Bilhopric of the Audience of Charcas. — ^Paraguay.

THE government of Paraguay lies fouth of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and eaft of
Tucuman. Southward it joins to that of Buenos Ayres ; and is terminated eaftward
by the captainfhip of St. Vicente in Brazil, whofe capital is the city of St. Pablo.
Thefe countries were firfl difcovered by Sebaftian Gaboro, who, coming to the river
of Plata in the year 1526, failed up the river Palana in fome fmall bark, and thence
entered that of Paraguay. He was fucceeded in 1536 by Juan de Ayolos, to whom
Don Pedro de Mendoza, the firfl governor of Buenos Ayres, had given a commiffion,
together with a body of troops, military flores, and other necefTaries ; and afterwards,
by his orders, Juan de Salinas founded the city of Nueflra Senora de la Affumption,
the capital of the province ; but the difcovery of the whole, and,, confequently, the
conquefl of people who inhabited it, being flill imperfedl, it was profecuted by
Alvar Nunez, furnamed Cabeza de Baca, or Cowhead, whofe eminent fervices, on the
death of Don Pedro de Mendoza, procured him the government of Buenos Ayres.

The only fettlements in the whole extent of this government, are the city of AfTump-
tion. Villa Rica, and fome other towns, whofe inhabitants are a mixture of Spaniards,
Mellizos, and fome Indians, but the greatefl part of the feveral cafls. As the city it-
felf is but fmall and irregular, nothing better can be expelled in Villa Rica, and other
towns and villages. Its houfes are indeed intermixed with gardens and plantations, but
without any fymmetry. It is the refidence of the governor of the province, who had
formerly under his jurifdi£lion part of the towns compofmg the miffions of Paraguay ;
but a few years fince they were feparated from it, and are now annexed to the govern,
ment of Buenos Ayres ; but without any change in the ecclefiaftical government. In
the city of Affumption is a cathedral, whofe chapter confifls of the bilhop, dean, arch-
deacon, treafurer, and two canons. The pariihes of the city of Villa Rica, and of the
other towns depending on this government, are ferved by the Francifcans : but in the
mifTionary towns they are folely under the care of the Jefuits ; and thefe compofing the
greater number of towns in this province, I fhall fpeak particularly of them, flill keep-
ing to that concifenefs I have obferved in the other jurifdidions.

The mifTions of Paraguay, befides thofe in the province of that name, include alfo a
great jnany of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Tucuman, and Buenos Ayres. Within a cen-
tury and a half, the epocha of their firfl eftablifhment, they have been the means of
bringing into the bofom of the church many Indian nations, who lived in the blind-
nefs of idolatry, and the turpitude of the favage cufloms tranfmitted to them by their
anceflors. The firfl inflance of this apoflolic zeal was the fpiritual conquefl of the
Guaranies Indians, fome of whom inhabited the banks of the rivers Uruguay and Pa»
rana 5 and others are near a hundred leagues up the countries north- wefl of the Guayra.

4 M 2 The

6^6 ulloa's voyage to south America.

The Portuguefe, then only intent on the improvement of their colonies, in violation of
the moft facred laws, did not, even after the converfion of thefe people, ceafe from
making incurfions, in order to carry off the young inhabitants as flaves for their planta-
tions ; fo that it became abfolutely neceflary, in order to preferve thefe converts, to re-
move into Paraguay, about twelve thoufand of all ages, and both fexes ; a like num-
ber of emigrants was alfo brought from Tappe and formed into communities, living
here in peace and fafety ; and, at the fame time, in a decency becoming their new
profeffion.

But the number of fucceeding converts was fo great, that continual additions were
neceffary to thefe towns, fo that I was at Quito informed by a perfon of undoubted ve-
•racity, and thoroughly acquainted with fuch matters, that the number of towns of the
Guaranies Indians in the year 1734, amounted to thirty-two, and fuppofed to contain
between thirty and forty thoufand families : that from the increafing profperity of the
Chriftian religion, they WTre then deliberating on the manner of building three other
towns, thefe thirty-two being in the diocefes of Buenos Ayres and Paraguay. Befides
the Indios Chiquitos belonging to the diocefe of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, there were at
that time feven very populous towns ; and, by reafon of the great refort of converted
Indians, preparations were making for building others.

The Paraguay miffions are on all fides terminated by nations of idolatrous Indians ;
fome of which, however, live in perfect harmony with them, but others do all in their
power to exterminate them by frequent incurfions ; and it is with the latter that the
fathers chiefly employ their zeal, in order to reclaim them from their inhumanity, by
preaching to them the glad tidings of the Gofpel. Nor is this fortitude deftitute of
fruit, the moft rational receiving with joy the knowledge of the true God, and, quitting
their country, are conducted to the Chriftian towns, where, after proper inftrudions,
they are admitted to baptifm.

About a hundred leagues from the miflion is a nation of idolaters, called Guanoas.
It is with great difficulty any of thefe are brought to embrace the light of the Gofpel,
as they are extremely addicted to a licentious life ; and a great number of Meftizos,
and even fome Spaniards, whom crimes have obliged to take ftielter among them, by
their ill example harden the Indians in their contempt of inftrutlion. Befides they are
fo indolent and flothful, that they will not take the pains to cultivate the lands, choof-
ing to live by the more expeditious way of hunting ; and, being convinced, that if they
embrace the Chriftian religion, and fubmit to the miffionaries, they muft labour, they
cannot bear to think of a change which will inevitably deprive them of their favourite
indolence. Many, however, of thofe who come to the Chriftian towns to viftt their
relations, cannot withftand the order and decency in which they fee them live, and ac-
cordingly embrace the Chriftian religion.

It is nearly the fame with the Charuas, a people inhabiting the country between the
rivers Parana and Uruguay. Thofe dwelling on the banks of the river Parana, from
the town of Corpus upwards, and called Guananas, are more tradable, and their in-
duftry in agriculture, and other rural arts, render them more fufceptible of liftening to
the preaching of the miflionaries ; befides, no fuch thing as a fugitive is to be found
among them. Near Cordova is another nation of idolaters, called Pampas, who, not-
withftanding they frequently come to the city to fell different produdlions of the earth,
are very obftinate in their opinions, and, confequently, are not reclaimed without the
greateft difficulty. Thefe four nations of idolatrous Indians live, however, in peace
with the Chriftians.

In

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 637

In the neighbourhood of the city of Santa Fe, fituated in the province of Buenos
Ayres, are others who rejed all terms of peace ; fo that even the villages and eftates
near Santiago and Salta, in the government of Tucuman, have felt the effeds of their
daring incurfions. The other nations between thefe and the Chiquitos, and the lake
of Xarayes, ai^ittle known. Not many years fince fome Jefuit miflionaries ventured
to vifit their country up the river Pilcomayo, which runs from Potofi to Aflumption ;
but their territories being very large, and living a vagrant fort of lives, without fixed
habitations, the zeal of the good fathers was fruflrated ; as it has indeed on many other
occafions, even after repeated trials.

The idolatrous Indians, who inhabit the country from the city of Aflumption north-
ward, are but very few. The miflionaries have been fo fortunate as to meet with fome of
thefe in their journeys after them, and prevailed on them to accompany them to the
Chrifl:ian towns, where, without much reluctancy, they have embraced Chrifliianity.
The Chiriguanos, already mentioned, alfo refide in thefe parts ; but are fo infatuated
with the pleafures of a favage life, that they will not hear of living under laws.

From what has been faid, it will eafily be conceived that the country occupied by
the Paraguay mifllons, mufl; be of a very great extent. The air in general is moift
and temperate, though in fome parts it is rather cold *. The temperate parts abound
with all kinds of provifions. Cotton contributes confiderably to their riches, growing
here in fuch quantities, that every little village gathers of it annually above two thou-
fand arobas ; and the indufl:rious are very ingenious in weaving it into fluffs for ex-
portation. A great deal of tobacco is alfo planted here. But thefe articles are far lefs
advantageous to the inhabitants than the herb called Paraguay, which alone would be -j.,^,
fufiicient to form a flourifliing commerce in this province, it being the only one which ^ f^
produces it : and from hence it is fent all over Peru and Chili, where its ufe is univer-
fal ; efpecially that kind of it called camini, which is the pure leaf; the other, diftin-
guiflied by the name of palos, being lefs fine, and not fo proper for making mate, is
not fo valuable.

Thefe goods were carried for fale, to the cities of Santa Fe, and Buenos Ayres,
where the fathers have fadfors ; the Indians, particularly the Guaranies, wanting the
fagacity and addrefs, fo abfolutely neceflary to procure fuccefs in commercial affairs.
Thefe factors difpofe of what is configned to them from Paraguay, and lay out the
money in fuch European goods as the towns are then in want of, in ornaments for the
churches, and the decent fupport of the priefts officiating in them. But the greatefl:
care is taken in deducing from what each town fends, the amount of the tribute of its
Indian inhabitants, which is remitted immediately to the revenue offices, without the
leafl: dedudion, except the ftipends for the priefts, and the penfions allowed the
caciques.

The other products of their lands, together with their cattle, are made ufe of for
the fubfiftence of the inhabitants, among whom they are diftributed with fuch regularity
and oeconomy, that the excellent police under which thofe people live fo happily, can-
not be pafled over in filence, without great injuftice to thefe wife legiflators.

Every town of the miffions of Paraguay, like the cities and great to\^ns of the Spa-
niards, are under a governor, regidores, and alcaldes. That the important office of a
governor may be always filled by a perfon duly qualified, he is chofen by the Indians,
with the approbation of the priefts. The alcaldes are annually appointed by the regi-

* White frofts are very common here in July and Auguft, fometimea they have ice about the ihicknefs
of half a crown. The former phaenomenon has been feen as far to the northward as Rio de Janeiro.

I dores,

638 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

dores, and jointly with them, the governor attends to the maintenance of good order
and tranquillity among the inhabitants : and that thefe officers, who are feldom perfons
of the moft fhining parts, may not abufe their authority, and either through intereft,
or paflion, carry their revenge too far againft other Indians, they are not to proceed
to punifhment without previoufly acquainting the prieft with the affair, that he may
compare the offence with the fentence. The prieft, on finding the perfon really guilty,
delivers him up to be punifhed, which generally confifts in imprifonment for a certain
number of days, and fometimes fafting is added to it ; but if the fault be very great,
the delinquent is whipt, which is the moft fevere punifhment ufed among them ; thefe
people being never known to commit any crime that merits a greater degree of chaftife-
ment ; for immediately on being regiftered as converts, the greateft care has been taken
in thefe miflions, to imprint on the minds of thefe new Chriftians, a deteftation of
murder, robbery, and fuch atrocious crimes. The execution of the fentence is pre-
ceded by a difcourfe made by the prieft before the delinquent, in which he reprefents
to the offender, with the greateft foftnefs and fympathy, the nature of his crime, and
its turpitude ; fo that he is brought to acknowledge the juftnefs of the fentence, and to
receive it rather as a brotherly corredion than a punifhm.ent ; fo that though nature
muft feel, yet he receives the correction with the greateft humility and refignation,
being confcious that he has brought it upon himfelf. Thus the priefts are in no danger
of any malice being harboured againft them ; indeed the love and veneration the Indians
pay them, is fo great, that could they be guilty of enjoining an unjuft punifhment, the
luffering party would impute it to his own demerits, being firmly perfuaded that the
priefts never do any thing without a fuificient reafon.

Every town has a particular armory, in which are kept all the fire-arms, fwords,
and weapons ufed by the militia, when they take the field, whether to repel the infults
of the Portuguefe, or any heathen Indians inhabiting on their frontiers. And that they
may be dexterous in the management of them, they are exercifed on the evening
of every holiday, in the market-places of the towns. All perfons capable of bear-
ing arms in every town, -are divided into companies, and have their proper officers,
who owe. this diftindtion to their military qualifications ; their uniform is richly la^ed
with gold and filver, according to their rank, and embroidered with the device of their
towns. In thefe they always appear on holidays, and at the timeg of exercife. The
governor, alcaldes, and regidores, have alfo very magnificent habits of ceremony,
which they wear on folemn occafions.

No town is without a fchool for teaching reading, writing, dancing, and mufic ; and
in whatever they undertake, they generally excel, the inclination and genius of every
one being carefully confulted before they are forwarded in any branch of fcience. Thus
many attain a very good knowledge of the Latin tongue. In one of the courts of the
houfe belonging to the prieft of every town, are fhops or work-houfes for painters,
fculptors, gilders, filverfmiths, lockfmiths, carpenters, weavers, watchmakers, and all
other mechanic arts and trades. Here every one works for the benefit of the whole
town, under the infpedion of the priefts coadjutors : and boys are there alfo inftruded
in thofe trades and arts to which they have the greateft inclination.

The churches are large and well built, and with regard to decorations, not infe-
rior to the richeft in Peru. Even the houfes of the Indians are built with that fymmetry
and convenience, and fo completely and elegantly furnifhed, as to excel thofe of the
Spaniards in many towns in this part of America. Moft of them however are only of
mud walls, fome of unburnt bricks, and others of ftone ; but all in general covered
with tiles. Every thing in thefe towns is on fuch good footing, that all private houfes

make

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 639

make gunpowder, that a fufficient quantity of it may not be wanting, cither on any
exigency, or for fireworks on holidays, and other anniverfary rejoicings which are
pundually kept. But the mofl fplendid ceremony is on the acceflion of the new
monarch to the Spanilh throne, when the governor, alcaldes, regidores, together with,
all this civil and military officers, appear in new uniforms, and other ornaments, to
exprefs the ardent afFeftion they bear their new fovereign.

Every church has its band of mufic, confifting of a great number both of vocal and
inftrumental performers. Divine fervice is celebrated in them with all the pomp and
folemnity of cathedrals. The like is obferved in public proceffions, efpecially that on
Corpus Chrifli day, at which the governor, alcaldes, and regidores, in their habits of
ceremony, and the militia in their uniforms, affift ; the reft of the people carry flam-
beaux ; lb that the whole is conducted with an order and reverence fuitable to the
occafion. Thefe proceffions are accompanied with fine dancing, but very different from
that in the province of Quito, defcribed in the firft part ; and the performers wear par-
ticular dreffes, extremely rich, and well adapted to the characters reprefented. In
Ihort, a miffionary town omits no circumftance either of feftivity or devotion, pradifed
in opulent cities.

Every town has a kind of beaterio, where women of ill fame are placed ; it alfo ferves
for the retreat of married women who have no families, during the abfence of their
hufbands. For the fupport of this houfe, and alfo of orphans and others, who by
age or any other circumftance are difabled from earning a livelihood, two days in the
week are fet apart ; when the inhabitants of every village are obliged to fow and culti-
vate a certain piece of ground, called Labor de la Comunidad, the labour of the com-
munity ; and the furplus of the produce is applied to procure furniture and decorations
for the church, and to clothe the orphans, the aged, and the difabled perfons. By
this benevolent plan all diftrefs is precluded, and the inhabitants provided with every
neceflary of life. The royal revenues are punctually paid ; and by the union of the
inhabitants, the uninterrupted peace they enjoy, and the wifdom of their policy, which
is preferved inviolable ; thefe places, if there are any fuch on earth, are the habitations
of true religion and felicity.

The Jefuits, who are the priefts of thefe miffions, take upon them the fole care of
difpofing of the manufactures and products of the Guaranies Indians, defigned for
commerce ; thefe people being naturally carelefs and indolent, and doubtlefs without
the diligent infpeCtion and pathetic exhortations of the fathers, would be buried in floth
and indigence. The cafe is very different in the miffions of the Chiquitos, who are
induftrious, careful, and frugal ; and their genius fo happily adapted to commerce, as
not to ftand in need of any fadtors. The priefts in the villages of this nation are of no
expence to the crown, the Indians themfelves rejoicing m maintaining them ; and join
in cultivating a plantation filled with all kinds of grain and fruits for the prieft ; the
remainder, after this decent fupport, being applied to purchafe ornaments for the
churches.

That the Indians may never be in any want of neceflaries, it is one part of the
minifter's care to have always in readinefs a ftock of different kinds of tools, ftufts,
and other goods ; fo that all who are in want repair to him, bringing by way of ex-
change wax, of which there are here great quantities, and other produds. And this
barter is made with the ftriCteft integrity, that the Indians may have no reafon to com-
plain of oppreffion ; and that the high character of the priefts for juftice and fanCtity
may be ftudioufly preferved. The goods received in exchange are by the priefts fent
to the fuperior of the miffions, who is a different perfon from the fuperior of the Gua-
ranies ;

640 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

ranles ; and with the produce, a frefh ftock of goods is laid in. The principal inten-
tion of this is, that the Indians may have no occafion to leave their own country, in
order to be furnilhed with neceflaries ; and by this means are kept from the contagion
of thofe vices, which they would naturally contradl in their intercourfe with the inha-
bitants of other countries, where the depravity of human nature is not corredled by
fuch good examples and laws. ^

If the civil government of thefe towns be fo admirably calculated for happinefs, the
ecclefiaftical government is ftill .more fo. Every town and village has its particular
prieft, who, in proportion to its largenefs, has an afliftant or two of the fame order.
Thefe priefts, together with fix boys who wait on them, and alfo fing in the churches,
form in every village a kind of fmall college, where the hours are under the fame
regulation, and the exercifes fucceed each other with the fame formalities as in the
great colleges of cities. The moft laborious part of the duty belonging to the prieft,
is to vifit perfonally the chacaras or plantations of the Indians ; and in this they are
remarkably fedulous, in order to prevent the ill confequences of that llothful difpo-
lition fo n^'t'ural to the Guaranies ; who, were they not frequently roufed and ftimu-
lated by the prefence of the prieft, would abandon their work, or, at leaft, perform
it in a very fuperficial manner. He alfo attends at the public flaughter-houfe, where
every day are killed fome of the cattle ; large herds of which are kept for the public
ufe by the Indians. The flefti of thefe beafts is dealt out by the prieft, in lots pro-
portionable to the number of perfons each family confifts of; fo that every one has a
fufficiency to fupply the calls of nature, but nothing for wafte. He alfo vifits the
fick, to fee that they want for nothing, and are attended with that care and tendernefs
their ftate requires. Thefe charitable employments take up fo great a part of the" day,
as often to leave him no time for affifting the father coadjutor in the fervices of the
church. One ufeful part of the duty of the latter is to catechize, and explain fome
portion of fcripture in the church every day in the week, Thurfdays and Saturdays
excepted, for the inftru£lion of the young of both fexes ; and thefe in every town are
not lefs than two thoufand. On Sundays all the inhabitants never fail to attend divine
fervice. The prieft alfo vifits the fick to confefs them ; and if the cafe requires it, to
give them the viaticum ; and to all thefe muft be added, the other indifpenfable
duties of a prieft.

By the ftridtnefs of the law thefe priefts ftiould be nominated by the governor, as
vice-patron, and be qualified for their fundlion by the confec ration of the bilhop ; but
as among the three perfons recommended on fuch occafions to the governor, there will
of confequence be one, whofe virtues and talents render him moft fit for the office ;
and as no better judges of this can be fuppofed than the provincials of the order, the
governor and bifhop have receded from their undoubted rights, and the provincials
always collate and prefer thofe whofe merits are moft confpicuous.

The miffions of the Guaranies are alfo under one fuperior, who nominates the
afliftant priefts of the other towns. His refidence is at Candelaria, which lies in the
centre of all the miffions; but he frequently vifits the other towns, in order to
fuperintend their governments ; and at the fame time, concerts meafures that fome of
the fathers may be fent among the heathen Indians, to conciliate their affedions, and
by degrees work their converfion. In this important office he is affifted by two vice-
fuperiors, one of whom refides at Parana, and the other on the river Uruguay. All
thefe miffions, though fo numerous and difperfed, are formed as it were into one
college, of which the fuperior may be confidered as the mafter or head ; and every

towi;

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 64 1

town IS like a family governed by a wife and affeftionate parent, in the perfon of the
prieft.

In the miflions of the Guaranies, the King pays the ftipends of the priefts, which,
including that of the afliftant, is three hundred dollars per annum. This fum is lodged
in the hands of the fuperior, who every month fupplies them with neceffary food
and apparel, and on any extraordinary demand, they apply to him, from whom they
are fure of meeting with a gracious reception.

The miflions of the Chiquito Indians have a diftind fuperior ; but with the fame
funftions as he who preiides over the Guaranies ; and the priefts alfo are on tlie fame
footing, but have lefs anxiety and labour ; the induftry and adivity of thefe Indians,
faving them the trouble of coming among them to exhort them to follow their employ-
ments, or of being the ftorekeepers and agents in difpofmg of the fruits of their
labours ; they themfelves vending them for their own advantage.

All thefe Indians are very fubjed: to feveral contagious diftempers ; as the fmall-pox,
malignant fevers, and others, to which, on account of the dreadful havock attending
them, they give the name of peftilence. And to fuch difeafes it is owing, that thefe
fettlements have not increafed in a manner proportional ' to their numbers, the time
fmce their eftablilhment, and the quietnefs and plenty in which thefe people live.

The mifllonary fathers will not allow any of the inhabitants of Peru, whether Spaniards
or others, Meftizos or even Indians, to come within their miflions in Paraguay. Not
with a view of concealing their tranfafbions from the world ; or that they are afraid
lefl: others ftiould fupplant them of part of the products and manufaftures ; nor
for any of thofe caufes, which even with lefs foundation, envy has dared to fuggeft j
but for this reafon, and a very prudent one it is, that their Indians, who being as it
were new-born from favagenefs and brutality, and initiated into morality and religion,
may be kept fl:eady in this fl:ate of innocence and fimplicity. Thefe Indians are
ftrangers to fedition, pride, malice, envy, and other palfions, which are fo fatal to
fociety. But were fl:rangers admitted to come among them, their bad examples would
teach them what at prefent they are happily ignorant of; but Ihould modefliy, and the
attention they pay to the infl:ru6lions of their teachers, be once laid afide, the
fliining advantages of thefe fettlements would foon come to nothing ; and fuch a num-
ber of fouls, who now worfliip the true God in the beauty of holinefs, and Hve in
tranquillity and love (of which fuch flender traces are feen among civilized nations),
would be again feduced into the paths of diforder and perdition.

Thefe Indians live at prefent in an entire afliirance, that whatever their priefts
advife them to is good, and whatever they reprehend is bad. But their minds would
foon take a different turn, by feeing other people, on whom the dodrine of the gofpel
is fo far from having any efleft, that their adions are abfolutely repugnant to its pre-
cepts. At prefent they are firmly perfuaded, that in all bargains, and other tranf-
adions, the greateft candour and probity muft be ufed, without any prevarication or
deceit. But it is too evident, that were others admitted among them, whofe lead-
ing maxim is to fell as dear, and buy as cheap as they are able, thefe innocent people
would foon imbibe the fame pradice, together with a variety of others which feem
naturally to flow from it. The contamination would foon fpread through every part of
their behaviour, fo as never to be reclaimed. I do not here mean to leffen the charaders
of thofe Spaniards or inhabitants of other nations, whofe countries are fituated con-
veniently for trading with Paraguay, by infmuating that they are univerfally fraudulent
and diffolute ; but, on the other hand, among fuch numbers, it would be very ftrange
if there was not fome j and one fmgle perfon of fuch a charader would be fufiicient to

yoL. XIV. 4 N infed

642 ULI-OA's voyage to south AMERICA,

infe6: a whole country. And who could pretend to fay, that, if free admiffion were
allowed to foreigners, there might not come in, among a multitude of virtuous, one
of fuch peftilent difpofitions ? Who can fay that he might not be even the very
firft ? Hence it is that the Jefuits have inflexibly adhered to the maxim of not admitting
any foreigners among them ; and in this they are certainly juftified by the melancholy
example of the other miflions of Peru, whofe decline from their former happinefs and
piety is the effed of an open intercourfe.

Though in the feveral parts of Paraguay, where the miflions have been always
fettled, there are no mines of gold and filver ; feveral are to be found in fome adjacent
countries under the dominion of the King of Spain ; but the Portuguefe reap the whole
benefit of them : for having encroached as far as the lake Xarayes, near which, about
twenty years ago, a rich mine of gold was difcovered, they, without any other right than
pofl^effion, turned it to their own ufe ; the minifl:ry in Spain, in confideration of the har-
mony fubfifl:ing between the two nations, and their joint intereft, forbearing to make
ufe of apy forcible methods.

V. Biflioprick of the Audience of Charcas. — Buenos Ayres*
The ecclefiafl:ical jurifdiftion of the bifliop of Buenos Ayres extends to all the coun-
tries under the temporal government of the fame name ; and this begins on the oriental
coafl: of that part of America, and extends wefl:ward as far as Tucuman ; on the north it
terminates on Paraguay, and is bounded towards the fouth by the land of Magellan.
Its countries are watered by the great river De la Plata, the difcovery of which was
owing to Juan Dias de Solis, who, in 1 5 1 5, having failed from Spain with two veflfels to
make difcoveries, arrived at the mouth of this river, and tookpoflefllon of it in the name
of the King of Spain. But being unhappily deluded by the figns of joy and friendfliip
made by the Indians, he landed, and was immediately killed, together with his few at-
tendants. The fame voyage was repeated in 1526, under Sebafl:ian Cabot, who, enter-
ing the river, difcovered an ifland, which he called St. Gabriel ; and advancing further,
came to another river, which emptied itfelf into that of La Plata ; to this he gave the
name of St. Salvador, caufmg his fleet to enter the river, and there difembark their
troops. Here he built a fort, and leaving in it a part of his men, he failed above two
hundred leagues up the river Parana, difcovering alfo that of Paraguay. Cabot, having
purchafed fome ingots of filver from the Indians he met with, and particularly from the
Guaranies, who brought the metal from the other parts of Peru, imagined that they
had found it in the neighbourhood of the river, and thence called the river Rio de la
Plata, or Silver River, which has fuperfeded that of Solis, as it was before called from
its firfl; difcoverer, whofe memory is fl^ill prelerved by the little river Solis, about feven
or eight leagues weft: of Maldonado bay.

The capital of this government is called Nuefl:ra Senora de Buenos Ayres. It was
founded in the year 1535 by Don Pedro de Mendoza, purfuant to his orders, which
alfo appointed him governor. He chofe for it a place called Cape Blanco, on the fouth
fide of Rio de la Plata, clofe by a fmall river. Its latitude, according to Father Feville,
is 34^ 34' 38" S. He gave it the name of Buenos Ayres, on account of the extreme fa-
lubrity of the air. The city is built on a large plain, gently rifmg from the little river.
It is far from being fmall, having at leaft three thoufand houfes, inhabited by Spaniards
and different cafls. Like moll towns fituated on rivers, its breadth is not proportional
to its length. The ftreets are, however, flraight, and of a proper breadth. The prin-
cipal fquare is very large, and built near the little river ; the front anfwering to it being
a caftle, where the governor conftantly refides ; and, with the other forts, has a garrifon

of a

ULLOA's voyage to south AIVfEllICA. 645

of a thoufand regular troops. The houfes, formerly of mud-walls, thatched with ftraw
and very low, are now much improved, fome being of chalk, and others of brick, and
haring one flory befides the ground-floor, and mod of them tiled*. The cathedral is a
fpacious and very elegant- flructure, and is the parifh-church for the greateft part of the
inhabitants ; the other, at the farther end of the city, being only for the Indians. The
chapter is compofed of the bifliop, dean, archdeacon, and two canons, one by compofi-
' tion, the other by prefentation. Here are alfo feveral convents, and a royal chapel in
the caftle where the governor refides. With regard to the civil and economical govern-
ment, and the magiftracy, it will be unnecefTary to enter into particulars, they being
on the fame footing as thofe of the places already mentioned.

The climate here is very little different from that of Spain, and the diflin6Uons between
the feafons are the fame. In winter, indeed, violent tempefts of winds and rain are here
very frequent, accompanied with fuch dreadful thunders and lightnings, as fill the in-
habitants, though ufed to them, with terror and confternation. In fummer the excef-
iive heats are mitigated by gentle breezes, which conftantly begin at eight or nine in the
morning.

The city is furrounded by a fpacious and pleafant country, free from any obflrufUon
to the fight ; and from thefe delightful fields the inhabitants are furnifhed with fuch a
plenty of cattle, that there is no place in America or Europe where meat is better or
cheaper. It is the ufual cullom to buy the hides of the beaft, the carcafe being in fome
meafure a gratuitous addition ; and the meat is always fat and very palatable. The coun-
try to the weft, fouth, and north of Buenos Ay res lately abounded fo greatly in cattle
and horfes, that the whole coft confifted in taking them ; and even then a horfe was fold
for a dollar of that money, and the ufual price of a beaft, chofen out of a herd of two
or three hundred, only four rials. At prefent there is no fcarcity, but they keep at a
greater diftance, and are more difficult to be catched, by reafon of the prodigious havock
made of them by the Spaniards and Portuguefe, merely for the fake of their hides ; the
grand commerce of Buenos Ayres.

All kinds of game and fifh are alfo here in the fame plenty, feveral forts of the latter
being caught in the river running by it ; but the perexeyes are very remarkable, fome
of them being half a yard or more in length. Both the American and European fruits
come to full perfection, and are in great plenty. In a word, for the enjoyments of life,
efpecially with regard to the falubrity of the air, a finer country cannot be imagined.

This city is fituated about feventy-feven leagues from Cape Santa Maria, which lies on
the north coaft near the entrance of the river De la Plata ; and its little river not having
water fufficient for fhips of burden to come up to Buenos Ayres, they anchor in one of
the two bays on the fame coaft. That fartheft to the eaftward is called Maldonado, and
is nine leagues from the above cape : the other bay is, from a mountain near it, named
Monte Video, and is about twenty leagues from it.

Within the government of Buenos Ayres are three other cities, namely, Santa Fc,
Las Corientes, and Monte Video. The laft, which was lately built, ftands on the bor-
der of the bay, from Avhence it derives its name. Santa Fe lies about ninety leagues
north-weft of Buenos Ayres, between the Rio de la Plata and the Rio Salado, which,
after running through the country of Tucuman, joins the former. The city is but fmall,
and meanly built, owing in a great meafure to the infults it has frequottly fufFered from;
the heathen Indians, who not long fince pillaged it, maffacring the inhabitants of the
city, and thofe of the neighbouring villages ; and they ftill keep the country under con-
tinual apprehenfions of another vifit. It is, however, the channel of the commerce be-
* Their houfes are commonly thatched with cocoa-nut-leaves and fiagii. A,

4 N a tweep

644 ulloa's voyage to south America,

tween Paraguay and Buenos Ayres, for the herb camini and palos. The city Pe las
Corientes, Situated on the eaftern banks of the river De la Plata, betwixt it and the river
Parana, is about an hundred leagues north of the city of Santa Fe. Its magnitude and
difpofition are both inferior to Santa Fe, and indeed has no marks of a city, except the
name. Each of thefe cities has its particular corregidor, as lieutenant of the governor ;
and its inhabitants, together with thofe of the neighbouring country, are formed into a
militia, which, on any appearance of an invafion from the Indians, affemble, and have
often fhewn a great deal of refolution in repelling the attacks of their pagan enemies.
It has already been obferved, that part of the towns of the miflions of Paraguay ber
long to this diocefe, and, with regard to the royal jurifdiftion, thefe miflions univerfally
depend on Buenos Ayres ; thofe which formerly belonged to the government of Para-
guay having been feparated from it.

Having thus, with the government of Buenos Ayres, finiflied my account of every thing
worthy of notice in the audiences of Lima and Charcas, together with the jurifdidions
included in their diocefes, it now remains only to conclude my defcription of the king-
dom of Peru with an account of the kingdom and audience of Chili ; but the many ob-
jeds of importance in it fo well deferve to be fully treated of, that I thought proper to
referve them for the following book ; thofe included in this, as I have mentioned in its
place, merited a much greater prolixity : for from what has been faid in the firfl part
of the province of Quito, fome idea of the difference between the two with regard to the
number of people, towns and villages, trade and commerce, may be conceived ; the
province of Quito having only one diocefe, and part of another ; whereas Lima contains
one archbiftiopric, and four bifhoprics ; and that of Charcas one bifliopric more than
that of Lima. In the province of Quito only a few mines are worked, and thofe to little
advantage ; whereas the mines of Lima and Charcas, by their immenfe riches, draw
thither great numbers of traders and induftrious people, and thus fpread wealth and af-
fluence through the whole country, by the briflc circulation of trade. It muft, however,
be owned, that the number of people in thefe provinces bear no proportion to their ex-
tent ; and it is with too much truth faid, that they are in many places almoft deflitute
of people ; for fuppofing a corregidor to have twenty villages under his jurifdidion, yet
if the leaft extent of it be thirty leagues one way, and fifteen another, they muft be
very thin. For draw a parallelogram of that dimenfion, it will contain four hundred
and fifty fquare leagues of ground, and confequently the fhare of each village will be
twenty-two fquare leagues and a half. This calculation is made from the fmalleft dif-
tances, there being jurifdiftions of a far greater extent ; and others, which, though
equal in dimenfions, have not twenty villages. "What has been faid of the products and
manufaftures in each jurifdi£lion muft be underftood in a general Jenfe, we not having
entered into many particulars made or produced in fome towns, and not common to
others, as may be obferved in the defcription of Quito. But thefe accounts, drawn
" from our own experience, and the relations of perfons of undoubted veracity, we hope
will not prove unacceptable to the reader, who is defirous of forming a true idea of
thefe parts, which for their riches, fertility, prodigious extent, and many other particu-
lars, merit the greateft attention ; efpecially for the amazing fuccefs which has attended
the propagation of the Chriftian religion, in countries formerly involved in ignorance
and inhumanity.*

*. It is fuppofed, that the Kings of Spain and Portugal have five times the number of fubjefts in their
A^nierican fettlements than in their refpeftive kingdoms. Notwithftanding which, you may travel in
Ariierica twenty leagues together, and not fee a hut, except you are in the neighbourhood of the great
towns J fo great are the tra^s of lands poffefled by each Prince.

BOOK

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 645

BOOK VIII.

RETURN FROM LIMA TO QUITO ; VOYAGE FROM CALLAO TO GUAYAQUIL, FOR PUTTING
THAT CITY IN A POSTURE OF DEFENCE AGAINST THE ATTACK APPREHENDED FROM
THE ENGLISH SQUADRON, UNDER COMMODORE ANSON. SECOND VOYAGE TO LIMA,
AND FROM THENCE TO THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDES, AND THE COAST OF
chili: WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THAT KINGDOM, AND THE ADJACENT SEA, AND
RETURN TO THE PORT OF CALLAO.

CHAP. I. — Voyage from Callao to Paita, with nautical Remarks,

nPHE time of our flay at Lima and Callao was taken up in the diligent execution of
-*- feveral commilfions with which the viceroy had been pleafed to honour us, for
putting the coafls and other parts of that kingdom in the beft pofture of defence ; that
in cafe an Englifh fquadron fhould make an attack *, fo a vigorous refiftance might
difcourage any farther attempt of that nature. Having made the neceffary difpofitions
to the viceroy's fatisfadtion, and four men of war which had been fent at the beginning
of the fummer to cruize off the coafl of Chili, in order to attack the Englifh fquadron
at their firfl appearance, being returned without the leafl information of any foreign
fhips having been feen in thofe feas j and the feafon of the year now inclining to winter,
when every one was of opinion, that it was utterly impradicable for Mr. Anfon and
his fhips to get round Cape Horn that year, if (as indeed we concluded) he had not
already performed it ; we defired leave, as our longer flay could be of no fervice, to
return to Quito, in order to profecute the original defign of our voyage. This leave we,
with fome difficulty, obtained ; by reafon of the great want of officers in Peru, and
the certain advice the viceroy received, that the Spanifh fquadron, under the command
of Don Jofeph Pizarro, had not been able to get round Cape Horn. But at length,
convinced that our flay would greatly retard the execution of His Majefty's particular
commands, and confident that on any fudden exigency he would find the fame alacrity
in us to obey his orders, he was pleafed to grant our requefl, and difmiffed us in the
mofl polite manner.

There happened at this time to be one of the largefl merchant fhips trading in the
South Seas, at Callao, jufl ready to fail for Guayaquil, called the Chaldas.^ On board
this fhip we embarked on the 8th of Augufl 1741, and on the 15th of the fame month
anchored at Paita: continued our voyage from thence on the i8th, and on the 21ft
entered the harbour of Puna. We immediately fet out for Guayaquil, and from
thence continued our journey for Quito, which we reached on the 5th of September.

The courfe generally fleered from Calloa to Paita, is firfl wefl-north-wefl till the fhips
are pafl the Feralones t of the ifland of Guara. From thence north- wefl and north-
wefl one quarter northerly, to a latitude a little beyond the outermofl ifland of Lobos,
or Wolves. Afterwards they iteer north and north-eafl, till they make the continent
within them, and which is continued in fight till they arrive at the port of Paita ; being
very careful to keep at a proper diitance from Ogujia, which is very low, and pro-
jefting a great dillance into the fea. Accordingly cautious navigators, after pafling
the iflands of Lobos, fleer a north courfe till they get fight of that of Nonura. ,

* At this time Spain and England were at war.

t The Feralones are two old walls on the ifland of Guara, and ferre as light-houfcs,

II The

646 • ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

The land of this whole coaft is low ; but there are two figns which evidently indi-
cate its being near. Firft the fea-wolves, which are feen near thefe iflands, and at
three or four leagues diftant from them. The fecond is the great flocks of birds all
along this coaft, flying two or three leagues from the fliore, in queft of food. And
though fogs are very frequent here, and fo thick as to hide the land, yet its diftance
may be nearly known from thefe figns in the day-time ; but at night more circumfpec-
tion is neceflary on account of the extreme lownefs of the fhore. And though the
iflands of Lobos are fomething higher than the coaft, too much caution cannot be ufed
in approaching them.

It is common in this voyage if the ftiip is intended to touch at Paita, and has not had
fight of the iflands of Lobos in the day-time, when in their latitude, to lie-to all night.
But if they do not propofe to ftop at Paita, proper attention muft be given to the
courfe, and the voyage continued. If the fliip be bound to Paita, there is a necefllty
for making thefe iflands, or the continent near them to the north, in order to avoid
being carried beyond the port by the currents ; as in fuch a cafe a great deal of time
would be loft in getting back, both the wind and currents being contrary.

From Paita, the coaft is always kept in fight ; but a careful look-out is neceflary in
order to difcover the Negrilos, rocky flioals, projefting four or five leagues diftant
from the fliore, and lying betwixt Paita and Cape Blanco, one of the points of
Guayaquil bay. The winds during this whole paflage are ufually fouth, but in the
fummer, that is, from November to May, fometimes veer as far as fouth-eaft. Near the
coaft is a periodical morning breeze, or faint eafterly wind, which fliifts round to the
fouth-eaft or fouth-fouth-eaft, and in this feafon, at any diftance from the coaft, the
fouth winds are alfo faint ; nor are the calms uncommon, though they are of fliort
continuance ; but the brifas never reach fo far : and this renders the voyage from
Paita to Callao fo very long in all feafons. For if a ftiip ftretches out to a great
diftance from the coaft, the winds, even within ten or twelve leagues, fliift from fouth
to fouth-weft, but if flie keeps along the fliore and endeavours to perform her voyage
by tacking, flie lofes on one what flie gained on another. Befides, during the winter
the currents fet ftrongly towards the north or north-weft, and confequently render the
voyage ftill more tedious. In fummer there is here generally no current, or if any do
fet to the northward, it is fcarcely perceived ; the direftion of the current in that feafon
being generally weft. This proceeds from the brifas blowing from the north of the
equator, though they are unable to change the fet of the current to the fouth as would
be the natural confequence, were it not for the refiftance it meets with from the waters
agitated by the fouth winds to the fouthward of the equinodial ; but by meeting each
other they run towards the weft. There are, however, fome fliort intervals during
the fummer, when the currents fuddenly change their direction, and run to the fouth-
ward, but at no great diftance from the fliore ; and in the fame inftantaneous manner
fhift about to an oppofite point ; and this is the reafon why moft ftiips coming from
Paita to Callao in this feafon keep near the fliore, and work up to windward, hoping,
by the favourable change of the currents, to acquire that afllftance which the winds
deny.

At all times this voyage is of a moft difagreeable and fatiguing length j for though
the diftance, according to the latitude of thefe ports, be only one hundred and forty
leagues, a fliip is very fortunate to perform it in forty or fifty days ; and if even after
fpending that time in continual labour, ftie be not obliged to return again to Paita :
fuch accidents being very common ; and it is nothing extraordinary to meet with two
or three misfortunes of the fame kind fucceflively, efpecially if the fliips make a great
I deal

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 6j^

deal of lee-way, when it is often a twelvemonth's taflc. They relate here a ftory to
this purpofe, that the mafter of a merchant fhip, who had been lately married at Paita,
took his wife on board with him, in order to carry her to Gallao. In the veffel fhe
was delivered of a fon, and before the (hip reached Callao, the boy could read dif-
tinftly. For after turning to windward, two or three months, provifions growing
(hort, the mafter put into fome port, where feveral months were fpent in procuring a
frefh fupply ; and after another courfe of tacking, the fame ill- fortune ftill purfued
him ; and thus four or five years were fpent in tacking and vidualling, to the ruin of
the owner, before the fhip reached Callao. This misfortune was in a great meafure
owing to the ill-conftru6lion of the (hip ; and every other circumftance tending to ob-
ftruft her paffage, the tranfaftion has nothing very wonderful in it.

According to obfervations made by Don George Juan at Paita, in the year 1737, its
latitude is 5" 5' fouth. It is a fmall place, having only one ftreet, and about one
hundred and feventy two houfes ; and thefe only of quinchas and canes covered with
leaves ; the only houfe built of ftone being that of the governor. It has a parifh
church and a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Mercy, and ferved by a religious of
that order. A little to the fouthward of the town is a mountain, called from its figure
Silla de Paita, or the faddle of Paita. The foil round Paita is wholly of fand, and
extremely barren ; for befides the total want of rain, it has not a fingle river for the
conveyance of water ; fo that it is entirely deftitute of that neceflary fluid, unlefs what
is daily brought with great fatigue from Colan, a town on the fame bay, four leagues
north of Paita, and near which runs the river Chera, the fame ftream which waters
Amotape. The Indians of the town of Colan are under an obligation of daily fending
to Paita, one or two baizes loaded with water, which is diftributed among the inha-
bitants by ftated proportions. From the fame town Paita has alfo the greateft part of
its provifions. The nature of the foil, and the fituation of the place, render it ex-
tremely hot. Its inhabitants, who are about thirty-five or forty families, and confift of
Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Meftizos, live chiefly by paflengers going or returning
from Panama to Lima. So that the town owes its whole fupport to the harbour,
which, as I have before obferved, is the place where the cargoes of goods fent from
Panama are landed, together with thofe coming from Callao to the jurifdiftions of
Piura and Loja.

In the bay of Paita, and that of Sechura, which lies a little farther to the fouthern,
fuch large quantities of toUo are taken as to anfwer the demands of the provinces of
the mountains, and part of thofe of Quito and Lima. The feafon for this fifhery
begins in Odober, when great numbers of barks go from Callao, returning when
the feafon is over. Fiftiing is alfo the conftant employment of the Indians of Colan,
Sechura, and the fmall hamlets near the coaft ; thefe feas abounding in feveral kinds
of fifli, befides the tollo, all palatable, and fome delicious.

CHAP. II. — Account of the Tranfadions at Quito: unhappy Occafton ofourfudden Re-
turn to Guayaquil*

ON our arrival at Quito, we made it our firft bufinefs to join the French company,
who were pleafed to exprefs a great deal of joy at our return. Mr. Godin, during
our abfence, had finiftied the allronomical obfervations to the northward, and though
Meflis. Bouguer and De la Condamine had alfo gone through them, yet they ftill
purpofed to repeat them; for thefe able academicians, who had always Ihewn an

indefatigable

64$ ulloa's voyage to south America.

Indefatigable zeal for the perfedion of the work, were particularly attentive in ob-
ferving the greateft obliquity of the ecliptic ; at which obfervations we alfo affifted ;
but feveral accidents hindered them from being carried on without interruption. They
therefore thought it moft agreeable to their charafter, and the commiffion with which
they had been honoured, to fpend fome time in afcertaining this important point, than
to leave the country before their obfervations were completed. Notwithftanding their
llay was attended with fo much inconvenience and fatigue, they could not think of
leaving, undetermined, a difficulty occafioned by a certain motion which they obferved
in the ftars. In order to afcertain with the greateft accuracy the quantity of the arch,
they divided themfelves into two companies, Bouguer being at the head of one, and
M. de la Condamine, accompanied by M. Berguin, at that of the other ; the latter,
while the geometrical menfuration was carrying on, applied himfelf with indefatigable
labour, and admirable Ikill, in drawing maps of the country, in order to ered the
fignals in the moft advantageous places. He alfo affifted both companies in their
menfurations of the two bafes, which ferved to prove the accuracy of the operations.
And, laftly, he was prefent at making the aftronomical obfervations. But before the
repetition was undertaken, M. de la Condamine employed himfelf in erecting two
obelifks at the extremities of the bafe of Yaruqui, as monuments of this tranfadion :
this fpot having been the foundation of the whole wojk. Various were the fentiments
with regard to the infcription proper to be engraved on them ; and indeed the diffi-
culties attending this particular, feemingly of no great importance, were fuch, as
could not be removed till the affair was entirely dropt, on account of other things of
real concern, and which would admit of no delay. It was however unanimoufly con-
cluded, that the whole affair fhpuld be referred to His Majefty's pleafure after our
arrival in Spain. Accordingly in the year 1 746, the Marquis de la Enfenada, equally
diftinguifhed as a ftatefman, and a patron of real knowledge, being at*that time
fecretary of ftate for the Indies, fent over, in His Majefty's name, the following in-
fcription :

Philippo V.

Hifpaniarum, & Indiarum Rege Catholico,

LuDovici XV.

Regis Chriftianiffimi Poftulatis, Regise Scientiarum

Academias Parifienfis

Votis Annuente, ac Favente,

LuDOV. GoDiN, Petrus Bouguer,

Car. Maria de la Condamine,

Ejufdem Academias Socii,

Ipfius Chriftianiffimi Regis Juffu, & Munificentia,

Ad Metiendos in jEquinodiali Plaga

Terreftres Gradus,

Quo vera Terrae Figura Certiu's Innotefceret,

In Peruvian! Miffi j

Simnlque

Georgius Juan, S. Johannis Hierofolymitani Ord.

Eques, &

Antonius de Ulloa,

Uterque Navium Bellicarum Vice-prsefedi, et Mathematicis Difciplinis Eruditi,

Catholici

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA, 649

Catholici Regis Nutu Auftoritate Impenfa ad ejufdem menfionis Negotium eodem

allegati Communi Lahore, Induftria, Confenfu in hac Yaruquenfi

Planitie diftantiam Horizontalem 6272 ^^^ Paris.

Hexapedarum,

In Linea a Borea Occidentem verfus grad. 1 9 min.

25I intra hujus & alterius

Obelifci Axes Excurrentem,

Quasque ad Bafim primi Trianguli Latus Eliciendam & Fundament! Toti Open

jaciendutn inferviret, ftatuere.

Anno Christi MDCCXXXXVI. Menfe Novembri.

Cujus Rei Memoriam duabus hinc inde Obelifcorum molibus extrudis Alternum

confecrari placuit.

" In the reign of His Catholic Majefty, Philip V. King of Spain and the Indies ;
agreeable to the requeft of His Moft Chriftian Majefty Lewis XV. King of France, and
in condefcenfion to the defire of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, Lewis
Godin, Peter Bouguer, Charles Marie de la Condamine, members of that academy,
were, by the command and munificence of the Moft Chriftian King, fent into Peru, to
meafure the terreftrial degrees under the equinodlial, in order to obtain a more accurate
knowledge of the true figure of the earth. At the fame time, by the command, and
at the expence of His Catholic Majefty, were fent, George Juan, knight of the order
of St. John of Jerufalem, and Antonio de Ulloa, both lieutenants in the royal navy,
and well acquainted with all the branches of the mathematics : durmg the whole pro-
cefs of this menfuration they all equally ftiared in the fatigues, hardfhips, and opera-
tions ; and with an unanimous confent determined in this plain of Yaruqui a horizontal
diftance of 6272 ^^t Paris toifes in a line whofe direction was north 19° 25' 30"
wefterly. and intercepted between the axes of this and the other obelifk, as the bafe
or fide of the firft triangle, and a foundation for the whole work. In the month of
November 1736. In the memory of which tranfa£lion an obelifk has been ereded at
each extremity of the faid bafe."

We had now been three months at Quito, waiting till Mr. Hugot, inftrument-
maker to the company, had finiftied fome indifpenfable works in which he was then
employed, that he might accompany us to the place where M. Godin, after finifhing
the obfervations, had left the inftrument, which required fome repairs in order for
our making ufe of it in finiftiing our part of the work. But on the 5th of December
1 74 1, when we were animated with the hopes of concluding our talk in two or three
days, the melancholy news arrived at Quito, that Paita had been pillaged and burnt
by a fquadron of men of war, commanded by Commodore Anfon ; and was too foon
confirmed in all its circumftances, by letters from the corregidor and other officers
of Piura, giving an account that on the 24th of Novembers at two in the morning,
the Centurion man of war, being the Commodore's ftiip, had entered that harbour,
and fent her long-boat aftiore with forty armed men, under the advantage of the night,
whereby the inhabitants and ftrangers who happened to be in the place, were
awaked from their fleep by the fhocking furprife of an invafion, the firft notice of
which were given by the cries of a negro ; fo that filled with confufion and terror, like
perfons unable to recoiled themfelves, moft of them had leaped from their beds, and
fled naked from their houfes, without knowing whether their enemies were in poflef-
fion of the town ; or whether, by a vigorous refiftance they might not be repelled ;

VOL. XIV. 40 ih^

65b ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

the mind, on fo great and fudden a perturbation, being but little capable of fuch re-
flexions.

Not fo Don Nicholas de Salaza, the accomptant of Piura, who happened to be then
at Paita, on fome affairs of his office. This gentleman, attended only by a negro flave,
with an equal prefence of mind and refolution, threw himfelf into the little fort, built
for the defence of that fmall town, and fired two or three fhot towards the place where
he heard the noife of the oars. Upon this the long-boat flopped ; but the fort was
obliged to give over firing for want of hands to aflifl an officer who had fhewn fo gene-
rous an example of refolution. The Englifh, concluding very naturally, that the fort
was alfo abandoned, landed about half a league north of the town, to which they imme-
diately marched, and finding it forfaken, entered the fort, where, for fear of any furprife,
they kept themfelves all night. But the inhabitants thought of nothing but faving their
lives, and accordingly fled to a mountain, betwixt the Silla and the town, where they
concealed themfelves, except ajfew flaves, who, finding that the enemy were all retired
into the fort, took the advantage of the night, and boldly returned into the town, bring-
ing off fuch arms and eftefts of their mafters as the night would permit, hiding in the
fand what they found too heavy to carry up to the top of the mountain.

There was unfortunately then at Paita great quantities of meal, fruits, and brandy,
configned to the provinces of the mountains, by the way of Piura ; befides other goods
depofited in the warehoufes to be fent to Panama. There was alfo no fmall quantity of
gold and filver. As foon as daylight returned, the Englifh left their retreat, and feeing
ever)*^ place forfaken, they began to enter the houfes, which are fo many magazines for
goods. It was not long before they met with a quantity of brandy and wine, of which,
like men whofe appetites are not to be governed at the fight of plenty after long diflrefs,
they made a very licentious ufe, and became fo greatly inebriated, that the mulattoes
and negro flaves, feeing their condition, abandoned their fears, and became fo familiar
"with the Englifh failors, as to drink with them, whilft others carried off hampers filled
with the goods of their maflers, together with confiderable quantities of gold, which
they buried in the fand. The long-boat, however, returned on board the fhip, but her
chief fpoils confifted of provifions ; and the men employed in that fervice regaled them-
felves with a degree of intemperance equal to thofe who guarded the fort.

The inhabitants of Paita, who ftill timoroufly continued on the mountain, though in
want of every thing, difpatched an exprefs to Don Juan de Vinatea y Torres, the corre-
gidor of Piura, and a native of the Canaries, who, agreeably to his known character of
prudence and intrepidity, immediately affembled all the militia of that city and its de-
pendencies, and haftened by forced marches through a troublefome fandy road of four-
teen leagues to Paita. The Englifh had been three days maflers of Paita, when difco-
vering thefe fuccours, and being informed by the negroes and mulattoes- that the militia
of Pfura, headed by a famous general, were coming to diflodge them from the to^soi ;
enraged at this, but wanting courage to defend what they had gained, or rather fur-
prifed, carried off whatever they could, and took their leave of the place by ungeneroufly
letting fire to the houfes ; an adlion which could refled but little honour on the arms
of their nation : but was rather a malicious tranfadlion, to revenge on the poor inhabit-
ants the coming of the militia, whom they did not dare to face. Nobody indeed
imagined at that time that this proceeding was in confequence of any orders iffued by
the commander, and it was afterwards known that he was under great concern for fuch
unjuflifiable behaviour.

The corregidor of Piura, as he had been very aftive in the defence of Paita, fo he lofl
no time in fending advice of the defcent to the corregidor of Guayaquil, that he might

put

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. ^ 65 1

put that city in a pofture of defence ; it being natural to fuppofe, that the Englifli would
alfo make an attempt there, as it had always been attacked by every enemy who before
infefted thofe feas. Accordingly the inhabitants of Guayaquil were foon in arms, and
the beft meafures taken with the utmoil expedition. But the force of the enemy being
uncertain, no other fhip having been feen at Paita than that which entered the port, the
corregidor and magiftrates applied for alTiftance to the prefident and audience of Quito ;
who, among other meafures for fecuring Guayaquil from the rage of the Englifh,
required us in His Majefty's name, to repair immediately to that city, and take upon us
the command of the troops, all the jurifdidions having received orders to fend their
contingencies ; and to diredt the works to be raifed, and the trenches neceffary to be
thrown up in the places moft advantageous and mod expofed.

As affairs of this nature admit of no delay, we immediately prepared for the journey,
and leaving Quito the 1 6th of December, arrived at Guayaquil on the night of the 24th,
But the paflage of the mountains was inconceivably fatiguing ; the natural difficulty and
badnefs of the roads, it being the beginning of winter, having been greatly increafed
by the violent rains.

Having gone through all the neceffary operations, and taken the mofl proper mea-
fures to defeat the attempts of an enemy, and fuch as we had the pleafure of feeing
approved by the council of war held in that city, our longer flay only hindered the
conclufion of our grand defign, and was of no further ufe here, efpecially as it was then
certainly known that the enemy's fquadron had failed for Manta, the coafls of which,
though in the jurifdidion of Guayaquil, are nearly twenty-eight leagues north of that
city, and confequently to leeward of it. It was alfo known that the fleet intended to
proceed from Manto to Acapulco. Impatient at the lofs of time, we applied to the fame
council of war, who were pleafed to grant leave for one of us to return to Quito, in
order to complete the obfervations flill remaining, that on any fubfequent exigency we
might be the more difengaged ; but at the fame time thought it neceffary that one of us
fhould continue on the fpot to aft on any fudden emergency. The matter was foon
agreed on between Don George Juan and myfelf, namely, that he fhould remain as
commandant of Guayaquil, while I returned to continue the obfervations at Quito.
But before I proceed, it will not be amifs to give an account of the tranfaftions of the
enemy's fquadron in thofe feas, according to the depofitions of fome prifoners whom
they fet afhore at Manta.

This fquadron, at its entrance into the South Sea, befides being difperfed, was in a
very fhattered condition ; but arrived fucceffively at the ifland of Juan Femandes, to the
number of four fhips, from fifty to fixty guns, the Centurion and the Gloucefler, a fri.
gate between thirty-fix and forty guns, and a vidualler. Thefe fhips came to an
anchor clofe to the fhore, their crews being very much diminifhed, and thofe which
remained very fickly. Tents were pitched, a kind of village built with an hofpital for
the recovery of their men. They arrived at this ifland in the month of June, and the
commander was fo quick in his profecution of hoflilities, that as foon as a number of
failors fufficient to man the frigate were recovered, Ihe was fent out on a cruize ; and
this being in the common track of fhips bound from Callao to the coaft of Chili, they
had the good fortune to take two or three, all of them richly laden, particularly the
Aranzaza, one of the largeft employed in thofe feas. Great numbers of men died on
the ifland of Juan Femandes, but on the recovery of the remainder, and the fhips being
careened, they funk the viftualler, and fome time after the frigate, putting the guns
and provifions on board the Aranzaza. After this the whole fquadron put to fea upon
frefh enterprifes, and about eight or nine veffels fell into their hands 5 and between

402 Paita

6$a ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

Paita and the ifland of Lobes, they took a coaft fhip of great value. The facking of
Paita was the lafl a£l of hoftility they committed in thefe parts ; for the Englifh com-
modore having procured intelligence of the fhort time requilite to alarm Guayaquil, and
finding that there had been abundantly more than fufficient, prudently abandoned a -de-
fign, againfl which he judged infuperable precautions had been taken ; and indeed had
he made an attempt, in all probability thofe fpirits would have been depreifed, which
were fo greatly elevated at their fuccefs in Paita.

After leaving Paita they fteered for the coaft of Manta, where they put the prifoners
they had taken in the merchant fhips on board a long-boat, to make the beft of their
way to the land ; the fliip, keeping ten or twelve leagues from the fhore ; but many of
the failors, negroes, and mulattoes, who had nothing to lofe, voluntarily entered with
them. They now determined to fail for the Philippines, in order to intercept the gal-
leon in her return to thofe iflands, and which was to fail from Acapuico fome time in
January. This was doubtlefs the moft advantageous fcheme that could be formed in
their circumftances. But in this they were difappointed by tlie viceroy of Mexico ;
who, from the intelligence fent by the viceroy of Peru to all the ports on the coaft of
the South Sea, as well as by expreffes difpatched from Guayaquil and Atacames to Pa-
nama, deferred fending the fliip that year ; which the enemy being apprifed of, they
burnt the Aranzaza, as they had before the other prizes, and continued their voyage
towards the Philippines, where by a long perfeverance in a moft tedious cruize they
accomplifhed their defign. For the Acapuico ftiip returning ^vhen all the danger was
imagined to be over, fell in with the Centurion, and after a fhort, though fmart engage-
ment, was taken.

But, to re-aflume the thread of the narrative, to which I hope tKis has been no dif-
agreeable interruption. On the fifth of January 1742, I fet out from Guayaquil for
Quito, being the very worft time of the year for performing that journey ; and, as
fuch, I experienced it by feveral misfortunes. In one of the rivers we were obliged to
ford, the two mules which firft entered were fwept away by the current, and that which
carried my portmanteau was loft ; and the other, on which an Indian rode and led the
former, fwam with great difficulty to the fhore, and the Indian faved himfelf by hold-
ing faft by the creature's tail ; in which manner they were carried near a quarter of a
league below the ford. If the travelling up the mountains was not attended with fuch
imminent danger, it was extremely troublefome, a fpace of about half a league having
taken me up from feven in the morning till feven in the afternoon, the mules, though
light, falling at every ftep, nor was it an eafy matter to make them rife ; and foon after
the creatures became fo fatigued, they even funk under their own weight. At length
I reached Quito on the nineteenth of the fame month ; but had hardly alighted from
the mules with the hopes of refting myfelf after thefe dangers and fatigues, when the
prefident informed me, that three days before he had fent away an exprefs, with letters
from the viceroy, direding us to haften to Lima with all poffible expedition ; and
charging him in particular to provide immediately every thing necelTary that our journey
might not be a moment delayed. It was therefore no time to think of reft ; and, ac-
cordingly, after making fuch provifions as were abfolutely neceflfary, I fet out on the
a 2d of the fame month, and a third time croffed that difficult mountain in my way to
Guayaquil, where, having joined Don George Juan, who was included in the orders,
we travelled night and day, with a difpatch anfwerable to the governor's impatience,
all the towns on the road having received orders to keep beafts in readinefs, that we
might not be detained a moment ; and accordingly we reached Lima the 26 th of Feb-
ruary, In the meantime, the viceroy had ordered a fquadron of four men of war

to

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 653

to fail from Callao to Panama, for the defence of that place, which touched at Paita,
in order to gain intelligence of the enemy's fhips, having orders to attack them if pof-
fible ; but, as we have already obferved, they were failed to the coaft of Acapulco.
On our arrival, the viceroy was pleafed to exprefs great fatisfaftion at our difpatch, and
to honour us with feveral commiffions fuitable to the exigence of affairs ; giving us the
command of two frigates which he had ordered to be fitted out for the fecurity of the
coafl of Chili, and the ifland of Juan Fernandes, againft any reinforcement coming to
the enemy. For though Commodor^ Y^nfon had made no fecret of his intentions to
the prifoners, and they had eagerly publifhed them, no dependance could be had on
informations given out by the enemy himfelf, and which were the more fufpicious as he
told them openly. Befides, it was well known, that this fquadron originally confifted .
of more fhips ; and we were apprehenfive, that though the remainder had failed of
reaching thefe feas, yet by perfeverance, and a fecond effort, they might fucceed.

Commodore Don Jofeph Pizarro had alfo been difappointed in getting into thefe feas
this year, though he had attempted it in a fmgle fhip called the Afia ; but was .obliged
to put back to Buenos Ayres with the lofs of one of his mafts, and another was carried
away juft at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Thefe difappointments rendered it the
more neceffary for the viceroy to provide for the defence of the coafl of Chili, as all
fhips mull pafs near it in their courfe to Peru.

CHAP, III. — Voyage to the Ifland of Juan Fernandes ; with an Account of the Seas and

Winds in that Pajfage.

AMONG other precautions taken by the vigilaAt viceroy of Lima for the defence
of the South Sea, he fitted out, as we have jufl mentioned, two frigates for cruizing on
the coafl of Chili ; and gave the command of one, called Nueftra Senora de Belen, to
Don George Juan, and appointed me for the other, called the Rofa : they had been both
merchant fhips employed in thefe feas, all the King's fhips being fent in the Panama
fquadron. They were between fix and feven hundred tons : each carried thirty guns on
one deck, and three hundred and fifty men, all picked and expert failors. The fhips
were alfo prime failors : fo that our force was, in all refpe£ls, fufficient for the fervice
on which it was employed ; and, with the affiflance of Providence, would doubtlefs
have anfwered the viceroy's expeftations.

On the fourth of December 1 742 we got under fail, intending to fleer firfl to the
ifland of Juan Fernandes. Our courfe was from fouth-wefl one quarter weflerly, to
fouth one quarter weflerly, according as the winds permitted, which were continually
between the eafl-fouth-eall and fouth-fouth-eafl, but not always of the fame flrenglh ;
fometimes fhort calms intervened,, and, at others, fudden fqualls, but did us no
great damage. This courfe was continued till the 27th of the fame month, when, be-
ing in the latitude of 30'', and a little more than 15^ weft of Callao harbour, and the
wind at north-weft, we altered our courfe, fteering eaft-fouth-eaft, and eaft, till we
made the ifland without that of Juan Fernandes. This happened on the 7th of January
1743, at three in the evening ; the fouth point of the ifland bearing north-eaft, one
quarter eafterly, and the north- weft point north-eaft. We now continued fteering eaft,
one quarter northerly, and the next day, at eleven in the morning, we had fight of the
other ifland, called De Tierra, bearing eaft-north-eaft. And in the following nighty
having weathered the north point, we the next day came to an anchor in the bay.

During

6^4. ulloa's voyage to south America.

During our paffage from Callao to the tropic, we had light winds, often interrupted
with fhort calms ; but after we had crofTed the tropic, they were more fettled, ftronger,
and fqually, but not dangerous, being of fhort continuance. But, as I have already
noticed in another part, they always blow from the fouth-eaft and never from the fouth-
weft, till you are fifteen or twenty degrees weft of the meridian of Callao. When we
concluded ourfelves in the proper latitude for ftanding towards the iflands, and found
the wind at north- weft, we fteered eaft, in order to reach the meridian of Juan Fer-
nandes. The wind then fhifted round from weft-north-weft to weft-fouth-weft and
fouth, and afterwards returned to its ufual rhumbs of fouth-eaft, fouth-fouth-eaft, and
fouth-eaft, one quarter eafterly. On the 27 th of December, the wind again veered to
the north-weft, and continued fo the whole day ; the two fucceeding days at north-
north- weft and north- weft, but on the 30th veered to the weft-north- weft. On the
31ft it fhifted to the fouth-fouth-weft, and on the ift of January veered round to the
iouth, fouth-fouth-eaft, and fouth-eaft. Thofe, therefore, who endeavour to gain fuch
winds, ftand off from the coaft till they fall in with them ; and this fometimes happens
at a greater diftance than at others ; I mean during the fummer ; for in winter a differ-
ent courfe is neceffary, as we fhall explain in the fequel.

The atmofphere of thefe feas is generally filled with thick vapours to a confiderable
height : fo that often for four or five days fucceflively, there is no poflibility of obferv-
ing the latitude. Thefe fogs the failors call Sures Pardos, and are fond of them, as
they are a fure fign that the wind will be frefh and conftant, and that they fhall not be
troubled with calms. At this time it is very common to fee the horizon filled with a
dark cloud, but of no dangerous confequence, except frefhening the wind a little more
than ufual, and a fhort fhower of rain ; the weather, in four or five minutes, becoming
as fair as before. The fame thing prefages the turbonada, or fhort hurricane ; for the
cloud is no fooner formed on the horizon, than it begins, according to the failor's
phrafe, " to open its eye," i. e. the cloud breaks, and the part of the horizon where it
was formed becomes clear. Thefe turbonadas are moft common after you are paffed
the 17th or 1 8th of latitude.

Near the tropic, that is, between the parallels of fourteen or fixteen and twenty-eight de-
grees, calms greatly prevail during the months of January, February, and even March ; and
in fome years more than others; but near the coaft they are not fo common, on account of
the land breezes, which are always between the fouth-eaft and eaft-fouth-eaft.. Formerly,
and even till within thefe few years, the voyage to and from Callao to Chili, was rarely per-
formed in lefs than a twelvemonth ; owing to a fear of ftanding off to a great diftance from
the coaft ; for by tacking along the fhore they made but little way, and, confequently,
laid the fhips under a necelfity of putting into the intermediate harbours for water and
provifions ; but an European pilot making his firft voyage in the ufual manner, obferved
that the courfe of the currents was from the weft and fouth-weft, whence he concluded
that winds from thofe quarters might be found farther off at fea. Accordingly, in his
voyage, he ftood off to a great diftance, in order to fall in with thofe winds, and had
the fatisfadion to find that he was not miftaken ; fo that he reached Chili in little more
than thirty days. This being fo far fhort of the ufual term, he was fufpeded of forcery,
and ever after called Brujo, a forcerer. From this report, and the evidence of the
dates of his papers, perfons of all ranks were perfuaded that he failed by magic, and the
Inquifition caufed him to be apprehended ; but, on examining his journals, they ap-
plauded his fagacity, and were convinced, that if others did not perform the fame voy-
age with equal difpatch, it was owing to their timidity in not ftretching off to a proper

2 diftance

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 6$^

diftance from the coaft as he had done. And thus he had the honour of leading the
way in that expeditious courfe, which has ever fince been followed.

In all this paffage you have an eafy fea, the fwell coming fometimes from the fouth-
eaft, fouth or eaft being the points from whence the wind blows ; at others, from the
fouth-weft and weft, particularly after you are ten or twelve degrees from the coaft.
And it is only near the ifland of Juan Fernandes that you meet with a hollow fea. The
courfe of the waves is there fufficiently manifeft ; for, on quitting the coaft of Callao
to about fixty degrees farther to the fouth, their courfe is to the northwards : but from
between the parallels of fixteen and twenty degrees, their courfe is imperceptible ;
while in higher latitudes they run with fome force fouth and fouth-weft, and with a
greater velocity in winter than in fummer ; as I know from my own experience, hav-
mg, in my fecond voyage to Chili, in the year 1744, at the end of Oftober, and be-
ginning of November, taken the greateft care, that the diftances between the knots on
the log line ftiould be forty-feven Paris feet and a half, for meafuring the {hip's way ;
but every day found, that the obferved latitude exceeded the latitude by account ten or
fifteen minutes. The fame obfervation was made by Don George Juan, in both his
voyages ; as well as by the captain and officers of the French fhip, in which I return-
ed : fo that the reality of the courfe of the fea is proved beyond exception ; and, in
this manner, it continues to the 38th or 40th degree of latitude.

In the latitude of 34° 30' and 4° 10' weft of Callao, you meet with a track of green
water, extending north and fouth, and along which you fail above thirty leagues.
Probably it runs to a great diftance in that fea, being found in every latitude to the coaft
of Guatemala ; but not always under the fame meridian, winding away north- weft. It
is alfo met with in a higher latitude than that of Juan Fernandes ; and it has alfo been
obferved by ftiips in their courfe to Chiloe, or Baldivia.

In this paflage, though part of it be at fuch a great diftance from the land, we meet
with a kind of birds called Pardelas, which diftinguifli themfelves from all other fpecies,
by venturing fo far from the land. They are fomething larger than a pigeon ; their
bodies long ; their necks fliort ; their tails of a proper proportion, and their wings long
and (lender. There are two forts of thefe birds, and of different colours, one parda or
brown, from whence they derive their name ; the other black, and called Pardela Gal-
linera, but in other circumftances they are entirely the fame. A fmaller bird is alfo
feen in thefe feas, called Alma de Maeftre ; it is white fpotted with black, and has a
long tail ; but it is not fo common as the Pardelas : they are moft frequent in ftormy
weather. Within ten leagues of the iflands of Juan Fernandes are feen fome balenatos,
or fmall whales ; and at near the fame diftance, fea-wolves ; but the latter feldom go
from the fhore.

Though this fea has not been improperly dignified with the appellation of Pacific,
with regard to the interval between the tropics ; yet that particular cannot with any
juftice be applied to it, if confidered in its whole extent ; tempeftuous weather being
equally common in the latitudes of twenty and twenty-three degrees in the South Sea,
as in the oceans of Europe ; and in higher latitudes ftorms are more frequent and vio-
lent. I am inclined to think that the firft Spaniards gave it the name of the Pacific
Sea, from their being greatly pleafed with its fmoothnefs, and the gentlenefs of the
winds in their firft voyages, concluding that it was fo in every part ; but the fury of
the wmter ftorms, and the roughnefs of the fea, which are equal to thofe in any other
parts, abundantly demonftrate that they formed a judgment too haftily.

Along thefe coafts and the adjacent fea, the winter begins at the fame time as at
Lima J that is, in the month of June lafting till October and November; but its greateft

violence

656 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

violence is pad in Auguft or September. During the whole winter feafon there is no
dependance on being fafe from ftorms, which rife with a fudden rapidity ; and in all
latitudes beyond forty degrees, the winter fets in confiderably fooner, even at the
beginning of April, and is alfo obferved to laft longer.

The winter in all latitudes beyond twenty degrees is ufhered in by northerly winds.
They are not indeed fixed like thofe of the fouth, though common to the feafon. They
always blow with great violence, but not always with the fame degree, being lefs flrong
in the beginning than in the depth of winter, when their rage ftrikes the moft refolute
with horror, and raifes fuch enormous waves, that the atmofphere is crouded with
vapours , and thefe turn to a drizzling rain, which lafts as long as the ftorm continues.
It often happens that thefe violent north winds, without the leaft fign of an approaching
change, Ihift round inftantly to the weft, which change is called the travefia, but conti-
nue to blow with the fame force. Sometimes indeed this fudden change is indicated by the
horizon clearing up a little in that quarter ; but in feven or eight minutes after the
appearance of this fmall gleam of light, a fecond ftorm comes on ; fo that when a ihip
is labouring againft the violence of a ftorm from the north, the greateft care muft be
taken, on the leaft appearance, to prepare for the travefia; indeed its rapidity is often
fuch as not to allow time fufficient for making the neceflary preparations, and the dan-
ger is fufficiently evident if the fliip has her fails fet, or is lying-to.

In the month of April 1743, in the latitude of forty degrees, I had the misfortune
of experiencing the fury of a ftorm at north, which lafted in its full violence from the
29th of March till the 4th of April. Twice the wind ftiifted to the travefia, and veer-
ing round to the fouthward, returned in a few hours to the north. The firft time it
fliifted to the weft, the ftiip, by the vortices formed in the fea by this fudden oppofition
to the courfe of its waves, was fo covered with water from head to ftern, that the
officers who were on the watch concluded fhe had foundered ; but fortunately we had
our larboard tacks on board, and by a fmall motion of the helm, the fliip followed the
change of the wind, and brought-to without receiving any damage ; whereas we fhould
otherwife in all probability have been loft. Another circumftance in our favour was,
that the wind was fome points to the weftward of the north. For though thefe winds
are here called nortes, they are generally between the north and north- weft, and during
their feafon, veering in fmall fqualls to the north, and in others to the north-weft.
Sudden calms alfo often intervene ; but if thefe happen before the wind has palled the
travefia, it returns in about half, or at leaft an hour with redoubled fury. Thefe dan-
gerous variations are however indicated by the thicknefs of the atmofphere, and the
denfe clouds in the horizon. The duration of thefe ftorms is far from being fixed or
regular, though I well know fome pilots here will have it, that the north wind blows
twenty-four hours, and then paffes to the travefia ; that it continues there with equal
violence three or four hours, accompanied with fhowers, which abate its firft violence ;
and that it then veers round till it comes to the fouth- weft, when fair weather fucceeds.
I own indeed that I have in feveral voyages found this to be true ; but at other times I
experienced, that the fucceflive changes of the wind are very different. The ftorm at
north I before mentioned, began March the 29th, at one in the afternoon, and lafted
till the 31ft at ten at night, which made fifty-feven hours; then the wind fhifted to
the travefia, where it continued till the ift of April vidthout any abatement, that is,
during the fpace of twenty-two hours. From the weft, the wind veered round to the
weft-fouth-weft and fouth-weft, ftill blowing with its former violence. Hence a ftiort
calm fucceeded ; after which, it a fecond time ftiifted to the north, where it continued
blowing with its former fury fifteen or twenty hours j then came on a fecond travefia ;

12 and

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 65/

and foon after its violence abated, and the next night Ihifted from fouth-weft to fouth-
eaft. Thus the whole continuance of the ftorm was four natural days and nine hours ;
and I have fince met with others of the fame violence and duration, as I Ihall mention
in their proper place. What I would infer from my own experience, confirmed by
the information of feveral pilots, is, that the duration of thefe ftorms is proportional
to the latitude j being between twenty and thirty degrees, neither fo violent nor lafting
as ' between thirty and thirfcy-fix ; and flill encreafing in proportion as the latitude is
^eater.

•^ ' Thefe winds have likewife no regular or fettled period, the interval betwixt them
being fometimes not above eight days ; at others much longer ; nor do they always
blow with the fame violence ; but are mod uncertain in the winter, rifmg fuddenly
when leaft expelled, though not blowing always with the fame force.

In this fea a change of the wind from north to north-eaft, is a fure fign of ftormy
weather ; for the wind is never fixed in the north-eaft, nor does it ever change from
thence to the eaft, its conftant variation being to the weft or fouth-weft, contrary to
what is feen in the northern hemifphere. Indeed in both the change of the wind ufually
correfponds with the courfe of the fun ; and hence it is, that as in one hemifphere it
changes from the eaft to fouth, and thence to the weft, conformably to the courfe of
the luminary, fo in the other it changes for the fame reafon, from the eaft to north,-
and afterwards to weft.

It is an old obfervation among the pilots of this fea, that a day or two before the north
wind begins to blow, there is always feen along the fhores, and about the Ihips, a fort
of fea fowl called Quebrantahueffas, i. e. offifrage, or break-bones. Thefe birds feldom
appear at other times. I am little inclined to believe, much lefs to propagate any vul-
gar report : but here I muft declare, that after repeated obfervations, in order to
difcover the truth or falfity of this alTertion, I always faw them before every ftorm I
met with here ; and fometimes even a day before, when there was not the leaft appear- .
ance of the wind's coming about to the north, and as the winds increafed, great rmm-
bers of them gathered about the (hip, fometimes flying round her, at others fettling on
the waves, but always kept near the fhip, till fair weather returned. It is ftill more
fmgular, that they are never feen either on the fea or land, except in ftormy weather ;
nor is it known where they hide themfelves when is it fair, that they fhould fo immedi-
ately cover, as it were, the fea, when their natural inftind informs them of the approach
of a north wind.

This bird exceeds the fize of a large duck, has a fhort thick arched neck, with a large
head and a thick but fhort bill, a fmall tail, a rifmg back, large wings and fmall legs.
They are by their plumage divided into two different kinds, one being white, fpotted
with dark brown, and the upper part of its wings entirely of the latter colour : the
breaft of the other, together with the infide of the wings, the whole head, and the lower
part of the neck, is white ; but the back, the upper parts of the wings and neck, of a
very dark brown, and are hence called Lamo prieto (Black-backs). The laft kind are
by the pilots accounted the moft certain fign, the others being often feen without any
alteration of weather immediately fucceeding. I well knew a pilot here, who was a
native of Callao, a man of indefatigable curiofity and exaftnefs, never omitting to infert
in his journals the moft minute circumftances. His name was Bernardo de Mendofa,
and with him thefe fowls were confidered as fo fure a fign, that when he was in any of
thefe ports, and his fhip ready to put to fea, it was his conflant cuftom to take a walk on
the fhore, to fee whether he could perceive any of them in the offing j and if he did, he

VOL. XIV. 4 p continued,

658 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

continued in the harbour till the tempeft was over ; and he aflured me that his conform-
ing to this obfervation had been of the greatefl advantage to him ; relating, in confirm-
ation of his opinion, that being once at Baldivia, the governor, fo far from regarding his
apprehenfions from fuch prefages, turned them into ridicule, and infilled on his putting
to fea, but was foon convinced that thefe omens were not chimeras ; for the veffel was
hardly out of the harbour, when a ftorm at north came on with fuch violence, that it
was with the utmofl difficulty (he was faved from being wrecked in that bay ; and this
would infallibly at laft have been the confequence, had the ftorm continued fome time
longer ; for, even when the wind abated, they found it hardly pofTible to carry her into
the harbour to repair the damages fhe had received.

Other obfervations relating to thefe northerly winds are, that they always blow when
the Sures are in their ftrength, in the higher latitudes, and alfo between the parallel of
20*^ and that of Panama, it being then winter in thofe climates j and are alfo found in
latitudes beyond 20^, but never nearer to the equinodlial. Another obfervation is, that
during the time of the brifas, between Panama and the equino6lial, thefe winds are never
felt in any part of the Pacific Sea, the fouth winds alone prevailing there. Laftly, it is
obferved, that within thirty or forty leagues of the coaft of Chili, while one part is agi-
tated with ftorms at north, the fouth winds frefhen in another. This, however fingular
it may appear, is no more than what was experienced by the three fhips, Efperanza,
Belen, and Rofa, which being at the mouth of the Bay of Conception, the latter took
her leave of them, and bore away with a frefh gale at fouth to Valparaifo, whilft the
others who fteered for the iflands of Juan Femandes, were overtaken in their paflage by
a ftorm at north.

As in fummer the fouth winds generally ftiift between the fouth-fouth-eaft and eaft-
fouth-eaft, fo in winter they continue for fome time between the fouth-weft and fouth 5
confequently there is a neceflity, in the latter feafon, to ftand out to fuch a great diftance
from the coaft in queft of them, as muft be done in fummer.

CHAP. IV. — Account of the IJlands of Juan Femandes* Voyage from thofe IJlands to
Santa Maria, and from thence to the Bay of Conception.

THE iflands of Juan Femandes, which, on account of their fituation, belong to the
kingdom of Chili, are two in number ; one, as lying farther to the weft, is diftinguifhed
by the epithet De Afuera ; and the other, as nearer the land, or to the eaftward, is
called La de Tierra. The former, which is fomething above a league in length, is
nearly of an oval figure, and the land very high, fo that it has the appearance of a round
mountain ; and its fteepnefs on all fides renders it every where almoft inacceflible. Se-
veral large cafcades tumble from its fummit, and the water of one of them, after a fuc-
ceffion of long falls among the rocks on the fouth-weft fide of the ifland, precipitates
itfelf into the fea with fuch amazing impetuofity, that its froth may be feen at three
leagues diftance. The longitude of this ifland, according to the reckoning of Don
George Juan, admitting the currents to fet towards the fouth-weft, is 3° 20' W. from
the meridian of Callao j but, according to my computation, 3^ 27'. By the coaft we
fteered from the meridian De Afuera till we reached La de Tierra, we concluded the
diftance between thofe iflands to be thirty-four leagues.

The ifland De Tierra, which is four hundred and forty leagues to the north of Cape
Horn, is between three or four leagues from eaft to weft, which is its greateft length.

9 It

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 659

It is for the moft part high land, but not "deftitute of fome plains, though thefe are part
of the mountains themfelves. Its valleys are full of trees, and fome of them an excellent
timber. Here is likewife the piemento tree, refembling the chiapa in New Spain. The
plains and little hills produce a fort of ftraw, refembling that of oats, and growing
higher than the ufual ftature of a man. The waters, of which feveral ftreams fall from
the eminences into the fea, is very light, creates an appetite, and, among other medici-
nal qualities, is excellent againft indigeftion. Here are many dogs of different fpecies,
particularly of the greyhound kind ; and alfo a great number of goats, which it is very
difficult to come at, artfully keeping themfelves among thofe crags and precipices, where
no other animal but themifelves can live. The dogs owe their origin to a colony fent
thither, not many years ago, by the prefident of Chili, and the viceroy of Peru, in order
totally to exterminate the goats, that any pirates or fliips of the enemy might not here be
furnifhed with provifions. But this fcheme has proved ineffedual, the dogs being in-
capable of purfuing them among the faftneffes where they live, thefe animals leaping
from one rock to another with furprifing agility. Thus, far, indeed, it has anfwered
the purpofe ; for fhips cannot now fo eafily furnifh themfelves with provifions here, it
being very difficult to kill even a fingle goat.

Very few birds frequent this ifland j and, though we found feveral white feathers on
the ground, and alfo parts of carcafes, which feemed to have been gnawed by the dogs,
we faw but very few flying, and thofe wholly black. It is not indeed improbable but
thefe iflands may be the winter retreats of fome kinds of birds, which on the approach
of fummer remove to another climate.

In this ifland are mountains of a great height ; and the fides of thofe towards the
north are covered with trees of good timber : but few or none are feen on thofe of the
fouth part, except in the breaches and valleys, owing doubtlefs to the piercing violence
of the fouth winds, which deftroys them or checks their growth. On the other hand,
every part is covered with tall grafs or flraw, already mentioned. Among the various
forts of trees with which the ifland is decorated, there are none of the American fruit-
trees, owing to the coldnefs of the climate, which is increafed by the violence of the
winds, fo that even the heats of fummer are moderate.

In this ifland are three harbours or bays ; but thofe on the weft and eaft fides have
only water fufficient for fmall veffels, fo that the only one proper for large fhips is that
on the north, or rather north-eafl, fide of the ifland. The latter, which is properly
called Juan Fernandes, confifts of a bay formed by the coaft, but expofed to the n6rth
and north-eaft winds, fo that in winter no fhip can lie fafely in it ; and even in fummer
it is not free from danger, on account of the great depth of water ; for within the dif-
tance of a cable's length or two from the fhore it has fifty fathoms, and growing deeper
as the diftance increafes. To this muft alfo be added the badnefs of the ground, which
being of fand, and a tenacious mud, mixed with fhells and gravel, the cables are greatly
rubbed by it, and confequently the anchorage unfafe. The fhips are alfo expofed to con-
tinual fqualls caufed by the Sures, which produce a very troublefome fea ; violent cur-
rents likewife fet into the bay, and form dangerous eddies. I^aftly, the fteepnefs of the
coafl renders it very difficult to be approached on account of the dafhing of the waves
againfl it ; and accordingly the only fhips that put into this port are fuch as belong to
pirates, or the enemy, this ifland being the fole refuge for them in the South Seas : and
they expofe themfelves to thefe dangers, merely through the neceffity of taking in water
and wood, refrefhing their crews, and furnifhing themfelves with fifh, which is caught
here in great abundance,

4 p 2 Thefe

i56d ulloa's voyage to south America.

Thefe foreign fliips, which, in order to refrefh their crews after the fatigues of fo long
a voyage, and the dangers of weathering Cape Horn, make for the harbour of Juan
Fernandes, are very careful to fecure themfelves againfl the above-mentioned dangers,
and therefore fail up to the farthefl part of the bay, where they moor with an anchor
m the water, and another on the fouth-wefl fhore. x But even this" precaution is not
fometimes fufficient to fecure them, as appears from the wrecks of three fhips ; two of
which have been long there, but the other of a more recent date.

The ifland De Afuera is every where prodigioufly high land, and the Ihores fo fleep
and craggy as to afford no convenient landing-place j which, together with its having
no harbour, prevents all fhips, whether thofe of the enemy, or the country, from
touching at it.

The fea, all around the ifland De Tierra, may be faid to be filled with fea-wolves,
of which there are obferved to be three principal fpecies ; the firfl are fmail, not
being above a yard in length, and their hair a dark brown : thofe of the fecond are
about a toife and a half in length, and of a greyifh brown colour : and thofe of the
third are in general two toifes in length, and the hair of a pale afh-colour. The
head of thefe creatures is too fmall in proportion to the reft of their body, and termi-
nates in a fnout ; which, bearing a great refemblance to that of a wolf, they have
acquired the name. The mouth is proportioned to the head ; but the tongue is very
thick, and almoft round. They have a row of large pointed teeth in each jaw, two
thirds of which are in alveoli or fockets j but the others, being the mofl hard and folid,
are without them. This threatening appearance is heightened by whilkers, like thofe
of cats, or rather tygers. Their eyes are fmall ; and their ears, from the root to the
extremity, not above fix or eight lines in length, and of a proportional breadth. Their
noflrils are alfo very fmall, and the only parts deflitute of hair, thefe having a glan-
dulous membrane, like the fame part in dogs. This creature has two fins, which ferve
them both for fwimming in the water, and for walking on the ground. The tail, which
is every where equally cartilaginous, is of a length proportional to the body, but much
thicker than thofe of the generality of fifh. They carry it horizontally ; fo that by
inverting the laft vertebrae, where the articulations are more flexible than in other
parts, tney form of it a kind of hind feet ; and at the fame time the fins helping them
before, they walk without trailing the body along the ground. A remarkable particular
in the formation of this amphibious creature is, that in both the fins and the ex-
tremity of the tail there are protuberances refembling fingers ; they are fmall bones or
cartilages inclofed within thofe callous membranes which cover the fins and tail. Thefe
fingers they can expand fo as to cover the whole breadth of the fin ; and thus form^
as it were, the fole to tread upon. At the end of each is a nail, of about two lines in
length, and half a line in breadth.

Among the feveral articulations in the fins, are two very remarkable, one at the
junftion of the omoplata, where it forms a kind of fhoulder, and the other at the
extremity of the fin, where the fingers are connected. The fame economy is obferved
in the tail, and thus they are adapted to an,aniphibious life : accordingly, though not
with a celerity equal to that of quadrupeds, they climb up fleep rocks of a height one
would think impracticable to fiich creatures, as they are abfolutely fo to men ;
and come down again with the fame eafe, notwithflanding their great bulk and
fatnefs, which is fuch in the larger fpeciea, that their diameter at the fins is little fhort
of a yard and a half.

Their organs of generation are placed at the lower extremity of the belly, and at
the time of coition the male and female place themfelves on their tails, with their faces

1 1 inward.

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. C6l

inward, embracing each other with their fins, which, on this occafion, fupply the place
of arms. The female brings forth and fuckles her young in the fame manner as ter-
reflrial creatures, but has never above one or two at a time.

The largeft fpecies are by fome called fea-lions, but in thefe feas their general name
is Lobos de Aceyte, or oil-wolves : becaufe when they move, they appear like a fkin
full of oil, from the motion of the vaft quantity of fat, or blubber, of which their
enormous body confifts. And though oil is made from all the fpecies, none yield it in
proportion to thefe ; indeed they confifl of little elfe. I was once entertained with a
particular circumftance relating to this fpecies. A faiior having wounded one, it im-
mediately plunged itfelf into the fea ; but had hardly tinged the water with its blood,
when it was furrounded in an inftant by fhoals of the other two fpecies, who attacked
and devoured it in a few minutes, which was not the cafe with the other fpecies ;
which, when wounded, though they alfo plunged into the water, yet the fight of their
blood had no efFed on others j nor were they ever attacked. They are mifchievous,
and their bite the more dangerous, as they never let go their hold; but they are
heavy, torpid, and fluggifh ; nor can they turn their heads without great difficulty.
They were fo far from avoiding our men, that they were obliged to flrike them with
flicks to make them move out of their way. The cry of their young very nearly
refembles the bleating of a fheep j but when they all join, as it were in concert, the
noife is infupportable. They are the chief food of the dogs, who, after killing them,
take off their (kin with great dexterity. In their attack, they aim always at the throat ;
and when they have destroyed the creature, they tear the Ikin all round the neck ;
then feizing it by the head, and putting their fore-feet between the fkin and the flelh,
they ftrip it entirely off, and then devour the carcafe.

The largefl kind, as we have already obferved, are, by the failors, called fea-lions,
the hgir of the neck diftinguifhing them from the others, and has fome refemblance to
a mane, though not much longer than that on the other parts of the animal ; but as
their whole body has a greater fimilarity to that of the wolf, and being entirely
like the other fpecies, the name of fea-wolf feems to be more proper than that given
them by the feamen.

All thefe kinds of fea-wolves have fo tender a fenfation at the extremity of their
noftrils, that though they will bear many wounds in other parts of the body, the
flighteft flroke on this difpatches them ; and that they are fenfible of it, is evident from
their making it their chief care to defend that part from any violence.

A great fmgularity is alfo obfervable in the dogs of this ifland, namely, that they
never bark. We caught fome of them, and brought them on board ; but they
never made any noife till joined with fome tame dogs, and then indeed they began to
imitate them, but in a ft range manner, as if learning a thing not natural to them.

The iflands of Juan Fernandes abound greatly in fifh, among which are two fpecies,
not obferved in any other part of this vaft fea. One is the cod, which, though not
abfolutely like that of Newfoundland, the difference is very minute, either with regard
to colour, form, tafte, and even the fmall fcales obfervable on that fifh. They are of
different fizes, but the largeft three or four feet in length.

The other fpecies is a fifh refembling the tollo in fhape, but much more palatable.
From the fore part of each of the two fins on his back, grows a kind of triangular
fpur, a little bent, but round near the back, and terminating in a point. It has a fine
glols, and the hardnefs of a bone. At the root of it is a foft fpungy fubftance.
This fpur, or bone, for it refembles both, is fuch a prefent remedy for the tooth-ache,

that.

%o

562 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

that, the point of it being applied to the part afFefted, it entirely removes the pain in
half an hour. The firft account I had of this fingular virtue was from a Frenchman,
who was my pilot ; but as reafon would not permit me to give credit, without expe»
rience, to a circumftance feemingly fo void of probability, the affeverations of the man
increafed my defire of putting it to the proof, which I did feveral times, and always
with fuccefs. I did not fail to communicate a difcovery of fuch great benefit ; and
accordingly feveral of my acquaintance, who laboured under that excruciating pain,
made trial of it, and found from it the fame happy effefts ; with this particular circum^
fiance, that foon after the application of the bone to the part afFedled, it became
infenfible of pain, a drowfinefs fucceeded, and they awaked free from the torture. I
obferved that the fpongy fubftance at the root, during the operation, became gradually
inflated, and fofter than in its natural ftate, which could not be efFeded folely by
the moifture of the mouth, the part put into it being compad, hard, and fmooth as
ivory. I am therefore inclined to think, that it has an attradive virtue, which extracts
the morbific humour, and collects it in the root. The common length of thefe
anodyne fpurs, or bones, is two inches and a half, of which one moiety, together
with the root, is within the body of the fifh. Each face of the triangle is about four
lines in breadth. They are taken in the fame plenty as the others.

The abundance of fifh about thefe iflands is fuch, that two hours fifhing in the
morning, and as many in the evening, with only fix or eight nets, procured not only
a fufliciency for all the fhip*s company, but a confiderable quantity remained for
faking. The chief kinds are cod, berrugates, the fpur-fifh, fole, turbot, jureles, and
lobflers ; befides an infinite number of fmall fifh, which covered the water ; a circum-
ftance the more furprifing, as there are fuch multitudes of fea-wolves all along the
coafl, which live on nothing elfe. For though there is very little fifhing near thefe
iflands, yet doubtlefs the conflant ravages of fuch enormous creatures may be thought
at leafl equal to the capture of a large fifhery.

Thefe feveral fpecies are all fo delicate and palatable, that the epicure would be at
a lofs which to prefer. The lobflers are often half a yard in length, and are taken
even with greater eafe than the others. They are of an exquifite tafle, though the
meat is fomething hard. The berrugate is a large fcaly fifh.

We continued at anchor near this ifland till the 2 2d of January ; during which time,
we reconnoitred every part of it, and particularly vifited the place where the Englifh had
ereded their tents, in order to difcover any private fignal they might have left for the
information of any other fhips that fhould afterwards touch at this ifland. The pre-
fident of Chili had, with the fame view, fent a fhip hither fome months before our
arrival j but all they met with was two bottles, in each of which was a writing in
cypher ; and all we difcovered were the piquets and poles of the tents ; with their
fmall wooden bridges for crofTmg the breaches, and other things of that kind. Both
our frigates having taken in water and wood, we failed at three in the afternoon for the
ifland of Santa Maria, which we made on the 5th of February, and after carefully
furveying it on all fides, continued our courfe till half an hour after feven of the fame
day, when we came to an anchor at Puerto Tome, on the eafl fide of the bay of
Conception.

At our departure from the ifland of Fernandes, we fleered firfl eafl one quarter
foutherly, and the winds continuing between the fouth and fouth-eafl, we tacked on the
23d, and fleered between the wefl-fouth-wefl and fouth-fouth-wefl, but on the 28th, being
jn the latitude of 35° 33' 30", 33' 30'' fouth latitude, and a degree wefl of the meridian De

Afuerj^

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 663

Afuera de Juan Fernandes, we obferved the winds to fliift from fouth to fouth-weft.
Accordingly we altered our courfe, fleered eaft and eaft-fouth-eaft till the 31ft day,
when we found ourfelves in the latitude of 36° 23' and about fifteen or twenty leagues
north-wefl of the bay of Conception. But the weather, which had been the fame alfo
the day preceding, was fo hazy, that we could not fee the other frigate. Sometimes
indeed we difcerned the colours, but without having any fight either of the hull or
maft*. This was however fufficient to alTure us that they were within half a cannon
fhot of each other. This, and our being fomething to leeward of the bay, obliged us
to fland to fome diflance off to fea ; and thus we kept along the coafl without venturing
to approach it till the 5th, when at half an hour after nine in the morning, the weather
cleared up, and gave us fight of Cape Carnero, bearing fouth-fouth-eaft ten or twelve
leagues : and the middle part of Santa Maria, north-eaft one quarter northerly. We
crouded all fail towards the latter, and at eleven the frigates lay-to. Cape Rumena
bearing fouth one quarter eafterly diflance four leagues, and Cape Lavapies eafl one
quarter north-eafl, diflance two leagues. The fouth point of the ifland of Santa Maria
bore north-eafl four leagues diflant, the north point of the fame ifland north-north-eafl
and a large rock without, north one quarter eaflerly. Here we fent our long-boat with
orders to go betwixt the iflands and the continent, and take a furvey of it, and then
join us in Conception bay. Accordingly the frigates got under fail at twelve at noon,
with a frefh gale at fouth-fouth-eaft and foon after came to an anchor in the faid bay.

Don George Juan, from his reckoning, concluded that the ifland of Santa Maria,
which lies in 37° 3' fouth latitude, was 7° 10' eaft of the ifland De Afuera de Juan
Fernandes. Whereas I differed 0° 14' from him, making it only 6° 56'.

To the north- weft of this ifland, at the diftance of a league and a half, is a lofty
fteep rock with feveral fmaller at its foot ; and one league and a half farther to fea-
ward, alfo on the north- weft fide pf the ifland, is a fhoal, which, though we at this
time faw no breakers on it, we took care to keep at a proper diftance. And in my
fecond voyage, in the year 1 744, I had a clear view of it, for I not only faw the
breakers, it being then low-water and the fea running high, but alfo a reef of rocks
at the water's edge. The country pilots have affured me, that by fteering in the
middle between this fhallow and the rock, there is a very fafe channel, having in
moft parts fifty or fixty fathom water.

In my fecond voyage above-mentioned, on board a French frigate called La Deliv-
rance, in the latitude of 36° 54' and 2° 24' weft of the ifland of Santa Maria, about
half an hour after making our obfervations, we unexpectedly found ourfelves in a
tra£l of thick water of a yellowifh colour ; which, naturally occafioning a great fur-
prife, we ftarted from the table, being then at dinner, and haftened up to the quarter-
deck. It was now too late to put the fhip about ; fhe being in the very centre of it.
This fhoal, as it appeared to us, ftretched near two leagues from north to fouth, and
was about fix or eight hundred toifes over from eaft to weft. The colour of the water
was of fo deep a yellow, that, after Providence had happily carried us through it, we
could eafily diftinguifh it at a confiderable diftance. I muft own, our confternation
was fuch, from our concluding we were on a fhoal, as there was all the appearance
of it, that we had no thoughts of bringing the frigate-to, till we had got our founding
line in order. In fome parts the water was of a deeper yellow, as being more

* This I fuppofe is a miftake, and ought to be read thus ; fometimes we faw the looming of the fails,
but could not perceive the hull. A.

fiiallow.

6^4 ULLOA's V0YA6E TO SOUTH AMERICA.

(hallow. In others we could perceive rays of fea or green water, intermixed with
that of the flioal. No chart has taken any notice of it ; nor was it indeed before
known to any of the pilots of thefe feas, as they themfelves acknowledged, notwith-
ftanding their repeated voyages. We fhould therefore have been guilty of a great
indifference with regard to the public fafety, had we negleded to. have given this ac-
count of it.

The general winds, between the iflands of Juan Fernandes and this place, are the
fame as thofe which reign in the gulph ; and which have been already defcribed ; but
the currents are different, fetting north-wefl ; and this becomes the more perceivable
in proportion as you approach nearer to the coafl. From the illand De Tierra de
Juan Fernandes eaftward, the water is greenifh, and weft ward blueifh. This I have
myfelf obferved feveral times, even when not in fight of the ifland ; and alfo that the
colour of the water changes with the meridian. Between the iflands and the continent
I have frequently feen the water fpouted up by the whales j an appearance which has
been often taken for breakers.

Within twenty or thirty leagues of the coaft, we met with large flights of curlews ;
but this diftance is the utmoft limit of their excurfions. Thefe birds are of a middling
bignefs, moftly whif:^ except the breaft and upper part of the wings, which are of a
rofe colour. Their heads are proportionate to their bodies, but their bill very long,
flender and crooked j and as fmall at the root as at the point. They fly in vaft troops,
and confequently are eafily known.

The coafts in general of this fea, from Guayaquil to the fouthward, are very difii-
cult to be feen, except in fummer time, being the whole winter covered with fuch
thick fogs, that no objedt can be difcerned at half a league diftance. And this dan-
gerous hazinefs extends often to the diftance of fifteen or twenty leagues off to fea.
But during the night, and till about ten or eleven in the morning, the fog is only on
the land. At that time it moves farther to feaward, with a prodigious denfity, re-
fembling a wall, totally concealing every obje£t on the other fide of it : and the cautious
mariner forbears to make his way through it, being uncertain whether he fhall meet
with clearer weather, as he approaches nearer to the coaft.

Thefe winter fogs on the coaft of Chili, feem to be occafioned by the north winds ;
they being obferved always to thicken when thofe winds blow, and though the atmo-
fphere be clear when the wind fliifts to that quarter, it is inftantaneoufly filled with
thofe vapours ; which continue without any diminution, till the fouth winds fet in, and
have blown frefh for two or three days fucceffively. But as in winter they are ufually
interrupted by the winds at north-wefl and fouth -weft, thefe vapours, fo inconvenient to
commerce, are feldom totally difperfed ; and it is a common phrafe among the mariners
of thefe parts, that the north is a filthy wind on account of the difagreeable vapours,
with which it is loaded, and the fouth is a cleanly wind, fweeping thefe nuifances from
the coaft and country, and purifying the air. I call thefe winter fogs, as they are
equally common all along the coaft from the parallel of twenty to the equinox, wheie
no north winds are known. And as I have already related of Lima, all the inhabi-
tants of the coaft live, during the winter, in a perpetual fog.

Ifliall

ULLOA^S VOYAOE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

665

I fhall conclude this chapter, with a table of the variations of the needle obferved
in my fecond voyage, in the frigate La Delivrance, from Callao to Conception Bay.

South Latitude.

Longitude from
Callao.

Variations, and
their Kind*.

Degrees.

Minutes.

Degrees. Minutes.

Degrees. Minutes.

22

^3i

35^ 03

7 58 E

25

37i

349 51

9 22

28

27

348 46

9 42

32

10

350 45§

9 58

32

521

35^ 14I

9 06

33

Sii

352 32

10 00

35

06

354 39f

II 10

36

57

000 47$

II 15

Don George Juan, who failed from Callao, with the Delivrance, as commander of
the Lys, another French frigate, made the following obfervations :—

South Latitude.

Longitude from
Callao.

Variations, and
their Kinds.

Degrees.

Minutes.

Degrees. Minutes.

Degrees. Minutes.

12

06

000 00

8 52E

12
23

50
00

359 00

350 00

7 48
6 00

25
27

30

33

30

00

45
30

349 15

348 30

349 00
352 20

5 00

5 15

6 00

7 10

"V

Without tl

le Ifland of Juan Fernandes.

33
33
33

^ 50
40

45

256 00
©00 00
002 00

8 30
10 30
10 45

Onth

e Coaft of Valparaifo.

33

20

1 005 00 1 12 30

The fenfible difference between thefe variations arofe from the difference of the
needles, by which they were obferved ; and the reafons for that difference have been
confidered in another place.

The difference of the meridians between Callao and Conception, appears from the
feries of obfervations made by us at Lima, and thofe by Father Feuillee, at the fame
place, to be 3° 58', which is the eaftem diftance of Conception from Callao, yet in
the maps of this country, it is placed eight or nine degrees to the eaftward, a miflake

yoL. XIV. 4 Q proceeding

666 ulloa's voyage to south America. '

proceeding from a want of attention in the pilots in obferving the direction of the cur-
rents ; and as thefe carry the fhip towards the fouth-weft, the pilots, when in the offing,
begin to compute their diflance from the coaft. But this being in reality much greater
than that given by the rhumb, they are afterwards under a neceffity of fleering towards
the eaft, and thence their reckoning makes the port farther to the eaftward than it
really is ; and the currents running fometimes with a greater velocity than at others,
pilots often differ in placing the meridian of Conception, fo that very few at firft make
the Cape, though aflifled by that chart, which they conlider as the befl. For all thefe
draughts are laid down from the falfe conclufions of erroneous journals, no allowance
having been made for the fetting of the currents. The difference of latitude proves,
beyond contradiction, the reality of the currents, and the degree of their velocity, as
I have already noticed.

On the 26th of January, the Efperanza, a Spanifh frigate, commanded by Don
Pedro de Mendinueta, came to an anchor in the harbour of Talcaguano, after her voy-
age from Monte- Video in the river of Buenos Ayres, round Cape Horn, which fhe had
performed in fixty-fix days. On our arrival at Puerto Tome, an officer came on board
the Belin, the very fame night we came to an anchor ; and the day following, being
the fixth of February, our two frigates joined the Efperanza at Talcaguano, and form-
ed a little fquadron under the command of Don Pedro de Mendinueta, according to
orders from the Viceroy, who had received an account that the Efperanza lay ready at
Monte- Video, to proceed on her voyage that fummer into the South Sea, and that Com-
modore Don Jofeph Pizarro, with other officers, were travelling over-land to Santiago
de Chili ; which he had reached at the time of our arrival.

CHAP. V. — Defcription of the City of Conception, in the Kingdom of Chili j with an
Account of its Commerce, and the Fertility of the Country »

CONCEPTION, otherwife called Penco, was firft founde'd by Captain Pedro de
Valdivia, in the year 1550. But the powerful revolts of the Indians of Arauco and
Tucapel, obliged its inhabitants to remove to Santiago. They cannot, however, be
chargdd, with having quitted their fettlement, till they had been defeated feveral times
by the Indians, in one of which they loft the above-mentioned P^dro de Valdivia, who,
as governor of that kingdom, was commander-in-chjief of the forces employed in the
conqueft of it. The fame unhappy fate alfo attended Francifco de Villagra, who, as
Valdivia's lieutenant-general, had fucceeded in the command. Thefe misfortunes, and
the fuperiority of the allied Indians, obliged the Spaniards to abandon Conception.
The inhabitants, however, being defirous of poiTeffing again their plantations in the
neighbourhood of that city, and of which they ufed to make fuch large profits, peti-
tioned the audience of J^ima for leave to return to their original city ; but had foon
fufficient caufe to repent of not having exerted their induftry in improving the place
whither they retired ; the Indians, on the firft notice that the Spaniards were returned
to the city, forming a powerful alliance under a daring leader, called Lautaro, took by
ftorm a fmall fort, which was the whole defence of the city, and put all to the fword,
except a fmall number who had fortunately efcaped to Santiago. Some time after,
Don Gracia de Mendoza, fon to the Viceroy de Mendoza, Marquis of Canete, arriv-
ing as governor of Chili, with a body of forces fufficient for making head againft the
Indians, reftored the inhabitants of Conception to their former poifeffions, with the
greatell apparent fecurity. But the year 1 603 gave birth to a new and more general

confederacy,

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 667

confederacy, by which means Conception, La Imperia, and Baldivia, with fix fmaller
places, were deftroyed ; being the greateft part of the places in this kingdom. Con-
ception, however, received frefh fuccours, the city was again repaired, and has con-
tinued ever fince.

Its latitude, according to an obfervation we made in the year 1 744, at Talcaguana,
which lies exadly eaft and weft with the city, is 36^ 43' 15" fouth, and its longitude
from the meridian of Teneriff, according to Father Fevillee, 303^ 18' 30''. The city
is built on the fouth- weft ftiore of a beautiful bay, on an uneven fandy ground, and on
a fmall declivity, having a little river running through it. The city, in its extent, is
fcarce equal to one of the fourth clafs. The deftrudion it fuffered in the dreadful
earthquake of 1730, occafioned all the houfes to be built low, though it had before
been fubjed: to thefe fudden convulfions of nature. This was, however, the laft of
thofe remarkable for their melancholy confequences, which extended to Santiago, the
capital of the kingdom,' which was involved in the fame ruin. On the 8th of July, at
one in the morning, the firft emotions were felt, and the concuffions increafmg, the fea
retreated to a confiderable diftance ; but in a fmall time returned fo impetuoufly, and
with fuch a fwell, that it overflowed the whole city, and the neighbouring countries.
In this fudden calamity, the inhabitants had no other afylum than the neighbouring
eminences. This inundation was foon fucceeded by three or four fhocks ; and, at
about four in the morning, a little before day-break, the concuffions returned with the
moft tremendous violence, demolifhing the few buildings which had withftood the firft
Ihocks, and the rapid motion of the fea.

The houfes are all either of topias, or mud walls, or adoves, unburnt bricks j but
covered with tiles. The churches are fmall and mean ; the fame may be faid of the
Francifcan, Auguftine, and Dominican convents, as well as thofe belonging to the far-
thers of Mercy : but the college of Jefuits is not wholly deftitute of elegance, being
well built, and of a tolerable architecture.

The political government of this city confifts of a corregidor, nominated by the King,
and who is at the head of the ordinary alcaldes and the regidores. During the vacancy
of this poft, the duty is performed by the prefident of Chili, who is governor, and
captain-general of the whole kingdom, and prefident of the audience of Santiago, on
which, as its capital, Conception is dependent. The court of audience was originally
eftabliflied in the latter, and continued there from the year 1567 to 1574; but the
danger and difturbances, occafioned by the frequent revolts of the Indians, caufed it
for a while to be fupprelTed, and afterwards to be removed to the city of Santiaga
The prefident is, however, obliged to refide fix months of the year at Conception, that
he may attend carefully to the military concerns of the frontiers, fee that the forts be
in a good condition, and well provided with every thing, in order to keep the Indians
of Arauco in awe, and that the military forces are in good order, and well difciplined^
and always in readinefs to repel any attempts of the Indians, provided they fhould ever
abandon their dread of the Spanifh troops. During the other fix months, when the
governor refides at Santiago, he ads in a very different charader ; hearing complaints,
redreffing grievances, and adminiftering juftice, that this tribunal may receive the
greater dignity from his prefence. Here is alfo a chamber of finances, at the head of
which is an accountant and treafurer. Befides which. Conception has likewife all die
other courts and offices ufual in the cities of South America.

As all the inhabitants of the towns, villages, and country, within the jurifdidion of
Conception, form different bodies of militia, fome of which are in pay, and all muff
be ready on any fudden alarm, there is, befides the corregidor, a Maeftra de Campo,

4 Q 2 who

668 ulloa's voyage to south America.

who commands in all the militiary affairs without the city ; but we Ihall have occalion
to give a farther account of his duty in the fequel.

This city at firft belonged to the diocefe of Imperial ; but that being ruined by thc-
perpetual incurfions of the Indians, the epifcopal fee was removed to Conception, and
the chapter changed. It is now a fuffragan of Lima, and has a chapter confifting of a
bifliop, dean, archdeacon, and two prebendaries.

The jurifdiftion of Conception extends from the river Maule on the coaft north of
the city to Cape Lavapies. It has few villages ; but the whole country is full of feats,,
farms, and cottages.

The inhabitants confift of Spaniards and Meftizos, who in colour are hardly diftin-
guifhable from the former ; both being very fair, and fome have even frefli com-
plexions. The goodnefs of the climate, together with the fertility of the country,
have drawn hither many Spanilh families, both Creoles and Europeans, who live toge-
ther in that harmony and friendlhip, which fhould be an example to the other parts
of thefe provinces ; where the comforts of fociety are greatly leflened by the feuds
arifing from a mean pride and jealoufy. The men in general are well-fhaped and
robuft, and the women handfome. Their cuftoms and drefs are a kind of com-
pound of thofe of Lima and Quito, but more nearly refemble the latter, except that
the men ufe, inflead of a cloak, a poncho, which is made in the form of a quilt,
about two yards and a half or three in length, and two in breadth, having an open-
ing in the middle juft fufficient to put their head through, the reft hanging down
on all fides. This is their drefs in all weathers, whether walking or riding. The
peafants, whom they call Guafos, never pull it off but when they go to reft, tucking
it up in fuch a manner, that both their arms and whole body are at full liberty either
for labour or diverfion. This is an univerfal garb among all ranks when they ride on
horfeback, an exercife very common here 5 and the women are particularly famous
for their fkill in horfemanfhip.

This drefs, though fo plain and uniform in itfelf, ferves to diftinguifh the i*ank and
quality of the wearer ; as its price is proportional to the work on it. Some wear 'it
as a covering, fome for decency, and others for fhew. Accordingly if thofe of the
common people coft only four or five dollars, others have ftood the owners in an
hundred and fifty, or two hundred. This difference arifes from the finenefs of the
fluff, or from the laces and embroidery with which they are decorated. They are of
a double woollen fluff, manufadured by the Indians, and generally of a blue colour,
embroidered with red or white, fometimes indeed the ground is white, embroidered,
with blue, red, and other colours.

The peafants are furprifingly dexterous in managing the noofe and lance ; and it is
very feldom, that, though on full fpeed, they mifs their aim with the former. Accord-
ingly thefe are their chief arms, and they will halter a wild bull with the fame agility
as any other creature ; nor could a man, however cautious, avoid being taken in their
noofe. I fhall relate an inflance of their addrefs, with regard to an Englifhman whom
we knew at Lima. He was in the long-boat of a privateer, then lying in Conception
bay, intending to land at Talcaguano, with a view of plundering the neighbouring
villages ; but a body of the country militia made to the fhore in order to oppofe them.
Upon this, the Englifh fired upon them with their mufquetry, imagining that would
be fufficient to put them to flight, and thus the place be open for them to land.
They had no fooner difcharged their pieces, than one of the peafants, though the boat
was at a confiderable diftance, threw his noofe, and notwithftanding all in the boat threw
themfelves on their faces, he noofed the above-mentioned perfon, pulling him out of ^

n the

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 669

the boat with the greateft rapidity ; whilfl the others, inftead of endeavouring to fave
him, in their fright thought of nothing but how to get out of danger as foon as pofll-
ble. It was the Englifhman's good fortune not to be ftrangled or killed by the bruifes
he received, the flip-knot having pafTed from one flioulder under the oppofite arm, fo
that he recovered in a few days.

As it is very feldom that they mifs, and are obliged, on haltering a creature, to
draw the knot, at the fame time that they throw the noofe, they clap fpurs to their
horfe, and put him on his full fpeed ; that the creature is fo far from having time to
difengage itfelf, that it is no fooner caught than difabled. This is alfo one of the
weapons, if I may give it that name, ufed in their private quarrels, defending them-
felves with a lance of a middling length. And their addrefs on thefe occafions is fo
very remarkable, that very often, after a long difpute, in which both parties are heartily
tired, they part, with no other hurt than a few bruifes. This is alfo the method
they take to fatisfy their revenge, endeavouring to halter the objeft of their hatred,
either as he runs from them, or is' not apprized of their intention. In this cafe the
only refource in an open country, on feeing him with his noofe in his hand, is, to
throw onefelf on the ground, keeping the legs and arms as clofe to the furface as
poflible, that the rope may have no room to get under any part. The perfon may alfo
fave himfelf by {landing clofe to a tree, and, if in the llreet, by placing hirhfelf againfl
the wall. A fmall diftance, that is, under ten or fifteen paces, partly renders their
dexterity ineffeftual ; but there is very great danger of being entangled when the
diftance is thirty or forty. The noofes, or halters, are thongs of a cow*s hide, cut
round the Ikin, and of a proper breadth. Thefe thongs they twift, and work with fat,
till they are of a proper degree of fupplenefs ; but fo ftrong, that though when twifted
they are not larger than the little finger, yet they hold the wildeft bull when its efforts
to efcape would break a rope of hemp of much larger dimenfions.

The climate of this city is not effentially different from that of the greateft part of
Europe. Winter is indeed fomething colder than in the fouthern provinces of Spain,
but milder than thofe of the northern ; and the fummer heats proportionably. In
winter the inhabitants feem to be little incommoded by the north winds, and in
fummer the heats are moderated by the cooling breezes from the fouth. The heat is
however greater in the city than in the adjacent country, occafioned chiefly by the
different difpdfition of the ground, being interfe6ted by various rivers, fome of which
are very large, as the Arauco and the Biobio. The latter of which, at a league above its
mouth, is very near four leagues in breadth. It may, however, in fummer be forded,
but not without danger ; in the winter it is paffed in balzas. At the fouthern banks
of the river, the territories of the wild Indians begin, and near the fame fhore towards
that part are the chain of frontier forts, of which a farther account will be given in the
fequel. The country of this jurifdidion confifts principally of extenfive plains, the
Cordillera being at a confiderable diftance to the eaflward, and the whole fpace
between it and the fea-coaft, one entire and uniform plain, interrupted only by a few
eminences, which are an ornament to the country, and render the perfpeftive of it the
more agreeable.

The great affinity between this climate and that of Spain is evident from its produds,
though there is a remarkable difference with regard to their goodnefs and plenty, in
both which this country has greatly the advantage. The trees and plants of all kinds
have their regular feafons, embellifliing the fields with their verdure, entertaining the
fight with their various flowers and bloffoms, and gratifying the palate with their
delicious fruits. It is needlefs to mention that the times of the feafon muft be oppofite,

confequently

Sy6 ulloa's voyage to south America.

qonfeqiiently the winter in Spain is their fummer, and the autumn of the former, the
fpring of the latter. In faying that this country produces the fame corn and fruits
as Spain, I do not mean thofe of the moil fouthern parts ; for neither fugar-canes,
oranges, nor lemons thrive here., Nor is it well adapted to olive-yards, though fome
olives are produced here. But the fruits cultivated in the centre of Spain are the
fame with thofe produced here in a moll aftonilhing plenty, wheat and other gi:ain
generally producing an hundred fold. I fhall here relate an inllance I myfelf faw and
examined at Talcaguano, in a garden near the fea-fide, at a place called the Morro,
very little more than a quarter of a league from the harbour. Among feveral flalks
of wheat that had grown there without culture, I faw one whofe ftem was not more
than a foot from the ground, but from its knots there afterwards fprung fo many
ftalks, as produced thirty -four ears *, the largefl of which were near three inches in
length, and the lead not lefs than two. The mafler of the houfe obferving that I
viewed this produdion of nature with aftonifhment, told me that it was nothing extra-
ordinary, for though the grain in the ground commonly fown, did not often attain
fuch a luxuriancy, it was common for each flalk to produce five or fix ears. This
information raifed my curiofity ; and I met with fo many inflances afterwards, that my
furprife at feeing the flalk jull mentioned was greatly abated ; as from the moifture,
advantageous expofure, and richnefs of the foil, a much greater produce might natu-
rally be expedted than in the ground conflantly fown.

The great plenty of wheat here is fufficiently indicated by its price ; a meafure
weighing fix arobas and fix pounds, being ufually fold for eight or ten rials. Yet for
want of a market, though at fo low a price, no more is fown than is neceffary for home
confumption ; and thence a great part of the country lies fallow.

Here are vines of feveral kinds, and which vie with the wheat in exuberance. They
are alfo, both with regard to the richnefs and flavour of their grapes, efleemed beyond
any produced in Peru. Mofl of them are red. A fort of Mufcadel is alfo made here, '
whofe flavour far exceeds any of the kind made in Spain. The grapes grow moflly in
efpaliers, and not on detached vines. In this refped alfo, as in the wheat, large trafts
of ground are totally neglected. For though its produce is fo confiderable, the buyers
are fo few, that the vineyards do not anfwer even the expence of cultivation.

The chief ufe made of thefe rich lands by the owners is, the fattening of oxen, goats
and fheep. And this is the principal employment of greatefl part of the inhabitants of
the country of all ranks, and univerfally of the lower clafs. As foon as the horned cat-
tle are fattened in thefe luxuriant paflures, and the proper feafon arrived, four or five
hundred, and even more, according to the largenefs of the farm, are flaughtered. They
take out the fat, melt it into a kind of lard, there called Grafla ; and buccaneer or dry
the flelh in fmoke ; but the greatefl profit arifes from the hide, the tallow, and the
graffa, a fufficient proof of their prodigious fatnefs when killed. But an idea of the fer-
tility of this country may be befl formed from the value of a live beaft, which, when fit
to be killed, may be purchafed for four dollars ; a price vaflly beneath that in any
other part of India \ and may be fufficient to remove the unjufl reproach of the
poverty of this province. For were the induflry of the people equal to the fertility of
the foil, this kingdom would be the mofl opulent of any in America.

The manner of flaughtering the beafls renders it a favourable diverfion to the perfons

employed in performing it, and it mufl be owned that their dexterity is really furprifing.

j^^^j^^ The cattle intended to be killed are drove into an inclofure. At the gate are the Guafos

* This fpecies of wheat is called Tr'iticum /pica multiplici, and is cultivated in Italy and Sicily.

8 on

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 671

on horfeback with their fpears two or three toifes in length, and at one end a very fharp
piece of ileel in the form of a half moon, the points of which are about a foot diftant
from each other. Every thing being ready, the gate of the inclofure is opened, and a
beall: turned out, which naturally betakes itfelf to flight, but is immediately purfued by
a guafo, who, without checking his horfe, hamftrings it in one leg, and then immedi-
ately in the other. He then alights, and having difpatched his capture, fkins it, takes
out the tallow, the fat^ for the gralTa, and cuts up the flelh for falling and drying. This
done he wraps up the tallow in the hide, and loading it on his horfe, carries it to the
farm ; returning again for the flefh. After this he fets out on another expedition.
Sometimes they turn out at once as many beafts as there are guafos ready to kill them.
And this is the daily exercife till all the cattle appointed for that year's flaughter are
difpatched. An European is furprifed not only at their dexterity in hamftringing the
beafl, when both are on full fpeed, but alfo to fee one man alone go through the whole
work in fuch a regular method and great difpatch. If the beaft be fwifter than his
horfe, the guafo has recourfe to his noofe, and halters him by throwing it either about
his neck, or round one or two of his legs, according as opportunity offers, and by that
means fecures him. Then if a tree be near at hand, he gives the end of the thong two
or three turns round the trunk, and the whole difficulty of killing the beaft is over.

The tallow is wrapt up in the hides, and in this manner carried to the city for fale ;
the graffa is melted into bags of (heep-fkins ; the flelh, after being cut into thin flices,
is falted, and this is what they call Taffagear ; afterwards it is buccaneered or dried in
the fmoke*, and fold. The hides they tan, and make from them a moft excellent
leather, efpecially for the foles of fhoesf. Goats alfo, as we have already obferved, are
fattened and turn to good account. Their tallow nearly refembles that of the ox, and
the Cordovan leather made of their fkins furpaffes every thing of that kind made in any
part of the whole kingdom of Peru.

All other provifions and grain are in the fame plenty, turkeys, geefe, and all kinds
of poultry are fold at a remarkable low price, great numbers of them being bred all
over the country, with little care and no expence. Wild fowls alfo are very common,
among which are canelones, and others defcribed among the birds found in the deferts
of Quito, though thefe are not fo large, and more like the bandarrias as they are there
called. Here are alfo wood-pigeons, turtle-doves, partridges, fnipes, woodcocks, and
royal cirapicos, &c. And with regard to thefe, the air may be faid to vie with the fer-
tility of the earth.

Among the birds I muft not omit one of a very fmgular kind, and found all over the
country. The natives call thefe birds difpertadores, awakeners, from their giving notice
to others of the approach of any danger. On hearing the noife of the approach of any
creature, whether man or beaft, or feeing them within a fmall diftance, they rife from
the ground, and make a loud chattering not unlike that of a magpye ; continuing the
noife, and flying about in the air over the objeft which caufed the alarm. This is un-
derftood by the birds thereabouts, who immediately rife, and by that means efcape the
danger.

This bird is about the fize of a middling fowl, its plumage black and white, has a
thick neck, the head fomething large, ereft, and beautifully adorned with a tuft of
feathers ; its eyes are large, fliarp and lively ; its bill well proportioned, ftrong, and a
little curved. On the fore part of their wings are two fpurs, about an inch in length,

* They dry it in the fun, by which it attains a rufty colour, and appears as though it had been dried
in fmoke. A.

f They tan thin leather with the bark of the mangrove tree. A,

of

672 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

of a reddlih tint towards the root, and their points refembling thofe of a cock, being very
hard and fharp. Thefe are the weapons they make ufe of againft the other birds, par-
ticularly thofe of prey, as hawks, and others of that kind, which probably abound the
more in this country, from the great variety of prey it affords them.

Among the finging birds is the goldfinch, in every particular refembling thofe of
Spain, except a fmall variation in its plumage. There are befides others proper to this
country, and met with in all the cold climates, particularly the piches, which are fome-
thing larger than fparrows. They are of a brown colour, fpotted with black, except
their breaft, which is of a moft beautiful red, and fotne feathers of the fame colour in
their wings, intermixed with others of a bright yellow. Amidft all the fertility of this
country, the only infeds are the niguas or piques ; and though fome fnakes are found
in the fields and woods, their bite is not dangerous. Neither are the country peafants
under any apprehenfion from ravenous beads j fo that nature may be faid to pour her
treafures on this country, without blending them with the ufual inconveniences.

The fruits which moflly abound in Chili, are of the fame kind as thofe known in
Europe ; its cherries in particular are large, and of a fine tafte. The ftra wherries are
of two kinds, one called frutillas, and are larger than thofe of Quito, wanting little of
being equal to a hen's egg in magnitude. The other, which in fize, colour and tafte,
perfectly refemble thofe of Spain, grow wild, on the fide of the eminences with which
the plains are interfperfed. And here alfo grow all kind of flowers, without any other
culture than that of benign nature.

Among the remarkable herbs, of which many are medicinal, and others applied to
divers ufes, is the panque, of great fervice in tanning leather. It abounds every where,
and grows to about four or five feet from the ground. The principal ftem, which is of
a foft fubftance, is betwixt four and five inches in diameter, and about two feet and a
half in height, feparating there into feveral branches, bearing round, ferrated, rough,
and thick leaves, and fo large that their diameter, when full grown, is feldom lefs than
a foot and a half, and fometimes two feet. Before the plant is fit to be cut, when the
leaves begin to turn red, the peafants make an incifion into the bark, and fuck the juice,
which is very cooling and aftringent j but as foon as ever the leaf is obferved to turn
white, an indication of decay, they cut the plant down at the root, take off the branches,
and divide the ftalk into (hort pieces, which being dried in the fun make an excellent
tan.

Befides this rich variety of produdions on the furface of the earth, the country alfo
abounds with valuable mines and quarries ; particularly of Lapis lazuli and loadftone,
copper equal to the beft of Europe ; befides feveral of gold ; but no advantage is de-
rived from any ; the inhabitants, contented with the plentiful enjoyment of all the ne-
celfaries of life, extend their wifhes no farther, leaving to the curiofity and avarice of
others, the laborious fearch after what the earth contains in its bowels.

This kingdom of Chili feems alfo to have been the firft country of thofe famous
horfes and mules mentioned in the firft part. Indeed all thefe creatures found in Ame-
rica owe their origin to fome imported from Spain. At prefent however, thofe of
Chili furpafs not only thofe of the other parts of America, but even thofe of Spain, from
whence they are derived. The horfes firft brought over might poffibly have been of the
runnmg kind, Spsdn ftill abounding in that fort. But it muft be owned, that greater
care has been taken here of preventing the breed from being mixed with others of a
lefs generous fpecies ; and by this means they greatly exceed thofe of Spain ; for with-
out any other incentive than their own inclination, before they will fuffer any other to
get before them, they will exert their utmoft ftrength ; and at the fame time their

motion

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 67*

motion is fo eafy, that the rider is not the leaft fatigued. In beauty and gracefulnefe
they are not inferior to the famous Andelufian horfes, and at the fame time full of fpi-
rit. Accordingly they are every where fo highly valued, that a more acceptable prefent
cannot be made to a perfon of the greateft diftin£Hon, than one of thefe beafts. Many
purchafe them for parade, and befides their being common all over the kingdom, they
have been fent even to Quito. The great demand for them, and confequently their
high price, has induced the inhabitants of feveral countries to attempt the breeding of
them ; but none are equal to thofe of Chili.

The commerce at Conception might be confiderably increafed, were the country,
which is far from being the cafe, inhabited in any proportion to its fertility and extent j
but for want of a fufficient number of hands, their commerce is at a very low ebb, con-
fiding almoft entirely in provifions, wine, &c. and this is fo fmall, that it is chiefly
carried on by only a fmgle fhip coming once a-year to Callao to load with them,
together with a few others trading to Chiloe and Baldivia, and in their return touch
here. Their exports are tallow, grafTa, cordovan, bend leather, excellent butter,
wines, and dried fruits. The goods brought hither in exchange are the feveral forts
of woollen ftuffs from Quito, and others from Europe, iron, and mercury. Very few
European goods are however imported ; for the people here not being remarkable for
their riches, ufe only home-made ftuffs and bays, which, though extremely good, are
in no great quantity. The commerce carried on between the inhabitants of Chili, and
the Arauco Indians, fliall be mentioned in its proper place.

CHAP. VI. — Defcription of Conception Bay, its Roads or Harbours, Fijh, ^c, and
thefmgular Mines of Shells in its Neighbourhood,

THE bay of Conception, befides its excellent bottom, is of fuch an extent, as not
to be equalled by any on the whole coaft. For from Tierra-Firma, north and fouth,
its length is nearly three leagues and a half, and its breadth from eaft to weft, almoft
three leagues, being the diftance betwixt the harbour of Talcaguano, and the Cirillo
Verde, or little green mountain, fituated near the city ; from whence its breadth is
contracted by the ifland of Quinquina, which, lying in the mouth of it, forms two
entrances, of which that on the eaft fide is the fafeft, being two miles in breadth, and
accordingly frequented by moft fhips. The^ weft entrance is between the ifland and
Talcaguano point, and is near half a league in breadth. In the principal entrance of
this bay is thirty fathom water, which depth afterwards decreafes to eleven and ten,
till within about a mile of the fhore, oppofite to the entrance. The weftern, though
the many rocks and breakers in it make it appear very dangerous, has a channel with
water fufficient for the largeft fhip, the depth being at firft thirty fathom, and never
lefsthan eleven ; it is fituated in the middle of the entrance, that is, at an equal diftance
between the rocks which projed about a quarter of a league from Talcaguano point
and Quiriquina.

Within the bay are three roads or harbours, where fhips anchor ; for though the
bottom be every where clear, it is only in one of thefe three places fhips can ride in
fafety, being no where elfe fheltered from the wind. The firft, called Puerto Tome,
lies eaft and weft with the north point of Quiriquina, contiguous to the'coaft of Tierra
Firma. The anchoring place is about half a league diftant from the land, in about
twelve fathom water. But this road is only ufed when fhips come in during the night,

VOL. xjv, 4 R ^

6^4 ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA.

it being difficult to reach either of the other two before day light, as feveral tacks muft
be made for that purpofe.

In this bay the principal port is that of Talcaguano. It is properly an elbow, and
bears fouth-fouth-weft from the fouth point of Quinquina. This is by far the moft fre-
quented, fhips in general anchoring here, having not only better ground than any
other part of the bay, but are in fome meafure fheltered from the north winds. Whereas
at Cirillo Verde, they lie expofed, not only to thefe, but alfo to the fouth winds, the
land which fhould intercept them being low. Befides, the bottom is of a loofe mud,
fo that the anchors in a hard gale of wind generally come home ; and confequently the
fhips in great danger of being ftranded on the coaft. From thefe inconveniences it *may
be concluded, that the only Ihips which anchor here, are fuch as happen to be in thofe
parts in the midjfl of fummer, and are in hafle to take in their loading, for which this
road is moft convenient, as being neareft the city.

Two rivers empty themfelves into this bay, one of which, palling through the city of
Conception, has thence the fame name ; the other is called St. Pedro. The firft is
the watering-place for Ihips anchoring at Cirillo Verde ; whereas thofe at Talcaguano
fupply themfelves with that neceflary fluid from fome ftreams which flow from the ad-
jacent eminences ; they eafily take on board a fuificient quantity of wood, of which
there is here plenty ; as of all other neceflaries.

Ships, before they enter the bay of Conception, endeavour to make the ifland of
Santa Maria, and then coaft along it, keeping at the fame time a good look-out for
a reef of rocks which ftretches out almoft three leagues from the north-weft point ;
thence they continue their courfe, keeping at a little diftance from the main, there being
no rocks but what are above water. After weathering the real of rocks on the
ifland of Santa Maria, they fteer direftly for Talcaguano point, at the diftance of about
half a league ; from which feaward, is a rock called Quiebraollas, which muft be the
more carefully avoided as it is furrounded with flioals. There is, however, no danger,
if the fhip be not nearer than half a mile ; indeed there is a fufficient depth of water
within a cable's length. After their being a-breaft of this rock, they fteer for the north
point of Quiriquina, oflF which lie two rocks, but the farthefl from the fliore is only a
quarter of a league, and may be fafely approached within a ftone's caft. Both thefe
rocks fwarm with fea-wolves, and as there is a fufficient depth of water all round them,
there'^ is no other danger in ftanding near them, than what may be feen. There is
indeed a necefl^ty for ftanding near them, to avoid falling to leeward of the bay. After
pafling them, the courfe is continued as near as pofllble to the ifland of Quiriquina,
taking care to avoid fome other rocks lying along the fliore.

As fliips are generally obliged to make feveral tacks in order to get into Conception
bay, care muft be taken not to approach too near to the ifland of Quiriquina, either on
the eaft or fouth fides ; for though the coaft is bold on the north and north-weft fides,
there is a flioal on the fouth extending to a confiderable diftance from the fliore. At
a third part of the diftance between the road at Talcaguano, and the point of the fame
name, is another flioal, running about half a league to the eaftward, in the middle of
it is a ledge of rocks, whofe tops are dry at low water. To avoid this flioal, though
the thick water fufiiciently indicates it, the beft way is, at entering the mouth of the
bay with a land wind, to fteer direftly for the middle of a fpot of red earth on a moun-
tain of a middCng height, fituated at the bottom of the bay, continuing this courfe till
the fliip is paft the flioal ; and then fteer diredly for the houfes at Talcaguano, till
within about half a mile from the fliore, which is the ufual anchoring place in five or

1 1 fix

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 675

fix fathom water ; Cape Harradura being covered by the ifland of Quinquina. The
J^me care is alfo neceflary to avoid another reef of rocks, lying between the Morro and
the coafl of Talcaguano ; nor muft the Morro fide be approached too near, there being
a fand flretching all along from that reef of rocks to Cirillo Verde. The fhips riding
at Talcaguano in the manner thus prefcribed, are fheltered from the north wind ; but
not entirely fo from the fea, which in thofe winds runs very high, and pours in through
both entrances. The goodnefs of the bottom, however, fecures the Ihip. During the
force of thefe winds there is no pofTibility of landing on account of the great fea ; but in
fair weather, every place is convenient for going on fliore.

The country round the bay, particularly that between Talcaguano and Conception,
within four or five leagues from the fhore, is noted for a very fingular curiofity, namely,
that at the depth of half or three quarters of a yard beneath the furface of the ground,
is a ftratum of fliells of different kinds, two or three toifes in thicknefs, and in fome
places even more, without any intermixture of earth, one large fhell being joined
together by fmaller, and which alfo fill the cavities of the larger. From thefe fhells
all the lime ufed in building is made ; and large pits are dug in the earth for taking
out thofe fhells, and calcining them. Were thefe flrata of fhells found only in low and
level places, this phaenomenon would be more eafily accounted for by a fuppofition no
ways improbable, namely, that thefe parts were formerly covered by the fea, agreeably
to an obfervation we made in our defcription of Lima. But what renders it furprifing
is, that the like quarries of the fame kind of fhells are found on the tops of mountains
in this country, fifty toifes above the level of the fea, I did not indeed perfonally
examine the quarries on the highefl of thofe mountains, but was affured of their exifl-
ence by perfons who had lime-kilns there ; but I faw them myfelf on the fum-
mits of others at the height of twenty toifes above the furface of the fea ; and
was the more pleafed with the fight, as it appeared to me a convincing proof of the
univerfality of the deluge. I am not ignorant that fome have attributed this to other
caufes ; but an unanfwerable confutation of their fubterfuge is, that the various forts
of fhells which compofe thefe ftrata both in the plains and mountains, are the very fame
with thofe found in the bay and neighbouring places. Among thefe fhells are three
fpecies very remarkable ; the firfl is called Choros, already mentioned in our defcription
of Lima ; the fecond is called Pies de Burros, affes feet ; and the third Bulgados : and
thefe to me feem to preclude all manner of doubt that they were originally produced
in that fea, from whence they were carried by the waters, and depofited in the places
where they are now found.

I have examined thefe parts with the clofefl attention, and found no manner of veflige
of fubterraneous fires. No calcinations are to be met with on the furface of the
earth, nor among the fhells ; which, as I have already obferved, are not intermixed
with earth ; nor are there flones, or any other heterogeneous fubftances found among
them. Some of thefe fhells are entire, others broken ; as mufl naturally happen in
fuch a clofe compreflion of them, during fo long an interval of time. This circumr-
ftance, however trifling it may appear to fome, may deferve the confideration of thofe
who have advanced the notion, that fhells may be formed in the earth by fubterraneous
fires, co-operating with the nature of the foil.

The Pie de Burro has its name from the fifh inclofed in it, refembling, when taken
out, the foot of an afs. This fifh is of a dark brown colour, firm and filaceous ; it
is an univalve, its mouth almofl circular, and its diameter about three inches. The
bottom of the fhell is concave within, and convex without. The colour within Is per-
fectly white, the furface very fraooth, the outfide fcabrous and full of tubercles. Its

4 R 2 thicknefs

6j6 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

thicknefs in every part is about four or five lines j and being large, compafl:, and
heavy, is preferred to all others for making lime.

The bulgados, in the Canaries called bulgaos, are fnails, not at all differing in
their form from the common; but larger than thofe of the fame name found in
gardens, being from two inches to two inches and a half in diameter. The fhell is
alfo very thick, rough on the outfide, and of a dark brown colour ; and next to the
preceding makes the beft lime.

All thefe fpecies of fhell-fifh are found at the bottom of the fea in four, fix, ten, and
twelve fathom water. They are caught by drags ; and what is very remarkable is, that
no fhells, either the fame, or that have any refemblance to them, are feen either on the
fhores continually wafhed by the fea, or on thofe tracks which have been overflowed by
an extraordinary tide. They adhere to a fea-plant, called Cochayuyo lake-herb, the
Indians making no nominal diilindHons between the inland lakes and the fea, calling
both cochas. This plant refembles the bejuco ; its diameter is about half an inch, and
from its root to its extremity of an equal thicknefs. In length is from twenty to
thirty toifes, producing at every eighteen inches, or fomething more, a leaf about a
yard and a half or two yards in length ; but the breadth, which is in every part the fame,
does not exceed two or three inches. It is remarkably fmooth, which, together with a
vifcid liquor, with which it is covered, gives it a very fine glofs. The fame may be faid
of the fteih, which is extremely flexible, and llrong. Its colour is of a pale green, but
that of the leaves more vivid. This plant divides itfelf into feveral branches, equal in
dimenfions to the main ftem. Thefe branches fucceffively produce others of the fame
proportion ; fo that the produce of one fingle root covers a prodigious fpace. A1: the
joints, where the branches fpring, are found this kind of fhell-fifh, where they both
receive their nourifhment, and propagate their fpecies. The extremities of thefe cocha-
yuyos float on the furface, and in fome lakes, where the water has remained a long time
undifturbed, form a kind of carpet. At the junction of the ftalk of every leaf with the
flem, is a berry refembling a caper, but fomething larger, fmooth and gloffy on the fur-
face, and exaftly of the fame colour with the flem.

The feas on thefe coafts abound in excellent fifh, though not in fo great a degree as
thofe near Juan Fernandes. Here are feen in particular a great number of whales,
which come even into the bay ; alfo tunny-fifh and fea-wolves. Among the amphibious
creatures, here is one known all along thefe coafls, and even at Callao. It is called
Pajaro Nino, the bird-child. It in fome parts refembles a goofe, except that its neck
and bill are not arched, and is fomething larger. It has a thick neck, a large head, and
a ftrong fhort bill. Its legs very fmall, and in walking the body is in an ereft pofition.
Its wings are fmall, cartilaginous, and nearly refemble the fins of the feal. Its tail is fo
fmall as hardly to be diftinguifhed ; its wings and whole body are covered with a fhort
brown hair, like that of the fea-wolves, and generally full of white fpots, though fome
are of other colours ; fo that, upon the whole, the bird makes no difagreeable appear-
ance. It lives promifcuoufly either in the water or on land ; on the latter it is eafily
taken, being very flow in its motions ; but when attacked, bites feverely, though it is
obferved never to be the firfl aggreffor.

CHAP. VII. — Defcripiion of the City of Santiago^ the Capital of the Kingdom of Chili.

AFTER giving an account of all the cities and places of note through which w«
pafTed, I muft not omit the capital of the kingdom of Chili. We had not indeed occa-

9 fion

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA, 677

lion to vlfit it perfonally j but by the informations we received from perfons bed qualified
to anfwer our enquiries, in the ports of its jurifdi6tion, to which our affairs called us
more than once, we are enabled to gratify the curiofity of a rational reader.

The city of Santiago, originally called Santiago de la Nueftra Eftremadura, was
founded by Captain Pedro de Valdivia, who began the foundation on the 24th of Fe-
bruary 1541, in the valley of Mapocho, near that of Chili, which gives its name to the
whole kingdom. It has not beenfubjed to the revolutions of other places, but ftill (lands
on its original fpot, which is nearly in 33° 40' fouth latitude, and about twenty leagues
from the harbour of Valparaifo, the neareft port to it in the South Seas. Its fituation is
one of the moft convenient and delightful that can be imagined, Handing in a delightful
plain of twenty-four leagues in extent, watered by a river flowing in meanders through
the middle of it, and called by the fame name of Mapocho. This river runs fo near the
city, that, by means of conduits, the water is conveyed from it through the ftreets, and
alfo fupplies the gardens, which few houfes are here without, and hence the delightful
fituation of the place, and the pleafure of the inhabitants are greatly heightened.

The city is a thoufand toifes in length from eaft to weft, and fix hundred in breadth
from north to fouth. On the fide oppofite the river, which wafhes the north part of it,
is a large fuburb, called Chimba ; and on the eaft fide, almoft contiguous to the houfes,
is a mountain of a middling height, called Santa Lucia. The ftreets are all of a hand-
fome breadth, paved and ftraight ; fome run exadly in an eaft and weft dire6lion, and
are crofted by others, lying exadVly north and fouth. Near the middle of the city is the
grand piazza, which, like that of Lima, is fquare, with a very beautiful fountain in the
center. On the north fide are the palace of the royal audience, where the prefidents
have their apartments, the town-houfe, and the public prifon. The weft fide is taken
up by the cathedral and the biftiop's palace. The fouth fide confifts of ftiops, each de-
corated with an arch ; and the eaft is a row of private houfes. The other parts of the
city are divided into infulated fquares of houfes, regular, and of the fame dimenfions
with thofe of Lima.

The houfes here are built of adoves, or unburnt bricks, and very low j this neceflfary
caution againft the terrible devaftation of earthquakes being equally neceflary here as in
all other towns of Peru, calamities with which this city has been often vifited ; but the
moft remarkable are the following :

1. In the year 1750 an earthquake happened, which overflowed feveral mountains in
this kingdom ; many villages were entirely deftroyed, and great part of the inhabitants
buried in their ruins.

2. In the year 1647, on the 13th of May, many of the houfes and churches of this ^
city were ruined by another fliock.

3. In 1657, on the 15th of March, the earth was obferved to have a tremulous
motion for the fpace of a quarter of an hour, and few of the buildings in the city were
left ftanding.

4. In 1722, on the 24th of May, great part of the houfes were damaged by another
earthquake. '

5. In the year 1730, on the 8th of July, happened that tremendous earthquake al-
ready mentioned in our account of Conception. This ftiock not only ruined the greateft
part of the city, but concuflions were often felt for many months afterwards ; and this
cataftrophe was fucceeded by an epidemical diftemper, which fwept away even greater
numbers than had before periflied by the earthquake.

Notwithftanding the houfes are low, they make a handfome appearance, and are well
contrived both for pleafure and convenience.

Befides

678 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

Befides the cathedral and the parlfh-church of the Sagfario, here are two others,
namely, that of St. Anne, and St. Ifadoro. There are alfo three convents of St. Fran-
cifco, San Diego, a college for ftudents, and, without the city, a convent of Recolled:s ;
two of Auguftines, one of Dominicans, one of the fathers of Mercy, one of St. Juan
de Dios, and five colleges of Jefnits, namely, St. Michael, the Noviciate, St. Paul,
St. Xavier ; a college for ftudents, who wear a brown cloak, and a red fcarf ; and the
college, called La Olleria, for the exercifes of St. Ignatius. Here are alfo four nunne-
ries, two of St. Clare, two of Auguftines, and one of Carmelites ; and a religious fifter-
hood, under the rules of St. Auguftine : all which have a large number of reclufes, as
is common in all the cities of Peru. The churches of the convents, beftdes being very
fpacious, are built either of brick or ftone, and thofe of the Jefuits are diftinguiftied by
the beauty of their architecture. The parifti-churches are in every refpe£t greatly infe-
rior to them.

The inhabitants of Santiago are computed at about four thoufand families, and of
thefe nearly one half are Spaniards of all degrees ; and among them fome very
eminent men, both of rank and opulence. The other moiety confifts of Cafts and
Indians, but chiefly of the latter.

The cuftoms here differ very little from thofe already mentioned in our account of
large cities. They are not fo negligent in the care of their apparel as at Conception ;
and inftead of the oftentation of Lima, they follow the modeft decency of Quito.
The men, except on fome particular ceremonies, generally wear ponchos, and all the
families who can any way afford it, keep a calafhfor driving about the city. The men
are robuft, of a proper ftature, well fhaped, and of a good air. The women have all
the charms of thofe of Peru, and are rather more remarkable for the delicacy of
their features, and the finenefs of their complexions ; but they disfigure their natural
beauty by a mifplaced art, painting themfelves in fuch a prepofterous manner, as not
only to fpoil the natural delicacy of their fkin, but even their teeth ; fo that it is very
rare to fee a woman here of any age with a good fet.

In this city is a royal audience, removed hither from Conception. It confifts of a
prefident, four auditors, and a fifcal, together with another officer dignified with the
endearing title of patron of the Indians. The determinations of this court are without
appeal, except to the fupreme council of the Indies, and this is only in matters of
notorious injuftice, or denial of redrefs.

The prefident, though in fome particulars fubordinate to the viceroy of Lima,

is alfo governor and captain-general of the whole kingdom of Chili ; and, as fuch, he

, is to relide one half of the year at Conception, and the other at Santiago. During his

abfence from the laft city, the corregidor a6ls as his reprefentative ; and his jurildidtion,

on this occafion, extends to all the other towns, except the military governments.

The magiftracy, at the head of which is the corregidor, ccnfifls of regidores, and
two ordinary alcaldes. In thefe are lodged the police, and civil government of the
city ; and during the time the prefident refides here, the jurifditlion of the corregidor
is limited to the liberties of Santiago.

The office for the royal revenue is directed by an accountant and treafurer ; where
are paid the tributes of the Indians, and other parts of the revenue ; the falaries of
officers within its department, and other afTignments.

The chapter of the cathedral confifts of the bifliop, dean, archdeacon, chanter,
four canons, and other fubordinate ecclefiaftics.

Here

tJLLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. ^79

Here is alio a tribunal of Croifade, the members of which are a fub-delegate com-
miflary, an accountant, and treafurer. Likewife a commiffion of inquilition, all the
officers of which are appointed by the tribunal of inquifition at Lima.

The temperature of the air at Santiago is nearly the fame with that of Conception.
The luxuriancy of foil, and exuberance of all kinds of provifions, the commerce, and
other neceffary particulars, I fhall mention in the following account of the kingdom
of Chili.

CHAP. VIII. — Account of that Part of Chili within the jurifdiBion of the Audience

of Santiago,

THE kingdom of Chili extends from the frontiers of Peru to the ftreights of Ma-
gellan, the diftance being five hundred and thirty leagues. Thefe two kingdoms, as I
have mentioned in another place, are feparated by the defart of Atacamo, which extends
eighty leagues between the province of the fame name, being the laft of Peru, and the
valley of Copoyapu, now corruptly called Copiapo, the firfl in Chili, and in every
particular refembles the defart of Sedlura. Eaftward, fome parts of this kingdom
terminates on the frontiers of Paraguay, though fome uninhabited defarts intervene ;
and others border on tiie government of Buenos Ayres ; though between thefe are
the Pampas, or extenfive and level plains. Its weftern boundary is the fouth-fea, ex-
tending from twenty-feven degrees nearly, the latitude of Copiapo, to ^i"" 30'. But
to confine ourfelves to the true extent of this kingdom, as inhabited by the Spaniards,
it begins at Copiapo, and terminates at the large ifland of Chiloe, the fouthern ex-
tremity of which is in 34° of fouth latitude ; and its extent from well to eaft is the
diftance between the Cordillera, which is here ''of a ftupendous height, and the coaft
of the fouth-fea ; that is, about thirty leagues.

Part of the country which at prefent compofes the kingdom of Chili, was fubjefted
to the empire of the Yncas by Yupanqui, the tenth emperor ; who, incited by the
inchanting account given of thefe provinces, undertook the conqueft of them ; and
profeculed the enterprize with fuch fuccefs, that he fubdued the feveral nations inha-
biting the valleys of Copoyapu or Copiapo, Coquimpu or Coquimbo, and Chili. But in
his intended career fouthward, the viftoriousYnca met with an unfurmountable difficulty
from the Purum.auco Indians, and other nations, whom the rapidity of his conquefts
had induced to oppofe him by a general confederacy. Thus he found himfelf under a
neceffity of defilling, after having carried his arms as far as the river Mauli, which is
in the latitude of 34° 30'.

After the Spaniards had undertaken a defcent in Peru, and made themfelves mafters
of its feveral provinces, the Marfhal Don Diego de Almagro was commiffioned for the
conqueft of Chili. Accordingly he marched from Cufco at the beginning of the
year 1535, and after loling the greateft part of his Indians, and a confiderable num-
ber of Spaniards, who perifhed with cold in paffing over the Cordillera Nevada, he
arrived at Copiapo, where the Indians, without trying the chance of war, fubmitted.
Animated with fuch unexpected pufillanimity, he proceeded to the conqueft of other
nations ; even fuch as never had acknowledged the Yncas. And though he here
met with a more warlike people, who were determined to fell their liberty dear, he
carried on the war profperoujfly. But His Majefty, in confideration of his great fer-^
vices, performed with fo much hazard, having conferred on him the government of a
territory a hundred leagues in length, fouth of that which belonged to the Marquis

t Don:

68 O ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

Don Francifco Pizarro, a difference arofe between thefe two great men, with regard
to the boundaries of their refpeftive governments. Almagro, impatient to take pof-
feflion, and pretending that the city of Cufco ought to be included in his government,
the conquefl; was fufpended, and he himfelf haftened to that city, where, inftead of
being invefled with the chief command, he fell a facrifice to the jealoufy of Hernando
Pizarro, who endeavoured to conceal his irregular proceedings under the veil of
juftice.

In the year 1541, the conquefl: of Chili was again fet on foot, and the Marquis
Pizarro conferred the command on Pedro do Valdivia, together with the title of general.
Accordingly he marched into the country, and founded moft of the principal towns
and villages in it, So that in the year 1548, he was promoted to the government of
it, by the prelident of Peru. In the profecution of the conquefl: of thefe provinces,
he had many fliarp fltirmiflies with the natives, till at laft, in the year 1553, bravely
oppofmg a general revolt with a very inferior force, he fell, fighting with the greateft
intrepidity, at the head of his troops, the greateft part of whom, enraged at lofing fo
brave a man, chofe to perifli with him, rather than fave themfelves by flight. His
name, befides the figure it makes in hiftory, is ftill preferved in this country, in the
town of Valdivia, which he founded.

The martial genius of the Indians of this kingdom confiderably retarded the reduc-
tion of it ; and has always been the chief caufe why the Spanifli fettlements here are
fo little proportional to the extent, fertility, and riches of the country. Accordingly
the captain-generalftiip of this vaft kingdom has only four particular governments, and
pleven jurifdi^ions ; which are the following :

Particular governments in the kingdom of Chili ;

I. The major-generalftiip of the III. Valdivia.

kingdom of Chili. IV. Chiloe,

II. Valparaifo.

Jurifdidions in the kingdom of Chili :

I. Santiago. VII. Quillota.

II. Rancagua. ^ VIII. Coquimbo.

III. Colchagua, IX. Copiapo and Guafco.

IV. Chilian. X. Mendoza.

V. Aconcagua* XI. La Conception.

VI. Melipilla.

I. To the major-generalfliip of the kingdom of Chili, belongs the military govern-
ment of the frontier towns and fortreflfes, Thefe are Arauco, the ftated refidence of
the general Santajuana, Puren, Los Angeles, Tucapel, and Yumbel. It will be here
neceffary to obferve, that not above five leagues fouth of Conception bay, the fea re-
ceives a river called Biobio, both the fouth banks and head of which are inhabited by
wild Indians : and to prevent their incurfions, ftrong forts have been ereded along the
banks, and are always well garrifoned and furniflied with all kinds of military ftores.
Among thefe on the fouth banks of the river is the fort of Arauco, and the others
at a proper diftance eaftward to the mountain of Tucapel. Thus all attempts from
thefe Indians is precluded, and the Spanifli fettlements proteded from their depreda-
tions. The general is obliged tO vifit thefe forts from time to time, carefully infped-

ing

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 68 1

ing into their condition, and, in cafe of neceffity, to haften to their relief. During
his abfence, the commanding officer of each is the captain of the garrifon, which
ufually confifting both of horfe and foot with their officers, the perfon on whom the
command devolves is previoufly nominated. This important poft is in the difpofal of
the prefident, as fuppofed to be beft acquainted with the merits of the feveral compe*
titers when a vacancy happens; and that the fafety of his government will induce hini
to prefer the moft deferving. Accordingly, whoever intends to offer himfelf a candidate
for this poft, fhould folicit to be employed in the frontier fervice, procure a competent
knowledge of the ftratagems of the Indians, and be very attentive to diftinguifh him-
felf on any alarm or encounter. It is indeed exprefled in the royal commiffion, that
the corregidor of Conception fliall be the military commander-in-chief; and, confe-
quently, it is to him that the appointment of the general properly belongs ; but this,
from very powerful reafons, is difpenfed with, the proper difcharge of thefe two polls
being utterly incompatible ; and the civil and military requilite here very rarely meeting
in the fame perfon. But when this obftacle does not exift, and the corregidor is one
of thefe extraordinary perfons, the prefident, agreeably to the royal expreffion, con-
fers the poft of Maeftre de campo on the corregidor of La Conception.

II. Valparaifo is theiecond military government. But the particular account of it,
I fhall defer for a more proper place.

III. Valdivia has a military governor nominated by the King. Here is alfo a good
body of troops, both for garrifoning the place, and the forts built to defend the entrance
of the river and harbours in it. Clofe to the river ftands the town, the inhabitants of
which are chiefly whites or Meftizos ; but a village forming a kind of fuburb is in-
habited by friendly Indians. This government has undergone fome viciffitudes in point
of fubordination, being fometimes independent of the prefidents of Chili, and immet
diately fubject to the viceroy of Lima ; and at other times a part of the former. At
laft, on weighing the difficulties for providing for any fudden exigence, or having a
watchful eye over its neceflary concerns at fo great a diftance as Lima, it was annexeq
to the jurifdiftion of the prefident of Chili, as being nearer at hand to fee that tl)^
forces are always on a good footing, and confequently in a proper pofture of defence.

IV. Chiloe has a military governor, who refides at Chacao, the principal harbour of
the ifland, being well fortified and capable of making a good defence. Befides Chacas,
which has the title of a city, is another place much larger, called Calbuco, where
refides a corregidor, who is nominated by the prefident of Chili. It has alfo regidores
and alcaldes chofen annually. Befides the parifti-church here, is a convent of Fran-
cifcans, another of the fathers of Mercy, and a college of Jefuits. The ifland is
every-where well peopled with Spaniards, Meftizos, and Chriftian Indians.

' The kingdom of Chili has continually a body of regular troops, confifting of five
hundred men, for garrifoning Valparaifo, a fort at Conception, and thofe on the
frontiers. One half of this body is infantry and the other cavalry. Under the major-
general who commands in chief, is a ferjeant-major, whofe duty it is to render them
expert in all the various parts of military exercife j and that he may more conveniently
render them ready at their feveral evolutions, he refides at the fort of Jumbal, which
lies in the center of the others. To thefe alfo belong a commifllary-general of the
horfe, whofe poft is at Arauco, and in the abfence of the general has the command.
Thefe troops have alfo a mufter-mafter-general, who refides at Conception. The
ftanding forces of Chili, till the beginning of this century, confifted of two thoufand
men : but the great charge of fiy^porting fuch a body of troops occafioned them to
be reduced to the prefent number.

voj,. XIV. 4 s The

68a ulloa's voyage to south America.

The produce of the revenue-officers at Santiago and Conception, not being fufficient
to defray the expences of even this fmall body, a remittance of 1 00,000 dollars is
every year fent from Lima, half in fpecie, and half in clothes, and other goods. But
fix or eight thoufand is annually deduded out of this fum for repairing the forts of the
frontiers, and making prefents to the deputies of the Indians who attend at conferences,
or to fatisfy thofe who complain to the prefident of injuries received.

Valdivia alfo' receives from the treafury of Lima, an annual fupply of 70,000 dollars,
30,000 in fpecie, the value of thirty thoufand in clothes for the foldiers, and io,oco
in fpecie, which is paid to the King's officers at Santiago, in order to purchafe flour,
charqui, graifa, and other neceffaries for the garrifon at Valdivia. Thefe remittances
are conveyed in fhips which fail from Valparaifo.

L The jurifdiction of Santiago we have already obferved to be limited to its boun-
daries.

IL Rancagua is a jurifdidion in the counti-y, and owes its name from the inhabitants
living in fmgle houfes, without the appearance of a village, every family in their lonely
cottage, four, fix, or more leagues from each other. It is not, however, without a kind
of capital, confiding of about fifty houfes, and between fifty and fixty families, mofl of
them Meftizos, though there caft is not at all perceivable by their complexion. The
whole jurifdiftion may contain about a thoufand families, Spaniards, Meftizos, and Indians.

III. Colchagua refembles in every circumftance the former, except its being better
peopled ; its inhabitants, according to the beft computations, amounting to fifteen hun-
dred families.

IV. Chilan is a fmall place, but has the title of city, the number of families, by an
accurate calculation, not exceeding two or three hundred, and having few Spaniards
among them.

V. Aconcagua is a very fmall place at the foot of the mountains, but the country is
interfperfed with a great number of fmgle houfes. The valley of the fame name
is fo delightful, that a town called Phelipe le Real, was built in it in 1741.

VI. Melipilla made no better figure than the foregoing jurifdidions, till the year
1742, when a town was ereded in it by the name of St. Jofeph de Longronno.

VII. Quillota. The town of this name does not contain above a hundred families ;
but thofe fcattered over the country exceed a thoufand.

^" VIII. Coquimbo, or La Serena, according to Father Feuillee, ftands in 24° 54' lo"
fouth latitude. This was the fecond town built in the kingdom of Chili, in 1 544, by
Pedro de Valdivia, with a view of fecuring the intercourfe between Peru and Chili, for
the more convenient fupply of what fuccours might be wanted ; and at the fame time,
for fecuring the fidelity of the Indians who lived in that valley. This place is fituated in
the valley of Coquimbo, from whence it received its original name ; but Valdivia gave
it that of Le Serena, from an affeftion to the province of that name in Spain, and
of which he was a native. It ftands about a quarter of a league from the coaft of the
South Sea in a moft delightful fituation, having an extenfive profpeft of the fea, the
river, and the country, which prefents the fight with a charming variety of fields of
different kinds of grain, and woods of a lively verdure.

This town is of itfelf large^ but not proportionally peopled ; the number of families
not amounting to above four or five hundred, confiffing of Spaniards, Meftizos, and a
few Indians. The ftreets are ftraight and of a convenient breadth, fome of which lying
north and fouth, and others interfeding from eaft to weft, the town confifts of fquares
of buildings, like Santiago, and other places of note in this part of America. The
houfes are all of mud walls, and covered with leaves ; but none are without a large
garden, well planted with fruit-trees and efculent vegetables, both thofe of America
xo and

ULLOA'S voyage to south AMERICA.

6Sz

and Spain ; for the climate is happily adapted to a variety of both kinds, the heats
not being exceffive, nor the colds fevere ; fo that both in the fertility of the earth, and
the cheerful appearance of the country, the whole year wears an afpeft of one perpe-
tual fpring. The ftreets, though regular and convenient as above-mentioned, are
not entirely formed by the houfes, parts of the intervals between the feveral fquares
being filled up with gardens ; and mofl; of them have fo charming an appearance, as to
atone for the mean afped of the houfes.

Befides parifli-churches, here is a Francifcan, a Dominican, and an Auguftine con-
vent ; one belonging to the fathers of Mercy, another to St. Juan de Dios ; and a college
of Jefuits. The churches of thefe religious fraternities are large and decent. The
parifh-church occupies part of one fide of the great fquare ; and oppofite is the town-
houfe, where the alcaldes and regidores meet, who with the corregidor form the .
corporation.

On the north fide of Coquimbo runs the river, after flowing in various meanders
through the whole valley of the fame name ; and by canals cut from it, furnifhes the
town with water, one great ufe of which is to preferve the beauty of their gardens.

IX. Copiapo is about twelve leagues from the fea-coaft, very irregularly built, but
contains between three and four hundred families. The fea-po£t neareil to it is that
known by the fame name. There is indeed another port in this jurifdidlion ; but it lies
thirty leagues farther to the fouth, and confifts only of a few huts.

X. Mendofa. The town of this name is fituated on the eaftern fide of the Cordillera,
at the diftance of about fifty leagues from Santiago. It ftands on a plain, and is
decorated with gardens in the fame manner as Coquimbo, and the place being well
fupplied with water by means of canals, no care is wanting to keep them in their
greateft beauty. The town confifts of about an hundred femilies, half Spaniards or
whites, and the other half cafts. It has befides a decent parifh-church, a Francifcan,
Dominican, and Auguftine convent, together with a college of Jefuits. This jurif-
didion has alfo two other towns, that of St. Juan de la Frontera, likewife to the eaft-
ward of the Cordillera, and about thirty leagues north of Mendoza, and St. Luis de
Loyala, about fifty leagues eaftward of Mendoza. The latter however is mean and
fmall, not containing above twenty-five houfes, and fifty or fixty families, Spanifh
and cafts ; though many more are fcattered up and down the neighbouring country.
In fuch a fmall place it is fomething remarkable to fee a parifli^church, a Dominican
convent, and a college of Jefuits. Here the prefidents of Chili are received as
governors of it, in their way to Chili from Buenos Ay res, this being the firft place in
their government on that fide. The town of St. Juan de la Frontera is, in every refpeft,
equal to Mendoza itfelf.

XI. The jurifdiftion of Conception is the laft ; but having already given an account
of it, I fliall proceed to confider the^ commerce carried on by the kingdom of Chili
with Peru, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay, and its own towns j and fubjoin an account of
that carried on with the wild Indians bordering on it, with the manner of maintaining a
harmony with thefe favage people. In the mean time I fhall conclude this chapter
with observing, that the corregidors of the whole jurifdiftion are nominated by the
King, except thofe of Rancagua, Melipilla, and Quillota, who are appointed by the
prefident of Chili. This is indeed the cafe of all the others, when a corregidor happens
to die, before a perfon is nominated to fucceed him ; but the office of thefe corregidors
being only for five years, the prolongation muft be by His Majefty*s exprefs order.
The inhabitants are formed into companies of militia, and every one knows the place
of arms to which he is to repair on any alarm. Thus to Valparaifo belongs the com-

4 s 2 panics

^84 ulloa's voyage to south America.

panics of militia of Santiago, Quillota, Melipilla, Aconcagua, and Rancagua; and
thefe in all amount to between two or three thoufaiid men, and are formed into troops
and companies. Rancagua, when Santiago and Colchagua are threatened, is alfo
to fend fuccours thither ; and the fame duty lies on Chilian with regard to Conception.
In thefe cafes notice is conveyed with fuch difpatch, that they are fpeedily at their
rendezvous, all they have to do, being to mount their horfes and repair to their
ftation with the ufual pace ufed in that countay, which is always a gallop ; and thus
the militia of this country may be faid to ride poll to the parts where danger calls
them.

CHAP. IX. — Commerce of Chili. — Methods ufed to keep up a good Harmony ivith the-

wild Indiaiis.

IN my defcription of the city of Conception, I mentioned the inchanting beauties of
the neighbouring countries ; and the exuberant returns of nature for the hufbandman's
toil. The like profufion of natural produdions is feen all over this kingdom. Its
plains^ eminences, valleys, in fhort the whole country to the fmallefl portion of
ground, is an objeft of admiration. Every particle of earth in this amazing fertility
feems transformed in feed. The country round Santiago, as it is not inferior in plea-
fantnefs and fertility to that of Conception, fo alfo from the great affinity to the
climates, its produds are nearly the fame. Accordingly fome farmers wholly apply
themfelves to corn, others to fattening of cattle ; fome confine themfelves to the breed-
ing of horfes, and others to the culture of vines and fruit-trees. The firft find their
account in plentiful harvefts of wheat, barley, and particularly in hemp, which thrives
here furprifingly, and furpaffes thofe of the former. The fecond, at their large
{laughters, have great quantities of tallow, gralfa, charqui, and fole leather tanned.
Of the goat-lkins is made Cordovan leather ; fome tallow is alfo procured from thofe
creatures. Wines are made here of feveral forts, and though not fo excellent as
thofe of Conception, they are very palatable and of a good body ; brandy is alfo
diftilled from them. Thefe are the principal articles of the adive commerce of this king-
dom with Peru, which it fupplies with wheat, tallow, and cordage ; and by the mod
careful eftimate, the quantity of wheat fent annually from Santiago to Callao, amounts
to 140,000 Tanegas, each weighing one hundred and fifty-fix pounds; about eight
thoufand quintals of cordage ; and between fixteen and twenty thoufand quintals of
tallow: befides fole leather, nuts, filberts, figs, pears, and apples ; graifa, charqui,
and neat tongues : the three laft being no inconfiderable articles.

The more northern parts of the kingdom, as Coquimbo, produce olives, the oil of
which is preferable to that of many parts of Peru j but being a natural commodity of
that kingdom, and confequently not an article of exportation, is confumed at home.
The country about Santiago, likewife, produces good olives ; but in no great quantity,
the genius of the inhabitants having not hitherto led them to make large plantations of
thofe trees.

Befides the commerce carried on with Peru in provifions, there is that of metals,
this kingdom abounding in mines of all kinds, but principally of gold and copper,
which we Ihall briefly confider.

The moft famous gold-mine known in Chili, is called Petorca, and lies in a country
eaft of Santiago. This gold was formerly highly efteemed, and found in great plenty ;
but now, on apcount of a whitiih tinge, the value of it is confiderably dirainifhed.

12 This

ULLOA*S VOYAGR TO SOUTH AMERICA. 685

This mine, for the length of time it has been worked, is equal to the moft celebrated
in Peru.

In the country of Yapel, which is fituated in f'he fame quarter, but farther to the
northward along the Cordillera, are alfo rich gold-mines, and the metal twenty-three
carats fine. In 17 10, in the mountains of Lumpanqui near the Cordillera, were dif-
covered mines of gold, filver, copper, lead, tin, and iron, the gold between twenty-
one and twenty-two carats fine ; but the working, from the hardnefs of the ftone,
where, according to the miner's phrafe, " the metal arms," was very difficult and
laborious. This inconvenience does not however occur in the mountain Llaoin, where
the ilone is foft, and not lefs rich in metal, equal in finenefs to the former. Befides
the'fe, there are other gold-mines, worked with good fuccefe'at Tiltil, near Santiago.

Betwixt Quillota and Valparaifo, in a part called Ligua, is a very rich gold-mine/
and the metal greatly efleemed. Coquimbo, Capiapo, and Guafco, have alfo gold-
mines, and the metal found in the two laft, is, by way of pre-eminence, called Oro
Capote, being the moft valuable of any yet difcovered. Another kind of mines of the
fame, metal has alfo been found in this kingdom ; but thefe were exhaufted almoft as
foon as they were opened. Mines of this kind are very common, as well as another
kind called Lavaderos *, moft of which are between Valparaifo and Las Pennuelas, and
about a league from the former. Some of them are alfo found at Yapel, on the fron-
tiers of the wild Indians, and near Conception. Thefe, together with the others known
in this kingdom, yield gold-duft. Sometimes, indeed, lumps of gold of confiderable
magnitude are found ; and the hopes of difcovering thefe, animate many to work the
mines.

All the gold thus colledted in Chili is brought up in the country, and fent to Lima to
be coined, there being no mint in Chili j and, by the accounts conftantly taken, it
amounts, one year with another, to fix hundred thoufand dollars ; but that clandef-
tinely fent by way of the Cordillera is faid to be nearly four hundred thoufand. Con-
fequently, the whole muft be at leaft a million. In the countries of Coquimbo and
Guafco, mines of all kinds of metals are fo very common, that the whole earth feems
wholly compofed of minerals ; and it is here thofe of copper are worked, and from
them all Peru and the kingdom of Chili are furniftied with that metal. But though
this copper exceeds every thing of the kind hitherto known, the mines are worked
with great caution, and no more metal extracted than is fufficient to anfwer the ufual
demand ; and other mines, though known to be equally rich, are left untouched.

In exchange for the grain, fruits, provifions, and metals, which Chili fends to Peru,
it receives iron, cloth, and linen made at Quito, hats, bays, though not many of the
latter, there being manufaftures of the fame Jiind at Chili, fugar^ cacao, fweetmeacs,
pickles, tobacco, oil, earthenware, and all kinds of European goods. A fmall com-
merce is alfo carried on between the kingdom of Chili, Paraguay, and Buenos Ayres,
of which the latter is the ftaple. The produfts of Paraguay, which indeed confift only
in its herb and wax, are carried thither, then forwarded to Chili, whence the herb is
exported to Peru. Large quantities of tallow are alfo fent to Mendoza for making of
foap. In exchange for thefe commodities, Chili fends to Buenos Ayres linen and wool-
len ftuffs, fome of which are imported from Peru, and others manufaftured iri\ the
country ; alfo ponchos, fugar, fnufF, wine, and brandy, the two hft the traders chiefly

* Thefe Lavaderos are pits dug in the angles of ravines or trenches made by rain, and in which it is ima-
gined there may be gold, and, in order to difcover the metal, a ftream of water is tiH-ned through it, and
the earth brifkly fpread, that the gold may be carried down with the current, and depofited in the pits.

buy

686 olloa's voyage to south America.

buy at San Juan, as moft convenient for tranfportation. During the affiento for negroes,
they are ufually brought to Chili from the ladory at Buenos Ayres, the way of Peru
being attended with great inconveniences ; as in their journey from Panama, they take
an opportunity of concealing themfelves among the farm-houfes j fo that, what with
the great expence, and the numbers who die during their long rout, by the variety of
climates, their purchafe muft confequently be very high.

The home-commerce of Chili, or that carried on within itfelf, chiefly confifts in the
provifions fent to Valdivia to the amount of ten thoufand dollars, which, as the de-
ducted part of its remittance, are fent from Lima to Santiago for that purpofe. Valdi-
via fiirnifhes the reft of the places with cedar. Chiloe purchafes from the other parts
brandy, wine, honey, fugar, the Paraguay herb, fait, and Guinea-pepper ; and returns
to Valparaifo and Conception feveral kinds of fine wood, in which the ifland abounds ;
alfo woollen ftuffs of the country-manufadure, made into ponchos, cloaks, quilts, and
the like ; together with hams, which, from the particular delicacy of the flavour, are
in great requeft even in Peru, and dried pilchards, the bay and coaft of that ifland be-
ing the only places in the South Sea where the fifli are caught.

Coquimbo fends copper to Valparaifo ; for, though all parts of the Cordillera, to-
wards Santiago and Conception, abound in mines of that metal, and particularly a place
called Payen, where feveral were formerly worked, and where maflTes of fifty or a hun-
dred quintals of pure copper have been found, yet as thefe mines are now no longer
worked, the whole country is under a neceflity of receiving their copper from the Co-
quimbo and Guafco mines ; fending thither in exchange cordovan leather and foap,
made at Mendoza, from whence it is carried to Santiago, and thence fold to different
parts of the kingdom.

Having thus confidered the trade of Chili in both particulars, I fliall next proceed
to mention that carried on with the wild Indians, and this confifts in felling them hard-
ware, as bits, fpurs, and edge tools ; alfo toys, and fome wine. All this is done by bar-
ter ; for, though the countries they inhabit are not deftitute of gold, the Indians can-
not be prevailed upon to open the mines ; fo that the returns confift in ponchos, horn-
ed cattle, horfes of their own breeding, and Indian children of both fexes, which are
fold even by their own parents for fuch trifles ; and this particular kind of traffic they
call Refcatar, ranfoming. But no Spaniard of any character will be concerned in fuch
barbarous exchanges, being carried on only by the guafos, and the meaneft clafs of
Spaniards fettled in Chili. Thefe boldly venture into the parts inhabited by the Indians,
and addrefs themfelves to the heads of the feveral families.

The Indians of Arauco, and thofe parts, are not governed by caciques, or Curacas,
like thofe of Peru, the only fubordination known among them being with regard to
age, fo that the oldeft perfon of the family is refpeded as its governor. The Spaniard
begins his negociation with offering the chief of the family a cup of his wine. After
this he difplays his wares, that the Indian may make choice of what beft pleafes him ;
mentioning, at the fame time, the return he expects. If they agree, the Spaniard
makes him a prefent of a little wine ; and the Indian chief informs the community that
they are at liberty to trade with that Spaniard as his friend. Relying on this protec-
tion, the Spaniard goes from hut to hut, recommending himfelf at firft by giving the
head of every family a tafte of his wine. After this they enter upon bufinefs, and the
Indian having taken what he wanted, the trader goes away without receiving any equi-
valent at that time, and vifits the other huts, as they lie difperfed all over the country,
till he has difpofed of his ftock. He then returns to the cottage of the chief, calling
on his cuftomers in his way, and acquainting them that he is on his return home.

Upon

ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. 687

Upon this fummons, not one fails of bringing him to the chief's hut what had been
agreed on. Here they take their leave of him, with all the appearance of a fmcere
friendfliip, and the chief even orders fome Indians to efcort him to the frontiers, and
affift him in driving the cattle he has received in exchange for his goods.

Formerly, and even till the year 1724, thefe traders carried large quantities of wine,
of which, as well as of all other inebriating liquors, the Indians are immoderately fond ;
but on account of the -tumults and wars that arofe from the intemperate ufe of fpiritu-
ous liquors, this branch of trade has been fuppreffed, and no more wine allowed to be
carried into the Indian territories than what fhall be judged neceflary to give the maflers
of families a cup by way of compliment, and a very fmall quantity for trading. The
happy eftefts of this prohibition are felt on both fides ; the Spaniards live in fafety, and
the Indians in peace and tranquillity. They are very fair dealers, never receding from
what has been agreed on, and pundual in their payments. It is indeed furprifmg,
that a whole people, who are almoft ftrang^ers to government, and favage in their man-
ners, fhould, amidfl the uncontrouled gratification of the mofl enormous vices, have
fo delicate a fenfe of juftice, as to obferve it in the mojfl irreproachable manner in their
dealings.

All the Indians of Arauco, Tucapel, and others inhabiting the more fouthern parts
of the banks of the river Biobio, and alfo thofe who live near the Cordillera, have
hitherto fruftrated all attempts made for reducing them under the Spanifli government.
For in this boundlefs country, as it may be called, when flrongly pulhed, they abandon
their huts, and retire into the more dillaht parts of the kingdom, where, being joined
by other nations, they return in fuch numbers, that all refiftance would be temerity,
and again take pofTeffion of their former habitations. Thus Chili has always been ex-
pofed to their infults ; and, if a very few only call for war againfl the Spaniards, the
flame immediately fpreads, and their meafures are taken with fuch fecrecy, that the firft
declaration of it is, the murder of thofe who happen to be among them, and the ra-
vages of the neighbouring villages. Their firft ftep, \Ahen a war is agreed on, is, to
give notice to the nations for afl'embling ; and this they call Correa la Fletcha, to fhoot
the dart, the fummons being fent from village to village with the utmoft filence and
rapidity. In thefe notices they fpecify the night when the irruption is to be made, and,
though advice of it is fent to the Indians who refide in the Spanifh territories, nothing
tranfpires : nor is there a fingle inftance, among all the Indians that have been taken
up on fufpicion, that one ever made any difcovery. And as no great armaments are
neceflary in this kind of war, their defigns continue impenetrable till the terrible exe-
cutions withdraw the veil.

The Indians of the feveral nations being aflfembled, a general is chofen, with the
title of Toqui ; and when the night fixed on for executing their defigns arrives, the
Indians who live among the Spaniards rife and maflacre them. After which, they di-
vide themfelves into fmall parties, and deftrdy the feats, farm-houfes, and villages,
murdering all without the leaft regard to youth or age. Thefe parties afterwards unite,
and, in a body, attack the larger fettlements of the Spaniards, befiege the forts, and
commit every kind of hoftility ; and their vaft numbers, rather than any difcipHne,
have enabled them, on feveral occafions, to carry on their enterprizes with fuccefs,
notwithftanding all the meafures taken by the Spanifli government to prevent them.
For though multitudes of them fall on thefe occafions, their army continually receives
larger reinforcements. If at any time the Spaniards gain the fuperiority, the Indians
retire to the diftance of feveral leagues, where, after concealing themfelves a few days,
they fuddenly fall on a diflferent part from that where they were encamped, endeavour-
ing

688 ' ulloa's voyage to south America. .

ing to carry the place by a fudden aflault, unlefs the commandant's vigilance has pro-
vided againft any fudden furprife ; when, by the advantage of the Spanifh difcipline, .
they are generally repulfed with great flaughter.

Thefe Indian wars againft the Spaniards ufually continue fome years, being of little
detriment to the Indians ; for moft of their occupations, which confift in the culture
of a fmall fpot of ground, and weaving ponchos and cloaks for apparel, are carried on
by the women. Their huts are built in a day or two, and their food confifts of roots,
maize, and other grain. War, therefore, is no impediment or lofs to them ; indeed,
they rather confider it as a defirable occupation, their hours, at other times, being
fpent in idlenefs or caroufals, in which they drink chica, a liquor common among
them, and made from apples.

The firft advances towards a treaty of peace with thefe Indians are generally made
by the Spaniards ; and as foon as the propofals are agreed to, a congrefs is held, at
which the governor, major-general of Chili, and the principal officers, the bifliop of
Conception, and other perfons of eminence affift. On the part of the Indians the toqui,
or generaliflimo, and the captains of his army, as reprefentatives of the communities,
repair to the congrefs. The laft inroad made by thefe favage enemies was in the year
1720, during the government of Don Gabriel Cano, lieutenant-general of His Majefty's
forces, who managed the war againft them with fuch vigour and addrefs, that they were
obliged to folicit a peace ; and their preliminaries were fo fubmiffive, that at a congrefs
held in 1724, the peace was concluded, whereby they were left in poiTeffion of all the
country fouth of the river Biobio ; and the Capitaines de Paz were fupprefled. Thefe
were Spaniards refiding in the villages of the converted Indians, and by their exactions
had been the principal caufe of the revolt.

Befides the congrelfes held with thefe Indians, for concluding a treaty of peace, others
are held on the arrival of a new prefident, and the fame ceremonies obferved in both ;
fo that an account of the one will be fufficient to give a juft idea of the other.

On the holding a congrefs, the prefident fends notice to the frontier Indians of the
day and place, whither he repairs with the above-mentioned perfons ; and on the part
of the Indians, the heads of their feveral communities ; and both, for the greater fplen-
dor of the interview, are accompanied by an efcort confifting of a certain number pre-
vioufly agreed on. The prefident and his company lodge in tents, and the Indians
encamp at a fmall diftance. The elders or chiefs^ of the neighbouring nations pay the
firft vifit to the prefident, who receives them very courteoufly, drinks their healths in
wine, and himfelf gives them the glafs to do the like. This politenefs, with which they
are highly pleafed, is fucceeded by a prefent of knives, fciffars, and different forts of
toys, on which they place the greateft value. The treaty of peace is then brought on
the carpet, and the manner of obferving the feveral articles is fettled : after which they
return to their camp, and the prefident returns the vifit, carrying with him a quantity
of wine fufficient for a moderate regale.

Now all the chiefs of the other communities, who were not prefent at the firft vifit,
go in a body to pay their refpe<fts to the prefident. At the rifing of the congrefs, the
prefident makes each a fmall prefent of wine, which the Indians liberally return in
calves, oxen, horfes, and fowls. After thefe reciprocal tokens of friendlhip, both par-
ties return to their refpeftive habitations.

In order to gain more elfedually the hearts of thefe Indians, who, though in our
efteem wretchedly poor, conceal the moft ftubborn pride, which can only be foftened
by compliments and favours, it is a maxim with the prefidents to admit to their table
thofe who are apparently of the beft difpofitions, and during the three or four days of

the

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 689

the congrefs, negieds no means of Ingratiating himfelf with the whole body. On thefe
occafions a kind of fair is held at both camps, great numbers of Spaniards repairing
thither with fuch goods as they know will pleafe the Indians, who alfo come with their
ponchos and cattle. Both parties deal by exchange, and never fail of felling their whole
flocks ; and of obferving in their dealings the moft exatt candour and regularity, as a'
fpecimen in which all future commerce is to be conduced.

Though thefe Indians have fhewn fuch a determined averfion to fubmltting to the
Spanifh monarchs, their behaviour has been very different to the miflionaries, whom
they voluntarily permitted to come among them ; and many have even (hewed the
greateft joy at being baptized. But it is extremely difficult to prevail on them to quit
their free manner of living ; which being productive of vice and favagenefs, prepoffeffes
the mind againft the precepts of the Chriflian religion. Before the war of the year 1 723,
the miffionaries, by their indefatigable zeal, had formed feveral villages, hoping by that
means to induce their converts to pradife the doctrines of the Chriftian faith. Thefe
villages were called St. Chriftopher, Santa Fc, Santa Juana, St. Pedro, and La Mocha,
all of them being under the infpedion of the Jefuits. The chaplains alfo of the forts
on the frontiers had an additional falary for inftrudting a certain number of Indians.
But on that general infurreftion, their innate favagenefs returned, all thefe converts
abandoned the miffionaries, and joined their countrymen. On the re-eftablifhment of the
peace, they again folicited the miffionaries to come among them ; and fome communities
have been fince formed j but they are far fliort of their former promifmg (late, it being
very difficult to brmg even this fmall number to embrace a focial life.

Amidll all the fanguinary rage of thefe Indians in their hoflilities againft the Spaniards,
they generally Ipare the white women, carrying them to their huts, and ufmg them as
their own. And hence it is, that many Indians of thofe nations have the complexions
of the Spaniards born in that country. In time of peace many of them come into the
Spanilh territories, hiring themfelves for a certain time to work at the farm houfes, and
at the expiration of the term return home, after laying out their wages in the purchafe
of fuch goods as are valued in their country. All of them, both men and women, wear
the poncho and manta, which they weave from wool, and though it cannot be properly
called a drefs, it is abundantly fufficient for decency ; whereas the Indians at a greater
diftance from the Spanifh frontiers, as thofe who mhabit the countries fouth of Valdivia,
and the Chonos who live on the continent near Chiloe, ufe no fort of apparel*. The
Indians of Arauco, Tucapel, and other tribes near the river Biobio, take great delight
in riding, and their armies have fome bodies of horfe. Their weapons are large fpears,
javelins, &c. in the ufe of which they axe very dextrous.

CHAP. X. — Voyage from Conception to the JJland of Juan Fernandes ; and from thence

to Valparaifo,

THE fhips being come to an anchor in the port of Talcaguana, we waited on Don
Pedro de Mendinueta, at the city of Conception, who informed us that the commodore
Don Jofeph Pizarro, together with the land and fea officers, were arrived at Santiago,
and that he intended to fet out for Valparaifo, in order to hoift his flag on board the
Efperanza, and take upon him the command of that fquadron : on receiving this Intel-

* Thefe Indians now drefs like the former. A.

VOL.XIV. 4T ligence.

690 ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA.

ligence, and having no orders to continue at Conception, we put to fea on the fixth of
February, and fleering for the place of our deftination, made, on the 20th, the ifland De
Tierra de Juan Fernandas, and at half an hour after ten, as we were plying to windward
along the coaft, and {landing towards the ifland which then bore two leagues wefl from
us, we faw on the top of one of the mountains a bright light, which furprifed us the
more, as on the following day we faw no traces of any fhip*s being in the port fmce we
left it. I had a clear view of it from the inflant it began, and obferved that at firfl it
was very fmall, and increafed, fo as to form a flame like that of a flambeau. The full
vigour of its light lalled about three or four minutes, when it diminifhed in the fame
gradual manner it had increafed. It did not appear again all the next night, nor had
we during the whole time we were at anchor In the port, any view of fuch a phacnome-
non. We fent fome of our people on fhore to examine all the mountains, and other
parts of the ifland, and they fpent feveral nights on that and the adjacent mountains,
but could not difcover the leafl veflige of any fire. As I knew the ifland to be abfo-
lutely deflitute, the fanguine colour of the flame inclined me to think there might be
fome volcano ; but having never feen any thing of the kind before, nor heard from
others that there was ever any eruption, I was far from being tenacious of my opinion.
We had indeed all our conjedures ; but the difficulty was not cleared up till my fifth
and laft voyage to this ifland, when Don Jofeph Pizarro fent fome people on fhore to
take an accurate furvey of this place, and the ground was found to be burnt, full of
fitiTures and hot, which verified my firfl opinion of a volcano.

On the 2ifl, after coafling along this ifland, we continued our courfe for Valparaifo,
where our little fquadron came to an anchor on the 24th, and were the more pleafed, as
we found there the prefident of Santiago, Don Jofeph Manfo, and our commodore ;
and in the harbour, befides the Callao fleet, three French fhips, called the Louis Eraf-
me, Notre Dame de la Delivrance, and the Lys, which had been freighted by four
merchants as regifter fhips ; and Valparaifo was the firfl port they had touched at, for
vending their cargoes.

From feveral obfervations made in this harbour by Don George Juan, in the lafl voy-
age of J 744, its latitude appears to be 33° 02' 36'' 30% and Father Feuillee fettled its
its longitude at 304*^ 11' 45" from the meridian of TenerifF. This town was at firfl:
very mean, confifling only of a few warehoufes built by the inhabitants of Santiago for
laying up their goods nil fhipped off for Callao, the harbour of Valparaifo being the
neareft port to that city, from which it is only twenty leagues diflant, though the na-
tives will have it to be more. The only inhabitants at that time were the few fervants
left by their refpeftive maflers for taking care of the warehoufes, and managing their
mercantfle affairs. But in procefs of time, the merchants themfelves, together with
feveral other families, removed from Santiago, in order to be more conveniently fitu-
ated for trade ; fince which it has gradually increafed, fo that at prefent it is both large
and populous ; and would be flill larger were it not for its inconvenient fituation, Hand-
ing fo near the foot of a mountain, that a great part of the houfes are built on its accli-
vity, or in its breaches. The broadefl and mofl convenient part is that along the coafl,
but this is very unpleafant in winter, being fo expofed to the north winds, that the
waves beat againft: the walls of the houfes, fome of which are built of unburnt bricks,
fome of chalk and pebbles, and others of bajareques.

Valparaifo, befides its parifh-church, has a convent of Francifcans, and another of

Auguftines; but very few religious, and the churches belonging to them fmall and

mean. It is inhabited by families of Spaniards, and Cafl:s, both Mulattoes and Mefti-

zos. In its neighbourhood are feveral villages, and the great number of farm-houfes

10 give

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 69 1

give the country a cheerful appearance. Here is a military governor nominated by the
King, who having the command of the garrifons in the feveral ports, and of the militia
of the place and its dependencies, is to take care that they are properly difciplined.

The proximity of this port to Santiago has drawn hither all the commerce formerly
carried on at that city. To this it owes its foundation, increafe, and prefent profperity.
At prefent all the Callao fhips which carry on the commerce between the two kingdoms
come hither. The cargoes they bring are indeed but fmall, confifling only of the goods
already mentioned, as not produced in Chili. But in this port they take in wheat, tallow,
cordovan leather, cordage, and dried fruits, and with thefe return to Callao ; and a fhip
has been known to make three voyages in one fummer, namely, between November and
June, during which interval the droves of mules and carriages from all the farm-houfes
in thejurifdidion of Santiago bring frefh fupplies to the warehoufes, that trade is carried
on both by land and fea. The mailers of Ihips, who generally refide at Lima or Callao,
enter into partnerfhip with the landed gentlemen of Chili, that the cargo of every fhip
generally belongs in part to the mafter ; though fome fhips are freighted, and, if the
loading be wheat, greatly augments its value j for the fanega colls here only ten or
twelve rials, or two dollars, and the freight is from twelve rials to two piaflers. An-
other circumflance which raifes the price of wheat at Callao, where it is fold for twenty-
four or thirty rials, is, that the fanega is there only five arobas and five pounds, whereas
at Chili the fanega is fix arobas and fix pounds.

This commerce being carried on only in fummer, that feafon may be termed the fair
of Valparaifo ; but on the approach of winter the place becomes as remarkably defolate,
the crowd of traders repairing to Santiago, thofe only continuing at Valparaifo who can-
not afford to remove.

Valparaifo is abundantly fupplied with provifions from Santiago, and other places in
its neighbourhood ; but fhips do not viftual here fo cheap as at Conception. The fruits
cannot be viewed without admiration, both with regard to their beauty and fize, parti-
cularly a fort of apples called Quillota, being brought from that place ; they prodigioufly
exceed the largefl in Spain, and, befides their exquifite flavour, are fo lufcious that they
melt in the mouth.

Among the feveral kinds of game, there is here fuch a plenty of partridges in their
feafon, which begins at March and lafts feveral fucceeding months, that the Santiago
muleteers knock them down with flicks without going out of the road, and bring great
numbers of them to Valparaifo. But few of thefe or any other birds are feen near the
town. It is the fame thing with regard to filh*, very little being to be caught either in
the harbour or along the coafl, in comparifon of what may be taken in the other parts.

The coafl of Valparaifo forms a bay, lying north-eafl and fouth-wefl, three leagues in
length, and having two capes, called Concon, and Valparaifo. In the fouth-wefl part
of this bay is the harbour, of a convenient fize, and running above a league farther up
the country. The bottom is a firm tenacious mud. At the diflance of a cable's length
and a half from the fhore, is from fourteen to fixteen fathom water, which increafes in
depth proportional to the diflance, that at the diflance of half a league there is thirty-fix
or forty fathom. The harbour is every-where free from rocks and fhoals, except to
the north-eafl of the breach De los Angeles, where, about a cable's length or two from the
land is a rock, which mufl be the more carefully avoided, as it never appears above water,
but fometimes has not a depth fufficient for a fhip of any burden to pafs over it. The

* They take their fifh by (hooting a barbed arrow into them, which has a long light rtiaft, that fuffers
the fifh not to fink after it is wounded. A .

4 T 2 courfe

692 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA.

courfe into this harbour is to keep near the point of Valparaifo, within a quarter of a
league from the fhore, where there is twenty, eighteen, and fixteen fathoms water.
After getting round the point, you muft ftand nearer to the fhore, in order to avoid a
bank which lies thereabouts ; not that it can be attended with any danger ; for the fide
of it is fo bold, that if the fhip fhould touch it little damage could enfue. This bank is
always above water, and there is a neceflity for paffing fo near it, in order to keep to
windward, as otherwife it would be difficult to fetch the harbour. Regard muft alfo
be had to the time proper for entering the port of Valparaifo ; for it is by no means
proper to attempt it in the morning, as the wind, though blowing frefli without, does
not then extend fo far into the bay, and thus the fhip, by having very little way, and
consequently not anfwering her helm, might drive upon the bank ; and to let go your
anchor in fifty fathom water, which is the depth clofe to the fand, will be very incon-
venient, llie common method, therefore, is to keep in the offing till about noon, or
fomething after, when the wind ufually continues to the bottom of the harbour, and
then, by obferving the above-mentioned rules, the fhip will fall into her ftation without
any difficulty ; or you may run into the bay, and there come to an anchor till the day
following, and then weigh early and go in with the land-breeze, here called Concon, as
blowing from that point ; and this breeze may be depended on every day at a certain
hour, except during the time of the north winds, which caufe fome alteration in it.

The fafeft method of mooring fhips is lying one anchor on the fhore towards the fouth-
fouth-weft, and another in the channel towards the north-north-weft. The former muft
be well fecured, as the refource againft the fouth and fouth-weft winds ; for though they
come over the land, they are often fo violent, and the fhore of the harbour fo floping,
that the fhips would otherwife drive.

As foon as the north winds fet in, which happens in the months of April and May, the
vefTels in the harbour are expofed to their whole violence, which alfo caufes a very high
fea. In this exigence, the whole fecurity of the fhips depends on the anchor and cable to-
wards the north-north-eaft, it will therefore be very proper to lay another in the fame direc-
tion ; for if it fhould give way, it would be impolfible to hinder the fhip from ftriking on
the rocks near the fhore. The only favourable circumftance here is, that the bottom
being very firm, and rifing towards the fhore, the anchor has good hold, ai>d confe-
quently the whole depends on the ftrength of the cable.

CHAP. XI. — Voyage from Valparaifo to Callao : — fecond Return to Quito to finifh the
Obfervations : — third Journey to Lima, in order to return to Spain by the way of Cape
Horn,

THE fervice our fquadron was employed on being that of cruizing in thofe feas, in
queft of the enemy as long as it fhould be thought requifite, the commodore, without
flaying any longer than was abfolutely neceffary, came on board, and we immediately
put to fea, and feveral times vifited the iflands of Juan Fernandes, till the 24th of June
1743, when we fhaped our courfe for Callao, which port we entered on the 6th of July.
The day following the commodore and principal officers went on fhore, and were re-
ceived by Don Jofeph de Llamas, general of the forces in Peru, and government of
Callao ; who, on account of the firft employment, refides at Lima, but was come to
Callao to compliment the commodore. He attended him to Lima, and introduced him
to the viceroy, who expreffed his great fatisfadion at his fafe arrival after fuch long ex-
pedations. He was alfo met on the road by the principal perfons of the city.

X After

ULLOA*S VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA. 693

After taking our departure from the iflahd De Tierra de Juan Fernandes, we fleered
the tiueQ firft days north-north-eaft, and north-eaft, one quarter northernly, having frefh
gales at weft, and a heavy fea from the fouth-weit. When we came into the latitude
of 2^"" 30' we fleered north, fix or feven degrees eafterly, till the third day at nine in
the morning, when being in the latitude of 16'' 28' we made the land on the coaftof
Chala ; and the day following, being the 4th, the ifland of Sangallan, which at noon
bore eaft-north-eaft diftance fix leagues. We then coafted along the fhore, and on
the 5th at noon, we faw the ifle of Afia, bearing eaft-north-eaft fix leagues diftant ;
and on the 6th as before-mentioned, the fquadron came to an anchor at half an hour
after one in the afternoon, in Callao harbour. '

Hence it appears, that till we were in the latitude of 28° 30', the wind was at fouth-
weft, which agrees with my obfervations, mentioned Chap. III. relating to this fea ;
and if no other circumftance concurred to verify them, it muft be imputed to the feafon
of the year, it being the beginning of winter when we returned to Callao. But as
during the firft three days, the ftrength of the wind had driven us near the coaft, fo
from the latitude we found it farther to the fouth ; between twenty-five and twenty-one,
began to incline towards the fouth-eaft, and from the latitude of twenty degrees, when
we found ourfelves near the land, till our arrival at Callao, we had the wiud fouth-
fouth-eaft, and eaft-fouth-eaft. It was the fame with regard to the fea coming from
the fouth-weft, for it gradually diminifhed as we approached the coaft ; fo that from
twenty-five degrees it was not at all troublefome, and after we were paft twenty-one
degrees, became imperceptible. But it was very different with regard to the current,
which, from the parallel of twenty or twenty-one degrees, we perceived to fet towards
the north-weft, parallel to the diredlion of the coaft, and became much more fenfible
after we had fight of the land, its velocity increafmg as latitude decreafed.

I would recommend two precautions to be ufed in the voyage from Chili to Callao.
The firft is not to make the land in the bay of Arica, the many eddies of the current
there rendering it very difficult to get again clear of the coaft ; which muft be done
by keeping along fliore ; as by ftanding out to fea, you will be in danger of not
reaching the harbour ; for the current fetting north- weft, on ftanding in for the land,
you will probably find yourfelf to leeward of the harbour ; in which cafe it will be far
from eafy to work up againft the wind and ftrong current. The fecond flows from the
former, and is to make the land fomewhere between Nafca and Sangallan, as the coaft
may be then kept at a proper diftance, and the danger of falling to leeward of the
port avoided j a misfortune which has happened to many, who have been carried far-
ther out than they expelled ; fo that after a long look-out for land, they find themfelves
on its firft appearance to leeward of their port.

In winter, efpecially, too much care cannot be taken, as from the continual thick-
nefs of the atmofphere, obfervations cannot be made fo often as requifite ; fometimes
not for five or fix days fucceffively ; at the fame time the fight of land is entirely inter-
cepted by the denfity of the fog. This we experienced ; for after we were anchored
in Callao at only a quarter of a league diftant from the land, the people on the fhore
had no fight of the fhips ; and it was owing to our being very near the coaft that we
made the harbour ; for had we been at a diftance, we fliould have been far to leeward,
when the weather cleared up.

On the 25th of June, being the fecond day after our departure from the ifland De
Tierra de Juan Fernandes, we faw a meteor like that we had before feen at Quito,
namely, a globe of fire, or large globe of inflammable exhalations. It firft appeared
in the weft, at half an hour after three in the morning, and moved with great velocity

for

694 ULLOa's voyage to south AMERICA. ,

for a confiderable fpace towards the eaft, as if carried by the wind. The light ot
this meteor was fuch, that the watch on the quarter-deck could plainly diftinguifh
every perfon on the fore-caftle ; and both were not a little terrified. The phsenomenon
lalled between three and four minutes, and half an hour after we felt two violent fhocks,
at an interval of about a minute and a half betwixt them, fo that all apprehended the
fhip had flruck on fome fhoal ; but on reflexion, we concluded it to be the effed of
an earthquake.

The fquadron being fafely arrived at Callao, with the commander-in-chief of the
South Sea, a title given to Don Jofeph Pizarro, and a fufficient number of officers of
fuch diftinguifhed zeal and experience, that they might well fupply our place without
detriment to the fervice ; and at the fame time, we being willing to put the finilhing
hand to our principal work, we afked the viceroy's leave to return to Quito ; but his
excellency was defirous that we fhould firft complete fome particulars he had committed
to our care. Accordingly we applied ourfelves affiduoufly to our work ; and Don George
Juan, having finifhed his part firft, left Callao on the 14th of November, propofing
to make all the neceffary preparatives againft my arrival, that the proper obfervations
might be made without delay. On the 27th of January 1744, I reached Quito, where
I found that Don George Juan had, by his extraordinary care, nearly finifhed every
thing neceffary for the continuation of our work ; and whilft the lemainder was per-
forming, we had an opportunity, in conjunction with M. Godin, the only French
academician now remaining in this province, of obferving the comet which appeared
this year.

Though the comet might have been feen on the 2d and 3d of February, the atmof-
phere of Quito being fo unfavourable to aftronomical obfervations on account of the
clouds, it was the 6th before we could obferve it. The comet was then near the weft-
em part of the horizon, and being behind the mountain of Pichincha, its altitude
concealed it from our fight, fo that we could not obferve it after feven or eight at
night. On the 6th, at feven in the evening, we found its altitude above the horizon
to be fifteen degrees, and its azimuth from the north, feventy-two degrees ; M. Godin
and Don George Juan judged its nucleus to be oblong, to me it appeared perfeftly
circular ; but we all agreed that it was larger than Jupiter. The tail, which was dif-
cerned through fome light clouds, feemed to extend two degrees, and to form with
the vertical circle, an angle of near thirty degrees.

On the 7th, at eight minutes after feven in the evening, on repeating our obferva-
tions, we found its altitude to be 11° 11', and its azimuth from the north 72^ 45'.
From this fecond obfervation, which we confidered as more -accurate than the former,
having made proper allowances for refraftion, we concluded that the right afcenfion
of the comet was 332° 50', and that its northern declination was 20*^ 5'. Whence we
inferred, that its trajedory was the fame with that obferved in 1681 by Caffini, and by
Tycho Brahe in 1572, and that in all probability, it was the fame; for though the
periods do not agree, it might have appeared twice in the firft interval. After this we
were hindered from profecuting our obfervations by the cloudinefs of the nights ; and
fome days afterwards we were affured by feveral, that they had feen it in the morning.

As all the triangles on the north fide from Pambamarca to the place where M. Godin
had made his fecond aftronomical obfervations were not completed, and the inftruinent
conftrufted for that purpofe kept in readinefs, we made that our firft tafk ; M. Godin
not having then gone through them all. After finifhing every thing here, we repaired
on the 2 2d of March to the obfervatory De Pueblo Viejo de Mira, where, meeting with

the

ULLOA's voyage to south AMERICA. 695

the fame difficulties from the thicknefs of the atmofphere as we had before experi-
enced during the whole courfe of our operations, we were obliged to continue there
till the 2 2d of May, when, being fatisfied with the accuracy of the obfervations made
during this long interval, we returned to Quito, with the pleafmg expedlation, that
our perfeverance againft the conftant difficulties we met with from the clouds was at
lafl come to a period; and that we fhould now reft from the toils and hardfhips of
living on frozen defarts ; a repofe the more pleafmg, as it was accompanied with a
confcioufnefs that no inconveniences had occafioned us to omit the leaft part of our
duty.

During our ftay at Mira, Don George Juan applied himfelf to obferve the variation
of the magnetic needle, and by four obfervations nearly coincident, he concluded to
be nearly 8° 47' eafterly.

We now began to deliberate on our return upon the favourable opportunity of the
above-mentioned French fhips, which were preparing to fail for Spain ; as we fhould
then •pafs round Cape Horn, and not only complete from our own experience, an
account of the South Sea, but be enabled to make obfervations on the whole courfe.
Another, and indeed our principal motive was, the fafety of our papers, concluding
there could be no danger in a neutral fhip, as we then imagined thofe to be. The
concurrence of fo many advantages immediately determined us ; and leaving Quito we
fet out for Lima, where I arrived firft, Don George Juan having fome days been
detained at Guayaquil by a freffi commiffion by the viceroy. Thefe fhips, not failing
fo foon as expeded, I employed the interval in drawing up an extract ^of all interefting
obfervations and remarks, and prefenting it to the viceroy, who was pleafed to order
the papers to be preferved in the fecretary's office, that if any misfortune Ihould hap-
pen to us in the voyage, our fovereign might ijot be totally difappointed in his generous
views of promoting the ufeful fciences of geography and navigation.

While we were employed in finifhing our obfervations at Mira, the univerfity of
Lima gave a remarkable teftimony of their fenfe of M. Godin*s eminent talents, by
choofing him profeflbr of mathematics, in the room of Don Pedro de Peralta, deceafed;
which he accepted of with the greater fatisfadion, as fome indifpenfable affairs of his
company would not permit him to gratify his dv^fires of returning to Europe. Accord-
ingly he propofed to fpend this interval in making frefh obfervations and experiments,
concluding that the atmofphere of Lima, during the fummer-feafon, would be more
favourable to his defigns than that of Quito or the mountains. On his arrival at that
city, the viceroy, who was no ftranger to his great abilities, and pleafed with the
prudent choice of the univerfity, conferred on him, at the fame time of his being in-
vefted with the profefTorfhip, the poft of cofmographer to His Majefty ; with other ad-
vantages annexed to it. But this gentleman was far from propofing to make any
longer ftay there than what thefe affairs required ; no advantages or honours being
fufficient to make him forget the obligations he was under of giving an account of his
voyage and obfervations to his fovereign and the academy, efpecially as being the eldeft
of the three academicians; fo that all the teftimonies of efteem could not fupprefs his
uneafmefs at the delay.

M. de Juffieu, though with the fame regret as the former, determined to continue
fome time at Quito, with M. Hugot, till he faw what turn the war would take, that
he might efcape, in his return to Europe, thofe dangers then fo common at fea.
M. Verguin chofe to go by the way of Panama : and the others, except the two who
died in the country, one at Cayanibe and Cuenca, were difperfed ; one fettling in

Quito.

V

Sg6 dlloa's voyage to south. America.

Quito. Thus, the whole French company feparated : and it muft be confidered as a
(ingular happinefs that, after fuch a fcene of labours, hardfhips, and dangers, in fuch
a variety of climates, and amidft fuch inhofpitable defarts and precipices, our operations
were accurately performed : and we capable of entering on a new fcene of dangers
and difficulties, which it was our fortune to experience before we were in a condition
of prefenting this work to the public.

\

( 697 )

r

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS

INTO

BRAZIL.

WITH

A PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF ALL THE REMARKABLE PASSAGES THAT HAPPENED DURING
THE author's stay OF NINE YEARS IN BRAZIL ;

Efpecially In relation to the Revolt of the Portuguefe, and the inteftine War carried on there

fronft 1640 to 1649.

By Mr. John Nieuhofp. *

I

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE READER^

T is about nineteen years fince my brother, John Nieuhoff, juft before his fecond
voyage into the Indies, prefented me with his defcription of China, and certain
draughts he had made during his embafly in that empire, which, being afterwards pub-
lilhed, were foon after tranllated into fix feveral languages.

My brother had, before that time, not only been in Brazil, and feveral other places
in thofe parts, but alfo fince that time, has had the opportunity of travelling through
a great part of Afia, till 1671, when, returning into Holland, he brought along with
him all his papers, obfervations, and draughts, he had collected during his voyages ;
which, though much coveted by all curious perfons, yet for fome reafons beft known
to himfelf, he did not think fit to commit to public view.

But, after his deceafe, confidering with myfelf that fuch ufeful colleftions ought not
to be buried in oblivion, I thought fit to publifh them for the public good.

As thofe things which he relates of the revolt of the Portuguefe in Brazil, are
extraded verbatim out of the records kept during my brother's abode of nine years
in Brazil, under the government of the lords, Henry Hamel, Peter Bas, and Adrian
BuUeftrate, and authentic letters ; fo the truth thereof admits not of the leaft doubt
from unbiaffed perfons.

The vaft countries through which my brother travelled in his life-time, as Brazil,
part of Perfia, Malabar, Madura, Coromandel, Amboyna, Ceylon, Malacca, Sumatra,
Java, Tagowan, and part of China, befides many iflands, could not in the leaft infed
him with that difeafe, fo incident to travellers, to relate fables inftead of hiftories, it
having been his conftant practice to adhere moft religioufly in all his treatifes to the
naked truth, without the leaft difguife.

His laft voyage to the ifle of Madagafcar, where he was loft, I have taken partly
out of his own letters, partly out of the journal of Captain Reinard Claefon, which
he brought along with him from thence.

• Churchill's Col!. Vol. II.
VOL. XIV. 4 u As

658 niei;hoff*s brazil.

As to his perfon, I will only add thus much : he was born at Uffen, in the earldom
of Benthem, (where his father, brother, and brother-in-law, were all three Burgo-
mafters) of a good family, the 22d of July 161 8. He was a comely perfon, of a
good underftanding, good humoured, .and agreeable in converfation ; a great admirer
of poefy, drawing, and mufic : as he delighted in travelling, fo he was thereby be-
come mafter of divers languages : in what ftation he lived during his abode in Brazil,
and the Eaft Indies, will beft appear by the two following treatifes.*

Henry Nieuhoff.

I

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS INTO BRAZIL.

N the year 1 640, I entered into the fervice of the Weft India company, and on the
24th of Odober went in the quality of merchant-fupercargo, aboard the fhip called
the Roebuck, of twenty-eight guns and one hundred and thirty men, commanded by
Nicholas Selles of Durkendam. We fet fail out of the Texel the fame day, in com-
pany of feveral other veffels bound for France, Spain, and the Streights ; and purfued
our voyage the 28th, with a favourable gale, through the channel betwixt France and
England.

On the 29th we were overtaken with a moft violent tempeft, which obliged us to
take in all our great fails: it continued from morning to night, when the fury of the
winds being fomewhat allayed, we found that we had efcaped without any confiderable
damage j but the fea continued very turbulent all that night. The next day following,
our feamen catched a wood-fnipe, a wild pigeon, and feveral other fmall birds, which
were forced into the fea by the violence of the ftorm.

On the 31ft we found ourfelves under the forty-fifth degree of northern latitude.
The next morning, being the firft of November, fome of our feamen catched a fea-hog,
by means of a harpoon : it was fo big, that four men could fcarce lift it into the fhip.
Its tafte was not very agreeable, but rankifli, which was the reafon our men did not
catch any more of them, though they fwam in vaft numbers round about our veflel.
By fun-jfet, the vdnd beginning to increafe, we parted from the other fhips bound
for Spain and the Streights, which were not Separated from us in the laft ftorm, fteering
our courfe fouth-weft. The 2d and 3d it blew very hard, with thunder and lightning,
fo that we were forced to take in all our great fails, and the fhip being very leaky
ever fince the laft tempeft, to ply the pump with all our might.

r. The 4th w^e found ourfelves under 40° 30', when, about midnight, the wind increafed
with fo much violence, that the air which furrounded us appeared no otherwife than
one continual fire, occafioned by the lightning, which fcarce ever ceafed all that night.
During this calamity we perceived certain fmall fires or lights, fixed to the maft :
they are called Peaceable*s Fires by the feamen. Thefe fires are fuppofed to be certain
fulphureous vapours, forced by the violence of the winds from the fhore into the fea,
where, being lightened by the violent agitation of the air, they burn till their oily

* The Voyage to the Eaft Indies is omitted.

I fubftance

nieuhoff's brazil. 699

fubftance be confumed. The feamen look upon them as a good omen, that the ftorm
is going to abate ; which proved true in efFeft, the fury of the winds beginning to allay
from that time ; and we had the good fortune to difcover two leaks near our forecaftle^
which elfe might have proved of dangerous confequence.

The 5th, we paffed the Barrels, under the thirty-ninth degree ; where, according
to an ancient cuftom, every one, of what quality or degree foever, that has not paffed
there before, is obliged to be baptifed, or redeem himfelf from it. He that is to be
baptifed, has' a rope tied round his middle, wherewith he is drawn up to the very top
of the bowfprit, and from thence three times fucceffively tumbled into the water.
There were fome who looked very blank upon the matter, but others went cheerfully
about it, and for a meafure of Spanifh wine fuffered themfelves to be rebaptifed for
the mafter and the merchant. But this cuftom is abolifhed of late years, by fpecial
orders from the governors of the company, to avoid broils and quarrels, which ufed
often to arife upon this occafion.

The 6th, as we were fteering our courfe fouth-fouth-weft, with a frefh gale, we
defcried two veffels, making all the fail they could towards us, whom we fuppofed to
be Turkifli pirates (as indeed they proved afterwards) ; it was refolved to defend us till
the utmoft extremity. Accordingly orders were given to clear every thing upon the
deck, and to furnilh the feamen with mufquets, hangers, pikes, and other fuch like
weapons. Every one having taken his ftation, we put up the bloody flag, and ex-
peded their coming under the found of our trumpets. The mafter of the fhip, being
all that time very ill of fome wounds he had received formerly, which were now broken
up afrefli ; and the commiffary, Francis Zweers, not being in a condition, by reafon of
his great age, to remain upon deck, I was fain to undertake the whole management of
the ftiip, and encouraged them to fight bravely for their lives and liberty, ordering
them not to fire at all, till they were in their full reach, they being much better manned
than we.

About noon we faw the Turks make up towards us, with orange-coloured flags,
which however they foon after changed for the bloody flags, and the biggeft of them
fainted us with two cannon-fliot out of his forecaftle, without doing us the leaft harm,
but the fecond time almoft fliot our foremaft in pieces. In the mean-while we were
come fo near to one another, that we fent them a good broadfide into their fliip, which
the Turks repaid us immediately ; but it was not long before we obferved the biggeft
of the two had received a fliot betwixt wand and water, which made her keep at fome
farther diftance, till flie had repaired her damage, which gave me opportunity to en-
courage our people with words, and a good proportion of wine, which they mixed
with fome gunpowder ; and I, to pleafe them, followed their example.

By this time they returned both to the charge, and faluted us fo fiercely with their
cannon and fmall fhot, that they took away the roof of our great cabin, and did us
fome damage in our rigging. I then changed my fcymetar for a mufquet, and dif*
charged continually upon the enemy, and I found myfelf fore feveral weeks after, by
the hurt I received from a mufquet of one that ftood hard by me, which being by a
cannon-ball forced out of his hands againft my body, I fell down, ftretched all along
upon the deck, without fenfe or motion ; but having after fome time recovered myfelf,
I returned to my poft. I then perceived the captain of the biggeft Turkifli fliip with
a turbant on his head, in the ftern, encouraging his men, which made me order thofe
about me to aim at him with their fmall fliot, which, as I fuppofe, fucceeded according
to our hopes, it being not long before we loft fight of him. Notwithftanding this,
the heat of the fight increafed on both fides, many broadfides pafling betwixt us,

^ u 2 accom-

yOO K1EUH0FP*S BRAZIL.

accompanied with mofl dreadful outcries and lamentations of the wounded on both
fides. However, the Turks durft not attempt to board us ; whether it were that they
thought us better manned than really we were, or that they feared we would fet fire to
the Inip, which we threatened we would, fhewing them a match ready for that purpofe.
They anfwered us in Dutch, that they would not part with us upon thofe terms ; yet
was it not long before we faw them make away from us, having received many fhots
through their fhips ; and we, with a brilk gale, made all the fail we could to be rid of
thefe unwelcome guefts, fleering a quite different courfe, which, with the advantage
of the darknefs of the night, brought us quite out of fight of them by next morning.

"We gave thanks to God for his having delivered us from the danger of flavery, and
crowning our endeavours with fuccefs againfl an enemy much ftronger than us, the
biggefl of them carrying twenty-four guns, and the other two ; whereas we had no
more than eighteen, befides that they were much better manned than we. After
having taken a view of our fhip, and found it found under water, we betook ourfelves
to repair the damage we had received during the fight ; but whilfl we were bufy in
this work, we were on the 7th furprifed by fo violent a ftorm, that we were forced to
take in all our fails. This put us to a great nonplus, but by good fortune the florm blev^''
foon over, when orders were given to give an allowance of three pounds and a half
of bifcuit per week to the feamen, all our other bread being become mufly by that
time. The i oth we found ourfelves under the thirty-ninth degree and thirty minutes,
about twenty leagues off of the Canary Iflands ; here we difcovered the pike of TenerifF,
being two leagues and a half high, and accounted the highefl mountain in the world.
It may be difcovered at fixty leagues diflance from the fhore. Thus we continued
our voyage till the 1 4th, without any memorable accident, when we paffed the tropic
of Cancer. About noon we were overtaken by another florm, which made us take in
mofl of our great fails, for fear of the worft, but it lafled not long.

This trad: of the fea is called by the Dutch, the Kroos Sea ; by the Portuguefe, Mar
del Aragaco (or Largaco, or Suargaco), i. e. the Sea of Ducks-meat, becaufe here-
abouts, viz. from the eighteenth to the thirtieth degree, or as fome will have it, from
the twentieth to the twenty-fecond and twenty-third degree of northern latitude, it is
found in great quantity, and carried along with the flream : its leaves are of a pale
green colour, like that of parrots, fmall, thin, and carved at the end. It bears berries
of the fame colour, about the bignefs of a pepper-corn, but are quite hollow, without
any feed within or tafle. It is fometimes fo clofely twifled together, that it fi^ops a
fhip in its full courfe ; though we had the good fortune to pais through it without
much difficulty, being then about four hundred leagues from the coafl of Afric, where
are no iflands nor anchorage. It may be pickled with fait and pepper, and ufed like
as we do capers, being accounted a good remedy againfl the gravel. It is generally
found without roots, having only a few thin fprouts, which, as it is fuppoled, take
root in the fandy grounds of the fea ; though others are of opinion, that it is carried by
the violence of the flream from the iflands into the fea.

The 1 8th, one of our fhip*s crew died, who was the next day thrown overboard, at
which time I obferved, what indeed I had heard often before, that the dead carcafTes
always float with their heads to the eaft at fea.

The 2 2d we were overtaken by another tempefl, called Travado, which with horri-
ble thunder and lightning furprifes the fhips fo fuddenly, that they have fcarce leifure
to take in their fails, and fometimes returns three times in an hour. We catched here
abundance of fifh, fuch as Bonytes of ten feet long, and Korets, and a great lamprey,
which we had enough to do to bring aboard j we only took out the brains, being

looked

nieuhoff's brazil. 701

looked upon as a fovereign remedy againft the ftone in the bladder, the flefti being of
an oily tafte.

The 24th we faw great quantities of fmall birds about our vefTel, and catched one
not unlike a crane, but fomewhat fmaller, it being a very fair day.

The 26th, being under the fifth degree forty-feven minutes, we were fo becalmed
that we could not perceive the Ihip to move, and fpent our time in catching of fifli, of
which we had fuch plenty, that we chofe only the befl for our eating ; among the reft
we met with a fifh called the king*s-fifh : for by reafon of the impenetrable depth of
the fea in this place, the waters are fo clear and tranfparent in ftill weather, that you
may fee the fi(h in vafl numbers fwiuiming near two feet deep ; fo that you need but
fallen a crooked nail or any thing elfe like a hook to a ftring, and hanging it in the
fea, you may catch as many filh as you pleafe. This calm was followed by a moft
violent ftorm of rain.

The 30th we found ourfelves under the fourth degree forty-one minutes, where we
faw abundance of flying-fifh.

The 3d of December we came under the firft degree thirty minutes, where we met
with millions of filh, and did catch as many as we thought fit : fome we put in fait,
others we rubbed in the belly with pepper and fait, and hung them up by the tail in
the fun.

The 4th, by break of day, being very clear weather, we faw the illand of St. Paulo,
as it is called by the Portuguefe, which at a diftance reprefents a fail, which as you
approach nearer to it, proves five high rocks. About noon we found ourfelves at fifty-
three minutes of northern latitude, taking our courfe five leagues to the weft. Here
at feveral times we catched fome fea-gulls ; thofe birds make a fhew as if they would
bite you, but remain immoveable in the place, till they are caught or killed.

The 5th^ about eleven o'clock we palTed the equinotlial line, fo that in the after-
noon we found ourfelves at five minutes fouthern latitude, where we had but little reafon
to complain of cold ; it being often fo calm here, that fhips are forced to fpend a con-
fiderable time in pafling this traft. It is extremely hot here, and great fcarcity of good
and fweet water, the rain-water being not wholefome, but caufing the fcurvy, by rea-
fon of its being corrupted by the violent heat of the fun.

About three years after my arrival in Brazil, a certain Portuguefe fhip was found
adrift under the equinodial line, without any living creature in it, which, according
to the journal, had been fix whole weeks under the line. We had a very good paf-
fage, and catched abundance of fifh, and among the reft a certain fifh called the
blower, which fwallow a confiderable quantity of water in their guts, and then at once
fpout it forth again. They will follow the fhips for a long time.

The 8th we pafTed by the ifle called Ilha Ferdinando of Neronha ; it being very
ferene weather, we faw vaft numbers of birds, and whole fhoals of flying fifh, which
were followed by the Bonytes and Korets.

The illand of Ferdinando of Neronha, fituated under the fourth degree of fouthern
latitude, about fifty leagues from the coaft of Brazil, was about the year 1 630 inha-
bited by the Dutch, but by reafon of the vaft number of rats, which confumed all the
fruits of the earth, deferted by them a few years after ; it being other wife a very fruit-
ful illand, and abounding with fifh, the inhabitants of Receif being ufed to fend their
fifher-boats thither, which return commonly well freighted with fifh. The council
of Brazil did afterwards fend a certain number of negroes thither, under the conduct
of one Gellis Vepant, to cultivate the ground for their fubfiftence, who likewife ftayed
there for fome tjme. About a-year and a half after, the council of juftice banifhed

feveral

JQl NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

feveral maletadors into that ifland, who, being furnifhed with neceflary inftruments for
cultivating the ground, were forced to feek for their fullenance there.

The 1 ith at night we found ourfelves under the feventh degree, over againft tlie
province of Goyana, about twenty leagues on this fide of Olinda ; with break of day
we faw the fhore of Brazil, but kept out at fea till it was broad day.

The 1 2th it was very foggy, and we kept our courfe with fair wind and water all
along the coaft, and arrived before noon fafely near the Receif, where we call our
anchor at feveral fathoms depth, after we had fpent feven weeks and one day in the
voyage.

After we had returned our thanks to God for his deliverance from the dangers of
the fea, and flavery of the Turks, I went afliore the fame night with the mafter and
commiflary in a boat, to notify our happy arrival, and to deliver a letter to Count
Maurice, and the governor of the council. I continued afhore that night, but returned
aboard the next day. And,

The 15th the pilots conduced our veffel into the harbour of the Receif, where we
found twenty-eight veflels and two yachts lying behind the Water Caflel.

Towards the latter end of Auguft 1643, ^ received orders from the council to fail
with the yacht called the Sea Hog, loaden with fullers-earth, to the ifle of St. Thomas,
to exchange it for black fugar, this being the chief commodity tranfported from thence.
My voyage proved fortunate enough, not meeting with any fmifter accident, except
with a violent temped of thunder, lightning, and rains, and came the 9th of Sep-
tember at an anchor there ; the cargo did bear no good price, yet after a flay of four-
teen days, I returned with a cargo of black fugar to Brazil, where I arrived the 3d of
Odober before the Receif, after a voyage of near three months.

The ifle of St. Thomas is of a circular figure, about thirty-fix leagues in compafs ;
the high mountains in the midft of that ifland are always covered with fnow, notwith-
ftanding that in the low grounds, by reafon of its fituation under the line, it is ex-
ceflive hot. It is very fertile in black fugar and ginger ; the fugar-fields being con-
tinually moiftened by the melted fnow that falls down from the mountains. There
were at that time above fixty fugar-mills there ; but the air is the mofl unwholefome
in the world, no foreigner daring to flay fo much as one night afliore, without running
the hazard of his life ; becaufe by the heat of the fun-beams fuch venomous vapours
are drawn from the earth, as are unfupportable to fl:rangers. This fog continues till
about ten o*clock in the morning, when the fame is difperfed, and the air cleared,
which made us always fl:ay abroad till after that time. This mifl: is not obferved
at fea.

The air here is very hot and moift throughout the year, except in the fummer about
June, when the fouth-eafl: and fouth-wefl; winds abate much of the heat of the climate.
The vapours drawn up by the fun, occafion certain epidemical intermittent fevers, which
carry off the patient in a few days, with excefllve pains in the head, and violent tor-
ments in the bowels ; though fome attribute it to the immoderate ufe of women, and
of the juice of cocoas. Certain it is, that among a hundred foreigners, fcarce ten
efcape with life, and thofe feldom live till fifty years of age; though fome of the
inhabitants, as likewife the negroes (who are all loufy here), live to a great age. Its
fiirft inhabitants were Jews, baniflied out of Portugal ; they are of a very odd com-
plexion. Among the mountains dwell abundance of negroes, who are run away
from the Portuguefe, and make fometimes excurfions to the very gates of the city of
Pavaofa. It is almofl: next to a miracle, that any people fliould inhabit fo unwhole-
fome a climate ; but that the hopes of lucre makes all danger eafy.

The

^

K

% 1

*

i

i

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 703

The city of Pavaofa, belonging to this ifland, is fituate upon a rivulet ; it contains
about eight hundred houfes, and three churches. This city, as well as the whole
ifland, was, Oftober 16, 1641, c6nquered by the Admiral Cornelius Tol, after a
fiege of forty days, without any confiderable lols ; but both he and his lieutenant, as
well as feveral other commanders and many feamen, were fwept away by this peflilen-
tial air ; and of three hundred Brazilians, not above fixty efcaped with life.

But before I proceed to give you an account of all the remarkable paflages that hap-
pened in Brazil fince the revolt of the Portuguefe, and during my flay of eight years
there ; it will not be amifs to give a Ihort defcription of this country. f,

A Defcription of Brazil. ^

AMERICA, (or the Weft Indies,) is divided into the Northern and Southern Ame-
rica. Brazil is part of the laft.

The Northern America borders to the north upon the Terra Incognita, or rather
upon Hudfon's Streights ; to the fouth and weft upon the South Sea, and to the eaft
upon the ftreights of Panama, the bay of Mexico or Nieu Spain, and the North Sea.

It comprehends the following provinces :

Eftotiland and Labrador, New France, Canada, Bakaloos, New England, Virginia,
Florida, New Spain, the provinces of Mexico, New Mexico, Tlafkalla, Guaxaka,
Mechoakana, Zakatula, Kolim, Yukatan, Tabafko, New Gallicia, New Bifcay, Chia-
metla, Kuliaka, Cimalon, New Granada, California, Anian, Quivira or New Albion,
Conibas, Guatemala, Sokonulko, Chiapa, Vera-pas, Honduras, Nikaragua, Coftarika,
and Veragua.

The Southern America is a demi-ifland in form of a pyramid, the bafis of which lies
to the north ; the point extends to the Streights of Magellan, under the fifty-third de-
gree of fouthern latitude, bordering to the eaft upon the Atlantic ocean, or North Sea,
and to the weft upon the South Sea ; its whole circuit being of about four thoufand
Italian, or one thoufand German, miles. It contains the provinces of Caftilla d'Or,
Tierra Ferma (called by the Portuguefe, Paria), Cumana, Caribana, Brazil, Chika to
the eaft, to the weft Popayan, Peru, Chili, befides feveral inland provinces.

Brazil was firft difcovered by Pedro Alvaro Capralis, a Portuguefe, fome time before
Americus Vefputius, viz. the year 1500. He gave it in the name of Santa Cruz,
which was afterwards by the Portuguefe changed into that of Brazil, from the wood of
the fame name, which is found there in great quantity, and from thence tranfported
into all parts of Europe, for the ufe of the dyers.

It is fituate in the midft of the torrid zone, extending to the tropic of Cancer and the
temperate zone.

Concerning its extent from north to fouth, there is no fmall difference among the
geographers ; but, according to the beft computations, its beginning may be fixed under
the fecond degree and a half of northern latitude, near the river Pata, and its end under
the twenty-fourth degree and a half of fouthern latitude, to the river Capibari, two
leagues above the city of St. Vincent ; fo that its whole extent from north to fouth com-
prehends twenty-five degrees, or three hundred and feventy-five leagues ; fome place
Brazil betwixt the river of Maranhaon and Rio de la Plata. The extent of Brazil from
the eaft, where it borders upon the North Sea, to the weft, is not determined hithertc^
there being very few who have penetrated fo deep into the country, though its bignefs
from eaft to weft may be computed to be feven hundred and forty-two leagues , there

are

704 nieuhopf's brazil.

are fome, however, who extends its limits farther to the eafl, and to the weft as far as
Peru or Guiana, which makes an addition of one hundred and eighty-eight leagues.
Some make the boundaries of Brazil to the north the river of the Amazons, to the fouth
Rio de la Plata, to the eaft the North Sea, and to the weft the mountains of Peru or
Guiana.

Brazil, thus limited, is divided by the Portuguefe into fourteen diftrids, called by them
kapitania, or captainfliips j viz. Paria, the firft of all towards the north ; Maranhaon,
Siara, Potigi or Rio Grande, Paraiba, Parnambuko, Tamarika or Itamarika, Seregippe
del Rey, Quirimune or Bahia dos todos los Santos, Nhoe-Kombe or Os Ilhos, Pakata
or Porto Securo, Rio de Janeiro or Nheteroya, St. Vincent, and Efpiritu Santo.

Whilft part of Brazil was in our pofTeffion, it might conveniently be divided into the
Dutch and Portuguefe Brazil. Each of thefe captainfhips is watered by fome confider-
able river or other, befides feveral others of lefs note j moft of thefe have very rapid
currents in the rainy months, and overflow the adjacent country.

The river of St. Francis, the largeft and moft confiderable in thofe parts, is the com-
mon boundary of the captainfhip of Parnambuko and Bahia dos todos los Santos, or the
Bay of All Saints. In fome places it is fo broad that a fix-pounder can fcarce reach over
it, and its depth is eight, twelve, and fometimes fifteen yards ; but it admits of no Ihips
of burthen, becaufe its entrance is choked up with fands.

Its firft fpring is faid to arife out of a certain lake, which being augmented by many
rivulets out of the mountains of Peru, but efpecially by the rivers of Rio de la Plata and
Maranhaon, exonerates itfelf into the fea. Some of our people went in a fhallop near
forty leagues up the river, and found it of a good depth and pretty broad. If we may
believe the Portuguefe, there are about fifty leagues from the fea, certain impafTable
catarads or water-falls, called by them Kakocras ; beyond thofe the river winds to the
north, till you come to its fource in the lake, in which are many pleafant iflands, inha-
bited by the barbarians ; as is likewife the ftiore round about it. They find good ftore
of gold-duft in this lake, but it is none of the beft, being carried thither by the many
rivulets which wafti the gold-bearing rocks of Peru : here is alfo moft excellent falt-
petre.

It is obfervable, that in the fummer, and thofe winter months when it rains but fel-
dom, this river has more water than in the rainy feafon : the reafon alleged for it is, the
vaft diftance from its firft fource, whither the rains that fall from the mountains muft
firft be conveyed by many rivulets. All the other rivers near the Receif are fo empty
of water during the fummer feafon, that they are rendered quite unnavigable. But the
ridges of mountains, which lie not far from the fea-ftiore, exonerate their waters, as well
here as in Peru, backward to the weft, and dividing themfelves into two branches ; the
firft runs to the north, and joins with the moft large and rapid rivers of Maranhaon and
of the Amazons ; the other with the rivers of St. Francis de la Plata and Janeiro. The
waters of thefe rivers being confiderably increafed by many rivulets, they exonerate
themfelves with fo much violence into the fea, that the feamen meet often with frefli water
at a confiderable diftance at fea.

The increafe of the waters in this river, during the dry feafon, may likewife be attri-
buted to the vaft quantity of fnow among the mountains, which being melted by the
heat of the fun, occafions the river to tranfgrefs its ordinary bounds ; which in this point
is quite different from other rivers, which commonly in the winter-time overflow their
banks.

Six of thofe captainfliips were under the jurifdidion of the Weft India company, be-
fore the Portuguefe revolted from the Dutch, which they had conquered with their
3 fwordsj

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.' 705

fwords, viz. the captainfhip (it being on the fouth fide) Seregippe del Rey of Parnam-
buko, Itamarika, unto which belongs Gauiana, Paraiba, Potigi or Rio Grande, and
Siaraor Ciara. The captainfhip of Maranhaon was 1644, by fpecial command of the
company, left by the Dutch. This part of Brazil ufed to be called by the Portuguefe
the Northern Brazil, as the other remaining in their pofleflion went by the name of
Soufh Brazil.

The fix Dutch captainfhips did extend all along the fea-coaft from north to fouth, in
length about a hundred and fixty or a hundred and eighty leagues ; for from Rio
Grande to the northern border of Seregippe del Rey, is a hundred leagues : the two
others, viz. that of Siara to the north, and Seregippe del Rey to the fouth, make up the
refl. Each of thefe captainfhips contain feveral other leffer diftrifts, called by the Por-
tuguefe Fregefias, and by us Fregefien : as for inftance, in Seregippe del Rey, are
Pojuka, Kameragibi, Porto Calvo, Setinhaim, and feveral others. Fregafie compre-
hends a certain traft of ground, compofed of divers villages, rivers, hills, and valleys,
betwixt each of which is commonly a traft of barren hills, of about three or four leagues
in length. Moft of the Dutch captainfhips are but indifferently cultivated, becaufe the
Portuguefe ufed not to manure the ground in thofe parts beyond three or four, or, at
farthefl, five leagues diftance from the fea.

The captainfhip of Seregippe del Rey is like wife called Carigi, from a certain fmall
lake of that name ; it is fituate in the fouthern part of Brazil, extending about thirty-
two leagues along the fea-coafl, bordering on the north fide, upon the river of St. Francis,
by which it is divided from Parnambuko, as on the fouth fide it is feparated by Rio
Real from Bahia dos todos los Santos. Seregippe del Rey has, among others, a cer-
tain Fregafie called Porto Calvo, fituated betwixt the ninth and tenth degree of fouth-
ern latitude ; being encompaffed on the north-wefl fide by Tthe Fregafie of Serin-
haim, and the fmall river of Pirafenunga, extending to the fouth as far as the river
Parepuera, by which it is divided from the Fregafie of Alagoafi, containing in all about
twelve leagues in length near the fea-fhore, its bounds on the land fide reaching to the
unpaffable woods.

In this Fregafie is a village, called by the Portuguefe Villa de bon fucceffo de Porto
Calvo, but was formerly called Portocano Dos quatros Rios, it being fituate at the con-
fluence of the four rivers, Maleita, Tapamunde, Commentabunda and Monguaba. It
is built upon a rifing ground, about four leagues from the fea-fhore, and by the Dutch
flrengthened with two forts ; the biggeft of which was called Bon Succeffo, being built
all of ftone, furrounded with a good counterfcarp, with a large bafon of frefh water
within. The other fort was called by us the New Church, being created out of the
ruins of an old church, called by the Portuguefe Noffa Senhora de Prefentacao. Be-
twixt both thefe forts, a third was ordered to be erefted by Count Maurice, upon the
banks of the river, but it lying within the reach of mufket-fhot from the mountains, was
not brought to perfedlion.

The village has two flreets, the chief of which runs parallel with the river, from one
fort to the other, and is called St. Jofeph's ftreet ; it contained no more than three
houfes of one flory high, and about thirty-fix others covered with pantiles, being only
built 'upon the ground. The Portuguefe have, in lieu of their churches, which were
demoHfhed when the fortifications were erected, built themfelves another on the other
fide of the river, where they fometimes hear mafs. The village is fituate in a moft
pleafant and wholefome air, being cooled by the continual breezes from the fea, which
are not flopped by any hills betwixt them and the fliore. In the night-time they enjoy
the benefit of the land-wind, which drives the cool vapours arifing from the neighbour-

VOL. XIV. 4 jt i"g

7o6 nieuhoff's brazil.

tag rivers thither. Formerly there was a certain town called Seregippe del Rey, fome-
what higher up the river, in a very barren place, of a confiderable bignefs, and well
built, with three goodly churches, and a monaftery belonging to the Francifcans, but
without any fortifications. Above this town you fee a chapel dedicated to St. Chrifto-
j)her, whither the Roman catholics come on pilgrimage.

This captainfhip was firft of all reduced under the obedience of the Portuguefe, or
Spaniards, by Chriftovan de Barros ; who for this his good fervice, had all the lands
betwixt the fmall lake of Seregippe and St. Francifco granted to him, with full power
to fettle colonies there within a limited time. This drew many of the inhabitants to the
Bay of All Saints thither, who, within a few years after, laid the foundation of this
town, by ere£Ung four fugar-mills, and building about a hundred houfes, with four
hundred ftables for their cattle. But this town, with all the circumjacent houfes, was,
1637, the 24th of December, laid defolate by our people, the inhabitants retiring to
the Bay of All Saints. For the Spanifh general Benjola being, 1637, pofted with a
body of two thoufand men near that place, did, with ravaging and burning, confider-
able damage to our colonies, which obliged Count Maurice to diflodge him from
thence ; but being then fick of an ague, he committed this expedition to the charge of
Colonel Schoppe ; for which purpofe, having gathered a body of two thoufand three
hundred men, befides four hundred Brazilians, and two hundred and fifty feamen out
of the adjacent places, near the river of St. Francis, Alagoas, the cape of St. Auftin,
out of the Receif and Moribeka, and given him for his afTiftant Mr. John Van Gieflfe-
len, a member of the great council, he commanded the Dutch admiral Lichthart to
cruife with his fleet near the Bay of All Saints, thereby to draw the enemy out of his
advantageous poll to the fea-lhore. The Spanifh general had no fooner notice of our
pafTmg the river, but fearing to be inclofed betwixt us and the fleet, marched with his
body to Torre Garcie de Avila, a place about fourteen leagues to the north of the city
of St. Salvador.

The Dutch general Schoppe hearmg of his removal, immediately attacked the place,
which he laid defolate, and returned with incredible fwiftnefs to the fouth fide of the
river of St. Francis.

Here he intrenched himfelf, with an intention to annoy the enemy, by cutting off his
provifions, and driving away his cattle ; which fucceeded fo well, that we killed above
three thoufand of their horned beafts, befides what was carried away on the other fide
of the river ; fo that what was left by the foldiers, was by the inhabitants carried to the
Bay of All Saints ; from whence it is evident, what vaft numbers of cattle this country
did produce at that time.

The great council took once a refolution to re-people that part of the country, and
agreed, for this purpofe, with Nunno Olferdi, counfellor of juflice in the Receif, who
found means to fettle feveral families there : but the council of nineteen difapproving
the matter, it was laid afide.

In the year 1641, Count Maurice reduced this place under the obedience of the
Weft India company, erefted a fort there, and furrounded the town Seregippe del Rey
with a ditch. It lies upon a fmall river, betwixt St. Francifco and Real, which, how-
ever, at fpring-tide, has fourteen foot water, or thereabouts. Within the jurifdidtion
of this captainfhip is the mountain of Tabayna ; from whence feveral forts of valuable
ore were prefented to the council of nineteen j but, upon proof, were found not worth
farther looking after.

The

nieuhoff's brazil. 707

The Captain/hip of Pamambuko.

THE captalnfhip of Parnambuko is one of the chiefeft and biggeft of the Dutch
Brazil. It extends above fixty leagues along the coaft, betwixt the river of St. Francis
and the captainlhip of Tamarika. Parnambuko properly denotes the entrance of the
harbour, which, by reafon of the many rocks and fhelves hidden under water, was
called, by the Portuguefe, Inferno Bokko, and Broken Parnambuko, or the Mouth of
Hell. It is fubdivided into eleven lefler diftricts, inhabited by the Portuguefe, viz. the
city of Olinda, Garazu, Receif, Moribeka, St. Anthony, Poyuka, Serinhaim, Gon-
falvi d*Una, Porto Calvo, the Northern Alagoa, and the Southern Alagoa. Among
which Olinda and Garazu were the chiefeft.

The town, or rather the village, of Garazu, lies at fome diftance from the fliore,
over-againft the ifland of Tamarika, upon a river of the fame name, about five leagues
from Olinda. It was formerly inhabited by Portuguefe handicrafts-men, but, fmce our
taking of Olinda, feveral rich families fettled there : we became mafters of the place
1633, in May.

Moribeka lies deeper in the country, more to the fouth, about five leagues off of the
Receif.

St. Anthony is about feven or eight leagues diftant from the Receif, to the fouth,
near the cape of St. Auftin.

The city of St. Michael de Poyuka lies about ten leagues to the fouth of the Re-
ceif, upon a river of the fame name, which difembogues in the fea, on the fouth fide
of the cape of St. Auftin. It was formerly a very populous place, and had thirteen
fugar-mills.

The village Serinhaim, much about the fame diftance thence with the former, is a
very pleafant place, has twelve fugar-mills, each of which produces fix or feven thou-
fand arobas, an aroba making about twenty-feven or twenty-eight pound weight.

The village of Gonfalvi d*Una lies twenty leagues from the Receif; it has five
fugar-mills.

The village called Porto Calvo is twenty-five leagues diftant from the Receif; it has
feven or eight fugar-mills. Here is the caftle of Porocano, which was not conquered
by us, till under the government of Count Maurice.

The towns of the Northern and Southern Alagoas are forty leagues from the
Receif.

Within the diftrift of Parnambuko are two woods, called by the Portuguefe the
Greater and Leffer Palmairas, or Palmtree- woods.

The Leffer Palmairas, which is inhabited by fix thoufand negroes, lies about twenty
leagues above the Alagoas, being inclofed with woods near the fmall lake of Guagohuhi,
which exonerates itfelf into the great lake of Parayba, fix leagues from thence to the
north, about four leagues from the lake Meridai, to the fouth of the Northern Alagoa,
being near that point of land commonly called Jaragoa. The village confifts of three
ftreets, each near half a league in length. ' Their huts are made of ftraw twifted toge-
ther, one near another, their plantations being behind. They retain fomething of the
religious worftiip of the Portuguefe, but have their peculiar priefts and judges. Their
bufinefs is to rob the Portuguefe of their flaves, who remain in flavery among them
till they havfe redeemed themfelves by ftealing another : but fuch flaves as run over to
them are as free as the reft. Their food is dates, beans, meal, barley, fugar-canes,
tame-fowl (of which they have great plenty;, and fifti, which the lake furnifhes them

4x2 - withaK

7o8 nieuhoff's brazil.

withal. They have twice a year a harvefl of barley, which being over, they make
merry for a whole week together. Before fowing time, they light great fires for four-
teen days, which may be feen at a great diftance. The fhortefl way from the Receif
to this Palmairas is along the lake of the Northern Alagoa.

The greater Palmairas is betwixt twenty and thirty leagues diftant behind the village
of St. Amar, near the mountain of Behe, being furrounded with a double inclofure.
About eigiit thoufand negroes are faid to inhabit the valleys near the mountains, befides
many others, who dwell in leffer numbers of fifty or a hundred, in other places. Their
houfes lie ftraggling, they fow and reap among the woods, and have certain caves whi-
ther they retreat in cafe of neceflily. They drefs their viduals in the day-time, and at
night tell over their whole number, to fee whether any be wanting ; if not, they
conclude the evening with' dancing and beating the drum, which may be heard at a
great diftance. Then they go to fleep till nine or ten o'clock the next day. During
the dry feafpn, they detach a certain number among them, to ileal flaves from the Por-
tuguefe. The fhorteft cut to their habitations is from the Alagoas through St. Amar,
and fo crofs the plains of Nhumahu and Kororipe, towards the backfide of the moun-
tain of Warrakaka, till you come to the lake Paraiba ; along which you mufl pafs, till
you reach the mountain Behej from whence you go directly into the valleys. Under
the government of Count Maurice, the negroes of this Palmairas did confiderable mif-
chief, efpecially to the country-people about the Alagoas ; to reprefs which, he fent
three hundred firelocks, one hundred Mamelukes, and feven hundred Brazilians.

The Receif, Maurice's Town, and Anthony Vaez,

The Receif is, by reafon of its commodious and advantageous fituation, the ftrongell
place of all Brazil ; befides that, it is ftrengthened and defended by feveral adjacent
forts : but to give you the mofl commodious view both of the Receif, and the fituation
of Maurice's town, it is to be obferved, that the whole coaif of Brazil is, from one end
to the other, furrounded with a long, thick, and flat ridge of rocks, which in fome places
is twenty, and in others thirty paces broad : however, there are certain paflages in this
ridge, through which the fhips approach the fliore, and fome few places, where this
ridge is not to be found at all. Thus a league on this fide Rio Dolee, two leagues on
the north fide of the city of Olinda, there is nothing of this ridge to be found ; but be-
gins again near Poumarelle or Soxamardo, and extends to the ifle of Itamarika. Be-
twixt the ridge and the continent you may pafs in boats at high water ; for at low tide
mofl of thofe rocks appear above water ; though the tide never fails to cover the fame.
The rock over-againfl the Receif of Parnambuko is between twenty and thirty paces
broad, being not only at fpring tides, but at all other tides overflown by the fea j it is
thereabouts very flat, without any prominences, and extends for a league from fouth to
north. On the north point is an open pafllage for fhips to approach the fhore, lying five
hundred paces farther to the north than the Receif itfelf. It is but narrow, and at
fpring-tide not above twenty-two feet deep.

Betwixt this rocky ridge and the continent there is a fandy ridge, or fmall ifland,
extending to the fouth from Olinda, a league in length, and about two hundred paces
broad. This is by our people commonly called The Sandy Receif, to dillinguifh it
from The Stony Receif.

On the fouthern point of this little ifland, a league off Olinda, the Portuguefe had
built a village called Povoacano^ which fignifies peopling, or elfe Reciffo j it was very

I ' populous

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL. 709

populous for a confiderable time, till the building of Maurice's Town, in the ifland of
Anthony Vaez. P'or after Olinda was forfaken by its inhabitants, and deftroyed by us,
many of them, but efpecially the merchants, fettled in this RecifFo, or the village of
Povoacano, where they ereded magnificent ftruftures. At our firft arrival we found
no more than two hundred houfes there, which w^ere afterwards increafed to above two
thoufand, fome of which are very goodly edifices. We furrounded it with pallifadoes
on the fide of the river Biberibi, which at low water is fordable ; and for its better
fecurity fortified it with three bulwarks, one towards Olinda, the other to the harbour,
and the third towards the Salt-River ; upon each of which was raifed a good battery
with three great cannon. This Receif is fituate under 8° id fouthern latitude.

Some derive the word RecifFo from the Latin, recipere and receptus to receive, which
after was turned into Reciftb, becaufe the fhips ufed' to be received betwixt the Stony
and Sandy Receifs, to load and unload their goods. Before the building of Maurice's
Town, we kept here our fadories, and all bufinefs both of peace and war was tranf-
aded in this place. In the time of the Portuguefe, all the Ihips coming out of the fea
did unload on the village of Povoacano, or the Receif, and the goods were from thence
in boats and lighters conveyed up the river Biberibi, to the fuburbs of Olinda.

Before the building of Maurice's Town, moft of the traffic was in the Receif, where
all the great merchants had their habitations, and from hence the fugar was tranfported
into Holland. To prevent the frauds in the cuftoms, it was furrounded with palli-
fadoes, and a goodly hofpital was ereded for the conveniency of the fick and wounded,
and the education of orphans, under the tuition of four governors, and as many
governefles.

Upon the uttermofl point of the Stony Receif, on the left fide, as you enter the har-
bour out of the fea, is a ftrong and large caftle, built of free-ftone, furrounded with a
very high wall, upon which are mounted many heavy cannon, with fuitable artillery and
other provifions. When we took the place, we found nine brafs, and twenty-two iron
pieces of cannon within it ; fo that it feems both by art and nature impregnable ; there
being no coming near it on foot, at high water.

About five leagues higher, upon a branch of the great river, lies a fmall town of little
confequence, called by our people The New City ; and upon another branch of the
fame river, oppofite to the former, a village called Atapuepe. tf-^ol

The I/land of Anthony Vaez, and Maurice* s Town.

TO the fouth of the Receif, oppofite to it, lies the ifle of Anthony Vaez, fo called
by our people, from its ancient polfeiTor. It is about half a league in circuit, being
divided from the Receif by the Salt-River, or Biberibi.

On the eafl fide of this ifland. Count Maurice laid the foundation of a city, which,
after his own name, he called Maurice's Town or city ; the ruins of the churches or
monafteries of the city of Olinda furnifhed the materials for the building of it, which
were from thence carried to the Receif, and fo ttanfported to this place.

On the weft fide it is environed with a morafs ; and on the eaft fide wafhed by the
fea, which pafles the ftony ridge. Befides which, it is on the land fide ftrengthened
with an earthern wall, four bulwarks and a large moat.

On that fide where the fort of Erneftus was, the town lay open, and the houfes took
up a larger compafs than thofe in the Receif; but after the revolt of the Portuguefe,
moft of thofe houfes were pulled down, and the place drawn into a more narrow com-
pafs.

7IO NIEUHOPFS BRAZIL.

pafs, to render it more defenfible : yet was the place well flocked with inhabitants, as
well merchants as handicrafts-men.

Maurice's Town was on each fide guarded by a fort. On the fouth fide by the fort
called Frederick-Henry, or the quinquangular fort, from its five bulwarks. This fort
was, befides this, furrOunded by a large ditch and pallifadoes, and ftrengthened by two
horn-works, fo that it commanded the whole plain, which at fpring-tides ufed to be
overflown by the fea.

The fecond fort Erneftus, thus called after John Erneft, the brother of Count Mau-
rice, was four-fquare, with four bulwarks, with a very large ditch ; it commanded the
river, the plains, and Maurice's Town. Near this lafl fort was the garden of Count
Maurice, ftored with all forts of trees, brought thither from Europe and both the
Indies.

Upon the north point of the Stony Receif juft over againfl the Sandy Receif, lies the
before-named fort, built all of ftone, being about a hundred paces in circumference,
provided with a good garrifon and twenty pieces of great cannon, though in ftormy
weather the water flies over it on all fides. It commands the harbour, the land-fort,
the Bruin Fort, and the Receif.

As the ifle of Anthony Vaez was joined to the continent by a bridge, fo it was thought
neceflary to join the Receif with another bridge to the faid ifland, for the conveniency
of carriage ; the fugar-chefts being before that time never to be tranfported to the
Receif, except at low water, unlefs the owners would run the hazard of expofmg them
to the danger of the fea in fmall boats. Accordingly the great council, with confent
of the governor Count Maurice, agreed with a certain architeft for the building of a
bridge with fl:one arches, for the fum of two hundred and fifty thoufand florins. But
after the architeft had confumed a prodigious quantity of {lone, and raifed the flrufture
near to the height of the banks of the river, finding that at low-water there was flill
eleven foot water, and defpairing to be able to accomplifli it, left it unfiniflied. But the
council being unwilling to defift, renewed the work, which had already cofl a hundred
thoufand florins ; and by means of many trees of forty and fifty foot long, flopped the
current till the bridge was brought to perfeftion, which was done in two months time,
and a certain toll impofed upon all pafTengers, viz. for an inhabitant two-pence, for a
foldier and negro one penny, for a horfe four-pence, and a waggon drawn by oxen
feven-pence.

The fpace betwixt the Sandy and Stony Receif is properly the harbour, which at
high water has about thirteen or fourteen foot depth, where the fhips ride very fafe,
being defended from the fea by the Stony Receif. The paflage betwixt the Sandy Re-
ceif and the continent is called the Salt-River, to diftinguifh it from the river Kapivaribi,
which carries fweet water.

The river Kapivaribi has derived its name from a certain kind of river or fea hogs,
which ufed to be found there, and were by the Brazilians called Kapivaribi. This river
arifes fome leagues to the wefl, pafling by the Matta, or the Wood of Brazil, Mafyafli,
St. Lorenzo, and Real, where, joining with the river AfFogados, near another river of
the fame name, difembogues in the fep;^ near the Receif. The river Kapivaribi divides
itfelf into two branches ; one turns to the fouth, and pafles by the fort William, and is
called AfFogados ; the other running to the north, retains its former name, continuing
its courfe betwixt the continent and Maurice's Town, or the ifle of Anthony Vaez (into
which you may pafs over it by a bridge), and fo to Waerdenburgh, where it joins with
the river Biberibi, or Salt- River, both which are afterwards mixed with the fea, The
two branches of this river furround the river Biberibi on the wefl fide, and to the

9 eaft

nieuhoff's brazil. 711

eaft the ifle of Anthony Vaez. Upon that branch of the river called AfFogados, are
abundance of fugar-mills, from whence the Portuguefe ufed to convey their fugar-chefts,
either in boats by the way of the river, or in carts to Baretta, and from thence in flat-
bottomed boats to the Receif and to Olinda.

A league to the fouth of Maurice's Town, upon the branch called AfFogados, is a
four-fquare fort of the fame name, otherwife called Fort William ; and from whence
you may pafs along a dike to the fort Frederick-Henry, or Maurice's Town. It was
a noble ftrufture, furrounded with high and (Irong walls, a large ditch and pallifadoes,
with fix brafs cannon ; it defended the avenues to the plains.

About half a league from thence, and at the fame diftance from the continent, lies
another fort on the fea-fhore, called Baretta ; this commands the avenues both by fea
and land to the cape of St. Auftin and the Receif.

Upon that part of the ifland which lies betwixt the rivers Kapivaribi and Biberibi,
and betwixt the forts of Erneflus and the triangular fort of Waerdenburg, were the
before-mentioned gardens of Count Maurice, ftored with all kinds of trees, fruits,
flowers and greens, which either Europe, Africk, or both the Indies could afford.
There were near feven hundred cocoa-trees of all fizes, fome of which were thirty,
forty, and fifty feet high ; which being tranfplanted thither, out of the circumjacent
countries, bore abundance of fruit the very firft year ; above fifty lemon-trees, and
eighteen citron-trees, eighty pomegranate-trees, and fixty-fix fig-trees, were alfo to be
feen in thefe gardens.

In the midll of it flood the feat itfelf, called Vryburg, a noble ftrufture indeed,
which, as is reported, coft fix hundred thoufand florins ; it had a mofl admirable prof-
pe£t, both to the fea and land fide, and its two towers were of fuch a height, that they
might be feen fix or feven leagues off at fea, and ferved the feamen for a beacon. In
the front of the houfe was a battery of marble, rifing by degrees from the river fide,
upon which were mounted ten pieces of cannon for the defence of the river. About
two or three rods from the river, were feveral large bafons in the garden, containing
very fweet water, notwithftanding the river all round about afforded nothing but falt-
water ; befides this, there were divers fifh-ponds, flocked with all forts of fifh.

At the very foot of the bridge which is built over the river Kapivaribi, from Mau-
rice's Town to the continent. Count Maurice had built a very pleafant fummer feat,
called by the Portuguefe, Baavifla, i. e. a fair profpedl. It was not only furrounded
with very pleafant gardens and fifh-ponds, but ferved likewife as a fort for the defence
of the ifle of Anthony Vaez and Maurice's Town.

Upon the Sandy Receif, oppofite to the fea, or Water Fort, was a fhrong fort built
of flone, called by the Portuguefe, St, Toris, our people ufed to call it the Land Fort,
to diftinguifh it from the before-mentioned Water Fort ; it defends the entrance of the
harbour with thirteen iron pieces of cannon.

About a mufliet-fhot thence to the north, lies upon the fame Sandy Receif, a fmall
fort with four baflions, called the fort of Bruin j and about a mufket-fliot farther to
the north, a redoubt, called Madame de Bruin ; both thefe forts were built by the
Dutch.

Near the continent, nor far from the falt-pits, betwixt the Sandy Receif and the ifle
of Anthony Vaez, was a triangular fort called Waerdenburg. If was at firfl a four-
fquare, but afterwards turned by the Dutch into a triangular fort, the fourth bulwark
being not defenfible, by reafon of the ground. Thefe three bulwarks were afterwards
changed into as many redoubts, and provided with fome brafs guns ; at high tide it is

furrounded on all fides with water.

The

712 nieuhoff's brazil.

The City of Ol'mda.

AT a fmall diftance from the Recelf, or Maurice's Town, to the north, is the
ruinated city of Olinda, once a famous place among the Portugucfe ; the whole pro-
dud of Brazil being from thence tranfported by fea into Europe. The bed part of the
city was built upon divers hills ; towards the fca on the fouth fide, thefe hills were
pretty plain, extending to the fea-fhore, which has a very white fand all along that
coaft; towards the land fide, or the north, thofe hills are more deep and craggy, full
of thorn-buflies, intermixed with a few orange-trees. Thefe hills are an additional
ftrength to the place, which befides this, was guarded by feveral baftions to the land
fide, though by reafon of the great variety of hills contained in its circuit, it was a diffi-
cult talk to bring the fortifications into a regular form. There is a very fair profpeft
from the higher part of the town, both to the fouth and north, or to the fea and land
fide, by reafon of the great quantity of circumjacent trees, which continue green all
the year round. You may alfo from thence fee the ifle of Anthony Vaez, and Mau-
rice's Town. The point of land near Olinda, is called Tipo by the inhabitants.

Upon the highefl hill within the place, flood formerly a convent belonging to the
Jefuits, bdng a magnificent flrudure, founded by Seballian King of Portugal, who
endowed it with confiderable revenues. It had a very fair profpeft, and might be feen
at a good diflance at fea. Not far from thence was another monaftery belonging to
the Capuchins ; and near the fea-fhore, another of the Dominican friars. Befides
which, it had two churches, the one called St. Salvador, and the other St. Peter.

It contained above two thoufand inhabitants, befides the clergymen and flaves, among
whom were two hundred that were accounted very rich. On the foot of the mountain
upon which the city of Olinda was built, a flrong redoubt was erefted, which in the
year 1645 was by a ferjeant betrayed to the Portuguefe for a fum of money. About
a league from the city, near the water-fide, were the fuburbs, well flored with inhabi-
tants and packhoufes, but deftitute of frelh water, which they were fain to fetch from
beyond the river.

The whole diftrift of Parnambuco abounds in divers kinds of fruits and cattle. The
valleys afford good pafturage, and the lower grounds near the rivers, great flore of
fugar reeds, which are much cultivated hereabouts. The mountains produce richer
minerals here, than in the other captainfhips. During the rainy feafon the heat is more
tolerable here in the day-time than the cold nights.

The Cameleon, or Indian Salamander, otherwife called Gekko.

THIS creature, which is not only found in Brazil, but alfo in the ifle of Java, belong-
ing to the Eafl Indies, and which by our people is called Gekko, from its conftant cry
(Hkc among us that of Cuckoe), is properly an Indian Salamander. It is about a
foot long, its fkin of a pale or fea-green colour, with red fpots. The head is not
unlike that of a tortoife, with a flraight mouth. The eyes are very large, ftarting out
of the head, with long and fmall eye-apples. The tail is diftingulfhed by feveral white
rings. Its teeth are fo fharp as to make an impreflion even upon fleel. Each of its
four legs had five crooked claws armed on the end with nails. Its gait is very flow,
but wherever it fallens it is not eafily removed. It dwells commonly upon rotten trees,

or

NIEUHOFP'S BRAZIL.

713

or among the ruins of old houfes and churches ; it oftenthnes fett'es near the bedfteads,
which makes fometimes the moors pull down their huts.

Its conftant cry is Gekko, but before it begins it makes a kind of hifling noife. The
iling of this creature is fo venomous, that the wound proves mortal, unlefs it be im-
mediately burnt with a red-hot iron, or cut off. The blopd is of a palifh colour,
refe'mbling poifon itfelf.

The Javanefe ufe to dip their arrows in the blood of this creature ; and thofe who
deal in poifons among them (an art much efteemed in the ifland of Java, by both fexes)
hang it up with a firing tied to the tail on the ceiling, by which means it being exafpe-
rated to the highefl pitch, fends forth a yellow liquor out of its mouth, which they
gather in fmall pots fet underneath, and afterwards coagulate into a body in the fun.
This they continue for feveral months together, by giving daily food to the creature.
It is unqueilionably the ftrongeft poifon in the woiid, its urine being of fo corrofive
a quality, that it not only raifes blifters wherever it touches the fkin, but turns the flefh
black, and caufes a gangrene. The inhabitants of the Eaft Indies fay, that the befh
remedy againlt this poifon is the Curcumie root. Such a Gekko was got within the
body of the wall of the church in the Receif, which obliged us to have a great hole
made in the faid wall to diflodge it from thence.

There are alfo feveral forts of ferpents in Brazil, fuch as rattle-ferpents, double-
headed ferpents, and fuch like ; of which the Brazilians enumerate twenty-three, viz.
Boigvacu, or Liboya, Arabo, Bioby, Boicininga, Boitrapo, Boykupekanga, Bapoba,
Kukuruku, Kaninana, Kurukakutinga, Grinipaijaguara, Ibiara, Jakapekoaja, Ibiboboca,
Jararaka, Manima, Vona, Tarciboya, Kakaboya, Amorepinima.

^Ve will give you an account of thofe only that dwell in the houfes and woods of
Pernambuko, paffing by the reft, as not fo well known among us ; and it is obfervable
that though fome of the American or Brazilian ferpents exceed thofe of Europe in
bignefs, they are neverthelefs not fo poifonous.

The ferpent of Boicininga, or Boicinininga, likewife called Boiquira by the Brazilians,
is by the Portuguefe called Kalkaveda and Tangedor, i. e. a rattle, and by our people a '
rattle-ferpent, becaufe it makes a noife with its tail, not unlike a rattle. This ferpent is
found both upon the highway and in defolate places ; it moves with fuch fwiftnefs as if
it had wings, and is extremely venomous. In the midft it is about the thicknefs of
a man's arm near the elbow, but grows thinner by degrees towards the head and tail.
The belly and head is flattiih, the laft being of the length and breadth of a finger
arid a half, with very fmall eyes. It has four peculiar teeth longer than all the reft,
white and fharp like a thorn, which it hides fometimes within the gums. The fl^in is
covered with thick fcales, thofe upon the back being fomewhat higher than the
reft, and of a pale yellowifh colour, with black edges. The fides of the body are
likewife yellowifh, with black fcales on each fide ; but thofe upon the belly are larger,
four-fquare, and of a yellow colour. It is three, four, and fometimes five foot long ;;
has a round tongue, fplit in the middle, with long and fharp teeth. The tail is
compofed of feveral loofe and bony joints, which make fuch a noife that it may be
heard at a diftance ; or rather at the end of the tail, is a long piece, confifting of
feveral joints, joined within one another in a moft peculiar manner, not unlike a chain.
Every year there is an addition of one of thefe joints, fo that ypu may know the exad
age of the ferpent by their number ; nature feeming in this point to have favoured
mankind, as a warning to avoid this poifonous creature by this noife. One of thefe
joints put in the fundament caufes immediate death ; but the fting of this creature
proceeds much flower in its operation, for in the beginning a bloady matter ifTues from

VOL. XIV. 4 Y the

iiJt/^/i

714 KiEUHOFF*S BRAZTt.

the wound, afterwards the flefh turns blue, and the ulcer corrodes the adjacent parts
by degrees.

The moft fovereign remedy iifed by the Brazilians againfl the poifon of this and
other ferpents, is the head of the fame ferpent that has given the wound, which they
bruife in a mortar, and in form of a plaifter apply it to the affected part. They mix
it commonly with falling fpittle, wherewith they alfo frequently moiften the wound.
If they find the poifon begins to feize the nobler parts, they ufe the Tiproka as a
cordial, and afterwards give ftrong fudorifics. They alfo lay open the wound, and
apply cupping-glafles, to draw the venom from thence ; or elfe they burn it with a
red-hot iron.

The ferpent Kukuruku is of an afh colour, with yellow fpots within and black
fpeckles without, and has juft fuch fcales as the rattle-ferpent.

The ferpent Guaku, or Liboya, is queftionlefs the biggeft of all ferpents j fome
being eighteen, twenty-four, nay thirty foot long, and of the thicknefs of a man in
the middle. The Portuguefe call it Kobre Dehado, or the roebuck ferpent, becaufe it
will fwallow a whole roebuck, or any other deer it meets with ; and this is performed
by fucking it through the throat, which is pretty narrow, but the belly vaftly big.
After they have fwallowed fuch a deer, they fall alleep, and fo are catched. Such a
one I faw near Paraiba, which was thirty foot long, and as big as a barrel. Some
negroes faw it accidentally fwallow a roebuck, whereupon thirteen mufqueteers were
fent out, who (hot it, and cut the roebuck out of its belly. It was of a greyifh colour,
though others are inclining more to the brown. It is not fo venomous as the other
ferpents. The negroes and Portuguefe, nay even fome of the Dutch, eat the flefh ;
neither are its flings looked upon as very infedious, the wound healing often up with-
out any application of remedies ; fo that it ought not to be reckoned among the number
of poifonous ferpents, no more than the Kaninana, Mavina, and Vocia. This ferpent
being a very devouring creature, greedy of prey, leaps from amongfl the hedges and
woods, and flanding upright upon its tail, wreflles both with men and wild beafls ;
fometiraes it leaps from the trees upon the traveller, whom it fallens upon, and beats
the breath out of his body with its tail.

The ferpent Jararaka is fhort, feldom exceeding the length of an arm to the elbow.
It has certain protuberant veins on the head like the adder, and makes much fuch a
noife. The fkin is covered with red and black fpots, the refl being of an earth
colour. The flings of this creature are as dangerous, and attended with the fame
fymptoms, as thofe of other ferpents. Its body, the head, tail, and fkin, being before
taken away together with the entrails, boiled in the water of the root of Jurepebaj^
with fait, dill, and fuch like, is looked upon as a very good remedy.

The ferpent Boitrapo, called by the Portuguefe, Cobre de Cipo, is about feven foot
in length, of the thicknefs of a man's arm, feeds upon frogs, and is of an olive colour.
It is very venomous, and when it flings, occafions the fame fymptoms as the ferpent
Kukuruku ; nay, the wound is accounted pafl curing, unlefs you apply the hot iron.

The adder Ibiara, by the Portuguefe called Cobra Vega, or Cobra de das Cabecas,
j. e. the double-headed ferpent, becaufe it appears to have two heads, which, however,
is not fo. They are found in great numbers, lurking in holes under ground. They
feed upon pifmires, are of the thicknefs of the length of a finger, and a foot and a
half long, of a filver colour ; nothing is more poifonous than the flings of thefe
creatures, though not beyond all hopes of cure, provided the before-mentioned reme-.
dies be applied in time.

The

nieuhoff's brazil.

7^5

The ferpent by the Brazilians called Ibiboboka, the Portuguefe call Cobra de Corais.
It is very beautiful, and of a fnow-white colour, fpeckled with black and red fpots,
and about two foot long : its fling is mortal, but kills by degrees.

The ferpent Biobi, called by the Portuguefe Cabro Verde, or the green ferpent,
about three quarters of a yard long, and the thicknefs of a thumb ; of a fhining green
colour. It lives among houfes, and hurts nobody, unlefs when provoked. Its fling
is, however, full of poifon, and fcarce curable. A certain foldier being wounded by
one of thefe creatures, which lay hidden in a hedge, in his thigh, did, for want of
proper remedies, die in a few hours after : his body fwelled, and turned pale blue.

The ferpent Kaninana is yellow on the belly, and green on the back ; its length is
about eight hands, and is looked upon as the leafl venomous of all. It feeds upon
eggs and birds, and the negroes and Brazilians eat the body, after they have cut off
the head and tail.

The ferpent called by the Brazilians Ibirakoa, is of feveral colours, with white,
black, and red fpots. The fling of this creature is very poifonous, attended with the
fame fymptoms as that of Kukuruku ; for it kills infallibly, unlefs proper remedies be
applied immediately. If the poifon has not feized the heart, they boil the flefh of the
fame ferpent with certain roots, and give it the patient in wine.

The ferpent Tarciboya and Kakaboya are amphibious creatures. The firfl is of a
blackifh colour, very large, and flings when provoked, but is not very difficult to be
cured. The Kakaboya is of a yellowifh colour, fix hands long, and feeds upon
tame fowl.

Of the Sene?nbi or the Leguan.

NOT only in the captalnfhip of Parnambuko, but alfo all over Brazil and America,
as likewife in the ille of Java in the Eafl Indies, are a certain kind of land crocodile,
called by the Brazilians Senembi, by our people Leguan : fome are larger than others,
fome being three, others four foot long, but feldom exceed five : they are all over
covered with fcales, which are fomewhat bigger on the back, legs, and begiiming of
the tail, than on the other parts : the neck is about a finger and a half long, the eyes
are black and bright, and the noflrils in the hindermofl part of the head. Each jaw-
bone is full of fmall, black, and fhort teeth ; the tongue is very thick : all along the
back, from the neck to the tail, are fmall fharp teeth, of a greenifh colour; they
are biggefl on the neck, and grow fmaller and fmaller towards the tail : under the
throat are likewife many of the fame kind. The whole fkin is of a delicate green,
with black and white fpots. It has four legs and feet, with five claws armed with very
fharp nails : it can live two or three months without food. Its flefh is as white as that
of a rabbit, and of as good a tafle as that of fowls or rabbits, if it be boiled or well
fried with butter. In the head of this creature are certain flones, which are an infal-
lible remedy to break and drive the gravel out of the kidneys, given to the quantity of
tv/o drams at a time, or carried on fome part of the body.

There are in Brazil lizards both great and fmall ; fome are green, others greyifh,
and fome four foot long, with fparkling eyes. The negroes feed upon fome of
them, whom they kill with blunt arrows ; they broil them, after they have fkinned
them, and eat them without the lead harm. Among all thofe that are found among
-the thorns and briars, or the ruins of houfes, there is but one kind venomous,
which is called Bibora. They are like the others, but lefTer, not exceeding the bignefs

4 Y 2 of

i-v»jU-

716 NIEUHOFf's ERAZIt.

of a thumb ; they are of an afli colour. Inclining to white ; the body and fimbs thick,
and fwelled with the poifon, but the tail fhort and broad. The wounds given by them
are full of a thin llinking matter, with blue fwellings, with a pain near the heart, and
in the bowels.

There are alfo certain creatures, called Thoufand Legs, as likewife Hundred Legs,
by the natives called Ambua, who bend as they crawl along, and are accounted very
poifonous. The firft are commonly found in the houfes, and the laft among the woods,
where they not only fpoil the fruits of the earth, but alfo plague men and beads.

Scorpions, by the Brazilians called Jaaciaiira, are found here in great numbers,
being in fhape like the European fcorpions, but not fo peftiferous, and confequently
the wounds given by them are eafily cured. They lurk in houfes, behind old
flools, benches, and chefls. They are exceeding big, no bigger being to be found in,
any other parts, fome being five or fix foot long, and of a confiderable thicknefs.

There are fuch prodigious quantities of pifmires in Brazil, that for this reafon they
are called by the Portuguefe Rey de Brazil, i. e. King of Brazil. They eat all that
lights in their way, as fruit, flelh, filh, and infeds, without any harm. There is alfo
a certain flying pifmire, of a finger's length, with a triangular head, the body being
feparated into two parts, and faftened together by a fmall firing. On the head are
two fmall and long horns, their eyes being very fmall. On the foremoft part of the
body are fix legs, three joints each, and four thin and tranfparent wings ; to wit, two
without, and two within ; the hindermoft part is of a bYight brown colour, and round,
which is eaten by the negroes. They dig into the ground like the moles, and
confume the feed.

There is another kind of ^reat pifmires, refembling a great fly ; the whole body of
which is about the length of half a finger, and feparated into three feveral parts. The
laft; part refembling in fliape and bignefs a barley-corn ; the middlemoft: of an oblong
figure, with fix legs, half a finger long, each of which has four joints : the foremoft
part, or the head, is pretty thick, in the fhape of a heart, with two horns, and as
many black crooked teeth : the white of the eyes is inclining to black, the whole
compofition of the head being the t\'i'o eyes, placed oppofite to one another, refem-
bling the figure of a heart. The fore and hindermofl: parts ai'e of a bright red
colour.

There Is another kind of pifmire, of a briglit black colour, with black and rough
legs. It is about the length of a finger, with a large four-fquare head, flarting black
eyes and teeth, and two horns, half a finger longer. The body is alfo feparated into
three parts. The foremoft of an oblong figure, not very thick, with fix legs, each
of the length of half a finger ; the middlemoft very fmall and fquare, not exceeding
the bignefs of a loufe ; the hindermoft is the biggeft of the three, of an oval figure, and
fharp on the end. Thefe three parts are faft:ened together with a,fingle firing, the Bra-
zilians call it Tapijai.

There is befides this another pifmire, called by the Brazilians Kupia, of a chefnut
brown colour ; its head being as big as another pifmire, with black eyes, two horn?,
and two tufks inftead of teeth. The v/hole body is covered with hair ; it is divided
into two parts ; the foremoft: with fix legs, being fomewhat lefs than the hindermoft ;
at certain feafons it gets four wings, the foremoft being a little bigger than the hinder-
moft, *which it lofes again at a certain time.

The Iron Pig of Brazil, called by the Brazilians Kuandu, and by the Portuguefe
Ourico Kachiero, is of the bignefs of a large ape, its whole body being covered with
iharp fpikes of three or four fingers long, without any hair. Towards the body thofe

fpikes

NIEUH0FF*S BRAZIL. 717

fpikes are halfways yellowi/h, the remaining part is black, except the points, which
are whitifli and as fharp as an awl. When they are vexed, they are able, by a cer-
tain contradlion of the fkin, to throw or dart them with fuch violence, that they wound,
nay, fometimes kill men or beads. Their whole body, to meafure from the hinder-
moft part of the head to the beginning of the tail, is a foot long, and the tail a foot and
five inches in length, which likewife has halfways fharp fpikes, the reft being covered
with briftles like other hogs. The eyes are round, ftarting and gliftering hke a car-
buncle ; about the mouth and nofe 15 hair of four fingers length, refembling thofe
of our cats or hares : the feet' ^re like thofe of apes, but with four fingers only with-
out a thumb, inftead of which you fee a place vacant, as if it had been cut away. The
fore-legs are lefs than the hindermofl, they are likewife armed with fpikes, but not
the feet.

This creature commonly lleeps in the day-time, and roves about by night ; it
breathes through the noftrils, is a great lover of fowl, and climbs up the trees, though
very flowly. The flefii is of no ungrateful tafte, but roafted and eaten by the inha-
bitants. It makes a noife jii, like the Luyaert.

That four-legged creature, by the Brazilians called Ai, by the Portuguefe Priguiza,
and by the Dutch Luyaert (lazy-back) from its lazy and flow pace, becaufe in fifteen
days time it fcarce walks above a ftone*s throw. It is about the bignefs of a middle-
fixed fox, its length being a little above a foot, to meafure from the neck (which is
fcarce three fingers long) to the tail. The fore-legs are feven fingers long to the feet,
but the hindermoft about fix ; the head round, of three fingers in length ; its mouth,
which never is without a foam, is round and fmall, its teeth neither large nor fharp.
The nofe is black, high, and glib, and the eyes fmall, black and heavy. The body
is covered all over with afh-coloured hair, about two fingers long j which are more
inclining to the white towards the back. Round about the neck the hair is fomewhat
longer than the reft. It is a very lazy creature, unable to undergo any fatigues, by
reafon its legs are as it were disjointed in the middle ; yet it keeps upon the trees, but
moves, or rather creeps along very flowly. Its food is the leaves of the trees ; it never
drinks, and when it rains, hides itfelf. Wherever it faftens with its paws, it is not
eafily removed ; it makes, though feldom, a noife Hke our cats.

The Pifmire Eater, is thus called, becaufe he feeds upon nothing but pifmires ;
there are two forts, the great and the fmall : the Brazilians call the firft Tamanduai, and
the laft Tamanduai Guacu. It is a four-legged creature, of the bignefs of a dog,
with a round head, long fnout, fmall mouth, and no teeth. The tongue is roundifh,
but fometimes twenty-five inches, nay, two foot and a half long. When it feeds, it
ftretches out its tongue upon the dunghills, till the pifmires have fettled upon it, and
then fwallows them. It has round ears, and a rough tail ; is not nimble, but may
be taken with the hand in the field. The fmall one, called Tamanduai Guacu, is of
the bignefs of a Brazilian fox, about a foot in length. On the fore-feet it has four
crooked claws, two big ones in the midft, and the two lefTer on the fides. The head
is round, yet pointed at one end, a little bent below ; with a Httle black mouth with-
out teeth. The eyes are very fmall ; the ears ftand upright about a finger's length.
Two broad black lifts run along on both fides of the back ; the hairs on the tail are
longer than thofe on the back, the extremity of the tail is without hair, wherewith it
faftens to the branches of the trees. The hairs all over the body are of a pale yellow,
hard and bright. Its tongue is round, and about eight fingers long. It is a very
lavage creature, grafps every thing with its paws, and if you hit it with a ftick, fits
rpright like a bear, and takes hold of it with its m,outh, It fleeps all day long, with

its

7l8 NIEtJHOFF's BRAZIL,

its head and fore-feet under the neck, and roves about in the night time. As often
as it drinks, the water fpouts forth immediately through the noflrils.

They have alfo a kind of ferpents of about two fathoms long, without legs, with a
fkin of various colours, and four teeth. The tongue is fplit in the middle, refembling
two arrows, and the poifon is hid in a bladder in its tail.

The four-legged creature, called by the Brazilians Tatu and Tatupera, by the Spa-
niards, Armadillo, by the Portuguefe, Encuberto, and by the Dutch, Schilt Verken
(Ihield-hog), becaufe it is defended with fcales like as with an armour, refembles in
bignefs and fhape our hogs j there are feveral forts of them. The uppermofl: part of
the body, as well as the head and tail, is covered with bony fhields, compofed of very
fine fcales. It has on the back feven partitions, betwixt each of which appears a dark
brown (kin. The head is altogether like that of a hog, with a fharp nofe, wherewith
they grub under ground ; fmall eyes, which lie deep in the head ; a little, but fliarp
tongue ; dark brown and fhort ears, without hair or fcales : the colour of the whole body
inclining to red ; the tail in its beginning is about four fingers thick, but grows by
degrees fharp and round to the end, like thofe of our pigs : but the belly, the breaft,
and legs are without any fcales ; but covered with a fkin not unlike that of a
goofe, and whitifh hair of a finger's length. It is generally very bulky and fat, living
upon melons and roots, and does confiderable mifchief in the plantations. It loves to
rout under ground, eats rabbtis, and the dead carcafes of birds, or any other carrion : *
it drinks much, lives for the mofl part upon the land, yet loves the water and marfhy
places. Its flefh is fit to be eaten. It is catched like the doe in Holland with the
rabbits, by fending a fmall dog abroad, who by his barking, gives notice where it
lurks under ground, and fo by digging up the ground it is found and catched.

The bats in Brazil, called by the inhabitants Andirika, are of the bignefs of our
crows ; they are very fierce, and bite mofl violently with their fliarp teeth. They
build their nefts in hollow trees and holes.

The bird called by the Brazilians Ipekati Apoa, by the Portuguefe Fata, is no
more than a goofe ; and for that reafon by the Dutch called a wild-goofe. It is of
the bignefs of one of our geefe of about nine months old, and in all other refpeds
refembles them. The belly and under part of the tail, as likewife the neck, is covered
with white feathers ; but on the back to the neck, on the wings and head, the feathers
are black intermixed with fome green. There are alfo fome black feathers inter-
mixed with the white ones on the neck and belly. They differ from our geefe in this,
that they are fomewhat bigger ; their bills refemble rather thofe of our ducks, but are
black, and turned at the end, and on the top of it grows a broad, round, and black
piece of flefh, with white fpeckles. They are commonly found near the river fide, are
very flefhy and well-tafled.

The bird by the Brazilians called Toukan, or large bill, is about the bignefs of a
v^rood-pigeon. It has a crop about the breafl of three or four fingers in compafs, of a
faffron colour, with high red-coloured feathers round the edges, which are yellow on
the breafl, but black on the back and all the other parts of the body. Its bill is very
large, of the length of a palm of a hand, yellow without and red within. It is almofl
incredible how fo fmall a bird is able to manage fo large a bill, but that it is very thin
and light.

The bird called by the Brazilians Kokoi, is a kind of a crane, very pleafing to
the fight, as big as our florks. Their bills are flraight and fharp, about fix fingers in
length, of a yellowifh colour inclining to green. The neck is fifteen fingers long, the
body ten, the tail five : their legs are half-ways covered with feathers, about eight

1 2 fingers

nieuhoff's bhazil. 7x9

fingers in length, the remaining part being fix and an half. The neck and throat is
white, both fides of the head 'black, mixt with afh-colour. On the far and undermoft
part of the neck are mofl delicious, white, long, and thin feathers, fit for plumes :
the wings and tail are of an afh-colour, yet mixt with fome white feathers. All along
the back you fee long and light feathers, like thofe on the necks, but are of an afh-
colour : their flefh is very good, and of a grateful tafte. There is another kind of
thefe birds, which is fomewhat bigger than a tame duck. Its bill is ftraight, and fharp
at the end, of the length of four fingers and a half, with a double fet of teeth both
above and below : the head and neck (which is two foot long) Tefembles the crane,
with black eyes inclofed in a gold-coloured circle. The body is two foot and a half in
length ; the tail, which flands even with the extremity of the wings, four fingers.
The bill is of an afh-colour towards the head, the reft yellow, inclining to green.
The head and upper part of the neck are covered with long pale yellowifh feathers,
intermixt with black. On the back and wings it has afh-coloured feathers inclining to
yellow : but the legs and feet are dark grey : the flefh of this bird is eatable, and tafles
like that of a crane.

The bird, called by the Brazilians Jabiru-Guaku, and by the Dutch, Schuur Vogel
(or barn-bird), has no tongue, but a very large bill, near feven foot and a half long ;
round and crooked towards the end, of a grey colour. On the top of the head is a
crown of white and green feathers. The eyes are black, behind each of which are two
great concavities inflead of ears. The neck is ten fingers in length, one half part of
which, as well as the head, is not covered with feathers, but with an afh-coloured,
whitifh, rugged fkin. This bird is of the bignefs of a flork, with a fhort black tail,
which flands even with the extremities of the wings. The other part of the neck, and
the whole body, is covered with white feathers, and thofe on the neck very long ones :
the wings are likewife white, but mixed with fome red. The flefh, if boiled, after the
fkin is taken off, is good food, being very white, but fomewhat dry,

Brazil produces incredible quantities of other wild fowl of all forts, both great and
fmall, fome of which live among the woods, others in the water, but are very good
food.

Of the befl kind are the thrufhes, called by them Bamodi j pheafants of divers kinds,
called by the barbarians Magnagu, Jaku, and Arakua.

Mouton is a bird of the bignefs of a peacock, but has black feathers ; the flefh is
very good and tender. Becaufe this country is full of fruit-trees and woody places, it
produces abundance of fparrow-hawks, and other hawks, called by the Portuguefe
Guavilon, and by the Brazilians Teguata and Inage, which are always at enmity with
the chickens and pigeons.

Among thofe that live both in the water and upon the land, the wild ducks claim
the precedency ; fome of thofe are fmaller than the European ducks, others much ex-
ceed them, being as big as a goofe. They have alfo a fort of fnipes, called Jakana-miri
and Jakana-guaku. Befides thefe there are cranes, quails, and oflriges, and many
others of that kind ; the flefh of which is eatable, but not very toothfome.

The refl of thefe birds are very greedy after the amber-gris, which is thrown afhore
by the boiflerous fea, which they devour before the inhabitants can come thither to
gather it. They have alfo abundance of Parakets, or fmall parrots ; thefe never fpeak ;
but their parrots are extraordinary fine and large, fome of which learn to fpeak as dif-
tindly as a man. I have feen fome of thefe parrots exprefs every thing what they heard
cried in the ftreets very plainly ; and among the refb I faw one, which if put in a bafket
upon the floor, would make a dog that belonged to the fame houfe fit up before the

bafkit

yto

^'IEUHOFF*S BUAZIt.

balket, crying out to him, Sit up, fit up, you nafly toad. Neither did this parrot
leave off calling and crying, till the dog came to fit up before the bafket. It was after-
wards prefented to the Queen of Sweden.

There is among the reft a certain fmall bird, no bigger than a joint of a finger, which,
notwithftanding this, makes a great noife, and is catched with the hands whilft it is
fitting among the flowers, from whence it draws its nourifhment. As often as you turn
this bird, the feathers reprefent a difterent colour, which makes the Brazilian women
faften them with golden wires to their ears, as we do our ear-rings. The birds here are
never deftitute of food, which they always meet with either among the flowers or fruits
of the trees, which are never fpoiled here during the winter feafon.

The rivers and lakes of Brazil, as well as the^ neighbouring fea, furniflies them with
great ftore of all forts of fifli, which are accounted fo wholefome here, that they are
even allowed for thofe tliat are troubled with agues. The ftanding waters near the
fea-lide, which fometimes are quite dried up, produce abundar.ce of craw-fifli, tor-

.-toifes, flirimps, crabs^' oyfters, and divers others of this kind, which are all very good
food.

There are abundance of fifli in Brazil common to the fea and rivers, efpecially dur-

; ing the rainy feafon ; when a great quantity of the river- water being conveyed into the
fea, the fweetnefs of the water allures the fifli into the rivers, where, meeting with

. abundance of green weeds (the produft of the bottom of the rivers), they never return

: to the fea.

Among the river fifli, the chiefeft are, the Duja, Prajuba, and Akara-Puku ; the lad
of which refembles the beft and largeft of our perches.

Brazil produces alfo various kinds of infects, fome of which are of four fingers*
length, and an inch thick. They have likewife filk-worms. called by the Braziiians
Ifokukus, and their filk, Ifokurenimbo. There are alfo divers forts of fire-flies, which
are Hkewife found in the Eaft Indies, where we fhall give you a farther account of them.

'^Befides thefe, there are many forts of other flies, hornets, wafps, and bees j fome of
which produce honey, fome none at all.

Among other kinds of fpiders there is one of a prodigious bignefs, which Is always
•found either in dunghills, or in the concavities of hollow trees : they call it Nhandu-
guaka. I'hefe creatures weave cobwebs like other fpiders ; the flcin is rough and black,
provided with fliarp and long teeth. This creature, if provoked, wounds with its poi-
fonous fl:ing, which is fo fmall as fcarce to be vifible, and raifes a blueifli tumour,
which is very painful, and, if care be not taken in time, occafions an inflammation,
attended with fuch dangerous fymptoms, as prove afterwards incurable.

Near Rio St. Francifco are vaft numbers of a certain fmall infed: not unlike our
crickets ; I have been very curious to get fight of this creature, to fatisfy myfelf as to

.its fhape and refembiance to others of this kind; but though it makes a very fiirill
noife, which refembles that of our crickets, I was never able to fee any of them ; for

.as foon as you approach they defift, fo that you are at a lofs which way to look. They
fing fometimes for a quarter of an hour without intermifl!ion. In the ifland of Java, in

'the Eaft Indies, it is commonly heard in the months of February and June. At laft I
had the good fortune to get one of thefe creatures into my hands, by means of a cer-
tain Chinefe woman, after I had often been in fearch of it, both within and without the

.city of Batavia. The Javanefe fet two of thefe little creatures a fighting together, and

'iay money on both fides, as we do at a cock-match.

- There are alfo abundance of ravenous wild beafts in Brazil, fuch as tigers, leopards,

,^c. The tigers are extremely favage here 5 they fall upon beafts, and fometimes upon

13 men^

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL. 72 f

men, of whom feveral were killed by them in my time. A certain Portuguefe had a
fugar-mill very pleafantly fituated near a wood, whither we ufed to go to divert our-
felves fometimes. The Portuguefe fitting one time with four more of his friends in
the houfe, with the windows drawn up for the conveniency of the land air, a dog be-
longing to the houfe, who had ventured too far into the adjacent wood, was purfued
by a tiger, fo that to fave his life he leapt into the window to feek for fhelter near his
mafter ; but the tiger clofely purfuing him, leapt alfo through the window into the
room, where the door being fhut, he tore two of thofe there prefent in pieces before
the reft could make their efcape, and afterwards went his way.

There is another fort of favage beaft in thofe parts, called by fome of our people,
Jan-over-Zee (or jack beyond fea), which furpafles all others in nimblenefs, and tears
all to pieces it meets with.

Brazil has alfo great plenty of cattle, but the flefli will not keep above twenty- four
hours after it is drefled. The Dutch cut off the fat, and cut the lean in thin dices, and
dry it in the fun like fifh. No butter is to be made here, becaufe the milk turns to
curds immediately ; the Dutch butter is drawn out of a velfel like oil.

Their hogs are fmall and black, but very well tafted, and wholefome ; there is an-
other kind of amphibious hogs, by the Portuguefe called Kapiverres ; they are very near
as black as the others, and good food.

There is another four-legged creature in Brazil, called by the inhabitants Taperete,
and by the Portuguefe, Antes ; its fleih has the tafte of beef, but fomewhat finer. It
is about the bignefs of a calf, but Ihaped like a hog ; it fleeps all day among the woods,
and feeks for beliy-timber in the night : its food is grafs, fugar-reeds, cabbages, and
fuch like. They have likewife good ftore of goats, called by them Pakas and Kotias,
and hares and rabbits, which do not give way in goodnefs to thofe of Europe. There
is alfo an excellent kind of lizards, called by the inhabitants Vuana and Teju, which
are accounted a dainty bit.

The fifh in Brazil are no lefs confiderable for the fupply of our plantations, than the
cattle, which are on the coafts of Brazil, but efpecially in Pernambuko, where they
are found in fuch plenty, that at one draught they catch fometimes two or three
thoufand fine fifh in the four or five fummer months, for during the rainy feafon
they catch but few. There are certain diftrifts along the fea-coaft whither the fifh moft
refort; fome of thofe belong to the inhabitants, the reft to the company, and are
farmed at a certain rate per annum. The lakes, as well as the bays, are ftored with an
incredible multitude of fifh ; the firft are, by the Portuguefe, called Alagoas j and the
beft they produce are the Sindia, Queba, and Noja, all without fcales. And though
the fifh which are catched in the lakes are not fo much efteemed as the river-fifh, never-
thelefs are they not much behind them in goodnefs, becaufe thefe lakes are not always
ftanding- waters, but intermixed with feveral rivers. Some of thefe fifh they dry in the
fun. The chiefeft of this kind are thofe called by the Brazilians Kurima Parati, and
by the Dutch inhabitants. Herders. They abound no lefs in fea-fifh of all forts. The
fifh, called by the Brazilians Karapantangele, which is not unlike our perch, has the
preference among them. And as the rivers furnifh infinite numbers of fifh, fo they are
generally fatter and better tafted than the fea-fifh. Thofe which are catched in thofe
fifheries near the fea-fhore, are, for the moft part, falted, and carried from thence into
the country, for the ufe of the fugar-mills, which caufe great plenty among them.

The craw-fifh, which are in great quantities near the rivers, and in the marfhy
grounds, ferve likewife for food to the Brazilians and negroes, and fome of our people
like them tolerably well.

VOL. XIV. 4 z It

722 NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

It is further to be obferved, that whereas a confiderable jjumber of cattle, during the
war, was run aftray out of the parks into the forefls and woods beyond the river of St.
Francis, it was thought convenient by the great council of the company here, to agree
with certain perfons to catch this cattle, and bring it to the Receif, in order to be killed
for the ufe of the inhabitants. The time of the laid contract being expired, it was con-
fulted, whether the fame Ihould be renewed ; but it being apparent that there were not
enough left to quit coft, the fame was laid afide, and this refolution fent to the council
of Nineteen. For in the mean-while the inhabitants near Rio St. Francifco and Rio
Grande, having applied themfelves with great indullry to the breeding of cattle, their
parks were fo well Hocked by this time, that they not only furnilhed the inhabitants of
the Receif, but alfo the fugar-mills, with plenty of meat, which was bought at the rate
of three and four-pence per pound in the country ; befides that, they provided the gar-
rifons with the fame for a twelve-month, after the flore-houfes of the Receif were
emptied ; and notwithftanding this, the inhabitants of thofe parts were not out of debt,
when thofe of Pernambuko and Parayba were involved over head and ears, which fhews
what advantage they reaped from the breeding of cattle ; and that if the Dutch Brazil
had continued in peace, thofe parks might have furnifhed all the garrifons with meat,
without impairing their ftock for breeding ; which, together with the great plenty of
fifh, are the two main pillars of the ftate of Brazil.

Notwithftanding all which, it is certain that the inhabitants of the Dutch Brazil can-
not be provided with fufficient maintenance, without a yearly fupply from Europe, as
well of eatables as other commodities, as has been found by experience, to the great
detriment of the company ; after our ftore-houfes were exhaufted by the feveral expe-
ditions againft Angola, Meranhaon, and other places.

In the rivers and lakes here are alfo found crocodiles, by the Brazilians called Jakare,
and in the Eaft Indies, Kaymans. They are like the African crocodiles, but not quite
fo big, feldom exceeding five foot in length. They lay twenty or thirty eggs bigger
than geefe eggs, which are eaten by the Brazilians, Portuguefe and Dutch, as well as
the flelh.

In the feas near the coaft of Brazil, they meet alfo fometimes with great lampreys.
Before the bridge from the Receif to Maurice-Town was built, one of this kind of a
confiderable bignefs did lurk near that paiTage, where the boats ufed to pafs over from
one fide to the other, and fnatched all that fell in this way, (both men and dogs that
fwam fometimes after the boat,-) into the water : but at a certain time, by the fudden
falling of the tide, being got aground with the foremoft part of the body, he was with
much ado brought afhore.

The diftritl of Pernambuko does alfo abound in various forts of fruits, as well as all
the other parts of Brazil, of which we fhall fay more hereafter.

Upon the captainfhip of Pernambuko, borders to the north the captainlhip of Tama-
rika, which owes its name to an illand of the fame name, being the chiefeft part of this
diftri<El:, which however extends near thirty-five leagues along the fea-coaft on the
continent.

The ifland of Tamarika lies two leagues to the north of Pomerello, in the fea ; being
parted from the continent by the river Tamarika, its moft fouthern point lying under
7° 58' fouth latitude. It is from fouth to north about two leagues long, and its circuit
near feven. To the jurifdidion of this ifle did alfo belong Goyana, Capavaribi, Teru-
kupa, and Abray on the continent. Formerly it had but few inhabitants, and fcarce
any houfes, though it is a very pleafant ifle, and tolerably fertile, producing brazil-wood,
cocoa-nuts, cotton, fugar-reeds, melons, and fuch like 5 befides wood for firing, and

frelh

nieuhoff's brazil. 723

frefh water for the conveniency of the Receif : it abounds Hkewlfe in wood both for
building of houfes and fhipping. This ifland was much infefted with wild beads, which
did great mifchief to the fugar-reeds : this moved Peter Pas, diredor of the captainfliip
of Itamarika, to make his application to Count Maurice and the great council in 1 647,
to know their pleafure, whether they fhould difpofe of thofe beads by contradl, to fuch
as would be at the charge of catching of them, or whether they fhould be taken and
killed for the ufe of the garrifons ; but this was rejected by the council, who enjoined
the inhabitants not to kill thofe beafts in the open fields, unlefs they fhould break into
their plantations, it being for the intereft of the company to preferve them in cafe of a
neceflity : the damage which from thence might accrue to the fugar reeds, being to be
prevented by furrounding their plantations with pales and flakes.

The ifland is looked upon as of the greatefl confequence to us, it having been pro-
pofed by fome to transfer the feat of the Dutch-Brazil from the Receif thither ; but the
directors of the company did not agree to it, confidering that at that time this ifland was
quite defolate ; whereas upon the Receif, were flore-houfes, magazines, ware-houfes,
and fuch like buildings ready to their hands, befides that the place was much more
pleafant, fertile and flronger ; and the harbour much more convenient for fhips : the
river Tamarika on the other hand being not navigable, but for fmall vefTels, by reafon
of the fhallownefs of the harbour, which was noted for fhipwrecks. The defeft of frefh
water in the Receif, in which this ifle abounds, may be fupplied from the river Biberibi ;
befides that, they had feveral bafons with frefh water within the Receif, for their prefent
ufe. During the war with the Portuguefe we were fenfible of the conveniences we re-
ceived from this ifland, by reafon of its flrength both by art and nature, which might
ferve as a fave retreat upon all emergencies ; befides, that its prefervation was abfolutely
neceffary for the Receif, which was fupplied from thence with fifh, and feveral other
forts of provifions.

Upon the banks of the river at the fouth entrance of the harbour, we had built a
quadrangular fort called Orange. It was provided with a goodly wall, but the ditch
was not very deep, and for the moft part without water, for which reafon it was
ftrengthened with pallifadoes. On the north-fide we had a hornwork, but much de-
cayed ; within the body of the fort was a powder-vault, and other conveniences for the
bedding of foldiers. Several batteries were raifed upon the walls, mounted upon fix
brafs and as many iron great guns. In the ifland near the entrance of the river, clofe
by a morafs full of thorn-bufhes, was a fmall town, mofl inhabited by foldiers, called
by the Portuguefe Noflra Senhora de la Conceptiano. Upon a hanging-rock, jufl by,
was an old redoubt ereded by the Portuguefe, called by the fame name, which, toge-
ther with the whole ifland, was taken by the Dutch, under the command of Colonel
Schoppe from the Portuguefe, and the place, after his name, called Schoppe's Town. This
fort was afterwards by the Dutch clofed up on the backfide towards the church, fo that
it afterwards ferved both for the defence of the town and the harbour, as the Block-
houfe on the north-fide covered the gates. There w^re then eleven pieces of cannon
mounted upon it. At the north entrance of the harbour, was another redoubt, which
defended that paffage on that fide, with three iron cannon. One Mr. Dortmont, go-
vernor of Itamarika, found under the before-mentioned rock in 1645, as he was digging
a well, a fpring of frefh water, which proved very ufeful for the garrifon, becaufe it
could not be cut off by the enemy.

Somewhat higher up the river Tamarika, lies an ifland called Magioppe, where are
found abundance of Mandihoka roots. You may go quite round this ifland in barks ;
it having a kind of a harbour on both ends, vi?. to the fouth and north, but the firfl is

4 z 2 the

724 nieuhoff's brazil.

the beft ; becaufe there rifes from the northern fhore of the continent, a fhelf, which
reaches very clofe to ;the ifland, the channel betwixt both not having above ten or twelve
foot water. The only harbour fit for ufe thereabouts is the fouth entrance of the river,
which makes Tamarika an ifland, where fhips that drew fourteen or fifteen foot water,
may pafs through ; there is no convenient anchorage. That end, where the river re-
turns into the fea, is by the Dutch called the northern entrance, and by the Portuguefe,
Katuamma.

Betwixt Pomerello and the river Tamarika, a river comes from the continent, fit for
barges, called Marafarinha ; and half a league within the mouth of the river Tamarika,
another falls likewife from the continent, called GaraiTou, but is of little moment. From
thence to the north, are feveral other rivers near the fea-fhore, which are navivable with
barges, for the conveniency of the fugar-mills, of which there are feveral thereabouts.

A league and a half further to the north of the north entrance of Tamarika, is a
noted point of land called by the Portuguefe Punto Pedra, furrounded with a Receif,
betwixt which you may pafs with barges and yachts.

A league further to the north from this point, and three leagues to the north-wefl
of Tamarika, is the fmall river Goyana, under y"* 46', which difembogues in two
branches in the bay ; at the entrance lies a great rock, where is great flore of fea-fowl.
Before it lies a great Receif, but within it are fo many fhelves that renders the paifage
very dangerous.

About two leagues and a half beyond the river Goyana, to the north, is a great river,
called Auyay, but the entrance is fo choaked up with fands, that there is fcarce any
paifage for barges. This river fends forth feveral branches into the country, upon
one of which to the north, lies the village of Maurice, and upon the fouthern branch
the village Auyay.

Among others, Porto Francifco lies in a creek three long leagues to the north of the
river Auyay ; and five leagues to the north-weft of the fame river, an unnavigable river
called Grammana, befides feveral other rivulets.

About a league and a half to the north-weft of the river Grammana, is the Cabo
Blanco, or White Cape; and three leagues from thence to the north-weft, the cape of
Parayba, being a long point of land, with a large adjacent bay. The whole coaft
from Pomerello to the cape of Parayba, is covered with receifs or rocks, which, lying
for the moft part about half a league from the fhore, and the water between them being
generally very fmooth, affords an eafy paffage to barges, even in tempeftuous weather ;
when it is almoft impoffible for fhips to pafs without the rocks, by reafon of the vio-
lence of the current from the northern and the fouthern winds, which blow there con-
tinually.

Three leagues within the mouth of the river Goyana is a town of the fame name,
where is kept the court of judicature of this captainfhip. There are five or fix fugar-
mills thereabouts, fituated upon the banks of the river, for the more commodious
tranfportation of fugar in barges to Pernambuko. This country produces likewife
brazil-wood, ginger, cotton, and Indian nuts ; the people called Petiguaves inhabit
here, though this whole traft of land, as far as Cabo Blanco, is not very populous,
having only a few villages, inhabited by the Brazilians.

The ifle of Tamarika has feveral landing-places on the river fide, the chiefeft are ;
Os Markos and Pedreiros, where the river is narroweft ; Tapafima and Kamboa of
Domingos Rebeyro ; the great Makqueira and Kamboa of Conrad Pauli ; in which
places the enemy landed in that ifland ; the pafs near the north entrance of Topowa,
and the ifland Tapofoka, where with one fingle fhip you may defend the paffage from

the

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL. yi^

the rivers Tujukapape and Maflerandaku, as likewife from the fea. For the reft, the
fhore all along the river being very marfhy and full of Manga trees, is of a very diffi-
cult accefs. The fliore towards the fea-fide is very flat, but woody, which, together
with the fands that are at fome diftance in the fea, makes the approach of Ihips very
dangerous on that fide. Formerly the court of judicature of the captainfhip was kept
in this ifland but was afterwards transferred from thence, as we told you before, to
the town of Goyana and Kapivaribi on the continent, becaufe thefe places were both
more populous, and more fugar-mills were built thereabouts, the ground being much
better here than in the ifland. In my time there were five judges belonging to this
court, three of which Hved at Goyana, and the other two in the ifle of Itamarika.
However, this court was afterwards likewife removed from Goyana. In the year 1641,
Mr. Peter Pas was direftor of the captainfhip of Itamarika for the Wefl India com-
pany, and Captain Sluiter commander-in-chief over the foldiers.

This captainHiip has derived its name from the capital city, which has borrowed
hers of the river Parayba, upon which it is fituate. It is one of the moft northerly
captainfhips, about five leagues diflant from the fea. It was formerly in the poffeflion
of the French, who were in 1585 chafed from thence and feveral other harbours, by
the Portuguefe general Martin Leytan.

Five leagues upwards the river Parayba, is a city founded by the Portuguefe, and
after Philip King of Spain, called Filippen, and Noffa Senhora de Nives, otherwife Pa-
rayba, from the river Parayba ; which name was by the Dutch, after they had in
November 1633 conquered the whole captainfhip, changed into that of Frederick's
Town, after Frederick Henry Prince of Orange. This city has been but lately built
by the Portuguefe, and had feveral flately houfes with marble pillars, the reft being
only of ftone. Here is kept the court of judicature of this captainfhip. Before the
time of the rebellion of the Portuguefe, this place was inhabited as well by the Portu-
guefe as Dutch, being much frequented by the inhabitants of the circumjacent country,
who ufed to exchange their fugar for what other commodities they ftood in need of,
which was afterwards from thence tranfported to other places.

Within the mouth of the river Parayba, were three very confiderable forts. One
on the fouth point, by the Portuguefe called Catharine, but by Count Maurice after-
wards named Margaret after his fifter. It was defended with five goodly baftions, and
a hornwork without.

The fort called St. Antonio by the Portuguefe, was built upon a fmall ifland, which
by a narrow branch was feparated from the north point. This is only the remainder
of a large four-fquare fort, formerly eredted by the Portuguefe, which was afterwards
rafed by the Dutch, part of it having been wafhed away by the river. It is furrounded
with pallifadoes and a good ditch, fupplied with water from the before-named branch
of the river ; the walls are very ftrong, and upon a battery are mounted fix iron
pieces of cannon. It may be defended by the cannon both from the city of Parayba,
and from the fort Margaret, lying juil oppofite to it on the fouth-fide, which is the
reafon it was always but carelefsiy guarded by the Portuguefe.

The third fort lies upon a triangular ifland, called Reftinga, not far from thence,
more upwards the river. It was ftrengthened with pallifadoes, and upon the batteries
were mounted five brafs, and as many iron pieces of cannon.

The captainfhip of Parayba is watered and divided by two confiderable rivers, viz.
the Parayba and Mongoapa, otherwife called St. Domingo. The great river of Parayba
lies under the fixth degree twenty-four minutes, four leagues to north of Cabo Blanco,
and difcharges itfelf in two branches into the fea, being feparated by a large fand-bank.

One

726 NIEUHOFI-'S BRAZIL.

One is called the northern, and the other the fouthern entrance. From the laft extends
a rocky ridge as far as Cabo Blanco, and within the river lies a fand-bank quite crofs
to the fort Margaret. This river is very fhallow during the fummer time, but in the
winter feafon the waters rife to that height that they overflow all the adjacent country,
fometimes to the great lofs of men and cattle.

Two leagues beyond this xiver to the north, is a bay which affords a very fafe
ftation to the largefl fhips. It is by the Portuguefe called Porto Lucena, and by the
Dutch the Red Land, the grounds being red hereabout. There is very good anchor-
age here at five and fix fathom water, and the country near it afibrds very good frefh
water, which is the reafon why the Dutch fhips bound for Holland from the Receif,
ufed to flay for one another*s coming in this bay, and to provide fhemfelves with frefh
watef.

Half a league farther to the north, under 6° 34', the river Mongoapa, or Mon-
goanawapy, exonerates itfelf into the fea. This river is much larger towards its fource
than at the mouth, the banks on both fides being full of briars, bufhes, and Manga-
trees. Before its entrance lies a receif, and at the very mouth two dangerous fand-
banks ; it has three fathom water at low tide.

About two fmall leagues to the north of the river Mongoapa, is a bay called by the
Portuguefe Bahia de Treycano, or Treafon, where at about a league diftant from the
fhore, is eleven or twelve fathom water. Five leagues to the north of this bay, you
meet with the river Barra Conguon or Konayo, which is fcarce paffable for yatchts.
About a league and a half from thence is a large bay of about two leagues in length,
called Pernambuko ; and five leagues beyond it to the north, the river Jan de Sta,
or Eflau.

The natives of Parayba inhabit about feven villages, the chiefeil of which is called
Pinda Una, which in 1634 contained about fifteen hundred inhabitants, whereas each
of the others had fcarce three hundred ; each of thefe comprehending not above five or
fix very long buildings, with a great many doors, but very fmall ones.

The chief commodities of this captainfhip are fugar, brazil-wood, tobacco, hides,
cotton, and fuch like. The fugar-reeds did bear extremely well, becaufe they were
tranfplanted into frefh grounds. Whilft the diftrift of Parayba was under our jurif-
didion, there were above one and twenty fugar-mills on both fides of the banks of
the river, eighteen of which fent away every year four thoufand chefls of fugar. Near
the river-fide, the country is low and plain, but not far from thence rifes by degrees,
and affords a very agreeable variety of hills and valleys. The flat country, which is
alfo the mofl fertile, is diftinguifhed into feveral divifions, fome of which have borrowed
their names from fmall rivers which run through them j as for inftance, Gramamma,
Tapoa, Tibery, Ingeby, Monguappe, Increry, Kamaratuba, and feveral more. All
thofe countries are extremely fertile, occafioned by the overflowing of the river
Parayba. Their products are fugar, barley, turkey-wheat, potatoes, ananas, coco-
nuts, melons, oranges, citrons, bananas, pakovas, markomas, cucumbers, and all
other neceffaries for the fuflenance of. men and beafts. They have here a kind of
wild pears, called kajous, which are very juicy and well tafled ; within is a certain
bean or fmall nut, the rind of which is bitter, but the kernel fweet if roalted in the
afhes. The pear is very cooling, but the nut has a contrary quality.

Towards the end of November 1634, the Dutch undertook the expedition againft
Parayba, their forces being embarked in thirty-two fhips under the command of
Colonels Schoppe, Artisjofki, Hinderfon, Stachouwer, and Carpentier. The whole
fleet was divided into two fquadrons, the firft confifted of one and twenty fhips, in which

I were

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

727

were nineteen hundred and forty-five men, the other of eleven yatchts, with four hun-
dred and nine men. Schoppe was the firft that landed fix hundred men, and advanced
towards the enemy, who betook themfelves to their heels, leaving their arms and
clothes behind them ; Anthony Albuquerque their general himfelf fcarce efcapmg their
hands. In the mean- while, the refi: being likewife got afhore, three companies, under
the condudl of Gafper Ley, marched diredlly to the fort of Margaret, and intrenched
himfelf near the fort, whilft Schoppe kept all along the fhore, and Artisjofki pofted
himfelf on the right-fide, in fight of the garrifon. At the fame time Mr. Lichthart
attacked the fort in the fmall ifland Refl:inga, which he took by force, and put the
garrifon to the fword. By this time Schoppe had raifed a battery againft the fort,
from whence he fo forely galled the befieged, that their commander Simon d'Albe-
querque furrendered the place. Hereupon the fort of St. Antonio was fummoned
to furrender ; Maglianes the governor defired three days delay, which being denied,
he marched away fecretly by night, leaving the place to Lichthart, who found there
five great brafs pieces, and nineteen iron pieces of cannon.

The fame night our forces marched towards the city of Parayba, being fixteen hun-
dred flirong, and having palTed a fmall branch of the river called Tambra Grande,
made themfelves mailers of it without any oppofition : the Spanifh general Banjola,
who commanded there with two hundred and fifty men only, having left the place
before, and being retired to Goyana^ after he had either funk or nailed up the cannon,
and fet fire to three Ihips and two warehoufes, in which were confumed three thou-
fand chefls with fugar. The fort of St. Catharine being much decayed, was ordered
by Count Maurice to be repaired, and the ditch to be enlarged and deepened ; giving
it the name of Margaret, after his fifter. The fort of St. Antonio was rafed for the
greateft part, there being only one bulwark left for the defence of the north point of
the river. The fort Reftinga was ordered to be furrounded with new pallifadoes, and
the convent of Parayba fortified with a wall and outwork ; and the command thereof
given to Elias Harkman, together with the government of the whole captainfhip.

The captainfhip of Potigi, or Potingi or Poteingi, is otherwife, by the Portuguefe,
called Rio Grande, from a river of the fame name : the Dutch call it North Brazil, in
refpe£l: of the more fouthern captainlhips of Brazil. It borders to the fouth upon Pa-
rayba, and to the north upon the captainfhip of Siara ; though the Portuguefe geo-
graphers extended its bounds as far as the ifland Maranhaon.

The French were once maflers of this captainfhip ; till 1597, they were chafed from
thence by the Spanilh commander, Feliciano Cre^a de Karvalafho. It has four divi-
fions, named after fo many rivers, that run through them ; viz. Kiinhao, Goyana,
Mompobu and Potegy. And though this diflirid has been much neglefted by the Por-
tuguefe, yet does it produce plenty of wild-fowl and fifh, which are fo lufcious, that
they commonly eat them only with lemon-juice or vinegar, without oil. There is
an incredible number of fifh in the lake Goraires ; befides which, abundance of fa-
rinha is planted here. This part of the country ftood us in good ftead during the
late rebellion of the Portuguefe, our garrifons in Parayba, and other places, being fup-
plied from thence with good ftore of flefh and fifli.

Above the river Rio Grande is a town, of no great moment, called Amflerdam ; the
inhabitants live by planting farinha and tobacco, and filhing. Higher up in the coun-
try live fome Moradores or hulbandmen, who cultivate the grounds ; but on the north
fide of Rio Grande are but few inhabitants.

The river Rio Grande, i. e. the Great River, is fo called by the Portuguefe from
its bignefs, but by the Brazilians, Potigi or Poteingi. The mouth of this river lies

under

728 nieuhoff's brazil.

under 56° 42' fouthern latitude, three leagues from Punto Negro, coming from the
weft fide of the continent. It difembogues four leagues about the fort Keulen, called
by the Portuguefe Tres Reyos : it bears fhips of great burthen ; but the river Kunhao
in the fame captainlhip is only navigable with barges and yachts. The bays of
this captainlhip are, Bahia Formofa, Punto Negro, Ponto de Pipas, and the bay of
Martin Tiiflen. The bay of Ginapabo lies beyond Rio Grande to the north ;
and beyond that a river called Guafiavi, upon which, near the mouth, lies the
village A tape Wappa. Near to the north you meet with the river Siria Mixui ; and
near the village of Natal, and the fort of Tres Reyos, paffes a river called the Crofs
River, which arifes out of a fmall lake in Rio Grande. Over-againft the fame fort, a
frefh river falls into the great river, betwixt two land-banks, and not far from thence
another falt-water river.

The fort Keulen was four-fquare, built upon a rock or point of a recelf, at fome
diftance from the fhore, at the mouth of the river Receif; being furrounded with
water, as often as it is jflowing water, fo that at high tide there is no coming at it but
with boats. In the midft of this fort is a fmall chapel, where in 1645 ^^^ 1646 our
people found a wall about a foot and a half wide on the top, but at the bottom three
foot, cut within a rock, which brings frefli fupplies of good and fweet water every
tide; with an ordinary tide two hundred and twenty -five, and at fpring-tide about
three hundred and fifty quarts ; which is more than fufficient for the ufe of the garri-
fon, in cafe of a fiege. The fort is built of fquare ftone ; being towards the fhore
defended with two half baftions, in form of hornworks. In the year 1 646, there was
an artillery of twenty-nine, as well brafs as iron pieces of cannon in the place, and
provided with a good undervault, and convenient lodgments for the foldiers.

This fort was<in 1633 taken by the Dutch, under the command of Matthias van
Keulen, one of the governors of the company, who being aflifted by feveral noted
captains, viz. Byma, Kloppenburg, Lichthart, Garftman, and Mansfelt van Keulen,
fet fail thither with eight hundred and eight men, embarked in four fhips and feven
yachts, and made himfelf mafter of it, and the whole captainlhip at the fame time j
fince which it changed its name Tres Reyos into that of Keulen, from the commander-
in-chief of this expedition.

The Tapoyers (or mountaineers) ufe commonly twice a-year, efpecially when the
dry feafon puts them in want of frefh water, to make an inroad into this captainlhip ;
there being a conflant enmity betwixt them and the Portuguefe. It happened in July
1645, that thefe Tapoyers being advertifed that the Portuguefe intended to revolt
from us, and had aftually begun the fame in Pernambuko, did, under the conduct of
one of their leaders, called Jacob Rabbi, after feveral provocations given them by the
Portuguefe, make an incurfion into Kunhao, where they killed thirty-fix perfons in a
fugar-mill belonging to one Gonfalvo d'Olivera. From thence they marched to a cer-
tain place, where the Portuguefe had caft up a line for their defence, which they
made themfelves mafters of, and put the Portuguefe to the fword. The Brazilians
told us, that this had been done in requital of what had been done to fome of thofe
mountaineers by one Andrew Vidal, in Serinhaim, after quarter given them before, of
which we fhall fay more hereafter. Since which time, the Portuguefe have laid this tradt
defolate, which the Dutch once had a mind to re-people, and to put it in the fame
condition as the Portuguefe had poffefTed it, but for want of people that defign was fain
to be laid alide.

The

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 729

The captainfhip of Siara is one of the moft northerly diftrifts of Brazil, bordering
upon Maranhoon to the north upon the river Siara. It is of no great extent, its whole
compafs being not above ten or twelve leagues.

The river Siara, which rifes deep in the continent, difembogues about feven leagues
and a half to the north of the bay Mangprypa, under three degrees forty minutes fou-
thern latitude.

The native inhabitants of this captainfhip, according to the report of thofe that have
frequently viftted it, are very large of ftature, with ugly features, long hair, and
black fldn ; except the fpace betwixt the eyes and mouth. They have holes in their
ears, which hang downwards upon the Ihoulders ; fome make holes in their lips, fome
in their nofes, in which they wear ftones as an ornament. Their food is farinha, wild
fowls, filh, and fruit. They drink moft water, but make likewife a certain liquor
out of farinha ; and of late began to be ufed to drink good ftore of brandy, though it
was exprefsly forbidden to bring it into the villages, to keep them from the ex-
ceijive ufe of ftrong liquors. The country produces fugar-reeds, chryftal, cotton,
pearls, fait, and feveral other commodities. Amber-gris is alfo found on the
fea-fhore.

The inland part of the country was in 1630 governed by one of their own Kings,
called Algodoi ; in fome refpe£t tributary to the Portuguefe, who had built a fort
upon the river Siara, and made themfelves mafters of the whole fea-coaft thereabouts ;
notwithftanding which they were in continual broils with one another, till 1638 this
fort and the whole country was taken by the Dutch from the Portuguefe, in the
ibllowing manner.

Count Maurice and the council being folicited by the natives of that country to
make themfelves mafters of the Portuguefe fort on that fide, and to deliver them from
the oppreffion they lay under at that time, they offering their affiftance, and giving
two young lads of their beft families, as pledges of their fidelity, this condition was
refolved upon. The chief command over the troops defigned for this exploit was
conferred on Colonel John Garftman, a man of more than ordinary conduct in martial
affairs, though, as the cafe then ftood, this enterprife was not likely to meet with any
confiderable difficulties ; being alTured of the afliftance of the Brazilians, who bore
an old hatred to the Portuguefe, and were acquainted with the ftrength and conditioa
both of their forces and places. Garftman being provided with ihips, men, ammu-
nition, and all other neceffaries requifite for fuch an expedition, fet fail towards the
river Siara ; where being met by the Algodoi, or King, with white enfigns in token
of peace, and having landed his men, two hundred of the natives joined with them*
With thofe he marched directly to the fort, which after a brave reliftance from the
Portuguefe, who killed fome of his men, he took by ftorm, and made moft of the gar-
rifon prifoners, among whom were fome commanders of note. They found good
ftore of cannon and artillery in the place.

Since that time, the Dutch built a fmall fort upon the Siara, unto which they gave
likewife the name of Siara, which was provided with a garrifon of betwixt thirty and
forty foldiers only ; not fo much for the defence of the country, as to maintain a
good correfpondency with the Brazilians, who, being very numerous in thofe parts,
might do us confiderable fervice in time of war. It was upon this confideration, that
the great council always commanded their officers, fent thither, to cultivate a good
underftanding with them ; and at feveral times fent them fome fmall prefents, which
however proved ineffectual in the end, for in 1644 they attacked and killed feveral

VOL. XIV. 5 A of

73°

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

of our men at Komefy, (a place about thirty leagues from Siara,) as we (hall hear
anon.

For the Brazilians being, in 1641, increafed to fuch a number in Siara, that the
villages thereabouts were not able to contain them without great inconveniency, whereas
the diftrift of Rio Grande was almoft deftitute of inhabitants, and confequently not
in a condition to oppofe an enemy ; one Andrew Uliifs propofed to the great council
to build a village in Rio Grande, for the ufe of fuch as intended to fettle there out of
Siara, defiring to be conftituted chief of the faid village. Count Maurice and the
great council, being informed of the inclinations of thofe of Siara, who were willing
to fettle in Rio Grande, their ancient place of abode, and confidering the benefit that
was likely to accrue to the company, from the fettllement of thofe Brazilians fo near at
hand, granted Uliifs's requeft, wilhing him to bring thither as many of the Brazilians
of Siara as he thought convenient, for the compafs of a village of which he was made
chief or captain. Things being thus fettled, they chofe, with the approbation of our
diredtors, certain chiefs or heads out of the mofl ancient families of each divifion,
called Refidoor by the Portuguefe, and certain judges ; as for inftance, in Goyana,
Domingoi, Fernandes, and Karapeva ; in Parayba, Peter Potty ; and in Rio Grande,
Antonio Perapeva. Notwithftanding all this, the Brazilians of Siara revolted againft
the Dutch, in 1 644 furprifed the garrifon in the fort, which they raifed, and killed the
commander-in-chief, Gideon Morritz, with the whole garrifon, befides all the work-
men belonging to the falt-pits near the river Upanemma, who were all cut in pieces by
thefe barbarians.

A certain mailer of a fliip, with a captain, lieutenant, and fome foldiers, who hap-
pened to come afhore in a boat to fetch fome frefh provifions, being ignorant of their
treachery, were alfo put to the flaughter, three feamen having the good fortune to
efcape with their lives into the wood.

Some laid the caufe of this rebellion at the door of the Portuguefe and Brazilians of
Maranhaon, bordering upon them ; but if we fearch into the true fource of this evil,
it mufl be attributed to the mifcarriage of our own officers, who, by their hard ufage,
had forced the inhabitants to revenge themfelves for the injuries received at their
hands.

Thus much concerning the captainships of the Dutch Brazil ; we will, in the next
place, give you an account of all the memorable tranfaftions that happened betwixt
the Dutch and Portuguefe in Brazil, during our ftay there : after I have reprefented
to you the excellency and convenient fituation of this country, together with the eccle-
liaftical flate of the Dutch Brazil.

Brazil is a country excellently well qualified by nature for the producing of all
things which are generally found in the Weft Indies, under or near the fame climate ;
except that hitherto no gold or filver mines have been difcovered here worth taking
notice of. But next to gold and filver, the fugar claims the precedency here before
all other commodities. Among all the harbours and places of the Weft Indies, there
is not one that can compare with Brazil, either for the produQ: or conveniency of
tranfportation of fugar ; the whole coaft of Brazil being full of fmall rivers, which,
flowing through the adjacent valleys, difembogues in the fea ; from whence the fugar-
mills, built in the valleys, reap the benefit of, faving vaft charges, which elfe muft be
beftowed upon labourers and carriages ; whereas thefe rivers drive the mills, ferve
for the tranfportation of fugar to other places, and furnifli them at an eafy rate with
what commodities they ftand in need of; all which conveniencies, as they are not to
be met with in any other place of the Weft Indies, fo no fugar-mills could be erefted

I there

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. * 73 1

there with any profped of profit. The exportation of fugar from Brazil into Europe
and Africa is likewife performed with much more eafe than from any other places in
the Well Indies ; for the fituation of Brazil (being the moft eaftern part of all America)
is fuch, as could not be more conveniently contrived by human art or nature for the
tranfportation of fo general and agreeable a commodity as fugar, into all the other
parts of the world ; confidering thole two excellencies of Brazil, together with its vaft
extent, it is moft certain, that, provided it were well peopled, it might command
both the North and Ethiopian Seas, and fpread its commerce over all parts of the
world ; nay, it might extend its conquefts both to the eaft and weft, or at leaft efta-
blifti faftories there, for the conveniency of traffic. To prove which, it is to be
obferved :

That all Eaft India ftiips, both going and coming, muft pafs by the coaft of Brazil ;
and as thofe ftiips, in their voyages thither, are often forced to touch upon this coaft,
fo in their return nothing could be more commodious for them, than to be fupplied
with frelh provifions here. From Brazil you may fail, in fourteen days, to the Caribbee
Iflands, and in the fame time, or a little longer, to Sierra Leona, on the coaft of Guinea.
It is impoffible to enter deep into the great South Sea, (whereabouts a great part of
the ^erreftrial globe remains as yet undifcovered,) unlefs you take in frelh provifions
and firing in Brazil, or expofe yourfelf to the greateft hazards imaginable in fo long a
voyage, as is fufficiently evident from the journals of Oliver Van North, Spilbergen,
Le Maire, and John THeremite. And experience has taught us, fince Mr. Brower's
voyage to Chili, how eafy the paffage is betwixt Brazil and the South Sea ; for he loft
not fo much as one fliip out of four, and very few died in the whole voyage.

Brazil enjoys likewife the advantage of a very wholefome climate ; for though it lies
betwixt the equinoctial line and the tropic of Capricorn, and confequently is fubjed to
burning heats, yet are the fame much allayed by the winds, that blow out of the eaft
from the fea, their free paffage being not interrupted by any mountains or iflands ;
which is the reafon, that in Brazil the fame diftempers are rarely to be met with, which
reign fo frequently in Angola, Guinea, St. Thomas, and feveral other places, where
the eaft winds cannot afford them the fame advantage. A plague is a thing unknown
in Brazil, in which it excels all other countries ; though they are not free from
continual putrid fevers, caufed by the hot and moift air, and the exceffive ufe of
raw fruits.

Thofe that are bound for the coaft of Brazil, ought to have a fpecial regard to the
feafon of the year, which regulates the winds and ftreani thereabouts ; and to be very
careful to fail above the harbour whither they are bound ; for if they mifs, and come
below it, they lofe their aim, and muft ftay till the next turn of the wind and ftream.
For it is obfervable, that on the coaft of Brazil, the ftream runs from February till
paft July, conftantly northerly, during which time there is no paffmg from the north
to the fouth ; but after thofe months are paft, the ftream turns, and from the beginning
of September to the latter end of November runs as violently to the fouth as it did
to the north before, and confequently there is no failing from the north to the
fouth, no more than before from the fouth to the north. The winds here turn with
the ftream ; and at the beginning of March, blow fouth-fouth-eaft, and fouth-eaft.
And like as the ftream changes its current till September, fo the winds continue in the
eaft, and blow till that time out of the eail-fouth-eaft. For there are but two
winds that reign along this coaft, viz. the fouth-eaft and north-eaft winds ; according
to which, fliips muft regulate their courfe here.

5^2 \ The

73^ nieuhoff's brazil.

The ecclefiaftical ftate of the Dutch Brazil was, in fny time, thus ordered :

Before the infurreftion of the Portuguefe, there were, to the fouth of the Receif,
five Proteftant churches ; viz. in Rio St. Francifco, Porto Calvo, Serinhaim, the cape
St. Auftin, and St. Anthony ; though thefe were feldom ahogether provided with
minifters, becaufe that fome or other of them returned int6 Holland after their limited
time was expired. In the ifle of Tamarika and fort Orange, was at that time a
minifter, one John Offringo, who lived formerly in the town of Schoppe, and at the
fame time preached in the church of IgaralTu, which was afterwards left by the Dutch
and poflefTed by the Portuguefe. In Rio Grande preached one John Theodore Polheim.
In Parayba were formerly two minifters, whilft the town of Frederica was as yet under
the Dutch jurifdiftion, but after the revolt of the Portuguefe, the place was left by the
inhabitants, and Henry Harman was the only minifter in thofe parts. In the Receif,
Maurice's Town, and the circumjacent forts, which contained about four hundred
Proteftants, Dutch, French, and EngHfti, were three minifters, who preached in the
Dutch tongue ; Nicholas Vogel, Peter Ongena, and Peter Grib. Befides thefe there
was a fourth, called Jodocus Aftett, who formerly had been minifter of the cape of
St. Auftin, but now was employed either aboard our fleet, or upon any land expedi-
tion. The French church here remained without a minifter, after the departure of
Joachim Solaer, fo that they were forced to be contented with reading of certain chap-
ters of the bible, and prayers every Sunday morning. The EngUfh minifter was one
Samuel Batchelour, who, in 1 646, returned likewife to England ; about which time
there were feven Dutch minifters in the Dutch Brazil. Our religious worftiip was, both
in its doftrine and practice, regulated exadlly according to the prefcription of the
fynod of Dort, and peculiar care was taken for the education of the youth, for which
purpofe the catechifm was every Sunday in the afternoon explained, both in the Receif
and Maurice's Town. Four times in the year the holy facrament was adminiftered,
thofe who defired to be partakers of it, being obliged to make their confeffions before
the church-council, or the minifters, who entered their names in a book ; and if they
came from abroad, publiftied their names to the congregation ; and in all other refpeds
the church-difcipline was carefully obferved. The church-council was compofed of fix
church-wardens, befides the minifter ; thefe met duly once a week, and if any bufinefe
of moment happened, fuch as chufing a minifter, &c. they called the deacons, who
were likewife fix in number, to their affiftance. Out of the deacons were every month
chofen two, who (befides their ordinary bufmefs) were to vifit the fick and wounded,
and to provide for them if neceffity required. They alfo took care of the orphans, to
have them inftruded in reading and writing. In the fame manner the other churches
were regulated, with this difference only, that the number of church-wardens and
deacons was lefs, in proportion to the number of their refpeftive congregations. Thus
much of the ecclefiaftical ftate.

Befides thofe living creatures we have given you a defcription of before, there are
divers forts of bees in Brazil, called Eirukus, which fettle upon the trees in a moft fur-
prifing manner. They are not unlike our bees, but fomewhat fmaller, and fwarm
chiefly among the woods. The Brazilians diftinguifli them into twelve different kinds,
viz. Amanakay Miri, Amanakay Veu, Aibu, Mumbuka, Pixuna, Urutuetra, Tubuna,
Tujuba, Eiruku, Eixu, Kubiara, and Kurupireira ; the laft of w'hich are in no efteem
among them.

The bees Eiruku are the largeft of all, and produce a very good honey, though it is
Bot commonly ufed. They make their combs within the hollownefs of trees, which the
Brazilians draw from thence by means of a hollow pipe. The bees called Eiku and

1 a Kopy

nieuhoff's brazil. 733

Kopy are fmaller and of a blacklfh colour ; they make holes from without, in the bark
of the trees, in the nature of bee-hives, and the comb within is all of white wax ; this
is now counted the beft thing, but is not gathered in the fame quantity as the former ;
befides that, thefe bees fting very furioufly. Tlie bees Thanbuka are likewife fmall, of a
yellowifli colour ; they fix their combs on the top of the higheft trees, and aiford the
befl honey, which is in great quantities tranfported from hence to Europe, where it is
fold very cheap. It is little inferior in goodnefs to the European honey, and of a good
fubftance, tranfparent, and of an agreeable fcent. It is accounted very balfamic, cor-
refts the fharp humours in the inteftines, and efpecially in the kidneys, and provokes
urine. They make of this honey metheglin, which is very ftrong, and will keep a great
while : ^ou may alfo make meath of this honey without boiling, only mixed with fome
fpring water, and expofed to the weather.

Brazil produces likewife feveral forts of balfams, the beft of which is called by the
Brazilians Kopaiba, from the trees from whence it comes. Kopaiba is a very high wild
tree, with an afli-coloured bark, which fpreads at the top into many branches. The
leaves are about half a foot long, fometimes larger, fometimes lefler, which in the midft
of the branches ftand oppofite to one another, but on the end like other leaves. At the
end of the great branches are abundance of leffer fprouts full of leaves, out of which
comes forth the bloflbm, and afterwards berries, not unlike our laurel-berries. They
are green at firft, but as they ripen turn black and fweet. Within is a round hard
ftone, the kernel of which is white, but mealy, and not fit to be eaten. , The berries
ripen in June, when the Brazilians fuck the juice out of them, and throw away the ftone
and fkin. The apes take great delight in this fruit.

The oily and odoriferous balfam, in which this tree abounds, drops every full moon,
provided you cut a flit through the bark as deep as to the pith, in fuch quantity, that
in three hours time you may gather above twelve mengeln. But if that does not drop
immediately, the flit is made up with wax, and within fourteen days they are fure the
balfam will come in great quantity. This tree does not grow fo plentifully in the cap-
tainftiip of Pernambuko as in the ifle Maranhaon, from whence this balfam is tranfported
into Europe. The balfam is hot in the fecond degree, of a thick, oleaginous, and refm-
ous fubftance. It is very ftomachic, and a good remedy againft the cholic occafioned
by cold, externally applied to the afFeded parts ; fome few drops taken inwardly
ftrengthen the bowels, and ftop the overflowing in women, the loofenefs, and involun-
tary emiffion of feed in men ; againft which diftempers it likewife is ufed in clyfters,
or by fyringing. Thus far concerning the Dutch Brazil ; we will now proceed to give
you an account of what pafled during our abode there.

In the year 1 640, Mr. Henry Hamel, one of the diredors of the Weft India com-
pany for the chamber of Amfterdam, and Mr. Dirck Kodde Vander Burgh (both per-
fons excellently well qualified for the management of the Dutch Brazil, and of great ex-
perience in affairs of commerce), were, at the requeft of the council of Nineteen, fent
to Brazil, and arriving there on the 8th of Auguft, the two preceding directors or coun-
fellors, Matthias Van Keulen and John Giifeling, refigned their places to them, and
with them the chief management of the Dutch Brazil, under the government of John
Maurice Count NafTau.

At the time of their arrival in Brazil there were under the jurifdidion of the ftates
the following captainfhips : Pernambuko, Itamarika (unto which belongs Goyana), Pa-
rayba, Rio Grande, and Siara, being the northern part of Brazil : the fouthem part,
which contained the captainfhips, Bahia, Ileos, Porto Securo, Spirito Santo, Rio Ja-
neiro, and St. Vincent, remained under the Portuguefe, who inhabited the country as

£cur

734

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

far as Rio de la Plate. Not many months after, the ifland of Maranhaon was joined
with the Dutch Brazil, but the charges we were fain to be at to defend it againft the
Portuguefe, thofe of Para and the natives, which over-balancing the profit the company
was likely to reap from thence, it was thought mofl expedient to quit the fame, which
was done accordingly in the year 1 644 ; or rather, to confefs the truth, by the com-
bination of the Portuguefe, thofe of Grand Para and the natives, we were forced to
abandon it.

Before the arrival of thofe new directors, a fleet had been fent to the Bahia to land
fome men there, and to deftroy all with fire and fword ; which, after they had put in
execution, and returned to the Receif, the fame fleet, under the command of Admiral
Jol and Cornelius Lichthart, was, by fpecial command from the council of Nineteen in
Holland, ordered to the Weft Indies to lie in wait for the Spanifli plate fleet of Terra
Fiuma and New Spain ; but they returned without doing any thing, in December 1 640,
having loft four or five fliips in this voyage. Colonel Koin was much about the fame
time fent wath a body of foldiers into the captainfliip of Rio Real, to bridle the Portu-
guefe, by making a diverfion in their own territories, but thofe troops being but indif-
ferently fupplied with neceflaries in an enemy*s country, and forced to undergo great
fatigues, they were fo much weakened, that it was thought advifeable to recal them out
of Rio Real, and to aflign them quarters of refrefliment in the garrifons. Major Van
Brande had worfe fuccefs than all the reft j for, being fent abroad with a party to fetch
in fome cattle, was put to the rout, and he himfelf taken prifoner.

In the mean-while that our whole fleet was waiting for the Spanifli plate fleet on the
coaft of America, and we confequently were not in a condition to undertake any thing at
fea, our directors had all the reafon in the world to fear, that the Portuguefe would take
this opportunity to revenge their lofs by deftroying our fugar-mills, which made them
leave no ftone unturned to fecure the Dutch Brazil and its inhabitants againft the
attempts of the enemy : and confidering that a great part of our fecurity depended on
the good inclinations of the Portuguefe living among us, it was thought convenient to
call an aflembly of the chiefeft Portuguefe inhabitants of the three captainftiips of Per-
nambuko, Itamarika, and Parayba, towards the latter end of Auguft, to concert mea-
fures how to defend their fugar-mills and fields againft the incurfions of the enemy.

The moft effedual means that could be pitched upon in this aflfembly were, to provide!
their forts with good garrifons on the borders, and to fecure the fugar-mills, by putting
a certain number of foldiers in or near them, for the fecurity of the adjacent fields.
This was put in execution accordingly ; and the ofiicers had ftrifl; charge to keep a
watchful eye upon the leaft motion of the Portuguefe ; notwithftanding which, it had
not the defired efleft, .becaufe thofe Portuguefe who lived at a confiderable diftance
from us, and near the enemy's frontiers, durft not give timely notice of their approach ;
befides that, many among them having a conftant hatred to our nation, did favour the
enterprifes of thofe parties that burnt the fugar-fields and plundered the mills, ferved
them fometimes for guides, and had their ftiare in the booty, which obliged our people
to be at a conftant charge of a ftrong guard to «;ondu£t their goods, and defend them
againft any fudden attempts. Such an incurfion was not long after made by the Portu-
guefe into our territories ; for in November the viceroy, the Marquis of Montelvano,
fent two barges full of foldiers to burn ourfugar-reeds in the plains, which they eflefted, but
durft not go too far, or attempt any thing againft our mills, for fear of the foldiers quartered
thereabouts, who could not prevent their burning in the fields, as being done in the
night-time. The Dutch were the greateft lofers by it, becaufe they had generally the
greateft fh^re in thofe fields and mills, befides that the Portuguefe fpared thofe of their

own

nieuhoff's brazil. y^s

own countrymen ; all which brought a great damp upon trade, every one being afraid
to venture in any bufmefs, where he might lofe all his fubftance in one night, and
that perhaps by the hand of a fingle perfon, whereby the revenues of the company
were greatly impaired, and their charges increafed, being forced to maintain twenty or
thirty foldiers for the defence of any confiderable plantation or fugar-mills ; which pre-
vented them from bringing a fufficient body of men into the field, to make head
againfl the enemy. This was the ftate of the Dutch Brazil towards the latter end
of 1640.

The 2 2d of December, in the fame year, Mr. Adrian van Bulleftraete arrived at the
Receif from Middleburgh, in the quality of director of Brazil, fo that, now the great
council being complete, the beft; expedient to obviate all thefe difficulties, was judged
to confifl in our fleet ; purfuant to this refolution, all our ihips were ordered to the
Bahia, to make the enemy fenfible that we were in a condition to be even with them,
and thereby to facilitate the negociation that was in hand, for the furceafing of burning
on both fides. The council of Nineteen having alfo fent exprefs orders to cruife with
fome fhips before Rio Janeiro, from whence the Spanifh fhips ufed generally to return
into Spain, about the month of May or June, fome of the biggeft fhips were ordered
that way, to intercept, if poffible, the flota, the reft being left near the Bahia.

But whilft our commiffioners were treating with tl:e viceroy about the furceafing of
burning and plundering, a certain Portuguefe, Paulo de Kunha by name, committed
unheard-of cruelties, with murdering, plundering, and burning, in the open country,
which made Count Maurice write the following letter to the viceroy :—

Count Maurice's Letter to the Viceroy.

" The barbarities lately committed by Paule de Kunha, with burning, murdering,
and plundering, in the open country, give me great reafon to fear, that your laft oblig-
ing letter was defigned for a compliment, without any reality. The confidence I had
in your excellency's fincerity made me recal our fhips and forces from your territories,
to take away all means of offence : but the long flay of our deputies affords great occa-
fion of fufpicion, that your intention is only to amufe us ; which has obliged me to
difpatch a vefTel to let them know, that in cafe the treaty is not brought to a conclu-
fion, to return with'^ut delay ; it being our intention that the faid negotiation fhould
not be continued longer. Your Excellency will therefore difmifs them, together with our
two hoflages, as we are refolved to fend back to you Martin Feirara, left with us as a
hoflage from your excellency, his companion being dead of late.**

Hereupon, by the mediation of the clergy living under oun jurlfdiction, but efpeci-
ally by the indefatigable care of Dirck Kodde Vander Burgh, who was fent thither for
that purpofe, the treaty was brought to a happy conclufion in February 1641, by vir-
tue of which, all deftrudions by burning and plundering were to furceafe on both fides ;
which being publifhed by proclamation, the Portuguefe were ordered to quit our domi-
nions, whereby we reaped this advantage, that now we might turn all our forces where
we found it mofl expedient.

In June 1641, Count Maurice and the great council received advice of the ten years*
truce concluded betwixt the States of Holland and the King of Portugal, with all the
articles thereunto belonging, which were publifhed by proclamation in all our captain-
fhips, and all ads of hoftilities ceafed on both fides j the Dutch living in good under-
flanding with the inhabitants of the Bahia, giving them all the demonftrations of friend-

fhip

736 NIEUHOFP*S BEAZIL.

fliip, fufficient to convince the Porti^guefe that they had not the leafl: reafon to fear any
infradlion on their fide.

^ The gr©0.t council being willing to improve this interval of peace for the advance-
-fnent of traffic, and the benefit of the company, gave all imaginable encouragement,
in proportion to the circumftances of time and place, to all the inhabitants of virhat na-
tion foever, for the cultivating the lands, which had this good effed, that the mafters
of the fugar-mills rebuilt their mills, and the hufbandmen betook themfelves with fo
much eagernefs to the cultivating of their fugar-fields, that they borrowed confiderable
iums, upon a profped of fure gain, which would over-pay their debts ; as, vidthout
•queflion, it would have done in a fiiort time, if, by the treachery of the Portuguefe,
they had not been difappointed in their hopes. The next thing to be taken in hand,
was, to make fuch wholefome laws as were thought mofl expedient for the eftablifh-
ment and increafe of commerce, both in the Receif and other places, and to im-
prove the domains and other revenues belonging to the company, during this time
of truce.

Trade then began to flourifh apace, fo that fome time after the truce, the merchants
and factors fold more commodities than had ever been known either before or lince.
Many millions were dealt for in a little time, the merchants and factors being contented
to fell to thofe who would pay fome money in part, though there were buyers enough
who would and could buy for ready cafli.

The finances of the company in Brazil were in fo good a ftate, by the extraordinary
care of the great council, that, in 1040 and 1641, they bought confiderable quantities
of fugar upon the public account, which they fent to Holland. In the Receif and
Maurice's Town, we faw feveral goodly ftruftures eredted by the inhabitants, who lived
in great plenty and magnificence, every one looking upon his debts as fecure, and hav-
ing a fair profped to increafe his riches, by the flourifhing ftate of commerce and im-
-provement of the lands.

But this was of no long continuance, for, in the beginning of 1643, things began to
appear with a quite different face ; for the magazines of the company being exhaufted
-by feveral expeditions againft Angola, &c. and having received no fupplies in their ftead
out of Holland, as they ufed to do before, the great council was obliged to make ufe
of what was due to the company, for the payment of the garrifons and other officers,
and, confequently, to force their debtors to prompt payments.

For at the beginning of the government of the new diredors, the company had a
confiderable naval force upon the coaft of Brazil, their magazines were well provided
with provifion and ammunition, and they maintained a good number of foldiers. The
great council of the Dutch Brazil relying upon their ftrength, did, with confent of
Count Maurice, fend, in 1641, feveral fleets with foldiers to Spirito Santa, Rio de Ja-
neiro, the ifle of Maranhaon, Angola, St. Thomas, and other places thereabouts, to
attack the fame, which fucceeded according to expectation ; but their magazines were
greatly exhaufted by thofe expeditions. Befides this, the merchants in Holland began
to call upon their fervants and fadors for confiderable fums of money, in return of
what they had received from them ; who being obliged to fend all the money they
could bring together from their creditors to their mafters in Holland ; this occafioned
'great fcarcity of ready-money, and, confequently, no fmall detriment in traffic, which
continuing thus from time to time, there arofe fuch a general fcarcity of money as is
fcarce to be imagined ; many of the mafters of the fugar-mills, that had no ready
money to fatisfy their debts at the appointed time, being forced to take up money upon
credit, and to pay three or four per cent, per month, which reduced many of them to

fuch

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 737

fuch an extremity in a little time, that they were neither able to pay the principal nor
intereft.

Upon the arrival of the three new direftors, or members of the great council, in
1 640, viz. Henry Hamel, Kodde, and Bulleftraet, they found that the inhabitants, but
efpecially the Portuguefe of the Dutch Brazil, by buying of fugar-mills and plantations,
as well as negroes and other commodities, had run themfelves much in debt ; having
bought their negroes not only at three hundred pieces of eight per head, but alfo given
moft extravagant prices for all other forts of commodities, and purchased whole ware-
houfes, without making i juft account how to be able to pay for them. This was done
by the Portuguefe, in hopes of the good fuccefs of thofe great fleets they underftood
were equipping in Spain, to reduce Brazil under the King's obedience, which they fup-
pofed would free them from their debts ; which the fadors not being aware of, and,
blinded with the profpe£l of vafl profit, fold their goods to the Portuguefe without re-
ludlancy. But the defign of the Portuguefe vanilhing into fmoke for that time, they
were forced to pay ; but new fupplies of all forts of commodities being fent out of Hol-
land, they bought on a-frefh, heaping debts upon debts, till, failing in their payments,
their credit began alfo to fail with the merchants, who now began to urge for fatisfac-
tion of their debts. For the country-trader being urged by the fadors and merchants,
who received thofe commodities from their correfpondents in Holland, was obliged to
call to an account the Portuguefe unto whom he had fold the goods. And becaufe the
Portuguefe had not bought thofe commodities from the Dutch, but with an intention
never to pay them, the country-trader, who was obliged to pay the merchants in the
Receif, faw himfelf reduced to ruin, the Portuguefe having not wherewithal to fatisfy
their debts.

Thus, through the unwarinefs and mifmanagement of thofe faftors, whom the mer-
chants in Holland had intrufted with their goods, fuch a confufion was introduced, as
tended to the great detriment of their correfpondents in Holland. All the bufmefs at
that time lay among the lawyers, and in the courts of judicature, which, confidering
the chargeablenefs of law-fuits in Brazil, tended to their farther ruin ; for when they
had obtained fentence and execution againft the debtors, the greateft difficulty was,
how, and which way, to lay the execution; moft of the Portuguefe fueing for protec-
tion from the Regency, which, if they could not obtain, they lived incognito ; efpe-
cially thofe \yho had no lands or eiFedls, or if they had, it was no eafy matter to find
out where they were. Befides that, if the creditors executed their executions upon,
the lands, they were forced to be the buyers themfelves, and to live in the country to
manage the lands, a thing altogether inconvenient to the merchants, who had other
bufmefs upon their hands in the Receif. Such as were call into prifon muft be main-
tained there at the charge of the creditor, which, in procefs of time, amounted to fuch
a fum, that they themfelves were fain to folicit the releafement of their debtors, and
to make the beft compofition with them they could.

Befides thefe inconveniences, there have happened of late feveral others, viz. a great
mortality of the negroes and Brazilians, by a certain infedious diftemper, incident to
the natives, called Bexigos, refembling our fmall-pox in Europe, Moft of thefe ne-
groes were bought at the rate of three hundred pieces of eight, and, confequently, their
lofs drew after it the ruin of the planters, who alfo complained much of vermin, and
feveral inundations that had done confiderable damage to the fugar-fields. This con-
fufion in traffic introduced no fmall broils among the inhabitants themfelves, who, in
cafe of non-payment, threw one another into prifon without mercy, and endeavoured
to prevent one another, by clandeftine means, to get in their debts before the reft ;

VOL. XIV. 5 B ofiering

738 nieuhoff's brazil.

offering confiderable abatements and rewards to fuch as would underhand furrender or
tranfport their efFeds ; and thofe divifions were not a little fomented by fome ill-minded
perfons, to the prejudice of the government ; many of thofe, who, either by unwarinefs
or other mifmanagement, loft their debts, laying the fault thereof at the door of the
Regency and of the courts of juftice, vainly imagining, that what they had loft by
their own neglect or want of care, Ihould be made good by the public purfe ; efpeci-
ally if it happened fo, that the fame perfons were indebted to the company as well as
private perfons, there arife great contefts about the preference.

The debts of the company did alfo increafe every day, which at laft amounted to
fome millions : for the directors, which before the year 1 640 had the management of
affairs in Brazil, did fell moft of the confifcated eftates, fugar-mills, and merchandizes,
as well as the negroes bought on account of the company in Africk, upon credit, fo
that their books were filled with debts, but their cafh empty of money. The fucceedr
ing members of the great council, Meffrs. Hamel, Bulleftraet, and Kodde, did leave no
ftone unturned to correQ; this cuftom, and to fell their commodities for ready money,
or otherwife to exchange them for fugars, thereby to eafe the company in the great
charge they were forced to be at in their feveral expeditions ; and it is certain, that in
1640, 1 641, and 1642, they fent fuch vaft cargoes of fugar to Holland, that the like
had never been known before in Brazil. Notwithftanding which, by the vaft numbers
of negroes that were imported, after our conqueft of Angola, the company fell more
and more in debt, by reafon their debtors were very dilatory in their payments. The
council of Nineteen fent exprefs orders to remedy this evil, by felling the negroes lor
ready money, or exchanging them for fugar ; but this could not be put in praftice, be-
caufe there was nobody who would buy upon thofe conditions, fo that the price of the
negroes falling daily lower and lower, and thefe being a great burden to the company,
and fubjedt to diftempers and mortality, this order was fain to be revoked, unlefs they
would fee the negro-trade dwindle away into nothing ; for the inhabitants being for the
moft part fuch as had beftowed moft part of their fubftance in the fugar-mills, planta-
tions, and negroes, they could not pay ready money, but were forced to deal upon
credit, till they could reap the benefit of their labour.

The members of the great council did therefore take all imaginable care to call upon
their debtors exadly at the time of their fugar-harveft, and ordered their officers in the
country to feize upon fome of them on account of the company.

From hence arofe nothing but law-fuits, fentences, executions, and imprifonments :
the members of the great council thinking it not below their ftation, to go fometimes
in perfon into the country to promote the payment of the debts owing to the company.
But this had a contrary effed, for the merchants and fadors began to be extremely difla-
tisfied, that the company fhould feize upon the fugar in the mills, without letting them,
who were creditors as well as they, have their ihare in them. This occafioned not only
murmurings, but alfo threats and complaints to the council of Nineteen, where they
mifreprefented thefe tranfadions under the worft colours they could, hoping thereby to
deter the officers of the company from doing their duty. The great council having
taken the matter into mature deliberation, and fearing, not without reafon, that in time
it might occafion a general difcontent, they left no ftone unturned to fatisfy the minds
of the people, by finding out means to have their debts fatisfied. It was propofed by
feveral underftanding perfons, that the company fhould undertake to fatisfy the debts of
private perfons, either by way of payment or exchange ; in lieu of which the mafters of
the fugar-mills fhould furrender to the company every year, the whole produft of thefe
mills, till they had fatisfied all their debts. Arid to make the fame the more effeftual,

I for

nieuhoff's brazil.

739

for the general benefit as well of the company and fugar-mills, as the merchants and
faftors, it was agreed, that certain articles fhould be agreed upon for that purpofe ; the
greateft advantage the company pretended to reap by it being, that they fhould have a
fair opportunity of recovering fome of their debts, which were given over for loft.
Thefe agreements were wonderfully pleafmg to the council of Nineteen, who in the year
1645, ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ °^ June, fent their approbation of a fecond agreement made with
one George Homo Pinto (which indeed was of as great confequence as all the other
contracts together) to the great council as follows :

Approbation of the Agreement.

- " Concerning the agreement by you (meaning the council) on the 14th of Decem-
ber laft, made with George Homo Pinto, we have had feveral debates, which we find
to have been brought to a conclufion, with the previous advice and approbation of the
counfellors of juftice and of the finances ; fo that both in refped: of the fame, and of
the great benefit that is likely to accrue thereby to the company, we have thought fit to
approve of the faid agreement ; recommending to you the execution of it, with the fame
zeal as you have fhewn your conduft and circumfpeftion in the whole management of
thefe contracts."

That thefe agreements were by all people, that had any knowledge of thofe affairs,
looked upon as greatly for the interefl of the company, is moft evident from hence, that
feveral other merchants that were fenfible of this advantage, made agreements with their
debtors much upon the fame terms as the company had done ; which, that it may be
put beyond all doubt, we will give you a copy of one of thofe agreements, from whence
it will plainly appear with how much circumfpeftion the council proceeded in this mat-
ter, betwixt the company, the mafters of the fugar-mills, and their debtors.

The Copy of an Agreement.

" Mr. Peter John Bas, and John van Ratsfield, counfellors of juftice of Brazil, by
fpecial commifTion from the Wefl-India company, and John van Walbeeck, affeffor of
the great council, did appear before us on one fide ; and Manuel Fernando Cruz, Sieur
de Ingenho Tapicura, in behalf of himfelf and his heirs ; as alfo Benjamin de Pina for
ten thoufand fix hundred gilders ; Ifaac de Cofta for thirteen thoufand one hundred
and eight ; Jofeph Abenacar for four hundred and ninety ; Simon de Vale for three
hundred and twenty-five; Gafper Francifco and David Brandoa for eleven hundred
and thirty-three ; Abraham de Tovaer for one thoufand ; John Parente for three hun-
dred and fifty ; John Mendon9a de Moeribeca for four thoufand three hundred and fifty ;
James Gabay for one thoufand and fifty ; More de Leon for fix hundred ; Balthazar
de Fonfeca for fix hundred j Simon Gomes de Lifboa for five thoufand nine hundred
and ten ; Bartholomew Rodrigues for nine hundred ; and Daniel Cardofa for nine
hundred and ten gilders; the whole amounting to forty thoufand five hundred and
twenty-fix gilders, being all creditors of the faid Manuel Fernando Cruz, and for the
mofl part debtors to the company on the other fide, who profefs and declare to have
agreed among themfelves, that the before-mentioned Manuel Fernando Cruz, fhall pay
to the company the full fum of fixty thoufand feven hundred and ninety-five gilders,
viz. nineteen thoufand two liundred and fixty nine gilders upon his own account, being
by him owing to the faid company, and the remaining fum on the account of his credi-

5 B 2 tors

740

tors, which, proportionably to their refpedive debts, ought to be difcounted for with him
by the faid company, upon the following conditions :

*' I. That the whole debt is to be fatisfied in the three next following years, the firft
payment to begin in January 1645, ^^^ ^^ ^^ happen, that in one year a lefs Ihare be
paid than in the other, the whole is to be made good in the laft year.

" 2. That no difcounts fhall be entered in the books of the company, until after the
payment of the due proportion appointed for each refpedive term of time.

" 3. That the creditors of thofe with whom they have entered into articles of agree-
ment, as well as the debtors of the company, fhall not be difcharged of their debts in.
the books of the company, but in cafe of failure or delay of payment, either of the
whole fum or part thereof, all the refpedive appointed times, ihall ftand engaged and
anfwerable, each for his refpeftive debt, unlefs they give other fecurity to the company ;
but thofe creditors who have no debts in the books of the company, fhall have liberty
to transfer other debts, or elfe to receive their fhare in two years time, either by aflign-
ments or in negroes ; but not in any commodities imported from abroad, or fugar to be
exported ; provided neverthelefs that the articles of agreement be fulfilled, or otherwife
the fum be nut to their own account immediately, in which cafe they are to allow eighteen
pound per cent, and neverthelefs be liable to fee the agreement put in execution.

** 4. Thofe who are entered into articles of agreement fliall be obliged to engage both
their body and goods for the performance thereof, but efpecially to deliver an inventory
of their perfonal eftates, confirmed by oath ; befides which, they are to give fuch fecu-
rities as fhall be approved of by the great council ; with renouncing the benejicium ordi-
nis, divi/jonis, et excufatlonis, as well for each refpeftive payment at the appointed times,
as the whole fum in general.

" 5. Thefe before-mentioned fecurities are to be perfons well-qualified, of good fub-
flance, not involved in debts, but efpecially in the company's j and fhall be warranted
by the magiflrates of their refpeftive places of abode.

" 6. Public notice is to be given to all perfons who have any bonds, bills or accounts,
or other engagements relating to the perfonal eflates (which fhall be named or fpecified),
of fuch as are entered into thofe articles, that within the fpace of three weeks they are
to produce the fame, or elfe be excluded from the benefit thereof, till after the expira-
tion of the time mentioned and appointed in the faid agreement.

*' 7. That he who has engaged himfelf in fuch an agreement or contrad, fliall not be
permitted to contrad new debts, unlefs with the confent of the great council ; other-
wife the fame to be void and null, of which public notice fhall be given. Neither fliall
he abalienate any fugars by land as remains, under the penalty of reflitution to be made
with full interefl and charges.

" The creditors fhall be obliged to furrender and renounce all their pretenfions, en-
gagements, and adions, to the company ; neither fhall they lay any claim upon that
fcore of precedence, or otherwife.

" "Whenever it fhall be judged requifite, by the great council, to fend a certain per-
fon to the Ingenho of any perfon entered into fuch an agreement, for the better fe-
curity of their debt, and the receiving and fending away the fugar allotted to the com-
pany, he fhall be obliged to find him with viduals and lodgings in his Ingenho j but
the company fhall pay him for his pains.

*' Purfuant to which, the before-named Manuel Fernando Cruz, with the advice
and confent of his before-mentioned creditors, has obliged himfelf in general, and by
thefe prefents, obliges and engages his perfon and eft ate, both real and perfonal, with-
out any refervation or exception ; but efpecially the before-named Ingenho Tapicura,

with

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

741

with all its appurtenances, according to the inventory there affixed and confirmed by
oath ; which Ingenho Tapicura he declares to be free from any pre-engagements, with
all the grounds, fugar-fields, pafturages, woods, and other things thereunto belong-
ing, viz. eight brafs calderns, ten tachoos, and ten parvos, befides feveral other cop-
per veffels belonging to the faid Ingenho ; twenty flaves belonging to the faid Ingenho,
and Manuel Fernando Cruz, his houfe and fixty oxen. And for the better perform-
ance of this agreement, Senhor John de Mendofe, dwelling at Moeribeca, and Manuel
Gomes de Lifboa, living in Moquiaxe, have, after certificates obtained from the magi-
ftrates of their refpedive dwelling-places, engaged themfelves, and do by thefe prefents
engage themfelves as fecurities for the whole debt, and as debtors for each and every
part thereof, promifing to indemnify the company of all adions, fuits, or other preten-
fions which may be made againft them on account of any other creditors of the faid
Manuel Fernando Cruz, not mentioned or engaged in this agreement ; as likewife, that
no fugar fliall be furreptitioufly conveyed away or abalienated : that in cafe of non-pay-
ment, the company (hall be hereby fully empowered to recover their damages with in-
tereft and charges, upon their perfons and eftatcs ; they renouncing by thefe prefents
all exceptions, ot'dinis, cUvi/lonis, et excufationis, as likewife all other pretenfious of pri-
vileges tending to the invalidity of this contract. The before-named creditors alfo, in
general, and every one of them in particular, declare that they have given in a true
account of all their refpe<3;ive pretenfions upon the faid Manuel Fernando Cruz, neither
that they do demand any other fum or fums of him, but what have been fpecified there
under their refpedive names ; promifing to be well fatisfied with what has been fi:ipu-
lated, and, if put in execution accordingly, to renounce all aftions or private engage-
ments, difcontents or preference in favour of the company ; and that in cafe of non-
payment, they will be obliged to make good and reftore to the faid company, not only
each particular fum paid at certain limited times, but alfo the whole, in the fame man-
ner, as if the faid agreement had never been made betwixt them ; leaving it to the dif-
cretion of the company, whether they will lay their adtions againft Manuel Fernando
Cruz and his fecurities, or againft themfelves and their eftates ; under the condition
they were in before the conclufion of this agreement ; the benefit oi adionem cejfam be-
ing allowed them againft the faid Cruz and his fecurities, for the recovery of their juft
debts. In witnefs and confirmation of which we have granted thefe our letters, as ufual
in fuch cafes, fealed with the ordinary feal of the court of juftice, and figned by the
fecretary of the council. Tranflated in the Receif, 23d September 1644.*'

In the fame manner all the other contracts were made and penned ; the contents of
which amounted, in the whole, to two million one hundred and twenty-five thoufand
eight hundred and feven gilders, which were due from the farmers to the mafters of
the fugar-mills, and from thofe again to the company.

The chief, if not the only reafon, why thefe agreements were refolved upoi), was,
(as we faid before) the intolerable vexations and exattions put upon the mafters of the
fugar-mills by their creditors, who, unlefs thefe mafters paid them at the rate of two
or three per cent, intereft per month, made immediate feizure of their negroes, oxen,
coppers, and other neceflaries belonging to the fugar-mills ; fo that the mafters of thefe
fugar-mills being reduced to a neceftity of paying fuch exorbitant exadions, or elfe to
fee themfelves entirely ruined, began to defend their plantations and mills by force, fo
that things feemed to tend at that time to a general infurre£tion, if the fame had not
been prevented, by entering into thofe contracts ; by which means, the mafters of the
fugar-mills being freed from the oppreffions of their creditors, and in lieu thereof now
become debtors to the company, and time given them to employ their mills for the pay-
ment

742 NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

ment of their debts, at certain limited times, and that at the rate of one per cent,
intereft per month only, all pretenfions and occafions of a revolt were thereby re-
moved, at leaft for that time ; the firft term of payment being fet out for a confider-
able time.

To make this the more evident, thefe following heads deferve our particular obfer-
vation : that the company and the merchants, being creditors of the mafters of the
fugar-mills, endeavouring at the fame time to force them to the payment of their debts,
by executions: this occafioned, from the year 1647, ^° ^^^ ^™^ ^^ ^^^ making of
thofe contracts, fuch a confulion, as muft needs have tended to the total deftrudion of
the fugar-mills, and, consequently, of the merchants and company ; which induced
them to apply themfelves to the great council, to find out fome means, by way of dif-
count, or otherwife, to put thefe debts into the company's hands.

The counfellors of juftice did not, at firft:, agree in all points to thefe propofals, but
at their meeting on the 1 2th of Auguft; 1 644, being better convinced of the matter,
and that the company was fufEciently fecured and benefited th^ereby, the next following
day did not only approve of the fame, but alfo were of opinion, that fome things might
be rather mitigated for the advantage of the maft:ers of mills and their creditors, than
not to relieve them at this jundure ; fo that the conditions were, the loth of November
1644, agreed unto with the confent of the counfellors of the court of juftice and the
finances.

Purfuant to thefe, the great council took care that public notice ftiould be given of
thefe agreements made betwixt the company and certain private perfons, by which every
one was forewarned not to fell any thing upon credit to them, without the confent of
the great council ; and their creditors fummoned to make good their debts within three
weeks time, or elfe to be excluded from the benefit of the contrail, till after the time
therein limited was expired. From all which, it is fufficiently demonflirable, with how
little appearance of truth fome have attempted to infinuate, that thefe contrads were
prejudicial to the company, and had given no fmall occafion to the enfuing revolt of
the Portuguefe ; when it is beyond all queftion, from what has been faid before, that
thefe were the only means to prevent thofe calamities, wherewith the mafters of the
fugar-mills, and the farmers or country -planters, were overwhelmed all at that time,
who were forced to let their mills ftand ft;ill, and leave the ground uncultivated ; all
which, as it tended to the utter deftruftion of the fugar-mills, fo the company fuftained
an irreparable lofs, viz. thirty-eight pounds per cent, yearly in Brazil, and thirty-feven
pounds per cent, in Holland, which being feventy-five pounds per cent., did altogether
arife from the ufe of the fugar-mills,

Befides this, there were not a few of thofe merchants that were creditors of the
fugar-mills, that were confiderably indebted to the company, who pleaded infolvency,
by reafon of the non-payment of their debtors ; the company would have been con-
fiderable lofers by them, unlefs by this way of difcounting, they had found means to
recover thofe defperate debts. All which moved the great council to make a virtue of
neceffity, and, with the advice of the mafliers of the fugar-mills and their creditors,
and the approbation of the council of Nineteen, to enter upon thofe articles ; which
could not be in anywife detrimental to the company ; though fome malicious perfons
have objeded againft: them, that (fuppofing there had been no revolt) thefe mafters
would not, in twenty years, nay, perhaps never, have been in a condition to wrong the
company, what they had laid out upon their account ; when it is fufficiently known
that the great council never paid one farthing of ready-money for them on the account
of the company ; befides, that for the fatisfaftion of the company, twenty-five fugar-
mills were engaged, which, one with another, affording from two hundred and thirty

to

nieuhoff's brazil. 743

to two hundred and fifty cherts of fugar yearly ; if the company had drawn but a hun-
dred and forty or a hundred and fifty chefts from each, the fame would have amounted
to four hundred and twenty thoufand gilders ; from whence it is evident, that, not to
include the fugar-mills, their coppers, oxen, and other inftruments thereunto belong-
ing, the fum of two millions one hundred and twenty-five thoufand eight hundred and
fixteen gilders, being the total fum of the debt owing to the company by virtue of
thefe contrails, might have been fatisfied without much hazard ; the Portuguefe
mailers of the fugar-mills, being by this expedient left in the quiet poffeflion of their
mills, and eafed from the oppreffions of their creditors, and our hopes were not a
little increafed by the induftry of the inhabitants of the country, who, finding them-
felves now at eafe, applied themfelves with fo much affiduity to the improvement of
their plantations, for the better fatisfying of their debts, that, in 1645, there was
fuch a fair profpeft of a plentiful harveft of fugar, as had not been known in ijaany
years before. , •

But it feems as if the Portuguefe, out of an in-born hatred to our nation, who had
conquered them, were refolved not to reft fatisfied, till by underhand pradices and
plots they had undermined our government. Add to this, that many of them having
involved themfelves over head and ears in debt, and feeing no way to fatisfy their
creditors, were become defperate, and more forward to run the hazard of an open
revolt (in hopes of alliftance from Portugal), than to undergo the unavoidable neceflities
of poverty ; which made fome of them frankly tell our people afterwards, that in cafe
they were difappointed in their hopes of fuccours from the Bahia, they would feek for
aid in Spain or Turkey.

Towards the latter end of the year 1642, there were rumours fpread abroad of a plot
contrived by the Portuguefe againft the ftate, when they were difarmed, and their arms
brought into the magazines, which however they got again under fome pretence or other
afterwards, they living very quietly among us, for fear, as I fuppofe, of our garrifons,
and that they were not then fufficiently affured of fuccours from the Bahia. But it will
not be amifs to trace the true origin of this revolt.

The J 3th December 1642, one John Fernandes Vieira, alderman of Maurice's
Town, appeared in the great council. Count Maurice being prefent, where he told
them, that he had been informed by certain Jews, how he and his father-in-law Berin-
gel were fufpefted in Holland, of having fent letters by a fon of the faid Beringel to
the King of Portugal, tending to the detriment of the ftate. He did not deny to have
fent a letter by the faid perfon to the King of Portugal, but containing no more than
a recommendation of the faid BeringePs perfon, to help him to fome employment under
the King : this he ofi'ered to prove by his copy, which being produced, there was
found nothing material in it, but a congratulation to the King upon his acceflion to
the crown, and a recommendation of the faid Beringel ; Vieira further propofed, that
he thought it abfolutely neceffary, for the fafety of the eftate, to have the Portuguefe
difarmed, as likewife the captains De Campo, with thofe under their jurifdidlion, the
negroes, Brazilians, mulatts, and Mamalukes.

There was alfo a letter fent by the council of Nineteen, dated ift June 1642, to
Count Maurice, containing in fubftance, that one John van North, who had ferved
for fourteen months in the quality of a cadet in Brazil, had declared to them at Amfter-
dam, that he had been a fervant in a fugar-mill belonging to John Fernandes Vieira,
where, after a ftay of two months, he was entreated by Francifco Beringel Labrador,
to go with his fon Antonio Dandrado Beringel, as an interpreter, to Holland, and
from thence to Portugal j which upon great promifes he accepted of, and they fet fail

on

744

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

on board the fhip called the Love from Brazil for Zeeland, and afterwards from Ulifll-
men went to Lifbon. He faid, that this Antonio Dandrado Beringel, after a familiar
converfation of three weeks, had told him that he was fent with a letter figned by John
Fernandes Vieira, Francifco Beringel, Bernardin Karvailho, John Biferro and Lewis
Bras Biferro, in which they gave to underftand to the King of Portugal, that they
were well provided with men, money, and arms, for the reducing Brazil under his
obedience. The council added, that the King of Portugal had made the faid Beringel
a captain for this piece of fervice, and that therefore they defired Count Maurice and
the great council to keep a watchful eye over them, being fenfible what an averfion
the Portuguefe did bear to the Dutch.

At the meeting of the great council of Brazil, i6th February 1643, Count Maurice
aflured them, that he had received intelligence, that feme of the chiefeft of the Portu-
guefe had refolved to furprife our garrifons in the country, at Moribeca, St. Anthony,
and fome other places, and to put them to the fword, which was to be put in execution
upon one of their faint's days, when they ufed to meet in confiderable numbers. Thofe
who had the chief management of this affair, had their dwelling-places in the Vargea,
who had propofed to furprife hkewife the Receif, not queftioning that if they could
make themfelves mailers of it, the other garrifons in the country would be eafily re-
duced, and confequently the company not able tofubfift long in Brazil, without foldiers
and traffic.

Hereupon it was taken Into deliberation, whether it were beft to fecure the heads of
this rebellion immediately, or to delay it till a more convenient time, for fear of alarm-
ing the whole country by their imprifonment : the laft was refolved upon, becaufe
they did not think themfelves as yet fufficiently aflured of their defigns, and did not
queftion, but that by the fecret intelligence Count Maurice was to receive of their
tranfaftions, to prevent them. It was however judged advifeable to draw the garrifons
out of the country into the Receif, which was ftrengthened with new pallifadoes, and
the old wooden battery repaired ; a fhip was alfo ordered with feveral great chaloops,
the firft on the fea-fide, the others in the river, to defend the avenues of the Receif
with their cannon. There were likewife divers letters fent^by private perfons, fome
without names, to Count Maurice and the great council, confirming the traiterous
defigns of the Portuguefe ; among others, one Mr. Van Els fent a letter to Count
Maurice, dated at Serinhaim the 2cth of March 1643, importing, that he had it from
fure hands, that a certain mulat, of the company of Auguflin Hardofo, being afked
by certain inhabitants of that Fregefie, what bufmefs they had thereabouts, had told
them, that they had been to carry letters to fome perfons living near the Receif ; adding,
that in a fhort time they would fee that place taken without any effufion of blood, either
of the Dutch or Portuguefe.

In December 1643, Don Michael de Kraflo, Don Baflian Manduba de Sonho, and
Don Antonio Ferdinandes, three ambaffadors from the Count Sonho in Angola,
arrived in the Receif, in the fhip called the Arms of Dort ; they had but one fervant
each, but brought along with them feveral negroes with golden collars, as a prefent to
Count Maurice, befides a great number of other negroes for the company.

Being admitted to audience by Count Maurice and the great council, they defired,
in the name of their mafters, not to fend any affiftance to the King of Congo, whom
they feared would attack them before long, notwithftanding they were at that time
both engaged in 2. war againfl the Portuguefe. They received for anfwer, that the
council would write to Mr. Niewland, their director there, to interpofe his authority
and mediation, in order to maintain a correfpondency, and remove all occafion of con-

12 tefl

NIKUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 745

teft betwixt the King of Congo and their mafter, they being both confederates of , the
ftates : the faid earl fent likewife a letter to Count Maurice, in which he defired leave to
buy a chair, a cloak, fome enfigns of war, fome apparel, and fuch like things. The great
council wrote alfo a letter, as well to the King of Congo, as to the Count of Sonho,
exhorting them to peace, and fent them the following prefents in the name of the
company : — To the King, a long black velvet cloak, with filver galloons, a fcarf edged
with filver lace, a velvet coat, and a caftor-hat with a filver hatband. — To the Count,
a red velvet elbow-chair, with gold fringes, a large velvet cloak, with gold and filver
galloons, a fcarf with a gold and filver lace, a velvet coat, and a caftor-hat with a gold
and filver hatband.

They were entertained with all imaginable civility during their ftay here : they were
very Ikilful in playing with the backfword ; in the management of which, they made
moft terrible poftures and faces. They underftood Latin very well, and made feveral
learned harangues in the fame.

The 13th of Odober 1644, a certain Jew called Gafpar Francifco de Kunha, with
two others of the chief of the fame fraternity, gave notice to the great council, that
they had been credibly informed by fome Jews, who converfed and kept frequent
correfpondence in the country, that the Portuguefe were plotting againft the Dutch
Brazil, telling the council the reafons upon which they founded this fufpicion. The
council, after having returned thanks to thefe elders for their care, refolved to leave
no ftone unturned, to difcover the defigns of the Portuguefe ; and having received
certain intelligence, that they expefted fome arms and ammunition to be brought them
byfea, they ordered, the 12th of 06tober 1644, the yacht called Niewhoufe, with a
galiot and a chaloop, to cruize along the coaft of Dutch Brazil, to obferve what veffels
did approach the (hore.

The 1 1 th of May 1 644, Count Maurice left the Receif, in order to his return to
Holland, after he had been eight years governor of the Dutch Brazil. All the citizens
and chief inhabitants, both of the Receif and Maurice's Town, appeared in arms, mak-
ing a lane from the old town to the water-gate, from whom, as he pafled by, he took
his leave with all imaginable demonftrations of kindnefs. At the gate he mounted on
horfe-back, and being accompanied by the great council, the counfellors of juftice,
and all the military officers, as far as Olinda, he there once more took his leave of
them in particular, the Sieur Bulleftract remaining only with him, being deputed by
the regency to condud: him on board the (hips defigned for his tranfportation.
They did not fet fail from the Red Land till the 2 2d of May, with a fleet of thirteen
fliips, on board of which were a good number of foldiers, leaving only eighteen
companies for the defence of the Dutch Brazil. Mr. Bulleftraet returned the 26th
to the Receif.

On the 2 2d of April, not long before the departure of Count Maurice, the com-
rniffion from the governors of the Weft India company, according to a refolution
taken at their meeting the firft of July 1642, concerning the government of Dutch
Brazil, and dated the 2 2d of May 1643, was read in the great council, by which the
members thereof were to have the adminiftration of the government till further orders.
Accordingly, Count Maurice having appointed a day to inveft them with the admini-
ftration of the government, he ordered (with the confent of the faid council) an
aflembly to be called on the 6th of May, of the counfellors of juftice, of the magif-
trates, the ecclefiaftical council and minifters of Maurice's Town ; of the commanders-
in-chief, both by fea and land, the chief officers of the company, the officers of the
militia, and the chief men among the Jews.

VOL. XIV. 1; c AU

fifi nieuhoff's brazil.

All thefe being at the appointed time met in the great hall of the Stadthuis, he told
them, that fince Their High and Mightinefles the States, His Highnefs the Prince of
Orange, and the council of Nineteen, had been pleafed to grant him leave, ajfter a
ftay of eight years among them, in the quality of governor of the Dutch Brazil,
to return into Holland, he had called them together, to return them thanks for the
many fervices, each in his ftation, had done to the company ; as likewife for the obe-
dience, fidelity, and refped: they had always fhewn to his perfon ; telling them, that
from this minute he refigned the government into the hands of the great council,
requiring and defiring them, in the name of the States, the Prince of Orange, and
the council of Nineteen, to (hew them the fame obedience, fidelity, and refpeft, they
. had done before ; whereupon Count Maurice having congratulated the council, and
the reft there prefent done the fame, he took his leave of them in the hall, and im-
mediately after in the council-chamber, of the members of the great council, giving
them moft hearty thanks for their faithful council and afliftance upon all occafions, and
for the refpeft and deference they had always fhewn to his perfon ; telling them, that
fince this would be the laft time of his appearing in their aflembly, he had drawn
up a memorial, which might ferve them as a guide, for the better adminift ration of the
government ; and that, if they thought it convenient, he fhould be ready to difcourfe
with them, and enlarge further upon that fubjed. The members of the great council
returned him their unfeigned thanks, wifhing him a happy voyage, and good fuccefs
in all his undertakings, and recommended themfelves and the whole Dutch Brazil to
his care hereafter. Before the breaking up of the aflembly, it was debated in the
prefence of Count Maurice, which of the members fhould have the precedency there
as prefident, or whether the fame fhould be taken by turns, the fame being not deter-
mined in their commiflion. After feveral arguments pro and con^ it was agreed, that
things fhould remain, in refpeft of this point, in the fame condition as had been ufual
before, in the abfence of Count Maurice, viz. for every one to keep his rank without
any priority, till further orders from the council of Nineteen ; to wit, firft Mr. Dirk
Hamel, then Mr. BuUeftraet, Mr. Kodde Vander Burgh, &c.

The next thing the great council took in hand, was to inquire more narrowly into
the defigns of the Portuguefe againfl the government ; to effed which, it was refolved,
in January 1 644, to fend Gilbert de Wit, counfellor of the court of juftice, and
Captain Dirk Hoogftraten, then commander-in-chief in the Cape of St. Auftin, to
Antonio Telles de Sylva, then governor of the Bahia, with the following inftrudiions,
dated the 1 5th of the fame month ; to compliment the governor (after the delivery of
their credentials), in the name of the great council, with a fmcere promife and
affurance of friendlhip, and good neighbourly correfpondency. After this, they were
to reprefent to him, that many of the fubjeds of the Dutch Brazil, after having con-
tracted confiderable debts there, both with the company and other inhabitants, did
retire into the Bahia ; wherefore they defired, that for the promoting of juftice, they
would either detain thofe bankrupts in prifon, or at leaft give timely notice of their
coming thither, to the Dutch government, whereby their fubjefts might be enabled to
profecute them at law : but their real errand was to be inftruded underhand in the
following points :

ir What forces the Portuguefe had at that time in the Bahia, and the other fouthern
provinces.

2. What number of fhips.

3. What number of fhips were expeded there out of Portugal.

4. How

nieuhoff's brazil. 74jr

4. How the negroes trade flood afFeded, and from what places they were brought
thither.

5. Whether there was any commerce betwixt them and the inhabitants of Buenos
Ayres.

6. In what condition their places were thereabouts ; of all which they were to give
the beft account they were able to get, after their return to the great council ; they
were alfo charged by word of mouth, to make diligent enquiry who were the perfons
that underhand encouraged the fo-much-feared revolt of the Portuguefe in the Dutch
Brazil, and what aid or affiftance they were to have from them ; and to defire the
governor not to permit for the future, that fuch of the Dutch foldiers as deferted out
of the Receif, and went by land to the Bahia, might from thence be tranfported into
Portugal, but be flopped and fent back to the Receif.

Thefe convoys arrived fafely the 8th of February 1644, i^ the Bahia, and dropped
their anchor, towards the evening, near the city of St. Salvador, and the callle of
St. Antonio, where two officers came on board them, to enquire from whence they
came, and by whom, and to whom they were fent, in order to give an account thereof
to the governor, Antonio Telles de Sylva. The next following day they were com-
plimented in the name of the governor, by Major Domingo Delgados, and Captain
David Ventura, who told them that he intended to fend his chaloop with the firfl
opportunity to fetch them afhore. About three o'clock in the afternoon, the fame
officers, with three or four more, came with the chaloop to fetch them ; and they
were no fooner landed, but found feveral horfes ready for them to mount upon, which
they did, and were conduced up a high hill, all over covered with fpeftators, to
the governor's palace. In the outward hall was a flrong guard of foldiers ; in the
fecond, feveral enfigns and other inferior officers ; in the third apartment they met
with nothing but captains and lieutenants ; and in the fourth, with colonels, general
officers, fome clergymen, and the governor himfelf ; who, after having received them
at the door, defired them to fit down next to him, upon chairs fet for that purpofe.
The envoys then begun their harangue, in which they told him, that they were
extremely glad to find him in good health at this time, when they were fent by the
great council of the Dutch Brazil, to afTure him of their good inclinations to maintain
a good correfpondency and friendfhip with him, and of their hearty wifhes for His
Majefly's, his own, and the government's profperity ; to preferve which, they were
ready to contribute all that la^y in their power. Then they told him, that they had
feveral things to propofe to him, when he fhould think convenient to receive them ;
the refl of the difcourfe run upon mutual compliments and news. After which,
the envoys were again accompanied by the governor to the door of the apartment,
where he ordered the before-mentioned Domingo Delgados and David Ventura, to
conduft them to a certain large houfe, finely furnifhed, in Bifhop's-flreet, and to en-
tertain them at his charge ; which, though the envoys refufed, alledging it to be con-
trary to the intentions of their maflers, yet were forced to accept of the fame, and
were very magnificently entertained at fupper.

The next morning about eleven o'clock, they went again to the palace, and after
having defired a fecond audience, were received in the fame manner as betbre. Every
one being ordered to withdraw, befides the fecretary of the governor ; the envoys made
their proportions to the laft, which they delivered to him in writing, in Portuguefe,
recommending the fame to his confideration, as tending towards the maintaining a
good and firm correfpondency betwixt them. To which the governor gave this general

5 c 2 juifwer:

^48 , NIEUHOFP'S BRAZIL.

a^fwer : " That he fhould always endeavour to cuhivate a good underftanding and
correfpondency with us, purfuant to the flrift and reiterated orders he had received for
that purpofe from the King his mafler. And that concerning the propofitions made by
them to him, he would aflemble his council of war and juftice, and afterwards impart
to them his anfwer." Then they were, by Domingo Delgados, reconduded to his
own houfe, where they were very well entertained the fame day at dinner, and the
next by the governor himfelf.

The 17th they had another audience from the governor, who told them, in very
obliging terms, " that he had confulted the matter with his council, and could give
them no other anfwer but what was contained in this letter," which he delivered to
them, and told .them the contents thereof; whereupon our envoys told him, that
fince thereby a door was left open for rogues and vagabonds, they hoped he would at
lead order that the names of fuch as fled to the Bahia might be taken notice of, that
the great council of the Dutch Brazil might not remain quite unfatisfied, whither they
were fled ; which he promifed to do. After fome further compliments, and mutual
aflurance of friendfliip, they parted for this time.

The 2 2d they took their leave of the bifliop, and feveral other perfons of note, unto
whom they owed any obligations, and laft of all of the governor himfelf, being con-
duced thither by many perfons of quality and officers ; they returned him thanks for
the civilities and refpe^b he had been pleafed to fliew them, wifhing both him and
His Portuguefe Majefty a long and happy reign, and vidory againft the Callilians.
'J'he governor returned their compliments, and conduced them out of the room,
ordering feveral negroes to attend them down the precipice of the hill, upon which
the city is built, with chairs ; but the envoys choofing rather to go on foot, they were,
in the fame chaloop they came in alhore, carried back under the found of niufic on
board their yacht. The Portuguefe ofFicervS, after having taken their leave, returned to
the city, and ours made the belt of their way to the Receif, where they arrived fafely
not long after.

The letter delivered to them by the governor was as follows :

The Governor*s Letter.

" Gilbert de Wit counfellor of your court of juftice, and Dirk Hoogftraten com-
mander-in-chief on the Cape of St. Auftin, Your Lordfhips deputies, whom I received
according to their quality and merits, have delivered your letter to me, and propofed
fuch other matters as they were empowered to treat with me about. Though I endea-
vour nothing fo much as to cultivate and maintain in the ftritleft manner, our neigh-
bourly good correfpondency, yet am I conftrained at this time frankly to acknowledge,
that it is not in my power to give your lordftiips any more fatisfadlory anfwer than this,
in hopes that the many proofs you have had of my fmcere inclinations, will ferve as
a plea with Your Lordfhips, to affure you, that I fhall always be ready in all points
depending on my government, to give the fame proofs both of obedience and fidelity
to the King my mailer, whofe pleafure is, that the truce fiiould be obferved inviolably ;
and of my fmcere intentions, and the efteem I have for Your Lordfhips friendfhip, de-
firing nothing more than that you furnifh me with an opportunity of giving real
demonftrations of my readinefs to ferve you ; whom I recommend to the protedion of
God Almighty.

"Bahia, Feb. 14th, 1645. (Signed) Antonio Telles de Sylva."

Concerning

NIEUH01'F*S BRAZIL.

749

Concerning the lix points mentioned in their fecret inftruftibiis, they made the fol-
lowing report to the great council :

" 1. That the Portuguefe forces in thofe parts were generally efteemed to be lefs
or more betwixt three and four thoufand men, without the Brazilians and negroes.
But that upon the mofl exadt enquiry they could make, they had found them to be
not above three thoufand, including the Brazilians and negroes, and their garrifons
both to the north and fouth, as far as Rio Janeiro. Thefe confided of five regiments,
viz. three of Portuguefe, under the Colonels John Darauge, Martin Soares, and N. N.
the fourth of Brazilians, under a Brazilian colonel, Antonio Philippo Camarao, and
the fifth of negroes, under the command of negro Henricio Dyas. Thefe two lafl
regiments, amounting both not to above three hundred men, were divided in the gar-
rifons to the north, about Rio Real on our frontiers ; they being the fcum and ofF-cafts
of all their territories, and confequently not to be quartered near the capital city, there
having of late been fome broils among them in the garrifons, whither officers were
difpatched to compofe them. The three Portuguefe regiments, confiding of about two
thoufand feven hundred men, kept garrifon in St. Salvador, and the circumjacent fort%
except two companies, one of which was quartered about Rio Real, the other in the
ifland Morro St. Paulo : and about one hundred and fifty more, which were difpofed
in the captainfhips of Os Ilheos, Porto Seguro, and Spirito Sancto ; fo that the gar-
rifons of St. Salvador and the circumjacent forts confided of at lead two thoufand three
hundred, each company confiding of one hundred men lefs or more, all chofen men
and well cloathed ; four companies mounted the guard every night, one at the palace,
at each of the two gates one, and the fourth in the water- works without the city.

2. " Of their naval drength they gave a very flender account, being more confi-
derable in number than force, as confiding only in fifty fmall vefiels and yachts, not
in the lead fitted for war ; neither could they obferve the. lead diow of preparations
tending that way, iheir aim being only to proteft their diips bound to the Portuguefe
coads againd the infults of the Cadilian and Denmark privateers, and the Turkifh
rovers. It was, as they faid, upon this account, that during our day there, two dout
Portuguefe fliips fit for war, manned with fix hundred men, and provided with good
dore of ammunition, arrived in the Bahia, under the command of Salvador Correada-fa,
with orders to go diredly from thence to Rio de Janeiro, and to fetch all diips ready
laden from thence to Bahia, from whence they were to convoy thefe as well as fuch
other vefl'els as they found ready there, to the coait of Portugal ; for which reafon alfo
all the vedels vv'hich otherwife ufed to go according to their own conveniency, were
ordered to day for the faid convoy. That news was brought by the faid two fhips,
that the King of Portugal had forbid the building of caravels and other fuch like fmall
veiTels, indead of which they were to build diips of better defence againd the infults of
an enemy at fea. From whence the envoys faid they fuppofed would arife this incon-
veniency to the Portuguefe, that the freights and convoy-money paid for the commo-
dities tr an fported from Portugal to the Portuguefe Brazil, and for the fugar tranfported
from thence to Portugal, mud increafe, and confequently would not be able to fell the
lad at the fame price the Dutch did, confideiing efpecially that they mud be confi-
derable lofers both in their intered and time, where they were forced to tarry for their
convoys, whereas they ufed formerly to make the bed of their way home.

" 3. They had obferved, that though the inhabitants of the Bahia expeded the
coming of thofe Ihips at their fird arrival, yet feveral veflels arrived there, both from
the Portuguefe coad and the iilands, before the red.

12 4' " They

750

nieuhoff's beazil.

" 4. They concluded the negro-trade to be very inconfiderable there, they having
fcarce ever heard it as much as mentioned, but becaufe the price of a good negro did
not at that time amount to above three hundred gilders, they fuppofed them pretty well
flocked with them ; thofe which were of late bought there being brought thither from
Cape Verde and Arder. They farther reported, that when on Wednefday, being the
8th of February, they entered the Bahia, they met two fhips of good bulk, carrying
about twenty guns each, and well manned, going out, which upon enquiry were told
them to be bound for Portugal, but could not learn to what harbour there, which,
together with fome other reafons, made them fufped they were intended another way,
in which we found ourfelves not deceived, when on the 2 2d of February, juft as they
were ready for their departure, they underftood from the Mulat Juliana, and of two
monks, that thefe two ihips were fent with men to Angola, for the fecurity of the
inhabitants of Mafagao, who, being but fmall in number, were forely afraid to be fet
upon by the negroes of the country, and having defired the governor's afliftance, who
ordered thofe fhips and the men to go in the night-time, and to endeavour to reach
Mafagao unperceived by any, and without committing any hoflilities againft the Dutch.
Whether and how far this might be true, time would fhew, but they had all the rea-
fon in the world to believe, that it was upon their fcore of concealing this expedition,
as well as fome other matters from them, that immediately after their arrival (thougb
they were not informed of it till near the time of their departure) that no Dutch or
Germans fhould appear as much as in the fight of the envoys, much lefs difcourfe
with them ; which was obferved with that flridnefs, that they really imagined there had
been no Dutch there ; but found afterwards that they had been all (how many they
knew not) carried on board the Portuguefe veffels, to prevent their keeping any corres-
pondency with us and our fhip's crew ; to which end alfo, fix centinels were placed in
two boats lying near our yacht, during the time of our flay here, under pretence of
protecting our veffel, but in effeO: to prevent any body from coming on board us,
purfuant to the orders of the governor.

" 5. That the inhabitants of the Bahia and the other Portuguefe captainfhips, had
not the lead commerce at this time with thofe of Buenos Ayres. That immediately
after the revolution in Portugal, thofe of Bahia had attempted to go thither, but were
treated as enemies by them ; fo that it was their opinion, the place would either foon,
or was already totally ruined for want of commerce ; all their livelihood confifting in
the traffic from the coaft of Brazil thither ; which falling away, no filver could be
tranfported thither from Peru ; it being not probable that the Spaniards would run the
hazard of palBng along an enemy's coafl, when they had a fafer way to tranfport their
treafures from the Wefl Indies.

" 6. That they could not get the leafl certain information concerning the defigns
carried on betwixt fome of the inhabitants of the Bahia and thofe of the Dutch Brazil
againft the laft ; befides which they gave them a general relation of what they had been
able to learn, concerning the condition of the city of St. Salvador, its inhabitants, go-
vernor, and fome other matters relating to the country thereabouts. "

The rumours which in 1640 were noifed about concerning the treacherous defigns
of the Portuguefe inhabitants againft us, being for that time vanifhed into fmoke, the
fame was revived, and their defigns began to be difcovered in February 1645, ^^^*
That confiding in the promifed fuccours from Bahia, they intended to rife in arms againft
us, looking upon this jundure as the moft favourable for their purpofe, fince Count
Maurice with the greateft part of our fleet, and a good number of foldiers, were returned
to Holland, from whence nofrefh fupplies were come of late into Brazil. The great
•""' ' - council

NlfiUHOFF*^ BRAZIL. 75 1

council not being ignorant of this, were indefatigable in their care, to leave no ftone
unturned to find out the ring-ieaders of this rebellion, fo as to charge them efFedually
with this crime, and find out fufficient caufe for their commitment. They fent out
feveral ©f their officers into the country as fpies, to found the inclinations of the people,
and whether they could meet with any one who incited the reft to an infurre£tion.
The like he did on the other fide of the river of St. Francis, and in Kamaron's camp,
whither they had fent certain perfons to inveftigate their defigns, and to learn what
preparations they made for war, and whether they were intended againft Pernambuko,
but were not able to find out any thing, upon which they could make any fure
account. Being neverthelefs fenfible that thofe forewarnings were not altogether
groundlefs, and knowing the Portuguefe to be of fo haughty a temper (befides the
difference in religion) that they would fcarce let any opportunity flip of withdrawing
themfelves from the obedience of their conquerors ; they writ the 1 3th of February
1645 the following letter, concerning the defigns of the Portuguefe to the council
of Nineteen :

A Letter from the Great Council to the Weji India Company,

" Moft Noble and Right Honourable,
" During the government of His Excellency Count Maurice, there were already
feveral of the inhabitants of this ftate entered into fecret cabals to rife in mutiny againft
us, in hopes of affiftance from the Bahia ; their bufinefs was to infinuate into thofe that
were well affefted to them, after their good fuccefs in Maranhaon, that our forces being
confiderably weakened by the ftrong detachments fent to the garrifons of Angola,
St. Thomas, and others, a fair opportunity was offered them, to withdraw themfelves
from our obedience, and to enjoy their former liberty under their own King. They
were not a little encouraged in their defign, imagining the fame might be carried on
without any great difficulty, when they found that of late we had received no fupplies
either of meat or other proyifions, or of foldiers, from Holland, whereby the ftore-
houfes of the company here being exhaufted, the garrifons of the forts were forced to
be fupplied from time to time with farinha and frefli meats out of the country ; they
judged, if they could once be mafters in the field, they muft of neceffity fall into their
hands, as it happened in 1640 to the Spanifh garrifons in Portugal, who for the fame
reafon were not in a condition to hold out againft the Portuguefe j being, befides that,
fenfible that, unlefs we would too much weaken our garrifons, we had no fufficient
number of troops left to appear formidable in the field. Thefe and other fuch like in-
finuations have been frequently fpread among the Portuguefe, by thofe who, finding
themfelves moft uneafy under our government, hoped for a change of their affairs by
changing their mafters ; which, however, wrought no confiderable effed, as long as His
Excellency continued in the government, partly becaufe we, being forewarned of their
defigns, kept a watchful eye over all their adions, and partly becaufe our fea and land
forces being much more confiderable at that* time than they are now, they had but little
profpedl of fucceeding in their enterprife, which therefore they judged moft convenient
to defer till after His Excellency's departure, which as it was fu^ficiently known before-
hand, fo they were fenfible that thereby our forces both by fea and land muft be con-
fiderably weakened, and confequently would fumifti them with a fairer opportunity of
putting their fo long rejedled defign in execution ; the more, becaufe that many of the
Portuguefe who, relying hitherto upon the authority of Count Maurice, as the only
means to keep the foldiers in awe, being now put in fear of the executions and exorbi-

9 tancies

75^

NIEUHOFP'S BRAZIL.

tancies likely to be committed by the covetous officers and rapacious foldiers, would be
forced to join with them againft us. After the departure of His Excellency for Hol-
land, thofe cabals have inftead of divine things increafed every day ; they have been
very diligent in getting information concerning the ftrength of all our garrifons, with an
intent to carry on their defigns before we could be reinforced with fupplies of men and
provifions from Holland ; to effeft which they have, by meifengers fent to Bahia, fo-
licited for fuccours of men and arms, of which, as it feems, they have no fmall hopes.
There is great reafon to believe that the journey of Andrew Vidal from the Bahia hither,
in Auguft laft, undertaken under pretence of taking his leave before his return to Por-
tugal, in order to ferve the King there, was founded upon no other motive than to inform
himfelf moft narrowly concerning the true ftate of affairs here, in order to give a verbal
account thereof in the Bahia, and afterwards in Portugal ; as likewife to found the in-
clinations of the inhabitants, and to animate fuch as he found well difpofed for his in-
tereft, with hopes of fpeedy fuccours from the Bahia : we having fmce received fecret in-
telligence that he has been prefent at feveral of thefe cabals. But though they were
greatly encouraged with thefe hopes of good fuccefs, by reafon of the diminution of our
forces, and fcarcity of provifions, they were not very forward in venturing upon this en-
terprize, being fenfible that their defign having taken vent, we made all neceffary pre-
parations againft them ; befides that many of the Portuguefe inhabitants being beyond
their expedation well fatisfied with the government of the great council, did rather
chufe to live quietly and fecurely, than to engage in fo dangerous an enterprize. So
that things remained without any confiderable alteration at prefent ; and, as matters fland
now, we are not able to find out fufficient caufe to fatisfy ourfelves whether they proceed
in the fame defign. Their chief defign, as we are credibly informed, was laid againft
the Receif, which they intended to furprife, upon a certain day appointed for the fale of
negroes, when the inhabitants of the country flocking thither in great numbers, they
did not doubt but, with the afTiftance of our own negroes, who are for the moft part
papifts, to make themfelves mafters of the place, not queftioning but if this fucceeded,
the reft would foon be forced to yield. But in this they were prevented by the ftrong
guards we took care to poft in the Receif on thofe fair-days. The chief ring-leaders, as
they are fpecified to us, are John Fernandes Vieira, and his father-in-law Francifco Be-
ringel, with feveral others, whom we would have committed to prifon, if we could have
had more certain information againft them ; but though we left no ft one unturned to
find out the truth, yet we could not meet with fufficient motives to induce us either to
imprifon them, or to proceed again to the general difarming of the inhabitants, we
having received certain intelligence, that fo foon as vve fhould attempt it, we muft ex-
pert no lefs than a general infurre6tion, which, confidering our own magazines and
ftorehoufes were fo ill provided, and no fufficient force could be drawn out of the garri-
fon to fecure the open country, would have drawn after it very ill confequences for our
nation, efpecially thofe living at fome diftance from our forts, who thereby, as we had
reafon to fear, might have been expofed to the danger of being maffacred by the Portu-
guefe. It is evident, from the information given to your lordfhips in Holland, and
tranfmitted to us, that the fubjed:s of the King of Portugal themfelves are encouraged
and animated againft us ; wherefore it will be abfolutely neceffary to be very cautious,
and to haften the fupplies we fo often have requefted at your hands. Upon the firft in-
formation we received, that toward the fouth of the Receif the Portuguefe intended to
land fome men or arms, we fent the 13th of Odober a yacht, the Enckhuyfen, with
another galliot and chaloop, to cruife thereabouts, but they returned after fome time
without being able to difcover any fuch thing. The next intelligence we had was, that

a fleet

NIEUHOFF*S BKAZiL. y^^

a fleet was equipping in the Bahia, to tranfport fome forces for the affiftance of our re*
bellious fubjefts ; to find out the bottom of this defign, we thought we could pitch upon
no better expedient than to fend thither Mr. Gilbert de Witt and Dirk Hoogftraten
with certain inftruftions, of which we have inclofed the copy, who fet fail the 25th of
the laft month. Being further informed that a certain Portuguefe captain, with an en-
fign and three foldiers, have been lately difpatched from the Bahia to our captainfhips to
endeavour to ftir up our fubjeds to Rebellion, with affurance of fuccours from thence :
we have employed all neceifary means to find them out and get them into our hands.
We fhall not be wanting in any thing which, according as occafion prefents, may con-
tribute to the prefer vation of this ftate.

" Receif, 13th February 1645."

The 4th, the great council were informed, by letter from Ifaac Rafiere and Captain
Blewbeck, written at Parayba, that a rumour was fpread thereabouts that Kamaron,
chief commander of the Brazilians in the Bahia, was on his march from Sertao to Siara
to join with the Brazilians inhabiting thereabouts, to attack with their united forces the
inhabitants of the captainlhip of Rio Grande. Whereupon the council fent orders to
Hans Vogel, governor of Seregippo del Rey, to get intelligence and fend them fpeedy
word whether Kamaron with his camp were ftill in Rio Real ; and if not, whither he
had taken his march, or whither he intended to take it. They alfo fent word to the in-
habitants of Parayba that they fhould be very diligent in enquiring after the caufe of
this rumour, and fend them intelligence accordingly.

The 1 5th of May they received an anfwer from Hans Vogel, dated the 25th of April
at Seregippo del Rey, wherein he told them, that purfuant to their orders he had fent a
ferjeant with fome foldiers to Kamaron's head-quarters, about ten leagues from Sere-
gippo del Rey, under pretence of looking for fome deferters ; who, after their return,
reported that his forces, conlifting of two hundred Portuguefe and one thoufand two
hundred Brazilians, were ftill in the fame place, bufied for the moft part in cultivating
fome plantations, Kamaron himfelf being then in the Bahia, to aflift at the folemnity of
their Eafter, from whence they conjeftured that the rumour concerning his march was
only a fidlion. But two days after the fame rumour was renewed by two paflengers
coming from Rio St. Francifco, and being landed by one John Hoen, a mafter of a veffel
near Kindelaria ; but upon a more ftrid: inquiry made by the council, the faid mafter of
the veffel declared, that on the eighth of the fame month, when he left Rio St, Fran-
cifco, there was no news of Kamaron's march.

The 30th of May 1645, a letter without a name was delivered to the great council by
one Abraham Markado, a Jew, fubfcribed only " Plus ultra." This letter being tranf-
lated out of the Portuguefe the fame night, the contents whereof were, that three un-
known perfons gave them notice that a good body of troops were come from Rio Real
into Parayba, with an intention to join with a discontented party there, and to furprife
the Dutch forts ; with advice to feize upon the perfon of John Fernandes Vieira theif
chief ring-leader.

The letter is as follows :

J Letter of Intelligence to the Council, ,

" We ftand amazed you are fa ffecure, when it is reported that the Matta of Parayba

Is full of fol-diers, come thither lately from Rio Real, who .confifting of a good- number

FOL. XIV. 50 of

754

nieuhoff's brazil.

of negroes, mulats, and Portuguefe, with Kamaron at the head of them, began their
march in the month of March, expecting now to be joined by other troops, which
hitherto were flopped by the overflowing of the rivers. Their aim is to encourage the
inhabitants to take up arms, which done, they expect confiderable fuccours from the
Bahia, both by fea and land, wherewith they pretend to block, you up in the Receif,
intending to fix their camp either at Olinda, or in the Vergea, and quarter the foldiers
in the Fregefies thereabouts. They boafl that their forces are already confiderably in-
creafed by thofe who are indebted to the company, and other vagabonds, and threaten
to maifacre all fuch of your fubje£ts as refufe to join with them. A certain perfon of
note and reputation belonging to the fame camp, has given us this information, in order
to communicate it to Your Lordfhips, to be upon your guard, which we do accordingly
by thefe prefents. The fame perfon told us, that John Fernandes Vieira was the chief
ring-leader of this infurreclion, who maintains the rebellious crew in the Matta, as they
meet together, till a certain time appointed for their rendezvous, when they are with
their joint forces to attack all the Dutch forts and out-guards at once. We were alfo
told, that the faid Vieira does not fleep in his houfe, and is always upon his guard;
to try which, you have no more to do than to fend fome to take him, with his fervants
and fadtors ; which if you could'do they would be all amazed, and make an open con-
feffion, which may be done without the leaft hazard ; for if you mifcarry in the attempt,
it will neverthelefs not redound to your difadvantage. We conjure Your Lordfliips to
take care of this poor nation, for fear they fhould be forced to join with the rebels
againfl you. We judge it therefore abfolutely neceffary to undertake the bufmefs with-
out delay, with all imaginable fecrecy ; for if they find themfelves difcovered, they will be-
gin the game immediately ; fo that ftrong guards ought to be put in the outworks, and
in the harbours of Kandelaria and the Receif. We advife Your Lordfhips to oblige the
inhabitants forthwith to furrender their arms, to order all the maflers of the fugar-mills,
with their planters, to appear in the Receif, efpecially thofe of the Fregefies of Vergea,
Garaffu, St. Lorenzo, St. Amaro, Moribeca, De Cabo, Pojuka, and Serinham, with
alfurance that they fhall not be molefled for any debts there ; and when they are come,
to detain them till they fee what is further to be done, under pretence of fecuring them
againft the attempts of the rebels in the country, by which means you will both fecure
the government, and oblige many private perfons. The fame method ought to be ufed
with thofe of Parayba, where they may be detained in the fort, as well as thofe of Porto
Calvo in that place. Thus if you can get the chiefefl into your hands, the defign will
dwindle away to nothing. We befeech you not to fend away any more foldiers before
you have made a full difcovery of the rebellion, and provide your forts with good garri-
fons ; whither we would alfo have all the Dutch inhabitants to retire for fear of being
maffacred. We three being faithful fubjefts of Your Lordfhips, have now fatisfied our
confciences in propofmg your remedy, which confifls in the taking of Vieira, which
mufl be undertaken with great fecrecy and forefight, he being, as it is faid, continually
upon his guard. Your Lordfliips will be fenfible without our advice how much it con-
cerns them, not to divulge to any, from whom they have received this information ;
and we alTure you, that we will not fail to give further intelligence of what we are able
to learn by way of letters ; and one time or other, we fhall make no difficulty to let
you know, who thefe three faithful fubjefts are. If we had been prefent, we could have
declared no more than we have done in this letter. Your Lordfhips mufl take elfeftual
care againft their attempts without delay, the approaching feafl being the time appoint-
ing for the putting it in execution. We have fent you immediate notice after it came
to our knowledge : we advife you likewife to feize upon Francifco Beringcl, Vieira's

12 - father-

NIEUHOFF*S BIIAZIL. yee

father-in-law, and Antonio Kavalkanti ; and in fliort, all the chiefeft of the Vergeas,
and other places.

(Signed) « A. Verdade.
« Plus Uhra."

Hereupon the great council called Paul de Linge, prefident of the council of juftice.
Vice-admiral Cornelius Lichthart, and Lieutenant-colonel Garflman, into their aflembly,
to confult unanimoully what were belt to be done at this juncture, for the prefervation
of the Dutch Brazil ; when by this, as well as feveral other letters and intelligences,
they were forewarned of the approaching danger ; and notwithftanding they were much
in doubt, whether they ought to make any certain account upon a letter written without
a name ; yet confidering all the circumftances of this, as well as feveral other informa-
tions, it was judged abfolutely neceffary to provide for the fafety of the Dutch Brazil,
againft any attempts of an enemy.

1. By providing all the forts with meal for two months.

2. By giving immediate notice to all commanders of forts to be conftantly upon their
guard.

3. To write to John Liftry, chief commander of the Brazilians, to keep his people
in readinefs with their arms in the villages, to be ready to march upon the firft orders
from the council, we being not in a condition to take the field without them.

4. To fend abroad their fpies in all corners, even into the woods, to get intelligence
whereabouts the enemy's troops are, and to give timely notice of what they are able to
learn to the council.

5. It .was agreed, to fummon John Fernandes Vieira, the chief ring-leader of the
intended rebellion, and his fecurities, Francifco Beringel, Vieira's father-in-law, and Ber-
nardin Karvalho, unto the Receif, under pretence of making a fecond agreement with
him, which he earneftly defired ; by which means they fhould fecure his perfon, know
the whole bottom of the Portuguefe defign, and confequently be the better able to pre-
vent it. A certain broker, called Koin, who folicited this agreement for Vieira, was
prevailed upon to undertake this talk, which he might do without the leaft fufpicion ;
but the Whitfuntide holidays put fome flop to it for the prefent. With the fame care
the great council employed all poffible means to get the other perfons of the Vergea,
fufpefted to have a hand in this rebellious defign, into their hands, under fome pretence
or other, they being not likely to be taken by force, becaufe they did not lodge in their
mills and houfes in the night-time, and by day were fo flriftly upon their guard, that
they could not pofTibly be furprized.

The 31ft of May, Vice-admiral Lichthart, and Henry Haus, a lieutenant, offered to
undertake the delivering of John Fernandes Vieira to the council, which they intended
to ejQfed, under pretence of giving him a vifit, and going a fifhing with him in the lake
Lewis Bras Biferra.

The 9th of July the great council received advice by a letter from Mr. Koin, go-
vernor of Rio St.Francifco, dated the ifl of June, that Kamaron, with a fmall body^
was pafled the river St. Francis j therefore he defired fome alfiftance of men, with fuit-
able ammunition.

The fame was confirmed by another letter, dated the 27th of June, with advice, that
as yet no enemy had appeared within fight of the fort.

Frequent intelligence being likewife fent to the council, that in the Matta of St. Law-
rence, and fome other diftant places, confiderable numbers of foldiers from the Bahia,
of mulats and negroes, were gathering in a body, they fent feveral fmall bodies thither,

5 D 2 under

7S^

under command of fuch as were well acquainted with that country, who ajl unanimoufly
reported, that they could meet with no foldiers, mulats, or any other vagabonds there-
abouts.

The 1 2th of June, the diredor Moucheron fent further advice, that he had been cre-
dibly informed, by letters dated the 8th of the fame month, from Rio St. Francifco,
that Kamaron and Henrico Dias, with fix companies of Brazilians, mulats, and negroes,
were paifed the faid river ; and that jufl as he was concluding his letter, two inhabitants
of the Algoas had given him to underfland, that fome of them had been at their houfes
for fome meal ; the copies of which letters he fent to the council, who did now not in
the leaft queftion, but that their defign was upon the Dutch Brazil, efpecially fmce they
were forewarned by feveral letters from St. Antonio, that the inhabitants thereabouts
feemed to prepare for a revolt.

The council finding their projeft of taking Vieira by craft, not to fucceed, becaufe
he and the fecurities of his father-in-law, Francifco Beringel, and Bernardin Karvalho,.
€Ould not be cajoled into the Receif, under pretence of renewing their former contraft,
and looking upon him as the chief rmg-leader of this revolt, they ordered Joachim Den-
niger, a lieutenant, with a good number of foldiers, to the mill and houfe of the faid
John Fernandes Vieira, to bring his perfon from thence to the Receif. Accordingly
Denniger advanced with his foldiers towards the evening near the mills, which he fur-
rounded, and about midnight unexpeftedly entered both the houfe and mills, making a
mod ftrid; fearch throughout all the rooms and corners, but to no purpope. In the
morning he withdrew at fome diflance, but returned the next night, when, after having
made another fearch, but in vain, he was informed by one of his Turkifh Haves, and
fome negroes, that neither Vieira, nor his father-in-law Beringel, had flept in their houfes
thefe lafl three weeks ; that fometimes they came thither on horfeback, but after a very
fliort ftay went their ways again. Denniger likewife fearched the houfes of Antonio
Kavalkanti and Antonio Biferra, but to as little purpofe as thofe of the former, being
informed by their negroes, that they had abfconded for fome weeks before.

In the mean-while, the council fent divers parties abroad, under the command of
Hans Catner, Slodinifki, and Cunraed Hilt, all which, after their return, agreed in this,
that there were no enemies there as yet, efpecially not in the Matta, where they met
with nobody but thofe that were employed in manuring the grounds.

The great council finding themfelves altogether difappointed in their hopes of taking
Vieira, refolved to fecure, immediately, the perfons of Francifco Beringel, Vieira's father-
in-law, Bernardin Karvalho, and his brother Sebaftian Karvalho, Lewis Bas, Amaro
Lopez, and John Peflba, being perfons fufpeded to have a hand in the confpiracy, in-
habiting the Vergea. In the more diftant provinces were ordered to be feized,

In St. Amaro, Antonio de Bulbous.

In St. Antonio, Amador d'Arouja ; Pedro Marinho ; Antonio del Rafto.

In Pojuka, Korneo de Morais ; Father Frey Lewis ; and Francifco Dias del Gado.

In Serinham, John Albuquerq, fon-in-law of Pero Lopez de Vera.

In Porto Calvo, Rodrigues de Barras Pimentel.

In Iguaraka, John Pimenta.

In Itamarika, Father Lawrence d'Alkunha.

And in Rio Grande, John Leftan Navarro,

But it being mofl of all to be feared that the inhabitants of Parayba, who were
much indebted, would revolt before all the reft, Mr. Paul de Linge was fent thither
immediately in the quality of director, with full power to ad; both in that and the cap-
tainfhip of Rio Grande, as he fhould find it moft expedient for the company, with ex-

prefs

NIEUHOFF's brazil. '^K^'J

prefs orders to prefs one hundred men out of the Ihips, with proportionable provifions,
immediately after his arrival there, which were to be difpofed in the fort of St. Mar-
garet, both for its defence, and to keep the inhabitants in due obedience.

And, confidering that the fcarcity of provifions was one of the main obftacles to be
furmounted on our fide, which, as the cafe then flood, would more and more increafe,
unlefs we could remain mailers of the field, from whence we drew mofl of our provi-
fions, and to over-awe the difcontented inhabitants, it was judged requifite to form a
fmall camp near St. Lawrence ; and, accordingly, the two lieutenants Huykquefloot
and Hamel, were ordered thither with thirty-five men each, the firfl from Iguaraka,
the lafl from Moribeca, as likewife Captain Wiltfchut, with fifty men more from the
Receif ; John Liflry, commander-in-chief of the Brazilians, was likewife ordered to
join with them with all poflible fpeed, three hundred Brazilians under their own
commanders.

The fame day, being the 1 2th, after a view was taken of the fortifications of Mori-
beca town, the fame were ordered to be repaired ; and news being brought, that John
Fernandes Vieira had been feen in his mill the fame night, the council endeavoured,
with all poflible care, to have fecured his perfon, but in vain ; it being certain, that
(according to the depofitions made by his fteward of the mill, called St. John, before
the public notary Indiik, in the Receif, 2 id January 1647), near fix months before the
breaking out of this infurredion, he had never flept one night in his houfe : and when-
ever he happened to be there in the day-time, he remained for the moft part in a turret
on the top of the houfe, from whence he could have a profpedl at a great dillance ; if
his bufinefs called him below, he put fomebody elfe there to keep the watch ; who, if
they f?.w but two or three perfons come that way, gave immediate notice thereof to
him ; and if any Dutch in a body were difcovered, he retired inftantly into the adjacent
woods. He had likewife placed fome negroes at a certain diflance from the houfe, who
were to give notice of the approach of any unknown perfons that way.

The 1 3th, Sebaflian Karvalho, and Antonio de Bulbous, were brought in prifoners
to the Receif, the reft, who were fenfible of their guilt, having efcaped their hands j
the firfl being examined the fame night by the affefTor of the court of juflice, Mr.
Walbeek, concerning the intended confpiracy, gave him the following account by word
of mouth : —

His Confeffion. '

" That he was one of thofe three who, a few days ago, had, by way of letter, given
an account of an intended confpiracy in the Vergea, to the great council, the ring-leader
thereof being John Fernandes Vieira, who, with the reft of his Portuguefe accomplices,
relied upon the fuccours promifed them from the Bahia ; with what he had judged
mofl proper for obviating the fame. That the whole defign of this confpiracy was laid
open to him by means of a certain writing, in form of an affociation, which was de-
livered to him by a Portuguefe fervant of the faid Vieira, together with a letter, in which
he defired him to fubfcribe the fame, there being no more than two who had figned it
at that time, viz. John Fernandes Vieira, and Lewis da Cofta Sepulpeda. The contents
of this affociation were, that they promifed to rife in arms againft this ftate, and to fa-
crifice their lives and eflates for the recovery of the Dutch Brazil under the obedience
of the King of Portugal. That indeed he had figned the faid affociation, but had given
immediate notice thereof to Fernando Vale and a third perfon ; and that he, together
with Mr. Vale, had caufed the before-mentioned letter, direded to the great council,

II to

^y^S' NIEUHOFf's BRAZIL.

to be delivered to Merkado the phyfician. That the infurredion was intended to ex-
tend all over Dutch Brazil, but that the inhabitants of the captainfhip of Parayba were
moft to be feared, as being moft indebted, and, confequently, bearing an ill-will to our
government. That their main defign was to furprife one of our forts, on or near the
fea-fide, whereby they might fecure themfelves a place to receive fuccours from the
Bahia ; from whence they expeded to be affifted with two men of war, and three or
four frigates. That he had figned this affociation barely out of fear of Vieira, who had
threatened thofe that fhould refufe with no lefs than death, and had caufed feveral to
be murdered upon that account."

His confeflion agreeing in all points with what Fernando Vale had depofed before,
and being all that time forely afflided with the gravel, he was difpenfed with from any
further examination.

The council being by this depofition of Karvalho fully convinced of the treachery of
Vieira and his adherents, it was refolved to attempt once more the taking of the faid
Vieira, if perhaps he might as yet lurk fomewhere or other near the Receif, and of his
fador Mor Manuel de Soufa, engaged in the fame defign ; as likewife of Antonio Be-
zerra and Amaro Lopez, both inhabitants of the Vergea, but in vain. Thofe who were
fent upon that errand bringing back no other fatisfadion, than that they were not to
be met with thereabouts ; and that befides that, Antonio and Manuel Kavalkanti, An-
tonio Bezerra, John Peflb, and Cofmo de Krafto, were the fame day retired out of the
Vergea to the Matta. The fame day Captain Wiltfchut was ordered to feize the public
notary, Cafpar Pereira, dwelling in St. Lawrence, who was fuppofed to have drawn the
before-mentioned affociation ; and it was refolved to fend a pardon to Antonio Kaval-
kanti and John Pais Kaeral, who having a great family at home, might thereby be pre-
vailed upon to quit the party of the rebels, whereby we fhould both weaken that of the
enemy, and get a further infight into their defigns. Antonio de Bulbous being exa-
mined at the fame time, ingenuoufly confeffed that he had not the lead knowledge of the
confpiracy ; Sebaftian Karvalho being, notwithftanding his former confeflion, detained
prifoner upon fufpicion till the 4th of Auguft, was, at his requeft, difmiffed by the great
council, after having given fufficient proof that he was one of the three who wrote the
letter concerning the intended confpiracy to the council.

The 14th of June, orders were given to all the inhabitants of the Receif, and thofe
living upon the back of the river, to furround their dwelling-places with pallifadoes,
under forfeiture of two hundred gilders. And to render the companies the more com-
plete, and to expofe our men to as little danger as might be of being furprifed by the
enemy, all the Safeguards were commanded to be withdrawn by Mr. Haus, near the
Receif, and in Serinham by Captain Fallo, who was likewife ordered to remove the
garrifon of Huna to another place of more ftrength. The better to fupply the fcarcity
of provifions in the forts, which, for want thereof, might be in danger of falling into
the enemy's hands, orders were difpatched to the chief commanders, to feize upon
what quantity of farinha (or meal) they flood in need of for the ufe of their refpedive
garrifons among the inhabitants of the country, which they were to be paid for by the
commiffaries of the company. It was alfo thought neceffary, that for tihe greater fecu-
rity of Maurice's Town, the ditches of the fort Erneftus fhould be made larger, as like-
wife the Quinqueregular fort, which was put in execution by Haus, as Vice-admiral
Lichthart took care to have two fpy-fhips polled, one betwixt the Quinqueangular fort
and the fort Bruin, the other beyond Baretta, to prevent any furprife on that fide at
low-tide J it was alfo refolved not to let any fhips or boats go out of the Receif without

a pafs

NIEUHOPF*S BRAZIL. ' y^^

a pafs from the great council. The major of the city militia was ordered to keep the
reft of his officers with the foldiery in readinefs againil the 1 7th, to pafs the review, the
fame day being alfo appointed to the garrifon for that purpofe ; feveral new commanders
were alfo chofen for the militia, inftead of thofe that were ready to return into Holland.
The fame day Paul Linge fet out on his journey into Parayba, being furnifhed with fifteen
hundred foldiers for neceifary occafions : and Bernardino Karvalho, who had abfconded
for fome time, had, at his requeft, leave granted him to come to the Receif to anfwer
for himfelf.

The 15th, John Peflba, mafter of the fugar-mill Pantelio, one of thofe that were
ordered to be fecured, defired leave alfo, in a letter to the council, to appear' be-
fore them, his flight being occafioned not by his guilt, but only fear, which was
granted him, as well as the requefl; of Father Lawrence Alkunha, upon the fame
account.

On the 1 6th, early in the morning, we received fecret intelligence, that Andrew
Vidal, at the head of one thoufand Portuguefe, and Kamaron with d'Indeos Rondelas,
and Henry Dias, with a body of armed negroes, had polled themfelves above St.
Anthony, near the fugar-mill Topekura. The fame day John Karnero de Maris, and
Francifco Dias del Gado, both mafters of fugar-mills in the diftridb of Pojuka, ordered
to be apprehended, were brought prifoners to the Receif, and Amador da Rouje, and
Pero Marinha Falkao, inhabitants of St. Anthony, who had hitherto abfconded, did
afk permiflion to come to the Receif to anfwer for themfelves, which was eafily
granted.

It was then taken into deliberation by the great council, whether, according to the
laft intelligences received of the enemy's defigns, it were not mod expedient to remove
our fmall camp from St. Lawrence to Moribeca, which, after fome debates, was agreed
upon accordingly, thereby to fecure the paiTage of the river Sangea, and confequently
to remain mafters of the country as far as the Cape of St.Auftin, from whence both
the camp and the Receif might conveniently be fupplied, both with farinha and cattle ;
whereas on the contrary, if the enemy fhould be polTefl^ed of it, he might (as had
been done in the former war) cut off all fupplies coming from the fouth to the
Receif.

Purfuant to this refolution, orders were feht to Captain Wiltfchut to march imme-
diately to Moribeca, to expeA there the coming of the Brazilians, and fome further
fuccours : in the meanwhile, to poft himfelf in the church, and to fortify the fame
againft any fudden attack : and the aldermen of Maurice's Town were ordered to buy
up the neceifary provifions, both of farinha and cattle, about Moribeca, for their ufe.
A proclamation was alfo iflued, commanding all the inhabitants of Serinham, Pojuka,
St. Antonio, and Moribeca, without any exception, to repair well armed, both horfe
and foot, with all poflible fpeed to St. Antonio, there to lift themfelves for the defence
of the open country, under the command of Colonel Gafpar Vander Ley, and Lieu-
tenant-colonel John Heck : thofe that were not able to maintain themfelves at their
own charge, being to receive their provifion from the company, like other foldiers :
the faid colonel and lieutenant-colonel offering at the fame time, to furnifh fifteen
hundred Alqueras or meafures of farinha, for the ufe of our garrifons, for ready
money.

The fame day the great council received a letter from Antonio Kavalkanti (unto
whom they had lately fent his pardon), in which he protefted, that neither he nor the
reft of the inhabitants of the Vergea were concerned in any cabals againft the ftate,
iheir flight being occafioned only by fear of being imprifoned upon fufpicion, raifed

againft

760

NIEUH01-F*S BRAZIL.

againft them by their enemies. The anfwer of the council was to this effeQ:, " That
if he knew himfelf innocent, he fhould return to his mill, this being the only means to
recover his former reputation."

The great council having great reafon to fufpeft, that Kamaron would endeavour to
bring the Brazilians under their jurifdiftion over to his party, refolved, in order to
fecure them in their intereft, to treat with Liftry, their commander-in-chief, to per-
fuade them, to fend their wives and children into the Ifle of Tamarika, under pretence
of fecuring them againft any attempts of the enemy, to which they might in all pro-
bability be expofed in the open villages.; but in effed, to keep them as pledges of their
fidelity.

, The fame day the council received fecret intelligence from Antonio d'Olivera, that
the fuccours fent to the rebels from the Bahia, confifted in a confiderable number of
Portuguefe, under the command of the brother of Kavalkanti ; of four hundred Brazi-
lians, under the command of Kamaron ; three hundred Indeos Rondelas from Sertoa ;
and fifty negroes, under command of Henry Dias.

On the fame 1 6th of June, Mr. Slotenilki, enfign of the guards, was fent abroad
to be at the campaign, with eleven fire-locks, and twelve Brazilians, who, returning
the 24th of June, gave the following account to the great council : That he took his
way from the Receif direftly to St. Lawrence, and from thence diredly to the village
of St. Michael ; where being joined by his Brazilians, he marched through St. Fran-
cifco to Kafurai from thence to Geyta, and fo further through the Matta to St.Sebaf-
tian, where all the inhabitants had left their houfes. At St.Sebaftian he- palfed the
river Topikura, and coming to John Fernandes Vieira's park, met there with good
able horfes. The negroes told him, they had orders from their mafter to fly from
before the Dutch, but to furnilh the Portuguefe with what they defired. From thence
he marched to Antonio, and in his way thither did light upon a houfe belonging
likewife to John Fernandes Vieira, where he found about fifty or fixty fheep, with
good ftore of poultry, intended for the ufe of the fick belonging to thofe rebels, or
thofe come to their affiftance from the Bahia. They fore-warned him not to advance
too far, he being likely to meet with fome troops in the park belonging to the fathers
of St. Bento ; but coming thither, found both the Portuguefe and negroes fled. From
thence he marched to a houfe belonging to Michael Fernandes, who above three
months before had been ordered by John Fernandes Vieira, to provide a fufficient quan-
tity of farinha for the ufe of the fuccours expeded from the Bahia ; which he lately
had tranfported from thence to Pedro de Alkunha, where was the rendezvous of two
companies of the rebellious inhabitants, where the faid Michael expefted a good llore of
cattle, bought by Vieira for their ufe, according to the information of a negro,
brought by Sloteniflii to the Receif. Near the park of Don Pedro d'Alkunha, he met
with the fame mulat who had fhot Captain Waldeck, and with two Hollanders who
had committed murder, and were never pardoned. John Fernandes Vieira had pro-
mifed to be with them againft Midfummer-day. From thence Slotenilki marched
diredly to Una, and fo further to St. Luce, but met with nobody there except one
monk, and fo returned to the Receif.

On the 1 7th of June it was refolved by the great council, with the confent of the
council of juftice, to iflue a proclamation for a general pardon, except fome few of the
ring-leaders of the rebellion. The proclamation was as follows :

J Pro-

* NIEUHOFP*S BRAZIL. 76 1

A "Proclamation for a general Pardon*

*' The great council of Brazil makes known to every body whom it may concern,
that they being fenfible, to their grief, how many of their fubjedls, having been mifled
by fome of the ring-leaders of the rebellion, have left their mills, wives and children
for fear, as has been infmuated to them, of being difturbed, plundered, and killed
by our ftraggling parties : we being willing to provide againfl it, and to contribute as
much as in us lies, to the profperity of our fubjeds, and their eftates, have thought fit
to pubHfli their intention, to be, to defend and proted the inhabitants of the ogen
country, againfl all evil-intentioned perfons to the utmoft of their power. And to
redute thofe-who have left their habitations, to obedience, and prevent their utter
deftrudion, we promife our pardon to all fuch as fhall within five days after fight of
this our proclamation, make their perfonal appearance in the Receif, not excepting
thofe who have been adually engaged in the laid rebellion (unlefs they are among
the number of the chief ring-leaders^, provided they leave the rebellious party, and
return to their former obedience ; and that they fhall enjoy the quiet pofleflion of their
mills and lands as before, under our protedion ; under condition however, that they
fliall be obliged to take a new oath of allegiance to the flate. Thofe on the contrary,
who fhall perfift in their rebellion, or fhall affift the rebels under what pretence foever,
are hereby declared enemies of the flate, who have forfeited their lives and eftates,
whofe perfons and eftates fhall be liable to be profecuted with fire and fword," &c.

This proclamation being immediately tranflated into the Portuguefe tongue, was fent
the next morning to St. Antonio and the Vergea to be publifhed there ; feveral copies
were alfo diftributed among the friars, in order to publifh them from the pulpits, and
caufe them to be affixed to the church-doors.

The 1 8th, good ftore of provifion and ammunition was fent to the fort Keulen and
Rio Grande, and the garrifons of both thefe places forewarned to kqep upon their
guard. At the fame time the proclamation of pardon was fent thither to be publifhed ;
and Antonio Parayba, chief of the Brazilians in thofe parts, was fummoned to keep his
Brazilians in readinefs with their arms, whenever they fhould be commanded to give
proofs of their fidelity to the company.

The 1 9th of June, two inhabitants of Porto Calvo, that were landed but the fame
morning in a fmall boat on the Receif, brought news to the great council, that Kama-
ron, at the head of the Brazilians, and Henry Dias, with his armed negroes, confifting
in feven companies, had pofted themfelves in the Alegoas, near the fugar-mill Velho ;
that their number was increafed fince to four or five thoufand men, by the conjunflion of
thofe who were pafTed the river St.Francifco through the Matta, and that they had
begun to commit open hoftilities ; fo that now the council had not the leaft reafon to
doubt any further of the defign of the Portuguefe. The commander of Porto Calvo
fent word much to the fame purpofe, and that he prepared for a vigorous defence.
The firft effeds of this infurreclion broke out in the diftrift of Pojuka, and confidering
that our whole force there confifted only in thirty men, under Jacob Flemming, a lieu-
tenant, orders were fent him to retreat to St. Antonio, there to defend themfelves with
their joint forces. The firft beginning of hoftilities was made by thofe of the Pojuka,
by feizing upon two boats, all the paflengers of which they took prifoners, and flew
them afterwards, except one feaman, who had the good fortune to efcape. This done,
the inhabitants both of the village and the open country chofe for their head Tabatinga
Amador d'Arravio, whereby they cut off our communication with the Cape Auftin by

VOL. XIV. 5 E land,

762 NIEUHOFP'S BRAZIL.

land, and all about to the fouth, befides that, the fort on the faid cape could not, but
with great difficulty, be fupplied with water from the river.

The 30th of June, a Brazilian arrived very early in the morning in the Receif ; his
errand to the council was, that he being fent by John Blaar, from Porto Calvo, with
letters to the great council, was fet upon by thofe of Pojuka, near Kamboa, who took
from him the faid letters, and killed his companion. For the reft he told them, that
Kamaron was ported in the diftrift of Porto Calvo, and that Captain John Blaar was
in the fort. A council being called, to confider of the beft means to fecure the Dutch
Brazil againft any attempts of the enemy, the firft thing that fell under debate was,
whether, according to the general advice of thofe of the inhabitants, who wifhed well
to our government, it were not moft expedient for our defence, to form a camp to
make head againft the enemy in the field ; who, if once mafter of the open country,
would force the inhabitants to join with him, and cut off our provifions, without which
we could not fubfift long. The next thing to be taken into confideration was, where
to find forces for this camp, the garrifons being fo weakly manned, as not to be able
to fpare any, and the body under Captain Wiltfchut confifting only of one hundred
and twenty men, befides the three hundred Brazilians, to be joined with him. Con-
fidering, therefore, that the whole force in the Alegoas confifted only of two com-
panies, under the command of Mucheron, a number not any ways proportionable to
the extent of fo large a tradt of ground ; it was judged moft convenient to make a
virtue of necefTity, and to draw them fr6m thence to the Receif, as indeed they had
been ordered before. But their way by land being cut off by the rebels of Pojuka, a
velfel, which lay ready to go out a cruifmg, was ordered to Porto Francifco, with
others to Mucheron, to embark forthwith thofe forces aboard her, without having any
regard to the baggage j but the reft, which could not be put aboard the vefTel, fhould
be fent by land to Rio Francifco, to reinforce Captain Koin, for the better defence of
that place. Captain Fallo was likewife ordered to march with the garrifon of Serinham
to St. Antonio, it being not likely that the troops in Serinham fhould be able to make
head there, after the coming of Kamaron into Porto Calvo, it being an inland
country.

The fame day, forty new-lifted foldiers were fent to Tamarika, under command of
Captain Peter Seuliin, mafter of the fugar-mill Harlem ; becaufe this ifland was of the
greateft confequence to us ; and the garrifons of the fort Orange, and the town of
Schoppe," confifting each of one company, were very weak, and the armed inhabitants
did not amount to above one company more.

The fame day Mr. Bas and Mr. Van de Voerde, counfellors of the court of juftice,
were ordered to examine Gafper Pereira, the public notary, concerning his drawing of
the inftrument of affociation ; as likewife John Kariero de Maris, Francifco Dias Del-
gado, mafters of fugar-mills, in the diftrift of Pojuka, and Sebaftian Karvalho, con-
cerning what they knew of the intended confpiracy.

Karvalho declared a fecond time, at the houfe of Lieutenant-colonel Haus, that
fome days ago (he could not remember exadly which), a certain Portuguefe fervant,
whom he knew not, did come to him in the name of John Fernandes Vieira, with a
letter, in which the faid Vieira defired him to fign the inclofed writing, drawn in form
of an affociation, to take up arms againft the government, \ as foon as they fhould
receive any fuccours from the Bahia ; which at that time was fubfcribed only by John
Fernandes Vieira and Lewis da Cofta Sepulpeda ; but, as he fuppofed, was to be carried
to moft of the inhabitants. He further declared, that he refufed to fign the faid
writing upon the bare letter of John Fernandes Vieira, and the hand-writing being un-
known

NIEUHOFP'S BRAZIL. ySx

known to him, he fent both the letter and inftrument of affociation back by the fame
lad that brought it, with his anfwer by way of mouth, that he could not fubfcribe it.
Having more maturely weighed the matter, he fent the fame evenirig to his friend,
Fernando Vale, to defire him to give him a meeting the next morning upon the hills of
Garapes ; which being done accordingly, it was agreed among them to give notice of
this confpiracy to the great council, in a letter without a name. This letter, with
the fubfcription of Plus ultra, was writ by Vale, and about ten days after given him to
read in a baker's houfe in the Pont-ftreet, and afterwards given to Abraham Merkado,
the phyfician, who delivered it to the great council.

The fame day, the 20th of June, the great council received a letter from Mr. Ley
and Hoek, dated at St. Antonio, importing, that the whole Fregefie had taken up arms,
and made fixteen or eighteen Dutch inhabitants prifoners ; that they had fortified the
church againft thofe of Pojuka, whom they did not queftion to force from thence,
provided they received any fuccours from the Receif. The council having taken the
whole matter into ferious deliberation, and confidering with themfelves, that, as the
cafe then flood, they had no great reafon to fear any rebellion in the north, in Parayba,
and Rio Grande, as long as our fleet remained near the Red Land, and judging it highly
neceflary to bring the rebels in Pojuka to reafon, and by their punifhment to deter the
reft from attempting the like, they ordered Lieutenant-colonel Haus, with a detach-
ment of a hundred men, to march the next morning to Moribeca, there to join with
Captain Wiltfchut and the Brazilians, and fo continue their march to St. Antonio ;
from whence they were, with their joint forces, to go direftly againft the rebels of
Pojuka, to reduce them to obedience ; it being otherwife to be feared that they would
cut off all communication betwixt the Receif and the garrifons to the fouth. This
expedition proved fo fuccefsful, that the rebels were put to flight, and Lieutenant-
colonel Haus made himfelf mafter both of the town and convent, forcing them to
quit all the pafles thereabouts; and forty prifoners were releafed, whom they had
loaded with irons in the faid monaftery. But having received intelligence of the ap-
proach of Kamaron with his whole body againft him, he defired further fuccours from
the great council to keep the field ; but the garrifon of the Receif being too much
weakened already, they could fend him no other reinforcement till the expeded fuc-
cours ftiould arrive from Holland.

The 2 1 ft, it was refolved by the great council, to proclaim a general faft all over
Dutch Brazil, to be kept the 28th of June, to return thanks to God Almighty for the
great mercy fliewn to them on feveral occafions, but efpecially of late, in the timely
difcovery of the treacherous defigns of their enemies, who intended to have furprifed
them when they were leaft aware of them.

The defign of this confpiracy was laid thus by the Portuguefe : they intended, in the
Whitfuntide holidays, to make folemn rejoicings, with feafting, tournaments, and
fuch like, on occafion of feveral weddings appointed for that purpofe, unto which
were to be invited all the chief men of Dutch Brazil, both civil and military ; whom,
after they were fluftied with wine, they intended to murder, in imitation of the Sicilian
vefpers, or the noted Parifian wedding ; not queftioning but that, when the heads of
the Dutch Brazil were cut oiF, the reft, when attacked at once in divers places, would
fall an eafy prey into their hands. But being prevented in this bloody defign for that
time, Midfummer-day was pitched upon, as moft proper for the execution of it, when
the fhips were departed out of the harbour of the Receif. For the Portuguefe were
not ignorant, that we, having received no frefli fupplies, efpecially of gunpowder, foi:
a confiderable time, out of Holland, our magazines were but very indifferently fup-

5 E 2 plied.

764

nieuhoff's brazil.

plied, both with ammunition and proviiions ; and that confequently we muft foon he
reduced to great extremity, if they were maflers of the field : they knew alfo, that all
our fhips, except two, were ready to fail with the firft fair wind, being already fallen
down to-the Red Land ; thus being fenfibleof our weaknefs, the Portuguefe propofed to
themfelves no lefs than the conqueft of the whole Dutch Brazil at one ftroke. But
the whole defign being difcovered before Midfummer-day, it vanifhed mto fmoke, both
fides betaking themfelves to decide the matter by arms.

The Portuguefe pretended not fo much the allegiance due to their King, as liberty
of confcience ; notwithftanding which, we have all the reafon in the world to imagine,
that this infurreftion was undertaken not only with the knowledge, but alfo at the
inftigation of the court of Portugal, and of thofe of the Bahia ; it being very improbable
that Kamaron, Henry Dias, and the reft of the ring-leaders, fhould, without the
approbation of the King of Portugal, have attempted to attack us by open force.
Befides this, Mucheron declares to have read, in a Portuguefe commiflion, ihefe words :
** This revolt and war, undertaken for the honour of God, the propagating of the
Roman Catholic faith, for the fervice of the King, and common liberty." He further
adds, that he has heard feveral Portuguefe fay, that if they mifcarried in their defign of
chafing us out of Brazil, to deftroy all with fire and fword, thereby to bereave us of all
future profpeft of receiving any benefit from thofe lands ; which done, they would re-
tire with their wives and children to the Bahia, or fettle in fome more remote place,
where they might be fecure againft any attempts of the Dutch. There have indeed
l)een fome who, confidering the unfettled eftate of the King of Portugal, and the odd
fancy of his reign, have thought it very improbable he fhould involve himfelf in a war
with us, or have given his confent to this infinuation ; but the event has fufficiently con-
tradicted that opinion.

The 2 2d of June a letter was delivered to the great council, figned by John Fernan-
des Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, John Pefcoa, Manuel Kavalkanti, Antonio Bezerra,
and Cofmo de Crafto Pafos, in which they complained, that they being a confiderable
time ago accufed by the Jews of a treacherous defign againft the government, had been
great fiifferers upon that fcore ; that now they being informed by the fame Jews that
they were in danger of lofing all their mills and lands, to be given to certain Hollanders,
who were fent for for that purpofe, they defired that the time of five days appointed in
the laft pardon might be prolonged, as being too Ihort for a bufinefs of fuch moment,
and that the faid pardon might be granted without exception j which they refufing to
grant, they did hereby proteft before God and all the Roman Catholic Princes, that
they thought themfelves innocent, and not in the leaft guilty of all thofe miferies which
might enfue from this refufal hereafter.

The 23d, in the morning, the council was aflembled to confider of the faid letter ;
where, after feveral harangues upon the prefent ftate of our affairs, and the enemy's
defign againft us, they were divided in their opinions, fome being for granting a gene-
ral pardon, without the leaft exception, as the cafe ftood with us at prefent, when we
were deftitute of fufficient provifion, ammunition, and men ; others maintained, that a
letter which contained fo many notorious untruths deferved not the leaft anfwer ; others
were of another opinion. Whilft they were thus debating the matter, letters were
brought to the council, written by Lieutenant-colonel Haus, from St. Antonio, that
he was ready to attack the rebels of Pojuka the next day, not without hopes of good
fuccefs, fo that the council, confidering of what moment the event of this adion was to
their affairs, refolved to adjourn the faid debate till the next day, when they hoped to
know the iffue of the whole enterprize.

The

NIEUHOFP S BRAZIL.

7^5

The 28th of June Mucheron arrived with his two companies in the Receif, from the
Alegoas, where it was refolved to difpofe his own company in Quinqueregular fort, of
which, as a place of great confequence, he was made commander-in-chief ; the other of
Captain William Lambert was put in the fort Erneftus.

By letters from Paul Linge, governor of Parayba, dated the 25th of June, we re-
ceived advice that the inhabitants thereabouts offered to give him freih aifurance of their
fidelity, by taking a new oath of allegiance, and that he did not obferve the leaft motion
towards an infurredtion.

Jacob Dafline, mailer of the fugar-mill Supapema, who had been abroad with a good
party, made his report to the council, that he had been at feveral fugar-mills, where he
had met with about two hundred of the enemy's troops divided into divers fmall bodies,
compofed of Portuguefe, mulats, and negroes, under the command of Amador de
Araouje, Antonio de Crafto, one Taborda, and Henry Dias.

The 29th of June, by fpecial commiffion from the council, Balthafar Vander Voer-
den examined Antonio d'Oliveira, concerning the defign of the Portuguefe formed
againft our government. He declared, that about the beginning of this prefent June,
being then at the houfe of Sebaflian de Karvalho, together with Francifco d*01iveira,
Bernardin Karvalho, and the before-mentioned Sebaftian de Kacvello, a certain
Portuguefe very well known to them all, delivered to him a letter, direded to
all the perfons there prefent, with another piece of writing unfealed, which he
began to read j but finding the contents to be, that the under-written perfons
promifed to be, and declare themfelves faithful fubjeds of the King of Portugal, and
that John Fernandes Vieira, Francifco Beringel, Antonio de Sylva, and feveral more,
whofe names he would not look upon, had figned the fame, he returned the faid
writing, and refufed to fubfcribe the fame, telling his fon at the fame time, *' You ought
rather to fuffer your hand to be cut off, than fign this paper ;" and fo went his way im-
mediately, not any one of all there prefent having fubfcribed their names at that time :
he protefted he knew not the hand-writing. After a more ferious confideration, he
thought it requifite to make a difcovery of it, which he did accordingly within two days *
after to Matthew Reex, defiring him to give an account of it to the great council ; he
declared further, that the faid writing was figned by above one hundred of the in-
habitants.

The 30th of June, one Digos Lopes Leyte, who was not long ago taken prifoner by
the Brazilians, was examined by Mr. Bulleflraet, Dortmont, and fome other military
officers. His confeflion was, that at the firft beginning of the defign of the Portuguefe
againft this ftate, they had fent a letter to the governor of the Bahia, Antonio Telles
de Sylva, to crave affiftance from him, which if he refufed, they would feek for aid
in Spain ; and if they did not fucceed there, they would rather furrender themfelves to
the Turks, than endure any longer the ill-treatment they met with from the Hollanders.
That neverthelefs he had heard many dire imprecations made againft John Fernandes
Vieira ; that he deferved no lefs than the gallows, he having railed this rebellion for
no other end, than thereby to free himfelf from the vaft debts he owed to the company.

The fame day it was agreed to fend abroad a party of twelve foldiers and eight Bra-
zilians, to fetch a good quantity of farinha from St. Lawrence, who were put to the
rout near that place, fo that very few efcaped. At the fame time the council received
the unwelcome news, that fome of the inhabitants of Iguarafu had taken up arms
againft them.

In the beginning of July it was refolved to draw the fortifications of Maurice's
Town into a narrower compafs, and to add a new line with a breaft-work. This tafk

was

'jSS nieuhoff's brazil.

was performed by the negroes belonging to the inhabitants of Maurice's Town and the
Receif, under the conduft of Vice- Admiral Lichthart, who took care to have the fame
perfefted, according to the model drawn by the engineer.

The fame day advice was brought that John Lawrence Frances and John Dias Leyte,
inhabitants of Iguarafu, made it their bufmefs to incite the inhabitants to an infurrec-
tion. Captain Sluyter fent alfo word from Tamarika, that about eighty men, and
t)ne hundred and ten women and children, all Brazilians of the villages of St. Michael
and Naflau, were come into that ifland for fhelter, and that the Brazilians of Otta
intended to do the like. The magift rates and chief Portuguefe of Goyana, gave the
council frefli aflurances of their fidelity, provided they might, in cafe of neceffity, be
allowed to retire into the faid ifland, which was granted, and thanks given them for
their loyalty. The magiftrates of Iguarafu advifed, that Vieira had caufed a declara-
tion to be affixed in the fugar-mills of Gonfalvo Novo de Lira, which they had ordered
to be torn down, and fent a copy of it to the council, afluring them, that they would
take all pofTible care to keep the inhabitants thereabouts under obedience, though they
found fome of them much inchned to revolt.

At the fame time Fernandes Vale was examined by Mr. Vander Voerde and Mr. Bas;
he declared, that having received a letter from Sebaftian de Karvalho, to meet him the
next morning upon the hills Garapes, becaufe he had fomething to communicate to
him, concerning no lefs than their eftates, lives, and honour ; he, without mentioning
any thing of it to his wife or brother, went thither on horfeback, accompanied only
by a boy ; notwithftanding he happened at that time to be aiflided with the gravel ^
there he met Sebaftian Karvalho, with one boy only, who told him, that he having
received a letter, with another writing, containing a project of an infurredlion to be
undertaken againft the government, he thought it abfolutely neceflary to give notice
thereof to the great council ; and that he deiired him to write a letter accordingly to
the council ; he being pretty well verfed in the Dutch tongue. That Vale alked him,
whether any body befides himfelf knew of the matter ; unto which he anfwered, that
his brother Bernardin did ; whofe opinion was likewife to difclofe it to the council ;
hereupon they returning each to their refpedive homes. Vale writ a letter in Portuguefe,
purfuant to the inftrudions he had received from Karvalho, for whom the faid letter
was left to perufe in a baker's houfe, on a public fair-day for the fale of negroes ; after
which he had fent the faid letter inclofed in another, to Dr. Merkado, defiring him to
fee the fame carefully difpatched to the great council, without mentioning the con-
tents thereof.

The great council receiving frequent intelligence that the Portuguefe from the Bahia
intended to fend a fleet to the afliftance of the rebels, it was refolved to fend orders to
the four fliips, the Amfl;erdam, the Blackmore, the North Holland, and Groningen,
then at anchor near the Red Land, in order to their return to Holland, to return forth-
with to the Receif, the government flianding in great need of their afliftance, to prevent
the conjundion of the forces from the Bahia with the rebels. They received alfo letters
from Lieutenant-colonel Haus, dated at Pojuka the 26th of June, aflTuring them that
he had granted pafles to above two hundred perfons that were returned to their
duty ; that two or three of the ring-leaders, excepted in the laft pardon, fued for the
fame favour, and that he had caufed one Francko Godinho, one of the chief of the
rebels, taken by his people, to be hanged on the gallows he had erected himfelf j that
Amador d' Araouje being gone from thence with a hundred and fifty men to the Vergea,
to join with Vieira, he expefted their orders whether he ftiould follow him, he loofing
upon it as a feint to draw him from thence. He further told them, that with the

12 Brazilians

nieuhoff's brazil. 767

Brazilians and their wiv^s and children, he was above five hundred ftrong ; and that
unlefs they were foon fupplied with provifions from the Receif, they fhould confume
all the cattle thereabouts.

The great council fent an anfvver the fame night to Lieutenant-colonel Haus, requiring
him to grant free pardon to all who fhould defire it, not excepting the ring-leaders^
themfelves, thereby to weaken Amador d*Araouje and his ^party. That with what
forces he could fpare in Pojuka (after fufficient provifion made for the defence of the
garrifons, according to their own difcretion), he fhould march to the Receif, in order
to attack Viera, where they need not fear but to be able to fubfifl upon what the faid
Vieira had laid up for the ufe of the expefted fuccours of the Bahia, and the cattle
belonging to the rebels.

But whilft Lieutenant-colonel Haus was employed in fecuring Pojuka againft their
attempts, thofe of the Vergea ftrengthened themfelves with all poflible diligence ; to
further which, John Fernandes Viera and Antonio Kavalkanti, who Ityled themfelves
the heads of this war, did not only affix their declarations round about Maurice's
Town, and in Iguarafu, inciting the inhabitants to rebellion, by promifmg them con-
fiderable fuccours from the Bahia, but their parties alfo, which they fent frequently
abroad, forced thofe of the open country to take up arms, killing fuch as refufed.
The fame was praftifed by Amador d*Araouje inPojuca ; fo that, what with provifions,
what with threats and force, they got together a confiderable body in the Vergea, we
being not in a capacity to prevent it, becaufe what forces we had were in Pojuka.

But judging it abfolutely for our interefl to flop as much as poflible thefe proceed-
ings, it was refolved to arm fome of the lufty young fellows with firelocks, which they
were furnifhed withal by the citizens (there being none in magazines), and to join with
them a detatchment of the garrifon, befides a hundred Brazilians, that were lately
arrived under Peter Potti.

Purfuant to this refolution. Captain John Blaar received orders to put himfelf at the
head of three hundred men, with whom he was to march with all imaginable fecrecy
from the Receif, and by lying in ambufh near the paffes, to endeavour to intercept
fome of the enemy's troops, not queflioning but that out of the prifoners they fhould
be able to learn where Vieira was pofted with his main body, and of what flrength
both he and the fuccours from Bahia was reputed to be among them. He had ftri6t
orders not to molefl any of the inhabitants who were not in arms, but to proted them
and their eftates, and to receive thofe who fought for mercy, and bring them into
the Receif. Orders were alfo fent to Lieutenant-colonel Haus to march with what
forces could poffibly be fpared out of the garrifons to the fouth, to the Vergea, in order
to join with Captain Blaar, and endeavour to attack the heads of the rebels, which,
if they could once put to the rout, might be a means to quench the whole fire of rebel-
lion, and to reflore peace to the Dutch Brazil.

The firfl of July it was debated in council, whether all fuch perfons as were fuf-
pefted to have a hand in the confpiracy, ought not to be excepted in the pardon, or
whether it fhould be granted to all that defired it without exception. The lafl was
refolved upon as conducing mofl to the quieting the fubjedls minds.

The 2d in the evening, the council received advice from Captain Blaar, that he
was pofted at Mongioppe, with an intention to attack the enemy, wherever he met
them.

The 3d he marched to Iguarafu.

The 4th, they received letters from Lieutenant-colonel Haus, from St. Antonio,
importing that after having left a garrifon in Pojuka under Lieutenant Fleraming, and

one

768 nieuhoff's brazil.

one hundred Brazilians in St. Antonio, he was ready to march to the fugar-mill Velho,
and from thence to Moribeca, where he would expefl their further orders.

At the fame time the inhabitants of Goyana having fortified themfelves in a certain
houfe, belonging to Liftry their chief magiftrate, they defired the council to furnifii
them with forty mufquets, for the ufe of fuch among them as were unprovided with
arms. Their requeft was granted, and pofitive orders fent at the fame time to Servae§
Karpentier, to take this opportunity to difarm all the Portuguefe, either by fair or foul
means ; to efFeft which, he fhould keep the Dutch together in a body as much as
poflibly he could ; his anfwer was, " he would endeavour to difarm the Portuguefe
by fair means, he wanting power to do it by force." Befides which, he gave notice
in his letter dated the nth of July, that every thing remained quiet hitherto in Goy-
ana, but that the Brazilians, (contrary to his exprefs orders) claiming a prerogative
to be commanded by none but their own officers, purfuant to a decree of the council
of Nineteen, had, in their paffage to Tamarika, plundered feveral of the Portuguefe
inhabitants.

- Moft of the rebellious Portuguefe had left their wives and children in their houfes
and mills, which, as it tended to their no fmall conveniency, fo fome of the faithful
Portuguefe inhabitants did propofe on the 3d of July to the great councif, whether it
would not be for our intereft to oblige thofe wives and children to quit their houfes and
mills, and to fend them after their hulbands.

Several reafons were alledged for it :

1. Becaufe the rebels being encumbered with their families, mud of necefTity make
greater confumption of farinha, and other provifions, which would oblige them the
fooner to alter their meafures, and to change their places.

2. That thereby they would be much dilheartened, for fear of a vigorous attack.

3. That they would not be able to march or to change their camp fo conveniently
as before, or to lurk in uninhabitable places.

4. That by the removal of thefe women, who ferved them as fpies by the help-
of their negroes, we fhould take away all opportunity from them, to be informed of
our defigns.

All which reafons being well weighed, the following proclamation was publifhed :

A Proclamation for the Removal of the Rebels* Wives and Children,

*' The great council of Brazil, by the authority of the States-General of the United
Provinces, His Highnefs the Prince of Orange, and the Weft India company, make
known unto every body, that whereas many of thofe who have fided with the three
head rebels, John Fernandes Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and Amador d'Araouje,
againft this ftate, have left behind them their wives, children, and families, which hitherto
continue in their former dwelling-places j we do by thefe prefents ftridly command all the
wives and children, whether male or female, whofe hufbands and fathers are engaged with
the rebels, to leave their refpedive houfes within fix days after the publication of this
proclamation ; and to repair to their refpeftive hufbands and fathers, or elfe to incur
the penalties due to rebels ; it being our refolution not to take the fame into our prp-
tedion ; nay, to take away our fafe-guards from all fuch of our fubjeds ^s fhall be
found to harbour or conceal thefe before-faid wives, children, and their effeds, unlefs
the hufbands and fathers of thefe wives and children Ihall, within the limited tim^ of
fix days, return to their dwelling-places, and fue for pardon to the council.

*' Thus decreed in the afiembly of the great council of Brazil."

II About

nieuhoff's brazil. . 769

About this time near one thoufand Brazilians, among whom were three hundred
and fixty-nine men, the reft women and children, being retired to the ille Tamarika,
to fhelter themfelves againft the rebellious Portuguefe, Mr. Dormont, counfellor of the
finances, was fent thither in the beginning of July, as fupreme direftor of the territory
of Iguarafu, to fecure that illand which was of fo great confequence to the ftate, in our
intereft.

The 5th of July, a proclamation was iffued againft the three chief rebels, John Fer-
nandes Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and Amador d' Araouje, declaring their lives and
eftates to be forfeited, offering a reward for the apprehending of them, as follows :

A Proclamation for apprehending the three head Rebels,

" The great council of Brazil, by authority of the States-General of the United Pro*
vinces. His Highnefs the Prince of Orange, and the Weft-India company, fend greet-
ing. Be it known by all, that whereas we are fully fatisfied that John Fernandes
Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and Amador d* Araouje, fetting afide their allegiance,
have a conftderable time ago entered into a confpiracy againft the ftate, fending their
jletters throughout feveral Fregefies of our jurifdiftlon, to excite our fubjeds to a revolt ;
that they have gathered and ftill are gathering forces to maintain tneir treacherous
defigns againft this ftate, forcing our faithful fubjefts to join with them, threatening
with death fuch as refufed to enter into this rebellion ; nay, having caufed feveral, as
well Hollanders as Brazilians, to be murdered upon that fcore. That they have affixed
and publiftied declarations in feveral places, tending to the difquieting and difturbing
the minds of the fubjeds of this ftate, with the name and title of governors of this war,
(whereas they ought to have ftyled themfelves faithlefs traitors) covering their villainous
defigns under the name of the Divine Majefty, befides many other mifdemeanors,
whereby they have rendered themfelves guilty of high treafon. It is for thefe reafons
that we thought it our duty to declare the above-named John Fernandes Vieira, Antonio
Kavalkanti, and Amador d* Araouje, and by thefe prefents do declare them enemies
of this ftate, difturbers of the public peace and our good fubje6ts, rebels and traitors
againft their lawful magiftrates ; and to have forfeited all their privileges, rights, lives,
and eftates ; and as fuch, we grant not only free leave to every one to apprehend or
to kill the faid John Fernandes Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and Amador d' Araouje,
but alfo promife a reward of one thoufand Charles's gilders, to fuch or fuch perfons
as fhall do fo fignal a piece of fervice to the company, as to apprehend either of thofe
perfons, fo as they may be brought to juftice ; and the like reward to any perfon who
fhall kill either of the faid traitors, befides his pardon for any offence he may have com-
mitted before ; and if he be a flave, his liberty, together with the reward. We alfo
ftrl£lly command by thefe prefents, all the inhabitants of this ftate, of what quality,
degree or nation foever, that they fhall not prefume to afTift the faid rebels with arms,
provifions, money, men and ammunition, or harbour, conceal, or advife them in any
refpeft, or keep the leaft correfpondence with them, under pain of being declared
traitors, and to be punifhed asfuch with the utmoft rigour," &c.

Whilft the great council were thus endeavouring to quench the flame of rebellion,
they received frequent intelligence, that befides the fuccours already come to the rebels
from thd Bahia by land, by way of Rio St. Francifco, they expe(5ted a confiderable
fleet from thence ; it was refolved to fend once more fome deputies to the governor
Antonio Telles da Sylva, to reprefent to him that Kamaron and Henry Dias being
under his jurifdidion, their entering in an hoftile manner into the Dutch Brazil, could

VOL, XIV. 5 F not

770

NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

not be interpreted otherwife than a breach of the truce concluded betwixt the Idng of
Portugal and Their High and MightineiTes the States-General.

The perfons pitched upon for this purpofe were Balthafar Vander Voerde, counfellor
of the court of juftice, and Dirk Van Hoogflraten, then commander-in-chief to the
Cape of St. Auftin, who being looked upon at that time as a very loyal perfon, was
fent for the 4th of July, leaving Barent Van Tichlenborgh, to command in his abfence.
Francis Kyrnen Springapple was appointed their fecretary, and Gerrard Dirk Laet,
Alexander Sylve, and Jacob Swearts to attend them as gentlemen.

Their inftrudions were, to lay open to the governor the true reafon and occafion of
this infurreftion, and the ring-leaders thereof, who would never have dared to attempt
it without the hopes of fuccours, which were fent them by land through Rio St. Fran-
cifco : they were to fearch into his intentions as near as poffibly they could, and to de-
fire him to recal Kamaron and Henry Dias with their troops out of the Dutch Brazil,
and to punifh them according to their delerts. If they found the governor not inclined
to give them due fatisfaftion, by recalling thofe troops either by public proclamation,
or fending fome perfon of authority to bring them back, or by giving them fome other
real demonfl rations of his fincere intention before their departure, they were to proteft
to, and to declare themfelves innocent of all the damages, murders, and rapines as well
againft the Hollanders, as Portuguefe and Brazilians, already committed or to be com-
mitted by thofe forces. They were to declare to the governor, that they would look
upon it as an open breach of peace and ad of hoftility, of which they muft give an ac-
count to their maflers, who, without quellion, would know how to make themfelves
amends for the damages fuftained ; and to proteft once more, that the Dutch declared
themfelves innocent of all the mifei-ies which mufl: enfue from their taldng up arms for
their own defence, after their fo reafonable requefl had been rejeded.

Accordingly they fet fail the 9th of July 1645, from the Receif, in the fhip called the
Roebuck, and coming to an anchor the 1 7th in the Bahia, were, in the name of the
governor Antonio Telles da Sylva, complimented aboard their fhips by feveral Portu-
guefe gentlemen, from whom they aiked leave to come alhore, having feveral matters
of moment to propofe to him in the nanie of the great council of Brazil.

The next day being the i8th of July, about noon, Lieutenant- colonel Andrew Vidal,
and Captain Pedro Kavalkanti, with fome other officers, came in a brigantine to fetch
them to the palace ; where, after the firft compliments, they delivered their credentials,
telling the governor, that out of thofe he would underftand that they were fent to treat
with him of certain points, which they were ready to propofe, either now or whenever
he fliould be difpofed to receive them. The governor, after the ufual return of com-
pliments and perufal of the credentials, told them, that he was ready to hear them
whenever they pleafed ; whereupon they propofed.

That fome Portuguefe fubjeds of Their High and MightinefTes the States-General of
the United Provinces, have entered into a cabal, in order to take up arms and attack
Pernambuko ; to effed which, they have by certain letters folicited their fellow-fubjeds
to enter into a rebellion, and provided themfelves with arms, in hopes of fuccours from
abroad. That in the beginnmg of May, Kamaron and Henry Dias with their Brazili-
ans and negroes, and fome Portuguefe, being on their march in an hoftile manner to
Pernambuko ; John Fernandes Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and Amador d'Araouje,
with other Portuguefe their accomplices, had no fooner notice of their coming, Ibut they
abfconded from their houfes, gathered what forces they could, fome by force, fome
otherwife, publifhed their declarations, ftyling themfelves governors of this war ifor the
public liberty j all which they undertook upon hopes of being backed by foreign troops.

That

nieuhoff's Brazil. 771

That through God*s mercy their mafters did not want power to prote<5l their faithful
fubjeds, and to punifh the rebels according to their deferts : but as they could not com-
prehend what it was that could induce thefe foreign troops to enter their territories in
thne of peace, in order to aid their rebellious fubjeds againft them, fo they were at a
ftand how to deal with them. That the great council as well as all the reft of the
inhabitants, being too well acquainted with His Excellency's extraftion, exquifite know-
ledge in ftate-affairs, and the good neighbourly correfpondency he had always cultivated
with our government, than to harbour the leaft thought that he fhould give the leaft
encouragement to any of his fubjeds, to aid rebellious fubjeds againft their fovereigns :
that they were fenfible he would ufe all poflible means to prevent it. It was for this
reafon that they were fent by the great council to give His Excellency notice of the
hoftilities committed by Kamaron and Henry DIas, defiring that he would be pleafed
not only to command them not to aflift the rebels with their troops, but alfo to retire
out of Pemambuko and the other captainftiips under the Dutch jurifdiftion ; that fo the
rebels being difappointed of their afliftance, might be fooner reduced to their former
obedience, and our fubjeds enjoy the benefit of the truces ftipulated betwixt His prefent
Majefty of Portugal, Don John IV. and Their High and Mightinefles the States-General.
All which, the great council of Brazil highly recommended to His Excellency's confi-
deration, in a letter which was then delivered by the deputies to the governor, which is
as follows :

A Letter from the Great Council to the Governor of the Bahia.

*' It is fufficiently known to Your Excellency with what ftri£lnefs the truce betwixt
His Majefty of Portugal and the High and Mighty the States-General of the United
Provinces, has been obferved in all its circumftances by the inhabitants of the Dutch
Brazil, even according to the conftitution of thofe of the Bahia and other places, who
have of late paiTed through our captainftiips ; neither have we ever received the leaft
complaints upon that account, either from the King your mafter, or from Your Excel-
lency; all which gave us fufficient reafon to believe that you would not in the leaft
confent that your fubjefts fliould attempt any thing contrary to the faid truce. And
though fome of the Portuguefe inhabitants, fubjedfs of the ftates, laying afide their al-
legiance, have taken up arms and are rifen in rebellion againft this ftate, as foon as Ka-
maron and Henry Dias at the head of their Brazilians and negroes, belides fome Portu-
guefe, did without licence or the leaft encouragement from us, enter our territories,
contrary to the law of nations, and joining with the rebels exercifed open hoftilities
againft our fubjeds, not like foldiers, but robbers and thieves ; yet can we not be per-
l^iaded that thofe troops fliould have made this attempt by order or confent of His Ma-
jefty of Portugal or Your Excellency, againft us your confederates.

Thanks be to God, we do not want means to bring our revolted fubjecls to reafon,
and to deftroy thofe foreign troops ; but to ftiew to all the world how ready we are to
fulfil the reiterated command of our mafters, to maintain inviolably the truce betwixt
His Majefty and them ; and to remove all finifter interpretations which might be made
in foreign courts upon this head, as alfo to give fufiicient opportunity to His Majefty of
Portugal and Your Excellency, to convince the world that you have neither confented
to nor abetted this confpiracy ; we in the name of Their High and Mightinelfes the
States-General, His Highnefs the Prince of Orange, and the governors of the Weft-India
company, have fent Mr. Balthafar Van Voerden, counfellor of the court of juftice, and
Dirk Hoogftraet, commander-in-chief on the Cape of St. Auftin, as our deputies to you,

5 F 2 with

1T^

NIEUUOFF S BRAZIL.

witli full power X.^ propofe tliefe points to you, and to defire you forthwith to recall the
faid Kamaron, Henry Dias, and other leaders, with their 'troops, within a limited time
out of our territories, either by public proclamation, or fuch other means as Your Ex-
cellency fhall think mofl forcible or expedient, and to punifli them according to their
defer ts ; and if they refufe to obey, to declare them open enemies of His Majelly ; it
being impoffible for us to conceive, how due fatisfaftion can be given without it to Their
High and Mightineffes, to the Prince of Orange, and the Weft-India company, which
neverthelefs we ought and do expect from Your Excellency.

" (Subfcribed) Your Excellency's well-meaning friends,
" (On the fide ftood) Henry Hamel,

A. Van Bullestraten,
" From the Receif, P. J. Bas,

" July 7, 1640. J. Van Walbeck,

and
Henry de Mucheron.**

The governor gave immediate anfwer to the deputies proportions, that he was fo far
from fending any fuccours to the rebels, that he had not had the leaft knowledge of it.
That the Brazilians and negroes were dift)anded by His Majefty*s order, and that thefe
a$ well as the Portuguefe among them, that were come to the alliftance of the rebels,
could be in no great numbers, confiding (as he fuppofed) in fome vagabonds, or others,
who having committed mifdemeanors In the Bahia, had taken this opportunity to fhel-
ter themfelves, and flee from punifliment, as it frequently happened that fuch-like per-
fons did come to the Bahia from Pernambuko, which neverthelefs had given him not
the leaft fnfpicion of the council's fincerity. He told them that he was extremely glad
to underftand the good confidence their mafters repofed in him, of maintaining the truce -
concluded betwixt His Majefty of Portugal and Their High and MightinelTes the States-
General, afluring them that he never ftiould be prevailed upon to ad: contrary to it, for
fear of hazarding his life. And that if he had any fuch intention, he did not want
means to attempt it by the affiftance of the Brazilians. But that he had never had any
thoughts that way, notwithftanding he had been provoked to it by the Dutch, who fmce
the truce had taken a Portuguefe fhip and carried It to the Receif, which by the bravery
of the Portuguefe was delivered from the Hollanders, and they and the ftiip brought to
the Bahia ; the Dutch mariners being difmiffed without any punifliment. He told them
further, that he was not infenfible what an opinion their mafters entertained of his fince-
rity ; and that he had reafon to believe, that they had at this time as they had done be-
fore, fent their deputies chiefly to feel his pulfe, to inquire into his ftrength, and to dive
into his defigns. That however, he would communicate the letter to his council, and
give them a fpeedy anfwer, in order to their return home, purfuant to the requeft or
their mafters. Then the governor arifing from his feat, the deputies took their leave
and returned aboard.

The 19th, in the morning, they were fent for afiiore by a lieutenant, and brought
to the houfe of Lieutenant-colonel Pedro Korea de Gama, where they dined in com-
pany of Andrew Vidal and Paulo de Kunha. Towards the evening they were again
conducted to the palace, where the fecretary defired them to. tarry a minute, becaufe
His Excellency was bufy with clofing his letters ; after fome ftay, they were introduced
to the governor, who told them, that he had underftood the contents of the letter,
which he found altogether agreeable to the propofitions made to him the day before by
way of mouth by them, which confifted chiefly in two points.

Firft,

nieuhoff's brazil. 773

Firft, the good opinion their mafters had of his fincere intention, in maintaining a
good correfpondency with them, in order to maintain the truce betwixt His Majefly and
the States- General, and the confidence they had of his not being concerned in the re-
bellion, either by encouraging or affifting the fame. Wherefore he defired they would
continue in the fame fentiments, becaufe he never had made the lead infradion of the
faid truce, neither ever thought of any thing like it, nor fuffered any of his fubjects to
a6t contrary to it ; notwithftanding, faid he, the Hollanders have broke the fame in
feveral refpefts, viz. in their expeditions againft Angola, St. Thomas, and Marinho ;
by the plundering of Pedro Csefar Mines, who had been bafely ufed during his impri-
fonment, not hke a man of quality, being forced to fhelter himfelf among the woods
after his efcape. They had alfo taken a Portuguefe fhip in his own harbour. Neither
did the inhabitants of Pernambuko want reafons of complaint, as well as the other cap*
tainfhips ; he had underflood out of feveral letters from thence, how the Jews were
always bufy in forging accufations againft them, which were taken for truth ; and when
the Portuguefe had thereupon abfconded themfelves out of fear, the Tapoyers, or
mountaineers, were armed againft them ; among the reft, they had caufed a poor Per-
mit to be hanged. The great council had always given him fufficient proofs of their
fufpicion, in the laft embafly, being intended to no other purpofe (as Captain Hoogftra-
ten could teftify) than to dive into hisj defigns and ftrength. Thus it was reported and
believed, that Andrew Vidal and Paulo Kunha, with feveral other officers, were fent by
him into Pernambuko, though they faw them here before their eyes.

Upon the fecond point, concerning the troops faid to be fent to Pernambuko, he
gave for anfwer, that they muft be fome Brazilians and negroes lately dift^anded, who
were of little account, as we were fenfible ourfelves : that if a few Portuguefe were
among them, they muft be fuppofed to be criminals who were fled from juftice;
that he was not unwilling to call them back by proclamation, but feared that he ftiould
be but flenderly obeyed, by a fort of people who could not be kept in obedience with-
in his own juriididtion. That to fatisfy our requeft, and to remove all reafons of com-
plaint, he intended to fend his deputies fliortly to Pernambuko ; all which he had more
clearly exprefted in his letter to the great council, wherewith he would, according to
the requeft of our mafters, difpatch us with all imaginable fpeed.

The deputies replied, that their mafters had never entertained any fufpicion of His
Excellency, neither had they given any orders to dive into his defigns j but always had
a favourable opinion of his firm adherence to the truce, as might be evidenced by
Mr. Andrew Vidal, who, during his ftay with them, had liberty to go where he pleafed,
without any attendance but his own. That what he objeded concerning the accufa-
tions of the Jews was of no moment, the fame being never hearkened to, the intended
infurredtion being difcovered by perfons of unqueftionable credit. That John Fernan-
des Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and others their adherents, had always been protected
againft any falfe accufations, and had free accefs to all the counfellors of the court of
juftice, and thofe of other colonies, as well as the chiefeft among the Dutch, fo that
they had no reafon to abfcond out of fear for the Tapoyers, who never were intended
to be employed againft them. That they did not know of any hermit that was hanged
by them, but remembered, that in an engagement with Amador d'Araouje, fuch a one
was (hot by the Brazilians as he was ringing the bell to give the alarm.

They further told him, that though they had no orders to treat with His Excellency
upon any other points than thofe that concern the rebellion, they could eafily make it
out before all the world, that Angola, and the other places, were conquered accord-
ing to the rules of war, without the leaft infradion of the truce, it having been ex-

4 prefsly

774 NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

prefsly flipulated, that the war (hould continue in thofe parts till the fame was pub-
lifhed there. The Brazilians, negroes, and Portuguefe, were come in confiderable
numbers into our territories, not like difbanded foldiers, but^ well armed, and their
coming was not unexpeded, but well-known to the rebels ; but the council was not fo
much concerned for their number, as to be fatisfied under whofe authority they had
taken up arms againfl them, that they might deal with them accordingly. But
however it was, they defired His Excellency to believe, that their m^fters would be
extremely glad to underftand his good inclinations, that thereby the efFufion of hu-
man blood might be faved ; intreating him to fend his deputies forthwith with the
neceflary inftruftions.

The governor promifed to fend his deputies foon after their return to Pernambuka,
lelling them, that as he thought himfelf fecure of the good neighbourly correfpondency
of their mailers, fo he was refolved to continue in the fame on his fide. What he
had propofed for the reft, had been only by way of difcourfe, not with an intention to
enter into a difpute concerning the legality or illegality of it ; though it appeared very
odd to him, that they fhould aflift his mafter at home, and at the fame time wage war
with him in other parts, under pretence that the peace was not publiflied there ; and
what had palfed with Pedro Caefar de Mines was a thing not juftifiable in his under-
ftanding.

After the ufual compliments, he arofe from his feat, telling them, that he would
fend the letter direded to the council to them aboard the next day, and fo our deputies
returned aboard their fhip. The 20th, in the morning, the fecretary of the governor
came aboard our velfel, with the governor's letter to the council, which he delivered
to the deputies, requefting in his mafter's name, to fend him a tranflation of the letter
from the council to the governor out of the Dutch into the Portuguefe, fubfcribed with
their own hands ; which they did, and having delivered the fame to the fecretary, he
took his leave and returned alhore.

Our people fet fail the fame day about noon from the Bahia to Pernambuko, where
they arrived the 28th in the afternoon before the Receif, and gave an account the fame
day of their negociation to the great council, unto whom they alfo delivered the letter
written by Antonio Telles de Sylva, and directed to them. The contents of which are
as follows : —

The Governor's Letter to the CounciL

" Mr. Balthafar Vander Voerden, counfellor of juftice, and Captain Dirk Van Hoog-
ftraten, commander-in-chief on the Cape of St. Auftin, Your Lordfhips' deputies, have
delivered your letter to me, in which you are pleafed to give me notice of the revolt of
fome of your fubjeds againft you. I received this news as I ought to do, and fhould
not have been able to receive it without the greateft furprife and difcompofure of mind,
if I had not been alfured in my confcience, that Your Lordfhips did not in the leaft
imagine that this infurreftion could derive its fource from our government ; and,
though I could upon this occafion enter upon a long recital of the proceedings of my
government, tending, from its beginning till now, to a fufficient juftification in the eyes
of all the world, and of the greateft kings and princes of Chriftendom, that the faid
good correfpondency has been maintained as ftridly on our fide, as the fame is promifed
in Your Lordftiips* letter : but rather than give the leaft occafion of difguft or differ-
ence, by enlarging myfelf upon thofe heads, in which your fubjedls have exprefsly and
manifeftly violated the truce concluded and ratified betwixt the King my mafter, and

the

NIEUHOFF's brazil. 'J'J^

the States- General of the United Provinces, I will facrifice the fame to the intereft of
our common neighbourhood, rather than to enter upon a particular account of thofe
mifcarriages in the expedition of Angola, at a time when the States-General did affift
the crown of Portugal with their naval force, when our ambaffadors refiding in the
Receif were told, that thefe troops were not intended to be employed againff any of
His Majefty's harbours, but in the Weft Indies, though at the fame time they were
embarked for the conqueft of Angola. The fame may be faid of the taking of
the ille of St. Thomas, and the city of Luy de Mapanha, and the feizing of a Por-
tuguefe fliip upon our coaft, loaden with fugar from Spiritu Sando. The com-
miffary Greening was difpatched hither, under a pretext of buying of farinha, but
in effed to found my inclinations, as he himfelf confefles, when he fays in a certain
letter of his, " I was fent thither with this commiffion, but rather to feel his pulfe and
try his friendfhip, than that we were in want.'* The unfaithful dealings of the di-
re6tors of Angola in the capitulation with the governor Pedro Casfar de Mines ; the
rafmg of our fort Araval in Bengo ; the bafe treatment put upon the faid governor,
being a perfon of quality, and a general of His Majefty's, are matters altogether
inconfiftent with the rules of war, nay, with humanity itfelf, and contrary to the
pra£tice not only of the more civilized' nations of Europe, but alfo the barbarians
themfelves. Of the fame ftamp was the anfwer given by your council to our ambaf-
fador, who urging a ceffation of arms in the kingdom of Angola, was anfwered, that
the fa:ne had no dependency on our jurifdi(3:ion, quite contrary to the fmcere inten-
tions always obferved by me in all our tranfaftions with you ; for no fooner did Your
Lordftiips make complaints to me ag'ainft one Captain Auguftino Condago and one
Domingo de Rocha, who having carried away a barge with fugar, had brought her
into the harbour of our city, I fent back the faid vefTel immediately, and put the cap-
tain in prifon till he was fent over to His Majefty. And that time being informed,
that two foldiers living under my jurifdidlion, whofe names were John de Campos and
Domingo Velho Sigifmundo, had committed fome infolencies in your captainfliip of
Pernambuko, I caufed them to be hanged immediately, looking upon it as a duty
not to be difpenfed v/ith by me, for the maintaining of our mutual good corref-
pondency ; all thefe before-mentioned infraftions having never been able to make me
forgetful of the reiterated orders of His Majefty, viz. to improve the effefts of the
peace and alliances made betwixt him and the States-General, to our both fides fatisfac-
tion : I muft at the fame time confefs, that looking upon myfelf as a foldier, (abftraded
from the confideration of the intereft of the ftate, and the duty of a fubjedl) I thought
I ought not to take tamely fo many affronts, and to let flip fo many fair opportunities
of doing myfelf juftice ; much beyond what can be fuppofed to arife from the conjunc-
tion of a few unarmed Portuguefe, a few difcontented negroes, and fome rebels, whofe
protection cannot, as I faid before, come in any competition with the feveral oppor-
tunities and provocations pafTed by on our fide before, for the common intereft ; and
that confequently our government cannot as much as be conceived to be the hidden
caufe of this rebellion, as Your^Lordfhips themfelves are p leafed to confefs; neither
would I have entered upon a recital of thofe particularities, if I had not thought myfelf
obliged both in duty and afFeclion, to give this fatisfa^lion to you. To give you the
true account of the abfence of Henry Dias, you muft know, that one night he left
his guard in Rio Real, and pafTed over to your fide ; Don Antonio Philippo Kamaron,
captain of the Brazilians, being fent after him, and not returning, I judged that
they were gone towards Mocambo, to attack the Palmairas of Rio St. Francifco, which
made me (to avoid all fufpicion of being concerned in any thing that might tend to the

1 1 breach

'j'j^ nieuhoff's brazil.

breach of peace) fent two Jefuits to perfuade them to return, but in vain, they refufing
to obey, either for fear of punifhment, or that they were already engaged with the
rebels (as I now am apt to believe they were), fo that I have heard nothing from them
fmce, except what I have underflood out of Your Lordfhip's letter. The Portuguefe
under your jurifdidlion have fent to, me the reafons which moved them to this in-
furreftion, imploring my ailiftance, as fubjefts of the King my mafter ; they told me,
that they flood in fear of being facrificed to the fury of four thoufand Tapoyers, fent
for that purpofe from Rio Grande; to avoid which, and dreading Your Lordfliips*
anger, awakened againft them by the falfe accufations of the Jews (the moft perfidious
and irreconcileable enemies of Chriftendom), had rather chofen to expofe themfelves to a
miferable flight, leaving behind them their wives and children, than to indure the
hardfhips of a tedious imprifonment. I could fcarce have imagined, that you could
be fo far mifled by the fictions of a people fo much defpifed by all other nations, as
to be perfuaded by them, that certain perfons were fent from hence into your terri-
tories, who have been feen here by your deputies. And though I am apt to perfuade
myfelf, that fome of the Portuguefe would, as the cafe now ftands, be glad to embrace
our protection, it being much more natural to be opprelTed by one's own King or
Prince, than by foreigners : yet when I ferioufly refle£t upon Your Lordfhips* pro-
pofals made by your deputies, viz. to oblige Captain Kamaron and Henry Dias to
return to the Bahia, and to ufe all other proper means to bring the revolted Portuguefe
to reafon ; when, I fay, I ferioufly refled: upon the public galamities on one fide, and
how deftitute I am of fuitable means at prefent to fatisfy your defires, I cannot but be
infinitely concerned thereat ; being fenfible that thefe captains will not be brought
over by perfuafions ; and wanting means to reduce them to obedience, who have now-
fettled themfelves at fo great a diflance among the woods and forefls. But as I am
ready to conform myfelf in all refpeSs to Your Lordfhips* defires, to convince you
of the fincerity of the Portuguefe nation, which is fuch, that no opportunity, though
never fo great, of promoting their own interefl, does ever fland in competition with
what they think they owe to their confederates : I am willing to take upon me the
office of a mediator, in order" to endeavour to appeafe thefe troubles by my authority ;
for which end I intend to fend to you with all poffible fpeed, certain perfons of known
ability, with fufHcient inflrudlions and power, to the rebellious to return to their
duty ; which, if they decline, fuch meafures may be taken as will force them to it ;
which, as I hope, may ferve as the moft elfedtual means to reftore tranquillity to your
dominions, and to cultivate the good opinion and correfpondency betwixt us ; which
I wifh God Almighty will be pleafed to continue betwixt thefe two nations, by a perpe-
tual tie of amity.

" Bahia, July 19, 1645. (Signed) Antonio Telles de Sylva."

Mr. Hoogflraten at the fame time gave a fecret verbal account to the great council,
that foon after their arrival there, Andrew Vidal, Captain Paulo Kunha, and John de
Soufa came to them, the laft of whom fat himfelf down near him (Mr. Hoogflraten),
inquiring fecretly after his uncle Philip Pays Baretto, whether he was among the
mutineers ; to whom he gave for anfwer, that he was flill in his mill. After which,
the table-cloth being laid, Soufa was invited to flay at dinner with them, which he re-
fufed ; becaufe, as he faid, he was upon the guard : before dinner was ended Soufa
came back, and after the table-cloth was taken away, invited Mr. Hoogflraten and
Kunha to fmoke a pipe with him in a back room, whither they went, but were followed
by the fecretary, Mr. Springapple. As they paffed through a gallery, Paulo de Kunha

took

KIEUHOFf's BRAZIL* ' . 77^

ti3ok Springapple a little on one fide ; and in the meanwhile, Soufa told Hoogftraten
with a loud voice, that he was furprifed to hear that his uncle Philip Fays had not
fided with the reft : unto which Hoogftraten anfwered, " That he thought he did
very wifely to keep himfelf quiet, becaufe it was likely to turn to no good account."
" That is your opinion,'* replied Soufa, " but have a little patience ; and becaufe I
know you to have always been a friend to the Portuguefe, I can aflure you it will turn
to a confiderable account. And it is upon this fcore, I advife you, hke a friend, to
provide for your own fafety and your family. You may reft affured, that if you will
engage to do a piece of good fervice to the King my mailer, and to the governor, you
iliali want neitiher money, fugar-mills, places, nor preferments." Mr. Hoogftraten,
appearing fomewhat difcompofed at this difcourfe, told him, " That though he was not
unwilling to do the King and governor what fervice he could, he did not know what
fort of fervice he meant." Unto which Soufa replied, "I am fure you are able to do
good fervice to the King." " But then," fays Hoogftraten, " you muft tell me how.
'' That I will," anfwered Soufa; " are you not governor on the cape of St.Auftin?"
Unto which Mr. Hoogftraten faid, " Yes, I am." " Then," replied Soufa, " all that is
required of you, is, to furrender the faid fort, with all its works, into the King's
hands, that we may land our men thereabouts : if you will promife to do it, you (hall
have a very ample reward, and be made commander-in-chief of our forces.** Mr. Hoog-
ftraten gave for anfwer, " that thefe were things of fuch a nature, as were not con-
fiftent with his oath and honour." Their difcourfe being interrupted at that time by
the coming of another perfon into the gallery, John Soufa and Paulo Kunha went out
another way. Mr. Hoogftraten told his fecretary, Mr. Springapple, with a difcom-
pofed look, " What is the meaning of thefe dogs, do they take me for a traitor ?"
He was going on to fay more, when Soufa and Kunha returning into the gallery, took
him afide, and told him, " That he might be fure every thing fliould be performed
that had been promifed him ; that if he wanted any money, he Ihould have it imme-
diately ; and for the reft, they would introduce him alone to the governor, to receive
the confirmation of it from his own mouth." Mr. Hoogftraten replied, " What you
defire is not in my power to perform, if I would never fo fain ; becaufe I am promifed
to have a commiiTion of major immediately after my return, and then I ftiall certainly
be employed in another place." During this parley, Mr. Vander Voerde entered the
gallery in company with Mr. Andrew Vidal, who entertained him all the while the
others were talking together, till Hoogftraten, taldng his opportunity as they were
walking together, whifpered Mr. Vander Voerde in the ear, " I wifti I was well rid
of them, to talk a little with you in private, for I know not what their defign is ; I
am afraid they will either kill or detain me here." Mr. Vander Voerde would willing-
ly have made a reply, but could not, by reafon Soufa and Kunha, and Pedro Korea
de Gama (the laft of which underftood Dutch), were fo near them ; fo that he thought
it the fafeft way to diifemble, and to pretend as if they had been talking about fome
indifferent matter. Mr. Hoogftraten then told Soufa, that he had a great mind to pay
a vifit to Donna Catherine de Melo, mother-in-law of Philip Pays Soufa ; he anfwered
him, that he would alk the governor, who having given his confent, Hoogftraten went
thitherward with Soufa, and at his going out of the gallery, whifpered Vander Voerde
again in the ear, " They have catched a mackerel, for I intend to ad the hypocrite to
the life." As they were walking along the ftreet to Madam de Melo's houfe," Soufa
and Kunha repeated their former difcourfe, endeavouring to encourage Mr. Hoog-
ftraten, by hopes and promifes of great reward, both from the King and governor, with
VOL. XIV. , 5 G whom

7^8 nieuhoff's brazil.

whom they faid he fhould confer in private concerning the point in hand, and that in
the following manner.

After their return from Madam de Melo's, to the houfe of Pedro Korea de Gama^
where Vander Voerde expeded their coming, Kunha was to go privately to the
governor, to agree with him, that when Mr. Vander Voerde, Hoogftraten, Soufa, and
Kunha, fhould come to fpeak with him, he fhould by his fecretary defire them to flay
a little while. In the meanwhile, Soufa was to alk Mr. Hoogflraten to take a glafs of
wine with him, and under that pretence bring him to the chamber of the confefTor of
the governor, where they were to have this private interview. Accordingly, Paulo
de Kunha went to the governor, whilfl Hoogftraten and Soufa were returning to
Piedro Corre de Gama's houfe ; when Soufa entertained him with nothing elfe, but
the probability of fucceeding in their enterprife againft the Dutch Brazil, telling him,
that the governor flayed only for the coming of Salvador Korrea de Saa and Benevides,
who were expedled with gallons from Rio Janeiro, befides fome other fhips ; and
that twenty-five hundred men were defigned for this expedition, befides thofe already
in arms in Pernambuko, who were to be fent from the Bahia, and to be landed on the
Cape of St.Auflin ; " this is," faid Soufa, " the governor's requefl to you."

Scarce were they returned to the houfe of Piedro Korrea de Gama, when Andrew
Vidal came and told them, that the governor was ready to receive them^; fo they went to
the palace, where they were no fooner come within the anti-chamber, but the governor's
fecretary came ^to defire them to tarry a little, the governor being bufy with clofing
fome letters. So, whilfl fome Portuguefe were entertaining Mr. Vander Voerde near
the window, fays Soufa to Mr. Hoogflraten, " Come, fhall you and I take a glafs of
wine in the meanwhile ?" Which Mr. Springapple, the fecretary of the embaffy,
"underflanding, told him, that he would go along with them ; but Paulo de Kunha, and
fome other Portuguefe, taking him afide, kept him in difcourfe, whilfl Mr. Hoogflraten
was conducted by Soufa into the confeifor's chamber.

Within a few minutes after, the governor, Antonio Telles de Sylva, entering the
room, faluted Mr. Hoogflraten very courteoufly, and fetting himfelf in a chair near
him, ordered the chamber to be locked, nobody being prefent befides themfelves, but
Soufa. The governor then told Mr. Hoogflraten, that he had always taken a particular
notice of his chara6t6r, of his being a friend to the Portuguefe, that he hoped he
would continue in the fame opinion, and would not refufe the offer made him by Don
John de Soufa, in the King's and his name ; their intention being not to enter into a
war with the Dutch, but only to repoffefs themfelves of what of right belonged to the
prefent King of Portugal, Don John IV. and that if Count Maurice of Naffau had
flayed any longer in this country, he himfelf would have been inflrumental in bringing
this matter about. Mr. Hoogflraten anfwered the governor, that he fhould be glad to
underftand what it was he could ferve him in. " You have," fays he, " underflood
that from Mr. Soufa, and I defire you to turn abfolute Portuguefe." Mr. Hoogflraten
told him it was beyond his power, becaufe immediately after his return, he fhould be
provided with a major's commiffion, and confequently not be employed in the fame
place : unto which the governor replied, " You need not queflion any place of honour
or profit among us, but it will perhaps not be convenient to difcourfe together upon
this point at prefent, for fear Mr. Vander Voerde fhould fufped us : but I intend to
fend two ambaffadors (of which Mr. Paulo de Kunha is to be one) to your govern-
ment, who fhall be empowered to treat with you further upon this account. And,"
fays he, giving his hand to Mr. Hoogflraten, " reft affured, in the name of the King

my

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 77 j

my mafter, that whatever Mr. Paulo de Kunha fhall promife you, will be punctually
obferved and performed."

Then the governor took his leave, telling him that he would not detain him any
longer, for fear of creating a fufpicion in his colleague, and fo retired into his own
apartment. But Mr. Hoogftraten and John de Soufa were no fooner returned from
thence, but the governor lent for the faid Mr. Hoogftraten and his colleague Mr. Van-
der Voerde, to confer with them, concerning their propofals, made in the name of
the council of the Dutch Brazil : as they were walking thither, Mr. John de Soufa
told again to Mr. Hoogftraten, with a low voice, " And why are you obliged to accept
of the major's commiflion ? It is an eafy matter for you to tell them, that you would
rather continue governor of the place where you now are ; and be fatisfied, that when
you come among us, that you will not want any employment fit for a good foldier as
you are." Mr. Hoogftraten being not a little moved with this difcourfe, was more
delirous to get aboard their veffel, as foon as poffible he might, to get an opportunity
of communicating the whole matter to Mr. Vander Voerde ; which he did accordingly,
as foon as they were entered the cabin, the door of which he ordered to be locked
immediately.

In the meanwhile, viz. the 5th of July, it was debated in the council of the Dutch
Brazil, whether, for the fecurity of the country, they fliould not want the affiftance of
the Tapoyers, under their King, John Duwy, dwelling in Rio Grande ; who for that
purpofe had gathered a good body near Kunhau, efpecially fmce the Portuguefe com-
mitted all manner of barbarities againft the Dutch, and had fummoned the barbarians
called Rondelas, from the Bahia.

But confidering the devaftations which muft needs enfue upon the march of th'ofe
barbarous people in the flat country, it was thought convenient not to come to any
certain refolution upon this point, until they had advifed with Lieutenant-colonel Haus,
to whom a letter was difpatched immediately upon that account.

On the 7th of July, the faid Mr. Haus fent word to the council, that he intended to
march the fame day from Moribeca, and after being joined with Captain John Blaar,
to attack the enemy at St. Lawrence ; but by another letter of the 1 6th, written by
Captain Blaar, they were informed that the rebels continued very ftrong at St. Law-
rence, expeding a certain reinforcement from the Matta, where they had forced the
people to take up arms for them ; defiring a fuccour of fifty men, to drive them from
thence. Hereupon the council difpatched melTengers both to Blaar and Haus, ordering
them to join their troops, and to rout the rebels near St. Lawrence, on which in a great
meafure depended the prefervation of the Dutch Brazil.

The 7th of the fame month the council received alfo a letter from Lieutenant Flem-
ming, dated at Pojuka, in which he advertifed them, that he had received certain
intelligence, that Kamaron was marching againft him, and that two companies were
already come to the fugar-mill of Pikdora. Hereupon orders were fent him, that if
he found himfelf not in a condition to keep the monaftery for want of provifions, he
ihould, at the approach of Karamon*s troops, retire to St. Antonio, the better to make
head againft the enemy. The fame day Enfign Hartftein marched with a detachment
of ninety foldiers and thirty Brazilians, of the garrifon of the Receif and Itamarika, to
Ajama and Jegoaribi, in queft of the rebels, but meeting with none, returned about
noon, and the fame evening direfted his march towards Haus.

The 8th of July, the council having received advice from Haus that they intended
the fame day to march from the fugar-mill of St. John Fernando Vieira to attack the
rebels of St. Lawrence, if they would abide his coming, it was refolved to fend as

5 G 2 • many

780 nieuhoff's brazil*

many forces as pofTibly they could fpare to: his relief, confidering that the preferva-
tion of the whole Dutch Brazil depended on the fuccefs of this expedition ; and accord-
ingly two companies of foot, of Mucheron and Blaar, were ordered to march thither,
not queflioning but that before their arrival Haus would be joined by Captain John
Blaar ; and in effeft the next following day they received advice from Mr. Haus, that
he was ready to join with the faid Blaar.

I'he loth of July the council gave an account, by letters to Haus, what intelligence
they had received concerning the pofture of affairs in St. Antonio and Pojuka, with orders
to fend as many firelocks and Brazilians as he could poffibly fpare to their relief, to keep
the paflage from St. Antonio to Pojuka and Serinham open ; without which, all com-
munication betwixt them and the Receif would be cut off by the enemy. Two letters
of John Fernandes Vieira and Antonio Kavalkanti were the fame day read in council, in
which they complained of the feverity of the two laff proclamations, but were not thought
fit to be anfwered ; efpecially fmce Amador d*Araouje had about the fame time retired
from the pafs of Pinderama.

Two days before, viz. that the council had received letters from Mr. Hoek, dated the
'25th of June, at Rio Grande, intimating that hitherto there had jiot happened any com-
motions in thofe parts ; that, however, he had diiarmed the Portuguefe, and that the
Tapoyers appeared to be we'll inclined to the government. Orders were fent him to cul-
tivate a good underftanding with the Tapoyers, for which purpofe they fent fome pre-
fents to John Duwy, their King, and that the council approved his difarmjng the Portu-
guefe. On the fame day Father Imanuel, Lewis Bras, Imanuel Ferdinand de Sa, Kaf-
par de Mendoza, Furtado, and Jeronymo de Rocha, all Portuguefe inhabitants of the
Dutch Brazil, delivered their petition to the council, requefting that the time of fix
days, appointed by the laft proclamation for the wives and children of the revolted
Portuguefe to leave the country, being expired, they might be allowed to flay in their
habitations at leafl till the ways, which at that time were rendered unpafTable by the
overflowing of the rivers, were fomewhat mended. But confidering that the Portuguefe
rebels forced the inhabitants by threats and other unufual methods to take up arms
againfl the government, their requefl was not granted.

The 13th of July, the council were advertifed by letters from Haus, dated the 12th,
that he had paffed the river Kapivaribi, and marching through the Matta to the fugar-
mills of Arnao d'OlIanda, had met with four hundred rebels, who at the approach of his
troops were fled to Moribeca, with the lofs of fome of their men, from whence they
might, without any oppofition, march to the Matta of Brazil, and that he was ready to
march diredly to St. Lawrence, where he would expe6l the further orders of the coun-
cil. They immediately difpatched their orders to him to purfue and rout the flying-
rebels with all poflible fpeed before they could make head again, which done, he fhould
fix his head-quarters in fuch a place where he was fure he might be fiipplied with pro-
vifions out of the adjacent country ; their magazines being fo exhaufted, as not to be in
a condition to fupply his troops. Haus had already in fome meafure taken effeftuai care
of this point, having in the meanwhile fent a reinforcement of one hundred foot, and a
company of Brazilians, under the command of Captain Tallo, to Mr. I^ey, governor of
Moribeca and St. Antonio. The council alfo ordered the governor of the Cape of
St. Auguftin to ftrengthen the fort with pallifadoes ; and at the fame time received ad-
vice from Mr. Ley from St. Antonio, that the rebels under Amador d'Araouje and
Pedro Marinha Falkao, had ported themfelves within fight of them, in the new fugar-
jnijl, but as foon as he received the expefted fuccours, he did not queilion to chafe them

13 from

NiEunoFF*s i5n.\zir>.

781

from thence, Amador d'Araouje having in vaiix attempted to force thofe of Pojuka,*to
take up arms againfl the government.

He received aHo intelligence from Mr. Carpentier out of Goyana, that things re--
mained in quiet there as yet : but whilfl Haus was bufy in making head againfl the
rebels in the Vergea, Petro Marinho l^alkao having decjfired himfelf head of the rebels
of Pojuka, had gathered a body fufficient to block up the garrifon of St. Antonio, who
had no other fupplies of provifion, but what they recdved from the circumjacent
country; fo that the council being fenfible oFthe danger, fent immediate orders to
Haus, to haften to the relief of that place ; who, accordingly direded his march the
fame night to the fugar-mili of Lewis Bras, leaving Captain Wiltfchut with a com-
pany of foldiers, and all the Tick, behind at St. Lawrence.

The council received alfo advice by letters from Paul de Linge, dated the 1 2th of
July at Parayba, that things were as yet quiet thereabouts, but that with much ado he
had hitherto kept the Brazilians, inhabiting the villages, from plundering the Portu-
guefe inhabitants, who were extremely diflatisfied, becaufe fome of the Brazilians and
Tapoyers, that had done them confiderable mifchief, were difcharged out of cuflody.
They ordered him to take all pofTible care to keep both the Brazilians and Dutch in-
habitants, who were both for plundering the Portuguefe, from doing any mifchief to
them ; for which reafon the council fent the following proclamation to be publiflied
there :

A Froclamation,

*' We the members of the great council, having received frequent complaints, that
many of the faithful inhabitants of the country, who lately have taken a new oath of
allegiance to the government, are plundered and robbed by the foldiers and volunteers ;
and being refolved to maintain them in the poifeilion of their eflates and goods, have
for that reafon granted them fafeguards, and taken them into our peculiar protedion ;
do hereby forbid all our officers and foldiers, as well as the other inhabitants under our
jurifdi6lion, to attempt to plunder any of the inhabitants, provided with fuch fafeguards,
or to indamage them any otherwife, either in their goods or perfons, upon pain of
corporal punifliment."

The 1 5th of July in the evening, the council was advertifed by Mr. Ley, that the
rebels had killed fome foldiers of the garrifon of St. Antonio, that were fent abroad to
fetch fome cattle from the fugar-mill Gurapou, and had fo clofely blocked up the
place, that no provifion could be brought thither ; and as they were not provided with
neceffaries for above a few days longer, they were in the utmojfl danger of being loft.
Lieutenant-colonel Haus being expeded the fame evening with his troops at St. Law-
rence, orders were difpatched thither for him go to either in perfon, or at lead to fend as
many able foldiers as .he could bring together, under the command of Captain John
Blaar, to the relief of St. Antonio, the council being of opinion, that the fafety of the
Cape of St. Auftin, and of all the fouthern provinces, depended on the prefervation of
this place ; for which reafon, they alfo ordered Captain Falho, who was expelled
about the fame time with a company of foldiers, and as many Brazihans at Moribeca,
to march direftly to St. Antonio, and to ftay there till further orders j of all which
they fent advice to Mr. Ley, and Mr. Heck. Haus having, purfuant to thefe orders^
direfted his march to St. Antonio (notwithftanding the wearinefs of his foldiers,
tired by a tedious march), Pedro Marinho Falkao had no fooner notice of, his
stpproach, hut he raifed the blockade of St. Antonio, and with his body of rebels

gathered

«82 nieuhoff's brazil.

gathered out of the three diftridts of St. Antonio, Pojuca, and Morlbeca, to the num-
ber of fix hundred, joined with the rebels in the Vergea of Moribeca.

The 1 7th of July, the council were advertifed by Haus in a letter dated at Moribeca,
that having received a meifage from Mr. Ley and Mr. Heck out of St. Antonio, with
advice, that in Puerto de GalUnas two boats with ammunition were landed by Pedro
de Kunha, he had fent thither Captain John Blaar, and Enfign Hartftein, with a good
body of his ableft foldiers and Brazilians, he himfelf not being in a condition to follow
with the reft, difabled by their late marches ; for which reafon he had put them into
quarters of refrefhment in Moribeca, where he would expeft their further orders, as
not judging his prefence neceflary at the Receif, now the enemies were fled before
him. . ^

Orders were thereupon difpatched to him by the council the 1 9th of July, to keep
his head-quarters in Moribeca, the better to keep a watchful eye over the rebels that
were retired hito the woods ; and to be the nearer at hand to fuccour either St. An-
tonio or Pojuka, for which Moribeca lay very convenient ; but if the enemy fhould be-
come too ftrong for him, he fhould retreat towards the Receif. Advice alfo was fent
him that Amador d*Araouje, Pedro Marinho Falkao, John Pais, and Kabral, were,
with the rebels they had gathered in St. Antontio and Pojuka, marched the day before
in the morning from D'Ingenio Moreno Gardo, to join their troops with thofe of John
Fernandes Vieira.

The council likewife received feveral letters from John Hoek, Rudolph Baro, and
James Rabbi, dated the 5th, 6th, and 7th of July, concerning the prefent ftate of
affairs in Rio Grande, and that they being threatened with an invafion by Kamaron on
the fouth-fide, and by the Brazilians of Siara and Maranhaon from the north, they
had difarmed all the Portuguefe and laid up their arms in the forts of Keulen. They
had alfo, by the advice of King John Duwy, taken into cuftody a certain Portuguefe
called Antonio Vetallo, with his fon, being accufed by the faid King Duwy of having had
a hand in the murther committed upon the Dutch in Siara, and in the confpiracy of the
rebels. They further complained of the ill pradices of the Portuguefe, who fought
by all means poffible to opprefs the Dutch thereabouts; adding withal, that King
Duwy was ready with his Tapoyers to fall upon the Portuguefe, as foon as he received
orders for that purpofe, which had made many of the Portuguefe fly out of Parayba.

About the fame time, near one thoufand Brazilians, viz. three hundred and fixty
nine men, the reft women and children, being fled for fhelter into the ifle of Ita-
marika, where they were maintained out of the magazines, it was refolved the 21ft
of July by the council, to fend thither Mr. Liftry, to take effectual care to eafe the
company of that burthen, that they might be engaged to provide themfelves out of
their refpedlive Aldeas. Things were as yet quiet about that time in Itamarika, Goyana
and Parayba, by the good conduct of Mr. Paul Vander Linge, governor of the laft.
For as foon as the fire of rebellion began to break out in the Vergea, Pojuka, and
in Olinda, the council being advertifed that they ought to keep a watchful eye over
thofe of Parayba, where feveral were fufpected of being confcious of the defign, they
fent the 13th of July Paul de Linge, one of the aflTelTors in the court of juftice thither,
with an ample commiflion, to endeavour to keep the inhabitants in obedience, tod to
aft for that purpofe, as he ftiould find it moft conducive to the public fecurity. He was .,
no fooner arrived there, but he made it his chief care to provide the forts with fufficient
garrifons, ammunition, and provifions, which he took from the fhips then lying in the
road, behind the Red Land: he further took care to fecure all the fufpefted perfons,

and

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 78^

and fummoned the reft to take a new oath of allegiance to the government, which
they did accordingly.

The council ufed the fame precaution in the diftrift of Pojuka, in the Vergea,
GarafTu, and Goyana, where they obliged fuch of the inhabitants as had not left
their dwelling-places to take a new oath of obedience. But the late fuccours fent
thither from the Bahia fruftrated all thefe endeavours.

On the 24th of July, Mr. Ley came with credentials from St. Antonio to the council,
unto whom he made the following propofitions.

I. That whereas feveral young and able men, living near St. Antonio, had not
lifted themfelves purfuant to the proclamation iffued for that purpofe, they defired
orders might be fent for all thofe living in the jurifdidlion of Maurice's Town and
St. Antonio in the open country, to be obliged to take up arms for the defence of the
country.

II. To oblige all fuch young men as were not able to ferve as volunteers, at their
own charge, to lift themfelves for foldiers, and to inftrud them in martial difci-
pline.

III. That perhaps it might not be unadvifeable to draw the garrifon out of Porto
Calvo, to appear the more formidable in the field.

IV. To divide our land-forces into two bodies, the better to maintain themfelves
in the open country ; whereas now, upon the leaft motion of the enemy, our whole
force was obliged to follow them ; and that the garrifon of St. Antonio fliould be
reinforced with fuch a number, as to be able to fend abroad a good party, for the
conveniency of fetching the neceifary provifions out of the country.

After mature deliberation, the council was of opinion as to the

ift. That the young inhabitants of St. Antonio, Pojuka, and Moribeca, ought not to
be forced to ferve in the fort St. Antonio.

2d. That they would empower Mr. Ley and Heck to take as many of the young men
as voluntarily offered themfelves into the fervice for four months, at nine gilders per
month, and one month's advance-money.

3d. They were abfolutely againft the leaving of the fort Porto Calvo, but that it
ought to be defended to the utmoft.

4th. What concerned the dividing of their land-forces in two bodies, they would advife
with Colonel Haus, but they approved of the propofed reinforcement of , the garrifon of
St. Antonio, for reafons by them alledged.

Lieutenant Hans Vogel, by his letters dated the 1 8th and 27th of July, at Seregippo del
Rey, advifed the council, that he had fent a detachment towards Kamaron, who could
not get fight either of any Portuguefe or Brazilians, but that they had taken a fingle
Portuguefe, who was charged with letters to be carried to Rio St. Francifco. He told
them that Kamaron with feme troops was marched through Rio St. Francifco into the
captainftiipof Seregippo del Rey; and that three or fourfmallveffels or caravans, with fome
troops under the command of Andrew Vidal, were failed from the Bahia to Maranhaon
and Siara. He likewife fent the letters found upon the faid Portuguefe to the council,
by which it appeared that the firft foundation of this revolt had been laid among thofe
of the Bahia, or, at leaft, that they had been made privy to it, and that they had pro-
vided thefe fuccours ; for, among others, there was a letter from the biihop of that
place, to a certain friar of the Receif, iij which he told him, that he hoped to be with
him before long ; whereupon the fifcal was ordered to examine the matter, in order to
find out the bottom of this correfpondency betwixt thefe two clergymen.

Ill • In

7^4 KIEUH0F1?'S nKAtlU

In the meanwhile the Tapoyers of Rio Grande, (according to Mr. Linge's letter of
the 19th of July,) had murdered thirty-five Portuguefe in the fugar-mills of Kunha,
who being of the number of thofe that had furrendered their arms, purfuant to the pro-
clamation, this caufed no fmall terror among the reft of the Portuguefe thereabouts, and
efpecially in Parayba, where they left their habitations ; fo that, it being to be feared
they would aflbciate with the rebels, under pretence of felf-defence, Mr. Linge defired
a reinforcement of foldiers to keep the Tapoyers in awe. The council therefore com-
manded Mr. Aftellen and Captam William Lambert, with his company of foot, befides
twenty fuzileers, and a detachment of fifty .men out of the garrifons of Parayba and
Ri# Grande, to take care of the Tapoyers, and to condudl them to the Receif; Jacob
Rabbi their commander was ordered to march along with them, and Rudolph Baro ap-
pointed to provide them quarters upon the road.

Haus having by this time fufficiently refrefhed his troops, writ a letter, dated the firll
of Auguft, to the council, in which he defired iheir orders to go in queft of the rebels,
and to attack them before they could be reinforced with their expected fuccours ;
which being granted him, he attacked them in D'Ingenio of Balthazar Moreno, with fuch
Tuccefs, that he beat them from place to place, till on the 3d of Auguft they retired to
their intrenchment upon a high fteep hill, acceffible only in one place. Notwithftand-
ing which, he, relying upon the bravery of his foldiers, and hoping thereby to put an
end to the war, attacked them vigoroufly in this advantageous poll ; hut the rebels
being fuperior to him both in number and in the ftrength of their camp, his forces were
repulfed with the lofs of one hundred men (fome fay five hundred), among whom was
Captain Lor. After this defeat, Haus, being fenfible that the enemy expected daily a
frefli reinforcement from the Bahia, retired to the Receif, where he knew his troops
were abfolutely neceffary for the defence of the place.

On the firft of Auguft, Gonfalvo Kabral de Kaldos was by the court of juftlce con-
demned to death, having, at the inftigation of John Fernandes Vieira, undertaken to
head the rebels in the captainfhip of Go^^ana. The fame fate attended one Thomas Pais,
an inhabitant of Tienpio, who had endeavoured to raife fome troops for the faid John
Fernandes Vieira. The fame day the great council received advice out of Serinham,
(the letters being fent privately in the night-time in a fmall boat down the river to the
fea-fide,) that the rebels began to be very numerous thereabouts, that they were mafters
of the river, had ftaved all the boats, and plundered D'Ingenio Formofa, where they
carried away the negroes, and killed the beafts belonging to the Dutch, but Ipared
thofe of the Portuguefe. The council being fenfible that nothing but force would be
able to reduce thefe rebels to their duty, and that they were from time to time rein-
forced from the Bahia, whereas the Dutch troops diminifhed daily, they refolved the
firft of Auguft to fend Mr. Balthafar Vander Voerde, counfellor of juftice, to Holland,
to reprefent to the council of Nineteen there the true ftate of the affairs of the Dutch
Brazil, and to folicit prompt fuccours. Accordingly the faid Mr. Vander Voerde
having taken his leave of the council, fet fail the next day with the reft of the fliips that
layjready to fail for Holland, being inftruded with fufficient power and credentials from
the council, as follows :

Mr. Vander Voerdenfent with a Credential into Holland-^

*' Moft noble, honourable, and moft prudent Lords,
*' Notwithftanding the rebels make not the leaft ufe of the royal authority, but cover
•;$heir revolt with the cloak of godly liberty, we were always of opinion that this rebel-
lion

XIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. JfSj

lion of our Portuguefe Inhabitants has not only been undertaken with the confent of the
King of Portugal, or at leafl of his governor of the Bahia, but alfo encouraged and fo-
mented by his authority and conduQ: : for how can it be fuppofed that Kamaron, Henry
Dias, and the other ring-leaders, Ihould have dared to attempt to attack us by force of
arms without his approbation ? It was likewife our conftant opinion, conlidering the
prefent unfettled ftate of Portugal, and the alliance betwixt that King and the ftates of
Holland againft Spain, that he would be fure never to acknowledge the tranfaftions of
the heads of the rebellion, and the fuccours fent them, to have been done by his au-
thority, left the breach of faith and all its ill confequences might be one time or other
laid at his door, till he thought himfelf fure in the entire conqueft of the Dutch Brazil.
Our guefs has fmce proved more than too true ; for Antonio Telles de la Sylva,
governor of the Bahia, (as is evident from his anfwer to our letters here inclofed) denies
to have had the leaft knowledge, much lefs any hand, in the contrivance or conduct of
this confpiracy; laying the blame of this infurreftion upon their ring-leaders, who re-
fufed to obey his orders, and offering to fend certain commiflioners to appeafe the fury
of the rebels ; and in cafe they fhould refufe to comply, to force them by the King's
authority to lay down their arms. But how little agreeable this offer of putting an end
to this rebellion, is to his real intention, is apparent out of the report made by Mr. Van-
der Voerde and Captain Dieterick Hoogftraten, under- written by their own hands ;
in which you will find thefe exprefs words of the governor : ' That the Brazilians and
negroes were dilbanded by His Majefty of Portugal's particular order.' The abftrafts
of the feveral inclofed letters fent from the Bahia, and taken from the melTenger by our
forces in Seregippo, will put it beyond all doubt, that feveral inhabitants of the Bajiia,
and among them the bifhop himfelf, had already in May laft fome knowledge of the in-
tentions of John Fernandes Vieira, and his accomplices ; add to this, the depofitions of
Captain Dieterick Hoogftraten, fubfcribed by himfelf, concerning the propofitions made
to him in private, whilft he was managing the company's bufmefs there, in the quality of
one of our deputies ; which as it direftly contradifts the governor's anfwer to us, fo it
unravels the whole fecret of his real intentions. And forafmuch as all thefe things are
fufficient forewarnings to us, that the rebels will be conftantly fupplied from the Bahia,
whereas we on the contrary muft expert to be weakened more and more in every refpedt,
we judged it abfolutely neceffary and requifite for the fervice of our ftate, to fend to you
the members of the council of Nineteen, Mr. Balthafar Vander Voerde, counfellor in
our court of juftice, to give you a verbal account of the deplorable ftate of our affairs
here in a more ample manner than the fame may be expreffed in writing, not queftion-
ing, but Your Lordfliips will thereby be encouraged to fend us a fpeedy and fufficient
fuccour, to re-eftablifh our affairs here, and to deliver your faithful fubjeds from the
imminent danger that threatens no lefs than the ruin and lofs of their lives and eftates,
and defiring you to give a favourable reception to the faid Mr. Balthafar Vander
Voerde.

" Receif, the 2d of Aug. 1645."

Immediately after the departure of the two before-mentioned envoys, Mr. Vander
Voerde, and Captain Hoogftraten out of the Bahia, being the 20th of July, the go-
vernor, Antonio Telles de Sylva, Ordered all the fea and land men that could be got to-
gether in hafte, to be embarked in twelve ftiips ready fitted out for that purpofe, with
neceffary ammunition, arms, and provifion, for the intended invafion. Hieronymo Ser-
rao de Payva had the fupreme command over the fleet, as the Colonels Martin Soares
Moreno and Andrew Vidal de Nigreiros had over the land-forces, both officers in the

VOL. XIV. 5 H fervice

786 nieuhoff's brazil.

fervice of the King of Portugal. The orders given to the admiral by the governor,
dated the 20th of July, contained in fubftance, that the great council of the Dutch Brazil
having notified to him the infurredtion of the Portuguefe inhabitants of Pernambuko, he
had judged it expedient to equip his fleet, in order to put a fpeedy flop to thofe diforders,
becaufe he was willing to comply with the faid council's requeft, in refped of the fincere
friendlhip and correfpondency betwixt the crown of Portugal and them, which he had
(Irid orders from His Majefty to obferve ; whereas it is evident, that the great council
of the Dutch Brazil, in their letter to Salvador Korrea de Saa Benavides, of the 1 3th
of Auguft, exprefsly declare, never to have defired any afliftance from the governor of
the Bahia, againft the rebellious Portuguefe inhabitants.

The farther inftrudtions given to the faid Admiral Payva were, that he fhould di-
rectly fleer his courfe from the Bahia to Pernambuko, keeping about twenty or thirty
leagues diflance at fea, from the fhore ; that coming to the tenth degree he fhould
approach to the fhore, and if he found the wind to blow hard from the fouth, before
he came to the before-mentioned height, he fhould be very careful not to pafs beyond
the land's point in the night-time. After having taken a view of the country, he
fhould, with the advice of his befl pilots, endeavour to land his men in the mofl
fecure place he could meet with thereabouts, either at Una, Legamar, or Tamandare ;
being three leagues to the fouth of the ifle of Alexo. But if they could not make
any of thefe harbours, they fhould enter at Porto DofTer, Nambous, or Lagamar of
Marakaipe, lying two leagues to the north of Alexo. But if, notwithflanding all their
endeavours, they alfo fhould mils their aim in thofe places, to make themfelves
maflers of Porto de Gallinhas, and to land their men betwixt that place and Barra
Grande. After they had landed their men, with the necefTary ammunition and pro-
vifions, he fhould fet fail to the bay of Pernambuko, in order to deliver with his own
hands the governor's letter to the lords of the great council.

Accordingly the faid fleet fet fail towards the latter end of July from the Bahia,
and in a few days after arrived in the bay of Tamandare, betwixt the rivers Olna
and Formofa, about four or five leagues beyond Alevo and Serinham. They were
no fooner come to an anchor there, but the Colonels Martin Soares Moreno and
Andrew Vigal de Nigreiros landed the 28th of July one thoufand eight hundred or two
thoufand landmen, among whom were many reformed ofl^cers well appointed, and
great flore of arms, amnmnition, and other neceffaries.

The I ft of Augufl, towards evening, three fhips with five fmall veffels appeared
in fight of the Receif, fleering their courfe to the north, whereupon the council dif-
patched their immediate orders to the two fhips, the Zoutlandia and the Zealandia,
to make all the fail they could after them, to obferve what courfe they fleered, and
to prevent their landing of men. About the fame time an advice- boat arrived from
Admiral Lichthart, with letters to the council, intimating, that he had feen the faid
ihips, and that he fuppofed their intent to be, to land fome men on the fouth of the
cape of St. Auflin, for which reafon he defired them to fend him fome fhips, and grant
him leave to take as many of the garrifon of St. Antonio as he fhould judge necefTary
to attack the enemy ; of all which immediate notice was given to the northern parts,
to be upon their guard againft any fudden furprife.

But the next following day thofe fhips being got out of fight, feveral mafters of
fmall veffels, that had been near them at fea, reported, that they were heavily freighted
fhips, which by the ftrong north winds were forced near the fhore, fo that it was
concluded that they had fteered their courfe towards Portugal.

Immediately

xieuhoff's brazil, yS'/

Immediately after. Admiral Pay va fet fail from the bay of Tamatidare, and meeting
with the fleet under the command of Admiral Salvador Korrea de Saa Benavides, which
was latterly failed out of the port of Rio Janeiro, he returned with him into the faid
harbour, and on St. Lawrence's day with their joint forces failed from thence towards
tfhe bay of Pernambuko.

The firfl news the council received of it was on the i ith of Augufl, by a mailer of
a fmall veflel, called John Hoen, bound for Seregippo del Rey, and by c6mmiflary
John Barentz, with advice that they had feen a fleet of twenty-eight or thirty (hips off
Una, or Rio Formofa, and that three of them had purfued them, and difcharged
fome of their guns upon them. Much about the fame time they received letters from
Major Hoogftraten, from the cape of St. Auftin, and the fort Vander Duflen, intimat-
ing that Andrew Vidal, Henry Dias, and Paul de Kunha were landed at Una, and
marching to Serinham, had made themfelves mafters of the place, where they had
given quarter to the Dutch, but cut to pieces all the Brazilians. The council here-
upon took immediate care to fend fome ammunition and provifions to the faid cape,
having already, for the better fecurity of that place, ordered Mr. Ley and Mr. Hoek,
two days before, to leave the fort of St. Antonio, and to retire with the garrifon to
the cape of St. Auftin, before they were enclofed by the enemy. That two fliips, the
Deventer and the Elias, which were in the harbour unlading their goods and provi-
fions brought along with them for the fervice of the company, were ordered to be
equipped immediately, in order to join with the other five fhips that lay at anchor in
the road, viz. the Utrecht, the Zealandia, Ter Veer, the Zoutlandia, and the
Golden-Doe. The fame night advice of all that was paft was fent to Colonel Haus,
with orders to be upon his guard, and to retire with his troops to the fugar-mill belong-
ing to Mr. Hoek, or any other convenient place, from whence he might be able to
maintain a communication with the Receif. Letters were alfo difpatched to Mr. Dor-
mont in Itamarika, to Mr. Carpentier in Goyana, and Mr. de Linge in Parayba, to
advertife them of the enemy's arrival.

To fupply the want of feamen, many labourers were prefled on board the fliips, as
were likewife thirty-five land-foldiers of Moucheron's company, who had fpoiled their
feet by their lafl: long march ; and out of the fliip Elias were a thoufand pounds of
gunpowder, and out of the Douchter fix hundred, fent afliore for the ufe of the
garrifon.

Not long after dinner-time the enemy's fleet, confifl:ing of twenty-eight or thirty

fliips, appeared in fight of the Receif, where they cafl: anchor to the north of four

of our fliips and a yacht, which lay in that road ; fo that the next following night was

^oent in ballafl:ing the two fliips, the Elias and Deventer, and in fitting them for the

< The next morning with break of day, the Portuguefe admiral who carried the

^ flag, fent Martinho de Rebeira and Balthafar de Caftilho, as his deputies, aboard

tch admiral Cornelius Lichthart, who brought four letters, viz. two from the

of the Bahia, Antonio Telles de Sylva, the firfl: dated the 2ifl:, and the

2 2d of July ; the third from the Portuguefe admiral, Salvador Korrea de

^, and the fourth from Jeronymo Sarrao de Pavia, dated the i 2 th of

s another letter from the before-mentioned governor, direded to John

Anthony Kavalkanti, and the other heads of the Portuguefe rebels.

t carried the faid deputies afliore, in order to deliver the letters

being tranflated, were read at the meeting of the council the

thofe of the governor from the 21ft, 2 2d, and 24th of July,

5 H 2 as

y^ NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

as from Salvador Korrea de Saa Benavides, commodore of the Portuguefe fleets, and
Jeronymo Sarrao de Pavia, who had landed Andrew Vidal with his men near Rio
"Formofa.
The firft letter was as follows :

The Jirji Letter,

" Purfuant to Your Lordlhips' letter, and the propofitions made in your behalf by
your deputies, Mr. Balthafar Vander Voerde, counfellor of Juftice, and Dieterick
Hoogftraten, governor of the cape of St. Auftin, in which you requefted the recalling
of the troops under Henry Dias ; I being defirous to fulfil my promife, fent to you in
my anfwer by the moll effedlual means that I could poflibly think of, have fent the
two colonels, Martin Soares Moreno and Andrew Vidal de Negreiros (both perfons
of unqueftionable condud and prudence), to the captainlhip of Pernambuko, with full
power and inftrudions to reduce the revolted Portuguefe to their due obedience, for
which reafon alfo I have fent a letter to the faid rebels, to exhort them to the remem-
brance of their duty, and to lay down their arms. Which, that it might prove the
more effectual, I have fent thither fufficient force, which may be ferviceable to Your
Lordlhips, to reduce thofe that remain obftinate to reafon, and to chafe the rebellious
troops out of your dominions. I hope that with God*s alTiflance this may prove an
effedual means to quench the fire of rebellion, to reflore the peace of Brazil, and
to encreafe the good underllanding and friendftiip which has been eftablifhed betwixt
both thefe nations. We recommend you to God's protedion, remaining

" Bahia, July 21, 1645. " Your Lordfhips* affe£tionate fervant,

Antonio Tell^s de Sylva."

The fecond letter of the faid governor to the council runs thus :

The fecond Letter.

" I have difpatched my orders to Colonel Jeronymo Sarrao de Pavia, captain-major
of our fleet (which I have fent to your afliftance), to deliver thefe prefents to you, im-
mediately after the landing of the forces aboard the faid fleet, and to ofi'er in my name
all the aflifl:ance he is able to give you, j^urfuant to my command and Your Lordfliips'
requeft. I am very ready to embrace this op^>ortunity to give you thefe marks of my
zeal for your welfare, efpecially in contributing- what in me lies to the reducing of your
revolted fubjefts to their obedience. Neither do I in the leaft queft:ion, but that by
this expedient the flames of an intefliine war will be quenched, beyond all hopes o^
being ever rekindled hereafter ; and that I fliall have the fatisfaftion of having bp
inflirumental to anfwer the expectation of Your Lordfliips, purfuant to the prop
made to me upon that account in your behalf. So recommending you to Goc''
teftion, I reft

" Your Lordfliips' affeflionate

** Bahia, July 22, 1645. Antonio Telle?

Befides thefe he fent another letter by Don Salvador Korrea d
admiral of the Portuguefe fleet, directed to the council of Dutch

nieuhoff's brazil. 789

The third Letter,

"^ Whilft I was endeavouring to fatisfy the requefl made to me by your ambafladors,
and bufied in embarking the forces defigned for your fervice, under the command of
the two colonels Martin Soares Moreno and Andrew Vidal de Nigreiros, together with
Colonel Jeronymo de Payva, captain-major of the faid forces, Salvador Korrea de Saa
Benavides, admiral of this ftate, and a member of the council of tranfmarine affairs,
eftablifhed by authority of the King my mafter, happened to arrive, by God*s peculiar
diredion, with his fleet from Rio de Janeiro, in the Bahia, in order to condud them
to Portugal. But being deiirous to redouble my efforts, as well in the condudt of his
perfon as in the flrength of his fleet, to render the whole more ferviceable to Your
Lordfhips, I thought convenient to fend the faid admiral, with the fleet under his com-
mand, in conjundlion with the reft, to the revolted captainlhip ; not queftioning, but
that, by his prudent condudl and authority, he will be very inftrumental in refloring
the peace in your dominions, according to our utmoft wifhes ; and I live in hopes, that
this may ferve as real demonftrations of the good underftanding and friendfhip I am
willing to cultivate betwixt thefe two ftates, both as a juft friend and good neighbour.
I recommend you to God's protection.

" Your affectionate fervant,

" Bahia, July 25, 1645. Antonio Telles de Sylva."

The chief contents of thefe letters tended to perfuade the great council of the Dutch
Brazil, that the governor of the Bahia had, purfuant to the requeft made by the de-
puties of the faid council to him, fent certain land-forces under the command of the
two colonels Martin Soares Moreno and Andrew Vidal de Nigreiros, aboard the fleet
commanded by Jeronymo Sarrao de Payva, in conjunction with the whole fleet of Rio
de Janeiro, under the conduCt of Admiral Korrea, to affift them both by fea and land,
as is evident from the words of the preceding letters : he alfo requefted by his deputies,
viz. Captain Martinho de Rebeira, and Auditor-general Balthafar de Caflilho, that the
great council would be pleafed to acquaint the King his mafter with it, in a particular
letter from them to His Majefty.

What deferves our particular obfervation in his letter to John Fernandes Vieira, and

the reft of the rebels, is, that he calls them the King's fubjeCts, unto whom he has fent

this fuccour for their defence ; yet with this reftriCtion, in order to reduce them by all

gentle means to their former obedience to the Dutch government. It being evident,

that the propofitions made by our deputies to the Governor Telles, tended to no other

purpofe than to engage him to recal Kamaron and Dias, and fuch others as were come

to join with the rebellious Portuguefe, out of the Dutch Brazil, and, in cafe of refufal,

"o declare them rebels and enemies of the King x)f Portugal ; but he, direCtly contrary

the intention and requeft of the faid council, had, inftead of recalling them, fent

^ forces to their fuccours ; and, inftead of leaving them to the difpofal of the coun-

d caufed them to be landed in a remote place, where the faid Kamaron and Dias

h their forces at that time. Neither was the council ignorant of their inten-

■'ding a fleet into the road of the Receif at this junCture ; tending to no other

Sack the revolted rebels in their defign, and to encourage the reft to take

\ them.

as fully fatisfied as to this point, when they received advice from the
, that the garrifon of Sermham had been forced to furrender to
Ms landing thereabouts.

Their

79©

nieuhoff's brazil.

Their chief debate then turned upon this point, by what means this fleet might be
removed from the road of the Receif and our coails ; confidering, that the whole
naval force of the Dutch then ready to fail, confifted only in five (hips, viz. the Utrecht,
Zealandia, Ter Veere, Zoutlandia, and the Golden-Doe, not very well manned, and but
indifferently provided with ammunition, efpecially with gun-powder, and few foldiers
could be drawn out of the neighbouring garrifons ; whereas the Portuguefe fleet con-
fiflied at leaft in eight or ten flout fliips, the admiral being a two-decked fliip, refembling
at a difl:ance one of their large galleons ; fo that the attacking of them appeared to be
a hazardous enterprize. After mature deliberation, it was unanimoufly refolved in the
faid council, to return thanks to the Admiral Salvador Korrea de Saa Benavides, for
the offered fuccours againfl: the rebels, and to tell him the reafons that obliged us to
defire him to retire with his fleet out of our road, as will more at large appear out of
the following letter : it was thought convenient to difpatch the faid letter immediately,
and whilft we (laid for his anfwer, to ufe all pofllble diligence in equipping the two be-
fore-mentioned fliips, the Deventer and Elias ; that if the Portuguefe refufed to comply
with the council's requefl:, we might be in a condition to attack them, and to drive
their fleet from our coafl:, without which we faw but little probability to make our
party good againft the rebels, as long as they were backed by conflant fupplies from
the Bahia. It was alfo taken into confideration, whether it were not expedient to de-
tain one of the Portuguefe deputies till fuch time that Jeronymo Sarrao de Payva fliould,
according to the requefl: of the council, come afliore in the Receif; but this propofi-
tion was rejected, for fear of furnifliing the Portuguefe with a new pretence of fl:aying
in our road : Mr. Gilbert de Wit and Henry Moucheron, both members of the coun-
cil of juftice, being ordered to carry the faid letter, they went aboard the Portuguefe
admiral the fame evening, unto whom they delivered the following letter to Salvador
Korrea de Saa Benavides.

A Letter from the Council to the Portuguefe Adrniral,

" We underfl:and, both out of Your Lordfliip's letter, and thofeof the Governor An-
tonio Telles de Sylva, delivered to us by Captain Martin de Rebeira, and the Auditor-
general Balthafar de Cafl:ilho, as alfo by the verbal affurances given to us by them in
your behalf, that your coming with the fleet into our road is with no other defign than
to affifl; us with your authority and council in bringing the rebels to reafon, for all which
we return our hearty thanks to Your Lordfliip. But at the fame time we cannot forbear to
reprefent to you, that the coming with fo confiderable a fleet at this jundlure, gives us no
fmall caufe of jealoufy, not only becaufe we never requeft:ed any fuch afljfl:ance, but alfo by
reafon that inftead of recalling Kamaron and Henry Dias with their troops, the two colonels
Andrew Vidal and Martin Soares Moreno, have, under pretence of reducing the rebels
to obedience, landed their men and ammunition without our knowledge, in a far diftant
place, and, confequently, for the defence of the revolted Portuguefe ; whereas (pur
fuant to His Excellency the Governor's promife to us) this redudlion might have be
much better obtained by a fevere proclamation, to oblige them to return to the B?'
or at leaft; the before-mentioned colonels ought to have made their firfl; addreffes
Thefe proceedings have, contrary to Your Lordfliip's intention, drawn this i'
quence after them, that many of the inhabitants, imagining no otherwife tha'
was intended for the affifl:ance of the revolted Portuguefe, have alfo begun
arms, in order to join with them ; which obliges us to return our thanks '
fliip for the offered fuccours, defiring you would be pleafed, with all p'

NIEUHOFF*S BIUZIL. 79!

retire with the fleet out of the road ; which, as it will undeceive the inhabitants con-
cerning the finiiler interpretations of Your Lordfhip's intentions, fo it will ferve as an
effeftual means to keep them in quiet, which at this jundlure will work upon us a (in-
gular obligation. What relates to Your Lordfhip*s requefl to take in frefh water and
fuel here, being ill-provided with both by reafon of your fudden departure from the
Bahia, we (hould be very ready to comply with it, ^ere it not for the before-alleged
reafons, and the badnefs of the feafon, which would make it very tedious, which
obliges us to beg your excufe for this time upon that account. His Excellency An-
tonio Telles de Sylva having told us in his letter that he had ordered Jeronymo Sarrao
de Payva, immediately after the landing of the infantry under Martin Soares Moreno
and Andrew Vidal, to give us in perfon a full account with what power he was in-
ftrufted by His Excellency, we defire Your Lordfhip to fend the faid Jeronymo Sarrao
de Payva without delay to us, to confer with him concerning the inftrudion he has
received from His Excellency, in relation to the fending and landing of thefe officers
and land-forces. For the reft, we refer ourfelves to our deputies, counfellors in our
court of juftice here, unto whom we defire Your Lordfhip to give full credit, propor-
tionable to their own merits and the truft we have repofed in them. God protect Your
Lordfhip.

" Signed by Henry Hamel,

A. Van Bullestraet,
P. J. Bas,
J. Van Walbeck,
G. DE Wit,
J. Albrecht,
Henry de Moucheron,
J. Van Raesvelt,
and
" Receif, Aug. 13, 1645. J. C. Lichthart."

This letter was pitched upon by the before-mentioned great council, as the beft ex-
pedient at this junfture, till, by the conjunction of the Deventer and Elias, we might be
put in a probability of diflodging them by force, if they refufed to retire at the councirs
requeft.

The 14th by break of day, we faw the whole Portuguefe fleet under fail, and for

the moft part out of fight ; and confidering that the two boats, which carried both

ours and the two Portuguefe deputies, would fcarce be able to overtake them, and

that our deputies in their return were to give an account to our admiral on board his

'hip, whether, purfuant to the council's letter, the Portuguefe admiral had confented

fend Jeronymo Sarrao de Payva to the Receif, in order to open his inftru6lions

"*. great council, which they had now all the reafon to believe he would not, they

^ed immediate orders to our admiral Lichthart, to make all the fail he could with

under his command, after the Portuguefe, to obferve their motions, and to

*o come up with the flag fliip, on board of which was the faid Jeronymo

*\Te him to return with his fhips to the road of the Receif, in order to con-

uncil in perfon, concerning his inftrudions. But after mature deliber-

iroceedings of the Portuguefe, and the letters of the governor of the

he pretended reduftion of the rebels, being looked upon as mere

ere fent to our admiral Lichthart, to oblige all the Portuguefe fhips

^rike, and to treat them for the future like enemies.

The

792 NIEUHOFPS BRAZIL.

The 28th of Auguft, the council was advertifed by letters dated the 20th, at the fort
of St. Margaret in Rio Grande, from the governor de Linge, that twelve of the enemies
fhips, after having landed fome forces near Tamandare, were come into the bay of
Traikona ; and that according to the depofition of a certain Portuguefe prifoner from
on board the faid fleet, they intended to land likewife fome men thereabouts, provided
they might be joined by the rebels^/rom the Matta ; but if they failed to come, they
would return to the Bahia. Whereupon orders were fent to Mr. de Linge, to bring
what forces he was able together, either of foldiers, Tapoyers, or Brazilians, to prevent
their landing, and their conjunftion with the rebels in that captainfhip.

The next thing under debate was, whether it were not convenient to fend fome fhips
under the command of Admiral Lichthart that way, to attack the Portuguefe ; after
various confultations, it was agreed, to flay until all the fhips might be got ready for
that fervice, to fupply the want of feamen by good able labourers from the Receif, and
fo to render ourfelves as formidable at fea as poffibly could be.

In the meanwhile, the faid Admiral Lichthart fet fail the ifl of September with four
fhips and a yacht only, he himfelf being in the Utrecht, but was forced by ftrefs of
weather (in which the Zealandia lofl a mafl), and for fear of the rocks, to come to an
anchor not far from the Portuguefe, who endeavoured to gain the wind of him. Mr.
de Wit and Moucheron returned alfo with their boat, having not been able, by reafon
of the violent winds to overtake the Portuguefe, but had put their deputies on board a
fmall veifel to fail after their fleet.

The fame day the council received letters from Mr. Hoogftraten, Ley and Heck,
from the cape of St. Auftin, that the enemies had pofled themfelves in the fugar-mills
Salgado, Surhague, and other places thereabouts; and becaufe the Portuguefe fleet,
which had been feen off the bay of Traikona, appeared again in fight of the Receif
the fame evening, it was thought expedient to order Admiral Lichthart immedjately to
go on board the Utrecht, and with that and the fhip Ter Veere and two fmaller vellels,
to keep a watchful eye over the Portuguefe : care was alfo taken to get the fhip the
Overyffel ready againfl next day, not queflioning that when joined by this and the
Zoutlandia and Golden-Doe, which were fent abroad for intelligence, they fhould be
able to cope with the Portuguefe, or at leafl to force them out of the road. The next
morning early, the Portuguefe fleet might be plainly difcovered from the Receif, but
our admiral was not able to flir by reafon of the contrary winds ; neverthelefs the
Zoutlandia and the Ter Veere, which came from the fouth a cruifmg, made all the fail
they could to efcape the Portuguefe, which they did, being much the nimbler failors,
and joined our fleet.

The 4th of September, Major Bayert and Mr. Volbergen complained to the council,
that Mr. Vierbergen, Count Maurice's fleward, had made it his bufinefs to give it out,
that they being impowered to cut down certain trees, and fome part of the ftabling and
gardens, for the better fortifying of the fort Erneflus, had tranfgreffed their commiffic
in cutting down many of the great trees, with an intention, as he faid, to ruin the w'
plantation ; whereas they declared, that they had been very careful in preferv*
much as poffibly could be, all the largefl cocoa-trees that flood not in Iheir w
by thefe rumours, the rage of the populace had been raifed to that pitch thr
much ado to appeafe them, they being for the cutting down not only of
but alfo for the pulling down of the whole palace of Count Maurice ;
defired to be regiflered in the public records, to ferve them for a leg/
time and place.

9.1 r

NTEUHOFP'S BiUZlL. 793 '

In the mean-time our Admiral Lichthart being gone out in purfuit of the Portuguefe
-fleet, met with them in the bay of Tamandare, confifting of feven fhips, three fmaller
■veffels, and four barks, the reft being fent loaden with fugar to Portugal. He was not
as yet joined by all the fhips from the Receif; but being refolved not to let flip this
opportunity of attacking the enemy, fent the 7th of September advice to the great coun-
cil, that being come in fight of the enemy's fleet near the bay of Tamandare, confiding
in all of eleven veflels, he was refolved to attack them there, defiring them to fend as
many fhips as poflibly they could immediately. Hereupon it was refolved to join the
two fliips the Deventer and Elias, with the Unicorn and Leyden, then lying ready in
the road and bound for Holland, and fuch tenders as were at hand, and to fend them
forthwith to the Admiral Lichthart. Purfuant to thefe refolutions, the whole next fol-
lowing: night was fpent in manning the faid fhips, but were the next morning detained,
for feme time by the contrary winds.

The fame day orders were given to all the foldiers and inhabitants of the ifle called
Antonio Vaez, to provide themfelves with bafkets filled with earth ; and palifadoes
were planted from the point of the Receif next to the river, to the utmoft point near
the fea-fide, and five great guns were planted upon a certain wreck, from whence they
could command the fea-fliore as far as to the fort of five baflions.

The 8th of September, the Dutch admiral having ordered the red flag to be put up,
boarded the Portuguefe admiral carrying fixty guns and three hundred men : he be-
haved himfelf very valiantly, having polled himfelf at the entrance of his cabin with a
flaming fword in his hand, wherewith he killed three or four, but having received feveral
wounds, was at lafl: forced to yield. The refl: of the fhips following the example of their
admiral, had likewife boarded the Portuguefe fhips; but thefe feeing the flag taken
down from the admiral (a difmal fignal of her misfortune), they loll all hopes, and threw
themfelves headlong into the fea, to efcape the fury of the fire and fword ; whither be-
ing purfued by the Dutch in their boats, many periflied before they could reach the
fhore. Above feven hundred Portuguefe were killed in this aclion, befides a great
number of prifoners, among whom was the admiral himfelf: three fliips were taken
and fent to the Receif; the refl were fet on fire, being not in a condition to be carried
off, becaufe they had cut their cables and were run afliore, where the Portuguefe had
planted fome cannon upon. batteries, which fo annoyed our people, that fearing they
might run aground within the reach of the enemy's cannon, they fet fire to them, and
with much ado got their fhips clear from among the fhelves. After this engagement I
returned to the Receif to take care of my aflfairs there, and the admiral fent an exprefs
in a fiflier-boat, with the following letter to the council of the Dutch Brazil :

A Letter from the Dutch Admiral to the Council,

-> fooner were the fhips Leyden, the yacht, and the Doe, arrived lafl night, near

of Tamandare, but purfuant to the refult of the council of war, it was refolved

next morning within the bar, which w as performed in the following order :

\e Utrecht admiral, fecond the Ter Veere, third the Zealandia, fourth the

the Zoutlandia, followed by the Doe and Leyden, and the yacht, the

-iers being ordered to be at hand as occafion fhould require. Being

we found the enemy feven fail flrong, befides three fmall veffels

^hat they had planted feveral pieces of cannon upon two batteries

°ceived a very warm falute both from their fhips and batteries,

'' ihot J notwithflianding which, the fhip the Utrecht courage-

5 I Oi2ly

794

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

oiifly laid the Portuguefe admiral on board, after a fhort but fliarp difpute took the (hip
and the admiral's flag : to be fliort, the reft of our fhips behaved themfelves fo well,
that foon after they forced the Portuguefe to quit their Ihips ; God be praifed for this
viftory. Jeronymo Sarrao de Paiva the Portuguefe admiral is our prifoner, and at pre-
fent in my Ihip, being forely wounded, whom I int^id to deliver up to Your Lordfhips
fo foon as I (hall come to the Receif ; in the mean-while, I intend to fend back the
Leyden and the Unicom to-morrow morning, according to Your Lordfliips diredions.
And forafmuch as there is likely to be no more action hereabouts, the enemy having
ftreigthened themfelves near the fea-fhore, I will the firft opportunity return to the Re-
ceif, where I hope to give in perfon a more ample account of the whole a£Uon j I re-
commend Your Lordftips to God*s protection. In hafte,

" Your Lordfhips' fervant,
«* From the Ihip the Utrecht, within the Cornelius LichtharT."

** bay of Tamandare, September 9,

^« 1645 "

The Portuguefe admiral Sarrao de Payva, in his letter dated the 1 8 th of September,
gave the following account of his engagement to the two colonels Martin Soares Mo-
reno and Andrew Vidal Negreiros :

The Portuguefe Admiral's Letter to Andrew Vidal,

« It being the general difcourfe here in the Receif, which is like wife come to my
ears, that it is reported by you there how the Dutch admiral, John Cornelius Lichthart,
did before the beginning of the laft engagement enter the bay with a white flag, thus
furpriiing our people, killed many of them in cold blood. I thought myfelf obliged to
acquaint you, that indeed two days before the faid engagement a yacht and a bark "with
w lute flags appeared at the entrance of the bay, at which one of our fmall veflels and a
bark fhot three cannon-fliot. But that day, when the admiral entered the faid bay, he
harl put up both the Dutch and red flags. Neither is it true what had been faid of their
killing our men in cool blood, there being not one man flain aboard my fliip, but dur-
ing the heat of the engagement, five or fix that had hid themfelves below deck having
received quarter, and a foldier forely wounded, ordered immediately to be looked a ter
\iith all care imaginable. Neither was there a ftroke given after the yielding of the
fhip, but every body treated and provided for according to his quality and^prefent necef-
fity. The reafon why fo few had quarter given them was, becaufe moft leapt over-
board, the feamen firft, and then the foldiers ; I being not able with fword in hand to
keep them from chufing rather to perifli in the fea than to ftand it out aboard the fliip.
Two or three perfons of note feeing me forely wounded, freely gave me quarter, withou*"
knowing either my perfon, or being aflied it by me ; a convincing argument that th
would not have refufed the fame to all the reft that would have begged quarter. I •
confels myfelf fo much obliged to the humanity and generofiry of the admiral, th
"not to be exprefled in writing. Befides that, it is unqueftionable that we fir^
them, both from our fliips and batteries near the fea-fliore. I have given
account of the whole matter, of which, as I have been an eye-wimefs ro'
not queftion you w ill give an entire credit to what I have written to you r
God protect you for many years,

" Receif, Sep, 18, 1645. Jero.ntqio S'

•*

nieuhoff's brazil. ^pr

Andrew Vidal fent a letter in anfwer to this by one of our drummers (fent to the
«iemy upon fome errand), dated the 20th of September, as follows :

His Anfwer to the AdmiraVs Letter.

" We are fufEciently fatisfied by Your Lordihip's letter, that, inflead of bemg enter-
tained according to your merits, you receive the fame ill treatment with the reft of our
countrymen j though, confidering that your cafe is different from the reft, you ought
to have been treated in another manner. Your Lordfcip being come without the leaft
intention of waging war againft them, (which they ought to have made due reflecHon
upon,) but only as you were going to convoy fome fliips homeward, did at their own
requeft land our forces in that captaicfhip ; confidering the ill ufage and tyrannies our
fubjects have received at their hands, we are afraid we cannot prormfe Your Lordlhip a
much better entertainment ; of all which murders, committed in cold blood, we have
taken fo circumftantial an account, that we are fure we ftiall be able to juftify our caufe
and ourfelves, both to the ftates of the United Netherlands and the reft of our allies ;
for we have fiflied up many of our Portuguefe with bullets and ftones tied to their legs
and necks ; fome had the good fortune to be faved as they were fwimming aftiore, but
many were burnt aUve in the wrecks of the ftiips ; the intention of thefe gentlemen
being without queftion, by making fo general a flaughter among their fellow-chriftians,
to cut us from all hopes of returning home : of all which they ti^iU be obliged to give
^ne day a fevere account, both to God Almighty and thofe who Ihall require fatisfac-
tion for it at their hands, it being our conftant opinion that they never will be able to
juftify their cruelties, and the mifchief done to our people, either before God or the King
our mafter. We hope Your Lordihip will reft fatisfied in this prefent condition, and
put your truft in God and our King, who are ftill alive to demand a fevere fatisfadion
from them. God protect Your Lordftiip.

" From our quarters at St. John in the Vergea, Sept. 29, 1645.

" (Signed) Andrew Vidal de Ne«b£iros.**

A certain lieutenant belonging to the enemy, called Francifco Gnomes, came along
with the fame drummer, with a letter from the faid Andrew Vidal direded to the great
council, the contents of which were as follow :

Andrew Vidal de Negreiros*s Letter to the Great CotmciL

* I received Your Lordftiip's letter at Iguarafu, wherein you feem to be extremefy

•^ed at the killing of fome Brazilians, with their wives, by our foldiers, under pre-

^at the abfolute command over them belongs only to you ; which I cannot but

furprifed at, when I confider that Your Lordfliips in your proclamation,

T command not to give quarter to any Portuguefe inhabitants, though na-

of the King my mafter ; you alledge, among other reafons, becaufe they

■•ir birth and education in this captainlhip (which, however, was firft con-

nuguefe kings at the expence of many of their fubjeftsj, whereas now

this hardfliip upon the fame inhabitants, to give quarter to thofe

ong ago have been maintained and inftrudled in the Catholic faith,

id confequently not your's, but the King my mafter's fubjeds.

remember, that you are not in poifeflion of this country by

512 right

ygS kieuhoff's brazil,

right of fucceflion, or any other legal pretenfion, but bafely by force of arms. We
defire Your Lordfhips to take effedlual meafures concerning the methods to be obferved
in the carrying on of this war, which we hope will be managed fo by your prudence as
that quarter may be allowed to the inhabitants of our nation ; if not, I fliall be obliged to
a£l as I find it moft confiftent with my honour, to take fatisfadion for thefe injuries.
We defire alfo to put a flop to the murdering of the women, children, and ancfenc
people, in cool blood, as has been done lately at Tihicupapo, Rio Grande, and Parayba;
God proted Your Lordfliips.

*' From our quarters at St. John, Sept. 29, 1645.

" (Signed) Andrew Vidal de Negueiros."

V

The great council returned, with the confent of the members of the court of juftice
and Colonel Garfman, an immediate anfwer to the faid letter, wherewith they fent the
faid lieutenant, in company of the drummer, back the fame evening.

But we mufl look back to their proceedings : after Andrew Vidal de Negreiros and
Martin Soares Moreno had landed their men, to the number of eighteen hundred or
two thoufand, the 28th of July 1645, ^^^^ good ftore of arms and ammunition, near
Tamandare, betwixt Olna and Formofa, they v;ere foon after joined, not only by four
companies which had taken their way by land from the Bahia, but alfo by the troops
under the command of Kamaron and Henry Dias, who had hitherto kept Porto Calvo
blocked up by their forces. From thence they direfted their march to the city of Serin-
haim, and laid fiege to the fort in which there was only a garrifon of eighty Dutch fol-
diers and fixty Brazilians, commanded by Samuel Lambert and Cofmo de Moucheron.
Two days after their arrival near Serinham, the enemy ported themfelves in the D'ln-
genio of Daniel Hohn ; about which time Henry Dias was feen in Serinham, notwith-
ftanding the Portuguefe commanders Andrew Vidal and Moreno difowned to have any
correfpondence with them at that time. The faid commanders had alfo fent the Cap-
tain-major Paulo de Kunha before to fummon the faid fort, which he did accordingly
by his letter dated the 2d of Auguft, at the fugar-mill of James Peres, and direded to
Samuel Lambert.

The Summons fent to the Fort of Serinham.

" I am come to this fugar-mill by fpecial orders from Martin Soares Moreno and
Andrew Vidal Negreiros, our governors, they being very bufy at prefent in landing
their men ; they have fent me before to prevent all mifchief that otherwife might happen
betwixt you and us ; and if in the meanwhile you will join your forces with ours, or
retire with them to fome other place, you may fafely do it, I being ready to furnifh yo»
with paifes for that purpofe, the before-mentioned governors being come with an int'
tion to put a flop to the prefent infurrection. God proteft you.

" From the fugar-mill in St. Antonio,. Auguft 2, 1645.

Paulo de

Two days after, the before-mentioned commanders-in-chief fent ano*'^
Samuel Lambert, very little different from this,.

KIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL,

797'

Afecorid Summons from the Portugmfe Commanders*

*' We fuppofe you not to be acquainted with the intention of our coming, which-
makes us to be the lefs furprifed at your ftanding upon your defence. The great
council of the Dutch Brazil have fent an embafly to our governor-general by fea and
land, Antonio Telles de Sylva, to defire His Excellency to make ufe of his authority
and forces to appeafe the infurredion in this captainfhip,. which requeft being readily
granted, in order to be ferviceable to the council, and to free the Portuguefe from,
the outrages they fuffered in their houfes and families, we were fent to land our forces
near thefe fugar-mills of Rio Formofa ; which having been done accordingly, and
ready to march further into the country, we thought fit to acquaint you with our
intentions, which in all probability may have reached your ears, the fame having been
publilhed in feveral places by our proclamations, of which we fend you one, defiring
it may be affixed on the church of Serinham. We defire you therefore to lay by
your arms to remove all fufpicion ; not queftioning but that we fhall meet with a
favourable reception on your fide, as we on the other hand fhall make it our main
endeavours to reftore tranquillity, among the revolted Portuguefe by all gentle means
that poffibly may be ufed ; affuring you at the fame time, that in cafe you refufe to-
concur with us in this delign, you will caufe no fmall difpleafure to the great councils
of the Dutch Brazil, God proted you.

" From the fugar-mill of Formofa, Auguft 4, 1 645.

Martin Shares Moreno,'
Andrew Vidal de Negreiros.**

The next following day Paulo de Kunha came in perfon before the place with a
body of foldiers and boors, provided with arms from on board the fleet, and after
having inverted the place, cut off the water of the fountains and rivers from the
befieged. In the meanwhile Rowland Carpentier and Daniel Hohn had been fent away
with paifes by the commanders of the Portuguefe forces, who embarked their heavy
cannon on board Carpentier's vefl'el, in order to carry it up the river Formofa. Within
live days of the arrival of Paulo de Kunha, the whole force of the enemy appeared in
fight of Serinham in battle array, and clofely blocked up the fort. The Dutch garri-
fon was inconfideiablein proportion of the enemy's ftrength, who had fo well guarded
all the avenues leading to the place, that they were foon reduced to want all manner
of neceffaries, efpecially water. Befides this, many of the circumjacent inhabitants
and volunteers went daily over to the enemy, who gave them an account of the con-
dition of the fort ; and notwithftanding they had fent feveral meffengers to the Receif,.
'""ey had heard nothing from the council for two months laft pad ; fo that being
hout all hopes of maintaining their poft, they judged it more for the interefl of the-
any to prefer ve the garrifon, which might be ferviceable in other places, where-
as fufficient want of good foldiers, than ralhly to expofe themfelves to the fury
iemy*s fword : accordingly Samuel Lambert, Cofmo de Moucheron, and La.
who commanded in the fort, upon the fecond fummons made by the
"ed the 6th of Auguft. into a capitulation with the Portuguefe, of which 1
ve an account in perfon the 1 5th of Auguft to tlie council, and delivered,
'iguft to them in. writing.

^uefe commanders make known to every body that we were fent

^he requeft of the great council of the Dutch Brazil, to appeafe

6 the^

798 nieuhoff's brazil.

the revolt and troubles arlfen among the Portuguefe Inhabitants. But at our landing
here, being informed that notwithflanding this requefl: and our good intention, the
Dutch had murdered many Portuguefe in cool blood (it being evident that they had
cut to pieces feveral Portuguefe, who were inticed into a church for that purpofe), and
that they had formed a camp to oppofe us, which ought to be a caution to us, not to
leave any flrong holds behind us, whilfl we are marching towards the Receif, we have
thought it neceffary to enter into this capitulation, till fuch time that we may have
the opportunity of concerting new meafures with the great council, of which the articles
are as follow ;

*' I. The commanders Samuel Lambert and Cofmo de Moucheron (hall have leave
to march out of the fort and caftle, with the garrifon, with enfigns difplayed, all their
arms, matches burning, &c.

'* II. They fliall be permitted to march along the road with their enfigns, and fwords
drawn, and mail be fafely conduced by one or more captains, who alfo fliall be ob-
liged to provide them carriages and boats, for the tranfportation of their perfons and
goods to the Receif.

" III. The Portuguefe oblige themfelves to reftore to Moucheron all what has been
taken from him, and belonged to him before the fiege.

" IV. They alfo oblige themfelves to engage the inhabitants of the city as well as
thofe of Kamara, to pafs by all paft injuries either by word or deed ; and that fuch of
the Dutch as are willing to continue there, fhall be maintained in their pofieffions in
the fame manner as the Portuguefe are ; and fhall enjoy the fame privileges and their
own religion, provided they do not preach in public, and pay due reverence to con-
fecrated places. They Ihall be at liberty to traffic with the Portuguefe, and call in their
debts as before, neither fhall they be obliged to take up arms againft the flates of the
United Provinces.

*' V. The Dutch officers fhall reflore to the Portuguefe all their Brazilians, with
their wives and children, as being fubjefts of King John IV. whom God preferve ; and
what relates to their reception and entertainment, is to be left to the difcretion of the
chief commanders of the Portuguefe.

" Upon thefe condirions they fhall be obliged to furrender the fort, with every thing
thereunto belonging, this afternoon, but are permitted to provide themfelves with
neceffaries for their journey, which they fhall have liberty to perform at their own
leifurc.

" (Signed) ^ Andrew Vidal de Negreiros,

Alvaro Fregoso d'Albuquerque,

DioGNO de Silveira,

Lopes Laurenzo,

Fereiro Betenkor,

SuppoLiTO Abuko de Verkosa, r

Sebastian de Guimares."

Immediately after the furrender of the fort, Moucheron entered into a lon^
■with the Portuguefe commanders, about their proceedings, which he told '
far different from what the governor pretended in his letters, to wit, the
the revolt of the Portuguefe inhabitants, according to the requefl of th*^
They anfwered him with tergiverfations, telling him that they would
not to aft contrary to the peace eftablifhed betwixt the King his maf

NIEUHOrp's BRAZIL. - f^g

General. But it was not long before they began to lord it over the country, by
taking fuch as were in the leafl: fufpe£ted to them into cuftody, and taking an account
of thofe of the Dutch that had married Portuguefe women ; nay, they erefted a court
of juftice of their own, and forced Moucheron to fell his flaves for the fourth part of
what they were worth. They had fo little regard to the late articles, that they caufed
thirty Brazilians, part of that garrifon, to be tied to the palifadoes, where they were
flrangled ; the Portuguefe alledged in their behalf, that they had fuffered death for
certain crimes they had confefled themfelves, though it is more probable they were
made facrifices to the difcontented Portuguefe inhabitants, that had made heavy com-
plaints at the Brazilians. However, about thiny of them were fpared, and bellowed
upon the officers to carry their baggage, and their wives given to the inhabit^ts.
The Portuguefe made Alvaro Fregofo d* Albuquerque governor of the city and fort,
and made one Francis de la Tour, a French deferter, captain over forty deferters, who
had taken fervice among them.

They alfo raifed three companies out of the Portuguefe boors or inhabitants, com-
manded by Pedro Fregofo, Ignatius Ferrere, and Immanuel de Mello, which were
put into Serinham for the defence of that place, where they alfo caufed two Jews to
be baptized, called Jacquo Franco and Ifaac Navare. Moft of the Dutch who had
any poffeffions or fugar-mills thereabouts had fafe-guards allowed them, fo that none,
except two, who came to the Receif, left that captainfhip, of which they had fufficient
reafon to repent afterwards, being very ill-treated by the Portuguefe, as fhall be (hewn
more at large hereafter.

The- 1 5th of Auguft in the afternoon, the garrifon of Serinham, confiding only of
thirty-two men (the reft having ftaid behind), arrived in a bark at the Receif; and
their commander-in-chief appeared the fame day before the council, where he gave an
account of the reafons that moved him to furrender the place, notwithftanding which-
he was ordered to be examined by a court-martial, to anfwer the fame. The enfign
who had conduced the garrifon to the Receif, delivered the fame day a letter to the
faid ^council, from Martin Scares Moreno and Andrew Vidal, dated the 8th of Au-
guft, intimating that they were come into the Dutch Brazil, by fpecial command from
the governor of the Bahia, and exafperating the outrages, they faid were committed
by the Hollanders againft the Portuguefe. This letter had another enclofed from the
faid governor, dated the 30th of July, with a proclamation, to be publiftied in the
captainfhip of Pernambuko, whereby all the inhabitants were fummoned to appear
peremptorily before them, within the fpace of eight days, to receive their directions
for reftoring tranquillity among them. The letter from Martin Soares Moreno, and
Andrew Vidal was as follows :

^ Letter from the Portuguefe Cornmanders to the Council.

" When Your Lordfhips found yourfelves entangled by a dangerous confpiracy among
the Portuguefe inhabitants of this captainftiip, you made your applications to Antonio
Telles de Sylva, governor-general of Brazil, deft ring him to make ufe of the moft effectual
means he could to appeafe this rebellion. About the fame time the inhabitants of this coun-
try by one unanimous voice implored his aid and protedion againft thofe many affronts,
plunderings, murders, and ravifhments of women they groaned under ; being refolved
with joint confent to arm themfelves with fticks (the ufe of arms being taken away from
them by their tyrannical governors) againft thofe oppreflions, and to defend their
honour to the laft gafp j not queftioning but that God Almighty would take vengeance

7 for

too NIEUHOfp's BRAZIL,

for the blood of fo many Innocent people. They reprefented to His Excellency, that
he was obliged by his Ration to affiil them in this extremity, as they were his country-
men ; but if that ihould not be prevailing enough, reafons of ftate would induce him
not to force them to defpair by denying them his aid ; which if he did, it Ihould be at
the peril of his head, and that he mufl give a fevere account of it before God Almighty,
and others, if they fhould be conflrained to beg that from a foreign power which they
could not obtain from their countrymen. . The governor having taken all thefe prelTmg
reafons into mature conlideration, and in refpe^l both of Your Lordfhips* requeft, and
the heavy complaints of the Portuguefe, made it his chief care to find out the moft
-€ffe6lual means (which Your Lordlhips feemed to leave to his difcretion) to appeafe
this revolt. Being fenfible that the revolt of the Portuguefe inhabitants had taken deep
root among them, and was likely to prove more univerfal againfl your government, he
judged it moft expedient to fend hither certain perfons with fuch forces as he thought
might either by their prudence, and if that failed, by force of arms, reftore the fo
much-defired tranquillity. It is upon this account, my Lords, we are come to this place,
in order to employ all our force and affiftance, according to your requeft, purfuant -to
the peace eftabliihed betwixt thefe two nations, in regard of which we value not the
^xpences we have been put to upon this occafion. But we fcarce had fet foot aftiore,
when our ears and hearts were ftruck with the doleful outcries of forty innocent Catho-
lic Portuguefe, murdered in the church of Rio Formofa, whither they were enticed
for that purpofe, by thofe that were in your fervice, without the leaft refpedt of age
or fex, the very babes being by the natives barbaroully murdered as they were lying
on their mother's breafts. Neither have the fighs and groans of many noble maids
efcaped our ears, that were raviftied in the Vergea and St. Lawrence, by the Brazilians^
not to mention here what barbarities have been committed in Pojuka, where is the fight
of many a hermit and innocent babe who were flaughtered in a cave. Neither have
they abftained from holy and confecrated places ; they have cut to pieces the images of
the faints, and ftripped the queen of heaven, the virgin Mary, our blefled lady, of all
her apparel ; things fo enormous, and never heard of before, enough to create horror
and aftoniftiment in a generous heart. And notwithftanding Your Lordfhips had de-
iired the governor-general to interpofe his authority, you did form a camp, which
continues in the field to this day j and we being obliged by our orders to come to you
upon the Receif, we judged it not convenient to leave any armed power behind us,
which in time might prove the occafion of great inconveniences to us ; we ftiall ender-
vour to fliew all due refped and kindnefs to your fubjefts, and carry the garrifon of
iSeriuham along with us, until matters may be concerted betwixt Your Lordfhips and
us, for the fervice of God and the ftate. In the meanwhile, we moft earneftly defire
a ftop may be put to the outrages committed by your foldiers hitherto, to avoid all
occafion of a rupture on your fidej we proteft on the other hand, in the name of God
and John IV. the King our mafter, whom God preferve, as alfo in the name of the
States-General, whofe power God encreafe, that we defire nothing fo much as the
continuation of the late eftabliftied peace, which ftiall be the guide of all our adlions ;
•of which we have brought along with us an authentic copy, to ferve us as a fufficient
juftification by all the princes of Europe. And that Your Loiidftiips may be fatisfied
in the reality of it, we have fent you enclofed a copy of the proclamation publiftied by
lis, at our landing in this .captain lliip. God preferve Your Lordftiips.

*' Serinham, Aug. 8, 1645, Martin Scares Moreno.

Andrew Vidal de Negreiros.**

The

nieuhoff's brazil. ' Sot

The before-mentioned proclamation runs thus :

Their Proclamation.

*' We the commanders-in-chief of the Portuguefe forces, Martin Scares Moreno and
Andrew Vidal de Negreiros, make known to all perfons and inhabitants of the captain-
ihip of Pernambuko : that the great council of the Dutch Brazil, having by a letter
fent to the governor and captain-general of Brazil, given advice of the revolt arifen
among the Portuguefe of this place, defire to endeavour the appeafmg of this rebellion
by his afliftance ; for which purpofe the faid governor now having fent us with a fuffici-
ent force into this captainfhip, we command all the Portuguefe, of what condition and
quality foever, to appear peremptorily within eight days after the publication of thefe
prefents before us, in order to reftore tranquillity among them, purfuant to the requefl:
of the lords of the council of the Dutch Brazil. We alfo hereby entreat the faid lords,
in the moll friendly manner that can be, purfuant to the tenour of the ftrid alliance
there is betwixt both thefe nations, to flop the further perfecution of the Portuguefe,
or any other warlike executions, and that if any of their foldiers prefume to ad contrary
to it, they may, upon complaint made thereof to them, be feverely punilhed.

" I Alexes Autunes have penned this proclamation, and I Franco Bravo Defembar-
quador have approved it.

Martin Soares Moreno.
Andrew Vidal de Negreiros."

The great council refolved to give a fliort anfwer to the faid letter, and to refute the
proclamation by another ; and confidering, thai the origin and caufeof all thofe troubles
and mifdemeanours were laid at the door of the council, they ordered the two counfel-
lors of the court of juflice, De Wit and Moucheron, in conjunftion with Mr. Walbeck,
afTeffor in the fame court, to anfwer the fame, and thereby to reprefent to the council
of Nineteen in Holland, that they were occafioned by the rebels and their adherents.

In the month of Auguft, the troops lately come from the Bahia marched from
Serinham to Pojuka, and fo to the cape of St. Auflin, where, being joined by the forces
under the command of Kamaron and Dias, and the inhabitants, they refolved (after
our men had quitted Pojuka and the city St. Antonio de Cabo) to attack the fort Van-
der DufTen on the cape of St. Auflin from the land-fide ; purfuant to which refolution
they polled their troops all along both fides the river.

The council in the meanwhile being forewarned of the enemy's defign, had ordered,
the ad of Auguft, Mr. Adrian Bulleftraet, one of their own members, and Admiral
Lichthart, to go thither with all fpeed, and to take elFedual care that nothing might
be wanting for the defence of the place. They were for that end to take a full view
of the fort Vander DufTen and all its out-works, and to confider whether the redoubt
upon the hill called Nazareth, and the battery at the entrance of the harbour, might be
repaired for the better defence of the fort. Accordingly Mr. Bulleftraet and Admiral
Lichthart left the Receif the 5th of Auguft, and arrived the fame evening in the fort
Vander DufTen, where, having executed their commifTion, Mr, Bulleftraet returned the
9th of Auguft to the Receif, where he gave the following account to the council.

That he left the Receif the 5th of Auguft, in the morning about nine o'clock, and
came the fame evening to the fort Vander DufTen on the cape of St. Auftin.

That the 6th of Auguft, after forenoon fermon was ended, he rid with the admiral,
»nd fome other officers, to the hill of the cape of St. Auftin ; where, having taken a,

VOL. XIV. 5 K view

8o2 nieuhoff's brazil.

view of the harbour, he found the ftone redoubt in a condition to be repaired, with-
out any great charge, the cannon upon the batteries nailed up, but the works towards
the fea-fide in pretty good order.

That he had ordered a draught to be made, to furround the redoubt with palifa-
does, to raife a battery within it, to build a guard-houfe, and to widen the ditches.
He had alfo ordered a ftone breaft-work (for want of wood) to be made on the back-fide
of the battery, with a row of palifadoes, and a guard-houfe ; and that with the firft
fair weather, they (hould fet on fire all the bufhes and brambles on the faid hill, and
clear the ground round about the church Nazareth.

Upon view of the fort Vander Duffen, he had commanded the major Hoogftraten
with all pofTible fpeed to put it in a good pofture of defence, the admiral having already-
taken care to have it furrounded with palifadoes. That on the yth of Auguft, having
paid off the garrifon, and thofe belonging to the artillery, he paffed through very
difficult ways to St. Antonio, where he likewife paid off the foldiery, vifited the retrench-
ment, and put every thing in the beft order he could.

That he had bargained with certain perfons to repair the faid redoubt on the hill
called Nazareth, and the fl;one breaft-work, the building of two guard-houfes, and
furrounding both the works with palifadoes, according to his draught, for nine hun-
dred gilders, the whole to be completed within three weeks time. Here it was he had
the firft notice of the landing of fome forces from the Bahia, near Rio Formofa, by
the fame fleet which the week before was feen off the Receif. But not being able to
get any fure intelligence, he had fent a meffenger to Lieutenant Montangie, then com-
mander in Serinham, to give him a true account of the matter, and in what condition
he and his garrifon were at that time ; encouraging him by fair promifes, all communi-
cation by land being already cut off betwixt them. Here he alfo lifted thirty-eight
volunteers that offered their fervice.

That the 8th of Auguft he left the faid place, and notwithftanding the badnefs of
the weather, rid acrofs the hills of Hegendos to the fea-fhore, where, meeting with the
admiral, they went together up the river Sangado with the tide, as far as Calandaria,
where they ftayed for fome time, and received the news, that in the laft encounter betwixt
Colonel Haus and the rebels near that hill, above two hundred of the laft, among
whom were fome officers, were flain, and about forty or fifty on our fide. One
Melchior Alvares came on purpofe to tell them, that about three hundred of the
revolted inhabitants were inclined to accept of a pardon, which he referred to the
council.

That being ready to take horfe in order to his return to the Receif, a certain foldier
of our troops, that had been left behind, complained that he had been ftripped ftark
naked by the fervants of the ferryman of the river Sangado, who had wounded and
beat him miferably. Melchior Alvares was ordered to take care of his wounds, and
Captain Piftor to go with twenty of his men in queft of thefe villains ; who, coming
to the ferry, befet the houfe, took the ferryman and his three fons prifoners, but the
mulat, who had committed the fa£t, efcaped their hands.

That he purfued his journey on horfeback towards the Receif, notwithftanding the
violent rains, and not without great danger paffed the river the fame night near the
fort Emilia.

That on the 9th of Auguft he was advertifed by fome negroes belonging to Mofes
Navarre, whom he had fent with letters to D*Ingenio Surfacque, that an ambufh had
been laid for them near Candalaria, but the enemy durft not attack them, their negroes
being all fuch as were taken prifoners, and afterwards made their efcape to us.

Major

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 803

Major Hoogftraten fent advice by his letters on the 1 3th of Auguft, to the council,
that the garrifon and volunteers of St. Antonio being fafely arrived on the cape of St.
Auftin, they were now about two hundred and eighty ftrong, viz. two hundred and
feventeen foldiers and gunners, and fixty-three volunteers. That immediately after
our garrifon had left St. Antonio, Kamaron and Henry Dias had pofted themfelves
with their troops in the fugar-mill Algodais, near that place, where they expelled to
be joined by Martin Soare's and Andrew Vidal's forces, fafely arrived from the Bahia.
That he expefted every day to be befieged, and feared nothing fo much as want of
frefh water, the fpring being cut off by the enemy. Hereupon immediate orders were
given by the council to fend thither thirty barrels of water, fome ammunition and pr6-
viiion, and what elfe fhould be requifite for a vigorous defence of the place, which
was fufficiently provided before with foldiers. The next following day they received
intelligence from Major Hoogftraten, Mr. Ley, and Mr. Heck, that the enemy's troops
had taken poll in the fugar-mill Salgado Zuviliaque and other circumjacent places. The
council relied much upon the bravery and fidelity of the officers within the fort,
from whom they promifed themfelves a very vigorous defence, they being all perfons
who had advanced themfelves in their fervices, and were in expectation of better pre-
ferments, viz. Major Hoogftraten, Cafpar Vender Ley, formerly a captain of horfe,
John Hick, and Albert Gerritfon Wedda, an old captain belonging to the company :
but their unfaithfulnefs and covetous temper over-balanced all thefe confiderations ; for
the faid Major Hoogftraten, commander-in-chief, with the confent of Cafpar Vander
Ley, and Albert Gerritfon Wedda, treacheroufly and villainoufly fold and Surrendered
the faid fort to the Portuguefe, the 23d of Auguft, for the fum of eighteen thoufand
gilders, befides fome other rewards promifed them upon that account. They went
over with the whole garrifon to the enemy, who made Hoogftraten colonel of a Dutch
regiment, raifed out of thefe and other foldiers of feveral nations, that had deferted
our fervice. Thus this ftrong hold was betrayed to the Portuguefe, by a perfon who
owed his whole fortune to our company.

Martin Soares Moreno gave the following account of the furrender of this fort to
the governor, Antonio Telles de Sylva, in his letter, dated from the hill of Nazareth,
Auguft 26, 1645 •

yi Letter to the Governor of the Bahia, concerning the taking of the Cape of Puntael.

" Sunday the 23d of this month, God Almighty, through his mercy, has put us
into the poffeflion of the fort of the cape of Puntael, which was befieged by Andrew
Vidal de Negreiros : the next day we were rejoiced with the money fent us by Your
Lordfhip, and the wine prefented to me in particular, part of which I have beftowed
upon entertaining fome of our friends, who are merry with me at this time.

" We have made an excellent bargain : for, befides the importance of the place and
its artillery, we have got the very flower of their foldiers ; befides that, this will be
like a fignal to the reft to follow their footfteps.

" John Femandes Vieira has raifed, on Saturday laft, the fiim of four thoufand
ducats for our ufe, though not without force, but it was very welcome to us at this
time, when we were upon ftriking up the bargain for the better fortifying of this place,
the harbour of which is not inferior to that of the Receif : but I will not trouble Your
Lordfhip any longer with this point.

" Not long after the furrender of the fort, a bark appeared in fight, fent to its
relief from the Receif. We fent Captain Barreiros, *with a well-armed bark, out

5 K 2 againft

8 04 NIEUHOFP'S BRAZIL.

againft her, who took her, with thirty-five men, and good flore of gun-powder and
bullets, all which will prove very ferviceable to us.

" I kindly defire Your Lordihip, that in cafe you fend a meffenger with this news
to His Majelly, Captain Damian de Lankois may be employed upon that errand, it
being very probable that the King, befides a good prefent, will reward him with fome
honourable employment.

" Laft night we received advice, that the fleet under Jeronymo-de Payva was entered
the bay of Tamandare ; I am forely afraid they will be attacked by the fliips fent
thither from the Receif, notwithftanding we have defired him feveral times to come
into our road.

" Kapivara is gone from that place by land to the Bahia, perhaps he has given him
notice that we are mafters of the cape ; if he thinks fit to bring his fleet to this place,
he is fafe, if not, it lies at his door. It is difcourfed here, that the fliip the Bifliop is
mifllng, perhaps he has a fancy to convoy Salvador Korrea fome part of the way.

" I cannot forbear to let Your Lordfliip know how much you fliand indebted to
Major Dieterick Hoogftraten, and the refl: of the commanders of the fort. We have
promifed to the firfl a commandery of Chrifl:. I beg of Your I^ordfliip to make my
promife good to him in His Majefty's name, as foon as pofllble may be, he being a
perfon who will be ready to do us all the further fervice he can. We have, for the
prefent, engaged him with fome prefents of lefs moment, of which we fhall give aa
account to you hereafter. Captain Vander Ley has likewife defer ved well of us, and
fo have all the refl: that had married Portuguefe women : it is reported here that he is
a perfon of note in his country : we have likewife promifed to him a commandery of
Chrifl:, and a yearly penfion for one of his fons : we hope Your Lordfliip will not
refufe to make good our promife, becaufe his fons are born of a Portuguefe v/oman :
the name of the eldefl: being John, and the youngefl: Cafpar Vander Ley. The refl: are
at prefent at their habitations, as foon as they return we mufl: engage them with fome
promifes, of which we will give an account to Your Lordfliip. They are all of con-
fequence to us, having married Portuguefe women. I hope Your Lordfliip will be
well fatisfied with this piece of fervice, for John Fernandes Vieira fometimes brings us
more money in an hour than the conquefl: of the cape cofts us. He is at prefent in
the Vergea among the barbarians, and v^e in the fort in the cape, till we have got
every thing in readinefs. Kapivara is about three days ago gone by land, pofllbly he
may be with you before the bark which carries this letter ; I wifli it may arrive in fafety,
and to Your Lordfliip a long life for the defence of this fl:ate.

" (Signed) Martin Scares Moreno/'

Martin Soares Moreno and Andrew Vidal de Negreiros had in the meanwhile fent
feven or eight letters from the cape of St. Auftin, dated the 23d, 30th, and 3ifl: of
Auguft, and the 2d and 6th of September, in which they advertifed the Admiral Payva,
that they were in pofl^efllon of that cape, defiring him by all means to come with his
fleet into that harbour. The firfl; of the two lafl: letters was thus written :

Letter from the Portuguefe Commanders to Admiral Payva,

^* My Lord,
" We are got now into the pofleflion of the harbour of Nazareth, and that, as th«
faying is, without cafl;ing an arrchor j which is the reafon we intreat you likewife to

5 come

N1EUH0FF*S BRAZIL. 805

come with your fleet hither, where you may careen your fhips, and provide yourfelves
with frefh provifions, men, ammunition, and all other neceflaries, till fuch time we^
Ihall mutually agree in what is further to be undertaken for the fervice of God and
His Majefty. The enemy has hitherto but one fhip of ftrength at fea, the reft being
of no confequence ; neither are they for engaging with you at this time, but endeavour
to cut off your communication with the fea-coaft. My Lord, you have given fo many
proofs of your courage before this time, that this retreat will not abate any thing from
the fame of your victories ; on the other hand, you have to confider, that you are
anfwerable for fo many thoufand lives of thofe that are in your fleet ; wherefore we
defire you once more to come hither with the fleet, and fuch officers as are under
your command, where you will meet with a very kind and comfortable reception. But
being fenfible that it would be a grofs error in us, to urge a matter fo evident it itfelf
any further, to fo great a commander as you, we live in hopes of your coming, where
we intend, in the houfe of Nazareth, to receive the blefled facrament, which name we
have given to the fort, having, among other things, found a mafs-book here, which
is of no fmali fervice to us. God preferve Your Lordlhip.

Martin Scares Moreno, and
" Puntael, Sept. 2, 164^* Andrew Vidal de Negreiros."

The contents of the fecond letter to the fame admiral are as follows ;

" Your Lordfliip being already acquainted with our being mafters of the Puntael
(cape), we hope you will take the firft opportunity of coming to us ; the enemies having
two fquadrons of fliips at fea, with one fi!re-fliip, to force you from this coaft, which
has been difcovered to us by a letter writ at the Receif, and directed to the governor,
and taken by us in a bark defigned for the relief of that place, of which we thought
fit to give you immediate notice, that you might take your meafures according to your
wonted prudence. Thefe Dutch gentlemen have, by their treacherous dealings, ob-
liged us to have recourfe to open force, and we defire Your Lordfhip to repay them
in their own coin, with fire and fword, as they do us. If you defign to come hither,
it muft be done fpeedily, all delay being dangerous at this time. We have a true
copy of this letter in our journal to ferve for our juftification hereafter. God pre-
ferve Your Lordfhip.

" Dated in the Puntael of the Blefled Martin Scares Moreno, and

" Sacrament, Sept. 6, 1 645. Andrew Vidal de Negreiros,**

An account of the furrender of the cape of St. Auftin, and of the further tran-
faftions betwixt us and the Portuguefe, was fent in a letter by Cafpar da Cofta d*Abreu>
from the faid cape to his friend Domingos da Kofta, an inhabitant of the Bahia, whicll
runs thus :

" I wifli this letter may find you in good heahh, as I who am your faithful com-
rade defire ; I am in a tolerable good condition in the Puntael of Nazareth, which after
a fiege of twenty days was furrendered to us at an eafy rate, becaufe thofe who com-
manded within the fort, had Portuguefe wives, and their eftates thereabouts. The
captain of horfe was the moft forv/ard of all in furrendering the place ; they have ob-
tained what conditions they demanded, and a gratuity of four thoufand ducats befides.
We found in the fort three hundred Dutch, of their beft troops, and twelve brafa
pieces of cannon, four of which were four and twenty-pounders, and provifions for

three-

So6 nieuhoff's brazil.

three months ; fo that if they had not come with us to a compofition, it would have
coft us abundance of men, whereas now we have gained the place with the lofs of one
fmgle man, who was killed by a random cannon-fliot. We made ourfelves mafters
of a bark, firing from the Puntael, before its furrender, in which was a gentleman
with feveral hundred men that were going to the Receif. This gentleman and another
of Serenham (being both magiftates in their refpedive places) we delivered up to the
inhabitants, who foon killed them, notwithftanding one was married with a Portuguefe
woman j for they having been heard to fay, that they hoped to wafh their hands in
the blood of the Portuguefe, the women were fo much exafperated againft them, that
they foon difpatched them according to their defires. The prifoners are for the moil
part detained at St. Anthony, in order to be fent to the Bahia ; but many among them
have taken fervice with us. We fuppofe the number of the dead and Dutch prifo-
ners amount to near thirteen hundred : we have not feen the fquadron under Salvador
Korrea de Saa ; we are afraid fome misfortune has befallen him ; fome of our Ihips
were cruiling hereabouts, but within thefe three or four days none of them have ap-
peared on this coaft. The Dutch have a fleet of twelve fhips at fea, it is well if they
do not venture a brufh with us. The Receif with all its forts are inverted ; Lawrence
Karneiro is at Porto Calvo ; the Jews report, that orders are come to take all the
Dutch forces out of Rio Grande, Parayba, and St. Francis, in order to tranfport
them to the Receif. There is no great harmony betwixt the Jews and Dutch, the firft
pretending that the others intend to fell the country. Four of their head officers,
which are our prifoners, are ordered to be fent to the Bahia, and among them their
mafter of the artillery. The fame day that we were become mafters of the Puntael,
a bark arrived there from the Receif with orders to keep it to the laft extremity ; we
took the bark with good ftore of ammunition and provifion, worth in all about
fifteen hundred ducats.

" Sept. 5, 1645. Caspar da Costa d'Abreu."

From this and the following letters, it is apparent that Major Hoogftraten had
laid the foundation of his treacherous defign of betraying the cape of St. Auftin to the
Portuguefe, long before ; to wit, ever fince he with Mr. Balthafar Vander Voerde was
fent to the governor of the Bahia, Antonio Telles de Sylva. Thus a certain ferjeant
fold a redoubt near the city of Olinda to the enemy for three hundred gilders.

At the beginning of the fiege of the cape of St. Auftin, Andrew Vidal de Negreiros
fent two letters to Major Hoogftraten, Ley, and Heck, by one John Guomes de Mello,
dated the 13th of Auguft; in the firft of which the faid Vidal complains of the ill-
treatment and murthers committed upon the Portuguefe by the Dutch ; in the fecond
he requefts them to declare, purfuant to the promifes made by Hoogftraten in the
Bahia, for the King of Portugal, and to deliver the fort into their hands.

Two letters from Vidal to Hoogjiraten,
The firft was as follows :

** I am come this morning to the village of St. Antonio de Cabo, in hopes of
receiving news from you and Captain Ley. I give by thefe prefents, notice to you,
that we are fent hither by order from the governor Antonio Telles de Sylva, with
no other intention than to appeafe the troubles lately arifen in this country, purfuant
to the lequeft of the council, of which you are a fufficient witnefs. No fooner were

I we

N1EUH0FF*S BRAZIL. 8^7

we arrived at Tamandare, but we received many informations direftly contrary to
what we expedled to meet with here ; viz. that in Rio Grande thirty feven inhabi-
tants had been murthered, many virgins deflowered, and the image of the virgin
Mary grofly mifufed by the Dutch ; things fo abominable in themfelves, that it is
fcarce to be imagined fo brave a nation Ihould be guihy of fuch enormities. Whilft
I am writing this letter, news is brought me, that the Dutch have caufed many of the
inhabitants of Goyana to be murthered, though I can fcarce give credit to it : for fup-
pofing this to be true, we could not avoid giving aflifVance to thefe miferable people,
though they were the moft defpifeable of all nations, confidering they crave our help,
and are not only Chriftians, but alfo fubjefts of the King our mafter, whom God
preferve. Whilft the council was in expectation of the iflues of the intended accom-
modation, they have furprized and killed many of the inhabitants, which obliges us
to require you in the name of God, of His Majefty, His Highnefs, and the States-
General, not to give any occafion for a rupture, but to maintain the late concluded
peace to the utmoft of your power, as we are ready on our fide to concert all poflfible
meafures with the commander-in-chief of this place, which may tend to the tranquillity
of both parties. The bearers hereof are Captain John Guomes de Mello, and Lieute-
nant Francis Guomes, who we defire may be difpatched back with all poflible fpeed.
God preferve you for many years.

" Auguft 13, 1645. Andrew Vidal."

The.fecond letter was written thus :

Thefecond letter,

" Your promife made to us in the Bahia, and what has fince been told by Captain
Ley to John Fernandes Vieira and Captain John Guomes de Mello, encourages us to
proceed in our former defign, not queftioning but that both you and Captain Ley will
not in the leaft recede from the engagement you have been pleafed to oblige us with,
and to tie us to your fervice. We are come into this country at the head of three
thoufand chofen men, backed by two fquadrons of men of war well equipped, one
of which has not as yet appeared on this coaft, the other you have feen yourfelf pafs
by the other day. I hope this may ferve as a means to fet the poor miferable inhabi-
tants at liberty ; and as both they and we wifli for nothing more than to fee you em-
brace our fide, that we not want an opportunity to give you more evident proofs of
our refped and affedtion towards you, fo we delire you not to entertain the leaft finifter
fufpicion of us ; we being ready (for the performance of which we by thefe prefents
give you our words) to accomplifh in every point, what has been promifed to you,
by John Fernandes Vieira and John Guomes de Mello. And I for my part aflure
you, that I will not fail to perform and agree to whatever you ftiall further demand
upon this occafion.

The inhabitants of this place Ihall be provided with paflports, and proteded by us,
in the fame manner as the commander of Serinhanr, Carpentier, and fome others
were ; and we expedt the fame at your hand. And that you may be fure whom to
treat with upon this account, we have fent to you John Guomes de Mello, who is in-
trufted with the whole matter ; which if you refufe to do, we muft take fuch meafures
as we fhall judge moft expedient for us. In the meanwhile God preferve you for
many years.

Your affeClionate friend and fervant,

" St. Ant. de Cabp, Aug. 13, 1645. Andrew Vidal de Negreiros."

Major

$o8 nteuhoff's brazil.

Major Hoogftraten, Mr. Heck, and Ley, fent an anfwer to this letter immediately,
containing in fubftance, that they were not in the leaft concerned in the outrages
committed by the Tapoyers againft the Portuguefe, and feemingly refufed to treat with
DeMello. It runs thus:

His anfwer to them,

*' We have received your letter fent by John Guomes de Mello, out of which we
underftand, that you are come to St. Antonio. We are extremely well fatisfied, that
the governor Antonio Telles de Sylva has undertaken to appeafe the tumults arifen in
thefe parts, and do not queilion but that your prefence will contribute much towards
the accomplifliment of it. The affronts and outrages you fpeak of by the Tapoyers
and Dutch foldiers put upon the inhabitants, as they were committed forely againft our
will, fo I can affure you, that nobody, not fo much as the leaft child, has been
fuffered to be mifufed upon our accounts, fo that thefe complaints muft not be made to
us, but ought to be referred to the council. The treaty you propofe with Captain
John Guomes de Mello, and Lieutenant Francis Guomes, is beyond our province and
power, fo that we earneftly defire you not to ufe any further folicitations to us upon
that account. So we kifs your hands, recommending you to God's protedion. We reft

'' Your fervants and good friends,

, Casper Vander Ley.

D. Van Hoogstraten.

John Heck.

Major Hoogftraten took care to fend thefe two letters, together with their anfwer,
to the council, with repeated affurances of their conftant fidelity ; whereupon the great
council confirmed Hoogftraten in his government, and exhorted Ley and Heck to per-
fevere in their brave refolution, which they would in due time take care to reward with
better preferments. This difcovery of the enemy's letters being looked upon as an un-
deniable proof of Mr- Hoogftraten's fincere intentions, had fuch an influence upon the
generality of the people, that there was fcarce any body but what thought himfelf fe-
cure of his fidelity and duty. Neverthelefs, as thefe temptations could not but raife
fome jealoufy in the minds of the council, they thought fit to fend Colonel Haus to the
Receif, to order him to the Cape of St. Auftin.

The council in the meanwhile being, by Vidal's letters to Hoogftraten, fufficiently
convinced, that the intended recalling of the rebellious troops were nothing but amufe-
ments, fent immediate orders to their admiral Lichthart, that, for the future, he ihould
treat all the Portuguefe ftiips he could meet with as enemies.

The 15th of Auguft, Colonel Haus being come to the Receif, propofed to the coun-
cil, that he judged it abfolutely neceffary for the fervice of the ftate, that fince by the
fuccours come from the Bahia to the afTiftance of the rebels under Martin Soares Mo-
reno and Andrew Vidal, they were grown very ftrong and numerous, the troops en-
camped in the field fhould be drawn into the Receif, becaufe they being, befides the
Brazilians, not above three hundred ftrong, they might eafily be cut off in a place
where they could not be feconded in the Receif, where they were wanting for the de-
fence of that place, which being the capital of the whole Dutch Brazil, would, in all
likelihood, be attacked with the \itmofl vigour by the enemy.

Againft this opinion many reafons were alleged too.

L By

nieuhoff's brazil. 809

I. By fo doing, they mufi: quit all the open country from whence they were now
fuppHed with cattle and meal, which they flood highly in need of, till fuch time that
they could receive new fupplies from Holland, and that, in fuch a cafe, they mull
expedl the enemy immediately at their gates.

II. That thereby the number of the enemy would be increafed ; the inhabitants of
the country, being freed from the dread of our troops, would join with them againfl us.

III. That by fo doing, we mufl leave the Tapoyers, that had taken up arms at our
requefl, and were to be joined by our troops near Machiape or St. Antonio, to the
enemy's mercy. To this, it was anfwered,

I ft. That as to the fupplies of cattle and meal from the country, they ihould be in
a much better condition to be furnifhed withal when their forces could be fent aboard
into all circumjacent parts of the country, whereas now they were forced to remain in
one certain place. Befides that, we being mafters at fea, might embark at any time a
certain number of men, and land them where we found it moft convenient, which
would oblige the enemy, inftead of befieging the Receif, to divide his forces, for the
defence of the country. What related to the increafe of the enemy's forces, by the
acceffion of the Portuguefe inhabitants of the country, was to be looked upon as of no
great confequence againft us ; it being more for our intereft to fee them appear as de-
clared enemies than diflembling friends ; it being generally known, that their inclina-
tions were bent for their countrymen, and that, notwithftanding all their fpecious pre-
tences, they miffed no opportunity of giving intelligence to the enemy of what paffed
among us ; whereas, if they were once declared enemies of the ftates, we Ihould have
a fair opportunity of feizing upon their cattle, provifions, and other moveables, for the
ufe of the Receif; which being thus provided, would difcourage the enemy from at-
tempting to reduce it by famine.

What was alledged concerning the danger of the Tapoyers, was acknowledged to be
of no fmall moment ; but, confidering they had received no news as yet of their mo-
tion, it was not judged of fuch vaft confequence, as to be put in balance with the
welfare of the whole Dutch Brazil, which depended in a great meafure on the fafety
of thefe troops.

After mature deliberation of the whole matter, it was refolved, on the 1 5th of Au-
guft, by the council, with the approbation of the members of the court of juftice, that,
confidering the danger the troops were expofed to, and that on their fafety depended
the prefervation of the Receif, they fhould with all poffible fpeed march thither, and
that only fifty men fhould be left in the houfe of De Wit, under Captain Wiltfchut, in
order to command fome part of the circumjacent country, and to ferve»as a retreat for
our parties that fhould be fent abroad to fetch in cattle, and farinha or meal.

Purfuant to this refolution. Colonel Haus went thither on horfeback the fame day,
to put it in execution the fame evening, if poffible he could, or, at fartheft, the next
morning. But it feems Colonel Haus was fo negleflful, as to delay the march of thefe
troops not only that afternoon, but alfo the whole next following day ; and, inftead of
retreating towards the Receif, tarried in the fame fugar-mill, without having the leaft
intelligence of the enemy's approach; fo that on the 17th of Auguft, being furprifed
by the troops of Andrew Vidal, much more numerous than his, before they could be-
take themfelves to their arms they were put to the rout. The council being advertifed,
that Colonel Haus with his troops were attacked by the enemy in the fugar-mill of M.
de Wit, they called the city militia to their arms ; Mr. Bulleftraet and De Bas went to
the houfe of Bavifta ; from whence, as being nearer at hand, they might give the ne-
ceffary orders, according as they fhould receive advice from Haus : and twelve fire4ocks

VOL. XIV. 5 L were

8lO NIfit^HOFF*S BRAZIL.

\vere pofted in this^ houfe for the better fecurity of the bridge acrofs the river. Dleterick
Hamel, and the counfellors of juftice, took care to look after the Receif. Imme-*
diately after, word being brought to the council that Colonel Haus had been overthrown,
and was retired to the houfe of De Wit belonging to the fugar-mill, it was confulted,
whether by any means they might be able to relieve him ; and, though by reafon of
the weaknefs of the garrifon, it was no eafy matter to do it, neverthelefs, it was re-
folved, with one hundred volunteers of the inhabitants, and one hundred and fifty
foldiers, to attempt his relief. But before this could be put in execution, a certain
Brazilian that had been prefent at the whole aftion, and having, by changing his
clothes with a Portuguefe, found means to efcape the Receif, brought the unwelcome
news, that Colonel Haus, with the forces under his command, had furrendered the
houfe belonging to the fugar»mill, and themfelves, upon promife of quarters, at
difcretion.

It was generally believed, that this misfortune was chiefly occafioned by Colonel
Haus's own negled, who did not, till it wa^ too late, put the foldiers into a poflure of
defence, which was afterwards confirmed by the deposition of William Jacobfon, late
captain-lieutenant of Colonel Haus's own company, made before the great council the
6th of July, 1 646.

It was not till the night before our defeat, that Colonel Haus received the firfl in- ■
telHgences from a prifoner, a negro, that the enemy, with a ftrong body, were broken
up from Moribeca. The next morning, one of our fafe-guards brought word to the
colonel, that the enemy was paffing the river; and foon after, the colonel's groom,
who had been to water his mailer's horfe in the faid river, came in a full gallop, telling
him likewife, that the rebels were paffing the river, fo that we foon after heard them
fire upon our advanced guard, who retired immediately to the main body. Colonel -
Haus did not call the foldiers to their arms, or caufed the alarm to be given, until the
enemy came within fight of us, and charging our out-guard, when we fir ft began to
ikinnifh with them : but they charging us with their more numerous forces in the front,"
whilft Kamaron with his troops endeavoured to cut off our retreat to the Receif, which
we were not able to prevent, by reafon of the fmallnefs of our number, Haus afked Cap-
tain Wiltfchut, Blaar and Liflry, *' What was befl to be done r" Wiltfchut anfwered,
** You never aiked our advice before, do what you think beft." Whereupon Haus
ordered to retreat to the houfe of Mr. de Wit : Captain Blaar, who expeded no quar-
ter, being on the other hand for fighting our way through to the Receif. The houfe
was bravely defended for four hours, but at lafl: powder and ball beginning to fail, be-
caufe half a barrel of gunpowder (which was all they had left) blew up by accident,
they furrendered at difcretion to Andrew Vidal, under condition to have their lives
faved, as well for themfelves as the Brazilians among them ; which agreement being
figned by Vidal, and two or three more of the chief commanders of the Portuguefe,
was delivered to Colonel Haus. Notwithftanding which, the Brazilians were cut to
pieces by the inhabitants, with the confent of the Portuguefe commanders, as foon as
we had quitted our pofl in the houfe. The Brazilian women feeing their hufbands
murdered before their faces, dafhed mod of their children's brains againft the walls,
for fear they fiiould fall alive into the hands of the Portuguefe. All the Dutch, about
two hundred and fifty ftrong, among whom were Colonel Haus, Captain Blaar and
Liftry, were made prisoners of war, and were for the firft four or five days kept in the
fiUgar-mill of Hacq, when John Fernandes Vieira, and many of the inhabitants folicited
Andrew Vidal, to deliver the faid prifoners up into their hands, with an intention to kill
them, but Vidal refufed to grant their requeft, and caufed them forthwith to be fent by

8 land

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL, Bit

.land to the Bahia : they were indifferently well treated in their purt :j thither ; but
fuch as either by reafon of ficknefs, or any other accident, were left behind, fell into the
inhabitants* hands, who cut them to pieces, and would have done the fame with all the
reft, had it not been for their convoy. After their arrival in the Bahia, an account
being taken of their names, they had certain quarters afligned them, and thirty-one
pence halfpenny per week for their pay, and a meafure of meal for every ten days.

They had liberty to walk up and down within the city where they pleafed, except
Colonel Haus, Captain Wiltfchut, and Liftry, who were confined to their lodgings,
and durft not, without fpecial leave, talk with anybody. Colonel Haus was at laft
fent to Portugal, and Wiltfchut and Liftry, in June 1647, put on board a ftiip with
two hundred and thirty Dutch prifoners ; about fixty of our men took fervice among
them there, but they refufed the natives of Holland.

The enemies being greatly encouraged by thefe fuccelTes, and their ftrength in-
creafmg daily by the great concourfe of the Portuguefe inhabitants, who in the captain*
fhips of Parayba and Goyana, which hitherto had remained in quiet, and engaged
themfelves to the government by a new oath of allegiance, now alfo took up arms
againft us j fo that it was thought convenient to recall our garrifons out of thofe
parts.

But to return to the cape of St. Auftin, after the furrender of which the garrifon
was carried to St. Antonio, where they were forced to deliver up their arms. Among
the reft of our prifoners there was Ifaac Zweers, afterwards vice-admiral of Holland
and Weftfrifeland, Abraham Van Millingen, and John Broekhufen, both ftill living
in Holland. Major Hoogftraten addreffed himfelf to them, endeavouring to bring
them over to the Portuguel'e fide, by the allurements of captain, lieutenant, and enfign's
places, telling them, that it would now be in his power to promote them to much
higher employments ; but when he faw them refufe his offer, he fwore they fhould
repent it. At the fame time he preferred three Dutch men, to wit, Winfel Smith,
formerly his lieutenant ; Alexander Boucholt, and Claes Claefen, a native of Amfter-
dam, to captains places ; the laft of thefe three being an intimate friend of Zweers and
Broekhufen, told them, and confirmed it by many oaths, that he had taken fervice
among them for no other end, than to get an opportunity of returning to us. They
had alfo liberty given them to walk abroad, but not without a guard to keep a watch-
ful eye over all their adions.

Not long after, the Portuguefe provider, jVTor, fent fcur John Broekhufen, and after
the firft compliments were paffed, told him, that if he would ferve the King of Por-
' tugal in the quality of commiffary-general, he fhould go along with him to the camp,
where he fhould receive one hundred gilders per month, and be welcome to his table
befides j and that if he refufed his ofter, and ftayed behind, he would be in danger
of being murdered by the inhabitants. He replied, that being engaged by his oath to
the company he could not break it, though with the hazard of his life. " And," faid
the provider, " will you choofe rather to ferve a company of mob than a King ? We
are juft now upon the point of executing a defign which is infallible, and then you will
begin to fee that the King's caufe is the jufteft, and will be crowned with fuccefs for
ever." Then he gave him a cup with brandy, of which after Mr, Broekhufen had
taken a good draught, he took his leave and returned to his comrades, unto whom he
gave an account of what had paffed betwixt them.

Thefe had in the meanwhile been informed by fome Portuguefe, that this defign
was upon the ifle Itamarika, and being certain that the council did not forefee this
danger, they were contriving all pofTible means to give them notice of it, but could not

5 L 2 pitch

8 13 nieuhoff's brazil*

pitch upon any perfon fitly qualified for this undertaking. At laft, Ifaac Zweers, by
vail promifes of reward, prevailed fo far upon a Dutch trumpeter, called Martin
Stomp, that he undertook to carry this piece of news in perfon to the council, and at
the fame time to requeft the releafmg of the Dutch prifoners ftill remaining at St. An-
tonio. Every thing being agreed upon betwixt them, the trumpeter took his leave of
Mr. Zweers, and fet out on his journey to the Receif about midnight, leaving his
wife and children behind him. Mr. Zweers and Mr. Broekhufen appeared very well
fatisfied, but neverthelefs were in their hearts not a little concerned for the iffue of this
enterprife.

They would often call upon the trumpeter's wife to enjoin her filence, and ordered
her, that if any enquired after him, to tell them he was run away from her, in order
to take fervice in the camp in the Vergea.

Some days after they met with one Peter Ritfau, formerly baker to the garrifon of
the cape of St. Auftin ; Broekhufen having a mind to feel his pulfe, and finding him
not averfe to fuch a tafk, he at laft with fair words prevailed upon him to undertake
the fame journey the trumpeter had done before ; that in cafe he fiiould mifca^ry,
which they much feared he might, the council might neverthelefs be advertifed of the
enemy's intended expedition againft Itamarika. The baker having defired a certificate
from them, teftifying, that he never had taken fervice among the Portuguefe, prepared
himfelf for his journey, which he intended to begin with the firft dark night.

The fame night they were forewarned of a defign againft their lives, by a certain
Italian called Jacomo da Perugalho, fo that Zweers and Broekhufen gueffing, not with-
out reafon, that fome of the Portuguefe had got fcent of their fending away the
trumpeter and baker, thought it not advifeable to ftay longer in this place, but to alk
leave from Colonel Pedro Marinho Falkaho, to go to the Algodais, where they could
not want conveniency to go along with the reft of the prifoners, that were intended to
be fent to the Bahia, which was readily granted.

In the meanwhile the baker having taken the firft opportunity to fet out on his
journey, was met by two Portuguefe in the fugar-mill Trapicha, who having found
the before-mentioned certificate about him, carried him prifoner to St. Antonio de
Cabo, where being put to the torture, it made fuch a noife among the inhabitants, that
they all rofe up in arms, protefting, they would not be fatisfied till they had fetched
Zweers and Broekhufen from the Algodais, and cut them to pieces ; for which pur-
pofe they alfo obtained feven foldiers from Pedro Marinho, and had certainly put it in
execution if Captain Ley had not cppofed it ; for, as good luck would have it, they
happened at that time to be in his fugar-mill, and the baker had ftood it out bravely,
without difcovering the matter. The next morning Captain Ley gave them a vifit,
telling them what had happened ; and fays he to Broekhufen, " What is your mean-
ing by this?** But he having no great confidence in Ley, denied every thing to the
utmoft.

But the 2d of Odober, the whole defign was likely to have been difcovered by the
imprudence of the before-mentioned trumpeter's wife, who being got drunk, told
fome of her acquaintance, that her hufband was gone to the Receif. She was carried
a prifoner to the cape of St. Auftin, where ftie was miferably tortured, but being a
refolute woman, would not confefs any thing : it was however Major Hoogftraten's
advice, that the Portuguefe ought not to keep the Dutch any longer in Pernambuko,
but that all fuch as refufed to take fervice among them, ought to be fent to the Bahia.
Accordingly, all the, Dutch prifoners then about the cape and St. Anthony, were fent
to the Algodais, where every one was alked- by Colonel Peter Marinho, whether they

7« would

nieuhoff's brazil. 813

tvould take fervice under the King of Portugal, and that fuch as would not, fhould
be fent forthwith by land to the Bahia, a tedious journey ; befides, that they ran the
hazard of being murdered by the way. Many took fervice for fear, but Zweers and
Broekhufen being afked again, whether they were not willing to ferve the King, they
anfwered, they would rather die than bear arms againft their own nation.

The 5th of Odober, all the prifoners under a convoy, both of foldiers and boors,
were carried from the Algodais to Pojuka. But fcarce were they come thither, when
Zweers was ordered to be fent back to the cape of St. Auftin, where he was put to
the rack, to extort from him a confeffion concerning the trumpeter's journey to the
Receif, who, as they fuppofed, had difcovered their defign upon Itamarika ; but not
being able to bring him to make the leafl difcovery, they fent him, after an imprifon-
ment of five weeks, to the Bahia.

In the meanwhile Mr. Broekhufen, with the reft of the Dutch prifoners, had been
forced to travel day and night till the 28th of November 1645, when they came to a
caftle called Tapuao, on the fea-fhore of the Bahia, about half a league from the city
of St. Salvador, after a dangerous journey : they were carried in ten boats to the city,
on that fide where it is belt fortified, the Portuguefe being not willing to let them
have a fight of the fortifications on the land fide. Mr. Broekhufen was by order from
the governor Antonio Telles de Sylva, made a prifoner in a citizen's houfc, and the
foldiers difpofed into quarters. The next day they heard the drums beat up for volun-
teers, every one being invited to ferve the King of Portugal, of what nation foever, ex-
cept the Dutch.

The next following year, on the 18th of January 1646, Zweers and Broekhufen
intercepted a letter written by Hoogftraten to Hondius, concerning feveral tranfaftions
to be communicated to the governors, of which Captain Ley having got fcent, gave
immediate notice thereof to the governor, the ift of February, who threatening them
with no lefs than the gallows, fent them to a loathfome prifon ; with ftridl orders that
nobody fliould be permitted to fpeak with them, nor that pen, ink, or paper, fhould
be allowed them ; nay, whilft the clerk was fetting down their names, a captain came
and told them from the governor, that they were the traitors who kept correfpondence
with the Dutch in the Receif; and ordered that a centinel fliould be fet at the
prifon door, to keep the inhabitants from laying violent hands upon them ; for as
they were carrying to prifon, they made a horrible noife, crying, " To the gallows
with thefe impoftors and traitors." They remained five whole days in this prifon with-
out any viduals or drink, till being almoft fpent with hunger and thirft, they got leave
to write to the governor, reprefenting to him their deplorable condition ; who gave
immediate orders that victuals fhould be given them for the future : the Portuguefe
keeper being afraid^ that if they fliould give them plenty of victuals at firft, it might
turn to the danger of their lives, was fo cautious, as to fend them no more than each
a piece of bread well dipt in wine at firft, and after forae hours, fuch another, but
fomething bigger, till by degrees their ftomachs were reftored to their former digeftive
faculty.

The iaft day of February the governor gave public audience (which is done three
times every year) for the releafing of thofe that are prifoners on the King's account.
Upon this occafion, a free accefs was likewife granted to our people to the governor.
They palfed through the anti-chamber, lined on both fides with his guards, into the
room of audience, adorned with damafk hangings of divers colours: here they found
the gov^ernor fitting in an elbow-chair, on the right fide of which ftood the royal throne,
railed four fteps higher from the ground than the governor's feat, which was furround-

ed

5 14 NIEUH«FF*S BRAZIL.

ed upon the floor with very fine tapeftry. Juft behind him ftood his fecretary, and
fome halbardiers ; on both fides fat feveral counfellors and lawyers, their heads covered,
and behind them the officers of the army, all uncovered. 1 lie governor, as foon as
he faw our prifoners, gave them a fign to come nearer, which they having done ac-
cordingly, Mr. Broekhufen, upon his knees, fpdke to him thus: — " We fuppofe Your
Lordfhip not to be ignorant, that now for a whole month we have been detained in a
miferable prifon, without being confcious of any crime committed againfl you, unlefs
it were, that we have detained the letter Your Lordfhip knows of ; if, in this, we have
committed a fault, we beg Your Lordfhip's pardon."

" And," replied the governor, " fuppofing you had done fuch a thing in Holland ?"
Upon which, Broekhufen anfwered, "That His Lordfhip would be pleafed to remenv.
ber, that it was no more than a private letter, and not dire6led to ?Iis Lordfhip." The
governor, after having paufed for a little while, gave immediate order for their dif-
charge ; from that time they had liberty given them of walking abroad, but were fain
to carry themfelves very fwimmingly, for fear of the inhabitants, who kept a watchful
eye over them.

The 7th of May, Ifaac Zweers and John Broekhufen were carried on board a yacht
called the St. Francis, in order to be conveyed to the Ifle of Terceira ; and as they
were the firfl Dutch prifoners that were fent to that ifland, every one looked upon it
no otherwife than a pretence to throw them over-board after they were come to fea.
Here they met with worfe treatment than before, being forced to fland to the pump
during the whole voyage, and yet were ready to be flarved, notwithflanding the fea-
men catched more fifh than they could confume. At lafl, the 28th, being arrived in
the road near Terceira, they faw within an hour after, a Dutch fhip coming to anchor
near ihem ; they called to the fhip till the mafler fent fome of his people aboard them^
unto whom they made their complaints j and, underftanding that the mafler was a na-
tive of "Niewendam, called Mardn Peter Honing, they began to he a little cheerful,
though the Portuguefe would not allow them to go aboard the Dutch fhip. But the
29th, being left alone with the fleer-man, and only one boy in the vefTel, they found
means to go in fpite of their keepers aboard Mardn Peter Honing, who promifed to
fee them delivered. The fame afternoon. Moor, the governor of this and the adjacent
iflands, refiding in Terceira, fent for Zweers and Broekhufen, and told them that he
had received a letter from the governor Antonio Telles de Sylva, in which he had de-
fired him to detain them prifoners in the caflle for a twelve-month ; but that he did not
think himfelf obliged to follow his direftions, he having no other dependance but on
the King, who being not concerned in this war, his orders were, to jfend all the pri-
foners brought thither to Portugal ; that they might rely upon it ; and, for their pre-
sent fuflenance, till a fhip fhould be ready to go, ordered them nine rix-dollars.

The 1 3th of June, they met with a mafler of a French vefTel, who offered to carry
them, without any reward, to Portugal, v^hich they willingly accepted of: here they
met with many of their fellow-prifoners, who had imagined no otherwife, but that the
Portuguefe had thrown them over-board. They continued here nil the loth of Sep-
tember, when Zweers and Broekhufen embarked themfelves at Lifbon aboard a man of
war, called the Prince Henry, and at laft, the 4th of December, after a thoufand dan-
gers and miferies, which they had fuflained fince their departure from the .Dutch
Brazil, arrived fafely in the Maefe.

But we mufb return towards the Receif. The unexpe<5led defeat of Colonel Haus
put all the inhabitants of the Receif under great conflernation ; but the council left
no ftone unturned to put the place, with all the adjacent forts, in a condition to make

a vigorous

mtUHOFF-'s BRAZIL. gj^

a vij^orous defence, in cafe it fhould be attacked by the enemy ; and, that every thing
- might be performed with the beft order that could be, Peter Bas was conftituted com-
mander-in-chief in the Receif. Admiral Lichthart was to take care of the batteries
and artillery thereunto belonging ; Henry Moucheron was made commander in Mau-
rice's Town ; all their thoughts being now bent upon the defence of thefe places, which
before they judged out of danger.

The ftables and out-houfes for the ufe- of the negroes, as likewife the walks and
gardens belonging to Count Maurice's houfe, being no fmall impediment to the fort
Erneftus, it being to be feared that, under favour of thefe houfes and trees, the enemy
might unexpededly furprife the fort and Maurice's Town ; and the inhabitants eameftly
requefted- the pulling down of thofe ftables, out-houfes, and trees, and what elfe might
prove dangerous to the place ; orders were given to Mr. Valbergen and Major Bayert,
commanding in the fort Erneftus, to fee the fame put in execution, with as little da-
mage to the houfe as pofTibly could be. The houfes near the fort Bruin were likewife
ordered to be pulled down, and the horn- work belonging to it, to be levelled at the
requeft of the citizens. Many negroes were alfo employed under the conduft of Ma-
jor Beck and the captain of the city-militia, to break down all the houfes in Maurice's
Town, which lay too near the retrenchments. All Portuguefe prifoners were ordered
to be diftributed in the fliips ; and feveral volunteers, who had committed many out-
rages in the country, and were detained in cuftody, were taken into fervice for three
months. A rumour being fpread abroad that eighteen of the enemy were come into
the AfFagados, a company of citizens were got in readinefs to afTift them, but it proved-'
not true.

The fame day, the fhip called the Orange-tree, arrived near the Receif, being come
out of the Maefe the 21ft of May with thirty-five foldiers for recruits. The watches
were fo difpofed, that in Maurice's Town Mr. de Wit and Raetfield (befides the or-
dinary officers), and in the Receif, Mr. Aidrich and Valbergen, fiiould go the rounds,

Balthafar Dortmund, governor of Itamarika, fent advice to the council the 17th of
Anguft, that Kavalkanti was with fome troops come to Iguaraku, and had fummoned
the Brazilians to join with him in four days, under forfeiture of their lives.

The 1 9th, the citizens prefented a petition, ftiewing the neceffity of having the houfe
of Count Maurice pulled down, as hindering theprofped from the fort Erneftus, and,
if once poflefled by the enemy, they might from thence annoy both the fort and the
Receif itfelf with their cannon. But the council having ad vifed with Mr. Walbeck,
Admiral Tichthart, Aidrich, De Wit, Raetfield, Moucheron, and Valbergen, thought
fit not to agree to it for that time, being in hopes that it might be made ufeful for their
defence. Mr. de Wit and Hamel were commanded to go from hence to each houfe in
Maurice's Town, and to take an exa£t account of what negroes were able to bear arms,
and to furnifh them with mufkets and pikes; the fame charge was given to. Admiral
Lichthart and Captain Bartholomew Van Collen, for the Receif. All the fick that
were in a ftate of reconvalefcency in the caftle were likewife ordered to be armed for its
defence.

At the fame time, an anfwer was fent to Mr. Dortmund, with orders to draw as
many Brazilians as poffibly he could into the ifle of Itamarika, and to provide himfelf
with as much cattle and meal (farinha) as he was able to get out of the adjacent places;
but that if he found himfelf not in a condition to maintain the whole ifland, or the city
of Schoppe, he (hould retire into the fort Orange, where he might be fupplied by fea,
and, confequently, make a vigorous defence. Mr. Carpentier was likewife for warned

to

8l6 NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

to be upon his guard, and to retire in time into the ifle of Itamarika, with his foldiers
and Brazilians, if he found the inhabitants ready to take up arms againfi him.

The 19th, at night, a party went abroad to get intelligence, but met with no enemy.
Some negroes were alfo fent towards the enemy's quarters to know their ftrength. The
fame evening the council received a letter by Lieutenant Francis Meades from Andrew
Vidal, in which he profelTed his readinefs flill to maintain the peace, complaining, at
the fame time, of outrages committed by our foldiers, as may be feen out of the fol-
lowing letter : —

A Letter from Vidal to the CounciL

'* We have fent you advice before by Lieutenant Manuel Antonio, of our arrival in
.this captainfhip, by ordere from the governor Antonio Telles de Sylva, and at your
own requeft, in order to reftore tranquillity here by the moft efFeftual means we could
devife. We alfo did reprefent to Your Lordfhips the many innovations and unaccount-
able proceedings which had reached our ears, by the lamentable cries of feverai noble
ravifhed virgins, and the doleful complaints of the inhabitants of Rio Grande, where
forty perfons of note, together with a prieft, and the other day two more in the Salinas,
were murdered in cool blood. I can fcarce mention without horror (and the refpeft
every one ought to have to facred places forbids me to particularize) the outrages com-
mitted againft the images of faints, and efpecially that of the mother of God, and facri-
leges committed by your foldiers : all which confiderations, together with that we found
you in a warlike condition, with your troops in the field, natural right of felf-defence
eftablifhed by the conftant cuflom of war did teach us, not to leave an armed power
behind our backs, which upon occafion might have proved fatal to us before we could
come to a refolution in conjundion with Your Lordfhips, what meafures were befl to
be taken for the re-eftablifhment of that tranquillity, which was the only aim of our
coming into thefe parts ; according to which we have regulated ourfelves in our march
towards the Receif, till we come to the town of St. Antonio de Cabo ; where, having
caufed John Fernandes Vieira to be taken into cuftody, under a guard of twelve fol-
diers, we were furprifed at the vaft numbers of inhabitants, children, women, and re-
ligious men, who, to fhelter themfelves from the outrages and robberies committed
againft them by Captain Blaar in the Vergea, came to feek for fhelter among us. They
gave us an account how that the laid captain, not fatisfied with having plundered their
houfes, had carried away three of the nobleft ladies of the country, after they had been
grievoufly difgraced before ; the inhabitants, being exafperated by thefe violences, did,
againft our will, leave our camp fo fuddenly, that whatever hafte we made to march
after them, we could not overtake them before they were engaged with fome of your
troops, in the fugar-mill of Ifabel Gonfalves, which they intended to have fet on fire,
had it not been for our men, who were forced to interpofe betwixt them and your fol-
diers, to their no fmall danger and our lofs, as being expofed to the volleys of your
fmall ftiot, which confifted for the moft part of bullets cut in pieces and made four
fquare. As the hoftilities committed daily againft our troops aftbrd frefti occafion of
revolt among the inliabitants, fo we cannot but lay before Your Lordftiips the late pro-
clamation and ratification of peace betwixt us, protefting now and for ever, in the name
of God, John IV. our King, as alfo in the name of the States-General, and all our
allies, that Your Lordftiips will not let things come to a rupture, and not give us new
caufe of ading offenfively, or to declare war againft you. We cannot longer diifemble
^ur opinion, that the reiterated complaints of the inhabitants may, at leaft in fome mea-

fure.

nieuhoff's brazil. 817

fure, ferve for an excufe, if not a juftificatlon, of the proceedings of John Femandes
Vieira, concerning whom we are fufficiently fatisfied that his firft: intentions were only to
afford proteftion to fome innocent perfons threatened with deftruftion ; which though
it was in his power to do, yet did he retire from place to place with his forces, in hopes
of avoiding any engagement, till forced thereunto by necefTity, he was conftrained to
repel force by force. We beg of Your Lordfhips to take this letter into ferious confi-
deration, being of fo much confequence to our both fides fafeties ; for it feems as if
Heaven itfelf were offended at our proceedings. God preferve Your Lordfhips.
" From De Ingenio of St. John Baptifl

" de Venies, Aug. 19, 1645. Andrew Vidal de Negreiros."

An anfwer from the council was fent the next following day by the fame lieutenant :

The Councils Anfwer,

*' Out of our anfwer to your letter, dated at Serinham, the 8th of Auguft, you may
fufficiently fee that the proteftations made, both by the governor, Antonio Telles de
Sylva, and by yourfelf, concerning the maintaining of the peace betwixt His Majefly
of Portugal and the ftates-general of the United Provinces, were never looked upon
by us as fmcere, or to be relied upon, fmce your actions did in no wife agree with your
words. The treacherous propofals made to one of our deputies, to betray one of our
befl ftrong holds into your hands ; the landing of fo formidable a force in our territories
without any knowledge, under pretence of a mifmterpreted fenfe of our letter to His
Excellency ; the coming with a flrong fleet into our road ; the taking of the
fort of Serinham ; the flaughter of fo many Brazilians,, our fubjedls, in cool
blood ; the fummons fent to the Cape of St. Auflin for a furrender ; nay, the at-
tacking and furprifmg of our troops, who were forced to keep in the field, for
the bridling of our rebellious inhabitants ; all thefe, we fay, cannot by any unbiafTed
perfons be looked upon otherwife than manifeft infraftions of the faid treaty, and open
hoililities. We on our fide can, without the leail contradidion to truth, pofitively de-
clare, that our armament was not in the leafl intended againfl His Majefty of Portugal,
but againil the rebels and their adherents ; which we were compelled to, when we faw
many armed troops to penetrate into our territories crofs the river St.Francifco. The fur-
prifmg of fome of our barks in the Salgados ; the taking of the houfe Marecape, and
making our fafeguards prifoners there, as well as at Cambao, and feveral other places ;
the gallows that were erefted on purpofe to terrify our inhabitants into a compliance
with the revolted party ; the killing of three of the faid inhabitants of Pojuka in cool
blood, and the furprifmg of feveral of our foldiers and Brazilians fent to St. Lawrence
to fetch farinha ; the plundering of the houfes and fhops of feveral tradefmen in the
country, with many fuch-like violences committed by the revolted party ; and what is
the worft, before ever we appeared in arms,- but endeavoured, by proclamations of par-
don and maintaining them in their poffefTions, to divert the danger ; all thefe adions,
we fay, will not admit of any other interpretation but of open hoflilities.

" How can it be fuppofed that in the ftation we are, we could, after all thofe provoca-
tions and flights of our kind offers, defifl any longer from drawing the fword ? What-
ever, in the mean-time, has been tranfafted contrary to the cuftomi of war, has been done
without our knowledge and intention ; being occafioned by the treacherous dealings of
the rebels, and confequently to be looked upon as deferved punifhments, rather than the
£onfequences of a jufl war ; befides, that neither His Excellency Antonio Telles de
5ylva, neither you nor any body elfe, has any legal power to call us to .an account con-

voL. XIV. 5 M cerning

8i8 nieuhoff's brazil.

cerning the government or punifhment of the fubjeds of the States-General, no more
than the King of Portugal is anfwerable to us for what is tranfaded upon that account
in his kingdom or other dominions.

" Notwithftanding which, we would have you not in the leafl lay the before-mentioned
crimes and violences at our door ; we are fo far from having encouraged or commanded
the Tapoyers to kill the Portuguefe inhabitants in Kunhao, that for thefe feveral years
laft paft we have endeavoured to prevent it ; for having, by the ill treatment they had
received from the Portuguefe, been exafperated againft them, they were for killing moft
of the inhabitants of that captainfliip, and had adually put it in execution, had we not
interpofed our authority, and ordered our, garrifons to take them into their particular
protedtion. What you fay of ravifhing of women, is not only beyond our knowledge, but
even beyond whatever we heard of before, having taken all imaginable care to prevent
fuch violences by our proclamation, publilhed for that purpofe. It is known to all the
world that we afforded our peculiar protection to the women of De Ingenio, of St. Ar-
nout d'Orlanda, and what concerns the taking of the ladies by Captain John Blaar, was,
as we are informed, done with no other intention, than to exchange them for his wife,
or at leafl to keep them as hoftages for her, he having received intelligence that fhe was
very ill treated by you at Serinham. The rebels themrelves made the firft flep towards
thofe robberies and rapines that have been committed by our foldiers fmce, which, how-
ever, cannot come into balance with thofe cheats, frauds, and rapines, wherewith thofe
rebels have defrauded and robbed their creditors of their debts and goods ; notwith-
ftanding which, we have, by granting fafeguards and otherwife, done all what in us lay
to prevent the fame.

" The late murder upon the perfon of the Salinhas was committed the 17th of
Auguft, without our knowledge, to our great diffatisfadion, by the flying Brazilians,
who, being enraged at the killing of their men, women, and children at Serinham,
without any diftindion of age or fex, took this opportunity of revenging themfelves.
You may eafily guefs that the papers difperfed by Antonio Kavalcanti at Iguaracu have
alfo contributed not a little to this enterprife.

" Of the bullets mentioned by you to have been ufed in the laft encounter, we have
more reafon to complain than you, it being our conftant order not to recede from what
is the cuftom of war in thefe cafes.

" The courtefy ftiewed in faving and receiving our foldiers we are ready to acknow-
ledge, and to return upon the like occafion, defiring you would fend us back your refo-
lution upon this point by the fame drummer.

" It being evident from what has been alledged, that all the paft misfortunes ought
to be imputed to the rebels, unto whom we endeavoured by all requifite means to re-
ftore tranquillity and peace ; but they, perfifting in their' rebellious defigns, deferve
rather condign puniftiment than the leaft excufe at your hands. For which reafon it is
that we proteft before God and the whole world, againft the proceedings of His Ex-
cellency Antonio Telles de Sylva, and what elfe has been committed by yourfelf con-
trary to the treaty concluded betwixt His Majefty of Portugal and the ftates-general of
the United Provinces ; not queftioning but that upon the receipt of thefe prefents, you
will retire with your forces to the Bahia, and thereby putan^nd to the further violation
of the faid treaty. Thus, expeding your anfwer, we reft,

" Receif, Aug. 20, 1645. Sir, yours, &c."

The fame night word being brought that fome of the enemy's troops were advanced
to Olinda, notice was given to all the circumjacent forts to prepare for a vigorous de-

II fence,

nieuhoff's brazil. 819

fence, and two batteries ordered to be raifed on the back-fide of the dwelling-place of
the negroes, from whence they might command the avenues to the Receif along the
river fide. Several volunteers lately come from the flat country, were incorporated
into one company, under the command of Secretary Hamel, as captain, and Jeronymo
.Holman their lieutenant : two advanced guards were placed, one betwixt the fort Bruin
and the triangular fort ; the fecond betwixt the laft and Count Maurice's plantation :
part of the bridge of Boavifta was broken down to hinder the enemy's paflage that
way ; and confidering the importance of the triangular fort, a detachment of twenty-
fix foldiers, out of feveral companies, was ordered to reinforce the garrifon there.
The fame care was taken for the fecurity of Maurice's Town, Antonio Vaez, the fort
Erneftus, the quiquangular fort, and all the reft.

Major Bayert was ordered to have the remaining walls of Count Maurice's ftables
pulled down, becaufe they hindered the profped: from the fort Erneftus ; and
Henry Vermeulen was commanded to employ thirty negroes in clearing the plantation
of Count Maurice and the ditches from all rubbifh ; and the before-mentioned Bayert
ordered to remove the palifadoes from the faid gardens, and to put them round his
fort. The engineer Pifteor had orders given him to fet a row of palifadoes on that
fide of the fort of Erneftus, where it fronts the before-mentioned gardens, and to
extend them five rods into the river. And this fort being not fufficiently ftored with
heavy cannon, commiffary Sticht was to carry thither two great pieces, then planted at
the bridge-foot, and inftead of them to place there two culverins ; likewife, the entrance
of the channel of Maurice's Town was ftopped by a double row of palifadoes. The
members of the council, in conjundion with thofe of the court of juftice, took another
view of the fuburbs of Maurice's Town, to confult whether it were beft to maintain
or to defert that poft, but the refolution thereof was deferred till the next day. Two
great cannon were planted in the quinquangular fort, to command the river fide ;
and in confideration that the horn- works belonging to that fort required a confiderable
number of men for ^heir defence, the governor of the fort was ordered to have the
fame levelled by his Brazilians and foldiers, and one hundred negroes ; and the woods
betwixt the faid fort and the Affagados, were ordered to be cut down by the Brazilians
belonging to the fort, when it was alfo refolved to draw the fortifications of Maurice's
Town into a narrower compafs, and to repair the walls round the Receif; fo that by
the indefatigable care of the council, all the fortifications, both of the Receif and the
other adjacent places, were put into fuch a good pofture of defence, that the enemy,
though very ftrong, durft not attempt any thing thereabouts for that time. Mr. Dort-
mund had drawn near fourteen hundred perfons into Itamarica, feven hundred of
which being women and children, he defired fome fupplies of provifions, but for the
reft, had put the ifland in a good pofture.

Mr. Linge, by his letter, dated in Parayba, the- 2 2d of Auguft, fent advice to the
council, that after notice given him of the defeat of Colonel Haus, he had judged it
moft convenient to remove the garrifon and inhabitants of Fredericia into the forts ;
that however the Portuguefe were pretty quiet as yet, notwithftanding his whole force
confifted not in above four hundred foldiers, one hundred inhabitants, and fifty Bra-
zilians, among whom were a good number of fick and maimed men ; and that the
Tapoyers had flain about twelve or fourteen labouring countrymen. Major Hoogftraten,
Ley, and Heck, had not long before given notice to the council, ihat they had burnt
all the houfes, but efpecially the magazine and church without the fort, for its better
defence, and that the enemy haft pofted themfelves on the hill of the cape, and on the
fouthern ifland.

5 M 2 ^ On

S20 nieuhoff's brazil.

On th^ 25th of Auguft, upon another review of the fortifications of Maurice's Town,
the fame were ordered to be brought forthwith to perfection.

The fame day the council received letters from Mr. Linge, by the way of Itamarica,
dated the 18th and 19th of Auguft, in Parayba, that William Barents had fent him
advice from Kunhao the 1 4th of Auguft, that he and Rudolph Bawn had a troop of
Tapoyers ready for our fervice, every thing being very quiet thereabouts ; but that the
faid Tapoyers had carried away all the cattle belonging to Peter Farcharfon, which had
occafioned no fmall fcarcity of frefti flefh thereabouts.

It was alfo judged abfolutely neceflary by the council, to take into their ferious con-
lideration the prefent condition of the forts in Rio St. Francifco and Seregippo del Rey,
which being provided but with flender garrifons, and all communication cut off betwixt
them and the Receif, and in great danger of being loft ; it was judged abfolutely
neceflary, after the defeat of Colonel Haus, to endeavour the prefervation of them,
and confequently of the whole Dutch Brazil, by removing them from thence to
the Receif.

To accomplifli this with all imaginable fecurity, Mr. Walbeck was deputed by the
great council to the council of war, to know their opinion, by what means thefe gar-
rifons, as well as that of Porto Calvo, might be with fafety brought to the Receif, or
whether, confidering that they would be forced to leave their cannon behind them,
they fhould be ordered to defend themfelves to the laft extremity, in hopes of receiving
fpeedy fuccours from Holland for their relief.

The council of war having well weighed the whole matter, unanimoufly agreed upon
the following refolution :

The Refolution of the Council of War.

" That it was their opinion, confidering the capital city was in danger, for want of
a fufficient garrifon, the garrifons of. the before-mentioned forts, which in all proba-
bility could not make any long refiftance, ought to be taken from thence, with as
much ammunition and cannon as could be done, and carried to the Receif. But in
regard that the fort of Porto Calvo lay pretty deep into the country, where the river
was very narrow and fliallow, the garrifons of Rio St. Francifco and Seregippo del Rey
were to pafs that way, in order to join them, and that they ftiould bury or break theis
camion.

" By order from the council of war, Auguft 24, 1 645.

" (Signed) Kornelis Bayer,

Albertus Oosterman^
L. Van Harkeman,
John Denning,
Samuel Lambartz,
Henry Advocaet,
Frederick Pistoor,
Captain Haelmeister,
Rene de Mouchy."

Accordingly two barks^, with the fhip Zealandia, were ordered for the execution of
this enterprife, to Rio St. Francifco.

The laft day of Auguft, one of the captains of thefe two barks returned, and gave
an account that he, being advanced into the river of Rio St. Francifco, within a league

of

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 82 1

of the faid fort, he received fo warm a falute of fmall fliot from a Portuguefe veflel
full of fire-locks, that he was forced to return, without being able to penetrate any-
further up the river ; that the other bark being difcouraged thereat, durll not venture
to go to Seregippo, but that they thought fit to retreat back with the (hip Zealandia ;
he further added, that it would be very difficult to put this defign in execution, unlefs
they were provided with fome galiots and yachts well armed.

Purfuant to this advice, the council ordered the yacht called the Sprew, with three •
other barks, thither, to join with the fhip Zealandia,^ for the more effedual e;xecution of
this defign.

They fet fail from the Receif the 2d of September, Captain William Lambartz com-
modore. He returned with the faid yacht and the Zealandia, the ift of October, to-
the Receif, where he gave the following account of his expedition to the council :

We came, the 2 2d of September, within a half league of the fort of St. Maurice,
where we met with a bark, which, at the difcharge of one of our cannon, failed away
before us up the river. As we were in purfuit of her, we efpied another fmall vefTel,
in company of the bark belonging to John Hoek, both full of foldiers : we faw the
firft of thefe two run afhore, and the foldiers landing, who Ikirmifhed with an oppofite
party for the defence of the veflel : our yacht, under favour of our cannon, boarded'
the faid veflel, with an intention to fet it on fire ; but finding it loaden with the baggage
of our foldiers, fell to plundering firft ; and foon after efpied a boat, with a white flagi,
making all the fail they could towards them : Major Pappenheim, late commander of
the fort of Rio St. Francifco, and jVIr. Hoek, were in this boat, being fent by the
enemy to let us know, that if we fet fire to the veflfel, he would cut all the prifoners,
with their wives and children, to pieces, fo that we defifted from It. They gave us an
account, that the faid fort had been forced to furrender three days before, for want of
wood and provifions, after a iiege of twenty-fix days : that the Portuguefe, having taken
a ferjeant, with four foldiers of the garrifon of Seregippo, had killed the foldiers, and
fent the ferjeant back with a convoy of two hundred men, to fetch the garrifon of
Seregippo, which had not above four days provifion left, from thence. That about
eight days before the furrender of the fort, Colonel Haus, Captain Liftry, and Captain
Wiltfchut, pafled by that way, in their journey to the Bahia, whither they, purfuant
to their capitulation, were to be carried, with the reft of the prifoners, and from
thence to Portugal, and fo further to Holland, without any other lofs except their
baggage, being for the reft indifferently well treated. They further added, that the
Portuguefe, not long ago, detached two hundred men to the ifland of Melchior Alvares,
in hopes to cut off the retreat of our men, and to prevent their excurfions, but came
too late, our people being retired before. That the enemy had likewife made them-
felves mafters of the fort Dos Aflagados, where Mr. Bulleftraet being made a prifoner,
was now on his way to the Bahia. Captain Lambartz hearing this account, thought it
his beft way to retreat towards the mouth of the river, where, having fpent two days
in refitting his (hips, he returned the ift of October to the Receif.

The fame ill fuccefs attended us at Seregippo and Porto Calvo ; for the council hav*
ing fent a bark with provifions to their relief, the fame, contrary to her orders, came
to anchor before Rio St. Francifco, where being feized by the enemy, the garrifon of
Seregippo being thereby difappointed in their hopes, were forced to furrender, after they
had fpent all their provifions. After this misfortune, there was not the leaft probability
left of faving the garrifon of Porto Calvo, which lying deep into the country, the river
«vas not navigable thereabouts, by reafon of its narrownefs, and that the enemy was
raafter. of the field on both, fides,^ fo that they were likewife obliged to furrender. for

6> wantc

S22 nieuhoff's brazil.

want of neceffaries. The garrifons of thefe three forts were, contrary to their capitula-
tion (by virtue of which they were to be conduced to the Receif ), carried prifoners to
the Bahia ; but thofe that could not follow the reft, by reafon of ficknefs, or otherwife,
were cut to pieces by the Portuguefe. ,

Many of the foldiers belonging to thefe as well as other garrifons, and of the troops
under Colonel Haus, dreading the danger of the land journey to the Bahia, did take
•fervice among the Portuguefe : but Captain Nicholas Nicholfon being fent with fixty-
four of thefe Dutch to prepare an ambulh for fome of our forces, took this opportunity
to join with us, which exafperated the enemy to that degree, that they difarmed all the
Dutch that had taken fervice there, and murdered them in cool blood, the like they did
with the Dutch inhabitants that had ftaid behind in the country.

In the meanwhile the captainfhip of Parayba, through the good conduct of their go-
vernor Paul de Linge, remained in obedience, at leaft in outward appearance, till the
25th of Auguft 1645, when the inhabitants, having received intelligence of the defeat
of Colonel Haus, and the furrender of the cape of St. Auftin, and being at the fame
time encouraged by the fuccours of five companies, and good ftore of arms, fent to them
by Vidal from Pernambuko, they began alfo to take up arms, with an intention to cut
off the communication betwixt the garrifon in the monaftery of St. Francifco, as the in-
habitants of Fredericia (a place of no ftrength), and the forts near the fea-fhore ; but
Mr. Linge fhrewdly fufpe<fting their defign, did, with confent of the reft of the officers
there, order all the citizens with their effefts, and the before-mentioned garrifon, to
withdraw within thefe forts, to prevent their being furprifed by the Portuguefe, and to
ferve as an additional ftrength for the defence of the forts ; for which reafon alfo the
Brazilians inhabiting with their families in thofe parts, were commanded to intrench
themfelves under the cannon, which ferved for outworks to them. The enemy finding
themfelves by the conjunftion of thefe forces, difappointed in their defign of making
themfelves mafters of Parayba by force, had recourfe to their wonted artifice, not quel^
tioning but they might have the fame fuccefs in purchafmg the forts of Parayba, as they
had had at the cape of St. Auftin. To encompafs which, they fent in September 1645,
one Ferdinand Rodrigo de Bulhaus, clerk of the court of juftice of Parayba, with a let-
ter dire'ded to the commander-in-chief, Paul Vander Linge, offering him the fum of
nineteen thoufand gilders, if he would furrender the faid fort into their hands. But
this meffage had not the defired effeft, the melfenger being, by order from Mr. de
Linge taken into cuftody, and hanged the next day ; of which he fent notice to the
council the t6th of September. In the meanwhile, (according to Mr. de Linge*s let-
ter from the 6th of September) five companies more of the enemy's troops, making in
all about three hundred men, were arrived in Parayba, which being joined by the ableft
of the inhabitants, had pofted themfelves near Tibery, where they had publifhed by
proclamation, for every one to repair to his fugar-mill, under pain of forfeiting the
fame.

The paifage betwixt the Affagados and the quinquangular fort, where the cattle be-
longing to the Receif were kept at pafture, being much infefted by the enemy's parties,
one of which had taken good part of it, a fmall wooden fort was ordered to be erected
in the moft convenient poft, for the fecurity of the meadows thereabouts.

Some time before, viz. the 26th of July, orders were fent from the council to Servaes
Carpentier, to difarm the inhabitants of Goyana, who thereupon petitioned the faid
council to be excufed from furrendering their arms, confidering that thirty-feven Portu-
guefe of Kunhao, who had been difarmed, were murdered by the Tapoyers, and that
they were daily in fear of the fame treatment, till they were further removed from their

borders.

nieuhoff's brazil. 823

borders. The council anfwered, that the murder committed upon thefe Portuguefe had
been done without their knowledge, and contrary to their orders ; that in cafe they per-
lifted in their allegiance, they had nothing to fear from the Tapoyers, whilft they were
under their protection ; neither ought they to imagine that the difarming of them, was
done with an intention to leave them a prey to the Tapoyers, but for our own fecurity,
and to fumifh them with a plaufible excufe not to join with the rebels, whenever they
fhould be prompted thereunto by them. xA.t the fame time they repeated their orders
to Mr. Carpentier, not to defift from difarming thofe of Goyana, notwithftanding their
petition to the contrary, but that he fhould be very careful, that neither the foldiers nor
Brazilians of Marni might be burthenfome to them. The council alfo deputed Mr.
Aftelle and Captain William Lambartz, with letters to John Duwy and Karakara, the
firft king, and the fecond commander-in-chief of a troop of the Tapoyers, with prefents
to all the reft of their commanders, in order to engage them to join with us, they hav-
ing complained of their not having been prefented, like as John Duwy was before ; ac-
cordingly the faid Mr. Aftelle and Captain William Lambartz having taken their leave
the 28th of Auguft of the council, took fliipping for Parayba, in order to go from
thence to Kunhao to treat with the Tapoyers.

The members of the court of juftice and the council of war, in conjunction with the
magiftrates, having reprefented to the great council the abfolute neceffity of having the
houfes in Maurice's Town pulled down and laid level with the ground ; an order of
the faid council was publiftied the 29th of Auguft by beat of drum, enjoining the inha-
bitants to pull down fuch houfes, within the (pace of two days, and in cafe of failure,
every body to be a^t liberty to break down the fame for his ufe ; the houfe of Mr.
Rechteren only excepted, which was to be converted into a redoubt, for the defence of
the adjacent plain. The fame day John Denninger, lately lieutenant to Colonel Haus,
fucceeded Captain Baar, now a prifoner with the enemy, in his command ; and many
negroes offered to ferve the company un^er a captain of their own chooling.

The 30th of Auguft, Captain William Lambartz, with part of his forces returned to
the Receif from Parayba, where he gave the council an account of his negotiation : that
not without a great deal of trout^le they at laft obtained two hundred Tapoyers from
their king John Duwy, who pretended that he dreaded an incurfion from one of his
neighbours, who in the abfence of his troops might perhaps kill him with all his family,
and demanded at the fame time, that all the Portuguefe might be killed in Parayba.
That he marching with thefe Tapoyers into the faid captainftiip of Parayba, they aCtually
flew all the Portuguefe they met with in their way, to the number of one hundred per-
fons, and plundered their houfes ; and as foon as they found him prepared to appeafe
them, one half of them, with what negroes and other booty they had got, returned
home ; but continuing his march with the reft through Goyana towards the Receif,
the Tapoyers did no fooner underftand that they were likely to meet with fome oppofi-
tion by the way, but they followed the footfteps of the reft homewards, fo that he was
forced to retire with all fpeed to the fort of St. Margaret in Parayba, from whence he
returned by fea to the Receif. Hereupon the council difpatched fome letters the 1 6th
of September for Rio Grande, direCled to king John Duwy, Jacob Rabbi and Rudolf
Baro, exhorting them to join their arms with ours, for our mutual defence, and to chafe
the Portuguefe that were on their march thither, from thence.

The 13th of September 1645, Jeronymo Serrao da Payva, late admiral of the Portu-
guefe fleet (made prifoners in the late fea-engagement in the bay of Tamandare) ap-
peared before the council, where being examined concerning the defigns of the governor
of the Bahia in fending a fleet, and landing his forces in the bay of Tamandare, as like-
wife

824 nieuhoff's brazil.

wife concerning the fleet under the command of Salvador Korrea de Saa, he refufed to
give any other anfwer, or to make the leaft confeflion, but that he was fent with the
faid fleet and forces to offer his affiftance to appeafe the revolt arifen among us. He
defired alfo leave to fend a letter by a drummer to the colonels Martin Soares Moreno
and Andrew Vidal, about the exchanging of his perfon, and fome other Portuguefe pri-
foners, which was granted.

Some of the citizens having conceived a jealoufy, as if their prefling circumflances
^nd the need they flood in of prefent relief, had not been fufficiently reprefented to the
council of Nineteen in Holland, it was thought fit by the council to communicate the
contents of the two laft letters to their fatisfaftion.

The 1 9th of September, about noon, our whole fleet retired from the bay of Taman-
dare into the road of the Receif, with two men of war and two fmall veflfels, taken from
the enemy; where I was arrived long before, having left them immediately after the
engagement. The fame night Servaes Carpentier, who died the day before, was in-
terred. The fame day the yacht called the Doe, and one of the fmall veflTels taken from
the enemy, and called by us the Receif, were fent a cruifmg to the cape of St. Auftin,
to prevent the enemy receiving any fupplies by fea thereabouts.

The conncil being fenfible that the enemy made it his chiefeft endeavour to drive
away their cattle, and to prevent them by ftrong parties from fetching of wood and
£fliing, a company of fu2:ileers were ordered to be ere£led out of other companies, who
were to be commanded by Captain Renbagh, and to ferve as a conftant guard againft
the enemy's flying parties. The 21 ft of September, the following proclamation of par-
idon for fuch as had taken fervice with the enemy, was publifhed.

A Pardon publijhed,

" The great council of the Dutch Brazil being made fenfible, that many of their
fubjefts being fallen into the enemy's hands, have either for fear of being killed or
tranfported, and out of other confiderations, taken fervice among the enemy's troops,
and confidering that moft of them have been inveigled by their commanders, and
perhaps are in a fair way of repenting of their error, have thought fit, by thefe pre-
sents, to grant our pardon to all fuch as fliall return to our fervice, for all paft offences ;
with our promife, that they fliall receive the advantage of the fame ftation they were
poflefled of among us before ; and fuch as are willing to return to their native country,
ihall have paflTports granted them for that purpofe : from the benefit of which pardon,
are however excepted Dirck Hoogftraten, and the other traitors, who being com-
manders of forts, have treacheroufly delivered up the fame to the enemy."

By this time the enemy had blocked up all the avenues by land, leading to the
Receif, in hopes to reduce us by famine, having ported both all the Portuguefe forces
fent to their aid from the Bahia, and the rebellious troops from the city of Olinda to
the Baretta, in the form of a half- moon ; and made about half a league from the fort
of Affagodas an entrenchment provided with fix pieces of heavy cannon, brought
hither from Porto Calvo ; but durft not attack us by force, knowing we were prepared
for their reception.

Mr. Dortmund having by his letters reprefented to the council, the necefllty there
was of fending one of their members to provide for the fecurity of Itamarika, and to
keep the Brazilians (confifting of fifteen hundred men, women, and children), by
his authority in their duty againft the felicitations of Kamaron, who left no ftone un-
turned

kieuhoff's brazil. 825

turned to bring them over to his fide ; they defired Mr. Bulleftraet to take upon him
this province; who accordingly, the 23d of September, fet fail thither in the fhip the
Deventer, and returning the 29th of September to the Receif, gave the following
account to the council.

He arrived about noon at the entrance of the river Maria Farinha, where being
informed by John Vos, mafter of a bark, that the enemy had twice attacked the city
of Schoppe, and continued before it ftill, he went in a fhallop with five or fix fea-
men to the fort Orange, but was no fooner efpied by the garrifon, but they de-
fired him not to come nearer, they being ftill fmartly engaged with the enemy upon the
hill, and doubtful of fuccefs : whereupon he fent two feamen, with a letter to Mr.
Dortmund, who being encouraged by the reward of two reals, brought an anfwer
from him the fame night, intimating that the enemy had been forced to retire.

The 25th of Auguft, by break of day, he went in a fhallop to the city of Schoppe,
and finding that the enemy, what with the brave refiftance made by the garrifon,
what with fear of this fhip, had abandoned not only the city, but alfo the whole ifland,
he ordered the fortifications' to be forthwith repaired, and to be put into a good pofture
of defence.

For the enemy perceiving that it was in vain to attack us upon the Receif, fent
great part of their forces, embarked in eight boats and a bark, againft Itamarika, the
20th of September ; where having furprifed and vigoroufly attacked our forces, ported
on the hill near the city (our deferters making the firft attack), that they the third time
made themfelves mafters of it, forcing our troops to retreat into their entrenchments
of the church.

About three days after, viz. the 23d, Mr. Bulleftraet, as we are told, arrived in
the fhip Deventer, to give the neceflary orders for the defence of the place ; and to
keep the Brazilians in awe, he brought along with him fome volunteers chofen from
among the citizens, the garrifon of the Receif being fo weak as not to be rendered
ufelefs by any further detachments ; befides that there were four hundred Brazilians
capable of bearing arms at Itamarika. He was charged by the great council, and the
members of the council of war, to watch above all things for the defence of the fort
Orange, which was to be maintained to the laft, if they were not able to keep the
whole iHand on the hill.

Mr. Bulleftraet, after his arrival there, found it abfolutely neceflary to preferve
likewife the city of Schoppe, from whence the faid fort muft be fupplied with wood, its
fituation being fuch, as tfiat fo long as we were mafters at fea, we could maintain a
correfpondence betwixt the faid fort and city ; for which purpofe alfo, the yacht
called the Golden-Doe, had her ftation appointed betwixt the fort Orange and the hill,
to maintain the pafl!age of the river between both. But to return to the fiege of the
city : the enemy made three vigorous attacks upon the entrenchment on the hill, but
was repulfed with the lofs of one hundred and fifty killed ; though a barber, who
after the fight deferted them, made their lofs amount to four hundred and fifty.
Kamaron and Hoogftraten were wounded, and we had only fifteen killed and fixteen
wounded. The Brazilians lately tranfported thither, from the villages of Goyana,
Iguaracu, and other places, behaved themfelves to a miracle upon this occafion, though
it muft be allowed that the arrival of Mr. Bulleftraet did not a little cool their courage,
which made them abandon the ifland in the night, betwixt Sunday and Monday.

The 2d of October the great council entered upon a fecond debate concerning the
prefervation of Itamarika, they having received certain intelligence, that the enemy
had undertaken the laft expedition againft that ifland, upon hopes of being feconded

VOL. XIV. 5 N therein

825 nieuhoff's brazil,

therein by certain perfons of our party, with whom they kept a fecret correfpondency j
and though they were in the dark upon whom in particular to fix the intended treachery,
yet did they think it conducing to the fafety of that fo important place, to remove
Captain Sluyter with his company from thence, and in their (lead to fend thither the
company commanded by Captain William Lambartz, and to intruft him with the
fupreme command of all their forces there, which was put in execution accordingly
the next day. The entrendiments round the church and the fort Orange were alfo
ordered to be ftrengthened with palifadoes ; and the firft (purfuant to the advice of
Garftman and Dortmund), I ordered to be furrounded with a counterfcarp, within the
compafs of which a company of Brazilians were lodged, with their wives and children,
and the reft to be employed in the defence of the fort Orange; fo the redoubt
which commanded the place, from which the fort was fupplied with water, was ordered
to be repaired againft a fudden attack, without which the fort could not long fubfift,
or hold out againft an enemy.

Letters were about the fame time delivered to the council, dated the 5th of Oftober,
by Major Auftin de Magethaes, fent by Andrew Vidal, to treat about the exchange of
prifoners; he told them, that fmce Admiral Serrao de Payva had by two feveral
letters folicited his releafement, he defired that the fame might be exchanged for other
foldiers, or be ranfomed by Antonio Telles de Sylva, governor of the Bahia. He
defired alfo that a cartel might be agreed upon for the exchange of the foldiers ; and
that in the meanwhile fuch of the Portuguefe inhabitants, as were prifoners with
us, might be releafed for reafonable ranfom, which was not accepted of by the
council.

In the meanwhile (purfuant to the letters from the commander-in-chief of Ric
Grande, and John Hoek of the 6th of October;, Jacob Rabbi, with a fmall troop of
Tapoyers and Brazilians, in conjundlion with thirty Dutch inhabitants, made themfelves
mafters of the feat of John Leftan, with the flaughter of fifteen Portuguefe. But
they had not the fame fuccefs at Fernandez Menda*s houfe in the Potigi, which being
defended by fifty Portuguefe, they were repulfed with fome lofs.

The enemies finding themfelves difappointed in their defign of gaining Parayba by
treachery, did again apply all their care to block up the avenues leading to the Receif,
in hopes of reducing it by famine. This occafioned many fkirmifhes, in which the
Brazilians, who got the greateft part of their provifion out of the country, did a
confiderable mifchief to the Portuguefe ; who for their greater fecurity built a fort in
Pemambuko (as they likewife did in the Vergea of Parayba) near the fugar-mill of
George Huomo Pinto, but flightly foi-tified, and not able to hold out againft any
vigorous attack. In Rio Grande the Tapoyers played the mafters over the Portuguefe ;
for as we told you before, that according to their cuftom they entered the faid captain-
fhip in July 1645, when being informed of the rebellion of the Portuguefe in Per-
nambuko, they out of an in-born hatred to that nation, attacked the i6th of July fome
of them in the fugar-mill of Kunhao, and killed every foul of them, the Dutch inha-
bitants thereabouts not being ftrong enough to prevent it. From thence the Tapoyers
marched to Monpobu, Goyana, and Potofi, places belonging likewife to Rio Grande,
where finding a body of Portuguefe entrenched with palifadoes in the nature of a
Palanka, they forced them, in conjundion with fome Brazilians, to furrender, under
condition that their lives fhould be faved, provided they did not give any further occa-
lion of difturbance. But fome of the Portuguefe flying afterwards into Parayba, the
Tapoyers looking upon this as a breach of the late treaty, did with the before-mentioned
Brazilians agree to put the reft to the fword wherever they met with them, which they

did

KTEUHOFP'S BRAZIL. 827

^i^ accordingly, the Brazilians exclaiming againfl: the tyranny committed upon thirty
'or forty of their comrades, who, by Andrew VidaPs order, were tied to palifadoes in
Serinham and ftrangled, which had this good effect, that Rio Grande for that time
was entirely purged of the rebellious crew, except fome few who efcaped their hands.
Their eftates and -cattle were afterwards difpofed for the benefit of the company,
and others their creditors, which furnifhed the public magazines with good ftore of
flelh, at a very feafonable time. The Portuguefe being fenfible that we drew con-
fiderable fupplies of provifions from that country, endeavoured to prevent it by
fending feveral bodies of their troops thither, but were always forced to retire to
Parayba, whither they carried as much cattle along with them as they could.

According to the depofition of Captain Nicholas Nicholfon (who came over to us
•the 1 2th of November, as we fhall fee anon) the four companies of Dutch quartered
in the Vergea were as follows :

The company of Nicholas Nicholfon, fixty-three men, and among- them twenty- ^
three mufquets.

The company of Alexander Buchhalt, of forty-three men, among whom thirty-fix
mufquets.

The company of Captain Anthony, who was mortally wounded in a late engage-
ment, confifted of thirty-fix men, and among them thirty-two mufquets.

The company of John de Wit, of forty men, but miferable wretches, and among
them only twelve mufquets.

Befides thefe they had two other Dutch companies in Goyana, one commanded by
George Peterfon of feventeen men, all pikes, the other by La Cour of nineteen men,
likewife mod pikes. They had alfo two more in Parayba, one under the command of
Captain Peter Gendre of nineteen men, moil pikes ; the fecond by Edward Verfman
of twenty men, among whom was but one mufqueteer. So that the whole number of
thefe eight companies amounted to no more than two hundred and fifty-feven men j
their colonel was Hoogftraten, and Francis la Tour, late alderman of Serinham, major,
a profefTed enemy to the Hollanders. Moft of the Dutch prifoners were put under a
neceffity of taking fervice with the enemy, being otherwife in danger of being murdered
in their way to the Bahia, as it happened to forty- two prifoners taken at the cape of
St. Auflin, who were all flain in the fugar-mill Konjau, near Serinham. He further
declared, that the enemy's forces in the Vergea confilted of about feven hundred men,
ient from the Bahia, divided into nine companies, well armed with mufquets and fire-
locks. That befides thefe, they had about one hundred men, gathered from among
the Portuguefe inhabitants, they having forced all the young men from the fouth of
Huma, as far as St. Lawrence, to take up arms : fome being armed with fire-locks,
oth^s with mufquets they had taken from us ; they were for the mofl: part mulats,
and an undifciplined rabble, commanded by John Fernandes Vieira as colonel, and
Anthony Dias, (who came from the Bahia) their major. Their captains mofl in efleem
among them were, Simon Mendes, Domingos Fagundos, and John d'Albuquerque.
Kamaron commanded one hundred Brazilians armed with blunderbuifes, and Dias two
liundred negroes (among whom fifty were ours), provided with very good guns j
befides fome Tapcry^ers. Each foldier had for his daily allowance, a pound of meat,
and about a pint of farinha or meal, and twelve gilders per month ; a captain one hun-
dred and twenty gilders, an enfign forty-two, a ferjeant twenty-one, and a corporal
fifteen gilders per month. But they only paid the Dutch troops with ready money,
the account with the Portuguefe from the Bahia being made up but once a year. They
were at that time bufy in raifing of a fort with four fmall baflions and a powder-houfe,

5 N 2 betwixt

828 ' nieuiioff's brazil.

betwixt Bierbroin*s fugar-mill and Cafa de Sabrodo, upon each of which were to be
mounted three pieces of cannon, eight pieces having been brought for that purpofe
from Porto Calvo, among which were five of metal. Round about this fort the fol-
diersfrom the Bahia had their quarters afligned them, except the company commanded
by John de Magehais, which was quartered in the Baretta, with four Dutch companies,
viz. the Dutch that were in the fugar-mill of Bierbrom, and thofe commanded by
Captain Peter Kavalkanti, and Anthony Jaconio, and two or three companies of the
Portuguefe come from the Bahia, in the fugar-mill Brito ; the reft being Portuguefe,
mulats, and other idle fellows they had forced to follow them from the fouth. Thefe
were armed for the moft part with fire-locks and mufquets, the reft with pikes. Andrew
Vidal, John Fernandes Vieira, and Major Hoogftraten, were at that time in the Cafa
de Sabrodo ; kll thefe confifted not in above fix hundred men. About the fugar-mill
of John de Mendonce were quartered three companies, two at the houfe of Sebaftian
Karvalho, and two more in the fugar-mill of Mengao. The reft were pofted in the
Salines, Baretta, and the city of Olinda. Some of Kamaron's troops were in the
fugar-mill of Van School, and in the houfe of John Kordero de Mendoje, upon the
bank of the river, being their advanced guard ; Henry Dias with his troops had his
poft in the houfe of Mr. Luffelen. The redoubts belonging to the city of Olinda were
manned only with feventeen foldiers.

In November the great council received intelligence, both by letters from Paulo de
Linge out of Parayba, as alfo by feveral deferters, that the enemy had fent four hun-
dred men, two hundred of which were foldiers, the reft inhabitants, from Rio Grande
into Parayba, to make themfelves mafters of the open country, or at leaft to drive away
the cattle ; whereupon it was refolved, with confent of Colonel Garfman, to endeavour
to hinder the execution of the enemy's defign.

The 1 2th of November, Captain Nicholas Nicholfon, a native of Amfterdam, came,
as we told you before, over to us to the Receif. He was among other prifoners of the
cape of St. Auftin, carried from thence to St. Antonio, where he took fervice among
the Portuguefe, but with no other intention than to defert them upon the firft opportu-
nity ; he being entrufted with a captain's comniiffion, to command a company of t)utch
foldiers forced to lift themfelves from among the prifoners they had taken, was ordered,
at the recommendation of Hoogftraten, and Albert Geuitz Weddo, with the approba-
tion of Vidal and John Vieira, to lie in ambufti for fome of our people in the Salines,
with a detachment of fixty men, out of the four Dutch companies in their fervice ; and
four more companies were ordered for a referve, to affift him upon all occafions. The
fupreme command of tiie whole body being committed to him, he approached as near
as he could with his Dutch to the fort Bruin, where he took the opportunity to pafs
the river by break of day, and to go with them (they being all willing to follow) over
to us to the faid fort. Captain Nicholas Nicholfon had the command over the faid
company confirmed to him by the council, they being all willing to enter into their
fervice. But the enemy had no fooner notice of it, but they diiarmed all the Dutch,
and under pretence of fending them to the Bahia, caufed them to be murdered by the
way, with their wives and children.

The 2d of November, the council had received advice from Mr. Linge from Paray-
ba, that Andrew Vidal had entered that captainlhip with two hundred men, and that
Kamaron had by letters ftrongly fohcited Peter Potty, to defert our fervice with his
Brazilians, but had received a fmart refufal ; the council fent him two pieces of fine
linen cloth as a reward of his fidelity. For it ought to be obferved, that the Portuguefe,
when they firft began to take up arms againft the government, did with letters and

^ great

nieuhoff's brazil. 829

great promifes tempwhe regidores or commanders of the Brazilians to join with them,
but they were fo far from hearkening to them, that they fent all the letters written upon
that account, both by Kamaron and the reft of the rebellious ring-leaders, without
opening, to the council, thereby to avoid all fufpicion of keeping any correfpondence
with the enemy, Peter Potty being a near kinfman of Kamaron j and ever fmce that
time they have behaved themfelves fo well upon all occafions, and have done fiich
confiderable mifchiefs to the Portiiguefe, by plundering and killing them, wherever
they could meet with them, that we had not the leaft reafon to miftruft the fmcerity
of their intentions.

The faid Mr. Linge did alfo fend word November the 4th ^ that the enemy had at-
tempted nothing as yet ; and from November 14, that a party of three hundred of our
people being joined by fome Brazilians of Parayba, had engaged eight hundred of the
enemy's troops, whom after a fmart engagement they put to the rout, with the flaugh-
ter of a good number of their men. The Brazilians being encouraged by this fuccefs,
did over-run all the flat country, and meeting with a good number of Portuguefe, who
were merry-making upon St. Martin's eve in the fugar-mill of Andrew Dias de Tigeire-
da, they attacked them fo furioully, that after a flender refiftance they put them all to
the fword, even the fon of the faid Tigeireda himfelf, and a prieft, without giving
quarter to any body, except to a very beautiful maiden ; who, though almoft diftradted
at the death of her father, and fome of her other relations, that lay wallowing in their
own blood, had fuch a powerful influence upon the hearts of thefe barbarians, that they
brought her a prifoner fafely to the fort of Parayba.

The 2ifl: of November towards the evening, three hundred and fixty foldiers (twenty
of whom were taken from the Receif ) fet fail in fmall boats to the bay of Traican, and
continued their march the fame night, under the command of Lieutenant Berge, Juf-
tice Hoek, and the receiver-general of Pernambuko, towards Kunhao, in order to
attack the enemy that were lately come into Rio Grande from Parayba ; but thefe
enemies having got fome intelligence of our defigns, were retired from Kunhao to a
retrenchment among the bbgs, which being acceflible but in one place, they fo warmly
faluted our forces that would have forced them from thence with their fliot, that they
were obliged to retreat, with the lofs of fome dead and wounded, to the cafl:le of Keulen,
partly to refrefli their men, partly to prevent their penetrating deeper into the council.

The 4th of December it was refolved to fend the fliip the Overyflel, and the yacht
called the Sprew, towards the Bahia a-cruizing, to get intelligence of their naval
ftrength thereabouts, and to endeavour to take fome prizes. The 5th of December
the great council fent for all the commanders of the Brazilians, to inform them, that
they had received confiderable fupplies of powder, ball, and all other forts of ammuni-
tion, by the fliip called the Swan, with letters from Holland ; that they were equipping
a confiderable fleet for their relief, at which the Brazilians were extremely rejoiced ;
the Portuguefe commanders having made it their bufinefs to perfuade them, that no
fuch thing was expefted from Holland.

The fame evening a Brazilian deferter declared, that all the Dutch were killed by
the rebellious inhabitants, and their wives and children made flaves. The fame thing
was confirmed by a negroe deferter, concerning Captain Bochholt ; who having taken
fervice with the enemy, and being afterwards fufpeded by them, had caufed him to be
murdered, as they had done with all the refl: of the Dutch in their fervice, who were
flain in their way to the Bahia.

The 7th of December, it was refolved in council, to eredl four companies of fuzileers,
the fame being found by experience to be more ferviceable at this jundure, for which

purpofe.

^^O MEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

|)urpofe, the companies of Colonel Garfman, Captain Jurlan Rei^berger, Captain Ni-
cholas Nicholfon, and Captain John Taylor, were pitched upon before all the reft.

In the fame month of December, a certain Portuguefe, Gafper Gonfalves, was taken
by> the Brazilians in the ifland of Itamarika, fent on purpofe to perfuade the Brazilians,
that the Dutch intended to deliver them up to the Portuguefe for a certain fum of
money, and they to retire with their eifeds into Holland, which caufed no fmali com-
motion among the Brazilians, who began to give credit to the relation. And becaufe
Gonfalves had fpread this rumour abroad fome time before the arrival of Cafpar Hony-
houfe, (who the 28th of Augufl: was appointed commander-in-chief of the Brazilians of
Itamarika, inftead of Lillry, taken prifoner by the enemy), he was hardly put to it how
to remove this jealoufy from among them. Jacob Rabbi, purfuant to his letters of the
nth of December, was about the fame time preparing to enter eighty leagues further
into the country towards the Tapoyers, to folicit their affiftance : he at laft came to
Oyepe, fon-in-law to King Duwy, who promifed, in cafe thofe of Siara would fend
their troops to us, he would endeavour to raife as many of his vaflals as he could ; but
King Duwy excufed himfelf, under pretence that many of his troops died by ficknefs
in the Sartan.

The night before the 27th of December, the enemy had, by means of a boat, fafi:-
€ned two puppets with fire- works to the (hip called the Swan ; but being difcovered as
foon as it took fire, was foon quenched without doing any damage to the veffel ; which
made the fliips to be conftantly upon their guard for the future.

The 30th of December, two fuch puppets, found by two foldiers in a fmall boat near
the fort Bruin, were prefented to che council. This boat, which queflionlefs was fent
on purpofe to fallen thefe puppets to fome Ihip or other, being difcovered by the cen-
tinels, the men quitted the boat, leaving the faid puppets behind them.

Mr. de Linge, by his letters dated the 30th of December, from the fort St. Margaret
in Parayba, advifed, that a certain negroe, who had deferted the enemy's quarter of
St. Andrew, had declared, that the enemy had built two large barks in order to tranf-
port three hundred men in each, in order to attack Peter Potty, commander of the
Brazilians, in his intrenchments. That Kamaron had been near three weeks in Parayba,
the enemy's troops confifting thereabouts in fixteen companies ; but that they had many
fick among them for want of provifions, and that they had drawn all their forces out of
Rio Grande.

The 6th of January 1 646, Peter Bas, one of the members of the great council,
did, by order from the faid council, fet fail with the two fhips the Lichthart and the
Receif, and a bark, called the Blue-Boar, towards the captainfhips of Parayba and Rio
Grande. His inftrudions were, to confult with Mr. Linge commander-in-chief in Pa-
rayba, and the reft of the officers there, how to put the mtrenchments and other works
of the Brazilians, into a pofture of defence. From thence he was to go to Rio Grande,
there to take an exaft account both of the real eftates and chattels of fuch Portuguefe,
as by reafon of their being engaged with the rebels, were forfeited to the company ;
he was alfo to ufe his endeavours to have thofe goods which were upon that account
concealed or embezzled, reftored for the benefit of the faid company. He was alfo
ordered to ad in all other refpeds, but efpecially in providing for the fecurity of the
captainfhip and the fort, as he found it moft confiftent with our prefent intereft, and
to exhort the inhabitants to remain ftedfaft in their duty, and not to negled the culti-
vating of the grounds and breeding of cattle.

The 1 2th of January, Peter Dunkerke arrived from Parayba, where he had been a
criiifijig before the Receif in the fhip Hamel ; he brought a letter from Mr. Linge,

dated

NIEUHOFF^S BRAZa. Sjl

dated In the fort St. Margaret, the i ith of January, who fent alfo one Mr. Steenhuifen
to the council, he having deferted the enemy when they began to kill the Dutch in
their fervice. This Steenhuifen brought advice to the council, that Kamaron, with
five hundred well-appointed foldiers, was marched out of Parayba into Rio Grande to
be mafters of the field there ; and, confequently, to keep our garrifons from being
fupplied with cattle and farinha from thence. He further added, that the enemy were
in want of meat, oil, and other neceffaries ; but that the inhabitants flattered themfelves,.
that, for want of provifions, we fhould fhortly be obliged to furrender our forts into
the hands of the Portuguefe. This being likewife confirmed by Mr. Lingers letter,
dated the loth of January, a council was called againft the 13th of January, Dirk
Hamel and Mr. Bulleftraet being prefent, both members of the great council, befides
the afleflbr Walbeck, as likewife Lieutenant-Colonel Garfman, Mr. Raetsfield, Mr. de
Witt, Aldrich, Volbergen, and Sans, in order to deliberate concerning the prefent
exigency, confidering, that in cafe we fhould, by the enemy's being mafters of the
field, be bereaved of the fupplies of cattle and farinha of Rio Grande, at a juncture
when Itamarika and Parayba are clofely befet by their troops, it would be next to an
impoflibility to maintain ourfelves in the poffeflion of the Dutch Brazil, till the arrival of
the expected fuccours from Holland. It was therefore taken into confideration, whether
this captainfhip might be beft fecured by a powerful diverfion, or by endeavouring to
drive him from thence. But being fenfible that the enemy were fo powerful near the
Receif, Parayba, and Itamarika, as not to be attacked in any of thefe places, without
expofing the whole Dutch Brazil to an imminent danger, it was refolved, that in order
to attempt the relief of the captainfhip of Rio Grande, Mr. Dortmund fhould be or-
dered to fend fixty foldiers under the command of Captain Welling, and one hundred
Brazilians, in the barks fent him for that purpofe, from Itamarika to Rio Grande :
at the fame time, orders were difpatched to Mr. I-inge, commander in the fort St. Mar-
garet in Parayba, to fend the fame number of foldiers under Lieutenant Brefman, and
of Brazilians, to Rio Grande, to join with the refl that were to rendezvous there.
Thefe forces, confifling of one hundred and twenty foldiers and two hundred Brazili-
ans, fet fail the 19th of January for Rio Grande, and were thought fufHcient to oppofe
the enemy's defigns on that fide.

Mr. Dortmund and William Lambartz, by a letter dated the 15th of January, gave
notice to the council, that they had fent a body of fixty foldiers and one hundred Bra-
zilians abroad, as far in the Aidea by Oubus, and from thence to the fugar-mill Arra-
ripe, but did not meet with any enemies in that part of the country, though they had
feveral guns difcharged at them from among the woods ; fo that they returned to Ita-
marika by the way of Tapafima.

Mr. Linge, not long after, fent advice by his letter dated the 2 2d of January, at the
fort of St. Margaret in Parayba, to the council, that Peter Potty with, one hundred and
fifty Brazilians, had attacked the enemy four hundred flrong in the AJdea of Magr^bbe,,
and put them to flight with the lofs of twenty killed, and many wounded, whereas they
loft but one iirazilian.

The 29th of January, it was refolved in council, to bring the fhips the Elias, Oi-ange-
tree, Deventer, Omlandia, and the Swan, into the road of the Receif, to be ready
upon all occafions, in cafe the enemy fliould again appear at fea.

Mr. Bas, purfuant to his letter from the caftle of Keulen, in Rio Grande, dated the
23d of January, could not, by reafon of a tempeft, land his forces at Kunhao, in order
to join them with thofe under Captain Rhineburgh ; but was forced to land his forces
the 14th and 15th near Peringi. In the meanwhile, Kamaron having found means to-

6 break

832 nieuhoff's brazil.

break in through the Matta, had furprifed many of the Inhabitants in their Fazendas,
and killed them without diftin<5lion of age or fex : he had fince pofled himfelf with his
forces, confifting of four hundred foldiers, as many Brazilians, and eighty Tapoyers,
under the command of Antonio Jacomo Beferro, at a houfe of Henry Hamme in Mom-
pabou, to cut off the provifions from us. Our forces confifting of about one thoufand
foldiers, Brazilians and Tapoyers, marched the 23d of January to a houfe. of John
Leftan Navarre, to attack the enemy, and to force them to quit the captainfliip of Rio
Grande. Befides thefe, Jacob Rabbi, and the fons of King Duwy, were the 19th, paft
by the fort Keulen, at the head of fixty Tapoyers, and were daily followed by others,
that came to our afliftance. Mr. Bas folicited alfo fome fupplies of provifions, of which
they ftood in great want, there being above one thoufand five hundred Brazilians, men,
women, and children, lodged under the caftle. He defired alfo fome money, ammu-
nition, linen, and filks, to prefent to the Brazilians and Tapoyers ; all which, together
with fome pieces of red cloth, was fent him by the council.

According to this advice, it being much to be feared the enemy would fcarce ftand
the brunt in Rio Grande, but retire into Parayba, it was taken into ferious confidera-
tion the 29th of January, whether it would be advifeable, in cafe the enemy fliould be
forced by our troops, or voluntarily retreat into Parayba, to purfue them thither, and
thereby endeavour the recovery likewife of that captainfliip : but confidering that, by
reafon of the weaknefs of our garrifons, we were not in a condition to fend any further
fuccours from the Receif, Itamarika or Parayba, without running a manifeft hazard to
our troops there ; whereas, on the contrary, the enemy did not want opportunity to
reheve theirs from the adjacent places of Parayba, and that we lived in daily hopes of
fuccours from Holland, it was judged the beft way, that the welfare of the whole Dutch
Brazil ought not to be put to the hazard by fuch an enterprize as this.

Accordingly orders w^ere fent to Mr. Bas and the refi of the commanders of our
troops there, to ad with all imaginable caution, and rather than expofe our men, in
following the enemy into Parayba, to be contented with the recovery of the captainlhip
of Rio Grande.

The 30th of March, Colonel Garfman was, by fpecial order from the council, fent a
fecond time with fome troops to the captainfhip of Rio Grande, to inform himfelf,
whether any troops of the enemy were pofted in that captainfhip, and in what number ;
his inilruftions were, that fo foon as he had received intelligence of the enemy, he
fliould, with what forces he was able to bring together, endeavour to ftop their pro-
grefs. But if he found himfelf not ftrong enough to oppofe him, he fhould fend
fpeedy advice thereof to the council, that they might fend him fpeedy fuccours, and
that he was to take all imaginable care not to engage the enemy, before the arrival of
the faid fuccours. But if he found the enemy already fo ftrongly entrenched as to be
mafter of the country, without any hopes of forcing them from thence, the defence
of the fort Keulen fhould be his chiefefl care, as likewife of the Brazilians, with their
wives and children ; and fince, in cafe the faid fort of Keulen fhould be-- in danger of
being attacked by the enemy, it would be of ill confequence, to have thefe women
and children enclofed within thefe fortifications, for fear of v/ant of provifions, he was
ftriaiy ordered to tranfport them in time, to fome place of fecurity, fuch as Siara, or
the like, where they might be able to fubfift, and be fecure againft any attempt from
the enemy. He was ordered alfo in his return to the Receif, to take en pajfant (if it
could be done without inconveniency) a view of the fortifications of Itamarika and Pa-
f ayba, in order to give an account of their condition to the council.

But

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL, 833

But to return to Mr. Bas : according to his letters dated the 30th of January from
the fort Keulen, Captain Rhinebergh had with his body made fix feveral attacks upon
the enemy, who was retired from Mompabou and Kunhao into a bog, without being
able to force their entrenchments ; we loft about one hundred killed and wounded
in this adion, and retreated to the houfe of John Leytan with order to get fome cattle,
which was very Icarce thereabouts, our forces feeding moft upon fifhes, which they
caught by the help of two large nets ; twenty-eight of our wounded men were brought
to the Receif, with advice that notwithftanding this unfuccefsful attack on our fide,
the enemy were retreated into Parayba. Mr. Bas alfo folicited fome frefli fupplies of
men and ammunition, in order to purfue them into Parayba, but the refolution upon
this head was deferred until they fhould hear further from Mr. Bas. The 7th of
February, it was refolved by the council, with the approbation of Admiral Lichthart,
to equip the Hollandia and the Swan, together with the yachts, the Flight, the Hamel,
Bulleftraet, and Lichthart, for cruizing. By letters from Mr. Linge, dated the nth
of February, at the fort Margaret in Parayba, the council was advifed ; how that,
according to the depofition of a negro deferter, Kamaron was come with all his troops
into the city of Parayba, with an intention to attack our forts on that fide ; an anfwer,
with what was thought neceffary for this prefent purpofe, was immediately fent back
in a bark by the council. By another bark fent by Mr. Bas from Rio Grande, they
were advertifed, that he lay ftill encamped with his troops near the houfe of John
Leftan, where with much ado he could get provifions for them, the enemy being ftill
pofted at Momguappe, and guarding all the avenues into the country ; that he had
fent feveral fpies abroad, to get intelligence concerning the prefent pofture of the
enemy. The 1 7th of February, the ftiip the Swan and the yacht called Bulleftraet
were ordered to go out a-cruizing ; the i8th, the yacht the Flight, and the 20th, the
fhip Hollandia, fet fail for the fame purpofe. The mip the OveryiTel was alfo ordered to
go out, to ferve for a fpy-ftiip on the coaft of Parayba.

The 2 1 ft of February, the council received a letter from Mr. de Linge, dated the
1 8th, in the fort of St. Margaret, intimating that he had heard nothing fince of the
enemy. Yet that he wiftied the forces he had fent to Rio Grande might be returned
with all convenient fpeed, to make ufe of them for the defence of his forts, in cafe of
an attack. The 24th of February, a party under command of Captain Kiljion Taylor
and Captain Nicholas Nicholfon, were fent abroad towards the ifland of the Barette
to get fome prifoners, but they returned the 20th to the Receif, having met with
nobody except a man, at a conftderable diftance. Another party which had taken
their way towards Olinda and Bracco de St. Jago, but with the fame fuccefs, the
enemy having only ftiewn himfelf at a diftance, as they were returning to the fort
Bruin. The 27th of February, the enemy appeared with a ftrong body in the Salinas,
but being faluted by fome cannon-fliot from the fort Bruin, retired without attempting
any thing.

In the meanwhile, according to Mr. IJnge's letter, from the 2d of March, three
barks with foldiers were arrived in Parayba from Rio Grande, fo that the reft, under
the command of Mr. Bas, being five hundred in number, might be hourly expedted
at the Receif. He further advifed, that he had feen no enemy of late, but being in-
formed that a confiderable body lay encamped in a valley near the village of Maga-
rebbe, he had ordered thither one hundred and twenty foldiers, and one hundred
Brazilians, to beat up their quarters, and to get fome prifoners. In effeft the 4th of
March, he, with his troops confifting in five hundred men, arrived from Rio Grandq
at the Receif, and the 5th of March gave the council an account of his expedition.

vojp. XIV. 5 o The

834 NIEUHOJT^S BRAZIL.

The 9th of March in the night, the enemy appeared in three bodies near the fore
Prince William, and gave us feveral volleys of fmall fhot, but being anfwered with our
cannon, retired immediately. The fame day a party of fifty men were fent abroad
under Lieutenant Mos to get intelligence j being met by two companies of the enemy,
a fharp encounter enfued, our forces retiring without any confiderable lofs, under the
fort Wardenburgh, and the enemy retreated at the difcharge of fome of our cannon.
By letters from Mr. Linge, dated the 8th of March, at fort St. Margaret in Parayba,
the council received the unwelcome news that the enemy in Rio Grande had by a pre-
tended flight drawn the 5th of March Lieutenant John de Vael with forty-eight foldiers,
who were too eager in the purfuit of them, into an ambufh, where they had killed
thirty of them, though, according to the report of fome deferters that were prefent at
the engagement, not without confiderable lofs alfo on their fide j Kamaron, Andrew
Vidal and fome other Portuguefe officers of note, were alfo prefent.- About the fame,
time fifteen Brazilians furprifed five men, fix women, and eight children, in an entrench-'
ment, feven leagues above Iguaraku, called Papeku.

In the meanwhile the Tapoyers, who according to their cufl:om come once a year^
about Midfummer, from among the mountains, fome hundreds llrong, into the
captainfhip of Rio Grande, v^ere, after they had carried away all the horfes and mares
they could light on, retired to the hills ; a thing very fortunate for us, for without it
our garrifons would not have been able to fubfifl: there. Provifions growing every
day fcarcer in the Receif, it was agreed the 6th of March by the council, to fend the
Brazilians raifed in Rio Grande with a company of fuzileers to Itamarika, to eafe
our magazines of that burthen, whilft they might provide themfelves with farinha-
roots in that ifland. Much about the fame time the two majors Bayert and Piftoor,
appeared before the council, intimating, that being informed that the citizens began
to murmur at their flaying at home, pretending that they were fufficient to guard the
forts ; for which purpofe, as it was reported. Admiral Lichthart had offered three
hundred men, they were come on purpofe to offer their fervice, and were ready to
take the field with thofe few forces they had left in the garrifons ; though they ^ the
fame time protefted, that they were of the fame opinion, which had been approved
fome days before, to wit, that this undertaking, by reafon of their fmall number,
would be full of danger, and yet not anfwer the end of bringing provifions into the
Receif. Admiral Lichthart being thereupon alked whether he had made any fucli
offer, he declared not to have fpoken any thing like it, his fhips being fo ill manned,.
ihat he could fpare no men for any other fervice.

The night before the 13th of March, the enemy appeared both on the other fide
of the river and the dike leading to the fort Bruin, difcharging their mufquets and
blunderbuffes at our centinels, but upon the firft lalute from the cannon of the fort
retired. The fame they did near the fort of Affagados. The fame evening betwixt
nine and ten o*cloGk they made an attack upon the wooden fort, built betwixt the
Affagados and the Quinquangular fort, for the defence of the plain, which they con-
tinued until one o'clock, cutting down fome palifadoes, and bringing great ftore of dry
reeds, in order to fet it on fire, but in vain, being forced to retreat with the lofs of
fome of their men ; on our fide tv/o were killed, and four or five wounded, among
the lafl was Lieutenant Cafper Ferdinand Van Grol, who received two dangerous
■wounds. The next morning the broken paliladoes were repaired, and another row
ordered to be fet beyond the firft, and foot-angles to belaid betwixt both. The 17th
of March the bark called the Parayba coming from Siara, brought advice, that the
Brazilians were gone fr om Siara to Komefi, having refufed to return to Rio Grande,

. for

mEUHOFp's BRAZIL. '635

for fear they fliould be called to a fevere account there for the murder of feveral inha-
bitants, committed by them before.

By the fame bark Mr. Linge fent advice from the 14th of March, that the enemy
had appeared of late in a confiderable body near the northern fort, but was retired
now, but whether to Rio Grande or St. Andre, he was not able to tell. They had
fpoiled all the farinha-root fields in the Aldeas Magarebbe, and thereabouts ; fo that
the Brazilians being for the future to be furnifhed with provifions out of the magazines,
he delired a fupply of wine and oil : immediately advice thereof was fent to Dortmund
commander-in-chief of Itamarika, and fome ammunition, befides one thoufand gilders
in ready money. The fame fum was tranfmitted to Mr. Linge in Parayba, and a
barrel of oatmeal, a pipe of wine, a hoglhead with oil, and another filled with dry
peafe, befides good ftore of ammunition. He was alfo ordered to fend the Brazilians
back to Rio Grande for defence of that captainfhip, and to get intelligence whether the
enemy had diredled his march thither, in order to oppofe his defign. ^

In the meanwhile. Admiral Lichthart (purfuant to his letter of the 21ft: of March to
the council) had embarked fome foldiers and Brazilians in Itamariki, and taking his
courfe to the north entrance of the river, was got up as far as to the ifle of Tapefco,
from whence they had brought back a great quantity of farinha-roots, for the ufe of
the Brazilians in Itamarika, and of the magazines there.

The 30th of March it was refolved, with the approbation of Admiral Lichthart, to
fend the following (hips a cruifing before the Bahia ; the Uhffingen, the Ter Veer, and
the yachts the Greyhound, the Heemftede, Sprew, and Bulleftraet ; and on the 6th
of April, the Swan, the Zouteland, the Flight, and the yacht the Lichthart, were
ordered to go a-cruifmg before the cape of St. Auftin, and fet fail the i oth of April
accordingly.

The 3 lift, letters were brought to the council, dated the 25th of March, in Rio
Grande, intimating .that Paulo de Kunha and Kamaron were entered Kunhao with
eight hundred men, among whom were three hundred mufqueteers, to carry away the '
cattle from thence to Parayba.

But, according to Colonel Garfman's letters to the council, upon his arrival, which
was the 4th of April, the enemy were already retired out of Rio Grande, without
undertaking any thing againfl: our people, who, confifting only in four hundred foldiers
and three hundred Brazilians, lay encamped near the houfe of John Leftan, yet they
carried off fome cattle.

About the fame time they received letters from Mr. Linge, that the enemy had
made feveral falfe alarms near the forts, without attempting any thing. And, in effeft,
in June, they did not appear any more thereabouts.

In the year 1 646, the 5th of March in the night, Jacob Rabbi was, at the inftigation
of Lieutenant-colonel Garfman, near Potofi, about three leagues diftant from the
caftle of the fame name, villainoufly (hot with two bullets, as he was going home from
one John Miller's houfe, where he had been entertained that evening in company with
Colonel Garfman. Rabbi had a confiderable time before (as he had declared to his
friends) fufpecled the treachery of Garfman, and was for that reafon juft upon his
departure out of Rio Grande, in order to fhelter himfelf among the Tapoyers. The
council refented this villainy to the higheft degree, fince, confidering that this Jacob
Rabbi was in great efteem among the Tapoyers, and his wife a Brazilian, it was to be
feared, that this would exafperate both the Tapoyers and Brazilians againft us. So
that Garfman returning the 19th of March to the Receif, after he had given an
account of his expedition to the council, was, by their particular order, the 24th of

502 March,

836 . NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

March, taken into cuftody, and fent on board the Hollandia, Major Bayert being
ordered in the mean-time to fupply his place. This Jacob Rabbi, a native of Germany,
had been employed by authority of the flates-general, His Highnefs the Prince of
Orange, and the company, to engage and keep the Topayers in the intereft of our
government ; in which commiflion he had acquitted himfelf fo well, that he brought
thefe Tapoyers feveral times, out of the mountains (their habitations) to our afliftance.
His dwelling-place was in the fort Keulen, in Rio Grande, where he had married a
Brazilian woman. Gafper Honyhoufe, commander of the Brazilians in Itamarika,
being flain in the laft engagement in that illand, Mr. Vincent Van Drillenberg was, at
their requeft, conftituted their commander by the council.

The 17th of April, fome papers were delivered to the council, which had been dif-
perfed by the enemy, to debauch our foldiery ; in return of which, they fent abroad
their fummons, upbraiding each of their fubjeds as were in the enemy's fervice, with
treachery, and exhorting them to return to their duty. It was alfo agreed to publifh a
copy of a letter delivered by the Portuguefe ambalfador at the Hague, to the Hates-
general, from the King his mafter ; with the anfwer of the ftates to the faid letter :
for fmce the King of Portugal in this letter did difown the war, and the proceedings of
Antonio Telles de Sylva, and his fending of his troops into the Dutch Brazil, they did
not queftion but by this means to open the eyes of the Portuguefe inhabitants, not to
flatter themfelves with vain hopes of afliftance from Portugal ; befides, that we were
in hopes thereby to fow the feeds of miftruft betwixt them and the Portuguefe com-
manders from the Bahia.

The 24th of April, two Portuguefe companies, commanded by Captain Lawrence
Karnero and Peter Kavalkanti, confifting of about forty men each, marched from the
Vergea and the city of Olinda to Iguaracu.

They were headed by Vidal and Hoogftraten in perfon, who having got intelligence
that Admiral Lichthart and John Nicholfon were gone to Itamarika, to get fome
farinha-roots. The 25th of April, as they were marching from Iguaracu, a certain
German furgeon, named Chriftopher Mars, who was formerly taken prifoner by them,
happening to ftay fomewhat behind, whilft he was flopping, was furprifed by one of
our parties near Tapafmo. Upon examination by Mr. Walbeck, he declared, that
not long ago there were nine companies of the enemy's forces quartered in the Baretta,
the city of Olinda, and in the mills of Bierboom and Brito ; each company conflfted
of betwixt forty or fifty men. That there were five companies more, much of the
fame ftrength, pofted in the Salinas ; and Henry Dias, with two hundred mulats and
negroes in Gafpar Cox's houfe, but they had then no forces in the Vergea.

That after Nicholas Nicholfon was come over to us with his troops, Martin Soares
Moreno had caufed two hundred and fixty Dutch, both foldiers and inhabitants,
(among whom were fix women and two children,) to be killed by a company of the
country-militia, in the woods of Tabatinga, betwixt Sibero and Deriba, in their way
to the Bahia, befides thofe killed by his order in other places, amounting in all to
three hundred.

By this time there began to be great fcarcity of meat in the Receif, notwithftanding
which, the garrifons in the outworks, as well as the Brazilians in Itamarika, with their
wives and children, were to be fupplied from thence ; and the farinha roots being
either all taken up before by our own people, or elfe deftroyed by the enemy, in the
ifland of Itamarika : to fupply this prefling neceflity, it was refolved by the great
council, to fend a detachment of four hundred men in barks to St. Lawrence de Praja

2 or

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. > 837

or Tujukapa, to fetch mandlnka or farinha-roots from thence. This detachment was
compofed out of thefe following troops :

Out of Captain Nicholas Nicholfon's company, nine men.

From the Quinquangular fort, twenty-five.

From the AfFagados, twenty-five.

Out of the company of Captain William Lambartz, fifty.

Volunteers from Itamarika, thirty.

Brazilians, one hundred and fifty.
' The 29th of April the council was, by letters from Itamarika, advertifed, that our
forces being fent abroad to fetch fome farinha, had chafed the enemy out of two or
three entrenchments ; but retiring into another, furrounded with a deep ditch,
they were there alfo, with more courage than condu6t, attacked by our troops, being
forced to retire, with the lofs of fixteen killed and twenty-fix wounded, among whom
was Captain William Lambartz : the enemy had likewife not a few killed on their fide.
Mr. Dortmund, commander-in-chief of Itamarika, therefore defiring to be fupplied
with meal, his magazines being quite exhaufled, the council fent thither, the ift of
May, twenty barrels with meal, two with oatmeal, two with dry peafe, befides a
pipe of wine and brandy, and one thoufand gilders in money, for the ufe of the
Brazilians.

The 3d of May the council received advice, by a letter dated the 2d of May, from
Mr. Dortmund, that the enemy had carried away ten negroes, four belonging to the
company, the reft to one Mr. Seulin, and four other men from Itamarika ; and that
the Brazilians there had been fo far debauched by their intrigues, that they retired into
a wood, and being twice fummoned to rejoin our troops, had refufed fo to do. That
at laft Mr. Apprifius (minifter of the Brazilians) having been fent to reduce them to
their duty, either by perfuafions or threats, his arguments were fo prevailing, that
they returned quietly, alledging for their excufe, that they were forced to fly thither
for want of fubfiftance. Hereupon Dortmund defired frefh fupplies for his magazines,
that a perfon of authority might be fent thither, and that another company might be
put in place of that of Captain Vofterman, his men being ready to revolt.

To remove all thefe obftacles, it was refolved immediately to difpatch thither Mr.
Bulleftraet, a member of the great council, who was to agree with certain private per-
fons to provide our garrifons with fifh, and to ad: in every thing there as he fhould find
it mofi; expedient for the fervice of the company.

Accordingly, Mr. Bulleftraet fet fail the 4th of May, in the yacht the Greyhound,
and arrived the fame day in the afternoon in Itamarika ; where, having executed his
commiffion, he returned the loth of May to the Receif, and gave the following
account to the council : that he had taken a view of the city of Schoppe, and the fort
Orange, both which he had ordered to be ftrengthened ; as alfo, to fortify the old
brick-houfe, formerly the ftadthoufe, with palifadoes againft any fudden attempt ; that
he having called before him all the commanders of the Brazilians, had reprefented to
them that we were in daily expectation of a powerful fuccour from Holland, exhorting
them to remain ftedfaft in their duty, and to keep their foldiers under the beft
difcipline they could ; he had alfo prefented their commander with cloth for a fuit of
clothes, and the reft with fome wine and money, which they very thankfully accepted :
he had en pajfant taken a view of the plantations of Conradt Pauli, where he had
found about one hundred and fixty cocoa-trees cut down by the Brazilians, being
forced by famine to feed upon the fruit ; the like they had done in feveral other places ;
that he had endeavoured to treat with feveral private perfons for a certain quantity of

fifh

838 * NIEUHOFF S BRAZIL.

fllh to be delivered at the Tleceif, but could meet with none that would accept his
offers ; they alledging, that moil of their negroes being either run away or taken by
the enemy, they did catch no more fifh but what they could readily fell in the ifland,
without the charge of fait and tranfportation ; that he had likewife propofed to the
commander-in-chief of the Brazilians, to give them for the future money inftead of
meal ; and that they were to be furnifhed with three nets to catch fifh for their own
ufe ; that the commander promifed to propofe it to the reft, and gave him fome hopes
that they would accept of the faid offer.

To fupply the prefent want of provifions, which began to be fcarcer and fcarcer
every day in Itamarika, Parayba, Rio Grande, and the Receif, by reafon that the
expeded fupplies from Holland were not as yet arrived, and we were clofely blocked
up by land ; it was thought fit to give all imaginable encouragement to the fiftiing trade ;
for which purpofe the two members of the great council, Mr. Hamel and Mr. Bas, or-
dered, the 7th of May, to buy up as much yarn as poffible could be got, to make
fifhing nets of, which afterwards ftood us in good ftead.

A certain Portuguefe, who had committed man-llaughter in Angola, and was fled
from thence to the Receif, having accufed John Vieira d'AUegoas, he was by order
from the council taken into cuftody.

This Portuguefe declared, that the faid Vieira had delivered to him a certain piece
of parchment, written in charafters, and a box, wherein were feveral other papers, in
order to carry them to the enemy, which parchment and box he produced in the
prefence of the members of the council. John Vieira denying the matter, was put
to the rack, but continued refolute in his denial ; till at laft the key of thefe charac-
ters being found among his papers, and a certain Jew having uncyphered thefe letters,
it appeared that he had given an account of the whole pofture of our affairs to the
enemy, with diredions how to make themfelves mafters of the Receif ; fo that finding
himfelf difcovered, he confeffed that he had written and delivered thefe cyphered
papers to the Portuguefe ; and was executed the 29th of May.

The magazines being by this time almoft exhaufted, there being fcarce provifions
left for a few weeks, it was propofed by the council to the majors Bayert and Piftoor,
that confidering it was not advifeable to exafperate the foldiery at this juncture, by re-
trenching their allowance of bread and other eatables, whether inftead of a pound of
meat, they might not be prevailed upon to take fixpence, by this means to preferve
that fmall ftore of flefh they had left ; which thefe two majors undertook to propofe
to the foldiers, not without hopes of fucceeding in their project. And that nobody
might be exempted from bearing his fhare in the public calamity, it was ordered that
the loaves which ufed before to weigh a pound and a half, fhould be reduced to one
pound weight, and that each citizen and others depending on the company, nay the
members of the great council themfelves, fhould have an allowance only of two
loaves per week ; the fame was to be given to all feaman, captains, lieutenants, and
enfigns ; but the reft, from the ferjeant to the common foldier, Ihould have three
pounds of bread allowed them per week.

Mr. Linge advifed from the ift of May, out of Parayba, that the enemy had not
attempted any thing againft the forts, and that a party of Brazilians was gone abroad
towards Tapoa, in hopes to take fome prifoners. Much about the fame time the
council received advice, that Colonel Garfman, without orders from the council, had
endeavoured by fome prefents, to draw the TapOyers into Rio Grande, under pretence
of keeping them at hand, to enter into a confederacy with the new members of the great
council that were expected from Holland. The council being uot a little furprifed at

this

NIEUH0FF*S BRAZIL. 839

fhis undertaking, fince by the coming of the Tapoyers into that captainfhip, they
fhould be difappointed of a confiderable part of thofe fupplies they received from
thence ; they lent word to Rudolph Barro to leave no flone unturned to draw the
Tapoyers by fair means back to their habitations ; but that if th^y would fend fome of
their commanders to the Receif, all imaginable fatisfadion lliould be given them con-
cerning the murder of Jacob Rabbi ; and the more to engage Barro to do his utmoft,
a prefent of wine, brandy, and fome toys, was ordered to be fent him. For as the
cafe then flood, it was abfolutely neceifary for us to remain maflers of Rio Grande,
till the arrival of the fuccours from Holland j the vafl numbers of Brazilians that were
fled to Itamarika, having confumed all forts of provifions there to that degree, that
that ifland could not only not fend any fupplies to the Receif, but moil of the women
and children of the Brazilians mud be fupplied out of the magazines there ; fo that
Rio Grande was the only place left from whence they received a confiderable quantity
of farinha and cattle ; which in fome meafure abated the fcarcity of provifions in the
Receif, and by the prudent condudl of the council, was the chief means that the place
continued in tolerable good health till the arrival of the fuccours, which without it,
it would in all human probability have been impofTible to be done ; and no queflion
but this captainfhip might for a confiderable time after, having furnifhed the garrifons
to the fouth with necelfaries, had it not been for the following accident.

The expelled fuccours from Holland being detained by the winter-feafon and con-
trary winds, the Brazilians of Goyana, who with their wives and children had Iheltered
themfelves in Itamarika, were reduced to the greatefl extremity for want of food ;
for after they had confumed all what the ifland could afford for their fubfiflence, and
all the avenues by land being blocked up by the enemy, they had no other fupplies
but what they received from our magazines : thefe being now exhaufled to fuch a
degree, that each citizen had but one pound of bread allowed him per week (which
however at that rate would not hold out above fourteen days longer), the council was
under an abfolute necefTity to have it propofed to the Brazilians, to retire with their
wives and children (in all about twelve hundred) to Rio Grande, where they might
fubfifl fome time upon what the country afforded. Accordingly they writ to Mr. Dort-
mund the ifl of May, and fent Mr. Walbeck thither in perfon, to perfuade the Bra-
zilians to fend at leafl five hundred women and children, with a certain number of
their men, to Siara and Rio Grande, there being at that time in all near fifteen hun-
dred BraziUans, men, women, and children in that ifland, among whom were only
five hundred fit to bear arms, under the command of Cafpar Honyhoufe, who had
each fcarce a pound of bread allowed them per week.

Provifions, as I told you before, growing daily fcarcer and fcarcer, by realbn the
fuccours from Holland were detained beyond all expedation, by contrary winds ; a
general council was called, where the three members of the great council, Mr. Hamel,
Mr. Bulleflraet, and Mr. Bas, being prefent, as likewife Admiral Lichthart, and the
two Majors Bayert and Pilloor, the following points were taken into debate.

Firfl of all, the fending of the Brazilians from Itamarika to Rio Grande being
looked upon as unavoidalDle, immediate orders were given to get the neceifary tranfport
veffels ready for that purpofe. It was alfo taken into confideration, whether it were not
feafible to gather a fufficient force out of the forts, who in conjundion with the Bra-
zilians might attack fome place or other, from whence to provide ourfelves with
farinha ; but to this it was objeded by the Majors Bayert and Piftoor, that the garri-
fons of the forts could not be weakened by any detachment, without running a great
hazard j befides that it was a hard matter to pitch upon any place where there was any

flore

840 nieuhoff's brazil.

ftore of farinha, the enemy having either confumed, fpoiled, or carried it away before ;
fo that we muft expofe our men to an apparent danger, without a fure profpeft of in-
tereft ; for, fuppofing we fhould be fuccefsful, the quantity that might be got, would
not be fuflScient to maintain our garrifons for any confiderable time. It was however
agreed to take an exaO: account of all the garrifons, to fee whether upon an occafion
fomething might be undertaken for the fervice of the flate. Accordingly thefe two
majors, Bayert and Piftoor, having prefented a lift of thefe forces the next day to the
council, it was concluded that no troops could be fpared out of the forts, except it
were out of the Affagados, but they were but few in number. At the fame time it
was refolved to fend Captain Niger with his company of Brazilians to Rio Grande,
and the Omlandia and Greyhound yaeht were ordered forthwith to fail to Itamarika,
to tranfport the Brazilians to Rio Grande.

The 30th of May the council, the admiral, and two majors, entered into a fe-
cond debate, whether it were poflible to attack the enemy, and in what place : againft
which it was alledged, that their chiefeft force was at prefent in the Vergea; but
fuppofing it was not, no farinha was to be got there, becSufe they were fupplied with
it themfelves from far diftant places. That the farinha-fields neareft to the Receif
were about St. Lawrence, at leaft five leagues from thence ; that the neareft farinha-
fields to the fouth were about St. Antonio and Moribeca, where, by reafon of the
ftrength of the enemy and the great diftance from us, there was no probability of
incompafling our defign ; and that the farinha-fields to the north were likewife at fuch
a diftance from the fea-fide, as could not in any likelihood anfwer our expeftation. It
was farther taken into confideration, whether fome forces might not be fpared in Itama-
rika, but it was carried in the negative ; becaufe fmce the Brazilians were ready to de-
part for Rio Grande, it was not advifeable to expofe the reft of our troops there to a
hazard. After ferious deliberation, what forces pojGibly could be raifed out of the
forts (their places being in the meanwhile to be fupplied by the inhabitants), it was
found that the Affagados could furnifti about feventy or eighty men, the Ouinquan-
gular fort and Maurice's Town, the fame number, and that of St. Antonio Vaez
about fifi:y. But, confidering that the city-militia of the Receif confifted only of fix
companies of feventy or at the moft eighty men each, and that they were obliged to
be upon the guard every night there (the place being without a garrifon), if a con-
fiderable number of them fhould be employed in the forts, this muft needs expofe the
capital place, which the enemy chiefly aimed at, to an imminent danger. The fea-
men being not above two hundred and fifty in all, could likewife not be employed in
that fervice, unlefs we could leave our fhips quite unmanned and ufelefs. So that
after many arguments on both fides, it was agreed to chufe the fecureft way, and ac-
cording to the orders of the council of Nineteen in Holland, to expert the fuccours
from thence with patience, and in the meanwhile to provide for the fecurity of
our forts.

The fame day the council received letters from Mr. Walbeck, that fome of the Bra-
zilians of Itamarika had deferted, a rumour being fpread among them, that we intended
to leave them to the mercy of the Portuguefe, which had put all the reft into a great
confternation, but that Mr. Dortmund had convinced them to the contrary. Mr. Wal-
beck and Dortmund had in the meanwhile reprefented to the Brazilians, that they be-
ing many in number, and confequently very ill provided for at this jundure, whether it
were not beft for them to go for fome time to Rio Grande. They were at firft averfe
to his propofals, for fear of being deferted by us, neverthelefs the urgent neceflity of
providing for their fuftenance, and to fhew their compliance with the government's

orders,

nieuhoff's brazil. 841

orders, were fo reconciled with them, as to refolve to go to Rio Grande, provided they
might be furniftied with convenient tranfport-fliips, provifions, and fome ammunition
for their defence, and fifty men of regular troops. Mr. Dortmund havmg again foli-
cited for provifions, fome were fent (fufficient for fourteen days) immediately, with fome
gun-povvder, bullets, and other ammunition.

Accordingly above one thoufand two hundred Brazilians, moll women and children,
whofe huibands and fathers had been fiain in our fervice, embarked aboard the Omlandia'^
and fome yachts, a pound of fait cod-filh being allowed to each for the whole voyage
without bread. At their arrival in Rio Grande they were fo emaciated by famine, that
they appeared more like dead carcafes than living bodies, and laid hold of every thing
they could meet with to fatisfy their greedy llomach, fo that in a little time they con-^
fumed all the farinha that was left there.

Mr. Linge, by his letters from the '25th of June, fent advice to the council, that there
appeared no enemy at that time in Parayba, but that .ten Tapoyers, valfals of king John
Duwy, being come into Rj^ Grande, had fhewn themfelves extremely diflatisfied at the
murder of Jacob Rabbi, whereupon it was refolved to reconcile that king to our inte-
reft by the follo\ving prefents :

Two hundred gilders in ready money.

One thoufand ells of Ofnaburg linen-cloth.

One hundred gallons of Spanilh wine.

Two calks of brandy.

Forty gallons of oil, and a barrel with powdered beef.

The Brazilians in garrifon in the fort the Bruin, the Quinquangular, and fome other
forts, being diflatisfied at their being detained there for eight montlis laft paft, petitioned
the council the 1 2th of June, to be fent back into Rio Grande.

The opinion of the two majors being aflced thereupon, they advifed, that confidering
they did no extraordinary fervice there, they might well be fpared ; fo that it was re-
folved the 1 4th of June in council, to pay them their arrears, and to fend them back to
Parayba and Rio Grande, to inhabit their villages as before.

In the Quinquangular fort, the company of Immanuel Barros was ordered to keep
guard inftead of the Brazilians, who were commanded to depart the 20th of June.
The 1 ith, 12th, i3th5 and 14th of June, the enemy fhot in the night-time very fiercely
againft the fort de AfFagados, a redoubt called Kirk, and the houfe Boavifta.

The 1 5th of June it was propofed to the council by Admiral Lichthart, and the two
majors, Bayert and Pifloor, to beat up the enemy's quarters in the houfe of Immanuel
Kavalkanti, and in the Baretta, with the following troops :

The company of Captain Killian Taylor, forty men.

The company of Captain Nicholas Nicholfon, of feventy men, which were to be
jcnned by Captain de Niger with thirty men out of the fort Frederick, with Lieutenant
Mos from the fort Erneflus with ten men, and Lieutenant Katnar from the fort Prince
William with twenty men.

In all two hundred men.

About one hundred volunteers were fuppofed to be ralfed from among the citizens,
under the Colonel Walbeck ; and Immanuel Baros with his negroes, confifting in fifty
men, thefe joined with the other two hundred, would make up a body of three hundred
and fifty men, to be commanded in chief by Major Piftoor, and to be conduced by fea
by Admiral Lichthart to their landing-place, viz. the regular troops to the fouth of the
Baretta, and the negroes upon the iiland on the north-fide, from whence they might
break through the raarfhes to the Affagados, and fo further to the houfe crofs the

VOL. XIV. 5 p river

844 nieuhoff's brazil.

river, where they were to make a falfe attack, whilft the troops landed at the Baretta
affaulted them from before ; the admiral, with his tranfport veffels, to lay ready all this
while to receive them, and to fecure their retreat upon all occafions. This propofition
being approved of by the council, partly to animate our foldiers, partly to get at leafl
fome provifions for the fick, it was refolved to be put in execution the next day, but
the wind proving contrary, and afterwards the tides being unfeafonable for the conve-
nient landing of our men, this projeft was laid afide, efpecially when inftead of one
hundred volunteers fcarce twenty-five offered themfelves for this fervice, notwithftanding
the council gave them all imaginable encouragement, by promifmg them to receive the
fame treatment as the other fervants of the company had, in cafe they Ihould be wound-
ed or come to fome other misfortune.

In the meanwhile, the enemy having been informed by fome of our deferters, that
by the departure of the Brazilians from Itamarika the garrifons there were much weak-
ened, they thought fit to lay hold of this opportunity, to land fuch a force there, as
fhould be beyond our power to drive from thence. The 1 5th of June, with the break
of day, they furprized our fpy-fhip there, called the Sprew, with feveral barks and boats
at the entrance called Paffoos (Markers) ; they got three prifoners, the reft efcaping with
the lofs of two of their comrades killed.

The fhip before Tapafima was fet on fire by our own people, leaving the galiot that
lay hard by, to the enemy, after they had taken out all her men, who went aboard the
yacht called the Golden-Doe, lying before the north entrance. They landed with about
two thoufand men in fhalops and other tranfport veffels, and Andrew Vidal and John
Ferdinand Vieira wrote the fame night the following letter to Mr. Dortmund, com-
mander-in-chief of Itamarika, which they fent by a boy they had taken prifoner in the
Sprew :

'Their Letter to Mr, Dortmund.

" Moft honourable and moft brave,

" You are doubtlefs not unacquainted with the refolution of the inhabitants of this
country to retrieve their former liberty ; to effeft which they neither want power nor
any other means ; but their chief aim being to encompafs their defign without effufion
of blood, we thought fit to let you know that we are ready to attack you in this ifland
with all our forces, unlefs you will prevent it by a treaty. For being fenfible that you
are pafled all hopes of relief, we were willing to advife you to treat with us, according
to the cuftom of war ufed in fuch cafes ; that in cafe hereafter things fhould bW out
contrary to our expectation, by the fury of the conquering fword, you may not lay the
fault thereof at our doors ; for which reafon it is, that we offer to you and the reft of
the commaiiders there, all their arrears due to them from the company. Whereupon
we expeft your anfwer to-morrow.

" From our head quarter, June 15, 1646. Andrew Vidal de NEGREtRos.

John Fernandes Vieira."

The 1 7 th of June the council received advice from Mr. Dortmund of their landing,
defiring prompt fuccours, without which he would not be in a condition to maintain the
ifland againft them. It was therefore taken into debate, whether it were poilible for us
to bring together fuch a force, as without much hazard might be able to force the ene-
tmy from thence 5 but it was carried in the negative.

I o For

nieuhoff's brazil. 843

For It was alledged, that without manifeft danger not above two hundred foldiers
could be taken out of the forts of the Receif, which number was not fufficient to attack
the enemy, who had already intrenched himfelf there, with hopes of fuccefs : and, con-
fidering that thefe forces muft be tranfported thither by fea, we wanted fhips (there be-
ing at that time not above two barks at the Receif) both to convey them thither, and
to cut off the communication with the continent to the enemy. Befides, that at leaft
fourteen days provifions were required for this expedition, in cafe the enemy fliould
(land his ground, which at this juncture was not to be done, unlefs we would leave the
magazines of the Receif quite empty ; there being then no poffibility of attempting its
relief. The next thing under confideration was, whether the intrenchments on the hill
might be defended or not ? Againft the maintaining of it was objefted, that without
frefh fupplies of provifions this fort could not hold out a week, efpecially fmce the ene-
my, by cutting off the pipes of the fpring that furniihed them with frefh water, would
foon put them under a neceflity of coming to furrender j when it was evident, that they
might pofl themfelves betwixt the fort of Orange and this hill, and confequently prevent
their receiving any fupplies from thence.

Befides, that the hill, being of a confiderable compafs, was the more difficult to be
maintained by our forces, the fort itfelf being irregular, and but flightly fortified on that
fide, efpecially where the old church-wall, making up part of the curtain, would not
be proof againft the enemy's cannon, and confequently expofe the whole fort, with the
garrifon, to the mercy of the enemy : fo that it being beyond all difpute in the enemy's
power to cut off all communication with the fort Orange, it was unanimoufly refolved
and ordered to leave the faid intrenchments, and to retire with the garrifon, and what
provifions and ammunition they had, into the fort Orange, before their retreat was
ftopped by the enemy's troops ; it being paft all doubt, that in cafe they could maintain
themfelves in that fort, they could at all times, if they were mafters of the field, recover
the hill and the whole ifland.

The council were the more forward in coming to this relolution, becaufe they had
received certain information, that the enemy, who knew the importance of the fort
Orange, had gained fome of the gunners and volunteers of the fort by prefents, who
had engaged to affign them a place where it was eafieft to be attacked, whereabouts
they were to charge the cannon with gun-powder only, to facilitate their attack. Two
of the gunners were hanged the 23d of June for this treachery ; the reft made their
efcape to the enemy. For the better prefervation therefore of this fort, our people left
the entrenchments upon the hill the 2 j ft of June, where the enemy pofted a ftrong
body of their troops immediately after. The council likewife ordered the yacht the
Heemftede to cruize in conjunction with the Golden-Doe, before the north entrance
of the ifland, to keep open free communication for us with our garrifon, and to pre-
vent the enemy from receiving any fuccours that way ; and at the fame time fome
provifions were fent thither for the ufe of the garrifon.

But whilft things were thus tranfading with various fortune, though for the moft
part to our difadvantage, and the fo long expe^ed fuccours from Holland not arriv-
ing, the want of neceffaries encreafed more and more every day in the Receif to fuch
a degree, that whatever was found fit for fuitenance, either in the public magazines,
or with private perfons, was applied to the common ufe, which however amounting
to no more than one pound of bread a-week for each fmgle perfon, many died for
hunger ; their legs beginning to fwell firft, which was the fore-runner of certain death ;
cats "and dogs, of which we had great .quantities, were looked upon as dairtics ii that
time ; and you might fee the negroes digging the half-rotten bones ot dead horfes out
• 5 P 2 of

$^ nieuhoff's brazil.

of the ground, and to gnaw them with incredible eagernefs ; neither was the want of
frefh water lefs infupportable, by reafon of the heat of the climate, and the conflant
ufe of fait meats, ail fprings that were dug being brackilh. The poor flaves, who had
the lead (hare of what was left, looked fo ghaftly and wild, with their eyes and jaws
funk, as appeared terrible to the mod undaunted of men. At laft (notwithftanding
all the care taken by the council) things came to that pafs, that the allowance of one
pound of bread per week was fain to be taken away from the inhabitants, and allotted
the foldiers ; who, by the enticements of the Portuguefe beginning to defert apace,
had two pounds of bread allowed them, as long as there was any left ; but when all
was fpent, and no remedy was to be found againfl this lingering evil, it was propofed
by the council, and unanimoufly refolved, rather to die bravely than ftarve, and to
fight their way through the enemy. The foldiers were to lead the van, the women,,
children, fick, and other unable people to keep in the middle, and the members of
the great council, with the inhabitants, to defend the rear. The Jews were above all
the reft in a, defperate condition, and therefore refolved rather to die with fword in
hand than be burnt alive, which is their doom in Portugal;

But when we were juft reduced to the laft gafp, all horfes, cats, dogs, and rats,
being confumed, and a few quarterns of farinha fold at the rate of betwixt eighty or
ninety gilders per quartern, which however could not fuffice for above two days longer,
on the 2 2d of June (a day never to be forgotten) we faw two veifels with Dutch
colours making all the fail they could towards the Receif ; they had no fooner caft
their anchors, and given us the fignal by the difcharge of^ three guns each, that they
came from Holland, but you might have read in all our faces the fudden joy we con-
ceived at this relief in our laft extremity ; there was nobody that could ftand upon
his legs for want of bread, but did crawl to the harbour, where you might hear the
cries of the people weeping for joy at a great diftance. Thefe two fhips,. called the
Falcon and Elizabeth, \^ere freighted for the chamber of Amfterdam, and had left
the Texel the 26th of April ; they brought us the welcome news, that we might hourly
expedt the whole convoy. The captain of the Elizabeth told me himfelf, that having
a very fair wind one day, he faid to his crew, " I am fure they are in great extremity
at the Receif, God fend us fair wind and weather to relieve them in time," which
happened thus accordingly. The captains were each prefented with a gold medal, with
the following infcription ; " The Falcon and Elizabeth did relieve the Receif."

The 23d of June, Mr. Bas, a member of the council, was fent to Itamarika, to aflift
in the defence of the fort ; by his letters of the 28th he advifed that the enemy
continued ftill in his poft on the hill, and that he had fent abroad fome fpies to get
intelligence. The 7th of July, the faid Mr. Bas returned to the Receif with the com^
panies commanded by Captain Bluecock and Conrad Held, leaving the two companies
of Reinard Sikkema and. Digmis Byfterman there in garrifon. The enemy had fome
days before, after having blown up the fort on the hill, and fet fire to their camp,,
left the ifland, carrying along with them all the cannon, and among them two brafs
ones. For when they faw that we were reinforced with feveral fhips from Holland,
they did not think fit to abide there till we fliould ftop thdr paflage back by our
veffels ; neither were they infenfible, that without being mafters of the fort Orange,
they could not promife themfelves the pofTefFion of the ifland, the fouth entrance being
commanded by the faid fort, and the north paffage by our yachts.

The 29th of June, the council received advice from our head quarter at the houfe
of John Leftan, in Rio Grande, that two fons of king John Duwy, with twenty-three
Tapoyers, were fent thither by their father, to aiTure our people of his good inclination

and.

nieuhoff's brazil. 845

and fervice ; but they refufed to come into the fort Keulen before they had fpoken with
Rudolph Baro, who had been fent for upon that account. About this time feveral
merchants fet out fome privateers, but as this could not be done without great charge,
and there were but few fhips at fea of the Portuguefe, this turned to no great account,
and confequently continued not long. A very odd accident happened to me much'
at the fame time j for fome of the labourers who were employed to unload a yeifel
belonging to the company, were got fo drunk, that they had killed a man, and hurt
feveral others, by letting a pipe of wine fall upon them ; I went thither to prevent
any further diforder, but was no fooner entered the fhip, when on a fudden I found
the filver galoons upon my coat turn black, and myfelf bereaved of my fight, which
however 1 recovered by degrees in a few days after, the caufe of which I attributed
to the (Irong exhalations of the wine, that had been clofed up for a confideratjle time
before. Much about the fame time a difference arofe betwixt the officers of the army
and the city-militia, about the chief command of the head guard in the Receif, which
the city-officers laid claim to..

But to return to our fo long expedled fuccours..

The reiferated letters from the council of the Dutch Brazil to the States-General,
and the direc^tors of our company,, wherein they prefented their dangerous condition
to them, had had fuch an influence upon the firft, that they advifed the diredors of
the company to fend us a reinforcement of five or dx thoufand men, and a good fleet ;
for which purpofe they fent them twenty- five companies of their regular troops, and
gave leave for the raifmg as many more, as in all amounted to four thoufand land
foldiers, befides feamen and volunteers.

This fleet, confifling of a good number of brave fhips, was ready to fail in November
1645, ^^^ ^y reafon of a fudden and hard froft, were detained in the road of
Ulieffingen, till February 1646. One Mr. Bankert, admiral of Zealand, had the chief
command of this fleet, and at the fame time the following, five gentlemen,, who were
appointed members of the great council of the Dutch Brazil, and were to relieve the
old ones, were fent to their ftations there ; to wit, Walter Schonenburgh prefident,.
Michael van Goch pcnfionary of Ulieffingen, Simon van Beaumont fifcal of the city of
Dort, Henry Hacks, and Mr. Trowens, two great merchants of Amfterdam^ and Mr-
Heremite a lawyer of Dort, their fecretary. One Sigifmund Schoppe, formerly under
Count Maurice, and who had commanded the land forces of Dutch Brazil, was now
fent in the quality of commander-in-chief of thefe forces ; he was a mofl experienced
captain, and who always kept a flriQ; difcipline among the foldiers.

Never did any fleet fent from Holland to Brazil meet with fo many unfortunate
accidents as this, during the fix months they were at fea. For within two days after
they had left the Dutch coafl, they were forced to caft anchor in the Downs oppofite
to Newport, where they loft two of their fhips by ftrefs of weather. After a ftay of
three days, the winds being fomewhat allayed, the fquadron under Mr. Van Goch fet
fail again, but was in two days after again forced into St. Helen's in the ifle of Wight ;
three days before their arrival, a rich Dutch fhip, valued at two millions of livres, then
lately come from Brazil, was loft among the rocks, fo that of three hundred perfons
no more than thirty were faved.. Here they were detained by foul weather and contrary
winds {even Weeks, when another Dutch fhip coming from Brazil chanced to caft
anchor near them, and told them, that thek- countrymen in the Receif were drove to
the laft extremity ; nay, that perhaps the place was furrendered by this time, they
having np more than two months provifions left at the time of his departure. Hereupon
it was rcfolved to continue their voyage with the whole fleet, notwithftaading the winds

were-

846 nieuhoff's brazil.

were againfl them, but on the coaft near Portland were again overtaken by a violent
ftorm, in which they faw a Scotch fhip with two hundred perfons in her perifh. The
fleet under Mr. Van Goch came with much ado to an anchor behind a rock, where they
flayed till the fiercenefs of the tempeft being allayed, they profecuted their voyage.
But fcarce were they got through the channel, juft as they were entering the Spanifh
fea, but a difference arofe betwixt Mr. Van Goch and Mr. Beaumont about the flag,
the Zealanders (in a council of war held for that purpofe) allotting the precedency to
Mr. Van Goch ; whereas the Hollanders pretended the fame to belong to Mr. Beau-
mont ; but Mr. Van Goch perlifting notwithftanding to claim the precedency, Mr.
Beaumont gave a lignal to the Holland fliips to follow him, and fo bid adieu to Mr.
Van Goch, who after a troublefome and tedious voyage, in which he loft many of his
men by ficknefs, and efpecially the fcurvy, he arrived the 14th of July with his fliip
in the road of the Receif, being the firft of the five new lords of the council that
arrived in the Dutch Brazil. The 31ft of July 1646, the fhip the Bluecock, and the
Ulieflingen of Zealand, came likewife to an anchor there ; in the firft came Mr. Trowens,
and in the laft Golonel Sigifmund Schoppe.

The 6th of Auguft the faid colonel gave an account to the members of the council
how, purfuant to their orders, he was advanced with four hundred and fifty men as far
as the fort of Olinda, to difcover the countenanc'fe of the enemy, and to take fome pri-
foners ; that they had made a (hew of attacking us, but after fome flight fkirmifhes re-
tired, and with a body of their troops marched through Bracer de St. Jago, to cut off our
retreat ; but our people forced them to retreat again with the lofs of feveral of their
men killed and wounded ; whereas we had but one wounded during the whole aftion,
befides Colonel Schoppe himfelf, who received a flight hurt on his leg.

The 8th of Auguft the Arms of Dort, and in it Mr. Beaumont, arrived before the
Receif; he was conduced the next day with all imaginable refped to the Receif.

The i 2th, late in the evening, Mr. Walter Schonenbergh, prefident of the new
council, and Henry Hacks, arrived in a bark from the north in the Receif, where they
were received by all the citizens and foldiers in arms ; they had been forced to leave
their fhip, called the Middleburgh, before the north entrance of Itamarika, as likewife
the Dolphin, laden with provifions on account of the chamber of Zealand, both which
were feen the 30th of July, off Olinda ; but being forced back by contrary winds,
the laft of thefe two did not come to an anchor near the Receif till the 1 3th of Auguft.

The fame day a certain negro deferter coming to the Receif brought information that
the enemy intended to eredl a fort on the pafs of the Baretta, to prevent our excurfions
into the open country ; whereupon it was refolved, with unanimous confent of Mr. Scho-
nenbergh and the whole council, as likewife with the approbation of Colonel Schoppe
and Admiral Lichthart, to prevent the enemy's defign by fortifying and maintaining the
faid pafs, as being the only inlet we had left for the recovery of the whole Dutch
Brazil, all the other palfes being fo ftrongly fortified by the enemy, as not to be at-
tempted without great hazard.

Accordingly the faid Colonel Schoppe marched the fame night with all the forces he
could bring together, ordering the boats laden with materials for the intended fortifica-
tions, to follow him the next tide. The colonel at his arrival having foon chafed the
enemy from thence, and pofTefTed himfelf of the houfe of the Baretta, fent for imme-
diate orders to the council, to know whether he fhould continue in that poft all night ;
who, with the approbation of the new prefident Schonenbergh, difpatched Mr. Bulle-
ftraet thither immediately to take a view of it, and to make his report accordingly ; he

returned

nieuhoff's brazil. 847

returned the 14th againfl night, and reported to the council that he had found the work
there very far advanced already, and the fortifications in fuch a ftate, that they would
foon be in a pofture of defence againfl any attempts from the enemy.

The 1 3th of Augufl Rudolph Baro, who, as we told you, was fent with fome pre-
fents to John Duwy, king of the Tapoyers, brought a letter from the faid king, dated
the I ft of July, to the council, wherein he thanked them for the prefents, and defired
they would be pleafed to fend him fome iron weapons, he being then in war with the
Pojukas, and that, after he had humbled them, he would march with all his forces
againft the Portuguefe.

By this time the prefident, Walter Schonenbergh, and the other members of the new
great council, being arrived at the Receif, and having delivered their commiflions from
Their High and Mightinefles, the States-General, His Highnefs the Prince of Orange,
and the council of Nineteen, conftituting them joint-go vernos of the Dutch Brazil, the
late members of the faid council ; to wit, Henry Hamel, BuUeftraet, and Peter Bas,
ordered all the colleges and other perfons of note to be called together, to be prefent at
the inftalment of the future lords of the council.

Accordingly all the members of the court of juftice, and of the finances, next the
magiftrates and commiffaries of Maurice's Town, then the minifters and church council,
together with the fea and land officers, the heads of the Jews, and laft of all the factors
and book-keepers of the company, being affembled, Mr. Walbeck told them, in the
name of the council, that Mr. Henry Hamel, Mr. BuUeftraet, and Peter Bas, had called
them together, to lay down in their prefence the reins of the government, and to fur-
render the fame to Mr. Schonenbergh, and the reft of the lords appointed by Their
High and MightinefTes, by His Highnefs the Prince of Orange, and the council of Nine-
teen, for the fupreme management of the government of the Dutch Brazil ; returning
them their hearty thanks for the fervices each in his refped:ive ftation had done to the
government, and for their conftant fidelity during thefe inteftine commotions, exhorting
them to perfevere in the fame obedience to the new council ; whereupon the new prefi-
dent and other members having received the congratulations, firft of the old council,
and then of the other colleges, they from thenceforward tranfafted every thing by their
own authority, though they, in all affairs of moment, took the advice of the laid mem-
bers of the old council, during their ftay in Brazil ; for which purpofe they defired
them, the 20th of Auguft, to appear every day at eight o'clock at their alTembly, and
to alfift them with their counfel for the better management of the affairs of the company.
The 1 9th of Auguft Mr. Trowens died late at night.

The 3d of September was appointed for a general mufter of all the forces in garrifon
in the forts near the Receif. Mr. Heck and Commiffary Zweers were ordered to take
a review of thofe in the fort Erneftus, Wardenburgh, and Boavifta ; Mr. Beaumont
and Moucheron in the fort of Anthony Vaez and Maurice's Town ; Mr. Van Goch,
Hamel, and Aldrich, at the Receif, and of thofe belonging to the artillery ; Mr. Raets-
field and Crowranger, at the Baretta and adjacent quarters ; Mr. Volbergin and Com-
miffary Stricht, in the forts William and Frederick-Henry ; Mr. BuUeftraet and De Witt,
in the fort Bruin, and the land and fea fort.

The 4th of September, a pardon being agreed upon by joint confent of the old and
new council, the fame was, the 6th, fent by a drummer to the enemy, with a letter to
the Portuguefe commanders from the Bahia, defiring them to withdraw their forces.

The I oth of September being appointed for a review of the militia of the Receif and
Maurice's Town, the fame was found to confift of 700 men j they received the thanks

of

S48 nieuhoff's brazil.

of the old council for their faithful fervices during the prefent Inteftine war, and then
returned their thanks to them for the prudent management of the government.

The 13th of September, the letters written by the Portuguefe colonel the nth of
September, in anfwer to ours of the 6th, were read in the great council, filled with un-
truths and fiftions of their own invention. They pretended that they were prevented by
the inhabitants from retiring to the Bahia ; befides, that they wanted tranfport veflels,
their fhips being detained in the bay of Tamandare, and that they muft exped the
King's orders for that purpofe.

They took alfo a great deal of pains to magnify their ftrength. The 12th and i 3th
of September feveral letters were difperfed abroad by the Portuguefe, direded to Jufiice
Daems, to Matthew Bek, Balthafar de Fonfeca, Duarte Sarayva, Cafpar Francis de
Cofta, being all merchants, and written' by John Fernandes Vieira, in which they again
exaggerated their own number, and fpoke very defpicably of ours, threatening that, in
cafe they Ihould be forced to quit the country, they would deftroy all with fire and
fword, as they had already done in fome parts of Parayba. The contents of thefe let-
ters were as follows :

A Letter from Vieira to fome Merchants in the Dutch Brazil.

" Experience has, without queftion, convinced you fufficiently of the reafons that
moved us to undertake this war, and the fuccefs we have met with is an ample teftimo-.
ny that God was pleafed to inflidt this punifhment upon our enemies for the many out-
rages committed againft the inhabitants of this country. This is, however, in a great
meafure to be attributed to the general confent of the faid inhabitants, who having now
forced themfelves from the tyrannical yoke of their oppreflbrs, ought to expe6l from
me, who, though unworthy, an. appointed the chief manager of this war, to be backed
in fo brave a refolution. I would not have you be ignorant of our ftrength, which, in
comparifon of yours, exceeds all that can be faid upon that head ; I will only tell you
that, as by our quitting the captainfliips of Parayba and Goyana, we are confiderably
increafed in number ; fo it is moil evident from thence that the inhabitants chofe rather
to lofe their pofleflions than to endure any longer the indignities that were put upon
them, which was the true caufe of their infurredion, and not, as it is given out among
you, becaufe they were unable to fatisfy their creditors ; becaufe they left more than
what would have paid their debts. But if it fhould happen fo, that the feid inhabitants
fhould not be able to maintain themfelves by force of arms, they are refolved to lay all
the other captainfliips defolate in the fame manner.

" Having, therefore, well weighed the reafons which feem to promife us a good iffue
of this war, I thought myfelf obliged, as a friend, to advife you, that that party is
backed by reafon, and the unanimous refolution of many thoufands ; for, I can amire
you, we are at leaft fourteen thoufand ftrong, befides the negroes and Tapoyers, dif-
perfed in feveral places, from Rio Grande as far as Rio St. Francifco. Kamaron com-
mands fix hundred mufqueteers, ftenry Dias eight hundred negroes, two hundred
Minos, and feven hundred Tapoyers ; and thofe of the Sertan are at our devotion,
whenever we are pleafed to call for them ; but, above all the reft, we have God on
our fide. We are not ignorant, that before the arrival of Mr. Sigifmund Schoppe,
yourwhole force confifted not in above fix hundred men, and that the fuccours come
along with him do not amount to above one thoufand two hundred more ; moft of which
are boys, and the reft either dead or fick. You fee I am well acquainted with your
ftrength, having killed and taken prifoners about two thoufand fix hundred of your

8 beft

KIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. ^45^

beft foldiers, and five hundred Brazilians, befides the wounded th^t were carried to,
the Receif ; when our troops had no other arms than pointed flicks and clubs. Thefe
are bleflings from heaven, for if we are able to perform thefe things without powder
and ball, what may not be expefted from our forces, now they are ftrengthened with
good troops, and provided with fufficient arms and ammunition ? All which I confirm
to you upon my word, to be nothing but the real truth ; and, had it not been in re-
ijjecl of thofe colonels fent from the Bahia, and of His Majefty of Portugal, I had by
this time been mailer of the Receif, or fome of the forts, or at leaft I might have done
much greater mifchief : but if matters are not brought to a happy conclufion, I am
refolved to ad like a defperate man, and not leave any fugar-mills, cattle or negroes
in the country, but will rather turn all to ruin and deflruQion, before we v;ili be com-
pelled to fubmit again to your obedience.

" As thefe prefents may ferve as a warning to you, fo I hope you, and the reft of
the merchants, will not delay to enter with us into fuch articles of agreenient, as may
be moft conducing to the prefervation of your poflefTions ; for I would have you call
to mind, that there are many ingenious (mills) reduced at prefent to fuch a ftate, as noj:
to be likely to be in a condition to be ufed thefe ten years next to come. The Vergea
is in no better condition than Parayba and Goyana, and the cattle (without which the
mills cannot fubfift) deftroyed in moft places.

" Colonel Sigifmund Schoppe, I fuppofe, pretends to keep the field againft us, as
he did in the laft war, but he will find himfelf egregioufly miftaken, becaufe the in-
habitants will not be of his fide ; for if I fhould hear of one that was, I would caufe him
to be hanged immediately. You allege that we are vaffals of the company, but wheii
was ever any conquered nation treated thus as we were, v/orfe than the vileft flaves, of
which you are fenfible as well as we ; fo that, being forced to break our chains, we
do not owe you any further obedience. If we had not been in hopes of this oppor-
tunity, we would long before have implored the afliftance of the King of Spain or
France ; and if thofe had failed us, to have had recourfe to the Turks and Moors,
I defire you not to throw away this letter, becaufe experience will convince you of the
truth of it ; and that we ftiall purfue the fame methods here as we have done in othep
places ; wherefore, I would have you not give credit to any body, except to thofe that
come in perfon from thofe places ; I having told them nothing but the bare truth,
which you will find in effeft thus : in the profecution of this war, I hope you will con-
lider what is moft for your intereft, in which I am ready to ferve you ; for though your
governors do not direft their letters to me, it is I that have the chief management of this
war, and under my command ; the power of the colonels come from the Bahia ex-
tending no farther than over thofe troops they have brought along with them. A Reyal
debonJefus, September 11, 1646.

" On the loth of this month, the before-mentioned colonels having fent an anfwer to
a letter direded to them from your council, by one of our captains, feveral infnaring
queftions were alked him concerning the prefent war, which he, perhaps, not anfwer*
ing according to their expedation, they replied more like drunken cowards than fol-
diers ; if they will be pleafed to come out and tell me thefe things, I will try whether
their fwords are as nimble as their tongues are, and teach them what' refpeft is due to
the meffengers of thofe perfons who have the fupreme command here. This I write
to you at prefent, but Ihall not fail in due time to make my words good by the fword,
of which your people feel the daily effeds as often as they dare to coine out of their
forts. Pray be not deceived, for Brazil is not allotted to you ; not queftjoning but
that God will blefs our arms, and if we happen to die, w^e fliall lofe our lives in the

VOL. XIV. 5 Q defence

^$0 nieuhoff's brazil.

defence of our holy religion and liberty ; and all thofe that have refufed to accept ot
our offers will pay for it with the lofs of their lives, poffeflions, and debts.

" A Reyal, Sept. 12, 1646. (Signed) John Fernaj^des Vieira.*'

The 1 4th of September, a man of war, called the Ter Veer, equipped by the cham-
ber of Zealand, (aboard of which was Colonel Hinderfon) arrived before the Receif,
after a voyage of fourteen weeks. The 24th of September, the enemy caufed fome
pamphlets to be difperfed, promifmg, in very haughty terms, a general pardon, and a
compofition of their debts, in cafe we would leave the ifland. The 27th of Septem-
ber, Colonel Schoppe returned with fome troops from Goyana, by the way of Itama-
rika ; I had not met with any enemy, but had found all the fugar-mills burnt in the
firlt place, but the fugar-reed and farinha fields in a pretty good condition ; we received
afterwards further information, that the fugar-mills of Goyana were not quite burnt
down. The 27th of October, a conference was held betwixt the old council and Mr.
Van Goch, unto whom they imparted their advice concerning feveral matters relating to
the ftate of the Dutch Brazil, and efpecially to the planting of the mandioka or farinha-
roots, and the killing of cattle, which they advifed to be done with great circumfpec-
tion, Brazil being not able to fubfifl without a confiderable number of oxen, which
were continually employed in carrying of fugar-reeds, wood, and other neceffarieSj to
the mills.

For the planting of farinha-roots they propofed Itamarika, Rio Grande, and Parayba,
which countries were thought fufficient to fupply their prefent occafions j provided it
were done before the feafon was elapfed.

In the meanwhile, Colonel Schoppfe having made feveral, but, for the mod part, un-
fuccefsful attempts, upon the enemy, our forces were thereby fo diminifhed, that we
were not in condition to make head againfl the Portuguefe near the Receif; which
made our council take a refolution to endeavour the recovery of Rio St. Francifco, the
execution of which being committed to the management of Colonel Hinderfon, proved
more fortunate for us, he meeting with little refillance thereabout.

Accordingly, the 24th of Oftober, the following fhips. Count Eano admiral, Loanda
vice-admiral, the Arms of Dort rear-admiral, the Bluecock, the Watchful Dog, the
Greyhound, Eagle, the Star, Heemftede, and the Flight, with eight barks, fet fail under
the command of Admiral Lichthart and Colonel Hinderfon to the fouth. The 1 7th
of November the council received advice, that our troops under Colonel Hinderfon were
fafely landed at Korafippa, and, marching from thence to Rio St. Francifco and the fort
St. Maurice, had met with no oppofition from the enemy, who had begun to rafe the faid
fort. That they had been feconded by the fmall veflels, which had followed them up
the river^ which our forces had palfed, and were marched to Seregippe del Rey, having
left fome behind to repair the fort ; and that four Portuguefe had requefled their par-
don, which was promifed them. Whilfl our forces were employed thereabouts, I was
ordered thither to take care of the neceflary provifions (of which there was great plenty)
for our troops ; having accordingly caufed my cargo to be embarked aboard a ihip
called the Buownfifh, Francis Frantz mafter.

I fet fail the 24th of November. We were carried with a brifk gale as far as the
mountains, called by our people the Saddle-hills, from their ihape, the coaft all there-
abouts being white fand downs. About half an hour after fun-fet, we faw ourfelyes
off the bay of Tamandare, and from thence continued our courfe with a fair wind,
which in two days after brought us happily to the entrance of that great river, which

I is

NJEL'HOFF*S BRAZIL. 85 I

is fo broad at the beginning, that a fix-pounder can fcarce reach acrofs it j it falls with a
very foft current into the fea, its waters being low in the winter, but increafe in the fum-
mer, perhaps by reafon of the fnows that are melted by the heat of the fun. About fifty
leagues from its mouth is a great catarad: or waterfall, furrounded by a great many illands j
the fea at its entrance meeting in tempefluous weather with the current, are fo boijflerous,
thatthey flrike terror into the llouteft mariners, and carry away great pieces of the continent
along with them. We entered the faid river, but were forced to caft anchor imme-
diately after fun-fet, for want of an eaft wind to carry us higher up, which commonly
begins to blow thereabout at three in the morning. The country appeared very plea-
fant on both fides, and we faw abundance of wild beafls near the river-fide, and feveral
huts made of ftraw. We were detained near twenty-four hours upon a fand-bank,
which, after we had paffed, we came at lalt to the village called Penedos, fituate upon
a high hill j here we landed with our boats, and found a few houfes which were rebuilt
by our people, the reft being burnt by the enemy before their flight. In the fort was
formerly, in the time of the Portuguese, a church, which we turned into a magazine ;
it was furrounded with a goodly w^all, the river paffing by it on the north fide, where
the hill is very fteep.

The 30th of November Admiral Lichthart was feized with a fudden and violent illnefs,
occafioned by his drinking too much cold water after he had over-heated himfelf before ;
he was carried into a boat, with three foldiers under the command of an officer, lower
down the river, but foon after loft his fenfes, and in my prefence expired. The next
day his corpfe being put in a coffin was carried aboard the Golden Star, being con-
duced by the chief officers there prefent, and four companies of foldiers, to the river-
fide, who gave three falvoes with their mufkets, as did the cannon from the fort and
(hips, in order to his interment at the Receif. ,

Towards evening, as I was going aboard our fhip, the boat overturned by the fwift-
nefs of the current, and, had I not been a good fwimmer, I had infallibly been drowned ;
the mafter threw out a great cable over-board, by the help of which, and God's mercy,
I got fafely into the fhip. The foldiers in the meanwhile fcoured the country, and brought
feven hundred oxen, (of which there was plenty,) and three hundred calves, into our quar-
ters, having been at pafture in one of the adjacent iflands of the river, under the guard of
fome foldiers j they were not extraordinary fat, but tolerable good meat. The fol-
diers' huts were for the moft part planted on the north fide of the hill, which being
compofed of branches and leaves of trees, took fire accidentally the 3d of December,
with fuch fury, that in a quarter of an hour the whole quarter was in a flame, not-
withftanding that the alarm was given immediately, by the beating of drums and* the
founding of trumpets ; fome foldiers that were then fwimming in the river, loft all their
cloaths by this accident. It was well it happened by day ; for if it had been in the
night it would have put us under a great confternation, it being generally reported that
it had been done by treachery.

There was at that time a plentiful crop of tobacco upon the circumjacent fields, but
was not quite fit for reaping, which muft be done at a certain feafon, before the low
grounds overflowed. The colonel defired me to provide thofe who had loft all, with
new cloaths, and to dedudl it out of their pay ; but I told him that I being only a
fador, could not do it without fpecial order from the council, fome having but little
pay due to them. The 25th of December we received intelligence that the enemy
began to appear in a confiderable body, whereupon the companies of Captains Coufin,
Schut, Gyfeling, La Montayne, and of a Brazilian captain, called Tomee, were fer)t

5 Q 2 in

8j^ NiEUHdi^'s Mazil.

in queft of them, with orders to fet their ftables on fire, and bring the ciattJe to 6nr
quarters. The next following Monday, word was brought us, that our troops were
fo narrowly enclofed by the enemy, that it was feared fcarce one of them would
efcape with Kfe. Whilfl we were in a great confternation, not knowing what refolu-
tion lo take, a Brazilian brought us the unwelcome news, that our whole body was
routed and difperfed, Srid Captains Schut, Coufm, and La Montayne, killed upon the
fpot. He had fcarce finifhed his doleful relation before a German foldier, who had
efcaped the fight, by his bleeding wounds and his words gave us a confirmation of
what had been told us before, with this addition, that Captain Gyfeling*s lieutenant,.
La Montayne's enfign, and one Kilmet, belonging to Captain Schut, had fought their
way through the enemy, with about thirty foldiers, and would foon be here. This
mifhap was chiefly dttribitted to the fool-hard inefs of our troops, who contrary to
Colonel Hinderfon's command, having at once difdharged all their mufquets againfb
the enemy, fell in pell-mell, without any regular order, with fword in hand upon the
enemy, which the enemy perceiving, retreated back and drew them into an ambufh*
Towards liight we faw feveral foldiers miferably wounded with darts come to our
quarters, fome who had thrown away their arms, were forced to cafl lots for thdt
lives, the misfortune of which fell upon a Dutchman and a Brazilian, who being tied
to a ftake to be fliot to death, were however pardoned by the colonel. Captain
Gyfeling*^s lieutenant, who came without his arms to the fort, was fent immediately
to the Receif, where his fword was broke over his head, and he declared incapable of
ferving the company for the future, notwithftanding he had done them faithful fervice
for feven years laft paft.

By this time I was fent for to the Receif, fo that after having taken my leave of the
colonel and Mr. Dames, I embarked on board the Bat the i6th of December, and we
were the fame evening with a fair wind and ftream carried to the mouth of the river*
It being a fine moon-light night we catched abundance of Zaggers, as we call them, 'a
filh of a very good tafte, and continued our courfe with a brilk gale: not far from the
river's mouth we met with four of our fhips, who told us they wefe to fetch pjrovifions,
but in cafe they could not, were to return forthwith to the Receif. The i8th, we
advanced but little, the fliips being not out of fight of us, near the river's mouth, but
did catch more fifh than we were able to eat. The 20th we were likewife becalmed,
and we perceived the moon to be half eclipfed for the fpace of two hours. The next
following day we failed fo near to St. Antonio, that we could fee them walking along
the fea-fhore. Towards night we difcovered Porto Calvo, about thirty leagues from
Rio St. Francifco. We were often becalmed, but catched abundance of king's-fifh
and cods, and faw fires in many places along the coaft. The 24th of December we
came fo near to the cape of St. Auftin that we difcovered five fhips and feven row-
barges in the harbour ; Ave might have reached fome of thofe that went ajfhore with
our fhot, had it not been for the fand-bank which hindered our nearer approach.
'About noon 'we came before the Receif, but it was fo foggy that we could fcarce dif-
cover the water-fort ; neverthelefs we ventured in, and I got alhore immediately, with
an intention to give an account of the ftate of affairs in Rio St. Francifco to Mr.
Schonenbergh, being conduced thither by Colonel Schoppe, who happened to meet
'trie immediately after my landing.

The 27th of Oftober the enemy had laid two ambufhes in the way to the fort Prince
William, beyond the redoubt Kiik. They did not ft:ir till towards noon, when per-
ceiving a company of our foldiers marching along the dike, they fired fo brifkly upon

8 them.

nieuhoff's brazil. 853

them, that they killed eleven, wounded twelve, and took three prifoners; yet not
without the lofs of fome on their fide.

In the meanwhile the Tapoyers being much exafperated at the murder of the before-
mentioned Jacob Rabbi their commander, had left our party ; the council did what
they could to appeafe them, imprifoned and banifhed Garfman the author of it, and
confifcated his eftate, notwithftanding which, the Tapoyers could not be prevailed upon
to join with us as before.

The 1 8th of November Mr. Van Goch entered into a conference with the members
of the old council, whether it might not be feafible to embark what forces we were
able to fpare on board our great fliips, and to attempt to make a powerful diverfion
to the enemy by attacking him in fome place or other. But thofe of the old council
having reprefented to him the danger of this enterprife if it Ihould mifcarry, whilft
they were blocked up in the Receif, the further debate thereof was deferred till the
next day. It was then propofed, upon fecond thoughts, that in cafe we could bring
all our forces together, fomething of moment might be undertaken without manifeft
hazard, whereby to oblige the enemy to withdraw his forces from the Receif j but
Mr. Van Goch apprehending no fmall danger in cafe we mifcarried, they came to no
refolution for that time.

It being found by experience that all our promlfes of pardon had proved ineffectual,
it was propofed by Mr. Van Goch the firft of December, whether it was not moft
expedient to give no quarter for the future; unto which it was anfwered, that very
feldom quarter had been given by us, and few prifoners were taken, and that the
enemy had likewife killed moft of our people that were fallen into their hands, but
they judged it not convenient to refufe quarter to all without diftindion, which would
induce fuch of the inhabitants as had remained quiet hitherto, to betake themfelves
likewife to their arms.

The 23d of November we laid an ambufh for the enemy near the fort of Affagados,
who being by fome few fent out for that purpofe engaged in a Ikirmifh, and purfuing
our men with great eagernefs under the cannon of the fort, were fet upon by thofe
lying in ambufh, who killed and wounded many of them.

The 1 2th of December the corps of the late Admiral Lichthart was interred, one
company of the ci(y-militia, and two of foldiers appearing in arms upon that occaflon,
gave him three falvoes with their mufquets.

The 30th of December the Eagle yacht brought letters to the council, dated in Rio
St. Francifco the 4th of December, intimating that in an ifland a little above the fort,
one Colonel Rebellia was arrived with two hundred men from the Bahia j and that
they expefted another reinforcement, as well from thence as from the Vergea ; that
our people being fent higher up the river, had attacked fome of the enemy's troops,
but they made their efcape to the other fide, leaving their arms and clothes be-
hind them.

The 2d of January 1647, Colonel Schoppe, who had been with three hundred fuzi-
leers in Goyana, returned to the Receif, giving an account that he had taken a view
of all the rivers thereabouts, but met with no enemy.

The 5th of January the council received an account of the before-mentioned adion
in Rio St» Francifco, viz. five companies of our forces being fent to Orambou, to
beat up the enemy's quarters, they met with a body of one hundred men, whom they
attacked and put to flight; but foon after our forces were attacked by a much
ftronger body, who put them to the rout, with the lofs of one hundred and fifty men ;
of our officers one captain was killed, and five taken prifoners, viz. Captains Samuel

Lambart,

$54 nieuhoff's brazil,

Lambart, La Montagne, Gerrit Schut, Kilian Taylor, Daniel Koin, and three lieu-
tenants, Joofl Koyman, Anthony Baliart, Jeronymus Hellemen, and one enfign.

The 8th of January Mr. Van Goch, in the name of the new council, advifed with
thofe of the old council, that it being refolved among them to fend for a confiderable
number of their forces out of Parayba, in order to gather a body of troops for fome
important defign, they defired to be informed concerning the prefent condition of the
faid captainlhip ; and whether the city of Parayba and St. Andrew might be defended
by a fmall garrifon ; whereupon thofe of the old council replied, that the town of
Frederica had no frefh water but what they muft fetch at a mile*s diftance, and con-
fequently might be cut off by the enemy; the fame thing might be done at the
paifage leading to the river fide ; befides, that there was no fortifications belonging to
the place but the monaflery, which was of no great confequence, and the Guarte
Domaiges church, which had been fortified by the enemy in this war. As to St. Andrew
it was no more than a fugar-mill, about four hours diilant from the city of Parayba,
fituate upon the bank of the river ; that the communication of this place with the fort
of St. Margaret might eafily be cut off by the enemy, as being likewife about four
leagues from thence, but it might be relieved from the water-fide, and yet not without
great difficulty. Mr. Van Goch told them he would make his report thereof to the
council.

The 1 2th of January the council received advice, that the enemy were, with a flrong
body of troops, entered Parayba, and advancing very near to the fugar-mill of St.
Andrew's, had in the night-time furprifed fome Dutch and Brazilians, to the number
of fifty men, women and children, of which they had killed fome, and ripped up the
women's bellies.

The 13th of January fome pamphlets were again difperfed by the enemy, containing
in fubftance, that fince the inhabitants of the Receif were now beyond all hopes of
further relief, it would be their fureft way to come to an accommodation ; for they
were relolved to venture all before they would lay afide their defign ; but if all failed,
they would deftroy the whole country, and fo leave it : they exhorted them not to be
deceived by the infinuations of thofe who belonged to the company, and called them
rebels ; they being no more to be ftyled fo than the Dutch themfelves, who had aflerted
their liberty againft Spain.

The 17th of January four negroes belonging to one Ifaac de Raffier, who had been
taken prifoners fome days before in Parayba, came over to us into the Receif, and
brought advice, that the enemy, after having tarried but a little time in that captain-
(hip, where they had killed five Dutchmen and fome Brazilians, were retired from
thence.

The 2 2d of January, early in the morning, the enemy began to batter the wooden
fort near the Baretta, from a battery on the bank of the fouth fide of the river, which
he continued the whole day, but defifted at night ; the garrifon having been reinforced
about noon with five companies of foldiers, and fome provifions ; becaufe Mr. Hamel,
one of the members of the old council, did reprefent to Mr. Van Goch, that though
the fort itfelf was fo inconfiderable, as fcarce to be worth the trouble of defending it
by a good garrifon, yet at this juncture, when the enemy had made his firft attempt
upon it, it would not be advifeable to defert it, for fear of giving encouragement
to the enemy to attack the other forts ; but that on the contrary, as long as they did
meet with a brave refiilance here, they would not be fo forward to attempt others ;
efpecially fince we had the conveniency of relieving them with boats at high water,
with low tide by land by the way of the fand-ridge ; and that we might annoy the

^ enemy

NI£UH0FF*S BRAZIL. 8$^

«nemy with the cannon from our yachts In his trenches, as we had done that day.
About the fame time, a map was ordered to be made, fhewing the true fituation of
the Receif, with the turnings and windings of the adjacent rivers and marfhes, as far
as the Baretta, for the better inftrudion of the council.

The 24th of January in the morning, news was brought that the enemy had raifed
the fiege of the fort of the Baretta the night before, and carried oif all their cannon,
being lenfible that as long as they could be annoyed from the fea-fide, and we be able
to reinforce them daily with frefh troops, they could promife themfelves but flender
fuccefs : but befides that, our people were to ftruggle againft the enemy and famine,
they were frequently troubled with defertions ; many of our foldiers, nay, even to the
ferjeants and other officers, who begun to defpair of our cafe, running over to the
enemy, even at that time when the before-mentioned fliips, the Faulcon and Elizabeth,
were in fight of the Receif.

Now the members of the old council began to prepare in good earneft for their
return to Holland, they had already, in December 1646, folicited Mr. Schonenbergh,
prefident of the new council, to order fome fhips to be got ready to tranfport them
thither, and the Ulyeffingen had been appointed for that purpofe ; but the fame being
not as yet returned from cruizing, they applied themfelves, the 25th of January 1647,
to Mr. Van Goch, and told him, that whereas, according to their commiffion, one of
them fhould return after the expiration of three years, they had continued in Brazil
thefe fix years, Mr. Kodde having indeed been ordered to return about that time, but
his place not being fupplied by another, he died before his departure : that they had,
for thefe three years lafl paft, folicited their return, and had two years ago received
promifes of being relieved by others ; which had not been performed till within thefe
few months, to the great prejudice of themfelves and their families : Mr. Van Goch
promifed them to take effeftual care to have the fhips got ready, and to fend for the
Ihip the Ulyeffingen, in order to their return home. At the time of the acceffion of
the new council to the government, and the departure of Henry Hamel, Adrian Bulle-
ftraet, and Peter Bas, late members of the great council, the following forts remained
flill in the poifeffion of our Weft-India company :

The fort of Keulen, at the mouth of Rio Grande, provided with twenty-eight brafs
and one iron cannon.

The redoubt of St. Antonio, on the north iide of the river Parayba, with fix iron
pieces of cannon.

The fort Reftanguets, in an ifland of the fame name within the river Parayba, with
four brafs and five iron pieces of cannon.

The fort Margaret, on the fouth fide of the river Parayba, with fourteen brafs and
twenty-four iron pieces of cannon.

The fort Orange, in the ifle of Itamarika, with fix brafs and feven iron pieces of
cannon.

Nofla Senhora de Conceptiano, an old battery upon the hill of Itamarika, with two
brafs and eight iron pieces of cannon.

The redoubt called Madame de Bruin, three iron pieces of cannon.

The fort Wardenbrugh, alias the Triangular Fort, betwixt the Bruin and the Re-
ceif ; the firft provided with four brafs and five iron pieces of cannon ; the lail with
fourteen brafs guns.

The Land Fort, alias St. John's, with eleven iron guns.

The ViTater Fort, at the mouth of the river of the Receif, with feven brafs guns.

The

B^S nieuhoff's brazil.

The fort Erneftus, with five brafs and three iron pieces of cannon, and the battery,
with five brafs and two iron pieces of cannon.

The Receif.

Maurice's Town, upon the ifland of Anthony Vaez.

The fort Frederick Henry, alias the Quinquangular Fort.

The redoubt of ftone near this fort.

The redoubt Kiik, betwixt the fort Frederick Henry and the fort Prince William.

The fort Prince William, upon the river Affagados.

The forts then in poffeflion of the Portuguefe, and taken by them from the Dutch,
are thefe :

Seregippo del Rey, Rio St. Francifco, and Porto Calvo, being reduced by famine,
were rafed by the Portuguefe, being fenfible that our people could not maintain them-
felves there without erefting of new ones, which was not to be done without a vail
charge. Near the point of Tamandare, the place where the Portuguefe from the Bahia
firft of all landed their men ; and where afterwards their fleet was beaten by ours, the
enemy laid the foundation of a fort for the fecurity of that harbour, where fhips of
great burthen might fafely ride at anchor.

The 23d of January, Mr. Beaumont was fent by the new council to confer with the
late members, concerning the prefent condition of Rio St. Francifco, and what was befl
to be done there : they anfwered him as before, that the fort as it was now could do
but little fervice, and that therefore it would be worth our confideration, whether the
propofals made by them in writing might not now be put in pradice. The faid Mr.
Beaumont further propofed, whether it would not be requifite to ereO. an earthen
redoubt for the defence of the Baretta ; unto which thofe of the old council replied,
that confidering the vafl charge, and the fmall benefit which could be expected from
it, the fame might be more conveniently built in fome place or other, to facilitate our
paflage into the open country. Beaumont was of opinion, that thereby the enemy
would be prevented from advancing to the fort Frederick Henry ; but the old members
told him, that notwithftanding we had now a fort on the Baretta, we could not hinder
the enemy's coming upon that ifland near the fort, unlefs we would keep a con-
fiderable force there for that purpofe ; that we need not fear their tranfporting any
cannon thither, becaufe their retreat might be cut off at high tide ; neither could they,
from thence, do any mifchief to the Receif, it being evident, that the fhot of our
biggeft cannon in the fort Frederick William could not reach the faid ifland. The
fame evening, Mr. Van Goch and Hack came to tell the members of tlie old council,
that the Hollandia and Ulyeflingen would be ready in a little time, in order to conduct
them to Holland, the Ulyeffingen being ordered forthwith to return from the Bahia,
whither fhe was fent a-cruizing.

By this time the enemy had blocked us up fo clofely in the Receif, that on the land
fide we durfl fcarce look without the gates ; and a certain Portuguefe had prepared us a
worfe entertainment, having invited all our chief commanders abroad to his daughter's
wedding, during which time the enemy were to have furprifed the city ; but this defign
being timely difcovered by fome Portuguefe and Jews, mifcarried. '

About the 15th of 0£lober, the Portuguefe began to rebuild the fort Bon Jefus, as
it is called by them, but by us Altena, on the other fide of the river. We had fome
notice of it by deferters, but could not difcover the truth of it, becaufe they kept us
from advancing that way by their cannon, and the place was furrounded on all fides
with woods ; but as foon as they had caufed them to be cut down, we difcovered it
both by fight and the roaring of their cannon, which thundered inceffcintly againft

the

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 857

the city, caufed fuch a confternation, as is not eafy to be exprefled, mofl; people
fheltering themfelves in vaults, to avoid the fury of the enemy's cannon. Of this
I faw a mofl miferable fpeftacle in a certain young lady, a niece of the late Admiral
Lichthart, who being come to vifit one of her acquaintance lately married, had both
her legs Ihpt off by a cannon bullet, which at the fame time killed the new-married
woman upon the fpot. At the outcry of thefe miferable wretches I ran thither inftantly,
my houfe being jufl by, where I was an eye-witnefs of their mifery, the poor young
lady grafping my legs with fuch an agony, that fhe could fcarce be pulled off with all
the flrength I had ; it being a moft doleful fpedacle for me to fee the floor covered
with the legs and arms of thefe miferable wretches ; the poor young lady died likewife
within three days after. It was not long after that I narrowly efcaped the fame misfor-
tune; for whilft I was talking with fome of the inhabitants of the city, as I was going
the rounds, two of them were killed by a cannot bullet, and another had both his hands
Ihot off as he was lighting his pipe. Nay, we were forced to remove all the fhips out
of the harbour for fear of being funk. Colonel Schoppe, in the meanwhile, had made
himfelf mafter of and deflroyed Taperika, 2,000 Portuguefe only having faved them-
felves by flight ; but by the many unfuccefsful encounters we had with the Portuguefe,
our forces decreafmg daily, whereas theirs increafed. Colonel Schoppe was ordered to
command Colonel Hinderfon to leave Rio St. Francifco, and to join him in Taperika ;
but this flood us but in little ftead, being not long after oblige^ .j leave likewife
Taperika for the relief of the Receif. All our force confifling of about i,8oo men,
being now come to the Receif, (where they had not provifions for above feven months
left) it was feveral times taken into confideration, what was befl to be done at this
junfture. Colonel Schoppe, with fome other officers, were of opinion not to hazard an en-
gagement, our forces being fo much inferior to the enemy, but to flay for a more fa-
vourable opportunity ; but it was carried by the majority to venture a general fally for
the relief of the Receif, the chief command thereof being given to Colonel Brink, be-
caufe Colonel Schoppe was not as yet cured of his wounds he had received in a late en-
counter. Ouf forces marched towards evening as far as Guerapes, a place fatal to us
the year before by the defeat of our people, the fields thereabouts being as yet covered
with their bones. The Portuguefe no fooner perceived us to be upon the march, but
they left the fort Altena, of which we having got notice, poffeffed ourfelves of it imme-
diately,, and thus drew the thorn out of our foot. But tlie i6th of May proved the
mofl fatal of all we had feen for many years before in Brazil, For though our forces
attacked the enemy with bravery, and maintained the fight with great obflinacy for fome
time, yet the enemy, flufhed with their number and late fuccefs, with 2,500 of their
befl men, at lafl forced our men to give way, and afterwards to fly, being purfued by
150 Portuguefe horfe ; fo that both in the fight and flight, we lofl above 1,100 men,
among whom were Colonel Brink, and almofl all the reft of our commanders : we lofl
alfo nineteen colours, and all our cannon and ammunition we had carried along with us.
It was not till five days after before leave could be obtained to bury our dead, which
began to corrupt and flink mofl naufeoufly, by reafon of the burning heat of the fun.
This was the lafl: effort we were likely to make in the field ; all our future care being
for the prefervation and defence of the Receif, unlefs we fhould be fupplied with frefh
fuccours from Holland : but the fame arriving but flowly, mofl: people began to fear,
that, in cafe God Almighty did not fend us fome unexpedled relief, we fhould be at lafl
forced to leave that place likewife to the mercy of the enemy ; the great council laying
the fault of our late misfortunes upon the council of war, and thefe again upon them,
alledging that the foldiers were ill-provided for, and wanted their pay. As for myfelf,
VOL. XIV. 5 R being

85S NIEUH0FF*S BRAZIL.

being fenfible that things yvould be worfe and worfe every day, I thought it the fafefl
way for me alfo to defire a paiTport for my return to Holland, which at lafl with much
ado I obtained, and fo prepared every thing for my voyage. But before I leave Brazil,
I ought to give you a fhort account of the products of the faid country.

The captainlhip of Pernambuko, and Brazil in general, being not only well flored
with cattk, but alio with feveral forts of herbs, trees, and fruits, we will give you a
fhort view of them, and begin with the Mandiiba, and its root, called Mandioka, unto
which the Brazilians fland chiefly indebted for their fuftenance. The mod parts of
America are ignorant hitherto of wheat or. any other grain, inftead of which, nature has
furnifhed them with a certain flirub, the root of which dried and powdered, and after-
wards boiled and baked as we do our bread, is the common food of the inhabitants of
America. This Ihrub grows in vaft plenty every where, being by the Brazilians called
Maniiba and Mandiiba, and its root Mandioka. There are divers kinds of it, diftin-
guiflied by the Brazilians by different names, but the root is in general called mandioka.
Their leaves are fmall, green, and long, pointed at the end, which grow upon large
ftalks or branches, each of which has five, fix, or feven leaves, growing in a duller,
refembling a ftar, called by the Brazilians, Manikoba. The ftoclv or ilem is diftin-
guilhed by certain knots, not above an inch thick, but generally fix, fometimes feven
feet high, from whence fprout forth feveral branches, which producing again leffer
ftalks, bear the before-mentioned leaves. It bears a fmall flower of a pale yellow
colour, and of five leaves only, with fmall ftalks within, which at laft turn to feed.
The root mandioka refembles our parfnip in ftiape, being two or three foot long, and
about a man's arm thick, but grows thinner towards the bottom. Its outward rind re-
fembles that of a hazel-tree, but its fubftance is white, aftbrding a milky ftiarp juice,
which is pernicious to beafts. This ftirub grows in dry, barren, and fandy ground, its
nature being fo averfe to moifture, that they are obliged to plant it only in the fummer
months, where it is moft expofed to the fun. For this purpofe it is, that the inhabit-
ants cut down the woods on the hills and in the plains, which they burn, and fo pre-
pare the ground for the production of this root ; thefe fields are by the Brazilians called
Ko, by the Portuguefe, Roza or Chokas, and by our people, Roffen. Thefe fields are
turned up into fmall round hills like mole-hills ; the Portuguefe call them Montes
de Terra Cavada, or Hollowed Hills, the Brazilians, Kujo. Thefe hills they make about
two foot and a half afunder, each being about three foot in circumference, and half a
foot high, that the rain may be carried off" with the more eafe. In each of thefe hills
they commonly plant three fmall taks of this Ihrub, of about nine or ten inches or a
foot long, without leaves ; notwithftanding which, they grow and foon bear frefti leaves,
and in time produce new roots, which cannot be tranfplanted, becaufe no fooner are
they taken out of the ground, but they begin to putrefy and ftink. After thefe taks
have been about ten days in the ground, they begin to bud and produce as many frefti
taks as they have knots ; each of thefe taks is about a finger long, from whence fprout
forth many lefler ones of a purple colour. The fields muft be three or four times a year
cleared of the weeds, which grow in great plenty amongft it, and choak it up before it
comes to its full growth. The fmall taks and leaves of thefe fhrubs are mightily in-
fefted by the pifmires, and likewife coveted by the wild-goats, oxen, horfes, and fheep,
for which reafon they are very careful to fence thefe plantations with ftalks and branches
of trees. The bees, conies, and fome other Brazilian creatures, are mighty fond of the
root, which takes no harm, though the fhrub be ftripped of all the leaves, provided the

root

NIEUHOFf's BRAi^lL, . . 859

root itfelf be not touched. This root does not come to its full perfeftion till a year after
planting of the taks, though, in cafe of necefTity, they may be drawn in fix months, but
afford but little farinha. Each fhrub produces two, three, four, nay fometimes twenty,
roots, according to the goodnefs of the ground, and after they are come to full matu-
rity, will keep two or three years under-ground ; but it is much more fafe to take them
up at the year's end, forelfe many of them will rot ; nay if the feafon happens to prove
very wet, they muft of neceffity be drawn, though they are but half ripe. The root,
after it is taken out of the ground, will not keep above three days, but ftinks, take
what care you can ; for which reafon they feldom draw more at a time than they can make
immediately into farinha or meal. That kind of mandioka, commonly called Mandibuka,
grows fafler and ripens fooner than any other, and affords the beft farinha ; it thrives beft
in fandy and hot grounds. But that kind which is moft generally ufed is called Mandiik-
parata, and grows indifferently in all grounds. The farinha is prepared thus : the root
after it is taken out of the ground is purged from its outward rind by a knife, and waflied
in fair water ; then the end of the root is held clofe to a wheel of about four or five
foot diameter, which being covered round the edges with a copper or tin plate full
of fharp fmall holes, not unlike a nutmeg-grater, and the wheel being turned round
continuallv, grates the faid root into fmall particles, which fall into a trough under-
neath. The wheel is by the Brazilians called Ibecem Babaca, and by the Portuguefe,
Roda de farinha, or the flour-wheel ; the trough the Brazilians call Mukaba, and the
Portuguefe, Koche de rater Mandihoka. But the poorer fort are fain to be contented
with a hand-grater, called Tapiti. The root thus grated is put into a bag, made of the
rinds of trees, about four inches wide, called by the Portuguefe, Efpremondouro de
Mandihoka. This bag with the root is put into a prefs, and all the juice preffed out,
(it having a venomous quality) which is by the Brazilians called Manipoera, or Muni-
puera, and by the Portuguefe, Agoa de Mandihoka, i. e. the water of Mandihoka.
The next thing to be done is to beat the root through a fieve, called by the Brazilians,
Urupema ; and then to lay it upon a copper-plate, or earthen pan, over the fire, and
to flir it continually with a wooden fpoon or fpattle till it be quite dry. This pan or
veiTel the Brazilians call Vimovipaba, and the flice Vipucuitaba. The farinha, before
it be quite dry, is called by the Brazilians, Vitinga, and by the Portuguefe, Farinha
Relada ; but when it is completely dried and fit for keeping, the Brazilians call it
Viata or Viccia, and the Portuguefe, Farinha Seca, or dry meal ; or Farinha de
Guerra, war-meal, becaufe it is mofl ufed in time of war. For the more it is dried the
better it keeps, but never keeps good above a year, the leafl moiflure being apt to
taint it ; which is the reafon, that both the Portuguefe and we, in imitation of the Brazi-
lians, make bifcuits of it upon a grate iron, with hot coals underneath, for the magazines.
The juice Manipuera, which is preffed out of the root mandioka, put into a veffel,
gets in two hours time a white fettlement at the bottom, called by the Brazilians,
Tipioja, Tipiaka, and Tipiabika ; this dried, affords a very white meal, called Tipi-
ocui, which, baked into cakes as before, called by them Tipiacika, tafte as well as
wheaten bread. This juice is alfo boiled to pap, and eaten, and ferves likewife inftead
of ftarch or pafte. The Portuguefe take this pap, mix it with fugar, rice, and
orange-flower-water, which they make into a conferve of a delicious tafte ; they call
it Marmelada de Mandihoka. The juice Mandiga or Manipuera is of a fweetifh tafle,
which is the reafon the beafts covet it, but commonly die foon after they have drank
of it, it being pernicious, nay mortal, both to man and beaft. If the juice be kept
twice twenty-four hours, it produces worms, called by the Brazilians Tapucu ; yet it
has been found by experience, that this juice lofes its pernicious quality after it has

5 E 2 flood

86o NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL.

flood twenty-four hours, there being many of the Brazilians who boil and drink it
without any harm. The root mandioka, is Hkewife immediately after it is taken out
of the ground, fliced in pieces, and laid in frefh water for four or five days ; when
it begins to be foft it is called Puba, or Mandiopuba, and Mandiopubo. This the
wild Brazilians inhabiting the deferts and woods, road in the afties and eat ; becaufe
it is done without much trouble. The fame mandiopuba, toafted before the fire, is
called Kaarima, which being afterwards beat to powder with a wooden peftle in a mor-
tar, they call Kaarimaciu ; of this they make a pap with boiling water, which, feafoned
with fome Brazilian pepper, or Nhambi flowers, affords a very good difli, efpecially
with the addition of fome fifh or meat, when it is called Minguipitinga by the Brazilians,
who look upon it as one of their beft dainties. It is alfo very wholefome, for this
Kaarima, and the flower Tipiaka, boiled in orange-flower-water and fugar, to the con-
fifl:ency of a fyrup, affords a very good antidote. They make alfo a kind of fl:arch of
the flower called Kaarima, which they called Mingaupomonga ; as Hkewife very fine
cakes, by mixing it with water, butter and fugar. There is a kind of meal prepared
from the dregs of the mandioka or mandiopuba root, thus fl:eeped in water, called by
the Brazilians, Vipuba, and Viabiruru, and by the Portuguefe, Farinha Frefca, or
frefli flour, and Farinha d*Agoa, or water-flour. It is very well tafl:ed, but will not
keep above twenty-four hours. But if you make it up with water into balls and rolls,
and let them dry in the fun, they will keep good for a confiderable time ; thefe they
call Viapua and Miapeteka. The Tapoyers, and almofl: all the other Brazilians, pre-
pare it thus, and afterwards mix it with another meal called Viata, which affords it a
more agreeable taft:e.

The mandioka root is Hkewife prepared thus ; after it has been cleanfed, and cut in
thin flices, they beat it with a wooden peftle, and fqueeze the juice out with their
hands only, which being dried, they call Tina and Mixakuruba ; another way of
preparing the mandioka root is, to cut it into pieces of about two fingers long, and
two inches thick, which, without being fqueezed, is expofed to the fun, and after-
wards beat to powder in a wooden mortar, called by the Brazilians, Tipirati, by the
Portuguefe, Farinha de Mandioka Crua, or the flour of raw mandioka ; the pieces before
they are beaten to powder are very white, and may be ufed inftead' of chalk. Out of
this flour they make very good white bread and bifcuits, called Maipeta, the laft of
which are chiefly ufed in the camp, becaufe they will keep a great while.

Out of the root Aipimakaxera, the Brazilians boil a certain pleafant liquor not unlike
our whey, called by them Kavimakaxera. The fame root, chewed and mixed with
water, furniflies them with another liquor they call Kaon Karaxu. The cakes made
irom the flour of this root, laid in a calk with water, till it ferments together, affords
them Hkewife a fort of fl;rong and very good beer.

All thefe different kinds of mandioka roots, if they be eaten frefli, prove mortal to
mankind, except that called Aipimakaxera, which roafted, may be eaten without dan-
ger, and is of a good tafl:e. But all forts of beafts, both wild and tame ones, do not
only feed upon the faid roots and leaves, without the leaft hurt, but alfo grow fat
with them, not withftanding that the juice of both is mortiferous as well to men as
beaftis. The negroes and Brazilians bruife the leaves of the mandiiba in a wooden mor-
tar, which being fpoiled, they put oil or butter oyer it, and eat it as we do our
fpinage ; this is fometimes done by the Portuguefe Hkewife, and the Dutch, who
make a kind of fallad of the fame leaves. The Brazilians prefer the bread made of the
mandioka root before ours, but it is not fo natural to the Europeans, it being, if
ufed in a great quantity, pernicious to the nerves and ftomach, and corrupts the blood.

About

nieuhoff's brazil. 86 1

About three bufhels of this meal (at the rate of two giWers per bufhel) will fuffice a
ftrong labouring man for a whole month, and a piece of ground planted with this
root, produces four times the quantity, as if it had been fown with wheat. There is
a certain kind of mandioka root called Pitinga by the Brazilians, the flour of which
cleanfes and heals old ulcers. This root is likewife found in the ifle of St. Thomas,
and in thofe of Hifpaniola, Cuba, and others thereabouts, and in moft parts of the
continent of America ; the inhabitants of which call it Yuka and KafTave, and thofe of
Mexico, Quauhkamoth, and the bread which is made of the flour, Kazabis, Kazabi, or
Kakavi. The mandioka root is originally the natural produd of Brazil, and from
thence tranfplanted into other parts of America and Africk. Its flour furnifhes all
the inhabitants of Brazil, as well the Portuguefe and Dutch, as the natives and negroes,
with bread, which next to wheat is the beft of all, fo that our foldiers would rather
chufe to have their allowance in farinha, than wheaten bread out of the magazines. *
Since the war in 1645, ^^^ price of the farinha was rifen to three or four gilders per
bufliel, which, as it tended to the utter defl:ru6lion of the fugar-mills, fo by fpecial
orders from the great council of the Dutch Brazil, all the inhabitants of the open
country were enjoined, under a fevere penalty, to plant a certain quantity of mandioka
yearly, in proportion to their abilities, by which means the price of the farinha was
fo confiderably abated, that three bulhels were fold for two Ihillings ready money,
at the Receif, and for lefs in the country.

Brazil produces a certain herb called Kaaeo by the Brazilians, by the Europeans in
, Latin, herba viva, becaufe it feems to flirink when you touch it, and fo it does like-
wife about fun-fet ; its feed has been tranfmitted into Europe, where it grows to its full
perfection.

The Kalabafles are a kind of pompions, their rind, if dried, being fo thick and i^^Jn
fl;rong, as toferve for materials for cups, porringers, and fuch like utenhls. But what
is moil furprifmg, is, that they always grow of a different fhape, fome being long,
others round, others oval, fome thick before, others at the end. They bloflTom and
bear fruit once a month, the bloflTom being yellow mixed with green ; the pulp is
white at firft, but turns to a violet colour ; they are of a tolerable pleafant tafte, but
very unwholefome, by reafon they are too aftringent.

The tree called Imakaru by the Brazilians, is of a middle fize, its trunk round and
its bark grey, covered with fmall thiftles of the fame colour. Its branches fprout
forth on the top, with broad leaves of an oval figure, edged likewife with fmall thiflles
of thorns. There is alfo another kind of Imakaru, much larger than the former,
called Kakabu by the Brazilians, and Kardon by the Portuguefe. This fprouts forth
firfl of all in the form of a large oftangular leaf, upon which grows crolTwife many
thorns ; this produces other leaves of the fame kind, each being three, nay fometimes
fix foot long, and of the thicknefs of a man's arm. By degrees the firfl leaf turns
into a woody fubftance, of a greenifh colour, but fomewhat fpungy ; thofe leaves that
grow next to this flem are inftead of branches, which produce other leaves. The flem
bears only one large white flower, the fruit of which is of an oval figure, and of about
twice the bignefs of a hen's egg, of a dark brown colour, and fit for ufe. This tree
grows to a great height. There is alfo another kind of Imakaru, being altogether the
fame with the former in refped of its largenefs, bloflTom and fruit, except that its
leaves are of a triangular figure.

What the Brazilians call Pako Kaatinga, the Portuguefe commonly call Canodo
Mato, or wild reed or canes. The fl:em or flalk is like that of other canes, about an
inch thick, containing a white marrow or pith, of a fweetifli tafl:e, on which grow

1 2 leaves

S6l nieuhoff's brazil.

leaves of eight or nine inches long, and three inches broad, fliaped like a tongue, fmooth
and pale, green on one and covered with a white woolly fubftance on the other fide.
The fruit of which is not unlike a pine-apple, about ten inches long, growing on the
top of the flem ^ it is divided into feveral partitions, which, opening by degrees, a pale
grey flower appears betwixt each, containing underneath twenty or more grains of a
black fhining feed. The ftalk chewed draws the rheum from the head, and breaks the
ftone in the bladder. It is looked upon as an excellent remedy againft the involuntary
emiflion of the feed throughout Brazil, and cures it in eight days time.

All over Brazil, but efpecially in the ifle of Itamarika, grows a certain tree called
Kasjui or Kasjou, bearing a fruit of the fame name. Its leaves are dark-green, broad
and round, interfperfed with many fmall veins. It bears two different bloffoms and
fruits. The white bloffom which appears in the lower branches produce a juicy
fpungy fruit like an apple, of a very cooling and aftringent quality ; but the red blof-
fom on the top a kind of chefnut. The Brazilians draw iio fmall advantage from this
tree ; out of the apples they make a very good cyder called by them Kasjouwy, which
is fourifh, but if mixed with fugar, makes it as pleafant as Rhenifh wine, and has this
excellency, that though it foon feizes the head, yet it paffes off without any harm.
The other fruit they eat like as we do our chefnuts.

Among the products of the Weft and Eaft-Indies is a tree called Papay by the
Javanefe and Dutch, and Pinoguacu or Mamoeira by the Americans ; and fometimes
entitled vidth the name of the melon-tree by our people, by reafon of the refemblance
of its fruit to our melons. This tree is of two different kinds, to wit, the male and
female. It grows and perifhes again in a fhort time, its trunk being fo fpungy that
it may be cut as eafy as a cabbage-ftalk ; the leaves it bears are very large and broad,
not unlike our vine-leaves, growing on long ftalks round the top of the tree, and
covering the fruit, which hangs in a knot, and is green at the firft, but turns yellow at
laft, refembling ivt Ihape a pear, but of the bignefs of our fmall melons, unto which
its pulp refembles both in colour and tafte, when come to maturity, but whilft they are
green, they are boiled with meat, and give it a tart tafte.

The red-pepper, known by the name of Brazil -pepper, and called Chili Lada by
the Brazilians, grows on knotty ftalks of about five or fix foot high ; the rind being a
dark-green, diftinguiftied with white -rings, from whence ftioot forth fmall crooked
branches of a hand's -breadth in length, bearing a fmall white flower, which produces
a green huflv, and turns red by degrees as it ripens, with a certain feed within it, being
as hot and biting upon the tongue as the common brown-pepper, and fo does the huflc.
In the Eaft Indies they preferve it, and call it Aetzar, and ufe it raw in their fifli-fauces.
In Brazil, they cut two or three of thefe huflcs, whilft they are green, in flices, and
mix them with oil and vinegar, or fome lemon-juice, to acuate their appetite, but it is
too hot for thofe that are not ufed to it, which is allayed by a good quantity of fait.
This kind of pepper grows likewife in the Eaft-Indies, in the ifland of Java, in Bengal,
and feveral other places. I have feen it alfo in fome of our gardens in Holland.
There is another flirub which grows frequently in the Eaft Indies, not unlike this in
fhape and bignefs, which bears a yellow flower ; it is called Halika Kabus by the Ara-
bians or Alkekengi, and fufficiently known in thefe parts. The flower produces a fmall
bladder which contains the fruit and feed ; they are not fo big as ours. The Indians
and Chinefe mix it with a certain fruit called by them Poma d'Oro, Tamatas by the
Portuguefe, and Melanfana by the Italians ; they alfo eat it with Chili Lada, or Brazi-
lian pepper. The Portuguefe cut the Poma d'Oro and the hufli of the Brazilian pepper
jn thin flices, which being mixed with oil and vinegar, they eat as fallad, and look

upon

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 863

upon it as a proper remedy to cut the rough phlegm of the ftomach, a diftemper very-
common In thofe parts. The Brazilians, as well as the Dutch, chew this pepper for
the fame purpofe, but it is very burning upon the tongue.

The fugar-canes or reeds, called by the Brazilians Viba, are the product both of the
Weil and Eafl Indies, but grow in great plenty throughout all Brazil, but efpecially
in the captainfhip of Pernambuko. They are of two different kinds, one bearing fmall,
the other larger leaves. The laft, which is accounted the beft, fprouts up into a long
flem of the thicknefs of a child*s arm, the leaves growing all on the top in a clufter,
being of an oval figure, and a dark-blue colour. The rind is diftinguifhed by certain
joints or knots ; the other kind bears fmall leaves from the top to the bottom. The
fugar-canes are propagated from their fmall fprouts, which being put in the ground like
our vines, grow up to the height of twelve foot, if they are planted in good foil, and
are kept free from weeds. Six months after they have been planted, a brown feed
appears on the top ; then it is fit to be cut ; for if they ftand longer in the ground their
juice diminifhes, dries up, and turns four. The juice, if taken immediately after it is
drawn, caufes a loofenefs. The low grounds are much more convenient for the plant-
ing of fugar-reeds than the hills, efpecially near the river fide, where thq banks are
overflown by the ftream. There are a certain kind of winged worms, called Guirapea-
koka by the Brazilians, and Pao de Galinha by the Portuguefe, which are great ene-
mies to the fugar-canes, efpecially in moift grounds, where they gnaw and confume the
roots. The fugar, which is the product of thefe canes, is not procured without a
great deal of toil and labour, in which, for the moil part, are employed flaves, under
the tuition of certain overfeers appointed by the mafters of the fugar-mills, who were
for the mofl part Portuguefe, the Dutch being hitherto not arrived to the utmoft per-
fection in that art. In the captainfhip of Pernambuko, many fine Ingenhos or fugar-
mills, with their adjacent plantations, were erected for this purpofe, amounting, in all,
to above one hundred in number, and the labourers, negroes, and other African flaves
thereunto belonging, to near forty thoufand. The whole yearly produdl of fugar of
the Dutch Brazil is computed to be betwixt two hundred and two hundred and fifty thou-
fand chefls.

In the year 1642, one Gillin Venant brought fpme indigo-feed from the American
iflands into Brazil, who having certain lands affigned him near the fmall river Mercera,
and being provided with all other conveniences by the fpecial command of the great
council, ereded feveral plantations for the producing of Aniel or indigo : but it being
found by experience, that the pifmires confumed moll of the leaves, the faid Mr. Ve-
nant, by employing many labourers and negroes, to deflroy thefe pifmires with burn-
ing and digging, at lafl fo well cleared the ground, that the indigo came to its full per-
fection, feveral patterns of which were fent into Holland. Mr. Venant having made an
agreement with Mr. Chriflopher Eyerfhettel to inllruft him in the mofl neceffary points
relating to the coagulating the indigo, he was treating with the great council concerning
certain grounds for the planting of indigo, fo that there was a fair profped: of bringing
this defign to a confiderable perfection here, if the fame had not been prevented by the
intefline war.

The wild aniel, which grows in Brazil in great plenty, has a great refemblance to
the true indigo in outward appearance, but affords no good colours. Some pretend to
have feen alfo a kind of wild cochineal in Brazil, and the ground would produce good
flore of cotton, but that the inhabitants draw much more profit from the fugar-
plantations,

3 Some

864 ' nieuhoff's brazil.

Some ginger is likewife planted in Brazil, but not in fuch quantities as to be tran-
fported into other parts, no more than the Mechoaconna, China, and fome other me-
dicinal roots ; and the Herba de Cubra or Herba de Nofla Senhora, which is looked
upon as an infallible remedy againft the gravel ; and the root called Paquoquanha,
which is the univerfal medicine of^ the Brazilians. There are alfo many tranfplanted
hither from other parts, as ginger, tobacco, rice, cotton, Turkey wheat, aniel, or indigo,
and the fugar-reeds were firfl of all tranfported by the Portuguefe from the Canary
Iflands. The fruits in daily ufe among the inhabitants, are Ananas, Bananas, Man-
gaba, Akaju, Arakou great and fmall, Guajaba, divers kinds of Murukuja, Ibapiranga,
Mazaxanduba, Akaja, Aratiku, Guitakori, Biringela, Mamaon, Cocoa-nuts, and feveral
forts of Indian figs. The roots chiefly in ufe, are the Batatas, Nhambi and Umbi, and
the Indian acorns, called Tembi, which are of a delicious tafte.

The whole country of Brazil is extremely fertile and pleafant, being watered by
many rivers and {landing waters, moll of which arife from the I:ills, and pafs through
fpacious plains, the laft of which are clayey and marfhy grounds (called Vergeas by
the Portuguefe), which produce all forts of fruit, but especially fugar-canes, in great
plenty. Their meadows and pafture-grounds do not appear fo pleafant in the fummer
as in the rainy feafon, when they are very green ; wheat and rye grow foon rank here,
which is occafioned partly by the nature of the foil, and partly by the heat of the fun ;
to prevent which, they never let their grounds He fallow, and manure them with fand
inftead of dung. The fame mull be obferved with all other foreign feeds here, that
require to be kept a confiderable time under-ground. In February and March
(which is the rainy and winter-feafon of this climate), they fow their feeds, and that
towards evening, not by day-time, or about midnight. They take great care not
to plant any thing too deep under-ground ; for whatever is planted beyond the
fun-beams feldom produces any fruit, which our people have learned to their cofl.
There is a remarkable difference betwixt the feeds and fruits which are produced on
the hills, and thofe of the marfhy grounds, as to their time of ripening ; though the
cocoa and palm-trees are tranfplanted here without the leafl regard to their age, bignefs,
or the feafon, and grow very well. Mofl of their own trees and fhrubs bear flowers
and fruit throughout the whole year, fo that, at one and the fame time, you enjoy the
benefit of the fpring, fummer, and winter ; the like is obfervable in the vines, citron,
lemon, and other trees, brought by the Portuguefe from Angola into Brazil, and in
feveral roots, pot-herbs, and other fruits, tranfplanted thither by the Dutch. Thofe
who covet ripe grapes throughout the whole year, do only prune their vines at divers
times, which produce a fine grape, and a wine as fweet as molaffes. The worfl is,
that they are much infefled by the pifmires, which fuck all the juice, and leave nothing
but the hufks to the owners ; feveral other forts of trees have been tranfplanted thither
from Holland, which thrive extremely, and bear very good fruit.

The flanding waters of Brazil are, for the mofl part, covered on the furface with green
fhrubs and herbs, that they appear rather like land than water, and feed both land and wa-
ter-fowl. At the entrance of mofl of their rivers (where you meet with vafl quantities of
oyflers and crabs), the country is fo overflocked with a certain kind of a tree called Gua-
paraba, or Mangle, by the Brazilians, that they render it impaflfable for travellers. In
fhort, the whole Brazil is well flored with trees, fhrubs, and ufeful woods, there being
fcarce a place, either in the valleys or rifing grounds, which are clayey, or among the hills,
which do not produce fomething that is ufeful ; and that in fuch plenty, that the Por-
tuguefe, after their firfl arrival here, were forced to cut their way through thefe trees

with

NIEUHOFF*S BRAZIL. 865

with incredible pains and charge. The hills furnifh alfo great ftore of wood, which is
of a very good fcent, and is ufed by dyers j as for inftance the Brazil wood, which is
from hence tranfported into Europe.

The ftem or trunk of this tree is knotty, of a very agreeable fcent, and fometimes
two or three fathoms thick : its leaves are dark-green, and fmall, thorny at the end,
and grow on fmall ftalks ; the bark, which is about three inches thick, is generally taken
from the trunk, before it is fitted for fale : it fprouts from its own root, and produces
neither bloflbm nor fruit. Moft of thefe trees grow about ten or twelve leagues from
the fea-fide, where they cut them down, take off the bark, and carry them upon wag-
gons to the fea-lhore, from whence they are tranfported into Europe for the ufe of the
dyers chiefly ; the Brazilians call this tree for its excellency's fake, Ibirapitanga. After
the Dutch had conquered part of Brazil, they found great ftore of this wood ready cut
and fitted for ufe by the Portuguefe, who fold it to the Dutch company ; fmce which
time it was cut down promifcuoufly by the Portuguefe as well as the Dutch, and fuch
vaft quantities of it were tranfported in 1646 and 1647, ^^^^ ^^^ members of the gr^t
council of the Dutch Brazil, Mr. Henry Hamel, Bulleftraet and Kodde, being* made
fenfible of the deftrucftive methods that were made ufe of in cutting this wood, which
muft in time have tended to the utter extirpation of thefe trees, did by their proclama-
tion regulate thefe abufes. They have another kind of very fine wood in Brazil, called
by the Portuguefe, Pao Santo, as likewife thofe called Gitayba, Vio Wood, Maflaran-
duba, cedar, and divers other woods fit for cabinet-work. The tree called Tataiba by
the Portuguefe, the wood of which the Portuguefe call Pao Amaretto, affords a yellow
colour for the dyers. The bark of the tree Araiba is of an afh colour, but boiled in
water gives a red tincture. The tree Jakauranda, or Jaturiba, or the white-cedar, as
well as feveral other trees, furnifh the inhabitants with materials for building, being very
hard and durable. The Brazilians make alfo matches and a kind of hemp out of the
bark of fome trees.

The moft barren places of Brazil do produce a certain kind of trees without leaves,
which they call Timbo or Tibo ; out of thefe they make hoops, by reafon of their flexi-
bility, and the bark ferves the fhip-carpenters inftead of hemp.

The Brazilians light their fires by ftriking two pieces of wood, of the trees Karaguata
Guacu and Imbaiba, together, as we do with our flint-ftones and iron. The firft is a
tree of an admirable nature : its ftem grows fourteen or fifteen foot high, which being
come to its full perfection, bears yellow flowers on the top, and abundance of large,
long and thick leaves. Out of the ftem they make fticks to hang their mattraffes on,
the leaves afibrd the fifhermen ftuff for yarn to make nets of ; and out of the leaves
ifTues a certain unftuous liquor, which ferves inftead of foap. The trees and woods of
Brazil are never feen to be covered all over with leaves at a time ; but whilft fome caft
their leaves, you fee others bring forth new ones ; nay, fometimes one tree is half co-
vered with leaves, and bare on the other fide. Brazil likewife abounds in fhrubs and
reeds, fome of which creep along the grounds, whilft others twift themfelves up to the
top of the higheft trees, which affords a very agreeable fpeclacle at a diftance, and a
pleafmg fhadow to men anu beafts, tired with the heat, hunting, or any other exercife.

Among other fruits, Brazil produces very fine oranges of divers kinds ; the- other
vegetables, which, befides the mandioka root, ferve for the fuftenance of the inhabitants,
are rice, millet, Patatas, Ananas, Bananas, melons, pompions, water-melons, cucumbers,
beans, figs, Bakovas, Marakuja, Mangavas, Arataku, Ape, cabbages, raddlfh, lettuce,
purflane, parfley, chervel, carrots, &c.

VOL. XIV. 5 s Nothing

866 NiEUHOFp's Brazil.

Nothing is fo much in requeft among the Brazilians, as the Akaju, a kind of wild
apple, which furnifhes them both with food and drink, being very juicy ; fo that this
tree feems by kind nature to have been planted here for the peculiar comfort of the in-
habitants : it fpreads its branches round about in a great compafs, but does not grow to
that height as many other trees in this country : its wood, which is very folid, is very
fit for the building of fhips, from whence iflues a very clear gum in the fummer-feafon.
Its leaves, which are red, refemble thofe of our walnut-trees, efpecially when they firft
fprout forth in the fpring, but are of a much finer fcent, which they never lofe but by
being diftilled. The bloflbm is a flower confifting of five fmall leaves, which grow to
the number of about a hundred in one duller ; each of thefe flowers has a ftalk, with
a fmall head in the middle. At their firfl coming out, which is in September, they are
very white, but turn foon after to a rofe colour ; they are very odoriferous, and fill all
the circumjacent grounds with their agreeable fmell. This tree bears a double fruit,
viz. an apple, and achefnut : the apple is of an oval figure, very juicy ; its pulp fpongy,
full of kernels, and of a tartifli tafl:e. The juice taints linen with a certain colour,
fuch as we call iron-molds, which is never to be taken out, but returns as often as thefe
trees ftand in bloflbms ; it is of a whitifli colour after it is prefled out, and tartifli, but
changes both its colour and tafl:e by fermentation, and becomes very fl:rong. The rind
of the apple, which is very thin, is white mixed with red. The chefnut, which grows
on the top of the apple in the fliape of a lanib's kidney, is covered with a thin fl^in, over
which grows a thick afli-coloured fliell, full of a hot, fliarp and burning oil, which bites
the tongue ; to correct which, they roafi: the chefnut in the aflies, break the fliell with
a hammer, and eat the pith or kernel, which tafl:es better than a common chefnut, and
will keep good for feveral years. The Brazilians are fo fond of this fruit, that they
often fight for it ; then they encamp among thefe trees, and remove not till they have
confumed all thereabouts, unlefs they are forced thereunto by the enemy. They num-
ber the years of their ages by this tree, becaufe it bears fruit but once a year, which
ripens towards the latter end of December or in January, there being none to be found
on the trees after February in Pernambuko. About the time the fun returns back from
the tropick of Capricorn, it commonly rains in Brazil, which the inhabitants call the
rains of Akaju, for, if the fame happens to be moderate, they promife themfelves great
plenty of this fruit. The chefnuts are hot in the fecond degree ; if eaten raw with wine
and fait, they taflie like walnuts, but if roafl;ed or preferved with fugar, they are of a
delicious taflie. The oil which is taken out of the fliell, is an excellent remedy againfl:
the hair-worm ; it is hot in the third and fourth degree, and frequently appHed to can-
cers and other malignant ulcers. The gum, powdered and taken in a convenient ve-
hicle, opens the obftrudions 'of the womb. The juice of the apple furniflies them with
good cyder.

There are many forts of palm-trees to be met with in Brazil, fome of which grow
wild, fome are planted and cultivated by the inhabitants. Among the firfl the palm-
tree called Pindava by the Brazilians, which grows very tall, claims the preference, of
which there are whole woods to be feen in the open country. In the more remote and
unfrequented places, grows a certain palm-tree called Karanatham and Anachekaira by
the Brazilians, and by an Arabick word among the Portuguefe, Tamar, or date, which
this fruit refembles. The tree grows as high as a common date-tree, its wood is red
and very folid, but of no great ufe. The bark is grey, which from the ground up-
wards to a certain part of the tree is diftinguiflied by many fcales, which are largefl: at
• 3 the

NIEUHOFF*.S BRAZIL. 867

the bottom, and fmall by degrees, till about the middle of the tree they quite difappear j
thefe fcales being nothing elfe but the remnants of the branches, which fall off by de-
grees, as the tree grows higher ; and continue only towards the top, fpread round about
the ftem, like the African date-tree, but much finer. Each of thefe branches is about
two or three foot long, flat on two fides, and covered with fmall thorns ; they grow to
a vail thicknefs. At the end of each branch grows one fingle leaf, which is very large
and green, plaited like a fan, and about the middle divided into feveral other leaves,
like thofe of the common date-tree ; each of thefe laft is about two foot long. Betwixt
thofe branches, on which grow the leaves, fpring forth other branches of four or five
foot in length, and thefe again are full of other white fprouts, which flowers, with three
pale yellow leaves ; thefe produce a fruit of the bignefs of an olive, which is green, bit-
ter, and not eatable, but turn black when they ripen, which is in February. The Bra-
zilians call this fruit Tirade, and eat it raw ; but our people never took any fancy to it.
With the leaves they cover their huts, and make balkets of them. The palm-tree called
Pindava by the Brazilians, has inftead of the bark a white and rough wooden fubftance,
which contains a fpongy fulphureous fubftance, out of which the Brazilians prepare a
ftrong lee. This tree is for the reft but of fmall ufe, being rather efteemed for orna-
ment*s fake, by reafon of its height and fine fpreading branches, which however furnifli
the inhabitants with leaves to cover their huts, and to make bafkets of; the Portuguefe
plant them near their walks and harbours, and round their churches. The leaves of
this tree do not hang downwards like thofe of the cocoa-tree, but ftand upright. Juft
by thefe leaves fprout certain branches, on which hang bunches of flowers, which pro-
duce the fruit, refembling in fliape and bignefs one of our largeft hen-eggs, being fharp
at the end, and faftened to the bunch on the other like the pine-apple. The outfide is
of a green yellow colour, inclining to a chefnut ; being compofed of a hairy fubftance
like that of the cocoa-nuts, but not near fo thick, fcarce exceeding in thicknefs two egg"
fhells. Under this Ihell is an infipid faffron yellow pulp, which, however, is ufed by
the negroes, who eat it with farinha. Within this pulp is a hard nut, of an oval figure,
not unlike the cocoa-nut, of the fame thicknefs, but without holes ; it contains a pith or
kernel, as white and big as a walnut, but is not near fo fweet as the cocoa-nut ; they are
eaten both by the natives and ftrangers, who are furnifhed with them throughout the
whole year, and called by the Brazilians, Inajamiri, i. e. the fmall cocoa-nut. The ker-
nels of thefe nuts furnifti them likewife with a white cooling oil, which is ufed inftead of
our oil of rofes, and when frefli drawn mixed among their fallads, but when decayed,
in their lamps. The fhell affords an oil of the fame nature, but not altogether fo cool-
ing. Out of the top of the tree flows a fine and odoriferous gum, ufed here inftead of
gum-arabic ; they alfo pick a certain pith or marrow out of the top, which has a tafte
like our walnuts, and, when eaten ^ith bread and fait, is accounted very nourifliing.

There alfo grow cocoa-trees in Brazil, called by the natives Inajaguacuiba, and the
fruit Inajaguacu. They are very different from the juft-now-mentioned Pindava-tree,
their trunk or ftem being feldom ftraight, but commonly crooked, fometimes from
feven to fourteen foot thick, and fifty foot high ; it is without branches, having only
fifteen or twenty leaves round the top, each of fifteen foot long. They have alfo good
ftore of the common date-trees both male and female. The vaft quantity of pifmires
wherewith Brazil abounds, are great enemies to all the produds of their grounds, which
they endeavour to deftroy by fire and water ; it is further to be obferved, that fome
fruits as well as creatures, which are accounted venomous in Europe, are commonly
eaten in Brazil ; as, on the other hand, certain things are poifonous there, which are
<Q0t in Europe. For they have a kind of frogs, and fome filhes, which are extremely

5 s 2 poifonous ;

868 nieuhoff's brazil.

poifonous ; whereas a certain fort of great pifmires and adders, toads, worms, and wild
rats, are eaten by the natives, without any harm.

The moft univerfal food of the Brazilians, is the flour made of the mandioka-root,
called by them Vi, and Farinha de Mandioka by the Portuguefe, as has been fhewn
more at large before. They feed alfo upon the flefh of feveral wild beafts and birds,
crabs, craw-fiflies, fruits, herbage ; their meat, whether boiled or roafted, they eat
half raw. They boil in earthen-pots, called Kamu, which they make themfelves. Their
flefli they roaft thus ; they dig a hole in the ground, the bottom of which they cover
with leaves of trees, and upon them lay meat to be roafted, which being covered with
the: fame leaves, they throw fand or earth upon them. Upon this they light a good
fire, which they continue till they think it fufficiently roafted. If they hit it right, it
eats very well, exceeding in goodnefs all other roafted meats ; they call it Biaribi.
Their fifties, whether roafted or boiled, they eat with Inquitaya, rhat is, fait and pepper.
They boil their crabs or craw-fiihes with fait, and eat them with inquitaya. Small
filhes they wrap in leaves, and roaft them in the afties. They take the flour of the
mandioka root with their three hindermoft fingers of the right-hand, and fo throw it
into the mouth ; in the fame manner they do with beans, and fuch like things ; they
eat often, both by day and night, they having no fet times for their meals, without the
leaft noife, or any drink, which they referve till after they have done. They feldom
ufe any fpoons, but inftead of that their fingers, or fome oyfter-fliell or other ferves
their turn. The flefli of feveral wild beafts is much in efteem among the Brazilians ;
as for inftance, that of the great and lefler wild boars ; they have a bunch like a camel
on their backs, and are very good food, as well as the flefli of the river pigs, called
Kapiverres by the Portuguefe, which is of a very agreeable tafte.

- The moft general and moft wholefome liquor ufed among the Brazilians, is their
river or fountain-water, which, by reafon of its coolnefs, is a great refrefliment to fuch
as are tired by the heat, or the fatigues of other exercifes ; this is chiefly to be under-
ftood of their fpring-water, which, though ufed here in great quantities, never caufes
any griping in the guts, or other inconveniences in the bowels, but, on the contrary,
occafions a good appetite, and is foon evacuated by fweating.

The waters of the rivers Paray and Paratybi, are accounted a good remedy againft
the fl:one and gout, which is the reafon that many arrive to the age of above one hun-
-dred years, who drink nothing but thofe waters, and are never troubled with any of
thofe diftempers ; for thofe who are advanced in age are as nice in the different taftes of
thofe waters as the Europeans in their wines ; and they look upon thofe as indifcreet
who ufe the waters without diftinftion. For, fince moft of their fprings arife among
the high eaftern hills, they receive no addition either from the fnows or any metallic
bodies, and, being well digefted and purged from their dregs by the heat of the fun-
beams, they are very clear and wholefome ; though it muft be confefled, that in the
winter-months, fome waters, by reafon of the rains, are not fine and cool as during
the fummer-feafon. The negroes make fometimes a nafty mixture of black-fugar and
water only, without the leaft fermentation, which they call Garapa ; this, as it is very
cheap, fo both men and women fit at it for twenty-four hours together, fpending their
time in drinking, finging, and dancing, but feldom quarrel, unlefs they have conceived
fome jealoufy of one another. Sometimes they add to it fome leaves of the Akaju-tree,
which, by reafon of their hot quality, make it the more heady. The Portuguefe and
Dutch frequently make a kind of forbette, of water, fugar, and lemons. Others pour
water upon certain herbs ; others put a lemon only in water. But befides thefe, the Bra-
zilians know how to make wines, or cyder, out of feveral roots and fruits, which they
lo drink

nieuitoff's brazil. g^Q

drink at their merry-meetings ; efpecialiy of the Bakovas, Ananas, Maiigaba, Janipaba,
Karaguata, &c. For though the vines here bear grapes three times a year, neverthe-
lefs are they not fufficient to furnifh them with wine. They make a kind of cyder,
called by them Kooi, of the apple Akaju ; thefe they (lamp in a wooden mortar and
fqueeze the juice out with their hands, which after it is fettled they (train ; it appears
at firll like milk, but turns to a pale colour in a few days ; its tafte is tartifh, and apt
to feize the head if drank in any quantity ; after fome time it turns four, and makes
very good vinegar. The wine or liquor called by the Brazilians Aipy, is made two
different ways : firfl, the flices of the root Aipimakakara, a kind of mandioka, are
chewed by old women till they are as fluid as a pap, which they call Karaku ; this they
put in a pot, and boil it with a good quantity of water, ftirring it continually till they
think it fit for expreffion, which done, they call it Kaviaraku, and drink it luke-warm.
Or elfe they take the fame root purged and fliced in thin pieces, which they flamp and
boil with water as before, which produces a whitifh liquor, not unlike our butter-milk
or whey ; they drink it likewife warm, its tafte being agreeable enough ; they call it
Kacimakaxera, though both kinds are generally comprehended under the name of
Aipy. The Hquor called Pakoby is made out of the fruit of the tree Pakobete. What
the Portuguefe call Vinho da Millo, is a liquor called Abaty by the Brazilians, and
made of barley and Turkey wheat, called maize by the Indians ; the liquor Nandi has
alfo derived its name from that excellent fruit called Nana of Ananas, being the ftrongeft
of all their wines or cyders. There is another fort of liquor called Vinho da Batatas
by the Portuguefe, becaufe it is made of the root Batatas : the natives call it Jetici.
Thus the liquors called Beeutingui and Tipiaci, are both made out of the farinha of the
mandioka root, viz. of the Beju and Tepioja.

The Brazilians are alfo great admirers of French or Rhenifli brandy, called by them
Kacitata, and fwallow it very greedily as often as they can come at it. They are no
lefs fond of tobacco, the herb of which they call Petima, and the leaves Petimaoba.
After they have dried the leaves in the air, they lay them before the fire, to render
them the more fit for cutting. They fmoke in pipes made of the fliell of the nut Pin-
doba, or of the Urukuruiba, Jocara, Aqua, or fuch like ; to wit, they cut a hole in
one end of the (hell, take out the kernel, and, after they have polifhed them, put a
wooden pipe or piece of reed in the hole. The Tapoyers ufe very large pipes made of
ftone, wood, or clay, the holes of which are fo big, that they contain a handful of
tobacco at a time. Sometimes the Brazilians make ufe of our European pipes, called
by them Amrupetunbuaba, and Broken Katunbaba by the Portuguefe, and Katgebouw
by the Dutch. Whenever the Tapoyers, efpecialiy thofe inhabiting the villages, de-
fcended from the Tapoyers called Kariri, prepare the liquors Akavi and Aipy, it is
done at the fame time ; then a day being appointed for a general merry-meeting, they
meet early in the morning at the firft houfe of the village they belong to, where they
confume moft of the liquor, and make themfelves merry with dancing ; this done,
they go to the next houfe, where they play the fame game, and fo from houfe to houfe,
till nothing be left or they can drink no longer. When they find themfelves over-
charged with liquor, they fpew, and fall to drinking again ; and thus, he who can fpew
and drink moft, is accounted the braveft fellow of the company.
Of the coaft of Brazil.

On the north-weft coaft of Brazil are feveral confiderable falt-pits : that near the houfe
called the Defert, is about three or four leagues diltant from the river Aguarama, of which
one branch extends to the eaft, and difcharges its water in this falt-pit with a fprjng-tide,
which is here commonly with the new moon. It is about five hundred and fifty paces

from

870 nieuhoff's brazil.

from the fea-fliore, and receives no other water but from the river Aguarama. There
is no bay or harbour near it, but only a^flat fandy bottom for about half a league dif-
tance from the fhore, where you may anchor at three fathom deep. The land-wind
which conftantly blows on this coaft, commonly ceafes towards evening, fo that the
veflels take the opportunity of the night to load fait. This falt-pit produces every
month a certain quantity of fait, provided they be careful to fhut their fluices as foon
as the fame is filled with water, for elfe they are in danger of lofmg what they had got
before, by the next high-tide. To the eaft of this falt-pit are the famous rocks called
Baxos, which at low-water may be feen from thence ; they extend about three leagues
deep in the fea, but do not begin till about a league from the fhore, betwixt which and
the rocks there is a paffage, where you have ten foot depth at low-water. It ebbs here
with the loweft tide about eight foot, and a wefl-fouth-wefl wind raifes the water to the
highefl.

About five or fix leagues to the weft of the houfe called the Defert, is the great falt-
pit Karwaratama, which receiving its water from the fea, and being detained by fluices,
produces very good fait in three weeks* time. Five leagues further to the weft is the
river Maritouva, the fecond in rank in thofe weftern parts, but has not above twelve
foot water at high-tide. On its eaft point, not above half a league within the mouth, is
a very convenient falt-pit : thefe falt-pits are computed to be manageable with the
afliftance only of ten or twelve negroes, ten chriftians, and about thirty Brazilians, and
to afford two thoufand tuns of fait per annum, which may be tranfported from thence
into the other parts of the Dutch Brazil in fmall barks, during the fummer feafon.
About half way betwixt Rio Grande and Siara, as likewife in Siara, near the river
Wapanien, are likewife feveral Salinas or falt-pits.

The chief traffic of Brazil confifts in fugar, Brazil-wood, and fuch like j as alfo in
tobacco, hides, preferves, ginger, and cotton, which grows wild here; fome indigo
was likewife planted there before my departure ; but among thefe, the fugar and Brazil-
wood are ftaple commodities. For fmce the tobacco began to be tranfported into
Holland from the American iflands, the planting of it was negleded in Brazil, where
labourers' wages being excefTive high, they could draw much more profit from the fugar,
of which, according to computation, betwixt twenty and twenty-five thoufand chefts
were yearly made only in the fugar-mills of the Dutch Brazil, if the harveft proves
very good.

The inhabitants of Brazil may at prefent be divided into free-born fubjedls and flaves •
and thefe again confift of divers nations, both natives and foreigners. The free inha-
bitants of Brazil were the Dutch, Portuguefe, and Brazilians, the laft, the natives of
the country. But the Portuguefe did not only furpafs all the reft, at leaft ten to one
in number, during my abode in Brazil, but alfo were in poffeflion of all the fugar-mills
and lands, except what was poffefTed by a very few Dutch, who had applied ihem-
.felves to fugar-planting, but were for the moft part ruined by the inteftine war, being
forced to leave all behind them in the country : befides thofe of the free inhabitants,
who made it their bufinefs to manure the grounds, there were many merchants, factors,
and handicrafts-men : the merchants fold their commodities generally with vaft profit,
and would have queftionlefs been rich men, had they not vended their goods upon
credit to the Portuguefe, who were refolved never to pay them, as the event has fuffi-
ciently fhewn. The handicrafts-men were able to get three, four, five, nay, fix
gilders a day, fo that many returned very rich to Holland. Thofe that kept public-
houfes and chandler-fhops were likewife great gainers here, and carried off abundance
pf ready money. The oflicerp in the company's fervice whether civil or military, were

likewife

nieuhoff's brazil, . 871

Hkewlfe punctually paid, which made many who had lived In the country before the
beginning of the civil war, and had ferved the company before, take fervice again, who
were all entertained according to their refpe6tive qualities and former flations.

Among the free inhabitants of Brazil that were not in the company's fervice, the Jews
were the mod confiderable in number, who had tranfplanted themfelves thither from
Holland. They had a vaft traffic beyond all the reft ; they purchafed fugar-mills and
built (lately houfes in the Receif. They were all traders, which would have been of
great confequence to the Dutch Brazil, had they kept themfelves within the due bounds
of traffic.

The Haves of Dutch Brazil were either negroes or natives of the country ; the laft
of which were either bought in Maranhaon being prifoners of war, or from the
Tapoyers, who likewife had made them captives, and otherwife, according to their
cuftom, would have put them to death. For it being refolved immediately, at the firft
entrance of the Dutch in Brazil, that none of the natives fhould be made flaves (except
they were either bought from the Tapoyers or brought from Maranhaon) the Brazilians
were fettled in certain villages to enjoy their own liberty under certain limitations, and
permiffion was given them to affifl the Portuguefe in the management of their mills
and grounds i for certain wages appointed for thcit purpofe ; by which means many
Alicas or villages were filled with Brazilians in Parayba and Rio Grande, who during
the time of bur government enjoyed the fweets of a perfect liberty.

Vaft numbers of negroes of divers nations were entertained in the Receif, and the
open country, for the manuring of the ground, and working in the fugar-mills of the
Portuguefe, which could not be done without them, by reafon of the extremity of
the heat of the climate, and the incredible toils they are fain to undergo ; fo that in
my time near forty thoufand negroes were employed in the fugar-mills betwixt Rio
Grande and St. Francifco. Moft of thefe negroes are brought hither from the king-
doms of Congo, Angola, and Guinea j a black fhining fkin, flat nofe, thick lips, and
(hort-curled hair, is their chief beauty. The luftieft and moft laborious ufed in time
of good trade to be fold in Brazil for feventy, eighty, or one hundred pieces of eight,
nay, fometimes for one thoufand four hundred or one thoufand five hundred gilders,
but thefe underftood fomething more than ordinary : but when trade began to decay,
they were fold for forty pieces of eight. There was fcarce a Hollander of any fub-
ftance but what had feveral of thefe Haves. They are moft miferably and beaftly
treated by the Portuguefe, though at the fame time it muft be confefTed that it is
abfolutely neceffary they fhould be kept under a ftri£t: difcipline ; for they are full of .
rogueries, fuperftitious to the higheft degree, and forcerers : they would often pre-
tend to tell us what fhips were at fea from Holland for Brazil, though they were yet
on the other fide of the line, and how to recover ftolen goods. I remember I hap-
pened once to be at a friend's houfe of mine, when I faw an old negro enter the -^^^ — ^
kitchen, who came thither to cure a negro-flave of his illnefs, which he told us was I
occafioned by witchcraft. He made the patient rife from his chair, and taking a piece
of wood from the fire-hearth, he ordered him to lick three times with his tongue that j
end which was burning-hot with the glowing coals. The fame end of the wood he
afterwards extinguifhed in a bafon of water, and rubbed the coals in it, till it turned
as black as ink. This he ordered the fick negro to drink off at a draught, which he
did accordingly, and was immediately feifed with a flight griping in the guts. This
done he rubbed both his fides, and taking hold with his hand of a piece of flefh and
fat above the hip, he made an incifion there with a knife he pulled out of his pocket,
of two inches deep, out of which he drew a bundle of hair and rags, with a little of

the

872 nieuhoff's brazil.

the black water that was left he wafhed the wound, which foon after was healed, and
the patient cured. They are very dexterous at fwimming and diving, and will fetch a
lingle piece of eight from the bottom of the fea, where it is very deep. They are alfo
excellent fifhermen, and get a great deal of money by it. They tie three or four great
pieces of wood together, this they manage with one oar, and upon it go a good way
into the fea, where they catch great quantities of fifh with their hooks, and fo return.
It happened in my time, that a certain negro, who was very expert in fifhing, was
fold three times in a little while ; this he took fo much to heart, that the next time he
went thus out a fifhing, he tied a flone to his leg and drowned himfelf. Another
negro having conceived a hatred againfl his mafter cut his throat, cut out his tongue,
and made a houfe of office of his mouth, according to his own confeffion ; he was
broken alive upon the wheel, which he endured with an incredible obftinacy. A
negro woman was brought to bed in my time of a child, the hair and fkin of which
were not black, but red. I faw alfo a young lad born from negro parentis whofe
fkin was white, and his hair and eye-brows the like, but curled, with a flat nofe like
the other negroes. Sometimes I have feen old negroes with long grey beards and hair,
which looks very fine.

The natives of Brazil confifts of divers nations, diflinguifhed by their proper names,
to wit, the Tubinambos, Tobajaras, Petiguaras, and Tapuijas, or Tapuyers, or Tapoy-
ers. The three firfl ufe one and the fame language, and differ only in the dialed: j
but the lafl are fubdivided into feveral nations, differing both in manners and tongue.
The Brazilian men, which lived among us and the Portuguefe, are middle-fized,
ftrong and well-made, with broad fhoulders. They have black eyes, a wide mouth,
with black curled hair, and a flat nofe ; the lafl of which is not natural to them, but
the parents, looking upon it as a great beauty, fqueeze their children's nofes flat,
whilfl they are very young. They paint their bodies, and fome likewife their faces
with divers colours ; they have generally no hair about their mouth, though fome
have black beards. Their women are likewife of a middle flature, well limbed, and
not ill-featured ; they have likewife a black hair, but are not born black, but by the
heat of the fun-beams acquire by degrees a yellow brown colour. The Brazilians
come foon to maturity, and arrive to a great age, and that without diflempers j they
alfo feldom become grey, which is likewife obfervable in many European inhabitants
here, who come to the age of one hundred or one hundred and twenty years. This
mufl be chiefly attributed to the temperature of the climate, which is fuch, that in
former times many Spaniards that laboured under fome lingering diilemper, whether
in Spain or the Eaft Indies, ufed to come to Brazil to partake of the benefit of that
excellent air and water ; it is true, moft of the children of foreigners are troubled
with lingering fickneffes, fo that fcarce one in three arrives to a ftate of manhood ;
l^p^ but this muft not be attributed to the air, but rather to the bad nourifhment. Few

r cripples or crooked people are to be met with among the Brazilians, they being gene-
rally very ftraight and nimble, which is the more admirable, becaufe they never do their
children up in fwathling cloaths, except their feet, looking upon it as unwholefome.

Before the Dutch got footing in Brazil, the Portuguefe had made all the natives
their flaves, and looked upon it as the greateft piece of policy quite to extirpate them,
which they did fo efl'eclually, that whereas about one hundred years ago, the captain-
fhips of Rio Grande alone could raife one hundred thoufand fighting men, fcarce
three hundred were to be met within 1645 ^° 1646, which had created a mortal
hatred in the Brazilians againfl the Portuguefe ; though it mufl alfo be confelfed, that
the late war and fome epidemical diflempers did fweep away many of the natives.

The

nieuhoff's brazil. 87^

The remainders of them lived in certain Aldens or villages afligned them for that
purpofe, where they had their plantations ; befides which they ferved the Portuguefe
in their fugar-mills for a certain monthly pay, which furniflied them with clothes and
other neceflaries. Their huts are made only of wooden flalks, covered with palm-tree
ieaves. They cannot endure the yoke of flavery, nor any toil, efpecially the Tapoy-
ers ; they live very quietly among one another, unlefs they get drunk, when they
fometimes fmg and dance day and night. Drunkennefs is a vice belonging to both
fexes here, of which they are fo fond, as to be paft remedy, though this occafions
often quarrels and other enormous vices among them. They are likewife much
addided to dancing, which they call Guau ; they have feveral ways of dancing, one^
of which is called Urukapi ; they commonly fing whilft they are dancing. The
children divert themfelves with divers forts of games, one is called Kurupirara, another
Guaibijfeie, and a third Guaibiquaibibuku. They will fleep fometimes a whole day
and night, and would not ftir then if they did not want viduals. Near their hammocks
they keep a fire day and night, in the day to drefs their viduals, in the night to allay
the rawnefs of the air, which here is colder than in moft parts of Europe, becaufe day
and night is almoft of an equal length here throughout the year.

The inland Brazilians of both fexes go quite naked, without the leaft covering. But
thofe inhabiting nearer to the fea-lhore, who converfe with the Dutch and Portuguefe,
wear only a fhirt of linen or calico ; though, in my time, fome of the chiefelt among
them began to take a pride to clothe themfelves after the European manner. The
wife con^antly follows her hufband wherever he goes, even in the war. He carries
nothing but his arms, but the poor woman is loaden like a mule or fumpter-horfe.
For befides a great balket which is tied to her back (called by them Patigua), fhe has
another upon her head, with all the houfehold fluff in it, or a great balket with flour ;
befides which, feveral other fmaller vefTels hang on both fides, wherewith they take up
water for their drinking. The child is carried in a piece of calico, which is faflened
to her, and hangs down from her right fhoulder. It lies there, with its legs wide
open, one being flretched acrofs the mother's belly, the other over her fhoulder. After
all this, fhe carries a parrot or ape in one hand, and leads a dog in a firing with the
other. Thus they proceed on their journey, without any farther provifion, except a
fmall quantity of farinha ; the hedge or open fields ferve inflead of inns, which furnifh
them with neceffary food, as the rivers and fprings with drink ; and fo does the tree
called Karageata, which contains always fome rain-water within the hollownefs of its
leaves, to the great relief of travellers, who, in fom^ barren places, do often not meet
with a river or fpring for twelve leagues together.* Towards night they hang their
hammocks on trees, or elfe faflen them to flalks neatly ; they make a fire to drefs
their victuals ; and againll the rain defend themfelves with palm-tree leaves. When
they are at home, the hufband goes commonly in the morning abroad with his bow
and arrow, to fhoot fome wild beafl, or catch birds, or elfe to the fea-fide, or next
river a fifhing, whilfl the women are employed in the plantations ; fome women go
abroad with their hufbands, and carry home the prey. The wild-bealls are caught by
them in a different manner ; fome they kill with arrows, others they catch in pits dug
for that purpofe, and covered with the leaves of trees, under which is hidden fome
carrion, the fcent of which draws them to the pit ; this they call Petaku. They make
alfo certain wooden traps, and ufe divers other ways of catching the wild beafls, each
of which they diflinguifh by their proper names. To catch birds they ufe three forts
of fnares or nets, called by them Jukana ; the firfl fort catches the birds by the feet,
this they call Jukanabiprara ; the fecond entangles them by the neck, which they call

VOL. XIV. 5 T Jukana-

874 NIEUHOF^'S BRAZIL.

Jukanajuprara ; the third enfnares their bodies, called by them Jukanapltereba. They
kill the fillies with arrows, or catch them with fifhing-hooks, their baits being com-
monly worms, crabs, or fome fmall fifhes. They bait the water where they intend to
filh, with the leaves of Japikai, orwith Timpotiana, Tinguy, or with Tinguiri ; fome-
times with the frait called Kururuape, the root Magui, or the bark of the tree Anda,
which make the fifli fwim . on the furface of the water like dead, when they lake them
with a kind of a fieve, called by them Urupema, made of cane or reed, which they
call Uruguiboandipia. Their fea-fifh they catch with iron hooks, the bait being fome
carrion ; they go a good way into thie fea, only upon three pieces of wood faftened
together, which they call Igapeda, and the Portuguefe, Jangada ; the wood is com-
monly of the tree Apiba.

The Brazilians are not burthened with much houfehold fluff, their hammocks being
their chiefefl care in this kind ; they call them Ini, are wrought of cotton like net-
work, of about fix or feven foot long, and four broad. When they are going to
lleep, they fallen them either to two beams of their huts, or elfe in the open air to
two trees, and fome diflance from the ground, for fear of fome obnoxious creatures,
and to avoid the pelliferous exhalations of the earth. The Tapoyers, called Kariri,
have very large hammocks, of twelve or fourteen foot long, which contain four perfons
at a time. The Portuguefe women make fome very fine hammocks, wrought with
divers figures in them. In lieu of dilhes and cups they ufe the KalabalTek, cut in the
middle, which are painted without with a certain red colour, called Uruku, and within
with black. Their cans, cups, and mugs, are Hkewife Kalabaffes of divers kinds,
called Kuite, Jaroba, and Kribuka. One of the biggell of thefe kalabaffes hold thirty
or thirty-five quarts; this the Brazilians call Kuyaba, but when cut through the mid-
dle it is called I^uipeba. The poorer fort make certain knives they call Ituque, of
ftone, as alfo of cane, which they call Taquoaquia, but the better fort ufe Dutch
knives. Their bafkets they make of palm-tree leaves, they call them Patigua ; they
have alfo fome made of reed or cane, thefe are with one general name called Kara-
memoa. They make alfo large broad bafkets of reeds and branches twilled together :
thefe they call Panaku, and are chiefly ufed for the carrying of the mandioka root.
In their journeys they always make ufe of the patigua, but the panaku is ufed by the
- flaves and negroes in the Receif for the conveniency of carriage.

The arms of the Brazilians are only bows, arrows, and wooden clubs. Their bows,
which they call Guirapara and Virapara, are made of very hard wood, called Guira-
pariba and Virapariba : the bow-firings are made of cotton twifled, and by them called
Guirapakuma ; the darts they call Uba, and are made of wild cane. The points of
thefe darts are either of wood hardened, or of fifh teeth called Jacru, or of bones or
cane well fharpened ; fome have feveral points, others but one.

Being not in the leafl acquainted with arithmetic, they compute the number of their
years and age by the chefhuts which grow on the fruit Akaju, which chefnuts they call
Akaguakaya, as likewife Akajuti and Itamabara, of which they lay one by every year,
this tree producing fruit but once each feafon, viz. in December and January. They
begin the computation of their years with the rife of a certain flar, called by them
Taku, or the Rain-flar, which is always there in May ; they alfo call the year by the
fame name.

The mofl barbarous of the Brazilians inhabiting the inland countries fcarce know
any thing of religion, or an Almighty Being. They have fome loiowledge remaining
of a general deluge, it being their opinion, that the whole race of mankind were extir-
pated by a general deluge, except one man and his own fifler, who being with child

before.

nieuhoff's brazA. 875

before, they by degrees re-peopled the world. They know not what God is, nay,
they have no word exprefling the fame, unlefs it be Tuba, which fignifies as much as
fomething moll excellent above the reft; thus they call the thunder Tubakununga,
i.e. a noife made by the Supreme Excellency, for Akununga implies as much as a
noife. They are unacquainted with heaven or hell, thotigh tbey have a tradition among
them, that the fouls do not die with the bodies, but that they are either tranfplanted
into devils or fpirits, or elfe enjoy a great deal of pleafure with dancing and fmging in
fome pleafant fields, which they fay are behind the mountains. Thiefe fields are en-
joyed by all the brave men and women, who have killed and eaten many of their ^viw**»
enemies ; but fuch as have been idle, and never did any thing of moment, are tor- >'*'
tured by the devil, unto whom they give many names, viz. Anhanga, Jurupari, Ku-
rupari, Taguaiba, Temoti, Taubimama. They have, hcTwever, fome fort of priefts
among them, whofe bufmefs is to facrifice, and to foretel things to come ; thefe are
efpecially confulted when they are to undertake a war or journey ; they call them Paye
and Pey. They dread fpirits to the higJieii degree ; they call them Kurjpira, Taguai,
Macachara, Anhanga, Jurapari, and Marangigona, though under different fignifications :
for kuripira implies as much as the god of the mind or heart; macachara, the god or
patron of travellers ; jurupari and anhanga fignify the devil ; marangigona implies a:s
much as the manes or remainders of the foul after death, which are fo much dreaded
by the Brazilians, that fome of them, upon an imaginary apparition of them, have
been ftruck with fudden death. They do not perform any worfhip or ceremony to
thofe fpirits, except that fome pretend to appeafe their wrath by certain prefents they
faften to certain ftakes fixed in the ground for that purpofe. Some of the Brazilians
acknowledge the thunder for the Supreme Being, others the Leffer Bear in the firma-
ment, others fome other ftars. The Potiguaras, a nation among the Brazilians, are
accounted fuch forcerers, that they bewitch their enemies even to death : they call this
manner of witchcraft Anbamombikoab. The Brazilians that lived among the Portu-
guefe and Dutch, did in fome meafure follow the Chriftian doftrine, but fo coldly,
that few, when they come to an advanced age, fhew much zeal for it ; becaufe the
fundamental articles of our faith are not eafily imprinted in them, unlefs in their tender
years, and when they are remote from their parents. However, feveral of the Dutch
minifters, viz. Mr. Doreflaer, and after him Mr. Thomas Kemp, have had good fuccefs
in converting many of the Brazilians in the Aldeas or villages where they preached, the
laft of thefe two being well verfed in the Brazilian tongue. Neither were Dionyfius
Bifcareta, an honeft old Caftilian, and Johannes Apricius, lefs remifs in performing
their duty to inftruA thefe infidels. There were likewife three Dutch fchool-mafters
among them, who taught their young people to read and to write, but thefe were
forced to leave their aldeas or villages during the laft inteftine commotions raifed by
the Portuguefe.

Many diftempers which are common in Europe are unknown in Brazil : they ufe
nothing but fimple remedies, and laugh at our compofitions. They are very dextrous
in applying their remedies, efpecially their antidotes : they draw blood by fudlion with
horn-cups, by fcarification, or opening a vein ; inftead of a lancet they ufe the tooth
of a lamprey, called by them Kakaon, without which nobody ftirs abroad. So foon
as any one of their acquaintance is fallen ill, they all meet, each offering his remedy,
which he has found good by his own experience : then they begin to cut and flice
the moft mufculous parts of the body, either with the thorns of the tree Karnaiba^ or
with fifhes teeth, till they have drawn as much blood as they think fit, and for that
purpofe fuck the wounds with their mouths, by which means they pretend to draw alPill

512 humours

ty6 nieuhoff's brazil*.

humours from the a£Fe£led part. Vomiting they procure by means of the leaves kar^
naiba, which being twilled together, they force down the patient's throat. When all
thefe pretended remedies prove ineffedual, they proceed to no others ; but after fom«
confultations, quite defpairing of his recovery, knock him on the head with their
clubs, looking upon it more glorious to be thus bravely delivered from their mifery,
than to expert death till their laft gafp. They exercife as much barbarity upon the
dead carcafles of their friends as of their enemies ; upon the firft out of love, againfl
the laft out of revenge ; for they tear them to pieces with their teeth, and eat the flefti
like a dainty bit.

The Brazilian women are extremely fruitful, have very eafy labours, and rarely
mifcarry : for no fooner is a woman delivered, but up Ihe gets to the next river,, and
without any farther help waflies herfelf there : in the meanwhile the hufband keeps the
bed for the firft twenty-four hours, and is made as much of as if he had been lately
brought to bed. The mothers lament the death of their infants with howling and
crying for three or four days.

They receive their friends after a long journey with open arms and tears, and beat-
ing their foreheads againft their breafts, in remembrance of the misfortunes they have
undergone during their abfence. Though the Brazilians were always fuppofed to be
defcended from the race of men-eaters, yet by their converfation with us and other
nations, many of them have laid afide their barbarity, and are become as affable and
civilized as moft of the European nations.

The Tapoyers inhabit the inland country of Brazil to the weft of thefe countries
in the poffeffion of the Portuguefe and Dutch, betwixt Rio Grande and the river Siara,
as far as Rio St. Francifco. They are divided into feveral nations, diftinguiftied both by
their language and names : for the Tapoyers bordering upon the utmoft confines of
Pemambuko, are called Kariri, under their king Cerioukejou ; the next to them the
Karirivafu, whofe king was Karopoto ; then the Kariryou, and fo farther the Tararyou ;
the laft of which were beft known unto us ; Janduy or John Duwy being their king ;
though fome of them lived under the jurifdidion of one Karakara. Divers were go-
verned by other kings, viz. Prityaba, Arigpaygn, Wahafewajug, Tfering, and Dremenge.
Thofe under king John Duwy inhabit to the weft beyond Rio Grande, but change their
habitations pretty often : about November, December, and January, when the fruit
Kajou begins to ripen, they come towards the fea-fide, becaufe little of it is to be met
with in the inland countries. The Tapoyers are very tall and ftrong of body, ex-
ceeding both the Brazilians and Dutch both in ftrength and tallnefs by the head and
flioulders. They are of a dark brown colour, black hair, which hangs all over their
ihoulders, they only {having it on the forehead as far as to the ears. Some are fhaved
according to the European fafhion ; the reft of their bodies they keep without hair,
even without eye-brows. Their kings and great men are diftinguiihed from the vulgar
by the hair of their heads and their nails ; the firft, their kings, were fhaved in the
fhape of a crown, and have very long nails on their thumbs ; but the king's relations
or other officers of note, wear long nails on all their fingers, except their thumbs ;
for long nails is accounted a peculiar ornament among them. The Tapoyers are very
ftrong ; prince Maurice being one time in a humour to try their ftrength and fkill
in fighting with a wild bull, caufed one to be brought within his ward court, which
was furrounded with palifadoes, in order to engage two Tapoyers appointed for that
purpofe. There was a great concourfe of people to fee this fpedtacle, when on a fudden
two Tapoyers (the reft with their wives being only fpeftators) came in ftark naked,
without any other arms but their bows and arrows. The bull faw them no fooner

1 1 enter.

nieuhoff's brazil. 877

enter, but he made towards them, who being extremely nimble, avoided the ftrokes
he made at them with great dexterity, and in the meanwhile fo galled his flanks with
their arrows, that the beaft roared moft terribly, and being all in a foam, fet upon
them with all his vigour, which they avoided by retiring every foot behind a tree that
flood in the middle of the court, and from thence continued to pierce his fides with
their darts, till findmg the beaft begin to languifh by the lofs of blood, one of the
Tapoyers got upon his back, and laying hold of his horns, threw him upon the ground,
and being feconded by his comrade, they both killed the bull, roafted him under-
ground with a fire above it, according to their cuftom, and feafted upon their meat,
with the other Tapoyers there prefent.

The Tapoyers of both fexes, from the king to the common fellow, go quite
naked, only that the men hide their privities, by tying the yard in a little bag or net
made of the bark of trees ; this they clofe up with a fmall ribbon called Takoayn-
haa ; upon occafion they untie it, and are more cautious in expofmg their privities
than fome of the Europeans : in the fame manner do the reft of the Brazilians in-
liabiting the inland countries. The women of the Tapoyers cover their privities only
with a handful of herbs, or a fmall branch of a tree, with the leaves on them : this
they thruft barely under a fmall cord or rope which is faftened round their middle like
girdles : in the fame manner they cover their backs, but fo carelefsly, that both be-
fore and behind, great part of both is expofed to view j they change it every day.
The men wear alfo a kind of garland made of the feathers of the bird Guara or
Kaninde, upon their heads, from which certain feathers of the tail of the bird Arara, or
Kamud, hang down behind upon the back ; fome only tie a cotton ftring round their
hands, in which fome red or blue feathers are faftened behind ; this they call Akan-
bua9aba. They have alfo cloaks made of cotton thread, and woven like a net ; in
each of the holes they ftick a red feather of the bird Guara, and intermix them with
black, green, and yellow feathers of the birds Aakukara, Kazinde, and Arara, which
lie as clofe together as fifh fcales : there is a kind of cap on the infide of this cloak,
which with the reft covers the head, fhoulders, and the body, fomewhat below the
middle, fo that it is worn both for ornament and conveniency's fake, it being proof
againft the rain ; they call thefe cloaks in iheir tongue Guara Abuku. They alfo
faften certain combs of birds with wild honey to their foreheads, thefe they call
Aguana.

If their fath«^ or mothers die, they pull every hair out of their heads ; they have
holes in their ears fo big, that you may thruft a finger into them ; in this they wear
either a bone of an ape called Nambipaya, or elfe a piece of wood, wrapt up in cotton
thread. The men have holes in their under-lips, in which they wear either a cryftal,
fmaragd, or jafper, of the bignefs of a hazel-nut : this ftone they call Metara, and if
it be green or blue, Metarobi ; but they are moft fond of the green ones : they have
alfo holes in their cheeks on each fide of the mouth ; in thefe the married men wear
a piece of wood of the bignefs and thicknefs of a good goofe-quill : fometimes they
wear a ftone in it called Tembekoareta : in the holes of their noftrils, fome have alfo
fuch like fticks of wood, which they call Apiyata : their bodies are all over painted
with a certain juice of brown colour, fqueezed out of the apple Janipapa ; this is even
ufed among the women and children. Befides this, they ftick feathers of divers
colours with wild-honey or maftick to the fkin of their bodies, which make them ap-
pear at a diftance like large birds ; this they call Akamongui. Thus they adorn their
arms with garlands made of red and yellow feathers of feveral birds, called Aguami-
ranga j fometimes they mix corals among them, which they call Arakoaya. They

make

878 nieuhoff's brazil.

make alfo a kind of bracelets of the rind of the fruit Aguay ; thefe they wear round
their legs, and make a noife when they are dancing. Their fhoes are made of the
bark Kuragua, and call them Miapakabas. Some nations of the Tapoyers ufe no bows
or arrows, but throw their darts with their hands, but the Kariri have bows. Their clubs
are made of very hard wood, are broad , on the top, and full of teeth or bones, well
Iharpened at the end. Round the handle they wind a piece of calico, or fome other
fluff, and at the end a bufh of feathers of the tail of the bird Arara ; fuch another
bufh is faflened round the middle ; they call them Atirabebe and Jatirabebe. Their
trumpets, which they Kanguenka, are made of men's bones ; but thofe called Nhum-
bugaku, which are much larger, are of horn ; they have alfo another fort made of
cane, called Meumbrapara. The Tapoyers are not fo good foldiers as the reft of the
Brazilians, for upon any fmart encounter they trufl to their feet, and run away with
incredible fwiftnefs. They neither fow nor plant, not as much as the mandioka root,
their common food being fruits, roots, herbs, and wild beafts, and fometimes wild
honey, which they take out of the hollow trees. Among all other roots they are ex-
tremely fond of a certain kind of wild mandioka root, which rifes up to the height
of a fmall tree. Its ftem and leaves refemble the other mandioka root, but it is not
near fo good ; the inland Brazilians call it Cugua9uremia5 but thofe inhabiting near
the fea-fhore Cua9umandiiba.

They eat alfo men's flefli ; for -if a woman happens to mifcarry, they eat the child im-
mediately, alledging that they cannot beflow a better grave upon it than the belly, from
whence it came. The Tapoyers lead a kind of vagabond life, like fome of the Arabians,
though they always remain within their certain bounds, within the compafs of which
they change their habitations according to the different feafons of the year j they dwell
for the moft part among the woods, and live upon hunting, in which perhaps they ex-
cel all other nations ; for they will fhoot a bird flying with their arrows. So foon as a
woman has conceived, fhe abftains from her hufband ; after fhe is brought to bed, fhe
goes into the next wood, where fhe cuts the child's navel ftring, with a fhell, boils it
afterwards with the after-burthen, and eats them both. She wafhes herfelf and the
child every morning and evening, neither does her hufband keep her company, as long
as fhe gives fuck, unlefs he has but one wife. If a woman be difcovered to have had
an~ unlawful commerce with another man, her hufband turns her away, but if they are
catched in the a£i:, he may kill them both. The mothers take extraordinary care that the
nuptials of their daughters are not confummated until after they have had their monthly
times, which they give notice of to their phyficians, and thefe to the king, who then gives
them. licence to go to bed with the bridegroom, who pays his acknowledgement to her
mother, for the care fhe has taken of her daughter. If a young maiden be marriageable,
and yet not courted by any, the mother paints her with fome red colour about the eyes,
and thus carries her to the king, who orders her to fit down near him upon a carpet, and
blows the fmoak of tobacco in her face *. For the refl of the Tapoyers, are the worll
of all the other Brazilians, being ignorant of any thing that relates to God or religion ;
neither will they receive any inftrudion of that kind. They have certain priefts or ra-
ther forcerers, who pretend to foretel things to come, and to raife fpirits, which they
fay appear to them in the fhape of a fly, or any fuch like infed: : when thefe fpirits dif-
appear, the women make mofl horrible cries and lamentations, in which confifts the
main point of their devotion : they avoid night-journeys, for fear of ferpents and othey
venomous creatures, neither will they fet on a journey until the dew be dried up by the

* A very indelicate paflage is omitted.

fun-

nieuhoff's brazil. 879

fun-beams. Several nations of the Tapoyers, efpecially thofe under king John Diiwy,
lived always in a good correfpondence with the Dutch, unto whom they afforded at
divers times confiderable affiftance ; though they did not fubmit to their jurifdiftion, but
were governed by their own kings. King John Duwy had fixty children by fifty wives,
though fometimes he had not above fourteen wives at a time ; thefe Tapoyers having a
mortal hatred to the Portuguefe, ufed to kill them wherever they could meet with them.
And thus much may fuffice concerning the manners, way of living, cloaths, &c. of the
natives of Brazil ; I will now proceed to give you an account of my voyage back into
Holland.

Being fenfible, as I told you before, that things grew worfe and worfe every day
with us here, I with much ado got leave to depart, and accordingly the 23d of July
1 649, I went aboard the fhip called the Union, manned with eighty failors, under the
command of Captain Albert Jants, a native of Groningen. We fet fail the fame day in
company of the Blue Eagle, and a yacht called the Brazilian. We left the city of Olin-
da to the fouth-wefl in the evening ; the 25th we were under 3° 6' with a north-north-
eafl courfe ; we failed that day aboiit twenty-eight leagues. The next day we palTed
the line, with very fair weather and wind ; we continued our courfe without any re-
markable accident until the firft of Auguftj when about noon we found ourfelves un-
der 9" 46', having failed twenty-nine leagues in the lafl twenty-four hours. The fame
evening we faw the firft time the north pole ftar, after we had paifed the line. The 2d
of Aiiguft we failed twenty-three leagues with a frefli gale, and found ourfelves under
11" 13'. We continued this our courfe with a fair wind, until the 1 6th" of Auguft,
when we were becalmed ; we did not advance above fixty leagues that day ; being un-
der 26" we found it exceeding hot. The 20th of Auguft we had but a flender fouth-
eaft wind ; we found ourfelves under 29*^ 45' ; we were fo much troubled with heat, for
want of the «,ool winds, that the knives in the cabin were fo hot, that nobody could
hold them in his bare hands, nor any one could touch the deck of the fhip with his
hands or feet. We continued our courfe thus until the 29th, when being under
38^ 46', we made about eight leagues that day. The 3d of September, being under
the 40^ 18', we efpied a fai^,. which we found to be a veifel bound for Virginia. To-
wards evening we were forced to. ftay fome time for the Brazilian yacht, ihe having
loft one of her mafts. The next following day in the morning we difcovered the ifland
of Corfu, whither .we direfted our courfe.

Corfu and Floris are two of the nine iflands the Dutch commonly call the Flemming
Iflands. The biggeft is Tercera, being about fixteen leagues in compafs. It is very
rocky, but fruitful, producing a confiderable quantity of oxen, and abounding in Canary
and other birds. Here is a fpring that turns wood into ftone, and feveral hot-fprings,
in which you may boil an egg. The ground feems to be full of concavities, which is
the reafon of the many earthquakes here, which overturn and deftroy houfes, men and
beafts. The ifland called the Peake has a rock which reaches to the very clouds, and
which, as fome fuppofe, may be parallelled for its height to the peake of the Canary
Ifland itfelf. Betwixt the coaft of Brazil and the faid iflands, the compafs bears due
fouth and north. We were gone eight degrees farther to the weft, than we intended.
About noon we found ourfelves under 40^ 34'. We continued our courfe without any
remarkable accident, until the i6th of September, when we fuppofed ourfelves to be
not far from land, which we difcovered the fame evening to the north-north-eaft of us.
The 1 7th we were becalmed, and catched more fifli than we were able to eat. The
18th we difcovered the Ifle of Wight to the north of us, whereabouts one of our fliips
was feparated from us j not long after we faw the point of Dover. The 1 9th we paffed

3 by

88o nieuhoff's brazil.

by Dunkirk and Oftend with a brifk gale, and about noon fafely arrived in the road of
Fluffingen. I got immediately afhore, and after having refrefhed myfelf for five days,
I went to Middleburgh, where I likewife continued five days. From thence I continued
my journey over Dort, Rotterdam, Delft and Harlem, to the famous city of Amfterdam,
from whence I undertook this Weft-India voyage 1640. From Amfterdam I went to
Zwell, the birth-place of my father John Nieuhoff, and fo to Benthem, my native
country, where I met ,with my parents in good health, after fo many fatigues of a
tedious voyage ; whilft I was at Benthem my father died 1651, the 15th of May, in the
eighty-fifth year of his age, being lamented by all, by reafon of his good qualifications.

Some troublefome people laid the lofs of the Dutch Brazil at the door of the mem-
bers of the great council, viz. Henry Hamel, Adrian BuUeftraet and Peter Jande Bas,
who left Brazil 1647. It was alledged that the before-mentioned contrafts made with
the Portuguefe had given them great opportunity of a revolt; for which it was faid the
faid members had received great fums of money ; but it being evident that the fucceed-
ing members of the great council having taken cognifance of that affair before their de-
parture, November 6, 1646, and in March 1647, they were ftilly cleared of thefe accu-
fations, the fame having been tranfafted by fpecial orders of the council of Nineteen in
Holland ; befides, that the revolts which were about the fame time in agitation in An-
gola, Africa, and the ifland of Ceylon in the Eaft-Indies, where no fuch contracts were
made, do fufficiently teftify that the foundation of this inteftine war was laid in Portugal,
long before the contracts were fet on foot. What is more furprifing is, how the Portu-
guefe, confidering we were pretty well provided with forts and garrifons, durft think of
fuch an attempt ; but the reafon is plain, for what they wanted in ftrength or otherwife,
they were fupplied with from the Bahia.

The motives that induced the Portuguefe to this revolt, were, the recovery of their
liberty, the difference of their language and manners from ours, but efpecially of reli-
gion, which our people had endeavoured to eftablifh in Brazil ; thefe, with fome other
concurring circumftances, fuch as our prefent weaknefs, and the difpofition the ftates
were in at that time, to be fairly rid of Brazil, gave them fufficient encouragement for
this attempt. It has been the opinion of fome, that the firft fparks of this rebellion
might foon have been quenched, by feizing fome of the heads of the Portuguefe fac-
tion ; but it being apparent from the records, that nothing was left unattempted upon
that account, though without any confiderable fuccefs, the fame cannot be imputed to
the negleft of the government ; the true reafons of the lofs of Brazil were the flender
garrifon, and the inconfiderable number of Dutch inhabiting there ; nothing being
more obvious, than that a conquered country muft be maintained, either by a fufficient
military force, or ftrong colonies ; the laft of which was the conftant practice of the
ancient Romans, who, befides this, backed them with good armies to keep the con-
quered nations in obedience. Another way of eftabliftiing themfelves in a conquered
country, though a very barbarous one, was introduced by the Spaniards and Portuguefe
in America, who, by deftroying the ancient inhabitants, and planting colonies of their
own, faved themfelves the charge of keeping many forts and garrifons for their defence.
Neither of thefe was fufficiently obferved by the Dutch, after their conqueft of the
Dutch Brazil ; for, according to their agreement made with the Portuguefe, the laft
were left in the entire and quiet poflfeflion of all the fugar-mills, plantations, and grounds
thereunto belonging, whereby the Dutch fubjeds were, in a manner, excluded from
getting any confiderable footing in the open country, efpecially, fince fuch of the fu-
gar-mills as happened to fall into the company's hands, by forfeiture or otherwife, were
fold promifcuoufly to both nations, and commonly at fuch exceffive rates, that the

Dutch

N1EUH0FF*S BRAZIL. 88 1

Dutch durft feldom venture upon them ; the taxes laid upon every thing belonging to
the fugar-miUs, and upon the fugar itfelf, being fo great, that little profit was to be
reaped from thence, unlefs the fugar fold at a very dear rate ; whereas, on the con-
trary, we ought, after the example of the Spaniards, to have endeavoured to draw our
fubje£ts into Brazil, by the granting of confiderable immunities of honour and other
advantages. The military force of the Dutch in Brazil, was likewife not duly regarded ;
for whereas according to a juft eftimate made in 1641, by Count Maurice, 7,076 men
were abfolutely requifite to maintain the Dutch garrifons there, the States of Hol-
land, inftead of following his diredions, did, after the conclufion of the ten years*
truce with Portugal, order the great council of the Dutch Brazil to reduce their forces
there to eighteen companies of one hundred and fifty men each, and, though feveral
remonftrances were made upon that head to the contrary, the truth of which was veri-
fied by the event ; yet the fuccours fent from Holland arrived fo llowly, that after my
departure things grew worfe and worfe every day, and the Dutch had loft all their ftrong
holds 1054. For the Portuguefe began to blow up the Receif by fea, with fixteen
fhips, and to befiege it by land 1653, ^^ December, with fuch fuccefs, that our people
being conftrained by hunger, and the garrifon refufmg to fight, were forced to furren-
der the place with all its circumjacent forts to the enemy ; fince which time the Portu-
guefe have remained in the entire poffeffion of Brazil ; the fame being confirmed to
them by the peace made the 6th of Auguft 1660, betwixt Portugal and the States of
the United Provinces, in which, among others, thefe following points were agreed
upon : —

That the Crown of Portugal ihall be obliged to pay to the States the fum of eighty
tuns of gold, either in ready money or fugar, tobacco, or fait, or elfe affign the faid
money upon the Portuguefe cuftoms.

That the places taken on each fide Ihould remain to thofe who were then in poffef-
fion of them.

And that a free trade fliould be allowed to the Dutch in Portugal, Africa, and Bra-
zil, without paying any more cuftoms than the native Portuguefe.

END OF VOL. XIV,

Stnhan aud IVeftoi,
rnntere-Sue«, Lundun.

12 5 6 4.

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