Ab-A053 173) Se re CETA 78-1 Acceleration and Impact of Structures Moved by Tsunamis or Flash Floods by Frederick E. Camfield COASTAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL AID NO. 78-1 FEBRUARY 1978 U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS Bi COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER UAB Kingman Building Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE SSR aa 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER CETA 78-1 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Coastal Engineering ACCELERATION AND IMPACT OF STRUCTURES MOVED BY Technical Aid TSUNAMIS OR FLASH FLOODS 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) Frederick E. Camfield a 3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center F31234 Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Coastal Engineering Research Center (CEREN-CD) 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 14 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED 15a, DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES - KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Forces on structures Surge Impact forces Tsunami ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number) Techniques are given for determining the velocity of a structure moved by a tsunami or flash flood and impact forces with another structure. Solutions can be obtained for velocity and impact force as a function of the initial distance between the structures and the velocity of the surging water. DD , reo 1473. ~—s Ep Tiow OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED ee SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) Page? a +e rm ys iby Set meaty ene. un PURI! A (icctaelt Mbt GOR ci MI hat os brat { , 1) ips ' ; j eek egy ly I j ) } i 1 2 et " ¥ fi rt PRE FACE The information in this technical aid was presented at the U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific's Water Level Prediction short course in San Francisco, California, 30 March-1 April 1976, and at the Tsunami Symposium, sponsored by the Tsunami Committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, held in Ensenada, Mexico, 23-26 March 1977. The work was carried out under the coastal structures program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). The report was prepared by Dr. Frederick E. Camfield, Hydraulic Engineer, Coastal Design Criteria Branch, under the general supervision of Robert A. Jachowski, Chief, Coastal Design Criteria Branch. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. JOHN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director CONTENTS Page CONVERSTONSEAGTORS Uo CUSTOMARY GON ME Rel Cis (S31) een inna SYMBOLS VAND ADEF INET TONS phe. nds) 0 1s: ssi ke) co mconMiely cept Sivopmmnr ety co) nN Syn as INTRODUCTION § xs caeypieetys. esti eres ssi ieyerctawch such. (SPN OTS a oie ACCELERATION PANDRIMPA GT ROEM SE RUGTURES tiller nme nn il en TABLE DraigheCOeEficrents: <5 teed bpp scarey: SRE CCU aloe ot eS FIGURES Cy for two-dimensional flow past rectangular bodies ...... 9 Example plots of x versus t for structures moved DY VSUT GE Bale Meenas. ho) has So arp eyelets Aone cumina Sie a ee to tei am LA) ULL Icing TOWerl ly, TeSUiNEMML Sub o 5 6 5 5 6 0 6 0 ooo ool A CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters Square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16. 39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters square yards 0.836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.8532 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters millibars ounces pounds ton, long ton, short degrees (angle) Fahrenheit degrees 1.0197 x 10°3 28.35 453.6 0.4536 1.0160 0.9072 0.1745 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins kilograms per square centimeter grams grams kilograms metric tons metric tons radians 1 SSS jTS_TSaS 1T9 obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formula: G=9(5/ 9) (EF 32) To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15. SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS cross-sectional area of submerged part of structure length of rectangular building in direction of flow width of rectangular building transverse to direction of flow coefficient of drag mass or inertia coefficient projected dimension of a structure, or width of a flat surface force accelerating the structure height of a submerged cylinder or building, or length of a flat surface time velocity of surging water velocity of moving structure relative to ground volume of water displaced by structure distance in direction of structure motion a coefficient density of the water ACCELERATION AND IMPACT OF STRUCTURES MOVED BY TSUNAMIS OR FLASH FLOODS by Frederick E. Camfield I. INTRODUCTION A high velocity flow of a wall of water surging over land, such as found in some tsunamis or flash floods, may carry forward structures which will impact with other structures. The resulting impact forces, combined with the force of the surging water, may result in serious damage of structures which would otherwise withstand the surging water. Therefore, a means of estimating the forces on a structure resulting from the impact of other structures is needed. II. ACCELERATION AND IMPACT OF STRUCTURES Camfield (in preparation, 1978)! shows that the distance, x, a structure will move, as a function of time, t, is given as XS wie + kn (aut + 1) (1) where u_ is the velocity of the water and a is a constant defined by CpA 02 SS (2) 2W@O = Gy) A = cross-sectional area of the submerged part of the structure transverse to the direction of motion V = volume of water displaced by the structure Cp = coefficient of drag given in the Table Cy = mass coefficient given in Figure 1 for rectangular struc- tures (from Riabouchinski, 1920)?. Example solutions of equation (1) are shown in Figure 2. ICAMFIELD, F.E., "Tsunami Engineering,'' U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va. (in preparation, 1978) . 2RTABOUCHINSKI, D., "Sur la Resistance des Fluides," Internattonal Congress of Mathematics, Strasbourg, 1920, pp. 568-585. Table. Dr coefficients. feb) Circular cylinder GE Square cylinder Bl vat ah 10* to 10° Rectangular flat plate (totally submerged ) NOTE.--L = The height of a submerged cylinder, or the length of the flat plate. d = The projected dimension shown, or the width of the flat pater 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 081.0 2 4 6 810 a/b Figure 1. Cy for two-dimensional flow past rectangular bodies, irrotational flow with no separation (from Riabouchinski, 1920). 2RIABOUCHINSKI, op. cit., p. 7. ‘a8ins Aq poAOW sotnjzoni}s ToJ 3 smsioA xX Fo Siotd oftdwexg -z oan8ty (S)}*awly va Ge Od CF — Si Yt @)1 ©) G0 GO GO Zo 0) " je) 9200°0 $/4102 " =) GI0'0=9 S/1300=9 9200°0 =9 S/i} 9G =9 GI00 =0 $/4} 9 =N (43) x ‘aoundysig 10 For a structure completely immersed in water, i.e., flow passes around all sides of the structure (including both the top and the bottom), the forces act against the projected surface area of the structure normal to the direction of flow. Coefficients of drag, Cp, can be obtained from the Table for known structure dimensions. For a structure resting on the ground, where there is neither underflow nor overflow, the structure can be treated as an infinitely long (i.e., infinitely high) structure to determine the appropriate coefficient from the Table. When a structure rests on the ground and overtopping water creates overflow where there is no underflow, or when a structure is supported or floating above the ground so that there is underflow but no overflow, the following procedure may be used to determine the coefficient of drag. The drag acts against the submerged part of the structure. Create a "mirror" of the submerged part at the surface where no flow occurs. This gives a completely immersed structure with a height equal to twice the submerged height of the actual structure. The coefficient of drag for the actual structure can then be obtained from the Table, using the width of the actual structure and a height equal to twice the submerged height of the actual structure. This is illustrated further in the example problem. The velocity of the structure, up, as a function of time, is Spee ACN Ube Os ote WS) and the force, F, accelerating the building at any instant in time is F= pVa (u - up)? (4) where p is the mass density of water (seawater ~ 2 slugs per cubic foot (1,026 kilograms per cubic meter) and freshwater 1.94 slugs per cubic foot). x Kk kK kK K RK kK RK kK K K * * * EXAMPLE PROBLEM * * * * * * * * ¥ * ®¥ * * * GIVEN: A tsunami is 12 feet (3.66 meters) high at the shoreline, and moves on to the shoreline as a steep-fronted surge. A building is swept forward, and impacts with another building after being carried through a distance of 20 feet (6.1 meters). The building is rectan- gular, 40 feet (12.2 meters) wide and 14.4 feet (4.4 meters) deep in the direction of flow, and is submerged to a depth of 10.5 feet (3.2 meters) as it is carried forward (Fig. 3). The velocity of the surge is approximated as u = 36 feet (11 meters) per second. FIND: (a) The time required for the building to impact with the other building; S-q!| gOl* Z| = °w ‘osans Tweuns} Aq poAOW SUTPTINg ¢1}8709=A 243 O¢v = V Oped i1=%9 S/4j} 9E = 1 qi ,OIXe' p= J CHeOl #22 2 4302 = * MW Bio E SOb2 =} Gh e s| \ \ \ \ \ Buipjing puosas y yyim Syoodwi Buipjing Buinow bulpjing = S-q|,01*% b'6=°W S| x "¢ 9an3sTy rH] w q1gO1 *O'9 O=* O 1) — UOIJOW O}UI jas Buipjing I 2 (b) the force accelerating the building at the moment of impact; and (c) the momentum of the building at the moment of impact. SOLUTION: (a) The submerged cross-sectional area of the building, transverse to the direction of the surge, is given as A = width x submerged depth = 40 x 10.5 = 420 square feet (39 square meters) and the submerged volume (the displaced water) is V = width x length x depth = 40 x 14.4 x 10.5 = 6,048 cubic feet (171 cubic meters). The coefficient of drag can be approximated by assuming the side of the building is a flat plate. To determine an equivalent flat plate, using the Table, assume that the submerged depth for underflow and overflow (a totally submerged plate) is twice the depth of the building, or by 40 Ls da Teese and from the Table Gy 2 Mol From Figure 1, where a_ 14.4 _ Me aor 0.36 , then Cy = 4.0 , and equation (2) gives A oil x AAO of pg Soo ee MG 2 Gh 2S GOL G = ALO) The relationship between distance and time is shown in Figure 2, which for a distance of 20 feet gives t = 2.40 seconds . 13 (b) From equation (3) Ren ee See a Wve Ne ID YS wi b mut + 1 (COMOCT GIRS G naira up = 14.3 feet (4.35 meters) per second . 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