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DIVISIONMARINE

CARDED\ocy - 1968
AN ACCOUNT OF THE

ALCOYONARIANS

COLLECTED BY THE

ROYAL INDIAN MARINE SURVEY SHIP

INVESTIGATOR

IN THE

INDIAN OCEAN

BY

J. ARTHUR THOMSON, MA.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

AND

W. D. HENDERSON, M.A., B.Sc.

CARNEGIE FELLOW, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

J. THE ALCYONARIANS OF THE DEEP SEA

CALCUTTA:
PRINGEDABY ORDER @F THE.ERUSTEES OF
THE INDIAN MUSEUM

1906

S319. /

National Muse’ a

MGC ON ARITA NS

ees
CTF
Vv. |

Inv, Lol.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE

ALCYONARIANS

COLLECTED BY THE

ROYAL INDIAN MARINE SURVEY SHIP

INVESTIGATOR

INDIAN OCEAN

BY

J. ARTHUR THOMSON, MA,

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

AND

We D2 ElIENDERSON, M.A., 'B:SC.,

CARNEGIE FELLOW, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

I. THE ALCYONARIANS OF THE DEEP SEA

Zsonian laste
fo ;
(eg eeee
(- /§3 8/5

National Musevs:

CALCULA:
ERIN LED BY ORDER TOF “THE TRUSTEES OF
THE INDIAN MUSEUM

1906

ENA OWE TON.

——+——_-

THIS memoir contains a description of the rich collection of Deep-Sea Aleyon-
arians made by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship “ Investigator” in the
Indian Ocean.’ [t will be followed by another dealing with the littoral forms.
The collection includes eighty-six species, of which sixty-one (and three
varieties) are new. It has been found necessary to establish five new genera,
Stereacanthia and Agaricoides in the family Nephthyidee, subfamily Siphono-
gorgine ; Acanthomuricea and Calicogorgia in the family Muriceide ; and
Thesioides in the family Kophobelemnonide. The general position of the new

forms is as follows :

| - |
+ Total
Yi , Ty ,
ers Pome pee | Numberof; | New Species.
io ~ | Species.

| | | |

Order I. Stolonifera. : ; . | 1 (Sympodium) 0 | 6 | ©
|
i 5 II. Aleyonacea . : : a || 2 9 | 8
| ,, LIL Pseudaxonia . 3 : a ||) 0 6 3
| 5 IV. Axifera . i : eee, 2 35 22 and 2 varieties

|
lh 55 V. Stelechotokea. . . .| 15 1 30 22 and 1 variety
| a $$. | ——__—_ eS
Totals : . | 49 5 86 | 61 and 3 varieties

| eee : : : a2

1] wish to thank Professor A. Alcock, LL.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum, for giving
me the opportunity of studying this fine collection of beautiful forms, and the Trustees of the Indian Museum
for a grant towards expenses. Through the Carnegie Trust I was able to secure the help of Mr. W. D.
Henderson, joint author of this memoir, whose work in this connection was in part done during his tenure
of a Carnegie Scholarship and Fellowship. We are greatly indebted to Mr. George Davidson, artist, for the
skill and patience which he has bestowed on the illustrations. We think that the engraver, Mr. Edwin
Wilson, also deserves to be congratulated on his success, for the coloured plates in particular presented
unusual difficulties which have been happily overcome. Finally, I wish to acknowledge my great indebted-
ness to my private assistant, Mr. James J. Simpson, M.A., B.Se., without whose aid the completion of the
memoir would have been much delayed. His skill will be seen in the description of the remarkable genus
Agaricoides. Dr. J. Versluys, of Amsterdam, most generously gave me his notes on Caligorgia indica, and
Professor S. J. Hickson, F.R.S., of Victoria University, Manchester, was kind enough to allow me to consult
his fine collection, and to lend me some of the literature.—J. A. T.

=

al

New Types.

The genus Stereacanthia, from the Andamans, is a Siphonogorgid in the
vicinity of Lemnalia. A bare, densely spiculose trunk, made up of large longi-
tudinal canals, with thin spiculose walls, bears a branched polyparium with the
polyps disposed singly or in small crowded bundles; the aboral bands of spicules
on the infolded tentacles form a simple pseudo-operculum ; the spicules are warty
spindles or golf-club forms, and there are no quadriradiate double-stars as in
Lemnalia.

The genus Agaricoides, from 6° 31’ N., 79° 33’ 45” E., is a remarkable Siphono-
gorgid perhaps distinctly related to Lemnalia (Gray, emend. Bourne), but quite
unlike any other type known to us. It is unbranched, mushroom-like, with
complex octagonal verrucze, pedicelled anthocodie, introversible zooids, a tenta-
cular operculum, echinate spindles and hockey-club forms, and many peculiarities
of structure.

The genus Acanthomuricea, represented by A. ramosa from 7° 55’ N., 81°
47’ E., 506 fathoms, and A. spicata from 6° 31’ N.,79° 38’ 45” E., 401 fathoms, is a
Muriceid, perhaps related to Placogorgia (Wright and Studer). The two species
are upright colonies, irregularly branched in one plane, with thin bark-like
ecenenchyma of rough imbricating scales, with prominent verruce on all sides,
with conical tentacular opercula, and with very heterogeneous spiculation.

The genus Calicogorgia, represented by C. iivestigatoris from 11° 14’ 30° N.,
74° 57’ 15" E., 68-148 fathoms, and C. rubrotincta from the Bay of Bengal, 88
fathoms, is a Muriceid, probably related to Verrill’s somewhat vaguely defined
Anthogorgia. The colonies are irreeularly branched in one plane, the verruce
are prominent with spicules in eight bands, with a conical operculum consisting of
a crown and points, with warty spindles straight or curved.

The genus Thesioides, from 18° 0’ 15” N., 93° 30° 45” E., 448 fathoms,
and 16° 25° N., 93° 43’ 30” E., 463 fathoms, is a Kophobelemnonid, near
Bathyptilum, with a greatly elongated slender rachis borne by a short stalk
without pinnules, with lone slender autozooids without calyces and without any
spicules.

Notes on some new Species.

Sympodium, sp. We have described six new species of Sympodium, but
it seems that in this genus, as in other simple forms like Clavularia, there is
considerable variability in the specific characters. It may also be that a colony
differs considerably according to the substratum on which it grows,—a vegetable
axis in S. indicum and S. decipiens, an Antipatharian axis in S. granuloswi, a
sponge spicule in S. incrustans, a cluster of sponge spicules in S. fenue, a sponge
skeleton in S. pulchrum. It is not easy at present to give distinctive diagnoses
of our six forms, and yet the towt ensemble of the characters of each results in a

vil

quite characteristic appearance. Without a large number of specimens for
comparison, it must remain a matter of personal opinion whether the presence or
absence of quadriradiate spicules or of ovals, the presence or absence of eight
longitudinal ridges of spicules on the calyx, the occurrence of the polyps singly,
or in groups, or in bundles, and marked dimensional differences in the calyces and
spicules, are of taxonomic importance or not. For the convenience of subsequent
workers we have attached names to these forms of Sympodiwm which differ
superficially and in minute detail. References to S. sp., S. sp. (/), S. sp. @, and
the like are tedious and confusing. It is probable that the investigation of a large
number of representatives, which this collection did not include, will show that
the differences between our six species are variational or modificational.

Of much interest, and at first very perplexing, is the stalkless form of
Sarcophytum aberrans, which encrusts a huge sponge spicule. Sarcophytum
agaricoides is an exceptionally beautiful representative of this interesting genus.

The genus Spongodes is represented in this collection by two new species,
but there is a large representation in the littoral collection ; Chironephthya
macrospiculata is noteworthy in its very large spicules, which may exceed
8 millimetres in length.

Paragorgia splendens is near Gray’s P. nodosa; but as that form is very
vaguely described, we have established a new species. It is quite different from
the P. nodosa described as a new species by Koren and Danielssen. The Indian
Ocean representative of Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegge, differs from the Australian
representative in a number of details which we regard as merely variational.
Parisis indica is near Verrill’s P. fruticosa; the tessellated appearance of the
cceenenchyma is characteristic. Plewrocorallium variabile is near Gray’s P.
johnson; but there is again the ditticulty of the vagueness of previous description.
In these and other cases, where we have not seen the type-specimens, we have
had to choose between the alternative of asserting that our form is the same as
one previously described very inadequately, or giving a new name, and we have
usually preferred the latter.

Among the new Chrysogorgids, the most striking is Chrysogorgia indica,
represented by fragments with dichotomous branching, and with white polyps
sharply contrasted with the deep bronze of the axis. Among the Iside, Ceratozsis
gracilis is a beautiful form, with long slender polyps arranged in a sinistrorse
two-third spiral ; Acanella robusta differs from A. rigida, Wright and Studer,
in the arrangement of the polyps and in their spiculation. The Primnoid
Caligorgia indica, distinguished by Dr. Versluys from its near allies C. similis
and C. versluyst, is of interest in showing afresh the interlinking of species.

It is very difficult to locate some of the Muriceids. In describing Antho-
gorgua verrilli we have tried to give a little more substance to Verrill’s diagnosis
of the genus; the two species of Calicogorgia seem nearly allied to Antho-

vill

gorgia. We have given comparative tables of the species of Acanthogorgia and
Acamptogorgia which show, at least, how quantitative many of the specific
distinctions are. One may safely predict that when type-specimens of all the
different species described are brought together and compared, some simplification
will be possible. The same is doubtless true in regard to the species of Aczs and
Muricella; and although we have been forced to name two new species, Acis
spinosa and Muricella bengalensis, subsequent study of some representatives in
the littoral collection has shown us that the spicules yary within such wide limits
even in the same colony, that these and other species must be regarded as simply
tentative. Among the Pennatulacea there are some particularly interesting
species, e.g. Protocaulon indicum, another member of the genus which has been
hitherto represented only by Kolliker’s Protocaulon molle ; Protoptilum medium,
which seems to occupy a position intermediate between Protoptilum aberrans,
Kolliker, and Protoptilum carpenter, Kolliker ; Sclerobelemnon kéllikeri, which
raises doubts as to the warrant for separating the two closely allied genera
Kophobelemnon and Sclerobelemnon; Bathyptilum indicum, which comes near
Bathyptilum carpenteri ; Thesioides imermis, already referred to.

The species of Umbellula raise the same difficulties as those of Sympodium,
ete.,—difficulties which we see no way of removing without a large number of
specimens. Again we find forms which differ from one another in their tout
ensemble of characters, though no one character by itself is very significant.

In dealing with a specimen which agrees well with K6lliker’s Leptoptilum
gracile, we have accepted the conclusion of Grieg and Jungersen, that this is but
a young stage of the familiar Puniculina quadrangularis. 1t is a little remark-
able, however, that the large adult forms of this species should have escaped the
collectors. It may be that our Leptoptilum gracile is the young stage of another
species of Funiculina which we have called gracilis.

Accepting Jungersen’s arguments, we have described Microptilum willemoési,
Kolliker, as Pavonaria willemoésii.

In some ways the most beautiful specimens in a collection rich in fine forms
are the Pennatulids,— Pennatula indica, Pennatula veneris, Pennaiula
splendens, and Pennatula pendula.

Viviparity.

In 1900, Professor 8. J. Hickson announced his discovery of embryos 77 situ
in Gorgonia capensis,—the first case of viviparity that he had observed in his
wide and prolonged study of Aleyonarians.

He pointed out, however, that viviparity had been previously reported, and
we quote his references :

‘“ Lacaze-Duthiers proved the precious coral to be viviparous, and according
to Marion and Kowalewsky the ‘Clavulaires petricoles’ are viviparous, but the

ix

‘Clavulaires des Posidonies’ are oviparous. Sympodiwm (Alcyonium) coralloides
is, according to these authors, viviparous. Koren and Danielssen state that three
species of Nephthya, found at depths of 269-761 fathoms, are viviparous. These
are, I believe, the only authenticated cases of viviparity among Alcyonarians
hitherto recorded. Gorgonia capensis affords the first instance of viviparity that
I have come across in my studies of Aleyonarians.”

In Professor W. A. Herdman’s collection from Ceylon we also found embryos
m situ in Gorgonia capensis, Hickson. Corroborating Marion and Kowalewsky,
we found embryos in Clavularia pregnans, Th. and H., and Clavularia parvula,
Th. and H., collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland, B.Sec., from Zanzibar and Cape
Verde Islands respectively.

In the present collection we have found embryos—blastule, gastrule, and
slightly more advanced stages in the following species :

Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. (From 254 fathoms.)

Chrysogorgia flexilis, Wright and Studer, (From 401, 457-589, 606,

and 669 fathoms. )

Ceratoisis gracilis, n. sp. (From 270-45 fathoms.)

Paramuricea mdica, nu. sp. (From 265 fathoms. )

Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill. (From 836 fathoms. )

Umbellula elongata, n. sp. (From 360 fathoms.)

Fumculina gracilis, n. sp. (From 406 fathoms.)

Pennatula indica, n. sp. (From 463, 487, and 824 fathoms. )
Meanwhile Mr. James J. Simpson, M.A., has also found embryos in specimens of
Isis hippuris, included in the littoral collection. (See Jowrn. Linn. Soc. (Zool.)
1906.)

It is therefore clear that viviparity is by no means uncommon in Alcyon-
arians, and it will be interesting to discover if it is particularly characteristic of
deep-sea forms. (See Thomson and Henderson, Zool. Anzeiger, 1906.) We
hope, when time permits, to study the embryos more carefully.

Geographical Distribution.

There are 25 species in the collection which have been previously
described, and we give a list of the localities where these have been found,
reserving further discussion for the second memoir on the littoral forms. It may
be noted that of the 25—

3 were included in the ‘ Challenger ” collection.
6 By Siboga -

4 S " Herdman’s Ceylon a“

3 Re rs Gardiner’s Maldives

3 : ; Willey’s New Britain ,,

il le » ° Crossland’s Zanzibar

x

1 was included in the “ Alert” collection.
3 were ,, » Funafuti A
1 . south African ;

Fr “* Scotia ”

5 » <* Hirondelle ”

Chironephthya variabilis, Hickson. Ceylon (Herdman), Maldives (Gardiner).

Suberogorgia kollikeri, Wright and Studer. Japan (Challenger), Ceylon (Herd-
man), Zanzibar (Crossland).

Keroéides koreni, Wright and Studer. Japan (Challenger), Funafuti (Hiles).

Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegge. Funafuti (Whiteleege), British New Guinea
(Willey), Ceylon (Herdman).

Lepidogorgia verrilli, Wright and Studer. Japan (Challenger), Macassar Straits
(Siboga).

Chrysogorgia orientalis, Versluys. East Indian Archipelago (Siboga).

Chrysogorgia flecilis, Wright and Studer. Chiloe (Challenger), East Indian
Archipelago (Siboga).

Acanella wigida, Wright and Studer. Off Banda (Challenger).

Stachyodes allmani, Wright and Studer. Fiji (Challenger), Celebes (Siboga).

Thouarella moseleyi, Wright and Studer. Kermadee Islands (Challenger),
Flores (Siboga).

Caligorgia flabellum, Ehvenbere. Near Mauritius, East Pacific off Central
America, Japan, East Indian Archipelago (Siboga).

1 %
9
4

9

Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales. Havana, Azores (Hirondelle); as= A. spinosa,
Thles ?, Sandal Bay, Lifu (Willey).

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch. Mediterranean (von Koch), Azores
(Hirondelle).

Callistephanus koreni, Wright and Studer. Off Ascension (Challenger).

Nicella flabellata (Whitelegge) = Verrucella flabellata, Whitelegge. Funafut
(Whitelegge),

Juncella elongata, Pallas. Atlantic (Pallas), West Indies (Ellis and Solander) ;
variety from N.E. coast of Australia (Ridley); variety, capensis, Algoa
Bay (Hickson).

Seirpearella moniliforme, Wright and Studer. Amboina (Challenger).

Telesto arthuri, Hickson and Hiles. Blanche Bay, New Britain (Willey).

Telesto rubra, Hickson. Maldives (Gardiner), Ceylon (Herdman).

Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill. Nantucket (Verrill), 0° 4’ S., 90° 24’ 30” W.,
61° 39’ N., 17° 10’ W. (Jungersen); 23° 59’ N., 108° 40° W., 1° 7’ N
80° 21’ W. (Studer).

Kophobelemnon burgeri, Herklots. Japan.

Umbellula durissima, Kolliker. Japan, S. of Yeddo (Challenger), 48° 06’ S.,
10° 5’ W. (Scotia).

)

xl

Anthoptilum murray, Kolliker. N. Atlantic, 8. of Halifax (Challenger) ; E. coast
of N. America (Verrill); Bay of Gascony, S. of Iceland (Jungersen).
Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas)=Leptoptilum gracile, Kélliker. New
Zealand, as LZ. gracile (Challenger); as FP. quadrangularis, North Sea,

Atlantic Ocean, European and American sides, Mediterranean, ete.

Pavonaria willemoésii (Kolliker) = Microptilum willemoésii, Kolliker. As M.
willemoésvi from south of Yeddo (Challenger).

Among the new facts of distribution, perhaps the following are of most interest :

Stachyodes allmani, Wright and Studer. From the Laccadive Sea (Investigator) ;
previously from the reefs, Fiji.

Callistephanus korent, Wright and Studer. From the Andaman Sea (Investigator) ;
previously from off Ascension.

Juncella elongata, Pallas. From the Bay of Bengal (Investigator); previously
from Atlantic, West Indies, N.E. coast of Australia, and Algoa Bay.
Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill. From Investigator Station 231, 7° 34° 30" N,,
76° 08’ 23" E., and 321, 5° 4’ 84 N., 80° 22’ E.; previously from North

Atlantic, 8.W. of Nantucket Island, ete.

Umbellula durissima, Kélliker. From Laccadives (Investigator) ; previously from
8. of Yeddo and Antarctic.

Anthoptilum murray, Kélliker. From Investigator Station 104, 11° 12’ 47” N.,
74° 25’ 30” E.; previously from N. Atlantic, Bay of Gascony, 8. of
Iceland.

Funiculina’ quadrangularis (Pallas) = Leptoptilum gracile, Kolliker. From
Bay of Bengal (“ Investigator”), as Leptoptilum gracile, and previously trom
New Zealand. F. quadrangularis, previously from North Sea, Atlantic,
Mediterranean, etc.

Pavonaria’ willemoésii (Kélliker)= Microptilum willemoésii, Kélliker. From
Andaman Sea; previously as M. willemoési from Japan.

The wide distribution of some deep-sea types is thus well illustrated.

Some Matters of Detail.

It may be convenient to direct attention here to some matters of detail that
are of general interest.

The siliceous axis which forms the support of Sarcophytwm aberrans, 0. Sp.,
is 300 mm. in length by 2-3 mm. in b adth, and is probably the huge spicule of
Monorhaphis or some allied sponge. (See Plate I. fig. 2c.)

Analogous, on a smaller scale, is the siliceous sponge-spicule, which serves
as a support for Sympodium incrustans, n. sp. (See Plate II. fig. 7.)

1Tt is possible that our Funiculina quadrangularis is the young form of some other species of

Funiculina, and that our Pavonaria willemoésii is the young form of some already known species of
Pavonaria.

Xi

The spicules of Chironephthya macrospiculata, n. sp., are of unusually large
dimensions, some attaining a leneth of 8°3 mm. (See Plate IV. fig. 10.)

In Spongodes uliginosa, un. sp., there are almost equally huge spicules, some
8 mm. in length.

Noteworthy is the great heterogeneity of the spicules in some of the forms,
e.g. plates, discs, triangles, rods, spindles, and “‘golf-clubs” in Acanthomuricea
spicata, n. sp., and similarly in A. vamosa, un. sp.

Besides the very peculiar habit,—incrusting a huge siliceous rod,—there are
many interesting features in Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp.: the occurrence of
several sizes of autozooids, the inturning of almost the whole of a large tentacle
into the stomodeeum, the presence of ova and embryos in the siphonozooid canals.

In Sarcophytum agaricoides also there are ova in the siphonozooid cavities.

The dimorphism which Gray recorded in his Paragorgia nodosa is confirmed
in P. splendens, n. sp. It is unique in Pseudaxonia.

In Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill, we have observed that there may be two
or three siphonozooids in close connection with the autozooids.

The complex differentiation of the polyps in Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson,
is quite unique.

Very remarkable tentacles occur in Thesvoides imermis, n. g. et sp. (See
Plate VI. figs. 1 and 2.) Those of Protocaulon indicum, n. sp., are also unusual

(See Plate VII. fig. 3.)

The base of Anthoptilum decipiens, n. sp., is very characteristic in its shape,
and it may be further noted that there is no evidence of an area of attachment.

In Pteroéides trivadiata the small number (3) of supporting rays is note-
worthy. It is possible that the specimen, which is only 107 mm. in length, is still
young ; and attention may be directed to the range of variation in the number of
rays in P. griseum.

In regard to a collection which is a very feast of colour, we may call special
attention to the exquisite colour schemes of Pennatula veneris, P. pendula, and
P. splendens, and also to the very rich crimson-lake tint of the rachis and
pinnules in P. indica.

‘The presence of numerous Foraminifera in the stomodeum of Agaricoides
alcocki is a fact of interest.

Some of the epizoic animals are interesting, e.g. the peculiar Solenogaster
(Rhopalomenia gorgonophila?) on Acamptogorgia circium, n. sp.; Palythoa and
sponge on Parisis indica, n. sp. Between the vegetable axis and the stolons of
Sympodium imdicum, n. sp., Polychet worms have formed burrows, and some
tube-forming Polychzets are attached to the surface.

EIS OF SPECIES.

Orper I. STOLONIFERA, Hickson.

Family CorRNULARIIDE .
Sympodium indicum, n. sp.

53 decipiens, n. sp.

FA incrustans, D. sp. .
3 granulosum, 0. sp.
= tenue, n. sp.
pulchrum, n. sp.

Orpver II. ALCYONACEA, Verrill (pro parte).

Family Azcyonip#
Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp.
0) agaricoides, 0. sp.
Family Nepuruyip”
Subfamily Spongodin
Spongodes uliginosa, n. sp.
5 alcocht, n. sp.
Lithophytum indicum, n. sp.
Subfamily Siphonogorgine
Chironephthya variabilis, Hickson
ee macrospiculata, 0. sp. .
Stereacanthia indica, u. g. et sp.
Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson, n. g. et sp.

Orver III. PSEUDAXONTA, G. von Koch.

Family BrraReIp£
Subfamily Briareine
Paragorgia splendens, n. sp.

Family Screrogorcipé . 5 : : : : 5
Suberogorgia kollikert, Wright and Studer, var. ceylonensis, Thomson
Keroéides koreni, Wright and Studer .

" gracilis, Whitelegge

xu

m 0 0 bk oe eS

So tb we bt
wow - =

X1V

Family Merivopip£
Parisis indica, n. sp.

Family CoraLrip7 : ; : ; : 5 , ; .
Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp.

Orpver IV. AXIFERA, G. von Koch.

Family DasyGorGuUD&
Lepidogorgia verrilli, Wright aa Studer
Chrysogorgia orientalis, Versluys
flexilis, Wright and Studer
5 dichotoma, n. sp.
trregularis, 0. sp.
indica, n. sp.

Family [s1p# :
Subfamily Ceratoisidinze
Ceratoisis gracilis, n. sp.
Acanella rigida, Wright and Studer
robusta, Ni. Sp.

”

Family Prrwvorp7
Subfamily Primnoinze

Stachyodes allmani (Wright aa Bidee Ca Iyoterinets allmant, Wright and Studer .

Stenella horrida, n. sp. . 3
Thouarella moseleyi, Wright and Studer, var. spicata, nov.
Caligorgia flabellum, Ehrenberg

55 indica, n. sp.

ra dubia, n. sp.

Family Muriceip2£ : 0
Acanthogorgia aspera, iBaentclbs (= A. spinosa, Hiles ?)
Paramuricea indica, n. sp.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp.
3 spicata, i. Sp. .
Anthogorgia verrilli, n. sp.
Calicogorgia investigatoris, i. g. et sp. .
a rubrotincta, n. sp.
Placogorgia indica, n. sp.
.; orientalis, n. sp.
Astrogorgia rubra, n. sp. :
Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch .
°F : 5p var. robusta, a. .
circlum, 1. Sp. .

Acis spinosa, D. sp.

Muricella bengalensis, n. sp.

PAGE

23
23

24
24

32

35

XV

Family Gorgon”
Callistephanus korent, Wright a Studer

Family GorconeLLipa
Nicella flabellata (= foe vealle flabellata, Whitelegge)
Juncella elongata, Pallas
» miniaced, n. sp. ‘
Scirpearella moniliforme, Wright and Studer F

3 alba, n. sp. ’ ’ ' ; :

Orpver VY. STELECHOTOKEA, Bourne.

Srction ASIPHONACEA.
Family TreLestip&
Telesto arthuri, Higeean and Hiles
» rubra, Hickson

Section PENNATULACEA.

Family ProrocavLipaé
Protocaulon indicum, n. sp.

Family Proropri“nipz . : é : : 3
Protoptilum medium, n. sp.
Distichoptilum gracile, Vervill .

Family KoPHOBELEMNONIDE : :
Kophobelemnon burgert, Herklots, var. indica, n.
Sclerobelemnon kollikeri, n. sp.

Bathyptilum indicum, na. sp.
Thesioides inermis, n. g. et sp..

Family UMBELLULIDE :
Umbellula durissima, Killiker 5

a dura, 0. sp.

FA intermedia, n. sp.

rosed, N. Sp.

A purpurea, n. sp.

~ elongata, 0. sp.

ee kollikert, n. sp.
radiata, . sp.

. pendula, n. sp.

ss indica, n. sp.

Sparc

Family AwrHoPrinip£
Anthoptilum murrayi, Killiker
on decipiens, n. sp.

XV1

Family FUNICULINIDZ
Subfamily Funiculinine ; : : é :
Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas) = Leptoptilum gracile, Kolliker
“p gracilis, n. sp.
Subfamily Stachyptilidee
Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp.
Family Vireurarip& (Pavonaride, Jungersen) . :
Pavonaria willemoésti (Kolliker) = Microptilum willemoésit, Kolliker
Family PENNATULIDE

Subfamily Pennatuline
Pennatula indica, n. sp.

Pr veneris, N. Sp.
a splendens, n. sp.
pendula, n. sp.

Subfamily Pteroéididee
Pterocides triradiata, n. sp.

DESC TON OF SPECIES.

Orper I. STOLONIFERA, Hickson.
Family CoryvLarup”.

This family is represented in the collection by six species of Sympodium, all

of which seem to be new :
Sympodium indicum, n. sp.

decipiens, 1. sp.
incrustans, 1. Sp.
granulosum, 0. sp.
tenue, n. Sp.
pulchrum, n. sp.

Sympodium indicum, n. sp. Plate II. fig. 6; Plate IX. fig. 18.

This species is represented by one greyish-white specimen which forms a com-
plete tube round the broken fragment of a hollow vegetable axis.

The surface presents a granular appearance, and is thickly covered with large
polyps which arise singly, and do not appear to be arranged in any particular
mannet.

The polyps consist of a retractile anthocodia and of a non-retractile calyx, the
latter marked by eight longitudinal ridges which end slightly below the top. The
tentacles have on their aboral surface a spiculated band which projects downwards
for a short distance from their base. The calyces are 2—3°5 mm. in length ; the
whole polyp is about 7 mm. in length; but this does not represent the maximum,
as no polyp is fully expanded. Ova are present in abundance at the base of the
polyps.

The spicules are of two types, (1) prominently rough warty spindles, either
straight or curved; and (2) quadriradiate forms, few in number and marked by an
X-shaped marking at the origin of the rays. The following measurements were
taken of length by breadth in millimetves :

1. 0°5x0°08; 0°4x0°065; 0°25x0°04.
203x022 03x03 5 0°2 x O15.

Between the vegetable axis and the stolon, polychzete worms have formed
burrows, and some tube-forming worms are attached to the surface.

Locality : Andamans; 265 fathoms.

I

Ww

Sympodium decipiens, n. sp. Plate 1X. fig. 8.

This species is represented by a large ereyish-white specimen creeping over
and encircling a vegetable axis.

The polyps are large, occurring either singly or in groups of two or three on a
membranous stolon. They consist of a retractile and a non-retractile portion, the
latter with a maximum leneth of 7 mm.

The whole surface of the stolon and of the polyps is closely covered by large
spicules which are visible to the naked eye.

The spicules are long curved spindles or rods often abruptly truncated at one
end and covered with numerous rough wart-like projections. There are two types:

1. Rather thick rods, curved or straight, often bluntly rounded at one end and
tapering to the other, thus tending towards a club-like form, thickly covered with
rough warts and varying in length from 0°3-1°2 mm., and in breadth from
0°09—0°2 mm.

2. Longer and more slender rods or spindles with fewer and simpler
projections, varying in length from 0°25-0°8 mm., and in breadth from
0°06—0°1 mm.

In both cases there is often a slight bifurcation of the ends of the spicule.
This species closely resembles Sympodium indicum, but differs from it (1) in the
larger size of the spicules, and (2) in the arrangement of the polyps.

Locality : Andamans ; 271 fathoms.

Sympodium incrustans, n. sp. Plate II. fig. 7.

This species is represented by two greyish-white fragments which cover a
siliceous sponge spicule.

The stolon is a thin membrane spreading over and completely surround-
ing the spicule. It is granular in appearance and bears few polyps, which
occur irregularly at wide intervals. The calyces are marked by eight longi-
tudinal ridges which extend up their whole length, and thus produce a
crenate appearance at the marein of the cup. On the ridges the spicules are
arranged with their long axes parallel, or slightly inclined, to the length of the
ridge. The calyces are from 1-3°9 mm. in length and from 1-2 mm. in basal
cliameter.

The non-retractile portion is also closely covered with spicules which are not
arranged in any particular order. Just below the tentacles they form more or less
reeular bands which extend up the aboral surface of each tentacle, on which the
spicules are at first arranged in chevron, but are soon disposed with their long axes
parallel to the length of the tentacle.

The spicules are spindles, either straight or curved, covered by thick prominent

3

warts. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres :
019x005; 0°23x0°05; 0°25x0:06; 0°35x0-04.
Locality : Andamans ; 238-290 fathoms.

Sympodium granulosum, n. sp.

This species is represented by a single colony, with a thin membranous stolon,
granular in appearance and completely surrounding an antipatharian axis.

The polyps are grouped in bundles of from 2—9 at irregular intervals, each
bundle having a rough irregular ball-shaped appearance. The calyces are low and
squat, rising very little above the level of the general coonenchyma, and are covered
by a rough coating of spicules.

The anthocodiz are capable of complete retraction. The tentacles are short, and
have a band of spicules on the aboral surface, consisting of two rows diverging from
the middle line. The general anthocodial spicules are arranged en chevron. The
spicules are spindles or rods, a few flat ovals, and a few quadriradiate forms. The
spindles and rods may be straight or curved, and all have rough warty protuberances.
The spicular measurements, length by breadth in millimetres, are as follows:

1. Spindles, 0°8x0°09; 0°5x0°08; 0°15x0°04; 0°08x0°03.

2. Rods, 0°4x0°07 ; 0°35x0°09; 0°3x0'1.

3. ‘Oval forms, 0°5 x 0°22 ;-0°37 x0°2; 0°3x0°2.

4, Quadriradiate and X-marked forms, 0°8 x 0°25; 0°3x0°2; 0°14x0°07.

Locality : Station 173; 8° 35’ 45” N., 81° 17’ 45" E. ; 609 fathoms.

Sympodium tenue, n. sp. Plate IV. fig. 6.

To this species are referred two small colonies or fragments which spread over
and enclose a number of siliceous sponge spicules.

The stolon is thin and membranous, granular in appearance, and completely
surrounds several of the sponge spicules.

The polyps are scattered over the surface, occurring singly, or in twos or threes
in close proximity. They consist of a non-retractile calyx and of a retractile
portion, the anthocodia. When the anthocodiz are completely retracted, the mouth
of the calyx shows a number of blunt lobes or teeth.

The tentacles are of medium length, and have a band of spicules running up
the aboral surface.

The calyces are from 1°5-3°9 mm. in length, and are marked by eight ridges
running longitudinally, which are only faintly visible in the more contracted polyps.

The spicules of the calyx are arranged with the long axes parallel to the length
of the polyp. On the anthocodize the spicules are arranged in a band consisting of
eight inverted Vs, the points of which lie at the bases of the tentacles and project

4

for a short distance up the aboral surface. Higher up the spicules assume a position
parallel to the length of the tentacle.

The spicules are spindles, either straight or curved, with rough warty pro-
tuberances, and a very few quadrivadiate forms. The following measurements
were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

Spindles, 0°1x 0°05 ; 0°25x0°05; 0°5x0°07; 0°6x0°08; 0°65x0°05.
Quadrivadiate forms, 0°14 from tip to tip one way.
S: vt OSes ae the other way.
Locality : Station 222; 13° 27’ N., 93° 14’ 30” E.; 405 fathoms.

Sympodium pulchrum, n. sp. Plate VI. fig. 7.

This species is represented by a large colony spreading over the surface of a
sponge skeleton.

The stolon is thin and ribbon-like in parts, but it also spreads out into flat
expansions, with a stringy appearance on the surface.

The polyps occur all over the surface, arising singly or in twos and threes in
close proximity at the ends of the branches of the sponge on which they spread.

The calyces are usually marked by eight longitudinal ridges, which are more
distinct in the larger polyps. The spicules on the calyces are arranged with the
long axes parallel to the length of the calyx, and form a complete compact cover-
ing. The calyces vary in length from 1°2-7 mm., and in basal diameter from
1°1—2°5 mm.

The anthocodiz are capable of complete retraction, and are all more or less
retracted, but several even in this condition measure slightly over 3 mm., thus
giving the larger polyps a total height of over a centimetre. The spicules, which
form a dense covering, are arranged distally in a transverse band, from which
points project at the bases of the tentacles. On the tentacles the spicules are at
first arranged en chevron, but soon run parallel to the long axis. The band
continues up the aboral surface of the tentacle and gives off obliquely transverse
spicules to the sides.

The spicules are spindles, straight or curved, with rough warty protuberances.
The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

0°38 x 0°075; 0° x 0:04; 0:15x 0°04.
Loeality : Station 284; 7° 55’ N., 81° 47’ E.; 506 fathoms.

Orper II. ALCYONACEA.
Family Azcrovip2.

This family is represented by two new species of Sarcophytum :
Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp.
agaricoides, 1. Sp.

9

Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. Plate I. figs. 1, 2a, 2b, and 2c;
Plate IX. figs. 7 and 11.

This species is based on two specimens which are very different from one
another in habit and general appearance. The first—which diverges less than the
other from the typical agariciform shape—is a coral red colony, attached by means
of a thin membranous base to a piece of coral.

The stalk is 18 mm. in length, and is very much flattened owing to the
collapse of the thin walls between the canals. The capitulum is small and
slightly mushroom-shaped; autozooids are more numerous and smaller at’ the
margin.

The autozooids are apparently incapable of complete retraction. Each is
covered by a thick coating of spicules. The tentacles are long (from 4—5 mm.)
and laterally compressed, with the pinnules on either side of the middle line of the
oral surface, thus leaving a broad free space on the aboral surface. Several of the
autozooids reach a length of 18 mm., but on the margin many are only 3°5-4 mm.
in length.

Between the autozooids the surface of the capitulum is closely covered by
small raised points which mark the positions of the siphonozooids.

In the autozooids the spicules are (1) long rods and spindles with a few
very small spines, (2) small club-like spicules with a number of prominent
spines at one end and the other end tapering to a point, and (3) small double
clubs. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :—

1. 0°25 x 0°02; 0°3 x 0°02; 0°5 x 0°02.
2. 0°12 x 0°02; 0°12 x 0°04; 0°14 x 0°04.
3. 0°06 x 0°05; 0°07 x 0°04.

The heads of the second group of spicules lie close together and the projecting
spines interlock, thus forming a matted felt-work.

Locality : Station 232; 7° 17’ 30" N., 76° 54’ 30” E.; 430 fathoms.

The second, and at first very puzzling specimen, is a beautiful colony of a

6

6

reddish colour, surrounding a siliceous rod, which is from 2-3 mm. in breadth and
300 mm. in length. The average breadth of the colony, polyps included, is
22 mm., of the ccenenchyma, apart from the polyps, 8-12 mm. At the basal
end of the colony the rod is left bare for 50 mm. There can be little doubt that
this rod, which serves as an extrinsic support to the colony, is an immense sponge
spicule, such as has been described in Monorhaphis.

The colony consists of about 75 large slightly-retractile autozooids,
10-12 mm. in height, about 4 mm. in diameter, and with tentacles
3-5 mm. in length. These autozooids arise from the finely granular
coenenchyma, apparently without regular arrangement, at intervals of 2-6 mm.,
and on all sides. The spaces between them are covered with very numerous
siphonozooids.

Extending in a spiral up the siliceous rod there is a broad (2°5—4 mm.) band
of thin ccenenchyma, which bears neither autozooids nor siphonozooids. At six
places the opposite margins of thick polyp-bearing ccenenchyma arch over the
thin coonenchyma and come into contact; at two other places the thick coenen-
chyma completely surrounds the rod. It may be suggested that the broad bare
band corresponds to the stalk.

Along each margin of the thick ccenenchyma as it abuts on the bare tract,
there is a row of minute autozooids (about 1 mm. in diameter) with brownish
tentacles, and between these and the typical autozooids there are many inter-
mediate sizes. The minute marginal autozooids are separated by intervals,
varying from 1—2°5 mm.

The surface of the ccenenchyma appears to be covered by minute spiculated
warts, which mark the apertures of the siphonozooids. Between the coenenchyma
and the siliceous rod there is a thin film of faintly yellowish débris.

The autozooids have a much wrinkled surface, due to contraction. The
tentacles are simply infolded, and bear 12-15 plump conical pinnules. The
tentacles have large cavities flattened in the radial plane, their aboral surface (in
the preserved state, at least) is a narrow ridge bearing longitudinal rows of
spicules. In one case a tentacle was seen to be completely inturned into the
stomodeeum. The wall of the stomodzeum is substantial, and transversely
annulated, recalling a similar appearance in Sarcophytum agaricoides. It is
continued inwards below the surface of the ccenenchyma, almost as far as the
siliceous rod.

A slice parallel to the surface of the ccoenenchyma exposes the crowded cavities
of the siphonozooids, usually about 0°75—1 mm. in diameter, and are at once
seen to be crowded with ova (0°38 mm. in diameter) and blastula embryos
(0°5 mm. in diameter). In some cases gastrulation had occurred.

A section in the plane of the longitudinal axis of the minute marginal
autozooids at one of those regions where the opposite margins of thick ceenenchyma

=
‘

overlap the bare band, shows elongated cavities leading from the polyp openings
into the coenenchyma proper. It may also be seen that minute canals cross the
band of thin coenenchyma from side to side.
The spicules agree closely with those of the other specimen. The following
measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :
(a) Coenenchyma : (1) Long spindles, with few blunt spines, 0°5 «0-04;
0:4x 0:03; 0°3 x0-03.
(2) Shorter warty spindles, 0°25 x 0-03; 0°2 x 0°02.
(3) Rods with warty ends and warts in two whorls,
0:14x0°06; 0°12 x0°06.
Some of these approach double clubs, while others are
almost stellate.
(4) A few crosses also occur, 0°2 x 0°2 ; 0°2 x 0'1.
(>) Autozooids : (1) Long spindles, as in ccenenchyma, but with fewer spines,
0°55 x0°03; 0°45 x 0°03.
(2) Clubs with bare shaft and warty end, 0°15 in length,
shaft 0°02 broad, end 0°03 broad; 0°1 x 0°015 x 0°02.
(3) Short warty rods,) as in’ coenenchyma, 01 x 0-08;
01x 0°06.
(4) A few crosses, 0°2x0°1.
Locality : Station 254; 11° 16’ 30” N., 92° 58’ E.; 669 fathoms.

Sarcophytum agaricoides, n. sp.’ Plate I. fig. 3.

The general appearance of the colony may be described as mushroom-shaped.
A distinet cylindrical stalk expands into a large hemispherical lobe or pileus. The
colour is a uniform purplish-red except on the retractile portions of the autozooids,
which are yellowish-white. The pileus is approximately circular in outline,
markedly convex on its upper surface and slightly concave on its lower. The
total height of the colony is 55 ems. The pileus has a maximum breadth of 3:2
ems. and a length of 1:2 em.

The lower surface of the pileus is covered with an epidermis, continu-
ous with that of the stalk, and totally devoid of polyps. The upper surface
bears numerous retractile autozooids, uniformly distributed over the surface.
In the inter-spaces a great number of small whitish spots mark the positions
of the siphonozooids. The stalk is cylindrical, and has a maximum length of
3°3 cms.

A longitudinal section through the colony shows a series of tubular canals,
running from the apertures of the autozooids, bounded by abundant connective

1 This beautiful species was described by one of my students, Mr. James Hector, as an exercise
for the B.Sc. degree.—J. A. T.

8

tissue supported by numerous elongated rod-like spicules. These canals gradually
converge towards the centre of the pileus, finally forming a series of straight
parallel canals running down the stalk.

The spicules are very uniform throughout, the main differences being in the
relative size.

The normal type is rod-like, usually straight, occasionally shghtly bent,
tapering to a point at both ends. The surface is smooth, or covered with slight
projections most numerous towards the ends. Besides these, there are much
smaller, very irregular spicules. In the outer tissue of the pileus there are long
spicules with a few of the irregular type; im the deeper tissue of the pileus they
are similar but slightly larger. In the stalk the simple and the irregular forms
are almost equally well represented. In the tentacles the spicules are smaller and
very numerous. <A third type is also found, intermediate between the others
already referred to, namely a short cylinder, truncated at one end and presenting a
knobbed appearance at the other.

The autozooids are circular in outline, and may be almost completely retracted
within their respective cavities, the edges of which are distinctly tumid. The
apertures are about 3°5 mm. across; the diameters of the canals decrease as they
pass inwards.

At the apex there are eight tentacles of the usual type bordering the mouth
aperture. The anthocodial part consists of a yellowish tube with the surface
much wrinkled. Its outer wall is continuous with the epithelium of the surface
of the pileus, and at the level of the pileus forms a semi-transparent flexible
membrane closing the entrance.

The stomodzeum is continued about 10 mm. below the surface of the pileus,
and is attached to the wall by the mesenteries, which bear gastric filaments, but
show no trace of gonads. The stomodzeal wall is very substantial, and supported
by reddish spicules; it shows very conspicuous and regular transverse corruga-
tions—27 in number; the siphonoglyph is broad and deep; the inferior opening
of the stomodzeum into the ccelenteron resembles a flattened papilla.

The apertures of the siphonozooid cavities are very minute, and are seen on
the surface of the pileus as a large number of white spots. Each spot is a delicate
membrane roofing the cavity of the polyp, and perforated by an elongated sht,
the mouth of the zooid. Tentacles are unrepresented. The mouth leads into a
small chamber separated from the wall of the cavity by a narrow space crossed by
mesenteries.

The siphonozooid cavities pass gradually into the autozooid cavities ; a number
seem to be continued into the stalk as distinct channels. Others seem to end
blindly. Numerous ova occur on the walls of the siphonozooid cavities a very
short distance down the tube.

Locality : Station 204; 6° 50’ 20” N., 79° 36’ 20" E. ; 180-217 fathoms.

9

Family Nepuruym..

This family is represented by the following forms :
Subfamily Spongodine :
Spongodes uliginosa, un. sp.
Ms alcocki, n. sp.
Iithophytum indicum, n. sp.
Subfamily Siphonogorgine :
Chironephthya variabilis, Hickson.
= macrospiculata, n. sp.
Stereacanthia indica, n.g. et sp.

Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson, n. g. et sp.

Subfamily Spongodine.
Spongodes uliginosa, n. sp.
This species belongs to the section Divaricatze and to the Suensoni
defined by Kiikenthal.
The colony is small, 21 mm. in maximum height and 28 mm. in width,

It resembles a thorny bush, and is greyish-white in colour. The trunk is short, and
the first branches arise at a height of 10 mm. from the base. The lowest branches

group as

are flat and reflexed, forming a complete collar round the upper part of the trunk.

The polyps arise singly on short twigs. The twig is composed of large
spicules which are placed longitudinally and project beyond the polyp base, thus
giving rise to the thorny appearance. The polyp heads are borne on short
peduncles, and the two together reach a height of 3mm. On the anthocodia the
spicules are arranged in a crown and points; in the crown there are two to three
transverse rows, and in each point there are two prominent converging spicules.
These separate a little at their free ends and form a circle of projecting spines
round the retracted tentacles. On the aboral surface of the tentacles there are
bands of spicules arranged longitudinally. The spicules of the general
coenenchyma are spindles either straight or twisted, and covered with numerous
warty projections. Their measurements, length by breadth in millimetres, are as
follows :

Ses SO) 3 Sascha <3} o OASc O05.

Some of the spindles are bifid at one end, or give off a short projection from
one of the lateral surfaces.

The polyp spicules are warty spindles and irregular rods. They may be
straight, curved, or sharply bent at one end. The following measurements were
taken of length and breadth in millimetres :
16x01; 15x01; 0°3x0:045; 0°3x0-02; 0:16x0°025; 0°1x0:03; 0°07x0-02.

This species comes very near Spongodes suensoni, Holm, but differs from it

2

10

in the arrangement of the polyps and in the large dimensions of the spicules.
The colour of the colony is also quite different, being in this case greyish-white,
while Spongodes suensont is greyish-yellow with yellow or red polyps and red
“ Sttitzbundel” and polyp spicules.

Locality : Station 237; 13° 17’ N., 93° 07’ E.; 90 fathoms.

Spongodes alcocki, n. sp. Plate I. fig. 4; Plate VIIL. fie. 6.

This is a divaricate form, and belongs to the Cervicornis group of Kiikenthal.

The base of the trunk forms a flattened dise of attachment. About 12 mm.
from the base the trunk is surrounded by an irregular, flattened branch, which is
interrupted altogether at one place and is twice perforated. At the perforation
next the interruption there is an almost cylindrical portion which may represent a
separate secondary branch. Above the collar some small branches are also
shehtly flattened.

The branching of the colony is on the whole in one plane, with a median and
two lateral main branches, each breaking up into numerous twigs. The height is
60 mm. from above the collar, and the maximum breadth 90 mm. The colony
is very delicate and readily torn; the colour is translucent white, except at
the tips of the twigs and in the polyps, where the spicules are deep yellow or
orange red.

The polyps occur in bundles of 5-10, but the larger numbers are the more
frequent. Each polyp stands on a separate stalk, about 2°5 mm. in length. The
polyps and their tentacles are white, disguised at first sight by the orange red
spicules.

The spicules of the anthocodia are arranged in 8 triangles, each consisting of a
pair of converging spicules and a horizontally-placed curved spicule which forms
the base. In addition to these there are some irregularly horizontal spicules. The
aboral surface of the tentacle has a band of minute red spicules arranged in two rows.

The spicules of the polyp stalk consist of closely contiguous obliquely trans-
verse rows; on the surface of the stalk farthest from the polyp several stronger
spicules are arranged longitudinally to form a Stiitzbtindel, one of which projects
for a short distance beyond the polyp.

The spicules of the stem form a loose network, and are spiny spindles straight
or curved. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

17x01; 14x01; 1°3x0°06; 0°8x0:045; 0°75x0°05; 0°3x0:02;

0°2x 0°03.

The polyp spicules are straight or curved spindles. The following measure-

ments were taken of leneth and breadth in millimetres :
1°5x0°09; 0°9x0'06; 0°7x0°04; 0°16x0°03; 0°12x0°03; 0:06x0°03.

ll

The colour of the stem and branches is white, the twigs orange red, and the
polyp heads appear brick red.
Locality : Bay of Bengal; 88 fathoms.

Lithophytum indicum, n. sp.

This species is represented by a small fragment, 21 mm. long and 14 mm.
broad.

The basal attachment is absent, and so also is the lower part of the stem, so
that the exact shape of the colony is not known. The upper part of the stem
divides into three lobes or short branches of nearly equal size.

The polyps are arranged on the branches at fairly wide intervals, and in a
slightly contracted condition are 2 mm. in height and 1 mm. in basal diameter.
The tentacles are about 0°6 mm. in length, and have on each side about eight long
slender pinnules. There are abundant ova in the lower parts of the polyps. The
spicules of the polyp lie transversely at the base, but just below the tentacles they
are arranged in eight longitudinal rows.

The polyp spicules are spindle-shaped, varying in length from 0-15-0°5 mm.
and in breadth from 0:02-0:08 mm. They are covered by sparse fairly strong
simple spines. A few are slightly thicker in the middle, and marked by an
X-shaped mark near the middle point.

The tentacle spicules are shorter, mostly about 0°1 mm. in length.

The spicules of the stem are blunt spindles or rods covered with sparse simple
spines, and a few irregular incipient quadriradiate forms. They vary in length
from 0°2-0°9 mm. and from 0:03-0:06 mm. in breadth. The quadriradiate
forms vary in length from 0°2-0°4 mm., and are all marked by an X-shaped mark
at the origin of the rays ; sometimes one of the cross-marks is so faint as to seem
to be absent.

This species is probably to be referred to the vicinity of L. africanum ; but it
is distinguished by its large polyps, large spicules, and the presence of the quadii-
radiate forms.

Locality : Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 88’ 45” E.; 401 fathoms.

Subfamily Siphonogorgin:e.
Chironephthya variabilis, Hickson.

This species is represented by a large number of fragments, all of which
probably belonged to one large colony. They present a rather striking appear-
ance owing to the contrast between the general white or very pale pink colour of
the branches and the deep coral red colour of the spicules of the anthocodiz.

The spicules of the anthocodiz are arranged in two groups, the crown and

point spicules, the point spicules being arranged en chevron and not in a fan-
shaped manner.

The measurements of the spicules are as follows :

Point spicules, 0°35 x0°025 ; 0°3x0°03; 0°3x0°025; 0°2x0°02.
Crown spicules, 0°6 x 0°035; 0°5x 07028; 0°4x0°03; 0°3x0°02.

On the aboral surface of the tentacles there are numerous small spicules
uranged in Vs, Their average leneth is 0°08 mm., and their average breadth
0012.

Locality: Bay of Bengal; 88 fathoms. Previously recorded from the
Maldives (Hickson) ; Ceylon (Thomson and Henderson, 1905).

Chironephthya macrospiculata, n. sp. Plate IV. fig. 10.

This species is represented by a single colony about 5 ems. in height.

From the flat spreading base two stems arise which are fused together for a
short distance. The larger gives off a lateral branch at a point nearly half-way up.
The colony presents a very rough appearance owing to the huge spicules which
form a loose covering over the stems and branch. The spaces left between
the large spicules are filled by minute spicules which are either colourless or
red.

The polyps arise all round the stems and branch, and are supported by small
platform-shaped calyces formed by several spicules placed side by side. In the
polyps the spicules are arranged in crown and points. The crown consists of three
rows, and in the points the spicules are arranged en chevron. In each point there
are two principal spicules slightly inclined to one another, and two smaller spicules
in the angle between these. Two pairs lie in the space between two adjacent
points. On the aboral surface of each tentacle there is a band of spicules arranged
longitudinally or in Vs, with the apices of the Vs directed towards the distal
end of the tentacle. The spicules of this band are white, except for a narrow trans-
verse portion about half-way up in which the spicules are a bright red.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are warty or spiny spindles, straight or
slightly twisted, coloured or colourless. The following measurements were taken
of length and breadth in millimetres :

1. Uncoloured, 8°3x0°9; 5°2x0°9; 3:°9x0°6; 1°4x0°22; 0°8x0°12.
2. Coloured, 0°3x0°04; 0°2x0°02; 0°15x0°02.

The polyp spicules are warty spindles, either straight, curved, or sharply bent
at one end. They are colourless, with the exception of those composing the red
transverse band on the tentacles. The following measurements were taken of
length and breadth in millimetres :

ORs SOMES Oesss<ONNsss MAW s W)2Zs< O03).

The colour of the colony is yellowish-brown.

3)

This species is easily distinguished from previously described forms by the
immense size of the spicules in the cconenchyma.

Whitelegge described Siphonogorgia macrospina from Funafuti with spicules
sometimes 6 mm. in length, and Miss Hiles has deseribed an apparently similar
form in which the largest spicules were 4°4x0°37 mm. (MS. kindly lent by Pro-
fessor Hickson). Through Professor Hickson’s courtesy we have been able to
examine this specimen, and we find that it is very different from ours.

Locality : Station 246; 11° 14’ 30” N., 74° 57’ 15” E.; 68-148 fathoms.

Stereacanthia indica, n. g. et sp. Plate V. fig. 2; Plate IX. fig. 19.

This new genus is represented by two broken specimens, of which the more
complete, when pieced together, is about 11 ems. in height.

The colony consists of two parts: (1) a long bare trunk, and (2) the branched
polyp-bearing portion. The trunk has a thickened basal portion in which there
are many projecting spicules. It is thin-walled, and consists of a number of
longitudinal canals with the adjacent walls fused and containing numerous large
spicules which help to give rigidity to the stalk. The polyp-bearing portion con-
sists of two or three branches irregular in shape and of various lengths, with the
polyps closely disposed. The general colour of the polyparium is a light brown,
while the long trunk is white, slightly brownish at the base.

The trunk is composed of about 20 canals with thin walls fused together and
filled with spicules. Owing to the contraction of the preserved specimens and the
thinness of the partition walls the stalk or trunk is greatly shrivelled and somewhat
broken, and thus the mode of growth is not at all clear; but it seems that the
polyp cavities are continued down and come into connection with the canals in the
branches, which are either new interstitial growths or prolongations of the canals
of the trunk.

The trunk is divided into two irregular branches, which again divide into a
number of smaller branchlets or lobes, thus giving the polyp-bearing part the
appearance of a rugged irregular bush. The branches are unequal in size, and in
one specimen the thicker of the two main branches divides almost at its origin
into two principal parts.

The polyps occur both on the primary branches and on the secondary branch-
lets or lobes. On the main branches they are scarce and arise singly, scattered
over the whole surface, but usually leaving a bare strip on the outer surface of the
branch. On the branchlets they are numerous and crowded.

The polyps are arranged either singly or in small groups of about seven, and
are borne on stalks about 2 mm. in length, the basal portions of which may be
in close contact. They stand at an angle to the stalks. On the polyp stalks the
spicules are arranged obliquely transverse, except that on the dorsal side several

14

slightly stronger spicules are arranged more regularly in a longitudinal direction,
but they are not sufficiently marked to warrant their being classed as Stiitzbiindel
spicules. On the anthocodial cup the spicules are arranged in eight irregular
triangles rising from a ring of transverse spicules, and thus recalling the arrange-
ment of the spicules in the anthocodia of Chironephthya, On the aboral surface
of each tentacle there is a band of longitudinally placed spicules, and these bands,
when the tentacles are folded in, form a low eight-rayed rudimentary operculum.

The spicules of the outer wall of the stalk are large spindles. In the lower
part near the base they le irregularly and somewhat transversely, while in the
upper part they become more regular and are placed longitudinally.

The spicules of the outer wall of the stalk are straight or curved spindles,
thickly covered with very rough prominent warts. The measurements of length
and breadth in millimetres are :

Buca) s PW S)4a) s MA) OFS Se OPIL a.

The spicules of the canal walls in the lower part of the stalk are very large
spindles, thickly covered with very rough warts, and either straight, curved, or
twisted. The measurements of length and breadth in millimetres are :

U0 8 WOO? OO XKORIe SxOHs SOs Ov cee Ouls<Oril.

The spicules of the polyps and polyp stalks are warty spindles either straight
or curved, or somewhat “ golf-club” shaped ; the warts are prominent and rough.
The smaller spicules are freer from projections, but some have almost serrate
edges. Their measurements are :—

IBS eRe Uses Wee cOeilay es ScOaline ESO O sis (PUAN S Oeil SOO.

Systematic Position.—The infolding of the tentacles when at rest, the
presence of the large canals in the main stem and branches, the thick external
layer of the main stem, show that this form belongs to the Nephthyidee. Adopt-
ing Kiikenthal’s revised classification of this family, the specimen must be
placed, owing to the absence of Stiitzbundel spicules, in his first division. In
this division he included, A, those with the “canal walls not thickly filled
with spicules,” and B, those with the “canal walls thickly filled with spicules.”
As there are abundant spicules in the canal walls of our specimen, it must be
placed in the B group and in the second section of this group, which is
characterised by the polyps occurring singly or in bundles. In this section there
are two genera, distinguished by the absence or presence of an irreeular internal
axis built up of spicules closely packed together. As the present specimen has no
trace of an internal axis, it must be placed near the genus Lemnalia. From this
it differs in several respects, e.g. in having no “ quadriradiate double-stars” in the
wall of the trunk or stalk. It seems necessary to refer it to a new genus, Sterea-
canthia, which may be thus defined :

Colony upright, consisting of two parts: (1) a bare densely spiculose trunk

composed of lar

oO
f=)

re thin-walled longitudinal canals, with fused walls but with no

15

trace of an irregular central axis; and (2) a branched polyp-bearing portion or
polyparium, on which the polyps are arranged singly, or in small bundles crowded
together on small branchlets. The tentacles during rest are not retracted, but
simply infolded, the aboral bands of tentacular spicules thus forming a pseudo-
operculum. The spicules are covered by rough prominent warts, and are mostly
straight or curved spindles. A number of polyp spicules are “ golf-club” shaped,
ze. are bent at a sharp angle near one end.

Locality : Kight miles west of Interview Islands, Andamans; 270-45
fathoms.

In another haul from near the Andamans a young colony of this species is
included. It rises from a flat base and consists of two stems—3°2 ems. and 3 ems.
respectively in height. In this specimen the main stems do not break up into
branches, but give off small twigs. They are slightly flattened, and polyps occur
singly over their whole surface.

Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Agaricoides alcocki,’ Simpson, n. g. et sp. Plate VIII. fig. 4; Plate X. figs. 1-19.

This new genus is represented by numerous specimens varying greatly in size,
which illustrate different stages of growth.
The following are the measurements of some of the more perfect specimens :

Total height. Maximum breadth. Length of Trunk. Thickness of Trunk.
3 cms. 3 ems. 1°75 ems. 15) ems:
POT) ee OMe 55 LOY 55 ay or
Ba IS) as Qe 35 O's
Oo Ls OcSiiees OiGr,

All were attached to pieces of Madrepore coral, probably Lophohelia sp.

General Description.

The colony consists of two very distinct parts: (1) a bare trunk, and (2) a
polyp-bearing “ pileus.” The trunk is composed of a large number of longitudinal
canals with the adjacent walls fused and densely packed with spicules, which give
consistency and rigidity to the colony. The upper umbrella-shaped portion or
“pileus” so closely resembles a mushroom that the term “‘agariciform” might well
be applied. The general colour of the pileus portion of the colony is a pale orange
yellow, while the trunk is whitish. The zooids, whose tentacles are not retractile,
are introversible within cylindrical stalks which are expanded terminally into
characteristic octagonal disc-like expansions. The close-set octagons covering the

1 For a description of this remarkable new type we are indebted to Mr. James J. Simpson, M.A.,
B.Sc. See Zool. Anzeig. xxix. (1905) pp. 263-271, 19 figs.

16

pileus, with a zooid appearing in the centre of each, present a very remarkable and
unique appearance.
The Canal System.

Owing to the contraction of the spirit-specimens, the mode of growth is by no
means obvious, but an examination of various stages, and of serial sections through
these, makes the mode of increase in the number of the canals fairly clear. The
centre of the stem is occupied by a number of large canals whose cavities are about
3 mm. in diameter. These do not communicate with one another, but at several
points solenia can be seen connecting them with the canals in the cortical region
whose cavities vary from 2 mm.—1 mm. in diameter. The cortical canals terminate
basally in a cul-de-sac, while upwards they increase in diameter so as to give
rise to zooids on the pileus portion. The younger zooids are peripheral, and the
whole colony may thus be compared to a bundle of compound racemes, the
branches of which are hollow, and where the secondaries and tertiaries fuse to the
primaries and grow to an equal leneth with them, so as to result in a corymb-like
expansion. The eight mesenteries of the zooids are continued downwards almost
to the very base of the canals, and at the same time the asulear pair can be clearly
distinguished by the characteristic ciliated groove. This is also the case in Szphono-
gorgia and Lemnalia, while in some of the Nephthyide, e.g. Spongodes, only
the asulcar mesenteries are continued into the canals of the stem.

Origin of the Zooids.

Both the central or primary canals and the cortical or secondary canals give
rise to zooids in a remarkable and interesting manner. After attaining a certain
height, which is practically uniform for the colony, the walls turn inwards, so that
the cavity is thus reduced in diameter ; and when this is approximately one-half of
the original measurement a vertical upgrowth again commences, thus forming a
cylindrical cup-shaped projection, homologous to the verruca in the Axifera. When
the height of this part is about 4 mm. the circumference grows out into eight
digitiform structures, while the wall again growing inwards fuses with the lower
part at the eight indentations, forming a similar number of short blind tubes. This
constitutes what might be termed the verruca proper. Growth still takes place,
and a zooid is the result, consisting of a comparatively long stalk bearing the
anthocodia. That this is the mode of growth is clearly demonstrable in the
younger colonies, and also in the less advanced polyps round the periphery of the
older colonies. As the colonies @vow in size, the verrucee also become more com-
plicated, the terminal stellate part expanding horizontally to form an octagonal
dise, with the indentation less pronounced, containing eight cavities which corre-
spond to those formed by the retractor muscles. To complicate matters still further,
towards the centre of the older colonies, verrucze which correspond to the primary
canals fuse with the adjoining verrucze so that the canals are now continuous.

Le

The partitions of the canals are densely spiculose, in addition to the outer
felt-work, and a cross section shows that the spicules are arranged for the most
part vertically, the cavities conforming to the tubercles on the spicules.

Structure of the Zooids.

The zooids are about 5 mm. in height, and consist of a somewhat slender stalk
bearing a cup-like anthocodia, the whole being densely covered with a felt-work of
minute warty spindles. The tentacles are short and broad, with a single row of
pinnules on each side ; their bases are confluent, so as to enclose a capacious hollow
—the oral disc, over which they can be infolded. They are not retractile, but
when at rest, being infolded, the biserial arrangement of the spicules forms a very
primitive operculum.

The wall of the anthocodia is prolonged into eight triangular lobes, on which
the spicules are also arranged biserially, so that each pair forms two sides of a
triangle, the enclosed angle becoming more and more obtuse towards the base.
This arrangement is continued down to the origin of the stalk, forming a series of
ridges on the anthocodia. The triangular projections thus function as a protection
to the infolded tentacles. The stalk, though narrow, is very elastic, because the
zooid when at rest forms an introvert within it, which in turn sinks within the
verruca. The zooid is withdrawn by eight strong bands of retractor muscles,
which thus form eight cavities running upwards, and corresponding to the canals
in the octagonal disc. These retractor muscles pass downwards and are continuous
with the eight mesenteries of the zooid.

The oral disc is spacious and circular, containing a rather large elliptical
mouth-opening, which leads into a keyhole-shaped, richly-ciliated stomodzeum, in
which a very distinct suleus can be distinguished. The ectodermic cells in this
region are more numerous and the cilia are longer.

The mesenteries are all complete, and the muscle banners on the sulear aspect
are easily discernible. The filaments are continued down the stem canals almost
to the very base of the colony, while the asulcar filaments show very markedly the
ciliated groove so characteristic of the group.

Ova of enormous size are present in great abundance attached to the mesen-
terial filaments. They vary from 0°1 mm.—0°6 mm. in diameter, but although a
considerable number of the larger and more mature ova were stained with borax-
carmine, no sign of segmentation could be found, so that the question of viviparity
for this genus must remain undecided.

A fact which may prove to be of great interest is that in every zooid examined
there was a large number of Foraminifera of various kinds, and in the decalcified sec-
tions examined the protoplasmic contents could be seen surrounded by the ectodermic
cells of the stomodeeum, while many were also enclosed within the pinnules of the
tentacles. When the zooids are at rest, the tentacles are infolded ; and as many

3

18

Foraminifera are enclosed by the pinnules, they must have entered while the polyp
was expanded. The absence of food in the ccelentera of most Aleyonarians and the
frequent presence of zoochlorellee point to the fact that many Alcyonaria are symbiotic
organisms, but the fact we have noticed suggests that some have the power of assimi-
lating food from other sources.

Spicules.

The great majority of the spicules are arranged irregularly so as to form a
dense felt-work on the surface of the canals, giving consistency and rigidity to the
whole colony ; but many are also embedded in the mesogloea. On several parts of
the colony, however, the arrangement is particularly regular, e.g. on the expanded
disc of the verruca, on the protective prolongations of the wall of the anthocodia,
and also on the tentacles, where in all cases the arrangement is biserial.

All are irregularly echinate, while many may be called warty. The spines
vary greatly in form and size, some sharp and triangular standing at right angles
to the spicules, others hooked and thorn-like, while others are truncated. They
are, for the most part, simple, but compound forms are not infrequent. No type,
however, can be said to be characteristic of any particular part of the colony.

The spicules consist chietly of straight and curved spiny spindles, some
approaching the “scaphoid” form so characteristic of the genus Gorgonia, thus
showing convergence in another direction. Other forms are single clubs and clubs
with a curved termination, resembling “ hockey-clubs.”

In the decalcified sections an organic residue was to be seen in the spicule
cavities in the mesogloea, and an examination of the smaller and more transparent
spicules showed that there was an organic axis with branches which passed out
into the spiny projections.

It is interesting to note that the same has been recorded by Bourne for
Lemnalia, the genus most closely related to our form.

The following measurements of spicules in millimetres were taken :

a. Transparent spicules of the outer wall of the trunk.
Straight spindles, 0°85 0°03; 0°75 x 0°04.
Curved spindles, 0°7 x 0°025; 0°75 x0°03.
b. Transparent spicules of the partition walls.
These show a greater preponderance of straight forms and bear
more compound spines.
Spindles, 0°85 x 0°05.
Single clubs, 0°7 x 0-03.
c. Transparent and pale yellow spicules of the dise-like expanded portion
of the verruca.
On the whole these are smaller than the two preceding groups and
hardly so spinose,
Spindles, 0°65x0:02; 0°6x0-01.

19

d. Spicules of the anthocodia mostly pale yellow with few and small
spines.
Straight spindles, 0°6x0°015 ; 0°4x 0-02.
Curved spindles, 0°55x0°015; 0°55x0°01.
Hockey-clubs, 0°6 x0°2 ; 0°4x0°015.
e. Pale yellow spicules of the tentacles mostly curved spindles and
hockey-clubs.
Curved spindles, 0°45 x 0°02 ; 0°35 x 0°03.
Hockey-clubs, 0°35 x 0°04.

Systematic Position.

The presence of the close felt-work of spicules already referred to places this
form in the subfamily Siphonogorgine as defined by Wright and Studer. The
genera Siphonogorgia (Kolliker), Chironephthya (Wright and Studer), Para-
nephthya (Wright and Studer), and Scleronephthya (Wright and Studer), need not
be considered ; but there is undoubtedly relationship with Lemnalia (Gray emend.,
Bourne). From this genus, however, our specimen differs essentially, in that it is
not branched, and in having the anthocodize pedicelled. Other features, such as
the form of the verrucze, the nature of the anthocodize, the introversion of the
zooids, and the general details of the colony, mark it off as a new and very distinct
genus.

Diagnosis.

Colony upright, attached, mushroom-shaped (agariciform), consisting of (1) a
stout, densely spiculose trunk composed of a longitudinally arranged system of
ccenenchymal canals with fused walls, the more superficial of which appear as ribs
on the surface; and (2) a “pileus” portion bearing the zooids which are intro-
versible within projecting verrucee—cylindrical extensions of the trunk canals, the
upper portions of which are expanded peripherally into octagonal discs containing
eight canals, corresponding to the eight compartments formed by the retractor
muscles. The anthocodiz are borne on somewhat slender stalks, the elastic walls
of which are continuations of the upper walls of the dises. The tentacles are not
retractile, but are simply folded over the wide oral disc, the biserial arrangement
of the spicules forming a simple pseudo-operculum. The oral dise is spacious,
protected by eight triangular projections of spicules. The mouth, considerably
elongated, leads into a richly ciliated stomodzeum in which a distinct suleus can
be distinguished. The mesenteries are complete, and are continued down to the
very base of the stem canals. The spicules are irregularly echinate, and consist
chiefly of straight and curved spindles ; while some approach the * scaphoid” type,
others are single “hockey-clubs,” 7.e. club-shaped with a curved termination.

Locality : Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 33’ 45” E.; 401 fathoms.

Orper II]. PSEUDAXONIA, G. von Koch.

Family Brrarerpn,
Subfamily Briareine.
Paragorgia splendens, n. sp.
Family Scxzrogorems :
Suberogorgia killikert, Wright and Studer, var. ceylon-
ensis, Thomson.
Keroéides koreni, Wright and Studer.
‘ gracilis, Whitelegge.
Family Meziropipx :
Parisis indica, n. sp.
Family CoraLiipe :

Pleurocorallium variabile, u. sp.

Family Brrarziws,
Subfamily Briareinee.
Paragorgia splendens, n. sp. Plate I. fig. 5; Plate V. figs. 9 and 14.

A beautiful coral-red colony 12°5 ems. in height and 6°5 ems. in maximuni
breadth represents this species. The branching is confined to one plane, and
the polyps are directed mainly towards one aspect. The diameter of the
main stem near the base is 8 mm. The pseudaxial portion consists of long
warty spindles tightly bound together, and is penetrated by numerous solenia.
In the centre of the mass there are five main canals, four larger surrounding a
smaller. The ccenenchyma is moderately thick, and has a glistening arenaceous
appearance. In the older part of the stem it is smooth, but on the younger
portions and on the branches it is marked by irregular ridges and furrows which
extend into the verrucee. The polyps may occur singly or in groups, the tips of
the branches being swollen into large club-shaped heads containing sometimes
nine or ten polyps. They show the characteristic furrowing of the coenenchyma,
and when inturned present an eight-rayed structure. The tentacles are of a deeper
red colour than the general ccenenchyma. The colony is dimorphic, numerous
siphonozooids occurring over the whole cortex. This phenomenon is apparently
absent in some of the other fragments. No trace of tentacles could be found in
the siphonozooids, but the characteristic Aleyonarian internal structure is plainly
visible, the muscle-banners being most developed on the directive mesenteries.

The spicules of the axis (a) are typically spindle-shaped, irregularly covered
20

21

with markedly projecting warts or spines. Many have broad bifurcated ends. All
are pink or colourless.

Those of the cortex (b) are of a salmon-pink colour. They are shorter and
more closely covered with large warts, and some resemble a dumb-hbell with a
very short handle. The following measurements of length by breadth in milli-
metres were taken :

(a) 0:°22x0°045 ; 0°2x0°04; 018x004; 0°15x0°08.
(b) Spiny, 0°14x0°02; 0:12x0°038; 0°1x0°025.
Warty, 0°12x0°03 ; 0°1x0°03; 0°06 x0°025.

We cannot refer this form either to the precisely described and figured
P. nodosa of Koren and Danielssen, or to the vaguely described and doubtless
different P. nodosa of Gray.

Locality : Station 284; 7° 55’ N., 81° 47' E.; 506 fathoms.

Family Sczzrocoreip%.
Suberogorgia kollikeri, Wright and Studer, var. ceylonensis, Thomson.
Plate IV. figs. 11 and 12.

This species is represented by two small yellowish-brown fragments, 5°5 cms.
and 5:7 ems. respectively in height, without basal attachment.

The fragments are branched in one plane, the branches arising almost at right
angles to the stem and then turning upwards and running roughly parallel with it.

The axis is almost cylindrical, with a diameter of about 3 mm. in its thickest
part, and 0°9 mm. at the tips of the branches. In texture it is sclerogorgic, and
is marked on opposite sides by two shallow winding grooves for the nutrient canals.

On the stem the polyps arise without any regular arrangement, anywhere
except on the grooves; on the branches they are arranged in two winding rows,
one on each lateral face. They are capable of complete retraction within the
verruce, which are low truncated cones varying from 0°9-1°5 mm. in diameter.
The aboral surface of the tentacles bears spicules arranged en chevron in the lower
part, but parallel to the length of the tentacle near the tip. These form an eight-
rayed pseudo-operculum when the tentacles are withdrawn.

The general coenenchyma is thin and densely packed with spicules.

The spicules are spindles, which are sometimes almost oval in shape, and
some small quadriradiate forms. All are covered by warty protuberances. The
following measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

The large warty spindles, 0°22x0-06; 0°2x0°06; 0:2x004; 014x008;

OnwE Ome

The small warty spindles, 0°14x0°03 ; 0°13x0°04.

The spicules of the tentacles, 0°15 x0°035 ; 0°13 x 0°03.

The quadriradiate forms, 0°08 x 0°06 ; 0°075 x 0°05.

99
44

The quadriradiate forms are all marked by an X-shaped mark in the centre.
This specimen differs from the typical Suberogorgia kéllikert in having its
branching almost completely in one plane, in the arrangement of the polyps on
the smaller branches, and in the smaller size of the spicules.
Locality : Andamans; 270-45 fathoms. Previously recorded from Ceylon
and Zanzibar.

Keroeides koreni, Wright and Studer. Plate I. figs. 6 and 7.

A single specimen was obtained from the neighbourhood of the Andamans.
It measures 3°3 cms. in height, and has a maximum breadth of 2°9 ems. The
branches are few in number, and the white polyp-heads present a beautiful con-
trast with the bright vermilion red of the branches.

Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Previously recorded from : “Challenger” Station 232, Hyalonema-ground,
off Japan; depth, 345 fathoms. Also from Funafuti (Hiles); 40-90 fathoms.

Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegge. Plate IV. fies. 1, 2, and 3.

To this species we refer a number of fragments from the vicinity of the
Andamans.

As far as can be made out, the colony is branched in one plane, and has a
flat spreading basal attachment. The branches are given off for the most part
alternately, but this is not strictly adhered to.

The axis is sclerogorgic, rigid, and dense, almost cylindrical in shape, without
any distinct traces of grooving. It is brownish-yellow in the older parts, becoming
paler in the younger.

The polyps arise irregularly on the main stem and the larger branches, tend-
ing, however, to become arranged alternately on the smaller branches. They are
capable of complete retraction within the verrucze, and the tentacular spicules
form a low eight-rayed operculum. On the aboral surface of the tentacles the
spicules are arranged with their long axes parallel to the length of the tentacle.
The distance between adjacent verrucee may be 3°5 mm., or they may be touching
one another.

The verruce are cylindric:!, composed of warty spicules arranged longi-
tudinally, and vary in height from 1-2 mm., with a basal diameter of about
1 mm.

The general coenenchyma is thin, and consists of one layer of warty spicules,
which are arranged very irregularly, with small, brightly-coloured spicules filling
the spaces between. In the older parts of the stem and branches they are small
flat irregular discs arranged transversely, with here and there, especially near the

23

origin of a branch, a number of long flat spindles arranged longitudinally. In
the younger parts of the branches this arrangement is replaced by one in which

the long spindles predominate.
dises are to be seen.

These are longitudinally arranged, and very few

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

2°2x0°35; 1:4x0°35; 0°6x0°2; 0:5x0:25; 0°4x0°22;

0°4x0°35; 0°35x0'1.

The tentacle spicules are 0°11—0°15 in leneth by 0°02—0°03 in breadth.
This form comes very near Keroéides gracilis, but the following differences

may be noted :
Kerovides gracilis,
Whitelegge.
Branches alternate.
Polyps alternate.

Spicules are spindles and irregular forms ;
placed transversely on and in the
neighbourhood of the verruce.

Spicules reaching 2 mm.
Spicules bright brick red.
Colour of colony coral red.

Keroéides gracilis
(Indian Ocean form).

Branches not strictly alternate.

Polyps irregular on main stem and
larger branches, tending to become
alternate on smaller branches.

Spicules on the older parts of stem and
branches very irregularly arranged ;
in the younger parts long spindles
regularly arranged predominate.

Spicules 2 mm. and over.

Spicules colourless or faint pink.

Colour of colony pale pink, and in this
respect agreeing with the specimen
described by Miss Hiles.

Locality : Andamans; 270-45 fathoms.
Previously recorded from Funafuti and British New Guinea.

Family Mezrropip x.

Parisis indica, n. sp. Plate IV. figs. 4, 5, 8, and 9.

This species is represented by several fragments, the longest of which is 45

mm. in length.

The colony is white in colour, and much branched in one plane. The branches
rise from both sides of the axis, but on the main branches the secondary branches

often rise from one side only.

The axis is composed of alternate horny and calcareous joints, the latter being

from 4—6 times as long as the former, and giving off the branches.
is deeply grooved, and numerous solenia surround it, one in each groove.

Externally it
The

caleareous internodes are composed of spicules closely cemented together, and in

the horny nodes there are numerous small spicules.

nodes as well as on the internodes.

The grooves are seen on the

24

The polyps are arranged on each lateral surface in a sinuous row, which
appears like two rows with the polyps of the one alternating with the polyps of
the other. They also occur in fours, either in a spiral or in a whorl, The verruce
are truncated cones, about 1 mm. in height, and standing about 2 mm. apart.

The surface of the colony is entirely hidden by an incrustation of sponge and
Palythoa, which obscures the form of the calyces.

When freed from the incrustations the surface of the coenenchyma presents
a fine tessellated appearance, which is also seen on the polyp calyces. It appears
thin, but this may be the effect of the incrusting sponge.

The spicules are (#) spindles covered with numerous rough prominent warts ;
(b) a few more oval or globular in shape ; and (c) a few quadriradiate forms with
X-shaped marking. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth
in millimetres :

(a) Spindles, 0°2x0°075; 0°16x0°08; 0°14x0-08.

(b) Globular forms, 0°3x0'2; 0°2x0°1.

(c) Quadriradiate forms, 0°10 from tip to tip one way x 0°10 from tip to
tip the other way; 0°12 from tip to tip one way x 0°08 from tip to
tip the other way.

The species is near to Parisis fruticosa, Verrill, but is separated from it by

(1) the smaller size of the calyces and of the spicules; and (2) by the pavement-
like appearance of the ccenenchyma and calyces.

Locality : Andamans; 8 miles west of Interview Island; 270—45 fathoms.

Family CoraLiip 2.
Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp. Plate I. fig. 9; Plate V. fig. 6; Plate IX. fig. 13.

To this species we refer a number of broken fragments, the largest of which
is 13°5 ems. in height and 6°2 ems. in width.

The colony is very profusely branched in one plane. The branches are
tortuous, and show little, if any, sign of lateral compression. They arise from the
antero-lateral surfaces of the stem, and diminish gradually in thickness towards
their tips. From the sides of the large branches and of the stem, numerous short
branchlets arise.

The axis is hard, not easily indented with a knife, solid, almost cylindrical
in section in some parts and slightly oval in others. It is white in colour, and
its surface is marked by very fine striations, often very faint.

The ccenenchyma is thin, creamy white in colour, and full of closely packed
small spicules which look like glistening sand grains.

The polyps oceur irregularly on the anterior surface of the stem and branches.
The tentacles are about 0°5 mm. in length, yellowish in colour, and closely

covered by small spicules.

25

The salmon-pink verruce present a fine contrast to the creamy white of the
general coenenchyma and the yellow of the tentacles. They are prominent, almost
cylindrical in shape, marked by eight longitudinal ridges, and reaching a height of
2°7 mm. When the tentacles are retracted, the apices of the verruce present the
appearance of eight-rayed stars.

The spicules of the cortex are of two kinds: (1) Octoradiate spicules, with a
short shaft and terminal tubercles. Several tubercles project at each end of the
spicule at right angles to the shaft. The large tubercles may themselves be covered
with smaller tubercles. These spicules vary in length from 0:06-0:08 mm., and in
width from 0°04—0'05 mm.

(2) Spicules that resemble opera-glasses in shape. They consist of two
globose masses somewhat flattened at one end, and bearing at the other end short
processes, variable in shape, with several tubercles. They are on an average 0°06
mm. in length, and 0°04 mm. in width.

To these may be added a very few rough spiny spindles from 0°06-0°09 mm.
in length, and 0°02 mm. in diameter.

To this species we also refer a few fragments from the same locality which
differ in colour, being rosy red with a yellowish-brown ccenenchyma. The
arrangement of the polyps and the details of spicules and axis are, however, much
the same as in the specimen described.

This species differs from Pleurocorallium johnson, Gray, (1) in being more
profusely branched, and (2) in having more prominent and differently arranged
verruce.

“The spicules in this species agree in type with the descriptions given of P.
johnsoni by Gray and Ridley; but it seems difficult to fit the specimen described
by Moroff (1902) as Pleurocorallium confusum, n. sp., into the genus, for he says :
“Coenenchym schwach mit vielen bis 0°25 mm. grossen Spicula besetzt, die eine
gerade oder gekriimmte spindelférmige Gestalt aufweisen. Nicht selten sind
auch plattenformige Spicula, sowie Vierlinge zu sehen.”

Locality : Station 284; 7° 55’ 00” N., 81° 47’ 00" E. ; 506 fathoms.

OrpverR IV. AXIFERA, G. von Koch.
Family Dasrcorcip.,

Lepidogorgia verrilli, Wright and Studer.

Chrysogorgia orientalis, Versluys.

pe flexilis, Wright and Studer.
7 dichotoma, n. sp.

ms irregularis, i. sp.

f mmdica, i. sp.

Lepidogorgia verrilli, Wright and Studer. Plate III. figs. 5a and 5b.

This species is represented by three fragments which apparently compose one
specimen and a portion of another.

In one the basal attachment is present, and consists of a number of root-like
processes very calcareous and translucent.

The axis is thin and hair-like, very calcareous and brittle, but slightly flexible
near the tip.

The polyps are 3°3 mm. in height, arranged uniserially at intervals of nearly 6mm.

The ccenenchyma is moderately thick, slightly more so on the side bearing
the polyps.

On the stem the spicules are arranged side by side; on the polyp an eight-
rayed pseudo-operculum is formed by spicules on the bases of the tentacles,
and for a short distance below the origin of the tentacles the spicules are arranged
in eight rows. The spicules are irregular in shape, curved or straight, and some-
times reaching a leneth of 2 mm.

Locality : Andaman Sea; 375-490 fathoms.

Previously recorded from off Japan and from Macassar Straits.

Two other specimens (6B and C) agree on the whole with A, but differ in
minor details, as shown in the following table :

Axis. | Ccenenchyma. Polyps.

A. Square at base, cylindrical a little Very thin, axis| At distances of

farther up ; slender, 0°7 mm. in di- shining through. 55mm. Height
ameter, becoming hair-like ; brittle, 2-2°8 mm.

very calcareous, slightly flexible
near the tip; iridescent; surface
ridged.

26

7

off farther up; fairly strong, 1°15
mm. in diameter at base, becoming
hair-like at tip; brittle, very cal-
careous ; slightly flexible near the
tip, golden

ridged.

in colour; surface

tinctly visible.

Axis. Coenenchyma. Polyps.

B. Axis cylindrical throughout its whole | Shghtly thicker At distances of 6
length; slender, 0°5 mm. in dia- | thanind. Axis) mm. Height up
meter at lower end, then thread- only’ faintly} to 4mm.
like; brittle, very calcareous, slightly visible.
flexible near the tip; iridescent ;
surface ridged.

C. Axis square, with the angles rounded | Thin, axis dis- | Atdistancesof 5—9

mi., but in the
longer intervals
there is usually
a young polyp
between. Height
up to 4 mm.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF SPECIES OF LEPIDOGORGIA.

Species. Shape of Axis.} Colour, | Branching. | Surface.
———— a
L. peterst, Irregularly | Yellow, None. | Marked
Wright and | four-sided, with by numer-
Studer. with angles | marked | ous short
rounded golden | grooves.
below. lustre. |
|
_L. verrilli, _ | Cylindrical. | Yellowish- | None. | Smooth.
| Wright and white,
Studer. with
slight |
golden |
lustre. |
L. challengeri, None. | Lower
Wright and | part as in
Studer. | L. peterst,
upper
portion
| nearly
| smooth.
L. gracilis, None. | Smooth.
Verrill. |
L. fragilis, Axis a None.
Wright and | creeping
Studer. stolon.

Texture.

Coenenchyma.

Polyps.

Brittle,
very cal-
careous.

Axis
feebly
calcareous.

Thin, mem-
branous,
with few
spicules.

Thin, with
few spicules.

Smooth, with
very few
spicules.

Thin, with
spicules.

Very thin,

| almost with-

out spicules, |

| At intervals of from 5-10

|

At intervals of 3-3°5 mm.;
may be 7mm. in height, but |
usually about 4 mm., with
the axial side concave; the
three tentacles on the axial
side smaller than the others, |
and the median axial ten-
tacle rudimentary.

At intervals which vary from |
4-4-7 mm., or from 2-6
mm.; usually 3-3°5 mm. |
in height; axial side con-
cave with very small ten-
tacles.

At intervals of from 4-5

mm., but may be 7 mm.;
25-3 mm. in height; spi-
cules in 8 rows; axial side
concave, with arudimentary
tentacle ; polyps bilaterally |
symmetrical.

mm. ; tentacles all of equal
size, and short. Base often |
thicker than axis, and spi- |
cules longitudinally ar- |
ranged.

1-5 mm. apart ; 4-4°5 mm. in |
height ; 8 rows of spicules |
on middle of polyp-body.

28

Chrysogorgia orientalis, Versluys. Plate VII. fig. 2.

This species is represented by two fragments, portions of a larger colony.

The axis of the main stem or branch is yellowish and iridescent, rigid and
brittle, about 1 mm. in diameter. The branching is very profuse, and the
arrangement is irregular.

One polyp is present on each node, but sometimes one occurs exactly at the
point of divergence of two branches. The polyps are long and slender, 1°7 mm. in
height and 1 mm. in oral diameter. They are broad at the base, then narrow, and
again expanded. The spicules are arranged longitudinally, except around the
base, where they are arranged obliquely transverse to the Jong axis of the polyp.

The spicules are spindles with small rough wart-like protuberances. They show
marked variation in length, in the degree of roughness, and in shape, but all may be
classed as spindles or flat sword-shaped spicules with serrated edges. Several show
an X-shaped mark about the middle, as if they were incipient or reduced quadriradiate
forms. Their measurements, length by breadth in millimetres, are as follows :

Spindles, 0°38 x 071; 0:7) x OW; O16) x 012-05 5x 01257035 x 0045

0°25 x 0°05.

Flat, sword-shaped, 0°35 x 0°05; 0°23 x 0°05.

Locality : Station 2; 6° 32’ N., 79° 37’ E.; 675 fathoms.

Previously recorded from East Indian Archipelago (Ceram Sea and Timor Sea).

Chrysogorgia flexilis, Wricht and Studer. Plate II. fig. 3.

This species, which is represented by several specimens, belongs to Versluys’
Sub-Group A 2. The colonies vary in height from 100-130 mm. They are bush-
like or bottle-brush-like, and have a compact appearance. The basal attachment
of one specimen is a thin, flat caleareous expansion, white in colour; in another
case there were two root-like stolons.

The axis is brown with a greenish tinge in the lower part, and yellow with a
marked golden lustre in the upper part of the stem and in the branches. In
diameter it varies from 1-1°5 mm. at the base.

The branches are arranged in dextrorse 2/5 spirals. At the origin of each
branch the stem is pushed a little to the opposite side and thus presents a zigzag
appearance, which is more marked in the upper part of the stem than in the lower.
It seems as if the stem were spirally twisted. The length of the internodes of the
stem varies from 1°5 mm. in the lower part to 4°2 mm. in the middle and upper
part, and the distance between two branches that lie directly over one another varies
from 12 mm. in the lower part to 18 mm. in the middle and upper part of the stem.

The lower branches are broken off, but their origins are easily distinguished,
except on a short basal portion about 7 mm. in length. Hach branch is divided in

29

dichotomous fashion with a more or less marked predominance of one of the
components of the first division.

On the older parts there is one polyp to each internode, placed almost at the
point of the next division, but sometimes a little below the bifurcation, especially
in the younger parts of the colony. At the end of the twig there are two polyps,
one at or near the tip and the other about half-way down the internode. The
polyp has a large swelling at the base which almost surrounds the stem, it is then
contracted, and it again swells out at the tentacular portion, thus appearing very
like a globular vase with a neck. On the swollen portion of the polyp placed near
the tip of the twig, the spicules are arranged transversely and then longitudinally,
but in the others they are arranged longitudinally. On the aboral surface of the
tentacles there is a band of spicules. The polyps vary in height from 1°9-2°3 mm.

The coenenchyma is very thin and membranous, and allows the axis to shine
through. Though much weathered, it shows in parts a single layer of closely
apposed spicules

The polyp spicules are spindles, sharp or blunt at the ends, straight or curved,
and covered by minute tubercles. The following measurements were taken of
length and breadth in millimetres :

06x 0°08; 0°5 x 0°06 ; 0°42x 0°06 ; 0°25x0°05; 0°13x0°03; 0:06x 0°02.

Some of these dimensions are large, for in the Siboga specimens they were
0°12—0°26-0°33 mm. in length by 0°06—0:07 mm. in breadth, and in the Challenger
specimens 0°25—0°41 in length by 0:03-0:07 in breadth.

The polyp spicules include several irregularly shaped spindles, and a few
incipient quadriradiate forms with a distinct X-shaped marking in the middle.

The spicules of the ecenenchyma are flattish spindles, blunt at the ends, and
covered by small tubercles with a serrated appearance at the edges. A number
have an X-shaped marking at the middle. Their measurements are as follows :

0°22x0°04; 0°14x0°03; 0x13x0°03; 0°06x0°03.

Embryos were found in several of the specimens.

Localities: Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 38’ 45” E.; 401 fathoms. Station
267; 7. 02’ 30" N., 79° 36’ 10” E.; 457-589 fathoms. Station 254; 11° 16’ 30”
N., 92°58’ E. ; 669 fathoms. Station 241; 10°12’ N., 92° 20’ 30" E.; 606 fathoms.

Previously recorded from coast of Chiloe and East Indian Archipelago.

Chrysogorgia dichotoma, n. sp. Plate VI. fig. 3.
This species is represented by a damaged specimen, apparently the upper
portion of a colony.
The close-set branches are arranged in a sinistrorse but quite irregular spiral.
The axis is very brittle and is slightly kneed at the origin of each branch, so
that it has an apparently spiral course. It is brown with a tinge of green in the

350

lower parts, and golden yellow in the younger parts of the stem and branches. It
is very calcareous, and is cylindrical with a smooth surface.

The internodes are about 2 mm. in leneth, and the distance between two
branches that stand directly over one another varies from 7-10 mm. Each branch
divides dichotomously with a predominance of one of the elements of each bifurea-
tion, and the branching of each main branch is almost wholly in one plane.

The polyps are very small, and arranged on the branches in short spirals.
They are somewhat conical in shape, the larger 0°5 mm. in length by 0°25 mm. in
breadth. The tentacles are long, and have an aboral band of spicules arranged
longitudinally in two or three rows.

The polyp-spicules are spindles or rods, blunt or rounded at the ends, and
covered by minute small spines. The following measurements were taken of
length and breadth in millimetres :

OWGSO;02= O12 0502 Oa Os Olle OnO Se. Ole

The ccenenchyma is very thin, and shows no spicules. It allows the axis to
shine through, throughout its whole length.

Locality : Station 237; 13° 17’ N., 93° 07’ B.; 90 fathoms.

Chrysogorgia irregularis, n. sp. Plate II. fig. 4; Plate [X. fig. 6.

This species is represented by a number of broken portions of a colony.

There are no polyps on the largest fragment, and the coenenchyma is also
almost entirely lost.

The axis is hard, brittle, and calcareous, iridescent and golden yellow, deep in
tint in the lower part, but lighter in the upper part of stem and branches.

The branching partakes of the nature of a helicoid cyme, with the fourth
branch often rising directly over the first; but there is no regular arrangement.
‘There is usually one polyp for each node, but on the younger branches two are
often found on a single node. Each polyp has eight projecting points, and is bell-
shaped, the wide end closed by the infolded tentacles, which form an eight-rayed
star, and have a coating of massive spicules on their aboral surface.

The spicules of the polyps are chiefly rod-shaped, and are arranged in a spiral
on the body of the polyp. This arrangement gives place at the oral end to an
arrangement by means of which eight points are formed from so many sets of
converging spicules. The base of the polyp is considerably larger than the branch
on which it stands, so that the branch seems to run through the base.

The spicules of the general ccenenchyma and of the polyps are very irregular
in shape, some rod-shaped, some spindle-shaped, and some very irregular and flat.
They are smooth, with the exception of a few of the more irregular forms, which
show sheht papillee on their surface or at the edges.

Locality : Station 202; 7° 4’ 4” N., 82° 2’ 45” E.; 695 fathoms.

dl

Chrysogorgia indica, n. sp. Plate III. fig. 6.

This species is represented by a number of very incomplete fragments, which
present a striking appearance owing to the contrast between the white polyps and
the deep bronze of the axis.

The axis is hard, brittle, and cylindrical.

The branching in the fragments is dichotomous and very profuse. The
cylindrical polyps are of a beautiful white colour, and stand at right angles to the
axis. The base forms an inverted V, which passes down the sides of the axis and
almost meets at the other side. There is one polyp to each internode near the
younger portions; in the terminal portions two may be present; in the older
portions there may be two or three, and on one internode as many as four were
seen. The polyp spicules are arranged longitudinally and regularly. On the
aboral surface of the tentacles there is a band of longitudinally arranged spicules.

The ccenenchyma is very thin and membranous, and allows the axis to shine
through in all its length.

The polyp spicules are spindles, straight or slightly curved, and rounded at the
ends, or irregular flattish rods. They have small tubercles on the surface, and
many of the larger forms seem smoother than the average, except that their edges
present a marked serration. The following measurements were taken of length
and breadth in millimetres :

08x02; O06x013; 003x005; 0°25x002; 02x0°05; 016x002;

01x 0-04.

The spicules of the coenenchyma are smaller than the polyp-spicules, but very
similar in shape and appearance. The following measurements were taken :

O35 x0 05ers 0'025> 03x 0:05; O13 xO:01; Olax 002; 0:07 x 0°06 ;

0°06 x0°02.

Locality : Station 334; 6° 57’ N., 79° 33’ E.; 568 fathoms.

Family [srp.x,
Subfamily Ceratoisidine.
Ceratoisis gracilis, u. sp.
Acanella rigida, Wright and Studer.
robusta, L. sp.

+P)

Ceratoisis gracilis, n. sp. Plate VI. figs. 6 and 6a.
This species is represented by several pieces, the longest of which measures
328 mm.
The axis is cylindrical, and consists of horny nodes and calcareous internodes.
It is unbranched, long and slender, tapering gradually, and only slightly flexible

32

in its lower part. The horny nodes are short, about 1 mm. in length, while the
calcareous internodes are long, on an average 9 mm. in length in the largest
specimen. ‘The internodes are hollow, and are formed of concentric lavers ; their
surface is smooth, and they are uniform in thickness except for a slight swelling
just at their junction with the horny nodes. Through the centre of the horny nodes
a slender caleareous rod runs, forming a junction between the adjacent imternodes.

The ccenenchyma is thin and transparent, allowing the nodes and internodes
to shine through. It contains minute spicules. The polyps are long and slender,
and are arranged in a sinistrorse 2/3 spiral. On each internode there are polyps,
and their apices are more or less directed towards one side. They have long
supporting spicules on the walls, somewhat stronger on the abaxial side, and
several always project beyond the retracted tentacles. The polyps are 3—4°5 mm.
in length.

The tentacles are short, and have one row of short blunt pinnules on each
side of the middle line, thus leaving a free space on the oral and aboral surfaces.
The aboral free space is covered by a band of very minute flattish spicules, which
are arranged with their long axes perpendicular to the length of the tentacle.

The spicules are of the following types :

1. Long spindles which support the polyps, 0°9-3°2 mm. in length, 0°07—0°1

mm. in breadth.

2. Short flattish spindles, 0°075-0°3 mm. in length, 0°02-0°03 mm. in

breadth.

3. Short flat spicules with broad spathulate ends, 0°2-0°45 mm. in length,

0°04—0'08 mm. in maximum breadth.

This species is viviparous. Several embryos were found in one polyp.
They are globular bodies, 0°6 mm. in diameter.

Locality : Andamans; 270-45 fathoms.

Acanella rigida, Wright and Studer. Plate IX. fig. 14.

g

A complete colony, bushy in shape, 103 mm. in height.

The branches arise from the horny nodes in verticels of two, three, or four.
The first whorl of branches is given off at the fourth horny node, a distance of
23°5 mm. from the base.

The axis has calcareous root-like processes. The solid calcareous internodes
are grooved, short near the base, varying in length from 3—-6°5 mm., but long near
the extremities of the axis and branches, often reaching in the latter a length of
20-21 mm.

The polyps are prominent, rigid, and arise singly. They are covered with fusi-
form spicules, and have a leneth of 3°3 mm. The tentacles are not capable of com-
plete retraction.

35

Locality : Laccadive Sea; 703 fathoms.
Previously recorded from ‘‘ Challenger” Stations 194 and 194 A, off Banda ;

200 and 360 fathoms.

Acanella robusta, n. sp.

This species is represented by a large colony, 250 mm. in height, without any
trace of basal attachment.

The colony is very bushy, the branches being given off from all sides of the
stem. They arise from the main stem singly or in twos or fours, and from the
primaries the secondaries arise either singly or in twos or threes. Anastomosis of
the branches occurs in a few places, but it is by no means common.

The axis is composed of alternate horny and calcareous joints, the latter
marked by longitudinal ridges few in number and often indistinct.

The polyps are uregularly disposed on the stem, and few in number. On the
branches they are placed alternately on opposite sides, but in several cases they
arise so nearly at the same level as to seem opposite.

The polyps are firm and rigid, 3-5 mm. in height, with a basal diameter of
about 2mm. A number of projecting points extend beyond the incurved tentacles.
On the polyp body the spicules, some of which are visible to the naked eye, are
arranged in two layers, the inner layer consisting of small spicules irregularly
disposed, the superficial layer consisting of large spicules with no obvious arrange-
ment, some transverse in the lower part, some longitudinal especially on the upper
part, but altogether placed so as to form a firm protective and supporting covering
to the calyx. In many cases they seem to be more numerous on the abaxial side
of the polyp, but in the polyp near the end of a twig they seem to be equally
developed on all sides,

There is a band of longitudinally disposed spicules on the aboral surface of
each tentacle, each band consisting of 3-4 rows. On the lateral surfaces small
spicules are arranged transversely, and closely packed together so as to form a com-
plete coating.

The ecenenchyma is very thin, with a few small spicules scattered irregularly.
Near the base of a polyp the spicules are somewhat larger.

The polyp spicules are straight or curved spindles, and a few smaller
forms which may be called rods. They are all covered by small sharp
tubercles. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

Seno nODe Oo esx Ole Ona Ol nOs2s<O°03) 3 081 x Os07 > 0:04 x 0:01

The smallest of these spicules come from the lateral surfaces of the tentacles ;
they are flattish, and have prominent tubercles on the edges.

The spicules of the coenenchyma are rods, few in number and small in size,
0°14x0°025 ; 0°18 x0°025.

5

bd

This species differs from Acanella rigida in the arrangement of the polyps,
and in the details of the spiculation.

Locality : Station 325; 18° 18’ N., 93° 25’ E.; 843 fathoms.

In another specimen the branches arise from the main stem in twos or in
threes, and from the main branches the secondaries arise singly or in twos.

to}

The axis is composed of alternate horny and calcareous joints, the latter many
times longer than the former, and marked by longitudinal furrows. The first
calcareous internode is very short, 3°5 mm., while the second measures 17 mm. in
length. The lowest joint is calcareous, and from its base large root-like processes
spread out, pure white in colour and very brittle.

The arrangement of the polyps cannot be definitely made out ; in some places
they seem to be placed more or less alternately, in other places they seem to be
restricted to one side of the branch. They are long, 3°75 mm. in height, and
stand up sharply from the axis. They are somewhat contracted near the middle,
and then swell out again just below the base of the tentacles. The spicules are
arranged on the polyps at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis, and none reach
the whole length of the polyp. On the aboral surface of each tentacle there is a
narrow band of two rows of spicules arranged longitudinally ; on the lateral
surfaces narrow bands formed of very small spicules run out to form supports for
the bases of the pinnules.

The ccenenchyma is very thin, and contains minute scattered spicules.

The spicules of the polyps are straight or shghtly curved spindles, and a few
rod-shaped forms. All are covered by minute spine-like tubercles. The following
measurements were taken of leneth and breadth in millimetres :

2x Ooe 2402 Oca xO Or2 2 < OL OD ERORO SO Oule

Some of the larger spicules have a narrower part near the middle, and the
smallest have more prominent spines. The spicules of the coenenchyma are short
rods, either blunt or pointed at the ends, and in some cases constricted near the
middle. The following measurements were taken :

0°3x0°04; 0°25x0°045; 0:14x0°02.
Locality : Station 254; 11° 16’ 30” N., 92° 58’ E.; 669 fathoms.

Je)
Cr

Family Prawoms.
Subfamily Primnoine.
Stachyodes allmani, Wright and Studer.
Stenella horrida, n. sp.
Thouarella moseleyi, Wright and Studer, var. spicata, n.
Caligorgia flabellum, Ehrenberg.
- indica, n. sp.

2 dubia, a. sp.

Stachyodes allmani (Wright and Studer) = Calypterinus allmani, Wright and
Studer. Plate II. figs. 1, 5a, and 5b.

Two fragments, evidently portions of a larger colony. The larger (4), which
is branched, is 196 mm. in height; the smaller (B), which is unbranched, is 147
mm. in height.

The larger specimen differs from the typical habit of the species, inasmuch as
the branches arise alternately on three sides of the axis.

The axis has at its lower end a diameter of 1°5 mm. in 4 and 1 mm. in B,
It is very brittle, slightly more flexible towards the apices of the branches, and
consists of a horny matrix filled with calcareous particles.

The ccenenchyma is so thin that the iridescent axis shines through.

The polyps are arranged in verticels of four, with a distance of 2 mm. between
the origins of the verticels. This arrangement gives the polyps a somewhat
bilateral appearance, although they arise from three sides only, leaving on one
side a bare strip which is formed into a canal by means of the large flat polyp
spicules.

The locality of this specimen confirms the suggestion made by Wright and
Studer that C. allmani is a deep-sea species.

Locality : Laccadive Sea; 703 fathoms.

The collection includes a complete young colony belonging to this species.
It is unbranched with the exception of a small stump near the base, which is the
basal portion of a branch or twig, and it reaches a height of 41 mm.

The polyps are arranged in a bilateral manner, in verticels of 3-4, and the
apex of the polyp when at rest is directed downwards.

The development of the covered channel-like groove on the free side of the
axis is well seen. As in the large specimens, the ccenenchyma is thin and allows
the axis to shine through. The basal attachment consists of a flat spreading portion.

Locality : Station 226; 8° 36’ 15" N., 81° 20’ 30" B. ; 542 fathoms.

To this species we also refer a large number of damaged and broken fragments
from the following localities :

36

Station 267; 7° 02’ 30” N., 79° 36 E.; 457-589 fathoms. Station 334;
6° 57’ N., 79° 33’ E.; 568 fathoms. Station 2; 6°32’N., 79°37’ K.; 675 fathoms.

r)

Previously recorded from Reefs, Fiji.

Stenella horrida, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 13; Plate IX. fig. 3.

Two specimens of a beautiful colony. The larger, which lacks its base, is
53 mm. in height, with a maximum width of 38 mm.

The base of the smaller piece is a flat expansion, from which the stem rises.
The stem is dark brown in colour, horny in texture, with a poor development of
calcareous corpuscles. It has a diameter of 1°3 mm. at its lower end, and becomes
lighter in colour and filiform towards the ends of the branches and twigs.

The branching is nearly in one plane, and is somewhat profuse. The polyps,
which are arranged in an irregular close spiral all round the axis, vary in height
from 1°5-2 mm., and have a basal diameter of 1°2 mm. The oral end is sur-
mounted by 6—8 projecting spines.

The thin ecenenchyma shows flat scale-like spicules, and it does not allow the
axis to shine through.

The polyp spicules are (1) flat scales; (2) spindles straight or curved ; (3)
spindles sharply bent at an angle; and (4) flat irregular spicules with one or two
projecting spines. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth
in millimetres :

(12) 1x 0:6 = 0:90:63), 0160 2855 025 <0: 3280p q0E2.

(2.) 0°5x0°04; 0°36x0°04; 0°32x0°04.

(3.) 0°8x0'13; 0°8x0'1; 0°6x005; 0°6x0-04.

(4,)) Le5iKO-4s 13x 0°45 92x05) 10°90 64) 08d 04 = R058 x0;6:

Locality : Andaman Sea; 112 fathoms.

[Comparative TaBre

Species.

Stenella johnsoni, |
| Wright and
| Studer,

S. gigantea, |
Wright and
Studer. |

|S. doederleint,
Wright and
Studer.

SS. spinosa,
Wright and
Studer.

SS. acanthina,
Wright and
Studer,

Appearance of
Colony.

3ush shaped.

Axis, branched
or not.

Branched, — ir-
regularly
dichotomous.

Irregularly
branched.

Irregularly and

densely.
Trregularly in

incomplete

spirals.

38

Axis, Shape and

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF SPECIES

Axis, Texture

Tridescence or

Deeply striated,
dark brown.

Brown.

Hard, brittle.

Hard, fibrous,
with caleare-
ous corpuscles.

Thouarella mose-
leyi, Wright
and Studer.

T. hilgendorfi,

Studer.

| Thouarella kélli-
keri, Wright
and Studer.

Twigs in two
directions.

Twigs from
three sides of
stem.

Twigs may de-

velop into
branches.
Branched.

| Branched in
three direc-
tions.

Thin, somewhat
flattened and
yellow.

Oval, with
parallel lon-
gitudinal fur-
rows, brown.

Oval.

Slightly calcare-
ous, flexible.

Horny, caleare-
ous, rigid,
brittle.

Calcareous,
brittle in |
lower part,
more flexible
above.

Colour. and Flexibility. not.
Older, dense,
horny, and |
calcareous;
younger,
horny, and
feebly calca-
reous.
Slightly curved | Dense, brittle, | Tridescent.
and grooved. calcareous.
Dark brown | Hard, brittle. Iridescent.
colour,

Surface shining.

Slight golden

lustre.

39

OF STENELLA AND THOUARELLA.

2 Arrangement of Spicules of Pre-opereular Opereular
Polyp Shape. Pol yps. Polyp. Spicules. Spicules.
In whorls of | Scales in three | Four large, | Eight.
two. rows. forming a |
frill.
In whorls of | Scales in four} Four large | Prominent,
four. rows. scales, deeply keeled.
Long, narrow. | In whorls of | Scales in four | Eight scales | Eight in num-

Long.

In height 2mm.

three or four.

Irregularly, or
in whorls of
two or four.

In whorls of
three or four.

rows.

Scales in four
rows, plus one
pre-opercular
row.

Seales in four
rows, plus
pre-opercular
row.

with spathu-
late promin-
ence.

tight with hol-
low spathu-
late spines.

Three large

acutely spined.

ber, project,
folded back.

Eight in num-
ber, each
folded on

itself, not pro- |

jecting beyond
the pre-oper-
cular.

Spicules of
general
Ceenenchyma.

Scale-like, often
imbricated.

Seales irregu-

larly quadri-

lateral.

Semi-trans-
parent scales,
many with
projecting
central knob.

In older, small
overlapping ;
in younger,
larger and
unbricated.

Oval discs.

Club-shaped,
15 mm.

Pear-shaped.

On main stem,
in an irregu-
lar row. On
twigs at, first,
in spirals up
to three, then
opposite.

In spirals of
three, but
ap parently
opposite.

In short spirals.

Four transverse
rows, four
longitudinal
rows.

Six to eight
transverse,
five longi-
i ee Col ae a0.) AL
rows.

Eight trans-
verse rows,
five dorsal
and lateral,
and two ven-
tral.

Strong project-
ing spines.

With strongly
projecting
spines.

Short, spear-
shaped.

Hight spear-

shaped, form- |

ing a low

cone.

Irregular four
or five-sided

calcareous |

scales which
overlap. A
lower layer of

triangular or |

irregularly
polygonal.

Longish and |
lower |

oval,

edge covered |

by upper edge
of preced-
ing.

Irregular, three-
cornered, or
polygonal, or
four-edged, or
rounded,
over-lapping ;
inner layer
three cor-
nered or
polygonal.

Species.

Appearance of
Colony.

| Axis, branched

40

or not.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF SPECIES

Axis, Shape and

Colour.

Axis, Texture |
and Flexibility.

Iridescent or
not.

T. antarctica,
Valenciennes.

| T. afinis, Wright
and Studer.

T. variabilis
| (type), Wright
and Studer.

T.variabilis, var.
brevispinosa,

Wright and
Studer.

T. variabilis,
var. gracilis,
Wright and
Studer.

Thouarella
brucei, Thom-
son and
Ritchie.

T. moseley%,
Wright and
Studer, var.
spicata, 0.

Bottle-brush- |

Brush-like.

shaped.

Finely ramified.

Creamy - white
cron omnia:
bushy.

Branched.

| Not branched.

Twigs branched.

Branches arise
in three direc-

tions, twigs |
from all |
sides; irre-
gular.

Branches arise
on the two
lateral faces,
not — strictly
alternate.

Oval and

twisted in a
spiral, yellow.

| Oval twisted in |

a long spiral,
then a second
spiral begins,
yellow.

Elongated oval,
brownish-
yellow.

Cylindrical;
tawny brown,
with at places
a

yellow in
twigs.

Cylindrical],
with longitu-
dinal ridges
and grooves.

yellowish |
sheen, honey- |

Horny, caleare-
ous, brittle.

Hard, brittle,
but flexible
near the tip.

Horny, calcified,
firm, brittle
below, flexible
above.

Fim, brittle,
and caleareous
below, becom-
ing horny and
flexible above.

Horny and

calcareous,
almost inflex- |
ible, but twigs
very flexible.

Hard and tough,
with a darker
portion in the
centre; only
slightly flex-
ible.

Golden lustre.

Trideseent and
golden lustre.

Slight yellowish
sheen.

Iridescent.

41

OF STENELLA AND THOUARELLA—continued.

Spiecules of |

Arrangement of | Spicules of Pre-opereular Opereular Gena |
Polyp Shape. Polyps. Polyps. Spicules. Spicules. Geach vin;
Club-shaped, Seven trans- | Higher than | Triangular, | Irregular, _ tri-

2mm. high.

Pear-shaped,
2 mm. high.

Cup-shaped.

Club-shaped,
2°5-3 mm.
high.

Cup-shaped,
2 mm. high.

Pear - shaped,
generally
bent inwards
to the axis,

At varying in-

tervals, but
never ium
whorls’ or
opposite,
usually in
spirals of
three or
four.

In short spirals
of three.

Wide intervals,
arrangement
into — spirals
less evident.

In close spirals
of three.

Arise in all
directions,
and with no
definite ar-
rangement.

On twigs in
pairs almost
opposite,

verse, eight
longitudinal
rows.

Seven trans-
verse, five
dorsal and
lateral, two to
five ventral
rows.

Four to five
transverse
rows, three
irregular
dorso - lateral
longitudinal,
and two ven-
tral rows.

Five longitu-
dinal rows.

Five trans-
verse rows.

About five trans-
verse and
seven longi-
tudinal rows.

Flat, scale-like,
in five trans-
verse and
four longitu-
dinal rows.

broad, strong
prominences,
and median
tubercle,
which pro-
jects as short
spine.

Nearly lancet-
shaped, two
rows with
prominent
middle tooth.

This and pre-
ceding row
with long
spines which
project far,
from six to
eight in num-
ber.

This and pre-
ceding row
have short
flat spines,
eight in num-
ber.

This and pre-
ceding row
develop
spines.

; With eight
strongly pro-
jecting spines
which may be

bifid.

pointed.

Eight lancet-
shaped, con-
cave exte-
riorly.

Eight fine,
sharply bent,
lancet-shaped.

Small and high,
triangular.

About — seven, |
ridged, usu-
ally with a/|
narrow _ leaf-
like wing.

Form a
cone,

h igh

|

angular to
four-cornered,
with inequali-
ties.

Upper layer,
irregularly
three or four-
sided ; lower |
layer irregu- |
larly poly-
gonal.

One layer, thin
calcareous
scales, edges
overlap.

Upper layer,
irregularly
polygonal to
four-cornered, |
with free edge
sharply ser- |
rated. Lower |
layer, thin |
lamellz four-
cornered or |
irregular.

Flat, irregular,
multi-tuber- |
culate scales.

42

Thouarella moseleyi, Wright and Studer, var. spicata, n.
Plate III. figs. 2 and 4.

Several incomplete specimens, without basal attachment.

The axis is branched, calcareous in texture, iridescent, cylindrical, and marked
by longitudinal ridges and grooves. It is very hard and tough, and on being
broken across shows a darker portion in the centre. Its diameter varies from
1—1°5 mm. in the different pieces.

The twigs arise on the two lateral faces, although here and there a twig may
be seen with its origin slightly approximated to one of the other surfaces.
They usually curve more towards one face than to the other, and this is ac-
centuated by the presence of a polycheete worm lodged on one side of the stem.
They are arranged in a roughly alternate manner, but here and there two on one
side alternate with one on the other.

Polyps arise singly and in close proximity on the lateral surfaces of the main
stem and branches between the origins of the twigs; on the twigs they arise in
pairs on opposite sides. They are stiff and rigid, rising at right angles to the
axis, usually 1°5 mm. in height and from 0°6—0°8 mm. in maximum width. They
are covered with flat scale-lke spicules, in five transverse and four longitudinal
rows. The pre-opercular row of spicules has eight projecting spines which are
quite visible to the naked eye, and project considerably beyond the opercular
surface of the polyp. The operculum forms a somewhat high cone.

The general ccenenchyma is thin, allowing the axis of the stem, branches, and
twigs to shine through. It shows numerous flat scale-like spicules.

The spicules are flat, irregular multi-tubereulate scales, varying considerably
in size and with slightly convex edges. The following measurements were taken
of maximum and minimum diameter in millimetres :

0°6x0°4; 0°45x0'28; 0°28x0°26; 0:14x0-08.

Some of the spicules bear a long smooth projecting spine, and their dimensions
are :

Os/<053510°6x< 0585 Os EcOsseO >cOee bs

The tubercles or warts are arranged in a regular manner round the nucleus
of the scale, which is always eccentric. The spine projects from a groove, and is
very easily detached ; it is sometimes bifid.

The following table of comparison with the typical Thowarella moseleyi
summarises the chief points of difference, on account of which we establish a new
and very distinct variety :

Thouarella moseleyt. Var. spicata, n.

1. Twigs alternate.

—

. Twigs not strictly alternate.
2. Polyps in short spirals of three, or 2. Polyps in twos placed almost oppo-

placed opposite. site.

S3)

43

Thouarella moseleyt. Var. spicata, n.
3. Operculum bluntly conical. 3. Operculum forms a high cone.
4. Axis smooth. 4, Axis markedly ridged.
5. Axis flexible. 5. Axis only slightly flexible.
6. Pre-opercular scales not spined. 6. Pre-opercular scales with strong

spines, which may be bifid.

Locality : Laccadive Sea; 703 fathoms.
The typical 7. moseleyi was recorded from off Kermadee Islands.

Caligorgia flabellum, Ehrenberg.

This well-known species is represented by several large specimens.

We need only note that there is considerable diversity in the closeness of the
whorls of polyps to one another, and in the number of polyps in a whorl. We
counted 4, 5, 6, and 8.

Locality : Station 333; 6° 37’ N.; 79° 382’ E.; 401 fathoms.

Previously recorded from near Mauritius, East Indian Archipelago, Japan,
East Pacific off Central America.

Caligorgia indica, n. sp.

This species from the Andaman Islands is represented by a fragment of a
colony, 112 mm, in length and 20 mm. in breadth. It is closely allied to
C. similis, Versluys, and to C. versluysi, Thomson and Henderson.

The axis is iridescent, and marked by a number of longitudinal grooves
and ridges. It has a diameter of 1 mm. at its lower end, and gradually dwindles
until it becomes thread-like at the tip.

We are greatly indebted to Dr. J. Versluys for generously placing at our
disposal the following notes on this species :

“The primnoid in Professor Alcock’s collection differs from Primnoa ellisi,
von Koch (=Caligorgia verticillata, Pallas’) in several noteworthy details, as

shown in the following table :

Character of Alcock’s Species. Characters of Caligorgia verticillata, Pallas.
a. Dichotomously branched. a. Pinnately branched.
b. On the thinner twigs the polyps are 0. On the thinner twigs the polyps are
arranged in whorls of 2, less fre- arranged in whorls of 3, very seldom
quently 3.” of 2; on the thicker branches the

whorls mostly contain 4 polyps.

1 For more particulars see my memoir on the Primnoide in the monographs of the Siboga
Expedition. No, xiii. a (1906).—J. V.
* On the thicker branches whorls of three were most frequent.—J. A. T.

44

Character of Aleock’s Species. Characters of Caligorgia verticillata, Pallas.
ce. On a centimetre of the twigs there c. On a centimetre there are only 5 or 6
are 8 to 9 whorls of polyps. whorls.
d. The length of the contracted polyps d. The length of the contracted polyps
is 0°75 mm. or less. is 1 to 1°25 mm.
e. The distance between the successive e. This distance is 1 to 1°5 mm.
whorls of polyps generally varies
from 0°4 to 0°9 mm.

Alcock’s species is more delicate, with much smaller polyps; the whorls are
more numerous. In the details of the polyps there are also some differences. In
C. verticillata the exposed surface of the polyps is covered by four well-developed
longitudinal rows of scales, a pair of abaxial and a pair of lateral rows. These last
rows are somewhat reduced in Alcock’s species, where they are each represented
by only three scales, two distal and one basal scale. The inner lateral rows are
much reduced in both species.

The new species may also be easily distinguished from all the dichotomously
branched species of Caligorgia hitherto described, viz. C. ventilabrum, C. modesta,
and C. compressa ; it is more delicate, with smaller polyps, and none of these three
species has so few polyps in each whorl, even on the thinnest twigs.

There are, however, two new species in the collection made by the Siboga
Expedition under the direction of Professor Max Weber in the Malay Archipelago,
which in their habit, the dimensions of the polyps, and the small number of polyps
in each whorl, much resemble Alcock’s species.’ These are described in my mono-
graph on the * Primnoide of the Siboga Expedition” ; in the present note I can only
point out the more important differences between these species and this new species.

One of them, Caligorgia minuta, is distinguished by the much larger and less
numerous scales in the polyps ; the abaxial rows consist of only 5 scales each, against
7 in Alcock’s species ; and of the outer-lateral rows only one distal seale is left,
against 3 scales in Alcock’s specimen. The operculum in C. minuta is a much
lower cone.

The other new species, C. similis, very much resembles Alcock’s species; but
still it seems to me, so far as I can judge from the small material at my disposal of
hoth species, that they are different. The differences are stated in the following
table:

Characters of Alcock’s Species, Characters of C. stmilis.
a. The polyps are arranged in whorls of a. The polyps are arranged in whorls of 3,

2, less often of 3.1 very rarely 2,on the thinner twigs ;

on the thicker branches the whorls
number 4, perhaps also 5 polyps.

' On the larger branches three was the usual number.—J. A. T.

45

Characters of Alcock’s Species. Characters of C. similis.

b. On 1 centimetre length of a twig 6. On 1 centimetre there are 7 or 8

there are 8 or 9 whorls of polyps. whorls.
c. The length of the contracted polyps c. The length of the contracted polyps
is 0°75 mm. or less. is somewhat larger ; it varies gener-

ally between 0°75 and 0°81 mm.,
but sometimes rises to 1 mm.
d. The distance between two whorls d. This distance is somewhat less ; it

varies generally between 04 and varies between 0°3 and 0°5 mm.
0-9 mm.

e. In the polyps the abaxial rows consist e. The same number of scales is found
of 7 scales, the outer-lateral rows in the abaxial rows, but the outer-
of 3 scales only (2 distal scales and lateral rows are reduced to only
a basal, or perhaps 2 basals). one distal scale.

f OF the scales of each abaxial row only f Of each abaxial row the 5 proximal
two are extended over the sides of scales are extended over the sides
the polyp; sometimes a third scale of the polyp and replace the missing
also shows a smaller lateral ex- outer-lateral scales.
tension.

The sum of these differences is, I think, of sufficient importance to warrant
us in regarding Alcock’s species as different from Caligorgia similis. The two
species are, however, very closely allied. The scales in the polyps and the coenen-
chyma are of the same type.

C. indica differs from C. versluysi in the smaller number of scales on the
polyps. Each abaxial row is formed by 7 scales only, against 10 or 11 in C.
versluysi, each outer lateral row by 3 scales against 5. The habit of the two is
the same, and it is not impossible that C. indica is only a variety of C. versluyst.”

Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Caligorgia dubia, n. sp.

A single fragment 7:9 ems. in height and 1°6 em. in width.

The branches arise in one plane from the opposite sides of the chief axis. The
distance between the origins of the branches varies considerably, from 6°5 to
13°5 ems.

The axis is slender (1 mm. in diameter at the base, thread-hke at the tips
of the branches), flexible, almost cylindrical, and marked by longitudinal ridges.
It is horny in texture, shows concentric layers, and is abundantly impregnated
with lime. The colour is yellowish, darker in the angles between the chief axis

and the branches.

46

The general coenenchyma of the stem and branches is thin and transparent,
and shows a layer of flat scale-like spicules, longer than broad, arranged with their
long axis parallel to the leneth of the branch.

The polyps are arranged in whorls of two or three, and may also occur singly
between the whorls, but in no case are there more than three in a whorl. They
are long and slightly club-shaped, and their apices are always turned in towards
the stem or branch on which they stand. The polyp spicules are flat, irregular
seales with many warty tubercles, and some of them have one of their edges toothed.
They are arranged in nine transverse and four longitudinal rows. There are two
rows on the abaxial surface and two, not so complete, on the lateral surfaces ; the
axial surface is free from spicules. The spicules of the first three transverse
abaxial rows have spines on their free edges, and the same is true of those on the
first two lateral rows on each side. The operculum forms a distinct sharp cone, and
consists of eight shehtly curved spear-shaped spicules.

The spicules of the general coenenchyma, which form a complete covering for
the stem and branches, are long narrow flattish scales with the nucleus eccentric.
Their measurements, length and breadth in millimetres, are :

0°85x0°175; 0°8x0'1; 0°7x0'17 5 -0°6x0°2; 06x01; 0°25x0°07.

The polyp spicules are broader than the above and more like fish scales.

Their measurements, maximum leneth and breadth in millimetres, are :
(O)QAESc(0)22 BO) May Se (0)HY & O)Bis< (OAs) S (O75) << (OIL

The spicules of the abaxial and lateral rows, which have spines on their free
edges, have the following dimensions :—0°37 x 0°3 ; 0°33x0°3 ; 0°3x0°3. The spear-
shaped opercular spicules average 0°6 mm. in length and 0°27 mm. in maximum
width.

Locality : Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 38’ 45” E. 401 fathoms.

Family Mvricarp as.

Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales (=A. spinosa, Hiles *).
Paramuricea indica, v. sp.
Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp.

- spicata, n. sp.
Anthogorgia verrilli, n. sp.
Calicogorgia tiivestigatoris, n. &. et sp.

55 rubrotincta, n. sp.
Placogorgia indica, n. sp.

ie orientalis, n. sp.

Astrogorgia rubra, n. sp.
Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch.

47

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch, var, robusta, n.
is curcivum, N. Sp.

Acis spinosa, n. sp.

Muricella bengalensis, n. sp.

Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales (=A. spinosa, Hiles?). Plate IT. fies 2);
Plate V. fig. 15.

This species is represented by two beautiful specimens, 185 mm. and 120 mm.
in height.

The colony is branched in one plane, the branches being in some parts alter-
nate, in other parts quite irregular. The polyps are densely crowded on the stem and
branches, giving each branch a bottle-brush appearance. At the base there is a
flat and thin disc of attachment. Very light brown is the general colour, but the
polyps are almost white. In the larger specimen the axis has a basal diameter of
over 1°5 mm., and is flattened in the plane of branching from a point a short
distance above the base. In the smaller specimen one surface is flattened and
marked by a broad shallow groove, while the opposite surface is rounded. This
flattening is not so marked in the branches, and some of the terminal branches or
twigs are almost cylindrical. The surface of the axis is marked by a large number
of discontinuous longitudinal ridges.

The polyps are arranged all over the stem and branches; they are long, up
to 6 mm. in height, with a basal diameter of about 1°5 mm. ‘They are almost
cylindrical, with a tendency to expand slightly near the oral end. They stand at
right angles to the stem and branches, and are firm and rigid.

On the polyp body the spicules are arranged in eight rows, each showing sharp
projecting points formed by the free ends of the spicules. The spicules of each
row are arranged in pairs, each pair converging and forming an inverted V with
the apex directed towards the mouth of the polyp. The spicules of each V are
slightly curved outwards at the lower end, so that they pass over to, and interlace
with, the basal portions of the spicules of the adjacent V on each side. Towards
the apex of each row the spicules become slightly smaller, and then the row ends
usually in three projecting overlapping spines, one markedly larger and stronger
than the other two. Thus the apex of the polyp is surrounded by a number of
points which project a considerable distance beyond the infolded tentacles.

The spicules on the aboral surface of the infolded tentacles form a flat eight-
rayed operculum. On each tentacle they are arranged at first longitudinally in
the middle line with spicules on the sides at right angles to those in the middle,
then the median spicules fail and the side spicules form Vs which become
gradually shallower until the spicules lie transversely and alternate with one
another.

The coenenchyma is thin, and is densely packed with spicules. The spicules of

48

the polyps are slender spindles, straight or curved, and a few slightly flattened
forms. All have spiny projections, which are very marked in some of the smallest.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

1. General polyp spicules, 1x0°1; 0°8 x 0°09; 0°6x0°05; 0°35 x 0°03.

2. Tentacular spicules, 0°18 x 0°04; 0°14 x 0°04; 0°12 x 0°04.

3. Those that project at the apex, 1°6x0°09; 1'45x01; 14%x0.12;

13x01; 1°2x0°1.

The spicules of the stem are similar to those of the polyps except for their
smaller size. Their measurements are :

0°8x0°095; 0°8x0°08; 0°5x0°06; 0°35x0°09 ; 0°3x 0°05.

Among the spicules, both of the polyp and of the general coenenchyma, there
are some more irregular forms, with processes about 0°1 mm. in length, bearing
small spines.

We do not think that there is any valid distinction between A. aspera,
Pourtales, and A. spinosa, Hiles.

Locality : Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 38’ 45” KE. ; 401 fathoms.

Previously recorded from Hayana, and A. spinosa (Hiles) from Blanche Bay,
New Britain.

[Comparative TabLe

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Name.

A. spinosa, Hiles.

A. flabellum, Hick-

son,

Hed-

A, wmermis,
lund.

A, brevispina, Stu-
der.

A, breviflora, White- |

legge.

Branching.

In two planes at right angles,
One terminal polyp.

| Fan-shaped in one plane,
with much anastomosis.

_In one plane, anastomosis
present.

| Few on one side, in one plane,
flexible.

Few, alternate in one plane.

Ccenenchyma.

Thin and fairly
smooth,

Thin and rough,
beset with tuber-
culate warts.

Of medium thick-
ness, finely granu-
Jar under the lens.

Extremely thin,
axis visible

through, few |

spicules longitud-
inally arranged.

Verruce.
}

mit, placed perpendicularly
to the stem, and thickly
crowded on all sides.

|
|

|
|

Cylindrical, with scarcely

visible projecting needles, |

eight bands on the body of
calyx.

|

Spicules in eight rows each,
consisting of two sets of
converging spicules. Eight
apical spines not projecting
beyond the operculum.

Somewhat constricted at mid-

transversely at base, not
distinetly seriate, peripher-
ally at tip, surmounted at
the apex by a series of long
needle-like spicules,

| Cylindrical, elongated, some- |
what expanded at the sum- |

dle; with spicules arranged |

SPECIES OF ACANTHOGORGIA.

|

Polyps.

Long, with spicules
in eight longitu-
dinal rows,
arranged en
chevron, sur-
rounded at
summit by eight
bundles of pro-
jecting — spines,
each bundle
with two or
three needles.

Small, cylindrical,
with slightly
projecting spines
at the free edge,
crowded on most
parts of the fla-

bellum, and
principally in
plane of fla-
bellum.

Cylindrical rising
at right angles,
arranged in
spirals.

Alternately on the
sides
branches,
right angles.

of the |
at |

=

Axis.

|

Horny, and brown
in colour.

Horny, with acore |
of bead-like cal- |
careous bodies |
in definite
chambers; black
in the older
parts, brown in
younger. |

|

Horny, black- |
brown; in twigs
yellow brown.

Yellow.
Horny, rather |
brittle, blackish-

brown, tips of
branchlets
yellowish-
brown.

Spicules.

In ccnenchyma,
mostly quadri-

radiate, but also |

longish spindles,
with small spines ;
in polyps, spindles
bent at the lower
end, with small
spines.

Firmly locked
together and fused
irregular tubercu-
late foliaceous
elubsand branched
spindles; in an-
thocodiz slightly
bent spindles,
partly smooth,
partly tubereulate,
also dagger-shaped
forms; also irregu-
lar foliaceous
spicules bothin the
anthocodiz and
the coenenchy ina.

Slightly bent warty

or spiny spindles, |

clubs

irregularly
rounded

or

branched at the |

thick end.

Long spiny.

In cenenchyma
straight or curved
spicules, with few
blunt spines; in
polyps the base
and sides
curved — spindles,
with a few blunt
spines at ends, and
occasionally tuber-
cles in middle;
the deep seated
forms are curved
or bent, smooth,
or nearly so, coro-
nal with long free
end smooth, and
basal portion
strongly tubereu-
late, simple and
bent or bifureated.

Colour.

Dirty white.

White.

Yellow brown.

| Conenchyma and |

polyps black.

Yellowish-white.

have |

Differs from A. maui-

cata in having
eight groups in-

stead of eight
single projecting
spines,

Most nearly related
to A. inermis.

Near A. lava, Wright
and Studer.

“ This species may be
distinguished from
other species of the
genus by the small
polyps and _ large
spicules” (White-

legge).

or
bo

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Name.

A. ceylonensis, Thomson

and Henderson.

A. media, Thomson and
Henderson.

A, muricata, Verrill.

A. aspera, Pourtales,

A. armata, Verrill.

A. hirta, Pourtales.

Branching.

In one plane, both alter-
nate and opposite.

Irregular, but on the
whole alternate, not in
one plane.

Flabellate, main stem
divides not far from
base into several prin-
cipal branches, which
diverge widely at first,
and then ascend nearly
vertically ; these give
off numerous lateral

|
| Thin. | pie

Coenenchyma.

Of medium thickness,
with many projecting
spicules.

|
Thin, with a loose granu-

lar appearance, but no
projecting spines.

branches which diverge |

nearly at right angles,

and repeat their own

arrangement.

Flabelliform, few widely
divergent branches.

Irregularly branched,
somewhat in a plane,
branches occasionally
uniting.

Sub-flabellate,irregularly
branching, branchlets
flattened ‘and expanded
at tip.

Thin, rough, with pro- |
jecting points.

Thin, filled with con-

Verruce.

spicuous white spicules. |

Spicules in eight rows
en chevron.

Elongated, cylindrical, or
somewhat expanded at
the summit, with about
eight very long, slen-
der, sharp, projecting
and diverging spicules,
the projecting part
being usually more
than = the length of
the calyx ; eight longi-
tudinal ridges fre-
quently with — pro-
jecting ends near the
summit.

Elongated, slightly con-
stricted towards the
summit, which is con-
siderably expanded,
armed with eight
bundles of projecting
spicules, eight longi-
tudinal rows, with pro-
jecting tips, mostly
towards the base and
on the ribs.

Elongate, often curved,
capitate or clavate, sur-
mounted by eight
groups of long diver-
gent sharp spicules,
with eight longitu-
dinal ridges, with an
irregular cheyroned
arrangement.

Lobed, spinous, with spi-
cules horizontal near
the base, and then in
eight vertical rows.

SPECIES OF AC

53

ANTHOGORGIA—continued.

Polyps. Axis Spicules. Colour. Notes.

In twos, threes, or | Horny Spindles and quadri-
in loose spirals. | | radiate forms.

Opposite or spir- | Horny, cham- Spindles with few Similar to A, ridleyi
ally, butyounger bered, brownish- warts, tri- and in mode of branch-
polyps interpo- yellow in older, quadri-radiate ing and in the
lated. yellow in/| stars and golf- | arrangement of

younger parts. club forms, with the polyps, but
long shaft free, like A. muricata,
| and head with Hiles, in the dis-
| rough warts ; also position of the
a tew_ irregular spicules on the
sex- and quinque- calyces,
radiate forms.
| Yellowish -brown, | In canenchyma, Greyish-white. Closely related to
strongly stri-| small, rough, | A. armata, but |

Alternately on two
sides of the stem
and branches,

Distant on stem,
more numerous
on the branch-
lets, irregularly
alternate, pro-
minent.

ated.

Brownish-yellow.

Yellowish-brown.

| In cenenchyma,

irregular, and |
rather large, very

roughly warted, or |
spinulose fusiform |
spicules, fre-
quently curved. |
In calyces, slender, |
elongated, warty |
fusiform spicules, |
either straight or |
curved. |

In cenenchyma,
acute fusiform
spicules, often S-
shaped, similar in
polyps.

white rough
curved fusiform
spicules.

Ash-grey.

Grey.

differs in having
smaller _ calyces,
with longer
spicules, and in
form of ccnen-
chyma spicules;
and also differs
from A. aspera
in not being
hispid.

Studer doubts if
Hedlund’s A. as-
pera should be
referred to this
species.

Name.

| A. verrilli, Studer.

| A. longiflora, Wright
| and Studer.

| A. ridleyi, Wright and
Studer.

A. lava, Wright and

Studer.

A. ramosissima, Wright
and Studer.

|

|

54

Branching. |

Sparse branches arise at |
right angles and then
run parallel to the stem.

Sparsely in one plane,
short stem dividing
into two principal
branches. Apex occu-
pied by a polyp.

Branches on three sides,
of which two on oppo-
site sides most deve-
loped. Tip of twigs
occupied by a polyp
and thickened.

Chiefly on two sides in
irregular alternating
series, forming angles
of 70° to 90°.

Strongly and densely
ramified, branches |
from three sides; in two
opposite directions ; in
one plane they are
stronger; angle of |
divergence 45° to 50°;
bush-like.

Coenenchyma.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Verrucze.

Thin.

Thin, transparent.

| Thin and transparent.

Thick, with spicules in
longitudinal series.

Thin and transparent.

|
|

4-8 mm. long, expanded
at the summit, which
is surrounded by eight
bundles of projecting
spicules.

With eight longitudinal
rows, each formed of
two rows of converging
spicules, from tips of
which eight bundles
of spicules project.

| With eight longitudinal

rows, cylindrical, ex-
panded at end, eight
projecting bundles,
each bundle consisting
of at most three spi-
cules.

With eight longitudinal

rows, in each two rows
of needles converging,
the angle of converg-
ence becoming blunter

near the tip, with a |
peripheral ring of pro- |
jecting spicules. Cylin- |
at

drical,

expanded
end.

Not in eight longitudinal |

rows, eight bundles at
mouth. Cylindrical,
expanded at tip.

SPECIES OF ACANTHOGORGIA— continued.

55

Polyps. | Axis. Spicules. Colour. Notes.

, Avise in all diree- Slender, flexible, In cwnenechyma | Yellowish-white. Near A. armata, Ver- |
tions, very horny, brown. curved spindles or | rill, but distinguish-
numerous, | spiny clubs. In | able by the smaller
especially _ to- verruce curved verruce and the
wards the tips spindles. shapeofthespicules.
of the branches. | Tt differs from A.

muricata, Verrill,

in the much shorter

spines _ projecting

around the summit
of the verruce.

At wide intervals | Fibrous, horny in | In ccenenchyma, | Yellowish.
| on stem and) branches, quite | long slightly bent |
| branches in flexible, yellow- | spindles and rods
| alternating ish-brown. armed with small
| series, at apices | widely separated |

two to four spines, placed |
crowded to- | longitudinally |
gether; arising in twigs and
at right angles | branches, gener-
to the branches. | ally truncated at
onueend, Inpolyp,
_ needle-like; in
| calyx wall, blunt
at ends; tentacles
| with longitudinally
placed spicules.

In short irregular | Horny, fibrous, | Cnenchyma _ spi- | Brown. Like Acanthogorgia
| spiralsofthree; | soft, flexible, ecules placed | (Blepharogorgia),
| young polyps) and somewhat longitudinally, schrammi (Duch.

interpolated be- flattened in curved spiny spin- et Mich.).
tween the more branches,| dles, with lateral
mature ones. brownish. | projections. In
| ealyces, spiny |
spicules relatively |
thick.
On opposite sides ; | Horny, fibrous, | In cwnenchyma, | |
| a third row may soft, flexible, thick longitudinal |
occur, but one flattened in series ; the edges
side always free; plane of branch- bear blunt teeth,
at distances of ing in stem. may be slightly
2 to 2°5 mm, forked at an end,
Polyps with
peculiar forms
constricted at the
middle, and form-
| ing diverging
' angles at ends.
| Tentacle spicules
| thin, with sharp |
| spines and |
prickles, thick-
ened at one end.

| On stem short | Horny, fibrous, | In conenchyma, | Yellowish. |

| spiralsof threes ; brown, in spindles with
greatly crowded thinner parts’ sharp spines

| at tip.

yellowish.

longitudinally
placed. In polyps, |
sharp spindles,
at margin tri- |
radiate, club-like. |

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

|

Name.

Branching.

A. truncata, Studer.

_ A. horrida, Studer.

A. schrammi, D. and M. | Flabellate,

A,

and Henderson.

A. australiensis, Hent-
schel.

Branched in one plane ;
branches arise at 45°.

Branched in one plane.
Branches distant, from
two sides, arising at
right angles, then
running parallel to the
main stem.

muricata, Verrill, | Very profuse, confined to
var, tnidica, Thomson

one plane.

Branched more or less in
one plane; lateral
twigs at right angles to
main stem and larger

branches, to which,
however, the longer
twigs soon become
parallel.

reticulate,
much branched.

Rugose.

points.

Very thin.

Very thin,

six flat
canals.

|

|

|

| Thin.

Ceenenchyma.

surrounding

longitudinal

|
|

Bristling with projecting | Short,

Verrucie.

Cylindrical, 1-2

—5'3

Cylindrical to cup-

mm, in
height and 1-15 mm.
in diameter ; spicules
arranged in eight
groups.

cylindrical — or |
somewhat constricted
near the base. Beneath
the projecting spicules
around the oral open-
ing there is a collar of |
transversely placed
spicules,

|

mm. in height,
with a basal diameter
of 0-°9mm., anda width
of 11-12 mm. at the
crown ; there are eight
projecting spicules at
the free end.

shaped ; uppermost
peripheral spicules of
verruce are in eight
groups, each with two
projecting spines.

Cylindrical, slightly elon-

cated, somewhat nar- |
rower at the base ; with |
5-10 very long project-
ing spines.

57

SPECIES OF ACANTHOGORGIA—continued.

Polyps.

Oceur in spirals
around the
branches.

| In short spirals
over the whole
ccenenchyma, so
that the latter is
almost hidden.

Densely crowded
all round the
stem and
branches.

Irregularly — dis-
posed ; crowded
at the tips of the
branches, more
distant below ;
no true opercu-
lum, but spicules
on base of ten-
tacles.

| Alternate.

Axis,

Horny,
yellowish-brown.

Thin, flexible.

Dark brown,
fading to light
yellow in the
younger parts ;
covered with
close-set furrows
at the base.

Horny, brown or
yellow grey,
approaching
white in twigs.

Very black.

flexible, |

Spicules.

Colour.

(a) Coenenehyma—
spindles some-
times club-shaped.

(b) Verruce—bent
spindles ; those at
the apex are long
and bent at the
base, covered with
spines, which are
often branched.

| (c) Tentaeles—short

| spiny spindles

arranged _ trans-
versely,

|

|

| («) Verruce —spiny
spindles _ feebly
bent.

(b) Coenenchy ma—
(1) ramified,
plate-like, with
numerous sharp
spines ; (2) spiny
spindles curved or
forked.

(1) Ceenench yma—
(a) simple, some-
what curved spin-

strong lateral out-

X- and H-shaped
forms 0°11 mm. in
length.

ple spindles.

(3) Tentacle base—
small, curved, flat,
irregular, 0°12 mm.
in length.

dles, with few
small warts 0°39
mm. in length; |

| (6) spindles with |

growths leading to |

| (2) Verrucee — sim- |

Grown.

White.

White.

| The spicules of the |
| ccenenchyma recall
| those of Paramu-
|

riced.
|
Closely resembles |
both A. spinosa,
Hiles, and A.

| muricata, Verrill,
but differing from
the latter in
polyps and spicules.

| Near

A. ridleyi, |
Wright and |
Studer.

|

|

Name. Branching. Conenchyma.
A. johnsoni, Studer. Dichotomous, in one ies Bell-shaped, constricted |
plane, no anastomosis. at base. ee |||
le | |
A. grayi, Johnson. Irregular, tendency to me | Sessile, cylindrical, very |
grow in one plane. small; spicules
arranged — longitudin-
ally. ;
A. hirsuta, Gray. Branches nearly in the 60 Bell-shaped ; spicules -
same plane. overlap in indefinite

TOWS.

59

SPECIES OF ACANTHOGORGIA—continued.

Polyps. Axis. Spicules. Colour. Notes.

Seattered on Blackish-brown. (a) Four branched | Pale violet.

both sides of basal rays in one
branches. plane, with a long
spine _ projecting
beyond the ecenen-
chyma (spine 0:018

: mm. long, pro-

. cesses 0°012 min.

| long).

(b) simple bent
spiny spindles
0-021 mm. long.

Trregularly scat- | Pale brown, very | (7) Cenenchyma— Dark brown.

tered. There is slender. fusiform, slightly
a definite oper- bent.

culum of eight (b) Verrucee — those
pairs of spicules, at apex—basal por-

tion geniculate,
flattened and very
rough, often

branched.
Distant. There is RG Similar to those of
no definite A. grayi, but the
operculum. ’ large spicules are
not branched at

the base.

60

Paramuricea indica, n. sp. Plate III. fig. 3; Plate IX. fig. 20.

This species is represented by a single specimen, which consists of two stalks
rising from a tubular basal portion. The stalks are simple, except that one gives
off a branch at right angles which terminates in a sheht club-shaped ending formed
by three diverging polyps.

The axis, dark brown on the outside, with a lighter core, is about 1 mm. in
diameter at the base. It is purely horny, showing no trace of effervescence when
treated with acid. The verrucze arise from three surfaces of the stem, and are so
arranged that the verrucee of one row alternate with those of the other rows. They
are bluntly conical in shape, and have their spicules irregularly arranged.

The polyps are almost completely retracted, but in several cases the tentacles
form a dome-shaped projection above the mouth of the calyx. The tentacles are
well protected by spicules arranged as a crown with points. There are three to
four rows on the crown. The lower portion of the polyps contain ova and
embryos.

The single branch and the two stems end in blunt points round which three
divergently projecting polyps are arranged.

The surface of the whole specimen is rough, with projecting spicules.

The following measurements were taken of the length and breadth of the
spicules in millimetres :

1. Spindles, either straight or curved, with prominent rough warts, 0°6 x0°1 ;

0°5x0°12; 0°41x0°12; 0°35x0°08; 0°3x0-06.
. Tri-, quadri-, and sex-radiate forms :

Triradiate, 0°4x0°2; 0°3x0°2; 0°25x0°2.

Quadriradiate, 0°4x0°15; 0°4x0°3; 0°35x0°17 ; 0°25x0°15.

Sexradiate, 0°45x0'°18; 0°3x0°2; 0°3x0°12.

53. Tvregular forms, many of which may be regarded as spindles, with a foliar

bo

expansion on one side :

0°6 mm. in length with foliar expansion length by breadth in mm. 0°12 x 0°12.

0°5 mm. ie , or - 53 0°16x 0°08.
0°5 mm. . . ” A a 0°14x0°07.
0°3 mm. A A es an 0°14 x 0°06.

This species is nearest P. equatorialis, but the anthocodial armature is much
less elaborate, and the spicules differ in detail.
Locality : Andamans; 265 fathoms.

61

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. @. et sp. Plate V. figs. 1, 4, and 8 ;

Plate IX. fig. 5.

This new genus is established for two interesting specimens in which the axis
is horny, solid in the older parts, but hollow and very soft in the younger portions.
The colony is branched in one plane, but small twigs may arise at right angles to
the plane of branching. The branching is irregular, but often alternate. The
ccenenchyma is thin, like rough bark, with imbricating scales. The verrucee occur
on all sides of the axis, either closely or at moderate intervals, usually leaving the
dorsal surface free in the older portions of the stem and branches. The tentacular
portion of the retracted polyp forms a prominent conical operculum. The verruce
are prominent, upright, almost cylindrical, with the spicules arranged _in rows (some-
times slightly irregular) ending in eight points. The spicules of the verrucz are
irregular plates with a projecting spine, irregular discs with divaricate edges, elon-
gated forms with broad bases, and a few irregularly branched rods. Those of the
general coenenchyma are irregular discs, flat bars, and spindles with a large foliaceous
expansion about the middle of one side.

This genus seems to be related to Placogorgia, but differs from it in the
thinness of the ccenenchyma, in the size of the verruce, and in the tentacular
operculum.

More detailed Description.

The genus is represented by a large greyish-black, upright, fan-shaped colony,
27 cms. in height, with a maximum width of 23 cms.

The base consists of a flat spreading stolon-hke portion which surrounds a
fragment of Plewrocoralliwm. Almost at its origin the main stem gives off a
branch at right angles. The branching is in one plane, and for the most part
roughly alternate, though this is broken through, either by two branches alternating
with one, or by an approximation to the dichotomous type. At the tip of a
branch there are two or three verruce.

The thin basal portion is remarkable in haying single polyps scattered over its
surface, and in giving off a small branch from the under surface which lies in
the same plane as the main colony, but has its apex directed in the opposite
direction.

The axis is horny, 5°75 mm. in diameter near the base. It is solid in the
lower part, but soon becomes hollow. At first the central tube is of small diameter,
but it gradually increases in size till in the younger branches and twigs the walls
become so thin that a slight touch compresses the tube and puts the walls in
contact with one another. The axis is easily broken, and has its surface, at
least in the main stem and branches, marked by a number of longitudinal

striations.

62

The verrucee are prominent, almost cylindrical, at right angles to the surface,
about 2°3 mm. in height, with a basal diameter of 1°5 mm. The wall of the
verruca is composed of scale-like spicules arranged in rows and furnished with
blunt projecting points. The tips of the rows form eight points encircling the
base of the tentacular operculum.

The anthocodiz are not capable of complete retraction ; the tentacular part
when in rest lies on the top of the verruca and forms a conical operculum. The
spicules are arranged in a crown and points. The crown consists of a ring of
transverse spindles three deep; each point forms a triangle, the sides of which are
formed by two large spicules with the basal ends diverging in golf-club fashion
and resting on a spicule shaped like an inverted U. In nearly all the points there
is a third spicule in close connection with the sides of the triangle.

The general ccenenchyma is thin and practically composed of large irregular
imbricating scales. In the younger parts of the branches the ccenenchyma spicules
are somewhat longer and less scale-like.

The spicules of the anthocodize are spindles, straight or curved, with spiny
projections. They vary in length from 02 to 0°8 mm., and in width from 0°03 to
0°06 mm.

The spicules of the verrucee are irregularly shaped plates with a projecting
spine, irregular discs whose surface is covered by papillee and whose edges are
divided into branched protuberances, elongated triangles with broad bases which
are divided into several branched prominences, and a few irregularly branched
rods. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

1. Plates, 0°95x0°6; 0°8x0°5; 0°75x0°4; 0°7x0°3.

2. Dises, 0°7x0°6; 0°5x0°35; 0°5x0°3.

3. Elongated triangles, 0°7x0°5; 0°6x0°25; 0°5x0°3. -
4, Rods, 0°6x0°17; 0°5x0°11.

The spicules of the general coenenchyma are flat bars, irregular discs, and
spindles with a large foliar expansion on one side. All are covered by rough warty
papille. Their measurements, taken as above, are as follows :

1. Flat bars, 0°8x0°25; 0°7x0°2; 0:6x0°2: 0:4x0-1.

2. Irregular discs, 0°6x0°4; 0°4x0°26; 0°4x0°2; 0°3x0°25.

3. Spindles, 0°7 x 0°12 across the arm, and 0°3 across the foliar expansion.

0°6x0°1 Yi . 0-2 . -
0-4 x0'1 Fr a3 0:2 Ff Bs
Locality : Station 284; 7° 55’ N., 81° 47’ E.; 506 fathoms.

63

Acanthomuricea spicata, n. sp. Plate IX. fig. 12.

oO

A small complete colony 55 mm. in height, greyish-white in colour.

The branching is mainly in one plane, but small twigs with two or three
polyps arise at right angles to this plane chiefly from the main stem. The
branches arise alternately at wide intervals. There is a flat spreading basal
attachment.

The axis is horny, cylindrical, and marked by longitudinal strie. Its basal
diameter is 1 mm.

The verrucee are crowded, and occur all over the stem and_ branches
without any obvious arrangement. On one branch they leave a bare strip along
one side, and bare patches are seen here and there on the stem. There are
clusters of verrucee at the origins of small branches, and there are always two
divergent verrucee at the tips. The polyps are long, 2°7 mm. in height even in
the partially retracted condition. On the lofty conical anthocodiw the spicules
are arranged in a crown with long points. The crown consists of four to five rows
of small transverse spicules ; each point has three spicules, two converging and one
in close connection. On the aboral surface of the tentacles there is a narrow band
of longitudinally arranged spicules, and there are smaller forms closely packed on
the sides and directed towards the bases of the pinnules.

The verruce are from 1°8 to 2°2 mm. in height and formed of broad spicules,
the upper ends of which project slightly and produce a rugged surface.

The rough bark-like cenenchyma is formed of one layer of rough scales—like
ctenoid fish scales—which are dovetailed into one another.

The spicules of the verruce and of the anthocodiz consist of plates with a spine,
irregular discs, elongated triangles with broad bases, rods, spindles, and golf-club
forms. All are covered by warty protuberances. The following measurements
were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

1. Plates, 1:0x0°45; 0°9x0°4.

2. Dises, 0°85x0°55; 0°7x0°35.

3. Triangles, 0°9x0°4; 0°8x0°3.

4. Rods, 0°6x0°1; 0°5x0°06; 0°3x0°05.
5. Spindles, 0°9x 0:09; 0°4x 0-06.

6. Golf-club forms, 1°1x 0°12; 0°9x0°'1.

The spicules of the coenenchyma are spindles with laree expansions (sometimes
foliar) on one side, irregular discs, and somewhat flattened bars. Their measure-
ments are :

1. Spindles, 10x02; 0:8x0-2.

Foliar expansion of spindles, 0°4x 0°12 ; 0:2x 0°23.
2. Dises, 0°6x0°4; 0°6x0°35; 0°4x0°4.
3. Bars, 0°5x019; 0°45x0°175.

64

They are all covered by very rough warty protuberances.
Locality : Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 38’ 45" E.; 401 fathoms.
oy ? ?

Anthogorgia verrilli, n. sp.

A complete whitish colony, 140 mm. high and 30 mm. broad, attached by a
flat expansion to a small fragment of rock.

A slightly sinuous main stem gives off branches irregularly in one plane.
The first branch arises at a distance of 70 mm. from the base, and a
second alternating with it 5 mm. higher. For 30 mm. the stem is bare, and
then come four branches, irregularly disposed, two on each side. After another
15 mm. of bare stem there are other two alternate branches. The branches
arise at angles varying from 30—90°. Some of the primary branches bear
secondaries.

The axis is brown at the base, golden yellow in the branches. Its texture
is very soft.

The verrucee are few and scattered. A typical example is 2°25 mm. high,
1 mm. in diameter. It consists of a cylindrical body on which the spicules are
irregularly disposed. The body is surmounted by an overlapping dome-like oper-
culum, consisting of crown and points. The crown spicules are arranged in two
(or three) transverse rows ; the sharp points consist of eight pairs of spicules which
converge so as to enclose very small apical angles, sometimes with a smaller spicule
between them.

The polyps are completely retractile within the verruce, the tentacles being
infolded. On the aboral surface of the tentacles the spicules are arranged in two
converging longitudinal rows.

The ccenenchyma is fairly thick, with large transparent spicules irregularly
arranged, and in some cases visible to the naked eye.

The spicules are straight or curved spindles densely covered with warts, blunt
or tapering at the ends. The following measurements were taken of length and
breadth in millimetres :

Coenenchyma spicules, 1°8x0°175; 1°5x0°2; 1°3x0°15.
Tentacle spicules, 0°2x 0°02 ; 0°175x0°015; 0°15 x0°02.

Verrill’s diagnosis of the genus Anthogorgia, so far as it is known to us, is
somewhat vague. It reads as follows :

“Colony branched with slender elongated branches: polyp calyces strongly
projected, of a tubular form, with an eight-rayed operculum consisting of a thin

ectoderm in which long spindles are embedded at various angles. Ccenenchyma

thin, with large warty spindles.”
As it seems possible to include our specimen in the genus Anthogorgia we
have done so, rather than add to the already long list.

65

As Studer’s Anthogorgia japonica has only a tentacular operculum, we do
not think that it should have been referred to Verrill’s genus,
Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Calicogorgia investigatoris, n. o. et sp. Plate IX. fig. 10.

It is not without much hesitation that we have established this new genus.
The specimens on which it is based are difficult to deal with, and they seem to
belong to two species. In the form of the calyces and in the nature of the spicules
they approach Anthogorgia, somewhat vaguely defined by Verrill; but in the
arrangement of the spicules on the verruce: and in the nature of the operculum
they are quite distinct. In some respects they suggest Muricella, but they are
separated by the nature of the spicules and the size of the polyps. We have there-
fore referred them to a new genus, Calicogorgia, probably related to Anthogorgia :

the principal differences between the two genera are stated in the following table :

Anthogorgia, Verrill. Calicogorgia, n. g.

Verrucee arranged in spirals. Verruce lateral, with occasionally one or

two on the other surfaces.

Operculum composed of spicules em-
bedded at various angles.

Spicules on the verruce irregularly
arranged.

Opercular spicules distinctly arranged
in a crown and points.

Spicules on the verrucee arranged in
eight bands, each of two rows.

Operculum may be inside the margin of
the calyx.

Operculum forms a dome on the tip of
the calyx.

The following diagnosis of Calicogorgia may be given :

Colony branched in one plane, with polyps arranged principally on the lateral
surfaces of the branches. Branching irregular, but approximately alternate.
Verrucee prominent with spicules in eight bands and with a toothed margin.
Operculum a prominent cone, consisting of a crown and points. Spicules of the

ccenenchyma and of the verrucee are warty spindles either straight or curved.

More detailed description of C. investigatoris.

A greyish-white colony, with a faint tinge of pink, 97 mm. in height and over
100 mm. in width. A specimen in the littoral collection is 235 mm. in height,
205 in width, with an axis 3°5 mm. in diameter near the base.

The colony is branched in one plane. At a distance of 14 mm. from the base,
the main stem divides into two principal branches which give rise to the secondary
branches and twigs, the secondaries arising in a roughly alternate manner. The
verrucee are arranged on the younger branches in a single linear series on the two

lateral edges, but here and there, especially on the older branches, they are present
totem! ? i y J
9

66

on the other two surfaces. The tips of the twigs and branches are occupied by
two divergent verrucee with a small interval between them. There is a flat spread-
ing basal attachment.

The axis is altogether horny, dark brown in colour, hollow in the younger
parts. It is marked superficially by a peculiar network with pits in the
meshes.

The polyps are long, 4 mm. in height, even in a somewhat retracted condition.
Ova are abundant, and are arranged in a loose necklace on the mesenteric bands.
The non-retractile portions of the polyps are wider than the apices of the verrucze,
and stand out likedomes. The spicules on the anthocodive are arranged in a crown
and points; the crown consists of 3-5 (usually 4) rows of slightly curved warty
spindles; each point is triangular in form, and consists of one basal spicule
and three pairs of converging spicules, of which the two outer pairs reach
to about the same level. At the apex of the triangle there are some minute
spicules.

On the aboral surface of the tentacles there is a band of longitudinally
arranged small spindles, with a few arranged transversely.

The verrucee are conical in shape with a broad base, and are slightly flattened
in the plane of branching. The spicules are arranged in eight bands, each of which
consists of two rows of converging spicules. The points of the bands project a
little at the top of the verruca. The verrucee vary in length from 1°9-3 mm., and
have a basal diameter of slightly over 2 mm.

The general ccenenchyma is thin, and allows the dark brown axis to shine
faintly through the coating of long spindles.

The spicules of the polyps and verrucz are spindles, straight or slightly curved,
covered by warty protuberances. Several of the smaller forms have sharper spine-
like processes. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

L-4xO18 3 12022): 0°7x0:15 054x003 71016 x10.04"

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are shorter and thicker warty spindles.

Their dimensions are :
OF9 KORG Oks X02 0.26050 GO MN6><0;0a:
Locality : Station 246; 11° 14’ 80" N., 74° 57’ 15” E.; 68-148 fathoms.

Calicogorgia rubrotincta, n. sp. Plate IX. fig. 9.

This species is represented by two complete reddish colonies, 139 and 96 mm.
in height, 88 and 64 mm. in maximum breadth.

The main stem rises from a flattened basal portion. The axis is dark brown,
cylindrical, with a diameter of fully 1 mm. It shows no effervescence when treated
with acid, and is formed of layers of dark brown horny fibres with a core of a

an

67

lighter colour. Towards the tip of the main stem and of the branches it becomes
very flexible and thread-like.

The stem, after giving off a branch, divides into two principal portions, one of
which predominates. The secondary branches arise from all sides of the main
branch, thus giving a somewhat bush-like appearance to the colony.

The verrucze are prominent blunt cones, and arise perpendicularly. They are
arranged alternately on the lateral faces of the stem and branches; but here and
there this arrangement is disturbed by the occurrence of a few on one of the other
faces.

The spicules in the verrucee project slightly. On the tentacles there are
colourless spindles arranged longitudinally, and there is a basal collaret formed of
one or two rows placed transversely.

The spicules of the general ccenenchyma are of two types.

I. There are large spindles, either straight or curved, covered with rough
warts. They vary considerably in size, and may be simple or forked at one end.
Their dimensions, length by breadth in millimetres, are :

34x0°95 5; 2x0°33; 1:°22x0°3; 0°9x0°175.

They are dark red, light pink, or colourless.

2. There are smaller spindles, either straight or curved, with fewer and
simpler warts. These are usually colourless, but may be pink or light red. They
vary in length from 0°2—-0°5 mm. and in breadth from 0°03-0°1 mm.

The two sets of spicules shade into one another, and intermediate stages are
not infrequent.

Locality : Bay of Bengal; 88 fathoms.

Placogorgia indica, n. sp.

An incomplete specimen of a light brown colour, 120 mm. in height.

The branching is on the whole in one plane, but a stump is seen near the
lower end of the stem which rises at right angles to the plane of branching. The
branches are irregular, five rising from one side and three from the other. The
larger branches give off smaller branches, repeating the same arrangement. ‘The
basal portion is wanting.

The axis is horny, dark brown in colour, with a lighter core which exhibits no
sign of effervescence when treated with acid. It is somewhat oval in section, and
has its surface marked by discontinuous longitudinal ridges. In the younger
portions it is light yellow and soft.

The verrucee are arranged on three sides of the stem and branches, leaving
one surface entirely free throughout the whole length. They are short and
truncate (about 0°5 mm. in height), and have a number of projecting points round
the apex.

68

In the wall of the verruca the spicules are arranged longitudinally, and many
have a broad end formed of two diverging processes.

In the anthocodize the spicules are arranged in a crown and points. The
crown consists of four rows of spicules, the triangular points consist of two con-
verging spicules, sometimes with one in between, with the apices directed towards
the base of the tentacles.

The spicules of the polyps and verrucze are (1) simple spindles, straight or
curved ; (2) spindles with a foliar expansion on one side; and (3) spindles or clubs
with a branched foliar expansion at one end.

They are all covered by rough warty protuberances. The following measure-
ments were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

1. Spindles, 1:°2x0°2; 1:°0x0°2; 0°8x012; 0°4x0:09; 0°4x0°05.

2. Spindles with foliar expansion on the sides, 0°9x0°2, with foliar expan-

sion 0°2x0°2 ; 0°7x0°13, with foliar expansion 0°2x 0°12; 0°5x 0°12, with

foliar expansion 0°2 x 0°2.
3. Spindles or clubs, 1°0x0°3; 0°8x0°4; 0°5x0°3; 0°4x0°36 in maximum
diameter.

The spicules of the stem are spindles either curved or straight, with many
rough warts, and often divided at the ends. Their dimensions are :

Ta XO ae OF7 xOsl bigs Oras Or4 0048

Locality : Andamans; 270—45 fathoms.

Placogorgia orientalis, n. sp.

An incomplete specimen, 83 mm. in height. There is a sli
attachment, from which the main axis arises. The branches lie in one plane, and
arise irregularly, in some parts alternate, in other parts not. The axis is horny, oval
in section, and dark brown in colour, with a lighter core in the younger branches.

htly conical basal

Oo
=)

The verrucee are arranged in a linear series, on each lateral edge of the stem
and branches, those of the one series alternating with those of the other. There
are always two at the tip of a twig. The anthocodize can be retracted within the
verruca margin. The anthocodial spicules are arranged in a crown and points ;
the narrow crown consists of four transverse rows; each triangular point consists
of two spicules diverging slightly towards their base and of one or two others
alongside of them.

The verruce are short and conical, almost alternate, 1 mm. in height, slightly
truncated at the tip. Their wall is formed of scale-like spicules, with those in the
upper row slightly more spindle-shaped. They show considerable diversity as
regards the size and shape of the spicules, but these are always similar to those of
the general ccenenchyma at the same place. They can close in so as almost to
hide the completely retracted anthocodiee.

69

The general ccenenchyma is thin, and is practically composed of imbricating
seale-like spicules. On some parts of the stem and branches they are more spindle-
shaped. In most parts the axis shines through the ccenenchyma, but towards the
tips of the branches this transparency diminishes and finally disappears.

The spicules are oval scales, spindles either thick or slender, irregular scales,
very irregularly branched spindles, and club-shaped forms with much branched folia.

This species differs from P. atlantica in having more prominent and less
crowded verrucz, and also in the details of the spiculation.

Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Astrogorgia rubra, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 10.

A portion of a reddish colony, 65 mm. in height. It consists of a main axis,
from which two branches arise. The larger branch arises at a distance of 30 mm.
from the base, is 50 mm. in length, and bears a secondary branch.

The axis is horny, spirally twisted, chambered, and brownish in colour, with
a white core.

The polyps are completely retractile within dome-shaped verrucee. On the
smaller branches the verruez are disposed in a reeularly alternate manner; on the
larger branches they are almost opposite, and the spiral twisting of the axis makes
it appear as if the verrucee occurred on all the four sides. The bare part of the
stem on each side is occupied by a longitudinal groove, spirally twisted.

The verrucee are prominent and dome-shaped when the polyps are completely
retracted, but truncated cones when the polyps are partially retracted. The apical
margin of the verruca is marked by eight points, and there are eight opercular
parts, each composed of a few large spicules.

The ccenenchyma is fairly thick, and has a granular appearance due to the
arrangement of the spicules. They are all of a pink colour, somewhat diverse in
shape, and arranged in two layers. The inner layer is composed of (1) lone thin
warty spindles disposed longitudinally, and varying in length from 0°3-0°4 mm.,
and in width from 0°015—0°002 mm. ; and (2) of short, thick, shghtly warty blunt
spindles, from 0°2 mm. to 0:25 mm. in length, and from 0°04 mm. to 0°05 mm. in
width.

The outer layer is composed of (1) small warty clubs, on an average 0°08
mm. in length by 0°93 mm. in width; and (2) irregular double clubs placed
perpendicularly to the surface, about 0°08 mm. in length by 0:04 mm. in width.

On the tentacles there are longitudinal rows of short, thin, shghtly warty
spindles, which vary in length from 0-09-0°1 mm., and in width from 0:008—0-01 mm.

Locality : Station 218 ; 6° 55’ 6” N., 72° 55’ EB. ; 210 fathoms.

70

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch. Plate VI. figs. 4 and 5.
| = Muricea bebrycoides, von Koch (1887), p. 52. ]

The colony is branched in one plane, with frequent anastomosis. There is a
shghtly conical basal attachment, with a flat, spreading margin. The main stem
divides into two principal branches at a point 4°5 mm. from the base, and these
give off branches from the two opposite sides in a very irregular manner. Between
the origins of the larger secondaries smaller twigs or branches arise which do not
usually divide, but only bear polyps. The branching is continued till branches
of the fifth order are reached.

The axis is horny, and somewhat oval in section.

The polyps are arranged irregularly, chiefly on three sides, most abundantly
on the lateral surfaces. The infolded tentacles form a fairly high spiculate oper-
culum which rests on the top of the verruca. The anthocodial spicules are
arranged in a crown and points; the crown consists of 2-3 rows of transverse
spicules ; the points have two pairs of converging spicules at the base, and from
the tip of these several run longitudinally upwards.

The verruce are high, almost cylindrical, slightly smaller in diameter at the
tip. They are formed of spicules identical with those of the general coonenchyma,
and have a height of 1°75 mm.

The general ccenenchyma is fairly thick, and has a peculiar appearance, due
to the projecting globular-like ends of the spicules.

The spicules are of three types: (1) warty spindles, either straight or curved ;
(2) irregular branched spindles, with large flat foliar expansions, somewhat re-
sembling the “ Blattkeulen” of Plewawra; and (3) a few irregular quadriradiate
forms. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

Spindles, 0°5x 0°06; 0°4x0°06; 0°2x 0°02.
Irrecular forms, 0°25x0°2; 0°2x0°175; 0712x011.

The foliar expansions are very irregular, appearing in some cases to be the
expanded branches of the main spindle, in other cases consisting of several branches
fused together. They may be nearly smooth at the edges, or produced into a
number of spines. The last type presents a very peculiar appearance, with rough
tubercles on the simple branches and stem, with warty protuberances and irregular
ridges on the foliar expansions.

Locality : Station 246; 11° 14’ 138” N., 74° 57’ 15” E.; 68-148 fathoms.

Previously recorded from the Mediterranean and the Azores.

71

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch, var. robusta, n. Plate ITI.
figs. 7 and 8.

The colony is branched in one plane, most of the branches being given off
at one side. The tips of the twigs are somewhat club-shaped, and occupied by
three polyps. The general ccenenchyma is rough in appearance. There is no
trace of a basal attachment.

o.

0)
Da

The axis is horny, yellowish in colour, and marked by a number of lon
tudinal striz. The centre is composed of chambers separated from one another by
transverse walls, and containing a whitish substance which gives little or no trace
of effervescence when treated with acid. The cavity is not quite central, but lies
sometimes nearer one side, sometimes nearer the other.

The polyps occur all over the surface of the main stem or branch. The
verruce are almost cylindrical, but somewhat squat, 1°5 mm. in height, with
a basal diameter of 1°3-1°7 mm. A number of spines project round the
apex.

The retracted anthocodiz bear an almost hidden low conical eight-rayed
operculum, which is formed by the infolded tentacles. The spicules on the
anthocodiz are arranged in a crown and points; the crown consists of 2-3 trans-
verse rows; the points have their spicules en chevron, with a number of short,
curved spicules at the base of each triangle.

The ccenenchyma is thick, and has an arenaceous appearance.

The spicules of the anthocodize are spindles, straight or curved, and covered
by warty projections, Several are thickened at one end, and present a club-
shaped appearance. The following measurements were taken of length and
breadth in millimetres :

06x01; 0°45x0°04; 0°2x0°03; 0715x002.

The spicules of the general coenenchyma and of the verrucze are (1) spindles,
straight or curved, with warty projections, or with large, thorn-like projections
covered by warts; (2) incipient quadriradiate forms; and (3) irregular forms,
with two or three rays at one end. ‘Their dimensions, taken as above, are :

1. Spindles, 0°6 x0°046; 0°5x0°04; 0°45x0°04.
2. Quadriradiate forms, 0°4x 0°25; 0°3x0°2.
3. Irregular forms, 0°4x0°2; 0°3x0°2.

The last kind of spicule is extremely irregular; some seem to be almost flat,
with large processes extending from the edges; others seem to be plates, with
spines projecting from them.

Locality : Station 333; 6° 31’ N., 79° 38’ 45” K.; 401 fathoms.

72

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Name.

Acamptogorgia fru-
ticosa, Germanos.

A. — acanthostoma,

Germanos.

A. horrida, Hickson.

A. tuberculata, Hiles.

A. spinosa, Hiles.

A. arbuscula, Gray
MS. (Wright and
Studer).

A. alternans, Wright
and Studer,

Branching.

Tree-like, in various

planes, angles 40° |

60°. Two terminal
polyps.

Few branches, tree-

like, in one plane,
stem and branches
of almost the same
thickness, cylindri-
cal, branch angle
60°-85°, twig angle
58°-70°.

Not in one plane,
nearly at — right
angles, apparently
dichotomous.

Few branches in one
plane. Two ter-
minal laterally
placed polyps.

Branches arise at
angles of from 60°—
90°. Two opposite
polyps at tips.

3ranched in one
plane, branches
thickened at the

ends and forming
an angle of 45°-50°
with the stem.

Slightly branched
from two opposite
sides, angle of
branching 70°-80°,
terminal branches
thickened towards
the apex.

Ccenenchyma,

Fairly thick, very
rough, with spic-
ular warts, large
rough spicules,
very coherent.

| Thin.

Thin, and bristling
with spines.

Thin,
“lumpy,” owing
to projecting fol-
jar expansions of
the spicules.

Fairly thick, and

very rough.

Rather
rough.

thick and

Thick and rough.

rough, |

|

| Blunt, conical.

Verruce,

Cylindrical or wart-
like, spirally ar-
ranged, very
thickly distri-
buted, sometimes
in groups of three |
to five.

Cylindrical or trun-
cate, conical, spir-
ally arranged, |
with eight spines
projecting very |
much at the aper- |
ture.

Not prominent, but |
surrounded by a
crown of spines.

Low, cylindrical.

Cylindrical.

Inshape cylindrical
or bluntly conical.

Polyps.

Small, quite retract-
ile, mouth circular
with a frieze
parallel spines slop-
ing inwards.

White, quite retract-
ile, with high conical
operculum of sixteen
spicules in pairs on
the tentacles, each
like a long boot; also
small spindles, rods,
etc., on the tentacles.

Closely placed on
three sides of the
stem and branches
leaving the back
free ; with low coni-
cal operculum.

Chiefly on the sides
of the branches at
intervals of 2 mm. ;
with low conical
operculum,

In spirals of three at
intervals of 1-1:5
mm., but closely
packed at apices ;
operculum forms a
low cone.

Sparsely scattered on
the stem, more
thickly on the
branches, crowded
atapices ; operculum
low and conical.

of |

73

SPECIES OF ACAMPTOGORGITA.

Horny, yellow brown
to yellow, glisten-

ing, longitudinal
strie, rigid to
flexible,

Rigid, horny, yellow,

with white core,
quite translucent,
chambered, rigid

except in twigs.

Horny, black or
brown, with core
divided into cham-
bers by vertical
partitions.

Horny, brown in
older parts, white
at the apices.

Horny, brown, with
the central core
divided into cham-
bers.

Horny, brown, not
longitudinally stri-
ated, slightly flat-
tened on the stem,
flexible in branches |
and soft.

Horny, feebly flexible, |
yellowish-brown.

Spicules.

Irregular warty plates or spindles with long
vertical process, digitate in verrucee and
larger ; the warts and tubercles are always
granular.

A basal tuberculate piece or plate parallel

to the surface, with a vertical tuberculate
process; also small irregular spindles,
some almost double; verruca spicules
have a spindle-base transversely disposed
and a vertical projecting shaft. The
tubercles are never granular.

Tripods with rough tubercles on legs and

smooth projecting spines; in calyces two
limbs to each spicule, in ccenenchyma
three, four also found; the limbs may be
foliaceous and so interlock ; also slightly
bent tuberculate spindles.

Spindles slightly bent, with spiny warts

along one side, and, on the convex side at
one end or about the middle, complex
foliar prominences. In collaret, curved
spindles with few spines; in operculum,
flat spiny spindles arranged in eight groups
of three.

In polyps, three-rayed with foliaceous expan-
sions from two of the three rays; the third
a spike standing perpendicularly to the
others.
with short branched expansions on the
convex side, and also smaller forms of the
polyp spicules,

In cenenchyma, bent spiny papilliform
spindles, frequently with short foliar
expansions. In calyces, three-rayed stars ;
in collaret, roughened spindles truncated at
one end.

In eceenenchyma, curved spicules, frequently
with foliar prominences. In calyces, tri-
radiate with third ray shortened and with
a bifoliar appendage with dentate margins.
Tn collaret, iong-curved spicules with few
spines. In operculum, flat, spiny, and
armed at one end with smooth projections.

10

In ccenenchyma, bent spindles |

Colour.

Deep red.

Whitish togrey.

White.

Light brown.

Stem brown, |
oral region of
polyps with
violet tint.

Whitish.

Notes.

ptogorgia (Muricea)

bebrycoides, von
Koch.
Verrucee very like

teasel heads.

Similar to A. frutt-
cosa, Germanos, but
polyps larger, and
quite distinct
colour.

in

| - <
| With considerable re- |
| semblance to Acam- |

Acamptogorgia atra,
| Thomson and
|

Henderson.

A. bebrycoides, G.

von Koch.

Branching.

Confined to one
plane; branches
arise at right angles,
but bend upwards
and run roughly

74

Coenenchyma.

parallel to the main |

stem.

Branched in one
plane, with frequent
anastomosis.

Mairily thick;
globular-like ends
of spicules pro-
ject.

A bebrycoides, G. Branched in one. Rough; thick.

von Koch,
robusta, n.

var,

A, circium, ni. sp.

|
A. spinosa, Hiles, |
var. — ceylonensis,
Thomson and
Henderson.

A, gracilis, Thom- |

son.

A. rubra, Thomson. |

plane; branches
mostly arise from
one side.

Irrecular ; branches

arise from two or
three sides;
may be abundant
anastomosis.

Profusely branched
in one plane ; anas-
tomosis common.

Branched in one

plane ; twigs arise |
almost at right |

angles.

there |

Rough, thorny,
bristling with
projecting spines.

| Thin, and very
rough in appear-
ance under the
lens.

Rough, with sharp

| Thin, and

very
prickly.

projecting points. |

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Verruce.

| Stand perpendicu-
larly at intervals
of about 2 mm. ;
three or four
oceur at tips of
branches, but
none terminal.

High, almost eylin-
drical.

Almost cylindrical,
but

| squat ; a number
ot spines project
around the apex.

Prominent, 3 mm.
in height, with a
basal diameter of

| 2mm.

Low, 08 mm. in
height, with a
basal diameter of

| O6 mm.

Stand perpendicu-

of about 1
At top there is a
ring of spicules in
two rows.

Small, and arise at
right angles to

| :
the axis.

somewhat |

larly to a height |
mm. |

Polyps.
Restricted to the
lateral edges _ of

stem and branches,
but here and there
on back and front.

Chiefly on three
sides, most abund-
ant on lateral sur-
faces; operculum
fairly high, spicules
arranged in crown
and points.

Oceur all over the
surface ; opereulum
low, conical, almost
hidden.

Arise irregularly
from all — sides;
operculum high,
conical, crown con-
sists of four rows,
and there are two
converging spicules
in each point.

On three sides of the
axis; operculum
conical.

May occur on all
sides, but are mostly
lateral, sometimes
opposite, sometimes
alternate, and
branch ends in a
pair; operecular
covering consists of
eight pairs of curved
foliaceous spindles,

Alternate or sub-
opposite ; two occur
side by side at the
end of a branch.

75

SPECIES OF ACAMPTOGORGIA.

Axis.

Spicules.

Colour.

Horny, almost black
at base, but light
brown in younger |
branches.

Horny, oval in sec-
tion.

Horny, —_ yellowish,
marked by a num-
ber of longitudinal
striz ; chambered.

Yellow, darker in
older parts ; cham-
bered by vertical
partitions; ridged
—spirally on main
stem and branches,
longitudinally — on
secondary branches.

Oval in section in
older parts, cylin-
drical in younger
portions.

Horny, brown at
base, yellow in
twigs; chambered

in some places.

Thin, yellowish.

(1) Warty spindles, straight or curved ; (2)

irregular branched spindles, with large flat
foliar expansions; (8) irregular quadri-
radiate forms.

(1) Spindles ; (2) quadriradiate types ; (8)

irregular forms.

(a) Cenenchyma ; (1) spindles straight or

curved ; (2) curved spindles, with a foli-
aceous expansion about the middle of the
convex side; (3) U-shaped and irregular
forms; (5) polyps—spindles and clubs
with divaricate folia, covered by spines
which stand either perpendicularly or are
inclined to the surface of the spicule.

(1) Triradiate, with large irregular processes

in the angles which often fuse, thus leaving
plate-like portions with perforations ; (2)
modified triradiate forms; (3) spindles
and club-shaped half-spindles, curved or
straight, either with very rough projections
or fairly smooth.

(a) Curved warty spindles, with a bidentate

or otherwise toothed foliaceous part from
the middle of the curve; (6) clubs with
irregularly expanded divaricate ends; (c)
small irregularly stellate forms ; (d) forms
with four or more rays.

(a) Straight warty spindles; (b) narrow

curved spindles, smooth terminally, warty
about the middle; (c) large triradiate
forms, very irregular; (d) smaller and
often simpler triradiate forms ; (e) small,
very warty spindles, with a foliaceous
expansion about the middle.

Black. |

Dark near the
base, but
gradually be-
comes lighter
inthe younger
parts.

Pinkish- red,
with white |
papilla-like |
verruce.

Deep crimson.

Near

A. horrida,
Hickson, but differs
from it in the size
of the polyps and
in the size of the
spicules.

76

Acamptogorgia circium, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 3; Plate LX. fig. 1.

Two specimens, 16 cms. and 20 ems. in length. There are flat, spreading
basal attachments. The branching is very irregular. In one specimen the prin-
cipal branches are confined to one plane, and the secondary branches are either
in that plane, or arise at right angles to it. Of the secondary branches, those
that arise on the track of the principal branches curl round, and come to lie
either in the plane of the primary branches, or again at an angle to it, so that
the branches on a whole are arranged in three directions. There is also abundant
anastomosis. In the other specimen the branching is even more irregular, the
secondary branches coming off from three sides; but there is no trace of
anastomosis.

The horny axis is yellow in colour, darker in the older parts and lighter in
the younger parts, and as far as examined shows no trace of lime. The core is
divided into a series of chambers by vertical partitions, a structure usually well
seen in this genus. The surface of the axis in the main stem and branches is
marked by a large number of spirally arranged ridges; in the secondary branches
the ridges run longitudinally.

The verrucee are prominent, arising irregularly from all sides of the stem and
branches, and each is surrounded by a crown of spines. They reach a height of
3 mm., and have a basal diameter of about 2 mm.

In the polyp the spicules are arranged in a ring of four rows round the base
of the operculum, and the spicules in the high conical operculum are placed en
chevron with two spicules in each point.

The surface of the verrucee and general ccenenchyma bristles with projecting
spines, so that the whole colony has a very rough thorny appearance, which
suggested the specific name circrwm.

The spicules of the polyps are spindles and clubs with divaricate folia, covered
by spines which either stand perpendicularly, or are inclined to the surface of
the spicule. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

1. Spindles straight or curved, 1°3x0°15; 0°9x0°075; 0°2x0-025.
2. Clubs with folia, 0°9-1 in length by 0°4—0°7 across the folia.

Many of the spindles have one end with spines arising perpendicularly to
the surface, and the other end with slanting spines, especially in the curved forms.
In the clubs, the leneth of the spine varies from 0°3—0°6 mm.

The spicules of the general ecenenchyma are (1) spindles straight or curved ;
(2) curved spindles with a foliaceous expansion about the middle of the convex
side ; (8) U-shaped spicules, and very irregular forms. The following dimensions
were noted :

Spindles from 0°3-0°6 mm. in length, and from 0°02—0°05 in breadth.

77

U-shaped forms with a spread of 0°1—0°3 between the tips of the arms.

This species is near Acamptogorgia horrida, Hickson, but differs from it in
the size of the polyps and in the size of the spicules.

The branches have much entangled foreign material, ¢.g. two specimens of a
spirally coiled Solenogaster (Rhopalomenia gorgonophila ?).

Locality : Station 333; 6°-31’ N., 79° 38’ 45" E. ; 401 fathoms.

Acis spinosa, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 11.

A small specimen, white in colour with a tinge of brown, 86 mm. in height
and about 50 mm. in width.

The branching is confined to one plane, and is very irregular. Between the
origins of the large branches small twigs are given off bearing a few polyps.

The axis is horny, about 3 mm. in diameter at the lower end, slightly oval in
section, with its surface marked by longitudinal ridges.

The polyps occur all round the stem and branches. In the anthocodize there
is a very rudimentary collaret formed of at most two rows of spicules, and at the
base of the tentacles two spicules are placed side by side, with their lower ends
resting on the collaret, thus forming a conical operculum over the infolded
tentacles.

The verruce are short, and the retracted anthocodize lie almost completely
hidden within them. They are formed of scale-like spicules, and a number of

apical spines project from the uppermost row.

The general coenenchyma is thin and covered by large spicules, either spindles
or elongated scales.

The spicules may be divided into three groups: (1) fusiform, (2) modified
fusiform, and (3) squamous.

1. The fusiform spicules are usually straight, covered with rough warts, and
have the following dimensions :--from 0'2-0°7 mm. in length, from 0°07—0°2
mm. in width.

2. The modified fusiform spicules are very large, and usually have a number
of monticular processes on one side. They vary in length from 0°4—2°5 mm., and
in breadth from 0°2-0°65 mm.

3. The squamous forms are very irregular in shape; they have several
sharp-pointed processes growing out from one side, and are covered by rough
warts. The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in
millimetres :

LUSOSGE Osi OsGis Oxo i0iAe

To the types of spicules already noticed there must be added :

1. Club-shaped spicules bent at one end, with the long handle nearly or quite
smooth, 0°5-0°55 in lenyth by 0°1—-0°12 in breadth ; and

78

2. Plate-like modifications of the squamous type, with an eccentric nucleus
and with a large rough spine projecting from one side. Their dimensions are :
(SP) 2 OPP SOUES (es se(0)s}.

Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Muricella bengalensis, n. sp. Plate I. fig. 8; Plate VIII. fig. 2.

A specimen of a rose-red colour, 33 mm, in height.

The colony is branched in one plane; the branches are almost recularly
alternate. ‘There is a flat-spreading base, and just above it the stem takes a half-S
curve and then grows straight. The tips of the twigs are occupied by two
divergent polyps. The axis is horny, with a faintly-striated surface, with a basal
diameter of about 1 mm.

The polyps occur on the two lateral surfaces of the stem and branches, and
are irregularly alternate. On the anthocodize the spicules are arranged at the
base of the tentacles in inverted Vs, each formed of two converging spicules with
their divergent bases resting on a transversely-placed spicule, which may have
another lying close beside it. On the aboral surface of the tentacles there is a
band of longitudinally arranged colourless spicules, 0°1—0°15 in length by
0°02 in breadth.

The verrucee are short and truncated (about 1 mm. in height), built up of
spicules arranged on the whole longitudinally. Round the apex there are projecting
tips of spicules. The general ccenenchyma is thick, and contains long warty
spindles either straight or curved, varying from transparency to pink and red.
The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

Dae Sea} B OPS) Se ILSy S ORS S< OO.

Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Another specimen is a brilliant red colony, 70 mm. in height by 45 mm.
breadth, with a tendency to keep to one plane of branching. The polyps often
appear alternate, but they are actually in a steep spiral.

The ccenenchyma is covered with large, rather broad, irregular spindles,
covered with tuberculate warts. Some of them attain a length of over 2 mm.
and a breadth of 0°4 mm.

The verruce are steep truncate cones formed by similar but smaller spindles
arranged longitudinally. The apical marein of the verruca is irregularly interrupted
by the projecting ends of the spicules forming the wall. There is a tentacular
operculum formed of whitish spindles without much definiteness of arrangement.

Locality : Bay of Bengal; 88 fathoms.

79

Family Goreonips.
Callistephanus koreni, Wright and Studer.

This species is represented by a portion of a colony, of a beautiful coral red
colour, 83 mm. in height.

The main stem, or branch, is about 2°5 mm. in diameter, and gives off eight
branches (6-28 mm. in length), two of which again branch. All the branches
arise nearly at right angles, and lie for the most part in one plane. ‘Two of the
smaller branches and one of the twigs arise almost at right angles to the general
plane of branching. The branching is more profuse than Wright and Studer
supposed.

The verruce are arranged alternately on all sides of the main stem, but in the
smaller branches they are more or less confined to the lateral faces. Wright and
Studer describe them as altogether lateral. The termination of a branch or twig
is occupied by two diverging verrucee. The distance between two verrucee on the
same side varies from 3-4 mm. in the main stem, but is usually less in the
smaller branches and twigs. The verrucee have a maximum height and a
maximum basal width of 2 mm. The polyps are capable of complete retraction ;
the tips of the tentacles are visible in a few.

The ccenenchyma is rough and of moderate thickness. The spicules com-
posing it are warty spindles, club-like spicules, and a few irregularly quadri-
radiate forms. They vary in size as follows:

1. Warty spindles, 0°15-0°35 mm. in length and from 0:02-0:05 mm. in

breadth.

2. Club-hke spicules, 0°09-0°12 mm. in length, and from 0:04-0:07 mm.

in breadth.

3. Quadriradiate forms, 0°13-0'16 mm. from tip to tip in one direction,

0°1-0°12 mm. in the other.

Locality : Andaman Sea; 238-290 fathoms.

Previously recorded from ‘“‘ Challenger” Station 344 off the Island of Ascen-
sion; 420 fathoms.

Family Gorcovetrip2.

Nicella flabellata (= Verrucella flabellata, Whitelegge).
Juncella elongata, Pallas.

: os miniaced, N. sp.
Scirpearella moniliforme, Wright and Studer.

, alba, n. sp.

80

Nicella flabellata (= Verrucella flabellata, Whitelegge).

A small colony without basal attachment, ochreous-yellow to brownish-white
in colour, about 95 mm. in height.

Most of the branches arise from one side of the main stem, which has a zig-
zag course. ‘The branches are slender, somewhat swollen at the tip, and confined
to one plane. Most of the secondary branches are given off from one side of the
primary branches.

The axis is horny and markedly calcareous, somewhat flattened in the plane
of branching, with a shallow groove on the flattened faces. At the lower end it
has a diameter of 2 mm.

The polyps occur in a sinuous row on each side of the younger branches; on
the stem and on the older portions of branches they are more numerous and
encroach on the two flattened surfaces, always leaving the shght median depres-
sion free. Those on opposite sides alternate.

The verrucee are low conical warts, with the polyps completely retracted.
In other species of Nicella the verrucee stand out more prominently ; but we dis-
regard this difference, as we have seen in other Gorgonellids that the prominence
of the verrucze varies greatly according to the state of retraction and mode of
preservation. The verrucze are formed of spicules similar to those of the general
ccenenchyma, and when the polyp is completely retracted they show no ray-
shaped marking at the apex. They are about 1 mm. in height. The smaller
branches, where the size of the verrucee is large in proportion to the diameter of
the branch, have an undulating contour.

The ccenenchyma is fairly thick, and has two layers of spicules. Next the
axis the soft tissue of the ccenenchyma is very dark brown.

The spicules are small double clubs with warty projections and spindles.
Some of the spindles are relatively broad, blunt at the ends, and closely covered
with warts, others are very slender and sharp-pointed, and have relatively few
spiny projections. A few showed a minute free space at the middle. The follow-
ing measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

1. Small double clubs, 0°05 x 0°03 ; 0°04x 0°03.
2. Spindles, 0°19x0°04; 0°14x0°03; 0°09 x0°02.

The specimen is practically the same as Whitelegge’s Verrucella flabellata,
but it seems to us that this should have been placed in the genus Nicella.
Locality : Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms. 6

Previously recorded from Funafuti.

81

Juncella elongata, Pallas. Plate I. fig. 10; Plate IX. fig. 17.

This species is represented by two branched pieces, 220 and 160 mm. in
length. In both the base is present, and consists of a flattened portion, shghtly
conical in one specimen, spreading over the surface of a calcareous con-
olomerate.

The axis is calcareous, rigid, and brittle; it is slightly oval in section, but in
the younger portions it becomes quite cylindrical and tapers till it is thread-like.
It shows a very white core surrounded by a brownish cortex. It has a maximum
diameter at the base of 3°3 mm.

The verrucee are low and truncate, and arranged in four rows in the older
portions. In the younger parts they appear to be arranged in two rows on the
opposite lateral faces. They have a height of about 0°5 mm. and a diameter of
1°5 mm. at the base.

The coenenchyma is thick, brick red in colour, and contains three types of
spicules, of which the following measurements were taken of length and breadth
in millimetres :

1. Spiny spindles, 0°13 x 0-025 ; 0°12x0°03; 0°1x0°03.
2. Double clubs, 0°09x0°05 ; 0:08x0°045; 0°065x0°04; 0°06x0°04.
3. Double stars, 0°08 x0:04; 0:07 x0°04; 0°07 x0°'35.

There is a trace of a bare space and a ridge-like mark; otherwise the
specimens agree well with Juncella elongata.

Locality : Bay of Bengal; 88 fathoms.

Previously recorded from Atlantic (Pallas) ; West Indies (Ellis and Solander) ;
variety from N.E. coast of Australia (Ridley); var. capensis, Algoa Bay (Hickson).

Juncella miniacea, n. sp. Plate V. figs. 7 and 12.

A fragment of a beautiful vermilion red colony, 43 mm. in height.

The stem, which lacks its basal portion, bears two large cirriped galls, one
near the lower end and the other almost at the middle point. It gives off three
alternating branches all in one plane. On the stem and branches the polyps are
closely disposed and arise from all sides, even on the surface of the galls. The
axis 1s very calcareous, straw-coloured, flexible, cylindrical, with a smooth surface
and a diameter of 0°5 mm. near the lower end.

The verrucse occur in a crowded irregular spiral, the fourth being often
vertically above the first. They are large and prominent, ovoid in shape, and
usually curved towards the axis. The polyps are wholly retracted, and in this
condition the apex of the verrucse shows a small median aperture marked by an
eight-rayed star. They are 1°25 mm. in height, and have a basal diameter of

1 mim. and an apical diameter of 0°75 mm.
II

82

The general ccenenchyma is thin, lying evenly over the surface of the stem
and branches ; and also spreading over the barnacles, and giving rise to numerous
small polyps there. The surface has to the naked eye a smooth but arenaceous
appearance. Under low power it is seen to be continuously covered with the
glistening spherical heads of slightly projecting radially disposed reddish spicules.
The spicules include the following types :

1. Long warty colourless spindles, 0°175 0°03 ; 0°12 x 0°03.
2. Small warty reddish spindles, 0°08 x 0°02; 0°07 x 0°02.

8. Reddish single clubs, 0°055 x 0°08 (at the thick end).

4. Reddish double clubs, 0°08 x0°04; 0°06 x0°035.

This specimen belongs to the Nicella group of the Juncellas, but it differs
from Nicella in the arrangement of the polyps. It agrees, however, in the form
and termination of the verrucse, and in the fact that the verrucze arise at right
angles to the stem and then curve inwards.

There are almost equal proportions of spindles and clubs.

Locality : Andamans; 120 fathoms.

Scirpearella moniliforme, Wright and Studer.

This species is represented by an unbranched fragment 88 mm. in length.

The axis is very calcareous and brittle, 2 mm. in diameter. There are two
deep grooves on two opposite sides, and between them a number of smaller
grooves.

The stem shows two marked furrows, caused by the two deep grooves on the
axis, dividing the polyp-bearing portion into two narrow bands.

The polyps are arranged in four irreeular rows, the members of which alternate.

The coenenchyma is very thin. Its spicules are either warty spindles, spiny
spindles, stars, or double clubs. The spicular measurements are nearer those of
S. gracilis, but in the shape of the spicules and in the marked grooving of the axis
and in the low verrucee our specimen comes nearest S. moniliforme, differing,
however, in having more than ten grooves on the axis.

Locality : 8 miles west of Interview Island, Andamans ; 270-45 fathoms.

Previously recorded from Amboina.

Scirpearella alba, n. sp. Plate IX. fig. 15.
Three incomplete specimens, white in colour, 281, 411, and 408 mm. in
leneth, with a corresponding diameter at the lower end of 1°75, 2°3, and 1°75 mm.
‘Two of the colonies are unbranched, but the longest branches at a distance of
251 mm. from the lower end.

The axis is cylindrical, hard, brittle, and very calcareous, but becomes flexible

83

and filiform near the tips. It is marked by a number of grooves which run up for
a short distance, and also by a number of small protuberances.

The stem is oval in section with a eroove on the two flattened surfaces,
faintly marked in two of the specimens.

The verrucee occur in a single row on each side of the stem, those of one row
alternating with those of the other. They are low and truncated (0°45 mm. in
height), laterally compressed, with spreading bases. The diameter is 1-4 mm. at
the base, 0°65 mm. at the apex.

The ccenenchyma is moderately thick, and contains spiny spindles, double
clubs, and irregular stars with an X-shaped marking. The following measurements
were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

1. Spiny spindles, 0°19x 0°07 ; 0°18x0°065; 0°15x0°04; 0°10x0°03.
2. Double clubs, 0°15x0'°1; 0°14x0°08; 0°13x0°08.
3. Irregular stars, 0°11 x0°08; 0°1x0'07 ; 0°1x0°065.

In the double clubs there are several evades, some with a fairly lone bare
middle part and few whorls of warts, others with a very short median bare part
and many whorls of warts.

This species differs from Scirpearella moniliforme in the number of rows of
verruce, in not having a deeply grooved axis, in the size of the polyps, and-in the
spicules,

Locality : Bay of Bengal; 88 fathoms.

OrverR V. STELECHOTOKEA, Bourne.
SECTION ASIPHONACEA.
Family Texvesrips.

Telesto arthuri, Hickson and Hiles.
, rubra, Hickson.

Telesto arthuri, Hickson and Hiles.

This species is represented by two fragments, one of which is attached by a
broad basal membrane to a broken piece of coral. Both pieces are simple, un-
branched, with numerous polyps. Their heights are 43 and 39 mm. They
present a rough appearance owing to the projection of many of the spicules,
especially at the oral surfaces of the polyps. The colour is white. The polyps are
arranged in a very irregular manner, either in short spirals of 2—4, or in whorls.
Between the spirals or whorls single polyps occur. A portion boiled with caustic
potash disintegrates and leaves no axial skeleton. The following measurements
were taken of the length and breadth of the spicules in millimetres :

1. Those with rough warts,

a. Spindles straight or curved, 0°8x01; 0°6x0°15; 0°5x0'08 ;
0°38 x 0°05.
b. Tri- and quadri-radiate forms, 0°6 x 0°35 ; 0°3x 0°15.

2. Those with sharp spine-like projections,

a. Spindles straight or curved, 0°8x0°07; 0°6x0°07; 0°5x0'04;
0°4x 0°05.
b. Quadriradiate forms, 0°2x 0°18; 0°3x0°15; 0°4x0°16.

Many of the spicules seem to be a combination of 1 @ and 2 a. They are
bent at an angle, and have one of the ends covered with rough warts and the other
covered with sharp spines.

The specimens agree with 7. arthuri (1) in having no grooving, (2) in there
being no axis, (3) in the arrangement of the polyps, and (4) in the shape of many
of the spicules. They differ in not having the secondary polyps so crowded ; but
this probably means that the specimens are young forms, as is also indicated by
the ready disintegration of the skeleton when boiled with caustic potash.

Locality : Station 232; 7° 17’ 30” N., 76° 54’ 30” EK. ; 430 fathoms.

Previously recorded from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
84

85

Telesto rubra, Hickson.

A small but complete specimen, 38 mm. in height. The base is formed by a
flat spreading portion, which is attached to a piece of weathered rock.

There is a single branch given off at a distance of 34 mm. from the base.

The polyps, 2°5 mm. in height, arise at right angles to the stem, and are
arranged on the four sides in such a way that they seem to form a spiral. Nearer
the tip the polyps on opposite sides are almost at the same level.

After repeated treatment with boiling caustic potash the stem retains its
form, and the polyp-walls remain quite intact.

The specimen agrees with 7. rubra in the ridges on the stem, in the minute
quantity of horny matter, and so on.

To this species we also refer another fragment 2°5 mm. in length. It is
simple and unbranched, and has polyp calyces about 2 mm. in height.

Locality : Andamans; 120 fathoms.

This species has been previously recorded by Hickson from the Maldives :
Mulaku Atoll, 25 fathoms; Mahlos Atoll, 23 fathoms; and by us from
Trincomalee.

SECTION PENNATULACEA.

Family Prorocaviips.

Protocaulon indicum, n. sp. Plate VII. figs. 3 and 7.

This species is represented by three complete specimens, 30, 44, and 46 mm.
in height.

The stalk is about 14 mm. in length, and is very delicate. It has a spindle-
shaped swelling just below the beginning of the rachis.

The rachis is long, and the polyps are placed opposite in a single row on each
side. They are about 5 mm. in height; broad at the base, gradually narrowing,
and then slightly enlarging again at the oral end. The tentacles are long and
slender, with one row of pinnules on each side. Above their origin the oral surface
of the polyp is swollen so that it projects a little. In the larger polyps the lower
portion is filled with reproductive bodies.

The axis is thin, very calcareous, and quadrangular in section, each side show-
ing a hollow groove. Near the lower end of the rachis in the largest specimen the
axis is 0°25 mm. in diameter.

In the largest specimen the tip of the rachis is not occupied by a polyp, but
just below the tip a polyp arises at right angles to the plane of the others. Ina
younger specimen two polyps occur below the tip.

Spicules are absent.

86

Locality : Station 239; 11° 49’ 30’ N., 92° 55’ HE. ; 55 fathoms.

There is only one other recorded species of this genus, viz. Protocaulon
molle, Kélliker. The genus has a noteworthy geographical distribution from
the ‘‘Challenger” Station 169, north-east of New Zealand, 37° 34’ 8., 179° 22’ E.,
to the Andamans. Its bathymetrical range is no less interesting, varying from
55 fathoms in the present case to 700 fathoms for Protocaulon molle.

Family Proroprizins.

Protoptilum medium, n. sp.
Distichoptilum gracile, Vervill.

Protoptilum medium, n. sp. Plate III. fig. 1.

This species is represented by an incomplete specimen 133 mm. in length.

At the basal end there is a small globular swelling, the walls of which are very
thin; above that there is a longer spindle-shaped swelling. At the upper end of
the latter two grooves start, one running up the prorachidial surface, the other
running up the opposite side. The prorachidial groove is more marked, and
extends the whole length of the rachis; the other is not so evident, and gradually
disappears.

The axis is cylindrical, smooth, brittle, and very calcareous. The superficial
spicules of the ccenenchyma give the specimen a granular appearance.

At the lower end of the rachis the immature autozooids appear as one row on
each lateral surface, those in the one row alternating with those in the other. As
they reach maturity they gradually depart from the strictly lateral position, and
become more dorso-lateral. The mature autozooids are closely appressed to the
stem, 4°5-5°5 mm. in leneth from origin to apex, with an oral diameter of
2°5 mm. They are abruptly truncated at the upper end, but have no teeth. The
tentacles have a few projecting spicules at their proximal end, and are capable of
complete retraction, forming an eight-rayed star.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma are spindles or rods free from warts or spines,
but ubbed. ‘They are colourless and very translucent.

This species seems to be intermediate between P. aberrans (Kolhker) and P.
carpentert (Kolliker).

Locality : Station 151; Colombo Lighthouse, 8. 64, E. 183 m.; 142-400

fathoms.

87

Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill. Plate IV. fig. 7; Plate IX. fig. 2.

This species is represented by a large number of specimens, several of which
have a length of 775 mm. ; but all are incomplete.

The axis is white in colour and very calcareous, varying greatly in diameter,
from 0°7-1°5 mm. It is sub-cylindrical, with two opposite sides slightly flattened.
Towards the lower end in several specimens two grooves are seen; towards the
upper end the shape is nearly quite cylindrical. It is very brittle, and only slightly
flexible in the lower part.

The calices of the autozooids are prominent, but the axial side is closely
appressed to and fused with the stem. In the lower part they seem to be arranged
in spirals ; but this is soon lost, and they are arranged on opposite sides alternately.
The abaxial edge of the calyx is toothed, but in some specimens this is indistinct
owing to the state of retraction of the autozooids. The calyx is formed of small
needle-shaped spicules arranged parallel to the long axis; the length varies from
1°5 mm. on the lower part of the rachis to 3°6 mm. in the upper part. On the
lower part of the rachis the calices are more crowded than on the upper part; and
the tip of the one reaches to the level of the base of the other; but on the extreme
upper portion of the rachis they are more widely separated.

In the majority of cases the autozooids are completely retracted within the
calices.

The presence of siphonozooids in close connection with the polyps is an interest-
‘ing feature. According to Verrill, three siphonozooids occur above each verruca ;
Jungersen, on the other hand, from his study of the specimens in the Ingolf
Expedition collections, was led to regard the presence of a third siphonozooid as
quite problematical. From the specimens in the present collection it is evident
that the siphonozooids may be two or three. There is one on each side of the calyx
at about the same level, and over one of them there is sometimes a third.

The ccenenchyma is thin, allowing the axis to shine through in most of the
specimens. Abundant ova are visible in the lower part of many of the auto-
zooids.

The spicules are slender, smooth but fluted rods tapering slightly to both
ends, but ending bluntly. The following measurements were taken of length and
breadth in millimetres: 0°3x0°02; 0°3x0:04. There are smaller, more oval
forms, 0°04x0'02. All the spicules are exceedingly brittle. In colour they vary
from a very pale to a deep sherry tint. The upper portion of the abaxial wall of
the calyx is reddish, all other parts are yellowish or yellowish-white.

In many of the specimens an embryo was found towards the base of the re-
tracted autozooid on the abaxial side. The embryo is a flat circular disc from
0°52-0°55 mm. in diameter; the ova are spherical, from 0°15—0°2 mm. in diameter.

Locality : Station 231; 7° 34’ 30” N., 76° 08’ 23” E.; 836 fathoms.

88

A single specimen from another locality is more slender and graceful, and
has a different colour scheme. It is whitish-yellow, with the tips of the calyces
pinkish.

Locality : Station 321; 5° 4’ 83” N., 80° 22’ E.; 660 fathoms.

Previously recorded from: 63° 06’ N., 56° W.; 61° 39’ N., 17° 10’ W.
(Jungersen); South-west of Nantucket Island; 89° 59’ 45” N., 68° 54’ W.
(Verrill); and 0° 4’ S., 90° 24’ 80” W., 23° 59’ N., 108° 40’ W., 1° 7’ N., 80° 21” W.
(Studer).

The bathymetrical range varies from 700-1573 fathoms.

Family Kopvoperewnoxrp 2.
Kophobelemnon burgeri, Herklots, var. indica, un.
Sclerobelemnon kéllikeri, n. sp.

Bathyptilum indicum, n. sp.

Thesioides inermis, n. 2. et sp.

Kophobelemnon burgeri, Herklots, var. indica, n.

This species is represented by a beautiful club-shaped colony, 57 mm. in height,
with a pointed upper end.

The stalk is shorter than the club-shaped rachis.

The axis is white, almost cylindrical in shape, extending the whole length of
the colony and tapering gradually to its lower end, where it has a diameter of about
0°5 mm.

The rachis is club-shaped, and tapers to a point at its upper end. It reaches
its maximum diameter, 5 mm., at a point 4 mm. from its apex.

The autozooids are arranged irregularly on the pararachidial surfaces in five
rows. They are of medium length, and are capable of complete retraction. At a
certain stage of contraction they seem to have distinct calyces marked off from
the upper part of the polyps. Their walls contain spicules, and in the lowest part
of the walls these are very numerous, arranged longitudinally in eight bands
with a few spicules between. Farther up these bands become narrow zigzag
streaks with transversely placed spicules, but this transverse arrangement seems
to be due to the contraction of the polyp walls. In the tentacles there are longer
needle-shaped spicules arranged longitudinally.

The whole surface of the colony is covered by an outer coating of spicules which
are visible to the naked eye and give a whitish appearance to the specimen. On
the rachis this outer covering forms a honeycomb with the siphonozooids in the
cells.

The siphonozooids are numerous, brown in colour, and present an eight-rayed
appearance. They occur over the whole surface of the rachis not occupied by auto-

89

zooids, with the exception of a narrow groove on the prorachidial surface, which
extends the whole length of the rachis and has a markedly yellow colour.

In the autozooids the spicules are irrecularly shaped rods blunt at the ends,
often hour-glass-like. The following measurements were taken of length and
breadth in millimetres :

Rods, 0°26x0°04; 0:08 x0°07.
Hour-glass forms, 0°3x0°15; 0°2x0°1.

In the lower part of the stalk the spicules are flat, pear-shaped, spade-shaped,
biscuit-shaped, three-cornered, and cruciform, the last two forms having a distinct
X-shaped marking near the centre. In several of the biscuit-shaped spicules there
is a distinct single mark running across the breadth, and in the pear- and spade-
shaped forms the broad end is very often marked by small teeth. The surface of
all the forms has a pitted or granular appearance. The following measurements
were taken of length by breadth in millimetres :

0°17 x0°05; 016x008 ; 0°15x0°055; 0°05 x0°05.

This specimen differs from the typical A. burger:, Herklots, in having the
spicules arranged in bands on the autozooids, in the presence of markedly cruci-
form spicules, and in the larger size of the spicules.

Locality : Station 169; 13° 05’ 27” N., 80° 33’ 44” E.; 91 fathoms.

Herklots’ type was obtained from Japan.

Sclerobelemnon kollikeri, n. sp. Plate VI. fig. 8.

If A. von Kolliker’s separation of Sclerobelemnon from Kophobelemnon is
justified, which we venture to doubt, this specimen should be referred to the former
genus, for it has no spicules in its tentacles, and the autozooids are not arranged in
longitudinal rows.

The single somewhat imperfect specimen is about 60 mm. in height, and is
markedly club-shaped. The coenenchyma of the stalk and of the lower part of the
rachis is damaged, allowing the axis to project for 12 mm.

The axis is cylindrical, and tapers to the lower end. It is marked by a num-
ber of longitudinal furrows, two of which are considerably deeper than the others.

The rachis is longer than the stalk and considerably swollen near the tip, where
it has a breadth of 10 mm. There is a prorachidial streak, 3 mm. in breadth,
free from autozooids, densely covered by longitudinal rows of siphonozooids.

The autozooids are arranged bilaterally in about six short oblique rows,
usually three in each row. The siphonozooids occur over the whole unoccupied
surface of the rachis. As Kolliker describes in S. schmeltzi, there is marked
contrast between the more delicate distal region of the autozooid and the more
substantial calyx-like proximal region.

There is a very sparse occurrence of spicules, but some were found in the calyx-
12

90

like lower portion of the autozooids. They are quite smooth and regular in outline,

minute ovoid dises with a slight waist in the middle. Many suggest small double

dinner-rolls. Those measured were 0°05 mm. in length and 0°03 mm. in breadth.
Locality : Station 246; 11° 14’ 30” N., 74° 57’ 15” E.; 68-148 fathoms.

Bathyptilum indicum, n. sp. Plate VIL. fig. 4.

The specimen is broken into two pieces which make a total length of 118 mm.
Tt consists of a rather long stalk and a shorter rachis, and is club-shaped apart from
a large globular enlargement at the lower end of the stalk. The general colour is
grey, with a pinkish tint more marked in the rachis and tentacles.

The stalk is long, and gradually increases in width towards the upper end.
Its lower end bends at an angle of almost 90° with the main part, and bears
terminally a large thin-walled globular enlargement. On its thin walls there are
several white bands of minute white spicules.

The axis is sub-cylindrical, its Hattened surface making it almost quadrilateral.

The rachis increases in size until near the tip, where it begins to taper. It
ends, however, in a blunt point. The autozooids are arranged on the metarachidial
and pararachidial surfaces, leaving the prorachidial surface with a broad free space.

There are five fully developed large autozooids and one or two smaller. They
are large with long tentacles, and are slightly directed towards the tip of the
rachis. They are 7 mm. in length, and the tentacles are slightly longer (8—9 mm. ).

Small siphonozooids occur over all the surface of the rachis not occupied by
autozooids. They project a little above the surface, and have their apices directed
shghtly towards the tip of the rachis.

At the base of the rachis there is a slight spindle-shaped enlargement contain-
ing reproductive bodies.

The general ccenenchyma of the stalk and rachis is thick, and has a granular
appearance owing to the presence of abundant spicules.

The spicules are long slender fluted rods, with blunt ends which show a
peculiar tooth-like arrangement when examined under a high power. The follow-
ing measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :

0°33 x0°028 ; 0°28x0°02; 0°14x0°02.

This species differs from Bathyptilum carpenteri, Kolliker, in the following

points :
1. In having slightly smaller spicules, though the whole colony is larger ;
2. In the arrangement of the siphonozooids ;
3. In having a large bladder at the end of the stalk ;
4. In having fewer autozooids ;
5. In the size of the axis, which has a diameter of 1°05 mm.
Locality : Station 315; 10° 06’ N., 92° 29’ E.; 705 fathoms.

91

Thesioides inermis, n. g. et sp. Plate VI. figs. 1 and 2.
General Features.

This new type is marked by the greatly elongated slender rachis borne by a
yy § y 8 Mi

short stalk.

The autozooids are long, slender, and without calyces. They are not fused

8 , y y
to form pinnules, but occur irregularly on the pararachidial surfaces.
s y I

The rachis is more or less quadrilateral, with grooves on the metarachidial and
prorachidial surfaces, distinct on the lower part, less distinct in the upper part.
There are no spicules.

This genus must be placed in the first section of the Junciformes of Kélliker

oD ?

near the genus Bathyptilum. We have named it Thesioides from its resemblance
to the raceme of Thesiwm.

More detailed Description.

The maximum length is 360 mm.

The short stalk shows a terminal enlargement in which the base of the axis
hes, and another a short distance above this. The colour of the stalk is yellowish
to pinkish-brown ; the autozooids are brownish-white in their lower part, darker
brown in their upper part and tentacles. There is a peculiar bluish tint all
over.

The axis is quadrilateral; its sides show shallow grooves which become less
_distinct towards the upper end. The lower portion is reduced very rapidly, and
lies curved into a hook in the lower swelling of the stalk ; the upper portion tapers
more gradually towards the tip, where it becomes filamentous.

The rachis is long and slender, more or less quadrilateral in cross section, and
bears the autozooids irregularly on the pararachidial surfaces.

The autozooids vary in length from 2°5-10 mm. ‘The longest have a
diameter of 1°3-1'4 mm. They are probably cylindrical in shape, but they are
greatly wrinkled owing to contraction in the preserving fluid. The tentacles are
short, and bear on each lateral surface one row of pinnules, which, owing to crowd-
ing, seem to be arranged in two rows at the base. The tentacles themselves are
very peculiar in shape, and may be divided into two parts; the lower part short
and broad with the pinnules arranged as above, the upper part a little longer, thin
and whip-like, with very few long flagella-like pinnules rising from it. On the
lower part a number of the pinnules near the tip are also produced into long
flagellum-like structures. This arrangement must have given the tentacles a
peculiar appearance in the living state.

Siphonozooids are present on the pararachidial surfaces between the auto-
zooids, and also form a row along each edge of the grooves on the prorachidial

and metarachidial surfaces,

92

Spicules are entirely absent both in the stalk and in the rachis.
Localities : Station 324; 18° 0’ 15” N., 93° 30’ 45” E.; 448 fathoms. Station
323; 16 25’ N., 93° 43’ 30" E.; 463 fathoms.

Family Usperivrioe.

Umnbellula durissima, Kolliker.

dura, Vi. sp.

" intermedia, n. sp.
és rosea, Di. Sp.

¥ purpurea, 0. sp.
< elongata, n. sp.

- kollikeri, n. sp.

. radiata, W. sp.

* pendula, n. sp.
indica, n. sp.

, sp.

Umbellula durissima, K6lliker.

A single specimen of this species was found at a depth of 1132 fathoms, near
the Laccadives. Its total length was over 450 mm.

The long, cylindrical, flexible stalk is of a brownish colour, and apparently
without siphonozooids. At the lower end there is a spindle-shaped enlargement,
quadrangular in section, with prominent edges, 41°5 mm. in length. The axis is
nearly cylindrical.

The rachis is a flat rhomboid expansion of the stalk, and is covered with
siphonozooids, with the exception of a small narrow line on the prorachidial sur-
face. They are very abundant at the bases of the autozooids.

The autozooids are four in number, three large and one smaller ; their arrange-
ment is by no means definite, but they seem to be arranged more on the meta- and
para-rachidial surfaces. The average leneth of the body of the autozooid is
975 mm., that of the tentacles 11°3 mm. The bodies of the autozooids and the
aboral surfaces of the tentacles are white, while the oral surfaces of the tentacles
and the pinnules are brown. The white colour of the autozooids and the aboral
surfaces of the tentacles is due to calcareous needles, which are very long and are
easily visible to the unaided eye. They are arranged roughly in eight rows on the
autozooid wall, continuous with the bands on the tentacles.

~The spicules of the lower end of the stalk are small rods or ellipses, with
longitudinally arranged ribs formed of minute spine-like processes. The following
measurements were taken of leneth and breadth in millimetres :
0°23x0'03; 0°12x0':04; 0°05x0°018.

93

The spicules of the autozooids may be divided into two eroups, (1) spicules
similar to those of the lower end of the stalk but longer and proportionally
narrower and with fewer ribs ; and (2) long spindles or rods with rough jagged ends
and minute longitudinal ribs. The measurements, taken as above, are as follows :

1. 0°3x0°02; 0°2x0°02; 0°1x0°03.
2. 3°0x0°4;, 2°2x0°23 5; 1:8x0:22; 1:7 x0°3.

The present specimen agrees with the description given by Kélliker except in
a few points, e.g., some of the autozooid spicules are larger, and the arrangement of
the spicules on the body wall is not so markedly in eight rows continuous with
the tentacle rows.

The Indian Ocean specimen agrees closely with several collected by the
“Scotia.” The arrangement of the spicules in eight rows is somewhat disguised
in the “Scotia” specimens, so that no weight can be attached to this point.

Locality : Laccadives ; 1132 fathoms.

The geographical distribution of this species is very interesting, for it has been
previously recorded from Station 234, North Pacifie Ocean, south of Yeddo, Japan,
by the “Challenger,” and from 48° 6’ S. and 10° 5’ W. by the Scottish Antarctic
ship “ Scotia.”

The bathymetric range is 565-1742 fathoms.

Umbellula dura, n. sp. Plate VIII. fig. 9.

The stalk is long (280 mm.) and flexible, with an enlargement at the lower
end. It is quadrangular, and has a rough sandpaper-like appearance when dried.
The axis is almost cylindrical.

The rachis is short, and forms an irregular inverted cone flattened laterally
and gradually diminishing until it joins the stalk. The autozooids are few and
large. In the smaller of the two specimens there are three, and as they appear to
arise at the same level they may be in a circle; or, as the median one is smaller, it
may be the terminal autozooid with two others lateral, and thus the arrangement
may be bilateral. In the larger specimen there are four large and two very small
autozooids, and they may be classed into three sets according to size, one very large,
three scarcely so large, and of nearly equal size, and two small, again giving a type
of bilateral arrangement, or an arrangement of one terminal and an imperfect whorl
with two smaller polyps placed between the older.

The siphonozooids occur all over the rachis ; they are small, and scarcely raised
above the surface.

The spicules of the autozooids are of two distinct types :

1. Small rods blunt at the ends and covered by longitudinal ribs formed of

pointed conical spines ; and

2. Long rods either slightly pointed or blunt and slightly thicker at the

94

ends, with minute tubercles on the surface. The ends have a peculiar
shattered or unfinished appearance.
The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in millimetres :
1. 0°'14x0°04; 0°12x0°035.
2. LoxO mor 0%99 xO0n255 1053x000;
The spicules of the ccenenchyma at the lower end of the stalk are short blunt
rods or longish ovals. In addition there are several quadriradiate forms with a
distinct X-shaped marking at the junction of the rays, as if the rays were dove-
tailed into one another. There are also a few four-cornered forms with an X-shaped
mark. The surface of the rods is covered by small spine-like tubercles which are
disposed in longitudinal rows and give the peculiar ribbed appearance. The
measurements, taken as above, are as follows: |
1. Rods, 0°14x0°04; 0°125x0°035; 0°115x0°04; 0°10x0-04.
2. Quadriradiate and four-cornered forms, 0°08 x0°08 ; 0°06« 0°05.
Locality : Station 315; 10° 06’ N., 92° 29’ .; 705 fathoms.

Umbellula intermedia, n. sp.

The stalk is 220 mm. in length, slender and flexible, quadrangular in
section, with a small enlargement at the very base and a long spindle-shaped
enlargement a little above this. It has a maximum diameter of 1°2 mm., and
is about 0°75 mm. in width at its narrowest part. The axis is quadrangular in
section, with a groove on each side.

The rachis is distinctly bilateral and bears five autozooids, one terminal and
two lateral on each side. It is ovoid in shape, and marked on the prorachidial
surface by a ridge formed by the end of the axis which runs up to the terminal
autozooid.

The autozooids are of medium length, with short bodies and long tentacles.
They are rigid, and stand out stiffly from the rachis. The length of the body is
3°3 mm. and the tentacles have a length of 8°5 mm. On the body of the auto-
zooid and the aboral surface of the tentacles there is a coating of spicules visible
to the naked eye.

The siphonozooids occur all over the rachis, with the exception of the ridge on
the prorachidial surface. They are small, and occur in small meshes in the spicular
covering.

The ccenenchyma of the stalk, the superficial layer of the rachis, and the
surfaces of the autozooids and tentacles are densely packed with whitish spicules
visible to the unaided eye.

The spicules of the rachis and autozooids are rough rods or bars, blunt at the
ends and ribbed. They vary from 0°15—0°35 mm. in length and from 0°015-0°03

mm. in width,

95

The spicules of the stem are smaller than those of the autozooids and _pro-
portionally wider. They are flat, and have a number of ribs running longi-
tudinally. The following measurements were taken of leneth and breadth in
millimetres :

0:14x0°05; 0°16x0°045; 0°09x0°05.

This species is intermediate between Umbellula giintheri, Kolliker, and
Umbellula leptocaulis, Kélliker.

Locality : Station 278; 6° 52’ N., 81° 11’ E.; 1912 fathoms.

Umbellula rosea, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 5.

This species is represented by a single greyish-white specimen, which had a
beautiful pink colour when alive. The total length was 185 mm.

The stalk is very long and flexible, quadrangular in section, marked by a
groove on each surface, and never exceeding 1 mm. in diameter. The axis is
quadrilateral, and so deeply grooved on the sides that the wing-like angles seem to
be joined by a small central portion. On the stalk there is a terminal enlargement
and another longer one slightly above.

The rachis is very short, distinctly bilateral, with two pairs of lateral autozooids
and one terminal. The autozooids have a length of 5-6 mm. even in the slightly
contracted state, and a diameter of 2°5 mm. at the base. The tentacles may reach
a length of 6 mm.

Siphonozooids are present on the metarachidial surface, and extend between
the bases of the autozooids on to the pararachidial surfaces, but are apparently
absent on the prorachidial surface.

In the lower part of the stalk there are abundant short and thick ellipses
with numerous ribs. The following measurements were taken of length and
breadth in millimetres :

0°16 x 0°03; 0°10 x 0°04; 0°09 x 0°03.

In the autozooids a few spicules can be seen in the skin; they are longer
and proportionally thinner than those of the stalk, rough at the ends and at the
margin, the rough appearance being apparently due to the frayed edges of the
ribs. Their measurements, taken as above, are as follows :

0°3 x 0°25; 0:26 x 0:03; 0°22 x 0°02.
Locality: Station 117; 11° 58’ N., 88° 52’ 17” E.; 1748 fathoms.

Umbellula purpurea, n. sp. Plate VIII. fig. 3.

The specimens representing this species were dredged from various depths in
the vicinity of the Andamans.
The stalk is long, flexible, quadrangular in section with prominent edges, so

96

that the sides of the stalk seem to form shallow grooves. It has a yellow colour.
At the lower end there is a distinct enlargement with very prominent angles, and
from this point the stalk tapers until a short distance below the rachis, where it
again forms a distinct enlargement which gradually increases in size till it joins
the lower end of the rachis.

The axis is quadrangular in section, with the sides so deeply grooved that the
whole appears like four united pillars. At its lower end the axis is 2 mm. in
ciameter; it gradually tapers to the tip, which is hidden in the rachis.

The rachis is short, and has the appearance of a swollen part of the stalk. It
carries a large number of autozooids, which all reach the same height or nearly
so, the lower ones being the longest. The rachis is bilateral, although the
crowded state of the autozooids almost entirely hides this arrangement. One
specimen from which they were cut off showed that they stood in four irregular
circles or whorls, the outermost containing 7, the next 12, the third 14, the fourth
10, and in addition there were 7 autozooids at the very tip that had no definite
arrangement. ‘The autozooids are very long, 42 mm. in maximum length, with a
diameter of 3mm. The tentacles are long and tapering, with one row of bluntly
conical pinnules on each side. In the basal portion of the autozooids there is an
abundant supply of ova about 0°75 mm. in diameter. The autozooids are
yellowish-white to transparent in the lower parts, and greenish-black in the upper
part; the aboral surface of the tentacles has a bluish tinge, and the oral surface
and pinnules is heht brown.

Siphonozooids are numerous on the basal part of the rachis ; they are prolonged
into A-shaped points on the pararachidial and metarachidial surfaces, and they
completely cover the prorachidial surface.

Spicules are absent throughout the specimen.

Locality : Andamans.

Umbellula elongata, n. sp. Plate VII. fig. 6.

This species is represented by one complete colony, about 631 mm. in length.

The axis is more or less quadrangular in the lower part, and looks as if it
were formed from four pillars fused where they touch. It becomes circular or
oval in section in the upper part. It has a diameter of 2 mm. near the base.

At the lower end of the stalk there is a large swelling, which reaches its
maximum diameter, 10 mm., at a point 86 mm. from the base. From this point
upwards the stalk, which is thickly covered by siphonozooids, gradually tapers till
it reaches the beginning of the rachis. On the lower part the ccenenchyma is
thick, but on the upper part it is thin, except at the two opposite sides, where it
forms a continuous fold which runs the whole length of the axis.

The rachis is long, gradually thickening from its junction with the stalk and

97

then continuing without any increase in size. It is radial in symmetry, and
carries a large number of autozooids which arise from all sides. The lower part
is corkscrew-shaped, leaving only the upper part straight. It reaches a length of
145 mm. '

The autozooids are apparently arranged in short spirals. They are of medium
length, 18 mm., with a diameter of 2°5 mm. near the base. ‘The walls are thick
and tough, but in the majority the tentacles are missing ; they are white in colour,
with a slight violet tinge in parts. Ova and embryos are present in most of
them. (See Plate VII. fig. 6.)

Siphonozooids occur all over the rachis, and throughout the whole
length of the stalk. On the lower part of the stalk they are larger than
those on the upper part and than those on the rachis. Those on the lower
part vary from 0°3—0°5 mm. in height, and those on the rachis have a height
of 0°28 mm.

Spicules seem to be restricted to the lower part of the stalk, where there are
small rods smooth and rounded at the ends, and also a few four-cornered forms.
The length and breadth of the latter is about 0°007 mm.

Locality : Station 229; 9° 29’ 34” N., 75° 38’ E.; 360 fathoms.

Umbellula kollikeri, n. sp.

The stalk is quadrangular, in some parts oval in section. At the base of the
stalk there is a small swelling about a millimetre in thickness. The stalk is about
the same thickness throughout its whole length, but it has a very slight swelling
at its junction with the rachis. It is continued up the ventral surface of the rachis,
and forms a prominent spine below the place where the terminal autozooid is
situated. Its length is about 39°5 mm.

The autozooids, five in number, are arranged bilaterally, but owing to the
twisting in the rachis they seem at first sight to be irregular. The two lowest are
larger than the others, and rise from the edges of the ventral surface, so that
there is a little of the ventral surface exposed between them, while the two
smaller appear to rise more from the dorsal surface, and have their bases closely
approximated. On the ventral surface the siphonozooids are seen on the
small space exposed between the bases of the autozooids and on either side of
the axis. On the dorsal surface they are arranged about the bases of the auto-
zooids and on the sides of the axis, the middle line being apparently free.
Where the siphonozooids occur the spicules seem to have arranged themselves so
as to form a slight circular ridge around them. The length of the rachis is 11°5
mm., of an autozooid with expanded tentacles 12°5 mm., of the body of an auto-
zooid nearly 5°5 mm.

There do not appear to be any siphonozooids on the stalk.
13

98

The spicules of the autozooids are somewhat triangular in section, with one of
the sides flatter than the others, and with a granular appearance throughout the
whole length.

Locality : Station 118; 12° 20’ N., 85° 8’ E.; 1803 fathoms.

Umbellula radiata, n. sp.

This species is represented by a complete colony, 857 mm. in length.

The stalk is long, and has a large swelling at the lower end, which extends
for a distance of about 213 mm. upwards. From this point the stalk gradually
tapers till it reaches the beginning of the rachis, where it seems to run up the
centre, and does not become evident on either of the surfaces. On the lower
swelling, which has a diameter of 7 mm., four prominent ribs are present, two of
which can be traced throughout the whole length of the stalk. The stalk at the
upper end of the swollen portion has a diameter of only 1°75 mm.

The axis is roughly quadrangular, with the angles rounded off. On one of
the sides in the lower portion a groove is present ; in the upper portion it becomes
almost cylindrical.

The rachis is longer than usual, and bears a large number of autozooids, which
are arranged in whorls. The lowest whorl has four.

The autozooids are long and slender (46x2°5 mm.), with moderately long
tentacles; they are brownish in colour, with the upper portion almost black.

The tentacles are long and tapered, with one row of pinnules on each side.
The pinnules are short, rather blunt, and widely separated.

The surface of the autozooids and the tentacles is covered by a brownish layer,
which is honeycombed in appearance, and easily rubbed off. On treating a portion
of this with acid, no effervescence was observed.

The siphonozooids occupy the whole surface of the rachis between the auto-
zooids ; they are small, brownish, wart-like projections. On the swelling at the
lower end of the stalk there are several smaller projections, which may be
siphonozooids.

Among the typical autozooids there are two or three polyp-like bodies, 20 mm.
in length by 4°5 mm. in width. Tentacles are represented by small blunt conical
projections, in one case with seven minute pinnules present on each side. In these
polyps the stomodzeum and gastric filaments are short and simple, whereas in the
typical autozooids they are long and convoluted.

No spicules were found either in the polyps, the rachis, or the stem.

Locality : Andamans; 490 fathoms.

SI)

Umbellula pendula, n. sp.

This species is represented by one complete colony, which has a total length
of 744 mm.

The stalk is very long, and has a large swelling at the basal end, which
extends for a considerable distance, nearly 170 mm. upwards. From this point,
however, the stalk tapers gradually towards its upper end.

The axis is somewhat oval in section, and brownish in colour. Near the lower
end it has a diameter of 1°9 mm., but it tapers abruptly towards the base, where
it ends in a short coil, and is thread-like. At the upper end it becomes cylindrical,
and gradually tapers. It has a diameter of 0°75 mm. at a point just below the
beginning of the rachis. In the lower part it is rigid, in the upper part it
is quite flexible.

The pendulous rachis is 55 mm. in length, and stretches on the concave side
of the bent stalk as a thin membrane. In its lower part the prorachidial surface
is marked by a stiff ridge, formed by the prolongation of the axis; thus it is
somewhat bilateral in shape ; but this bilateral symmetry is soon lost, and a radial
arrangement assumed.

The numerous long autozooids are arranged in irregular whorls. They may
attain a leneth of 40 mm., and have a basal width of 2°5 mm. There are long
slender tentacles, with one row of pinnules on each side. The autozooids are
creamy white in their lower parts ; the dark bluish-black stomodeeum shines through
the upper part.

Siphonozooids are abundant, occurring all over the rachis, with the exception
of the short ridge on the prorachidial surface of the lower part. They are small
(0°2-0°3 mm, in height), and appear as minute conical projections on the surface.

Spicules are entirely absent, none being found either in the polyps, the rachis,
or the stalk.

Locality: Andamans; 188-220 fathoms.

Umbellula indica, n. sp.

This species is represented by a complete specimen, measuring 706 mm. in
length.

The stalk tapers gradually from a little above its base to its junction with
the rachis. On the lower part there is a large swelling, which extends for a
considerable distance up the stem. It has four wing-like projections, and is
hollow. The lower part of the swelling is smooth, but the upper part is roughened
by the siphonozooids, which project like warts above the surface. The siphono-
zooids can be traced almost up to the junction with the rachis.

The axis is quadrangular, with the sides slightly convex, and measures 2 mm.

100

in diameter near the base. From this point it tapers very quickly towards the
basal end, and becomes quite thread-like and hook-shaped. Towards the upper
end it tapers very gradually, and becomes almost completely cylindrical near its
junction with the portion contained in the rachis.

On the lower part of the axis the ecenenchyma is fairly thick, and is de-
veloped into four wing-like folds; on the upper portion it is very thin, and closely
attached to the axis, but the wing-like folds can be traced almost to the beginning
of the rachis.

The rachis seems to be radial in symmetry, its lower end forming a slender
inverted conical portion, on which no autozooids, but numerous siphonozooids are
found.

The autozooids are long and slender, with the lower part packed with ova.
They are light in colour, and contrast with the dark bluish-black colour of the
upper portion, which is almost certainly due to the decomposed contents of the
stomodzeum. They are as much as 48 mm. in length by 3 mm. in width. The
stomodzeum and gastric filaments usually extend for about 14 mm. In the upper
portion the stomodzeum is slightly convoluted, but lower down it is merely
wrinkled. The tentacles are long, slender, and tapering, with one row of delicate
pointed pinnules on each side.

The siphonozooids cover the whole surface of the rachis not occupied by the
autozooids. They are small projecting wart-like bodies, and in the parts not so
directly subjected to the action of the preserving fluid are shghtly brownish in
colour. They are on an average 3°2 mm. in height, and are slightly oval in
shape.

No spicules are present in polyps, rachis, or stalk.

Locality : Andamans; 238-290 fathoms.

Umbellula, sp. ¢

The stalk is cylindrical, thin, 355 mm. in length. There is a distinct swelling
at the lower end, quadrangular in shape, with the edges prolonged into fine wing-like
portions. The length of this enlargement is 68 mm. Its greatest breadth from
the edges of the wings is about 2°5 mm., but tapers gradually at both ends, more
gradually at the upper than at the lower end.

The stalk gradually tapers from the top of the enlargement, and varies in
thickness from 1 mm. to 0°8 mm. Towards its upper end it gradually thickens
and forms a plate-like structure continuous with the rachis and flattened laterally,
thicker on the one surface than on the other, so that a cross section would appear
somewhat wedge-shaped. This portion of the stalk, together with the rachis, has
a hook shape in two specimens, but in the other two it is slightly curved towards
the dorsal side. About half-way up the stalk there is a peculiar bend or knee in

101

all the specimens. The stalk is devoid of siphonozooids except at the junction
with the rachis. It is yellowish in appearance, and has a distinct sarcosome.

The rachis is thin, and wedge-shaped, with aridge. The autozooids appear to
be irregularly arranged in the older forms, but in the younger they are bilateral.
The rachis is covered with wart-like siphonozooids beneath the part bearing auto-
zooids, and on the upper part between the bases of the autozooids. The ventral
side of the rachis bears no autozooids, but on the dorsal surface there is little
space left exposed. The autozooids are 10 mm. in length, and the tentacles 6 mm.

There are a few warty spicules of the usual three-edged shape.

Locality : Station 197; 9° 34’ 57” N., 75° 36’ 30” E.; 406 fathoms.

CoMPARATIVE TABLE

102

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Name.

Stalk.

Axis.

Rachis.

U. durissima, Kolliker.

Uz qiinthert, Kolliker,

U. thomsont, Kolliker.

| U. leptocaulis, Killiker.

U. simplex, Kolliker.

U. hualeyi, Kolliker.

|
|

Long, cylindrical, flexible,
with a spindle-shaped
enlargement at the lower
end.

Quadrangular, with many
spindle-shaped enlarge-
ments.

|

Quadrangular, with well- |
developed lower, but no
upper enlargement.

Very thin.

Cylindrical, thin, with a

moderately thick sar-
cosoma,

| With long enlargement

below.

U. carpenteri, Kolliker. | Enlargement at upper end,

continuous, with rachis |
and long enlargement at |

lower end.

Nearly cylindrical.

Quadrangular.

Quadrangular, with exca-
vated surfaces and
rounded edges.

Quadrangular, with con-
cave surfaces and blunt
edges.

Quadrangular, with con-
cave surfaces and
rounded edges,

Indistinetly quadrangular.

Quadrangular,
deeply excavated sur-
faces and rounded edges.

with |

A flat rhomboid expansion
of the stalk.

Without inferior enlarge-
ment—hilateral.

Indistinetly bilateral.

Bilateral.

Decidedly bilateral.

Indistinctly bilateral.

Indistinetly bilateral.

105

SPECIES OF UMBELLULA.

Autozooids.

Siphonozooids.

Spicules.

Notes.

Vary in number from
three to nine, and
have no definite
arrangement; eight
bands of spicules oceur
on the wall, and these
are continued up the
aboral surface of the
tentacles.

Very large—alternate,
44 mm. long, with
tentacles extended.

Form a pendant bunch.

Disposed alternately,
27-30 min. in length.

Alternate, small, rather
hard, four in number.

Form a cluster at end
of stalk, with trace of
a bilateral arrange-
ment, small, brown.

Form a rosette at the
end of the stalk, long,
colourless,

Exceedingly numerous, |
minute ; cover the whole
of the prorachidial sur-
face except a narrow
median ridge, and ex-
tend in bands between
the bases of the auto-
zooids,

Very numerous, but leave
a free line on both the
pro- and the meta-rachi-
dial surface.

On pro- and meta-rachi-

dial surfaces of the
rachis; none on the!
stalk.

Scanty—on rachis only.

None.

Numerous on whole stalk
and between bases of
autozooids, but none on
the metarachidial side
of the rachis between |
the polyps ; all provided |
with a single tentacle.

Numerous on pro- and
meta-rachidial sides of
the rachis and along the |
whole stalk; all provided
with one singly branched
tentacle.

(a) Stalk—small rods or
ellipses, with longitu-
dinally arranged ribs |
formed of minute spine-
like processes ; (b) auto-
zooids—(1) longer rods
or ellipses, with fewer
ribs ; (2) long spindles,
with rough jagged ends,
and minute longitudinal
ribs.

Numerous in every part
of cutis ; needles three-
edged, and granular at
the end; 0-2-0°72 mm.
in length, and 0:041-
0:045 mm. in breadth.

In all parts of sarcosoma.

In every part of the cutis.
Those on the tentacles
are disposed longitudin- |
ally ; (a) stalk 0-11-0718
mm. in length and
0°027-0'054 mm. in
breadth; (6) tentacles
016-021 mm. long;
(c) autozooid, 0:43-0:54
mum, long.

Numerous in every part
of the cutis. Three-
edged and granulated
at their ends ; 0:11-0:18
mm. long and 0:027-
0054 mm. broad.

None except in the end
bulb of the stalk.

Only in the lowest part of
the stalk.

The definite arrangement
of spicules in eight rows
on the autozooid-wall
does not seem to be of
great specific moment.

Depth—Lacca dives,

1132fathoms ; “ Scotia”
specimens, 1742 fathoms ;
Japan, 565 fathoms.

Atlantie Ocean, a little N.
of the Equator.
1850 fathoms.

| Locality: North Atlantic

Ocean, between Portugal
and Madeira. Depth,
2125 fathoms.

South-west of New Guinea. |

Depth, 2440 fathoms;
near U, giintheri.

Between San _ Francisco
and Yeddo. Depth,
2050 fathoms. (Evi-
dently young.)

Locality: south of Yeddo.
Depth, 565 fathoms,

South Polar Sea, south-
westof Australia. Depth,
1975 fathoms.

Depth,

Name.

104

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Stalk.

Axis.

| A
Rachis.

U. magniflora, Kolliker.

U. lindahlii, Kolliker.

U. encrinus, Linn.

U. geniculata, Studer.

Umbellula dura, n. sp.

U. intermedia, n. sp.

U. rosea, 0. sp.

Long swelling below, and
a flattened and curved

end.

Short, somewhat spirally-
twisted, and bent in a
large flat curve below
the polyp-cluster.

Upper part of stalk is
twisted and bent in vari-
ous ways; the whole
stalk above the terminal
swelling is turned like
a spiral round its longi-
tudinal axis.

Long, thin, slightly bent
at the inferior end.

Long, flexible, with an
enlargement at lower
end.

Long, slender, flexible,
quadrangular in section ;
small enlargement at
the base and another
spindle-shaped higher
up.

Long, flexible, quadrangu-
lar in section, marked
by a groove on each sur-
| face ; two enlargements.

enlargement at its upper

Quadrangular, with con-
cave surfaces and
rounded edges.

Quadrangular, with rather
deeply concave surfaces
and ridge-like projecting
edges.

Quadrangular, with deeply

concave surfaces and
rounded edges.
Quadrangular, — surfaces
concave.

Almost cylindrical.

Quadrangular in section,
with a groove on each
side.

Quadrilateral and deeply
grooved on the sides.

No distinct rachis.

In formof a polyp-cluster.

An apparently radiate

| hanging cluster.

Arises at a right angle.

Autozooids arranged in
| a rosette—slightly bi-
lateral.

Short, and forms an ir-
regular inverted cone
flattened laterally.

Bilateral, ovoid, with a
ridge on the prorachi-
dial surface.

Short, bilateral.

105

SPECIES OF UMBELLULA—continued.

Autozooids.

Siphonozooids.

Spicules.

Notes.

Form a bunch at end
of stalk without any
trace of bilateral
arrangement,

Tentacles longer than
the body. Autozooids
6-11 mm. long, ten-
tacles about 20 mm.

Tentacles about same
length as, or shorter
than, the body.

Tentacles are about
15 mm. long.

Few and large, arranged
in a whorl or bi-
laterally.

Five in number, one
terminal ; of medium
length, with long tent-
acles; rigid, covered
by spicules visible to
the naked eye.

One terminal and two
pairs of lateral; 5-6
mm. long, 2°5 mm. in
diam., tentacles 6 mm.
long.

Numerous on the upper
enlargement of the stalk
at the base of the anto-
zooids, and also on the
long swelling of the
stalk, and in its neigh-
bourhood.

Form tongue-shaped areas
between the polyps.
Below the cluster they
are disposed all round,
but downwards they
pass into a single row on
each side.

Between the autozooids in

tongue-shaped areas.
Each has a ventral ten-
tacle. Also over the
whole stalk.

Occupy the space between

the bases of the auto-
zooids.

Small, not prominent ;

occur all over the rachis.

Small; occur in meshes

in the spicular covering
all over the rachis except

onthe prorachidial ridge. |

On metarachidial extend-

ing to the prorachidial
surfaces.

Absent.

Absent except in the

Very small spicules are

Absent.

(a) Autozooids—(1) blunt

(a) Rachis—rough rods or

(a) Stalk

lower part of the stalk,
where they are numer-
ous; Q016 mm. x
0:0064 mm.

found, but only in the
lower end of the
peduncle.

rods covered by longi-
tudinal ribs; (2) long
rods with minute tuber-

cles ; (b) eenenchyma—

rods and quadriradiate
forms.

bars, blunt at the ends
and ridged ; (b) stem—
smaller and proportion-
ally wider rods.

short, thick
ellipses, with numerous
ribs ; (b) autozooids—a
few longer and propor-

tionally thinner, rough
ellipses. |

[4

South Sea, east of Ker-

guelen Island. Depth, |

1600 fathoms.

This species includes U.
miniacea, Lindahl; U.
pallida, Lindahl; U.
gracilis, Marshall ; and
U. bairdii, Verrill. Lo-
calities: Baflin’s Bay,
Davis Straits, Denmark
Straits, Faroe Channel,
North Greenland.
Depths ; 410, 1435, 568,
580-689, and 122
fathoms respectively.

Danielssen links U. magni-
flora, KOll., with this
species, but Jungersen
keeps them as distinct
species. Locality:
Greenland and between
Norway and the Faroes.
Depth, 412-498 fathoms.

ChinaSea. Lat.21°19'N.,
long. 106° 24’ E. Depth,
680 fathoms.

Depth, 705 fathoms.

This species is intermedi-

ate between U. giinthert,
KOll., and U. leptocaulis,
Koll. Depth, 1912
fathoms.

Depth, 1748 fathoms.

Name.

L06

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Stalk.

Axis.

Rachis.

U. purpurea, n. sp.

| U. elongata, n. sp.

| U, kéllikeri, n. sp.

U. radiata, n. sp.

| U. pendula, n. sp.

U. indica, 1. sp.

U. sp.

| Large swelling at the
base.

Long, flexible, quadrangu- |
lar, with prominent
edges; two distinct en-
largements.

Quadrangular to oval in
section ; slight swelling
at junction with rachis.

Long; large swelling at

lower end with four
prominent ribs.
Very long, with large

swelling at basal end. |

Tapers gradually from a
large hollow terminal
swelling with four
“wings.”

Cylindrical, thin, with a
terminal swelling with
four wing-like projec-
tions ; peculiar bend or
knee about half-way
up.

Quadrangular in section,
with sides deeply
grooved.

Quadrangular in section
in lower part, circular
or oval higher up.

Roughly quadrangular in
section,

Oval in section, yellow in
colour.

Quadrangular in section
in stalk, circular in
rachis.

| Thin and wedge-shaped

Short and swollen; bi-
lateral.

Long,
trical.

radially symme-

Bilateral; prominent
spine at origin of last
autozooid.

Very long.

Pendulous; bilateral in

lower part, radial)
above.
Apparently radially

symmetrical.

with a ridge.

SPECIES OF UMBELLULA—continued.

107

Autozooids.

Siphonozooids.

Spicules.

Notes.

Numerous ; 42 mm. in
length, with a dia-
meter of 3 mm.

'In short spirals; 18
_ mm. in length.
Five in number

arranged bilaterally.

Numerous, arranged in
whorls, long and
slender.

Numerous, in irregular
whorls; 40 mm. in
length.

Long and slender ; 48
mm. in length.

Apparently irregularly

with short tentacles.

disposed ; very long, |

Numerous on the basal
part of the rachis ; pro-
longed into -shaped
points on the para- and
meta-rachidial surfaces ;
completely cover the
pro-rachidial surface.

and throughout the
whole length of the
stalk.

middle line free.

Occupy the whole surface
of the rachis.

Abundant ; occur all over
the rachis except a short
ridge on the lower part

face.

Cover the whole surface
of the rachis; wart-
like, oval in shape, 3:2
mm. high.

| Cover the lower part of
rachis, and occur also at
base of autozooids.

Occur all over the rachis

At base of autozooids; Autozooids : — triangular

of the prorachidial sur- |

| Absent.

Restricted to lower part |
of stem; small rods
smooth and rounded at
ends; also a few four-

| cornered forms.

}

| in section, granular.

Absent.

| Absent.

Absent.

Few warty spicules of the
three-edged type.

Depth, 360 fathoms.

Depth, 1803 fathoms.

Depth, 490 fathoms.

Depth, 188-220 fathoms.

Depth, 238-290 fathoms.

Depth, 406 fathoms.

108

Family Awrnopritips.

Anthoptilum murray, Kolliker.
= decipiens, 1. sp.

Anthoptilum murrayi, K6lliker.

To this species we refer two incomplete specimens without autozooids; the
stronger of the two is 620 mm. in length, and on an average 4 mm. in breadth.

The axis is sub-cylindrical, radially lamellar, with two lateral canals. In the
lower part it is more or less quadrangular.

The stalk is short, and has a lone spindle-shaped swelling at the lower end.

The rachis is long, more or less cylindrical in shape, marked by a broad
groove on the prorachidial surface, and by a narrow groove on the opposite side.

There are no autozooids left on the rachis, but there are hollow oblong pit-
like markings arranged in oblique transverse rows of two or three. It is possible
that the adjacent edges of the autozooids may have been fused, and so formed
rudimentary pinnules. The siphonozooids cover the whole surface of the rachis
not occupied by bases of the autozooids.

The ccenenchyma on the stalk is of medium thickness, but on the rachis it
is very thick.

There is no trace of spicules in the rachis, but small oval, quadrangular, or
incipiently quadriradiate forms (about 0°01 mm. in length) are present in the
lower end of the stalk.

The specimen has a dull white colour, while that described by Kélliker was
pale red with brown polyps and colourless stalk.

With reference to the absence of autozooids, it is interesting to notice that
Professor J. D. F. Gilchrist supplied the following note to Professor Hickson with
reference to Anthoptilum grandiflorum: “Some ditculty was experienced in
preventing the polyps from being washed off by the motion of the preserva-
tive fluid owing to the roll of the vessel” (Alceyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope,
Part II., 1904, p. 233).

If we are right in referring our specimen to A. murrayi, the occurrence of
this species in the Indian Ocean is very interesting. It was recorded by the
“Challenger” from Station 50, North Atlantic, south of Halifax, 48° 8’ N., 63°
39’ W.; also by Verrill from the east coast of North America (American Journal
of Science (3), vol. xxviii. p. 220). On the European side it has been recorded
from the Bay of Gascony, 45° 57’ N., 6° 21’ W.; and from the following four
stations south of Iceland: Station 83; 62° 25’ N., 28° 30’ W. Station 40; 62° N.,
21°36’ W. Station 65; 61° 33’ N., 19° W. ; and Station 47 ; 61° 32’ N., 13° 40’ W.

Locality : Station 104; 11° 12’ 47” N., 74° 25’ 30” E.; 1000 fathoms.

109

Anthoptilum decipiens, n. sp. Plate VII. fig. 8.

This species is represented by a long substantial colony arising from a strong
basal expansion. The total length is 720 mm., and the stem tapers from 4—2
mm. in breadth.

The stalk is short and conical; it expands gradually from its junction with
the rachis downwards, and has a large knob in the centre of the base. The base
thus resembles a “tam o’ shanter”; or, to put it in another way, the stalk ends in
a large knob, but before reaching the knob it expands into a large collar-like fold.

The rachis is very long, and is covered with a large number of autozooids in
oblique rows, from three to eight in each row. The autozooids are fused for a
very short distance upwards from their base, thus producing distinct though
rudimentary pinnules. These are placed at a very small angle to the long axis
of the rachis, and the upper end reaches often to the pararachidial surface. Their
arrangement is somewhat perplexing, as there is distinct overlapping. ‘Two occur
almost opposite one another, and a third distinctly overlaps their insertion.

The autozooids are very long (10-25 mm.), thin walled, and packed with
reproductive bodies which shine through the thin walls and give the polyps an
appearance suggestive of fish-roe. (See Plate VIL. fig. 8.)

The siphonozooids occur on the pararachidial and metarachidial surfaces,
extending on to the bases of the rudimentary pinnules in small somewhat triangular
areas insinuated between two adjacent autozooids. They also occur on the pro-
rachidial surface, with the exception of a narrow median strip.

The spicules of the ccenenchyma at the lower end of the stalk are very minute
rods (0°0056 mm. in length), which may be collected together to form star-shaped
groups.

There are no spicules on the rachis or on the autozooids.

The most noteworthy features of this species are :

1. The perfect though rudimentary pinnules.

2. The peculiar overlapping arrangement of the pinnules.

3. The shape of the basal expansion with its knob-like termination into
which the end of the axis extends.

Locality : Station 284; 7° 55’ N., 81° 47° E.; 506 fathoms.

Family Fuyicviinip 4.
Subfamily Funiculininee :
Funiculina quadrangularis (Pall.) = Leptoptilum gracile, Kolliker.
Funiculina gracilis, n. sp.
Subfamily Stachyptilidee.
Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp.

110

Subfamily Funiculinine.

Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas) = Leptotilum gracile, Kollikev.

A broken colony, 358 mm. in length.

The axis is quadrangular in section, with deep grooves on three of the sides,
in the lower part. It is 0°95 mm. in diameter, and tapers gradually to a delicate
thread at the tip.

All the autozooids have fallen off, so that their arrangement cannot be ascer-
tained with certainty, but they seem to have occurred alternately in a single
row on each side of the axis. Several detached autozooids are 7 mm. in length
and 2mm. in breadth. Each has eight projecting apical points formed of a number
of small smooth blunt rod-like spicules, 1°2 mm. in length, 0-038 mm. in diameter.

The autozooids are colourless, but the dark brown contents of the stomodzeum
are seen through the walls.

We see no sufficient reason to separate this form from Leptoptilum gracile,
though the autozooids in Kolliker’s specimens were only 3-4 mm. in length. Grieg
and Jungersen have shown that Leptoptilum gracile is simply a stage in the life
history of Funiculina quadrangularis.

Locality : Bay of Bengal; 753 fathoms. Previously recorded as Leptoptilum
gracile from New Zealand. Funiculina quadrangularis is recorded from North Sea,
the Atlantic Ocean (on the European and American sides), the Mediterranean, ete.

Another delicate graceful specimen is referred to this species. It is complete.
and has a total leneth of 49 mm., of which the stalk occupies 22 mm.

The colony is extremely delicate, the rachis differing from the stalk only by
the presence of the autozooids.

The autozooids are arranged in twos almost at the same level, or one slightly
above the other. They lie partly on the pararachidial, partly on the metarachidial
surface. They stand almost at right angles to the surface of the stalk, or are
directed slightly upwards. Between each pair of autozooids two small zooid-like
structures are present, but these are undoubtedly young stages of autozooids.

The polyp-ealyces have eight projecting points, each composed of a number
of spicules. On the bodies of the calyces the spicules are arranged in an irregular
manner, but mostly transversely ; underlying the transverse spicules there are
eight narrow bands of longitudinally arranged spicules. These bands are formed
in the following manner: each point divides into two sets of diverging spicules,
each set then joins with the adjacent set of the next point, and the two sets thus
united form a band extending towards the base of the calyx.

The ecalyces are from 2—3°5 mm. in height, and some of the younger autozooids
between the others are from 1—-1°5 mm. in length. Their walls are very thin and
translucent.

‘The ccenenchyma is thin and transparent, allowing the axis to shine through.

ital

The spicules of the polyp-calyces and ccenenchyma are smooth fluted rods,
perfectly transparent. Those of the stem are on an average 0-22 mm. in length
by 0°015 mm. in breadth; those of the calyx wall are from 0°4 to 0°5 mm. in
length by 0°15 mm. in breadth.

The colony is colourless, except for the stomodeeum, which is blackish-brown
in colour.

This specimen agrees closely with the specimen described by Kolliker.

Locality : Station 235; 14° 13’N., 93° 40’ E.; 370-419 fathoms.

Funiculina gracilis, n. sp. Plate VIL. fig. 10; Plate IX. fig. 4.

A large number of specimens, mostly broken and shghtly damaged, are
placed in this species. A representative example was 350 mm. in length, with a
breadth of rachis about 1°25 mm.

It consists of a stalk (100 mm.) and an elongated quadrilateral rachis.
There is no difference between the stalk and rachis, apart from the presence
of the autozooids.

The axis is quadrangular with hollow sides, thus giving the stem, which
varies from 0°7—-1'5 mm. in diameter, a quadrangular grooved appearance.
Towards the basal end the stem diminishes and then swells, and forms a some-
what club-shaped enlargement which is usually slightly curved.

The rachis is quadrilateral and long, having the autozooids arranged in
groups, each group consisting of two irregular rows of three to four polyps.

The calyces are produced into eight sharp teeth—the tips of bands of spicules,
On the upper part of the calyx, the spicules lie for the most part longitudinally,
but towards the basal portion they are more irregular and are often obliquely
transverse. Numerous siphonozooid-like bodies, white in colour in marked con-
trast to the dull grey of the autozooids, occur among the bases of the latter,
principally in a somewhat broken single line on the metarachidial surface. They
are furnished with eight short lobe-like projections at the tip, and rise to a height
of 1 mm.

The height of the autozooid calyces varies from 3-5 mm., and the diameter
from 1—1°5 mm.

The colour of the rachis is yellowish to whitish, the basal portion of the
calyces is also whitish, while the upper portion is bluish-black to a dull orey,

The ova are fairly abundant, and embryos were found with a slightly brown
outer coating and a yellow interior with a large cavity.

The spicules are long slender fluted rods, blunt or pointed at the ends, and
often slightly curved at one end. The following measurements were taken of
length and breadth in millimetres :

0°8x0°04; 0'7x0°035; 0°4x0°02.

112

It is possible that the form which we have identified with Leptoptilum
gracile, Kolliker, and referred to Funiculina quadrangularis, Pallas, is really the
young stage of this new species of Municulina.

Locality : Station 197; 9° 34’ 57” N., 75° 36’ 30” E.; 406 fathoms.

Subfamily Stachyptilidee.
Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp. Plate VII. figs. 5 and 9; Plate IX. fig. 16.

This species is represented by one complete club-shaped specimen, 62 mm. in
height.

The rachis is club-shaped, gradually increasing in diameter and reaching its
maximum a little below the apex. It presents a rather striking appearance owing
to the presence of brown siphonozooids on the surface not occupied by autozooids.

The autozooids are arranged in ten oblique rows on each side, each row
consisting of 3-4 polyps. They are fairly large, and capable of complete retrac-
tion; they show no spicules in their thin walls. The tentacles are of median
length, and gradually taper to the distal end. They have one row of 12-14
short blunt pinnules on each side.

The siphonozooids form slight brown projections on the surface, and appear
as eight-rayed stars. They vary in diameter from 0°2—-0°3 mm., and the larger
individuals are slightly oval. They cover all the surface of the rachis not occupied
by the autozooids, and seem also to occur in two grooves that run up the
rachis. These grooves on the rachis may be due to contraction in the preserving
fluid.

The spicules are rod-like, with jagged ends, or four- to five-rayed forms. They
vary in length from 0°1—-0°16 mm., and in breadth from 0°025—0°04 mm.

This species differs from those previously described in the greater variety of
spicules, in having more of the rachis covered, and in the absence of papille at the
upper end of the stalk. .

Locality : Station 213; 21° 25’ N., 68° 02’ 30” K.; 137-131 fathoms.

Family Vireviarms (Pavonaride, Jungersen).
Pavonaria willemoésii, Killiker = Wicroptilum willemoési, Kollhiker.

A broken specimen with a total length of 116°5 mm., of which the stalk
occupies 33 mm., thus leaving a long rachis. The axis is cylindrical, from 0°35—
0-4 mm. in diameter. The diameter of the stalk is 0°4-0°5 mm., and it is
cylindrical just below the origin of the rachis. The ccenenchyma is thin, and
allows the axis to shine through on the prorachidial surface, but is considerably
thicker on the metarachidial surface.

113

The thirty-six autozooids are arranged alternately in one row on each side of
the rachis. They vary from 2-3°2 mm. in height. Between these there are some
smaller polyps interspersed, and there are 3—4 small polyps below the lowest well-
developed autozooid. The ecalyces are prominent, furnished with two strong points
on the abaxial side which are separated from the axial side by a deep indentation.
The spicules are arranged longitudinally on the abaxial and axial surfaces, but on
the latter they tend to be placed transversely at the edges. On the lateral surfaces
the spicules are fewer in number, and some are directed at right angles to the
stalk, so that they cross the others which are placed longitudinally.

The spicules are in the form of needles, varying from 0°5—1 mm. in length on
the rachis and the autozooids, but on the stalk they are very small (0°12—0°15 mm. ).

On the small immature polyps the spicules are arranged as on the mature
forms, thus producing a small conical projection.

No siphonozooids are distinguishable. Jungersen seems to have shown con-
elusively that Microptilum is simply a young stage of Pavonaria; and as our
specimen agrees closely with Microptilum willemoésu, Kolliker, we have recorded
it under the title Pavonaria willemoésii.

Locality : Andaman Sea; 650 fathoms.

Geographical Distribution.—This genus is widely distributed ; P. finmarchica
has been recorded from the coast of Norway, from*the vicinity of Iceland, and from
the east coast of North America, at depths varying from 60-980 fathoms; P.
africana (Studer) from the Atlantic and the West Coast of Africa, 106° 12°9’ N., 17°
23°5’ W.; P. sp. from the Japanese Seas and the Gulf of Korea, and Microptilum
willemoésti from Station 235, south of Yeddo, 34° 7’ N., 138° E., at a depth of 565
fathoms. Another species has been recorded from Behring Island, and two more,
P. dofleinvi and P. californica, from the Californian coast.

Family PevvarvLips,

Subfamily Pennatuline.
Pennatula indica, n. sp.
i veneris, N. Sp.

splendens, n. sp.

9

- pendula, n. sp.

Subfamily Pteroéidide.
Pteroéides triradiata, un. sp.

Subfamily Pennatulinz.

Pennatula indica, n. sp. Plate VIII. fig. 1.

Several beautiful specimens, the largest of which (A and B) are 150 and 105

mm. in length.
rs

114

The stalk is long and straight, whitish in colour, with a pinkish tinge. Its
length is about half that of the entire colony (64 mm. in A and 49°5 mm. in B).
It shows a number of swellings, three in B, the smaller, and four in A, the larger
specimen. ‘There is a very small swelling near the base, a second slightly bigger,
and almost touching the first, a third about the middle point of the stalk, and in
the largest specimen (A), a fourth swelling at a point three-fourths the length from
the base.

The following measurements were taken :

Specimen. | A. B. C. D.

=a 2 js —|- io.
Total length : . : é : 6 .| 150mm. | 105mm. 84 mm. 78 mm.
Length of peduncle. : c . : : 64mm. | 49°5 mn. 34 mm. 37 mm.
Number of pinnules ; : : ° =| 29/30 17/19 | 21/21 15/15
Length of well-developed pinnule : . 5 35 mm. 232mm. | 17mm. | 22mm.
3readth of same at base : : : P ‘ 4:2 mm. 32 mm. | 9:5 mm. 2 mm.
Number of polyps on same . . : . ey 11 11 | u 7

Owing to the contraction of the ccenenchyma the tip of the axis projects at
the basal end. It is thin and thread-like, and is coiled several times into a sort of
spiral.

The crimson-lake colour of the rachis and pinnules presents a striking contrast
to the whitish or pinkish colour of the stalk. The lower pinnules, varying in
number from 8-5, are small and rudimentary in all the specimens, the lowest
being recognisable only as a band of slightly darker spicules lying across the
sides of the rachis. The fully developed pinnules are long, narrow, sword-shaped,
with calyces on their edges. They are covered by long spicules arranged parallel
to the length and closely packed together, forming a complete casing. The calyces
stand not at right angles to the pinnule, but at a small angle, and have their apices
directed towards the distal end. Each calyx is formed of longitudinally disposed
spicules similar to those of the pinnule, and has its apex divided into eight points,
each of which is made up of at least two spicules. The calyces reach a height of
4°1mm. The autozooids are capable of complete retraction within the calyces.
Kach tentacle has on its aboral surface a broad band of spicules which are arranged
more or less longitudinally.

Along the prorachidial surface there is a broad band free from autozooids.
This band is divided into two smaller bands by a long narrow furrow which extends
the whole length of the rachis. The band is closely covered by numerous siphono-
zooids, each of which has a small calyx which is closely appresssd to the surface of
the rachis, and thus appears only as a platform of spines lying at an acute angle
to the surface, with the apex directed towards the tip of the rachis. On the
metarachidial surface siphonozooids are also present, forming a single row on each
side of the middle line. They are not so closely pressed against the surface. The

115

general ccenenchyma is fairly thick, and has abundant spicules. The spicules are
long slender fluted rods, varying from 0°15—3 mm. in length, and from 0:01—0°13
mm, in width.

Both ova and embryos were found in the pinnules.

Localities : Station 260; 8° 28’ 15” N., 76° 07’ E. ; 487 fathoms. Station 323 ;
16° 25’ N., 93° 43’ 30” E.; 463 fathoms. Station 230; 7° 40’ N., 70° 00’ 52” E.;
824 fathoms.

Pennatula veneris, n. sp. Plate VIII. fig. 8.

Three magnificent specimens, with a beautiful colour scheme. The stalk and
rachis are dark red, the pinnules are transparent, the autozooids are red with white
tentacles.

The short stalk ends in a swollen base, and just below its junction with the
rachis there is a short thick spindle-shaped enlargement.

The rachis, which is many times longer than the stalk, tapers gradually
towards the tip, where it becomes thread-like and loses itself in the base of a small
pinnule. On the metarachidial surface a deep broad groove extends the whole
leneth ; the prorachidial surface tends to be rounded.

The pinnules are numerous, and are placed on the pararachidial surfaces, and
present a striking contrast to the darker coloured rachis. They are placed almost
parallel to the axis of the rachis, and show considerable variation in size, the best
developed pinnules being about half-way up the rachis. A well-developed pinnule
is ‘triangular in shape with a broad base, and one side, the prorachidial edge, is
slightly curved, while the metarachidial edge bears the autozooids. In the younger
stages of the pinnules the terminal autozooid is very long, and separated from the
rest by a considerable distance, and the peculiar appearance thus resulting is
accentuated in still younger stages by the whole pinnule being whip-like, and even
resembling a flattened thread with only one, the terminal, autozooid. The pinnules
are transparent, and contain abundant ova.

The autozooids stand in a single row on the edge of the pinnule. They have
short stalks, and are expanded at the oral end into a somewhat bell-like shape.
There are no projecting spines. The colouring of the polyp is striking. The short
stalk is translucent in the lower part, then a brownish-yellow tinge begins to
appear, the brown colour becomes gradually intensified in the body of the polyp
until just below the origin of the tentacles, where it becomes a deep red. The
body wall is marked by eight lines. Towards the base of the pinnule the polyps
decrease in size, and finally appear as a row of small white warts on the edge. The
tentacles are short, and have one row of pinnules on each side. On the aboral
surface they have a narrow band of small red spicules extending up the middle line
to the tip. The tentacles curve inwards when at rest, and then they appear like a
small white dome marked by eight bands of red which radiate from the apex.

116

The siphonozooids occur principally on the pararachidial surfaces in long narrow
bands between the pinnules, the upper end of each band reaching for a short distance
on to the metarachidial surface, and the lower end for a similar distance on to the
opposite side. The middle of each band of zooids is marked at the middle point by
a shght broadening in the upper part of the rachis, or by a slight S-shaped twist in
the lower part of the rachis.

The following measurements were taken :

(=)

Specimen. | No. I. No. IL. | No. II.
Length of specimen . : 6 : : ; j 243 mm. 221 mm. 186 mm.
Length of peduncle : : 5 : : : : 46 mm, 40mm. | 37 mm.
| Number of pinnules —. ; P ; . : : 32/33 27/27 24/23
Length of well-developed pinnule . 5 ; ; : 26°5 mmm. 19 mm. 16 mm.
3readth of same near base. : ; 5 : ‘ 10 mm. 10mm. | 10 mm.
Number of autozooids in same : ; ; : : 29+7 26+5 224+8
i

(The unit after the plus sign in the number of autozooids indicates the number of immature
forms towards the base of the pinnules.)

In specimen No, II. the terminal autozooid of a pinnule may reach a length
of 9 mm.

The spicules of the autozooids are all of one shape, flattish bars rounded at
the ends and constricted at the middle. They are from 0°04 to 0°045 mm. in
length by 0°02 to 0°015 in breadth. They vary in colour from brownish to
red.

The spicules of the stem are similar in form to those of the autozooids, and
of similar dimensions (0°04 x 0°02).

Locality: N.-W. of Calicut; 100 fathoms.

Pennatula splendens, n. sp. Plate VIII. fig. 5.

The short stalk ends in a sheht swelling, and is somewhat curved. Just
below the rachis there is a spindle-shaped enlargement, which has a diameter of
7 mm.

The rachis (272 mm.) is four times longer than the stalk (68 mm.), dark red
in the lower part, and whitish to greyish in the upper part. On the metarachidial
surface there is a groove ; the prorachidial surface tends to be rounded.

The numerous pinnules lie almost parallel to the long axis of the rachis,
on the pararachidial surfaces. They are triangular, with a greatly elongated
base. The pinnules are somewhat varied in shape at the different parts of
the rachis, much smaller and narrower in the lower part, but never show-
ing any trace of the whip-like development seen in Pennatula veneris. In
colour also they show variation, the younger pinnules being similar in colour
to the stalk, while the better developed pinnules are greyish to dirty white.

117

The autozooids are densely crowded on the metarachidial edge of the pinnule.
They are somewhat bell-shaped, and stand on a short peduncle, which in the case
of the autozooids on the upper pinnules passes through the same colour scheme as
in those of Pennatula veneris, but in the lower pinnules the peduncles are uniformly
dark red. There are no projecting spines or points in the autozooids, which are
arranged so closely that they appear to be in two or three rows. The tentacles
are short, white in colour, and have no band of red spicules on the aboral
surface.

The siphonozooids form broad bands which extend upwards between the
pinnules on the pararachidial surfaces, but their lower ends extend so far
down as to form a distinct band on the prorachidial margin of the lateral
surfaces.

The following measurements were taken :

Breadth of rachis near base, 3 mm. ; near tip, 1°8 mm.
Length of well-developed pinnule, 23-25 mm.

Breadth, 12 mm. ; about 6 mm. near base and tip.
Number of autozooids, 51+ 10 (19 near base, 45 near tip).

The spicules of the pinnules and autozooids are somewhat flattened ovals or
ellipses, brownish in colour; the following measurements were taken of length
and breadth in millimetres :

0:04x0°02; 0°03x0°04; 0°029x0°04.

They are not so much constricted at the middle as in Pennatula veneris.
This species differs from Pennatula veneris in the following details, although
they show a remarkable superficial resemblance.

1. The lower pinnules are different in shape, not having any trace of the whip-
like development of the terminal autozooid.

2. The colour of the pinnules is different, the lower being dark red, the upper
and more developed being white to greyish.

3. There are no bands of red spicules on the aboral surfaces of the
tentacles.

4. The lower ends of the siphonozooid-bands fuse and form a continuous band
or strip on the prorachidial margin of the pararachidial surfaces.

Locality : Station 239; 11° 49’ 30" N., 92° 55’ E.; 55 fathoms.

118

Pennatula pendula, n. sp. Plate VII. fig. 1; Plate VIII. figs. 7 and 10.

This species, which in some ways resembles P. murrayi, Kolliker, is represented
by numerous specimens.

The usual colour of the stalk and rachis is dark red, but in some the rachis is
pinkish below, then almost pure white, and then coral red. The pinnules are
usually white, but some are coral red. The autozooids are red, their tentacles
white, the siphonozooids are yellowish.

The axis is cylindrical above, quadrangular below; at the lower end two of
the angles are produced into wing-like expansions.

The translucent pinnules, of which there may be over fifty pairs, are elongated
triangles or lanceolate. The calyces have eight projecting spines.

The siphonozooids are in two rows on the pararachidial surfaces.

As there are many specimens, we give several sets of measurements to show
quantitative differences.

| Length of | Length of | Breadth of En- Length of Breadth of Breadth of Base | Polyps on

| Whole. Stalk. — largement of Stalk. Rachis. Rachis. | of Pinnules. Pinnules.
|
| 256 mm. | 100 ifine| 3 mm. 156 mm. Near base, 15 | Near base, 29 | Near base, 8.
| mm. Near,| mm. Near Near tip, 11.
Breadth of | tip, 18 mm. tip, 7 mm. About — half-
stalk, 1°2 | About —half- | way up, 10.
mm, way up, 5°5
| | mm.
|
| 229mm.| 50mm.| 3mm. Breadth | 179mm. | Near base, 2°8 | Near base, 2°6 Near hase, 7.
of stalk, 14 mm. Near mm, Near Near tip, 10- |
mm, tip, 15mm. | tip, 3 mm. ll. About

| About half- | half-way up,
way up, 4) 9.

| mm,

| | |

| 2mm. Breadth | 118mm. 53 | Near base, 2 | Nearbase,4mm. | Near base, 9.

240 mm, | 122 mm.

of stalk, 12) pairs of mm, Near Near tip, 3°5 Near tip, 7.
| mm, pinnules. tip, 1:5 mm, mm, About About — half-
half-way up, | way up, 10.

5°2 mm. |

Localities : Andamans ; 238-290 fathoms. Station 235; 14°13’ N., 93° 40’ E.;
370-419 fathoms. Station 240; 11° 32’ N., 92° 46’ E.; 194 fathoms.

Subfamily Pteroéidide.
Pteroéides triradiata, n. sp.

At the base of the stalk there is a slight swelling, 8 mm. in length and 3 mm.
in breadth, from the end of which the bare axis projects and ends in a hook-shaped
portion.

At a distance of 15 mm. from the end of the stalk a large swelling (4°8 mm.

119

in breadth) arises and extends up the stalk, gradually tapering till the stalk has

reached its normal thickness at the origin of the lowest pinnules.

The rachis is nearly 30 mm. in breadth.

The bare prorachidial surface is

2°3 mm. across. The three large and well-developed rays in the pinnules give

the specimen a very stiff and spiny appearance.

to be sword-shaped, and vary in width from 2-3 mm.

is occupied by the strong first ray, which consists of about three long spicules.

The presence of only three rays is a distinctive feature of this species.
The following measurements were taken of the two specimens:

The pinnules may be said

The prorachidial edge

Specimen.

Stalk. Rachis. Pinnules, | |
Number | Zooid Zooid
= is | of Rays. Streak. Plate.
Length. Breadth. Length. Breadth. | Length. Width, |
as! 2 |
30mm, | 2mm, 33 mm, 24mm, | 15mm. | 28mm,| 3at Not Marginal
(16 pairs of most. seen, (4).
pinnulles.)
39mm. | 37mm. | 676mm. | 24mm, | 17mm. | 3 mm. 3 at Not Marginal
| (23 pajirs of most, seen, (2).
pinnulles.)

Locality : Station 259; 10° 08’ 43” N., 75° 33’ 30" E.; 56 fathoms.

1880.
1813.

1903.
1817.
1846.
1859.
1887.

1896.

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Is1p.—Versuch einer Revision der Aleyonarien. II. Die Familie der Nephthyiden, 1 Teil.
Zool. Jahrb. xix. pp. 99-172.

Istp.— Ueber einige Korallenthiere des Roten Meeres. Festschrift von E. Haeckel, pp. 33-58,
2 pls.

Isip.— Ueber eine neue Nephthyidengattung aus dem siidatlantischen Ocean. Zool. Anzeig.
XXvl. pp. 272-275.

Isip.—Diagnosen neuer Aleyonarien aus der Ausbeute der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition.
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Ibip.—Versuch einer Revision der Aleyonarien. II. Die Familie der Nephthyiden, 2 Teil.
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LacazE-Duiuiers.— Histoire naturelle des Corail. Paris.

1864.
1865.
1865.
1900.
1816.
1812.
1816,
1821.
1874.
1875.
1874.
1758.
1877.
1886.
1886.
1884.

1882.
1887.

1887.

1898.

1899.

1905.

1905.

1835.

1838.

1857.

1861.

1874.

1902.

1876.

125

Lacaze-Dutuiers.—Couleur der Aleyonaires. Comptes Rendus, lix. p. 252.

Isrp.—Des Sexes chez Alcyonaires. Comptes Rendus, Ix. pp. 840-843.

Ism.—Note sur la présence des Kophobelemnon dans les eaux de Banyuls. Comptes Rendus,
exii. pp. 1294-1297.

Isrp.—Coralliaires du Golfe du Lion, Aleyonaires. Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) viii. pp. 353-462, 5 pls.

Lamarck.—Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres. Vol. ii. Paris.

Lamourovux.—Genus Telesto. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris.

Istp.—Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles. Caen.

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Liypant, J.—Umbellula from Greenland. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4 ser. xiii. p. 258.

Tstp.—Sur les Ombellules. Journ. d. Zool. iv. pp. 440-442, 1 pl.

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Liynt.—Systema Nature. T. i. ed. x.

MareENZELLER.—Die Coelenteraten, Echinodermen und Wiirmer der K. K. Oesterr.-Ung.
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Istp.—Ueber die Sarcophytum benannten Aleyoniden. Zool. Jahrb. 1. pp. 341-368, 1 pl.

Istp.—Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxxv.

Marsuatt, A. Mitnes.—Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H.M.S. “Triton.” Trans.
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Marsuatr and MarsHati.—Report on the Oban Pennatulida, p. 77, pls. 4.

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Ism.—Report on Pennatulida dredged by H.M.S. “ Poreupine.” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,
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May, W.—Alcyonaceen von Ostspitzbergen. Nach der Ausbeute Prof. Willy Kiikenthal’s und
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_ Naturwiss. xxiii. p. 190, 5 pls.

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Mennexine, F.—Ueber die Anordnung der Schuppen und das Kanalsystem bei Stachyodes
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Mitne-Epwarps.—Mémoire sur un nouveau genre de la famille des Aleyoniens. Ann. Sci.
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Mosius, K.—Neue Gorgoniden des naturhist. Museums zu Hamburg. Nov. act. Acad.
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Isrp.—Ueber eine Hornkoralle Verucella guatelupensis. Schr. naturwiss. Ver. Schleswig-
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Mororr, Tu.—Finige neue Pennatuliden aus der Miinchener Sammlung. Zool. Anzeig. xxv.
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Isrp.—Studien tiber Octocorallien. Zool. Jahrb. xvii. pp. 363-410, pls. xiv.—xviil.

Ism.—Einige neue Japanische Gorgonaceen in der Miinchener Sammlung. Zool. Anzeig. xxv.
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1881.

126

Mosetry, H. N.—Report on certain Hydroid, Aleyonarian, and Madreporarian Corals procured
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128

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Tsm.—Arch. Naturges. lili.

Fre. 1.

bo

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate I.

Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. STALKED Cotony without basal attachment. Slightly enlarged
(x 14).

. Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. ENcrustine Coxony, (a) portion enlarged (x 14), showing part

of the spiral bare streak, at one place the coenenchyma overarching it, at another the
coenenchyma completely surrounding the support; (#) distal end of an autozooid showing
the arrangement of the pinnules on the tentacles; (c) colony reduced (4 n. s.) in size

showing the incrusting habit and the projecting siliceous support.

. Sarcophytum agaricoides, n. sp. (Nat. size.) Note the characteristic autozooids ; the siphono-

zooids (represented by white spots) are much more numerous than in the figure.

4. Spongodes alcocki, n. sp. (x 15). Two polyps showing the single projecting spicule of the

OInr oo

=

Lo

Stiitzbiindel.

. Paragorgia splendens, n. sp. (Nat. size.) Note the characteristic clusters of autozooids.
. Keroéides koreni, Wright and Studer (x 10). Small portion of a twig.

Keroéides korent, Wright and Studer. Colony nat. size.

. Muricella bengalensis, n, sp. Small portion enlarged (x 20). Note the large size of the

spicules of the ecenenchyma.
Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp. Small portion enlarged (x 8) showing the arenaceous

ccenenchyma and the stellate appearance of the retracted polyps.

. Juncella elongata, Pallas. Small portion enlarged (x 4).

Puate II.

. Stachyodes allmani, Wright and Studer. Axis of a colony to show mode of branching. (Nat.

size.)

. Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales. Colony nat. size.
. Chrysogorgia jlexilis, Wright and Studer. Colony showing branching and arrangement of

polyps.

. Chrysogorgia irregularis, n. sp. Part of a colony to show the indefinite mode of branching.

(a and b) Stachyodes allmani, Wright and Studer. Obverse and reverse views of a small

portion of a twig enlarged.

. Sympodium indicum, n. sp. Portion enlarged showing burrowing polychzet worm.

Sympodium incrustans, n. sp. Part enlarged to show the furrowing of the polyps and also

stages in retraction,

Prate III.

. Protoptilum medium, n. sp. Part enlarged. Note the irregular margins of the calyces.
. Thouarella moseleyi, var. spicata, n. Portion of colony nat. size showing the mode of

branching.

. Paramuricea indica, n. sp. Part enlarged to show the markedly spinose character of the

ccenenchyma.

17

Fic.

”

”

”

130

Thouarella moseleyi, var, spicata, n. Portion enlarged (x 20). Note the spines on the pre-
opercular scales.

Lepidogorgia verrilli, Wright and Studer. (a) Small portion of colony nat. size; (b) part
enlarged (x 15) showing the dense armature and a partially retracted polyp.

Chrysogoryia indica, n. sp. (x 14). To show mode of branching and arrangement of polyps.

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, var. robusta, n. Fragment nat. size.

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, var. robusta, n. Twig enlarged (x 10). Note the short and

cylindrical polyps and the almost horizontal operculum.

Pratt LV.

Kerovides gracilis, Whitelegge. Portion of colony nat. size.

Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegge. Part of twig enlarged (x 10). Note the large and regularly
arranged spicules.

Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegge. Portion of main stem enlarged (x 10) showing the smaller
and more indefinitely arranged spicules.

Parisis indica, n. sp. Branch nat. size.

Parisis indica, nu. sp. Part of axis enlarged showing the clusters of epizoic Palythoa.

Sympodium tenue, n. sp. Colony (x 14) showing the support of siliceous sponge spicules.

Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill. Part enlarged (x 10). Note the small scarcely projecting
polyps.

Parisis indica, n. sp. Basal portion (x 14) showing the dise of attachment.

Parisis indica, n. sp. Part of a branch enlarged (x 14). Contrast the proportions of node
and internode with those in fig. 8.

Chironephthya macrospiculata, n. sp. Terminal portion enlarged (x 12). Note the enormous
spindles of the ecenenchyma.

Suberogorgia killikeri, var. ceylonensis, Thomson. Branch nat. size.

Suberogorgia kollikert, var. ceylonensis, Thomson. Portion enlarged ( x 10).

Prater V.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp. Terminal twig enlarged (x 10). Side to which the polyps
are directed.

Stereacanthia indica, n. g. et sp. Part enlarged ( x 10).

Acamptogorgia circium, n. sp. Twig (x 2). Note the spinose appearance.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp. Reverse side of fig. 1.

Umbellula rosea, n. sp. Rachis nat. size.

Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp. Portion enlarged (x 12). Note the arenaceous appearance
of the ccenenchyma and the stellate form of the polyps.

SJuncella miniacea, n. sp. Colony nat. size. Note gall.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp. Branch (x 14).

Paragorgia splendens, un. sp. Branch nat. size.

Astrogorgia rubra, n. sp. Terminal portion of twig (x 10).

Acis spinosa, n. sp. Part of twig enlarged (x 14). Note the difference in the spiculation of
contiguous portions ; also the enormous plate-like spicules.

Juncella miniacea, n. sp. Part enlarged (x 12) showing the characteristic polyps.

Stenella horrida, n. sp. Terminal twig enlarged (x 12). Note the rugose appearance.

Paragorgia splendens, n. sp. Cluster of autozooids enlarged ; also showing the arrangement of
the siphonozooids.

Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales. Side and end view of polyps (x 10).

Ere. 1.
Ze
ee
»” 4,
i Ds
” 6
bb) i
~ 8

Fie. 1.
2 2.
= Be
ay Ae
ani, DE
Ge
mH de
” 8
bbs 9
LO

Fie. 1.
5

3.

4,

”? 5.
23 6.
16

35) 8
bP) 9
, 10
re.
5 ee
3s

131

Pirate VI.

Thesioides inermis, n. g. et sp. Part of colony nat. size.

Thesioides inermis, n. g. et sp. Portion enlarged (x 6). Note the peculiar tentacles.
Chrysogorgia dichotoma, n. sp. Axis nat. size to show mode of branching.
Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch. Branch ( x 2).

Acamptogorgia lebrycoides, von Koch. Terminal twig enlarged (x 10).

. Ceratoisis gracilis, n. sp. Part enlarged (x 11) to show characteristic armature of polyps;

(a) small portion nat. size.

. Sympodium pulchrum, n. sp. Part of colony nat. size encrusting a sponge skeleton.
. Sclerobelemnon kéllikeri, n. sp. Portion enlarged (x 54). Note the peculiar pseudo-calyx and

the siphonozooids.

Prats VII.

Pennatula pendula, n. sp. A pinnule. Note the rugose autozooids and the ova appearing
through the semi-transparent walls.

Chrysogorgia orientalis, Versluys. Portion enlarged to show the mode of branching and the
characteristic architecture of the polyps.

Protocaulon indicum, n. sp. Part enlarged. Note the long polyps and the peculiar flagelli-
form tentacles.

Bathyptilum indicum, u. sp. Colony nat. size.

Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp. Colony nat. size.

Umbellula elongata, n. sp. Portion of autozooid cut open to show the embryos.

Protocaulon indicum, n. sp. Colony nat. size.

. Anthoptilum decipiens, n. sp. Part enlarged showing the reproductive bodies appearing

through the thin body-walls.

. Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp. Part enlarged showing the strong autozooids and the

conspicuous stellate siphonozooids.

. Funiculina gracilis, n. sp. Portion enlarged to show the arrangement of the autozooids and

prominent projecting eight-lobed siphonozooids in an almost definite row on the metarachi-
dial surface.

Prate VIII.

Pennatula indica, n. sp. (a) Complete colony nat. size; (b) portion of rachis enlarged
(x 10); (c) part of a pinnule enlarged (x 10).

. Muricella bengalensis, n. sp. Twig enlarged (x 8).

Umbellula purpurea, n. sp. Terminal portion nat. size.

Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson, n. g. et sp. Colony nat. size.

Pennatula splendens, n. sp. Portion of rachis with four pinnules (x 4).
Spongodes alcocki, n. sp. Terminal portion (x 10).

Pennatula pendula, n. sp. Colony nat. size.

. Pennatula veneris, n. sp. Pinnule (x 6).
. Umbellula dura, n. sp. Colony nat. size.
. Pennatula pendula, v. sp. Pinnule ( x 6).

Prater IX.

. Acamptoyorgia circium, Nn. sp.

Distichoptilum gracile, V ervill.
Stenella horrida, n. sp.

132

Fic. 4. Funiculina gracilis, n. sp.
» 5. Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp.
» 6. Chrysogorgia wrreqularis, n. sp.
» 1. Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp.
» 8. Sympodium decipiens, n. sp.
9. Calicogorgia rubrotincta, n. g. et sp.
5, 10. Calicogorgia investigatoris, n. g. et sp.
» Ll. Sareophytum aberrans, n. sp. (more highly magnified).
. 12. Acanthomuricea spicata, n. g. et sp.
» 13. Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp.
» 14. Acanella rigida, Wright and Studer.
» 15, Seirpearella alba, n. sp.
,, 16. Stachyptilim maculatum, un. sp.
», L7. Juncella elongata, Pallas.
,, 18. Sympodium indicum, n. sp.
» 19. Stereacanthia indica, n. &. et sp.
», 20. Paramuricea indica, n. sp.

PratE X.
Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson, n. g. et sp.
Fic. 1. Typical colony nat. size.
», 2. Zooid enlarged (x 10).
3. Young colony (nat. size) showing first stage in the development of the verruce.
» 4. Enlarged polyp and stem canal showing the method of growth.
5. Vertical section through a colony to show the relations of the parts (nat. size).
, 6. Enlarged section of one of the stem canals ( x 60).
, 7. Asulear filament enlarged (x 80).
» 8. Cross section through the introverted anthocodia ( x 30).
9. Vertical section through a verruca and stem canal with the zooid introverted ( x 10).
,», 10. Pale yellow spicules of the anthocodia.
» 11. Enlarged section through the stomodeum showing the sulcus ( x 70).
,, 12. Transparent spicules of the partition walls.
,, 13. Transparent spicules of the outer wall of the trunk.
,», 14. Transparent and pale yellow spicules of the verruca-disc.
., 15. Spicule enlarged ( x 490) to show the organic axis.
., 16. Surface view of a verruca-disc, the zooid being introverted (x 7).
. 17. Enlarged section through a wall showing the spicule cavities and the residue of the organic
axis (x 15).
., 18. Pale yellow spicules of the tentacles.
» 19. Section through the trunk showing the mesenterial filaments passing into the stem canals

(x 60).

Q

oO.

10.

PuateE I.

Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. STALKED Cotony without basal attach-
ment. Slightly enlarged ( x14).

Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. ENcrustina Cotony, (a) portion enlarged
(x14), showing part of the spiral bare streak, at one place the coenen-
chyma overarching it, at another the ecenenchyma completely surrounding
the support; (>) distal end of an autozooid showing the arrangement
of the pinnules on the tentacles; (¢c) colony reduced ($n. s.) in size
showing the incrusting habit and the projecting siliceous support.

Sarcophytum agaricoides, n. sp. (Nat. size.) Note the characteristic
autozooids ; the siphonozooids (represented by white spots) are much
more numerous than in the figure.

Spongodes alcocki, n. sp. (x 15). Two polyps showing the single pro-
jecting spicule of the Stitzbiindel.

Paragorgia splendens, n. sp. (Nat. size.) Note the characteristic clusters
of autozooids.

Kerovides koreni, Wright and Studer (x 10). Small portion of a twig.

Keroéides korent, Wright and Studer. Colony nat. size.

Muricella bengalensis, n. sp. Small portion enlarged (x 20). Note the
large size of the spicules of the coenenchyma.

Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp. Small portion enlarged ( x8) showing
the arenaceous ccenenchyma and the stellate appearance of the retracted
polyps.

Juncella elongata, Pallas. Small portion enlarged (x 4).

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA. PLATE 1.

G.Davidson del E. Wilson , Cambridge

o1

on

at

Pirate II.

Stachyodes allmani, Wright and Studer. Axis of a colony to show mode
of branching. (Nat. size.)

Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales. Colony nat. size.

Chrysogorgia flexilis, Wright and Studer. Colony showing branching
and arrangement of polyps.

Chrysogorgia irregularis, n. sp. Part of a colony to show the indefinite
mode of branching.

(a and b) Stachyodes allmam, Wright and Studer. Obverse and reverse
views of a small portion of a twig enlarged.

Sympodium imdicum, n. sp. Portion enlarged showing burrowing
polycheet worm.

Sympodium incrustans, n. sp. Part enlarged to show the furrowing of
the polyps, and also stages in retraction.

PASE

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA.

a eee

~
<<

BMY
é Mh

(i
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i

f

E.Wilson , Cambridge

G. Davidson del.

Fic.

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on

Puate III.

Protoptilum medium, n. sp. Part enlarged. Note the irregular margins
of the calyces.

Thouarella moseleyi, var. spicata, n. Portion of colony nat. size showing
the mode of branching.

Paramuricea indica, n. sp. Part enlarged to show the markedly spinose
character of the ccenenchyma.

Thouarella moseleyt, var. spicata, nu. Portion enJarged (x20). Note the
spines on the pre-opercular scales.

Lepidogorgia verrilli, Wright and Studer. (a) Small portion of colony
nat. size; (b) part enlarged (x 15) showing the dense armature and a
partially retracted polyp.

Chrysogorgia indica, n. sp. (x 14). To show mode of branching and
arrangement of polyps.

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, var. robusta, n. Fragment nat. size.

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, var. robusta, n. Twig enlarged (x10). Note
the short and cylindrical polyps and the almost horizontal operculum.

PLATE Ill

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA.

Cambridoe

G.Davidson del.

lie, 1.
9
»
39 o.
A.
ee
e. aGy
le
5 tek
ee A)
np iO),
tla:
12.

Puate LV.
Kerotides gracilis, Whitelegge. Portion of colony nat. size.
Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegee. Part of twig enlarged (x 10). Note the

fo)

large and reeularly arranged spicules.

Keroéides gracilis, Whitelegge. Portion of main stem enlarged (x 10)
showing the smaller and more indefinitely arranged spicules.

Parisis indica, n. sp. Branch nat. size.

Parisis indica, nu. sp. Part of axis enlarged showing the clusters of
epizoic Palythoa.

Sympodium tenue, n. sp. Colony (x 14) showing the support of siliceous
sponge spicules.

Distichoptilum gracile, Vervill. Part enlarged (x 10). Note the small,
scarcely projecting polyps.

Parisis indica, nu. sp. Basal portion ( x 14) showing the disc of attachment.

Parisis indica, n. sp. Part of a branch enlarged (x 14). Contrast the
proportions of node and internode with those in fig. 8.

Chironephthya macrospiculata, n. sp. Terminal portion enlarged (x 12).
Note the enormous spindles of the coenenchyma.

Suberogorgia kollikeri, var. ceylonensis, Thomson. Branch nat. size.

Suberogorgia kollikert, var. ceylonensis, Thomson. Portion enlarged
(x 10).

PLATE IV.

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA

G.Davidson del,

| 7 J Fa
\

Ih

Prater V.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, nu. g. et sp. Terminal twig enlarged (x 10).
Side to which the polyps are directed.

Stereacanthia mdica, n. g. et sp. Part enlarged ( x 10).

Acamptogorgia circium, n. sp. Twig (x2). Note the spinose appearance.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp. Reverse side of fig. 1.

Umbellula rosea, n. sp. Rachis nat. size.

Pleurocorallium variabile, n. sp. Portion enlarged (x 12). Note the
arenaceous appearance of the coenenchyma and the stellate form of the
polyps.

Juncella miniacea, n. sp. Colony nat. size. Note gall.

Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. &. et sp. Branch (x 14).

Paragorgia splendens, n. sp. Branch nat. size.

Astrogorgia rubra, n. sp. Terminal portion of twig ( x 10).

Acis spinosa, n. sp. Part of twig enlarged (x 14). Note the difference
in the spiculation of contiguous portions; also the enormous plate-like
spicules,

Juncella miniacea, n. sp. Part enlarged (x 12) showing the characteristic
polyps.

Stenella horvida, n. sp. Terminal twig enlarged (x 12). Note the rugose
appearance,

Paragorgia splendens, n. sp. Cluster of autozooids enlarged; also show-
ing the arrangement of the siphonozooids.

Acanthogorgia aspera, Pourtales. Side and end view of polyps (x 10).

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA. PILATE We

G.Davidson dei

nM Peon Og erin Py Ree dia Scar ie Wie : é :
cy Ek i ee | |
; : ; a ee ¢ ined r j Md vee | f,
a iia Wem > a Yicae é oan) Pea ee
_ f fae

oS SSO en

“I

Puate VI.

Thesioides inermis, n. ¢. et sp. Part of colony nat. size.

Thesioides inermis, n. g. et sp. Portion enlarged (x 6). Note the peculiar
tentacles.

Chrysogorgia dichotoma, n. sp. Axis nat. size to show mode of
branching.

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch. Branch (x 2).

Acamptogorgia bebrycoides, von Koch. Terminal twig enlarged (x 10).

Ceratoisis gracilis, n. sp. Part enlarged (x 11) to show characteristic
armature of polyps; (@) small portion nat. size.

Sympodium pulchrum, n. sp. Part of colony nat. size encrusting a
sponge skeleton.

Sclerobelemnon kéllikeri, n. sp. Portion enlarged ( x 54). Note the peculiar
pseudo-calyx and the siphonozooids.

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA

:

Fra.

bo

9

vw.

6.

I

10.

Puate VII.

Pennatula pendula, n. sp. A pinnule. Note the rugose autozooids and
the ova appearing through the semi-transparent walls.

Chrysogorgia orventalis, Versluys. Portion enlarged to show the mode
of branching and the characteristic architecture of the polyps.

Protocaulon imdicum, n. sp. Part enlarged. Note the long polyps and
the peculiar flagelliform tentacles.

Bathyptilum imdicum, nu. sp. Colony nat. size.

Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp. Colony nat. size.

Umbellula elongata, n. sp. Portion of autozooid cut open to show the
embryos.

Protocaulon indicum, nu. sp. Colony nat. size.

Anthoptilum decipiens, n. sp. Part enlarged showing the reproductive
bodies appearing through the thin body-walls.

Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp. Part enlarged showing the strong
autozooids and the conspicuous stellate siphonozooids.

Fumculina gracilis, nu. sp. Portion enlarged to show the arrangement of
the autozooids and prominent projecting eight-lobed siphonozooids in
an almost definite row on the metarachidial surface.

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA. ENT le. Will

G. Davidson del.

ss

io

ON Do

oS

Pennatula indica, n. sp.

Prater VIII.

(a) Complete colony nat. size; (6) portion of

rachis enlarged (x 10); (c) part of a pinnule enlarged (x 10).

Muricella bengalensis, n. sp. Twig enlarged (x 8).

Umbellula purpurea, n. sp. Terminal portion nat. size.

Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson, n. g. et sp. Colony nat. size.

Pennatula splendens, n. sp. Portion of rachis with four pinnules ( x 4).

Spongodes alcocki, n. sp.
Pennatula pendula, n. sp.
Pennatula veneris, n. sp.

Terminal portion ( x 10).
Colony nat. size.
Pinnule ( x 6).

Umbellula dura, un. sp. Colony nat. size.

Pennatula pendula, n. sp.

Pinnule (x 6).

PLATE Vill.

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA.

E Wilson, Cambridge

G.Davidson del.

Pruate [X.

Fic. 1. Acamptogorgia circium, n. sp.
» 2. Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill.
3. Stenella horrida, n. sp.
» 4. Funiculina gracilis, n. sp.
Acanthomuricea ramosa, n. g. et sp.
Chrysogorgia irregularis, 0. sp.

Sympodium decipiens, n. sp.
Calicogorgia rubrotincta, n. @. et sp.

5
6
» 7. Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp.
8
9 ‘S)
», 10. Calicogorgia investigatoris, n. g. et sp.
,», 11. Sarcophytum aberrans, n. sp. (more highly magnified).
12. Acanthomuricea spicata, n. g. et sp.
,, 18. Plewrocoralium variabile, n. sp.
,, 14. Acanella rigida, Wright and Studer.
15. Scurpearella alba, n. sp.
» 16. Stachyptilum maculatum, n. sp.
,, L7. Juncella elongata, Pallas.
,, 18. Sympodium imdicum, nu. sp.
» 19. Stereacanthia indica, n. g. et sp.
20. Paramuricea mdica, n. sp.

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA. PEAT EX

Faiecae

ey

ON NT,

G. Davidson del 19. E.Wilson, Cambridg

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7 7 he '

is a oe ¥} I = = J : ’ i

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PuaTE X.

Agaricoides alcocki, Simpson, n. &. et sp.

S

Typical colony nat. size.

Zooid enlarged ( x 10).

Young colony (nat. size) showing first stage in the development of the
verrucee.

Enlarged polyp and stem canal showing the method of growth.

Vertical section through a colony to show the relations of the parts
(nat. size).

Enlarged section of one of the stem canals ( x 60).

Asulear filament enlarged (x 80).

Cross section through the introverted anthocodia ( x 30).

Vertical section through a verruca and stem canal with the zooid intro-
verted (x 10).

Pale yellow spicules of the anthocodia.

Enlarged section through the stomodzeum showing the sulcus ( x 70).

Transparent spicules of the partition walls.

Transparent spicules of the outer wall of the trunk.

Transparent and pale yellow spicules of the verruca-dise.

Spicule enlarged ( x 490) to show the organic axis.

Surface view of a verruca-disc, the zooid being introverted ( x 7).

Enlarged section through a wall showing the spicule cavities and the
residue of the organic axis ( x 15).

Pale yellow spicules of the tentacles.

Section through the trunk showing the mesenterial filaments passing into
the stem canals ( x 60).

PLATE Ke

DEEP SEA ALCYONARIA.

oof —~

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S Bs Birt Mots Boe

Fa AP

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