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NR Ee eR Yat UNA al oa 4 RT act Wh A ‘ fen) Viana yy ita d we MAO) s0iF a) , On) Cra) ¥ ch yi oy Sone cor va ero he i et AD ine thy 1) é AW Ray an ood OOK OOO Ee aa aed ‘ ahd ai Wit , 4 Ny wt fon, dated. 3 tk: PAT dy ree, a ven? " iyi yy ie Mey ry abe He eats td eon vee ae a by) Ua IAS oe phone + 4! i hs nih a ae (7 ee wy a ath * ed AN he ie vy on aU * nb are ate ie a aN fea fe DOAN NS Pasta H Tay eet ai ne stu ahs ees ty ahrone Ayt,! aa Die) a aie a a 6 ’ > sas Pasa fn ; vy UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS tN F: ZOOLOGY Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 text figs. October 31, 1913 AN AGCOUNT OF THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF THE SAN JACINTO AREA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WITH REMARKS UPON iTHE BEHAVIOR OF GEOGRAPHIC RACES ON THE MARGINS OF THEIR HABITATS BY J. GRINNELL anp H. S. SWARTH - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS x BERKELEY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note.—The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publi- cations of learned societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of » all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists — of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, — California U. S. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The capers Department, University Library, se iayes California, U. S, A. OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, LEIPZIG. BERLIN. Agent for the series in American Arch- Agent for the series in American Arch- aeology and Ethnology, Classical Philology, - aeology and Ethnology, Botany, Geology, Education, Modern Philology, Philosophy, Geography, Mathematics, Pathology, Physi- Psychology, History. ology, Zoology, and Memoirs. ZOOLOGY.—W. E. Ritter and C. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50. Commenc- ing with Volume II, this series contains Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of San Diego. Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ, Zool. Volume::t, 1902-1905; 317 pages; with 28" plates:2. cess Ne ee eee $3.50 Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological .Associa- ‘- tion of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates —......... Fins Us BRIE $3.50 Volume 3, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates 1.0 2...2-cc:.-ceccsecccteneccccceecece-sstsenenesneeseteee $3.50 Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24. plates = oc... co.cc sec cece cecete ene eeecesh eee ceteecee $3.50 Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates ..2..-2c i. ticeieececean tee ecenectecematennerneeeane $3.50 Vol. 6. 1. (XXITI) On the Weight of Developing Eggs. Part I, The Possible Significance of Such Investigations, by William E. Ritter; Part II, Practicability of the Determinations, by Samuel E. Bailey. Pp. 1-10. Oct ber EGGS 1s ee a ee ed cs Sn .10 2. (XXIV) The Leptomedusae of the San Diego Region, by Harry Beal Torrey. Pp. 11-31, with 11 text-figures. February, 1909 22.220... 20 3. (XXV) The Ophiurans of the San Diego Region, by J. F. McClen- don; Pp: 333-64," plates> 1-635 Fuly;; 19094 2 eye So ee Sa -30 4. (XXVI) Halocynthia johnsoni n.sp.: A comprehensive inquiry as to the extent of law and order that prevails in a single animal species, by Wm. E. Ritter. Pp. 65-114, plates 7-14. November,-1909 ............ 50 5. (XVI) Three Species of Cerianthus from Southern California, by H. B. Torrey and F. L. Kleeberger. Pp. 115-125, 4 text-figures. TICCEM DOE EVO OO sess a RG Nd Bee a era ee) ep ne -10 6. The Life History of Trypanosoma dimorphon Dutton & Todd, by Edward Hindle. Pp. 127-144, plates 15-17, 1 text-figure. December, AGG eh Sa ne ae prin Ree me Ce, fe arte naa he oe 50 7. (XXVIII) A Quantitative Study of the Development of the Salpa Chain in Salpa fusiformis-runcinata, by Myrtle Elizabeth Johnson. Pp. a1 76. OM arch 1940 6 ee ne aes ue a ee gts eee (85 8. A Revision of the Genus Ceratocorys, Based on Skeletal Morphology, by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 177-187. May, 1910. ...2222020.-222... 10 9. (XXIX) Preliminary Report on the Hydrographic.Work Carried on by the Marine Biological Station of San Diego, by George F. McEwen. Pp, 189-204; text-figure and map. May, 1910. -.2.02..0ee 15 10, (XXX) Biological Studies on Corymorpha. III, Regeneration of Hy- dranth and Holdfast, by Harry Beal Torrey. Pp, 205-221; 16 text- figures. 11. (XXXI) Note on Geotropism in Corymorpha, by oo: Beal Torrey. Pp. 223-224; 1 text-figure. Nos 10 and It: incone’ cover: Aucust;. 1910 os oe ae ee » 20 12. The Cyclostomatous Bryozoa of the West Coast of North America, by Alice Robertson. Pp. 225-284; plates 18-25, December 1910 —22......: 60. 13. Significance of White Markings in Birds of the Order Passeriformes, by Henry Chester Tracy. Pp. 285-312. December, 1910 _.-20..: +25 14, (XXXIII) Third Report on the Copepoda of the San Diego Region, by é Calvin Olin Esterly. Pp. 313-352; plates 26-32. February, 1911 ...... 40 15. The Genus Gyrocotyle, and Its Significance for Problems of Cestode Structure and Phylogeny, by Edna Earl Watson, Pp. 353-468; plates SSA ed UNG, o PON A eke is ties Sts are ce oe othe uence so eee 1.00 Index, pp. 469-478. * Roman numbers indicate sequence of the Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of San Diego. DOF Oe yan 8 vsis vr" UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 text figs. October 31, 1913 AN ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF THE SAN JACINTO AREA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WITH REMARKS UPON THE BEHAVIOR OF GEOGRAPHIC RACES ON THE MARGINS OF THEIR HABITATS / ( ‘ ‘ ab BY \ Oey mms J. GRINNELL anv H. 8S. SWARTH (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) CONTENTS PAGE Terni 1yO, LAC GRO Mie peccee oe seee are Anes SME 2 ga cn SS ose oot e see 198 MESCRIPTLONS Oi OCaUttCS) oe eee eo See sac ana Sudan sensor eecrovsuceescsnete 201 Life areas of the region (life zones, faunas, and associations) —.............. 215 NG Ch NS Gi Oil GCs LTC Sip ce eee ee eee 220 General accounts of the birds —........... ee te lea nee eee cane 2 en 224 Oe efel ce Wty epacop cla Uston easy 400042 Wt ES Been eee = ee ee eee epee PES eee eee 319 General ACCOUMUS Oty ule ume nimy eS) cess cece sees cee oeeseeeeceeeceacaeeeeeeeee se aaeeuescceesecee=e 321 Boreal fauna of San Jacinto Peak compared with that of other moun- UeeeHhn Gs) Cant fSKoy bie AYE VME OL WG LnCoy a EEy ees Eero re Regen eee eRe ee pee teeter eee 383 Sonoran fauna of the San Diegan District compared with that of the OH VCO TG Al CSCI Gps sect secre eres eae doe eS eek seat eae ed ee cncae ecu eciasee ents 388 The behavior of geographic races on the margins of their habitats.......... 393 1 Bry efes ez OU eee, ( OMT {Ey ene ee Ne eS Re re 395 198 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 10 INTRODUCTION The first field work formally undertaken by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, after its inauguration in Mareh, 1908, was centered in the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. The contiguous regions on both the desert and Pacifie sides were included in the explorations. This program was settled upon in part because this particular area remained at that time the least known part of southern California as regards its vertebrate fauna, and in part because there were likely to be presented here in accentuated degree peculiar distributional features dependent upon the great altitude of the mountain itself and the close juxta- position on either hand of the sharply contrasted faunas of the desert and coast regions. Furthermore, there were already available the collections and information resulting from the senior author’s work in the San Bernardino Mountains, since published (Grinnell, 1908). This afforded a basis for a systematic plan of action looking towards verification of certain previously entertained hypotheses. During the five years’ interim, from the date of concluding the San Jacinto field work until the final compilation of the present report, much pertinent data has been secured from studies of related areas. These additional sources of information have enabled us to interpret the distributional problems con- cerned with the San Jacinto area as we could not have done otherwise. All of this contributory faunistic work, as well as the main undertaking, hes been made possible through the con- tinued financial support provided by Miss Annie M. Alexander, who has thus shown in an effective way her belief in the ultimate value of efforts expended in this line of scientific inquiry. The San Jacinto Mountains form a sharply segregated sec- tion in the series of high ranges which cut off the fertile coast valleys of southern California from the arid deserts of the interior. The San Bernardino Mountains lie directly to the northward, with the gap formed by San Gorgonio Pass between. To the southward is the Santa Rosa range, separated but slightly from the main San Jacintos, and farther south are various smaller mountain chains (see profile, plate 7). 1913] Grinnell-Swarth: Birds and Mammals of San Jacinto 199 Practically all the drainage on the western side of the San Jacintos goes into the canon formed by the San Jacinto River. From Hemet Lake down, this stream occupies a rough, narrow and rather steep cafion; above the lake there is no running stream, and the canon opens out into the broad, level Hemet Valley, extending nearly to Vandeventer Flat. On the east side of the range is Palm Canon extending along almost the entire desert base of the mountains and emptying onto the Colorado Desert near Palm Springs; at the south it heads just below Vandeventer Flat. The latter point is thus at one apex of a rudely defined triangle, the three sides of which are formed by San Jacinto River Canon, Palm Canon, and San Gorgonio Pass. The main mass of the San Jacinto Mountains, including all the higher parts of the range, is contained within this triangle. In the course of our season’s work practically the entire outline of this triangular area was traversed, and many collect- ing stations were established within its borders. Some work was done also at points outside the triangle, for example, in the Santa Rosa Mountains. During the summer of 1908 two parties engaged in the field exploration here concerned. The two authors of the present paper entered the region from the west, and began work on the Pacifie side of the mountain. Our stations were as follows: Hemet, May 18 Kenworthy, May 19 to May 25, June 2 to June 11 Dos Palmos Spring, May 25 to June 2 Palm Cafion, June 11 to June 18 Carrizo Creek, June 18 to June 2: Garnet Queen Mine, June 25 to June 28 Santa Rosa Peak, June 28 to July 1 Strawberry Valley, July 3 to July Wy Tahquitz Valley, July 19 to August 5 Hemet Lake, August 6 to August 16 Thomas Mountain, August 16 to August 20 Carrizo Creek, August 22 to August 27 Vallevista, August 29 to Septem- ber 5 Only the junior author remained in the field until the last indicated date. The senior author left July 31; and Harry E. Wilder, of Riverside, took his place August 15. During the last visit to Carrizo Creek, the party was further augmented by 200 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 10 George Ferguson, of Colton, and Harry G. Rising of Los Angeles. Although in the mountains merely for pleasure, they rendered valuable assistance. During June the writers were accompanied by L. Hollister Jones, as assistant, and during June and July by Fordyce Grinnell, Jr. Walter P. Taylor and Charles H. Richardson, Jr., with Charles L. Camp as assistant during a portion of the season, penetrated the region from the north. Their collecting stations, with the time spent at each, are as follows: Cabezon, May 1 to May 25 Schain’s Ranch, June 16 to June 30 Snow Creek, May 25 to June 3 Fuller’s Mill, June 30 to July 5 Whitewater, June 3 to June 6 Round Valley, July 6 to July 12 Banning, June 6 to June 16 The party entering upon the mountains from the west trav- eled to Kenworthy by wagon. From this point as a base, pack animals were used to reach the stations in Palm Canon and the Santa Rosa Mountains. Strawberry Valley, reached by wagon, served as a starting point for pack trips to Tahquitz Valley, Round Valley, and the summit of San Jacinto Peak. In San Gorgonio Pass the Southern Pacific railroad was used to reach the series of collecting stations nearby. From Banning, Schain’s Ranch and Fuller’s Mill were reached by wagon. The latter point was used as a base from which pack trips were made to higher parts of the mountains. The objects of all this field work were to gather collections of mammals, birds and reptiles, and to record all information practicable to obtain in regard to them, especially that in line with problems in distribution. The specimens obtained by the Museum parties number: mammals, 1099; birds, 1533; sets of birds’ eggs with nests, 15; reptiles, 4387. Information based upon mammals obtained by the senior author at Palm Springs in December and January, 1903 and 1904, and February 9 to 13, 1912, is also ineluded in the present report; but inasmuch as the birds observed at these times have already been published upon elsewhere (Grinnell, 1904 a, pp. 40- 45; 1912 b, p. 154) they are omitted from this account. They are, however, taken into consideration in the discussion of the 1913] Grinnell-Swarth: Birds and Mammals of San Jacinto 201 composition and relationships of the fauna of the San Jacinto area. This will explain the mention of species of birds which are not formally listed in the body of the report beyond. A circumstance which materially aided our work with the vertebrate animals was the previously accomplished Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain, carried on and reported upon by Harvey Monroe Hall (1902). Not only was a guide to the flora of the higher parts of the San Jacintos thus made available, but an admirable exposition of the life zones of the area left little need for the expenditure of our own efforts in this direction. In our present contribution it is presumed that the reader will have already familiarized himself with Professor Hall’s invaluable paper; we have avoided repetition of everything already set forth satisfactorily in published literature. DESCRIPTIONS OF LOCALITIES KENWORTHY AND HEMET VALLEY Kenworthy is an abandoned mining camp near the upper end of Hemet Valley, at an altitude of 4500 feet. Hemet Valley is broad and nearly level, from one to two miles wide, and extends from Hemet Lake nearly to Vandeventer Flat, a distance of about ten miles. Thomas Mountain hems it in on the southwest, while on the northeast are Hemet Peak and the series of ridges leading down from Tahquitz Peak. The floor of the valley is covered mostly with sage (Artemisia tridentata) and widely scattered yellow pines, while at irregular intervals there are grass-covered areas. The largest of these tracts of meadow land is at the head of Hemet Lake and on the adjoining Thomas Ranch; there are other smaller meadows at Kenworthy and Vandeventer Flat. The hills on both sides are covered with Upper Sonoran chap- arral: greasewood (Adenostoma fasciculatum and A. sparsi- folium), manzanita, ceanothus and scrub oak. The slopes to the northeast of Kenworthy, culminating in Hemet Peak, are extremely rocky, and the brush is more sparse, with scattering Coulter pines and a few four-leaf pinons. The hills west of the valley are more thickly brush-covered, with many dense clumps of scrub oak at their base. Toward Vandeventer Flat these oak 202 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 10 thickets are more numerous and cover larger areas, in many places extending out upon the floor of the valley. At Vandeven- ter Flat there are many large-sized live oaks. The sealy-barked, reddish-colored Adenostoma sparsifolium is about the most con- spicuous feature of the chaparral of this region, while the fact that it was always found in association with the gray vireo (Vireo vicinior) brought it forcibly to our notice. The ranges of the two in the San Jacinto Mountains were found to be abso- lutely the same (see p. 291). There are settlements in Hemet Valley: at the Thomas Ranch, a large and prosperous ranch just above Hemet Lake; at Ken- worthy, where there are several small ranches and the mines above mentioned, the latter abandoned, but mills and other build- ings still standing; and at Vandeventer Flat, a single ranch. We established a base camp at Kenworthy on May 19, making it our headquarters until July 5. Collecting was prosecuted in the vicinity from May 19 to 25 and from June 2 to 11. Dos PALMOos SPRING On the desert slope of the Santa Rosa Mountains, at 3500 feet altitude. Two palm trees in a narrow, rocky guleh mark the source of a trickle of water which flows over the rocks for a few hundred yards and sinks in the sand where the canon opens out upon the more level mesa. This station, below the belt of pinon and sage, is about on the upper margin of the Lower Sonoran zone, with an abundance of typical desert plants and animals. The rolling mesa of hard gravel or sand, with ocea- sional rocky outcroppings, traversed by many sandy washes and gulches, supports a fairly dense growth of brush, creasote, several species of cactus, pluchea, yucea, and other plants of low zone (see pl. 10, fig. 1). Along the water courses are dense thickets of desert willow (Chilopsis), mesquite and catclaw ; in several rocky gulches, clumps of two or three palms; and on the stony hills some two miles below the spring the uppermost lmit of the ocotilla is reached. Two miles to the northward Black Hill, a conspicuous land- mark, rises abruptly from the mesa, a jumbled pile of loose, black rocks, almost destitute of vegetation. The stream flowing from 1913] Grinnell_-Swarth: Birds and Mammals of San Jacinto 203 Dos Palmos Spring, Carrizo Creek, circles the western base of this mountain, the rocky formation here once more forcing the water to the surface. About three miles west of the spring lies the tremendous gorge of Deep Canon, the walls of which drop from the sur- rounding mesa to a depth of from five hundred to a thousand feet, and so abruptly that from a distance of a few hundred yards on the plain above, there is little or no indication of the break in the topography. Throughout most of the year there is a fairly large stream in the canon, but no grass or underbrush. A few solitary cottonwoods and ash trees are scattered along the creek. This region was reached from Kenworthy by means of pack animals. Camps were established here from May 25 to June 2, June 18 to 23, and August 22 to 27. Heavy rains fell in the interval between our second and third visit, swelling the stream in Deep Canon and bringing up an abundance of bunch grass everywhere on the mesa. PaLM CANON Palm Canon extends for its entire length, some twelve or thirteen miles, along the eastern base of the San Jacinto Moun- tains, serving as the dividing line between that range and the Santa Rosa Mountains. The canon is broad and open, affording httle shelter from the hot glare of the desert sun, and the stream of water it contains is unpleasantly warm and brackish. Between June 11 and 18 three camps were established in this region: at the mouth of the canon (about 700 feet altitude), near ‘Little Paradise’’ (2500 feet), and at about 3000 feet. Our reconnoiters did not include a stretch of about five miles imme- diately below the head of the cation at Vandeventer Flat. The most conspicuous feature of the country at our lowest camp was the forest of Washington palms (see pl. 9, fig. 2), which extends in a narrow line along the stream, from the mouth of the eanon (700 feet) up to about 1000 feet. There was almost a swamp of cat-tails and willows along the stream, while the banks and nearby hillsides were covered with dense thickets of mesquite, 204 University of California Publications in Zoology | Vou. 10 eatelaw, screwbean, and arrowweed, with an occasional cotton- wood along the creek. Farther up the canon, at our higher camps (2500 to 3000 feet), we were above the region of palm trees, and in the agave belt. Great numbers of these plants were in full bloom in June on the sunny sides of the surrounding ridges, especially east of the stream, while the shaded slopes were grown up with a rather seattered growth of yvuceas, Junipers, and scrub oaks. Along the stream were willow, desert willow (Chilopsis), and a few cotton- woods. At the termination of our stay in Palm Canon, we traveled directly to Dos Palmos, leaving Palm Canon at ‘‘ Little Paradise,’’ ascending a draw to Potrero Spring, skirting Asbestos Mountain on the west and south, and then crossing the northern portion of Pinon Flat. At the summit of the ridges the north sides are seantily clothed with pinon and serub oak, the south sides and flats down to 2500 feet with juniper, agave, a species of Prunus, eatclaw, yucea, several species of cactus, and other desert plants. GARNET QUEEN MINE On the western slope of Santa Rosa Mountain, at 6000 feet altitude. The mine is abandoned, and the old cabin pertaining to it proved to be a convenient place at which to camp. This was in a steep and rather narrow canon, at the extreme lower edge of the Transition zone, which is here very sharply defined against the Upper Sonoran just below, the change from grease- wood-eovered Upper Sonoran hills to pine-timbered Transition being made within a distance of about one hundred feet. North of camp was a chaparral-covered ridge, brushy down to within a hundred yards of the canon bottom, while the south slope (north facing’) was timbered to the top, the usual effects of such slope exposure emphasized by the cutting off of the dry, hot desert air-currents by the first mentioned ridge. Some Transition zone plants at this point were the many incense cedars and silver firs, a few yellow pines and sugar pines, many golden oaks, willows, Amorpha, Ribes, and Symphoricarpus. The region was prolific in bird and mammal life, as well as in insects. In 1913] Grinnell-Swarth: Birds and Mammals of San Jacinto 205 many instances Upper Sonoran and Transition species of birds could be seen or heard at the same time at the sharply defined boundary between the two zones; but each usually remained well within its own zone. We remained here from June 25 to June 28. Santa Rosa PEAK Our camp at this point, two hours’ climb from the Garnet Queen Mine, was in a gulch about half a mile north of the sum- mit of Santa Rosa Peak, and at an altitude of about 7500 feet. We found here a small spring, barely sufficient for our needs, but the only water anywhere about the summit of the mountain. Collecting was earried on all along the ridge between Santa Rosa and Toro peaks. This divide, the highest part of the Santa Rosa Mountains, runs east and west. Nuttallomis: borealis (Swainson) 22 254 70. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson) .............................. 254 71. Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird: ............000022220......-.---- Peal ORD 72. Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon) —.-....2. 2c 256 Micyan TRU OT ee WE NPAT tat cee rate cp nce ecctede e ee en Esct ee EDO (4s Bimpidonax- OTMSeUS WISTCWStCT seca ener eee seek eee goatee 259 75. Otoeoris alpestris actia Oberholser ...... ee eee ee eee are 260 76. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway) ...........22..-...-:::::sseseeeeeeeeeeeees 260 University of California Publications in Zoology |Vou. 10 PAGE Aphelocoma californica californica (Vigors) ......-..-----------s--c--+-c-+e0-- 261 @Ornvius Gora Crm Ue TS Wie OC eee ewe 262 Nucifragas colim bine: (CO WISON): jcazemsettce se ereteetencerecccneneeee eee 262 Cyanocephalus«eyandéepialus: (Wied ) 2.2 ccsce-teceeppeseeeeere ee 263 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) ..........------:--::---- 263 Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway .............-.--cc0-------s-cseeseeeeee- 263 sturnella, meolecta: Arik On) ssa es ee ceeea ee oes GU ictrchabise jarnals(ombiai ls xovatey ory ars seen Ses ane oe Teterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway LG GETS by WO Glatt (VRS OY) Mie tae ee ces wee Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler) Carpodacus: purpureus: californicus: Baird’ S27 266 Open oXoCe Moka tc mecere Htc Wal gel a {20 e Leeann Senet yy een a 267 Carpodacus mexicanus: fromcalis’ (Savy):