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Division of Fishes,
U. S$, National Museuns
Carded
XIV. An account of the Fishes of the States of Central America, based on collections
made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Gopmay, Esq., and O. Sauviy, Esq. By ALBert
Ginter, V.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.RS., F.ZS.
Read March 22nd, 1864, and December 13th, 1866.
[Puares LXTI. to LXXXVIL]
§ 1. Introductory Historical Remarks on the Collections forming the basis of this
Memoir.
BEFORE proceeding to the enumeration and description of the fishes known to exist
in the States of Central America, I may be permitted briefly to notice the circumstances
which enable me to submit to the Society the results contained in the present memoir.
Mr. Salvin started in the year 1859 on his second excursion to Guatemala, chiefly
with the intention of working out the ornithological fauna of that country. But having
had his attention directed by me to the fact that its cold-blooded vertebrates were almost
entirely unknown, he made and brought home a small collection of reptiles and fresh-
water fishes, which proved to be of sufficient interest to encourage him to pay still more
attention to this subject on a third excursion, which he undertook in company with Mr.
Godman in the year 1861. By far the greater part of the materials which form the
basis of this memoir were obtained on this occasion. Not only did the two travellers
extend their excursions to various parts of Guatemala, but Mr. Salvin also visited
Panama, where he met and collected in company with Capt. Dow, of the Panama
Railway Company’s Steamer ‘ Guatemala.’
Capt. Dow, indeed, had commenced to collect fishes previously to this, having sent
several collections to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, and to the Zoological
Society of London, whence they were transferred to the British Museum; and for the
last three years he has continued his researches with such zeal and liberality that I
cannot abstain from acknowledging here the great services he has rendered to the cause
of science.
The collections made by these gentlemen contained not less than about 1500 examples,
( in a perfect state of preservation, many of considerable size. In addition to these, I
have examined a few which had been purchased of a dealer for the British Museum
having been collected at Puerto Cabello in the Bay of Honduras, and, finally, those
collected by Dr. Seemann, originally deposited in the Collection of Haslar Hospital,
and now in the British Museum. The latter have lost much of their scientific value, as,
unfortunately, no record was kept of the localities where they were obtained ; and only
in a few cases have I been able to avail myself of specimens of this collection, viz. where
the original label, with the name of the collector, has been accidentally preserved.
0G
ts >)
VOL. VI.—PART VII.
| “nfo 941 6, f
| ¢ “onal Muses
fs
378 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
§ 2. Topographical Features of the Localities explored.
As regards the topographical features of the localities explored by Messrs. Dow,
Godman, and Salvin, I have been favoured by the latter gentleman, by whom also the
accompanying map has been prepared, with the following notes :—
Lakes.
AmatitLan.—The Lake of Amatitlan is situated in lat. 14° 29’ N., long. 90° 35’ W., in
the Republic of Guatemala. Its elevation above the sea-level is about 4500 feet. Being
only a short distance on the southern side of the main ridge, it collects the waters of a
few small streams, which it discharges at its southern extremity, into the river Michatoya,
a mountain-torrent for half its course, then expanding, like all the rivers of Guatemala
which flow into the Pacific, into a broad shallow stream with a shifting sandy bed.
The lake is very deep, and its water clear. The volcanoes of Pacaya and Agua rise
amongst the mountains of its southern border, the whole forming a landscape of great
beauty. Fish are caught during the rainy season near the outlet into the river
Michatoya, and are sent to the market of the City of Guatemala. :
AtitLan.—The Lake of Atitlan is elevated 5000 feet above the sea. Like the last-
mentioned it les in Guatemala on the southern side of the main ridge, in lat. 14° 43! N.,
long. 91°14’ W. It has no visible outlet. The water is clear and fresh, and the lake of
ereat depth. ‘The hills on three sides attain to a height of 2000 feet above the lake.
On its southern border the two large volcanoes of Toliman and 8. Pedro rise, their bases
being washed on one side by the lake, giving one the idea that one of them (that called
Toliman) has in rising acted as a dam and stopped the outflow of the waters of a
mountain-valley. A few small streams enter the lake, the water of which rises during
» the rainy season, to fall again in the dry. On the mountain-slope below, several streams
take their rise, supplied probably by the filtration of water from the lake; but it would
_ appear, from the alteration of the water-level in accordance with the season of the year,
that it is chiefly influenced by evaporation. A number of Indian villages surround the
lake; at one of them, Panajachel, a small collection of fish was made. Fish never seem
to grow to any size in this lake, the Mojara (Heros) being quite diminutive. The
Indians fish with round nets amongst the reeds that grow at the mouths of small
streams. The lake itself is about twenty-two miles long, and twelve miles wide.
Duenas.—This lake is little more than a depression in one of the elevated (5000 ft.)
plains forming the tablelands of Guatemala. Its depth is nowhere more than 6 feet,
and its banks are everywhere clothed with reeds. A small stream connects the lake with
the river Guacalate. Here, too, fish are caught by the Indians in round nets, which are
held by both hands, pushed in amongst the reeds, and suddenly brought to the surface.
HvamucuaL.—tThis name applies properly to a series of small lakes situated in about
lat. 14° 32’ N., long. 92° 13’ W., close to one another, about six miles from the mouth of
the river Tilapa on the Pacific coast. The place isnot shown on any map ; but it is near
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 379
the large Lake of Tamachian, with which, in the rainy season, all these smaller lakes are
connected. During this period of the year the river Tilapa overflows its banks and
inundates the whole country round. In the dry season water remains in depressions of
the land, forming the lagoons of Huamuchal; but in years of great drought even these
dry up, the fish being destroyed; but a fresh supply finds its way from Lake Tamachian
during the next inundation. The water is slightly brackish. The fish are taken in
drag-nets, aes and sold to Indians coming from the Altos of Guatemala.
MANnacua. . J. Bailey this lake is about fifty or sixty miles long, by
thirty-five Tae wide. Tts 3 att varies from 2 to 10 and 15 fathoms, but in its deepest
part reaches to as much as 40 fathoms. Its elevation above the sea is 156 feet. On its
south-western border the lake is separated from the Pacific by a series of comparatively
low hills, the lowest section of which, through the Plain of Leon, is only 230 feet above
the ocean-level. The high mountains of the Republic of Honduras approach the north-
eastern border of the lake. On its south-eastern side an opening communicates with
the Lake of Nicaragua. Commencing with the Fall of Tipitapa, of 22 feet height, the
river widens into the Estero of Panaloya, and thence into the larger lake.
Nicaracua.—The same authority gives a length of one hundred and five miles to this
lake, and a width of about forty-five, its depth being about 15 fathoms. The surface of
the lake is studded with numerous islands, some of them, as Omotepec, being volcanic
cones. ‘The elevation of the lake above the mean ocean-level is given as 128 feet. The
same line of low hills which divides Lake Managua from the Pacific separates Lake
Nicaragua from the same ocean; but at no point is the elevation so low as at that above
indicated. The river San Juan, a deep stream with several rapids, flows out of the
south-eastern end of the lake, and falls into the Atlantic Geean, at the port of Grey
town, or San Juan del Norte.
Peren.—The Lake of Peten is situated in lat. 17° 10! N., long. 90° W., and is one ot
several lakes formed at the base of the Promontory of Yucatan. Its length is about thirty
miles, its width eight miles, and elevation above the sea 500 feet. The water is quite
fresh, clear, and of considerable depth. Neither the Lake of Peten nor the adjoining Lake
of Yasha has any outlet; and in both the water is rapidly i increasing in expanse—so much
so that several streets of the town of Flores, which stands on an island in Lake Peten,
have been absorbed within a few years, and the posts of huts, which formerly were on
dry ground, may now be seen standing in deep water. This increase of water can only
be accounted for by supposing that a common subterranean outlet has been stopped up,
or that the land of this district is experiencing a gradual subsidence. All the fish
obtained here were caught with a hook and line, or speared. All the natives, even quite
small children, are very expert in using a light spear formed of bamboo cane with an
iron barb at the end.
YzaBaL.—This lake, which is also called the Golfo Dulce, is about thirty or forty
miles long, and ten to fifteen miles wide, and has a tole1 ‘ably uniform depth of about 35
3G 2
380 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
to 40 fect. It is situated in lat. 15° 30'N., long. 89° 15' W., at the bottom of the Bay of
Honduras. One large river, the Polochic, enters this lake ; and it has a narrow but deep
outlet to the sea, called the Rio Dulce, which is navigated by small schooners plying
between Belize and the town of Yzabal. It was near this last-ementioned place that a
few species of fish were obtained.
Rivers.
Bayano.—This is a river which rises in the narrow part of Central America, and flows
into the Pacific a little to the southward of the Bay of Panama.
CanaBbon.—The town of Cahabon, where a few fishes were obtained, is situated on an
afHuent of the river which bears this name. ‘The main stream rises in the same marsh
as the Polochic, but takes another valley, in Vera Paz, and again joins the Polochic,
when they both flow into the Lake of Yzabal, and thence into the Atlantic.
Cuacres.—This is the principal river of the Isthmus of Panama. It flows into the
Atlantic. The fish were obtained near the railway bridge at Barbacoas, about halfway
across the isthmus.
Cuisoy.—Of the numerous names this river bears, I have chosen this for the principal
stream which forms the large river that flows out into the Laguna de los Terminos, in
the Bay of Campeachy. This branch is also known as the Rio Negro; and after
receiving the water of the Rio de la Pasion, or Rio de Santa Isabel, as it is also called,
the two are usually called the Usumacinta. Fishes were collected from this river near the
Indian village of Cubulco; and a number were also procured by poisoning with herbs a
small stream near Saouchil, an Indian village below the town of Coban, in Vera Paz.
GuacaLATE.—Is one of the numerous rivers which drain the southern watershed of the
_ main ridge into the Pacific. It flows past Antigua, the old capital of Guatemala. Fishes
were obtained about 3500 feet above the sea, where the river is still quite a torrent.
Moragua.—tThis river, the second largest in Guatemala, rises in the main ridge, and
flows, with high mountains on either side, nearly due eastward into the Atlantic. Fishes
abound in this river; and nearly every year a considerable length is poisoned, and a
large quantity obtained. On one of these occasions a collection was made a little below
the bridge over which the highroad from Guatemala to Vera Paz passes. Another
collection came from lower down the stream, below the village of Tocoy.
San Geronrmo.—Is a tributary of the Chisoy before mentioned. A small collection
was made near the village of San Geronimo, in a plain at the foot of the mountains
whence it takes its rise.
Santa IsaBeL.—A small stream flowing into this river, one of the principal branches of
the Usumacinta, was poisoned, and a number of small fishes obtained.
San SALvapoR.—A few small fishes were caught by Capt. Dow in a warm stream near
the capital town of this republic.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 38]
Marine localities.
Be.ize.—All fishes from Belize were from the market, and were caught amongst the
coral reefs which line this coast.
Carpon' IsLanD.—Is situated at the mouth~of the fine harbour of Realejo, in Nica-
ragua. Fishes were found at low tide in the pools amongst the rocks, and caught with
a landing-net.
CuiApaM.—The whole coast of Guatemala, bordering the Pacific Ocean, is studded
with a number of lagoons formed at the mouths of the numerous rivers which flow
down from the neighbouring mountains. All these rivers are charged with volcanic
sand, which is thrown back by the heavy surf that rolls in on this coast. The body of
water brought down during the dry season is often insufficient to reduce this sandbar:
and it frequently happens that all outlet to the sea is stopped. The accumulation of
water during the rainy season breaks this barrier; but it again forms when the water
subsides. About the period of the cessation of the rains the natives cut an artificial
channel, which, at first widening of itself, often remains open some months, each tide
bringing a great quantity of fishes into the lagoon, which are there netted by drag-nets.
The water is almost salt, but varies in this respect according to the size of the river
which enters it. A few fishes were also obtained by a hook and line from a canoe in
the open sea.
LipertaD.—This is an open roadstead, the port of the City of San Salvador. Whilst
we were lying at anchor here a few fishes were caught with a hook and line.
Panama.—Most of the fishes taken in the Bay of Panama were found in the pools
amongst the rocks at low tide. A reef running out from the town was an excellent
locality ; one spring tide Capt. Dow and I secured twenty-four species in the course of
half an hour.
San José—Is the port of Guatemala on the Pacific side; a few fishes were caught
here in the open sea in a canoe.
§ 3. Definition of the Boundaries of the Fauna treated of in this Menor.
Although we may presume that our account contains a tolerably complete list of the
species inhabiting the localities visited, particularly as on several occasions poison (the
best means for securing a complete series of the fishes of a certain locality) was resorted
to, yet there is still a wide field for future explorers in a country where several forms
(such as Heros, Pimelodus, and the Cyprinodontes) are so much developed and specialized.
Of the fishes of Yucatan we still know absolutely nothing. The list of the marine fishes
of the Atlantic coast will, without doubt, be considerably swelled, as the gentlemen
mentioned paid much less attention to the Atlantic marine fauna (which would have
yielded comparatively few novelties) than to the freshwater fauna. And knowing how
little advantage is derived from, and how much confusion is caused by, receiving into a
1 This name is misspelt “ Cardova” in several places in the 3rd volume of the ‘ Catalogue of Fishes.’—A. G.
382 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
fauna species which may be expected to belong to it, although they are not yet disco-
vered within its limits, I have excluded all species not actually known from Guatemala,
although they have been obtained north and south of it. A collection made by Mr.
Godman at Belize was of great value in determining this part of the fauna.
Numerous species of fishes have been described trom Mexico!; and if we were better
acquainted with their geographical distribution, it would have been useful to treat at
least of the southern portion of them, in conjunction with the Guatemalan species.
Unfortunately but a small proportion of the exact localities are known, so that at
present no line can be drawn to indicate where the preponderance of nearctic types
over tropical ones terminates. Thus, confining myself to the fishes occurring between
the political boundary of Guatemala in the north and the Isthmus of Darien in the
south, | would repeat that, previously to the receipt of the collections forming the basis
to this Memoir, only a small number had been described, as will be seen from the
following remarks :—
) 4. Historical account of Publications previous to this Memoir.
It would be of but little advantage to enumerate the few isolated species incidentally
described in general works or memoirs as occurring in Guatemala or Panama. How-
ever, I must mention that the first traveller who collected fishes in these states appears
to have been Baron von FriepricustHan. I am not aware that any account of his
travels has been published; but in a paper published by the late Jacop Hecker in
‘Annalen des Wiener Museums,’ vol. ii. 1840, a single species is described, which is
stated to be from Friedrichsthal’s Central-American Collection, and which I have
recognized as belonging to the Lake-Peten fauna (/eros friedrichsthalii). The greater
part of the collection made by this gentleman evidently remained unpublished until
1864, when Dr. F. Srempacnyer determined from it four other species (Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxili.), viz.:—Heros urophthalmus (Gthr.), Heros triagramma==H.
salvini{Gthr.), Heros melanopogon, and Petenia splendida (Gthr.). As we have received
four of these species from Lake Peten, it is very probaiag that Baion Friedrichsthal
visited and collected in thattocality.
In the second place I have to mentiém DF, SEEMANN, who, as naturalist attached to
the expedition of the ‘ Herald,’ brought to England a coliection of Central-American
fishes. These, as I have mentioned above, were originally deposited in the collection of
Haslar Hospital, but no record as regards the origin of the specimens was kept, so
that most of them are lost for the purposes of this Memoir.
In the year 1861 I received the first collections from Mr. Satviy and Capt. Dow.
The species belonging to the families treated of in the 3rd volume of the ‘ Catalogue of
Fishes’ were described therein; and a separate account of those sent by the latter
' Prof. Troschel enumerates some 130 freshwater and marine species in Miiller’s ‘ Reisen in den Vereinigten
Staaten,’ &e.
a
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 385
gentleman from the Pacific Coast of Central America was published in the Society's
‘ Proceedings’ for 1861 (Nov. 26); it contained fourteen species, ten of which were new.
In the followmg year the 4th volume of the ‘Catalogue of Fishes’ was published,
containing the descriptions of those species of Pharyngognaths and Anacanthines which
had arrived from our travellers, who were then engaged in collecting.
In the year 1863 Mr. Git published a descriptive enumeration of a collection of
“Fishes from the western coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian
Institution by Capt. J. M. Dow.” He distinguished in it the following twenty-tive
species, of which I consider eighteen to have been new to science (Proc. Ac. Nat. Se.
Philad. 1863, p. 162) :—
1. Diapterus dowti, sp. n.= Gerres dovii.
2. Pomacanthodes zonipectus, Gill.
3. Centropomus armatus, sp. n.
4. Epinephelus analogus, sp. n.=Serranus analogus.
5. Promicropterus decoratus, sp. n.= Rhypticus decoratus.
6. Bairdiella armata, sp. n.=Corvina armata.
7. Ophioscion typicus, sp. n.=Corvina ophioscion.
8. Amblyscion argenteus, sp. n.
9. Carane panamensis, Gill,=Caranx speciosus (Forsk.).
10. Carangoides dorsalis, sp. n.
11. Carangus marginatus, Gill,=Caranx hippos, L., var.
12. Oligoplites inornatus, sp. n.=Chorinemus inornatus.
13. Exocetus dowii, sp. n.
14. albidactylus, sp. n.t=E. bahiensis (Ranz.).
15. Upeneus grandisquamis, sp. n.
16. Trichidion opercularis, sp. n.= Polynemus opercularis.
ie approximans = Polynemus approximans (Lay & Benn.).
18. Mugil quentherii, Gill, =. brasiliensis (Agass.).
19. Batrachoides pacifici= Batrachus pacifict (Gthr.).
20. Dormitator microphthalmus, Gill,=Eleotris maculata (Bl.).
21. Leptarius dowti, sp.u.=Arius dovit.
Sciades troschelii, sp. n.= Arius troschelit.
Alurichthys panamensis, sp. 0.
. Atractosteus tropicus, sp. n.= Lepidosteus tropicus.
Urotrygon mundus, sp. 0.
b
we bo
bo p Ww
oS
At later periods Mr. Gill has described some other species incidentally, which will be
referred to in the general list.
A small collection made by Prof. M. Waeyer on the Isthmus of Panama, between
7° and 9° lat. N., and 77° and 83° long. W., was examined by Messrs. KNER & STELN-
584 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
pACHNER, Who gave a preliminary account of it in ‘Sitzgsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss.’ 1863,
pp. 220-230, and more detailed descriptions in ‘Abhandl. bayer. Akad. Wiss.’ 1864(1865),
pp. 1-61. Prof. M. Wagner added, besides, a detailed account of the hydrographical
peculiarities of this part of Central America (pp. 65-92). ‘The species treated of in
these Memoirs are the following :—
=
. Pristipoma humile, sp.n.
. Dajaus elongatus (K. & St.)=Agonostoma nasutum (Gthr.).
. Dajaus monticola (C. & V.).
. Acara ceruleopunctata, sp. 0.
. Heros altifrons, sp.n.
. Heros sieboldii, sp. 1.
. Eleotris pictus, sp. 0.
. Engraulis macrolepidotus, sp. 1.
poeyt, sp. 1.
10. Xiphophorus gillit, K. & St.,.= Pecilia, sp.!
11. Macrodon brasiliensis, K. & St..=M. microlepis (Gthr.).
12. Saccodon wagneri, sp. n.
13. Pseudochalceus lineatus, sp. 0.
14. Chalcinopsis striatulus, sp. 1.
chagrensis, sp. 0.
Hw oo bo
=~I OG OK
© OO
16. Chalceus atrocaudatus, sp. 1.
17. Tetragonopterus wneus (Gthr.).
gronovit (C. & V.%).
19. Bagrus ()arioides, sp. n.= Arius multiradiatus (Gthr.).
20. Pimelodus modestus (Gthr.)
cinerascens (K. & St.)=P. wagneri (Gthr.).
22. Loricaria uracantha, sp.n.
23 lima (Kner).
. Hypostomus plecostomus (KK. & St.)=Plecostomus, sp.
. Ancistrus cirrhosus (C. & V.).
. Acanthias vulgaris (Risso *).
LW bw bw
oO Orr OY
Finally, having received in 1864 the last collections made by Messrs. Godman & Salvin,
I gave preliminary notices of the new species in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, em-
bodying the numerous contributions to our knowledge of the Siluroids and Characinoids
in the fifth volume of the ‘ Catalogue of Fishes,’ to which were added the Cyprinodontes
and Scombresoctdes in the sixth (1865-66).
§ 5. General List of Central-American Fishes.
After these introductory remarks on the contributions to the ichthyology of Central
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 385
America preceding this Memoir, I at once proceed to give a list of all the species known
to exist in these countries. There are comparatively few which I do not know from
autopsy; their names are printed in italics. An asterisk (*) marks those which are
described or remarked upon. The second column contains chiefly the names of the
localities where they have been found within the limits of Central America. The
localities of species occurring on both sides of the Isthmus are printed in italics; of
these I shall treat again subsequently. Finally, the letter M signifies that a species is
marine, B that it is known from brackish, and F that it is from fresh water.
ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Fam. PERCID.
Crntropomts, Cuv.
1. *appendiculatus, Poey . + - Chagres R. (Cuba, iMexe Surin). es es sleet ts Boe
2. ¥*medius,Gthr. . . . . + Chiapam B.
3. *nigrescens, Gihr. . - + - Chiapam Te ieee ra Sai Ue eo
4. *parallelus, Poey. . - - - Chagres R.(W. Indies, Bahia) . - + + + + + F.& M.
Rie rrmatusyGtlem vnc. oosije cea Chapa? iets fete eee PD NG B.
6. ¥ensiferus, Poey . . . + + Belize (Cuba, J amaica,Guyanas) . . . - - - - B.
Cenrropristis, Bris. de Barnev.
meeoincroponianG@iii.c... 22 2) = PAaUBMAnw 4.) 90+ ey pe Foes Se M.
Srerranvs, Cuv.
Gaeccneomnen CaGthS
Pristrpoma, Cuv.
22. *melanopterum, C. & V.
23. *virginicum, L.
24. *dovii, Gthr.
25. *chaleeum, Gthr. .
26. *humile, Kner & Steind.
27. *macracanthum, Gthr. .
28. crocro,C.§ V. , .
29. *leuciscus, Gthr. .
Conopvon, C.& V.
30. *pacifici, Gthr.
Hamuton, Cuv.
31. chromis, Brouss. .
32. canna, C. & V..
33. xanthopterum, C.s V. .
34. *brevirostrum, Gthr.
35. *margaritiferum, Gthr. .
Losotes, Cuv.
36. auctorum, Gthr.
Cuatopon, Cuv.
OMe Stratus a. .
38. capistratus, L.
39. *humeralis, Gthr.
Pomacantuus, Lacép.
40. paru, Gthr. .
41. *zonipectus, Gill .
Eprurerus, Cuv.
42. faber, Bi.
Uprnrus, C. & V.
43. *tetraspilus, Gthr.
44. *grandisquamis, Gill
Sarcus, Cuv.
45. unimaculatus, Bi.
46. aries, C. & V.
Curysopurys, Cuv.
47. *calamus, C.& V..
PIMELEPTERUS, Cuv.
48. bose, Lacép. .
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Fam. PRISTIPOMATID.
Atl. & Pac..
Atl. & Pac. .
Panama .
Panama.
Rio Bayano
Chiapametite (ots 10.) tse teu Ieee
Rio Motagua (Trop. Amer., Atlant.)
San José, Chiapam, Panama .
Chiapam
Atlant. .
Atlant.
Atlant. . 8 hon
Panama, Puerto Cabello
Panama .
Atlant. (India)
Fam. SQUAMIPINNES.
Atlant.
Atlant. de oe
Panama (Sandwich Isl.)
Atlant. (Colon)
Rack’.
Atlant. (Belize)
Fam. MULLID.
Panama .
Panama .
Fam. SPARID.
Atlant. (Belize)
Atlant. (Belize)
Atl. & Pac. (Panama)
Atl. & Pac. (Chiapam & Panama) .
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Crrruiticutuys, Blkr.
49. *rivulatus, Val.
Scorp#na, Art.
50. plumieri, Bl., Schn. .
Potynemus, L.
51. *melanopoma, Gthr. .
52. *approximans, Lay & Benn.
53- *opercularis, Gill.
Larimus, C. & V.
54. *breviceps, C. & V.
Micropocon, Cur. & Val.
55. undulatus, Z. .
56. *altipinnis, Gthr. .
Unmprina, Cw.
57. *elongata, Gthr. .
58. *nasus, Gthr, .
59. *analis, Gthr. .
Corvina, Cw.
60. ronchus, C. & V.
61. *chrysoleuca, Gthr. .
62. *vermicularis, Gthr. .
63. *armata, Gill .
64. *ophioscion, Gthr.
OrouitHUs, Cu.
65. *squamipinnis, Gthr.
66. *albus, Gthr.
67. *reticulatus, Gthr.
AcantHurvs, Schn.
68. chirurgus, Bi. .
Caranx, Gthr.
69. crumenophthalmus, Bi. .
0. amblyrhynchus, C. & V..
Ip
*Jeucurus, Gthr. .
SESE SN
2. *speciosus, Forsk.
Fam. CIRRHITID.
Galapagos Islands, Panama
Fam. SCORPAENID.
Atl. & Pac. (Panama)
Fam. POLYNEMID.
San José es
Pacif., Chiapam, Panama
Pacif.
Fam. SCLNID.
Atl. & Pac, (Panama)
Atlant. . 5 A ae
Chiapam, San José, Panama .
Chiapam
Panama.
Panama.
Atlant. .
Panama.
Panama .
Pacif.
Panama.
Panama.
Chiapam .. .
San José, Chiapam
Fam. ACRONURIDZ.
Atlant. .
Fam. CARANGID.
All. & Pac. .
Atlant. .
Panama . woe au:
From Panama to East Africa .
3H 2
M.
M.
at. WEB?
.M.&B.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
388 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA,
73. carangus, Bl. .
74. *hippos, L..
75. *caballus, Gthr.
76. *caninus, Gthr.
77. *dorsalis, Gill .
Arcyriosus, Lac.
78. vomer, L. 3
79. setipinnis, Mitch.
Cnrorinemus, C. & V.
80. occidentalis, L.
81. saliens, Bl. .
82. *altus, Gthr.
83. *inornatus, Gill
Tracuynotvs, C.& V.
84. ovatus, L. .
85. *fasciatus, Gill
Pexamys, C. & V.
86. *sarda, Bl. .
Cysium, Cuv.
87. maculatum, Mitch.
Ecuentis, Art.
88. remora, L. .
89. naucrates, L.
Barracuus, Gthr.
90. *pacifici, Gthr.
91. surinamensis, Bl. Schn. .
*THALASSOPHRYNE, Gthr.
92. *maculosa, Gthr. .
93. *reticulata, Gthr..
Poricutuys, Girard.
94. porosissimus, C. & V.
ANTENNARIUS, Commers.
95. *leopardinus, Gthr.
96. *tenuifilis, Gthr. .
Gosius, Art.
97. soporator, C.& V..
98. paradoxus, Gthr. .
Atlant. & Ind. Occ. (Chiapam & Belize) . Bae ou WE
Tropics generally <3 We. es Ae
Panama . M
Panama; 2S) os fee pugoe ts Se: Rat, oe ee LE
semi ID prea (ORIG, emery 5 55 5 6 5 «9 3 3 Wil
Atl. & Pac. (Belize, Chiapam, Panama) . . . .B.&M.
PALIN SPacm (Panera) eet ease a VL
Atlante 082 S80 9 22 ed he ere VL
Atl. "Pac; 'GINdS OCs aN 95 a) ee sce ee
Fam. BATRACHID.
Panama; West Coastiof LAGER ats Gs > ck) 2 nse ee
Fam. GOBIESOCID.
Srcyases, Miill. & Trosch.
128., fasciatus, Pits. .-. “9: .. - Puerto Cabellositeh. ©... -.-. stare ee ME
Gosresox, Lacép.
129. *rhodospilus, Gthr.. . . . Panama. : M.
130. nigripinnis, Ptrs. . . . . Puerto Cabello M.
18]. nudus, Bl... . . . «. Atl. & Pac. (Cardon) M.
PHARYNGOGNATHI ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Fam. POMACENTRID®.
PomacentRvs, C. & V.
192: *rectifrenum, Gill... .3 Paci & Ae oes SS Ne ee
133. Jeucostictus, Mulls&@rosch: — Atleee vs 9 ee een een cane
GiyPHIpopon, Cuv.
TSA. ‘saxatilis, Gos: 250.) oo A, ee ek ee eV
135. concolor, Gil. .. . = (= pAgle& Pec. \(Cardon) = 4 - = @ os =e ee
136. declivifrons, Gill”. | > = “Paei(Cardon)p. = <<) 2 092): cele eee eee
Hextastes, C. & V.
137. *marginatus, Casteln: .- =... AS Pach eis > =) = | ey ee
Fam. LABRID.
Lacunotamvs, C. & V.
188. faleatus, Ds. 3. ¢0-40 2 a WARIS US Pape 2 es ee ee
Cossyruus, Giinth.
lgthamney he Go 5 5 0 6 o Aik 5 = 4 ee ee Fee NL
140. diploteenia, Gill. . . . . Panama, Trower Calif. 2 ve eee eee ve SE
141. *pectoralis, Gill. . . . . Panama, Lower Calif., St. Helena f Cuba) Shik ese yee Rs
PiatycGLossus, Gthr.
149° bivittatus, Bl: , <0 coc. 2. SAMI ee ye ee oes ee cee eV
143. *dispilus, Gir... .. = +) (Bamama.. 6 6 y30 20 0 eee eee ee
Psruposuis, Blkr.
144. *notospilus,Gihr. .. % « «9 Panama’... o 29. =. = © -ye Gee eee
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. oo
Juxis, Gthr.
145. lucasana, Gill
Scarus, Blkr.
146. abildgaardii, BZ. .
Pseuposcarus, Blkr.
147. sancte crucis, Bi.
148. guacamaia, C.§ V. .
Gerres, Cuv.
149. plumieri, C. & V.
150. *axillaris, Gthr. .
151. *brevimanus, Gthr. .
152. rhombeus, C. & V.
153. squamipinnis, Gthr.
154. aprion, C.& V.
155. *dovii, Gill
Acara, Gthr.
156. *czeruleopunctata, Aner & Steind.
Heros, Gthr.
157. *parma, Gthr. .
158. *margaritifer, Gthr.
159. *melanopogon, Steindachner
160. *melanurus, Gthr.
161. *macracanthus, Gthr.
162. *spilurus, Gthr.
163. *nigrofasciatus, Gthr.
164. *multispimosus, Gthr.
165. *longimanus, Gthr.
166. *urophthalmus, Gthr.
167. *aureus, Gthr. .
168. *aflfinis, Gthr.
169. *labiatus, Gthr.
170. *erythrieus, Gthr. .
71. *lobochilus, Gthr. .
172. *citrinellus, Gthr.. . .
3. *altifrons, Kner & Steind. .
4. *friedrichsthalii, Heck.
5. *salvini, Gthr. .
6. *trimaculatus, Gthr. .
7. *dovii, Gthr.
8. *motaguensis, Gthr. .
Panama; duower Calif. 2. . 40 42 9, ree te oe UM.
AACR Ty pons Dk Oo Wea ee Lae Re TE (2
LA ae lee) 2 BN ve i eee ee Looe oe
te Sew TG Bae. ook we bs OM:
Fam. GERRID®.
Atl. Se usee ake Phas F., B., & M.
Cliapami Mee ce a es A ee Be
Chraipamveroata te bn ac GE. a, eps ati dis a) EW ae
Atl. & Pac. (Chiapam) . eae .B.&M
- (Jamaica) Atl. § Pac. (Chiap. & Panama) . .B.&M
AllsPaes (Panama). 5s SS es te eM
Race:
Fam. CHROMIDES.
ChaeresiHIVeR ben to ste a act oe pulls Gee ph
Mexico, R.Chagres& R. Motagua . . . . . PF.
Wakes Petengede te ee sce Wie, CONT ues oc xc ee RS
Peak ee RetCN eens | rca ital 2 one sa: ecy, PIR)
aket Retente.aircnies pcecnince «Ber cen. my
Chiapam & Huamuchal P.&B
Rios WMotagcass caballo cen) eee BE
Lakes of Amatitlan & Atitlan . . . .... #F,
LAK QEINEMRGN 656 os G6 G5 6 vo a 5 Int
bakesofsNicaraciiaia, = 6s «sas aw 6 ay OE
akexPetenhymece pels) aed nos 2 AO glide che
Yzabal, Rio Motagua .
Lake Peten . sya E
Lakes of Managua & Nicaragua
Lake of Managua .
Lake of Managua .
Lake of Nicaragua .
Western Veragua .
Lake Peten . Sa a
Santa Izabel, Lake Peten
Chiapam,Huamuchall; 2 2), . 2 = =: be
ool slr sie 9 ile >i 9 le 5 ll ole oie 5}
7 Ww
4
o
Lake of Nicaragua .
a
Rio Motagua
Us
Ne)
bo
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
. *managuensis, Gihr. .
. *microphthalmus, Gihr. .
. *oblongus, Gthr.
. *nicaraguensis, Gthr. .
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
*eodmanni,Gthr.. . . . .
*sieboldii, Kner & Stemdachner .
*outtulatus, Gthr. .
*irregularis, Gthr.
*intermedius, Gthr.
*angulifer, Gthr.
*Prerenta, Gthr.
189.
*splendida, Gthr. .
*Neerroptus, Gthr.
190.
*nematopus, Gthr.
Lake of Managua .
Rio Motagua
Rio Motagua
Lake of Nicaragua .
River of Cahabon
New Granada
Lake of Amatitlan .
Rio Usumacinta, 8. Geronimo .
Lake Peten
Yzabal
Lake Peten .
Lake of Managua .
ANACANTHINI.
Fam. LYCODID.
*MicropesMvs, Gthr.
TOL:
*dipus, Gthr.
Panama
Fam. OPHIDITD.
Broruta, Cuv.
192.
*?multibarbata, Schleg. .
Dinematicutuys, Blkr.
193.
marginatus, Ayres
Ovuipium, Cuv.
194.
brevibarbe, Cuv.
Pac. coast
Panama
Atl. & Pac.
Fam. PLEURONECTID.
Crrnaricutuys, Blkr.
195.
196.
*spilopterus, Gthr.
*guatemalensis, Blkr.
Hemiruomsus, Blkr.
OZ.
*ovalis, Gthr.
PseuporHomBvts, Blkr.
198. *brasiliensis, Ranzani
Souea, Gthr.
199. scutum, Gthr.
Arnoristia, Kaup.
200. *ornata, Lacép.
Atl. & Pac. (Chiapam)
Guatemala
Pac.
Atl.
Panama
Atl. & Pac.
refed bet dbf od bat et bad
a
.M.&B.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
PHYSOSTOMI.
Fam. SILURID.
Amuiurvus, Rafin.
201. *meridionalis, Gthr. .
Pimetonus, Gthr.
202. modestus, Gthr.
203. guatemalensis, Gihr. .
204. godmanni, Gthr.
205. *wagneri, Gthr.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212. polycaulus, Gthr. .
Arius, Gthr.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217. cerulescens, Gthr.
218. troschelii, Gill .
219. *dovii, Gill .
220. melanopus, Gihr. .
221. multiradiatus, Gthr. .
uuricutuys, Baird & Gir.
222. *nuchalis, Gthr.
223. *panamensis, Gill .
Piecostomus, Gthr.
224. *?sp., Kner & Steindachner
Cuarostomus, Heck.
225. *aspidolepis, Gthr.
226. *?cirrhosus, Val.
Loricarta, Lacép.
227. *uracantha, Kner & Steimdachner .
228. lima, Kner .
*managuensis, Gthr. .
micropterus, Gthr.
nicaraguensis, Gthr: .
petenensis, Gthr. .
motaguensis, Gthr.
salvini, Gthr.
guatemalensis, Gthr. .
*assimilis, Gthr.
platypogon, Gthr. .
seemanni, Gthr.
Rio Usumacinta
Rio Chagres, Esmeraldas
Huamuchal
Lower Vera Paz, Rio Motagua, Mexico .
Pacific & Atlantic rivers of Panama
Lake of Managua .
Rio San Geronimo .
Lake of Nicaragua .
Lake Peten .
Rio Motagua
Rio San Geronimo .
Rio San Geronimo .
Chiapam, Panama .
Lake of Yzabal .
San José .
?
Huamuchal .
Pace.
Race en ie.
Rio Motagua
Rio Bayano .
Panama
Panama
Rio Chagres .
Veragua
Rio Chagres .
Atlantic & Pacific rivers of Panama .
Atlantic & Pacific rivers of Panama .
Fam. CHARACINID.
Macropon, Mill. & Trosch.
229. *microlepis, Gthr..
TreTRAGONOPTERUS, Cuv.
230. fasciatus, Cur. .
VOL. VI.— PART VII.
¢ From Brazil to Mexico (Huamuchal, Rio Guacalate,
. an
W. Ecuador, Rio Chagres
Rio Motagua, Rio Chisoy)
9
)
I
a eee ee ee el
ye A re ed E> ae >i
F.
FP.
594 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
231. microphthalmus, Gthr.
232. panamensis, Gthr. .
233. brevimanus, Gthr. .
234. petenensis, Gthr. .
235. humilis, Gthr. .
236. *eneus, Gthr.
Cuaccrinopsis, Aner.
237. *dentex, Gthr. .
238. striatulus, Aner
239. chagrensis, Aner
Anacyrtus, Gthr.
240. *guatemalensis, Gthr.
Saurus, C. & V.
241. foetens, L.
242. myops, Bi. .
HemMIRHAMPHUS, Cuv.
243. unifasciatus, Ranzani
Exocetus, Artedi.
244. *callopterus, Gthr.
245. albidactylus, Guill (?=
Ranz.) .
246. dovii, Gill
*CHARACODON, Gthr.
247. *lateralis, Gthr.
Haptocuitus, M‘Clell.
248. *dovu, Gthr.
Funputvs, C. & V.
249. *labialis, Gthr. .
250. *punctatus, Gthr. .
251. *guatemalensis, Gthr.
252. *pachycephalus, Gthr.
Brtonesox, Kner.
253. belizanus, Kner
GamBusia, Poey.
254. *nicaraguensis, Gthr.
ANABLEPS, Artedi.
255. dovu, Gill
Lake of Amatitlan, Pacif.Coast of Guatemala, Peru.
Panama, Yzabal
Rio 8S. Geronimo, Yzabal .
Lake Peten, W. Ecuador .
Lake of Amatitlan . ed ds, "eat NR
Mexico, Pacific & Atlantic rivers of Panama
Rio Motagua and Usumacinta, Yzabal; Ecuador .
Pacific & Atlantic rivers of Panama .
Rio Chagres .
Rio Chagres, Huamuchal .
Fam. SCOPELID/%.
Atl. & Pac.
Atl. & Pac.
Fam. SCOMBRESOCID Z&.
Atlantic, Pacific, & Indian Oceans
Pae.
bahiensis, \p
ae.
Pace.
Fam. CYPRINODONTID.
?
Punta Arenas (Costa Rica) .
Rio S. Geronimo, Yzabal .
Chiapam .
eons of Duehas & Amatitlan, Rio Guacalate, W.
Ecuador
Lake of Atitlan .
Lake Peten, Honduras, Mexico
Lake of Nicaragua .
Chiapam .
rej Pad dP Pa
F,
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA,
Pecriia, Gthr.
256. mexicana, Steindachner .
256. mexicana, Sfeindach
€
cs)
258. chisoyensis, Gthr. .
259. *elongata, Gthr.
260. *petenensis, Gthr. .
261. dovii, Gthr. .
262. *gillii, Kner
263. spilurus, Gthr. .
Mo.iienesia, Lesueur.
264. *petenensis, Gthr.
XipnorpHorvs, Gthr.
265. *hellerii, Heck. .
Girarpines, Poey.
266. *pleurospilus, Gthr. .
ScLeroGnatuus, Gthr.
267. meridionalis, Gthr.
Cuanos, Lacép.
268. salmoneus, Forst. .
ALBuLa, Gronov.
269. conorhynchus, Bl.
Mxeauors, Lacép.
270. thrissoides, Schn. .
PrisTiGaster, Cuv.
271. *macrops, Gthr.
272. *dovii, Gthr.
Cuiurra, Artedi.
273. *hibertatis, Gthr.
Cuartokssvus, C. & V.
274. *petenensis, Gihr.
Eneravuis, C. & V.
275. brownii, C. & V.
276. *poeyi, Kner & Steindachner
57. thermalis, Steindachner .
A
Fam.
Fam.
277. *macrolepidota, Kner & Steind.
CETENGRAULIS, Gthr.
278. *mysticetus, Gthr.
Cararus, Mill. & Trosch.
279. *fasciatus, Pall.
Chiapam, Duefias, Rio Chisoy, Huamuchal, Lake of
Amatitlan .
San Salvador, Mexico
Rio Chisoy
Panama
Lake Peten . 5. ayaa es Conky
Lakes of Nicaragua & Amatitlan, Mexico
Rio Chagres .
9
Lake Peten .
Rio Chisoy, Mexico
Lake of Duefas
CYPRINID.
Rio Usumacinta
CLUPEID.
Indian & Pacific Oceans (Chiapam)
Tropical & Subtropical seas (Panama)
Atlantic
Panama
Panama
Libertad .
Lake Peten .
Atlantic & Pacific (Libertad)
Rio Bayano .
Rio Bayano .
Pacific coast of Panama .
Fam. GYMNOTIDZ.
Rio Motagua
. F.&B.
M.
396 Dk. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Opruivurus, Lac.
280. triserialis, Kaup.
281. boro, Ham. Buch. .
282. breviceps, Richards.
Murana, Cuv.
283. lineopimnis, Richards.
SymBrancuvts, Bi.
284. marmoratus, B/.
285. immaculatus, B/. .
Diopvon, Kaup.
286. sex-maculatus, Cuv.
Tetropvon, L.
287. *politus, Girard
288. *geometricus, Gthr. .
Osrracion, L.
289. cornutus, L.
290. bicaudalis, L.
Baurstes, Hollard.
291. vetula, L.
292. *frenatus, Lacép. .
293. niger, Osbeck
ALEUTERES, Cuv.
294. monoceros, Osbeck
LEPIDOSTEUS
295. *tropicus, Gill .
Mustetvs, Bonap.
296. *dorsalis, Gill .
ACANTHIAS
297. vulgaris, Risso .
CARCHARIAS
298. *maculipinnis, Poey .
ZyGH#NA, Cuv.
299. tiburo, L. 8.
Rutnosatus, Mill. & Henle.
300. *leucorhynchus, Gthr.
Fam. MURAENID.
Atlantic & Pacific .
Indian Ocean, West Indies
Pacific coast .
Atlantic & Pacific (Panama)
Fam. SYMBRANCHID.
M.
Atlantic (Rio Chisoy, Huamuchal, Lake Peten),
Pacific Coast of Guatemala .
PLECTOGNATHI.
Indian & Pacific Oceans (Panama)
San José .
Panama & Galapagos Isls.
Tropics
Atlantic
Tropics
Indian & Pacifie Oc
eans (Gonzalez Isl.) .
Ind., Pac., & Atlant. Oceans
Ind., Pac., & Atlant. Oceans
GANOIDEI.
Huamuchal .
ELASMOBRANCHII.
Panama
All., Ind., § Pac. Oceans (Panama)
Cuba, Chiapam .
Atl.
Panama
M., B., & F.
M.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 397
Pristis, Lath.
301. antiquorum, Lath, . . . . . Atl. & Pac. Oceans (Chiapam). . . . . -. + M.-
Uroxopats, Mill. § Henle.
Roma Mie Gril BN ows oe eh Ee ACms 08 4p, By. gs 14d sfc a pie oe ee te M.
Abronatis, Mill. & Henle.
303. *latirostris, Ad. Dum.. . . . . Gaboon,Panama . ....-.- +++: + M.
§6. Partial Identity of the Fish-faunas of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of
Central America.
It will be seen that, as far as our present knowledge reaches, of these 303 species,
173 are truly marine forms, 57 being found on both sides of the Isthmus.
25 have been found in brackish water, of which 3 are found on both sides of the
Isthmus.
101 are freshwater fishes, 17 being found in rivers of the Atlantic and Pacific sides.
There will be but very few species which are entirely limited to brackish water, and
which may not be with equal propriety added either to the marine or freshwater fauna.
Thus, five of the 25 species hitherto known from lagoons with brackish water belong
to freshwater genera; and, admitting two groups only, we have
193 marine fish, 59 of which are found on both sides of Central America=303
per cent.
106 freshwater fish, 19 being found in rivers of the Atlantic and Pacific sides=18
per cent.
From the circumstance that our collectors paid more attention to the freshwater
than to the marine fauna (at least of the Atlantic coast), we may assume that the pro-
portion between the two groups will be increased by future researches in favour of the
marine fauna, but that the proportion between species peculiar to one side and those
common to both will be lessened, inasmuch as every collector will discover other
Atlantic forms on the Pacific side, and vice versd.
The very curious fact of the partial identity of the species of both coasts of Central
America was first distinctly stated by myself in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1861
(p. 370), when, out of fourteen species collected by Capt. Dow on the Pacific side, five
were found to be Atlantic forms. To these various others were added by me in the
‘Catalogue of Fishes;’ and Mr. Gill confirmed this observation in Proc. Ac. Nat. Se.
Philad. 1862, pp. 140, 249. Professor Wagner, in his memoir quoted above (p. 384)’,
has made the same observation; but the species enumerated by him, fourteen in number,
are, with one exception, freshwater forms, the geographical distribution of which must
have been brought about at periods and in ways different from those of the diffusion
of marine species.
Knowing now that at least 30 per cent. of the marine fish are found on both sides of
' See also ‘ Record, Zool. Literat.’ 1. p. 177.
398 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Central America', we cannot account for this fact by resorting to such occasional means
of dispersal as the accidental transmission of spawn from one shore to the other by birds
or water-spouts, or even the close proximity of the sources of rivers flowing in opposite
directions. If we do not adopt the view that species were created at the spot where we
find them now, similar creations being produced under similar physical conditions, we
have but one way of explaining the partial similarity of these marine fish-faunas,
namely, by assuming that the Isthmus did not form a continuous barrier between the
two oceans at a former period, but that one or more open channels existed. I am not
aware that geology has, up to this time, furnished us with proof positive that this is
really the fact; but considering the volcanic nature of Central America, and the absence
of all fossiliferous strata, it does not appear too bold an hypothesis to assume that North
and South America were formerly connected by a chain of islands similar to that of the
Antilles, and that subsequently an elevation (as in other parts of the globe) took place,
resulting in the final continuity of dry land: the long-continued activity of the
numerous volcanoes may have been another, though secondary cause in filling up the
channels on the Pacific side. If such a bodily elevation of Central America has taken
place, it is easy to show where some of the broadest channels existed, namely, where
we find the greatest depressions running from one ocean to the other. The northern-
most of these depressions exists between Tehuantepec and the river Coatzalco; the
second is indicated between Puerto Cabello and the Gulf of Fonseca; the third by the
Take of Nicaragua (the remnant and deepest part of a very broad channel); a fourth
between Chagres and Panama. (See map, Pl. LXIII., where these supposed former
depressions are coloured green.) As far as I have been able to ascertain, the greatest
elevation of the first of these lines of depression would be 1500, of the fourth 287 feet
only, If we presume that only one of the channels was open at a period when the
present marine fauna was already in existence, it will fully explain the existence of
identical species on both sides of the isthmus, especially if the difference of the tides
Was as great as it is now®, causing strong currents from one ocean to the other.
Such an instance of a disconnexion of a marine fauna by elevation of land as I am
inclined to assume in the case of Central America does not stand quite alone. We owe
to the researches of Prof. S. Lovén and Dr. Malmgren‘ the knowledge of the fact that
marine animals (Crustacea, Annelids, and Fishes) inhabiting the glacial ocean are found
in the great freshwater lakes of Sweden and in the Bothnian Gulf, and that this is to
be explained only by the former continuity of the Baltic with the Glacial Ocean.
During the second half of the glacial period the greater part of Finland and of the
' Mr. Darwin (‘ Origin of Species,’ 3rd edit. p. 378) was not acquainted with this fact, which by no means mili-
tates against his argument, but merely modifies it. ? M. Wagner, J. ¢. p. 87.
* At Chagres the mean elevation is 1:16 foot, while at Panama the highest flow is 22 feet. (Seemann, Voy.
of H.M.S. « Herald,’ i. p. 236.)
‘ Loyén, Skand. Naturforsk.-Sillskap. forst. offentl. méte d. 9 Juli 1863: Stockholm, 1864, Malmgren,
: Kritisk Ofversigt af Finlands Fiskfauna,’ see ‘ Zool. Record,’ i. pp. 136-138.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA, 399
middle of Sweden was submerged, and the Baltic was a great gulf of the Glacial Ocean,
and not connected with the German Ocean. By the gradual elevation of the Scandi-
navian continent, the Baltic became disconnected from the Glacial Ocean, and the great
lakes separated from the Baltic.
The Isthmus of Suez appears to have been a much more permanent barrier between
the faunas of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. R. A. Philippi has drawn up a list
of species of shells common to both faunas; but it was founded on a collection made by
Ehrenberg, in which the shells from both seas had been mixed’ ; and P. Fischer? has
lately shown that the two faunas are quite distinct. As regards the fishes, I have men-
tioned (on former occasions) a few occurring in both seas (Sargus noct, Sargus rondeletit) ;
but the number is so small that one might be tempted to account for it by the tempo-
rary existence of an artificial communication between the two seas.
Looking at the results of the separation of the Baltic from the Glacial Ocean on the
one hand, and of that of the Pacific from the Atlantic on the other, we find them very
different. As soon as the continuity of the Baltic with the Glacial Ocean was inter-
rupted, the amount of fresh water carried into the former by rivers exceeded the quantity
lost by evaporation of its surface, and the salt water gradually changed into brackish,
and in the northern parts into fresh water. By far the greater part of the animals
became extinct; but a few survived’, however, in spite of the greatly altered physical con-
ditions, without altering their specific characters, still agreeing with the typical forms in
every point, except in size, remaining smaller, leaner, almost starved. 'The same thing
might happen if by a rising of the chain of the West-Indian islands the Gulf of Mexico
or the Caribbean Sea were at a future time converted into inland seas with narrow out-
lets into the open ocean.
The separation of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was, of course, not accompanied by
a change of the water; and any difference that existed in the physical conditions of both
seas, as, for instance, the formation of corals on the Atlantic side, and their total absence
on the Pacific, existed already before the communication between the oceans was closed ;
so that the life of species was not in any way affected by the discontinuance of this
communication. Let us for argument’s sake assume that the part of the isthmus
between the Lake of Nicaragua and Panama was once an island, @ peu prés of the form
of Cuba, inhabited, like Cuba, on its northern and southern coasts by a certain species of
fish. The only effect of a gradual rise of the land on the life of this species would be to force
it to retreat further and further from the original coast, and to accommodate itself to the
new one—an effect to which, if felt at all, the individuals on the northern and southern
coasts would be equally exposed. Thus there is in this case no apparent external cause
for an alteration of the species; and, indeed, the specimens examined by me from opposite
coasts of the isthmus are absolutely identical, and there is not the slightest indication that
one of them has been modified or degenerated into a climatic or local variety. 1 trust that
1 Martens, in ‘ Zoolog. Record,’ ii. p. 237. * Journ. Conchyl. xiii, 1865, pp. 241-248,
3 Seven or eight species of the northern part of the Baltic are believed to be of Arctic origin.
400 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
geology will furnish us with the proof of the former partial submergence of a part of
Central America, as it has done with respect to the northern part of Scandinavia. We
should then be able to speak with more confidence of the permanence, or rather endu-
rance, of the characters of a specific type, and arrive at a somewhat more definite idea
of the age of species which must have existed before those geological changes were
completed'.
Sir Cuartes Lye has directed my attention to collateral evidence from other classes
of the animal kingdom, by which the partial identity of the faunas of the two coasts is
shown, although not in an equally conclusive manner. ‘The majority of malacologists
appear to have presumed @ priori their distinctness, and consequently described Pacific
shells generally as distinct from Atlantic species. However, Dr. Mércu, in a paper in
which he describes or enumerates about 560 Panama species, makes the following
remarks (Pfeiff. Malakozool. Blitt. 1859, p. 107) :—
‘The tropical [molluscan] faunz may be classed in two principal divisions, the Indian
and the Atlantic. To the latter belong, 1, the Guinean (Senegalian); 2, the Antillian ;
and 38, the Panaman, which, although belonging to the Pacific, appears to be most
analogous to the Guinean. A great number of species, especially of Bivalves, have
been regarded as identical with those from the eastern (Brazilian) shore. I believe I
can prove that they are different. Certain irregular mollusks cannot be separated
diagnostically ; but I can recognize them by their general habit. It is at all events a
fact that no species stamped with definite characters (wohlausgeprigt) is identical on
both sides of the isthmus. The Panama species may be divided into:—l, those
analogous to West-Indian ; 2, those analogous to species from Guinea and Senegal ;
3, those very remotely analogous to East-Indian species.”
* T may on this occasion recur to a remark made by me in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 381, with regard to the
sea-snakes observed in the Bay of Panama by M. Sallé, Capt. Dow, and Mr. Salvin. There is now not the least
doubt that the snakes seen were Pelamys bicolor, and that they are, moreover, very common there. I find’that
Dr. Seemann (Voy. ‘ Herald,’ i. p. 265) already mentions them. But I am much inclined to think that this
most common Indian species has migrated eastwards, and that. its arrival on the West-American coast is of
very recent date. Dampier and the other bucaniers who have left us records of their adventures, and who
passed weeks and months in the Bay of Panama, could not have failed to observe them, and to mention them
in their notes, just as they did on other occasions. It is also probable that these snakes would have spread
into the Atlantic Ocean, had they been so numerous on the Pacific side at the time when a communication
existed between the two oceans.
Whilst this paper was passing through the press, I found two notices of the existence of water-snakes
on the western coasts of South America, in seas considerably more southwards than the Bay of Panama. The
notes are in Capt. Sharp’s Voyage in ‘“‘ The History of the Bucaniers of America.” London, 1699, 8yo, vol. ii.
p. 50: “As we sailed” [near Cape St. Francisco, which is nearly under the equator] “we saw multitudes of
Grampusses every day; as also Water-snakes of divers colours.’ And p. 72, when sailing in lat. 19° S., the
author mentions “ A huge shoal of fish, two or three Water-snakes, and several Seals.” I find in another part
of the same work a note which I believe to be the first description of Zapirus bairdi. The part has a separate
title-page, ‘‘A Journal of a Voyage made into the South Sea by the Bucaniers or Freebooters of America from
the year 1684 to 1689. Written by the Sieur Raveneau de Lussan.” Lond. 1698, 8vo. The Indian name of
the Tapir is given as Manipourye, page 16.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 40]
These remarks appear to me to convey very strong testimony in accordance with my
own observation on the ichthyological fauna, inasmuch as the author refers the Panama
Mollusks generally to the Atlantic fauna. He, indeed, denies the perfect identity of
the species, admitting merely an “analogy” between them; but then it is a question
whether malacologists do not go too far in making specific distinctions, when they are
not even able to express those distinctions ‘“ diagnostically,” recognizing the forms
merely ‘by their general habit.” Shells are, after all, that portion of a mollusk the
formation and development of which is most influenced by the peculiarities (physical
and chemical) of the surrounding medium and locality; and only too many specific
forms have been distinguished on account of slight differences in the sculpture and
shape of the shells, the importance of which disappears on comparing a large series of
examples. However, as I am not prepared to form an opinion with regard to the shells
of Central America from my own examination, I am bound to receive the testimony of
so celebrated a malacologist as Dr. Morch; and should his observations prove to be
fully correct, they will give an additional interest to this fauna, as proving that the
shells of Mollusks suffer change under circumstances in which the specific characters
of fishes remain unaltered.
With regard to fossil shells, Mr. J.C. Moorr, who has examined several collections
from tertiary beds in San Domingo, has made the observation that ‘many bear a strong
resemblance to shells now living in the Indian Seas and the Pacific, and that one or two
appear to be identical ” (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1853, p. 131), and “ that a channel
or sound may have existed in the equatorial parts during some portion of the tertiary
period, by which some few of the tropical shells may have migrated from the one ocean
to the other” (ibid. 1850, p. 43).
Of the other marine animals, the Corals have been made the object of elaborate
researches, the various authors arriving at somewhat different conclusions. First,
Mr. Duncan, in a paper “On the Fossil Corals of the West-Indian Islands” (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. xix. 1865, p. 455), has shown that “in all the calcareous formations
which are coralliferous, and are considerably elevated above the level of the Caribbean
Sea [being probably of miocene age], there is a very limited series of Corals with
generic relation to those now existing and characteristic of the West-Indian Coral
Fauna, but a predominance of forms resembling those of the present Coral-seas of the
Pacific, South Sea, and the Indian Ocean.” This identity of the Corals proves an
identical condition of the physical circumstances, and evidently a wide continuity of
the West-Indian and Western seas.
On the other hand, Prof. Verriit, when speaking of the living Polyp-faune of the
Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. x. 1866,
p. 323 e¢ seq.), states that their differences of character are very remarkable; that at
Panama none of the reef-building corals of Aspinwall, Florida, or the West Indies
occur, nor even any of the genera of the families to which they belong, with the
VOL. VI.—PART VII. 3K
402 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
exception of a small Porites and Stephanocora ; that these and other differences do not
favour the theory entertained by some geologists, viz. that there has been a communi-
cation between the two oceans at this point, and that the Gulf-stream flowed across the
isthmus into the Pacific, within comparatively recent geological times.
It is not within the scope of this paper further to discuss the point on which Messrs.
Duncan and Verrill are at variance, as we cannot assume that the present fish-fauna
existed at so early a period. From the observations made on the fishes and shells we
are obliged to conclude that down to a very recent period a connexion between the two
seas has been kept open by channels and straits wide enough to allow of the passage
of these animals. Why corals, or at least a part of them, should not have been dis-
persed by their floating germs in a similar manner, is a circumstance which we cannot
explain.
The occurrence of identical species of freshwater fishes in rivers running to the two
opposite oceans is a matter of much less difficulty, and, besides, has been very generally
observed in various parts of the globe. The same agencies which in other countries have
effected a wider dispersion of one species than of another must have been at work here
also. Prof. M. Wagner has, in his Memoir quoted above, so fully treated of this part of
our subject, with particular reference to the hydrographical peculiarities of the isthmus,
that we need not dwell further on it.
§ 7. Definition of the Characteristics of the Fish-fauna of Central America.
In defining the zoological characters of Central America, expressed in its fish-fauna, I
confine myself to the freshwater fishes proper. Here the nearctic types become extinct,
and are represented by five generic types, four of which, although with numerous species
in the north, have but a single one here—Lepidosteus, Amiurus, Sclerognathus, and
Haplochilus. Fundulus, extending a little further southwards (with one species in
Western Ecuador), is represented by four species in Guatemala. Not one of these
species is identical with a North-American.
Much greater is the affinity with neotropical types; and their representatives are much
more numerous: there is one species of Acara, one of Macrodon, seven of Tetragono-
pterus, one of Anacyrtus, twelve of Pimelodus, one of Plecostomus, two of Chaetostomus,
two of Loricaria, one of Anableps, one of Carapus, the latter being identical with a
species from Guiana. Types in common with the West-Indian Islands are—Agono-
stoma with three species (one of which is said to be identical with a Jamaican species),
Girardinus and Gambusia with one, the two latter genera being also represented in the
Southern States of North America. ‘The Siluroid genus Arius, which extends over the
tropics generally, is represented by nine species.
Finally, the following genera are peculiar to Central America, or at least have attained
there to the greatest development :—Heros and the allied Neetroplus and Petenia with
thirty-four species, Hlurichthys with two, Chalcinopsis with three, Characodon with one,
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 403
Xiphophorus with one, Mollienesia with one, Pwcilia with eight, and Belonesow with
one species. ‘
The affinity of this freshwater fauna with that of Mexico, will be found to be greater
than with that of any other country (I might mention about ten species common to
Guatemala and Mexico); but until we are better acquainted with the habitats of species
described as Mexican, a more detailed comparison of the two countries would be of but
little advantage. The freshwater fish-fauna of Central America may be shortly thus
characterized :—A part of the Chromides (Heros, &c.) and the Cyprinodontes generally
have attained to their greatest development; neotropical types extending northwards
prevail over nearctic extending southwards, the latter being represented by a few extreme
branches.
§ 8. An Attempt to Subdivide this Fauna into Provinces.
We may subdivide this part of the freshwater fauna into the following provinces :—
A. The fresh waters north of the Lakes of Managua and Nigaragua, emptying into the
Pacific.—To this province belong the fishes collected at Chiapam [Ch.], Huamuchal HET;
San José [J.], in the Rio Guacalate (Duefas) [G.], San Salvador [S.], and Libertad [L.];
also the fishes from the Lakes of Amatitlan [Am.] and Atitlan [At.] may be referred to
the same province,
[The species printed in italics in the following lists are found also in one or more
other provinces, and in Atlantic rivers. |
Heros macracanthus . . . . . . Ch.
H
frimaculaius . . . . =. . . Ch. lol. -- — — — =
MERORCRIUR) 6 5 5 6 op io ==
quinine 5 cg co 0 6 5 6 _ =
Arius guatemalensis. . . . . . . Ch, —_— —
Agonostoma microps .. . . . . — — — G. — — —
AORN 5 5 6 6 5 6 50 6° = J
eerulescens. . . . . .. 2. —
Pimelodus guatemalensis . . . . . —
oe |
|
|
|
|
|
Anacyrtus guatemalensis . 2. 6 2.
Tetragonopt. microphthalmus. . . . — —- — — — Amn —
limi <6 a Sa es 6 Be —- a — — Amn —
Fundulus guatemalensis . . . . . — — — G, — An, —
OMEN 6 6 of 6 0 5 oO = — — — — — At.
paueiatusenemes oe) eet aac eaChs == — — — — —
Anablepaidovie “ae ty 0 2. (Ch: — — a= 7 _ —
Pecilia mexicana. . . . . . . ~~. Ch. He — ue — Am. —
thermalis! 3 4 SOMN See Re SS — — — S. — —
COW asies” co le oe) st tees oe Cole — — — — Am. —
Girardinus pleurospilus. . . . 2. . — — G. -- ~~ ~-
@lupeaylibentatis remem ment) en _ _- L. _- oa
Lepidosteus tropicus. . . . . . - — Ble — — — — —
404 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
B. The fresh waters north of the Lakes of Managua and Nicaragua, emptying into the
Atlantic.—To this province belong the fishes collected in the Rio Usumacinta [U.] (and
in its tributaries Rio de Santa Isabel, Rio Chisoy, and Rio San Geronimo); in the Rio
Motagua [M.], and in the Rio Cahabon (Yzabal) [Y.].
Eleotris dormitatrix
Agonostoma nasutum
Heros parma
—— spilurus
—— aureus .
—— motaguensis .
—— microphthalmus
—— oblongus .
— angulifer
—— salvini .
—— irregularis
godmanni .
Arius assimilis .
—— melanopus
Amiurus meridionalis .
Pimelodus godmanni .
—— motaguensis .
salvini .
polycaulus
Tetragonopterus panamensis .
brevimanus
Chaleinopsis dentex
Fundulus labialis
Belonesox belizanus
Peecilia chisoyensis
Miphophorus helleri
Sclerognathus meridionalis .
Carapus fasciatus
— M. Y
U M. —
[Fi M. aoe
— M. Y
— M. Y
oe M. =
=e M. =
M. —
oo Ye
U. — —
U. — —
~~ -- We
— — VG
— M. —
We = —
he M. —
— M. —
U. — —
Wi — —
— —_ Yi
U — Ne
U. M. Y:
WE — Ye
Honduras, Belize.
U as ——
Whe — —
U. — —
C. Lake Peten.—Vhe fish-fauna of this limited district is so peculiarly developed,
that we cannot hesitate to describe it as a separate province.
Heros margaritifer.
— melanurus.
—— urophthalmus.
—— affinis.
—-— friedrichsthalii.
—— salvini (in common with pro-
vince B).
—— intermedius.
Petenia splendida.
Pimelodus petenensis.
Tetragonopterus petenensis.
Belonesox (in common with province
B).
Peecilia petenensis.
Mollienesia petenensis.
Cheetoéssus petenensis.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 405
D. Lake of Managua.—Although the number of species known from this lake is
small, the forms are quite peculiar; we find here those species of Heros which are
distinguished by the extraordinary development of the lips, or by incisor-like teeth,
which render the separation into a distinct genus necessary. The development of
these Chromides is the more remarkable, as this lake occupies a space which is
supposed to have been a portion of a marine channel.
Heros erythrieus. Heros lobochilus.
managuensis. multispinis.
labiatus. Neetroplus nematopus.
E. Lake of Nicaragua.—Also the fishes of this lake are, with two exceptions, peculiar ;
like Lake Managua, it appears to have been part of a marine channel.
Eleotris longiceps. Heros labiatus (Lake of Managua).
Heros longimanus. Pimelodus nicaraguensis.
citrinellus. Gambusia nicaraguensis.
doyii. Pecilia dovit (im common with Lake
nicaraguensis. Amatitlan).
F. The fresh waters south of the Lakes of Manaqua and Nicaragua to the Isthius of
Darien.—We are obliged, at present, to unite into one province the fish-fauna of Costa
Rica, Veragua, Panama, and Darien, as our knowledge of the fishes of Costa Rica and
also of Veragua is too incomplete to admit of a comparison with those of the more
southern part of the isthmus. ‘This is the more to be regretted, as a former separation
of these two parts and of their faunas is, as we have explained above, a matter of great
probability. The fishes of the Chagres River show a decidedly South-American cha-
racter. The identity of the freshwater fish-faunas of the Pacific and Atlantic sides 1s
here easily explained by the narrowness of the isthmus.
DeirepGs 5 6 ho 6 oc — -- R. Bayano.
Agonostoma nasutum . . . s . = Panama. =
MORE COLUM ae, es ee — Panama. —-
Heros parma, . ..« . =. . - Chagres. — —
——— pilings Ge a ES go Western Veragua.
Acara ceruleomaculata . . . . Chagres. = =
Arius multiradiatus . . . . . — -- R. Bayano.
Mlurichthys dorsalis . . . . . — Panama. —
panamensiss 2 2: ws - — Panama. —
Pimelodus wagnerl. . . .- : - — Panama. —
modestus . . . . . - . Chagres. _: —
Plecostomus, sp. . . . - - - Chagres. — —_
Cheetostomus aspidolepis. . . . — Veragua. —
Chetostomus ?cirrhosus . . . . Chagyres. — —_—
Loricaria lima . . . . . . . Chagres. — —
406 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Loricaria uracantha . . . . . Chagres. — =
Macrodon microlepis . . . . . Chagres. o —
Tetragonopterus panamensis . . . — Panama. —
FON 5 avo lok Gor» < —- Panama. —
Chaleinopsis striatulus . . . . = Panama. —
chagrensis; » . . ... . Chagres. — —
Anacyrtus guatemalensis . . . . Chagres. — ==
Haplochilus|doyiiji sy iaib- 2) 2 ae — Costa Rica. —
Poscilia clongatat—--. . -- Panama. —
Cilla eee eee eer Chacres: — ~~
§ 9. Descriptive Part.
In the following descriptive part of this Memoir I have admitted full descriptions of
those species only which are not described elsewhere ; secondly, descriptive diagnoses of
those of which figures are given; and, finally, notes on some known species, if they
appeared to contribute to their better knowledge. For the descriptions of all the other
species (the insertion of which would be a repetition of matter already published), I
must refer the student to my general work on Fishes.
1. CENTROPOMUS APPENDICULATUS.
Poey, Mem. Cub. 11. p. 119.
D. 8|; A-3 L. lat. 70-72.
Nine longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
lateral line. The height of the body is contained four times in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head twice and two-thirds. Preorbital indistinctly
serrated ; suboperculum produced into a short flap, which extends to or nearly to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends to below the
middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate strength ; the third is the longest, and
about half as long as the head. ‘The second anal spine is generally longer than the third ;
but sometimes they are equal in length, and even shorter than the third dorsal spine. The
length of the ventral fin is more than one-half of its distance from the anal. Air-bladder
with a pair of appendages anteriorly. Silvery; dorsal fins blackish; lateral line black.
We kave received this species (which was originally described from Cuban examples)
from Surinam and Mexico. Mr. Salvin and Capt. Dow obtained a specimen from the
Chagres River, 10 inches long.
2. CENTROPOMUS MEDIUS,
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 144.
D.8|5¢ Ase. L.lat.57,
Fight longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
lateral Ene. ‘The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 407
length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and four-fifths. Preeorbital
finely serrated ; suboperculum produced into a flap, which does not extend to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends somewhat beyond
the anterior margin of the orbit. Dorsal spines strong; the third is longer than the
fourth, and half as long as the head. The second anal spine long, but a little shorter
than the third, and equal in length to the distance between the extremity of the upper
jaw and the preopercular margin. The length of the ventral fin is much more than
one-half of its distance from the anal fin. Lateral line black.
Two specimens, 15 inches long, from Chiapam.
3. CENTROPOMUS NIGRESCENS.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 144.
as eee al, lee 70!
Ten longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
lateral line. ‘The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and four-fifths. Praorbital not
serrated; suboperculum produced into a short flap, which does not extend to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends a little beyond
the middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines rather feeble; the third and fourth are equal
in length, two-fifths of the length of the head. The second and third anal spines also
are equal in length, and not longer than the dorsal spines mentioned. The length of
the ventral fin is scarcely more than one-half of the distance of its base from the anal.
Air-bladder without appendages anteriorly. Silvery; upper parts and fins blackish ;
lateral line black.
One specimen, 14 inches long, from Chiapam.
This species is allied to C. appendiculatus (Poey), but differs externally in its con-
siderably more feeble and shorter fin-spines.
4, CENTROPOMUS PARALLELUS.
Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 120.
D: 8{2. Aj2, 1. lat. 85-90.
Twelve longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and
the lateral line. The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and a half. Preorbital
distinctly serrated; suboperculum produced into a flap, which extends to the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal fin. The intermaxillary extends a little beyond the
middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines rather feeble; the third is the longest, half as long
as the head. The second anal spine is exceedingly strong, longer than the third and the
third dorsal spine. The length of the ventral fin is considerably more than one-half ot
408 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
the distance of its base from the anal. Air-bladder without appendages anteriorly.
Silvery; upper parts and fins greenish ; lateral line not black.
This species occurs in Cuba; we have received it from San Domingo, Jamaica, and
Bahia. Messrs. Dow and Salvin collected a specimen in the Chagres River.
5. CENTROPOMUS ARMATUS.
Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 163.
D. 8 = A. 2 L. lat. 51. 1. transv. 7/14.
Six longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
lateral line. The height of the body is contained from thrice and two-fifths to thrice
and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head twice
and a half. Praorbital serrated in its hinder half; suboperculum produced into a long
flap, which extends beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. ‘The inter-
maxillary extends scarcely to below the middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate
strength ; the third is the longest, and half as long as the head. The second anal spine
is exceedingly strong, much stronger than the third, and longer than the third dorsal
spine. The length of the ventral fin is scarcely more than one-half of the distance of
its base from the anal. Silvery; dorsal fins,a blotch on the opercle, and the membrane
between the anal spines blackish. Lateral line not black.
Several specimens, 12 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam.
6. CENTROPOMUS ENSIFERUS.
Poey, Mem. Cub. 11. p. 122, pl. 12. fig. 1.
Dr8| ao) Asse lslateoss
Seven longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
lateral line. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head two-fifths. Preeorbital coarsely serrated ; suboperculum pro-
duced into a flap, which extends to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The
intermaxillary extends scarcely to below the middle of the orbit. Dorsal spines of
moderate strength; the third and fourth are the longest, and two-fifths as long as the
head. The second anal spine is exceedingly strong, much stronger than the third, and
much longer than the dorsal spines. The length of the ventral fin is somewhat more
than one-half of the distance of its base from the anal. Silvery; dorsal fin, a blotch on
the opercle, and the membrane between the anal spines blackish. Lateral line not
black.
This species occurs in Cuba; we have received it from Jamaica and from the Guyanas.
Mr. Godman collected a specimen, 12 inches long, at Belize.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 409
7. CENTROPRISTIS MACROPOMA. (PI. LXV. fig. 1.)
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1864, p. 145.
D. A.j. L. lat. 52. LL. transv. 6/16.
Closely allied to C. radialis, Q. & G.; but whilst that species has a notch above the
spiniferous angle, the present has its preeopercular margin not interrupted, the long
spines of the angle gradually passing into the finer serrature. ‘There are six series of
scales between the eye and the angle of the preoperculum. The maxillary extends
nearly to the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. Dorsal fin with a notch,
the ninth spine being considerably shorter than the tenth. A series of rather small
brownish spots above and below the lateral line.
Three specimens, 43 inches long, were collected by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the
Pacific coast of Panama.
8. SERRANUS CREOLUS, C. & V.
I have examined specimens from the Atlantic coasts only; but Mr. Gill has found it
in a collection of fishes from Lower California, the specimens being undistinguishable
from those of the West Indies and South America (Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1862,
p. 249),
12. SERRANUS SELLICAUDA.
Epinephelus sellicauda, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1862, p. 250.
DG Ack L. lat. 100.
Caudal fin with the posterior margin convex. The height of the body is rather more
than three-fourths of the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total (caudal
included). ‘The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head. Preeoper-
culum finely serrated behind, with some coarser teeth at the angle, lower limb entire ;
sub- and interoperculum entire. Ventrals three-fourths of the length of pectorals, and
reaching two-thirds of the distance between their insertion and the commencement of
the anal. Brownish, with olive-coloured spots of larger and smaller size on the body
and opercles. All the fins with a narrow white margin. A square black blotch across
the back of the tail.
Description.—Body not very elevated; its greatest height is below the third spine of
the dorsal fin, rather more than three-fourths of the length of the head, and one-fourth
of the total. The distance between the end of the dorsal and the commencement of
the caudal is nearly one-sixth of the length of the base of the dorsal, is contained once
and two-thirds in the base of the anal, is one-fourth of the distance between the dorsal
tin and the snout, and equals the least depth of the tail. The distance between the
eyes is one-half of the diameter of the eye, and covered with very minute scales, which
are found also on the preorbital around the nostrils. The length of the snout is two-
thirds of the diameter of the eye. The maxillary bone reaches the vertical from
the posterior margin of the eye. The mandibulary is one-half of the length of the
9
VOL: VI-——-PART Vil. oL
410 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
head. The lips are not very thick. Posterior limb of preoperculum very convex,
minutely serrated, with three coarser teeth at the angle; lower limb toothless. Sub-
and interoperculum entire. Operculum terminating in three not very strong teeth, the
upper of which is somewhat more remote than the others, the middle one being the
more prominent. Suprascapular concealed by the scales.
The membrane of the dorsal fin is scaly for about half the height between the spines
and rays; the spinous portion scarcely lower but longer than the soft, with its upper
margin convex, and a small membranaceous appendage behind the tip of each spine.
The first spine is the shortest, rather more than half the length of the second, which is
one-fifth shorter than the third; from the third to the seventh the spines are equal,
becoming slightly shorter at the eighth ; the last two spines are of equal length. The
rays increase slightly from the first to the sixth, after which the upper margin is
straight, becoming again rounded posteriorly. ‘The first ray is one-fifth longer than
the preceding spine. Caudal with posterior margin convex. The commencement of
the anal is on a line with that of the soft dorsal, and it ends before the termination of
the dorsal; the first spine is short, not half the length of the second, which is long and
strong, longer than any of the dorsal spines; the third is slenderer, and equal to the
third dorsal spine: the margin of the soft part of the fin is nearly straight, sharply
rounded off posteriorly. The pectoral consists of eighteen rays, is rounded, and longer
than the ventral, and covered with very minute scales to one-third of the length. The
ventrals reach the vent; the second ray is the longest, the spine being equal to the
second of the dorsal. Canine teeth of moderate size, those of the lower jaw rather
small. Coloration as described above.
A single specimen, 4 inches long, was sent by Capt. Dow from the Pacific coast of
Panama. The specimen in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution is from the
coast of Lower California; a statement of its size, which would have been of some
importance, is omitted.
13. SERRANUS ANALOGUS.
Epinephelus analogus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 163.
D. 7 A. LL. lat. ca. 100.
Adult.—The height is contained thrice in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head twice and two-thirds. The preoperculum is finely serrated behind,
and towards the angle armed with three or four strong teeth. The diameter of the
eye equals a sixth of the head’s length, and equals the interorbital space as well as
the snout behind the intermaxillaries. The third, fourth, and fifth spines are equal,
and contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head; the tenth thrice and a
half. ‘The caudal fin enters five times and a half in the length, the height of the
dorsal twice and three-fourths in the head. The anal is deeper; its third spine is
longest, and enters four times and three-fourths in the head’s length; the pectoral is
at least half as long as the head; the ventral shorter, but coterminal with it.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 411
The colour is purplish grey, with numerous dark spots about as large as the pupil;
those of the pectoral and caudal fins are smaller and more crowded, of the dorsal, anal,
and ventral more like those of the body.
The specimens are from 11 to 15 inches long, and were found by Capt. Dow at
Panama.
We have received also a smaller example, 5 inches long, from the same gentleman. It
differs from those described above in being provided with five cross bands, paler in colour
than the spots, which are one-third the size of the eye. The dorsal fin is scarcely
notched, the tenth spine being but little shorter than the third or fourth, the length of
which is contained twice and two-thirds in that of the head. The example being
young, its eye is comparatively larger.
14. PLecTRopoMA aFRUM. (PI. LXVIL. fig. 3.)
Epinephelus afer, Bloch, Taf. 327 (fide Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, p. 105).
Alphestes afer, Bl. Schn. p. 236.
Plectropoma chloropterum, Cuv. & Val. il. p. 398. Poey, Mem. Cub. 1. p. 73, lam. 9. fig. 3.
monacanthus, Mill. & Trosch. in Schomb. Hist. Barb. p. 605. Giinth. Fish. i. p. 164.
multiguttatum, Giinth. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 600.
De Ae Talat. fo.
18-20°
Caudal rounded. The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
contained twice and three-fourths in the total (without caudal). The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and a little less than that of the snout.
Preoperculum with a strong spinous tooth below the angle, pointing forwards. Olive-
brown, head and body with numerous spots.
Description.—Body somewhat elevated ; its greatest height is below the fourth spine
of the dorsal, and equal to the length of the head, which is contained thrice and one-
third in the total (the caudal included). The distance between the dorsal and the
caudal is contained seven times and one-third in the length of the base of the
dorsal fin, twice in that of the base of the anal, four times in the distance between the
dorsal fin and the snout, and is considerably less than the least depth of the tail. The
distance between the eyes is about two-thirds of the diameter of the eye, and covered with
scales which extend forward beyond the nostrils on the préorbital, and in a narrow
band on the upper maxillary. The length of the snout equals the diameter of the
eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. The maxillary reaches a little beyond
the level of the posterior margin of the eye. The mandibulary is covered with minute
scales, and is equal to one-half the length of the head. ‘The lips are thick and fleshy.
The posterior limb of the preeoperculum slants obliquely backwards, and is minutely
serrated, the denticulations becoming coarser at the angle; and beneath on the lower
limb at some distance from the other teeth there is a single strong tooth pointing
downwards, and nearly concealed by the skin; sub- and interoperculum not serrated.
a2
412 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
The operculum terminates in three, flat, triangular teeth, the upper of which is the
more distant and somewhat more obtuse than the others, the middle one being the
longest, but not very prominent, and the lower one the shortest and weakest. ‘The
suprascapula is concealed by the scales.
Base of dorsal fin covered with very small scales, a tapering band of scales runs up
between each pair of the spines and rays to about half the height of the fin. Spinous
portion rather lower but longer than the soft, its upper margin convex; the membrane
between each spine is deeply notched, and there is a small membranaceous appendage
behind the top of each spine. The first spine is the shortest, half the size of the
second ; the second is five-sixths of the length of the third; the third, fourth, and fifth
are the longest, and of nearly equal length; the spines then become gradually shorter
to the last one, which is scarcely longer than the preceding. ‘The soft portion exhibits
an entirely rounded upper margin, the rays becoming longer from the first to the sixth
or seventh, and shorter from the fourteenth to the last; the first ray is one-fourth
longer than the preceding spine. Caudal with the posterior margin convex. Anal
commencing a little behind the commencement of the soft dorsal, and terminating in
advance of the end of the same; the first spine is not very strong, and short; the
second long, thick, and strong; the third more slender and shorter, being but little
longer than the second dorsal spine; the margin of the fin is rounded throughout, the
third ray being the longest, and the subsequent ones becoming progressively shorter.
The pectoral is composed of eighteen rays, rounded, one-fourth longer than the ventral,
and covered with minute scales for about one-third of its length. The ventral reaches
to the vertical from the origin of the eighth spine of the dorsal, but not to the vent;
the spine is a little less than two-thirds the length of the first ray; the first and second
rays are the longest, the others diminishing gradually in length; the length of the
spine is somewhat less than that of the second dorsal spine. Canine teeth small in
both jaws.
This species varies somewhat in coloration, as most of its congeners; the spots are
numerous and small, either of a uniform dark-brown colour, or of a light colour and
mixed with large brown spots. Pectoral fins with narrow blackish cross bands.
One example, 10 inches long, and three smaller ones have been collected by Capt.
Dow on the Pacific coast of Panama. ‘The latter have the spots somewhat larger and
less conspicuous than the adult. This species cccurs also in the West Indies and at
the Falkland Islands.
15. RiyPTICUS DECORATUS.
Rhypticus nigripinnis, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861, p. 53.
Promicropterus decoratus, Gill, 1. c. 1863, p. 164.
Di. + An IG:
The two dorsal spines are continuous with the soft portion. Body generally with
more or less numerous round whitish spots, many of which have a brown centre.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 4135
Messrs. Dow and Salvin have collected several examples, from 3 to 8 inches long, on
the Pacific coast of Panama.
The species described by Holbrook as R. maculatus, and said to have the dorsal
spines separated from the soft portion, may eventually prove to be identical with the
Pacific fish.
19. MEsopRION ARATUS.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 145.
iD); =. A. = L. lat. 45. L. transv. 44/12.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is contained thrice and
two-fifths, or thrice and one-fifth in the total (without caudal). ‘Che maxillary does not
extend backwards to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Praoperculum finely
serrated, with scarcely a trace of a posterior notch. Dorsal spines of moderate strength ;
the third and fourth are the longest, two-fifths of the length of the head; the eleventh
is scarcely longer than the tenth, which is rather more than half as long as the fourth.
Caudal fin emarginate, two-thirds scaly; anal spines short, rather feeble, the third
longer than the second, and equal in length to the last dorsal spine. Upper and
lateral parts brownish-olive, each scale with a pearl-coloured spot, the spots forming
together very distinct longitudinal stripes; no black lateral spot ; hind part of the root
of the pectoral brown. Lower parts salmon-coloured.
We have six examples: two, 15 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam ;
and four others were sent by Capt. Dow from the Pacific coast of Panama.
21. APOGON DOVII.
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 371.
D. 6|;, A.z 1. lat. 25. L. transv. 3/9.
A roundish black spot on each side of the root of the caudal; the spinous dorsal
colourless, transparent; uniform olive (in spirits). Head densely punctulated with
brown. Only the hind margin of the posterior preeopercular ridge is serrated. Dorsal
fins nearly equal in height.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal); the length
of the head two-fifths; eye large, its diameter being more than one-third of the length
of the head. Palatine and vomerine teeth present. The upper jaw overlaps slightly
the lower; maxillary extending backwards to below the posterior third of the orbit.
Operculum with an upper flexible point, and with a lower stiff spine. The third dorsal
spine is a little longer than the second, one-half the length of the head. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate, with the angles rounded.
Total length 26 lines.
This species is so closely allied to A. inermis from the Mediterranean, that perhaps
414 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
it would be better not to separate it; the only difference which I can find is the form
of the soft dorsal fin, which is considerably higher than the spinous in the Mediterranean
species.
22. PRISTIPOMA MELANOPTERUM.
Pristipoma melanopterum, Cuv. & Val. v. 1830, p. 2738.
bilineatum, Cuv. & Val. v. 1830, p. 271, pl. 122.
Hemulon melanopterum, Ranzani, Comm. Bonon. y. 1842, p. 343, tab. 30.
Pristipoma melanopterum, Giinth. Fish. i. 1859, p. 287.
Var. Genytremus interruptus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 256.
Pristipoma melanopterum, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, pp. 23 & 27.
This species occurs on both sides of Central America, Capt. Dow having collected
specimens at Panama and Colon. Mr. Gill has found it also in a collection of fishes
from Lower California. He describes his Pacific specimen as a distinct species ; but the
distinctive characters are, according to my views, not of specific value. He mentions it
in the following terms :—
“The species is so closely allied to dzlineatus, that it might be even considered as a
variety, but it appears to differ by the steel-blue colour of the back, and the discon-
tinuance of the lateral band a short distance before the spot on the tail’; at its end the
band is bounded below by the lateral line. In other respects, the two species are so
similar, that a detailed description would be only a repetition of that of dilineatus.”
23. PRISTIPOMA VIRGINICUM.
We have examined specimens of this species from the West Indies, from the Atlantic
coasts of Central America, and from Bahia. Mr, Gill has described an example from
Panama under the denomination of Anisotremus twniatus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. 1861,
p. 107. Although six or seven is the normal number of longitudinal bands, it is some-
times increased by a more or less complete division of one or several bands. It appears
to be more natural to consider the golden colour the ground-colour than the blue, as
after death it fades into the same colour as that of the space between the black vertical
bands. In a// specimens, I have found the bluish bands edged with purplish. Mr. Gill,
in describing his A. teniatus, has taken the blue colour as ornamental, whilst in his
description of A. virginicus the character assigned to the colours is reversed, and the
blue colour regarded as ground-colour. There is no specific difference between these
fishes.
24, PRISTIPOMA DOVII.
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 23, pl. 3. fig. 1.
Date peAcg.. L. late48: aL, tansy. 6/15.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal); the length
of the head one-third. Snout obtuse, not much longer than the eye; cleft of the
' This is also the case in some Atlantic specimens.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 415
mouth small, the maxillary extending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. Lips thick; a pair of pores on the symphysis of the lower jaw, a central groove
behind it. Snout naked, the remainder of the head being scaly. The width of the
interorbital space is much less than that of the orbit. Dorsal and anal spines exceed-
ingly strong; the third of the dorsal fin is the longest, and nearly two-thirds as long as
the head. The second anal spine is much longer than the third, and a little shorter
(but stronger) than the third of the dorsal fin. Each ray of the soft fins is accompanied
by a series of minute scales, but only on the caudal fin are these scales dense enough
to cover the rays. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Silvery, with four black cross
bands; the first runs from the occiput, through the eye, to behind the angle of the
mouth, the second from before the dorsal fin to below the base of the pectoral, the
third from the base of the sixth, seventh, and eighth dorsal spines to the vent; the
fourth descends from the origin of the soft dorsal to that of the soft anal. Fins
blackish. The cross bands appear to become fainter in old age.
‘Two specimens, 83 and 9 inches long, in the collection from Panama.
25. PRISTIPOMA CHALCEUM.
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 146.
D. 3%. A.S. L. lat. 56. L. transv. 11/19.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head thrice anda third. The diameter of the eye is nearly
equal to the width of the interorbital space, and two-thirds of the extent of the snout.
The maxillary does not extend backwards to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. Praeoperculum minutely serrated behind, with the angle rounded, but not
produced. ‘There is no notch between the spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin,
the hinder spines being only a little shorter than the anterior rays; dorsal spines of
moderate strength, the fourth being the longest, not quite half as long as the head ;
anal spines short, the second being only a little longer than the third, two-sevenths of
the length of the head. Caudal fin subtruncated, scarcely emarginate. Dorsal and
anal perfectly scaleless. The pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the vent.
Bronze-coloured, shining silvery, perfectly immaculate; vertical fins blackish, with an
indistinct light band along the base.
One specimen, 8 inches long, was discovered by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the
Pacific coast of Panama.
26. PRrisTIPOMA HUMILE.
Kner & Steindachner, Sitzgsber. Ak. Wiss. Miinch. 1863, p. 222; and Abhandl. bayer, Ak. Wiss. x.
p- 3, tab. 1. fig. 1.
Dz. = Ne . L. lat. 56. L. transv. ae Cec. pyl. 3.
The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without
416 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
caudal), the length of the head thrice. The diameter of the eye equals the width of
the interorbital space, is one-fifth of the length of the head, and two-thirds of the
extent of the snout. Snout produced; cleft of the mouth wide; the maxillary extend-
ing beyond the front margin of the eye. Preeoperculum with the hind margin vertical
and finely serrated. The spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin are separated by a
notch; dorsal spines moderately strong, the fourth being the longest, its length being
contained twice and three-fourths in that of the head. Second anal spine exceedingly
strong, more than half as long as the head. Caudal fin slightly emarginate ; pectorals
terminating at some distance before the vent. Scales ctenoid. Coloration uniform.
This species is known from a single example (size not stated) from the Rio Bayano
(Panama).
27. PristipoMA MACRACANTHUM. (Pl. LXIV. fig. 1.)
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 146.
D.11\|5. A. 3/8 LL. lat. 47. L. transy. 6/13.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-third of the total
(without caudal). The diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital space,
and is two-thirds. or somewhat less than two-thirds, of the extent of the snout. Hind
margin of the anterior nostril with a broad flap. Snout somewhat produced; the
maxillary does not extend to below the anterior margin of the eye. Praoperculum
with the hind margin rather concave, and with stronger teeth at the angle, which is
rounded. The spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin are separated by a deep
notch, the spine of the soft portion being much longer than the preceding, which is
somewhat longer than the second. Dorsal and anal spines exceedingly strong; the
fourth dorsal spine is the longest, its length being contained twice and a third in that
of the head. The second anal spine much longer and stronger than the third, and even
than the fourth dorsal spine. Caudal fin truncated. Each soft ray of the vertical fins
is accompanied by a series of minute scales. The pectoral fin extends to the vent.
Scales smooth. Silvery, with several very indistinct dark cross bands on the back,
which appear to be arranged as in P. /euciscus.
Two specimens, 11 and 14 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam.
29. Pristipoma LEuciscus. (Pl. LXVI. fig. 3.)
Giinth. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 147.
Daa | = A. 3/7-8. L. lat. 51. L. transv. =
The height of the body is contained thrice or thrice and a third in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a fourth. The diameter of the eye
is equal to, or more than, the width of the interorbital space, but is less than the extent
of the snout. The maxillary does not quite extend backwards to the vertical from the
anterior margin of the orbit. Preoperculum finely serrated behind, with the angle
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 417
rounded, and with the hind margin slightly concave. ‘The spinous and soft portions of
the dorsal fin are separated by a deep notch, the spine of the soft portion being nearly
twice as long as the preceding. Dorsal spines long, of moderate strength: the third is
the longest, and one-half, or more than one-half, as long as the head. Anal spines
rather strong: the third is a little longer than the second, equal to the seventh dorsal
spine, and more than one-third of the length of the head. Caudal fin emarginate.
Each soft ray of the vertical fins is accompanied by a series of minute scales. The
pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the origin of the anal in the younger example,
but is shorter in adult ones. Scales smooth, bright silvery; young specimens with
several yery indistinct dark cross bands on the back, the first from the nape of the neck
to the gill-opening, the second below the seventh dorsal spine, the third below the last
dorsal spine ; old specimens with the marginal membrane of the operculum black.
One specimen, 73 inches long, was found by Mr. Salvin at San José. Three others,
from 11 to 12 inches long, are from Chiapam; and Capt. Dow found it also at Panama,
where it does not appear to be rare.
30. Conopon paciricr. (Pl. LXIV. fig. 3.)
Giunth. Proe. Zool. Soe. 1864, p. 147.
Dede. eA aL lets 47, Le: tansy, 7/13.
Diagnosis.—The spinous teeth at the angle of the preoperculum are not much
stronger than the others. The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in
the total length (without caudal).
One specimen, 12} inches long, was collected by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam.
Description.—The body is compressed, and considerably elevated ; its greatest height,
which is below the fifth dorsal spine, is contained twice and three-fourths in the total
length. Upper profile rounded from the first dorsal spine to the nape, concave over
the eyes, whence it descends abruptly over the snout. The upper surface of the head
is very broad, the space between the eyes being nearly twice the width of the orbit.
The snout is thick and obtuse; the lips thick and fleshy. Teeth in a villiform band in
both jaws, with an outer series of conical teeth. Chin with a median groove and a
pair of pores. Posterior limb of preoperculum straight, regularly and distinctly
serrated, the teeth becoming gradually a little larger at the angle, and continued on
the lower limb; the entire surface of the preoperculum is covered with scales, which
are smaller than those of the operculum, and reach to the margin of the bone. ‘The
operculum has a notch behind, between two obtuse and feeble points. Suprascapular
margin indistinctly toothed or roughened. The origin of the dorsal is in the vertical
from the root of the pectoral, and its termination is vertically opposite to that of the anal;
the base of the spinous portion is nearly twice as long as that of the soft. The spines
are strong, broader alternately on one side than on the other; the first is small, not
quite one-half the length of the second, which is rather more than half that of the
VOL. VI.—PART VII. 3M
418 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
third; the third spine is three-fourths the length of the fourth; the fifth is the
longest, its length being contained twice and two-thirds in the height of the body;
the sixth and fourth spines are equal in height, and the subsequent spines decrease
gradually in length; the twelfth, which must be considered part of the soft dorsal, is
slightly longer than the preceding spine, and equal to the tenth. The soft portion has
a rounded margin; the third or highest ray is not quite equal to the fifth spine, and is
twice as long as the last. The spinous portion as well as the soft can be received into
a scaly sheath. The caudal fin is very slightly emarginate, scaly to within a short
distance from its tip, and one of its longest rays is nearly one-fifth of the total length.
The distance between the caudal and anal fins is less than the base of the latter; the
first anal spine is opposite to the third ray of the dorsal, it is strong, broader on the right
side, and excavated posteriorly, and is one-half the length of the second, which is very
long and strong, equal in length to the fifth dorsal spine, and broader on the left side ;
the third anal spine is equal to the third of the dorsal, and little more than half the
height of the first ray; the first and second rays are the longest, and the margin of the
soft portion is vertical. The pectoral is moderately long, its length being contained
four times and a half in the total. Root of ventral immediately behind that of
pectoral ; the spine is of moderate size and strength, a little more than half the length
of the first ray, which is produced about one-eighth of an inch at its tip; the other rays
decrease gradually in height. The scales are of moderate size, very finely crenated,
with the margin convex. ‘The lateral line is parallel with the curve of the back. Scales
silvery, with purple reflexions ; membrane between the scales brown; fins blackish.
34. H.a@MULON BREVIROSTRUM.
5) ‘ )
iD A. ao L. lat. 50. LL. tramsv. 0/14.
15-16"
This species is closely allied to H. chromis and H. canna, differing from both by its
much shorter and more convex snout.
The height of the body is contained twice and
two-thirds in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head thrice and one-fourth.
The snout is short, not much longer than the
diameter of the eye, which is more than one-
fourth of the length of the head. Cleft of the
mouth rather wide, the maxillary extending
beyond the vertical from the front margin of
the eye. Hind margin of the preoperculum
slightly emarginate, its angle with more con-
spicuous denticulations. Dorsal fin notched,
with strong spines; the fourth is the longest,
half as long as the head. Caudal fin forked.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 419
The second anal spine is strong, and somewhat longer than the third, but not quite as
long as the fourth of the dorsal fin. Scales above the pectoral fin not conspicuously
larger than the others. More or less conspicuous oblique brown streaks run along the
series of scales, and are broken up into series of spots in larger examples. A _ vertical
black spot covered by the angle of the preoperculum.
We possess four examples of this species: three were collected by Capt. Dow at
Panama; and the fourth is from Puerto Cabello. The largest is 8 inches long.
35. H.&MULON MARGARITIFERUM. (Pl. LXV. fig. 2.)
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 147.
D: as Ne ae L. lat. 55. .L. transv. 6/19.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head two-sevenths. The diameter of the eye is two-sevenths of the latter, and
equal to the extent of the snout and to the width of the interorbital space, which is
very convex. The maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Praeoperculum emarginate behind. Dorsal fin scarcely notched, with the
soft portion very low; its spines are moderately strong, the fourth is the longest, not
quite half as long as the head. Anal spines strong; the second is longer and stronger
than the third, and equal to the eighth of the dorsal. The soft vertical fins enveloped
in scales; caudal forked, with the upper lobe longest. ‘The pectoral fin does not extend
to the vent. Greenish olive above, each scale with a pearl-coloured centre ; sides
silvery ; a blackish spot above the axil.
One specimen, 12 inches long, was obtained by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the
Pacific coast of Panama.
39. CH#TopoN HUMERALIS. (PI. LXV. fig. 3.)
Giunth. Fish. 1. p. 19.
I have given a full description of this species (/.c.). The Pacific coast of Central
America appears to be its true home. Messrs. Salvin and Dow collected three speci-
mens at Panama; and our other specimens, which we received from the Haslar Collec-
tion, are probably from Guatemala, from which country Sir J. Richardson, as we
know, obtained a collection of fishes. I have no doubt that the statement of this
species extending to the Sandwich Islands is correct. ‘The Panama examples differ
from the typical specimens only in having an additional black cross band near the
hind margin of the caudal fin.
41. PoMACANTHUS ZONIPECTUS.
Pomacanthodes zonipectus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1862, p. 244.
1 3
iL): O3-94° A. 20°
“The form much resembles that of Pomacanthus. The greatest height equals three-
3M 2
420 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
fifths of the length. The head forms about a quarter, and the caudal fin about a sixth of
the total length. . . . The dorsal is considerably produced at the sixth ray, which passes
behind the rounded posterior margin. . . . Brownish, margined with light on each scale.
A very dark brown band girdles the breast behind the pectoral and ventral fins.” . . .
Obtained by Capt. Dow at San Salvador.
43. UPENEUS TETRASPILUS. (Pl. LXVI. fig. 1.)
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 148.
D. 8/9. A. 7. L. lat. 33. LL. transv. 2/6.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is contained thrice and
two-fifths in the total (without caudal); the width of the interorbital space is two-
thirds of the length of the snout. Teeth in both jaws in two series, the outer series of
the upper jaw being formed by very obtuse and partly confluent teeth. The maxillary
is dilated and rounded behind, and bent upwards into a sort of hook; the barbels
extend to the vertical from the root of the pectoral. The third and fourth dorsal
spines are subequal in length, longer than the second, and nearly three-fourths of the
length of the head. Greenish olive above, each scale above and below the lateral line
with a large pearl-coloured spot; sides yellow; a rose-coloured band on each side of the
belly. A large blackish blotch on the lateral line, behind the hind part of the spinous
dorsal fin. A second smaller blackish spot behind the orbit; the latter is sometimes
very indistinct.
Two specimens, 84 inches long, were collected by Messrs. Dow and Salvin on the
Pacific coast of Panama.
This species would belong to the division which has been called Mulloides.
44, UPpENEUS GRANDISQUAMIS.
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 168.
This species, which belongs to Bleeker’s division Upeneus, is described thus :—
D. 8|;. A.7. L. lat, 80, L. transy, 24/5,
The greatest height is contained four times in the length to the end of the median
caudal rays, and four times and a half in the total. ‘The head equals the height, and is
itself longer than high, the profile in front of the eyes rapidly declines downwards, and
is nearly rectilinear. The diameter of the eye enters thrice and a half in the head’s
length, and the height of the preorbitar twice and three-fourths. The supramaxillar
ends at the vertical from the front of the eye. The teeth in front of the upper jaw are
biserial ; below uniserial. The first dorsal fin is highest at the third spine, and there
equals the head in front of the preopercular margin; the first is exceedingly short, and
the second and fourth nearly equal, little shorter than the third; all the spines are very
slender towards the ends. The distance of the second from the first dorsal enters once
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 42]
and three-fourths in the base of the former, and in that interval are three scales; its
length is less than that of the first. The ventral equals the distance of the hinder
margin of the orbit from the snout. The tubes of the lateral line have slender branches
diverging from them, generally directed obliquely upwards. The larger scales have six
radiating striz. ‘The colour is light greenish brown above, with an indistinct silvery
spot at the centre of each scale. Below the lateral line, especially between it and the
anal fin, the colour is rose. The dorsal fins covered with spots of the colour of the
back. The others are immaculate.
i
Two specimens, the longest of which is 7} inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow
on the Pacific coast of Central America.
47. CHRYSOPHRYS CALAMUS.
A fine example, 16 inches long, has lately been sent by Capt. Dow from Panama.
49, CIRRHITICHTHYS RIVULATUS. (Plate LXXXVI. fig. 4.)
Cirrhites rivulatus, Valenc. Voy. Vénus, Poiss. p. 309, pl. 3. fig. 1 (bad).
ID): ie EAR es lat 47. dh transv. 6/14:
The height of the body is contained thrice in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head twice and two-thirds. The snout is of moderate extent, compressed
and rather elevated; the maxillary extends beyond the front margin of the eye. Inter-
orbital space deeply concave, and half as wide as the orbit ; a low longitudinal median
crest on the crown of the head. Praoperculum finely serrated behind. The fourth,
fifth, and sixth dorsal spines are the longest, two-sevenths of the length of the head, all
are of moderate strength. Seven simple pectoral rays, none of which extend so far
backwards as the ventral fin. The second anal spine is longer, but scarcely stronger,
than the third. Brownish, with transverse dark brown bands and spots, all of which
are edged with light blue. There are two of these bands on the head crossing the
preoperculum ; five on the body and tail, composed of large, more or less confluent,
round spots; especially the third and fourth terminate above each in a pair of large
spots, the first pair occupying the end of the spinous and commencement of the soft
dorsal, the second the basal portion of the end of the soft dorsal. Caudal and anal fins
with similar ocellated spots; a brown band across the inner side of the root of the
pectoral.
A single example of this beautiful species, 6 inches long, was obtained by Capt. Dow
at Panama. ‘The typical specimen was obtained at the Galapagos Islands.
51. POLYNEMUS MELANOPOMA,
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 148,
w| 1 2 —
De; | [a “AS 73° oatlatee (a:
Nine free pectoral appendages, the longest of which extends to the vent. Preeoper-
422 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
culum finely serrated, with a small spine above the angle. ‘The vomerine teeth form a
rounded patch; the band of the palatine teeth is as broad anteriorly as the front part
of the intermaxillary band. Operculum black.
_ A single specimen, 15 inches long, was obtained by Mr. Salvin at San José.
Description.—This fish is elongated in form, its greatest height being contained five
times and a half in the total length, with the caudal, and four times and one-sixth
without it. The tail is compressed, its height above the end of the anal fin being half
the length of the head. The head is much longer than high, and is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length with the caudal, and thrice and one-third with-
out it; its width between the eyes is two-ninths of its length. Snout produced beyond
the mouth, obtusely conical, and shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is con-
tained five times and a half in the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is
situated on the inferior side of the head, it is extremely wide, the maxillary being more
than half the length of the head. ‘The posterior margin of the preoperculum is finely
serrated ; the angle is produced, forming a rounded membranaceous lobe. The posterior
margin of the opercular apparatus is membranaceous, rounded, and formed by the oper-
culum and suboperculum. The origin of the first dorsal is in the vertical from the ninth
scale of the lateral line, or from a point about midway between the pectoral and ventral
fins. ‘The first spine is minute, the second is the strongest, all the others being flexible ;
the third is the longest, contained once and two-thirds in the length of the head; the
fourth is longer than the second, and the following rapidly decrease in length. A series
of scales ascends behind the second, third, and fourth spines, but disappears at the fifth ;
the distance between the two dorsals equals the length of the base of the second, which
is entirely covered with scales and has the upper edge strongly emarginate; the second
ray is the longest, nearly as high as the spinous dorsal, and twice the height of the last
ray. The distance between this fin and the caudal is one-fourth of the total length
(without caudal). ‘The caudal fin is completely covered with scales, deeply forked, with
the lobes pointed, the upper one being slightly the longer, and one-fourth of the total
length. The distance between the anal and caudal fins is less than that between the
caudal and dorsal, as the termination of the anal falls behind that of the dorsal, and in
the vertical from the 52nd scale of the lateral line. It is entirely covered with scales ;
and its origin corresponds to that of the seventh ray of the dorsal; its lower edge is
emarginate; the first spine is very small, the second being only one-third the length of
the first ray; the first and second rays are the longest, and about thrice the length of
the thirteenth or final ray, which, however, is rather longer than the one which pre-
cedes it. The pectoral is nearly one-sixth of the total length; its root is covered with
minute transparent scales. ‘The free pectoral appendages are long, the third and fourth
being the longest, considerably longer than the pectoral fin, and reaching to the vent;
the fourth is one-eighth of an inch jonger than the head. The root of the ventral fin
falls behind that of the pectoral, and in a vertical from the twelfth scale of the lateral
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 425
line ; it is short, one-eighth of the total length, and does not quite reach the vent; its
spine is about one-half the length of the adjacent ray. The scales are of moderate size,
longer than high, and have the posterior margin minutely crenulated. Lateral line
straight, very slightly bifurcated between the lobes of the caudal. The teeth are
minute and villiform, those of the vomer form a rounded or nearly square patch; the
band on the palatines cuneiform and elongated, broadest anteriorly. The body is
uniform silvery, greenish grey, darker on the back; the fins are minutely dotted with
black, the dorsals becoming blackish at their margins. Operculum black.
52. POLYNEMUS APPROXIMANS.
Polynemus approximans, Liay & Beun. in Beechey’s Voy. Zool. Fish. p. 57.
Trichidion approximans, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 169.
Dig Aa Wa lat.:60:
Six pectoral appendages, the longest of which reaches to the commencement of the
anal fin. The length of the caudal lobes is rather more than one-fourth of the total
length. Pectoral fins blackish.
Description —This fish is moderately elongate in form; its greaiest height, which is
between the root of the second dorsal and anal fins, is contained four times and one-third
in the total length with the caudal. and thrice and one-fourth in the same without
caudal. ‘The tail is compressed, its height above the end of the anal being contained
seven times and one-third in the total length. The head is much longer than high ; its
length is about four times and a half in the total with, and thrice and a half without
caudal; its width between the eyes is nearly one fourth of its length. The snout is
produced, obtusely conical, and shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fifth
of the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is situated at the inferior side of
the head, as usual; it is wide; the maxillary reaching considerably behind the orbit.
but the length of the bone is only two-fifths of that of the head. The posterior margin
of the preoperculum is armed with a distinct serrature, and one or two more distinct
teeth above the projecting membranaceous lobe of the angle. ‘The posterior extremity
of the opercular apparatus is angular, membranaceous, and formed by the- operculum
and suboperculum. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite to the eighth scale of the
lateral line, and in the vertical between the roots of the pectoral and ventral fins. The
first spine is minute, the second shorter than the third, which is the longest, and con-
tained about once and one-third in the length of the head; the fourth is longer than the
second; and the subsequent spines rapidly decrease in length, rendering the upper
margin almost vertical. ‘There is a series of scales behind each spine almost to the top.
The distance between the two dorsals is more than the length of the base of the
second, which is entirely covered with scales and has the upper margin emarginate ;
the first and second rays are the longest, not so high as the spinous dorsal, more than
twice as long as the hindmost rays. The distance between this fin and the caudal is
424 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
one-fifth of the total length. The caudal fin is completely covered with scales, deeply
forked, with the lobes pointed, the upper one being rather the longer. The distance
between the caudal and anal fins is less than that between the dorsal and caudal, as the
extremity of the anal falls behind that of the dorsal, or in the vertical from the forty-
third scale of the lateral line. Its origin corresponds to that of the dorsal; and it has
the lower edge straight or very slightly emarginate ; it is entirely covered with scales.
The first two spines are very small, and the third not half the length of the first ray ;
the first and second rays are the longest, but not twice as long as the fifteeenth or
terminal ray. ‘The length of the pectoral is not one-fourth of the total; it has minute
scales towards the base. The free pectoral appendages are six in number; the upper
one is the longest, reaching to the anal fin, and is not quite one-third of the total
length. The root of the ventral falls a little behind the middle of the pectoral, and in
the vertical from the eleventh scale of the lateral line; it is short, one-eighth of the
total length, reaching to the vent; its spine is more than half the length of the
adjacent ray. ‘The scales are of moderate size, scarcely higher than long, and minutely
ciliated on the posterior margin. ‘The lateral line is straight, bifurcating between the
lobes of the caudal. ‘Teeth on the vomer in a narrow transverse patch.
Two specimens, 12 inches long, are in the Collection, one found by Mr. Salvin at
Chiapam, the other by Capt. Dow at Panama.
Mr. Gill first recognized this species, which is not identical with P. vanthonemus, as
suggested in the * Catal. of Fishes.’
53. POLYNEMUS OPERCULARIS.
Trichidion opercularis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se, Philad. 1863, p. 169.
This fish is described thus :—
D. 8\5. Aq L. lat. 69-70. L. transv. 8/14,
The greatest height equals a fourth of the length to the fork of the caudal fin, and
more than a fifth of the extreme, while the head enters four times and a half in the
latter. The outline from the dorsal to the snout is nearly rectilinear and little declined.
The distance of the anal from the outer axil of the ventral equals that of the posterior
nostril from the margin of operculum. ‘The first dorsal, when bent backwards, rests on
the fourth scale, in front of the second. ‘The second commences nearly above the
twentieth scale of the lateral line. The pectoral is as long as the head behind the
pupil. ‘There are eight pectoral filaments, the longest of which extends rather beyond
the front of the second dorsal. ‘The colour is greenish brown above and yellowish green
below. The operculum is blackish. The first dorsal and the pectorals, except below,
are also blackish, as is likewise the margin of the caudal. ‘The anal is tinged with
orange.
A single specimen, 11 inches long, was collected by Capt. Dow at Panama.
or
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 42
54, LARIMUS BREVICEPS.
Larimus breviceps, Cuv. & Val. v. p. 146, pl. 111. Giinth. Fish. 11. p. 268.
Amblyscion argenteus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1864, p. 165.
Having recently received a fine example of this fish from Panama through Capt. Dow,
I have convinced myself that the Pacific examples are not specifically, much less
generically, distinct from West-Indian ones,
56. MICROPOGON ALTIPINNIS.
Ginth. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 149.
D. 10/5. A. 2/7. 1. lat. 48-50. 1, transy. 7/15.
The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head thrice and a half. The maxillary extends scarcely
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. A series of five minute
barbels along each side of the mental groove. ‘Two short, strong, divergent spmes at
the angle of the preoperculum. The third and fourth dorsal spines are long, their
length being three-fifths of that of the head; anal spine of moderate strength, not quite
one-fourth of the length of the head. Nearly uniform silvery.
Two specimens were procured by Mr. Salvin—one, 17 inches long, at Chiapam, and
another, 14 inches long, at San José; a third specimen, 43 inches long, was found by
Capt. Dow at Panama: this agrees in every other respect with the older examples, but
of the minute barbels only a trace of the anterior (longest) pair is visible; so that it
appears that this generic (!) character is developed with age.
57. UmBrina EvoncaTa. (PI. LXIV. fig. 2.)
yiinth. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 148.
D.10\4. A. 1/7. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/22.
24°
The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the total length (without
caudal), and five times if the caudal is included ; the length of the head is two-sevenths
of the total, or one-fourth if the caudal is included. The depth of the head is contained
once and three-fourths in its length. Snout long; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths
of the length of the snout, and one-fourth of the postorbital part of the head. Sym
physial barbel very short, as long as the posterior nostril, Praoperculum without
distinct serrature. The length of the second dorsal spine is one-half of that of the
head. Posterior margin of the caudal f-shaped, the upper lobe being pointed, the
lower rounded; anal spine very feeble. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the
anterior margin of the orbit. Upper parts blackish, shining silvery, the lower white.
One specimen, 17 inches long, was found by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam.
VOL. VI.—PART VII. 3 N
426 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
58. UMBRINA NASUS.
D10|5 A.1/8. L. lat. 54. LL. transv. 6/14.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head thrice and one-fourth. Snout much produced beyond the
mouth, which is quite at the lower side of the snout. ‘The diameter of the eye is two-
thirds of the length of the snout, and two-fifths of that of the postorbital portion of
the head. Symphysial barbel very short, scarcely as long as the posterior nostril.
Preoperculum distinctly serrated. ‘The second and third dorsal spines are as long as
the head, without snout. Posterior margin of the caudal fin f-shaped, the upper lobe
being pointed, the lower rounded; anal spine very feeble. ‘The maxillary extends to
below the centre of the orbit. Silvery, fins blackish.
One specimen, 10 inches long, was found by Capt. Dow at Panama.
59. UMBRINA ANALIS.
D.10|5. A. 2/6. L. lat. 46-48. L. transv. 6/15.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head two-sevenths. Snout compressed, rather deep, of moderate extent, longer
than the eye, which is two-ninths of the length of the head, and equal to the width of
the interorbital space. Snout overlapping the mouth, but not much protruding beyond
it.. Barbel very short, scarcely as long as the posterior nostril. Praoperculum
distinctly serrated. The second and third dorsal spines are not quite as long as the
head without snout. Caudal fin subtruncate. Anal spine very strong, more than half
as long as the head. The maxillary extends beyond the front margin of the eye. An
oblique dark streak runs along each series of scales. ‘The spinous dorsal fin blackish.
One specimen, 11 inches long, was found by Capt. Dow at Panama.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 427
I thought it possible for some time that this fish might be identical with Umbrina
undulata of Girard ; however, as this writer states that the anal spines of U. undulata
are feeble, and gives 1/9 for the number of anak rays, we are not justified in identifying
these two species.
61. Corvina curysoteuca. (Pl. LXVII. fig. 1.)
Allied to C. ronchus.
D. 10/555. Ag. L. lat. 55-56. “LL. transv. =.
The height of the body is contained thrice in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and one-third. Head thick ; snout obtuse, with the upper
jaw slightly overlapping the lower, as long as the diameter of the eye, which is con-
tained four times and two-thirds in the length of the head. The maxillary is nearly
entirely hidden by the preorbital, and extends beyond the vertical from the centre of
the orbit. ‘Teeth of the outer series of the upper jaw rather stronger than the others.
Interorbital space slightly convex, only one-third wider than the orbit, its width being
two-sevenths of the length of the head. Preeoperculum with spinous teeth round its
margin, three on and below the angle being much stronger than the others. Supra-
scapular denticulated. The second dorsal spine is the strongest, and the third the
longest, being as long as the postorbital portion of the head. ‘The second anal spine is
very strong, as long as the longest of the spinous dorsal, and not much shorter than the
first anal ray. Caudal fin irregularly rounded. Silvery, irregularly mottled with large
brownish patches shining golden. A young specimen (5 inches long) is more uniform
silvery.
‘Two specimens, 9 inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow at Panama.
I have observed in this species a most extraordinary variation in the size of the scales
above the lateral line, such as I do not recollect having seen in other Acanthopterygian
fishes. ‘The two larger specimens are of nearly the same size; yet the dorsal scales of
one are only half the size of those of the other. ‘The lateral line is composed of nearly
the same number of scales in both, and also the scales below the lateral are of nearly
the same size.
62. CoRVINA VERMICULARIS. (Pl. LX VII. fig. 2.)
D. 10, _ A. = L. transv. -
The height of the body is a little more than one-third of the total length (without
caudal); the length of the head two-sevenths. Head moderately compressed, snout
obtuse, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower, a little longer than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. The maxillary is entirely hidden
by the preorbital, and extends somewhat beyond the vertical from the centre of the
orbit. ‘Teeth of the outer series of the upper jaw rather stronger than the others.
Interorbital space convex, only one-fourth wider than the orbit, its width being one-
3N 2
428 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA,
fourth of the length of the head. Preeoperculum with spinous teeth round its margin ;
they are rather widely set and of equally small size. Suprascapular scarcely denticu-
lated. ‘The second dorsal spine is scarcely stronger than, and but half as long as, the
third, the length of which exceeds somewhat that of the postorbital portion of the
head. ‘The second anal spine is very strong, rather shorter than the succeeding ray,
and equal in length to the postorbital portion of the head, Caudal fin rounded, with
the upper lobe slightly produced. Scales irregularly arranged, Purplish shining
silvery; a purplish brown streak, obliquely ascending backwards, follows the middle of
each series of scales. Fins brown.
A single specimen, 8 inches long, was found by Capt. Dow at Panama.
65, CORVINA ARMATA,
Bairdiella armata, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 18638, p. 164.
This species, which is evidently allied to C. ronchus, is described thus :—
D.10|5, Aig L.lat. 51. L. transy. 7/10.
The height equals a fourth of the total length, of which the head forms a fourth.
2
The caudal fin equals the head behind the front margin of the eye. The diameter of
the eye enters four times and a half in the head’s length, somewhat exceeds the inter-
orbital area, which is scarcely convex, and equals the snout. ‘The fourth dorsal spine
is longest, and nearly equals half the head’s length; all are stout and robust. ‘The
second dorsal commences nearly above the twentieth scale of the lateral line, or tip of
pectoral. The second anal spine is very strong, longer than the first ray, and nearly
equals the interval between the front of orbit and opercular flap ; the soft fin behind is
incurved. ‘The pectoral equals the interval between the middle of the pupil and the
opercular flap, and the ventral that between the front of the pupil and the same. ‘The
colour is hoary above, silvery below ; the fins yellowish; the vertical, especially the
first dorsal, clouded with darker.
Found by Capt. Dow at Panama.
64. CORVINA OPHIOSCION.
Ophioscion typicus, Gill, Proc. Acad, Nat. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 164.
Om: 2 L. lat. 49. L. transv. a.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and two-sevenths of
the total (without caudal). Head rather low, snout obtuse, but prominent, with the
upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, the cleft of the mouth being quite at the lower
side of the snout. The diameter of the eye equals the extent of the snout, and is two-
ninths of the length of the head. The maxillary is entirely hidden by the preorbital,
and extends to below the middle of the orbit. Teeth of the outer series of the upper
jaw rather stronger than the others. Interorbital space scarcely convex, only one-third
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 429
wider than the orbit, its width being two-sevenths of the length of the head. Pre-
operculum with straight, widely-set, spinous teeth round its margin, those on or near
the angle being slightly the strongest. ‘The second dorsal spine is the strongest. the
third the longest, its length being more than that ef the postorbital portion of the
head. The second anal spine is exceedingly strong, about as long as the third dorsal
spine, or as the first anal ray. Caudal fin irregularly rounded. Uniform silvery; top
of the spinous dorsal blackish.
This species appears to be scarce at Panama, Capt. Dow having collected only two
examples, of 8 and 6 inches in length.
65. OTOLITHUS SQUAMIPINNIS.
DoSitee Ae. Lelat, $5,
Scales rather irregularly arranged; there are nine longitudinal series between the
origin of the first dorsal fin and the lateral line, and five or six between the end of the
second dorsal fin and the lateral line. ‘The height of the body is contained four times
and one-sixth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
one-fourth. Lower jaw very prominent, the extent of the snout being contained thrice
and one-third in the length of the head. The width of the interorbital space is more
than the diameter of the eye, and equals the extent of the upper jaw from the orbit.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit. Praopercular
angle slightly produced, dilated into a membranaceous margin which is faintly striated.
The spinous dorsal is longer than high; the spines are feeble, the length of the third
being two-fifths of that of the head. Caudal fin rounded, the middle rays being the
longest. ‘The membrane of the soft dorsal and anal fins is covered with small, transpa-
rent scales, which form a thickish cover on the base of these fins. ‘The length of the
pectoral is three-fifths of that of the head. Body uniformly coloured, scales on the
sides minutely punctulated with brown ; hinder side of the axil of the pectoral brown.
Inner membrane of the gill-cover black. Ventral yellowish.
Two specimens, 10 & 11 inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow at Panama.
66. OTOLITHUS ALBUS.
Ginth. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 149.
D:10\/5. Le transya(6/iile
Preorbital minutely serrated. The height of the body is contained twice and two-
fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and a half.
Snout as long as the eye; the groove for the intermaxillary processes is broad, scaleless,
not extending backwards to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Dorsal fin notched,
the last spine being longer than the eye; dorsal spines strong, the length of the second
equals the distance between the end of the operculum and the anterior nostril; the
second anal spine stronger, but much shorter, than the second of the dorsal fin. The
scaly sheath of the anal fin leaves the outer half of the last ray uncovered, ‘The
pectoral extends scarcely to the vertical from the vent. Caudal scaly, deeply forked,
with the lobes equal in length, each being one-fourth of the total. Three or four
blackish streaks along the series of scales below the lateral line ; the spinous dorsal
fin black.
One specimen, 10 inches long, was found by Mr, Salvin at Chiapam.
155, GERRES DOVIIL.
Diapterus dowii, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 162.
This species is characterized thus :—
Dy 2.) A = L. lat..47. Ju; transv.-5/10.
10"
The greatest height is contained thrice and a half in the extreme length; the head
four times and a quarter; the diameter of the eye twice and three-fourths in the head ;
the snout equals four-fifths of the eye. The profile is rectilinear, and the interorbital
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 449
space nearly flat, but convex above the eyes, and nearly as wide as the eye. The
maxillary groove is linear, and extends backwards to a vertical midway between the
front of the orbit and pupil, while the scales on each side extend to the vertical from
the front of the orbits. The exposed surface of the supermaxillary bones is at first
triangular, and thence oblong, the whole twice and a half as long as wide. ‘The height
of the constricted portion of the caudal peduncle equals two-thirds of its length and the
diameter of the eye. The lateral line is scarcely bent behind. ‘lhe second and third
dorsal spines are slender, and nearly equal half the height of the body beneath; the
last is little more than half as long as the first branched ray. The third anal spine is
as long as the snout, and longer and more slender than the second. ‘The colour is
silvery ; the spinous dorsal blackish at margin; the axilla of pectoral blackish.
Discovered by Capt. Dow on the Pacific coast of Central America.
156. ACARA CHRULEOPUNCTATA.
Kner & Steindachner, Sitzgsber. bayer. Akad. 1863, p. 222; and Abhandl. bayer. Akad. Wiss. x.
p. 16, tab. 2. fig. 3.
D. 42.
Three series of scales on the cheek. Przeorbital scarcely wider than the orbit. The
greatest breadth of the head is two-thirds of its length. Cleft of the mouth oblique.
Body with four or five indistinct cross bands. A large black blotch on the middle of
the sides, and traces of a second on the root of the caudal. Each scale on the side of
A. 2 L. lat. 27. L. transv. 24/9.
the head and chest with a bluish spot.
Two specimens, 5 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin in the Rio Chagres.
Description.—The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head rather more than thrice. Nape curved, the
profile of the snout straight. Width of the interorbital space two-fifths of the length
of the head, and more than that of the snout. Snout broad, moderately elevated, the
width of the preorbital being scarcely more than the diameter of the eye. Cleft of the
mouth slightly oblique, not reaching the vertical from the orbit. The fold of the lower
lip is interrupted in the middle. Lower lmb of prazoperculum more than half the
length of the posterior limb. ‘There are only eight series of scales between the throat
and the root of the ventral. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, gradually increasing
in length posteriorly; the length of the ninth is more than one-third of that of the
head, The middle of the soft dorsal and anal produced, and extending beyond the
middle of the caudal, which is rounded. Pectoral as long as the head, reaching only
to the origin of the anal. Ventral filament rather long. Colours as described above.
157. Heros parma (Gthr.).
‘This species varies considerably in coloration and in form of the body. The cross
bands may be entirely absent, and replaced by a large diffuse black blotch on the end
VOL. VI.—PART VII. : 3 Q
450 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
of the tail; the height of the body is contained from once and three-fifths to twice and
one-fifth in the total length. Guatemalan specimens have generally the black caudal
blotch, but they vary much in the depth of the body. The numbers of the fin-rays
(Dish im a appear to be very constant.
12-13°
158. HEROS MARGARITIFER. (Plate LXXI. fig. 2.)
Ginth. Fish. iv. p. 287.
D. 2. Aod. «IL. Tat. 31s) “Ly transw.:5/13.
The fold of the lower lip is slightly interrupted in the middle; five or six series of
scales on the cheek. The height of the body is rather less than one-half of the total
length (without caudal). Brownish olive, with seven black cross bands, each band with
pearl-coloured spots.
One specimen, 65 inches long, was found by Mr. Salvin at Lake Peten.
159. HEROS MELANOPOGON.
Steindachner, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xxiii. p. 72, Taf. 1. fig. 3.
D. SA. g. OL. lat. 30. ° L. trans. 62/13.
The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle; five or six series of scales on
the cheek. The height of the body is four-ninths of the total length (without caudal).
Body with five irregular blackish cross bands interrupted in the middle, so as to repre-
sent two series of irregular blotches ; a large blackish blotch on the root of the caudal
fin. Small pearl-coloured spots surround the lower blotches, and are scattered over the
caudal blotch.
Known from a specimen 44 inches long.
This fish may represent merely the younger state of H. margaritifer; it is stated to
be from Central America. It formed part of a collection made by Friedrichsthal, who,
to judge from other specimens collected by him, appears to have visited Lake Peten,
which is inhabited by //. margaritifer.
160. Heros MeLanurus. (Plate LXXII. fig. 3.)
Ginth. Fish. iv. p. 288.
D> ae Ae > L: lat..33;._ L.-transv. 5/13.
The fold of the lower lip is subinterrupted in the middle’; five series of scales on the
cheek. The height of the body is contained twice and a third or twice and a half in the
total length (without caudal). A deep-black band along the middle of the tail; the
lower parts black in adult specimens.
Several examples, from 3 to 10 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at Lake
Peten.
' The fold is distinetly interrupted in specimens from 6 to 10 inches long, whilst it appears to be slightly
continuous in young individuals of 3 to 4 inches long.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 451
161. Heros MACRACANTHUS.
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 153.
D. ent dN 5B L. lat. 31. L. transv. a
The lower lip is interrupted in the middle. The height of the body is two-thirds of
the total length (without caudal) in adult specimens, but only one-half in immature ;
the length of the head is one-third of the total. Upper profile of the head very steep,
not concave. Scales on the cheek in five series. ‘The first dorsal spine is a little before
the vertical from the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines strong, the
tenth of the dorsal fin being two-fifths of the length of the head. Pectoral as long as
the head. Dark greenish, many scales with a pearl-coloured spot in the upper or lower
angle. Vertical and ventral fins black.
About a dozen specimens, from 3 to 9 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin at
Chiapam and Huamuchal.
Description.—The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (without
caudal), and nearly one-half of the entire length of the fish. The length of the head
is one-third, or slightly more than one-third of the total (without caudal). Head
rather higher than long, the nape convex, but the upper profile showing a slight
concavity above the snout. The snout is of rather considerable extent, the height of
the preorbital being one-half more than the width of the orbit. The cleft of the
mouth is slightly oblique; the preorbital almost covering the posterior end of the
maxillary, which does not attain the line of the front margin of the eye. Jaws rather
protractile, armed with a broad band of villiform teeth, those of the outer series being
enlarged. Interorbital space convex, nearly twice the width of the orbit. Eye some-
what nearer to the end of the operculum than to that of the snout. Base of soft
dorsal and anal with a few small scales. Dorsal spines strong; the twelfth is a little
less than one-half of the length of the head in adult specimens ; the fifteenth is the
longest, and more than half the length of the head. Soft dorsal and anal much
elevated; the middle rays produced; caudal rounded. Pectoral rounded, about as
long as the head. First ventral ray slightly prolonged. The free portion of the tail
is nearly twice as deep as long. Greenish or brownish olive; fins black; a more or
less distinct black spot on the root of the caudal fin, above the lateral line. Immature
specimens with six very indistinct dark cross bands, the third of which has a blackish
blotch below the lateral line; an indistinct blackish spot at the root of the caudal fin.
162. Heros spiturvs. (Plate LXXIII. fig. 1.)
Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 289.
D. | A- oe. Lelat. 29. L. transv. F.
The fold’ of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle; four series of scales on the
cheek. The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal), the
Baa
452 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA,
length of the head nearly one-third. Head a little higher than long; snout of
moderate extent, its length being two-fifths of that of the head. The diameter of the
eye is two-sevenths of the length of the head, two-thirds of that of the snout, and less
than the width of the interorbital space, which is convex; the eye is situated below
the upper profile, a little nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to that of the
snout. Preorbital as wide as the orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate length and strength,
the length of the twelfth being contained twice and a third in that of the head. The
distance between dorsal and caudal is less than the depth of the tail. Greenish olive,
with nine dark vertical bands; a large, roundish black spot on the middle of the root
of the caudal; no spot on the temple; caudal and the posterior part of the dorsal and
anal with whitish spots.
Three examples were collected by Messrs. Salvin and Godman at Yzabal and in the
Rio Motagua. Length 33 inches.
163. Heros nicgrorascratus. (Plate LX XIV. fig. 3.)
D. a A. eo L. lat. 29. L. transv. 4/11.
‘The lower lip is interrupted in the middle. Scales on the cheek in four or five series.
Dark blackish brown, with nine deep-black cross bands.
Numerous examples, from 2 to 5} inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin in the
Lakes of Amatitlan and Atitlan.
Description —Vhe height of the body is contained twice and one-sixth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice; the free portion of the tail is
considerably deeper than long. Head as high as long, with the upper profile convex
to the snout, where it is straight. Snout of moderate extent, the width of the pre-
orbital being equal to that of the orbit. The eye is somewhat nearer to the end of the
snout than to that of the operculum ; its diameter is considerably less than the width
of the interorbital space, and one-fourth of the length of the head. Jaws equal in
length. The soft dorsal and anal fins have scarcely any scales on their base, and are
more or less produced in the middle, the longest rays reaching to the middle of the
caudal. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the humerus; its spines are of
moderate strength, rather short, the length of the twelfth being somewhat less than
one-third of that of the head. Anal spines as long as, but rather stronger than those
of the dorsal fin. Caudal rounded, two-ninths of the total length. Pectoral as long
as the head, without snout, extending to the second or third anal spine. Ventral but
slightly produced.
This species is very dark-coloured. The ground-colour is a dark blackish purplish
brown, An arched black band runs from the nape of the neck round the opercular
margin to the interoperculum. A second is nearly concentric with the first, running
from the nape to behind the pectoral and ventral. .'The third is short, like a spot,
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 453
between the anterior dorsal spines and the lateral line. The following are subvertical.
slightly inclined backwards, and broader than the interspaces between them. The
penultimate connects the ends of the dorsal and anal fins; the last across the root of
the caudal. Fins black.
This species appears to remain within small dimensions.
164. Heros MULTISPINosuS. (Plate LX XIV. fig. 2.)
D.G A. = L. lat. 28. LL. transv. 44/12.
The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle. ‘Three or four series of scales
on the cheek. Pectoral very long, extending nearly to the end of the anal. Greenish
454 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
olive, with an indistinct blackish band running from the orbit to a large black spot on
the middle of the side. Dorsal fin with numerous round whitish spots.
One specimen, 54 inches long, was found by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Nicaragua.
Description—The height of the body is contained twice and one-sixth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and three-fifths. Upper profile
of head straight. Head rather longer than high; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique,
with the lower jaw rather prominent. Jaws moderately protractile; the maxillary does
not extend to the vertical from the front margin of the eye. Preeorbital as wide as the
diameter of the eye, which is somewhat less than the width of the interorbital space,
and more than one-fourth of the length of the head. The eye is situated immediately
beneath the upper profile of the head, and a little nearer to the end of the operculum
than to that of the snout. Scales on the cheek in three or four series; scales on the
opercles large. The dorsal commences vertically above the scapula; the spinous portion
has its upper margin convex; the spines are slender and long, the fifth and sixth being
the longest, one-half of the length of the head. The soft dorsal and anal have the middle
rays somewhat longer than the others, and reaching to about the middle of the caudal ;
the soft anal is slightly scaly at the base, the soft dorsal scarcely or not at all scaly.
Anal spines shorter but somewhat stronger than those of the dorsal. Caudal slightly
emarginate. Pectoral very long, slightly longer than the head, and extending nearly to
the end of the anal. Ventral with the outer ray produced into a filament. The distance
between the vent and the root of the ventrals is equal to one-third of the length of the
head. Teeth in the jaws small, cardiform, forming a band, those of the outer series
being somewhat larger than the others.
This species is similar to the Mexican //. helleri, but has a considerably longer
pectoral fin, and also less anal rays.
166. Heros uropHtHaLmus. (Plate LX XII. fig. 1.)
Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 291.
Deis As ¢- ~ Lalatt,28),1) tranev. (0/12.
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Scales on the cheek in six
series. ‘The height of the body is contained twice and a half or twice and a quarter in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly three times. Head as
high as long; snout rather elevated, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and with the
lower jaw prominent. Preeorbital as wide as the orbit; interorbital space flat, wider
than the orbit. The eye is nearer to the extremity of the snout than to that of the
operculum. Dorsal spines of moderate length and strength, the length of the twelfth
being two-fifths of that of the head. The free portion of the tail is higher than long.
Anal spines strong and long. The distance between the vent and the root of the ventral
is three-fifths of the length of the head. Brownish- or greenish-olive, with seven blackish
cross bands, as broad as the interspaces between: the first descending obliquely back-
’
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 455
wards across the nape; the second, third, and fourth below the dorsal spines; the
seventh across the free portion of the tail. A large, black, white-edged ocellus on the
root of the caudal. Fins blackish; pectoral yellowish towards the base.
Mr. Salvin obtained three examples, 7 inches long, at Lake Peten.
167. Heros aureus. (Plate LXXIII. fig. 2.)
Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 292.
De Ae Lh. lat, 33. Li transy. 6/13.
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Scales on the cheek in five
series. Base of the dorsal scaleless. The height of the body is contained twice and a
third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head three times. Head
as high as long; snout somewhat elevated, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and
with the jaws equal anteriorly ; preeorbital as wide as the orbit. ‘The eye is a little
nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to that of the snout. Dorsal spines
rather slender, the length of the twelfth being a little less than one-half of that of the
head. ‘The distance between the dorsal and caudal is somewhat less than the greatest
depth of the free portion of the tail. Caudal slightly emarginate. The distance
between the vent and the root of the ventral is one-third of the length of the head.
Yellowish-olive, with six dark cross bands, extending downwards to a yellow longi-
tudinal band running from above the pectoral to the lower half of the base of the
caudal. The third cross band terminates in a large black lateral spot ; sides of the
head with several bluish dots, and with a blackish spot on the operculum and suboper-
culum, darkest on the latter bone. Fins light-coloured, immaculate.
Two specimens, 4 and 5 inches long, were collected by Messrs. Salvin and Godman
at Yzabal and in the Rio Motagua.
168. Heros arrinis. (Plate LXXIX. fig. 1.)
Ginth. Fish. iv. p. 292.
Digs:
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Scales on the cheek in tour
series. The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head twice and three-fourths. Head as high as
long; snout compressed, elevated, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and with the
lower jaw prominent. Preorbital wider than the orbit (in the larger individuals) ; the
eye is considerably nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to that of the snout.
Dorsal and anal fins entirely scaleless; dorsal spines rather strong and long, the length
of the twelfth being two-fifths of that of the head. Anal spines very strong. ‘The free
portion of the tail is a little higher than long. Caudal slightly emarginate, two-ninths
of the total length. The distance between the vent and the root of the ventral is one-
8-9 ¢ ry
AG. lat. 29) sla transyao/l2:
87
456 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
third of the length of the head. Olive, with five or six dark cross bands, the middle one
of which has a deep-black spot where it passes the lateral line; a more or less distinct
black spot on the suboperculum ; sides of the head and vertical fins with bluish dark-
edged ocelli.
This species is very closely allied to H. awreus, but may be distinguished from it by
larger scales, by a more backward position of the eyes, by stronger spines, &c.
Four examples, from 34 to 5} inches long, were obtained by Mr, Salvin at Lake Peten.
169. HEROS LABIATUS.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 27, pl. 4. fig. 1.
D7 A. ES ee Tilat. 320. 1. transy.16/1 3;
The anterior portions of the upper and lower lips are much enlarged, each forming
a moveable subtriangular flap (probably in old males only). The height of the body is
somewhat more than the length of the head, and two-fifths of the total (without caudal) ;
the eye occupies the middle of the length of the head. Scales on the cheek in four
series. Base of the dorsal fin almost scaleless. The length of the eighth dorsal spine is
less than one-third of that of the head. The depth of the free portion of the tail is
scarcely more than its length. Uniform red, or red irregularly marbled with black, or
nearly entirely black.
‘’wo specimens, G2 and 7 inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of
Managua; three others were lately sent by the same gentleman from the Lake of
Nicaragua. We do not yet know the female sex and the young state of this species.
Description. —Head rather longer than high; snout somewhat elevated; cleft of the
mouth slightly oblique, with the lower jaw a little prominent. ‘Teeth in narrow bands,
those of the outer series enlarged, with brown tips. The maxillary does not nearly
attain the vertical from the front of the eye. Preorbital as wide as the orbit, the
diameter of which is less than the extent of the snout, and one-fourth of the length of
the head. Interorbital space somewhat convex, wider than the orbit. ‘The eye is
situated not quite immediately beneath the upper profile of the head, and midway
between the end of the snout and that of the operculum. Opercles scaly, the scales
being larger than those on the cheek ; suboperculum with two series of scales. Soft
portions of dorsal and anal fins with minute scales between the rays at their base.
Dorsal spines of moderate length and strength, the length of the eighth dorsal spine
being less than one-third of the length of the head. Points of the produced middle
rays of the soft dorsal and anal reaching to the middle of the caudal fin. Caudal
rounded, its length being contained rather more than five times in the total. Anal
spines of nearly the same length and strength as those of the dorsal fin. Pectoral
rounded, reaching to the fourth or fifth spine of the anal ; ventral filament produced.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 457
The distance between the vent and the root of the ventral is less than one-half of the
length of the head.
170. Heros rrytHravs. (Plate LXXV. fig. 2.)
D. ie da\y i L. lat. 31. L. transv. 64/14.
Lips thick, with broad free margin in their entire circumference. The height of the
body is contained twice and a third in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head twice and two-thirds; the eyes occupy the middle of the length of the head.
Scales on the cheek in four or five series. Base of the soft dorsal fin with very small
scales. The length of the eighth dorsal spine is less than one-third of’ that of the head.
The depth of the free portion of the tail is conspicuously more than its length. Of a
deep orange-colour; many of the scales of the tail with a blackish spot on the base.
One specimen, 7 inches long, was collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Managua.
I was for some time inclined to regard this fish as a variety of sex or age of /.
labiatus. ‘This, however, is not the case, all the specimens being males, and the speci-
men of H. erythreus larger than one of the two of H. labiatus. Besides, it appears to
be sufficiently distinguished by its much shorter and deeper tail.
Description.—Head as high as long ; snout rather elevated, with the cleft of the mouth
slightly oblique, and the lower jaw scarcely prominent. ‘Teeth in narrow bands, those
of the outer series enlarged, with brown tips. ‘The maxillary does not reach the
vertical from the front margin of the eye; preorbital wider than the orbit. The
diameter of the eye is contained nearly five times in the length of the head. Inter-
orbital. space slightly convex, much wider than the orbit. Eye situated near the upper
profile of the head, and equidistant from the end of the snout and that of the oper-
culum. Opercles scaly, the scales being larger than those on the cheek ; suboperculum
with two series of scales. The soft dorsal and anal fins with a few minute scales
running up between the bases of the rays; dorsal spines of moderate strength. Soft
dorsal and anal slightly produced, not reaching to the middle of the caudal. Caudal
rounded, one-fifth of the total length. Anal spines stronger but not longer than those
of the dorsal fin. Pectoral rounded, extending to the fourth anal spine, somewhat
shorter than the head. The outer ventral ray produced; the distance between the
ventral and the vent is one-half of the length of the head.
171. Heros Losocuintus. (Plate LXXV. fig. 1.)
D. gs. A.gy. L. lat. 82. L. transy. 6/14,
Old males with the anterior portions of the upper and lower lips much enlarged,
each forming a moveable subtriangular flap; in young males the lips are simple, the
fold of the lower being continuous. The height of the body is contained twice and a
third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and three-
VOL. VI.—PART VII. 3R
458 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
fourths. The eye occupies the middle or nearly the middle of the length of the head.
Scales on the cheek in four or five series. Base of the dorsal fin scaly. The length of
the eighth dorsal spine is more than one-third of that of the head. The depth of the free
portion of the tail is scarcely more than its length. Greenish or yellowish, with about
six indistinct dark cross bands; that below the fourteenth dorsal spine with a large
black blotch below the lateral line; sometimes a black spot on the upper half of the
base of the caudal.
Two male specimens were collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Managua; the
larger, 8 inches long, has the labial lobes and black caudal spot; the smaller is 7 inches
long, and, without doubt, of the same species. ‘The female sex is unknown.
Description —Head as high as long; snout rather elevated, with the cleft of the
mouth oblique, and the lower jaw rather prominent. Upper profile very concave.
Teeth in narrow bands, those of the outer series enlarged, with brown tips. The
maxillary does not reach nearly to the vertical from the front of the orbit; preorbital
as wide as the orbit, being contained very slightly more than four times in the length
of the head. Interorbital space flat, much wider than the orbit. The eye is situated
immediately below the upper profile, slightly nearer to the extremity of the snout than
to that of the operculum. Opercles scaly, the scales being larger than those on the
cheeks; suboperculum with one series of scales. ‘The soft portions of the anal and
dorsal fins with a series of small scales between the rays at their base. Dorsal spines
of moderate strength, the length of the eighth to twelfth being more than one-third of
that of the head. Points of the soft anal and dorsal reaching to the middle of the
caudal. ‘lhe free portion of the tail is scarcely higher than long. Caudal rounded, its
length being one-fifth of the total. Anal spines strong and long. Pectoral rounded,
reaching to the fourth anal spine; outer ventral ray produced. ‘The distance between
the vent and the root of the ventral is three-sevenths of the length of the head.
Coloration as described above.
172. HEROos cITRINELLUS. (Plate LXXI. fig. 1.)
Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 153.
a «A.zg I. lat. 30. 1. transv. 6/13.
[Sar a
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. The height of the body is
contained twice and a fifth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
twice and seven-eighths; the free portion of the tail is conspicuously deeper than long ;
nape of the neck very convex ; interorbital space broad, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. Snout not obtuse; scales on the cheek in four series. The first
dorsal spine is inserted above the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal
spines slender, the eighth or tenth of the dorsal fin being two-fifths of the length of
the head. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Lemon-coloured, either nearly uni-
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 459
form or with the back black, which colour sometimes forms irregular blotches on the
vertical fins.
Three specimens, two males and one female, from 7 to 8 inches long, were collected
by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Nicaragua.
Description —Head as high as long; snout rather elevated, the cleft of the mouth
almost horizontal, the lower jaw scarcely prominent. ‘Teeth in narrow bands, those of
the outer series enlarged, with brown tips. ‘The maxillary does not reach the vertical
from the front margin of the eye. Praorbital wider than the orbit. The eye is
situated close to the upper profile, and a little nearer to the end of the snout than to
the opercular margin; its diameter is one-fourth of the length of the head. Inter-
orbital space flattish, twice the width of the orbit. Opercles scaly, the scales being
larger than those on the cheeks; suboperculum with two series of scales. Soft anal
and dorsal fins slightly scaly at the base. The points of the soft dorsal and anal con-
siderably produced, and extending beyond the middle of the caudal fin, sometimes to
its extremity. Caudal rounded, its length being contained four times and a half in the
total. Pectoral long and rounded, extending to the fifth anal spine. Outer ventral
ray produced. The distance between the vent and the root of the ventral is nearly one-
third of the length of the head.
173. HeR0s ALTIFRONS.
Kner & Steindachner, Sitzgsber. bayer. Akad. 1863, p. 223; and Abhandl. bayer. Akad. x. p. 11,
Taf. 2. fig. 1.
r
Dy, see Aa a
The lower lip is dilated into a lobe on each side, which is broadest behind. Scales
on the cheek in four or five series. ‘The height of the body is contained twice and two-
fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and four-fifths.
Snout rather high, the width of the praorbital being more than that of the orbit. Jaws
equal in length. Eye considerably nearer to the end of the operculum than to that of
the snout. Dorsal spines of moderate length and strength. Body with four or five dark
vertical bands', each band with a darker blotch. Scattered pearl-coloured dots all over
the body; a dark spot on the middle of the root of the caudal fin.
Southern (Pacific) rivers of the district Chiriqui (Western Veragua).
174. Heros rRieEDRICHSTHALIL.
Heckel, Flussfische Brasil. p. 381. Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 294.
D. gap Aga L. lat. 31. L. transy. 4/12.
The fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle. Scales on the check in seven
series. Antero-inferior margin of preeorbital concave, the greatest width of this bone
‘ The authors describe them as “ teni,” instead of “ fascie.”
460 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
being only two-thirds of that of the orbit. The length of the twelfth dorsal spine is
two-sevenths of that of the head. Yellowish-olive, with six or seven blackish cross
bands; a black band from the eye to the upper part of the root of the caudal, inter-
rupted by the interspaces between the cross bands ; the origin and end of this band are
edged with yellow; suboperculum with a black ocellus; an oblique black streak from
the eye towards the ocellus.
Lake Peten. Several examples, 5 inches long, were collected by Mr. Salvin.
175. Heros satvini. (Plate LXXIII. fig. 3.)
Heros salvini, Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 294.
triagramma, Steindachner, Denkschr, Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxii. p. 70, tab. 3. fig. 2.
iy A. =e. Li lat. 29. 1. transy, 5/10.
Fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle; scales of the cheek in five series.
Preorbital a little narrower than the orbit, with the antero-inferior margin concave.
Base of the soft dorsal scaly. The height of the body is contained twice and a fourth
in the total length (without caudal), and the length of the head twice and three-fourths.
Head somewhat longer than high; snout of moderate extent, longer than the eye,
pointed, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique, and with the lower jaw projecting ;
the maxillary does not quite extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. The eye is situated immediately below the upper profile, in the middle of the
length of the head. Suboperculum of moderate width, with one series of scales. The
length of the twelfth dorsal spine is two-fifths of that of the head in specimens from
Lake Peten, and one-third in those from Santa Isabel. The distance between dorsal and
caudal is considerably less than the depth of the free portion of the tail. ‘The distance
between the vent and the root of the ventrals is two-fifths of the length of the head.
Dark greenish olive, with a black band, edged with yellow, running from the snout,
through the eye, to the root of the caudal; it is most distinct on the head, but inter-
rupted on the tail by lighter interspaces ; it passes a black lateral spot, and, in young
specimens, terminates in another black spot. An irregular black band along the back,
below the base of the dorsal fin. Sometimes three bands across the upper surface of
the head. A blue horizontal line below the orbit; a more or less distinct black
ocellus on the suboperculum is sometimes entirely absent. Fins blackish, immacu-
late, or with faint dots only in small number. The sides below the black band are
sanguineous in mature specimens.
The largest specimen is 43 inches long.
This species occurs in Lake Peten as well as in the Rio Santa Isabel ; specimens from
the former locality are distinguished by somewhat longer dorsal spines. H. triagramina
appears to have been founded on a Lake-Peten example.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 461
176. Heros Trimacunatus. (Plate LX XVI.)
D. 7. A. L lat. 31. LL. transv. 5/14.
Allied to //. salvini. Fold of the lower lip continuous in the middle; scales of the
cheek in five series. Lower jaw prominent. Preorbital as wide as the orbit, with the
antero-inferior margin concave. The length of the twelfth dorsal spine is rather less
than one-third of that of the head. Dark greenish olive, with three black spots; the
first above the origin of the lateral line, the second in the middle of the side, and the
third above the end of the lateral line. Fins black.
Three adult examples, from 8 to 11 inches long, and one of 23 inches, were collected
by Mr. Salvin at Chiapam and Huamuchal.
Description.—The height of the body is contained twice in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head twice and two-thirds. Head nearly as high as long;
snout rather pointed, much longer than the eye, with the cleft of the mouth very
oblique, and the lower jaw prominent; the maxillary extends nearly to the vertical
from the front margin of the orbit. Preeorbital as wide as the orbit, with the antero-
inferior margin concave. The width of the orbit is one-fifth of the length of the head,
but only two-thirds of that of the interorbital space. The eye is situated immediately
below the concavity of the upper profile of the head, and is very slightly nearer to the
tip of the snout than to the opercular margin. Opercles scaly ; suboperculum with two
series of scales. The vertical fins are scaly at the base. Dorsal spines of moderate
strength and length, the twelfth being rather less than one-third of the length of the
head. The points of the soft dorsal and anal extend beyond the middle of the caudal.
Caudal much rounded. The distance between the caudal and the dorsal is considerably
less than the depth of the free portion of the tail. Pectoral much shorter than the
head, extending only to the second anal spine; ventrals with the outer ray produced.
The distance between the vent and the root of the ventrals is nearly half the length of
the head. The coloration of the young example is exactly the same as that of the adult.
177. Heros povu. (Plate LX XIII. fig. 4.)
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 154.
By: 7 A. a L. lat. 35. L. transv. a
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. The height of the body is
contained thrice in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head twice and
three-fifths. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw very prominent. Preorbital with the
antero-inferior margin but slightly concave, its greatest width being three-fourths of
that of the orbit. Both jaws with a pair of fangs, those of the upper pair being close
together in the middle of the jaw, whilst the lower are separate. Scales on the cheek
small, rather irregularly arranged, in about eight series. The first dorsal spine is
inserted behind the vertical from the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal
462 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
spines slender, the length of the twelfth of the dorsal fin being one-fourth of that of the
head. Pectoral three-fifths as long as the head. Brown, irregularly marbled with
darker; fins black; an indistinct black band along the operculum and the side of the
trunk; an oblique blackish band descends from the eye towards the root of the pectoral ;
a black spot behind the angle of the mouth.
This species is allied to H. friedrichsthalii, H. salvini, &c. 'T'wo specimens, 6 inches
long, were collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Nicaragua.
Description.—Head much longer than high. Snout rather elongate, much longer than
the eye, pointed, with the cleft of the mouth oblique, and the lower jaw very prominent.
‘The maxillary reaches the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The width of
the orbit is contained four times and a half in the length of the head, and equal to that
of the interorbital space. ‘The eye is situated immediately below the upper profile, but
is considerably nearer to the end of the snout than to that of the operculum. Opercles
scaly, the scales on the operculum larger than those on the cheek; suboperculum with
two series of scales. The soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins are scaly at the base,
and do not reach much beyond the origin of the caudal. Caudal rounded. The
pectoral is about two-thirds as long as the head, and scarcely reaches the vertical from
the origin of the anal. Ventral pointed, slightly produced, reaching only to the vent.
The distance between the vent and the root of the ventral is two-fifths of the length of
the head.
178. Heros Moracuensis. (Plate LX XVII. fig. 2.)
De Ae lat 32m ee airy ot
8-9"
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Snout pointed, with the lower
jaw prominent. Praorbital with the antero-inferior margin but slightly concave, its
greatest width being equal to that of the orbit. Dentition as in H. dovii. Scales on
the cheek small, in eight series. The first dorsal spine is inserted behind the vertical
from the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines short, the length of
the twelfth of the dorsal fin being two-ninths of that of the head. Brownish, a black
interrupted band runs from the eye to a spot on the root of the caudal, this spot being
situated above the lateral line. An oblique short black streak runs from the lower
posterior angle of the orbit towards a spot situated on the suture between operculum
and suboperculum, close to the interoperculum, the band being not continuous with the
spot. Back with traces of irregular cross bands, more distinct in young than in old
individuals. Vertical fins with numerous brown dots.
Five examples, from 4 to 10 inches long, were obtained by Mr. Godman from the Rio
Motagua. ‘This species is closely allied to H. friedrichsthalii.
Description of an example 10 inches long.—The height of the body is nearly equal to
the length of the head, and is contained thrice in the total length (without caudal); the
length of the head is contained twice and five-sixths in the same. Head longer than
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 463
high; snout of moderate extent, much longer than the eye, pointed, with the cleft of
the mouth very oblique, and the lower jaw very prominent. The maxillary reaches
nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. ‘The width of the orbit is
not quite one-fifth of the length of the head, and less than the width of the interorbital
space. ‘The eye is situated near the upper profile of the head, nearer to the end of the
snout than to that of the operculum. Opercles scaly; suboperculum with two series of
scales. Vertical fins scaly at the base, their points do not reach the middle of the
caudal. Caudal rounded. ‘The distance between the dorsal and caudal is somewhat
less than the depth of the free portion of the tail. Pectoral short, less than two-thirds
of the length of the head, and scarcely reaching to the vent; ventral short, pointed, with
the outer ray produced. The distance between the vent and the root of the ventral is
more than half the length of the head.
179. Heros MANaGuENSIS. (Plate LX XVII. fig. 3.)
D.5 Ash) L. lat..32. \L.-transy. 43/18.
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle. Snout somewhat pointed, with
lower jaw prominent. Preorbital with the antero-inferior margin concave, narrow, its
greatest width being scarcely more than one-half of that of the orbit. Dentition as in
H. dovii. Scales on the cheek small, rather irregularly arranged, in eight or nine
series. The first dorsal spine is inserted behind the vertical from the upper end of the
gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines of moderate length and strength, the length of the
twelfth of the dorsal fin being contained thrice and two-thirds in that of the head.
Greenish brown, shining golden, and irregularly marbled with dark brown. A series
of quadrangular black spots (probably a band in young examples) runs from the eye to
a black spot on the root of the caudal, this spot being situated above the lateral line;
a brown band descends obliquely from the lower posterior angle of the orbit to the
lower posterior angle of the operculum. Vertical fins with black spots, each spot
being half as large as a scale.
This species is allied to H. friedrichsthalii, salvini, &c.; a single specimen, 7} inches
long, was found by Capt. Dow in the Lake of Managua.
Description—The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and
two-fifths of the total length (without caudal). Head longer than high; snout of
moderate length, somewhat pointed, with the lower jaw prominent, and the cleft of
the mouth oblique. The maxillary reaches beyond the anterior margin of the eye.
The width of the orbit is one-fifth of the length of the head, and three-fourths of the
width of the interorbital space. The eye is situated immediately below the upper
profile ; its distance from the end of the snout is a little more than half of that from
the hinder margin of the operculum. Opercles scaly, the scales on the operculum
larger than those on the cheek ; suboperculum with two series of scales. Vertical fins
464 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
slightly scaly at the base. The soft dorsal and anal do not reach to the middle of the
caudal. Caudal rounded. The distance between the dorsal and caudal is much less
than the depth of the free portion of the tail. Pectoral short, more than half the
length of the head, and extending only to the origin of the anal; ventral with the
outer ray slightly produced, reaching beyond the vent. The distance between the vent
and the root of the ventral is not quite half the length of the head.
180. Heros MICROPHTHALMUS.
Gunth. Fish. iv. p. 295.
18 5-6
D. 75. .A- iggy L. lat. 34. L. tramsv. 5/14.
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle; six series of scales on the
cheek. The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a third. Head as high as long;
snout of moderate extent; preorbital wider than the eye. Cleft of the mouth rather
narrow, horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly. Interorbital space very convex,
twice as broad as the orbit; the eye is a little nearer to the extremity of the snout
than to that of the opercle. Vertical fins scaly at the base; the spinous dorsal is low,
the length of the twelfth spine being one-third or rather less than one-third of that of
the head. The free portion of the tail is rather higher than long. Pectoral much
shorter than the head, equal in length to the ventral, which does not extend on to the
vent. Brownish, with indistinct dark cross bands, and with a dark band along the sides
and tail, terminating at a black spot in the middle of the root of the caudal. Each
scale on the lateral and lower parts with a purple spot at the base. The soft portions
of the vertical fins with series of blackish dots; axil of the pectoral orange-coloured.
Numerous examples, from 4 to 8 inches long, were collected by Mr. Godman in the
Rio Motagua.
181. Heros OBLONGUS.
D. — Ne a L. lat. 33. LL. transv. 53/19.
Closely allied to 7. microphthalmus, but with the body considerably more elongate.
The fold of the lower lip is continuous in the middle; five series of scales on the
cheek. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head two-sevenths. Mouth small, horizontal, with the jaws equal in
length. The length of the twelfth dorsal spine is less than one-third of that of the
head. Coloration as in H. microphthalmus.
Two examples, 7 and 8 inches long, were obtained by Mr. Godman from the Rio
Motagua.
Description.—Head a little longer than high; snout of moderate extent; preorbital
wider than the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Cleft
of the mouth rather narrow, horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and the maxil-
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 465
lary not extending backwards to the vertical from the front margin of the eye. Teeth
in a band, those of the outer series much larger and stronger than the others, and with
brown tips. Interorbital space convex, not quite twice as broad as the orbit. Eye
about equidistant from the end of the snout and that of the opercle. Vertical fins
scaly at the base. The spinous dorsal is rather low, the length of the twelfth spine
being less than one-third of that of the head. Soft dorsal and anal somewhat produced,
the former reaching to the middle of the caudal. The free portion of the tail is rather
longer than high. Caudal subtruncated, its length being a little less than one-fifth of
the total. Pectoral shorter than the head, about equal in length to the ventral, the
outer ray of which reaches to the vent. Brownish, with about five very indistinct
broad darker cross bands, descending from the back to a not less indistinct longitudinal
band which runs from above the pectoral to a black spot in the middle of the root of
the ventral. Vertical fins with transverse series of round whitish spots, separated by a
network of dark lines. Pectoral yellowish.
182. Heros NICARAGUENSIS. (Plate LX XVII. fig. 1.)
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 153.
Dp: ae Ay a, L. lat. 35. LL. transv. 5/13.
The fold of lower lip is interrupted in the middle. ‘The height of the body is con-
tained twice and two-fifths in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head
thrice and one-fifth. Head much higher than long, in consequence of an adipose
swelling above the eye, which renders the shape of the head Coryphena-like. Scales
on the cheek in six series, rather irregularly arranged. The first dorsal spine is inserted
above the upper end of the gill-opening. Dorsal and anal spines long, the sixteenth of
the dorsal fin being one-half the length of the head. Pectoral not quite as long as
the head. Brownish olive above, yellowish below; back with five or six blackish cross
bands, not extending downwards to beyond the middle of the side; many scales with a
brown vertical marginal streak. ‘The soft vertical fins with brown spots, each half as
large as a scale.
Two specimens, 64 and 7 inches long, were collected by Capt. Dow in the Lake of
Nicaragua.
Description.—Snout elevated ; preorbital wider than the orbit, the diameter of which
is more than one-fourth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth rather narrow,
horizontal, the jaws equal in front, and the maxillary not extending back to the vertical
from the front of the orbit. ‘Teeth in a band, those of the outer series being somewhat
enlarged, and with brown tips. Interorbital space very convex, not quite twice as broad
as the orbit. The eye is about equally distant from the end of the snout and that of
the opercle, and far below the upper profile of the head. Vertical fins scaly at the
base. Spinous dorsal not very low, the sixteenth spine being half as long as the head;
VOL. VI.—PART VII. 38
466 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
the soft portions of the dorsal and anal slightly produced, the former extending nearly
to the middle of the caudal. Free portion of the tail as high as long. Caudal slightly
emarginate, its length being considerably more than one-fifth of the total. The ventral
has the outer ray much produced, and reaches to the sixth anal spine.
183. Heros GopManni. (Plate LXXIV. fig.
Ginth. Fish. iv. p. 296.
Dis Avle) TjlataGoa! Uvitransy, <0
The fold of the lower lip is interrupted in the middle; six or seven series of scales on
the cheek. The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice or thrice and a third. The
profile of the nape is much curved. Head rather longer than high; snout rather
elevated, the preorbital being wider than the orbit. Cleft of the mouth rather narrow,
horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and with the maxillary not extending
backwards to the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The nape is elevated, and
the orbit considerably below the upper profile of the head. Dorsal and anal fins very
slightly scaly at the base; the spinous dorsal is low, the length of the twelfth spine
being one-fourth of that of the head. The free portion of the tail is a little longer
than high. Head greyish olive ; cheeks and body reddish olive; an irregular blackish
band proceeds from above the pectoral to a black spot in the middle of the root of the
caudal.
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DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 49]
finely granular; a series of very small, distant, smooth, oblong tubercles along the
median line of the back. Nostrils longer than the space between their posterior
extremities, but shorter than the mouth. Upper parts uniform ashy brown, the pre-
ocular part of the snout yellowish white.
One male, 21 inches long, was obtained by Capt. Dow on the Pacific coast of Panama.
299. UROLOPHUS MUNDUS.
Urotrygon mundus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 173.
Mr. Gill proposes the generic name of Urotrygon for U. torpedinus and the present
species, the new genus being distinguished by the rounded and not angular outline, the
longer tail and posterior insertion of the spine, and especially the acute teeth. The
new species is thus characterized :—
The disk is orbicular, with a slight linguiform projection in front, and with the
pectoral fins behind broadly rounded. The distance of the snout from the hinder
margin of the pectorals equals the width of the disk. The tail (behind the anus) is
rather longer than the body (in front). The spine is inserted behind the middle of the
tail, and is about as long as the distance between the snout and the nostrils. ‘The
ventral fins extend outwards, the rectilinear anterior margin tending little backwards ;
and the external margins are on a line with and complete the outline of the disk. ‘The
posterior margin in the male is nearly rectilinear, while in the female it is slightly
convex, especially towards the inner angles. The upper velum is very sinuous and
fimbriated. The teeth are pointed and pyramidal. ‘The spiracles are oval, interrupted
at the intero-anterior angle by the eyes; and the margins are entire and well defined.
The skin is beset with numerous small stelliform tubercles, larger on the dorsal region.
The colour is a uniform dark brown above.
Two small specimens, male and female, were collected by Capt. Dow on the Pacitic
coast of Central America.
300. AETOBATIS LATIROSTRIS (A. Dum.).
This species was known from one very young example only, from the west coast of
Africa; Messrs. Dow and Salvin have rediscovered it in the Bay of Panama. The
specimen, which to the root of the tail is 12 inches long, and has a tail of 44 inches,
does not differ in anything from the Atlantic example. I may remark here that the
soft rostral appendage is naturally bent upwards, like the nose-leaf of certain Chiroptera,
and is not horizontally stretched forward as represented by M. A. Dumeril.
DEXee
492 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXIII.
Map of the States of Central America, exhibiting localities mentioned in the paper.
The areas less than fifteen hundred feet above the sea-level are coloured green.
PLATE LXIV.
Fig. 1. Pristipoma macracanthum, Fig. 2. Umbrina elongata, p. 425.
p. 416. Fig. 3. Conodon pacifici, p. 417.
PLATE LXV.
9
Fig. 1. Centropristis macropoma, p. 409. Fig. 3. Chetodon humeralis, p. 419
g. 2. Hemulon margaritiferum, p. 419.
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PLATE LXVI.
Fig. 1. Upeneus tetraspilus, p. 420. Fig. 3. Pristipoma leuciscus, p. 416.
Fig. 2. Pseudojulis notospilus, p. 447.
PLATE LXVII.
Fig. 1. Corvina chrysoleuca, p. 427. Fig. 3. Plectropoma afrum, p. 411.
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PLATE LXVIII.
Fig. 1. Thalassophryne maculosa, p. 456. Fig. 2. Thalassophryne reticulata, p. 437.
PLATE LXIX.
Fig. 1. Cremnobates monophthalnus, Fig. 5. Antennarius leopardinus, p. 439.
p. 442. Fig. 4. Trachynotus fasciatus, p. 434.
Fig. 2. Clinus macrocephalus, p. 442.
PLATE LXX.
Fig. 1. Agonostoma microps, p. 444. Fig. 2. Agonostoma nasutum, p. 444.
PLATE LXXI.
Fig. 1. Heros citrinellus, p. 458. Fig. 2. Heros margaritifer, p. 450.
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VOL.
DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 4938
PLATE LXXITI.
. Heros urophthalmus, p. 454. Fig. 5. Heros melanurus, p. 450.
. Heros longimanus, p. 455.
PLATE LXXIII.
. Heros spilurus, p. 451. Fig. 5. Heros salvini, p. 460.
. Heros aureus, p. 455. Fig. 4. Heros dovii, p. 461.
PLATE LXXIV.
. Platyglossus dispilus, p. 447. Fig. 4. Neetroplus nematopus, p. 470.
. Heros nultispinosus, p. 453. Fig. 6. Heros godmanni, p. 466.
. Heros nigrofasciatus, p. 452.
PLATE LXXV.
. Heros lobochilus, p. 457. Fig. 2. Heros erythrwus, p. 457.
PLATE LXXVI.
Heros trimaculatus, p. 461.
PLATE LXXVII.
. Heros nicaraquensis, p. 465. Fig. 5. Heros manaquensis, p. 463.
. Heros motaquensis, p. 462.
PLATE LXXVIII.
. Heros intermedius. p. 468. Fig. 5. Heros guttulatus, p. 466.
. Heros irreqularis, p. 467.
PLATE LXXIX.
. Heros affinis, p. 455. Fig. 2. Petenia splendida, p. 469.
PLATE LXXX'.
. LHemirhombus ovalis, p. 472. Fig. 2. Citharichthys spilopterus, p. 471.
PLATE LXXXI.
. Amiurus meridionalis, p. 473. Fig. 2. Alurichthys nuchalis, p. 476.
' The figures on this plate ought to have been reversed.
VI.—-PART VII. 3Y
494 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
PLATE LXXXITI.
Fig. 1. Chalcinopsis dentex, p. 478. Fig. 4. Anacyrtus guatemalensis, p. 479.
Fig. 2. Characodon lateralis, p. 480. Fig. 5. Haplochilus dovii, p. 481.
Fig. 3. Gambusia nicaraguensis, p. 483.
PLATE LXXXIII.
Exocetus callopterus, p. 479.
PLATE LXXXIV.
Fig. 1. Fundulus latialis, male, p. 481. = Fig. 4. Fundulus guatemalensis, fem.,p.482.
Fig. 2. Fundulus labialis, fem., p. 481. Fig. 5. Fundulus punctatus, male, p. 482.
Fig. 3. Fundulus quatemalensis, male, Fig. 6. Fundulus pachycephalus, male,
p. 482. p. 483.
PLATE LXXXV.
Fig. 1. Heros angulifer, p. 469. Fig. 3. Pecilia petenensis, male, p. 484.
Fig. 2. Pecilia elongata, fem., p. 484. Fig. 4. Pacilia petenensis, female, p. 484.
PLATE LXXXVI.
Fig. 1. Mollienesia petenensis, male, Fig. 3. Mollienesia petenensis, female,
adult, p. 486. adult, p. 485.
Fig. 2. Mollienesia petenensis, male, Fig. 4. Cirrhitichthys rivulatus, p. 421.
immature, p. 485.
PLATE LXXXVII.
Fig. 1. Girardinus pleurospilus, p. 486. Fig. 5. Xiphophorus hellerii, male approach-
Fig. 2. Xiphophorus hellerit, female, ing to maturity, Chisoy River,
Chisoy River, p. 485. p. 485.
Fig. 3. Aiphophorus hellerii, var., female, Fig. 6. Xiphophorus hellerii, half-grown
Chisoy River, p. 485. male, Mexico, p. 489.
Fig. 4. Xiphophorus hellerii, var., male,
Chisoy River, p. 485.
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