LIB R ARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

GIFT OK

Received
Accessions b

AN ACCOUNT

OP THE

INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE AND PLANTS

NEW ZEALAND.

THE SCALE-INSECTS

(COCCIDID^E).

By W. M. MASKELL, P.R.M.S.,

EEGISTBAR OF THE UNITEBSITr OF NEW ZEALAND.

^>> OP THE

ftfHIVEKSIT7]

WELLINGTON :

BY AUTHORITY : GEO, DIDSBUBY, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

1887,

MR. MASKELL'S Account of the Scale-Insects occurring
in New Zealand is published by the State Forests and
Agricultural Department, under the instructions of the
Hon. John Ballance, Commissioner of State Forests.

Wellington, 31st March, 1887.

CONTENTS.

Chapter. Page

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND PHRASES . . . . . . . . 1

I. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. CHARACTERS, LIFE-HISTORY, AND METAMORPHOSES OF COCCTDID^ . . 8

III. PRODUCTS OF THE COCCIDID^E (Honeydew ; Black Fungus) . . . . 14

IV. CHECKS TO INCREASE OF COCCIDID^E, PARASITES, ETC, .. .. 18
V. REMEDIES AGAINST COCCIDID^ . . . . . . . . 24

VI. CATALOGUE OF INSECTS AND DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIES . . . . 37

Groups —

Diaspidinse . . . . . . . . . . 39

Lecanidinse . . . . . . . . . . . . G2

Hemicoccidinse . . . . . . . . 87

Coccidinse . . . . . . . . . . 88

INDEX OF PLANTS AND THE COCCIDIDJE ATTACKING EACH . . . . Ill

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES . . . . . . . . • • ' 115

PREFACE.

THE number and variety of the insect pests which live on the
plants of New Zealand, whether native or introduced, and the
damage which they frequently do, form the excuse for the
appearance of this work. The descriptions of these insects in
the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, or in works
published in Europe and America, are not easily accessible to
the general reader, and are also much scattered and fragmentary.
It was thought therefore that the time had arrived when the
information which might be useful to gardeners and tree-
growers, as well as to students, might be summarized and
brought together in a compendious form, and the present volume
is an attempt towards this.

In order to render this work complete a second volume is
necessary, which should include the large number of other
destructive insects preying upon various plants. For example,
the " pine - blight " (Kermaphis), the " American blight"
(Eriosoma), the "black leech" (Tenthredo), the cabbage cater-
pillar, the turnip " fly," the various aphides on roses, geraniums.
&c., the grass-grub (Odontria), the codlin-moth, the borers,
weevils, wireworms, and a number of others are in different
places damaging trees and plants, and it would be useful to
collect in one volume information regarding them. The author
has had in contemplation the preparation of such a volume, and
it is hoped that it may be at some future time published.

Meanwhile the present is offered as, at least as far as it
goes, a full description of one of the most general as well as the
most noxious families of plant-parasites. The plates have been
especially prepared with a double object : first, that gardeners
and tree-growers might be able easily to recognize the kind of

insect which might happen to be damaging their plants; and,
secondly, that the student who should desire to know more of
this curious family might have enough details indicated to guide
him in his investigation. For the first purpose the figures have
been coloured as near to nature as possible : for the second a
few anatomical details have been introduced. The printing of
these plates has been executed by Mr. Potts, lithographer to
Mr. A. Willis, of Wanganui, and it is hoped that the reader
may be well satisfied with the care and trouble which have been
bestowed upon them.

The author is sensible that this volume may contain
numerous imperfections ; but these will not, he trusts, be
attributed to culpable ignorance or carelessness.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES.

Abdomen. The posterior half of the body of male or female, whether joined to
the anterior half or slightly separated, segmented or not.

Abdominal cleft. A narrow slit in the extremity of the abdomen of Lecanidina
and the full-grown Hemicoccidina only. (Plate ix., Fig. 1, b, c.) On the
upper side of the body are seen the

Abdominal lobes, two minute, divergent, triangular or conical, excrescences, one
on each side of the cleft, in Lecanidince, usually bearing one or more hairs.
(Plate xi., Fig. 3, b, c.)

Abdominal spike. A more or less long, tubular or semi-tubular, pointed process
terminating the abdomen of the male in all species, and serving as a sheath
for the penis, which is a long, white, soft tube with recurved hairs. (Plate
ii., Fig. 3 ; Plate xxi., Fig. 1, /£.)

Anal ring, anogenital ring. An orifice situated near the abdominal extremity
of the female, either simple or compound, hairless or bearing several hairs.
(Plate ii., Fig. 1.)

Anal tubercles. Exhibited only by the Coccidince and by the larvse of Hemi-
coccidince : two more or less conspicuous projecting processes at the ab-
dominal extremity of the female, without any cleft, and in most instances
projecting beyond the edge ; usually bearing setse. (Plate ii., Fig. 2, c, d.)

Antenna. Two jointed organs (" feelers ") projecting from the anterior portion
of the body, of variable length. (Plate i., Figs. 9, 10, 11, types.)

Apodous. Without feet.

Apterous. Without wings.

Bucca, buccal. The mouth ; belonging to the mouth.

Carina, carinated. A keel or raised-ridge ; keeled.

Ceplialic region. That part of the insect, male or female, which bears the eyesr
antennae, and mouth, but not including the first pair of feet.

Clavate. Club-shaped ; somewhat knobbed.

Claw. The hooked terminating joint of the foot. (Plate i., Fig. G, cZ., type.)

Coxa. The first joint of the foot, springing directly from the underside of the
thoracic region. (Plate i., Figs. 6 c, 7 c.)

Digitules. Appendages observed on the feet, and often useful for distinguishing
species. Usually there are two pairs. The " upper pair " spring from the
upper side of the extremity of the tarsus, and are generally long, fine
hairs, terminating in a knob. The " lower pair " spring from the base of
the claw, and are usually broader and more trumpet-shaped than the upper
ones. (Plate i., Fig. 8, type.) Sometimes either pair, or both, may be absent.
In Ccelostoma wairoense there are no " upper " digitules, and 24 " lower 'r
ones on the foot of the male. (Plate xxi.)
1

2 EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Dimerous. Two-jointed.

Dorsum. The upper side of the body when the insect is in its natural position.
Dorsal. On the upper side or dorsum.

Eyes. Two coloured, granular or simple, round organs on the cephalic region of

the female, near the base of the antennae (Plate xiv., Fig. 2, k. ; Plate

xx., 6) ; two, or four, coloured, granular, simple or facetted, on the head of

the male (Plate i., Figs. 14, 15 ; Plate xxi., Fig. 2, b).

Femur. The second joint of the feet, next the coxa, joined to it by the false

joint " trochanter." (Plate i.,' Figs. 6 /, 7 /.)

Fringe. A portion of the excreted substance, cotton or wax, produced by the
spinnerets on the edge of the body in certain Lccanidina and Heini-
coccidina. It may be in the form of long glassy threads (Planchonia) or of
more or less broad flat plates (Ctenochiton). (Plate vii., Figs. 2 d, 3 a ;
Plate xii., Fig. 2, a, b, c.)

Haltere. A minute organ, situated just behind the wings of the males, and of
which the use, either in this family or in the Diptera, has not been satis-
factorily ascertained. It is often termed the " balancer." In the house-fly
it has been thought to represent an organ of hearing. In Coccids it is
furnished with one or more hooked bristles, and Mr. Comstock affirms that
these are, probably for some purposes of flight, hooked into the posterior
edges of the wings.* (Plate i., Fig. 17 ; Plate xxi., Fig. 1, m.)
Honey dew. A substance of a glutinous character produced by many species, and

falling in spray from them on the leaves. (See Chap. III.)
Larva. The first stage in the insect's life after emerging from the egg.
Lobes, in the DiaspidincB, are minute, flat, more or less rounded projections, two
or more, seen on the edge of the abdominal extremity, usually interspersed
with spines and hairs (Plate iii., Figs. 1, 3, 4, 5, Z) ; in the Lccanidincs, are
two triangular or conical projections, usually bearing hairs, on the dorsal
side of the body, one on each side of the abdominal cleft (Plate xi., Fig. 3,
6,0).

Mcntum. A kind of secondary rostrum, or "under-lip," not altogether tubular,
but rather a deepish trough, through which the rostral setse pass after leav-
ing the rostrum. It may have one, two, or three joints. It is not noticeable
in the Diaspidinee. (Plate i., Fig. 5, 6.)
Metamorphosis, A change of form. For the number and characters of these see

Chap. II.

Moniliform. Like a string of beads.
Monomer -ous. With a single joint.

Multilocular. With several divisions : a term applied to the spinneret orifices
of some insects, distinguishing them from " simple " orifices, which show
only a single tube. Multilocular orifices exhibit a bundle of tubes enclosed
together. (Plate i., Fig. 4, c, d, p ; Plate xviii., Fig. 2, e.)

Nervure. A strong vein which, starting from the attachment of the wing of
the male, runs along the anterior edge of the wing, -a little within it : at
about half its length a branch runs obliquely towards the posterior edge.
(Plate i., 16; Plate xix.,/; Plate xxi.)
Normal. According to rule — not exceptional.

Ocelli. Two, four, or six minute circular simple organs, on the head of the
male : probably organs of vision. In the Monophlebidcc- they would seem

*Eeport of the Entomologist, U.S. Dep. of Agric. 1880, p. 277, note.

EXPLANATION OP TEEMS. 3

to be replaced by a smooth rounded protuberance behind the eye. (Plate
i., Fig. 14, oc. ; Plate viii., Fig. 2, k, m; Plate xxi., Fig. 2, 6.)

Ovisac. The cottony bag or nest formed by certain species of Lecanidina anfl
CoccidincR for the reception of their eggs. (Plate xii., Fig. 1, a, 6; c;
Plate xix., a, 6, c.)

Peduncle, pedunculated. A stalk ; stalked.

Pellicle. The skin of an earlier stage, cast off at each metamorphosis ; used by
the DiaspidincR and by one genus of LecanidincB in the formation of the
puparium or test. (Plate i., Fig. 3, a, b, Plate vii., Fig. 2, 6.)

Polymerous. Many-jointed.

pa. The last stage of the male insect before emerging winged.

Puparium. The shield, covering, or " scale " of the Diaspidincs. (Plate i., Fig.
3, e ; Plates iv., v., vi.)

Rostral setce. Three or, in a few cases, four long, fine, curling, tubular bristles
springing from the rostrum, and often passing through a mentum ; used for
insertion into the tissues of a plant and sucking their contents. (Plate i.,
Fig. 5 ; Plate vi., only one being here shown, from the smallness of the
drawings.)

Ilostrum. A more or less conical, tubular, projecting organ, or beak, protruding
from the underside of the cephalic region, or between the first pair of feet.
It is absent in the adult female Ccelostoma. It is the " mouth" of the insect.
(Plate i., Fig. 5 ; Plate iv., Fig. 5.)

Sac. The cottony, bag-like covering or nest produced by the spinnerets and
concealing the insect in many of the Coccidincc and some Lecanidina.
(Plate xv., Fig. 1. c; Fig. 2, b.)

Scale. The shield or puparium of the Diaspidincn. The word is commonly
used to designate the outward appearance of insects of the whole family,
which are indiscriminately called " scale-insects," although many of them
form no shield whatever.

Secretion may be of various kinds. It is matter produced by internal organs, and
expelled through the " spinnerets." In the Diaspidina the secreted portion
of the puparium (that is, all except the pellicles) is made up of fine, closely-
woven fibres, forming the "scale." In the LccanidincB it probably exudes
originally as fine fibres, but these become agglomerated in some cases in a
waxy or horny mass, or in others are loosely collected as cotton. In the
Coccidince the secretion is usually cottony, or powdery like meal.
Ccclostoma secretes all three — wax, cotton, and meal. In some instances,
as in Carter-La lacca, of Africa, the wax, called " shellac," is abundant
enough to be commercially valuable ; or, as in the Chinese Ericerus Pe-la
it can be used for making candles.

Seta. A bristle — a long stiff hair.

Setose. Bearing a few bristles.

Spinnerets. Organs observed in various parts of the body, producing the waxy,
'cottony, or mealy matter. They consist of cylindrical internal tubes, some-
times ending on the skin, sometimes protruding outside it in the form of
tubes, spines, or conical hairs. In the former case the orifices show them to be
in some instances simple, and in others compound tubes.* In the Diaspidince,
besides being scattered over the body, the spinnerets are arranged in groups
on the last abdominal segment, and these groups afford excellent characters

* Minute anatomical details are unsuitable for this work. The student may consult
Targioni-Tozzetti, " Studie sulle Cocciuiglie," cap. ii., p. 20.

4 EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

for specific distinctions. (Plate i., Fig. 4, for types of various spinnerets ;
Plate iii., groups of spinnerets of Diaspidince.)

Spiracles. "Breathing organs:" the orifices in the body of the tracheae or
tubes conveying air to the blood. In the Lecanidince they are usually four ;
simple circles, near the edge of the body, and with a few strong spiny hairat
near them. In the Coccidina they are often numerous. (Plate ii., Fig. 4 ;
Plate xx., n.)

Spiracular spines. Spiny hairs, usually three in number, of which one is rather
long, close to the spiracles, in the Lecanidina.

Stigma, stigmatic spines. Terms sometimes employed for spiracles, &c.

Tarsus. The fourth joint of the feet, between the tibia and the claw. Its con-
sisting of one joint (monomerous) is a distinctive character of the whole
family. (Plate i., Fig. 6, ta.; Fig. 7, ta.)

Test. The waxy, glassy, or horny covering produced through the spinnerets
and concealing the insect in many Lecanidince and some Coccidince. In
this work it is not applied to the " scale " of Diaspidince, or to cottony secre-
tions.

Thoracic band. An appearance seen on the thoracic region in the male, looking
like a broad transverse ribbon.

Thoracic region, thorax. That part of the female or the male which bears the
three pairs of feet, when the feet are present ; or, if the feet are absent, the
middle portion of the body, segmented or not.

Tibia. The third joint of the feet, next the femur. (Plate i., Fig. 6, tl. ; Fig.
7, ti.)

Trachea. Tubes ramifying throughout the body, conveying air to the blood
Their orifices are the spiracles. The tracheae, as in other insects, appear as
if constructed of a network of fine spiral wires. (Plate ii., Fig. 4 d; Plate
xx., n.)

Trochanter. A small articulation, not a distinct joint (something like a knee-cap)
of the feet, between the coxa and the femur. (Plate i., Fig. 6, tr. ; Fig.
7, tr.)

Trimerous. Three-jointed.

Ventral. On the under-side, the insect being in its proper position.

T7NIVBBSIT7

NEW ZEALAND SCALE-INSECTS

(COCCIDmaS).

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

INSECTS are divided by naturalists into several principal orders,
the distinguishing marks of which are generally very well de-
nned— for example, the butterflies and moths belong to the
order Lepidoptera, the dragon-flies to the Neuroptera, the com-
mon house-flies to the Diptera, and so on. These orders are
founded upon the characters and arrangement of the wings.
They are subdivided into families, and these again into genera
and species. One of the orders is that of the HEMIPTEBA,
which is composed of the two following sections : —

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA, including the bugs, water-beetles,

&c.

HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTEHA, including the crickets, cuckoo-spits,
plant-lice (Aphides), leaf -hoppers (Psyllids), scale-
insects (Coccids), &c.

The insects treated of in this volume are therefore placed as
follows : —

Class — INSECTA.
Order — HEMIPTERA.
Section — HOMOPTERA.
Family — COCCIDID.E .

The genera and species will be found in their places.
The common English name for this family — " scale-insects "
— is not very appropriate. Some few of them have the appearance
of small thin scales on leaves or twigs, but many have not. Nor
are the German appellations — " gall-insekten " or " schild-lause "
— more appropriate. Gardeners have given to some of them the

6 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

name of " mealy-bug," which, although decidedly neither elegant
nor euphonious., very fairly represents the character of that par-
ticular portion of the family.

The origin of the name " Coccididse," or, as abbreviated
often in this volume, " Coccids," is found in the old Greek word
" KOKKOS," denoting a rich red dye, which was much admired by
the Greeks and Romans, and which was procured from the in-
sect now known as Kermes vermilio (the Coccus ilicis of Linnaeus) .
When the cochineal insect was discovered in Mexico it soon
overpowered all the others, producing commercial dyes, and from
it has come the title " Coccid," now applied to the whole family.
Cochineal itself has of late years been pushed aside to a great
extent by the aniline (coal-tar) dyes ; yet it is still used for
many purposes. This insect lives on the leaves of cactus.
Amongst the New Zealand species described in this work will be
found one, Dactylopius alpinus, which produces a red dye similar
to, though probably not equal to, cochineal. Before the dis-
covery of aniline dyes it might possibly have been worth while
to cultivate this insect for its dye ; but this would scarcely
answer now.

The Coccididse are, in some parts of the world, very injurious
to vegetation. They seem to affect principally the warmer
temperate regions. California, Florida, the Cape of Good Hope,
the southern parts of Australia, Southern France and Northern
Italy, and New Zealand are countries in which they are found
out-of-doors in the greatest numbers. In England they are less
troublesome in the open air, though in greenhouses and hot-
houses they abound ; but, in places under glass, every gardener
ought to be able to get rid of them without difficulty. For its
extent New Zealand seems to furnish a larger number than any
other country. The humidity of its climate and the absence of
anything like severe winters in most parts of it are quite con-
genial to Coccids ; and there is scarcely a tree in its forests or
in its gardens, whether native or introduced, which is not subject
to their attacks.

It has not been thought necessary to include in this work a
list of the books and essays written on this family of insects.
The list would be a very long one ; but, besides that many of
the books would not be obtainable here, it would be found
that very many authors have done nothing more than copy —
often quite blindly and unintelligently — what others had said

SCALE-INSECTS. 7

before them; moreover, most of them are out of date. The
student or the horticulturist desiring to know more about Coccids
not found in New Zealand may find full details in the reports
of the Agricultural Department of the United States Govern-
ment, in Dr. V. Signoret's " Essai sur les Cochenilles " (Paris), in
papers by Miss Emily Smith (American naturalist, 1878-80),
&c. The American Departmental Reports of Professors Riley
and Comstock, Mr. Hubbard, and Mr. L. Howard contain most
valuable information. English works on the subject, are mostly
fragmentary or inaccurate ; but Mr. Douglas, of Lewisham, has
lately begun to discuss the Coccids in England in a systematic
manner, and probably before long others will follow suit. In
India, Mr. T. "W. Atkinson, of Calcutta, is studying the family.
Natural science in these days tends ever more and more
towards specialization, and the boundaries of scientific classes,
orders, families, &c., are becoming always more and more
narrowed. The student can find his time quite sufficiently oc-
cupied nowadays in the thorough investigation of so (com-
paratively) small a portion of the animal kingdom as is presented
by the Coccids of even only one country ; and the present work
may not be without value to future workers in this direction.
To the farmer, the gardener, the fruit-grower, and the owner
of pleasure-grounds it is believed that the following chapters
will also supply information at the same time correct, intelligible,
and useful.

CHAPTER II.

CHARACTERS, LIFE - HISTORY, AND METAMOR-
PHOSES OF THE COCCIDID^E.

THE first principal character separating the Coccididse from the
rest of the Homoptera, and distinguishable without microscopic
examination, is the absence of wings in the females at all stages
of their existence.

The second principal character is the absence of any
apparatus for feeding and digesting in the males.

From these two characters it follows that the females can
only extend their operations by, at the best, crawling from
plant to plant, or by being carried about by birds or other
agency; also that the males cannot enjoy more than a very short
existence, their work being entirely confined to impregnating
the females. Hence, in any endeavours to destroy these insects,
the males may be disregarded, and the females only attended to.

Other distinguishing characters, chiefly microscopic, are —

1. The presence of only one joint in the tarsus or fourth
joint of the leg, in both males and females (Plate i., Figs. 6
and 7, to) ;

2. The presence of only a single claw terminating the leg in
both males and females (Plate i., Figs. 6 and 7) ;

3. The presence of only two wings, with two halteres, in
the full-grown males (Plate xxi) ;

4. The presence of two or more eyes or ocular tubercles, in
addition to the ordinary pair of eyes, in the full-grown males
(Plate i., Fig. 14 ; Plate viii., Fig. 1, k, m).

I. THE FEMALE INSECT.

In general outward appearance the female insects present
very variable forms. They may be either naked, or covered
over with some kind of a shield, which may be fibrous, or waxy,
or cottony, or they may have simply a thin powdery meal
scattered over them. The covered insects are, of course,

SCALE-INSECTS.

stationary, although in some cases, before reaching their full
development, they move about, carrying their houses with them.
The naked insects may be either stationary or active.

They attach themselves either to the bark or stem of a plant
or to the leaves. In the latter case it is rare to find them on
the upper side ; but, on turning over a leaf, the under-surface
is frequently found covered thickly -with them.

In many cases they exude, in the form of minute
globules, a whitish, thick, gummy secretion, answering probably
to the "honeydew" of the Aphididse. This secretion drops
from them on to the plant, and from it grows a black fungus,
which soon gives an unsightly appearance to the plant. This
fungus or " smut " is an almost invariable indication that a
plant is attacked by insects,* and may, indeed, give a useful
warning to tree-growers. It is not, however, produced in
appreciable quantities by all species.

The manner of feeding upon the plant is the same as in all
the families of Homoptera — namely, by means of a protruding
rostrum, beak, or trunk, situated on the under-side of the
insect. As there is not, in the female Coccididse, any well-
defined division between the head and the rest of the body, this
rostrum is seen, on turning over the insect, in the form, usually,
of a minute conical projection between, or nearly between, the
first pair of legs, if the legs are present, or a little within the
circumference, if the legs are absent (Plate i., Fig. 5). An
ordinary lens will generally show, springing from the point of
the conical rostrum, three or four longish, very fine, curling
bristles. These bristles are, in fact, hollow tubes, and the insect,
inserting them into the leaf or bark of the plant, sucks through
them its food. It is thus plain that, with often great numbers
of scale-insects sucking at it — pumping, as it were, its life-blood
through their rostra — a plant must of necessity suffer greatly.

Birds do not, as a rule, seem to care much about eating
the Coccididae, whose work is thus little interfered with by
them. The " white-eye " (Zosterops) or " blight-bird " has
been seen feeding on scale-insects ; but its visits are few and far
between, and its assistance to the gardener in this respect not
great. The Coccididse are, however, much subject to attacks

* Not necessarily a Coccid insect : the fungus may also grow on the honey-
dew of Aphis ; but it is easy to recognize the difference between these insects-
In every case there is come insect at work where the fungus is.

10 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

from Hymenopterous parasites, of which some account will be
found in a subsequent chapter (Chap. IV.).

The effects of the Coccididse are not confined altogether to
damage to plants : there are some species producing materials
useful to man. For example, Coccus cacti produces cochineal;
Carteria lacca produces shellac ; Ericerus pe-la is used by the
Chinese for candles : and others might be mentioned. But, so
far, no New Zealand species appears to be of any commercial
use. Dactylopius alpinus makes a rather rich red dye in alcohol ;
C&lostoma zealandicum constructs thick, waxy coverings, which
might possibly be turned to some account ; but even these are
probably not worth much.

Groups.

The groups into which the Coccididse are, in this work,
divided are as follow : —

1. Female insects constructing for tb em-
selves shields composed partly of
secretion, partly of the pellicles dis-
carded from earlier stages; abdomen
not cleft ; legs lost at full growth. DIASPIDIN.E.

.2. Female insects naked, or covered with
shields of secretion, either waxy,
horny, cottony, or felted ; abdomen
in all stages cleft ; legs either lost
or retained at full growth. LECANIDIN^E.

3. Female insects naked, or covered with

shields of waxy secretion ; abdomen
of larva ending in prominent pro-
cesses, abdomen of adult cleft ; legs
either lost or retained at full growth. HEMICOCCIDJX^

4. Female insects naked, or covered with

secretion either wraxy, cottony, or
felted ; abdomen in all stages end-
ing in prominent processes ; legs
either lost or retained at full growth. COCCIDIN/E.

Life-history.

The life-history of the insects in the above groups is as
follows : —

All of them pass through four stages of existence : 1, the

SCALE-INSECTS. 11

%> the yoimg larva ; 3, the second stage of life, or
" pupa ; " 4, the adult, or full-grown insect.

1. The egg. This is, in all cases, of regularly-oval form,
the colour varying from' white to yellow or red (see Plate i.,
Fig. 1). It may be produced in great numbers, and in some
cases several times in a year. As a general rule, the female ejects
the eggs from her body; but there are some species, notably
in the group Lecanidinae, where the eggs are hatched within the
body, the insect being thus, in a manner, viviparous.

2. The young larva (Plate i., Fig. 2) . This is of precisely
the same form both for the male and the female — or, rather,
perhaps it should be said that no definite character has yet been
discovered to show which are male and which are female larvse.
Neglecting slight variations of form, the larva is very minute —
seldom more than about ^iii. long, often as small as TJ<jin. —
oval, flattish, possessing a rostrum and accompanying bristles
(setae), six legs, and two antennae : and in all species it is fairly
active, travelling as soon as hatched over the plant in search of
food.

3. The second stage. Here the first distinction is noticeable
between the male and the female in most cases ; but this dis-
tinction usually depends not so much upon the form of the
insect as upon the character of the covering it makes for itself.
Confining ourselves at present to the female, there are differences
now noticeable between the groups. In the Diaspidince the
insect begins by slipping out of the skin of the larva ; but it
does not cast it aside altogether : it makes use of the old skin
as part of its covering. Adding to it a small portion of fibrous
secretion — produced by organs called " spinnerets/' which will
be noticed presently — it attaches itself to the plant by its rostrum
and setae, and lies, inert and stationary, under a little shield
composed half of its old skin and half of secretion. As it also,,
in entering this stage, loses its legs altogether, it must remain
in the position it has chosen for the rest of its life. In the
Lecanidinae and in the Cocddinae the skin of the larva is thrown
away altogether, and the female in her second stage takes up a
new position, in which she may be either naked or covered with
a thin coat of secretion, active or stationary, retaining her legs
in most cases, or loring them in some instances. In all the
groups there is almost always some approach to the form of the
full-grown insect noticeable in this second stage.

12 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTUBE.

4. The fall-grown insect. Here there is almost unlimited
variety of form, colour, and habits. The insects may be naked
or covered, active or stationary. In the Diaspidince the process
just described is repeated : the female slips out of her second
skin, but still keeps both it and the first over her, adding more
fibrous secretion from the spinnerets ; so that, in fact, she lies an
inert, legless, slug-like object, under a covering composed partly
of the two skins, partly of secretion. (See Plate i., Fig. 3 : a is
the discarded larval skin, b the discarded skin of the second
stage, both being used as part of the shield. In the genus
Aspidiotus these skins would be in the centre instead of at one
end.) In the Lecanidina (except in one single genus) and the
Coccidince the second skin is discarded altogether ; but the insect
may either construct a new shield or remain naked, may be
either with or without legs, either active or stationary. Once
this last stage of her existence entered upon, the female prepares
for laying her eggs. In most species the services of a male are
needed ; in some, as far as can be made out after investigation
of many years, no males are found. The female, if naked,
either hatches her eggs in her own body or lays them on the
plant; if covered, she fills her shield with the eggs. The naked
insects often cover the eggs themselves — e.g., Lecanium hemi-
sph&ricum ; or, again, deposit them in an ovisac, a mass of
cottony secretion — e.g., Pulvinaria camellicola or leery a purchasi.

II. THE MALE INSECT.

It has been remarked above that, as the full-grown, males of
the Coccididae are destitute of any organs for feeding whatso-
ever, there is 110 reason for making systematic attacks on them
for economical purposes. Their function is simply to impregnate
the females, and their life at this stage must necessarily be very
brief. It will suffice in this place to observe that in all cases
these males are small, two-winged flies, their size varying from
about g^in. to Jin. in length ; colour usually yellow or red ;
wings longer than the body, hyaline (glassy) and often
iridescent, and, in repose, lying flat, partly crossing each other
The antennse are long, slender, and hairy, consisting of nine or
ten joints. The legs are also slender and hairy, the tarsus
having only one joint, and terminating in a single claw. The
insects are generally very active. Types of antenna, foot, wing
and haltere, and a diagram of the arrangement of the eyes and
ocelli, are given in Plate i., Figs. 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17.

SCALE-INSECTS. 13

The males are thus so small and rapid in their movements
that it is difficult in most cases to find them in a free state.
The usual way to procure them is by hatching them from the
pupse. In their course of life they pass through four stages, as
do the females — viz. : 1, the egg ; 2, the larva ; 3, the pupa ;
4, the full-grown insect.

1. The egg is, as far as can be made out, precisely the same
as that of the female, though Dr. Signoret believes that in one
or two species there may perhaps be minute differences.

2. The larva is, as stated above, similar to that of the
female.

3. The pupa. Here the first distinctions between the sexes
may be noted, and these are principally observable in the
cocoons or puparia, rather than in the insect itself — at least to
outward appearance. The male pupa is, in all cases — even in
those where the female pupa is naked — enclosed in some kind
of covering. In the Diaspidince the puparium is formed partly
of fibrous secretion and partly of discarded skin ; only, as the
full-grown male emerges from it as a fly, and does not remain
on the plant, there can be only one such skin — that of the
larva ; consequently it is easy to distinguish the male puparia
from the shields of the adult females by the presence of only
one discarded pellicle instead of two. In the Lecanidince and
the Coccidina the male puparia are distinguishable usually by a
narrower and more cylindrical form than those of the females,
where these latter are covered ; in the naked species the males
are generally in white waxy or cottony cocoons.

Examination of the pupse in these coverings will generally
show more or less developed processes on the back and sides,
which are so evidently the rudiments of the future wings that
the presence of a male is not doubtful. In other respects the
male pupse are not always to be distinguished from the females.

3. The full-grown male has been described above. It is
usually easy to procure specimens, provided the pupse are ob-
tained. If any of these, in their coverings, are put into pill-
boxes with glass tops, or any place where light reaches them,
they will generally produce the full-grown insect sometimes in
a few days, sometimes after several weeks. The time of year
for this seems very variable. Males emerge from the puparia
apparently indifferently (in New Zealand) in summer or winter.

CHAPTER III.

PRODUCTS OF THE COCCIDID.E.

[Waxy or cottony matter : the " honeydew " and the black fungus — " smut" or
" black blight " — growing upon it.]

THE Coccididse, in some parts of the world, excrete various
substances which are of commercial value, as, for example,
shellac, " manna," candle-wax, &c. Cochineal is not in the
same category, as it appears to be a colouring-matter pervading
every cell of the tissues of the insect from which it is extracted
— Coccus cacti. But there is no need to dwell here upon the
ordinary excretions of the New Zealand insects, as they appear to
be not sufficient either in quantify or quality for any practical
service. The fibrous puparia of the Diaspidince appear to
be quite useless. The tests of the Lecano-diaspidce, such as
Cteno chiton perf or atus, Inglisia ornata, &c., although more or less
waxy (but of very brittle material, often more like glass) are
much too insignificant to repay any trouble taken to collect
them. Of all the family, Coelostoma zaelandicum, in its second
stage, seems to produce the greatest amount of material, its
large, hard, waxy tests being very thick and solid, and often
clustered in hundreds on a root or a twig of Muhlenbeckia ; but,
supposing this substance (of which the true chemical nature* is
not yet known) to be fit for some purpose, there does not seem
to be any means of cultivating the insect to profit. Dactylopius
alpinus produces in alcohol a rich red tint, and this not by
way of excretion, but from the colouring matters of its tissues,
as in the case of Coccus cacti ; but here, again, the rarity of the
insect and its out-of-the-way habitat would be a bar, even if
nowadays it were worth while to cultivate a New Zealand
cochineal. At present, therefore, there seems no reason to

* A small quantity was submitted to Mr. Skey, Colonial Museum Laboratory,
for analysis, no more being available at the time. Mr. Skey considered it as a,
new substance, probably of the nature of a gum, not resinous ; but further
examination of larger quantities is necessary.

SCALE-INSECTS. 15

believe that the Coccididae of this country are likely to furnish
any products of a useful or commercial character.

There is, however, one substance produced by these insects
which has an injurious effect upon the plants they grow on.
This is a transparent glutinous fluid, apparently analogous to
that exuding from Aphides, and which may receive the name of
" honeydew/' as in that family. In fact, this fluid would seem
to be produced by most of the Rhynchota, for the Psyllidse arid
Aleurodidse also excrete it. The quantity issuing from Coccids
seems to vary greatly. In some cases — e.g., Lecanium hesperidum,
Ctenochiton viridis or perforatus, Fiorinia astelice — the insects
appear to discharge " honeydew " freely ; in others — e.g., My-
tilaspis pomorum, Rhizococcus fossor — none, or scarcely any fluid,
is excreted. But in no case does it appear that our Coccids"*
form honeydew to the same extent as the Aphides, which are
stated to produce sometimes quantities that may be gathered
from the leaves or the soil by the pound weight. It is not
so much the amount exuding from each insect as the great
number of insects on a plant which renders the Coccid honeydew
obnoxious : each individual may excrete only a little, but when,
as usually happens, there are many hundreds of individuals
together, the result, for the reasons given below, becomes
important to the tree.

There is every reason to believe that the honeydew of Coe-
cididse is of similar character to that of the Aphididse, and,
according to analyses by Boussingault, of Paris, and Gunning, of
Amsterdam (Bucktoii, "Brit. Aphides/' Vol. I., pp. 42, 43), the
Aphidian hcneydew contains a very large quantity of sugar, and,
curiously enough, cane-sugar. Some observers, noticing in its
composition also glucose and dextrine, have considered it as
of vegetable rather than animal origin ; but the weight of
evidence appears to make it certainly the product of the Aphides.
As the present work is intended rather as a manual for gardeners
and tree-growers than as a purely scientific publication, there is
no need to enter more fully into the subject here : it may there-
fore be simply stated that the honeydew of Coccididse probably
contains a large proportion of sugar in various forms.

The mode in which this substance is excreted by the insects
differs somewhat from that of the Aphididse. On the abdomen

* Gossyparia mannipara, .an Arabian Coccid, is said to excrete so much that
the Arabs " eat it with their bread like honey." Buckton, " Brit. Aphides,"
Vol. I., p. 42.

16 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTUKE.

of Aphis are seen two erect more or less prominent tubes, called
" cornicles " or " nectaries/' and it is the function of these ta
excrete the honeydew.* No European entomologist has, it is
believed, seen or described the organ of honeydew-excretion in
the Coccididae. Some observations by the author of this work
in 1886 demonstrate its existence as a cylindrical tube exserted
from the ano-genital orifice after the manner of a telescope, the
furthest-extended tube being the most slender. This organ,
extremely difficult of detection when not in use — except in the
single genus Coslostoma — is at intervals pushed out to its full
extent, and at its further extremity there appears a minute
globule of yellowish, nearly transparent, glutinous fluid, which
rapidly expands like a soap-bubble, and then, suddenly breaking,
falls in spray on the leaf beneath. In the second stage of the
female of Coslostoma zcelandicum this organ may be detected
more easily than in any other Coccid ; but the act of protrusion
of the organ and the formation of the drop of honeydew are
apparently by no means frequent, and many long observations
may be made without witnessing either. f (The organ and the
honeydew-drop are shown in Plate xxii.)

For the purposes of this work further details as to the
production of honeydew are not necessary. But as to its effect
on plants it is requisite to be more particular, and the attention
of tree-growers and gardeners is specially directed to the follow-
ing points. It has been said above that when the bubble of
honeydew has been expanded to its full size it breaks into spray.
Now, as a general rule, Coccids are found almost exclusively on
the under sides of leaves (when not on the bark). Some, as
Lecanium hesperidum and a few others, may be seen on the
upper side ; but the general rule is as here stated. It follows
that the spray of honeydew from the burst bubble falls, not on
the leaf where the insect is, but 011 the upper sides of the leaves
below it. These upper surfaces, being more exposed to light
and air than the lower ones, are usually deserted not only by
the Coccids but by other insects also, and so there is not much

* The fluid also emerges from the anal orifice ; but, seemingly, no mention
is made by any observer of any special honeydew-organ protuding from the anus
of Aphis.

t Mr. Comstock (" Eeport on Insects," U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1881, p. 22) states
that on gently rubbing a Dactylopius two small drops of fluid, which he con-
siders to be honeydew, can be seen to emerge from orifices on the dorsal side of
the sixth abdominal segment ; but he mentions no special organ in the body
The experiment has been tried on Dactylopius in this country without success.

SCALE-INSECTS. 17

chance that the honeydew spray so falling will be disturbed. It
consequently rapidly accumulates and forms a coating on the
leaf where it rests. From this result two things, or, rather, the
same injurious effect on the plant is produced in two ways. First,
the honeydew itself, being, as stated, of a glutinous nature, tends
to stop up and choke the stomata (or, in plain English, the
breathing-orifices of the leaves) and so retard the growth of the
tree. Secondly, the honeydew, being of a saccharine nature, is
especially attractive to fungoid growths, and these fungi, rapidly
increasing, tend still more to choke the leaves and hamper the
proper functions of the tree.

The second of these is the most important, for, apparently,
the honeydew is scarcely deposited before it becomes the recep-
tacle for fungus-spores, and these grow with great rapidity. As
a general rule, in New Zealand, these fungi appear to be mostly
of the same family — the Physomycetes, and they are of a black
or very dark brown colour. From the fact above stated, that
the honeydew falls from the insects upon leaves beneath them,
the lower leaves of a plant are more covered with it than the
upper ones : these black fungi consequently discolour chiefly the
lower leaves and branches ; often the uppermost branches are
nearly free from them. But the effect produced on the tree is
not only unsightly, from the sooty blackness, but also injurious,
from the choking-up of the stomata both by the honeydew and
the fungus. As for ornamental plants, whether under glass or
in the open air, the black coating is quite sufficient to spoil
them.

These fungi are of various species, and specimens are given
here in Plate xxii. : on the leaves they form usually a hard, thin,
black coat ; while on the twigs and stem they are of a looser
texture, forming masses of minute erect threads. They are not
confined to New Zealand, and most writers on Coccididse in
Europe and elsewhere mention them, though only casually.
They are, in fact, apparently, only the usual growths appearing
on any decomposing substance, such as the honeydew is.

Gardeners and tree-growers ought to clearly understand that
the appearance on their plants of this black sooty covering is
almost always an indication of the presence of some Homo-
pterous insects. In New Zealand, on account of the greater
prevalence of Coccididse, the insects will most probably be
Coccids ; but by no means necessarily so, for many Aphididse,
2

18 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Psyllidse, and Aleurodidse produce the same effects. This is by
110 means as well understood as it should be, either by gardeners
themselves or by those who write on trees and planting. The
fungus growth is usually imagined to be in itself a disease of
the plant, and efforts are made for its treatment without regard
to its real origin, the insects on the leaves or bark. Under the
names of " smut," " black blight," &c., it is often referred to as
a destructive pest ; and remedies are suggested which can, of
course, have no permanent effect unless they are equally effica-
cious against the insect producing the honeydew. It is pro-
bably from this cause that sulphur, which is an excellent
remedy against fungus, has been so great a favourite with those
who pretend to have discovered what are called (e scaly-blight
destroyers ; " and gardeners, seeing, perhaps, these nostrums
clean some of the fungus from their trees, are under the false
impression that the " scale " is also cleared away. The truth is_,
that the real remedy against " black blight " is to kill the
insects on whose excreta it nourishes, if that can be done. As
to the modes of doing this see Chapter V.

It is not, of course, pretended here that fungi of different
kinds, and even those specially referred to, will not grow
independently of insects and honeydew; and trees are, un-
doubtedly, subject to fungoid diseases which are not to be traced
to any animal action. Still, the rule holds good; and the first
effort of a gardener on the appearance of black blight on his
plants should be to discover the insects on its leaves or bark,
and deal directly with them. Once they are destroyed the
fungus growth will in a short time disappear.

CHAPTER IV.

CHECKS TO INCREASE OF COCCIDID.E, PARASITES,

ETC.

THE Coccididse, like all Homoptera, produce great numbers of
young ; but their increase does not appear to be as rapid as that
of some other families. The numbers of some Aphididse or
Alcurodidae produced from a single female in the course of a
single year have been calculated at hundreds of thousands, if not
millions ; and as many as eleven generations have been produced
in little over half a year. Coccids, however, as a rule, do not
propagate at this alarming rate. Many, if not the great
majority of them, produce in this country but one generation in
the year, e.g., Mytilaspis pomorum, Coslostoma z&landicum, &c.
Others, such as leery a purchasi, breed more often ; and probably
climate has a good deal to do with the frequency, for Mr.
Comstock says that in the United States Mytilaspis pomorum
breeds once a year in the North and twice in the South. In
point of fact, it does not seem possible to lay down any rule on
the subject. Unfortunately, Icerya is not only a frequent
breeder, but also the most destructive insect of the family in
New Zealand.

The number of young produced by each female seems also to
vary. The author has counted from 30 to 80 eggs in the
puparium of Mytilaspis pomorum ; as many as 350 in the ovisac
of Icerya purchasi, and about the same number of Ccelostoma
z<Rlandicum : and a female of Lecanium hesperidum examined in
spring contained 93 embryos. These figures do not denote any
remarkable fertility; but, as in the majority of cases males are
but seldom met with, sometimes even entirely unknown (e.g.,
Lecanium hesperidum} , it follows that nearly every insect is capable
of propagation, and the increase in numbers is therefore more
rapid than might be anticipated otherwise. How the females
in the species apparently destitute of males are enabled to pro-

20 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

duce young is perhaps one of the most mysterious things in
Nature. The male of Mytilaspis pomorum has never been found
in New Zealand or Europe, and doubtfully in America.
Lecanium hesperidum has been known and studied for nearly two
hundred years without any male, pupa or adult, being discovered.
Yet both of these species go on increasing regularly and in great
numbers, and show no signs of extinction.

In spite of this absence of males in some cases, and of the
comparatively small numbers of eggs, Coccids would naturally in-
crease at an exceedingly rapid rate if left undisturbed, on account
of the great proportion of females. They are, moreover, pro-
tected, to a great extent — First, by the fact that birds do not, as
a rule, care to eat them. The " blight-bird " or " white-eye,"
Zosterops lateralis, has been noticed in this country pecking about
in holly-hedges infested by Lecanium hesperidum ; but it is not
absolutely certain whether it was eating the Coccids or the other
more easily picked-off insects on the plant, such as Psocus, which
is very commonly observed among Coccids. And other birds
seem not to devour them at all. Secondly, the usual position of
these insects, on the under side of the leaves, or in the crevices
of bark, is a great shelter and protection for them against birds
or ordinary accidents. Again, they are in many cases effectu-
ally covered by the waxy or fibrous shields, or by the masses of
cotton with which they surround themselves. In countries like
the South of France, California, or the greater part of New Zea-
land, the winters do not appear to be sufficiently severe to injure
Coccids, and many of them breed as much in winter as they do
in summer. It would therefore seem that everything combines
to assist these insects in their career, and in their propagation.
Nature, however, has provided a check which is to some extent
effective, at least against several species, although, unhappily,
against some of the most noxious — such as Mytilaspis pomorum,
the Dactylopii (mealy bugs), leery a purchasi, &c. — it is not
energetic in this country; and this remedy is the attacks of other
minute animals, whether by direct devouring of the Coccids or
by parasitism.

Direct attacks from animal enemies are not frequent.
Whether from some inherent distastefulness, or from the diffi-
culty of getting at them, Coccids are scarcely subject to being
directly devoured. There are a few exceptions. Under the
puparia of Mytilaspis pomorum a minute white Acarus (mite)

SCALE-INSECTS. 21

may often be found, and it is noticeable that where it abounds the
eggs of the Coccid are often shrivelled or empty. It is not im-
probable that this Acarus may feed on the eggs. It appears to
belong to the genus Tyroglyphus, a mite which is not usually
carnivorous ; but Mr. A. Michael, an authority on mites, seems
to be uncertain whether TyroglypJms may not make a meal of
the Coccid.* No others amongst the Diaspidinse appear to be
directly attacked, nor any of the Lecanidinae ; but amongst a
number of Dactylopius ylaucus on a leaf there may often be seen
a miriute caterpillar, apparently covered with many tufts of hair.
This is the larva of the common ladybird (Coccinella), a beetle
which, in both the larval and perfect states, feeds 011 Aphides,
Coccids, and other insects. The larva may sometimes be seen
holding a Dactylopius in its powerful jaws and devouring it.
Another larva, smooth and without hairs, performs the same
functions — it is the young of a small dipterous fly, apparently
one of the Syrphida, insects also predatory ; but this seems to
be rare. In America, similar larvae are said to feed upon the
" black scale " (Lecanium olece) . In this country, as far as is
yet known, Lecanidic are not directly attacked by the lady-
birds.

But this direct warfare by other animals is of small conse-
quence. A more important check on the increase of many
Coccids is afforded by the indirect action of minute hymeno-
pterous insects, which make use of them as receptacles for their
eggs. This plan is adopted by several Hymenoptcra, of the
families Chalcididie, Ichiieumonidte, Proctotrupidae, &c. They
do not devour their prey ; they allow it to live that they may
live on it. By means of their long ovipositor they pierce its
body, and deposit in it an egg. As the victim grows the egg
matures, changes into a larva, and still remains in the body of the
Coccid ; changes again into a pupa, and by this time the Coccid
is at liberty to die, for the parasite has no further use for it ex-
cept as a shelter ; then, when the proper time arrives, the perfect
fly emerges and departs. All Coccids are by no means equally
subject to this system. In the United States, according to Mr.
L. O. HoAvard,t parasites are found in nearly all genera —
Diaspidiiiae, Lecanidinse, or Coccidinae. In this country, as far
as observation shows at present, the LccaiiidinsE are the most

* Quart. Journ. Royal Micros. Soc., Feb., 1885.
t Report of the Entomologist, U.S. Dep. of Agric., 1880, pp. 350-371.

22 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGKICULTUEE.

liable to attack, some of the Diaspidinse next, and the Coccidinse
least of all. Mytilaspis pomorum, so hurtful to apple-trees, does
not seem to be attacked. leery a purchasi, the worst species of
all, has not yet furnished a single parasitic fly. A few speci-
mens of Dactylopius glaucus contain parasites ; a good many of
Fiorinia astelia and F. stricta ; while Ctenochiton perforatus and
C. viridis appear to be the favourite victims, as sometimes
scarcely any specimens on a plant can be examined which do not
contain either a larva or a pupa of a parasite. It is to be
observed that in no case is more than one parasite to be found
in a Coccid.

Unfortunately, although this provision of Nature mast have a
very considerable effect in preventing the increase of Coccididse,
it is subject to two drawbacks. In the first place, as just
observed, some of the most injurious pests appear to be un-
affected by it. Probably, up to the present time the worst
plant-enemies*" in New Zealand have been Mytilaspis pomorum,
Aspidiotus coccineus, Aspidiotus camellia, Lecanium hesperidum,
Lecanium olea, Lecanium hemisphcericum, Pulvinaria camellicola ,
and Icerya purchasi. Here reference is made not so much
to insects which render plants unsightly as to those which
seriously injiire its growth : many others, such as Fiorinia
astelice or Ctenochiton viridis are ugly enough, but have not
been destructive. Of the injurious species above named none,
apparently, are troubled in this country by parasitic insects up
to the present time, at least to any appreciable extent.

A sketch of Ctenochiton enclosing a parasitic pupa, and of
the perfect fly, will be found in Plate xxiii. In a work like this
the generic and specific characters of these parasites need not be
given : thev do not seem to differ much from bymenopterous
and dipterous insects of other countries.

Another mode by which the too rapid increase of Coccids
is checked is by the attacks of vegetable parasites — fungoid
growths which permeate the whole body of the insect, and soon
kill it. As far as experience in New Zealand extends as yet
the genera Ctenochiton, Lecanium, and probably Eriochiton are
the only ones so attacked. On certain plants in the forests,
notably Hedycarya and Coprosma, circular spots may be com-
monly found on the under side of the leaves : some dark-

* Speaking of Coccids only ; KermapMs pini is equally, if not more, destructive-

SCALE-INSECTS. 23

brown,, somewhat convex, some bright yellow and often quite
globular. In spring, examination of a young larva of Cteno-
chiton viridis — a species veiy common on the above plants — Avill
frequently show, either within the insect, or on its waxy test, or
between the test and the insect, minute specks, which under
a high power of the microscope, prove to resemble the filaments
composing the brown or the yellow spots just mentioned. On
turning over one of the brown fungi, or on pulling it to pieces,
the dead body of a young Ctenochiton or Lecanium larva will
always be found in the middle. Apparently this brown fungus
does not attack any but young larvae ; but the bright yellow
fungus will be found filling the bodies also of the females in
the second stage, and the globular portion of the fungus will
stand out above them. These fungi are not of the same
genus as Empusa, the fungus which so frequently kills the
house-fly; but they seem to act in much the same way within
the insect.

Probably a good many of the Lecano-diaspida are preyed on
and destroyed by these fungoid parasites, of which figures are
given in Plate xxiii.

CHAPTER V.

REMEDIES AGAINST COCCIDID^E.

MANY people are under the impression that scale-insects out-of-
doors are not of much consequence. They are aware that in
greenhouses and hothouses these insects are a trouble to
gardeners, and that they probably injure flowering or fruit-
bearing plants in such situations. But they imagine that in the
open air, and on large well-grown trees, Coccids do no very great
harm ; or, if the trees are for a time injured, that recovery and
health will come before long, and the pest will disappear. This
is not the place in which to controvert this or any other opinion.
A work professedly dealing with facts should be as free as
possible from controversial discussion. Whatever, therefore, may
be the grounds of the opinion just stated, or the reasons for
rejecting it, it will be sufficient here to say that there seems to
be nothing to lead to the belief that New Zealand is likely to be
different from other countries in this respect. To institute
a comparison, it would be manifestly absurd to include such
countries as England, or Germany, or, on the other hand, India,
or Central America, or North Australia — Firstly, because in the
greater part, or at least in the northern parts, of Europe the
winters are much more severe than in New Zealand, and almost
certainly the great cold is injurious to such insects as Coccids.
Secondly, because in tropical countries it seems that the too
great heat is equally obnoxious to them ; and, with the excep-
tion of a few species, tropical Coccids are comparatively harm-
less. But it is to the warmer temperate or the subtropical
regions that we must look for comparison — regions where
there is neither too scorching a summer nor too ice-bound a
winter. And, for this purpose, we have only to take such lands
as California, Florida, the South of France or Northern Italy,
the Cape of Good Hope, the southern regions of Australia, &c.
The experience of these is, that some species of Coccids do in-

SCALE-INSECTS. 25

jure, in every way, whether as regards ornamental or commercial
value, a number of trees and plants on which the people of the
country depend largely for subsistence or profit. In the South
of France the olive industry has been in some years greatly cut
down. In Florida, California, Australia, the Cape of Good
Hope, oranges and apples have been so damaged that the value
of an orchard or a grove has been reduced sometimes by 80 per
cent. It may be said, moreover, that even in tropical countries
the attacks of scale-insects are often most damaging : in Mauri-
tius the sugar-cane and in Ceylon the coffee plantations have
suffered from their ravages. The experience of American fruit-
growers is certainly not to be despised, and the fact that both
in California and Florida the people strain every nerve to get rid
of the insect pests on open-air trees would seem to be distinctly
against the notion that these little enemies can be neglected with
impunity.

Nor, indeed, can it be said that in New Zealand itself
the attacks of scale-insects out-of-doors are harmless. Apple
orchards throughout the country bear evidence to the contrary :
lemon-groves can be seen about Auckland where, instead of the
thousands of fruit formerly grown, a few stunted lemons are all
that the withered trees afford ; and nobody can glance round
the plantations at Nelson or Napier without recognizing the
devastating powers of a scale-insect (leery a) .

The opinion that Coccids are not likely to do much harm in
the open air is therefore scarcely tenable, and it will be of use
to inquire what remedies can be provided against them.

There is a point, however, to be noted at the outset, and it
is, that in reality there is not, as far as is yet known, any cer-
tain remedy against scale-insects. Not that ingenuity and ex-
periment have not succeeded in inventing plans and substances
quite efficient in killing the insects when applied to them. It
is easy enough to kill an insect when you can get at it, in most
cases ; but the problem in this instance is not only to kill indi-
vidual insects, but to do more. What is wanted is to get rid of
whole communities of them, and, at the same time, to prevent
their eggs from hatching and a new brood coming forth. Many
of those who profess to know all about destroying " scale " —
especially if they belong to that class which prides itself upon
being " practical men " — being generally quite ignorant of the
habits and life-history of the insects, are satisfied when they

26 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTUKE.

have tried some rule-of -thumb plan which seems to kill most of
the adult insects, not dreaming that they have left the eggs un-
harmed and ready to send forth a fresh swarm at hatching-time.
There is another obstacle which often prevents success in eradi-
cating " scale." This is the difficulty of making sure of the
effects of any remedy. A plan which has answered well in one
place will fail in another, and this, not only as regards different
countries, but even in the same district for neighbouring gar-
dens, or even for neighbouring trees in the same garden. Tree-
growers must be prepared to find the very same remedy which
has cleared their neighbours' trees fail for their own; and in this
country the author has seen, in one and the same orchard, some
trees quite cleared, while on others, treated in exactly a similar
manner, the " scale " was scarcely injured.

It is from want of knowledge of this and the like points that
persons who have tried various remedies recommended to them
have complained of failure, and condemned both the remedy and
their adviser, whilst really neither was in fault.

Nothing need be said here of carelessness or unskilfulness
in applying a remedy, beyond the following instance : A person
whose apple-trees were being very much damaged by Mytilaspis
pomorum was advised to apply, by way of painting the trunks
and branches, a mixture of kerosene and some other ingredient.
In two or three months he found violent fault with his adviser,
for he said every tree was dead or dying. On inquiry it was
found that, from over-zeal or want of knowledge, he had applied
the mixture as if painting a house, had used it much too strong,
and, to make assurance doubly sure, had given his trees two
good coats of the oil.

An intelligent appreciation of the life-history and habits of
scale-insects is necessary to enable any one to select and apply,
with a probability of success, a remedy, and the details given in
Chapter I. of this work will be found useful for this purpose.
It will be apparent from them that, without regarding the
generic or specific characters of these insects, we may lay down
a few general principles to start with, thus : —

I. Whatever damage is done is effected by the sucking of the
juices of the plant through the rostrum of the insect. It follows
from this that applications of any fluid to the tree externally,
with the object of poisoning the insects in their feeding, would
be useless, as their food is drawn from beneath the surface.

SCALE-INSECTS. 27

II. Neglecting entomological distinctions, we may divide
the Coccididae, roughly, into —

(a.) Insects attacking deciduous plants ;

(b.) Insects attacking evergreen plants ;
or, again,

(c.) Insects living usually on the bark ;

(d.) Insects living usually on the leaves;

(e.) Insects living on both bark and leaves ;
or, lastly,

(/.) Insects covered with hard shields or "scales;"

(g.) Insects covered with cotton;

(h.) Insects naked.

It will be clear that a different method will be required for
destroying these different classes ; but any one insect will belong
to more than one class. Thus Mytilaspis pomorum, the apple-
scale, belongs to (a), (c), and (/), and indeed may be placed
also in (b}} as such plants as hawthorns, which it attacks, are
as bad as evergreens in the difficulty of reaching the insect on
them; or, Lecanium hesperidum is in (a), (d), and (h) ; Lecanium
oka in (a), (b}, (e), and (K).

As far as regards the injurious species of Coccids it may
usually be taken for granted that those infesting deciduous
plants (class a) live chiefly on the bark (class c), and are either
naked (class h) or covered with a hard scale (class /) . If naked
they are chiefly Lecanium ; if covered, either Mytilaspis, Aspidio-
tus, or Diaspis.

leery a is exceptional, being omnivorous, feeding equally on
bark or leaves, deciduous or evergreen plants ; it belongs to
every class except (/) . Every method of destruction has therefore
to be resorted to against it.

The treatment of a deciduous plant infested by Coccids is
simple as to its method. For two reasons the dead winter-time
must be chosen for it — first, because, the leaves being off, the
whole plant can be easily got at ; secondly, because the eggs of
the insect have not yet been hatched, and the whole brood can
be destroyed at once. The first operation should be the pruning
of the tree, so as to reduce the labour required to a minimum.
A brushing over all the trunk and branches with a good hard
stiff brush and one of the liquid remedies given below is then
often successful. Brushing with a dry brush is adopted by
some persons ; but, although this doubtless clears away a good

28 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTUEE.

many insects and scales, and may do the tree itself some good
by cleaning off fungus-growths and incrustations, yet it neces-
sarily fails to destroy all the eggs, and in consequence the work
is only half done. Any one ivho wishes to extirpate Coccids must
make certain that he has destroyed the eggs—a, fact which is quite
ignored by numbers of those who glibly talk of their own suc-
cess, and blame the advice of others. The object being, there-
fore, twofold, the operation should be performed with a hard, stiff
brush dipped in one of the fluids recommended below; and care
should be taken that there is no part of the trunk or branches
escaping untouched. In fact, what should be aimed at is a
kind of painting of the tree, but with a thin coating of the fluid,
so as to close the pores as little as may be ; while at the same
time the brush clears away as many as possible of the " scales "
and their enclosed broods of insects and eggs.

. Bearing in mind what has been said just now of the want of
certainty in any remedy whatsoeATer, the tree-grower who follows
these directions will most likely find his work successful and
his deciduous plants cleaned of " scale " on the bark.

A second method may be adopted — namely, the painting-
over of the trunk and branches, without attempting to forcibly
detach any " scales" with the brush. This, properly performed
and with proper fluids, is likely to be just as efficacious as the
other, for the fluid should ee run in " under the scales, surround
the eggs, and prevent them from hatching. It gives less trouble
than the hard brushing, and is equally destructive to the
Coccids. It has, however, of 'course, not the same cleaning
effect upon fungoid growths or incrustations impeding the free
•" respiration " of the plant.

For deciduous trees, then, such as apple- or pear-trees in an
orchard, the simple remedy is severe pruning at the dead of
winter, and the coating of the trees with a destructive fluid, laid
on with a brush on every part, preferably with a hard brush
vigorously used, but leaving a thin eoat of the fluid on the bark.

It must be thoroughly understood that, a week or two after the
first application, the " scales " left on the tree should be ex-
amined, and, if the eggs are not killed, a second coating of the
fluid should be applied.

The treatment of evergreen plants, or of plants which are
attacked both on the bark and leaves, is really the same as the
above as regards its object, but it necessarily differs in its

SCALE-INSECTS.

method. Here, again, it is desired not only to kill the insects
themselves, but also to devitalize the eggs ; but in this case the
work is much harder, for the eggs are especially difficult to
reach. Still, there is this advantage : that in dealing with ever-
greens the season of the year need not be specially studied, and,
in default of touching the eggs, one may get at the young larvae.
The remedy is again a fluid, but it must be applied in the form
of spray. Coccids are sometimes found on the upper surfaces of
leaves, but as a rule they affect the lower sides. This, of
course, renders it much more difficult to get at them ; and the
ordinary rose of a garden syringe would not, as a general thing,
distribute the fluid in a sufficiently-fine form. The finer the
spray and the more it is forced into every corner and nook of
the plant the better. Various force-pumps and spray-throwers
have been invented for this purpose in the United States ; but
probably tree-growers in this country need only procure the
finest possible rose for their syringes, and use them in the
ordinary way. The fluid should be thrown as thoroughly as
possible on all parts of the plant, every care being taken to
direct it most fully against the under sides of the leaves.

The work, then, to be done is in itself simple enough. A
destructive fluid must be selected and applied according to the
character of the insect and its position on the tree. For covered
or naked insects on the bark, apply it with a hard, stiff brush ;
for covered or naked insects on the leaves, apply it in the form
of the finest spray thoroughly forced as much as possible into
every nook and cranny, and especially against the under side of
the leaves.

The question, " What is the best fluid to use ? " is more
complicated. Many answers have been given to it : many fluids
have been strongly recommended by different people. It must
be well remembered that, as stated above, a sure and sovereign
remedy has yet to be discovered, and failure may attend even
the best suggested at present. Bearing this in mind, tree-
growers will find in the following list the result of the experience
of a number of observers, which may serve as a useful guide.
It does not profess to be more than a summary, compiled from
the researches of entomologists such as Mr. Comstock, Professor
Uiley, Mr. Hubbard ; from suggestions by gardeners and others,
embodied in various parliamentary and private documents ; and
from actual observation and experiment in this country : but it

30 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

is believed that the information here given may be accepted and
relied on.

Some of the substances here given are manifestly unsuitable
for general use on account of their expense, at any rate in the
open air. Yet it is well to include them,, as they are all sug-
gested in some work or other, or in the replies of gardeners and
fruit-growers to parliamentary inquiries ; and the objections to
them ought also to be known : —

1 . Alcohol. Will certainly kill any individual insect ; but

" sprayed over scale-insects produced no apparent
effect" (Comstock).

2. Ammonia. Whether used pure (diluted) or in urine,

damages the plants much more than it does the
insects (Hubbard ; Comstock) .

3. Ashes. Powdered, or mixed with lime, salt, soot, &c. Of

no value whatever (Hubbard; Personal experiment).

4. Carbolic acid. Of no avail, either as spray or brushed

on, unless used in such strength as to seriously
damage the tree (Hubbard ; Riley ; Comstock) .

5. Castor-oil. Has been found efficacious in cleaning haw-

thorn-trees at the Agricultural College, Lincoln (T.
Kirk). It was mixed with soot for some unexplained
reason. The time of the year when it was applied is not
stated ; but the author's experiments seem to show that
castor-oil does not effectually kill the eggs. Still, it is
doubtless a valuable remedy if applied repeatedly, so
as to kill larvae and adults, supposing it to be suffi-
ciently cheap.

6. Cole's Insect-exterminator. Apparently a mixture of about

2 parts of (t green soap " with 100 parts of strong
alcohol. It is " effectual as an insecticide, and harm-
less to growing plants ;" but " the cost is too great,
except on a small scale, as in conservatories " (Com-
stock) .

7. Gasoline. Seems to have been used in California on

pear-trees : result, doubtful (New Zealand Parlia-
mentary Papers : Codlin Moth Committee Report,
1885, page 8) .

8. Gishurst compound. Very favourably spoken of in many
quarters. In New South Wales it has been found
efficacious on orange -trees against Aspidiotus coc-

SCALE-INSECTS.

31

cineus (Alderton) ; in Nelson it is said to be used
beneficially against leery a purchasi. It does not,
however, kill the eygs ivith certainty (Personal experi-
ment). Applied warm, and properly diluted, it may
be recommended as a good remedy ; but applications
of it should b^ repeated.

9. Kerosene. Seemingly the most valuable of all remedies,
when properly applied. " Almost the only substance
which will certainly kill the eggs without at the same
; time destroying the plant " (Hubbard) .

But the application of this remedy must be care-
fully performed. Some trees may endure it without
injury, even undiluted or unmixed ; but this is
scarcely to be expected, and the oil should therefore
be applied in some mixed form. Also, it is important
to remember that a hot sun increases the injurious
effect of kerosene ; consequently winter, or cloudy wea-
ther, should be chosen for its employment.

(a.) Pure kerosene. As just stated, it is probably
not advisable to use this. Still, " a young shoot of
orange, not more than fourteen days old, was un-
injured by an application of pure kerosene which
thoroughly wet every leaf ; " (Comstock) ; and Le-
canium hesperidum on ivy, similarly treated, was de-
stroyed, without injury to the plant (ibid.).

(b.) Kerosene and milk. An excellent mixture, if
milk can be obtained cheap (Riley ; Hubbard ;
Comstock) . It must be applied in the form of an
" emulsion," sprayed over the tree or brushed on the
bark. Hubbard gives the following directions for
use : Heat the milk nearly to boiling-point and mix
with double the quantity of kerosene ; churn violently
from ten minutes to half an hour, according to tem-
perature, until a creamy thick fluid is obtained ;
dilute this with nine or ten times the quantity of
water. The mixture is of course purely a mechanical
one, as far at least as the water is concerned, and it
must be kept constantly stirred, to prevent the sub-
stances from separating from the water. For ever-
green trees impel the mixture on leaves and branches
in the finest possible spray. Sour milk is as useful as
fresh.

32 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

The object of the milk is not only to lessen the
injurious qualities of the kerosene, but also to induce
it to mix more freely with the water ; but it is the
oil alone which destroys the insects and their eggs.

(c.) Kerosene and soap. When milk is not obtain-
able, or too dear, nothing is so excellent as this mix-
ture. Soap itself (see below) is a useful insecticide,
and in combination with kerosene includes the good
qualities of both substances. The cheapest possible
qualities of soap will do. The mixture, which is,
even more than the last, purely mechanical, must be
made first of all an " emulsion." The American
experiments result in the following recipe and method
of using : —

Formula :

Common soap ... ... ... ^lb.

Kerosene 2 galls.

Soft water 1 gall.

Dissolve the soap in the water heated to boiling,
then add the kerosene, and churn the mixture until
a creamy fluid results which thickens on cooling.
Dilute with nine or ten times the quantity of water :
the quantities given above will make about thirty
gallons of liquid. Whale-oil soap, soft-soap, or any
other kind will do. As with the milk emulsion,
apply in the form of the finest spray for evergreens
(Riley ; Hubbard ; Personal experiment) .

(d.) Kerosene and oil. Castor-oil, linseed-oil, whale-
oil, may be used. A mixture of this kind, in the
proportion of 1 part kerosene to 3 or 4 of oil, has
been found very efficacious for apple- and other fruit-
trees attacked by the common apple-scale (Myt. po-
morum). But, as observed above, the mixture must
not be laid on too thick. Thinly brushed all over
trunk and branches, at dead of winter, it has been
found quite successful in destroying both insects and
eggs, without injury to the trees (Personal experi-
ment) . It would probably not answer for evergreens,
on account of expense.

On the whole, it may be said that, as far as cer-
tainty can be attained in the matter, there is no sub-

SCALE-INSECTS. 33

stance better for destroying Coccids and their eggs
than kerosene in the form of milk or soap emulsion,
diluted with water for evergreens or for trees with
insects on the leaves as well as on the bark. Pro-
bably, for deciduous fruit-trees the kerosene-and-oil
mixture is the best.

The great point in favour of this substance is that
it destroys the eggs; this, few if any of the others
will accomplish.

10. Lime. Of no avail whatever.

11. Lye. Concentrated lye is very frequently recommended.

In the New Zealand Parliamentary Papers (Codlin
Moth Committee Report, 1885, page 7) several state-
ments will be found apparently most favourable to it;
yet in places we find admissions that " it cannot reach
all the eggs." In America generally, it has not been
found satisfactory : " inferior to kerosene in killing-
power, and far more injurious to trees when used in
solutions strong enough to be effective as insecticides."
It is quite possible that the action of lye on the
fungus accompanying the scale-insects (see Chap. III.)
may have led " practical " gardeners to imagine that
it cleaned their trees of scale. Comstock says, " I
saw most excellent results from the following mix-
ture : lib. concentrated lye, one pint gasoline or
benzine, half pint oil, five gallons water." Probably
the good results here were due, not to the lye, but
to the gasoline and oil.

12. Pyrethrum. Useless against Coccids (Comstock).

13. Salt. Useless (Comstock).

14. Soap. Undoubtedly a valuable remedy, and perhaps, in

some cases, as efficient as kerosene ; but it does not
destroy the eggs. A solution of fib. of soap to a
gallon of water, applied hot} was entirely successful
in California : three months after its application no
living scale-insect could be found (Comstock). The
time of the year is not stated. In another case the
solution was applied cold : " four days after no living
insect could be found ; " but, again, the time of the
year is not stated, and no mention is made of the
eggs. Still, a strong solution of soap may be said

34 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

to be one of the best remedies against the larvae
and adult insects — proportions from ilb. to Jib. soap
to one gallon of water (Comstock ; Hubbard ; Personal
experiment) .

15. Soda, caustic. Strongly recommended by many persons.

It injures the tree, and does not kill the eggs — two
things which are decidedly against its use. Gar-
deners may have been led to employ it from finding
that in some instances it clears away the black
fungus-growths (Chap. III.), and imagining this to be
a clearance also of the scales.

16. Soda, silicate. Kills some insects, but no eggs, and in-

jures the tree (Hubbard).

17. Sulphate of iron. "A common ingredient in patent

remedies;" most injurious to vegetation. It does not
affect scale-insects (Hubbard) .

18. Sulphur. Another substance, the object of a kind of

superstitious veneration amongst gardeners. It is
excellent against fungoid growth, but of little value
against scale-insects. Here, again,, the clearing of the
black fungus has probably been taken to mean also the
destruction of the insects (Hubbard ; Comstock ; Per-
sonal experiment). Comstock says that in America
people often bore holes in their trees and stuff them
with sulphur, under the notion that the substance
will be taken up by the sap, and poison the insects :
quite a futile idea.

19. Sulphur and lime. A dangerous compound, and useless

unless applied in such strength as to kill the tree.
Its fumes are poisonous, and it may seriously injure
the face and hands (Hubbard).

20. Sulphur and snuff. Equal parts mixed and dusted over

Lecanium hesperidum on a wet day were quite suc-
cessful (Comstock). But the mixture would be too
expensive except for conservatory plants, and doubt-
less the snuff alone would be quite as efficacious.

21. Sulphuric acid. " Killed nearly all the scale-insects,

and very nearly killed the tree" (Hubbard). No
mention is made of its action on the eggs.

22. Soot. Useless (Hubbard ; Comstock ; Personal experi-

ment) .

SCALE-INSECTS. 35

23. Tobacco. A good remedy against larvae and adults;

doubtful against the eggs. Fumigation has 110 effect
on scale-insects, except sometimes on Dactylopidse,
or " mealy bugs " (Hubbard ; Comstock ; Personal
experiment). The tobacco should be applied in a
pretty strong solution ; but the expense in this
country would be probably too great for general use..

24. Whale-oil and whale-oil soap have been already alluded

to under the head " Kerosene." They are both useful
ingredients in mixture with that substance, if pro-
curable cheaply.

From the foregoing list it will be gathered that, if experi-
ment, combined with knowledge of the habits and life-history of
scale-insects, can be relied on, there is no substance better
adapted for their destruction than kerosene, mixed with oil, or
milk, or soap solution, and carefully applied. It has been
already observed that the killing of the eggs is absolutely
necessary for thorough clearing-away of the insects ; and, to
quote again the words of Mr. Hubbard, kerosene is " almost
the only substance which will with certainty kill the eggs with-:
out at the same time destroying the plant. "

But precautions must not be neglected. Persons who reck-
lessly use any remedy, or who apply it too thickly or in too
strong proportions, must expect their trees to suffer. Nor
must the weather and the time of the year be overlooked.
Winter is the best season for all remedies ; and, preferably, cool
and cloudy days. Again, if substances soluble in water, such
as potash or soda lye, soap solutions, &c., be employed, it must
be expected that a day's rain will wash a good deal of them off,
and greatly reduce their efficacy. These are things which many
people forget ; they fancy that because somebody has cleared
his trees with, say, castor-oil in winter they can do the same
thing in full heat of summer; or, because a lye solution has
done well in the dry climate of California, that it will be
equally good in the rains of New Zealand. Still more is it a
fallacy to imagine that rule-of -thumb methods, not founded upon
any knowledge of the nature, habits, and life-history of the
insects, are likely to be really efficacious.

Little need be said here of a remedy which has had, to some
extent, the authority of Professor Riley, and which is recom-
mended by Mr. Howard (Report U.S. Dep. of Agric. 1880-81,

3D INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGKICULTUKE.

p. 351) : viz., the transportation or acclimatization of parasites
on scale-insects. Doubtless the thing could be done, as experi-
ments in America have shown. But there are plenty of parasitic
insects in New Zealand already, and, although they seem to have
hitherto confined their work to the native and mostly to the in-
noxious Coccids, they may at any time begin to attack the others,
and it is only a question of time when they will act usefully as
efficient checks (see Chap. IV.).

There is one Coccid of which it must be said that, whilst
kerosene mixtures will undoubtedly destroy it, by far the best
remedy of all is to destroy and burn at once the infested trees.
Icerya purchasi is so voracious and universal a feeder, so repul-
sive in its aspect, and so destructive in its effects that the most
drastic remedy is the best. Any one, therefore, having a tree,
especially an ornamental or a fruit tree, attacked by Icerya
purchasi, is strongly recommended to make no delay, but to cut
down and burn every stick of the tree as soon as possible.

It was observed at the beginning of this chapter that some
people hold the opinion that the damage done by scale-insects is
not of importance. The foregoing remarks upon remedies are
not directed to those who hold this view, which is contradicted
by the experience not only of other countries but of New Zealand
itself.

Authorities referred to in this Chapter.

U.S. Department of Agriculture —

Reports by Professor Eiley, Professor Comstock, Mr. Hubbard, Mr. L. O.

Howard.
N.Z. Parliamentary Papers, 1885 —

Report of the Select Joint Committee of both Houses on the Codlin-moth,.

and " various blights to which fruits are subject."
Personal experiment by the author and friends.
Replies of farmers, gardeners, and tree-growers to inquiries, official or private.

CHAPTER VI.

CATALOGUE OF INSECTS AND DIAGNOSIS

SINCE this work lias been in type, the author has received a letter from the
State Inspector of Fruit Pests for California, in which the writer states that the
insect Icerya Purchasi has there, especially in the southern part of the State,
gained such hold on the orange-groves, in spite of the most strenuous efforts,
that the people find it impossible to keep it down. Orange- and lemon-growers
(and indeed other tree-growers) in New Zealand, especially in the North Island,
should take note of this fact, and beware of ever letting this omnivorous and
most destructive insect obtain any footing on their trees. A speedy burning of
every infected tree is the best remedy in this case.

present in larva and pupa,, always absent in adnlt ; tarsi mono-
merous ; feet ending in a single claw ; abdomen terminating in
a spike which forms the sheath of the penis ; eyes present in
adult ; ocelli often large, sometimes exceeding three in number.
The above characters sufficiently distinguish this family from
the rest of the Homoptera. Probably the first marks for identi-
fication of a specimen might be the monomerous tarsus and the
single claw. The latter is always to be made out, at least in the
earlier stages of the female and in the adult male.

GKOUPS.

Larvse active, naked ; adult females and
pupse stationary, covered with separate shields
or puparia, composed partly of secretion, partly
of the earlier discarded pellicles; females apo-
dous after larval stage ; abdomen of females
not exhibiting a median cleft or dorsal lobes

36 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

p. 351) : viz., the transportation or acclimatization of parasite*
on scale-insects. Doubtless the thing could be done, as experi-
ments in America have shown. But there are plenty of parasitic
insects in New Zealand already, and, although they seem to have
hitherto confined their work to the native and mostly to the in-
noxious Coccids, they may at any time begin to attack the others,
and it is only a question of time when they will act usefully as
efficient checks (see Chap. IV.).

There is one Coccid of which it must be said that, whilst
kerosene mixtures will undoubtedly destroy it, by far the best
remedy of all is to destroy and burn at once the infested trees.

U.S. Department of Agriculture —

Reports by Professor Eiley, Professor Comstock, Mr. Hubbard, Mr. L. O.

Howard.
N.Z. Parliamentary Papers, 1885 —

Report of the Select Joint Committee of both Houses on the Codlin-moth^

and " various blights to which fruits are subject."
Personal experiment by the author and friends.
Replies of farmers, gardeners, and tree-growers to inquiries, official or private.

CHAPTER VI.

CATALOGUE OF INSECTS AND DIAGNOSIS
OP SPECIES.

Family.— COCCIDDJ3.

MALE and female larvae similar,, apterous, naked or covered.,
active.

Females in all stages apterous ; metamorphosis semi-complete ;
naked or covered ; active or stationary ; rostrum usually present
in all stages, sometimes absent in adult ; feet sometimes absent
after larval stage ; tarsi where present monomerous ; feet, where
present, ending in a single claw ; eyes sometimes absent.

Male pupae apterous ; naked or covered. Adult males with
two wings and two halteres ; metamorphosis complete ; rostrum
present in larva and pupa, always absent in adult ; tarsi mono-
merous ; feet ending in a single claw ; abdomen terminating in
a spike which forms the sheath of the penis ; eyes present in
adult ; ocelli often large, sometimes exceeding three in number.

The above characters sufficiently distinguish this family from
the rest of the Homoptera. Probably the first marks for identi-
fication of a specimen might be the monomerous tarsus and the
single claw. The latter is always to be made out, at least in the
earlier stages of the female and in the adult male.

GEOUPS.

Larvae active, naked ; adult females and
pupae stationary, covered with separate shields
or puparia, composed partly of secretion, partly
of the earlier discarded pellicles; females apo-
dous after larval stage ; abdomen of females
not exhibiting a median cleft or dorsal lobes

38 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Larvae active,, naked; adult females and
pupae active or stationary, naked or covered
with secretion ; adults sometimes apodous ; ab-
domen of females exhibiting a median cleft and
two dorsal lobes LECANIDINTK.

Larvae active, naked, exhibiting at the ab-
dominal extremity two protruding anal tu-
bercles. Adult females exhibiting abdominal
cleft and dorsal lobes; naked or covered with
secretion HEMICOCCIDIN^E,

Females in all stages exhibiting anal tu-
bercles ; no abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes ;
naked or covered with secretion COCCIDIN^E.

SCALE-INSECTS. 39

Group L— DIASPIDIKZE.

Female insects covering themselves with separate shields or
puparia composed partly of fibrous secretion, partly of the dis-
carded pellicles ; females apodous after first stage ; no abdominal
cleft or lobes ; spinnerets usually arranged in groups on the
posterior segment of female.

GENERA.

Female puparium circular, pellicles usually
in the centre ; male puparium slightly elon-
gated, not carinated, pellicle at one end. Four
or five groups of spinnerets, or groups absent ASPIDIOTUS.

Female puparium more or less circular, pel-
licles near the centre ; male puparium elon-
gated, carinated, pellicle at one end. Five
groups of spinnerets DIASPIS.

Female puparium elongated, pellicles at one
end ; male puparium nearly similar but smaller
and narrower, not carinatecl, pellicle at one end.
Five groups of spinnerets MYTILASPIS.

Female puparium elongated, pellicles at
one end ; male puparium much narrower and
smaller, carinated, pellicle at one end. Five
groups of spinnerets CHIONASPIS.

Female puparium elongated, pellicles at one
end; male puparium narrower, pellicle at one
end. More than five groups of spinnerets. Ab-
domen of female not fringed POLIASPIS.

Female puparium elongated, first pellicle at
one end, second pellicle almost filling the pu-
parium ; male puparium smaller and narrower,
sometimes carinated, pellicle at one end FIORINIA.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Female puparium circular or elongated ;
male puparium elongated, not carinated PARLATORIA.

40 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Female puparium elongated; male pu-
parium similar but smaller. Abdomen of
female fringed LEUCASPIS.

Female puparium double, the scales super-
imposed, first pellicle in the centre of the upper
scale ; male puparium elongated, not carinated AONIDIA.

Female puparium completely enclosing the
insect; male puparium elongated, not carinated TARGIONIA.

Genus : ASPIDIOTUS, Bouche.

Female puparium varying in colour; circular in outline,
usually flat, sometimes rather convex ; pellicles usually in the
centre.

Male puparium rather longer than that of the female, the
pellicle at one end; not carinated above.

Groups of spinnerets usually four, sometimes five, and in
one American species (A. sabalis, Comstock) six; or, in a few
cases, altogether wanting.

Adult females usually peg-top shaped.

1. ASPIDIOTUS ATHEROSPERM.E,

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 198.

(Plate IV., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium circular, flat, brown ; diameter, about 2*0 in-
The pellicles in the centre form sometimes a sort of boss or
protuberance, of lighter colour than the rest.

Male puparium oval, flat, brownish, about ^ in. in length.

Adult female light-yellow in colour, of the usual peg-top
shape of the genus ; length, about ^jin. ; corrugated — the
last abdominal section, being very small, is much overlapped by
the rest. Four groups of spinnerets, upper pair with fifteen
orifices ; lower pair, nine or ten. Abdomen terminating in several
lobes, of which the four median are the largest; between the
lobes scaly serrated hairs.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Atherosperma Nova Z&landia, Wellington ;
Hawke's Bay.

2. ASPIDIOTUS BUDL^EI/E, Signoret.

Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p. 115.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 198.

SCALE-INSECTS. 41

Female puparium circular, flat, dirty-white, about TVn- ^n
diameter.

Male puparium oval, dirty- white, about ^in. in length.

Adult female light-yellow, peg-top shaped ; abdomen ending
in two somewhat prominent lobes, with scaly hairs and spines.
Four groups of spinnerets : upper groups with five or six orifices;
lower groups, three or four.

Adult male yellow, slightly brown on the thorax; antennae
of ten joints, all hairy.

Habitat — On silver - wattle, Nelson. The insect is Euro-
pean, and found there on Budlceia salidna.

Closely allied to A. nerii, but differing in the lobes and
spinnerets of the abdomen.

3. ASPIDIOTUS CAMELLIA, Boisduval.

Kermes camellia*, Boisduval, Ent. Hort., p. 334.
Aspidiotus camellia, Signorct, loc. cit., 1869, p. 117.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 200; Vol. XVII., 1881,

p. 21.

(Plate IV., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium nearly circular, convex, greyish or brown-
ish in colour, about y^g-in. in diameter; pellicles often at one
side.

Male puparium rather smaller, oval.

Adult female of normal shape, but somewhat elongated.
Abdomen ending in two lobes, with a few scattered scaly hairs.
No groups of spinnerets.

Habitat — On camellias, Christchurch ; on euonymus, weeping
willow, &c., Wellington.

Very common in gardens about Wellington : sometimes does
much damage to euonymus shrubs and hedges.

4. ASPIDIOTUS CARPODETI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 21.

Female puparium usually light-brown, but varying a little
with the colour of the bark of the tree ; convex ; circular ; the
pellicles in the centre ; some specimens are slightly elongated.
Average diameter, i^in.

Male puparium narrow, with parallel sides ; not carinated ;
dirty-white or brownish colour ; length, about -^in.

Adult female of the normal peg-top shape, the abdomen not
so much overlapped as usual. Abdomen ending in two median

42 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

somewhat prominent lobes, with two others much smaller not in
close proximity; edge of the body jagged, with curvilinear
incisions, amongst which and between the lobes are a number of
serrated pointed hairs, as in A. nerii. Four groups of spinnerets :
lower pair with four to six orifices ; upper, with six to ten. These
groups seem surrounded by a narrow line as if enclosed in a
chamber : the same appearance is presented (according to a figure
of Mr. Comstock's) in A. nerii. There are many single spin-
nerets.

Adult male of normal form, with aiitennse of ten joints, of
which the seventh, eighth, and ninth are the longest. The
haltere has a somewhat long peduncle. The abdominal spike is
rather long, and springs from a large tubercle.

Habitat — On Carpodctus serratus and Vitex littoralis (puriri),
Wellington. The puparia are so like in colour to the bark that
it is difficult to detect them.

This insect is evidently closely allied to A. nerii, but differs
in the abdominal lobes of the female and in the antennas of the
male; its male puparium is also much longer, and that of the
female more convex, than in that species.

5. ASPIDIOTUS COCCINEUS, Gennadius.*
Aspidiotus aurantii, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 199.

Aspidiotus citri, Comstock; Canadian Entom., Vol. XIII. ,
p. 8.

(Plate IV., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium really dirty-white, but seeming yellowish-
brown, from the colour of the insect beneath ; sometimes dark-
brown ; circular, flat; diameter, about yjin.

Male puparium much smaller, rather oval.

Adult female yellow, becoming brown at last ; peg - top
shaped, but the abdominal segment is comparatively so small
and is so much overlapped by the others that the insect looks
almost globular; length, about j^g-in. Abdomen ending in six
lobes (of which the two median are the largest) , and several scaly
hairs. No groups of spinnerets.

* The author has not been able to find the original description of Genna-
dius, which appears to have been contained in a report to the Minister for
Agriculture in Greece. Dr. Signoret states that there is a reference to it ia
" Bisso, Histoire Naturelle des Oranges," Vol. I., p. 220.

SCALE-INSECTS. 43

Adult male very small, brown or yellow in colour. The
antennae have ten joints : the two first joints are very small,
round, and smooth ; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth equal in
length ; the seventh, eighth, and ninth half as long ; the tenth
somewhat shorter still, and pointed. All the last eight joints
show numerous hairs. The thorax is short and thick, the
thoracic band occupying more than one-half the width; the
abdomen short, the double spike of some length. The wings are
oval, about as long as the body. The legs are hairy, femora
thick, tibiae longer, thicker at the end next the tarsus than at
the other end ; tarsi broad at the top, tapering gradually down
to the usual single claw. The hairs on the femora are much
fewer than those on the tibiie and tarsi.

Habitat — On oranges and lemons in shops, very abundant,
often several hundreds on a single fruit ; on orange- and lemon-
trees, Governor's Bay, Canterbury; and Auckland.

This insect is European, and has been introduced here from
Australia. It is exceedingly destructive to orange arid lemon
groves in America and Australia. Mr. Comstock (Report of the
Entomologist, U.S. Dep. of Agric., 1881, p. 295) records an in-
stance where a grove of thirty-three acres, which in 1872 pro-
duced a rental of £1,800, could fetch in 1878 only =€120, on
account of the ravages of this insect.

Orange- and lemon-growers in the north of New Zealand
should beware of this pest. It is scarcely likely that it should
be harmless here when it is so destructive elsewhere.

The remedies most likely to be efficacious have been men-
tioned in the introductory chapters of this work.

6. ASPIDIOTUS DYSOXYLI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 198.

Female puparium circular, somewhat convex, brown in
colour ; diameter, about -^-in.

Male puparium smaller, oval, brown.

Adult female bright-yellow, corrugated, the corrugations-
overlapping the abdominal region, which is comparatively small.
There are four groups of spinnerets, the upper pair with ten
openings, the lower with nine, many scattered oval and oblong
spinnerets. The abdomen ends in six lobes, of which only the
two median are conspicuous ; between the lobes fine serrated
hairs. The abdomen is very velvety.

44: INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Dysoxylon spectabile, Wellington.
Allied to A. atherospermce, but differing in the abdominal
lobes and spinnerets.

7. ASPIDIOTUS EPIDENDRI, Bouche.

Chermes epidendri, Boisduval ; Ent. Hort., 1867, p. 339.
Aspidiotus epidendri, Signoret, loc. cit., 1869, p. 121.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 197.

Female puparium circular, flat, dirty-white or brownish ;
diameter, about y^in.

Male puparium elongated, the sides parallel.

Adult female greenish yellow, peg-top shaped. Abdomen
ending in several lobes, of which only the two median are con-
spicuous ; between the lobes several serrated scaly hairs, and some
spines. Four groups of spinnerets : upper groups, eight to ten
orifices ; lower groups, six to eight : many single spinnerets.

Adult male somewhat long, yellowish in colour ; antennae
of ten joints ; feet having somewhat thick femora, the tibise
and tarsi slender ; all the joints hairy. The abdominal spike,
or sheath of the penis, is rather long, and the tubercle at its
base is large.

Habitat — On palms and orchids in hothouses, passim • 011
wattle, rarely, Christchurch.

This is a European insect, affecting hothouse plants, and
scarcely likely to do damage out-of-doors. It is closely allied
to A. nerii.

8. ASPIDIOTUS NERII, Bouche ; Schadl. Gart. Ins., 1833, 52.

Diaspis Bouchei, Targioiii-Tozzetti ; " Studie sulle Cocci-

neglie," 1867.

Aspidiotus Bouchei, Targioni; Catal., 1868, 45, 1.
N.Z. Trans,, Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 217.

(Plate IV., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium circular, flat, white or greyish ; diameter,
about -j^in.

Male puparium oval, white ; about -^m. in length.

Adult female yellow, peg-top shaped, but almost globular.

Abdomen ending in six lobes, of which the two median are the

largest. Between and a little beyond the lobes are a number of

scaly serrated hairs, some of which exhibit serrated extremities ;

SCALE-INSECTS. 45

also some scaly but smooth hairs. There are also a few spines.
Four groups of spinnerets, which are surrounded (according to
Mr. Comstock, Entom. Keport, U.S. Dep. of Agric., 1880,
Plate XV., Fig. 1) by a fine line, as if enclosed in a sac. Many
single spinnerets.

In the larva the abdomen ends in four lobes, of which the
two median are somewhat prominent.

Adult male yellow or brownish ; antennae of ten joints,
each with several hairs ; feet having the femora somewhat thick,
the tibiae and tarsi flat and slender, the former a little expanded
at the extremity.

Habitat — On Coprosma lucida and Corynocarpus Icsvigata
(Karaka), Wellington.

A species introduced from Europe, where its favourite habitat
is Nerium oleander ; but it is found on many other plants, and is,
according to Dr. Signoret, " the commonest of all the species of
this genus." It has not yet spread widely in New Zealand.

9. ASPIDIOTUS SOPHOR^:, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 121.

Female puparium nearly circular, flat, bluish-grey ; diameter,
about ^4 in.

Male puparium oval ; length, about ^in.

Adult female of the usual peg-top shape, greenish-yellow in
colour ; abdomen ending in two conspicuous median lobes, with
a number of scaly serrated hairs, as in A. nerii. Five groups of
spinnerets : uppermost group with four orifices ; the remainder,
seven or eight. Some specimens show only four groups.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Sophora tetraptera (Kowhai), Port Hills, Can-
terbury.

Only a few species of Aspidiotus are reported with five
groups of spinnerets. The present insect differs from all of
them in the scaly serrated hairs of the abdomen; none of the
others has more than a few spines.

Genus: DIASPIS, Costa.

Female puparium more or less, but never quite, circular;
sometimes flat, but more usually convex; pellicles more or less
marginal.

46 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Male puparium elongated, the pellicle at one end ; a longi-
tudinal carina, or keel, appears in the middle.

Groups of spinnerets, five.

Mr. Comstock (Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 85)
remarks that, when the pellicles of the female of this genus are
marginal, it might be difficult to distinguish it from Chionaspis, as
the male puparia are alike in both. As regards the species ob-
served hitherto in New Zealand this difficulty has not occurred.

10. DIASPIS BOISDUVALII, Sigiioret ; Ann. de la Soc. Entom.

de France, 1868, p. 433.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 200; Vol. XVII., 1884,
p. 23.

(Plate IV., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium oval, nearly circular, flattish; colour,
yellowish-grey; diameter, about -f^in.

Male puparium elongated, white, with a strong median keel,
and with the edges raised so as to appear like two other keels ;
length, about ^m. The male puparia frequently occur massed
in great numbers, and covered with white hairs and fluff.

Adult female rather elongated, oval, or somewhat pear-
shaped ; the body corrugated, the cephalic portion smooth. At
each side, on a level with the rostrum, or a little above it, is a
protruding lobe, wliicli is characteristic. Colour, light-yellow.
Abdomen ending in two lobes, not prominent, and with a
depression between them ; beyond the lobes are many serrations,
with small lobelike projections and spiny hairs. Five groups of
spinnerets : uppermost group with five to eight orifices^ ; the two
upper side groups with twenty to twenty-five ; lower side groups,
fifteen to twenty. A few scattered single spinnerets.

Adult male very small, about 4\yin. in length ; colour,
reddish-yellow ; antennae of ten joints, all with hairs except the
two first ; femora and tibiae slender, tarsi thick at the base, and
tapering to the claw; digitules, fine hairs. The first and second
pair of legs appear somewhat widely separated, owing to the
length of the coxae.

Habitat — On several hothouse plants, Christchurch and Wel-
lington ; and on wattle in gardens, Wellington.

A European insect. The curious projections at the side,

*' Mr. Comstock (Entom. Eep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 87) gives eight to
fifteen orifices for the uppermost group.

SCALE-INSECTS. 47

near the head, of the female, and the arrangement of the
male puparia above mentioned, sufficiently distinguish this
species.

11. DIASPIS ROSJS, Sandberg.

Aspidiotus rosa, Sandberg; Abhand., priv. Boh., No. 6,
p. 317.

Diaspis rosoe, Signoret, loc. cit., 1869, p. 441.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 201.
(Plate IV., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium nearly circular, white, often aggregated in
masses ; diameter, about -j^in. Pellicles, marginal.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated ; length, about

^in-
Adult female deep-red in colour, elongated, the body deeply
segmented. Cephalic region very large, smooth. On each
segment of the body several spiny hairs. Abdomen ending in
two conspicuous lobes with a depression between them, and some
spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets, but the lateral groups
are almost continuous; uppermost group with about twenty
orifices ; in the lateral groups, fifty to sixty orifices. No single
spinnerets.

Adult male orange-red in colour; antennae ten-jointed,
with several hairs on all but the first two joints ; feet slender,
hairy ; digitules, fine hairs. The spike is somewhat long.

Habitat — On rose-trees, Governor's Bay, Canterbury-
Napier.

A European species, stated by Mr. Comstock to attack, in
America, blackberries and raspberries, besides the rose.

The deep-red colour and abnormally-large cephalic segment
of this insect distinguish it from all others.

12. DIASPIS SANTALI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 122.

(Plate IV., Fig. 7.)

Female puparium yellowish-grey in colour, sometimes with a
greenish tinge ; outline oval ; very convex ; pellicles at one end,
black, inconspicuous ; length of puparium, about -j'g-in.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated ; pellicle, black •
length, about -^ in.

48 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTURE.

Adult female orange-red in colour,, peg-top shaped ; the-
abdominal segment very small as compared with the rest of the
body, and the two next segments overlap it. Abdomen ending
in two conspicuous, prominent, median lobes, and at each side
of ^them two semi-circular depressions : several branched and
serrated hairs in the region of these lobes. There are no groups
of spinnerets. There is no wide depression of the edge between
the median lobes.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Santalum cunninghamii (Maire) , Te Aute,
Hawke's Bay; and on pear, plum, and other fruit-trees at
Whangarei, having probably spread from native plants.

The carinated male puparium distinguishes this species from
Aspidiotus. The absence of spinnerets is curious.

Genus : MYTILASPIS, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female and male puparia similar, or nearly similar, in shape,
but the male puparium is smaller. Puparia elongated, generally
more or less mussel-shaped or pyriform, usually convex, more or
less curved; pellicles at one end. Male puparia not carinated.
Five groups of spinnerets in the female, but the groups are some-
times continuous.

13. MYTILASPIS CORDYLINIDIS, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 195.
(Plate V., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium pure white, elongated, very narrow;
usually straight, sometimes curved ; pellicles yellow, at one end ;
length, about -|in. ; breadth, about ^\>in.

Male puparium similar to that of the female, but much
smaller; length, about ^\yin.

Adult female pale yellow in colour, elongated, distinctly seg-
mented. Rudimentary antennae on the cephalic segment. A
few fine hairs at the edges of the segments. Abdomen ending
in two lobes with a small median depression ; several serrated
scaly hairs, and a few spines. Five groups of spinnerets : upper-
most groups, seven or eight orifices ; upper lateral group, four-
teen to twenty ; lower lateral group, twenty to twenty-five. A
great number of single spinnerets.

SCALE-INSECTS. 49

Adult male doubtful ; very minute and difficult to detect.
Antennae apparently short and tibiae large.

Habitat — On Cordyline australis and C. indivisa, Phormium,
Gahnia, Astelia, Eucalyptus, &c., throughout the islands; but
the chief habitat seems to be C. australis (the common cabbage-
tree), on which it is often very abundant.

This spec ;les may at first sight be mistaken for Fiorinia
stricta, described below, which also infests Cordyline and Phor-
mium ; but, on inspection, it will be seen that the puparium of
the Mytilaspis is much whiter, and the pellicles yellow, those of
F. stricta being black. An examination of the second pellicles-
of the two species will, of course, at once distinguish them.

14. MYTILASPIS DRIMYDIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 196.

(Plate V., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium elongated, often straight, sometimes curved;
colour, dirty- white or brown ; pellicles at one end ; length, about

Male puparium similar, but smaller.

Adult female dull-red in colour, elongated, not very dis-
tinctly segmented. Abdomen ending in a number of small
lobes, of which the four median are the largest; several fine
hairs between the lobes ; no groups of spinnerets, but a very
great number of single ones, which are scattered on the segments
as far up as the rostrum. Many of these protrude as short
thick tubes with serrated or fringed extremities. On the
cephalic segment are a few spiny hairs and two rudimentary
antennae.

Adult male red in colour ; antennae of ten joints ; tarsi
somewhat large. Both antennae and feet have numerous hairs.
Digitules, fine.

Habitat — On Drimys colorata, Water of Leith, Dunedin,
from which it has spread to other native plants.

15. MYTILASPIS EPIPHYTIDIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 21.

(Plate V., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium flat, pyriform, brown in colour, thin ;
length, about -j^in.
4

50 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTUBE.

Male puparium narrower than that of the female, and a good
deal darker, being sometimes almost black ; length, about ^oin. ;
not carinated.

Adult female dark-grey in colour, elongated, segmented.
Abdomen ending in two median lobes ; along the edge several
deepish curvilinear incisions, between which are some strong
spines. Five groups of spinnerets : lower pair with fourteen to
sixteen orifices ; upper pair, twelve to sixteen ; uppermost group,
four to six.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Astelia cunninghamii, Wellington.

16. MYTILASPIS LEPTOSPERMI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 215.

(Plate V., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium flat, elongated, irregularly pyrit'orm, light-
brown in colour ; length, about ^in. The secretion forming
the puparium is mixed with bark-cells of the tree, arranged
longitudinally.

Male puparium narrower than that of the female, and darker
in colour.

Adult female greyish-green, elongated, segmented ; abdo-
men ending in six lobes, of which the two median are con-
spicuous and somewhat large and floriated, the rest very small.
Five groups of spinnerets : the upper group with about fifteen
openings ; the others with from twenty-five to thirty -five. Single
spinnerets none, or very few.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Leptospermum scoparium, (manuka), Welling-
ton ; Canterbury ; Auckland. The puparia are often numerous
on the loose scaly bark of the tree.

17. MYTILASPIS METROSIDERI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.

Female puparium white, pyriform. Female in all stages
dark-coloured ; in last stage nearly black. General outline
resembling M. drimydis, but the abdomen is much sharper and
more pointed, with a finely-serrated edge, ending in three
minute, pointed lobes, joined by a scaly process. Spinnerets in
an almost continuous arch, which may be resolved into five

SCALE-INSECTS^ 51

groups ; seventy or eighty openings ; several single spinnerets.
The rudimentary antennae can be made out.

The young female has an elongated oval outline, little
corrugated. The feet, digitules, antennae, &c., resemble those of
M. pomorum. The abdomen is like that of the adult, without
the groups of spinnerets.

Male unknown, but puparium smaller and rather darker in
colour than that of the female.

Habitat — On Metrosideros robusta (rata), Wellington, and
probably elsewhere. It is not common.

18. MYTILASPIS PHYMATODIDIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292.

Female puparium flattish, pyrif orm, dirty-white or brownish ;
length, about -j^in.

Male puparium similar, brown.

Adult female greyish, elongated, segmented. Rudimentary
antennae visible. Abdomen ending in two lobes with a median
depression : several scaly and serrated processes, and some spiny
hairs. Five groups of spinnerets : uppermost group, six to nine
orifices ; upper side groups, ten to fourteen ; lower pair, fifteen
to twenty : several single spinneretr

Male unknown.

Habitat — On Phymatodes biilardieri, Wellington ; Auck-
land.

In outward appearance the female resembles M. pomorum,
but the puparium is quite different, and the abdominal charac-
ters also differ.

19. MYTILASPIS POMORUM, Bouche.

Aspidiotus pomorum, Bouche; Ent. Zeit. Stett., 1851,

XII., No. 1.
Aspidiotus conchiformis , auctorum ; nee Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,

2,221.
Aspidiotus p?jrus-malus, Kcimicott : 1854, Acad. Science of

Cleveland.
Aspidiotus juglandis, Fitch ; Ann. Rep., N.Y. State Ag.

Soc., 1856 ; nee Signoret, loc. cit., 1870, p. 95.
Aspidiotus falciformis, Barensprung ; Journ. cV Alton et

Burm., 1849.

52 ' INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUKE.

Mytilaspis pomicorticis , Riley; Fifth Rep. State Entom.,

Missouri, p. 95.
Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouche), Signoret; loc. cit., 1870,

p. 96.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 192.

The common apple-scale.

(Plate V., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium usually brown,* sometimes white ; elon-
gated, mussel-shaped, convex, slightly curved, sometimes straight ;
length, about -j^in.

Male puparium not known in New Zealand. In America it
is statedf to be small, " straight or nearly so, and with the
posterior part joined to the remainder of the scale by a thin
portion which serves as a hinge."

Adult female greyish, yellowish, or white ; elongated, seg-
mented. Rudimentary antennae present. At the edge of each
segment two or three strong spines. Abdomen ending in two
large lobes, with two others much smaller on each side; the
median lobes are trifoliated. Between and beyond the lobes
some spines. Five groups of spinnerets j numbers of orifices
variable (see below) ; a few single spinnerets.

Male unknown in New Zealand and Europe, doubtful in
America. Colour stated by Riley (Fifth Missouri Report, p. 95}
as " translucent corneous -grey."

Habitat in New Zealand — On apple, pear, plum, peach,
apricot, lilac, ash, thorn, sycamore, cotoneaster, and other
plants, passim.

An introduced European species, known in America and
elsewhere as the Cf oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple." It
is the commonest, apparently, of the Diaspidinse ; and does great
damage in orchards.

This species has been referred to by many writers under the
specific name ' ' conchiformis ; " some authors include it under
the genus Aspidiotus, others under Coccus, and one — Reaumur
— under Chermes. In the Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Microscopical Society, February, 1885, Mr. A. Michael refers
to it as Coccus (Mytilaspis) pomicorticis.

The groups of spinnerets have been stated above to be

* Dr. Signoret says, " brun noiratre." Mr. Comstock calls it " ash-grey." In
reality the colour varies somewhat with that of the bark of the tree,
t Conistock; Eep. of Entom., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1880, p. 325.

SCALE-INSECTS,

53

*f variable." The following table shows the numbers observed
in specimens from different trees in New Zealand : —

—

Uppermost
Groups.

Upper Side
Groups.

Lower Side
Groups.

Apple

17

17

14

Plum

20

17

17

Lilac

17

19

16

Ash

10

12

9

Cotoneaster

7

15

10

A very minute white Acarid (mite) has been observed fre-
quently under the puparia of this species, among the eggs. The
•eggs, in most cases so observed, were shrivelled and dead. Mr. A.
Michael, in the paper above mentioned ("Notes on Tyroglyphidae")
refers to an Acarus found in America in 1873, also in puparia of
M. pomorum, by Mr. Riley, and expresses doubts whether or not
it fed upon the insect ; yet he says, " A Tyroglyphus not ordi-
narily predatory might regard a Coccus as suitable for gastro-
nomic purposes."

20. MYTILASPIS PYRIFORMIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 194; Vol. XIV., 1881,
p. 215 ; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 22.

(Plate V., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium light-brown, elongated, pyriform, flat ;
in. (sometimes reaching Jin.) ; breadth,
(reaching y^in.) ; texture, thin. The second
pellicle is comparatively large.

Male puparium smaller and narrower, brown, not carinated.

Adult female yellowish-brown or greyish; elongated, seg-
mented ; on the segments are a few spiny hairs. Abdomen end-
ing in several lobes, of which the two median are much the
largest. Spinnerets in a continuous arch, containing sixty to
seventy orifices. Many single spinnerets. Several scaly hairs
between the lobes.

Adult male orange-coloured, about 3^ in. long. Antennae
10- jointed. Digitules, long fine hairs. Sheath of the penis long.

Habitat — On Dysoocylon spectabile and Atherosperma Novae
Z&landiae, Wellington ; on Coprosma, Eiccarton Bush, Canter-
bury.

length, averaging

54 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTUKE.

In the female puparium and in the length of the abdominal
spike of the male this species resembles M. buxi, Bouche (Sig-
noret, loc. cit., 1868, p. 93), but differs in all other respects.

Genus: CHIONASPIS, Signoret.

Female puparium usually white, elongated ; pellicles at one
end ; generally flat.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated ; pellicle at one
end.

Groups of spinnerets, five (in one American species, six) ;
rarely wanting.

21. CHIONASPIS CITRI, Comstock; 2nd Rep., Dep. of Entom.,

Cornell Univ., 1883.
Chionaspis euonymi, Comstock (in part) ; Ag. Rep., 1880,

p. 313.

N.Z. Trans., Yol. XVII., p. 1884, p. 23.
(Plate VI., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium dirty blackish-brown, with a grey margin ;
elongated. " There is a central ridge from which the sides slope
like the roof of a house " (Comstock) .

Male puparium white, narrow, carinated.

Adult female yellowish-white, elongated, segmented. Abdo-
men ending in six lobes, of which the two median are the
largest : these two are divergent. Along the edge some spines.
No groups of spinnerets : a few single ones.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On oranges sold in the shops, imported from
Sydney.

This insect, apparently an importation from America, was
not observed prior to 1884, and occurs as yet only sparingly,
mingled with A. coccineus, from which it is easily distin-
guished by its elongated puparium.

22. CHIONASPIS DUBIA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 216.

(Plate VI., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium white, flat, elongated, pyriform, very thin ;
the pellicles rather small; length, about TVn-

SCALE-INSECTS. 55

Male puparium white, elongated, rather oval ; very slightly
carinated above; on the under-side are two longitudinal keels.

Adult female yellow, elongated, segmented ; the abdominal
segments somewhat deep. Abdomen ending with a median
depression ; terminal lobes inconspicuous (absent ?) . Five groups
of spinnerets : uppermost group, six to ten orifices ; the rest,
ten to fifteen.

Adult male reddish in colour. Antennae hairy, 10-jointed,
the first two joints very short. Feet normal, with four long,
fine digitules. At the base of the abdominal spike is a some-
what large tubercle. Haltere of normal form, but the terminal
seta is very long, four times as long as the thick basal portion,
and has no terminal knob. Thoracic band conspicuous. The
thorax is somewhat long, so that there is a considerable distance
between the first and second pairs of legs.

Habitat — On Coprosma, Rubus, Asplenium, Pell&a, Pticcarton
Bush and North Kowai River, Canterbury; Auckland.

The female puparium resembles that of C. aspidistra
(Signoret) and C. populi (Barensprung), but the abdominal seg-
ment of the female differs from both.

23. CHIONASPIS DYSOXYLI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 22.
(Plate VI., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium thin, flattish, pyriform, white in colour,
with a faint pink tinge when the egg-mass beneath shows
through it ; length, about j^in. The second pellicle is com-
paratively large.

Male puparium white, narrow, carinated ; length, about yj^in.

The insect affects principally the leaves of the plant, and the
puparia are usually clustered thickly along the midrib.

Adult female yellowish-red, elongated, segmented ; but not
very deeply. Abdomen ending in a broken curve, with many
curvilinear incisions. There are fourteen lobes, of which the
two median are the largest ; separated from them by a spine on
each side are two others rather smaller ; then another spine and
a short open space ; and then three smaller lobes and another
spine ; another space, and then a single small lobe, followed by a
spine. Five groups of spinnerets : lower pair with twelve to
fourteen orifices ; upper pair with seven to ten ; uppermost group,
four to six. A few spiny hairs are on the edge of the abdomen.

•56 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTURE.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Dysoxylon spectabile (Kohe-kohe) , Wellington ;
Hawke's Bay; Auckland.

The large white puparia of this insect do much to spoil the
appearance of Dysoxylon, one of the most showy-leafed plants in
New Zealand.

24. CHIONASPIS MINOR, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 33.
(Plate VI., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium white, small, not more than y^in. in
length, usually less ; it is narrower and less pyriform than is
usual in the genus, and is often bent in the middle ; pellicles
yellow.

Male puparium white, narrow, elongated, carinated, about
^in. in length.

Adult female elongated ; segmented, but not deeply ;
colour, dark-brown. Abdomen ending in six small lobes, of
which the two median — the largest — are closely contiguous.
Between them and the next pair is a spine ; then beyond the
second pair another spine, a space, and a third pair of very small
lobes ; after a long space there is another spine. Five groups of
spinnerets : uppermost group with twelve to fourteen orifices ;
upper pair, fourteen to seventeen ; lower pair, eighteen to
twenty-four : many single spinnerets.

Adult male not known.

Habitat — On Parsonsia, Hawke's Bay • on Rhipogonum scan-
dens (supplejack), Wellington; Canterbury; Otago.

The small puparia and the contiguous abdominal lobes of
the female distinguish this species.

Genus : POLIASPIS, Maskell ; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879,

p. 293.

Female puparia elongated; pellicles at one end. Male
puparia narrower, elongated, pellicle at one end. Female with
more than five groups of spinnerets ; abdomen without fringe.

In the kindred genus, Leucaspis, Targioni-Tozzetti (Signoret,
loc. cit., 1868, p. 101), the abdomen has a continuous fringe of
long spines, and the groups of spinnerets vary in number from
five to eight.

SCALE-INSECTS. 57

"25. POLIASPIS MEDIA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.
(Plate VI., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium white, elongated, pyriform, slightly con-
vex ; length, about yVn-

Male pnparium elongated, narrow, white, doubtfully cari-
nated.

Adult female elongated, segmented ; greenish-white ; length,
about ^in. Rudimentary antennae visible. Abdomen ending
with a median depression, and inconspicuous lobes ; several
scattered spiny hairs. Eight groups of spinnerets : four, con-
taining each from twenty to thirty orifices, are placed in oppo-
site pairs, the fifth, with four to six orifices, being between the
upper pair ; above these, three other groups form an arch, the
two outer ones having eight to ten openings, the middle one
three to five. Many single spinnerets.

Adult male of a bright scarlet or deep-orange colour. The
antennae, covered with longish hairs, have ten joints, the first
two very short and thick ; the next five long, equal, and cylin-
drical ; the eighth and ninth somewhat shorter ; the tenth
fusiform, and as long as the seventh. The legs are rather long ;
the femur thick, the tibia more slender, broadening towards the
tarsus, which is about one-third as long as the tibia, and narrows
sharply down to the claw. Both tarsus and tibia are hairy. The
digitules are fine hairs.

Habitat — On Veronica, sp., and Leucopogon Fraseri, North
Kowai River, Canterbury ; on Cyathodes acerosa, Wellington ;
on ferns, Napier.

Genus : FIORINIA, Targioni-Tozzetti. UHLERIA, Comstock ;
2nd Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 110.

Female puparium elongated; first pellicle small, at one
end ; second pellicle very large, entirely covering the insect, and
almost extending to the edges of the puparium.

Male puparium elongated ; smaller and narrower than that
of the female ; sometimes carinated ; pellicle at one end.

Mr. Comstock proposes the name " Uhleria " for this genus,
because Professor Targioni, establishing his genus for the species
to which he originally gave the name of Diaspis fiorinia,
changed at the same time the specific name to "pellucida."

58 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGKICULTUKE.

This, Mr. Comstock says, necessitates now an entirely new
generic name.

Targioni's nomenclature has been followed here, as likely to
lead to less confusion.

26. FIORINIA ASTELI.E, Maskell.
Diaspis gig as, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 201 ; Vol. XIV., 1881,

p. 217; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24.
Uhleria gigas, Comstock ; 2nd Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ.,

1883, p. 111.

(Plate VI., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium elongated, flat, roughly pyriform or ovate,
thin; the secretion is yellowish-brown or dirty-white, but is
scarcely noticeable, on account of the second pellicle ; length
variable, from -j^in. to Jin. ; breadth, about -j^in. First
pellicle small, at one end. Second pellicle, very large, almost
filling the puparium, roughly pyriform ; abdominal region seg-
mented ; cephalic region large, oval ; abdominal segments
tapering, exhibiting at the extremity either minute serrations,
floriated lobes, or tusk-like lobes, or a smooth curve ; the first
abdominal segment sometimes produced into roundly-triangular
lobes.

Male puparium flattish, elongated; length, from T\jin. to
Jin. ; white, thin ; roughly pyriform, but narrower than that of
the female ; central portion slightly convex, seeming on the
underside to have two keels ; not carinated above.

Adult female yellow or brown ; segmented ; at first elon-
gated, the cephalic region comparatively large, but during
gestation shrinking up until the insect assumes the form of
Aspidiotus. Abdomen ending in a minutely-serrated edge, with
several small simple lobes, between which are longish spiny
hairs. Spinnerets in an almost continuous arch, containing
seventy to a hundred orifices ; several single spinnerets.

Adult male yellow, slender. Antennae, ten-jointed, as long
as the body ; each joint except the two first long and hairy ;
the last joint fusiform. Feet, long and slender ; digitules, fine
hairs. Abdominal spike, slender, not very long, springing from
a small tubercular base.

This is a variable insect in size, colour, edge of abdomen,
and spinnerets. On the bark of Pittosporum eugenioide a variety

SCALE-INSECTS. 59

has the extremity of the second pellicle richly floriated, other
features remaining as above. It has not been thought advisable
to erect all these varieties into different species.

The male pupa, in its earlier state, is elongated, segmented,
and may be mistaken for a female of Mytilaspis drimydis ; but
differs in its greyish-yellow colour, and also in the form of the
puparium.

Habitat — On Atherosperma Nova Zalandice ; Astelia cunning-
hamii ; Coprosma, sp. var.; Pittosporum eugenioide, &c. ; Wel-
lington; Canterbury; Hawke's Bay; Otago ; Nelson; Auckland.

The puparia of this insect are frequently covered by a species
of torulaceous (?) fungus which spreads over the leaf they are
on in a thin, brown sheet.

27. FIORINIA GROSSULARI^E, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 123.

Female puparium irregularly oval, being formed chiefly by
the second pellicle, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion;
length, about ^in.

Adult female elongated ; segmented ; the cephalic end slightly
prolonged into a compressed cylinder. Segments bearing at the
edge three sharp spines. The edge of the abdominal segment
is much broken by serrations, and ends in two broadish median
lobes, with two smaller lobes on each side. Several sharp, long
spines are set in pairs along the serrated edge. Five groups of
spinnerets, the three upper forming a continuous arch. Colour
of insect, dark-grey.

Adult male and puparium unknown.

Habitat — On gooseberries, Ambeiley, Canterbury.

A doubtful species.

28. FIORINIA MINIMA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 122.

Female puparium flat, elongated, oval; length, about ^g-in.
First pellicle, comparatively large ; the second almost fills the
puparium.

Male puparium rather longer than that of the female, but
much narrower ; carinated.

Adult female elongated ; segmented ; colour, pink. The ab-
dominal segment somewhat long, the edge broken by a number
of deepish curvilinear serrations, and ending in two inconspicu-

60 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTUEE.

ous median lobes, with three others, much smaller, on each side.
From the serrations spring some hairs. There are five groups of
spinnerets, but the three upper ones, almost or quite conjoined,
form a nearly-continuous arch, containing forty to fifty orifices ;
the two lower groups have fifteen to twenty. There are several
single spinnerets. The adult insect, before gestation, nearly fills
the space covered by the second pellicle ; after gestation it shrinks
up into very small compass at the cephalic end of the puparium.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Erachy glottis repanda ; Panax arboreum, Port
Hills, Canterbury.

Differs from the European species, F. pellucida (Targioni) , in
its extremely-minute size, in the serrations of the abdomen, and
the number of its hairs. Also in F. pellucida the young female
larva has two tubercles between the antennae, which are not seen
in F. minima.

29. FIOEINIA STRICTA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 121 ; Vol. XVII., 1884,

p. 24.

(Plate VI., Fig. 7.)

Female puparium elongated, narrow, with sides almost
straight and parallel ; length, about ^yin.; breadth, about ^in.
Colour of secretion, white, but seeming black, as the second
pellicle shows through it. First pellicle, black, small, at one end;
the cephalic portion prolonged in a slightly-cylindrical form.
Second pellicle, very long, filling the puparium • black ; entire
for most of its length, but at the abdominal extremity cut across
by transverse divisions forming narrow radiating segments ; ex-
treme edge semicircular, sharply serrated. Texture, horny, hard,
and strong.

Male puparium elongated, narrow, like that of the female ;
length, about -j^in.; colour white ; pellicle, black, at one end ;
not carinated.

Some puparia, both male and female, are found slightly
-curved.

Adult female small, elongated, segmented ; length, about
BJ0in., shrivelling at gestation. Cephalic portion compressed,
cylindrical. Abdomen somewhat elongated, ending in a number
of sharp-pointed, triangular, tooth-like lobes, between which may
be made out a few (four ?) very minute, roundly- triangular lobes.

SCALE-INSECTS. 61

Five groups of spinnerets, the three upper groups almost joined
in an arch ; in the arch, forty to fifty orifices ; in the two lower
groups, ten to fifteen.

Adult male, brown. Antennae, ten-jointed ; each joint except
the first two long and hairy ; on the last joint one hair longer
than the rest, and ending in a knob. Legs, slender ; claw, very
thin ; digit ules, fine hairs.

Habitat — On Dendrobium, sp., Hedycarya, sp., Hawke's Bay;
Phormium tenax, Cordyline australis, Astelia cunninghamii,
Muhlenbeckia, sp., Wellington; Canterbury; Nelson.

62 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Group II.— LECANIDINJS.

Female insects flat, convex, or globular ; elongated or cir-
cular; naked, or covered with waxy, horny, glassy, cottony, or
felted secretion forming a covering or test. Adults sometimes
apodous and without antennae. Abdomen in all stages exhibit-
ing a more or less denned cleft, and, above or beside it, on the
dorsal surface, two more or less conspicuous, roughly triangular,
lobes. Men turn usually monomerous or dimerous.

Male larvae resembling females. Male pupae covered with a
test of secretion, waxy or glassy. Male adults not greatly
differing from Diaspidinse ; abdominal spike usually short and
thick.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.
SUBDIVISION I.

Insects covering themselves with a secre-
tion, composed chiefly of waxy, horny, or
glassy matter LECANODIASPID^:.

Test of female horny, partly formed of
the second pellicle LECANOCHITON.

Test of female waxy, with a single fringe
of broad segments at the edge CTENOCHITON.

Test of female glassy, elevated, striated
with air-cells INGLISIA.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Test of female waxy, produced into radi-
ating branches VINSONIA.

Test of female waxy, without fringe or
branches CEROPLASTES.

Test of female waxy, elevated, not striated
with air-cells FAIRMAIRIA.

Tests agglomerated in a waxy mass con-
taining colonies of insects, male and fe-
male CARTERIA.

Test of female absent ; tests of males
aggregated in a waxy mass ERICERUS.

SCALE-INSECTS. 63

/

SUBDIVISION II.

Female insects naked LECANID^.

Females propagating without ovisac, ar-
boreal LECANIUM.
Females constructing ovisac, arboreal PULVINABIA.

Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Females propagating without ovisao, sub-
terranean, retaining feet and antennae LECANOPSIS.

Females propagating without ovisac, sub-
terranean, losing feet and antennae ACLERDA.

NOTE. — The genus Physokermes, Targioni-Tozzetti, is placed
by Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 87) amongst those which here
form this subdivision ; but there seems to be no sufficient dis-
tinction between it and Lecanium.

SUBDIVISION III.

Insects covering themselves with secretion
of cottony or felted matter LECANO-CoCCIEXE.

Secretion felted, scarcely apparent on
adult female, conspicuous on male pupae and
female of early stages; edge fringed ERIOCHITON.

Not yet represented in Neiv Zealand.

Secretion felted', appearing only in the last
stage, after gestation SIGNORETIA.

Secretion felted, forming a nearly com-
plete sac on adult female before gestation LECANODIASPIS.

Secretion felted, forming complete sac on
adult female PHILIPPIA.

Secretion cottony, covering adult female
only after gestation LICHTENSIA.

Secretion cottony, forming a complete sac
011 adult female before gestation ERIOPELTIS.

SUBDIVISION I.— LECANODIASPID^E, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female insects exhibiting in all stages the abdominal cleft
and lobes. Larvae free, naked, active. Females after the first
metamorphosis constructing over themselves a carapace, shield,

64 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AOEICULTUKE.

or (as called herein) test, of glassy, waxy, or horny secretion.
Test apparently homogeneous, really in most cases formed of
aggregated segments over the insect, and prolonged beyond the
body in a flat single fringe of separate, more or less triangular
or quadrate, segments. Fringe not always present or conspicuous
in all stages. Males, after first metamorphosis, constructing a
test of similar character but varying form.

This subdivision, when first established by Targioni-Tozzetti,
included only the four genera Pollinia, Aster olecamum, Plan-
chonia3 and Lecanodiaspis, all of which are apodous in the adult
stage of the female. In this work the two first of these are
included in a new group, HEMI-COCCIDIN^E ; Planchonia belongs
to the group COCCIDIN^E ; Lecanodiaspis is left in the present
subdivision. For the reasons leading to these changes, and the
inclusion in this subdivision of insects retaining the feet in all
stages, see N.Z. Transactions, Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207, and
Vol. XVI., 1883, pp. 125-128.

Genus: LECANOCHITON, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 222.

Test of adult female horny in texture, formed partly of
secretion, partly of the pellicle of the second stage ; abdominal
cleft and lobes normal.

30. LECANOCHITON METROSIDERI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 222; Vol. XVI., 1883,

p. 129.

(Plate VII., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female brown, hard, horny-looking, convex,
slightly elongated, open beneath, loosely attached to twigs by
the edges; at the top is the .pellicle of the second stage, which is
flat, and gives the test the appearance of an overturned basket,
of which the pellicle is the foot. Length of test about -j^g-in.
Remains of the thin white test of the second stage may some-
times be seen on the pellicle.

Test of the male small, white, glassy, elongated, convex.

The young insect, extremely minute, naked and active, is
flat, oval, brown, or rather reddish, usually found at the tips of
young shoots or on leaves. The antennae have six joints; on
the last joint are several hairs, amongst which is one excessively

SCALE-INSECTS. 65

long, slightly knobbed. Foot normal ; the joints hairy ; upper
digitules fine knobbed hairs, lower pair a little broader.

In the second stage the female is scarcely altered : the
antennae and feet remain as before ; but there is a test, white,
waxy, very thin, covering the dorsal surface, and extending a
little beyond the edge in an irregular fringe. On the edge also
are a number of protruding spinneret tubes, glassy, white,
cylindrical, either curved or straight : a few of these tubes
protrude on the surface of the back.

Adult female dark-brown in colour, filling the test ; convex
above, flat beneath. Rostrum comparatively large; mentum
probably monomerous. Antennae short, thick, atrophied; seven-
jointed, but the joints are much confused; on the last joint some
hairs. Feet absent. Four rows of rather large spinnerets
radiate from the median region of the dor sum to the edge, and
along these, on the lower side of the test, are corresponding
narrow lines of white cottony secretion.

This insect is viviparous, the young being sheltered awhile
by the mother, whose under-side becomes concave during gesta-
tion.

Adult male dark-red ; length, about ^-iii. Antennae of ten
joints, of which the two first are very short; the third much
longer and expanded at the end ; the fourth more than twice
as long as the third ; the remainder about equal in length to
the third, but thicker and rounder, being almost moniliform.
All but the first two joints bear hairs. Foot normal; digitules
fine hairs.

Habitat — On Metrosideros robusta (Rata), Milford Sound;
Bluff Harbour. On M. tomentosa (Pohutukawa) , Auckland.

A peculiar species, easily identifiable by the presence of the
second pellicle on the female test.

Genus : CTENO CHITON, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 208.

Test of female waxy, with a single fringe of tooth-like, more
or less broad, segments round the edge.

Test of male waxy or glassy, with similar fringe.
The edge of the body, in the second stage of the female,
usually presents a wavy appearance, formed by a series of re-
entering curves. This is perhaps most conspicuous in Ct. per-
foratus.
5

66 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGKICULTUKE.

The antennae of the adult female have six or seven joints.
It is often very difficult to determine the number, as the third
joint exhibits frequently a shallow circular depression or ring
which may easily be mistaken for a division.

During gestation the female, which at first fills the test,
shrivels up at one end into a shapeless mass requiring macera-
tion in potash to restore the original form for examination.
The test thus becomes almost filled with eggs.

The presence of the fringe, which is noticeable in every
species of this genus at some time or other, distinguishes it from
Ceroplastes and Vinsonia. In Ctenochiton viridis the test is not
to be made out in the adult stage but is clearly visible in the
second stage of the female, and it is present, with the charac-
teristic fringe, for the male.

31. CTENOCHITON DEPRESSUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 132.

(Plate VII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female flat, nearly circular, thin, waxy, greyish-
coloured ; fringe inconspicuous or sometimes absent. No per-
forations or rows of air-cells. Diameter, about i^in.

The fringe is more conspicuous in the test of the second
stage.

Test of male elongated, narrow, flat beneath, slightly convex
above, white, glassy, thin and brittle, with a conspicuous fringe
of which the segments are truncate-triangular. The test is
divided into tessellations, the median row of which is quadran-
gular, with two series of pentagonal divisions between it and the
fringe. Near the abdominal extremity a transverse narrow slit
cuts the test in two, leaving a small segment at the extreme end
apparently separate. Length of the test about j^in.

Adult female filling the test, but shrivelling after gestation ;
colour brownish or grey. Antennae of six joints, the third being
the longest, and, as is commonly the case in the genus, often
appearing like two. On the last joint a few long hairs. Foot
normal ; the upper digitules are fine hairs, the lower pair only a
little broader. Anal ring and lobes normal.

In the second stage the usual wavy edge is conspicuous ; the
test is thin, glassy, with normal fringe. Antennas and feet
normal. The insect is somewhat thick, with yellowish colour.

SCALE-INSECTS. 67

Young insect normal.

Adult male yellowish-red in colour, about ^in. in length,
exclusive of the wings. General form normal. Antennae long,
with ten joints, all long and equal, except the two first, which
are very short : all the joints have several hairs. Legs normal,
but the tibise are very long and slender, and only a little thick-
ened at the tip ; tarsi somewhat thick ; digitules fine hairs.
Abdominal spike long, and very slightly curved.

Habitat — On Plagianthus, Cyathea, &c. j Hawke's Bay.

This insect resembles, to the naked eye, somewhat nearly
Ctenochiton perforatus, but the female differs in the absence of
the curious perforations in the test of that species, and in the
shorter and thicker antennae, with also more long hairs on the
last joint. The test of the male is also different.

32. CTENOCHITON EL^EOCARPI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 26.
(Plate VII., Fig. 3.)

Test of adult female oval, nearly circular, black in colour,
divided into hexagonal and pentagonal segments which are not
conspicuous, and of which the median series forms a very
slightly elevated ridge somewhat lighter in colour. The test is
only slightly convex. The fringe is very long and conspicuous,
the segments toothlike. Diameter of test, exclusive of the
fringe, reaches Jin.

Test of male unknown.

Test of second stage of female white, waxy, not homogene-
ous, but built up of a number of loosely-aggregated tubuliform
plates, somewhat resembling those of the genus Orthezia, Bosc.
The fringe of this test is longer than in that of the adult, the
teeth curling in different ways. Length of test and fringe,
sometimes Jin.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling at gestation.
Colour black. Antennae somewhat long, of seven joints ; a few
hairs on the last joint. Foot normal; upper digitules strong
and thick, lower pair very broad. On the skin are a number
of large oval spots which appear to be the orifices of spinneret
tubes.

Female of the second stage wanting the usual wavy edge of
the genus. Round the edge of the body is a row of sharp

68 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUKE.

conical spines set closely together. Antennae of six somewhat
confused joints. Feet normal.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Elceocarpus dentatus (hinau), Wellington.

The large size, black colour, and very conspicuous fringe of
the adult female test, and the white loose test of the second
stage, distinguish this species, especially from Ct. fuscm.

33. CTENOCHITON ELONGATUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 212.

(Plate VII., Fig. 4.)

Test of adult female elongated, narrow, convex. Length
sometimes reaching Jin., width about T\jin. Fringe not always
conspicuous; the segments quadrate outwardly. Test divided
into quadrangular divisions. Colour whitish, but often blackened
by fungoid growths.

Test of male unknown.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Edge
of the body wavy. Stigmatic spines long and conspicuous.
Anteiince seven-jointed. Feet normal ; lower digitules absent (?) .

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Geniostoma ligustri folium, Auckland ; on Den-
drobium sp., Hawke's Bay ; on Earlna sp., Wellington.

Easily recognized by the great length and narrowness of the
female test.

34. CTENOCHITON FLAVUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 130; Vol. XVII., 1884,

p. 26.

(Plate VII., Fig. 5.)

Female test golden, waxy, flat beneath, convex above ; out-
line circular or slightly elliptical, with a fringe of broadly tri-
angular segments round the edge. Apex of the test an irregular
elongated mass of wax, the remainder divided into two concentric
series of plates, the inner series pentagonal with sharp angles,
the outer pentagonal with rounded angles and with the outer
side forming the base of the segments of the fringe. The inner
series forms often irregular lumps of wax. Diameter of test
sometimes reaching ^in. The colour is often hidden by black
fungoid growths.

SCALE-INSECTS. 69

Test of male much narrower than that of the female,, hav-
ing an irregularly rectangular edge with deep curvilinear de-
pressions. It is glassy, white and shining, flat beneath and
elevated above, and marked with numerous horizontal striae.
The upper central portion is sometimes flat,, sometimes an
irregular mass of the glassy secretion. On the lower side there
is often a plate of secretion,, so that the pupa is almost entirely
enclosed.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling up after gestation :
it is consequently flat beneath, convex above, with general out-
line of Lecanidinae. The spiracular spines are very long and
conspicuous ; from their base a double row of minute circular
spinneret orifices runs as far as the spiracle, with two or three
outlying ones at the base of the spine ; and a single row of the
same kind of orifices runs across the body to the spiracle on the
other side. Along the edge of the body there is a series of
conical sharp spines ; and scattered all over are many tubular
projecting spinnerets. The abdominal cleft is deep, and the two
lobes are conspicuous on the dorsal side; these lobes are not
smooth, but irregular, and each bears at the end three or four
strong spines. The antennae have six joints ; but the third joint
often looks like two on account of the false division or depressed
ring : the last joint has several long hairs. Feet normal ; the
upper digitules fine long hairs, the lower pair very broad. The
anal ring bears a number of long hairs, of which eight seem to
be conspicuous. The colour of the insect is a golden brown ;
diameter averaging -j^-in.

The second stage of the female is normal of the genus, show-
ing the wavy outline, somewhat strongly marked in many speci-
mens, but not conspicuous in others. The spiracular spines are
prominent, and a row of conical spines runs round the edge of
the body, as in the adult. The test is at first very thin and
brittle, and with a fringe of broad, shallow segments ; but after-
wards becomes thicker, and in the end_, before the change to the
final stage, it approaches almost the form of the waxy test of an
adult Ceroplastes.

The young insect is normal.

The adult male is normal of the genus. The legs are very
long and slender; the four digitules are fine hairs. At the
extremity of the tibia there is a strong spine. Abdominal spike,
or sheath of the penis, slightly curved, with a seta on each side

70 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTURE.

pf its basal tubercle. Antennae of ten joints ; the first two very
short, the rest longer and equal. On the last joint are several
long hairs, of which three are knobbed.

Habitat — On Brachyglottis repanda, Panax arboreum, Lepto-
spermum scoparium (manuka), Elceocarpus dentatus (hinau) ;
Wellington.

The species is distinguishable by the shape and colour of
the test and the arrangement of the spinnerets, in the adult
female. The tests of the second stage may sometimes be taken
for adult Ceroplastes rusci, Linn. ; but can be easily distinguished
on examination of the enclosed insect.

35. CTENOCHITON ruscus, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 131.
(Plate VII., Fig. 6.)

Test of the adult female elliptical in outline, flat below,
convex above, the elevation being greater than usual; almost
black in colour, composed of a thin dark waxy secretion. The
fringe is conspicuous, and has the appearance of teeth, the
segments being sharply triangular and set closely together.
Length of test sometimes nearly Jin., breadth ^in., height -j^in.
Inside of the test whitish.

Test of male glassy, white, elongated, slightly convex.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation.
Antennae short, probably seven- jointed, but the joints are con-
fused ; on the last joint several hairs. Foot having the tibia
expanded at the extremity ; upper digitules strong and thick,
lower pair ending in conspicuously broad plates. On the edge
of the body a row of conical spines. Colour almost black.

In the second stage the female is less wavy in outline than
in other species of the genus, and in its later period is somewhat
thick, with the edges turned inwards. Feet normal ; digitules
fine. Antennae short and thick, with six joints, of which the
third and fourth are the longest ; on the last joint some long
hairs. The abdominal lobes are irregularly triangular.

Young insect normal.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Brachyglottis repanda, Panax arboreum ; Port
Hills, Canterbury (Dry Bush).

Distinguished by its large size, great convexity, and black

SCALE-INSECTS. 71

colour, which is not clue to fungoid growths, although these, as
usual, accompany it.

86. CTENOCHITON HYMENANTHER^E, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25.
(Plate VIII., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female waxy, circular, convex, dirty-white,
yellow, or brownish, formed of a number of hexagonal or octa-
gonal segments, which are also convex, giving it a rough appear-
ance. Fringe not very conspicuous. Diameter of test, about
TVm.

Test of male glassy, dirty-white, oval, segmented, slightly
convex, segments of fringe small. Length, about j^in.

Adult female yellowish-brown, filling the test. Antennae of
six joints, of which both the second and third seem sometimes
double. Foot normal ; upper digitules long fine hairs, lower
pair broad. The spiracular spines are strong and conspicuous.
The skin is divided into segments corresponding with those of the
test, the divisions being marked by lines of spinneret orifices
which are small and simple.

In the second stage the usual wavy edge of the genus is not
generally apparent.

Adult male somewhat thick and short. Antennae of nine
joints, the first short and thick, the remainder long and nearly
equal ; each joint after the first has many nodosities, from which
spring longish hairs. Foot long and slender, especially the tibia.
Digitules fine hairs. Thoracic band inconspicuous. Abdominal
spike short and blunt.

This species is usually accompanied by a great quantity of
very black fungus covering and rendering unsightly the whole
plant on which it lives.

Habitat — On Hymenanthera cmssifolia, Evans Bay, Wel-
lington.

This insect seems to be intermediate between C. piperis
and C. depressus, differing from both in the rugose female test
and the distribution of the spinneret orifices.

72 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

37. CTENOCHITON PERFORATUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 280; Vol. XVI., 1883,
p. 130.

(Plate VIII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female white, waxy, circular, nearly flat,
brittle, thin except at the edge. Fringe thin, segments broadly
triangular. Diameter nearly -Jin. The test is divided by narrow
lines of minute spots, corresponding to the spinneret orifices of
the insect, into rows of pentagonal or hexagonal segments. The
interior segments are only dotted, but the exterior row ex-
hibits curvilinear series of small perforations or air-cells arranged
in slightly radiating rows, which extend also to the correspond-
ing segments of the fringe.

The test of the second stage of the female is very thin and
filmy, waxy, flat, slightly elongated ; the fringe as in the adult ;
but there are no perforations or air-cells. Length, about yifin.
Test of male waxy, thin, slightly elongated, rather convex ;
length, about -j^ in. Fringe and air-cells as in the female test.
At the abdominal end is a joint or hinge separating the last
segment.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation ; colour
greyish or greenish-white. General appearance somewhat
leathery. Hows of minute oval spinnerets run round the edge
and across the body, corresponding with the divisions of the test.
Antennae of six joints, the third joint being the longest, and
seeming double 011 account of the depressed ring : on the last
joint some hairs. Feet normal, with somewhat thick coxa3 and
femora : upper digitules long ; lower pair narrow. Anal ring
with eight hairs. A row of scattered small hairs runs round the
edge of the body.

Female of second stage very thin and transparent, seeming
like a bluish-green film. The wavy edge is conspicuous. An-
tennae of six joints.

Adult male yellowish. Antennae nine-jointed, every joint
except the first bearing several hairs. Feet normal ; upper
digitules not long, lower pair fine hairs. Thoracic band con-
spicuous and long. Abdominal spike short.

Habitat — On Pittosporum eugenioide, P. tenuifolium, Panax
arbor eum, Coprosma lucida, Rubus, &c., Riccartoii Bush, Christ-
church ; Nelson ; Dunedin ; Wellington.

SCALE-INSECTS. 73

38. CTENOCHITON PIPERIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 218 ; Vol. XVII., 1884,
p. 25.

(Plate VIII., Fig. 3.)

Test of adult female circular, convex, regularly tessellated in
hexagonal segments ; fringe not very regular, sometimes almost
or quite absent ; waxy, somewhat thick ; diameter, about -j^g-in.
Colour variable ; outer parts white, yellow, or greenish- white,
central segments purplish.

Test of second stage of female waxy, very thin, flat, with
fringe of broadly triangular segments : no air-cells. Length,
about ^jin.

Test of male elongated, convex, glassy, segmented. Length,
about ^yin. Slightly coloured like that of the female.

Adult female filling the test. Colour corresponding with that
of the test. At gestation the under-side becomes hollow, and
the young are sheltered beneath it for awhile. Antennae seven-
jointed; on the last joint several hairs. Feet normal; lower
digitules rather broad. Round the dorsal surface, half-way
between the centre and the edge, is a row of swellings*" or
tubercles.

Female of second stage elongated, the cephalic portion
narrower than the abdomen ; flat, thin ; edge wavy ; stigmatic
spines rather stout ; a few small spines on the edge. Antennae
six- jointed ; feet normal.

Young insect of normal form, but with numerous minute
wrinkles on the edge of the body.

Adult male greenish-yellow ; antennae nine-jointed. Foot
normal, with somewhat thick tarsus. Penis ending in a round,
somewhat large knob.

Habitat — On Piper excelsum (kawakawa) ; Auckland, Hawke's
Bay, Wellington.

The regularly-circular form and coloured segments of the
female test, and the tubercles of the dorsum, distinguish this
species.

* Possibly spiracular.

74 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTUKE.

39. CTENOCHITON VIRIDIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XL, 1878, p. 211 ; Vol. XVII., 1884,
p. 24.

(Plate IX., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female absent or fragmentary; very thin, waxy,
white, divided into pentagonal or hexagonal segments, each of
which exhibits numerous concentric wavy curves, crossed by
straight lines radiating from the centre •* the segments are
separated by double lines of minute spots, corresponding to the
spinneret orifices of the insect. No air-cells. Fringe seldom
visible.

Test of female of second stage very thin, white, waxy, flat,
divided into segments with concentric curves and radiating
lines as in the adult. Fringe of broad segments. No air-cells.
Length, about -j^in.

Test of male glassy, white, elongated, slightly convex, divided
into segments similarly marked to those of the female. Ab-
dominal segments separated from the test by a transverse line,
or hinge. Length, about Jin.

Adult female bright-green in colour, thick, elongated or
pyriform, the cephalic portion somewhat acuminate ; length
sometimes reaching Jin. It produces a conspicuous depression
in the leaf, in which the body is partially buried. Antennae of
six joints (apparently seven, but the third joint shows the false
division or depressed ring), often atrophied. Feet normal, coxse
and femora thick. After gestation the insect frequently becomes
brown, covered with a mass of white mealy or felted secretion.

Female of the second stage thin, filmy, translucent ; flat,
elongated, with wavy outline ; colour green ; length, about ^\jin.
Antennae of six joints.

Adult male greenish-yellow ; length, about 1*5 in. Antennae
of nine joints. Feet normal ; digitules absent. A strong spine
at the extremity of the tibia.

Habitat — On Panax arbor ewn, Coprosma lucida, Hedycarya
dent at a, Atherosperma Nova-Zalandicz, Rubus austrahs ; Canter-
bury, Otago, Wellington, Nelson, Auckland, Hawke's Bay.

This is probably the largest known species of the Lecanidinee.
Its size and bright-green colour in the adult state clearly dis-

* The radiating lines and concentric curves of these segments are usually
somewhat conspicuous, at least on the adult female, and serve to distinguish the
test from that of C. elongatus, which otherwise resembles it.

SCALE-INSECTS. 75

tinguish it. The female of the second stage resembles nearly
that of Ct. perforatus, but is somewhat thicker, and the mark-
ings of the segments o£ the test are different.

Genus : INGLISIA, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 213.

Test of female glassy, elevated, striated with radiating rows
of air-cells. Fringe not always present in the adult stage.

In the genus Fairmairia, Signoret, there is also an elevated
test, but it is waxy, and exhibits no air-cells, and has no fringe
in any stage.

40. INGLISIA LEPTOSPERMI, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 220; Vol. XVII., 1884,.
p. 27.

(Plate IX., Fig 2.)

Test of adult female white, glassy or waxy, elongated, convex-
above, flat and open beneath, formed of several agglutinated
segments, each segment more or less convex or conical, median
segments usually five in number ; at the edge an irregular
fringe, but the fringe is often absent. Average length of testr
•j^in. The marginal segments sometimes assume the form of
small cones, as if a number of secondary tests were attached to
the principal one. All the segments are marked with striae
radiating from the apex of each : the striae, which are composed
of air-cells, widen from the apex to the base.

Test of the male white, glassy, elongated, convex, not
unlike that of the female, but with a longer fringe ; it has also-
its posterior segment divided from the rest by a transverse slit
or hinge ; average length, about -^in.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation ; colour
brown; abdominal lobes yellow, conspicuous. The flat under-
surface is smooth ; the clorsum divided by large corrugations,
each segment corresponding to one in the test. Antennae of
seven joints, of which the third is the longest, the fourth, fifth,
and sixth the shortest ; a few hairs, especially on the last joint.
Feet normal; the tibia is somewhat thin, and has one spine or
hair at its tip. Digitules normal ; upper pair long knobbed
hairs, lower pair verv broad.

76 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUKE.

The female in the second stage is also convex above, flat
below, but is less thick than the adult, and has not the corruga-
tions. General form elongated-oval; the abdominal lobes are
not, as usual, smooth, but approach by irregularity the anal
tubercles of the Coccidinae, and like them bear a few hairs.
The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennae of six joints. Feet
normal ; digitules as in adult. On the skin are several scattered,
circular, very minute spinnerets ; the stigmatic spines are long
•and conspicuous, and along the edge runs a row of conical hairs
or spines.

Adult male yellowish-green in colour, the body slender and
tapering. From the abdomen spring two very long white cottony
setae, one on each side of the spike, which is straight and short.
Antennas of ten joints ; the first two short, the rest long, thin,
and hairy. Of these, the seventh, eighth, and ninth are the
shortest; on the last joint three long knobbed hairs. Feet
slender, hairy ; digitules normal. Thoracic band inconspicuous.

Habitat — On Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) ; Christ-
church, Kaiapoi, Wellington, Auckland. It affects the twigs of
the plant, and not the leaves.

41. INGLISIA ORNATA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 27.

(Plate X., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female reddish-brown, the base more or less
oval, the rest elevated in a cone and ending in a prominence
standing up like a more or less sharp horn ; sometimes there
are two of these horns. The test is formed of a number of
polygonal segments, each slightly elevated, and all are marked
with the radiating striae peculiar to the genus. There is a fringe
of sharply triangular segments, also striated. Average length
of test, about Jin., but specimens attain a length of iin. ; height,
about j^in.

Test of second stage generally resembling that of the adult,
but smaller and less conical, and more tinged with green ; and
at the edge a number of short spinneret tubes may be seen
protruding.

SCALE-INSECTS. 77

Test of the male elongated-oval, convex, but wanting the
prominent horn of the female, glassy, white tinged with yel-
lowish-brown, composed of segments marked with conspicuous
striae. Length, -j^in. Fringe often present, but irregular ;
often absent.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling after gestation.
It exhibits the horn, or two horns, as in the test. Antennae of
seven joints, the third joint showing the false division noted in
other species of Lecanodiaspidae. Feet normal ; upper digitules
strong and thick, lower pair rather broad. Along the edge of
the body is a row of sharp lanceolate spines set closely together,
and the spiracular spines are long and conspicuous. A double
or triple row of minute circular spinnerets marks the divisions
corresponding to the segments of the test. Colour of the
insect greenish, turning brown after gestation. The abdominal
lobes are brown.

In the second stage the female resembles generally the
adult ; but the antennae have six joints, and amongst the mar-
ginal spines are some very much larger than the rest.

The young larva is flat and oval, and at the margin shows a
fringe of long glassy pointed tubes, springing from the mar-
ginal spines.

The adult male is about ^in. in length (exclusive of the
wings), brownish or reddish-yellow in colour, the wings hyaline
and iridescent, with red nervures. Antennas of ten joints, on
the last of which are, amongst others, three long knobbed hairs.
Foot with a spine at the extremity of the tibia; digitules fine
hairs. At each side of the abdominal spike springs a strong
seta, from which extends a white cottony pencil, as long as the
body of the insect. The penis is a long soft cylindrical tube
covered with minute recurved spines. Thoracic band short and
narrow.

Habitat — On Elceocarpus dentatus (hinau), Leptospermum sco~
parium (manuka) ; Wellington."*

This is a handsome species : the colour and the horns of the
test are clear distinctions.

* The male pupse may be found not unfrequently on other plants, such as
Coprosma, Pittospomm, &c.

78 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGBICULTURE.

42. INGLISIA PATELLA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 213 ; Vol. XIV., 1881,

p. 219.

(Plate X., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female conical or limpet-shaped, white, glassy,
slightly elongated, striated with rows of air-cells radiating from
the apex, and increasing in size to the edge. Length of test,
about x^in. ; height, about ^in. The edge is usually very
wavy.

Test of male similar, but a little smaller and more elongated.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Colour
greenish-yellow. Edge wavy, corresponding to the curves of
the test. Antennae very short, six- jointed ; on the last three
joints some hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules very long,
lower pair narrow. On the edge of the body is a row of spines,
of which each alternate one is conical, the remainder club-
shaped ; the edge seems double or ribbon-like, and inside it is a
row of spinnerets, beyond which is a narrow line of short regu-
lar curves. Abdominal cleft wide and circular above, the ex-
tremities almost meeting. Anal ring with eight long hairs.

Female of second stage flattish, elongated, wavy-edged ;
not exhibiting alternate conical and clavate spines.

Young larva naked, flat, active ; round the edge a row of
€lavate spines, but no conical spines. Length, about J$in.

Adult male greenish-yellow ; length, ^in. Antennas of
ten joints, all except the first bearing hairs. Foot normal ;
digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike about half the length
of the abdomen, with two long white setse springing from the
basal tubercle.

Habitat — On Coprosma lucida, Biccarton Bush, Christchurch;
Drimys color ata, (plentifully) on hill above Lyttelton ; Athero-
sperma, Wellington.

A very pretty little species, clearly distinguished by the form
of the test and the alternate spines of the adult female.

SCALE-INSBCTS. 79

SUBDIVISION II. — LECANIDJE.

Female insects naked in all stages ; form variable ; apodous
in adult stage, or retaining the feet ; viviparous or oviparous,
with or without attached ovisac; abdominal cleft and lobes
always present. Male pupae in some cases covered with waxy
secretion.

Genus: LECANIUM, Illiger.

Females naked, flat or convex; viviparous or oviparous;
propagating without ovisac ; arboreal.

Dr. Signoret (loc. cit., 1873, p. 396) divides the genus into
six series, as follows : —

(1.) Species flat, usually viviparous; example, L. hesperi-

dum.
(2.) Species more or less convex, elongated; example, L.

persicce.

(3.) Species more or less globular, the skin tessellated; ex-
ample, L. aceris.
(4.) Species more or less globular, the skin perforated with

oval markings ; example, L. hemisph&ricum.
(5.) Species rugose, with dorsal keels ; example, L. olece.
(6.) Species globular, with cleft beneath for attachment to

twigs ; example, L. emeriti.

The following are the only species reported as yet in New
Zealand ; but the genus is so widely spread and the species are
so numerous that doubtless many others will hereafter occur in
this country.

43. LECANIUM DEPRESSUM, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catal. (1868),

37, 8 ; Stud, sul Coccin., 29.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 206.

(Plate XI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female elongated, somewhat acuminate at the cephalic
end, slightly convex; reddish-brown; skin marked with two
dorsal keels and numerous irregular tessellations, finely punc-
tate. Antennae of eight joints ; on the first two and the last
three joints some hairs. Feet normal, rather long; one of the

80 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUEE.

lower digitules is larger than the other. Length of insect,
about ^o in.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand — On plants in greenhouses; Christ-
church, Wellington. In Europe, on Ficus, in hothouses.

This insect belongs to Signoret's fifth series.

44. LECANIUM HEMISPH.ERICUM, Targioni-Tozzettr, Stud, sul

Coccin., 27.
Chermes filicum, Boisduval (1867), 336; Targioni, Catal.,

1868, 38, 17.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XI., Fig. 2.)

Adult female hemispherical, with broad flattened edges ;
reddish-brown ; diameter, about -^in. Skin regularly marked
with oval perforations ; no keels. Antennae of eight joints.
Feet normal, thin. Anal ring with eight hairs.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand — On Camellia, Hutt Valley, Wel-
lington ; in Europe, on Drac&na australis ; in America, on
various greenhouse plants (Comstock). Query — Does the
European habitat denote an Australian origin ?

This insect belongs to Signoret's fourth series.

45. LECANIUM HESPERIDUM, Linnaeus.

L. hesperidum, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 1735, II., 739, 1 ;

Faun. Suec., 1746, 1015.
Coccus hesperidum, various authors.
Calymnatus hesperidum, Costa, Nuov. Osserv., 1835 ?
Calypticus hesperidum, Costa, Faun. Ins. Nap. Gall-insect.,

1837, 8, 1; Lubbock, Proc. Roy. Soc., IX., 480; Beck,

Trans. Hoy. Micr. Soc., 1861, 47, &c.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XL, 1878, p. 205.

The Holly and Ivy Scale.

(Plate XI., Fig. 3.)

Adult female naked ; yellow, brown, or reddish ; flat or
slightly convex ; elongated ; skin smooth, sparsely punctate ;
length averaging -j^jin., but specimens reach sometimes ^-in.
Antennae of seven joints ; a few hairs on most, but the seventh
has several. Abdominal cleft and lobes normal. Feet normal.
On the edge of a body a row of small hairs, not set closely
together. Viviparous ; at gestation the under-side becomes con-

SCALE-INSECTS. 81

cave, forming a shelter for the young ; and this cavity is often
of a blood-red colour. On the under-side may be seen sometimes
four cottony trails starting from the region of the four stigmata.

Young larva reddish- brown ; oval, flat ; antennae of six joints.
From the abdominal lobes spring two long setae.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand — Everywhere, on ivy, holly, camellia,
orange, laurel, myrtle, box, and many other plants out of doors
or in greenhouses. In Europe, chiefly on ivy and oranges, but
frequently on other plants. In America on many plants.

This is the commonest of the Lecanidse in this country ; it
may be distinguished from L. mori (below) by its flatness and
sparse punctuation.

This insect belongs to Signoret's first series.

46. LECANIUM HIBEKNACULORUM, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catal. (1868),

37, 9.

Chermes hibernaculorum, Boisduval, Ent. Hort., 1867, 337.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XL, 1878, p. 207.
Adult female nearly globular ; naked ; reddish - brown ;
diameter about -Jin. ; at gestation the body becomes simply an
inverted bag covering the eggs and young. The insect appears
to be partly oviparous, partly viviparous. Antennae of eight
joints. Feet normal. Skin pretty regularly marked with oval
perforations.

Male unknowrn.

Habitat in New Zealand — On various greenhouse plants,
Chris tchurch. In Europe on Brexia, Phajus, &c.

The insect belongs to Signoret's fourth series, and may
perhaps be only a large variety of L. hemisphtericum.

47. LECANIUM MACULATUM, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de

France, 1873, p. 400.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI, 1878, p. 207.

Adult female naked; flat, elongated; dorsal skin marked
with a median row of rather large oval spots reaching from the
abdominal cleft to the region of the rostrum. Length, about
Y^in. Colour yellowish-brown. Antennae of seven joints. Feet
normal.
6

82 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand — On Bavardia, in hothouses, Christ-
church. In Europe on ivy.

This insect belongs to Signoret's first series : the dorsal
spots distinguish it from L. hesperidum.

48. LECANIUM MORI, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France^

1873, p. 407.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XI., Fig. 4.)

Adult female naked ; elongated, convex ; reddish ; length,
about Jin. Skin smooth, without spots, tessellations, or keels.
Antennae of seven joints. Feet normal.

Adult male unknown : pupa covered by a white, elongated,
segmented, glassy test.

Habitat in New Zealand — On Alsophila Colensoi and other
ferns, Botanical Gardens, Wellington. In Europe on mul-
berry, &c.

The insect belongs to Signoret's second series.

49. LECANIUM OLE.*:, Bernard.

Chermes olea, Bernard, Mem. d'Hist. Nat. Acad., 1872,

108.

L. oleae, Signoret, loc. cit., 1873, p. 440.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 28.
The " Blaek Scale."

(Plate XI., Fig 5.)

Adult female naked ; semi-globular ; dark-brown, sometimes
almost black. Skin marked by one longitudinal and two trans-
verse keels, not very conspicuous. Diameter, about •j'g-in.
Antennae of eight joints. Feet normal. Anal ring with six
hairs.

Young insect flat, elongated, reddish-brown. The keels are
more conspicuous than in the adult. Skin marked with numerous
oval perforations.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand — On camellia, Cassinia leptophyUa
(tanhiiie), and other plants, Wellington; Hawke's Bay; on
various native trees, Whangarei. In Europe on olive. In
America (where it is called the " black scale ") on oranges and
very many other plants.

SCALE-INSECTS. 83

This insect "belongs to Signoret's fifth series.

A European species, L. cycadis, Boisduval, is said by Dr.
Signoret to closely resemble L. olece, the only difference ap-
parently being the possession of nine-jointed antennae. This
character is so exceptional in the genus that it perhaps may be
"but doubtful.

Genus: PULVINARIA, Targioni-Tozzetti.
Female insects naked, arboreal, constructing an ovisac.
Male pupae in cottony or waxy sacs.

50. PULVINARIA CAMELLICOLA, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de

France, 1873, p. 32.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207.

(Plate XII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female yellowish- or reddish-brown, naked, slightly
convex, elongated ; skin smooth, with puncta ; length variable,
from about ijin. to -Jin. Antennae (according to Signoret) with
sometimes six, sometimes seven, joints. Abdominal cleft and
lobes normal. The insect excretes a narrow, white, cylindrical
•cottony ovisac, which is conspicuous on the leaf of the plant,
and the brown body of the female can be seen at one end of it.
The eggs in this ovisac are numerous, perhaps some hundreds.

Larva and second stage of female flat, oval, yellowish-brown.

Male pupa covered with a Avaxy, elongated test as in the
genus Ctenochiton, but there is no fringe and the segments of
the test are not conspicuous ; the test is oval and convex.

Adult male yellowish-grey, the head rounded, with an
anterior protuberance. Two dorsal and two ventral eyes, and
two ocelli. Antennae of ten joints, all hairy. Feet exhibiting
•only two digitules, the upper pair. Abdominal spike short, with
two longish setae on each side, each pair of which are covered
with cotton which is produced into a long white conspicuous cauda.

Habitat — On camellia. In the South, chiefly in green-
houses. In the Hutt Valley, Wellington, camellias in the open
air are much subject to it.

The female of this species is not unlike Lecanium hesperidum,
but the formation of the white ovisac is a clearly distinguishing
character. In late summer the female often drops off to the
ground, leaving only the ovisac observable on the leaf.

Si INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

SUBDIVISION III. — LECANO-COCCID^E, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.

Female insects covering themselves with a secretion of
cottony or felted matter, forming more or less complete sacs.
Male insects (where known) covered with similar secretion.

Genus : ERIOCHITON, Maskell.

Secretion white, felted, formed of threads issuing from
prominent spiny spinnerets ; inconspicuous or absent on adult
female, thicker on male pupa. Abdominal cleft and lobes
present in all stages of female.*

[This genus contains the insect named hitherto Cteriochiton
spinosus.']

51. ERIOCHITOX HISPIDUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 47.

(Plate XIII., Fig. 1.)

Secretion of female white, thin, felted, formed of thin
threads excreted from the numerous prominent spiny spinnerets,
the threads becoming more or less matted over the dorsal
surface. At the edge each thread corresponds to a spine, but
lias not the feathery form exhibited in the next species, E.
spinosus, being more tubular. On the adult female the covering
is often not to be detected, or presents only fragmentary por-
tions ; it is best observed on the female of the second stage.

Secretion of the male pupa white, felted, thick, covering the
insect all over, and exhibiting at the edge a small fringe. At
first sight the test, being obscurely segmented, presents some-
what the appearance of a Dactylopid. Length of the felted
mass, about TVn-

Larva normal, flat, elliptical, active, exhibiting the usual
abdominal cleft and lobes. Dorsal surface covered with spines,
excreting a thin white mass of tubes and a tubular fringe.

* In both of the species here described the adult female has the tibite shorter
than the tarsi. The author has hesitated to found a generic character on it
until the discovery of other species ; the character is quite exceptional in the
family, occurring (besides) only in some species of Acantlwcoccidcc. In all others
a tibia shorter than the tarsus would indicate an immature insect.

SCALE-INSECTS. 85

Female of the second stage more or less elliptical, slightly
convex, brown in colour beneath the thin white felted covering,,
which usually presents a segmented appearance, due to the
transverse rows of prominent spinnerets. Body covered thickly
on the dorsal surface with spines, which are subcylindrical, the
ends rounded, springing from tubercular bases. On the ventral
surface many smaller spiny hairs. Abdominal cleft normal, the
lobes large. Mentum probably monomerous : the tip bears
several hairs. Antennae of six somewhat hairy joints. Feet
with rather large femora ; the lower digitules are fine hairs.
Anogeiiital ring bearing numerous hairs.

Adult female elliptical, convex, hollow beneath, brown in
colour, usually affecting the twigs and branches of the plant in
preference to the leaves. Apparently naked, but on close in-
spection found to retain at least portions of the thin felted
covering. Dorsal surface covered with great numbers of spines
similar to those of the second stage ; ventral surface with many
small spiny hairs. Antennae of seven joints. The feet have
large coxse and femora ; the tibia is only about half as long as
the tarsus ; the lower digitules are only fine hairs.

Adult male of normal form of Lecanidince : colour brown.
On the head are six visual organs : two dorsal eyes, two ventral,
and two ocelli. Antennae reddish, ten- jointed ; the second joint
a good deal thicker than the rest, the second, third, and fourth
joints the longest; the last three moniliform; all the joints
hairy. On the five last joints are several hairs Avith knobbed
extremities. Feet slender, hairy ; digitules fine hairs. Ab-
dominal spike short and rather broad. On each side of the
base of the spike is a tubercle bearing a pair of longish sette ;
each pair of setae becomes enclosed in a long white cottony
thread, and the two threads form conspicuous "tails," as is com-
mon with most males of the Coccid family.

Habitat — On Olearia Haastii, Botanical Gardens, Welling-
ton. This is an alpine plant cultivated in the Gardens, and the
insect probably came with it from the mountains.

This species is distinguished from E. spinosus by the great
number of spiny spinnerets on the dorsum of the female and by
the tubular character of the fringe.

The curious and exceptional character of a tibia shorter that)
the tarsus in the adult female, as observed above, is found only
in this genus and some Acanthococcidce.

86 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUEE.

52. ERIOCHITOX SPINOSUS, Maskell.

Ctenochiton spinosus, Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878,
p. 212 ; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292 ; Vol. XIV., 1881,
p. 218; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25.

(Plate XIII., Fig. 2.)

Test of female white, thin, formed of felted threads excreted
from spiny spinnerets ; inconspicuous at all stages, and often
absent on the adult, Imt distinguishable on the larva and the
second stage. The excreting spinnerets are almost all at the
edge of the body, and the fringe is formed of featherlike seg-
ments, each segment corresponding to a spine.

Test of male white, thick, felted, oval, and convex; length,
about TVm- Fringe as in the female.

Adult female dark-brown, sometimes almost black ; slightly
elongated, convex, affecting almost altogether the twigs and
branches in preference to the leaves. Average length, about Jin.
Antennae of seven joints : 011 the last joint some hairs. Feet
with the tibia about half as long as the tarsus (see note above,
under the genus) . On the edge of the body is a row of con-
spicuous spines, subcylindrical or subconical, with tubercular
bases ; and on the dorsum, in some specimens, may be seen a
few others on the median region.

Female of second stage brown, elongated-elliptical, slightly
convex. Antennae six- jointed. Marginal spines as in the
adult, but no dorsal spines. Length, about aVin.

Larva red, flattish, elliptical; marginal spines as in adult,
conspicuous. Antennae of five joints. Abdominal lobes large.

Adult male brown, rather more slender than in E. hispidus.
Antennae of ten joints, all hairy; the second joint much thicker
than the rest. The last three joints are not so globular as in E.
hispidus. On the last five joints are several knobbed hairs.
Feet slender, hairy ; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike
shortish, broad : at each side of the base a tubercle bearing a
pair of longish setae enclosed in a long filament of white cotton.
Eyes four ; ocelli two. Length of body, exclusive of spike,
about ^5 in.

Habitat — On Atherospcrma Novce-Zcelandia, Mclicope ternata,
Elaeocarpus dentatus, Wellington ; Muhlenbeckia adspersa, Sumner
"Road, Lyttelton ; Port Hills, Christchurch ; and Wellington.

Distinguished from E. hispidus by the feather-like segments
of the fringe, and by the almost complete absence of dorsal
spines on the female. The male is apparently almost identical.

SCALE-INSECTS. 87

Group III.— HEMICOCCIDIN^.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.

Larvae presenting at the extremity of the abdomen two
conspicuous protuberances, or " anal tubercles," as in the follow-
ing group, Coccidince ; abdominal cleft and lobes absent.

Adult females exhibiting the abdominal cleft and lobes of
Lecanidince. Insects naked or covered with secretion.

The formation of this group has been necessary to include
certain insects, e.g., Kermes, which are evidently intermediate
between the Lecanidina and the Coccidince, exhibiting at various
stages the characters of each.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

SUBDIVISION I.

Adult females naked or covered with
horny secretion, without fringe KEEMITID^E.

Adult females globular KERMES.

SUBDIVISION II.

Adult females covered with a test of
glassy or waxy secretion CEYPTOKEEMITID^.

Test hard, waxy, with single fringe POLLINIA.

Test hard, waxy, with double fringe ASTEROLECANIUM.

None of the insects belonging to this group have as yet been
reported as occurring in New Zealand.

As regards the name " Kermes " included in the foregoing
list, see N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 17.

88 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Group IV.— COCCIDIN2E.

Adult females variable in form and colour ; body segmented,
the segments more or less conspicuous ; naked, or covered with
secretion which is mealy, cottony, felted, or waxy ; active or
stationary. No abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes ; abdomen end-
ing in two more or less conspicuous protruding processes, or
"anal tubercles." Mentum, when present, bi- or tri-articulate.

Larvae exhibiting anal tubercles as in adult.

Adult males of general form of the family : abdominal spike
usually short. Antennae usually of ten joints. Eyes often
facetted.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.
SUBDIVISION I.

Adult females stationary; naked, or
covered with cottony or felted secretion;
antennae of not more than seven joints ; ano-
genital ring with six or eight short hairs ;
anal tubercles conspicuous. Eyes of male
not facetted AcANTHOCOCCHLE.

Adult female enclosed in closely-felted or
waxy sac with double glassy fringe ; apodous
and without antennae PLANCH ONI A.

Adult females enclosed in a felted sac
without fringe; retaining feet and antennae ERIOCOCCUS.

Adult females naked; retaining feet and
antennae RHIZOCOCCUS.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females lying on cushion of cotton ;
apodous and without antennae NIDULARIA.

Adult females lying on cushion of cotton ;
retaining feet and antennae GOSSYPARIA.

Adult females enclosed in a cottony sac ;
apodous ; with or without antennae ; excreting
from the abdomen a very long cottony ap-
pendage ANTONINA.

SCALE-INSECTS. 89

The genus Acantho coccus, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 34), is
here united to Eriococcus ; and the genus Capulmia, Signoret
(loc. cit., 1874, p. 27), to Antonina.

SUBDIVISION II.

Adult females active or stationary ; naked,
or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy
secretion • antennae of from six to nine joints ;
anogenital ring conspicuous, with several long
hairs ; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Eyes of
male sometimes facetted DACTYLOPIMJ.

Adult females having antennae of eight
joints ; anogenital ring with six hairs ; naked,
or covered with meal or cotton DACTYLOPIUS.

Adult females having antennae of nine
joints ; covered with cottony secretion ; ano-
genital ring with six hairs ; upper digitules of
foot absent PSEUDOCOCCUS.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females having antennae of six
joints ; covered with mealy secretion ; ano-
genital ring with six hairs RIPERSIA.

Adult females having antennae of nine
joints ; anogenital ring with eight hairs ;
upper digituies of foot present PUTO,

Adult females having antennae of eight
joints; covered with plates of waxy secre-
tion ; anogenital ring with six hairs. Eyes
of male facetted ORTHEZIA.

The genera Westwoodia and Boisduvalia, Signoret (loc. cit.,
1874, pp. 337, 338), are here united to Dactylopius.

SUBDIVISION III.

.AW yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females active, covered with mealy
secretion; antennae of seven joints; no hairs
on anogenital ring. Eyes of male not
facetted CoGCID^E.

Adult females having antennae of seven
joints ; no hairs on anogenital ring Coccus.

90 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

SUBDIVISION IV.

Adult females active or stationary ; naked,
or covered with mealy, waxy, or cottony
secretion ; antennae of ten or eleven joints ;
anterior pair of feet similar to the rest;
anogenital ring without hairs ; anal tubercles
inconspicuous. Males with facetted eyes and
no ocelli MoNOPHLEBID^E.

Adult females with elongated antennae of
eleven joints ; covered with mealy or cottony
secretion; with or without ovisac; rostrum
present ICERYA.

Adult females with antennae of eleven
joints ; naked, or covered with cottony or
mealy secretion ; rostrum absent CCELOSTOMA.

Genera not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females having antennae of eleven
joints ; naked. Males with several long pro-
cesses, or tassels, on the abdominal segments MONOPHLEBUS.

Adult females with antennae of eleven
joints; naked. Males without tassels LEACHIA.

Adult females with conical antennae of
eleven joints ; covered with cotton ORTONIA.

Adult females with antennae of ten joints.
Males bearing a long mass of silky hairs on
the last abdominal segment CALLIPAPPUS.

Adult females with antennae of ten joints ;
covered with secretion, partly cottony, partly
plates of wax WALKERIANA.

The genera Drosicha, Walker (list of Homop. Suppl., 1858,
306, 1) and Guerinia, Targioni-Tozzetti (Sigiioret, loc. cit., 1875,
p. 356) are here united to Monophlebus.

The genus Llaveia, Signoret (loc. cit., 1875, p. 370), is
omitted, its affinities being doubtful.

SUBDIVISION Y.
Not yet represented in New Zealand.

Adult females with antennae of variable
number of joints ; anterior pair of feet abnor-

SCALE -INSECTS. 91

mally enlarged, deformed ; rostrum, mentum,
and buccal apparatus absent. Eyes of male
facetted PORPHYKOPHORID.E.

Adult females with antennae of eleven
joints ; covered with mealy or cottony secre-
tion PORPIIYROPHORA.

Adult females with antennae of seven
joints ; covered with waxy or calcareous secre-
tion MARGARODES.
( »

SUBDIVISION L— ACANTHOCOCCIM].

Female insects exhibiting in all stages the anal tubercles.
Young larvae free, naked, active. Females of second stage
active, covered with thin cottony secretion. Adult females
stationary ; naked, or either resting on or covered with a thick
cottony or felted secretion. Anal tubercles in all stages con-
spicuous, bearing terminal hairs. Anogenital ring inconspicuous,
with fine short hairs. Body distinctly segmented.

Male pupae enclosed in cottony or felted sac. Abdominal
spike of adult usually short, with a curved appendage.

Genus : PLANCHONIA, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Entonu

de France, 1868, p. 282.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 223.

Adult females enclosed in a sac, or test, of secretion so
closely felted as to appear waxy ; round the edge of the sac a
double fringe of glassy tubes ; apodous ; antennae absent ; Anal
tubercles present in all stages.

The differences between this genus and Asterolecanium (see
above under Lecanidinae) are not to be made out from external
examination of the sac, nor without close investigation. It is
possible, indeed, that Asterolecanium should be removed from the
Lecanidina and united with Planchonia.

53. PLANCHONIA EPACRIDIS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 224.

(Plate XII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female closely felted, smooth, hard, semi-
transparent; flat beneath, convex above; elongated-oval, taper-
ing towards the posterior end ; completely enclosing the insect
except at extreme posterior end, where there is a small orifice -y

92 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUEE.

colour partly green, partly yellow. Round the edge a fringe of
long white glassy tubes in double row, one row over the other.
Average length, exclusive of fringe, about j^in.

Test of male unknown.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. An-
tennae absent, but represented by circular rings, each bearing
four hairs. Feet absent. Anal tubercles small, setiferous.
Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with six fine short hairs. Men turn
uni-articulate ; rostral setae short. Round the edge of the body
a row of figure-of-8 spinneret orifices ; on the dorsal surface many
circular spinnerets and a number of protruding tubes.

Female of second stage elongated, flattish ; colour, reddish-
brown ; length, about -j^in. Antennae absent, represented by
rings, as in adult. Feet absent. Anal tubercles as in adult.
Spinnerets and fringes as in adult.

Young insect elongated-oval, tapering towards anal extremity,
flat; anal tubercles clearly distinguishable, setiferous. Antennae
of five joints; the last joint clavate and bearing hairs. Feet
normal ; upper digitules fine hairs ; lower digit ulcs absent.
Colour reddish-brown; on the dorsal surface many scattered
figure-of-8 spinnerets, from which spring long, curling, white,
glassy tubes. Length of insect, about ij^jin.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Leucopogon Frasvri, Amberley and Sumner,
Canterbury; on Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) (sparingly),
Nelson.

A very pretty little species, resembling in outward appearance
Asterolecanium quercicola, Signoret, but much smaller, and dis-
tinguishable by the presence of the anal tubercles.

Genus : ERIOCOCCUS, Targioni-Tozzetti.
Signoret, loc. cit., 1874, p. 29.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 18/9, p. 218.
Adult female enclosed in an elongated sac of white or yellow
felted cotton ; body elongated, segmented ; anal tubercles con-
spicuous ; feet and antennae present ; several rows of conical
spines on dorsal surface. Antennae of six joints.

SCALE-INSECTS. 93

54. ERIOCOCCTJS ARAUCARI^, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., VoL XI., 1878, p. 218 ; Vol. XVI., 1883,
p. 134.

Rhizococcus araucaria, Comstock; Rept. of Entom., U.S.
Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339.

(Plate XIV., Fig 1.)

Sac of adult female white, cottony, elongated, often aggre-
gated in masses ; length, about -j^in.

Sac of male similar, but much smaller.

Adult female elongated-oval, convex, segmented; colour
yellowish ; anal tubercles brown, conspicuous. Length of insect,
about y^in. Antennae of six joints, with some hairs. Feet
normal. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with eight short hairs.
On the edge of the body a row of conical spines (spinnerets).
After gestation the insect loses its regular oval outline, shrivel-
ling up at one end of the sac.

Young larva and female of second stage similar to adult,
but smaller.

Adult male, " a delicate fly-like creature, with two large
wings and a pair of long waxen filaments projecting from posterior
part of the abdomen ; these filaments are very conspicuous, being
white, and longer than the bocly of the insect. Colour of
body white, with many irregular markings " (Comstock, loc.
cat.).

Habitat in New Zealand — On Araucaria excelsior (Norfolk
Island pine), Governor's Bay, Canterbury. In America, on
same plant.

This insect is not greatly different from E. buxi, Signoret ;
but the sac differs, and there are a few distinguishing characters
in the form of the antennse and feet.

55. Eiuococcus HOHERI^E, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 298 ; Vol. XIX., 1886.

(Plate XIV., Fig. 2.)

Sac of adult female white, cottony, irregularly elliptical,
slightly convex, often aggregated in masses; frequently so
covered with black fungus as to present the appearance of a
minute gall.

Sac of male white, convex, smaller and more elongated than
that of the female.

"94 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Adult female elongated-oval, convex, red in colour; length,
about 3*0 in. Body segmented, tapering rapidly to the posterior
extremity; the cephalic segment occupying more than half the
length. Anal tubercles conspicuous, apparently two, but on close
inspection found to be four, brown in colour ; two of them bear
longish setae ; all the four are much corrugated and bear many
short spiny hairs. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with eight
fine hairs. Antennae of six short joints, tapering. Foot as if
atrophied, the joints small and swollen ; digitules all fine hairs.
On the body are many small conical spines, which are most
numerous on the last two abdominal segments.

Larva free, active, red in colour, flattish, elongated, tapering
to the abdominal extremity; length, about ^in. Body seg-
mented; anal tubercles two, conspicuous, setiferous, with some
«hort hairs. Antennae of six joints ; feet normal.

Adult male red, about -g^in. long ; wings rather narrow,
hyaline. Antennae ten-jointed, hairy. Feet normal. Abdomi-
nal spike short, thick, and accompanied by a curved appendage ;
-at each side a tubercle bearing longish setae.

Habitat — In crevices (and sometimes on surface) of bark of
Hoheria angustifolia, on hills above the town of Lyttelton. About
midsummer individuals may be found which have just completed
their sac and have not yet become coated with the black fungus.

The pegtop form and the four anal tubercles of this insect
-distinguish it from all others of the genus.

06. ERIOCOCCUS MULTISPINUS, Maskell.

Acanthococcus multispinus, Maskell; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI.,
1878, p. 217; Vol. 'XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XVII.,

1884, p. 29.

(Plate XV., Pig. 1.)

Sac of adult female yellow, felted, elongated-oval. Length,
about ^\jin. Abdominal extremity open.

Sac of male similar to that of the female.

Adult female pinkish in colour, elongated-oval, convex, filling
the sac, shrivelling at gestation ; segmented, segments not con-
spicuous. Length, about ^§-in. Anal tubercles brownish, con-
spicuous, setiferous. Anogenital ring small, with eight fine hairs,
which are often glued together by cottony secretion, forming
.a pencil between the tubercles. Antennae of six joints. Feet

SCALE-INSECTS. 95

having the tibia shorter than the tarsus ;* digitules fine hairs.
On the dorsal surface are a great number of conical spines, of
which the largest are arranged in six longitudinal rows ; from
the spines sometimes protrude some cottony tubes with an
expansion a little below the tip.

Young larva free, active, elongated-oval, flattish ; spines as
in adult.

Adult male orange-red in colour; length, about ^in. An-
tennae of ten joints. Abdominal spike short, thick, with a curved
appendage. Feet normal.

Habitat — On Rubus australis, Riecarton Bush, Canterbury ;
on Knightia esccelsa, Cyathodes acerosa, Wellington.

The very numerous conical spines distinguish this species
from that known as AcantJio coccus aceris, Signoret, the European
species.

There seems to be no sufficient reason why the genus
Acanthococcus should have been separated from Eriococcus, and
they have been here reunited. The only difference mentioned
by Signoret is the colour and texture of the sac, an unimportant
character in this case.

57. ERIOCOCCUS PALLIDTJS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.

(Plate XV., Fig 2.)

Sac of adult female yellowish-white, elongated-oval, convex,
closed at both ends. Length, about Jin.

Sac of male unknown.

Adult female greenish-grey, turning to brown after gesta-
tion ; filling the sac ; shrivelling at gestation. Anal tubercles
rather large and conspicuous. Anogenital ring small, with
eight (sometimes six?) fine short hairs. Antennae of six joints.
Feet normal, slender ; lower digitules narrow and rather long.
Body segmented ; segments not very distinct. On the middle of
each segment a transverse row of small slender conical spines not
set closely together. Very many small scattered oval spinneret
orifices.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Myoporum Icetum (ngaio), Elceocarpus dentatus
(hinau), &c. ; throughout the Islands.

* As a rule, a tibia shorter than the tarsus characterizes an insect not yet
arrived at the adult stage. The genera Eriococcus and Rhizococcus sometimes
present exceptions to this rule. See also, above, the genus Eriochiton.

96 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTUKE.

Allied to E. buxi, Signoret (European), and E. multispinus,
ante : but different from both in colour, in the arrangement of
the spines and spinnerets, and in the form of the antennae.

Genus : RHIZOCOCCUS, Signoret.

Adult females naked, usually stationary ; body segmented ;
anal tubercles conspicuous. Antennae of six or seven joints.
Feet present. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with fine hairs.

Male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac.

Mr. Comstock proposes (Ann. Kept, of Entom., U.S. Ajrric.
Dept., 1881, p. 339, note) to include in this genus all the species
of Eriococcus. The organic difference disclosed by the forma-
tion of a sac in that genus and the absence of a sac in
Rhizococcus seems to render the separation of the two necessary.

58. RHIZOCOCCUS CELMISI^K, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 135.

(Plate XVI., Fig 1.)

Adult female deep reel in colour, elongated - oval, convex
above and flattened below ; length a,bout -j^in. The segments
of the body are not very distinct. The abdomen ends in two
large and conspicuous anal tubercles, each of which bears one
strong and fairly long terminal seta and three other spines.
The anal ring has eight hairs. Antenna; of six joints, some-
times looking like seven. Mentum doubtfully dimerous. The
four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs. The tibia is a little
shorter than the tarsus.* The trochanter bears one long hair
and two short ones. A few large conical spines (spinnerets) are
scattered over the body, and a row of smaller ones, like hairs
with tubercular bases, runs transversely on each segment ; also
some circular spinnerets. At the edge of the body, all round, is
a row of the large conical spines, which are set in groups of
three on the posterior segments, of four or five on the median
segments, and almost continuous on the head. When the insect
is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony secretion
so as to give the appearance of a short fringe. The four
spiracles are somewhat large and circular.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Celmisia sp., Southern Alps, Canterbury.

* See note, above, under Eriococcits multispinus.

SCALE-INSECTS. 97

Differs from the European R. gnidii in size, colour, and
habitat, that species living on the roots of grass, while the New
Zealand insect is arboreal. There are also differences in the
foot and in the arrangement of the spines and hairs.

It is possible that this insect may, in its latest stage, con-
struct a sac : in that case, it would belong to Eriococcus.

59. EHIZOCOCCUS FOSSOR, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVL, 1883, p. 136.
(Plate XVI., Fig. 2.)

Female naked in all stages, but the adult usually buried in
a pit.

Male pupa enclosed in a white, elongated, cottony sac, which
is about 3\jin. l°ng-

Adult female greenish -yellow in colour, sometimes brown,
stationary ; sometimes resting on the leaf, usually partly
enclosed in a circular pit ; almost circular in outline, flat beneath
and slightly convex above; length, about -j^g-in. In the last
stage, after gestation, it becomes dark-brown. The cephalic part
is smooth; the remainder segmented. The abdomen ends in
two very small anal tubercles, which are nevertheless somewhat
conspicuous on account of their brown colour. Between them
there protrudes a long thick pencil of white cotton. Antennae
short, with six joints, the last joint bearing several long hairs.
Feet very small ; the femur rather thick ; the tibia is shorter
than the tarsus by about one-third ; the four digitules are long
fine hairs. The anal tubercles have not terminal setae; anal
ring inconspicuous. A row of a few conical spines, set far apart,
runs round the edge of the body, but none elsewhere, nor any
circular spinnerets. There is no sign of a sac in any stage.

Female of the second stage oval, flatter than the adult, and
of a rich golden colour; length, about ^jin. The segments of
the body are somewhat more distinct than in the adult. The
anal tubercles are proportionately larger, and bear terminal
setae. Antennae longer than in the adult, with six joints. Feet
also longer. All round the edge runs a row of conical spines,
set more closely than in the adult ; and from each of these
springs a long curly tube of white cotton, making a kind of
fringe to the body ; each tube is a little dilated at the end, and
then tapers to a narrow point. The ba'se of each conical spine is
a somewhat large tubercle.
7

98 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Young larva free, active, elongated, slightly convex, tapering
to the anal extremity ; colour yellow ; length, about ^in. An-
tennae as in adult, with six joints. Feet somewhat large. Anal
tubercles thick, conspicuous, setiferous, with one short hair. On
the edge of the body a row of conical spines set far apart, and
on the dorsum four other longitudinal rows.

Adult male red in colour, about ^\jin. long. Antennae of
nine joints, all bearing hairs ; the last joint nearly globular.
Feet slender ; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short, thick,
with sometimes a curved appendage. A rather strong seta 011
each side of the base of the spike.

As a rule, the adult female is nearly buried in a circular
depression, or pit, formed in the leaf, and with the wall of the
pit somewhat curled over it. On the other side of the leaf is a
corresponding elevation, of a brown colour. Diameter of pit,
about y1^ in. The abdominal pencil of cotton and the anal
tubercles of the female usually protrude at the edge of the pit,
probably to attract the male. After gestation, the female dis-
appears within the pit, and the young larvae are also sheltered in
it for a while.

Sometimes two females inhabit the same pit.

The females which are not in pits are generally of a
dark-red, or brown, colour.

Habitat — On Santalum Cunninghamii (maire), Te Aute,
Hawke's Bay.

A very distinct species, easily distinguishable by the pits on the
leaves.

SCALE-INSECTS. 99

SUBDIVISION II. — DACTYLOPHXE.

THE "MEALY-BUGS/'

Female insects active or stationary ; naked, or covered with
mealy,, cottony, or waxy secretion. Body segmented. Antennae
of from six to nine joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring
large,, usually conspicuous,, with several long hairs. Anal
tubercles small, inconspicuous.

Males of general form of the family. Eyes sometimes
facetted, usually granular.

Genus: DACTYLOPIUS, Costa.

Adult females having antennae of eight joints ; anogenital
ring with six hairs. Naked, or more usually covered with mealy
or cottony secretion.

Male pupa enclosed in cottony sac.

60. DACTYLOPIUS ALPINUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.
(Plate XVII./Fig. 1.)

Adult female dark-purple in colour, producing a rich red
tint in alcohol ; body segmented, convex, slightly elongated,
stationary ; enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion.
Length, about ^in. Internal substance very oily. Anal tubercles
inconspicuous, thick, with broad bases. Anogenital ring large,
with six hairs. Feet normal ; upper digitules long fine hairs ;
lower digitules somewhat broader. Antennae of eight joints.
On the dorsum a number of tubular projecting spinnerets, and
others circular. On each of the last three abdominal segments
a row of large conical spines.

Female of second stage dark-brown, active, elongated, seg-
mented, flatter than the adult; length, about ^in. Anal
tubercles inconspicuous, setiferous. A few conical spines on the
posterior segments. Antennae of six joints. A thin mealy
secretion on the body.

Young larva dark-brown, naked, active, elongated, segmented ;
length, about ^in. Antennae of six joints. Anal tubercles
thick, broad, and more conspicuous than in the adult. A few
small spines on the dorsum.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Veronica sp., Upper Waimakariri Valley,
Southern Alps.

100 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

A species easily distinguished by its cottony sac, its rich
colour in alcohol, and its conical spines. It would seem to be
intermediate between Rhizococcus and Dactylopms.

61. DACTYLOPIUS CALCEOLARIA Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883,

p. 138.

(Plate XVII., Fig. 2.)

Adult female dull-pink in colour, elongated, distinctly seg-
mented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy
secretion ; length variable, from Jin. to Jin. Very short
cottony appendages sometimes along the edge of the body.
Anal tubercles inconspicuous, bearing fine hairs, from which
spring two long cottony filaments. Anogenital ring large, with
six long hairs which are often glued together by white cotton,
forming a pencil between the anal tubercles. Interior substance
very oily. Antennae of eight joints, each bearing hairs.
Mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Feet
normal.

Female of second stage similar, but smaller. Antennse of
six joints. Anal tubercles somewhat more conspicuous than in
the adult.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Calceolaria, Christchurch ; Danthonia, Stewart
Island; Phormiwn tenax, Christchurch.

The large size, and the absence of long cottony marginal
appendages, distinguish this species from the European D+
adonidum.

62. DACTYLOPIUS GLAUCUS, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 219; Vol. XVII., 1884,

p. 30.

(Plate XVII,, Fig. 3.)]

Adult female green, sometimes brownish-red, elongated,
distinctly segmented, slightly convex ; active ; covered with thin
mealy secretion. Length, averaging y^in. Body oval, tapering
somewhat to the posterior extremity. Anal tubercles incon-
spicuous, each bearing fine hairs and a long cottony filament.
Anogenital ring large, with six hairs often forming with cotton
a protruding pencil. A few cottony appendages sometimes

SCALE-INSECTS. 101

round the edge of the body,, often absent. Antennae of eight
joints, each bearing hairs. Feet normal ; lower digitules rather
broad.

Sac of male pupa narrow, cylindrical,, white, cottony, open
at the posterior end. Length, about Jin.

Adult male about ^in. long; brown, covered when newly
hatched with white meal. Body rather thick ; abdominal spike
short. Antennae of ten joints, hairy ; the last eight joints
equal to each other. Feet slender, hairy ; upper digitules long,
fine ; lower digitules short.

Habitat — On Panax, Rubus, Coprosma, Pittosporum, Piper
excelsum, &c. ; throughout the Islands : also frequently on fruit-
trees.

A species more nearly resembling the ordinary " mealy
bug," D. adonidum, than any other in New Zealand ; but differ-
ing in colour, in the absence of long marginal appendages, and
in the form of the foot and antennae.

63. DACTYLOPIUS PO.E, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 220.
(Plate XVIII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female pink, covered with thin white meal ; slightly
elongated, sometimes globular ; flat beneath, convex above ;
segmented, the segments indistinct. Length reaching about
x\yin. Antennae of eight joints, very short. Feet normal, very
short ; upper digitules short, lower digitules absent (?) . Anal
tubercles extremely small and inconspicuous; each has three
conical spines, but no hairs. Anogenital ring large, with six
hairs. On the dorsum are numbers of small circular spin-
nerets.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On the common tussock grass, Poa anceps (aus-
tralis ?) , Mount Grey Downs and Port Hills, Canterbury ;
either just above the ground, or more often an inch or two
below the surface.

A species clearly distinct in form and habit.

Genus : PSEUDOCOCCUS, Westwood.

Adult females covered with cottony secretion ; stationary ;
antennae of nine joints ; anogenital ring conspicuous, with six
hairs ; upper digitules of the foot absent.

102 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUKE.

64*. PSEUDOCOCCTJS ASTELKE, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 139.

(Plate XVIII. Fig. 2.)

Adult female about T\jiri. long, yellowish-brown, covered
with a not very abundant white cotton ; segmented ; anal
tubercles inconspicuous ; anal ring with six hairs. Antennae
with nine joints, of which the third, fourth, and fifth arc the
longest • the second, sixth, and ninth a little shorter ; the first,,
seventh, and eighth the shortest. The fourth, fifth, and sixth
are the narrowest, the two ends of the antennae being thicker
than the middle. The eighth joint is a little expanded at the
tip ; and the ninth is fusiform, with a shallow depression at the
extremity. All the joints have a few long hairs, and on the
eighth is one a good deal stronger than the others. The legs
have the tibiae twice as long as the tarsus ; the claw is slender,
and has no tooth on the inner edge. There are only two
digitules (the lower pair), which are long and fine. The
trochanter bears one short bristle. The whole leg is slender
and long. The eyes are tubercular and smooth, showing after
maceration in potash a small dark terminal spot. The body is
covered with a number of spinnerets of two kinds : those with
simple concentric circles are the largest, and are found all over
the integument ; the others are multilocular, and are placed in
groups at the edges of the segments and also in great numbers
at the cephalic and abdominal extremities. Interspersed with
these spinnerets are several hairs, mostly very short, but on the
head are some pretty long. From the anal tubercles spring two
strong setae with tubercular bases, not very long. The mentum
is dimerous, and bears a few hairs on the tip. In the groups of
spinnerets at the edges of the segments are found a few small
conical spines. The four spiracles are small and simple.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat — On Astelia sp., in forests, Hawke's Bay.

Allied to P. Mespili, Geoffroy ; but differs in the antennae,
feet, and spinnerets.

SCALE INSECTS. 103

SUBDIVISION III. — COCCID^.

Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion ; antennae
of seven joints ; no hairs on anogeiiital ring. Eyes of male not
facetted .

This subdivision,, which includes the single genus Coccus, of
which there would seem to be not more than one distinct species
—Coccus cacti (the cochineal insect) — and two or three varieties,
has not yet any representatives in New Zealand.

104 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

SUBDIVISION IV.— MONQPHLEBID^E.

Adult females active or stationary ; naked, or covered with
mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion ; segmented ; antennae of ten
or eleven joints ; anterior pair of feet similar to the rest ;
anogenital ring without hairs ; anal tubercles inconspicuous.

Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli.

Strictly speaking, the wings of the males of this group
should, according to its name, present only a single nervure.
This, however, is not the case, or. rather, it should be said that
the nervure is precisely similar to that of all other Coccids,
branching once, so that it cannot form a distinctive character.
Possibly the name of Monophlebus was originally given by Leach
to an abnormal or imperfect specimen.

Genus : ICERYA, Signoret.

Adult females having antennae of eleven joints ; covered
with thin mealy secretion or with cotton ; stationary ; with or
without ovisac. Rostrum and mentum present. Segmentation
inconspicuous.

Adult males without tassels on the abdomen ; antennae with
two dilations on each joint.

Two species only of this genus are at present known, the
one described below and another, /. sacchari, infesting sugar-
canes in Mauritius, The male of the latter is unknown. Pos-
sibly researches in Australia might result in the discovery of
others.

65. ICERYA PURCHASI, Mask ell.

N. Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 221 ; Vol. XVI., 1883,
p. 140; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30; Vol. XIX., 1886,
p. 45.

TJie " Cottony-cushion Scale."

(Plate XIX.)

Adult female dark reddish-brown, covered with a thin
powdery secretion of yellowish meal, and with slender glassy
filaments ; stationary at gestation, and gradually raising itself 011
its head, lifting the posterior extremity until nearly perpendicular,
filling the space beneath it with thick white cotton, which
gradually extends for some distance behind it in an elongated,

SCALE-INSECTS. 105

white ovisac, longitudinally corrugated ; ovisac often much
longer than the insect, and becoming filled with oval red eggs.
Length of female, about Jin., reaching sometimes nearly iin.
Body previous to gestation lying flat on the plant, the edge
slightly turned up ; on the dorsum a longitudinal raised ridge,
forming one or more prominences. Insect covered all over with
numerous minute fine hairs, most thickly on the thoracic region ;
round the edge these hairs are longer, and are arranged in tufts
somewhat closely set ; the tufts are black, and contain from
twenty to thirty hairs in each. Amongst the hairs in the tufts
are several protruding tubular spinnerets, having on the outer
end a kind of multiglobular ring or crown ; from these proceed
cylindrical, glassy, straight tubes as long as the tufts of hair.
Long, fine, glassy, delicate filaments, as long as the body of the
insect, radiate from the edge all round ; but these, being very
fragile, are often irregular, or absen During gestation thick,
short, cottony processes form at the edge of the thorax, seem-
ingly attached to the feet. Antennse of eleven joints, very
slightly tapering ; each joint bearing hairsT Feet normal, some-
what thick. Rostrum not long; mentum triarticulate. Pro-
creation commencing soon after the first formation of the ovisac,
the eggs being ejected into the sac as it grows ; ovisac at com-
pletion containing sometimes as many as 350 eggs ; ovisac
convex above, sometimes irregularly split, more often nearly
conical, divided by several regular longitudinal grooves or ribs.

Female of second stage dark-red, elongated, slightly convex,
active, covered with thin meal, or short curly cotton. Body
hairy with marginal tufts and spinnerets, as in adult. Anal
tubercles inconspicuous, but the abdomen exhibits three small
lobes on each side, from which spring six short setas. Antennae
of nine nearly equal joints, hairy. Feet normal, thick. Several
radiating, fine cottony filaments. Length of insect variable,
from ^(jin. to Jin. The dorsum exhibits the longitudinal raised
ridge, but less conspicuously than in the adult.

Young larva, about ^in. long, dark-red, elongated, flattish,
active ; covered with yellow cottony down. Antennae of six
joints, hairy; the last joint is much the largest, clavate,
apparently four-ringed, bearing four long hairs. Feet slender;
d:gitules short, fine hairs. Eyes prominent, tubercular. Men-
tum biarticulate. Anal tubercles represented by three small
processes at each side of the abdominal extremity, each process

106 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGKICULTUKE.

bearing a very long seta. Six longitudinal rows of circular
multilocular spinnerets, four on the dorsum and one on each
edge. Alternating with these are rows of hairs with tubercular
bases.

Adult mde large, the length slightly varying ; some speci-
mens reach Jin. ; expanse of wings, iin. ; length of antennae,
about iin. Body red, with a shining, diamond-shaped, black
patch on the dorsal surface of the thorax; legs and antennae
black. Wings dark-brown with (in some lights) a bluish tinge,
marked with oblique, narrow, wravy stripes ; main ncrvure red,
branching once; there are also two longitudinal, whitish,
narrow bands.* Antennas very long and slender, with ten joints,
which may easily be taken for nineteen, for, after the first,
which is short, round, and simple, all the other nine have two-
dilated portions with a constriction in the middle, and on each
dilation is a ring of very long hairs, giving the antenna a feathery
appearance. f Eyes very large and prominent, almost peclun-
culated, brown, divided into numerous semiglobular facets. Feet
long and very hairy; coxa3 short and thick, tibiae long and
slender, claw thin ; upper digitules absent, lower pair only short
bristles. Abdomen slender, segments somewhat distinct ; on
each segment some hairs ; the last segment ends in two thick,
conspicuous, cylindrical processes, which, in side view, are seen
to incline upwards, and beneath them is the short, conical spike
sheathing the penis. Penis red, longish, tubular, and thick,
with many recurved short hairs, and at the end a ring of short
spines. Each of the two processes on the last segment bears
three or four long setae, but there do not appear to be any of
the long cottony appendages seen in the males of most Coccids.

Habitat — On wattle, pine, orange, lemon, cypress, rose,
gorse, grass, and, in fact, on almost every kind of native and
introduced plants, Nelson, Hawke's Bay, Auckland. It will pro-
bably appear also elsewhere, but the climate of Canterbury and
Otago may prove too cold in winter for it.

Allied to /. saccliari, Guerin, which damages sugar-canes in
Mauritius ; but differing in the formation of the ovisac, the

* Signoret (Ann. de la Soc. Ent. cle France, 1875), under the genus Mono-
plilcbus, speaks of " les plis hyalins " as existing also in the wings of the males-
of that genus.

t Misled by similar appearances, Burmeister and Westwood assign twenty-
five joints to the male antenna of Leachia fuscipcnnis.

SCALE-INSECTS. 107

presence of the marginal tufts and spinneret tubes in the female,
and in other particulars. The male of 7. sacchari has not been
described. The male of /. Purchasi is probably quite distinct.

This species is supposed to have come originally from Aus-
tralia. It has been very injurious to orange and lemon trees at
the Cape of Good Hope and in California. In Auckland it has-
destroyed whole orchards of the same trees, and in Nelson and
Hawke's Bay it is a dreadful pest on all kinds of plants.

Tree-growers should especially beware of this insect, and
the best plan to adopt would be to burn at once any tree found
infested with it.

Genus: CGELOSTOMA, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1889, p. 291.

Adult females with antennae of eleven joints ; segmented ;
naked, active; at gestation becoming stationary and enclosed in
a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Anal tubercles absent
or inconspicuous. Rostrum and mentum absent in the adult
female.

Males with prominent, facetted eyes ; ocelli absent. Ab-
domen without tassels.

In one New Zealand species the female in the second stage
is stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard mass of waxy secretion,
of which some account is given in Chap. III. The other
species included in this work inhabits a remote and scarcely
visited district, and the female has not hitherto been found ; it
is not possible therefore to include the excretion of wax and the
stationary position amongst the generic characters at present.

This genus is allied to Porphyrophora, Brandt, and to
Monophlebus, Leach ; differing from the former by the presence
of an sesophagal orifice, and from the latter by the absence of
tassels on the abdomen of the male. In the genus Ortonia>
Signoret, the female possesses a rostrum and mentum.

66. CffiLOSTOMA ZEALANDICUM, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 294 ; Vol. XIV., 1881, p.
226 ; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141.

(Plate XX. ; Plate XXI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female brick-red, elongated, distinctly segmented,
convex ; length about Jin. ; before gestation active, naked or

108 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUEE.

covered with thin meal ; during* gestation stationary, enclosed in
a thick mass of white cotton. Antennae of eleven joints, taper-
ing to the tip ; the joints all nearly equal, and bearing several
hairs. Feet black, short, strong ; all the pairs placed somewhat
forward ; digitules absent, a short seta at the base of the claw ;
on the inner edge of the tibia and tarsus a fringe of strong
hairs ; on the trochanter a long hair. Rostrum and mentum
absent ; mouth represented by a minute orifice between the
second pair of feet. Eyes very minute, tubercular, projecting,
placed behind the antennae. Anal tubercles absent ; anogenital
opening small, elliptical, simple, hairless. Body flattish beneath,
more convex above ; segments distinct, generally smooth, some-
times bearing hard projecting callosities. Skin covered with
minute hairs interspersed with circular spinnerets.

Female of second stage deep-red in colour, nearly globular,
very indistinctly segmented ; stationary, enclosed in a thick,
hard solid test of yellow wax ; tests attaining sometimes the
size of a large pea ; enclosed insect averaging Jin. in length.
Insect filling the test ; skin smooth, very thin ; general appear-
ance like a hard, round, smooth ball. Anal tubercles absent ;
anogenital ring small, simple, hairless : from this ring springs
often a tuft of short white cotton, and a long white cottony
seta protruding through an orifice in the test. Rostrum and
mentum present, very small ; mentum tri articulate, with a few
hairs at the tip. Antennae very short, of eight joints, conical,
tapering to the tip, hairy. Feet atrophied, bloated-looking,
apparently only consisting of a very short femur, tibia, and tarsus ;
digitules two, very small. Skin covered with a great number
of circular spinnerets of two sizes, the larger ones simple, the
smaller multilocular. Tracheae very large ; spiracular orifices
containing brown tubes with beaded extremities on the inner
end. Anal extremity dark-brown, the anal ring in the centre ;
spinnerets here very numerous, converging towards the anus.
Insect in this stage emitting a strong, persistent, and fetid
odour.

Young larva brick -red, elongated, active, naked ; length,
about ^jin. Antennae of six joints, hairy ; last joint the largest,
clavate. Eyes and feet as in adult, but there is no fringe on the
tibia and tarsus. Rostrum and mentum large, conspicuous.
Skin covered with circular spinnerets and minute hairs; the
spinnerets are most numerous on the abdomen. Anogenital

SCALE-INSECTS. 109

ring apparently folded. At the extremity of the abdomen two-
long hairs springing from quadrate tubercular bases which repre-
sent the anal tubercles.

Adult male red or purplish in colour, wings bluish-purple
with red nervures; length, about 13 in.; width across expanded
wings, about Jin. Eyes large, prominent, facetted. Antennae
of ten joints, each joint bearing many hairs. Feet long,
slender, with somewhat large trochanter ; on the tibia and
tarsus a fringe of hairs as in the female. Upper digitules
two long fine hairs ; lower digitules absent. The nervure of
the wings branches twice at least. Haltere large, inflated, sac-
like ; bearing four curling setae. Abdomen distinctly segmented,
each segment bearing many fine short hairs and several small
circular marks. Abdominal spike short, broad, bi valvular ;
penis protruding as a long soft white tube covered with minute
recurved hairs.

Habitat — For the adult female and larva the trunks of trees
and shrubs in forests, or rocks and bushes jn open country,
Otago, Nelson, Canterbury, Wellington. For the second stage
the stems and roots of Muhlenbeckia adpressa (complexa ?) ;
Sumner Road, Lyttelton ; Evans Bay, Wellington : Rhipogonum
scandens (supplejack) ; Riccarton Bush, Canterbury ; Nelson ;
Wellington. On Muhlenbeckia the waxy tests are often largest
and most numerous underground. Male insects sometimes found
clustering, attached to females.

This is a very large and peculiar species, its transformations
and changes of secretion being abnormal. It cannot be said to
be greatly harmful ; but the odour of the second stage is
unpleasant.

67. CCELOSTOMA WAIROENSE,

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141.

(Plate XXI., Fig. 2.)

Adult female, female of second stage, and larva unknown.
Adult male very nearly resembling that of C. zealandicwn ;
body red or purplish, wings blue with red nervures. Length of
body, about Jin. Eyes prominent, facetted. Antennae of ten
joints, slender, with fine hairs. Feet as in C. zealandicum,
but with fewer hairs. Digitules twenty-four, all springing from
the claw, none from the tarsus. Haltere, abdominal spike,

110 INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUEE.

penis, and abdomen as in C. zealandicum ; but the circular
marks on the segments in this species are multilocular.

Male pupa bright - red, enclosed in a cylindrical sac of
white cotton. Pupse occurring in numerous colonies.

Habitat — On Phormium tenax, Leptospermum scoparium
(manuka), Northern Wairoa, Auckland.

The female of this species will, when found, probably
nearly resemble that of C. zealandicum : at present the great
number of digitules on the foot of the male sufficiently dis-
tinguish it.

SCALE-INSECTS. Ill

INDEX OF PLANTS AND THE COCCIDID^E ATTACK-

ING THEM.

THIS list is of course only approximate,, as insects may at any
time be found on other trees than those given.

Icerya Purchasi is omnivorous,, and it has not been thought
necessary to repeat it here against every plant in the list ; but
it has been set against some.

The adult female of Coslostoma z&landicum may also be
found wandering over numbers of native trees in forests.

In hothouses and greenhouses all sorts of plants are liable
to attack.

Plants. Insects.

Alsophila Colensoi (fern) ........ Lecanium mori.*

Apple .. .. .. .. .... Mytilaspis pomorum.:]:

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Dactylopius glaucus.* \

Apricot .. .. .. .. .. •• Mytilaspis pomorurn.J

Ash .............. „ pomprum.J

Asplenium bulbiferum (fern) .. .. .. Cbionaspis dubia.* f

„ lucidum .. .... .. „ dubia. *f

Astelia Cunninghamii . . . . . . . . Mytilaspis cordylinidis.*

„ „ ........ „ epiphytidis.

........ Fiorinia astelise.* f

„ „ . . . . . . . . „ stricta.

„ . . . . . . . . Pseudococcus asteliffi.

Atherosperma Novse-Zselandise . . . . . . Aspidiotus atherospermte.

„ „ ...... Mytilaspis pyriformis.*

„ „ . . .... Fiorinia astelise.*

„ „ ...... Ctenocliiton viridis.* f

...... Inglisia patella.

„ ...... Eriochiton spinosus.

Bavardia . . . . . . . . . . . . Lecanium maculatum.* f \

Box .............. „ hesperidum.* \ \

Brachyglottis repanda . . . . . . . . Fiorinia minima.

„ „ . . . . . . . . Ctenochiton flavus.

„ . . . . . . . . „ fuscus.* f

Budlseia salicina . . . . . . . . . . Aspidiotus budlseise.

Calceolaria .. .. .. .. .. .. Dactylopius calceolariee.* \ \

Camellia . . . . . . . . . . . . Aspidiotus camellise.

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Lecanium hemispbaericum.* 1

„ .. .. .. .. .. .. „ hesperidum. * -f t

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulvinaria camellicola.* f \

Carpodetus serratus . . . . . . . . Aspidiotus carpodeti.

Cassinia leptophylla (tauhine) ...... Lecanium oleae.*f \

Celmisia . . . . . . . . . . . . Ehizococcus celmisise.*

Coprosma . . . . .... . . . . Aspidiotus nerii.

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Mytilaspis pyriformis.*

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghionaspis dubia.

„ .. .. .. .. .. .. Fiorinia astelise.*

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenochiton perforatus.* t

* Unsightly : spoiling appearance of plant.
t Usually accompanied by much black fungus.
J Likely to do much injury to plant,

112

INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTUBE.

Plants.

Insects.

oprosma Ctenochiton viridis.* 1

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Inglisia patella.

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Dactylopius glaucus.*

Cordyline australis (cabbage-tree) . . . . Mytilaspis cordylinidis.* J

„ „ „ .... Fiorinia stricta.* \

indivisa (large-leaved cabbage-tree) .. Mytilaspis cordylinidis.* \
„ „ „ „ Fiorinia stricta.* \

Corynocarpus laevigata (karaka) Aspidiotus nerii.

Cotoneaster inicrophylla ... .. .. .. Mytilaspis pomorum.J

Cyathea Smithii (tree-fern) Ctenochiton depressus.*

Cyathodes acerosa . . .. .. .. .. Poliaspis media.*

„ „ . . . . . . . . . . Eriococcus multispinus.*

Cypress Icerya Purchasi.* J

Danthonia (grass) .. .. .. .. .. Dactylopius calceolarias.*

Dendrobium .. .. .. .. .. Fiorinia stricta.*

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenochiton elongatus.* t

Drimys colorata Mytilaspis drimydis.

„ „ . . . . . . . . . . Inglisia patella.

Dysoxylon spectabile . . . . . . . . Aspidiotus dysoxyli.

„ „ .. .. .. .. Mytilaspis pyriformis.*

„ „ . . . . . . . . Chionaspis dysoxyli.* \

Earina . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenochiton elongatus.

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiorinia stricta.*

Elaeocarpus dentatus (hinau) Ctenochiton elseocarpi.

„ „ „ . . . . . . „ flavus.

„ „ „ ...... Inglisia ornata.*

„ „ „ ...... Eriococcus pallidus.

Eucalyptus . . . . . . . . . . . . Mytilaspis cordylinidis.*

Euonymus Aspidiotus camellias.* \

Ferns, various . . . . . . . . Chionaspis dubia.

Poliaspis media.
Ctenochiton depressus.*
Lecanium mori.
Dactylopius glaucus.* J
Gahnia .. .. .. .. .. .. Mytilaspis cordylinidis.*

Geniostoma ligustrifolia . . . . . . . . Ctenochiton elongatus.*

Gooseberry . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiorinia grossularise.

Gorse . . . . . . . . . . . . Icerya Purchasi.* J

Grasses, various Dactylopius pose.

„ „ . . . . . . . . . . Icerya Purchasi.* \

Hawthorn Mytilaspis pomorum.{

Hedycarya . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiorinia stricta.

Hoheria angustifolia . . . . . . . . Eriococcus hoheriee.

Holly Lecanium hesperidum.* f \

Hymenanthera crassifolia .. .. .. Ctenochiton hymenantheras.* t

Ivy Lecanium hesperidum.* f \

Knightia excelsa .. .. .. .. .. Eriococcus multispinus.*

Laurel Lecanium hesperidum.* t \

Lemon Aspidiotus coccineus.* J

„ . . . . . . . . . . . . Icerya Purchasi.* \

Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) Mytilaspis leptospermi.

Ctenochiton flavus.
Inglisia leptospermi.

„ ornata.
Planchonia epacridis.
Ccelostoma wairoense.*
Leucopogon Fraseri . . . . Poliaspis media. *

Planchonia epacridis.

* Unsightly : spoiling appearance of plant,
t Usually accompanied by much black fungus.
t Likely to do much injury to plant.

SCALE-INSECTS.

113

Plants.

Lilac

Melicope temata

Metrosicleros tomentosa (pohui^ukawa)
„ robusta (rata)

Muhlenbeckia adspersa

Myoporum lee turn (ngaio)

Myrtle

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria)
Olearia Haastii

Orchids (hothouse)

•

Palms (hothouse)

•

Panax arboreum

.

Peach

Pear

Pellsea rotundifolia (fern)
Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax)

Phymatodes Billardieri (fern)
Pines and firs
Piper excelsum

Pittosporuni (various)

Plagianthus
Plum . .

Poa anceps (tussock-grass)
Rhipogonurn scandens (supplejack)

Rose

Rubus australis (bush-lawyer) . .

Insects.

Mytilaspis pornorurn.J
Eriochiton spinosus.
Lecanochiton metrosideri.* f
Mytilaspis metrosideri.
Lecanochiton metrosideri.* f
Fiorinia stricta.
Eriochiton spinosus.
Coelostoma zaelandicum.
Eriococcus pallidus.
Lecanium hesperidum.* f |
Eriococcus araucariae.* f J
Eriochiton hispidus.* f
Aspidiotus coccineus.* J
Chionaspis citri.
Lecanium hesperidum.* f J

oleae.* f }

Icerya Purchasi.* J
Aspidiotus epidendri.* J

„ nerii.* J

Dactylopius glaucus.* J
Aspidiotus epidendri.* J

„ nerii. *J

Dactylopius glaucus.* J
Fiorinia minima.
Ctenochiton flavus.* f

„ fuscus.*f •

perforatus.* f
„ viridis.* t
Dactylopius glaucus.*
Chionaspis minor.
Mytilaspis pomorum.j
Diaspis santali.
Mytilaspis pomorum.J
Chionaspis dubia.
Mytilaspis cordylinidis.*
Fiorinia stricta.*
Dactylopius calceolarias.*
Coelostoma wairoense.*
Mytilaspis phymatodidis.*
Icerya Purchasi. *J
Ctenochiton piperis.
Dactylopius glaucus.*
Fiorinia asteliae.
Ctenochiton perforatus.* f

„ viridis.* f

Dactylopius glaucus.* f
Ctenochiton depressus.*
Diaspis santali. J
Mytilaspis pomorum. J
Dactylopius poae.
Chionaspis minor.*
Coelostoma zaelandicum.
Diaspis rosae.* J
Icerya Purchasi.*]:
Chionaspis dubia.*
Ctenochiton perforatus.* f

„ viridis.* f

Eriococcus multispinus.

* Unsightly : spoiling appearance of plant.
I Usually accompanied by much black fungus.
; Likely to do much injury to plant.

INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGEICULTUBE.

Plants.

Kubus aus trails (bush-lawyer) . .
Santalum Cunninghamii (maire)

Sophora tetraptera (kowhai)
Sweetbriar

Sycamore

Thorn ..

Various greenhouse or hothouse plants

Veronica (various)

Vitex littoralis (puriri)
Wattle (various) . .

Weeping-willow

Insects.

Dactylopius glaucus.*
Diaspis santali.*
Khizococcus fossor.
Aspidiotus sophorse.
Icerya Purchasi.* J
Mytilaspis pomorum.

„ pomorum. |

Aspidiotus epidendri.* }

„ nerii.* f

Diaspis Boisduvalii.* J
Lecaniumhemisphsericum.* f J

„ hesperidum.* t |

„ hibernaculorum.* 1 1

„ mori.

oleffi.* t I

Dactylopius glaucus. * J
Icerya Purchasi.* |
Poliaspis media.
Lecanium hesperidum.* t
Dactylopius alpinus.*
Aspidiotus carpodeti.

„ epidendri.*
Diaspis Boisduvalii.*
Icerya Purchasi.* t
Aspidiotus camellise.

* Unsightly : spoiling appearance of plant,
t Usually accompanied by much black fungus.
J Likely to do much injury to plant.

SCALE-INSECTS.

115

INDEX OF GROUPS, SUBDIVISIONS, GENERA, AND
SPECIES INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.

Names

italics are synonyms. * Signifies that the insect has not yet been
found in New Zealand.

p

age

Page

ACANTHOCOCCIDJE . 88,

91

CKYPTO-KEEMITHXE .. .. 87

Acanthococcus . .

95

Ctenochiton . . . . 62, 65

multispinus

94

depressus . . . . . 66

Aclerda* .. . ..

63

elseocarpi .. .. . 67

Antonina*

88

elongatus . . . . . 68

Aonidia*

39

flavus .. .. . 68

Aspidiotus . . . . 39

40

fuscus .. .. . 70

atherospermse

40

hymenantherse . . .71

aurantii . .

42

perforatus .. .72

Boudhei . .

44

piperis . . . . . 73

budlseise ..

40

spinosus . . . . . 86

camellias

41

viridis . . . . . 74

carpodeti
citri

42
42

DACTYLOPID^E (the " mealy-bugs ') 89

coccineus (the ran e- scale)
conchiformis
dysoxyli
epidendri . .

42
51
43

44

Dactylopius . . . . . 89
alpinus .. .. . 99
calceolarias . . . 100
glaucus .. .. . 100

-i /N-f

falciformis

51

poss . . . . . 101

juglandis

51

DIASPIDIN^: . . . . 37, 39

nerii

44

Diaspis . . . . 39, 45

pomorum . .
pyrus-malus

51
51

A 17

Boisduvalii . . . . 46
Bouchei .. .. ..44

rosce
sophorse ..
Asterolecanium* . . 64, 87

47
45
,91

gigas .. .. ..58
rosse ^ .. ..47
sfliUfjfiili 47

quercicola*
Boisduvalia*
Callipappus* . .
Galymnatus hesperidum
Calypticus hesperidum . .
Capulinia*
Carteria*
Ceroplastes*
Chermes epidendri
filicum
hibernaculorum

-T _.

92
89
90
80
80
89
62
62
44
80
81

Drosicha* .. .. ..90
Ericerus* .. .. ..62
Eriochiton . . . . 63, 84
hispidus . . . . 84
spinosus . . . . 8G
Eriococcus . . . . 88, 92
araucarise . . . . 93
hoherige .. .. ..93
multispinus .. .. 94
pallidus . . . . 95
Eriopeltis* .. .. ..63

oiecQ
Chionaspis . . • 39

,54

K A

Fairmairia* . . . . 62
Fiorinia .. .. 39,57

citri

54:

astelies . . . . 58

dubia
dysoxyli

54
55

grossulariss . . . . 59
minima . . . . 59

euonymi

54

stricta .. .. ..60

minor
COCCID^B . . . 89,

56
103

Gossyparia* . . . . 88

COCCIDIN^E . . . 38
Coccus* (the cochineal insect) . .

,88
89

HEMICOCCIDIN^E . . 38, 87

hesperidum
Ccelostoma . . . 90,

80
107

Icerya . . . . ,90, 104
Purchasi (the cottony-cushion

vvairoense . .

109

scale) .. .. ..104

zeelandicum

107

sacchari* . . . . . . 106

116

INSECTS NOXIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

Page

Page

Inglisia

62, 75

Mytilaspis — continued.

leptospermi

75

metrosideri

50

ornata

76

phyniatodidis

.. 51

patella

78

pomicorticis

.. 52

Kermes*

87

pomorum (the app'

scale) 51, 52

camellia

41

pyriformis

.. 53

KEBMITIDJE*

87

Nidularia*

.. 88

Leachia*

90

Orthezia*

.. 89

LECANIDJE

63, 79

Ortonia*

.. 90

LECANIDINJE

38, 62

Parlatoria*

.. 39

Lecanium

63, 79

Philippia*

63

depressum

.. 79

Physokermes* . .

.. 63

hemisphaericum

.. 80

Planchonia

64, 88, 91

hesperidum (the holly and ivy

epacridis ..

.. 91

scale)

.. 80

Poliaspis

39,50

hibernaculoiurn t «

.. 81

media

.. 57

maculaturn . «

.. 81

Pollinia*

64, 87

mori

.. 82

Porphy rophora *

.. 91

olese (the "black seal ")

.. 82

POBPHYEOPHOBID^ *

.. 91

Lecanochiton

62,64

Pseudococcus . .

89, 101

rnetrosideri

.. 64

asteliss

\ . . 102

LECANOCOCCID^E

63,84

Pulvinaria

63,83

LECANODIASPID^

62,63

camellicola

/ .. 83

Lecanodiaspis*

63, 64

Puto*

.. 89

Lecanopsis*

.. 63

Ehizococcus . .

88,96

Leucaspis*

.. 39

araucaricB

.. 93

Lichtensia*

.. 63

celmisise ..

.. 96

Llaveia*

.. 90

fossor

.. 97

Margarodes* . .

91

Eipersia*

.. 89

MONOPHLEBIDJE

90, 104

Signoretia*

.. 63

Monophlebus*

.. 90

Targionia*

.. 39

Mytilaspis

39,48

Uhlcria

.. 57

cordylinidis

.. 48

gigas

.. 58

drimydis

.. 49

Vinsonia*

.. 62

epiphytidis

.. 49

Walkeriana* . .

.. 90

leptospermi

.. 50

Westivoodia* . .

.. 89

DESCBIPTIONS OF PLATES.

PLATE I.
Fig.

1. Eggs of Coccididse.

2. Larva of Diaspidinoe.

3. Diagram of life-history of female Diaspidinse. a, pellicle of larva ; 6, second

pellicle ; c, adult female somewhat shrivelled after egg-laying ; d, eggs ;
e, secreted matter forming the "scale." In this diagram the scale is
shown as overturned.

4. Types of various spinnerets, a, simple orifices (Mytilaspis) ; 6, double orifice

(Planchonia) ; c, multilocular orifice (Ctenockiton) ; d, multilocular orifice
(Ccelostoma) ; e, simple protruding spinneret (Aspidiotus) ; /, serrated pro-
truding spinneret (Mytilaspis drimydis) ; g, protruding spinneret (Aeant^o-
coccws) ; k, conical spiny spinneret and cottony secretion (Pliizococcus);
m, lanceolate spinneret and glassy secretion (Inglisia) ; n, group of abdo-
minal spinnerets, with detached orifices (Mytilaspis) ; p, double multi-
locular orifice (Ccelostoma) ; s, coronetted spinnerets and part of glassy
secretion (leery a).

5. Rostra, a, simple rostrum of Diaspidince ; 6, rostrum and trirnerous mentum

of Coccidinse.

6. Foot of a female insect, c, coxa ; tr, trochanter ; , femur ; ti, tibia ;

ta, tarsus ; cl, claw.

7. Foot of a male insect. The letters as in Fig. 6.

8. Foot with digitules, upper and lower.

9. Type of female antenna (Ctenochiton).

10. Type of female antenna (Dactylopius}.

11. Type of antenna of larva (leery a),

12. Type of male antenna (Fiorinia),

13. One joint of antenna of Monophlebidse (Icerya),

14. Diagram of head of male of Lecanidinse (after Signoret), both dorsal and ven-

tral aspects being shown together, a, antennae ; e, e, true eyes, the lower
pair being on the ventral surface in the place of the mouth; oc, oc, ocelli.

15. Head of male Icerya, with facetted eyes,

16. Wing of male insect, n, nervure,

W.M.M., delt. *d nut.

PLATE I.

^fgp^

i mk f*t V COi W

PLATE II.
Fig.

1. Types of anogenital rings, a, Diaspidinae ; 6, Lecanidinae ; c, Acantho-

coccidse ; d, Dactylopidse ; e> Monophlebidse.

2. Types of last abdominal segments of female, a, Diaspidinse ; 6, Lecanidinse ;

c, Acanthococcicbe ; d, Dactylopidse ; e, Monophlebidse.

3. Types of last abdominal segments of male, and sheath of the penis, a, Diaspi-

dinae ; 6, Lecanidinse (CtenochUon) ; c, Acanthococcidse ; d, Lecanidinse
(Inglisia) ; e, Dactylopidas ; /, Monophlebidse (leery a).

4. Respiratory system, a, spiracle of Lecanium (after Targioni) ; &, spiracle of

Coccus (after Targioni) ; c, diagram of arrangement of the four spiracles
and the tracheal tubes (Lecanidinse) (s. spiracles) ; dt spiracle and trachea
of Coslostoma.

5. Types of spines and hairs, a, anal serrated hairs (Aspidiotus nerii) ; 6,

spiraoular spines (CtenochUon) ; c, marginal spines (Ctenochiton) ; dt
lanceolate marginal spines (Inglisia) ; e, spines on anal tubercles (Rhizo-
coccus) ; /, marginal spines (Eriococcus) ; #, conical spines (Eriococciis) ;
fc, marginal hairs (Dactylopius) ; m, hairs (Icerya) ; n, anal hairs
(Ccelostoma).

W.l^.M., delt. ad nat.

PLATE II.

PLATE III.
TYPES OF LAST ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS OF THE

Fig.

1. Aspidiotus coccineus (after Comstock) ; no groups of spinnerets.

2. Diaspis ros<% ; five groups of spinnerets.

3. Mytilaspis cordylinidis ; five groups of spinnerets and single orifices.

4. Mytilaspis pyriformis ; five groups of spinnerets, almost forming an arch.

5. Chionaspis dysoxyli ; five groups of spinnerets.

6. Poliaspis media ; eight groups of spinnerets.

7. Fiorinia astelice ; arch of spinnerets.

8. Fiorinia stricta ; five groups of spinnerets, the three upper groups almost

forming an arch.

W.H.M., delt. ad nat

PLATE III.

PLATE IV.
Fig.

1. Aspidiotus atherospermce. a, insects on leaf of Atherosperma ; &, adult

female.

2. Aspidiotus camellia, a, insects on twig of Euonymus ; 6, adult female ; c, d,

puparia of female.

3. Aspidiotus coccineus. a, insects on rind of orange ; 6, adult female in

puparium (overturned) ; c, puparium of male.

4. Aspidiotus nerii. a, insects on leaf of wattle ; 6, puparia, male and female.

5. Diaspis Boisduvalii, adult female (after Signoret).

6. Diaspis rosfz. a, insects on twig of rose ; b, adult female ; c, puparia, male

and female.

7. Diaspis santali. a, insects on twig of pear ; 6, male and female puparia ; c,

last abdominal segment of female.

W.M.M., delt. ad. nat.

PLATE IV.

PLATE V.
Fig.

1. Mytilaspis cordylinidis. a, insects on leaf of Cordyline australis (cabbage -

tree) ; 6, male and female puparia ; c, adult female.

2. Mytilaspis epiphytidis. a, female puparimn ; 6, male puparium ; c, adult

female.

3. Mytilaspis drimydis. a, insects on leaf of Drhnys colorata; 6, male and

female puparia ; c, adult female ; d, marginal spinnerets.

4. Mytilaspis kptospermi. a, insects on bark of Leptospermum (manuka) ; 6,

male and female puparia ; c, adult female.

5. Mytilaspis pomorum. a, insects on twig of hawthorn ; b, female puparia ;

c, adult female ; d, puparium overturned, showing enclosed female, /, and
eggs, e.

6. Mytilaspis pyrifarmis. a, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon spectabih ; 6, male

and female puparia ; e, adult female ; d, male ; e, last three joints of
male antenna ; /, foot of male.

W.M.M., felt. lA. a*t

PLATE V.

TJHIVEESIT7

PLATE VI.
Fig.

1. Chionaspis citri. a, insects on rind of orange ; b, male and female pnparia

c, adult female.

2. Chionaspis dubia. a, insects on fern-leaf (Pellsea) ; b, male and female

puparia ; c, adult female.

3. Chionaspis dysoxyli. a, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon ; b, male and female

puparia ; c, adult female.

4. Chionaspis minor, a, insects on twig of Parsonsia ; 6, male and female

puparia ; c, adult female.

5. Poliaspis media, a, insects on leaves of Cyathodes; b, male and female

puparia ; c, adult female.

G. Fiorinia astelice. a, insects on leaves of Coprosma ; &,• male and female
puparia ; c, adult female ; d, pellicles of second stage.

7. Fiorinia stricta. a, insects on leaves of Earina ; 6, male and female puparia ;
c, adult female.

WJtf.%., delt. ad- nat.

PLATE VI.

PLATE VII.
Fig.

1. Lecanochiton metrosideri. a, insects on branch and leaves of Metrosideros

(rata) ; b, test of female, upper side ; c, test of female, under-side ; d,
female of second stage, ventral aspect ; c, antenna of adult female ; /,
test of male.

2. Ctenochiton depressus. a, insects on leaf of Plagianthus ; b, adult female,

dorsal aspect ; c, test of male ; d, part of fringe of female test.

3. Ctenochiton elceocarpi. a, insect on bark of Elaeocarpus (hinau) ; 6, female

of second stage in test, on leaf.

4. CtenocMton elongates, a, female tests on leaves of Earina ; 6, part of fringe.

5. Ctenochiton flavus. a, insects on half leaf of Panax ; 6, female tests ;

c, male test ; d, adult female, ventral aspect ; e, spiracular and marginal
spines and spinnerets of female.

6. Ctenochiton fnscus. a, insects on half leaf of Panax ; b, female test, upper

side.

PLATE VII.

PLATE VIII.
Fig.

1. Ctenochiton hymenanthercc. a, insects on leaves of Hymenanthera ; &, female

test ; c, male test.

2. Ctenochiton perforatus. a, insects on leaf of Coprosma ; 6, adult female in

test, ventral aspect ; c, male test ; d, female test and fringe ; e, portion of
edge of female test with three segments of fringe, showing the rows of
perforations ; /, antenna of adult female ; #, male ; &, head of male, upper
side ; w, head of male, under-side.

3. Ctenochiton piperis. a, insects on leaf of Piper excelsum; 6, females in

tests, dorsal aspect ; c, male pupa in test, dorsal aspect ; d, female of
second stage, dorsal aspect ; c, two of the tubercles on the dorsum of the
adult female, after pressure.

W M.M., dolt, ad nat

PLATE VIII.

PLATE IX.

Fig,

1. CtenocMton viridis. a, insects on leaf of Coprosma ; 6, female of second

stage ; c, adult female (the test removed) ; d, male test ; e, a segment of
the female test ; /, diagram of head of male, upper and under sides shown
together, eight eyes and two ocelli ; fc, antenna of male.

2. Inglisia leptospermi. a, insects on twig of Leptospermum (manuka); 6,

female test, side view; c, female test, upper side; d, male test; e, a
segment of the female test ; /, adult female, dorsal aspect ; g, antenna
of female ; k, foot of female.

W.M.M., delt. ad nat

PLATE IX.

PLATE X.
Fig.

1. Inglisia ornata. a, insects on twig of Elseocarpus (liinau) ; b, female test,

side view ; c, female test, dorsal view ; d, a segment of the female test and
three segments of fringe; e, male test;/, adult female, side view; gt
marginal spines of female.

2. Inglisia patella, a, insects on leaf of Coprosma ; 6, c, female tests, upper

side ; d, adult female, ventral aspect ; c, marginal spines of female.

PLATE X.

PLATE XI.

Fig.

1. Lecanium depressum. a, adult female, dorsal aspect ; 6, markings of the

skin.

2. Lecanium liemisphccricum. a, insects on Camellia ; 6, adult female, dorsal

aspect ; c, adult female, side view ; d, female of second stage.

3. Lecanium hesperidum. a, insects on leaf of ivy ; 6, adult female, dorsal

aspect ; c, female of second stage ; d, markings of skin.

4. Lecanium won. a, insects on fern-leaf (Asplenium) ; &, adult female, dorsal

aspect.

5. Lecanium olece. a, insects on twig of Camellia ; 6, adult female, dorsal

aspect ; c, adult female, side view ; d, female of second stage, dorsal
aspect ; c, markings of skin.

W.M.M., d«tt. ad. oat

PLATE XL

UNIVERSITY

PLATE XII.
Fig.

1. Pulvinaria camellicola. a, insects on branch and leaf of Camellia; 6,

adult female and ovisae, dorsal aspect ; c, adult female and ovisac, side
view ; d, adult female, dorsal aspect ; e, female of second stage ; /, markings
of skin, with hairs ; g, antenna of adult' female ; fc, diagram of head of
male, upper and under sides shown together, four eyes and two ocelli.

2. Planchonia epacridis. a, insect in test on leaf of Leucopogon ; 6, female in

test, dorsal aspect ; c, portion of the double fringes ; d, extremity of abdo-
men of female ;. c, anogenital ring and anal tubercles of female ; /,
antenna of larva ; g, rings with hairs replacing antenna? of adult female.

W.M.M., delt. ad nat.

PLATE XII

'tj'sivaasiTT;

PLATE XIII.

1. Eriochiton hispidus. a, Insects on twig and leaves of Olearia Haastii ; 6,

adult female, dorsal aspect, with fragments of test and fringe ; c, adult
female without test, dorsal aspect ; d, male test, upper side ; e, male
test, under-side ; /, larva, with fringe ; g, female of second stage, without
test, dorsal aspect ; k, w, spines and tubular fringe ; n, antenna of adult
female ; p, foot of adult female ; s, last five joints of. male antenna ; t,
abdominal spike of male.

2. Eriochiton spinosus. a, insects on twig of Melicope ; 6, adult female, with-

out test ; c, female of second stage ; d, male test ; e, marginal spines and
feathery fringe of female ; /, foot of adult female ; #, antenna of adult
female.

WJtf M.. d«lt. *4. nat.

PLATE XIII-

OP THE -^

rTJHXVSKSIT7;

PLATE XIV.

Fig.

1. Eriococcus araucaria. «, insects on twig of Araucaria excelsa (Norfolk

Island pine) ; &, sac of female, upper side ; c, sac of female, under-side,
with enclosed shrivelled female and eggs; cZ, sac of male ; c, adult female
before gestation; /, extremity of abdomen, anogenital ring, and anal
tubercles of female.

2. Eriococcus liolierice. a, insects on bark of Hoheria ; 6, sac of female, upper

side ; c, sac of male ; d, adult female ; e, extremity of abdomen and anal
tubercles of adult female ; /, foot of adult female ; g, antenna of adult
female ; k, larva, ventral aspect ; in, male ; n, abdominal spike of male ;
p, antenna of male.

W.M.M., delt. *d n»t.

PLATE XIV.

PLATE XV.
Fig.

1. Eriococcus multispinus. a, insects on leaf of Knightia ; &, sac of female,

upper side ; c, sac of female, under-side, with enclosed insect ; d, adult
female, dorsal aspect ; c, diagram of arrangement of spines on female ; /,
spines of female ; i, antenna of female ; k, head of male, upper side ; m,
abdominal spike of male.

2. Eriococcus pallidus. a, insects on leaf of Myoporum (ngaio) ; b, sac of

female ; c, adult female, dorsal aspect; d, part of abdomen of female ; e,
antenna of female.

W.M.M., 0-" ad rat.

PLATE XV.

PLATE XVI.
Fig.

1. Rhizococcus cdmisicz. a, Insects on leaves of Celmisia ; 6, adult female

dorsal aspect.

2. Rhizococcus fossor. a, Insects on leaves of Santalum (maire) ; 6, elevation

produced by insect on tipper side of leaf ; c, female in pit on under-side
of leaf ; d, sac of male ; e, adult female before gestation, from a pit ;
/, adult female from surface of leaf ; </, female of second stage ; fc, mar-
ginal spines and tubular cotton of second stage ; m, antenna of adult
female; TO, male; p, diagram of head of male, upper and lower sides
shown together, four eyes and two ocelli ; s, abdominal spike of male ;
£, antenna of male.

W.M.M., delt. ad r.at.

PLATE XVI.

PLATE XVII.
Fig.

1. Dactylopius alpinus. a. Insects on twig of Veronica ; 6, adult female,

dorsal aspect ; c, female of second stage ; d, anogenital ring ; e, antenna
of adult female.

2. Dactylopius calceolaria, a, Insects on leaf of Phormium tenax; 6, adult

female, dorsal aspect ; c, antenna of adult female.

3. Dactylopius glaucus. a, Insects on leaf of Coprosma ; b, adult female, green

variety ; c, adult female, brown variety ; d, sac of male ; e, antenna of
male.

W.M.M., delt. ad nat

PLATE XVII.

PLATE XVIII.
Fig.

1. Dactylopius poa. a, Insects on roots of Poa (tussock-grass) ; 6, adult

female ; c, antenna of adult female ; d, foot of adult female ; e, anogeni-
tal ring and anal tubercles of adult female.

2. Pseudococcus astelia. a, Insects on leaf of Astelia ; 6, adult female, dorsal

aspect ; c, antenna of adult female ; d, foot of adult female ; e, various
spinnerets.

o o

W.K.M <1fK art nat.

PLATE XVIII.

PLATE XIX.

leerya Purchasi. a, Insects on twig of Acacia (wattle) ; 6, adult female and
ovisac, upper view ; c, adult female and ovisac, side view ; d, female of
second stage ; e, larva, with yellow cotton ; /, male ; g, haltere of male
k, two joints of male antenna ; m, hairs, spinnerets, and glassy tubes
n, antenna of adult female.

VMM. delt. ad nut.

PLATE XIX.

PLATE XX.

Ccelostoma zeelandicum. a, adult female, dorsal aspect ; 6, adult female,
ventral aspect ; c, waxy tests of females of second stage on twig of Muhlen-
beckia ; d, female of second stage, dorsal aspect ; e, female of second stage,
ventral aspect, with anal tuft of cotton and seta ; /, larva, with yellow
mealy secretion ; </, eggs, in cottony mass ; k, antenna of female, second
stage ; I, foot of female, second stage ; m, antenna of adult female ; n,
spiracle and trachea of female ; jp, anal extremity and " honey-dew " organ
of larva and female of second stage.

N.B. — The foot of the adult female is shown in Plate I., Fig. 6.

VJtl

W.M.M., dalt. ad nat.

PLATE XX.

PLATE XXI.

1. Ccelostoma zczlandicum. a, male insect ; b, abdomen of male ; c, foot of male ;

d, hairs and marks, abdomen of male ; e, antenna of male ; /, circular
marks, abdomen of male ; &, abdominal spike and penis of male ; w, haltere
of male.

2. Ccelostoma wairoense. a, male insect; 6, head of male, upper side, with

facetted eyes ; c, foot of male ; d, circular marks, abdomen of male.

W.M.M., clelt a4L n*t.

PLATE XXI.

PLATE XXII.

THE HONEY-DEW, AND RESULTING FUNGI.
Fig.

1. a, Lccanid female (Ctenochiton) with protruded honey-dew organ ; b, abdomi-

nal extremity of the same, enlarged, the drop of honey-dew bursting in
spray.

2. a, fungoid growth on upper side of leaf ; b, fungoid growth on twig ; c, d, e,

various forms of black fungi from honey-dew.

W.M.M., delt. nd nat.

PLATE XXII

UNIVERSITY

PLATE XXIII.

PARASITES OF COCCIDID^E.
Fig.

1. a, pupa of hymenopterous parasite ; b, the same pupa under the waxy test

of Ctenochiton perforatus ; c, imago, or full-grown parasite.

2. a, brown and yellow fungi on Ctenochiton viridis (leaf of Hedycarya dentata) ;

6, upper side of brown fungus ; c, under-side of the same, with attached
fungoid sheet ; d. Ctenochiton viridis (test removed) filled with yellow
fungus, and with globular mass of the same above it.

W.M.M.. deft ad nut.

PLATE XXIII.

SINCE this work has been in type, the author has received a letter from the
State Inspector of Fruit Pests for California, in which the writer states that the
insect leery a Purchasi has there, especially in the southern part of the State j
gained such hold on the orange-groves, in spite of the most strenuous efforts,
that the people find it impossible to keep it down. Orange- and lemon-growers
(and indeed other tree-growers) in New Zealand, especially in the North Island,
should take note of this fact, and beware of ever letting this omnivorous and
most destructive insect obtain any footing on their trees. A speedy burning of
every infected tree is the best remedy in this case.

7EESIT7

;-

g