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Appendix J.

REPORT OF THE CHIEP OF THE FORESTRY BUREATT FOR THE
PERIOD FROM JULY 1, 1901, TO SEPTEMBER 1, 1902.

TERMS rSKD IN THIP REPORT.

AlmAclga mMtic,

Rnhio vopt'tnble oil.

!{t>jn('0 rnttati.

r^rcfts IMttlu

Carbon « harcoal.

ras(\<iloto tail bark,

Cautcbtico I ,. .

(Joma obv«tica jrubbiT.

C<>i)ftl a transparent firm -«iolublo iu etlicr ami essential olln.

GnlH-percha Kntta-peroha.

He.sina resin.

Sibnoao 1 ,,., ,„,^,^

Tintoreaa }<l>ewood.

UNSAR MIASURKB.

Pie (Spanish foot) equals 0.91 foot English.

Punto (one-tenth part of Spanish foot) equala 1.09 inches Engllah,

Meter equals 89.37 inches KuRlish.

Vara equals 38 inches English.

8URPACB MEA8UBBI.

HeeUurea eqnals 2.471 acres or 10,000 square meters.
Are* equals 119.6 square yards.
Centiarea equals 1,650 square inches.

CUBIC MBISURB.

Pie cubico (Spanish cubic foot) equals 0.764 cubic foot Kn^^lish.
Cubic meter (46.83 Spanish cubic leot) equals 35.4 cubic; feet Kngliah.

LIQUID MKA8UKB.

Qante dqiuUa 8 liters or about 8.17 quarts ICnglish.

DRY MBASURB.

Ganta equals 8 llten or about 1 poand English of charcoal.

Local currency values at present rate of exchange, 2.35.

Peso equals 421 cents Unit<Ml States.

Real equals 5 cents Unite<l Stjitrs.

Cuarto equals 0.26 cent United States.

All moneys other than salaries of foresty officials mentioned In this report are In local currency.

Manila, P. I., September 8, 190£,
The Honorable Sbcretabt o» the Interior,

Manila, P. L
Sib: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the bureau of forestry for
the period beginning July 1, 1901, and ending AugiiHt 31, VM)2.

During mv absence on leave in the United States, from May 18 until December 1,
1901, the office waa in charge of Capt. A. E. McCabe, at that time an inspoctor in

268443

452 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

tho bureau. While in the United States I visited, bv authority of the Philippine
( 'oinrnisHion, the forestry Hchools at Yale, Cornell, and liiltinore, and conferred with
the profesHf^rH and Btudentw, with the object of securing j^'raduate.s of these schools
for the Philippi!ie fore-try service. The Yale and CoriK-ll Hchool^? have each about
forty students, each stud<'nt havin<!: complettd liin collc;.'*^ course before entering the
Htthool of ftjrestry. 'J'he forcHtry Hcliool at i>iltniore han l)Ut a few students, but their
course* of instruction is of a very ])tacti(al (character. The directors of these schools
are able men, and each is assisted by a conij)etent staff. From these schools must
be drawn material for the technical work in tlie Philippines. Outside of these
schools there are very few foresters in the tJnitinl States; not enough to do the work
contemj)lated by the liureau of Forestry in Washington. However, I advertised the
fact that foresters were wanted for the Philippine service at salaries of $2,418 per
year, with all field expenses paid.

Arrangements were made with the Civil Service Commission in Washington to
hold an exannnation in the United States on Septend^er 9 for candidates lor our
forestry service. This examination was equivalent to that held for the position
known as "field assistant" in the Bureau of Forestry in the Agricultural Department
at Washington. Five men, R. C. Bryant, Edward ilagger, Kdward H. liareford,
William Klemme, and W. W. Clark, passed, and several amdidatas failed to pass
this examination. Edward M. (jrifhth was transferred from assistant forester in the
Bureau of Forestry, Washington, to the forestry bureau in Manila. Mr. Neely was
transfernvl from a furloughed list in the Agricultural Department, Washington.
Mr. (iriflitli entered as forester and Mr. Neely as manager of the timber testing
laboratory. These men, with the excej^tion of Mr. Grilhth, and Mr. Clark, arrived
in Manila, December 2; the latter two arrived several months later.

While in the United States, authority was received from Manda to purchase an
e(|uipmcnt for a timber testing, laboratory, books and in.strunjents for the bureau.
Mr. Neely visited Pliiladelphia and made arrangements for the i)urcha8e and ship-
ment of the lab(jratory equipment. Mr. Neely had been employed in the Agricul-
tural Department as an assistant while that Bureau conrlucted an elaborate series of
timber testing experiments. He was highly recommended by that Department for
this position, and judging from the manner in which lie has installed his equipment
and maugurated a systematic series of tests, it seems probable that in the near future,
contractors, builders, and others interested in the strength, dund^ility, and suitability
of native woods will have some intelligible data to work upon in their selection of
building material from the three hundred or more varieties of wood entering the
Manila market.

In connection wdth the laboratory tests, a workshop has been started, in which
every variety of native wood which can be setaired will be worked up in one or
more ways to show its most valuable use in the market. This will tend to solve the
most diliicult problem confronting the forester in the Philippines, viz, to induce
the logj^er to take a great varietv of tree species which are to-day considered of no
value, simply from the fact that these species are not well known in the market.

A compet-ent cabinetmaker from the United States is on his way to take charge
of this shop, and it is intended to place under his instruction a number of the b^
Filipino wood workers and carvers, who will readily respond to such teaching. The
famous wood carvings in the Jesuit Church in Manila and the beautiful work done
in Paete illustrate the Filipino's skill and artistic sense. It is intended to make
this workshop self-su])porting and to encourage as much as possible this feature of
the work of the bureau.

Several foresters employed in the Indian service have made application to enter
this work in the Philippines, but the .authority to employ foreigners in our civil
service lias not been granted. This office has made an unsuccessful effort to secure
the services, for a limited i)eriod, of the Hon. Bart. Ribbentrop, who had accom-
plished such excellent results in the forestry dei)artnient in India. The problems
confronting the forestry ofhcials in India forty years ago, when the service was in
its infancy, were very similar to those now to be solved in the Philippines, viz, a
great variety of unknown tree species, a large population per square mile, with ease-
ments of various kinds on public timber land, and a lack of accurate surveys and
knowledge of boundaries. These problems were met and solved successfully by
Mr. Ribbentrop, and it would save us much time, money, and annoyance to take
advantage of his experience.

The restrictions imposed by what is known as the Spooner amendment to the Army
appropriation bill, passed in March, 1901, continued in force until July 1, 1902, and
were interpreted in accordance with the opinion of this amendment as given by the
War Department. The opinion stated:

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 458

"This enactment permitj» tlie Pro8i»leiit of the Ignited States to ^n\nt euch tempo-
rary priviletres as are * clearly necessiiry for the imineiliate government of tlie islaiuis
and indisju-nsahle f«»r thi* iuterrst ol tfie i>eui'le.' "

All timlx^r cut on puMit- lan<l i;* i-ut under license, and the amount cut lias never,
since the American occupation, nx't the iuhhIs <>f the }H'o}>le. The n^suU has In'cn
that millions of tVet of Americafi pine and redwood and of tindver fr«»M» Borneo and
Australia ha/e l>een shinped in to meet a part of the demand. (S<'e Ap{H'ndix.)

The following dispatch stopi)ed for a time the further issuance (4 licenses:

••WAsiiiNcm)N, I). C, Ju/v e4, 1901—^.40 p. m.
*'Taft, Manila:

"Secretiiry of War directasend by tirst available transport full aiul t^)mplet*» copies
existing licenses granted by forestry Imreau. I>o not gi-ant more li(e'n>es till you
receive instructions. Report to date, and monthly thereafter, anmnnt forest pnMiuctti
taken from public or private lands, also amtumt importtM.1 and exported after May 1.
Send two sample sets forms used in fo^e^'try bun»au.

*'El)\VAHl>H.**

The following dispatch was received in response to a rix^uest by Governor Taft to
be permitteii to grant gratuitous licenses:

"Wasoinoton, 1). C, Septe7nf>er eif 1901,
"Taft, Manila:

"With reference to your telegram of 17th Septt»mlH*r, Secretary of War authorizes
further issue firewood and gratuitous licenses, e>peeial care being taketi in each case
not to issue more than actual necessity demands. With reference to your ti'legram
of 4th SeptemlkT, Secretary of War di'siies to know if practitable to insert in timl>er
licenses limitation on amount to be cut thereunder. What do you advise a^
max in nun?

*' Kd WARDS."

To which dispatch the following reply was sent:

"Manila, Septnulm ery, 1901.
"SKcaErrARY ok War, Wa^^hington:

Greatest amount of tind)er cut one year bv one person or company, ](K),0(X) cubic
feet. Commission thinks this small. Manila den»;in<l for lumber great. If limita-
tion imposed, should not think 500, (M)0 cubic fi'et for a vear excessive.

"Taft."

The authority to issue timber licenses waa received as per the following dispatch:

" Wabhin(}Ton, October S2, 1901.
"Taft, Manila:

"With reference to your telegram of the 17th ultimo. Secretary of War again per-
mits issuance timber licenses; in addition to previous restrict ions grant but one tind>er
license to each one bona tide individual ap])licant — not exeeedinj^ .SO in one province;
cut under any indivi<lual license not to exceed lO.DOO cul»ic feet; incorporated c(»m-
panies allowed 100, (MK) cubic feet — only 3 such licenses in each province. Licenses to
expire not later than June 30, 1902.

"Edwards."

These instructions have been followed strictly.

On July 13, 1901, the following act of the Phdippine Commission was passed:

[Act No. 166.]

"Section 1. Any person who desires to ship forest i)roduct« of whatever sort to a
foreign port shall produce to the collector of customs at the port of shij)ment a receipt
from a forestry oihcial showing that the forestry taxes on these products have been
paid, imless such products are taken from })rivate land the title to which has been
properly registered in the office of the forestry bureau, Manila, in which (iawe the
shipper shall pro<luce a certificate from a forestry oilicial to this effect.

"Sec. 2. No collector of cufitf)m8 shall clear a ve.«sel having on board forest j)rod-
ucts of any sort from any port of the Philippine Islands for a foreign port untd the
shipper of such products has complied with tin; provisions of section 1 of this act.

"iSEC. 3. Every collector of internal revenue and every provincial treasurer in the
Philippine Islands shall make to the chief of the forestry bureau an iUmiized monthly
report of all moneys received by him for taxes on forest products, giving for each
payment the date when made, the name of x\w. flayer, the nunjber of the forestry
official's order under which the payment is made, the nature of tJhe product on whicn

454 BEPORT OF THE PHILrPPINE COMMISSION.

the payment is made, the name of the province in which it was taken, and the
amount of the payment.

" Sec. 4. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage
of same is hereby expedited in accordance with section 2 of *An act prescribmg the
order of procedure by the Conmiission in the enactment of laws/ paased September
26, 1900.

*' Sac. 5. This act shall take effect on its passage."

Enacted July 13, 1901.

This act was especially intended to reach the ports of Zamboanga, Jolo, and Siassi,
where, prior to tnis, quantities of rubber, gutta-percha, and other forest products
had been frequently shipped to Borneo, Singapore, and other ports w^ithout payment
of the government charge.

This act also provided that provincial treasurers and collectors of internal revenue
make monthly itemized reports to the bureau of forestry of all revenues collected by
them on forest products.

On July 16. 1901, act No. 171 was passed, creating the positions of chief and assist-
ant chief of tne forestry bureau, and fixing the salaries of the same.

On August 1, 1901, forestry bureau stations were established at Zamboanga and
Ootabato, in Mindanao, and at Jolo. and the forestry regulations enforced in that
region. A Moro dato. Rajah Mudan Mandi, was appointed assistant forester and
placed in charge of the station at Zamboanga.

On August 1, 1901, the island of Negros was organized under the forestry bureau,
and stations established at Bacolod and Damaguete. Prior to this, the island of
Negros had its separate forestry laws, and was not under the jurisdiction of this
bureau. All forest privileges granted by this separate establishment have expired,
and were renewed by this oflSce as deemed advisable.

On September 6, 1901, act No. 222 was passed, creating the department of the inte-
rior and placing the forestry bureau in that department.

Location.

The forestry bureau has its main offices in the intendencia, or treasury building,
where are found the chief and assistant chief of the bureau, the division of forest
management and inspectors.

Here are kept the correspondence and records, and are dispatched all manifesta of
forest products which arrive in Manila.

The bureau has rented a building and some adjacent ground on the iite of the old
Arroceros market, which is used as a timber-testmg laboratory and workshop.

The botanical division is located in the building occupied by the bureau of agri-
culture at No. 155 calle Nozaleda. Desk room is set aside in the custom-house
building for the inspectors and rangers in charge of all forest products arriving in the
harbor or Pasig River.

Divisions.

The work of this bureau is administered by various divisions, as follows:

Division of inspection, Albert E. McCabe, assistant chief ; division of forest man-
agement, E. M. Griffith, forester; timber-testing laboratorv and workshop, Samuel
T. Neely, manager; division of botany, Elmer D. Merrill, botanist.

The division of inspection, under the assistant chief, Capt. A. E. McCabe, has charge
of the work of the various forestry stations in the islands, and by correspondence
and visits of inspectors regulates the work of the forestry officials, whose chief duties
are to classify, appraise, and order payment on all forest products taken from public
lands. The forestry officials in charge of stations forwara all correspondence relat-
ing to forestry matters from their districts to the main office.

The work of each station is carefully noted between inspections and a record kept
of each official's efficiencv. The frequent correspondence with each station and the
routine reports from the latter keep the main office constantly advised as to how the
service is being managed at each station.

iijach station furnishes the main office with the following reports;

Diary of operations for the month.

Copies of manifests of all forest products classified, appraised, and whether or not
paid for.

Report of all orders of payment issued and collections as evidenced by receipts
from the provincial treasurers.

This latter report is compared with the monthly report of each provincial treasurer
showing collections on forest products.

BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 455

5o forestry official is pennitted to receive any money in payment of government
valuation on forest products or for fines imposed. He merely issues an order of pay-
ment on the provincial treasurer and payment is made at the office of the latter, or
to one of his deputies.

This division has also had charge of the inspection of private woodlands roistered
in this office. This class of work will, in the near future, be turned over to tne divi-
sion of forest management.

The division of forest management, under Mr. E. M. Griffith, a forester of ability
and varied experience, has had field parties in the following places: Province of
Bataan, island of Mindoro, province of Camarines, province of Tayabas.

Th« TlMBBR-TESTlNQ LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP

Has been installed in one of the old buildings of the former market on Calle
Arroceros, which has been repaired and fitted for that purpose. The building is an
ideal one for a mechanical laboratory, being lighted by twenty-odd windows and
doors and well ventilated. It is very conveniently situated on the Pasig River,
whence, by means of a short canal, logs can be brought on cascoes to the doors of the
laboratory

The building has a clear floor space of 90 feet by 30 feet, the floors being of concrete.

The southern end of the building is used as the office of the manager and for the
exhibition of wood specimens. Along the wall at this end are a series of shelves,
which contain small polished samples of several hundred Philippine woods, arranged
according to their groups. Here, too, are large polished slabs of the best-known and
most useful woods of the archipelago. It is intended to add to this collection until
a sample of every kind of wood in the Philippines will be on exhibition.

The other end of the building is occupied oy the mechanical laboratory, the equip-
ment of which consists essentially of a machine for testing the strength of timber,
and the wood-working machinery needed for preparing the specimens to be tested.
The testing machine is one of the Tinius Olsen testing machines, of 200,000 pounds*
capacity, on which tests for tension, compression, shearing, and cross bending can
be maae, the lower platform having been especially designed for the last-named
test.

For shaping the specimens there is a saw table carrying a 20-inch circular saw, and
a small hand planer. These machines are driven by a lO-horsepower upright engine,
placed in the extreme northern end of the laboratory. Near the engine there is also
a small dry kiln, heated by steam from the engine boiler. It is built of brick and
concrete. It is 12 feet lone, 6 feet wide, and 4 feet high, inside dimensions. The
steam is carried directly at Doiler pressure through two coils of 1-inch pipe, having
150 square feet of heating surface.

Besides the ecjuipment for making strength teste, the laboratory has a pressure
saturating machine, which has recently been patented in the United States and not
yet put upon the market. The pressure saturating machine is one which injects any
kina of preservative fluid into a piece of timber under great pressure. It thoroughly
saturates the piece by filling all its pores with the fluid instead of affecting only the
surface. Timoer which is subject to attacks of the anay will be saturated with dif-
ferent preservatives and the preservative effect tested.

Connected with the laboratory on the east side is a shed 60 by 60 feet, which is
used for storing timber to be tested later on. There are now on hand 100 varieties
of wood from the Camarines, which were collected by one of the foresters of this
bureau.

The procedure in making tests will be in the same lines as those which the United
States Forestry Bureau followed in its study of timber physics.

Six-foot beams, about 4 by 6 inches in section, will be tested for cross bending and
elasticity, after being seasoned in the dry kiln. The tested beam will then be sawed
into blocks and tested for compression and shear. The amount of moisture will be
determined in the case of each block and the specific gravity of the beam. From
samples of each log there will be made a large number of compression tests on the
green wood (above 33 per cent moisture), as this test is the most satisfactory of all.

Tension teste will be made only on special occasions, as it has been shown that
timber never fails in direct tension, and the tests are not representative of any prac-
tical uses of the material.

The question of durability and resistance to the attacks of the white ant and other
destroying insects is of great practical importance, but the tests for determining these
qualities are difficult, and at best of a negative quality. The only practicable
method is to place pieces of the wood to be tested where the white ant and other
insects have free access to them and wait for results. Several attempts have been

456

BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

made to cultivate colonies of white ants and surround them with various kinds of
wood, but so far, owing to unfavorable conditions, the ants have not thrived.
Experiments which will give any useful results in this direction must necessarily
cover several years. It is possible to say that the white ants did not attack a certain
piece of wood under certain conditions, but to be able to affirm that they would not
attack a certain kind of wood under any conditions will necessitate experiments of
various kinds covering a long period of time. This should be taken into considera-
tion by persons who wish to have the effect of a particular preservative or paint
tested.

The present force of the laboratory consists of the manager, an engineman, and two
carpenters. This force will need to be greatly increased to do all of the work which
is mapped out. The estimate for funds for the coming quarter provides for six skilled
laborers and additional equipment in this division. If approved, the work contem-
plated will be pushed ahead rapidly.

Personnel,

Salary,

U.S.

currency.

Authorized July 1, 1901. -

4 foresters

1 Inspector

1 botanist

10 assistant foresters

80 rangers

1 chief clerk

1 translator

1 law clerk

1 record clerk

1 woodworker

Special agent (Dr. Sherman) .

Avihorized Aug. SI, IdOt.

Chief of bureau

Assistant chief

Manager timber testing laboratory .

6 foresters

4 inspectors

1 collector

$2,400.00

1,800.00

1,200.00

600.00

300.00

1,200.00

1,200.00

900.00

900.00

a. 76

61,800.00

3,000.00
2,400.00
2,400.00
1,800.00
1,400.00

Salary,

U.S.

currency.

Authorised Aug. SI, 190^— continued.

1 botanist

1 manager workshop

6 assistant Inspectors

6 assistant inspectors

10 assistant foresters

25 rangers

40 rangers

1 chief clerk

1 law clerk

1 record clerk

1 translator

1 accoiintiint

2 stenographers

4 clerks

2 clerks

6 clerks

2 carpenters

1 woodworker

2 messengers

200.00
200.00
200.00
900.00
600.00
420.00
800.00
800.00
400.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
900.00
600.00
300.00
240.00
a. 75
150.00

a Per day.

b Temporary.

NoTL—The botanist in bureau of agriculture ($2,000) Ijb also assigned as botanist of forestry bureau,
In addition to the botanist at $1,200.

Since July 1, 1901, the following losses to our force have occurrec^

By resignation: 1 forester, 9 rangers, 3 clerks, 2 messengers.

By transfer: 1 inspector, 1 clerk, 1 ranger.

By death: 1 assistant forester, 2 rangers. ^

Discharged for cause: 1 collector, 1 assistant forester, 17 rangers, 2 carpenters,
1 messenger.

The work of this bureau has grown steadily and will undoubtedly continue to
grow for many years. The best material for our technical force, as stated above,
must be secured from the forestry schools in the United States. One or two seasons*
field experience in the United States would be of great value to such graduates con-
templatmg work in the Philippines. Such men will be employed usually in technical
work, viz, making working plans in districts where logging companies contemplate
operations.

The administrative work of this bureau is done by 4 assistant inspectors, 10 assistant
foresters, and 65 rangers.

All of the stations (42) beyond Manila are filled by Filipinos.

All officials of this bureau are in the classified civil service. Those who were
employed in the bureau at the time of the inauguration of the civil-service law were
taken into the civil service without examination, but are now required to pass an
examination before being considered eligible for promotion. All the Americans in
the service but 2 are now eligible for promotion, and all but 21 Filipinos. Six Fili-
pinos took the examination and failed. Fifteen Filipinos have not taken any exami-
nation. All are urged to study the English language, and some knowledge of this
language will b© required in all future promotions.

BEPOBT OK THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 457

The field parties are usually composed of 1 forester, 1 inspector, 1 clerk, 1 botanist
or collector, and about 5 to 10 natives as cooks, carriers, tree namers, calipermen,
guides, and laborers. The maximum expense for this extra native force is $65 gold
per month for each field party.

The inspector destined for technical work will serve for a few months under a chief
of party, and he will then, if practicable, be given a party and promoted to the grade
of forester if results obtained by his party are satisfactory.

This bureau finds great difficulty in securing desirable inspectors. The graduates
of the Cornell, Yale, and Biltmore schools are few in number, and attractive work
offered them at home gives us but very few for the Philippines.

An examination for 6 forest inspectors for technical work in these islands was held
in the United States June 10, but the result of the examination is not yet known.

We need at once at least 12 young men with college training as a basis and some
training in forestry, such as is given in Minnesota ana at Berea^ Ky. These men are
needed for the administrative work of the bureau. Their training in these islands
would begin with about one month's work in Manila, followed by several months
with field parties in that part of the archipelago where they would eventually be
stationed as inspectors in cnarge of a group of stations covering a territorj^ compris-
ing half a dozen or more provinces. These men would begin their service with a
salary of |1,200 per year and allowances for all actual and necessary traveling
expenses.

The botanist, Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, who is also botanist for the bureau of agricul-
ture, is assisted by Mr. Regino Garcia, a botanist and artist, with more than thirty-
five years' practical experience in every region of the Philippines. Simeon Garcia,
a son of Regino, and one other native also assist in that division.

A collector of forest botany has been authorized, and a competitive examination
for this position has been held in the United States, the result of which is not yet
known to this bureau. The collector will be given several men to assist him in his
work, and as there will be four to eight parties in the field in different parts of these
islands the work of collecting should progress rapidly.

The division of botany will be assisted in its field and office work by other
employees of the bureau as required.

A request has been made on the Civil Service Commission in Washington to select
6 men as pcientific aids.

Tlie positions of '* scientific aids" have been created in this bureau with the idea
of giving instructors in botany in the United States who wish some experience in
tropical conditions, recent graduates who may wish to collect data and material for
thesis work for advanced degrees, forestry students, etc., an opportunity to become
familiar with the botanical and forestry features of these islands, and at the same
time aid in solving some of the many problems that confront us. To the botanist
this field is especially attractive, for the flora of many sections is practically unknown,
in spite of the great amoimt of work done by Blanco, Vidal, and others, and the
large collections by Cuming, Loher, etc.

The salary of the "scientific aids," $26 gold per month, although indeed very
limited, is deemed enough for the purpose, as those who are appointed receive all
their traveling expenses to Manila, and as a large portion of their term of service
here will be spent in the field, with all expenses paid, it is believed that, under
existing conditions, the salary will be ample to pay all other ordinary expenses.

Field outfit^ botanical presses, species sheets, driers, etc., and all other material
necessary for making thorough botanical collections, will be furnished by this office,
but one set of all collections made is to be deposited in the herbarium of this bureau
and one set is to be deposited in the United States National Herbarium (the remain-
ing sets to be distributed according to the discretion of the collector), with the
recommendation that, if possible, sets be sent to the Kew Gardens, in England, and
to the leading botanical institutions in the United States, the Gray Herbarium, New
York Botanical Gardens, St. Louis Botanical Gardens, and Cornell and Yale schools.

Those who are appointed to these positions in this bureau will be assigned to one
of the several field parties with directions to make thorough botanical collections,
with special reference to the subjects which they have selected or which have been
assigned to them.

According to the line of work, appointees may be transferred from one party to
another in various parts of the islands as their work progresses.

At the present time there are field parties in the province of Tayabas and the
island of Mindoro; work is contemplated in the near future in the provinces of Zam-
boanga, Bataan, Bulacan, and Negros. These field parties afford an excellent oppor-
tunity for making thorough botanical collections, as all the details, equipment,
transportation, food, labor, etc., are settled by the forester in charge of the party,
and the working botanist will have his entire time in which to make collections and

458 BBPOBT OF THE l^OILIPPIKE 0OMMIS8IOK.

take notes. To anyone femiliar with Philippine conditions it is evident that this
matter of havii^ all details arranged is of the greatest advantage.

Selections of "scientific aids" will be made by the Civil Service Commission in
Washington, to whom all applications should be addressed.

At present the herbaria of the bureaus of agriculture and forestry are united, and
although now rather small, material is fast accumulating, and very soon we shall
have a good working collection. It was especially unfortunate that the very valua-
ble Spanish collections, classified by Vidal, with the collaboration of Mr. Kolfe, of
the Kew Gardens, and containing much valuable material, the collections of Vidal
and other Spanish botanists, and a partial set of Cuming's Philippine material, were
entirely destroyed by fire in the autumn of 1897, together with a very valuable refer-
ence library. The botanical garden in Manila is very poorly situated and is a botan-
ical ^rden in name only. At present it serves as a city park, and probably will for
all time.

LiBBABT.

Our reference books are at present comparatively few, but the list below will give
some idea of those available, to which should be added a practically complete library
on the Gramineae, the personal property of F. Lamson-Scribner. Additional essen-
tial books will soon be ordered, and while it will be some time before we can hope
to possess a reference library by any means complete, yet this department will be
built up with our collections.

Bentley & Trimen, Medicinal Plants, 4 vols.

Bentham, Flora Hongkongensis.

Bentham & Hooker, Genera Plantarum, with Duranda Index.

Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, 1837.

Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, 1845.

Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, 4 vols, text, 2 vols, plates, edition of 1880, with Fern.
Villars, Nov. Appendix.

Blume, C. L., Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavium, 2 vols.

Blume & Fischer, Flora Javae, 4 vols.

DeCandolle, Prodromus, 17 vols., with Buck's Index.

DeCandolle, Monographise Phanerogamarum, 9 vols.

Engler & Prantl, Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

Hasskarl, Filices Javanicese.

Hooker, Flora of British India, 7 vols.

Hooker & Jackson, Index Kewensis.

Horsfield, T., Plantae Javanicese Kariores.

Jackson, Guide to the Literature of Botany.

Kunth, Enumeratic Plantarum, 5 vols.

Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum, 3 vols.

Kurz, Forest Flora of British Burma, 2 vols.

Louiero, Flora Cochinchinensis, 2 vols.

Maffei, Principales Especies Arboreo-Forestales de Filipinaa.

Pritzel, Thesaurus Literaturse Botanicse.

Roemer & Scholtes, Systema Vegetabilium, 8 vols, with Mantissse, 3 volfl,

Rolfe, R. A., On the Flora of the Philippine Islands.

Smith, J., Enumeratio Felicium Philippinarum.

Trimen & Hooker, Flora of Ceylon.

Vidal, Flora Forestal de Filipinas, with atlas of 100 plates.

Vidal, Phanerogamae Cumingianse Philippinarum.

Vidal, Revision de Plantas Vasculares de Filipinas.

Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products oi India, 6 vols.

Willdenow, Species Plantarum, 6 vols.

The use of a thoroughly equipped laboratory for morphological work is offered by
Dr. Coulter of the Manila Normal School. The government laboratories are now
available for any special work on gums, gutta-percha, alkaloids and other vegetable
products found in the islands.

With our small library and herbarium, and the short term of service (ten months)
of the ** scientific aids," it is hardly to be expected that results can be worked up in
Manila, other than a preliminary report, but the more complete report will be made
after return to the United States.

A set of all collections will be deposited in the United States National Herbarium,
and, so far as possible, material wiu be supplied to the leading botanical institutions
in the United States. To our present knowledge, the Philippine material now in
the United States consists of the plants of Wrifrht's United States exploring expedi-
tion at the Gray Herbarium, and probably also the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

REPOBT OF THB PHILIPPIKB OOXMISSIOH.

469

Sdenoes and the New York Botanical Gardens-~ft partiAl set of Onming's collection
at the Gray Herbarium, a set of A. Leber's Philippine material at the united States
National Herbarium, and some of Haenke's material, on which Presl's Reliquin
Haekeaneae waa based, at the St. Louis Botanical Gardens. In Europe the most
complete collection of material is at the Kew Gardens, consisting of the plants col-
lected by Cuming, Loher, and the only complete set of Vidal's collections in existence.

In addition to the opportunity for travel and a year's experience in the tropici, m
a practically unknown country from a botanical standpoint, it should be borne in
mind that in Manila one is within comparatively easy reach of the famous botanical
gardens at Buitenzorg, Java, at Singapore, and at Hongkong, each with a magnificent
collection of growing plants from all portions of the tropics, extensive botanical col-
lections and nne botanical libraries, the facilities of which, through the kindness of
their directors, have been offered for the use of those American botanista who are
working on the Philippine flora.

Mr. Merrill is under orders from this bureau (departed September 2) to visit the
botanical gardens at Buitenzoijg and Singapore. He will take with him a collection
of botanical material for identification, and will also arrange for future collAboration
at these places.

On July 1 of last year the following stations were established:

Angeles, Pampanga.
Aparri, Cagayan.
Arayat, Pampanga.
Aring:a, Union.
Baguio, Benguet.
Baiangas, Batangaa.
Calumpit, Bulacan.
Cebu, Cebu.
Guianyangen, Tayabaa,
Iloilo.

Laoag, Ilocos Norte,
Legaspi, Albay.

lingayen, Pangasinan.
Lucena, Taj^abas,
Malabon, Kizal.
Mariveles, Bataan.
Orani, Bataan.
PasacAO, Camarines.
San Fernando, Pampanga.
San Fernando, Union.
San Pedro Macati, Rizal.
Subig. Zambales.
Tacloban, Leyte.
Tarlac, Tarlac

SUttions on August 31^ 190$,

Angat^ Bulacan.

Aparn, Cagayan.

Arayat, Pampanga.

Bacolod, Occidental Negros.

Batangas, Batangas.

Cadiz Nuevo, Occidental Negros.

CsLpiz, Capiz.

Cavite, Cavite.

Cebu, Cebu.

Cottabato, Mindanao.

Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija.

Bumaguete, Oriental Negros.

Guinayangen, Tayabas.

Iligan, Isabela.

Iloilo, Iloilo.

Jolo, Jolo.

Laoag, Ilocos Norte.

Lregaspi, Albay.

Lingayen, Pangasinan.

Lucena, Tajrabas.

Malabon, Rizal.

Masbate, Masbate.

Misamis, Misamis.

Nueva Caceres, Camarinea.

Orani, Bataan.

Pasacao, Camarines.

Pasig, Rizal.

Romblon, Romblon.

San Fernando, Union.

San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

San Jose de Buena vista, Antique.

Santa Cruz, Laguna.

Santa Cruz, Zambales.

Sorsogon, Sorsogon.

Subig, Zambales.

Surigao, Surigao.

Tacloban, Leyte.

Talavera, Nueva Ecija.

Tarlac, Tariac.

Tayug, Pampanga.

Vigan, Ilocos Sur.

Zamboanga, Zamboanga.

Orders have recently been issued to establish stations at Alcala and Olaveria in the
province of Cagayan.

REGULATIONS.

The recent legislation by Congress continues in force the present forestrv regula-
tions, but a careful revision of same is necessary and is now being preparea for con-
sideration by the Philippine Commission by a board consisting of the chief and
assistant chief of the bureau, three foresters, and one inspector. The present regu-
lations have been in force since the organization of this ouTeau in June, 1900, and
have been apparently satisfactory, but practical work in the field, where the work of

460 BBPOBT OF THB PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

timber cutters has been observed, has made clear the fact that fuller protection of
the commercially valuable tree species must be provided. Operations for logging on
a large scale by several companies are under way, and regulations must be prepared
so that the government's interests will be protected, ana at the same time enable
the licensee to see his way clear to profitable enterprise.

A vast amount of mature timber should be cut as soon as practicable, and induce-
ments should be offered private parties to remove such, and also all other timber
which the forester deems it advisable to cut.

The regulations should provide for licenses under special contract for periods suf-
ficiently extended so that companies will feel justified in installing plants large
enough to do the work desired by this bureau.

The Filipino method of logging is very destructive and wasteful. The native
logger is unable to handle large logs. As a rule he fells the tree before its maturitv
and at its best seed-bearing staee. The large trees have rarely been removed and will
necessitate the use of the cable system of logging, railways, etc., all of which take
large capital. A period of at least ten years should be granted in the contract license.
These licenses should be granted to the highest bidder.

LiCBNBXB.

Pursuant to the dispatch dated October 22, 1901, from the Secretary of War, licenses
were issued and limited to thirty in number per province, and the amount of timber
allowed to be cut was limited to 10,000 cubic feet for individuals and 100,000 cubic
feet for companies. Licenses are issued without charge, but the forest product under
the license is charged for as it is taken from the forest. Applications for licenses are
made on blank forms furnished by the bureau.

The largest amount of timber cut on public land by any one company during the
past year was less than 100,000 cubic feet, and not more than five licensees cut more
than 50,000 cubic feet. The average cutting under a timber license which is granted
for one year is less than 6,000 cubic feet. This small amount is due to the primitive
methods of logging, lack of transportation, good roads, and labor.

Persons may take firewood from public land for their own domestic use without
license. Licenses are required in order to take out firewood for the market or for use
in any commercial enterprise.

Each forestry official in the province is furnished with blank forma of applications
and is required to see that these forms are properly made out, and forward same with
his approval or disapproval, stating reasons therefor in the latter case.

A modification of the present regulations will be recommended, as mentioned
above, which will permit the granting of contract licenses, in which licenses an
agreement will be entered into by which a company will agree to cut and remove
within a reasonable time all timber selected for fellmg. A working plan of the forest
where such rights are granted will show the varieties and amount of timber to be
selected, length of haul, and average market prices of the better known varieties,
cost of transportation, etc.; in fact, just such information as a logging company
would require. To justify the installation of a modem plant for handling large and
heavy timber, a company should be given in the license a term of at least ten years,
and also the exclusive privilege in a specified district of cutting timber for the mar-
ket; the local residents in said district to have every facility offered them to secure
such timber as they may require for their own use at reasonable rates.

Under the suggested contract license the amount of timber marked for felling
would probably be much in excess of the present limit of 100,000 cubic feet. It will
take several well-equipped companies many years to cut a small part of the over-
mature timber which this bureau would be willing to mark for immediate removal.

The following are the forms of application for licenses at present in use:

APPLICATION FOB A TIMBER LICBNSS.

, 1902.

Forestry Bureau, Manila^ P. L:

I hereby make application for a license to cut timber on the public lands in the
province of .

Location in province of timber .

I am a resident of -

I shall employ about men for cutting and hauling timber.

My equipment for logging consists of .

I will not cut or haul any timber under a gratuitous license.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 461

I shall be prepared to cut and haul to shipping points during the year about

cubic feet of timber.

I fully understand the forestry regulations in force in these islands; will strictly
comply with same, and will be responsible for the compliance with same of all
parties operating under the timber license granted the undersigned.

Date: .

Place: .

Remarks: ,

" , Banger,

APPLICATION FOR A FIREWOOD LICENSE.

I hereby make application for a license to cut firewood on the public lands of the
province of , town of .

I understand the forestry regulations governing the cutting of firewood and will
comply strictly with the same.

I am a resident of .

, Applicant,

Date: .

Place: .

Observations: .

, Hanger,

APPLICATION FOR A GRATUITOUS LICENSE.

I hereby make application for a gratuitous license to cut timber on the public

lands in the province of , town of .

I am a resident of the town of , province of .

The amount and kinds of timber required are as follows:

Classes of Umber.

' Dimensions.

Cubication,

I shall use this timber solely for the following purpose: .

I understand the forestry regulations governing the cutting of timber under a gra-
tuitous license and will comply strictly with the same, and will be responsible for
the compliance with same by all parties operating under the gratuitous license
granted the undersigned.

Neither the undersigned nor any of the parties cutting for him are holders of an
ordinary license.

— — _ )

ApplicanL

I hereby certify that this applicant, , is a needy resident.

Municipal Presidente,

Date: .

Place: .

Observations: •

Banger,

462 BBPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

APPLICATION FOB A DYEWOOD LICENSE.

I hereby make application for a license to cut and gather dyewoods on public
lands in the province of , town of .

I am a resident of .

I will not cut or haul any timber under a gratuitous license.

I understand the forestry regulations in force in these islands and will comply
strictly with the same, and will be responsible for the compliance with same by all
parties operating under the license requested.

Applicant,
Date:
Place:

Observations:

Banger.

APPLICATION FOR A CHARCOAL LICENSE.

I hereby make api)lication for a license to cut timber and other firewood on pub-
lic lands m the province of , town of , for the purpose of

making charcoal.

I am a resident of .

I will not cut or haul any timber under a gratuitous license.

I understand the forestry regulations in force in these islands and will comply
strictly with the same, and will be responsible for the compliance with same by all
parties operating under the license requested.

______ ^

Applicant,
Date:
Place:

Observations:

Ranger,

APPLICATION FOB A LICENSE TO EXTRACT GUMS AND RESINS ON PUBLIC LANDS.

I hereby make application for a license to extract gums and resins on the public
lands in tne province of , town of .

I am a resident of .

I understand the forestry regulations in force in these islands and will comply
strictly with the same, ana be responsible for the compliance with same by all par-
ties operating under the license requested.

— — __— ^

Applicant,

Date: .

Place : .

Observations : »

'' >

Ranger.

BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

463

Statemeni of licemes granted during the fiscal year ending June SO^ 190t^ and for months

of July and August, 190$.

JULY 1. 1901, TO JUNE 80, 1902.

[The black flgrures in column of timber licenses indicate the number of companies ^rnmted license
to cut 100,000 cubic feet All other timber licenses are for 10,000 cubic feet]

1

1

1

1

1

1

Gratuitous.

j

ProTlnce.

Ii

r

a

1

P

i

!i

Albay

i

{
f

f

8

18

9

26

28

16

1

6

17

1

13

SO

6

6

8

1

7

16
27
16
10
4
1
19

2

22

Ou./l.

2

2
2
9

Cu.Jt.

18,119

9,694
46,400
48,496

2

4

7
16

28

Antioue -

2

6

7

650
1,900
2.398

14

Abra

84

Bataan

66

Buljican ....

2

18

Batangas

1

Benguet

1
2

6,200
14,000

1
28

6

Capez

11

2
11

21

8,732

61

Camarines Ambos

3

19

Cagayan

8
2

66,000
10,000

8
2

87

Cattabato

8

13

Cavite

16

Cebu

3

Davao

>:

6
21

12

1

1

2

24

IIocos Norte

8

667

12
13
3
6
1

6

1

8

5

60,260
54,027
4, 724
40,000
13,000

38,056

6,600

72,800

79,126

16
18
8
6
1

6

1

4

57

32

IlocosSur .

47

Iloilo

9

2

61

Isabela

16

Laguna ... ...

1

} •

Leyte

80

Lepanto-Bontoc

1

Marinduque

{

{

{

{

1
16
81
14
17

1
80
24
21
25
20
20
10
15

6

1

30
30
18
30

2
31

} '

16

1
6

10
10
13
9
3
4
7

12

1
6

1

1

52

1,000
14,976

80

Maabate

3

112

Misamis

16

Nueva Ecija

2

1,060

6
1
2

10,986

4,633

87,619

7

1

16
1
6

80

Negroe Occidental

Negroe Oriental

6

66

18
1

2,085
178

46

Pampanga

82

Pan&rasinan . ...

6

41,020

41

Parasrua

8

36

Rizaf ..::;:.::..:::::: :

1

4,000

i

16
2
1

2

19
7
18

7

30

Romblon

2

16

6,108

81

Sorsogon

2

10,260

21

Surigao

1

2

14
8
8

3

127

1,549

8,936
616
463

1,474

14

Tay abas

6

1

1

69

Tarlac

5

4
10

4

9,807
40,166
116,184

40,000

61

Union

25

Zambales

21

} «

4
13

3

1

8

79

Zamboanga

68

Total

{

10

662

}^

62

19

13

149

46,708

111

894,406

260

1,804

464

KEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

Statement of licenses granted during the fiscal year ending JuTie SO^ 190^y and for moniJis
of July and August^ 1902 — Continued.

JULY 1 TO AUGUST 31, 1902.

[The black fibres in column of timber licenses indicate the number of companies granted license
to cut 100,000 cubic feet. All other timber licenses are for 10,000 cubic feet.]

i
1

1

C

1

a

00

1

1

Gratuitous.

.

Province.

5

OS .

r

If

1

h

&

i

Albay

3

2

Oil. ft.

Ca.ft.

5

Antique

1
1
2

6,000
2.500
15,122

1
1

4

1

Abm

{

{

8
10
11
2
7
1
7

10
3
1
6
1
3
11
16

2
6
3

1

4

16

BatHrtii

2

553

20

Bulacan

1

16

Benguet

2

Capez . .

2

3
1
2

I

9
2

6,031
14,000

9
2

18

Camarines Ainbos

1

1

14

Cagayan ..

31

Cattabato

12

2

20

Cebu

2

Davao

11

2

21

Ilocos Norte

3

Ilocos Sur

^ 2
9

1
1

14

Uoilo

1

3

30

Isabela

2

12,000

2

2

Laguna

{

{
{

2
1

6
1

10
9
2

10
2
8
6
8

11
6
6
8
9
9
1
1

18

19
8
2
1
9

2

Leyte

w

7

Marinduque

1

1

1

18

Masbate

16

Misnmis

1

10,000

1

3

Nueva Ecija

2

>:

6
10
2
6

12

NegrosOccidoiitftl

Negros Oriental

1

16

1
1
1

1,620
25,000
1,000

1
1
1

10

Pampanga

14

Pangasinan

22

Paragua . . ...

1

8

Rizal

10

Romblon

6

2,790

1
1

3,000
25,000

6
1

1
1
1
8

9

Sorsogon

2

12

Surlgao

1

600

10

Samar

1

35,000

2

Tayabas

}>3
10

2

1

1
6

700

1,380

35

Tar lac

2

2,100

37

Union

8

Zambales

1

} «

1
9

1

3,000

1
1

6

Zamboanga

1

1

867

23

Total

{

8
267

1 112

41

11

8

16

7,180

27

159, 373

48

472

Cost op Logging in the Philippines.

A company or individual who has secured a timber license from the forestry bureau
pays the following government stumpage per cubic foot, according to the grade of
the tunber:

Cents.

Superior group 14

First group 10

Second group 8

Third group 8

Fourth group 2

Fifth group 1

5 •-*

o o

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

465

Note. — All moneys, other than salaries of forestry officials, mentioned in this report
are in local or Mexican currency. The linear measure used by the native loggers,
local concerns, and forestry bureau is the Spanish system. The Spanish cubic foot is
equal to 0.76 of an English cubic foot.

On large operations, where the cutting includes trees of the su{)erior, first, second,
and third groups, the average government valuation has been found to amount to 10
cents per cubic foot. The total cutting by all parties shows that the average valuation
is about 5 cents per cubic foot.

The price paid for labor in the woods varies according to the local demand; but
the following average prices are believed to be approximately correct:

Choppers and hewers, 70 cents per day, exclusive of board; trail builders, skidders,
and drivers, 50 cents per day, exclusive of board; hire of carabao, $1 to $1.50 pt»rday.

Rinderpest has carried off thousands of c^rabaos, so that in some provinces the lack
of these animals is a very serious problem, especially in agricultural work. Conse-
quently the price or hire of carabaos varies considerably, according to local conditions.
The cost of hauling with carabaos naturally varies, but on an average haul of from 1
to 3 miles it is customary to figure on about 20 cents per cubic foot.

However, nearly all the cutting, hewing, and hauling is done by contract, the tim-
ber companies paying the natives a certain price per vara and punto for squared
timber delivered on the beach.

One of the successful companies operating in the Philippines pays according to the
following scale:

Tariff for timber delivered on the beach.

IPIL, MOLAVE, ACLE, TINDALO, NARRA, YACAL.

Dimensions.

Prices?.

Excess
extra

for each
punto.

Varaa.

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Puntos.

Puntos.

Pesos.

Reales.

Cuiirtos.

Reales.

Cnartos.

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

4
6

7
1
4
4

10

7
15

2
10

5

10

1
1
2
3
4
6
7
9
10
12
13
15

1
1
2
3
8
4
5
6
6
7
8

10

4

2
6
()
4
2

10

10

BANSALAGUIN, BANABA, BATITINAN, GUIJO, ARANGA, MALACADIOS.

5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
JO
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

6
7

1
4
5
7

7
15
15
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
10

10

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
8
8
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7

10

1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
6
6
7
7
9
9

10

2
3
5

10

6
4
7
2

10
10

3
6
4
7

10
10

WAR 1902— VOL 10-

-80

466

BEPOBT OF TRE PHILIPPIICE COMMISSION.

Tariff for Umber ddivered on the beach — Continued.

BETIS AND DUNGON.

Dimensions.

Prices.

Excess for each
extra pun to.

VaravS.

Puntos.

Puntos.

Pesos.

Reales.

Cuartos.

Ileal OS.

Cuartos.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
8
9
9

7
2
6

13

10
10
5
6

1
1

2
2
3
8
4
4
6
6
7
7
9
10
10

3

6
1
4
7
2
5

10
10

10
10

6
2

10
10

5

MANCACHAPUY, SUPA, BANUYO, CALAMANSAY.

8
9
10
11
12
18
14
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1
1

2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7

5
7
2
3

10

15
10
10
10
5
5

1
1
1
2
2
•3
3
3
3
4
4
6
6
7
7

3
6

1
4
7
2
5

16
15
10
10

4
1
6

10

10
10

10

Nearly all the timber is cut in as long lengths as it is possible for the carabao to
haul, and then in order to materially reduce the weight and save hauling slab and
cull, the log is hewed on four sides in the woods.

The forestry bureau adds 25 per cent to the scale of the hewed timber to cover the
loss of this material.

All the large mills are located in Manila and very little lumber is manufactured
in the provinces. When the timber is cut in the provinces close to Manila, the
squared timbers are often made up into rafts, with a large amount of bamboo, which
is necessary in order to float the heavy Philippine timber. But when the sea trip is
a long one, especially in the typhoon season, the timbers are shipped to Manila,
usually on sailing vessels. The average freight to Manila may be figured at about
30 cents per cubic foot. This cost is much lower where the lumber company uses
its own vessels.

The amount of timber which was received in Manila from the provinces from
July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, is approximately:

Cubic feet.

Publiclands 1,787,225

Private lands 182,620

Total 1,969,851

MARKET PRICE FOR SQUARED TIMBER IN MANILA.

Within the last two years there has been an ever-increasing amount of building in
Manila and also in many of the provinces. In consequence of this, especially as
the demand far exceeds the amount which the natives are able to get out with the
present lack of carabaos, the price of native and imported timber is steadily rising.

BEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 467

This is shown by the following prices paid for squared timber by the mills in INIimila
on May 4 and August 12, 1902:

Market price per cubic foot (Manila) for squared timber August 1^, 1902.

Ipil |2. m) to $2. 50

Molave 1 . 80 to 2. 50

Tindalo 2. 00 to 2. 50

Yacal .80

Betis 1. 00

Banuyo .80

Anuiouisi 60 to . (>5

Apit< m<^ .00

Lauan .45

Nana 1. 00 to 1. 20

Balacat .45

Galantas 1. 20

Acle 1.10

Mnrket price per cubic foot (Manila) for squared tiviber May 4y 1902.

Ipil $0. 95 to $1, 80

Molave 1. 10 to 1. 25

Tin(ial< 95 to 1. :U)

Yacal .80

BetiH 1. 00

Banuyo . 00

Amnguis .55

Apiton^; 35 to .45

I^anan .40

Narra 90 to 1 . 10

Calantas 1. 10 to 1.15

Acle 1.10

Dung(m 80 to . S){)

Tanguilc . 00

Guijo 65 to . 00

Batitinan .50

Manicnic .30

Mangayinoro .40

Palo-Maria (Del Monte) .30

This rapid increase may be partly accounted for by the small amount of timber
8hipi)ed to Manila during the months of June and July, at which time, in many of
the provinces, nearly all work was stopped on account of the cholera.

Philippine Sawmills.

Tliere are but fourteen sawmills in the Philippine Islands using steam or water
power. iMght of these are in Manila and six in the provinces, one at each of the
following places; Caloocan, Paete, Tarlac, Tacloban, Island of Sibuyan, Santa Maria,
Zamboanga, and Dulapoan. The description of the Manila mills will serve for all.

The following data were gathered with care, and unless the American lumberman
has had experience in sawing very hard wood and understands logging methods in
the Philippines he will be surprised at the figures given below.

The ordinary slowest feed on some of the saws which were set up recently in
Manila was found to be too fast, for many logs seemed as hard as stone, and rij)ped
out sawteeth and stopped operations in some of the mills only too frequently. The
mill owners realize the value of a very slow feed and the value of first-class sawyers.
In time as these woods are better known there will be fewer breaks in milling and
the daily output for each mill will increase.

468

BBPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

The following is a list of the eight Manila sawmills mentioned above, and also a list
of the mills where the sawing is done by hand:

Sawmills in Manila using steam or water power.

Name of mill.

Machinery used.

Daily

output in

cubic

feet.

Remarks.

Compania General de Taba-
cos de Filipinas.

Spanish sawmill, No. 1!K)

Calle Globo de Oro.
Manila sawmill, KK; Reina

Kegente.
Rafael Perez, 42 Calle Soler..

(Mark's mill

San Nicolas Iron Works .

Cadwallader & Co .
Bourns's mill

Total output.

1 band saw,8 resaws, 4 planers,
1 gang of five saws.

1 gang of three, 2 gang resaws,

1 circular ripsaw.
1 gang ri p, 2 gang resaws

1 gang saw, 6 gang resaws, 2

band saws, 3 ripsaws.

Not rniiinng

1 gang three stiws, 1 circular

ripsjiw, not running.
1 band mill, planers, molders,

and joiners.
1 b;iiui saw, complete, with

steam feed.

40

120

300

1,000
1,700

3,660

At present this company is
only cutting calantas for
cigar boxes for its own
use.

No stated output.

Do.

Spanish, Filipino, and Chinese mills sawing by hand.

Mill owner.

Maricano de Compc

Qregorio Here

Dominei Queen

Shee Chanco

Becinto Garcia

Co-Qulnco

Maricano Arselnno

Pablo Co-Quinco

Pablo Escolar

M. B. Sarata

Pablo Co-Quinco

Pio Barretto

Li-Ginco

Yu Sunquian

DeChingCo

Yeng Jungco Cnav & Cv

Go-Tom Co

Di Yaco

Mariano Velasco

Yong Saco

To Tangco

Tableria de Tansamco .

Tableria Antigua

Horacio J. Higgins

Chans Nan Co

Tang Yong

YuChico

Tan Tan Co

Tableri a de A breu

Rafael Go Tan Co

Ciriaco Cieya

Tan Tan Co

Do

Total

Niimbei
of men

em-
ployed.

Number
of saws
used.

Daily

output in

cubic

feet.

9

8

36

15

6

72

7

2

24

6

2

24

5

1

12

14

6

60

9

3

36

26

11

121

13

5

60

18

3

36

11

4

48

39

17

204

12

4

48

5

1

12

9

3

36

10

3

36

9

3

36

9

3

36

20

8

96

13

5

r>o

6

2

24

9

3

36

8

3

36

9

3

36

17

7

84

13

5

60

15

6

72

18

7

84

10

4

48

9

3

3*-.

11

4

48

35

15

180

13

6

60

432

159

1,897

BEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSIOIT.

469

The above output is not equal to the demand, and in consequence prices continue
high, and the hand mill alongside the steam sawmill is running at agood profit. As
a rule it costs not less than 30 cents per cubic foot to saw by hand. Those sawing by
hand are paid by the piece, as follows:

Cla«8 of timber.

Cost per
cubic
foot.

Ipil and tindalo

Molave

Yacal, banuyo, lauan» balaciit

Betis

Diingon

Apitone, narra, aole, guijo . . .
Tanguile, manicnic, batitiuaii

One steam sawmill in Manila will saw into boards 1 inch in thickness and over for
17 cents per cubic foot. This price, however, a})plie8 only to a mixed shipment of
logs. A higher charge is usually made for sawing molave, betis, dungon, and other
especially hard woods. The other mills charge a higher price for sawing, ranging
from 30 to 50 cents per cubic foot for ordinary timber; higher prices rule for sawing
the very hard woods.

The market price for sawed stuff is so high that the loss of wood due to sawing
with the circular saw was the reason one company discontinued using its circular
saw and employed handsaws in preference, stating later that the change above noted
was profitable to the company.

The reasons for the existence of the above conditions are as follows: A strong
market, scarcity of logs, an uncertainty of the supply, and a lack of skill in handUng
steam sawmill machinery.

Market Price for Manufactured Lumber.

The following table shows the average prices of boards nine-sixteenths, seven-
sixteenths, five-eighths, three-eighths, one-half, and 1 inch in thickness per cubic foot:

I^uan II. 00 to $1.12

Tanguile 1.40

Manicnic 1. 30

Molave 4.00to 4.50

Dungon 3.00

Panao 2.00

Apitong , . . . 1. 40

Narra 4. 00 to 6. 00

Tindalo 4.00

Ipil 4.00

Guijo 12.25

Acle 2. 50 to $3. 00

Calantas 3. 00

Bati t i n an 3 . 00

Yacjal l.SOto 1.90

Betis 2.00

Banuyo 1.50

Amuguis 83

Balacat 1.12

Imported Lumber.

Several departments of the United States Government in these islands find it
necessary to import several milUon feet of manufactured lumber from the United
States and Borneo, owing to the high prices and scarcity of native lumber.

The average prices paid for the above lumber is as follows, in gold, i>er thousand:

Oregon pine, laid down at Portland, Oreg $9. 00

Oregon pine, laid down at Manila, from 21 .65 to |26.50

Redwood, laid down at Manila 31. 50

Borneo lumber, laid down at Manila 65. 00

Cord Wood.

Cord wood in the provinces costs from $4 to |7 per 1,000 rajas. Freight to Manila
from $12 to $15 per 1,000 rajas.

Transportation by hand from dock to vards in Manila costs about $4 per 1,000
rajas. Licenses to sell cord wood in Manila cost $60 per year.

470 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION,

Market Price op Cord Wood in Manila.

Rajas, superior class, sticks 4 to 5 inches in diameter and 3 feet long, $40 to $50
per 1,000 rajas. (At the present time, August, 1902, the price is $56.50, but this
IS unusually high. )

Rajas, first class, sticks 3 inches in diameter and 3 feet long, $20 to $30 per 1,000
rajas.

Rajas, intermediate class, containing sticks of both superior and first class, $28 to
$35 per 1,000 rajas.

Split sticks, about 2 feet long and 1 inch in diameter, three to four sticks for 1 cent,
according to grade.

Charcoal.

Charcoal sells for $1 to $1.20 per sack, containing 27 ''gantas." Most of it, how-
ever, is sold to the natives by the ganta, the price ranging irom 10 to 12 cents.

The Forests op the Philippine Islands.

The various charts show from 948 to 1,725 islands, with a total area of about 119,542
square miles. Of this great number of islands the two largest are Luzon (47,238
square miles) and Mindanao (36,237 square miles). The next largest is Samar (5,040
H(]uare miles). There are eight others of more than 1,000 square miles and but six
a<l<iitional islands of more than 100 square miles, some fifty or more smaller islands
of minor importanc^e, thus leaving about 1,600 islands not worth mentioning, many
of tliem nothing more than great masses of ruck and sand, witli little j)lant life visible.

The area of the Phili})pine Islands as given by various Spanish engineers runs
between a little less than 70,000,000 to a little more than / 3,000,000 acres. The forest
area was estiniated by Fernando Castro in 1890 at about 48,112,920 acres. This esti-
mate includes all woodland, public and private. The area of private woodlands held
under a good title is far below 1,000,000 acres.

All owners of ])rivate woodlands must register their titles to such lands in the for-
estry bureau at Manila before cutting for the market any timber or firewood on such
j>roperty. If these titles are not registered in the forestry bureau, the wood cut is
charged for as if cut on public lands. At present tiie total area of private woodland
I'i'gistered in this bureau is about 250,000 a(;res.

As far as we can learn from the former forestry ofiicials in these islands no scientific
examination was ever made of the stand of timber. This work is now being carried
on bv field parties from the forestry bureau. Field parties have examined the for-
ests in the provinces of Bataan and South Camarines, and are now in the forests of
IVlindoro and Baler. These parties inaugurate their work by a preliminary recon-
noissance of the region. They then make a detailed investigation of the amount
and varieties of standing timber, measuring and noting carefully every tree included
in the sample acres selected. A botanical collection is made at this time. A log at
least 6 feet in length is taken from the tree from which the leaf, fruit, and fiower are
tak(^n.

There are between 600 and 700 native tree species, of which there is some infor-
mation, but there is great (confusion in both scientific and popular names of tree
species which it will take much time to correct. Upward of 50 species are found on
an acre and several hundred species in a comparatively limited region. From
Bataan Province alone we have valuation surveys on about 600 average acres, and
before the work is closed some 500 more will be added. From these surveys nmch
interesting information will be gathered concerning the stand and varieties of tim-
ber, their peculiarities of growth, character of the soil, and rock formation. (See
chapter on Bataan. ) In addition there will be notes on methods and cost of logging,
labor, nxeans of trans|)ortation, cliaracter of roads and streams, as well as a toi)0-
grai)hical map, on which will be shown the location of the valuation surveys, thus
enabling any one to see at a glance the amount and value of timber available and
the i)0ssibilities of bringing it to market.

This investigation will extend all over the islands, as trained men, capable of
managing such work, are se(*ured from the United Statt^s.

A preliminary examination of the forests of the Philippines shows that they have
been almost entirely destroyed in many ]>la(;es. This line of destruction seems to
follow the line of civilization. In Cebu — the first island settled by the Spaniards- -
almost every stick of merchantable tind)er has been cut away, and no good repro-
duction has ever taken place. In Panay and Negros, as well as in many provinces
of Luzon, very little merchantable timber of a high grade is to be found.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 471

A trip on the railway from Manila to Dagupan will not reveal much good timl>er
within several miles of the road. In many oi the islands the good timber has been
cut away for about 3 miles back from the coast. But as we leave the centers of civili-
zation, we soon run into virgin forests, where the stand of timber over 20 inches in
diameter averages in places close to 7,000 cubic feet per acre; some sample acres
show more than 10,000 cubic feet. In the total of forty odd million acres of woo<l-
land, we find at the very least 20,000,0(X) acres of virgin forest. We find virgin for-
ests in the provinces of Capiyan, Isabela, Nueva Viscava, and in that part of Taya-
bas formerlv known as Principe and Infanta; in fact, the entire east coast of Luzon,
south to Atimonan, is a virgin forest. The above-mentioned forests in Luzon will
aggregate an area of at least 3,000,000 acres. -

The above is a conservative estimate, and any change made later will undoubteilly
be to increase the estimate instead of reducing it.

There is much merchantable timber left in the provinces of Tayabas, Camarines,
parts of Bulacan, and Bataan.

The islands of Mindoro and Paragna, each containing an area of more than
2,0(K),000 acres, are covered with a dense stand of virgin timlK»r

Mindanao, with an area of 23,000,000 acres, contains more than 10,000,000 acres of
virgin forest. Sainar and Leyte — both large islands — are heavily timbered.

All of these latter islands are well supplied with water courses sutiic^iently large
for driving logs. Many of these streams need a little clearing before driving could
begin. One tine tract of timber near Manila has been protected up to the present
time by a small obstruction in a stream that an Ameri(!an logging company would
have removed in a very few days and at slight expense.

A glance at the topography of the islands will show the logger that the average
length of haul to tide water is a short one. A combination of a short line of railway
with the wire-cable system of logging would be ideal for a country with a topography
such as these islands present. The methods of logging are very crude, as the carabao
is relied upon as the principal means of transportation. The methods of felling
trees are slow and antiquated. Wasteful methods of cutting are evident everywhere,
and it is extremely doubtful if an average of 35 per cent of the merchantable timl)er
cut is taken from the forest to the market.

Several hundred varieties of native woods are receiv(Hl in the Manila market during
the year. Spanish engineers tested and described only some 70 varieties, so that we
have many species in the market to-day that are not })opular, owing to the lack of
reliable information concerning their strength, durability, and suitability for con-
struction purposes. Where strength and durability are es})ecially desired there are
no finer construction woods in the world to-day than niolave, ipil, and yacal.

There are many other native woods which, when tested, will find a place with those
just mentioned.

We have a number of woods which will attract the fine-furniture makers, of which
may be mentioned narra, tindalo, camagon, ebano, calamansanay, tucan-calao, and
alintatao. These varieties are found all over the islands. We find also 11 different
oaks, cedar in abundance, teak, and many other species awaiting investigation to
bring out their value.

At this time no more than a mere mention will be made of the fact that there are
large areas in the southern islands of this group where gutt^-percha and a good qual-
ity of rubber are found. (See appended report of Dr. Sherman and statistics of forest
products used during the year. ) The islands are rich in other gums, in a great variety
of valuable dyewoods, and other forest products t hat time and enterprise will develop.

A t present very little cutting is going on in tlui virgin forests of the islands. Nearly
all of the cutting is found in those provinces and islands which have l>een cut over
for many years. Two or three licensees have established themselves at good points
in virgin tracts, and there is no reason why satisfactory returns should not be realize(l
from cuttings in such places.

It would be difficult at this time to even a])proximate the present value of the
timber on public lands in the Philippines. Statistics of this office show that several
hundred varieties of native woods are brought to market in the islands and are dis-
posed of at a fair price. The government charges for the past year on this great
variety of woods averaged a little over cents Mexican per cubic foot Spanish.
This charge has continued to remain between 5 and 10 per cent of the market price
of timber m Manila.

It will be safe to assume an average stand of about 3,500 cubic feet English or
4,600 cubic feet Spanish, although the valuation surveys give double this estimat-e
of merchantable timber (over 20 inches in diameter) on each acre of the 20,000,000
acres of virgin forests in these islands.

At the above valuation of 6 cents per cubic foot, it is evident that the value to the
Philippine government of the above limber is more than $100 gold per acre. Bv

472

BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

removing this timber under the supervision of forestry oflBcials, each forest tract will
gradually improve in value, and wnile realizing the large sum mentioned, the value
per acre of public timber land will eventually approach its true and permanent
value, which will be much nearer $200 ^old per acre than $100; i. e., after the great
mass of mature and overmature timber is removed, the revenue from the sale of the
annual increase of growth of public timber will, under careful supervision, bring to
the state a fair interest on the valuation per acre as given above.

The remaining public woodland, about 28,000,000 acres, will average in value not
less than one-half the value as given for the virgin forest. A small part of this re-
maining woodland will be taken up as mineral land and for agricultural purposes.
After tnree centuries of civilization in the islands, we find but 6,000,000 acres
improved out of a total area of 63,000,000 acres. It will be safe to assume that the
forestry bureau will have at least 20,000,000 of the 28,000,000 acres to protect and
improve for many years to come. This area, added to the 20,000,000 acres of virgin
forest, will give to the state an area of 40,000,000 acres of valuable woodland.

By diverting the efforts of the timber cutters to the virgin forests, and by a rigid
protection of the remaining woodland, the value of the total area will, in about thirty
years, reach a value undreamed of to-day by those not familiar with what rational
forestry is capable of accomplishing.

The United vStates market is not considered in this proposition. The Philippine
market will be strong for many years. The Chinese market is always strong, and
always will be, as all of lowland China is without timber. The Philippine construc-
tion timber is considered by many enj^ineers in China the best timber to be had in
the Orient. Strong as has been the Chinese market for timber in the past, the future
promises even better, as there are indications that foreign enterprise and capital are
securing concessions which will awaken that vast Empire.

Private Woodlands.

Article 75 of the forestry regulations provides as follows:

** Persons owning lands containing trees suitable for lumber, firewood, or other
forest products, shall immediately present certified copies of their title deeds at this
office for registration. Forest products taken from private lands whose owners have
not complied with these requirements shall be considered unlawfully taken."

Up to the present date 103 titles to private woodlands have been registered in this
bureau, as prescribed in the above-mentioned article. These lands are owned by 13
companies and 90 individuals.

The aggregate area of the woodland registered by the 13 companies is 55,757 hec-
tares, an average of 4,289 hectares.

The aggregate area of woodland registered by the 90 individuals is 44,575 hectares,
an average of 495 hectares.

The following is a list of provinces, giving the number and area of private wood-
lands registered from each.

Woodlands registered.

Individuals,

Companies.

Total.

Name.

Indi-
vidu-
als.

Com-
nies.

Total.

Hectares.

Areas.' C.

1

Hectares.

Are^.

C.

Hectares.

Areas.

C.

Romblon

2

22
48
2

3'

2

i*

5

i'

i"

2
25
50
2
2
6
1
2
5
1
I
1
2
1
1
1

649

17,216

2,508

1,150

916

607

2

6,583

12,668

195

159

92 50
80 95
66 83
00 00
00 98
50 00
79 50
90 i 15
79 i 40
71 62
00 00

649

27,853

6,750

1,150

24, 182

13,150

2

6,583

13, 086

195

159

4,651

644

293

923

54

92
93
14
00
00
51
79
90
86
71
00
20
96
62
60
56

50

Tarlac

Pampanga

Davao

10.637
4,241

12

48

40
00

35

8:^
00

Mindoro

Isabela

Bataan

23,266
12,643

00
1

00
14

98
14
50

Pangasinan . . .
Nueva Ecija . .

I^guna

Zamboanga . . .
Rizal

ir>

418

7

13

53

00

4, Goi

20

12

1?

Bulacan

644
293
923
54

96 1 73
62 ' 80
60 1 72
56 i 00

73

Negros Occ

1

80

Camarines

L...

7?

Manila

1

or>

Total....

90

33

103

44,575

88 1 18

55,756

88

79

100,332

76

97

1 hectare = 2,4711 acres.
C = cciitiareas.

BKPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 473

A few of the largest holdings r^stered are as follows:

Hectares.

Order of Recolletos, Mindoro 23, 266

Compafiia General de Tabacos, Luzon 21, 494

Francisco Gonzales, Luzon 20, 881

Marcelino Santos, Luzon 13, 202

Justo Porcuna, Mindoro 916

Rafael Calvo, Luzon 923

Santiago Molino, Mindanao 850

A yala y Ca, Luzon 3, 675

Compafiia Greneral de Filipinas, Luzon 4, 651

The amount of timber, firewood, and charcoal taken from the above hinds during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, is:

Timber.. 196, 987 cubic feet.

Firewood 43; 854 cubic meters.

Charcoal 9, 562 cubic meters.

As soon as practicable tlie division of forestry management will take charge of inves-
tigating the amount of timber and other wood on private woodlands registered or to
Ikj registered in this bureau.

The report of each investigation will be attached to the record of forest oroducts
taken from said land, and will act as a check on those parties who occiisionaliy forget
boundaries and by mistake or otherwise take timber from adjacent public land.

Forest Management.

Up to the present time the lumbering operations in the Philippine Islands have
been very primitive, without any system or thought of forest management. The
actual cutting in the forest is carried on almost exclusively by the natives, who either
cut and haul on contract or else sell the hewn timber to lumber companies or Chi-
nese buyers.

The forestry bureau issues licenses to cut timber on public lands, specifying a spe-
cial district in a province and the amount of timber wnich shall be removed.

In most cases the licensee makes a verbal contract wath the loggers, paying them a
iixed price per cubic foot for certain species of hewn timber, either delivered in the
woods or at some given point, usually on the beach.

The licensee naturally instructs his workmen to cut the most valuable species
which will necessitate the shortest possible haul. So the loggers pick out the best
tree they can find, chop and burn it down, taking as long a log as they think their
carabao can haul, and leaving the remainder (often as much as 40 to 60 per cent) to
decay in the woods.

In consequence of this system of logging, the forests on many of the islands have
been culled for a distance of from 2 to 3 miles back from the coast line and in the
vicinity of all the large towns in the interior.

The tremendous weight of the Philippine woods, together with the slowness and
expense of hauling with carabaos, has left the more distant forests absolutely
untouched. The young growth on the lands which have lx;en cut over is very
largely composed of the mferior species, which is the natural consequence of the
native custom of cutting only the most valuable species.

Unless the lumber companies change their methods and cut out the less important
species together with the more valuable trees, artificial reforestation of the latter will
in time become necessary. In this connection the following quotation from Forestry
in British India, by B. Ribbentrop, inspector-general of forests to the government
of India, is pertinent:

** The treatment of forests of this kind, in view of the natural regeneration of the
most valuable species whilst exploiting these, the only marketable trees the forests
frequently contain, is perhaps one of the most difficult problems in forestry. The
consequence is that though often it is a matter of no great difficulty to insure repro-
duction in this class of forest by protective measures only, it is by no means an easy
problem in Indian forestry to promote the production of the more valuable kinds
and to prevent the deterioration in the character of the peuplement of the forests,
which, without special attention to this point, must, it is very evident, result from
the removal of parent trees of the more useful kinds only.*'

Under forest management, in order to improve the condition of the forest, it will
be necessary to mark for cutting all the over-mature timber which will pay the least
margin of profit over the cost of removal.

This will mean the felling of a considerable number of trees per acre, and the large
tops, if left in the woods, will cover so large a part of the openings as to seriously
retard reproduction. Under the present system of lumbering, the cutting is on sucn

474 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

a small scale and so widely distributed that the scattered tops do very little harm,
and the amount of merchantable wood left in the tops in any one locality is com-
paratively insignificant.

The great objec'tion to this method, however, is that these blanks are restocked
with very inferior timber, as most of the valuable trees within seeding distance have
been cut and will be eliminated from the stand for many years.

It will be necessary in tlie Philippines to depend upon natural reproduction for
restocking our forests.

Very fortunately we have an enormous area of almost virgin forest, and with care-
ful forest management all land more suitable for forests than for agriculture should
be kept under timber.

The most diflScult point will be to increase or even maintain the present percentage
of valuable merchantable species in the total stand.

In certain sections where the valuable species are greatly outnumbered, and on
bare slopes which it is important should be restocked, artificial seeding or planting
may become necessary.

up to the present time the hard-wood forests of the islands have been immune
from fire for the reason that there has never been sufficient dry inflammable material
to create a fire of sufficient force and heat to sweep through the forest.

But when the forest is full of large down t<)i)S, held above the soil by their
branches, and so allowed to dry out thoroughly, and also remain sound and hard for
many years, the danger from fire will be far greater, and it is not at all improbable
that large bodies of timber will be destroyed.

In all the logging operations in the islands a large percentage of clear lumber below
the crown is left m the woods, eventually to rot, but for many years before that
occurs it will suppress most of the young growth in the openings formed by the fall
of the trees, and furnish well-seasoned wood in the event of a forest fire.

In order to localize the cutting so Ibtit the ranger can exercise an intelligent super-
vision over the work, all timber should be marked by a competent ofl[i(;ial of the
forestry bureau.

One forester can mark enough timber in a few days to keep the largest lumber
company in the islands busy for some time.

Each tree selected should, be stamped with a Government marking hatchet both
on the stump and on the flare of the roots, so that after the removal of the tree, even
though a very low stump has been cut, it could be readily determined whether the
tree liad been marked for cutting or not.

In case a tree is cut which Iuih not been marked, a heavy fine should be imposed.

In all large operations the individual or company holding a license should be
obliged to enter into a contract with the forestrv bureau and also give a bond to
carry out the work according to the forestry regulations.

After the timber has been marked and the cutting commences, the rangers should
be instructed to inspect the cutting frequently, and see to it that long tops contain-
ing clear lumber are not left in the woods. Also, after repeated violations of the
forestry regulations and terms of contract, all lumber and logs of the licensee, in the
forest or vicinity, should be seized and held until the clear logs in the tops are cut
and removed.

Licensees should have the free use of all lumber and wood in the tops (after logs 6
feet long and 12 inches at the small end have been cut and removed) to work up
into box boards, staves, shingles, firewood, charcoal, etc. If this is done, the tops
will be cut up to such an extent that they can be readily burned, and this the
lictensee should be obliged to do toward the end of the dry season when the wood is
thoroughly seasoned.

In case the licensee does not make use of the small wood in the tops he should be
obliged to pile the branches around the main crown, and at the end of the dry season
burn the whole thing. Such a rule, and the (ireful selection and marking of the
timber which should be cut, will enable the forester to make the main improvements
over the present methods of logging. Concentrated lumbering and the removal of
a far greater number of trees per acre will make it extremely important that good
clean work be done, and to do this contracts are absolutely necessary.

This will be especially true when large companies install a wire-cable system of
logging.

However, the introduction of American methods of lumbering, especially the
adoption of tbe **bull donkey" and wire cable system, will make possible the prac-
tical, conservative exploitation of many species which with the present antiquated
methods is impossible.

With a crosscut saw the natives can not only cut lower stumps, but they will also
do the work in about one-half the time which it takes at present.

Under present conditions, however, the main reaaon for cutting high stumps ia

KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 475

that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, for carabaos to haul the heavy butt
log.

Consequently the native loj^ger cuts his stumps anywhere from 10 to 14 feet high,
takes one long log, and wastes as much good clear timber as he utilizes.

On account of the same diihculties and limitations when hauling with cArabaos
the large overmature timber, which should be cut and removed first of all, is very
seldom taken.

The native realizes perfectly the work that is ahead of him and his carabao if he
fells one of these big trees, and consequently he selects one of a medium diameter,
which does not present such difliculties.

It is self-evident that such a system is not only bad for the forest but also extremely
wasteful, for these large trees whicli are left to decay and fall, contain the very fint^st
grade of timber,

With an engine and wire cable, which can easily haul from 800 to 1,000 cubic feet
of logs at one load, it would he natural to remove this large timber on the first cut.

As previously stated, the fore-try bureau should mark for cutting all mature trees
which will pay any margin of ])rolit over the cost of removal, for unless this is done
the forest will ultimately consist of only the less valuable si)ecies.

At the present time there is a large numl)er of trees which are not being cut or
utilized, and in ordt^r to dc^termine tlie merchantable value of these species a timber-
testing laboratory has been establish(>d, as noted in another chi\})ter. In this way it
is hoped to make a iuark(^t for a number of forest trees which have heretofore never
been cut, for the sim})le reason that the natives have always taken the very finest
woods.

In order to establish an intelligent forest policy it is absolutely imperative to
determine the extent of the Philippine forests and the species of which they are
composed. This work and the arrangement of detailed working plans for large and
valuable tracts of timber is assigned to the division of forest management. The field
work was started in December, 1901, and up to the present time detailed examina-
tions have been made of thrive in)])ortant forest areas, viz: Batiiiin Province, the
southwest coast of the Camarines, and the northwest coast of Mindoro.

In order to determine very accurately the amount and composition of both the
mature and young growth in the forest, acre valuation surveys are taken.

These acre surveys are run in stri|>s through the timber; in the valleys, along the
coast, on flats, lower and upper mountain slopes, and in fact all as}>ects and situations,
so as to secure a record of the average stand of timber in all localities.

The strips are measured with a surveyor's chain, and are 66 feet wide and 660 feet
long. All trees on this stri}), usually down to a diameter of 8 inches, are measured
witn calipei-s and recorded on a valuation sheet, under their respective species and
diameter.

A topographical maj) is made with special reference to important bodies of tind)er,
together with the importiint rivt^s, valleys, and harbors, all of which are extrenu'ly
important in connection with the transportation of the mat(Tial. At the end of each
acre, careful notes are taken to (U)ver the following jKjints, viz: Situation, course,
altitude, slope and aspect, rock, soil, humus, ground cover, underbrush, reproduc-
tion, density, (piality of locality, sylvicultural condition, merchantable (Condition,
damage, remarks.

With the hypsometer, a German instrument, the merchantiible length and total
height are recorded for a large number of important species, and these data, when
applied to the results of the valuation surveys, give a very close estimate of the
merchantable stand.

The merchantable amount of each si)ecies is known, and also, whi(;h is quite as
important, the amount and charactter of the young growth which will form the
future forest.

As will readily be seen, from what has been said, the future condition and welfare
of the forest rests very larg(»ly with the forester and is determined by the trees which
he maiks for cutting. Naturally in a for(\st where the }>ercentage of the valuable
s[)ecies is far below what it c(»uld be ma<le by means of careful forest management,
it would be the worst possible policy to allow the lumber comj^anies to (uit out only
the most valuable si)ecies and so secure a forest of inferior species for the future.

Report of the Forest Conditions on the Southwest Coast of the Camarines, and
THE Operations of the Philippine Lumber and Development Company.

The tract of forest land w hich is being operated by the Philippine Lumber and
Developjnent Com})any extends alou'j: the southwest coast of the Camarines from
Bangon to llaniuroan an<l back from the coast to the main watershed, the highest
point of which is Mount llantic, at an elevation of about 2,145 feet. Approximattdy

476

KEPORT OF THK PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

thifi area comprises 169.88 square miles (108,680 acres), about 74,100 acres of which
ctintain ^oocl timber.

With the exception of the valleys, the land from Binahian to Cotnio ri8e8 abruptly
from the coast, nut in the Caranan, Tinalmiid, and Caima valleys there i8 sonio fme
l>ottom land which extends l)ack from the shore for a conHiderable diHtancc.

There are six main valleys in this region with streams of a fair nize, viz: Ra<my,
Caima, Tinalnmd, Caranan, Pasacao, and Cabasanan. None of thene so-{;aIled rivers
are drivable, but the valleys are all broad enough to make the construction of main
logging roads comparatively easy.

The valleys contain a considerable amount of rich clay and loamy soil, apparently
capable of growing almost any fi(»ld crops. At present there are some good-sizeil
hemp and banana olantations, especially in the (yaranan, Tinalmud, and Cainia val-
leys, most of wliicli, however, have been abandont^l and allowed to grow up to
weeds since the outbreak of the insurre(?ti«n.

Higher up in the mountiiinsare many small settlements of from one to four hou.ses,
with clearings of from five U) thirty acres.

The following table gives a rough (estimate of the private lan<l in the insi)ected
area, including ownership, amount of cultivated land, and the present crops:

Private land-

Area to hie, in acres.

Abaca.

Rice
and
corn.

Gar-
dens,
includ-
ing
sugar.

Cocoa.

Oraas.

Brush.

For
Swamp.

est.

Ck)mpartment8.

Hilly.

Total.

1. Bangon

123.5
49.4

123.5
24.7

98.8
49.4

24.7

123.6
123.5
1,482
1,111.5
247
247
49.4
74.1
74.1

494
\Z\. 5
123.5
123.5
617.5
741
247
741
3,4.58
123.5
123.5
491

49.4
49.4
247
74.1
49.4
49.4

197.6
74.1

12:i5
74.1

123.5

123.6

1 2:15

2. Binahian

494

8. Caima

1 , 97(;

4. Baao

24.7
74.1
815. 1
74.1
494
3, 705
24. 7

49.4
49.4

12:{.5

74.1
123.6
247
24.7
24.7
123.5

24.7
74.1
98.8
49.4
98. 8
247
24. 7
24.7
74.1

'"2i."7'

""'it.'?'

49.4

1 |H2

5. Cambalidio

6. Tinalmud

i.2;i->

2, 22!?

7. Dalupaon

49 1

8. Caranan

49.4
12;i.5

123.5

741
49. 4
24. 7
74.1

1 . 72'.l

9. Pasacao

8, »". lA

10. Catmo

247

11. Bagolatao . .

49.4
123.6

217

12. Hamuroan

49.4

49.4

988

Total

6,434

988

864.6

123.6

8.706

7,410

741

1,7'29

20,996

The following table for the public lands is also approximate:

Public lands (acres).

OrasB.

Bniah.

Forest.

Unpro-
diK'tive
district.

Total.

Total

State and

public

lands.

Compartmentfl.

Swamp.

Hilly.

1. Bangon

247.0
494.0
1,005.6
12:^.5
247.
172. 9
24.7
24.7
123.5

494.0
247.0
321.1
247.0
494.0
4W.0
247.0
494.0
1,729.0
172.9
123.6
870.5

494.0
494.0
1,160.9
247.0
247.0
247.0
24.7
123.5
870.6
74.1
98.8
123.5

4,940
8,705
4,940
4.446
8, 398
8,398
5,187
6,669
8,892
6,916
3, 705
4,199

6,176.0
4,940.0
8,151.0
5,681.0
9, 880.

10, -SiiS.
5,9*2S.0
7, 6.57.

11,362.0
7,657.0
4,199.0
5,187.0

7,410
6,434
10, 127

2. Binahian

8. Caima

12:15

617. 5
491.0

1,5.5(5.1

444. 6
345. 8
247.
494.0
247.0
370.5

4. Raao

7,163

5. Cafibalidio

11,115

6. Tinalmud

13,091

7. Dalupaon

6,422

8. (^aranan

9,386

9. Pasacao

20,007

10. Catmo

7,901

11. Bagolatao

24.7
123.5

4,446

12. Hamuroan

6,175

Total

8.211.0

6,434.0

8,705.0

70,395

4,940.0

8,768.6

108, (WO

Of this total area of 108,680 acres, the Government owns about 87,685 acres, of
which 74,100 acres are almost virgin forest, 8,645 acres grass and brush land, and
alx)ut 4,940 acres of more or less unproductive area, in the form of streams and very
steep, rocky slopes and ridges. The rest of the tract, about 20,995 acres, is believed
to l)e private land, partly scattered along the coast and over the plateau in the cent>er
of the forest, more concentrated along the lower and middle courses of the streams.

The private land is covered principally with brunh (7,410 acres) and abaca,
wrongly called hemp (5,434 acres). Only a small portion is real timber land (1,729
acres), swamp forest (741 acres), rice and cornfields (988 acres), plantations of sugar
cane, vegetables, cacao, etc. (1,011.5 acres), cocoa palms (123.5 acres).

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 477

Much of thisgrawand brush laud, and even a larp^ area of the forest^ is claimed by
private partiop, but f*o many of thef»e claims have faulty titles that it is safe to con-
sider as (iovernuieiit land at least as umch as is shown in the alK)ve table.

Two men of Nueva Caeeres, Camarim\«, st»em to l>e the laiyest privatt? owners; one
controls almost half of theCon^'onal of t'ainm and the other has larjjo al)aca fields,
brush, and timlhT forests* south of Uatanj^ in the Pasacao Valley. The rest of the
private land is mostly dividtni into small holdings. Al)a<'a is the prinei|>al pnxhict
an<l is exported on a large scale. C^>rn, ritv, cocoanutF, baimniis, various v^etables,
cacao ana other tret^ fruits are cultivate<l for domestic use and gn)w well there.
Abaca licMs lie mainly in the valleys of Pasa<*Ao, Cal)a8ju)an, Tinahnud, Canbalidio,
and ( aranan.

CLIMATB.

Along this coast heavy niinfalls and strong winds are of frequent mrurn^nce — fmm
the northeast in the winter and spring, and from the southetist in summer and
autumn. The northeast mons(K)n might be ex|K'cted t^^ arrive in a fairly dry condi-
tion, but, on the contrary, a great amount of moisture is recorded, due to the short
distance between the two coa-^ts of this province and the liu'k of high mountains
near the Pacific coast northeast frouj the tra^'t.

Several months are very wet; from NovemlH»r to ISIarch scarcely a week piu^si'S
without showers, and sometimes the rain falls without cessiition for entire w(»eks at a
time. Considerable rain also falls during the other months of the year. April,
August, and October seem to 1h' t'ne dryest months, but even during that iH»ri<M!
a two weeks' stretch of dry weather is an exct»ption. For this reas(^i the vi*get«ti(»n
is very rich, Imth in variety and (juantity. The temperature is fairly even, varying
from ()0° F. in January to 90° F. in April and May, the general average l>eing
between 80° and 86° F.

TOIKXJUAPHY.

Along the coast between Punta Carvenig and Hamuroan the shipning of timber is
almost entirely restricted t^) the season of the n<»rthea8terlv winds (from November
to May), while the months of the southwest ukmihoou (from June to NovemlnT)
makes shipping usually imjM>s.Mible bec4Uise (with the excepticm of the bays of Hina-
hian and Kagay, where loading is |K)ssible at all times) there is no protccttHi bay or
harbor in the entire licensed strip. iSeveral capes jut out into the sea, but only
Tunta Carvenig and Octoc far enough to stop the high waves of the om*n sea. The
bays are too shallow to allow vessels to load directlv from the sln>re. It is necessary
for them to anchor about half a ndle outside of the bays of Binahian and Ragay,
about oiicMjuarter of a mile outside Tinahnud, Caranan, Pasacao, Ilanuiroan, and
Gotosan, and a short distance outside of Dalupoan, Cotujo, and Hagolatao. Along
the coast there are some sttH'p cliffs and ridges, thrown up by heavy volcanic acti(m.
As a general rule these are well tind)ere<l, but with the present system of carabao
logging the problem of transj)()rtation is a very difficult one.

Back from the cliffs the land slopes more or less gradually for 6 or 8 miles to the
top of the main watershed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST.

With the exception of the six valleys !nentione<l above, and also a few unimportant
valleys which have small clearings near the mouth, the forest extends to the seacoast.
The conditi(ms of the entire forest are very similar.

Mr. John Orr, who is the nianager of the Philippine Lumber and Development
Company, and who has charge of their logging oi)e rations, cutath(» following species,
whicn at present includes all those timber trees oi the province which are considered
merchantable.

iSuperior group. — Calantas, camagon,dungon, ebano, molave, tindalo, ipil, and narra.

First group. — Acle, batititnan, ^^etis, calamansanay.

Second group.— AmugniBf aranga, bangcal, banuyo, bolong-eta, malacadios, Mala-
catmon, mangaclmpuy, mangasinoro, palo-maria, supa, tanguile, tucan-calao.

2/iir(i ^oup.— A pitong, bitoc, palo-maria (del monte) calumpit, lauan.

Fourth group. — None.

Fifth group. — Kacauan, tangal.

The Philippine Lumber and Development Company have found that 3 miles in a
straight line, or 5 miles, following the winding of tne valleys, is the extreme limit of
profitable lumbering with the carabao, so that the bulk of the timber on main moun-
tain slopes is still untouched. Most of the timber is very scattering, with no pure
stands of any one species, so that in order to lumber profitably, it will be necessary
to cut all the merchantable species.

478

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

In rnnning the valuation surveys, where all timber, down to 8 inches in diameter,
is measured on acre strips, it was found that the following species predominated in
the forest near Dalupoan: Apitong, macaasin, duiigon, lauan, molave, palo-maria
(del monte) gnijo, catmon, camagon, mangachapuy, tucan-calao, balete, bolong-eta,
pili, betis, calamansanay, banuyo, and calantas; also some scattering acle, mala-
(^adios, amuguis, calumpit, and tindalo.

Apitong, lauan, and alahan are ahnost equally distributed, forming the greater
part of the forest.

Between Ragay and Binahian is a good stand of molave and dungon. On the
elopes back of iiinahian is a fair stand of calantas, which also occurs in considerable
quantity along the head of the (Jaranau Valley, and between Cabasanan and Cotmo.
On the seacoiist north of P>inahian is a fair .stand of obano, but this is the only place in
which it was found. Palo-niaria occurs along the seacoast over the whole country.
Where tlie banks of the rivers are very low, as in the case of Ragay and Ciama, a
heavy growth of inferior trees, such as taiigat, padagpad, and some species which are
good for firewood, has teken possession.-

The best staiid of timber occurs north of Tinahnud and on the slopes of the Titis
and Han tic mountains. It will readily be seen fr<jni tlie above that the forests in
this section of the Camarines contain an unusually large nunil)er of superior, first
and second group trees, all of which are very valuable; but on the other hand many
of these species as they occur in the Camajincs are short-boled (apitong being a
notable ex(;eption), with large overdeveloped crowiis, which take up a very large
amount of sf>ace in the forest, suppressing young growth.

Mr. Orr estimates that about 30 per cent of the apparently sound timber must be
discounted for unseen defects and cull. It would un<juestionably l)e perfectly safe to
allow the company to cut four or five times as much timber as they are removing
annually, for there is an enormous amount of overmature timber in the forest whose
removal will greatly facilitate the growth of the young timber and the reproduction
of the more important species.

The following list gives the generic and local name of the species collected in the
Camarines, and the group under which each is listed:

Generic name.

Terminalla ednlis, Blanco

Artocarpus incisia., Linn

Eriodendronanfraetuosnin, D. C.

Maba buxifolia, Pers

Diplodiscus paniculatns. Tiircz...

Taxotrophis ilici folia, V i<lal

Octomeles sumatnina, M iq

Hernandia peltata, Mcissn

Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn. .

Xilopia blancoi, Vidal

Eugenia claviflora, Lam

Cordia blancoi, Vidal

Vitex littoralis, Dene

Mallotus moluccanus, Muell

Cinnamomum mercadoi, Vidal...
Calophyllum spectabile, Willd ...

Ternstroemia toqnian, Vill

Dolichandrone rheedii, Sccman.,

Heritiera littoralis, Dryairi

Sonneratia acida. Linn

Bniguiera rumpbiv, Blume

Alstonia macrophylla. Wall

Terminalia cattappa, Linn

Carappa moluccensis, Lam

Cordia subcordata, Linn

Heritiera sylvaticui, Vidal

Columbia serrati folia, D. C

Morinda bractea ta, Roxb

Thespesia popnlinea, Corr

Duabanga moluecana, Blume

Macaranga lanarius, Muell ,

Avicennia officinalis, Linn

Aegiceras majus, Gaertn

Sterculia campanulata, Wall

Xylopia blancoi, Vidal

Evodia latifolia, D. C

Azaola betis, Blanco ,

Local name.

Calumpit (in Bicol: Cahnnayon)

Antipolo or tipolo ,

Bubuy or boboy-cayo

Ebano ,

Balobo ,

Cuyos-cnyos (in Bicol: Curos-curos)

Binonang

Colon-cogon or colongcogonjj: ,

Palo maria de la playa or daiicalan (in Bicol).

Banitan or lanutan

Dilang butigiii

Anonang ,

Molave ,

Taquit-asin in Tag-alog; Alim in Bicol ,

Calingay or caliiij,'ac ,

Bitoc or bitnnliol, or Palo-maria (J)cl Monte) ..

Toqnian

Tua, or tuy , or tooc

Dungon, late

Pagatpat or palapat

Bnzain

Batino

Talisay

Tabigui puld or tabigni ,

Banalo (second or sigaii (iagat

Dnngon

Anilao

Bancudo or nono

Banalo first or boboi-gubat (in Bicol: Malibago).

Lnbtub

Binunga

Bungalon (Tagalog) or pipisig (Bicol) ,

Tingan baguis (Tagalog) or tapa 1

Taloto

Banitan (Tagalog) ortanguisan buyanac

Taligarac

Betis

Group.

IIL

Rubber tree.

IV.

Superior.

III.

IV.

IV.

11.

II.

IV.

III.

Superior.

IV.

II,

III.

IV.

IV.

II.

III.

V.

II.

HI.

III.

II.

Superior.

IV.

IV.

Ill

IV

IV

V

V
IV

II

Altogether 131 species were collected, or 94 in addition to the 37 listed above.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

479

The following table shows the average stand per acre for those species which
occur most frequently:

Acre mmmrement of trees 8 inches and over (lOlB acres) on the smithwest coast of the

Camarines.

Species.

Average
nnmber
of trees

per acre.

Average
diameter.

Maximum
diameter.

Average

height of

tree.

Average

mert'liant-

able

length.

Amount
per acre.

Alahan

Anang

Apitong

Aranga

Balobo

Bitoc

Bolong-eta.
Camagon . .

Dungon

Ebano

Guijo

Lauan

Macaasin . .
Molave —

Total ....
Mean avc

28.16

l.fS8
1.07

15. 45

i.m
.a5

.68
1.98

.01

.87
4.70
5,39

.75

57.73

Inches.
10
12
20
15
12
11
16
13
17
8
19
27
14
27

Inches.
20

28
40

35
28
28
32
35
40
20
48

a5

52
63

15.8

Fed.
48
66

100
80
52
58
80
57
75
33
73

104
60
68

I^ct.
23
43
70
43
20
22
49
31
3i?
10
45
63
31
42

38.1

68.8

Cubic feet
197

51
145

36
240

15

24

17
103
.10

70
892
169

88

37.5

ROCK.

On the entire tract the prevailing rock is limestone, especially along the seacoast
and on the lower slopes of the main watershed. It is also found outcropping on the
steep ridges and in the upper portions of the different valleys. Along the ridj^es and
in a few sections where the newer volcanic formations occur crystallanic schists are
found, but in no case do they occur over a sufficic^iit area to form an important factor.

On the south slope of Mount Hantic there is a considerable amount of granite,
which forms large bowlders on the top of the mountains. Along the coast and on
gentle slopes the limestone is found in layers, and on the ridges and in the valleys
there are large drifts of limestone rock, which in many instances make it extremely
difficult to get at the timber, aa the carabao is an extremely tenderfooted animal.

SOIL.

The soil formed from the disintegration of the limestone varies from a sandy clay
near the seacoast to a very stiff clay a short distiince back from the coast, on the
upper slopes, and in fact over the greater extent of the tract. In places where the
heavy forest extends down nearly to the coast a small amount of sandy loam or loamy
sand has been formed, but on the whole almost all the soil is heavy clay, which is
not especially favorable to tree growth, as it is rather difficult for the roots to pene-
trate deeply into such a soil. For the best development of hard woods it is ne(;essary
that the tap roots should descend to a considerable depth. That the soil is favorable
to the best root development is shown from the fact that many of the roots extend
along the surface of the ground, are thus very easily injured in logging, and the
health and soundness of the trees affected. Such heavy clay soils harden and crack
very readily when exposed to the full force of the sun, so that extreme care should
be taken in lumbering not to form large openings throughout the forest.

One of the worst features of such a stin, heavy clay is that the total height and
clear length of the trees is seriously reduced on account of the inability of the tap
root to reach the looser and moister subsoil. Along the lower slopes, however, the
soil composition is a more favorable one, containing a greater proportion of sand,
and so forms a mixture which should be able to produce the very best kind of timber.

HUMUS.

The leaves decompose very rapidly during the rainy season, but throughout the
dry season the ground is covered with a fairly heavy matting of dry leaves, with
only a thin layer of humus underneath . This humus is sufficient to allow the seed
to germinate, out the young seedlings find it difficult to gain a foothold in the heavy
clay soil.

The reason that a certain amount of humus remains undecomposed through the
dry season is on account of the large degree of moisture in the soil.

480 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION,

GROUND CX)VER.

This is usually nothing more than dry leaves, and in places both leaves and humus
are lacking, the soil being exposed to the serious drying-out effect of the sun.
Within one year the fallen leaves decompose entirely, while in the colder climates
they often remain almost entire for three years or more.

No moss covers the ground, but in its place, in openings in the forest, we find grass,
herbs, ferns, dwarf varieties of vines, etc., which often mat on the soil and prevent
all chances of reproduction.

UNDERBRUSH.

In all places where the stand is not sufficiently dense a great many climbing palms
bamboo, and other shrubs come up, frequently forming an impenetrable thicket
which seriously retards all reproduction. In low ridges, where the soil and under-
growth are favorable, we often find a considerable amount of young growth, while in
the deprensions and more open forests the climbing palms* of the genus calamus
(Spanish, bcjuco) prevail in such numbers as to absoiutely prevent reproduction.

Although the bejuco is a very important material in the Tropics, it presents to-day,
and probably will in the future, the main obstacle to the existence of a desirable
young growth.

It does not appear to thrive under dense shade or in the open, but grows most
thicklv where the forest has been partly thinned out. This fact, together with the
growth of grans in the openings, is another strong reason for using extreme care in
logging not to form large cleanngs.

REPRODUCTION.

In some sections where the bejuco has not gained a strong foothold the stand of
saplings is quite dense, but the most valuable species rarely predominate. The
reavSon for this is that only the best merchantable speckles have so far been cut, and
consequently they have very little chance of holding their own in the forest, and are
being gradually eliminated from the stand.

On the whole, the reproduction of the more valuable species, with the exception of
camagon, is very poor. Hundreds of seedlings of this species, and occasionally a fair
amount of saplings and pole wood, occur around one seed tree.

Next in the power of reproduction come palo-maria, dungon, and molave. Molave
seems to be the only species that requires nmch light for its development. All other
species stand more or less shade, and some, especially camagon, alahan, and balobo,
seem to thrive beat under dense shade.

In the small openings caused by the removal of single trees the dense growth of
bejuco is unfavorable to good reproduction, and the large openings and abandoned
**cainiu8^' (small rice fields) are covered with grass.

There is, of course, a great difference in the quantity of good seed produced from
one tree or from a certain number of flowers, depending on the species, size, age, and
position of the tree, and also on the weather and destructive anunals. Several infe-
rior species, especially balobo and lauan, have abundant blossoms and probably pro-
duce seed every year, while of many other species, such as dungon, dungonlate,
molave, camagon, and tucancalao, w^e only find seed-bearing specimens at certain
intervals in the age of the tree. No fruit, flower, or young growth of calantas,
ebano, or tindalo could be found, neither seeds nor seedlings of acle.

The heavy seeds and fruits of camagon, tucancalao, dungonlate, apitong, bangcal,
dungon, acle, tindalo, betis, dulitan, c^alantas, ebano, and others have a great dis-
advantage, both in number and facility of distribution, in comparison with the spe-
cies of balobo, lauan, guijo, bayug, macaasin, anilan, ligaa, etc.

Beyond a doubt the seed of many species either do not find enough soil to protect
them from drying out, or the ground is too heavy or hard for their germination.
Even when sprouted many seedlings die under the dense bejuco cover or are stran-
gled by this plant, bamboo, and other weeds.

On steep slopes many seeds are washed away by heavy rains. Several varieties of
balete have an abundant fruit production, but unfortunately most of them, as climb-
ing species, are much more destructive than useful, as they strangle many of the best
trees, particularly molave. On account of the uniformity of the weather throughout
the year many tree species have a much more variable season in which to ripen
fruits than the trees in colder climates, and in every month of the year we see npe,
fresh fruit of some species.

The majority of the species blossom in March, April, and May, dropping the ripe
seeds in July, August, and September. Often a tree will have both flowers and ripe

SPRING WHICH SUPPLIES THE TOWN OF CULION WITH WATER— GENERAL VIEW.

SIERRA FOREST RESERVE, CAL., LOOKING UP A LOG SLIDE TRIBUTARY TO MAIN SLIDE

TO MILL.

DOA, SHOWING SPREADING CHARACTER OF ROOTS, ALSO CHARACTER OF FOREST

UNDERBRUSH

Attention is invited to picture of Ameriean at base of tree, fron. \vhi"i> ar. '.(hh '».' size of
tree and its buttresses may be obtained.

.^iGi\«^^BiK^ ''^9h^S

W^

igU

Sm

^^^^^K/^^^^^^r^ ' Jt^MKS^ ^^■^'"^^'^vfliiHl

-Ip^

,/f|^^.i|MK^

-''^M

if^'^l^^flPftr ^t^ jf^^^^fSHUF . ''• 1^.'

wK^^^KSll^^''^¥i^i.

^^^

kii^.

V ' ■

m

RKPOKT OF THE 1*HILI!M»1NE 0(»MMlSSIi>N. 481

fruit at the same time, and this ot'ciirs in the rai»e of Iwtang and colon-<x>j?on ulnrnt
January, «la|>-«lap ahout Manh, an«l Hanealan alnnit April.

As tar a,^ is known January seenie to l>e the principjU month in whicli (iunjronlate,
hotonj:, and li^'aa ri|M'n; February for l>alo)>o; Marrli for Hanealan; Aoril for tuean-
calaoanti ct'itain species of halete, Ix'tis, and toloto; June for eahnupit, l>u!)uy, bitbit^
pili, <hilitan, <'atnion, eatapan, nniling-niulin^'. an«l maraasin; July for alaluui, mala-
catinon, lauan, ^uijo, and eania^ou.

DENSITY.

In some sections, particularly near Hinahian, on the ridires extetxlin^down toward
the coast from the niain watc!>lu*<|, the stan<l of timU'r is companitively dense. In
the valleys aii<l on the top <»f the highest ridges the tindnT is rather oj>en, hut over
by far the greater proi>ortiun of the tract the stand is broken.

MEHCn ANIAMI.K ( ON DITIO.N.

This forest area contains a lar^e nund)er of very valuable 8[HH'ies, but the mer-
chantable condition of all the tiinl)er is rather poor, both on accomit (»f the short
clear len<:th of the trees and the percenta^'e lH»th of the timln^r and hnnlx'r which in
found to Ih» unsound.

The clear or mcrchantal>le length of the following sjHM'iew is about one-half the
total hei;^dit of the tree, viz: C'alantas, duii*:on, ebano, batitanan, betis, ainujfuiB,
banuyo, jzuijo. The merchantable len^'th of aran^'a, bauj^'cal. apit4»nvj, lauan, tan-
^uile, and anan«r is fully two-thirds of the total height, while in tindalo, acle, baloU),
mala.sKjuin, alahan, catmon, macaiU^in, tucancalao, and li^^aa the merchantable
lcn«rth is only about two-fifths of the tre^\ and the pro|)ortion in tlu' cjise of molave,
dancalan, baletc, botonjj:, and some others is one-third or leiw. For apjuirently
sound timber about 'M) per cent should be diHcomite<i on account of unseen defect,»<.

Insects and the white ant attack timl>er within a short time after it is felled, but
they very rarely attack living' trees, and do them almost no damage. The worst
enemy of the forest is the balete, of which five differerjt species were found on the
tract.

The balete start^^ on a tree as a vine, tlien sends it« lon^r air roots down to the soil,
and finally forms an entire envelo|)e around the whole tree. In a conijuiratively
short time the tree rots within its shell an<l the balete ^rows into one sohd mass.

The natives very often girdle apiton^ and pili in order to collect the resin, which
is burnt in (tups ainl torches to furnish li^ht, but it appears that this practice with
the possible exception of checking the rate of growth, does very little dama^'e to the
tree, as the wounds heal over very rai)i<lly and the tree is apparently sound.

LUMH EKING.

Some hundred years ago a very small amount of cutting waa carrie<l on in these
forests for local use at Pa«acao, as this town wiis apparently of fargreat(iri!nj>ortane45
in former years than at the present time. The export of timber from this}M)rtion of
the Camarines coa'^t to Mainla, Ix'gan about twentv years tigo when molave, calantas,
dungon, ebano, tindalo, betis, aranga, and niangacliajmy compostMl the main portion
of the cargo.

In those days the native lumbermen hauled tindn^r from a nnich gre4iter distance
from the coast than at the present time, when both the amount cut and the length
of the haul have Ihh'u restricted on account of carabao, an<l also, within the last two
years, the danger of lad rones.

The average (i(>vernment valuation which is paid by the Philippine Lumln^r and
l)evelo])ment Comi)any on all claa«es of tind>er amounts to 10 cents {)er cubic foot.

At present this company have only thirty (tarabaos hauling timber, while in (iarly
yeiirs they always employed one luunlred or more. The company cuts timl>er froin
three main points, viz.: Cotmo, Dalupoan, and Binahian, and as they practically
control these three towns, nearly all the natives work for them, re(;eiving the follow-
ing scale of wages: Choppers and hewers, 70 cents per day, exclusive of board;
trail-builders, skidders ana drivers, 50 cents i)er day, exclusive of lx)ard; hire of
carabao, $1 to $1.50 yter day. The price for a fairly good sized carabar> ranges from
$150 to $200. This high price is on account of the scarcity of the animals, as it is
estimated that the rinderpest carried off Ijetween 75 and 90 per cent of the carabaos
in the province.

The manager of the company hires a number of carabaf>8, paying |1 per day, and
figures the average cost of hauling, from 1 to 3 miles, at 16 cents per cubic foot.
However, nearly all the cutting and hauling is done by contract, the natives cutting

WAK 1902— VOL 10 31

482 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

thow tn'fiH which offer the least difficulty in hauling, an<l hence alonj; the seacoasi
the fort^t has been HtripfKid of the moHt important Hpecit-s. The only restriction so
far in that the company will not export any lo<rH which are not at least 12 inches
H<juare.

Such native logging »» naturally very scattering and (;lose Hupervisiun has been
impoftsible. When tin; operations are c()nc(;ntnited into a small area, Hupervision by
the forest officials will InTorae less dillicnlt, and the InmlK-rman will be able to use a
wire cable fiystem for hauling out the logs. Skidding with the cable (tould be very
easilv adopted intheCaima, Tinalimid, andCaranan vall(»ys. Thec<>mi>any has under
consideration the establishment of suchasysU-m in the Caima Valley, and this woul<l
include the timber from the mountains northeant of Hmahian, from the west slope
of Titus, and from the south wept slope of Hantic.

Un<ler8uch a system carabaos would skid the logs from thetre>'to the main valley,
which, in nearly all cjises, would be a short luiul.

In order to lumber su(;cessfully, (companies operating in the Philip|)ine Islands
nuist be, to a certain extent, indejx'ndent of carabaos, as these animals ar-e very srarce,
delicate in health, and must l)e taken to water several times a day, and this latter
point especially mak(»s their use on high mountain slopes, where some of the best
timber is located, pra<!tically impossible.

Nearly all the timber which is shipped t^) Manila is s(]uared in the forest and usu-
ally ranges from 12 to 24 inches wide at the top end, and as long as the carabao can
conv(;niently haul.

This system leads to a large percentage of the clear length being left in tlu^ woods
to rot. However, special efforts are made t^) get out long lengths of tind)ers which
are used on docks and shipbuilding, such Jis dungon, tetis, and guijo, which will
meai^ure from 49 to 59 feet clear length. Batitinan, mangachaiuiy, i)alo-maria (del
monte), 19 to 152 feet logs.

I^uan, the principal tree for bancas, is often cut the entire clear length, forming
bancas and ctiscos from :i2 to ()5 feet long and 24 to 48 inches wide. Lauan. and mnvv.
especially apitong, furnish planks and boards with a top diameter of 12 inches and
from 82 to 98 feet long.

Molave timlx^rs are very seldom over 16 to 32 feet long and It) to 32 inches square.

Fortunately the crooked, tough, and durable branches of molave and dancalan,
down to a diameter of 8 inches, are very valuable in ship construction.

Calantas is used mainly for cigar boxes, and also to a small extent for interior
finishing.

Tindalo, acle, and camagon are also used in interior finishing and for furniture, so
that short logs of these three species are readily sold in the Manila market.

The best tindalo furnishes clear logs up to 32 feet, acle 19 to 26 feet, ciilantas 65
feet, and in exceptional cases 98 feet. Tucancalao and calumpit 26 to 39 feet. Lanete
is a l)eautiful yellow straight-grained wood, which is very line for furniture.

The black-heart wood of ebano, dressed round and ready for the market, is brought
in to Dalupoan by the natives in lengths ranging from 6 to 36 feet with a maximum
diameter of 10 inches at the bottom and a minimum diameter of 2 inches at the top.

IMtoc and alahan are us<m1 for telegraph poles and house posts. Molave is used for
beams, flooring, all sort.s of construction timbers, railroad ties, doors, windows, etc.

Most of the cord wood (rajas) is cut from swamp trees, principally tiingal and
bacauan, and to some extent pipisig and pagatpat.

The Philippine Luml)er and Development Company make a small amount of
charcoal for their own use from guyong-guyong, which is said to be the very best for
blacksmith ing.

The following timbers are those which are generally used in the construction of
native houses: Alahan, anang, bitoc, lauan, apitong, anaho, banga, bonga, and barn-
boo, while in the better class of houses a considerable amount of guijo and molave
is employed.

The few tables, chairs, and benches which are found in the native houses are
usually made from guijo, while guyaba brush furnishes the wood for cooking. The
resin of apitong and lauan is often used in cups and torches as a fuel, and the soft
white resin of biti is used extensively in the manufacture of tine varnishes. The
company ships from 5(X) to 1,000 kegs of resin to Manila each year.

Several otner species have an abundant flow of a sticky white juice, which is now
being investigated by chemists and will probably be found to contain valuable
properties.

Dungon, toco, and tua are recognized as more or less valuable dyewoods, and the
bark of bacanan is said to be good for tanning.

Under the present system of logging, only a small portion of the tree is used, and
the natives not only leave the entire top in the woods, but a large part of the mer-
chantable length as well.

KKiHJBT OF THE PHILIPPINK COMMISSION. 483

The following: table pives the approximate amount which is utilizinl:

Per ctMit,

Camagon 15

Ebano 10 to 20

Guijo, aranira HO

I^uan, molave, dancahui 40

Apit^ng, calantai? 50

Dungon and, in jjeneral, innst utluT spoi irs 25

Of course, in every oai<e all the men*hantable Icnjith ehmiKl lu* utili/tsl, ami the
wood in most of the tops, which are left in the woods to rot, is Huitahle for charcoal,
Ih)X boards, staves, paving blocks, etc.

The natives have never used a crosscut saw in the forest»s, and with an ax it is a
long and hard piece of work to fell the large, very tough Philippine timlx^r.

The Filij)ino uses a heavy, narrow, single-lutted ax, with a verv long handle,
lx»th for felling the tree, cutting the logs, and hewing the timl>er. Vindiiig it slow-
work, the native who is not overburdened with energy attempts to ha^iten matt4.»rs by
setting tire to the stump, and when the tree falls he sets fire to the log in order to
H;ive himself a certain amount of hewing.

Such a method is of course very primitive and a considerable amount of line tinduT
is lost through such carelessness. The natives will leave a l«>g burning for such a
length of time that it is either badly injurcHl or almost totally <b'stroyed.

The Philippine Lumlx^r and Development Oomi.auy pays the following prices for
sawing the hewed timber into boards bv liand at halupoan:

Dungon and betis, per square f«.« .t 4

Molave, dancalan, acle -^

(iuijo, mangacbapuy 2

A pitong and lauan 1

1 cuarto=li cents Mexi( an.

The company contract for bancaa according to dimensions and the (juality of the
timber used. A good lauan banca 48 feet long and :i feet wide, when trimmed out
rt»ady for use, but without outriggers is worth about ^(>0.

It will take six ciirabaos and four men two days to haul a banca of this size 1} miles
from the forest to the shore, at a cost of about $20. At present the Philippine Lmn-
ber and Development Company is cutting annually alxjut 100,000 cubic feet, most
of which is shipped to Manila.

FOREST M.\NA(JK.MKNT.

The present scattered luml)oring leaves the present forest wealth entirely in the
hands of the ignorant cutter, and consc^piently the most valuable sjK'cies are seriously
handicapped in holding their own.

Careful supervision in the forest by the company and particularly by the govern-
ment is impossible under the present system.

While the inferior species and weeds have an increased chance for rei)nMluctiwn,
the more valuable species are gradually disappearing, especially the light-needing
varieties, such as molave, tindalo, and calantas.

When the large timber is slashed down without any regard to the voung growth,
the first seeding is apt to fail on account of the excessive amount of light in the o^m'u-
ings. After the young growth has commenced to come up again, shading the s(»d to
a certiiin extent, the conditions for reproduction are more favorable. However, later
oil the more, valuable, slow-growing species are in danger of l>eing suppressed and
killed by the bejuco vines, bamboo, and the less valuable species.

The entire tops are left in the woods, and cover so much ground that they either
check all reproduction or delay it for years to come, until the tops have rotted down.

All trees which are to be cut should be selected and marked with a vic^w to the
svlvicultural requirements of the forest, and the cutting should be carried out under
the supervision and direction of the government rangers.

The use of fire in felling and hewing should be absolutely forbidden.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON WORKING PLAN OF BATAAN PROVINCE.

By Ralph C. Bryant, Forester.

Bataan Province, situated directly across Manila Bay from Manila, is a long penin-
sula forming the western coast line of Manila Bay and separating it from the China
Sea. Itfl greatest length is about 35 miles, and it varies in width from 15 to 20 miles,

484 BKFOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

with an approximate area of 303,200 acres. The general trend of the pro\nnce is
northerly and southerly.

The configuration in general is mountainous, with two main centers, the one in the
southern end of Bataan Province being about 5,000 feet high, and undoubtedly is
the crater of an extinct volcano. This system with its foothills covers an area south
of a line drawn from Bagac on the west coast to Orion on the east coast, and com-
prises somewhat more than one-third of the area of the province.

South of Bagac on the west coast the country is divided up into long leading ridges
running from the central peak to the coast, with more or less narrow valleys down
which flow small rai)id streams. On the south and east coasts, the lowlands run
back for a distance of 2 miles before they reach an elevation of 300 feet.

The ridges on the south and east coasts are fewer in number than on the west
slo[)e and generally do not extend to the coast. On the south eastern side there is
a large amount of flat land, mainly covered with brushy growth, which has but
little merchantable value. The streams on this side are generally larger than those
on the west coast, draining a greater area, but none are suitable for lumbering
puri)oses.

The other mountain system lies in the region north of Bagac, and including its
foothills occupies a greater part of the remaining portion of the province, with the
exception of a long strip of flat land along the ea.st coast extending from Orion to
Dinalupihan, which constitutes the greater portion of the agricultural lands of the
province.

There is no acc^eswible timber of any value on the east coast from Balanga to
Dinalupihan, exce])t in the gorges where it is very hard to get out. The timber on
the ridges and other accessible places has been severely culled for years past, all the
towns along the coast being fishing towns, and consequently there is always a large
demand for bancas. The main species to be found here are banao, which has not
been cut in the past; cupang, inferior; amuguis and guijo of small dimensions. All
lauan which will make even the smallest-sized bancas has been taken out.

On the west coast northeast of Bagac is found some of the finest timber in the
province, mainly on the long leading ridges extending down from the mountains
almost at right angles to the coast. Here there is a line stand of panao, tanguile,
lauan, and cupang, tanguile in general predominating.

Between Bagac and Moron brush land and rice fields extend back from the coast
for 2 or 3 miles, but higher up there is a fairly dense forest of tanguile, panao, lauan,
cupang, bolong-eta, mareg, and many less valuable species. In the vicinity of
Moron the brush lands extend back from tlie coast for about 3 miles, but from here
on to the northern boundary of the })rovince the lower slopes are covered with a
fine stand of lauan, which is unusually tall and clean boled. There are also scattered
specimens of tanguile, panao, and palo-maria.

The timber tributary to the Colo River back of Dinalupihan has also been severely
culled in the past for banca timber.

Principally lauan and tanguile have been cut here, and much of the timber remain-
ing is inferior both as to species and quality. In the region south of a line drawn
from Bagac on the west coast to Lamao on the east coast, an area of approximately
65,900 acres, within what has been set aside as a military reservation, a detailed
examination was made of the forest. In this part of the province the family of
Dipterociirpeae reach a fine development and constitute the bulk of the merchantable
timber. The following are the most important members of the family found here:
Tanguile (shorea), lauan (anisoptera), panao (dipterocarpus), palosapis (shorea),
guijo (shorea), dalindigan (shorea).

Of these the first four are found in greatest abundance. The soil here is a laterite
and seems especially adapted to the development of this family. The greater i)art of
it is a sandy loam — rich, fresh, and deep — formed by the disintegration of the sand-
stone and the decomposition of the leaves and litter composing the ground cover.
Alohg the lower slopes of the mountains the soil is a deep, loamy sand, easily dried
out when exposed to the sun, yet supporting a good tree growth under favorable cir-
cumstances. In much of the flat land on the east side the soil tends more to a loamy
clay, which when dried out often forms large cracks in the soil and though not of
the best for forest growth seems to be adapted to agricultural crops when irrigated.

The work was begun west of Mariveles, a municipality on the south coast of the
province. The land near the town is covered mainly with rice fields, and as the
low-lving foothills west of these are entered a brush growth commences composed
mainly of third and fourth group trees, with an occasional first and second group
tree, such a« molave, anubing, malaruhat, and palo-maria. All these trees here are
short, limby, and of very poor form. This area of brush lands was at one time cov-

JPta CabcaJtem

^ Lot COCHINOS

Oo *ul«nj mmnl't

Legend :-

Nonfortit Land.

Voluofien SurvevJ
With number of acre.

AWDHeW • CRAH»iM PMOTO LfTMO WASHINCTON OC

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 485

ere<i with a growth of large timber, but rej^eated encroachments have been nwide for
timber and firewood, causing tlie buunthiryof the forest to be gradually pushe^l back
toward the mountains and less accessible places^

The soil has not been able to reclothe itself with large forest growth, due partly to
the continuous demands on it for small-sized timber and firewood.

Proceeding northwest from the brush land, the stand of timber increases, the trees
beconjing larger and better formed, cupang, bolong eta, paho, lauHtan, alupag,
mabantut, and mabanut comprising the main stand, the diameter Inking generally U
inches or under. In this region anuiguis, banaba, manicnic, guijo, caniayuan, panao,
lainio, dalindigan, mayapis, ligaa, malaruhat, malatum baga, and puso-puso are found
growing to merchantable dimensions.

Occasional specimens of dungon, tindado, acle, and anubing are also found. The
last three, however, are ut^ually of poor form and of little merchantable value. The
greater part of timber in this region adjacent to Hie Bayaan River i«s more suitable
for poles, posts, piles, and sills than for saw tind_)er. The merchantable-tind)er line
is reached in almost all cases at an elevation of 2,000 to 2,200 feet, the timber above
this being short-boled and very often defective.

In many cases tanguile in almost pure stands is found at an elevation of 1,500 to
2,200 feet, mainly on the long leading ridges running down to the coa^^t. It is gen-
erally the last tree of connnercial importance before the merchantable timber line is
reached.

Panao in pure stands was found at elevations varying from 1,200 to 1,800 feet, but
mainly on the main ridges. Lauan was found, but seldom in pure stands.

In general there were found from 30 to 50 different species jht acre above 8 inches
in <liameter, the greater nund)er of these having a small average diameter of 10 to 15
inches, and boles generally sh(jrt.

The timber on the west coast is found in greater abundance and of the best form
on the long leading ridges running in an easterly and westerly direction from the
mountains to the coast; also on the higher slopes of these ridges.

In the valleys near the streams the timl>er is of an inferior quality both as to
form and soundness, tanguile often showing punk knots, and lauan a rot near the
butt.

On the dividing ridge between Bayaan and Aglolma rivers a tine stand of tanguile
is found at an elevation of 1,900 feet, it being the only merchantable species at this
height in the vicinity.

In the upper watershed of the Binouangan River the preponderating species is
panao of a fine form. This species is found in bc^st development in this basin between
tlie elevations of 900 and 1,500 feet. II ere good tanguile was found above 1,500 feet
elevation, and a considerable amount of lauan and guijo below 900 feet elevation,
though they are found scattered over the whole area. There is a large amount of
lauan here below 20 inches in diameter, which in time will form Ji good stand of large
timber. One of the finest lauan trees seen in tliis j)rovince wa>< found in this basin,
having a diameter of 60 inches and a clear length of 120 feet.

One 60-foot banca had been cut out from the tree, two or three years previously,
but the banca was not finished and still remains in the forest, though in a bad stat^j
of decay, due to the attacks of insects.

The area of this basin is approximately 6,120 acres, all being forest land except a
narrow strip directly along the coast, where the timber is small and scattered. This
comprises, nowever, but a small ])art of the area.

The Binouangan River and its tributaries drains one of the largest basins (m the
west coast, the topography being hilly in all places except a stri}) extending cast from
the coast along the stream for about half a mile. The character of the country is
such that lumbering operations can be easily carried on here, the timber coming off
the secondary ridges, toward the base of the mountains, and then down the valley
of the stream for three-fourths of a mile to the coast. The distance from the coast to
the most remote timber in this basin is about 6 miles, all of wdiich, however, can find
an easy outlet. The principal species here, as on the eastern coast, are panao, tan-
guile, lauan, guijo, palosapis, cupang, and some amuguis.

There is also a small amount of cahoy-buur at the higher elevations, but this is
generally of very poor form and little value, though some of the trees will yield one
log. The various species in this basin do not have the same distribution as to alti-
tude, cupang and amuguis covering only the lower elevations up to 900 feet, an area
of approximately 3,900 acres. Panao, lauan, guijo, and palosapis are distributed over
the whole area; tanguile, however, is found only on the highest slopes, and covers
an approximate area of 2,950 acres. The following table will serve to show the
approximate area in acres covered by each of the seven important species, the amount

486

KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

in cubic feet that it will yield within this area, and the total stand for each species

within the basin:

Species.

Amount
! per acre.

Panao

Tangiiile .

(inijo

Cupang...

Luuaii

Palosapis .
Aiiiuguis .

6,120
2, 950

.;, 120

3.160
0,120
6,120
3,160

Total..

33,750

Cubicfeet.

1,880

1,760

368

592

258

170

93

5,121

Total
stand.

CuMefeeL
11, 5(3,600
4,792,000
2,262,160
1,870,T20
1,678,960
1,040,400
293,880

23,833,720

The above (inures represent the merchantable stand within this river basin 20 inches
and over in diameter, after making the following deduction for unsound timber:

Per cent.

Tanguile 30

Anmguis 40

Lauan 30

Guijo 20

Panao 15

Palosapis -. ^ 15

Cupang 10

Average 22. 8

Other specicH 20 inches and over in diameter suitable for lumber are very scatter-
ing, and will yield but a small amount of material suitable for telephone and telegraph
poles or piles unless the better species are cut below 20 inches, which is not advisable
at the present time.

The above figures show an average stand per acre for the whole basin of 5,121
cubic feet round timber for all species mentioned, though on the lower slopes the
stand will be somewhat smaller, and in the higher elevations, larger than the
average.

In the drainage basin of the Paysun River the principal species is panao, with an
occasional stand of tanguile and lauan, a small amount of guijo, and the usual
number of small inferior species.

At an elevation of 1,960 feet, on a gentle southerly slope, was found the heaviest
stand of tanguile in the province. It was an almost pure stand, the few additional
species represented here having crooked boles and large overdeveloped crowns.

The reproduction of tanguile here was very good between the diameters of 1 to 3
inches, but the reproduction of seedlings was rather poor. The trees have large
spreading crowns with a clear length of 40 to 60 feet, and a comparatively small
taper; the trees were generally quite sound.

In the basin of the Talin River, a small stream havhi<r its headwaters but a short
distance back in the mountains, the stand is rather small and the trees have in
general a short bole and are more inclined to be defective than those at higher
elevations. The more important species found here are cupang, some panao, lauan,
amuguis, apitong, and antipolo, together with numerous otner species, of which but
one or two are found on an acre. The timber in this basin is, on the whole, more
suitable for poles, piles, posts, and small-sized timbers, though some of the larger
trees will yield a fair amount of saw timber.

The timber along the coast back to an elevation of 400 to 500 feet is generally
shorter boled and more defective than at the higher elevations. The trees also have
a very large crown development. The density of the stand is ''broken to open."
A large amount of cupang is found here, with some scattered panao, and consider-
able inferior lauan, the latter often being defective at the butt. The remaining
spe(!ies of importance found here are batitinan, palosapis, guijo, amuguis, palo-maria,
annbing, camayuan, and antipolo. A considerable amount of short saw timber and
a large number of medium-length poles can be secured here. This timber being near
the coast has some advantages, but a company operating here would probably pre-
fer to go farther back in order to secure greater lengths and sounder timber.

From the Saysaen River to Bagac the density of the forest is open and the quality
of the stand in form, figure, and species is poor. In many places no merchant-
able timber is found, and in general but little timber suitable for poles, posts, and
piles. Near Bagac the large timber has been cut out for some distance and the forest

REPORT OF THB PHILIPPINE OOMMISSIOW.

487

is kept in poor 8baj>e by the repeated cuUings made by the natives for small timl>er
and fire\v()(xl.

Rice fields extend from the town for five-eighths of a mile south 20 degrees east,
the majority of these being under cultivation at the present time. For the next five-
eighths of a mile on the same course the timber has been heavily culled, and fields
are scattered here and there throughout the brush land.

The following table shows the average stand per acre of the most important species
on the west coast (average number of trees per acre, 8 inches and over in diame-
ter, average diameter, maximum diameter, and average merchantable length of the
eight important species) .

Acre measurements on the west coast.

Species.

Average

number of

trees per

acre.

Average
diameter.

Maximum
diameter.

Average
nierchan ta-
ble length.

Panao

9.25
4.19
5.96

.96
2.44
2.62

.58

.96
2.01
1.21
1.67
2.10
2.76
4.18
3.94
4.11

.44
1.20
1.28

.88

Inches.
20.43
22.11
16.62
19.42
18.70
24.17
21.68
12.06
18.08
11.87
10.46
14.36
12.29

9.92
14.46
10.37

9.76
11.24
11.26
10.09

Inches.
67
72
65
56
64
72
60
82
80
42
40
44
64
22
62
27
17
86
22
25

66

56

66.2

68.8

66.1

54.6

47.7

38.6

Tangulle

Lauan

Palosapis

amjo

CupanfiT

Amuguis

Palo-maria

Panganan

Dalindigan

Cnrnayuan

Malaruhat

Putian

Boc-boc

Alupag

Bolong-eta

Dalinaa

Cato

Calivas

Malacamanga

Total mean average

62.63

14.71

44.4

37.1

From this it will be seen that panao is the predominating species, and also has
the greatest merchantable length. Lauan comes second in abundance, though the
average diameter is considerably lower than panao, the average merchantable length
being very nearly the same.

Tanguile is third in number, but shows the largest average diameter of any spe-
cies. Boc-boc is fourth in number, lx)long-eta lifth, and alupag sixth. The last
three have, however, an average diameter of 9 to 14 inches. The same order is also
found on the eastern coast, except that alupag is fifth and bolong-eta sixth instead
of vice versa. For a distance of 2 miles, north of the town of Mariveles, toward
the headwaters of the Lalinbin and Mariveles rivers there is no timber of value, the
first mile being taken up mainly by fields and rice paddies, the next mile being
mainly brush land. In the next three-fourths of a mile there is some small timber
but the valuable accessible timber has been taken out.

The general configuration of the country around the headwaters of the Lalinbin
and Mariveles rivers is very rough, being cut up into sharp ridges with very steep
slopes ^enerallv extending to the stream uninterrupted, and often so steep as to be
almost impassable.

Tanao forms the bulk of the merchantable timber here, but the clear length, except
in favored spots, is generally not over 40 to 50 feet, and the boles are inclined to be
more defective than usual. There is a small amount of lauan, but it is largely of
poor form and defective. Guijo and tanguile are short, but quite sound. The
remaining species are generally of very poor form and of little value.

Owing to the very steep slopes no animals could be used here, and the quality and
amount of timber is such that a lumber company would not care to put In a cable
system so long as there is better and more accessible timber in other parts of the
province.

Great care should be exercised in opening up the forest, reproduction being rather
poor on the greater part of the area, and the danger from erosion great.

The soil is a shallow, fresh, sandy loam, and, containing many small and some
larger bowlders, it washes very easily during the heavy rains. No lumbering should
go on here except under strict supervision.

Toward the headwaters of the Mariveles River there are two waterfalls— the upper
one about 80 feet high and the lower one 30 feet high. The banks of the river are

488 ttEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

very steep, and the upper fall is almost inaccessible, the only passage being up the
river bed and over the lower fall. The banks of the river rise almost vertically in
places to a height of 200 to 400 feet, and there is not suflicient water passing over the
falls in the dry season to be of any service as a power.

In the region drained by the Batirrol River and its tributaries northeast of Mari-
veles, panao is the predominating species, with also a large amount of tanguile and
lauan. The panao and the tanguile are usually sound, but the lauan is often defec-
tive. On the lower levels there is also a small amount of cupang and guijo, with a
large number of inferior species intermixed.

The timber in this region can find an easy outlet down the long leading ridge sepa-
rating the Cabcaben and the Batirrol River l)asins. This ridge, joining with the
lowlands in the vicinity of Cabcaben, affords an excellent opportunity for the con-
struction of a tramroad from some point along the coast, or from Cabcaben, into the
heart of the timber belt. This, in connection with a wire-cable system, would afford
an easy and comparatively cheap method of getting out this timber.

The track for such a tramroad could be laid cheaply, as there would be but little
grading to be done, and the large amount of timl)er tril)utary to such a road would
certainly warrant the construction of such a system.

In the flat lands lying south of the trail between Mariveles and Cabcaben, about 3
miles west of Cabcaben, there is a very good stand of arnuguis and guijo. The anui-
guis trees are inclined to \ye defective at the butt, and, as a general rule, the sound
trees will only yield two logs. The reproducttion of these two species is poor, espe-
cially that of amuguis. Reproduction of amuguis in the pole stage seems to be almost
totally lacking here in the forest, though on the edge of the brush lands, where there
is considerable light, the conditions are somewhat better. The timber here is quite
accessible, and can be easily taken out on the tramroad mentioned previously.

CABCABEN RIVER BASIN.

In the Cabcaben drainage basin the important species are panao, tanguile, lauans
guijo, palosapis, cupang, and amuguis. The form figure of all is much the same a,
in the other drainage basins, though tanguile as a whole in more inclined to be
defective, especially at the higher elevations, than on the western coast. In this
region guijo and palosapis reach a fine form and devel(jpnient, and will furnish a
large amount of excellent saw timber.

The development of all the above species is very good, with the exception of
amuguis.

The brush lands in this region extend back from the coast for a distance of 2 miles
or more, and within this area there are no trees of merchantable value. In spots
there is a good seedling reproduction of panao, lauan, guijo, cupang, and palo-maria.

The best timber in this region is along the ridges and part way down the slopes,
the timber in the valley being generally shorter and more inclined to be defective,
This basin could be easily lumbered by means of a cable system, the timber around
the headwaters going down the ridge between the Batirrol and the Cabcaben rivers,
the timber on the lower slopes finding an outlet down the ridge just north of the
Cabcaben River.

A MO RIVER BASIN.

The region drained by the A mo River and tributaries lying west of the barrio of
Cabcaben consist.s approximately of 4,890 acres, of which 3,220 acres are forest land
situated near the headwaters of the river and 1,570 acres of brush land lying ad ja(;ent
to the coast. Within the forest area the river consists of two main branches, both
having their source near the base of Bataan Mountain and divided by a low ridge.

From the mouth of the Amo River just north of the barrio of Cabcaben the brush
lands extend along the stream in a westerly direction for 2^ miles, the elevation at
the end of the brush lands being about 350 feet.

From the edge of the brush lands to the end of the merchantable timber line the
distance is 3J miles, making the distance from the coast to the most remote timber
5| to 6 miles. There are but few large bowlders and but little rough ground in this
basin, thus affording a good logging bottom.

There is a considerable amount of large timber which it will be impossible to take
out by means of animals owing to its size and weight, and in order to secure this
timber some wire-cable system should be used taking the timber down the ridges on
either side of the stream.

Timber could be driven down the stream only with ditficulty, and even were it
feasible a considerable amount of the timber is too heavy to float and could not be
taken out in this way.

Within this basin the 7 species found in greatest abundance and of the greatest
commercial value are panao, tanguile, palosapis, lauan, cupang, guijo, and amaguis.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 489

In addition to these there are a large number of species of small diameter, ^vhich at
present liave but little value in the market.

The approximate stand of timlx^r in this ba.sin is given below, and will .^erve to
show the approximate stand to be found on the eastern coast in the river basins
where the conditions are similar.

The ei<rht species noted previously were used as a basis for determining the stand,
the remaining species of large size being scattered and but few in number.

Only trees 20 inches and over in diameter were taken into consideration here, as
in the great majority of cases it is not deemed advisable to cut below this diameter
limit, mainly on account of silvicultural reasons. Many of the speries which attain
a large size do not bear fruit abundantly below a diameter of 18 to 20 inches, and in
order to insure the presence of a suiiicient num})er of seed trees it will l)e necessary
to set a diameter limit which is not below this. Cutting down to 20 inches will yield
an amount of tind)er sufficient to make the exploitation profitable, and still leave the
forest in a condition in which it can recover rapidly.

In determining the stand of timber after computing the volume of the different
species it was found necessary to make a reduction varying with the different species
for unseen defects and poor timber. This was greatest in the case of tanguile and
amuguis, and least in cupang.

The following percentages were deducted for defects from the species named below:

IVr cent.

Tanguile 40

Anuiguis 40

Lauan 80

Guijo 20

Panao 15

Palosapis 15

Cupang 10

A verage 24. 5

The average stand per acre within tlie forest area lor trees 2u iiuhes and over in
diameter is as follows:

Species.

Oil. feet

1,448.4

937.2

724.2

Wi). 4

Cupang 255. 6

Guijo ! 213.

Amuguis I 8n. 2

Panao

Tanguile. .
Palosapi.s .
Lauan .

of stand.

34
22
17
14
6
5
2

4,2t;o

The above rei)re^t uts the stand after the deduction of unsound timber, and shows
an average of 4,2(50 (Uibic feet round timber per acre, with a total volume for the
8,320 acres of 14,148,200 cubic feet. In addition to this there will be an average of
100 cubic feet per acre of other merchantable species, composed of many kinds, and
but a small amount of each kind, bringing the total up to 4,800 cubic leet per acre,
making the total for the basin 14,475,200 cubic feet.

Panao forms one-third of the stand in this basin, and will furnish long lengths of
straight, sound timber. At the present time no ])anao has been cut in the southern
part of the province, the natives claiming that the timber is hard to cut, and, being
heavy, is difficult to haul out.

In the upper part of the province and in Zambales Province panao is cut and
shipped to Manila, finding a ready market, and undoubtedly the disfavor into which
l)anao has fallen in the south end of the province is due largely to prejudice.

Tanguile forms about one-third of the stand, and though not generally furnishing
quite as long lengths as panao, yet on an average yields tind)er of somewhat larger
diameters.

Palosapis forms about one-sixth of the stand, and is of fine form and generally
sound.

Lauan forms about one-seventh of the stand, and though there are many more
stems per acre than of palosapis, the average diameter is not as large and the tiird>er
is more defective.

Cupang, guijo, and amuguis form but a small part of the stand, and are found only
on the lower elevations. The amuguis is in general very defective.

490

EEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

This region will ^ield in telegraph poles an average of 1.4 poles per acre of bolong-
eta between the diameters of 10 and 20 inches (mainly between 10 and 14 inches);
an average of 0.6 poles per acre for amayuan between 10 inches and 18 inches diam-
eter; an average of 1 pole per acre of boc-boc between 10 and 17 inches diameter; an
average of 1.8 poles per acre of alupag between 10 and 20 inches diameter (mainly
between 10 and 15 inches) ; an average of 2.2 poles of palo-maria per acre between
10 and 20 inches in diameter (mainly between 10 and 16 inches) . These poles have an
average length of 35 to 40 feet, and in most cases are straight and sound. Tiie fol-
lowing table shows the average stand of poles per acre and also for the tract:

Species.

('amayuan .

lioc-boc

Bolong-eta .

Alupag

l*alo-maria .

Total.

Number
of trees.

Total
number
of trees.

Per actr.

O.G

1,680

1.0

2, 8lK)

1.4

3, 920

1.8

5,010

2.2

0,100

7.0

19,600

At the pr(\sent time it will not be advisable to remove a large nnmbor of palo-maria,
if it is desired to continue this species in the forest. None should be taken out except
under direction of some forest official.

LAMAO RIVER BASIN.

The chief species in this basin are panao, lauan, and taniijuile, the two former pro-
dominating. There is also a conHiderable amount of camayuan, palo-maria, and
bolong-eta, with a fair stand of guijo, cupang, and amnguis.

The silvicultural conditions here vary but little from the other river basins, with
the exception of tanguile, which here reaches a greater average height and clear
length than is found on the west coast.

This region can be easily lumbered by means of a wire cable svstem, the ascent
toward the mountains being easier and the country less broken by ridges than on
the west coast. The main outlet for the timber in this basin is down tne valley of
the Lamao River, which enters the sea nc^ar Lamao.

The following table shows the average stand per acre of the most important species
on the eastern coast, computed from 307 valuation surveys showing the average
number of trees per acre, 8 inches and over in diameter, average diameter, maximum
diameter, and average merchantable length:

[Acre measurement (307 acres) on east coast,]

Panao

Tanguile

Lauan

PalosapiB

Guijo

Cupang

Amuguis

Palo-maria

Panganan

Dallndlgan

Camayuan

Malaruhat

Putian

Boc-boc

Alupag

Bolong-eta

Dallnas

Cato

Calivas

Malacamanga .

Species.

Average

number of

trees {)er

acre.

!

Total

Mean average .

Average I Maximum
diameter, diameter.

Inchea.
20. 04
22. 70
17.86
22.29
19. 02
33.30
24.17
11.. ^7
13.96
12. 26
10.89
13.81
14.36
10.32
13.65
10.49
9.87
11. Tm

io.r>7

9.88

Inches.

44.66

Avetaf^e

merehant-

able

length.

Ftrt.

56

6.^). 2
63.8
65. 1
54.5
47.7
38. 6

57.1

BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 491

GROUND COVER.

The ground cover over the \vhole region consists principally of leaves, varying in
depth from one-half to three inches, with occasional ferns and some grass. In all
places there is a marked absence of any form of herbaceous growth, due, to a con-
siderable extent, to the absence of humus.

UNDERBRUSH.

The most common form found in this region are the several kinds of Ix^jiico, which
thrive best under a moderate shade, thinning out to a great extent as the forest
becomes dense. It is almost entirely absent in the brush lands and in other places
where the stand is open. It has, however, a wide range of distribution, and has
been found at an elevation of 3,000 feet, though of a dwarf, scrubby form.

Timac comes next in importance, and in open places forms an almost impenetrable
thicket. It is found in greatest abundance on the low-lying lands, and evidently needs
a large amount of light, being absent in all cases where the forest cover is dense. It
is a greater hindrance to reproduction than bejuco, owing to the dense thickets
which it forms in open spots where the forest has been opened up. However, in
places where seedlings have obtained a start before the timac they apparently are
able to live, though their growth is retarded to quite an extent.

REPRODUCTION.

The reproduction in general is as satisfactory as can be expected in a mixed virgin
forest, where theie are many large trees with broad-spreading and more or less dense
crowns, which shade the ^^round to quite an extent, tending to retard the growth of
small seedlings by shutting out a large amount of light. But little difference is found
in the reproduction on the east and west coasts.

The reproduction of the three most abundant species — panao, tanguile, and lauan —
is good, though it can be considerably improved by a judicious opening up of the
forest, and the removal of the large-crowned, mature, and overmature timber. The
larger part of the species found in this province are heavy-seeded trees, and are not
able to seed much territory except close to the parent tree.

Of the three most important species lauan has the lightest seeds, but they gener-
ally do not cover a territory more than 200 feet from the parent tree. It bears fruit
only on alternate years.

Panao has a very heavy two-wiuged seed, which falls directly to the ground. It
bears a large number of seeds and germinates readily, the small seedlings being able
to endure a considerable amount of shade.

Tanguile fruit was not seen during the work, but the tree l)ears an abundance of
flowers, and reproduction in the region of the parent tree is generally good.

Guijo is also a heavy -seeded tree, and produces a large number of flowers and fruit.
The reproduction of this species on the lower slopes, where the density of the forest
is ''broken to open," is generally good.

Palosapis is a demander of more light than many species, and germinates readily
only in more or less open places. The best reproduction of this species was found in
the brush lands along the eastern coast, especially in the valleys oi the Cabcaben and
Amo rivers. The seed is quite light and capable of l)eing borne some distance by the
wind. The principal enemy of the fruit is the wild hog. It bears seed every year.

Amuguis is found in considerable abundance on the lower elevations of the eastern
coast. It has a heavy, fleshy fruit, and bears abundantly every year. It evidently
demands a large amount of light for development, and reproduces well only on the
edge of the brush lands. Reproduction within the forest is almost entirely lacking.

A considerable amount of fruit is destroyed every year by hogs, monkeys, <leer,
birds, and the natives — all being very fond of the fruit.

Cupang is also a demander of considerable light. It bears fruit abundantly every
year, the fruit being a pod about one foot long and containing large, heavy, dark-
colored beans. It apparently germinates easily during the ramy season along the
trails in a fairly dense forest, but dies after germination, probably for want of suita-
ble light conditions, as very few seedlings or saplings of any size can be found in
such places. Cupang and amuguis are generally found associated together, lx>th
seeming to demand the same condition as to soil, light, and elevation. They seldom
go above 900 feet elevation, and the only good reproduction noted was on the edge
of open places or in open places themselves.

Palo-maria reproduction is generally good, the seed being able to germinate and
the seedlings to develop under fairly dense light conditions. The fruit is rather
small and heavy and can not be distributed far from the parent tree. It bears fruit
every year at a diameter of 10 to 12 inches.

492 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

Boc-boc reproduces very well under a me<lium shade. It bears an abundance of
seed every year at a diameter of 6 inches and over.

I>olong-eta reproduces well in the forest and under almost all conditions as to
elevation and aspect within the merchantable timber line. The fruit is heavy,
abundant, and is borne every year. The tree bears at a diameter of 6 inches and
over.

Alupag reproduces fairly well under medium shade. A large amount of fruit is
borne every year at a diameter of 5 inclies and over.

Camay uan reproduces fairly well, and bears only on alternate years. The first is
heavy and borne at a diameter of 6 inches and over. The greater part of the impor-
tant species bear seed only at comparatively large diameters — from 16 to 20 inclies —
and are thus handicapped by the great number of less important specie.^, whicli
seldom reach a diameter of 15 to 18 inches and bear seed at a diameter of 6 inches
and over.

In order to encourage the niore important species it will be advisable to remove as
man^ of the larger trees of the inferior species during the lumbering operations as is
possible, without opening up the stand too much. This would remove a large num-
ber of seed trees of undesirable species which at the present time offer strong compe-
tition to the leading species.

The inferior species are generally more prolific seed bearers than the others, and
this, taken with the low diameter at which they bear seed, gives them a decided
advantage over the better species.

In opening up the forest during lumbering operations great care niust be exercised
that no large blanks are made where the sun can reach the soil directly. There
being but little ground cover, the soil in exposed places, especially during the dry
st^ason, dries out very rapidly, and large cracks are formed in the soil, tiie conditions
being such that young seedlings will be unable to survive.

Taking the number of stems per acre as a basis, the stand in the province may be
considered as "broken," though in many places the soil is heavily shaded l)ythe
very large spreading crowns of the trees, which by interlacing form a dense canopy.
Where there are heavy stands of panao and tanguile the density is frequently dense,
and in some places, especially in panao ** groves," the soil is entirely devoid of any
brushy growth. This occurs most frequently at an elevation of 1,200 to 1,500 feet.

QUALITY OF LOCATION.

The quality of the whole region for tree growth may be considered No. 1, except
along the seacoast, on the very steep slopes, where the soil is thin, and near the end
of the merchantable timber line.

In the main forest regions the soil is very favorable for forest growth and, with'
some assistance, heavier stands can be produced in many places than are found at
the present time.

SILVICULTURAL CONDITIONS.

The silvicultural conditions of the species, which grow to a merchantable size, is
very good, showing in general a long, clear length and straight boles.

PANAO ( DirrEHOC A KPUS ^ .

Panao has the best form of any specties found in this region of the i)rovince. The
clear bole ranges from 60 to 90 feet, and clear boles up to 120 feet have been found,
though these are the exception. The boles are uniforndy straight and clean and
the trees in most cases a})[)arently sound.

The large trees are to a great extent dominant, which permits the development of
a large crown. The crowns, however, are usually (juite symmetrical, and, l)eing
above the other trees, allow considerable light to reach the trees in the lower story.
When, however, there is a heavy stand of panao poles the ground is generally
densely shaded and but little und(Mgrowth is found. The average diameter, (^aliper-
ing all trees down to 8 inches, is 20 inches.

TANGUILK (sHOREA).

Tanguile generally has a shorter bole than panao, running from 40 to 60 feet,
fairly cylindrical, and with a small taper. It reaches its best development in height
growth in the basins of the Amo and Lamao rivers, on the eastern slope. The aver-

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 493

age clear length bole here is from 50 to 70 feet, and clear boles to the length of 115
feet, with a total height of 180 feet, were recorded.

The crown of the tanguile Ls heavy liiuhf'(l and very irregular, with a small leaf
which docs not offiT as much shade as the larger leaved panao. The average diam-
eter, calipering all trees down to 8 inches, is 22 inches.

LAUAN (aNISOI^TERA).

Lauan has not as great a length of clear bole nor as great a height growth as panao.
The crown is quite symmetrical and extends a considerable distance down the
trunk. The foliage is rather dense on many crowns, but does not generally offer as
much shade as panao. The average clear length bole on the west coast is from 50 to
()o feet, but on the east coast, in the region around the Cabcaben, Amo, and Lamao
rivers, the clear length will average from 50 to 95 feet. The average diameter, cali-
pering all trees down to 8 inches, is 17 inches.

GUi.io (shorea).

The heaviest stand of guijo is found on the lower elevations on the eastern coast,
where it forms an important part of the forest.

Guijo resembles tanguile in the character of the bole and general appearance,
though the crown is not as heavy lind)ed and is more regular. The length of clear
bole ranges between 50 an<l 80 feet, with an average diameter of 19 inclies, caliper-
ing all trees down to 8 inches.

palosapis (shorea).

This is found in greatest abundance and best developm(»nt on the eastern coast.
It has a long, straiglit, clear bole with a small taper. Tlie crown is usually large,
spreading, and the foliage somewhat dense. The clear length ranges between 50
and 80 feet, and has an average diameter, calipering all trees down to tlie diameter
of 8 inches, of 20.8 inches.

amuguis (shorea).

Amuguis is found in considerable abundance on the lower elevations of the ea«3t(^rn
coast, rarely above 900 feet elevation. The clear bole ranges from 45 to 00 feet in
length, with a small taper, generally spreading roots, extending 8 or 4 feet above the
ground. The crowns usually spread widely at the end of the clear length, and are
large lifnbed, with a rather thin foliage. It is found in greatest abundance, asso-
ciated with cupang, on gentle to moderate slopes at an elevation of from 400 to 500
feet. The average diameter, calipering all trees above 8 inches, is 23 inches.

cupAN(i (park I a).

Cupang has a rather large diameter, with a smooth, straight, cylindrical bole,
which is often quiti* short. The clear length of the bole ranges from 40 to 55 feet,
and at the end of this the crown spreads out in many cases very broadly, and is large
limbed. The foliage is thin and offers but little shade to the surrounding growth.
The cupang has very broad buttressed roots, which in some ceases extend as high as
8 to 10 feet above the ground, but generally not over 3 to 5 feet.

On the edge of clearings and in open spaces the cupang produces a very short bole
and a crown 80 to 90 feet in diameter, forming a low tree of little value as timber.
The average diameter, calii)eringall trees down to 8 inches, is 24 inches on the west
coast and 33 inches on the east coast.

DUNGON (hERITIERA).

Dungon is very sciittered and the reproduction is poor, due partly to the light
conditions and the comparatively small amount of seed which it bears. It has a
straight, clean bole, with a clear length of 50 to 70 feet. The crown is large, sprea<^^iing,
and fairly dense. Its range extends over all aspects and elevations within the mer-
chantable timber belt.

BOLONG-ETA (l)IOSPVROS).

This tree is found widely distributed over the whole territory and at all elevations
up to 2,000 feet. The boles are fairly straight, but rather rough, and the sapwood is
frequently more or less defective. It averages in clear length from 30 to 50 feet.

494 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE OOMMISSIOK.

The crowns are large, regular, and generally fairly dense. The average diameter,
calipering all trees down to 8 inches, is 10 inches. It is suitable for posts and small
poles, and in Batiian is frequently used as fuel in burning out bancas and to a limited
extent as house posts.

ALUPAG (nEPHEUUM).

Generally distri})uted over the whole area up to 1,900 feet elevation. The boles are
usually rather crooked, with a large and irregular crown, and a total height under 100
feet. The length of the clear bole is usually froin 30 to 50 feet; the average diameter,
calipering all trees down to 8 inchen, is 14 inches. Used principally for house posts
in Bataan.

BOC-BOC (STREBLUS).

Widely distributed over the whole region. Boles are fairly straight, with a clear
length of 30 to 50 feet. The crown is usually large, and very thin. The average
diameter, calipering down to 8 inches, is 10 inchen. Not used in Bataan at the pres-
ent time, but should make good posts and poles if treated with creosote or some
other preservative.

RATE OF GROWTH.

Here, as in all tropical forests, the greatest difficulty has been found in determin-
ing the annual rate of growth of the various species. Owing to there being no abrupt
cessation of tree growth, as is found in temperate climates, there is no marked dis-
tinction of annual growth rings. Rings are present in numerous cases, but it is
undoubtedly true that more than one ring is formed in a year, depending upon the
habits of the individual species and also upon the local moisture conditions.

Until much more data are at hand than we have at the present time it will be
impossible to deal with the question of the rate of growth.

MERCHANTABLE CONDITION.

The merchantable condition varies considerably with the changes in situation and
elevation, but as far as the important species are concerned it is very good.

Panao furnishes long log lengths, whi{'h are straight and sound. Tanguile is affected
to some extent by fungous diseases, especially in the region of the Cabcaben River,
yet almost all trees will yield some saw timber.

Lauan is often affected by a butt rot, but will generally furnish some good logs.
The boles are long, straight, and smooth.

Guijo is affected to some extent by fungi, but not to as great an extent as tanguile.
Guijo will furnish some very fine saw timber of long lengths.

Palosapis is apparently very sound, and gives long, clear, straight log lengths of
large diameters.

Amuguis, found in greatest abundance in low lands, is often defective, but will
usually furnish at least one log.

Cupang is generally very sound, and will furnish a large amount of material suit-
able for boxes, etc., where a light timber is desired. The trees will not generally
furnish over two logs, owing to the short bole and the buttressed roots.

Many of the other larger species will furnish good saw material, though the num-
ber of trees of each species is so small that only a limited amount of timber can be
secured of any one species without covering a large territory. The smaller species,
such as bolong-eta, alupag, boc-boc, and camayuan are in general of a size suited for
poles, posts, and small sills, but of such materials of small dimensions a large amount
can be secured.

DAMA(?E.

The principal damage to forest growth is from fungi which attack tanguile, lauan,
and some others quite readily. Insects apparently injure the living trees to no appre-
ciable extent, though attacking dead timber in a very short time. The damage to
living trees from vines is small, except in the case of balete, which in time reaches
the form of a tree growth. This starts as an epiphyte on a great variety of trees, but
is generally more common on tanguile than any other one species. It commences in
the crown of the tree, generally in a crotch, sending out aerial roota, which by means
of small tendrils cling to the body of the host tree, and gradually creep downward
and upon striking the soil take root. In time these roots almost completelj^ envelop
the tree and kill it The wood is of no value, but the bark yields a whitish juice,

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

495

which can be made into a form of gum. This juice and also the leaves of the tree
are supposed to have medicinal qualities.

This species occurs at all elevations within the merchantable timber line. There
is another species of balete, rarely found here, which is of good form and suitable
for the construction of bancas.

In the following list will be found the various species of trees 8 inches and over in
diameter, found in the southern part of the province, in the rej^ion covered by the
investigation. This list gives the common name by which tlie trees are known in
the province, and as far as possible the generic name, and tlie group under which
it is classified in the "Forest Kegulations."

The species of southern Bataan,

Common name.

Genns.

Group.

Common name.

Genus.

Group.

Acle

Pithecolobiiim

1
3

Binouang

Binunga

Bitog

Octomeles

4

Aclen-Piirancf

Albizzia

Macaranga . . . .

4

Agay

Calophylluni

s

Aialangat

Adenanthera

2

Biton

Alaluii^a . .

Boc-Boe

Bolong-etii

Botong

Streblus

4

A Ian trim ST

Diospyros

2

Alasan

Baringtonin

4

Alisiis

Bungalon

Almaclsra

Bubuy

Eriodendron

4

Alupag

Nepheliiiiii

2
2
4

Bulac

Amugiiis

Amu yon

Anadlansj

Odina

Bulacdam< >

Xvlopia

Buta-Buta

Cabot

Excoecaria

Anabo

Cabuyao

Cacayasen

Citrus

4

Anabiintj

Anturap

Pithecolobium

3

Caetana

Anagatli

Anaroiig . . .

Canarium

Cahoy-biic 1

Cahoy-buur ....

Andolan

: i: .:

Cahoy-dalugii ..
Oaiasan

Zollingeria

4

Angninin

Aniatau . . .

Ochna

3

Cairocan

Calabuyo

Beilschmedin

Anapo

Antlpoio

Aplos . ...

Artocarpus ...

P.

Calamansay

Calayocoi

Terminalia

1

Anunung

Cordia

3

1

Calios

Streblus

3

Anubing

Artocarpus . . .

Callvaa

Apis- A pis

Calonsr-caffinj?. .

Apitong

Apulong

Auili

Dipterocarpus

3

Calumpit

Camagon

CamanehiU'H ...
Camansalay

Terminalia

8

Osmoxylon ...

Diospyros

8

Pithecolobium

3

Baacon

Babayan

Camayuan

Caming

Gymnosporia

1

Bagna . . .

Bago

Gnetum

Gamiinge

Balacat

Zizyphus . . .

3

Camoong

Balacbac

Eugenia

Camuning

Cana fistula

Canumav

Murrava

1

Balete

Flcus

P.

4

Cassia

<)

Balinaonao

Capura

Ballngbin" ....

Caping-ulo . ...

Balinnasav

Buchania

3
3
2

Cara -.

Balucanat

Aleurites

Caraya

Banaba

Lagerstrsemia

Casoy

Banacalan

Catmon

Cato . .

Dillenia . ...

2

Banao

Banal

Caton baoalao . .

Banati

....

OillpilibH"

Banato

Mallotus

4
3

Citing-citing ...

Banabanyan ...

Stereospermum (?)

Colo

Banay

Corig

Banga

Calyptrocalix

6
2

Culls

Memecylon

4

Bangcal

Sarcocephaluf?

Cupang

Parkla

3

Banquid

Dalinaa

Polycthla (?)

Banqulr

Dallndigan

Dampol

Danglin

Dao

Shorea ..

8

Baniguiaa

Bishopia

Bani

Grewia . .

3

Bani-Bani

Stereospermum (?)

3

Dracontomelun

Erythrina

3

Banyar

Dap-dap

Darang^ ...

4

Barangoi

Baaac

Daray

Baticulan

Di":.:: . :.:

ZiZYDhlUI (?^

Baticuling

Litsea

1
1
3

Dilac

Batltinan

Lagerstraemia

Dila-dila

Dirita

Excoecaria . .

4

Bayabas

pRidinm , , ,

Alstonia .

Bayan

Ditae

Alof^t^nla

8

Bayog

Pterospermum

3
8

4

Diton

Biniay

Antldesma

Dolit

Bflucao

Qarcinia

Dungon

Heritiera [['.

8

496 BEFORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

The impedes of so nl hern Bataan — Continued.

ComirKiii name.

Duplac .
Gafis . . .

Group.

Zizyphns .

Gati

Guiio

Guilac

GuiHihan

Guyon-guyon .
Hipus-hipus . . .

Ipil

Lab-lab j

Labac i

LabiHiyo j

Lal)uyo |

Lago I

Lagiiina '

Lagnndi..

Lamio

Lamug . . .
Lanete ...

Lano

Lanuttin..
Lapinac ..
Latauan..

Lauan

Jjay lay an .
Leoseu ...

Shorea

Ratonia . . .
Cratoxylon

Common name.

Dracontomoliim.

VVrightia .

Theapesia .

Aius<)i)lcra .

Litsefl. .

Iteadaphue.

Bombax

Talauma . . .
Myristioa...

Dillcnia

Stemegypora .

Lctoc .
Libas .

I^igaa

Ligag I

Ligas I Semecarpus

Lunas ' Lunasia

Mabanot j

Mabantut

Mabayan

Maguilic

MalabaquLs...

Malabitog

Malabonga . . .

Malabulac

Malacacao

Malacadios . . .
Malacamauiti^a
Malacaminge
Malanarayum
Malacatabi . . .
Malacatmon..
Malacauyan . .
Maladanglin .

Malagos

Malaicmo

Malahinga ...

Malaoban

Malapapaya . .

Malapatpat ■

Malaringin ',

Malarnhat i Eugenia

Malasampaloc . . '

Malasantol Sandoricum

Malasoca

Malatadiang ...

Malatalang

Malatumbaga . .

Malosa

Matamas

Manlcnic

Mareg

Marantic

Matang-olang . .

Mayapls

Molave

Molanin-aso

Celtis.

Polyscia .

Canthium .

Crudia .

Salacia .

Vitex....
Premna .

Ngisingiai

N^isingisi-ulo ..

Ninabatay

Nivatay

Opac

Opplay

Pagsainguin

Pahotan

Paho

Palac-palac

Palicpican

Palo-Maria

Paluchina

Pamay tolon

Panao

Pandacaqui

i'andan

Panaloion

Pariganan

Pangayranin . . .

Pangi

Pappling

Paqiiiling

Panep

Pasac

Patangis

Paysapis (Palo-

sapis.)
Pincapincahan .

l*uas

Puavi

Puso-puso

IHitat

Putian

Puyaui

Sagayatcatot ...

Salap

Samiling

Sampaloc

Sanaana

Santol

Sao-sao-lala(iui .

Sasaa

Sulipa

Susum biic

Taclanganac . . .

Tagatoy

Tagom

Tagpo

Taliantan

Talibagot

Talimurong

Talisay

Talobasin

Talongatingan .

Tambao

Tanag

Tanaquitic

Tanguisan bay-

ouac.

Tanglin

Tan^uile

Tapinac

Tauto

Tibig

Tindalo

Tuco

Tucodlangit —

Tuoy

Ualing

Ui-ui

Ylang-ylang

Genus.

Group.

Canarium .
Mangifera.

Palaqulum . . .
Calophyllum .

Dipterocarpus

Taberncemontan;i
Pandanus

(^ULTC'US

Parinariutn

Shorea

Oroxylum .

Barringtoniana .
Eugenia

Tamarindus .
Anisoptera ..

Gardenia .

Kleinhovia.

Shorea .

Fic'us . . .
Afzelia .

Cananga.

FOREST MANAGEMENT.

The greater part of the merchantable timber in Bataan Province is composed of a
few species generally of a small diameter, which at the present time have but little
value in the market. Many of these it will be desirable to remove in order to improve
the conditions of the better species, and also to remove the seed trees of the undesira-

RIVER SCENE. SHOWING DENSE FOREST GROWTH.

^''^^^fi^^H

HH|HHHIfl^H^i^

t^B

i»lj

'^ ^^^^^H^^^^^H

ivnIS

^^MwR^^^Mlr^l^^^ '

,'% ^^nJH^HJJIH

^^i^i^EH

^M^^^^^I^Hr

i^^HF

J^l

HBB

IMB

f '*^i^^^^H^^^^^^I

^^^^^■■' )| Wh'l » H

w

'r>^M^^^^H

^^^■r^ Ml

w

tw^B^^^m^KsS^^*^

M

m.

'imiH

■■■H^^^

■MHPWMniM

m-'^mmiK': -S- •

i

•i CM 57

LAUAN STUMP 13 FEET HIGH.
Larj^i' l)}iiH"i was cm innn this tree.

A TEAK STOOL GROWING IN THE FOREST NEAR THE CITY OF oOLC,

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 497

ble species as far as possible without opening up the stand to too great an extent.
Owin^ to the nearnt\-8 of the Manila market, a considerable portion of the smaller
material can probably be worked up into cordwood, which at the present time can be
laid down in Manila at a cost of from 20 to 26 pesos per 1,0(X) rajas.

The market price at the present time for rajas, superior class sticks 4 to 5 inches in
diameter and 36 implies long is $40 to $50 per 1,000 rajas.

Rajas, first class, with sticks 3 inches in diameter and 36 inches long, sell for $20
to $30 per 1,000 rajas.

Rajas, intermediate class, containing sticks of both superior and first class, sell
for $28 to $35 per 1,000 rajas.

Split sticks about 24 inches long and 1 inch in diameter are retailed at the wood
yards 3 to 4 sticks for 1 cent, according to grade.

The larger-sized trees with good form can be made into telegraph and telephone
poles, for which there is a large demand at the present time.

Considerable difficulty may be experienced at first in making the lumberman cut
anything but the larger and better class of timber, for it is from these that tlie largest
profits will be secured. However, if only the better species are cut, the forest
will soon onl^' consist of inferior species. In order to prevent this it will be necessary
to mark all tmiber which is to be cut and restrict the cutting to markeil trees only,
a sufficient force of rangers being provided to see that the regulations are complied
with.

All the timber cutting in this province has been done by many parties, holding
small licenses, most of the timber being cut for bancas. The man holding the license
rarely goes into the woods himself, but hires men by the day or by contract to go
into the forest, select the trees and cut the timber, and hew the bancas for him. The
native workmen practice a severe selection system, picking out the most sound and
best-formed trees, usually of the middle diameters, as they are unable to handle the
largest-sized timbers, owing to the poor transportation facilities. The trees cut are
usually scattered over a large area, and as the various licenses at present cover a large
territory supervision is very difficult. The result is that in the past a great waste
has taken place, often only one short banca being taken out of one tree and from
20 to 40 feet good lumber left in the top. In cases where the tree in falling has lodged
in a place where it is somewhat difficult to remove, the entire tree is left. In either
of the above cases the licensee should be held responsible for the full aniount of
timber cut, and the ranger should inspect the same and see that the regulations are
complied with. Sections 1 and 2, article 62, '* Regulations governing the utiliza-
tions of forest j)ro(lucts," have been repeatedly violated in the past.

These sections are as follows:

" Section 1. The trees to be cut shall be selected and cut down close to the ground,
care being taken that no damage be done in falling to the adjacent trees. The con-
cessioner shall compactedly pile the branches where the least damage shall be done
to the younger growth.

*'Sec. 2. Forest products shall be transported as far as possible by routes where
there are few trees, avoiding as far as practicable the destruction of the younger
growth."

At the present time the stumps are cut entirely too high, often 10 to 12 feet above
the ground, thus wasting a large amount of valuable timber. In some cases it is
necessary to cut several feet above the ground on account of root swellings, but gen-
erally the stumps are cut nuich higher than is necessary.

In felling, no attention is paid to avoid injuring adjacent trees, and sometimes con-
siderable damage is done to saplings and young growth, es[)ecially by the large
heavy-limbed tops. The branches of the crowns are never lopped or piled up, but
left as they fall.

The dis{)osition of the larger material in the tops will be a serious problem in a
large lumbering operation. In parts of the islands, wher emolave and certain other
superior group woods are abundant, it is found to be profitable to bring all large
limbs into the market, almost the entire tree having a merchantable value; but in
Bataan Province, where the majority of the merchantable trees are second and third
group timbers, the tops have but little value at the present time in the market.

This material should not be left in the woods, but worked up into box material,
charcoal, or some other form, which would at least cover the cost involved and rid the
forest of a large amount of material which, if left, would be a menace to the forest in
the dry season on account of fires.

At the present time in the Manila market charcoal sells for $1 to $1.20 Mexican
per sack of 27 **gantas." In some places in the islands charcoal can be laid down
on the beach for 20 cents Mexican per sack^ the freight charges to Manila generally
being one-half the selling price of the same m the Manila market, leaving a profit of

WAR 1902— VOL 10 32

498 BEPORT OF THE PHILirPINE COMMISSION.

30 to 40 cents per sack. In the past the cutting has been so scattered that there has
been but little damage rennlting from fires, but when lumbering operations on a
comparatively large scale take place, and there is a large amount of 1)rush on a
limited area, the danger from fire will be greatly increased, and the regulation in
regard to lopping and piling tops must be strictly enforced. Timber at the present
time, is taken out by the shortest and easiest route, without regard to the presence
of the young growth, and valuable specdes are frequently cut to build scaKolds for
cutting timl)er, and also to serve as rollers in the skidding trails.

Holders of firewood licenses, especially in securing firewood for use in the small
towns, frequently cut in small amounts the better classes of timber, prohibited for
firewood, paying little attjention to the species, but taking that which is most con-
venient to get out.

A lumber company working under the direction of the bureau of forestry will
experience, no doubt, some trouble with their workmen at the start, as the natives
for years past have been in the habit of following loose methods and cutting where
and what they wished. The clavSs of natives who do the forest work are generally
uneducated, and do not comprehend the meaning of a rational exploitation of the
forests, and hence they will have to be gradually educated.

However, the oj>erations of a lumber company whose work is localized in some
one region can be supervised far more closely than is possible at the present time,
and many of the existing evils can be corrected. In order to give some idea as to
the cost of cutting timber in this region and getting the same to Manila, the follow-
ing statement is given, taken from data collected by Mr. E. M. Griffith, in charge
of division of forest management:

The following shipment was not actually made to Manila, but the data were
secured from an actual shipment made to this city a short time ago from Olongapo,
Zam bales Province, near the northern boundary of Hataan Province. The entire
work was done by contract, and the following will show the actual cost of the tim-
ber and the profit realized from the same:

Cost of cutting and brinying to Manila market SO^OOO cubic feet of Piuuto, Lauan, and

Apitong.

[All prices in Mexican currency.]

Government valuation, at 3 cents per cubic foot, plus 25 percent additional,

government valuation for squared timber $750. 00

Cutting and hewing, at 4 cents per cubic foot 800. 00

Hauling to beach, \ mile, at 2 cents per cubic foot 400. 00

Rafting timber and bejuco, at 8 cents per culnc foot 600. 00

Towing timber, Olongapo to Manila, 2 days, at $200 per day 400. OC

Total cost 2,950.00

Value of timber in Manila market, 40 cents per cubic foot 8, 000. 00

Cost of same delivered in MaTiila •. 2, 9e50. 00

Profit 5,050.00

Thus yielding a profit of 25 cents on each cubic foot, or 171 per cent on the invest-
ment.

At the present time the species named are selling considerably higher in the mar-
ket, and the figures are certainly within a safe limit.

In the southern part of Luzon Island, on large operations where superior, first,
second, and third group trees are cut, the average valuation charged by the govern-
ment amounts to 10 cents Mexican per cubic foot.

In Bataan Province, however, owing to the small amount of superior and first
group timbers, the average government valuation will be considerably less. The
greater part of the merchantable timber here is in the second and third groups,
which have a valuation of 8 and 3 cents, respectively, per cubic foot.

At the present time much of the cutting, hewing, and hauling is done by contract,
the timber companies paying the natives a certain price per varas {o?> inches) and
puntos (1.09 inches) for squared timber, delivered on the beach.

The following scale of prices is paid by one of the larger companies operating in
southern Luzon, and though the species are not the same as many which are found
most abundantly in Bataan, yet it will serve to show the a})proximate cost of getting
out timber of other species than those mentioned previously.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 499

Tariff for timber delivered on the beach^ Bamtba, Batitinany GuijOy ^falacadio8,

Dimensions.

Value.

Feet.

13.6
16.3
18.2
21.8
24.6
27.2
30.0
32. 7
35.5
38.1
40.9
43.6
46.4
49.0
51.8
.5-1.5
57.3
59. 9
62. 7
(w). 5
(W.2

Inches.

10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9

10.9
10.9
10.9
10. y
10.9
10. 9
10.9
li).9
10. 9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10. 9
10. 9
10.9
10.9
10.9

I Excess for each
i additional puntos.

Inches. Pesos. Keales. Cuartos. Keales. Ciiartt>s.

;.'

10

10

.)

3
5 .

10

1 1

1 I

1 i

1 i

1 I

3 !.

15
15
15
15
10
10
10
10
10

Peso =42. 5 cents gold.
Real =5.3 cents ^old.
Ciiarto=0.5 cents gold.

The market price per cubic foot which prevails at th(^ present time in Manila for
squared timber is as follows:

Cents.

Amuguis 00-65

Apitong 60

Panao 60

Lauan 45

Tanguile 60

Guijo

Batitinan . .
Manicnic. ..
Palo-Maria .

Cents.
55
50
86
30

The 8j>ecies furnishing the greater part of the merchantable timber here do not
reproduce abundantly below a diameter of 18 to 20 inches, and in order to secure good
reproduction after hmibering the better species shouhl not be rut below a diameter of
20 inches except in places where an overabundance of sevd trt'cs would be left. In
other places it may be necessary to leave some seed trees a])ovc (his diameter. Any
variations from the rules must be left to the marker, who sh,)uld he a man of gooci,
sound judgment. The best means of lund)ering this region, owing to the poor trans-
portation and the size of the timber, is by ujcans of a wire-('al)lv system. At the
present time there are not suthcient carabaos in the province to work the lields, and
nmch difticulty is experienced in securing carabaos in sutlicient numbers to carry on
the small amount of lumbering in progress at the present time.

The scarcity of the animals, the higli valuation of the same (^100 to $200 Mexican),
the comparatively small amount of work renderable, and their inability to handle
the largest sized timbers practically eliminates them as a factor in hnnbering opera-
tions of any size.

It is questionable if American or Australian horses would stand the work in the
forest here. It is certain that they could not perform the same amount of labor as
American horses do in the forests of tlu^ Unite<l States.

With the introduction of modern machinery it will be necessary to have American
foremen in the forest to take charge of the several brandies of the work and instruct
the natives in the methods of American hnnl)ering.

The ]al>or conditions in this province are not as satisfactory as could be desired.
The natives as a whole are inclined to be indolent, and do not care to work in the
forest for any length of time. The only works of any size going on in the province
at the present time are at the stone quarry and the shi})yard near Mariveles. At
the quarry the company found that they were unable to work the natives of this

500 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

province, and were forced to import men from Pampanga and one of the southern
provinces in order to carry on the work successfully. The superintendent of the
shipyard has also had considerafble difficulty in keeping men at work for any length
of time. The men employed by him were classed as skilled carpenters, and what is
true of the skilled labor is true in a greater degree of the unskilled labor. The aver-
age wages of laborers in the forest varies from 40 to 80 cents Mexican per day, with
subsistence. The more experienced men receive from 60 to 80 cents, and the mferior
laborers from 40 to 60 cents.

Laborers furnishing their own subsistence usually receive $1 Mexican per day.
Carabao labor varies somewhat in price, but is usually from |1 to $1.50 Mexican per
day, with driver.

KEOOMxMENDATIONS.

At the prev^ent time there is a large amount of mature and overmature timber in
the province which should be taken out as soon as possible, preferably by some
company rather than by a large number of licensees as at the present time.

The main advantage of a single company or a few companies will be the greater
ease of supervision and placing of responsibility, which, under the present system,
is difficult. They will also be able to take out the largest-sized trees, which under
the present metfiods are not removed on account of the difficulty of handling the
same. These trees have in most cases reached maturity, and each year are becoming
less valuable, so that it is desirable that they come out as soon as possible.

There should be a more rigid enforcement of article 62 of the forest regulations
in regard to the felling of timber, the piling of the tops, and the preservation of
young growth.

Also the paragraph in article 63 in regard to felled timber left in the forest after
operations have ceased. All timber which is to be cut should be marked, and all
marked timber cut, unless a satisfactory reason can be given for not doing so.

Owing to the scarcity of superior and first group timbers in this province, and the
poor reproduction of the same, none should be cut except under the direction of
some forest ofticial.

The companies operating in this province should not be permitted to cut only the
best class of timber, but should also be required to take marked timber which will
pay the least profit, in order that the condition of the forest may be improved and
the inferior species weeded out.

Majich 18, 1902.
The Secretary of the Interior,

Manila, P. I.

Sir: I have the honor to inclose herewith a special report of P. L. Sherman, in-
spector, forestry bureau, on forest conditions in the Sulu An^hipelago and southern
Mindanao, Philippine Islands.

From this report we gain many additional data concerning the rich forest resources
of the southern islands. But a very small percentage of the timber cut in the Philip-
pine Islands comes from this region, due to various causes, namely, lack of labor,
transportation facilities, and distance from Manila market, and very little timber
will be cut by the small contractor for some years to come. The only parties able to
get much timber in this southern country, in fact, anywhere in the Phili])])ine
Islands, will be the large companies well equipped w4th modern appliances for log-
ging and milling.

The policy of this bureau will be to make a thorough investigation of these regions
where large companies contemplate operating. The work by the field parties will
begin with the reconnoissance of every part of the tract to be operated over, including
a rough sketch map of the same, and followed by valuation surveys of about 1 sam[)le
acre in each 25, at the same time making, as far as practicable, a botanical collec-
tion as the work progresses.

There is but one spot in the southern islands where any large operations are con-
templated at present, namely, at Santa Maria, Zamboanga district, where a field
party from the forestry bureau will be sent in the near future to inaugurate the work
outlined above.

Very respectfully, Geokgk P. A hern,

CapiaiUf Ninth U. S. InfanXi-y, Chief of Forestry Bureau.

KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 501

Manila, P. I., March S^ 190 f,
Capt. George P. A hern,

C^Uef Forestry Bureau^ Manila, P. L
Sir: In accordance with instructions issued from your department, I have the'
honor to make the following report on forestry conditions in the Sulu Archipela^
and southern Mindanao:

POSITION AND EXTENT OP FORESTS.

A study of the forests of all of the southern islands shows that they ocwipy practi-
cally all of the land which attains to an altitude of even a few hundred feet al)ove
Hea level. A trip along the southern coast of Mindanao, for example, will illustrate
very clearly the forest formations. First comes the shore land, often open and heav-
ily grassed, and in other places wooded, even on tide lands, with densely growing
mangrove and other trees that, as the land rises to the foothills, give place to high
growing trees and tropical jungle, and so on to the mountains beyond, range behind
range, so far as the glass can reach, all is forest.

In contradistinction to the forest lands which follow the hill and mountain forma-
tions, we find the open lands in the river valleys and low-lying lake regions. The
best example of this is in the valley of the great Rio Grande, which, Ij^ginning at
Cottabato, extends for miles on miles in a T-shaped formation to Sarangani Bay on the
south, and to the north no one knows how far, with miles of width as well, yet con-
tains scarcely a tree, certainly no forest.

In Basilan and the rest of the Sulu Archipelago the general formation is the same,
the high islands of a volcanic origin being densely wooded from the seashore up,
while the low lying coral islands are generally wooded, but contain no high timber.
Tawi-Tawi is the t^t timbered island in the archipelago; in fact, with the exception
of one or two small districts, it is wooded and even timberd from end to end. Bila-
tan, to the south of Tawi-Tawi, comes next in amount of timber. Sulu Island itself
lias at present almost no forest, being mostly low and rolling. Its timber was con-
fined to a few miles on the north and southeast coast, and even this, with the excep-
tion of a belt on the southeast coast, has been cut out.

VARIETIES AND NUMBER OF TREES.

Nothing is more diFcouraging to the wood collector in the southern islands than
the confusion that arises from the varieties and names of the trees composing these
tropical forests. Scarcely s^ny two trees look alike, and when the trunks are enough
similar to warrant the supposition that they are of the same variety, an inspection of
the leaves, either through felling the tree or through much hard and dangerous
climbing, discloses the fact that they are in no way related. It may be truthfully
said that, with perhaps the one exception of the former teak forest in Jolo, there are
no forests of any one or two kinds of trees anywhere in the southern islands, but
rather aggregations of species and varieties mounting into the hundreds. A great
deal of difference also apparently exists in the general conditions of growth oi the
forest. This is especially noticeable in the amount of undergrowth, some forests
being almost a jungle of small trees, rattans, and other vines, through which one can
only pass after a path is cut out with a bolo, while others are almost free from under-
growth, except for the scattered young trees which shoot up slim and straight to the
light above. Some forests, especially on the coral islanas, are of recent growth,
having no large trees, but promise well for the future, while others, such as Bongao,
have had their best varieties cut and the new growth is apparently of inferior kinds.
It was my endeavor while visiting the various forest points to get answers to the fol-
lowing questions:

1. What is the number of trees having a circumference of over 3 feet, per acre?

2. What is the average height of these trees?

3. What species is the most abundant?

4. What species do the natives consider the finest?

The open, rolling nature of the island has already been referred to. The one forest
worthy of the name which has not yet been destroyed is said to be on the south coast,
east of the center. The natives we le not peaceful enough to permit of my going
there; in fact, the military were preparing for drastic measures in that direction.
The forest feature most worthy of attention is, however, just outside the city of Jolo,
and has been referred to as the exception to the general growth of southern Philip-

502 REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

pine forests. This forest, or rather former forest, of teak trees extends from Jolo
south and west for nearly 10 miles, and in plaeey is from 3 to 5 miles in width. There
are no evidences that it was planted, but it certainly grew to the exclusion of all other
* trees. According to the information in Jolo, this forest was entirely cut down by the
Spanish Government some twenty years ago. A very thorough job was certainly
performed, for scarcely a tree is now standing which has any considerable size or age.
From stumps of all old trees a multitude of stools grew up, and to-day they are of all
sizes, from a foot to 40 or 50 feet high. A few are of a respectable size. The tree I
selected for a sample was 58 feet high (see Wood Exhibit No. 1 ) and had a girth of
6 feet 8 inches at a height of 5 feet trom the ground. It was 12 feet to the first limb,
and fairly represented the sliape of the average trees. Should, from the sample, this
teak prove to be of superior variety, with some judicious cutting out of erooked and
overcrowded stools and the prevention of the Chinese and natives from cutting the
trees as soon as they reach a good size, a fine teak forest might yet be produced.

TAWr-TAWI, BO\(iAO, AND SANGA HANGA.

These islands, being of the same formation and only separated by narrow channels,
may be considered totrether. They are ntill well wooded, and in former times must
have contained rriagr)ifi<*('nt forests. The Spanish, Chinese, and natives have cut
trees in the last two ishruls for many years, and of course have taken some of the
best timber; still, on account of the proximity of the forests to the town of Bongao
and the number of natives (Filipinos and Moros), who have had much forest work
and were more than ordinarily fitted to aid me in my collecting, I found it the best
place in the Sulu Archipelago for securing samples of the most important woods of
these islands.

The best-known species is probably the molave, which was formerly very abun-
dant, and even now can be found in considerable numbers here. The tree selected
for sample (see Wood Exhibit No. 4) had a height of 72 feet and a circumference of
5 feet 2 inches. To the first limb it measured 14 feet, where it was 4 feet in
circumference.

This shortness of trunk T found characteristic of these trees in this locality. The
i})il trees were of unusually striking appearance, l)eing large, high, and with broad,
spreading limbs, the ends of which bore very large seed pods. The sample tree (see
Wood Exhibit No. 12) was 118 feet high, with a circumference of 9 feet 6 inches 8
feet above the ground. To the first limb it was 4 feet 7 inches, where the circumfer-
ence was 8 feet 9 inches. On account of the small amount of white sapwood and the
deep reddish brown of the heartwood, the natives considered the tree verv old.

The narra trees had mostly been cut out; still the size and growth of those left
show what must have been here at one time. The sample tree taken (see Wood
Exhibit No. 9) was 100 feet high and 5 feet 5 inches in (nrcumference above the but-
tresses. The height to first limb was 21 feet 5 inches, where the circumference was
5 feet. Not far from thin we found another narra tree from which the natives had
cut large pieces of wood from the buttresses. These pieces we found the following
week for sale, for making barong scabbards, in the Bongao market. (See Wood Exhibit
No. 9A. )

It took a long hunt to find any large-sized camagon trees, for these especially had
been sought for by Spanish and Chinese and large numbers cut down. The one
selected for sample (see Wood Exhibit No. 16) measured 21 feet to the first limb,
the total height being 85 feet. The girth was 5 feet 5 inches, tapering to 4 feet 2
inches at the first limb. Upon sawing the tree we found the grayish-black heart-
wood to be very small in proportion to the white sapwood. This the natives
accounted for by saying that in soft, wet soil the heartwood was always small; in
rocky ground, on the contrary, always large. This camagon tree was growing
withm 100 feet of the sea in soft, wet ground. Within a short distance of it, along
the shore, were several fine dungon trees, one of which was felled for a sample.
This had a height of 76 feet, the first limb being 21 feet above the ground. In cir-
cumference it was 5 feet 7 inches above the buttresses, which reached 9 feet, while
at the first limb it measured 4 feet 8 inches. When felled, we found a large heart-
wood of deep red color, the sapwood being white. On account of the variance
of the leaves with those commonly called dungon, I would not be surprised if this
tree proved to be a different species or variety from the northern dungon, but it cer-
tainly is highly prized by the natives of Tawi-Tawi, who use it for the handles of
their krises ana barongs, considering it only second to camuning in this respect.
Another tree which resembles this, and is considered a very good timber, is the

fuijo, belonging to the second group. The tree selected as a sample (see Wood
iXhibit No. 3) gave a straight log 42 feet long, 4 feet 10 inches in circumference at
the base, and 3 feet 5 inches at the small end. Height of tree, 94 feet.

REPORT OF THE PHlLTPPINE COMMISSION. 50S

In order to find the new species of trees which seemed of special value, as well as
to get an idea of the number of tnH\^ p ^r acre where as yet the forest had been
untouched, I spent ten days encircling the islands of Tawi-Tawi, Bongao, and Sanga-
Sanga, stopping at all the villages to question the natives, and touching at various points
on these and adjacent islands where the forests seemed worthy of special .study.
As I was always close to the coast and had with me several natives who had lived m
the vicinity all their lives, and worked for every Spaniard and Chinaman who had cut
wood during that time, I was able to acquire a very good idea of the general forest con-
ditions. The finest spot on the south coast is undoubtedly in the vicinity of the small
village of Buan. Here the forest starts practically down at high- water mark and
extends unbroken over the mountains to the nortnern coast. An acre proveti to
have 48 trees, each one having a circumference of over 3 feet. As there was
no way of taking out any wood samples, I disliked cutting down any trees, but their
average height we a^greed upon as 1 25 feet. Many of the trees had a circumference
of 20 to 25 feet, with a height of 60 to 70 feet to the first limb. The largest trees
were undoubtedly of the cedar or spruce class, and gave a pitch called by the natives
**poot." The trees which the natives picked out with great pride and said were
equal to molave and ipil, they called giam, the synonym of whicn I can not find in
any forestry book, nor does it seem to be relatea to the species bearing the easily
confused names of guijo and guisoc. The giam trees were of large size, high, and
very plentiful. Associated with them were large trees called palambuyon and
pisang-pisang, samples of which I secured in Bongao.

Passing around the eastern end of Tawi-Tawi we entered the forests in these places
on the northern coast; here thfe trees also grew near the shore and were in fine con-
dition. An average acre selected near the northern central part of the island ^ve
43 trees to the acre, each one being over 3 feet in circumference. The average height
we estimated at 100 feet, some growing as high as 125 feet, undoubtedly, whue others
were only 50 to 90 feet. My followers recognized in this acre trees belonging to the
ipil, narra, legayan, and bugoc species. The largest tree on the acre was 35 feet in
circumference above the buttresses; it probably belongs to the softer wood species.

To the westward of this place we visited a section of fine forest in which a China-
man, some twelve years ago, had cut a great many logs.

After the logs were cut some trouble occurred with the Spanish Government, and
he was not allowed to remove any of them. A few of them he had gotten near to
the seashore, and we saw them lying in a creek in the water, mud, and hot sun.
Some were partially decayed, but many others were in fine condition, which cer-
tainly speaks well for the staying qualities of those species, for surely no severer test
could be applied. Among them was a piece of giam which my foreman remembered
cutting twelve years ago when working for this Chinaman.

The piece, in spite of its twelve years of wet and dry, was as good as the day cut.

On Bongao Island we secured samples of giam, together with the unknown species
of palambuyon, pisang-pisang, calung-calu ng, and surogtamban, all of which grow
luxuriantly there, and are counted by the natives among their best trees. The sam-
ples taken are as follows:

Giam. — Height of tree, 55 feet 5 inches; circumference, 4 feet at base. The wood
is undoubtedly hard (see Wood Exhibit No. 15), and resists the action of moist earth
so well that the natives use it instead of molave. The pier at Bongao, now some 14
years old, is apparently as well preserved as the day it was put in. The piling is of
giam cut in the neighborhood.

Palambuyon. — This tree grew in a partial swamp, with high buttresses, having

a circumference of 6 feet 10 inches at the base. The height was 115 feet, with 33 feet

'to the first limb, where the circumference was 6 feet. In sawing, it showed that it

was not so hard as molave or giam, but is greatly prized by the natives because, they

claim, when put into the water or wet ground it hardens with age and never rots.

Pisang-pisang. — This magnificent tree species was quite plentiful, and is recognized
by its thick, knotty bark and the straight, high-growing c'haracter of the trunk,
which, in the tree taken as a sample (see Wood Exhibit No. 11), measured 90 feet
to the first limb and 122 feet to the top. The girth at 6 feet above the grouna was
6 feet, while at the first limb it was 1 foot 8 inches. The wood was fine grained, and
cut like hard wood of the best class. The sapwood was white, the heart wood a
beautiful deep yellow.

Calung-calung. — This tree undoubtedly belongs to the class of soft woods, though
used much by the natives for boards and joists in house building. The only thing
against it is the slight resistance it has against wood beetles. The sample secured
(see Wood Exhibit No. 5) was from a tree 109 feet high, with a height to the first
limb of 50 feet. The circumference at the base was 4 feet 3 inches; at the first limb, 3
feet 6 inches. The bark is smooth and light colored, with small black spots on it.

504 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION*

The limbs are not heavily leaved, and have large pink blotches on them, which aid
in the identification of this tref*.

Surogtanban. — A species peculiar on account of secreting, instead of a resin, a thick,
odorous oil. It happened that we found the tree cut for a sample just before dark,
and I arranged for the men to meet me there the following morning at sunrise in
order to saw it down. They asked to be allowed to keep the saw over night, as one
of them lived in the neighborhood, and it would save the trouble of carrying it to my
house. I allowed them to take it, and the next morning, reaching the place at the
appointed time, to my wonder I found the tree already sawed down, which must
have been a work of some time, as the tree was large. The men were all there and
gathered about the stump, into the center of which one of them was plunging a piece
of bamboo and drawing it out covered with a thick, colorless, odorous oil. This was
eagerly scraped off the stick and smeared over the naked bodies of the Moros — hair,
face, and all — each one eager to put on all he could get. They said it made them
well and strong and valiant in battle. The tree (see Wood Exhibit No. 7) had a
height of 74 feet. To the first limb it was only 12 feet, where the circumference was
6 feet 4 inches. At the base it measured 7 feet 6 inches. The tnmk when cut
showed rings of oil. The bark was tough, smooth, and gray colored, mottled with
white.

This island is of coral formation, and, though well wooded, none of the trees are
large. On account of the frightfully sharp coral rocks every wlu^re it is impossible
for the barefooted natives to get about. Near the shore we found, however, plenty
of camagon trees, and cut a sample (se»^ Wood Kxliibit No. 10). The small amount
of heart wood showed it to be very young.

A rather large island, completely wooded, so far as we could judge. It also is of coral
formation, and flat. The natives say the trees are large in the interior and many of
them (!amagon.

SECABUN AND TANDABAS.

Two fiat coral islands separated by a narrow channel and sparsely wooded, conse-
quently they are capable of supporting 1,000 to 1,500 inhabitants each, who grow
large numbers of tapioca trees, which supply the bread food of the Tawi-Tawi Moros.

To summarize the conditions of the Sulu Archipelago, we have:

1. The island of Tawi-Tawi represents three-fourths of the entire forests of the
Sulu Archipelago. It is entirely covered, except the northwest and southeast corners.

2. The average height of timber trees is 100 feet.

3. The average number of trees over 3 feet in circumference is 45 to 46 per acre.

4. The best-known trees of the archipelago are teak, giam, i|)il, narra, o^magon,
molave, bunloc, legayan, malabayabe, bugoc, calung-calun z, dungon, surogtamban,
pisang-pisang, palambuyon, guijo, legayan-bato, mangachapuy, camuning, legot, san-
dana, gutta-percha, balete, gatmon, ubal, cambantuli, saquil, coletapo.

SOUTHERN MINDANAO.

A study of the southern coast forests of Mindanao during my trips between the
various towns, coupled with a lack of transportation and suitable white and native
help, convinced me that even a superficial inspection of the forests of this rt^gion
would take months, and was beyond, in point of time and equipment, the scope of
my investigations; consequently I confined myself to a personal study of the forests
in the regions southeast of Cottabato and along the trocha extending north from
Tukuran while hunting for gutta-percha trees.

As already remarked, the forest-covered hills and mountains extend in unbroken
parallel lines from a- few miles south of Cottabato to Sarangani Bay. As I entered
this belt from the north, or Rio Grande Valley side, south of the sultanate of Talayan,
scattered clumps of trees were passed on the river banks even before we were obliged
to leave the boats, but we had to push through miles of rank river grass, swamp
bushes, and bamboo groves before the ground finally rose and the forest began. I
was greatly disappointed to find that none of my Magindanao Moros knew anything
about trees, ana the Tiruray or Mountain Moros professed ignorance, probably
through fear, of all but a few trees, and to these they gave names which, of course,
had no connection with any other Moro name for the same trees.

4 i»^^^

REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 505

It can be stated, however, that narra, ipil, molave, and camagon were easily rec-
ognized, and at lea«t two species of calantas. The forest was mostly open, well
watered, and in tine condition. The nuniber of trees on an acre of this mountain side
averaged between 45 and 50; their average height was rather great, certainly over
100 feet

Tlie forests spreading out to the west, north, and east from Tukuran have been cut
into by the Spanish only in the near vicinitv of the trocha. As active military opera-
tions were on during my stay there, I could not go far inland, but was able to go far
enough to find apparently untouched forests where the trees were of fine growth,
many measuring 16 to 25 feet in circumference. Here I counted 45 tree^ to the acre.
By way of corroboration of the above figures I met an American car})enter at Cotta-
bilto, who told me that he had been a lumberman in America all of his life. I asked
him if he had seen the forest about Tukuran, and he said that he had l)een from
Tukuran to the northern coast and examined the forest carefully, as he was very much
interested in the trees of southern Mindanao, intending to go into the lumber busi-
ness later on. VV'hen asked if he could average the big trees per acre along the 50
miles of his travel, he answered, without hesitation, ** Yes, between 40 and 45." The
largest trees I saw were of soft wood, probably cedar species. There were also many
large hard-wood varieties.

CONCLUSION.

The forests of southern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago cover a large extent of
this country and are practically unexplored from a forester's stiindjmint. They have
been cut into only at the most accessible points, and then only the very best trees
taken.

The forests are not made up of any one kind of trees, but of an aggregation of
several hundred species. There are comparatively few big trees to the acre, but
many of those are very large, so that the number of board feet will probably average
high. To determine the extent of the forests, the different species, and the number
of each species, as well as their practical value, is undoubtedly a work of large pro-
portions, but promises returns of great scientific and commercial value. My investi-
gation simply showed many of the difficulties of the task and some of the methods
of overcoming them. To get the best insight into these forests, with the least
expenditure of time and money, I should suggest the purchase of a native sailboat
capable of stowing away several tons of short log samples in her hold, and rigged
Moro fashion, so that native crews can always be used to man her; the oi^anizing of
a collecting party to consist of two or more American foresters, assisted by the best
Spanish and native forestry talent obtainable; the addition to this permanent staff
in the different sections of the country visited of all the local help obtainable, and a
valuable and scientifically prepared collection could be made in a short time with a
minimum amount of risk and discomfort.

Nowhere did I find a forestry official with any wood samples in his office, nor the
thought of making a collection of them. The most of them have good reason"for not
collecting in the forests, still samples of all the woods passing through their offices
for exportation or local consumption, marked with the different names current in
that section of the country, would help greatly in a short time to do away with the
ignorance and confusion which prevail everywhere in the southern islands resulting
from a multiplicity of Moro names for the same tree species.

For a summary of the timber business done in southern Mindanao and the Sulu
Archipelago up to August, 1901 , the reader is referred to the special report of Capt.
-^George P. Ahem, chief of the forestry bureau.

From July, 1901, to February of this year, the books of the bureau show that 13
new timber-cutting licenses have been issued for Zamboanga, 6 for Cottabato, and 3
for Basilan, making a total of 22. As 4 licenses were issued previous to this time,
and are still in force, the total number of licenses is therefore 26. During this period
the timber cut has amounted to 13,881 cubic feet for Zamboanga, 11,547 cubic feet
for Cottabato, 6,282 cubic feet for Basilan, and 612 cubic feet for Jolo. This gives
a total of 32,212 cubic feet, with an average of 1,238 cubic feet for each license.

Among this timber is included the proauct of the one steam sawmill in this entire
district. It is located at Zamboanga and supplies part of the lumber needed by the
military post there. Needless to say, the output is not limited by the size of the
mill, but rather by the number of logs which can be cut in the hills, dragged to the
nearest waterway by carabaos and by hand, and floated to the mill.

Since the period above mentioned, the first American steam sawmill belonging to
the Philippine Lumber and Development Company, of West Virginia, has sent out
its first shipment of 5,000 cubic feet. vJntil it gets into full running order it can not
be stated whether the mill can run under full capacity or must l^ subject to the

5<)6 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

Hmitations iiripOHe<l by t\w Voro and Filijiino workmen, c'ara))ao8, and the necessity
of covering a large extent ot ground in order to find the trees of the varieties now in
demand.

Very re8pe(;tfully, Penoyer L. Sherman,

Inspector Forestry Buremi.

March 7, 1902.
Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. /.

Sir: I have the honor to snhndt herewith a very interesting and vahial)le report of
Dr. P. L. Sherman, inspector forestry bureau. Dr. Sherman has recently returne<i
from an expedition through the island of Mindanao and the,Iolo Archipelago, inves-
tigating the rubber and gutta-percha res^iurces in those islands and the trade in said
products. The report contains a description of the methods of extraction and
preparation of the raw material, photographs illustrating the same, and, with his
conclusions, forms a complete and nistructive document which will aid materially in
arriving at some plan for conserving these valuable products and regulating the trade
in them.

From the above-mentioned report it is evident that it is but a matter of a few years
when all the available gutta-percha trees in these islands will have been destroyed.
This is inevitable unless decisive action is taken in the near future.

There are various phases of this problem which at first sight seem complex and
difficult of solution, but on careful consideration one or more practicable solutions
present themselves.

First. Measures necessary to protect the existing sources of rubber and gutta-
percha, including the suppression of detrimental methods of extraction and
preparation.

Second. The future development and expansion of the industry, including a
gradual increase in area in new plantations.

Third. Methods of obtaining a revenue from the industry.

The following propositions present themselves, and with those submitted by Dr.
Sherman, may lead upon full consideration to a practical solution of tlie problem.

PROPOSITIONS.

First. Forests, including rubber and gutta-percha trees, to be reserv^ed as state
property, to be directly administered, and the rubber and gutta-percha to be collected
by the officials of the forestry bureau.

Second. Forests to be retained as state property, but private enterprise to be per-
mitted over specified areas through terminable leases and strict conditions.

Third. Tracts of forests to be transferred to private ownership and development
left to individual ac^tion under some degree of legislative regulation.-

Fourth. Forests to be given to the first comer subject to more or less strict regula-
tions as to methods of extraction and trading in rubber and gutta-percha.

Without entering into the merits of all these propositions, 1 respectfully invite
attention to the advantages from almost every standpoint to be derived from follow-
ing some plan based on the second proposition, namely:

The state to retain ownership and direct supervision. A lease of twenty or twenty-
five years, with a prospect of renewal, would be an incentive to private enterprise to
improve the area oj)erated on; would give the parties some time to derive the benefit
from new plantations. The timber cut out to make place for the new plantations
would at least pay for the clearing. The revenue to the government could be made
to bear a relation to the value of the products utilized and would increase in amount
as the area was improved. At the same time the government land operated over
would increase in value, these valuable products conserved, each plantation forming
the center of prosperous and progressive communities, so that in time enough rubber
and gutta-percha could be produced from these islands to satisfy a large part of the
demand in the United States for these products.

At this time I would respectfully suggest that the trade in rubber and gutta-percha
in Mindanao, Paragua, and the Jolo islands be stopped by forbidding the shipment
of these products from these islands after, say. May I. All rubber and gutta-percha
brought in for a limited period after that date to be bought by the government and
stored. That agents (white men) of the forestry bureau be stationed at three or
more points in Mindanao, one at Tawi-tawi, and one at the present gutta-purcha
shipping point in Paragua, Calasian.

These men could be authorized to purchase rubber and gutta-percha from such
Moros or other natives as would collect these products under their instructions and
supervision.

BEPORT OF THE PHTLirPINE COMMISSION. 507

A ])otanioal snlwtation and laboratory could be established at some central point
such as San Kaiuon farm, near Zainl)oan<ra, where rubber and gutta-pereha planta-
tions should be e8tal)Hshed at each station of the above-mentioned forestry agents.

There are no men at present in the forestry service in these islands with the neces-
sary training and experience for the management of these stations. An application
was received from Mr. A. M. Sawyer, at present assistant manager of a rubber plan-
tation in the East Indies under the British Government, to enter our service as for-
ester. He was fully informed by this bureau of the nature of our service, salaries,
etc., and on March 4 cabled to this bureau that he would accept the proposition
made by this bureau.

Mr. Sawyer is a graduate of Dehra Dun Forestry School of India, receiving several
prizes on graduation for special excellence. 1 would respectfully reconnnend that
this man be immediately employed.

During the present year a few men could be given the necessarv preliminary instruc-
tion to inaugurate the work above outlined, and next year the bureau is confident of
securing three or four men from Yale and Cornell forestry schools who have given
at least one year to the study of rubber and gutta-percha, including the necessary
laboratory work.

Very respectfully, George P. Ahern,

Ca}>t(i'ni, Xitith V. S. Infant rify

Chief of Forestry Bure<tu.

PIanila, p. I., February 20, 1902.
Capt. Georc.e p. Aitern,

Chief of the Forestry Bureau, Martilay P. I.
Sir: In accordance with instructioiiH received from the forestry bureau I hereby
respectfully submit the following rc})()rt:

INVESTIGATIONS OP GUTTA-PERCHA AND RUBBER IN THE SOUTHKRN PHIMIMMNES.

Writers and dealers have long sinc-e declared that the entire territory which pro-
duces true gutta-percha includes only the lower part of the Malay Peninsula, part of
Sumatra and Borneo, and the small adjacent islands of the Rhio Archipelago, etc.
Java and Celebes, though very close on the west and south, have failed to produce
even one gutta-percha tree of native growth, though the soil and climate are admirably
suited to the same, as is shown by the wonderful growth and vigor of the gutta-perchi
trees planted under Dutch supervision in Java. The query naturally prt^sented itself
as to the eastern boundary of the gutta-percha zone, whether the spread of these
peculiar trees sto[)ped somewlu^re in eastern Borneo or whether it extended into the
islands of the Sulu Archipelago and still further eastward into Basilan and southern
Mindanao. The imports of Singapore « have shown for years tliat varying quantities
of low-grade gutta-percha have found their way from southern Philip|)ine ports into
that city, and the statement was often made that still larger quantities were received
at Sandakan, Borneo, for transshipment. But such is the secrecy employed by the
Chinese of Singapore and Borneo, and so skillful are they in adulterating and
coloring gutta-percha, as well as in changing names, that neither the quantity nor
the quality of this Philippine gutta-percha is known to foreign buyers at Singapore,
and certainly no gutta-percha is sold under any Philippine name.

To determine if the southern Philippines contained any true gutta-percha bearing
''trees, and if so, their species, location, and abundance, as well as to inquire into the
methods employed in securing the gutta-percha and rubber now being exported from
the southern Philippines, I left Manila November 11, 1901, and spent the ensuing three
months visiting the islands and towns of the Sulu Archipelago and southern Mindanao,
devoting most of the time to traveling and working alone among the natives, endeavor-
ing in every way to establish friendly relations with them and allay the suspicion and
even alarm with which they regard white persons who come among them and make
inquiries into their pursuits, customs, and natural surroundings. I t)elieve I was
successful in many cases in gaining their confidence, and that the information they
furnished me is as accurate as they themselves were capable of giving.

As a result of my investigations, I would divide the southern Philippines into two
gutta-percha producing districts — first, the Sulu Archipelago; second, southern Min-
danao—on account of their difference in species of trees, methods of collecting the
gutta-percha,.and ownership of the land.

«See Sherman's report to the forestry bureau on rubber and gutta-percha in 1901.

508 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPHSTE COMMISSION.

riBST, THS 8ULU ARCHIPELAOO.

(a) Methods of collecting gutta-percha and rubber. — With the view of going to the
most western island of this group first, that is, going as near as possible to Borneo in
order to begin my investigations, I went to our farthest military poet, Bongao on
Bongao Island, by steamer and from there tried by native boats to reacn Sibutu filand,
still farther to the westward. Every effort was unsuccessful, however, for the natives
refused to take me in a sailboat at any price, alleging with good reason that during
this season of light winds and strong currents no sailboat could hope to reach that
island. The best information I could get was to the effect that no gutta-percha nor
rubber was found there. If it is, it finds its way directly into Borneo ports and is
unknown to the Moros of Tawi Tawi. At Bongao the natives from surrounding
inlands brought in small amounts of gutta-percha and rubber to sell to Chinese mer-
chants, but upon being questioned they all declared most emphatically that they
secured these products on Tawi-tawi and nowhere else. I secured three different
grades of gutta-percha from these natives and one sample of rubber. To verify the
statement that only Tawi-tawi contained gutta-percha and rubber, I made a trip of
ten days' duration m a native boat, visiting the larger islands of Sanga Sanga, Seminor,
Sekabum, and Tandabas, as well as many smaller ones, and in spite of continual
questioning on the part of myself and my interpreter, we never found anyone to
declare that any island but Tawi-tawi contained these products. After seeing these
islands I felt convinced that they contained no suitable habitat for gutta-percha trees,
as they were of coral formation, low-lying and small, while gutta-})ercha trees, judging
from the varieties found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, only do well
at a somewhat remote distance from the sea and at an altitude of at least several
hundred feet.

My investigations on the island of Tawi-tawi were as follows:

Starting at the southwest corner I first visited the very small villsMje of Dajapatan.
Here we found a small amount of gutta-percha in the dato's house, but the price he
asked for it was so ridiculously high that I concluded he thought I was a curio hunter
and ought to pay accordingly. The natives of the village said they did not collect
much gutta-percha or rubber, as they had to go two days into the mountains in order
to find it, as all the trees near them had been cut down. Leaving Dajapatan we
sailed to the next village, called Balambing, some 10 miles along the south coast.
Since the destruction of Tataari, on the northern coast, by the Spanish in 1898, Balam-
bing has been the only town left on Tawi Tawi, and here I found that a considerable
number of the people gained a living by gathering rubber, though they would not
admit they gathered gutta-percha as well. When asked to show samples of their
rubber they would remove a piece of the flooring of the room, draw up a concealed
string, and display several large balls of rubber which had been floating in the sea-
water below. When asked why they kept the rubber in the sea-water they replied
that it made the rubber harder and better, but my guide, who also knew the fine
points of rubber collecting, added that it was also because it kept the rubber full of
water and hence prevented loss of weight. This rubber seemed of an excellent
quality and identical in every way with the best Borneo rubber. The natives said
they secured it from large vines that grew in the forests on the other side of the
mountains. The sample I bought through my Chinese guide weighed about 115
pounds and cost 50 pesos. As I was offered this amount as a first price by a Chinese
buyer on my arrival at Jolo, I concluded it was probably worth to him some 75 or
85 pesos a pico of 133 pounds and he would sell it for 100 to 125 pesos in Singapore.
Closer than this I could not approximate for reasons that will be seen later.

As the people of this town were not very friendly, and I had good reason to believe
they were intent on deceiving me as to the location of the best rubber district and
their method of getting into it, I decided not to try to penetrate into the interior of
the island from here, but to go farther eastward. Accordingly I went to Buan, situ-
ated in the middle of the island on the south coast. This village contains but a half
dozen houses, but the old dato at its head .was very friendly, and, besides giving me
much information about gutta-percha and rubber, he let me have a boat, and ordered
some of his followers to show me some gutta-percha trees and rubber vines, and to
cut them down and secure the rubber and gutta-percha for me. We accordingly set
out at daylight the next day, the small boat enabling us both to enter the shallow water
along the shore and to paddle a long way into the mangrove swamp. From here the
land rose abruptly and a forest of magnificent trees began. After a steady climb of
several hours tne Moros began the hunt for gutta-percha trees, for although most of
them had been cut down in this locality, they said, "Still anyone who had enough
luck could always find one or two.*' The first tree we found wna 63 feet high and
rather slender, but as it was in flower and fruitage, I told the Moros I wanted the

BBPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 509

gutta-pen^ha from it To secure this they produced a small chisel-axe and proceeded
to cut down the tree. When felled they at once ran to the top of the tree and with
a chiBel proceeded quickly to cut a ring m the hark entirely around the trunk. Just
here a Dig altercation arose, for in my haste to see tlie Moros work I 8tarte<I
to climh over the fallen tree instead of going around. They protested vigor-
ously acainst my climhing over, alleging that the milk would not flow if anyone
climbea over the tree. When the ring was made in the bark, as above described, a
cocoanut shell was placed underneath the tree and at once the gutta-percha milk
began to run down and drop into it. In a like manner they ringed the trunk at a
distance of every 2 or 3 feet from one end to the other, under each ring placing a
cocoanut shell. While waiting for the flow of milk to cease we secured samples of
the flowers, fruit, and foliage of the tree. In shape the leaves resemble Dichopnis
gutta (the best gutta-percha species) , but the characteristic bronze color of the under
part of the leaf was lacking and the fruit was dissimilar both in color and shape.
The milk as it ran from the tree was much slower in coagulating than the milk from
Dichoi)sis gutta, and wh%n coagulated the product was more elastic. I saw nothing
like this species of tree in Singapore or Java, and it will probably be found to be a
new species of the genus Dichopsis. After half an hour the flow of the milk almost
ceased, so the Moros scraped the milk that had partially coagulated on the trunk
into the shells, poured the milk from a dozen and a half shells into one, inverted
another half shell over it to serve as a cover, cemented the edges with mud in order
that no milk should spill out during the journey, put shells and ax into the ])asket,
and announced that they were ready to hunt another tree. This we found with a
half hour's tramp, and it proved to be over a hundred feet high and of the same
species. As I needed more milk for a sample, I ordered this one felled, and exactly
the same process was rep>eated, the Moros alleging, however, that I need notexpwct
much milk, as it was noon, at which time the milk returned to the roots of the trees.
To get the most milk they said the tree should be cut at daylight or sunrise. When
asked whether the rainy or dry sea?on was the better for cutting down the tree«, they
answered that you should choose the season in which you were luckiest, for without
luck you could not find any trees, and even if you did they would have no milk in
them. Inquiries as to the best place for finding gutta-percha trees elicited the reply

I that the farther you went back into the mountams the more trees there were; in fact,
there w^ere gutta-percha trees everywhere in the interior. All efforts to get them to
find any other kind of ^tta-percha tree failed, as they maintained that although
there had been another kind it was never seen nowadays and was of inferior quality.
During our tramp in search of rubber vines we came upon the partially decayed
trunk of a large tree which had been felled and ringed, and this the Moros claimed
was of an inferior kind which gave much milk and was good to mix with the best
kind so as to increase the weight and fool the Chinese who bought it.

The rubber vine which we found was twisted around on the ground for a consider-
able length and then ascended a high tree. The bark was black and very rough,
and on being tapped with a bolo gave a quick flow of milk, which ceased almost as
soon as it began and coagulated on a minute's standing, or quicker through stirring.
In fact, though the leaves were larger than those of WiUughbeia firma, and the bark
somewhat rougher, the rubber resembled the product of this species very strongly
and should compare favorably with the best grade of Borneo rubber. To secure the
milk from the vme, my Moros jerked most of the vine down from the tree and tapp<Mi
it with a bolo in many places, arranging their cocoanut shells so that what milk did
not coagulate on the bark would run into them. When the milk had (teased to flow

,',/-* the coagulated strings of rubber were pulled from the bark, thrown into the milk in
the shells, and all worked into a solid mass of rubber very elastic and quite tough
and hard. Near by the Moros showed me a rubber vine which they had tappjed the
year before. It was lying along the ground and, though not cut through in any

Elace, was dead. I surmised that death had resulted both from mutilation and ina-
ility to climb back to its former position in the sun and light. This method is
therefore even worse than that used in Borneo, where the natives cut the vines into
short pieces and let the milk drip from them into a pan. In that way all the milk
is secured, while in Tawi Tawi the vine is killed and the greater part of the rubber
is lost as well. The Moros knew of no other kind of rubber vine.

Returning to Buan, the natives took the gutta-percha milk from the shells and pro-
ceeded to heat it in a saucepan over a fire until it coagulated, forming a soft, plastic
mass. This they put on a board and kneaded with cold water until cold, when they
put it aside to harden.

I continued my journey around the entire island of Tawi Tawi in search of other

towns, or even scattered houses, where I could gain more information on the subjects

i under investigation, but neither on the eastern nor northern coasts could we find a

510 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

giiif:le Moro habitation. In Tataan, on the northern coast, where there was a thriv-
ing Moro village during Spanish times, not one house is now standing. Near the
site of this town, however, we found some half dozen Moro boats anchored in a
little cove, and the women and children in them told us they were from Balumbing,
and that the men had gone into the forest to gather rubhier. This confirmed my
suspicion that the people of that town intended to deceive me when they said they
always went into tne mountains by land and walked three days before reachmg the
rubber region.

(b) Ownership of gutta-percha for ei^ts. — All during my stay in Tawi Tawi, and also
in Jolo before I went there, I was told repeatedly that the sultan of Jolo claimed to
be not only the owner of the land and its forest products, but had some years pre-
viously positively forbidden the taking of either gutta-percha or rubber from the
Tawi Tawi district. His friends said it was because the sultan wished to prevent
the destruction of the trees, but the Moros of Tawi Tawi affirmed that it was due to
his desire to secure all the profits of gutta-percha collecting for himself. The prac-
tical rt^sult of this restriction seems to be (1) that few Moros engage in gutta-percha
collecting compared with those who undoubtedly would have gone into this work
had it not been forbidden by the sultan; and (2) the trees are not saved from destruc-
tion, for it is the custom of the sultan, when needing money, to go to Tawi Tawi or
an adjacent island, and order out all the people of a t>wn to hunt gutta-percha and
rubber. As a considerable force of men turn out, and orders are emphatic that they
work hard, the result is that a large amount of gutta-percha is brouglit in. which the
sultan sells to an accompanying Chinese merchant, giving a .small portion of the pro-
ceeds to the Moro collectors, but keeping the lion's share for himself. The dato of
Buan told me the last time the sultan was there the Chinaman gave the sultan 500
pesos for what they collected, and the sultan gave 100 pesos to tliem for the work,
keeping 400 pesos for himself.

In conne(;tion with the ownership of the gutta-percha and rubber forests, mention
should be made of the contract now in force between the sultan of Jolo and the
Schuk Brothers of Jolo, by virtue of which the latter claim the exclusive })rivi-
lege, among other things, of collecting gutta-percha and rub])er in any of the islands
of the Sulu Archipelago. So far I understand they have only cut wood under this
contract, but should the present conditions not continue, the validity of this claim
would probably have to be taken into consideration. So far as I could discover, all
gutta-percha which the sultan or the Moros colli'cted is purchased by the Chinese in
Bongao, Siassi, and Jolo, and is shipped by thinn to Sandakan and Singapore. As
they always work together in their trade dealings and barter cloth and other articles
with the Moros, there is no such thing as a market price for gutta-percha or rubber
in any of the towns of the Sulu Archipelago.

SECOND, SOUTHERN MINDANAO.

(a) Geographical distrihiiti on of rubber Hues. — Contrary to expectation, I wasnnable to
gather any definite knowledge in regard to rubber vines in Mindanao. Neither the
Moros nor the Chinamen in tlie various towns had any rubber for sale, nor had they
ever handled it. In one place in Cottabato only, a Chinaman told me that he had
heard it was found in central Mindanao, and this confirms the statement made by
Major-Surgeon Porter, of Malabang, who, while traveling in the interior, observed
that the drumsticks of one forest tribe of Moros were tipped with rubber. Beyond
these two statements I found nothing further to report on this subject.

( b) Geographical distribution of gatta-pereha trees. — Treatingall southern Mindanao as
a whole, the central point of the gutta-percha trade is Cottabato. This being the regu-
lar port of call for several Sandakan and Singapore ships, as well as the geographical
center of the south coast and Rio (irande Valley region, all the gutta-percha is col-
lected here, and sorted and packed for exportation.

The towns and villages along the coast, west and east, from whence the gutta-
percha is shipped to Cottabato, can be easily enumerated and are, mostly, accuratel\'
given by the maps; but to name and even approximately locate the forest lands of
the interior (gutta-percha never being founa directly on the coast) from which these
various towns secure their gutta-percha, is difficult, as all of the maps are inaccurate, and
most of them positively misleading. I append a table showing the principal town '
which supply Cottabato with gutta-percha, and the names of the forest regions from
which it is tr.k.^n.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 511

List of names of towns and forest regions from which gutta-percha is Si'rit to Cotfabato,

Central point for collec-
tion and exportation.

I'oint of collection.

Name of forest rt pions.

Cottabut " Turkuran and Dine

Mahibang

Glan, Serangani. and Binang.
Reina Regente and Salaya ...

Dlnas-Subano.

Camalarang.

liabangas.

Tukuran

I^guna de i.anao.

Haras.

Liangan.

Segayan.

Tagabuli.

Nfanobo.

Bilan.

Binang.

Daiua Balao.

Matingauanan.

Talayjin.

I was greatly surprised to find the extent of country covered by these trees, in
fact, the natives say, and no one has yet shown to the contrary, tiiat all of the
mountain region of southern Mindanao contains gutta-percha. Much, of course,
has never been explored by Americans, and much also is never visited by gutta-
percha collecting natives. Still, these trees have been found stretching out in all
directions through the forest belts of the interior as far as anyone has gone, and only
time and much exploration can deternune their true extent and nund)er. The very
fact that gutta-percha is being collected from almost as far as Zamboanjra on the
west to Davao on the east gives proof of the extent and amount of these trees; and
in none of the towns which I visited on the south coast did I find Chinese or Moros
who were not engaged in the gutta-percha business.

(c) Methods of collection of gutta-percha. — A study of the Cottabato market showed
that there are at least three kinds of gutta-percha coming in there; that arriving from
the various coast towns coming in small quantities in native boats, while that
arriving from the great region drained by the Rio Grande comes in large shii)ments
and is all controlled by Dato Piang. In fact he has a Chinese agent in Cottabato
who handles most of what he sends in. It seems that this gutta-})crcha monopoly,
so to speak, needed investigating most of all, especially as the Chinese merchants
assured me that Piang never allowed any trees to be cut down nowadays, but secured
the gutta-percha by tapping according to forestry regulations. Accordinglv, through
the kindness of the military authorities and friehds of the dato, I produced the amount
of pressure necessary to secure me a cordial invitation from the dato to visit thti
forests south of his rancheria in order to see live gutta-percha trees for myself. Con-
sequently I left Cottabato on January 21, going up the Rio Grande to Piang' s rancheria
at Kudarangan. Here Dato Piang met me and fitted me out with a boat and a large
crew of Moros, sending another boat ahead to warn the people I was coming and to
have some gutta-percha gatherers ready to take me into the forest when 1 had gone
as far as possible by boat. Just as I was leaving Piang I asked him if we had an ax
with us in case we wanted to cut down a gutta-percha tree to secure a sample, but he
called back without a moment's hesitation that no ax was neccvssary, as the natives
knew how to tap the tree with a small bolo. The journey upstream took two days, even
with three polers and six paddlers working hard. Our general direc^tion was southeast
1ind then southwest. After we had arrived at the headwaters of the west branch of the
Rio Grande we struck inland for half a day, where we were met by six natives of the
Tiruray tribe, which inhalnts the forests and mountains of the coast range southeast
of Cottabato. They had come to meet me by order of Piang, and with them and
my boat's crew we pushed into the forest for a day and a half l)efore finding a gutta-
percha tree. The first tree when found proved to be of the best variety, according
to the Tiruray, and of good size. Telling them that I wanted a sample of the gutta-
percha from the tree, they produced a chisel ax almost identical with the one I had
seen used in Tawi-tawi, and proceeded to ''tap" the tree in one place so effectively
that in about an hour it toppled and fell. We found its length to be 185 feet, its cir-
cumference at base 5 feet 4 inches. The Tiruray then ])roduced bolos and proceeded
to cut rings in the bark — not so that the bark was cut off, but rather so that it was
cut into small pieces. The gutta-percha milk at once flowed out, and the chipped-up
bark absorbed it sponge fashion. In this way but little escai ed and ran down to the
ground. Owing, however, to the size of the tree and the force with whicli it fell, the
under third of the bark was imbedded in the ground, and hence could not be tapped

512 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

at all. After waiting for about an hour the milk ceased to flow, and had so far coag-
ulated that the chipped-up bark and adhering gutta-percha could be pulled off and
worked molasses-candy fashion, so that all except the finest particles of bark fell out,
leaving an elastic, tough mass of gutta-percha, which was molded into sausage-
shapea pieces and left to harden. W hen asked whether the early morning or midday
was best for tapping the trees they said midday, which was exactly tne opposite
of the observations made at Tawi Tawi by the Moros. The leaves of the tree were
of a copper color below and green above, and while the general shape and apf>ear-
ance of the leaf showed it to be of the genus Dichopsis, still the intense color of
the underside, as well as the too pronounced veining indicated that it was neither
Dichopsis gutta, borneense, nor Oblongifolium, nor could I identify it with any of the
Singapore, Sumatra, or Java species. The tree was growing on the mountam side,
some 60 feet above the waters of a small mountain stream. The soil was rocky and
the roots buttressed heavily and high above the ground.

I tried to get the natives to find some of the seedlings of this tree, but on account
of a superstition or some unknown motive they at first refused to look, and when I
insisted they obeyed mechanically, but brought back nothing. I finally had to make
them all turn out again, and by offering a reward for each seedling we succeeded in
finding fourteen during an hour's hunt. These I pulled up, and by careful packing
brought them back to Cotabato and kept them in good condition for a week, when
I had them planted in a private garden where they could be cared for and watched.
During our hunt for these seedlings we found a seedling of another gutta-percha
species, the leaves of which were large, veins pronounced, and copper color on under-
part of leaf of greenish tinge. I asked the Tiruray whether they found trees of this
species, and they said it was very rare, but sometimes found over on the second
range of mountains from us toward the coast. They had not seen a tree for a long
time until just before they had started to come to meet me, and this they had cut
down and the gutta-percha they had secured was now in their house down in the
valley. This gutta-percha I eventually secured on my return trip, finding it, how-
ever, to be of inferior quality. A third species of tree they said was often met with,
so I ordered them to find one. By scattering in all directions they succeeded in
doing this the next day, and we went to it, cut it down, and secured the milk as
before. In this case, however, the milk coagulated slowly and was very sticky.
The Tiruray were, however, equal to the emergency, and, after making a fire, pro-
ceeded to fashion a saucepan out of a piece of green bark. By wanning the mass of
sticky gutta-percha milk and adhering bark in it until thoroughly steamed the milk
coagulated and the stickiness ceased, upon which the chipped-up bark was shaken
out and the resulting gutta-percha packed away in a piece of fresh bark to harden.
This kind of gutta-percha the Tiruray consider of third quality, and I infer that they
use it to adulterate the better kinds. • The leaves and general appearance of the tree
were similar to the Tawi Tawi species, though the behavior of the gutta-percha was
different.

On my return to Cotabato the commanding oflScer informed me that the day
before I arrived he had received a pious letter from Dato Piang, filled with righteous
indignation because he had found some Tiruray to the south of his rancheria — i. e.,
where I then was cutting down gutta-percha trees contrary to hia orders; that he
had confiscated the gutta-percha and was holding it subject to the command of the
major. This of course was an effort to forestall the bad effects which he feared
might result from my journey into the gutta-percha forests, as he well knew that my
experience there would effectually disprove his long-standing assertion that none of
his gutta-percha came from trees cut down.

From Cfotabato I went to Tukuran, and from this place made two trips in search
of gutta-percha trees. The first was to the west along the coast, from which I
expected to ascend a river and then strike into the mountains, but as the water in
the river was too low for the boat and the mangrove swamps on both sides prevented
walking, we gave up the attempt and returned to Tukuran to enter the forest from
the trocha, which extends from there to Misamis on the northern coast. As an active
military campaign was then on against some hundreds of renegade Filipinos and
Moros, who were trying to cross the trocha through the best gutta-percha region
(Subano), we had to limit our investigations to the vicinity of the trocha, but were
lucky in discovering a very large gutta-percha tree some 5 miles inland. On my
asking my Tiruray and Moro followers to get the gutta-percha for me, they cut the
tree down and ringed it in a manner similar to that used by the Tiruray on the Rio
Grande. The milk being much more abundant, however, and coagulating more
slowlv,^ much was lost by running to the ground. The part remaining abForlmd by
the cnipped-up bark was scraped into balls, wrapped up in big leaves and carried
back with us tor cleaning. This tree measured 159 feet 5 inches in height and 8 feet

LOGS HAULED BY "DONKEY" ENGINE AND CABLE. SHOWING METHOD OF "HOOKING ON,"

CRESCENT CITY, CAL.

<

o

GUTTA-PERCHA TREE FELLED AND RINGED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT A G>REAT PART
OF THE MILK WAS NOT ABSORBED BY THE CHOPPED-UP BARK. IT RA-W PO;VN:TO
THE GROUND AND WAS LOST.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPIKE COMMISSION. 51$

V

3 inches in circumference at the base. It was some 88 feet to the first limb. The
leaves were similar in appearance to the second tree which I found in the Ootabato
r^on and the behavior of the gutta-percha seemed the same. On our return to
Tukuran the natives built fires and warmed up the gutta-percha with water until
completely coagulated and very soft, upon which they kneaded it with feet and
hands until most of the bark was knocked out. It was then cooled and hardened
in sea water. This process they claimed was that used by the natives of the Subano
district lying northwest of Tukuran and from which the cleanest gutta-percha comes.
After being dried the weight of the gutta-percha from this tree was 9i pounds. Had
the trunk fallen so that it could have been ringed entirely around, and had precau-
tions been taken to catch all of the milk which was lost on the ground, we should
f certainly have secured 20 pounds. How much still remained in bark and leaves can

only be guessed, but on the basis of the calculations given by V. Romburgh and
others it probably totals 150 or 200 pounds.

At Tukuran I secured a fine sample of the best Subano gutta-percha, which the
Filipino diealer said was worth $80 Mexican per picul in Cotabato. At Malabang
and Parang, Barang, which I visited, there was no gutta-percha gathered within
many miles. All that came in there for shipment to Cotabato was from the great
Lake Lanao region, into which no American can go at present. The ^tta-percha
seen here was identical in every way with that already secured, and 1 did not deem
it worthy of special study. The same will also apply to that coming into the little
villages along the coast between Cottabato and Sarangani Bay, convincing me that
at the present time the principal part, if not all, of the gutta-percha now being
gathered comes from two or three varieties of trees, specimens of which I had seen
and secured.

(d) Market pnces and values. — From personal observations and information it
appears certain that the real gutta-percha gatherers all belong to the mountain or
pagan tribes of southern Mindanao, and they exchange the gutta-percha for cloth
and weapons with the lake and river (Mohammedan) Moros, or visiting Chinese
traders, who in turn sell it to the Chinese firms in Cotabato for exportation to Singa-
pore. The system is well organized in spite of the fact that the gutta-percha business
has only developed since the American occupation, probably because the instigators
and promoters, buyers, and monopolizers of the whole thing are the Chinese. They
get advices from Singapore as to prices, and then determine the price they will pay
^ the middlemen — Moros — and that in turn, of course, fixes the price the gutta-percha

'"^ gatherers themselves finally receive.

To find out the prices paid for the gutta-percha as it changes hands was very diffi-
cult. I know the Chinese in the various towns deceived me as to the prices they
paid ; and as most of the mountain tribes were paid in cloth and weapons, it was
equally hard to fix their profits. During my journey up the Rio Grande region we
came to the house of a dato, who acted as buying agent for Dato Piang in that part of
the country. In his house I found quite an amount of gutta-percha which he said
he had bought from the Tiruary for 3 pesos per basket. On this basis I figured the
price of the picul to be ten or fifteen pesos. 1 offered him 8 pesos for two basketfuls,
and he gave them to me for that price upon my promising not to tell Piang. Cor-
roborative evidence that the Tiruray and Manobos receive about this price, both from
Piang and the Chinese traders who visit the coast towns between Cotabato and
Sarangani Bay, is offered by Lieutenant Van Horn, who during his trip through that
part of the country had occasion to observe the amount of cloth paid for a picul of
gutta-percha and figured it to be ten to twelve pesos in value.

It must also be explained that in using this word "picul" it stands for 133 pounds
? .V *when gutta-percha is shipped to Singapore, or when weighed to sell to an American
or foreigner, but 162J pounds when the Chinese buy from the Moros. This practice
may not be universal among the Chinese of all the towns, but it is certainly true for
Cottabato, and the adjacent towns, which represent 80 per cent of the gutta-percha
trade. Thus the Chinese gain 29 pounds by weight during the process of Buying
and selling. A native (Filipino) buyer in Tukuran told me he maae his picul weigh
only 150 pounds. I can see no possible excuse for this process of cheating ignorant
natives. Of a market price for gutta-percha in Cottabato or in surrounmng towns
there is practically none. As everything is entirely in the hands of the Chinese they
fix nominal prices for different grades of gutta-percha, in order that there shall be no
excuse for the forestry bureau officials to collect a high export tax (forestry tax),
but as soon as anyone tries to compete with them in buying from the natives up
goes the price at once, and the outsider is still on the outside.

A forestry tax, therefore, that is made on the market price of gutta-percha in
Cottabato, or in any southern port, has but a precarious foundation. The forestry tax
collected in Cottabato was 7 pesos per picul for first class, 4 pesos for secoild, and 3

< WAR 1902— VOL 10 33

514 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE G0MMI8SI0N.

pesos for third class. The classification is, however, entirely in the hands of the
Chinese themselves, as none of our forest officials in the southern ports know anything
ahout gutta-percha, and in fact it is not made according to the intrinsic value of the
gutta-percha itself, but rather on account of the amount of dirt and bark it contains,
which, of course, is an entirely wrong basis of calculation. Such large amounts of

gutta-percha were being shipped as second and third class, when they certainly should
ave been first and second class, that after a consultation between the forestry official
of Cottabato, the collector of customs, and myself, we decided on February 1 to tax first-
class gutta-percha 7 pesos per picul and second-class 5 pesos, doing away with third-
class entirely. While this arrangement is still open to objections, it will save the
government thousands oi dollars, which it is now losing:, until a new scheme can be
devised. To be effective it must be general for all Philippine ports, as p.lready the
Chinese of Mindanao have hit on the scheme of shipping gutta-percha to Jolo,
looking for a forestry official who will fix a lower price, and hence collect a lower
export tax.

CONCLUSION.

From all testimony which I could gather — Chinese, Moro, and among the resident
Spanish — it appears that gutta-percha was discovered at least ten or fifteen years ago in
various places. The Chinese were the ones who sent it to Singapore, and probably a
big export business would have resulted had not two things happened to ruin the
enterprise. One was that several of the largest Chinese dealers lost heavily in gutta-
percha for one reason or another, and thus scared all the rest. This and the vexa-
tious forestry regulations made by the Spanish at that time completely killed the
gutta-percha trade, and it did not revive until the American occupation of the
southern islands. It is due to this cessation in the gutta-percha business that we
have trees left at present. How many are still standing can not be estimated, though
the information I received leads me to the conclusion that there are a large number.

The true gutta-percha gatherers of the Tawi Tawi district belong mostly to the tribe
called Samaies, while those of Mindanao embrace all of the forest tribes from Zarabo-
anga to Davao. Their only method of collecting the gutta-percha is by felling the
tree. I do not see how they can be instructed in any other method, or that they are
amenable to forestry regulations. Their whole method of living and low grade of
civilization are against almost any kind of instruction.

The chief gainers by the whole gutta-percha business are the Chinese merchants of
Siassi, Jolo, and the ports of southern Mindanao, especially Cottabato. They are
practically hiring whole tribes of natives to cut trees for them and bring in the prod-
uct accruing from the destruction of the same, yet they do not take out forestry
licenses, but rather violate the present forestry laws with impunity. They are
undoubtedly dealing unfairly with the natives in the matter of weights, and unfairly
with the government in the classification of the gutta-percha, and consequently in
the payment of the forestry tax. Should the present forestry arrangements be con-
tinued, however, a white forestry official, who has a knowledge of gutta-percha and
rubber, would do much to counteract the present evils existing at Cottabato and
Jolo.

The intrinsic value of the gutta-percha now growing in the southern islands can
only be settled by careful chemical analysis and the proper physical and electrical
tests. The samples collected represent both the pure products from the differ-
ent species of gutta-percha trees and the different commercial products now being
shipped to Singapore in large quantities. The necessary analyses and tests can
be made in Manila or in Singapore. « Should the tests show that the gutta-percha
is of the standard required for submarine cables, and hence of international
importance, and worthy of being controlled by the government, then apparently
three courses are open:

(a) To continue the present plan of allowing the forest tribes to gather the
gutta-percha by felling the trees, but prohibit the sale of the product to anyone
but the government, a fair price being paid for the same and directly to the gutta-
percha gatherers themselves. In this way a large amount of gutta-percha might
soon be collected, but the forests would, of course, be ruined for half a century or
longer.

(b) To prohibit the cutting of trees or the sale or exportation of gutta-percha
by individuals. Forestry officials can easily instruct native workmen in the meth-
ods of tapping the trees, and they can go into the forests in gangs and could
nndoubtedly secure a large amount of gutta-percha all the year round without

« Mr. E. E. Steele, the Singapore representative of the Silvertown Essex Cable
Company, of England, is weU qualified to act as analyst.

BEFORT OF THE PHILIPPINE 0OMMI88IOH.

515

harming the trees. There being so much coast line and deep-river waterways in
southern Mindanao that supplies could easily be sent in and the gutta-i>ercba taken
out. This plan could be carried out in connection with a botanical garden sub-
station in southern Mindanao, in which the various species of gutta-percha trees
can be grown and instructions given to native forestry officials and workmen in
the best methods of securing gutta-percha.

(c) To prohibit the cutting of gutta-i)ercha trees without taking an active part
in the extraction of the gutta-percha. The government could prohibit, under
penalty of confiscation and fine, its sale or exportation. The i^lated position of
the Philippines would render it comparatively easy to prevent the smuggling of
gutta-percha to Borneo or Singapore, and without a market the gathering of the
same would soon cease.

The number of si)ecies of gutta-percha trees, as well as the great extent of
country containing them, shows conclusively the ideal conditions which Tawi
Tawi and Mindanao present for the ^owth of these valuable and fast disappear-
ing trees. Many of fiie places I visited certainly equalled or rivalled the sites
chosen by the Dutch and English for large plantations of gutta-i)ercha trees in
Java and Singapore. The soil, climate, and natural conditions generally seem all
that could be desired. A forest reserve into which several hundred thousand
seedlings of the best Borneo species were transplanted , in case our own species
proved unsuitable, would in a few years make the United States sure of all the
gutta-percha necessary for her submarine cables and independent of all threat-
ened Dutch monopoly in the future.

An effort to collect the statistics of the gutta-percha and rubber trade in the
Philippines since the American occupation has met with only slight success. The
number of licenses granted by the forestry bureau, allowing these products to be
collected, as well as the amount of forestry charges collected on the same, is to
be found in the special report of Capt. George P. Ahem, chief of the forestry
bureau. An inspection of the custom-house reports shows that up to the time of
the establishment of the forestry offices in the southern Philippines, nothing
under the name of gutta-percha or rubber was exported, but nearly 350,000
pounds of '* copal " and '• other gums." How much was gutta-percha or rubber
it is hard to say. Since July, 1901, when forestry officials took charge in the
southern islands, up to February, 1902, there have been issued but six licenses for
collecting gutta-percha and rubber, showing that only a few white persons are
engaging in the business, the bulk being done by the Moros, who need no license.

The amount of gutta-percha and rubberwhich has been exi)orted to Borneo and
Singapore during this time from all southern Philippine ports amounts to 297,000
pounds, upon which the forestry bureau has collected charges of 3 cents Mexican
per pound. This, of course, relates only to that carried on large vessels which
regularly clear at the varions custom-houses. How much was shipped to Borneo
in small boats can not be estimated.

Respectfully submitted.

Pknoykr L. Sherman,

Inspector Forestry Bureau,

For the results of chemical examination of the samples of gutta-percha collected
by Dr. Sherman, see the annual report of the Superintendent of Government
Laboratories for the year ending August 31, 1902.

Administrative finances. — Revenues and expenses of Philippine forestry bureau
«♦ for five years.

[Money is expressed in Mexican currency.]

1901-2.

Spanish administration in Philippines.

1896-97.

1895-06.

1894-95.

1893-94.

Salaries

$111,965.31

17,454.84

25,849.63

155,289.78

348,073.08

1138,110.00

$123,385.00

$123,385.00

$118,136.00

Transportation

Material, etc

16,380.00
152,490.00
170,000.00

45,000.00

15,380.00
138,765.00
150,000.00

55,000.00

16,580.00
138,765.00
122,000.00

45,000.00

15,380.00

Total expenses

133,516.00

Revenues, forest products. .
Sales public lands

122,000.00
48,000.00

Expense per cent of reve-
nues, forest products

44.6

89.7

92.6

Deficit.

Deficit.

516

BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

Comparative table of revenues and expenses.

Philip-
pines,
1901-2/

British Bur-
ma, average
five years,
1895-1900. a

Java, 1900. a

Cape Col-
ony, 1899. a

Madras."

Cochin
China. «

Revenu© --....

1348,073.08
1.56,269.78
192,803.30

$5,412,486.73
1,690,377.24
3,722,109.51

$1,849,200.00 $207,453.00
979,8(J().00 560,576.70
869,400.00 Deficit.

Expenses

Surplus --

Per cent expense of i*e venue .

44.6

31.2

53.5

77

57

Cost per square mile gov-

$2.07

$18.90

a Indian Forester, May, 1902.

Area public forests:

Philippines

British Burma. -

Square miles.

75,176

89,417

Production of timber ^ by groups^ in cubic feet for the twelve months ending June

30, 1902.

Groups.

Superior group

First group

Second group . .
Third group ...
Fourth group - .
Fifth group —

Total

Groups.

Superior group.

First group

Second group...

Third group

Fourth group...
Fifth group

Total

Gratuitous (granted) .
Private lands

July.

362,912

August.

Cubic feet.
76,737
13,847
68,928
1.58,888
:i5,276
19,557

372,223

Septem-
ber.

Cubic feet.
34,237
9,464
47, 191
148,172
24,4.56
14, .533

278,043

October.

Cubic feet.
44,180
8,331
52,591
217,328
43,334
23,903

387,557

Novem-
ber.

Cubic feet,
46,025
15, 147
69,346
237,353
35), 440
39,909

437,119

Grand total.

January.

Cubic ft.
61,615
7,258
56, .586
12.5,087
16,064
14,312

281,822

Febru-
ary.

Cubic ft.
51,868
19,161
46,021
79,680
8,531

206 187

March.

Cubic ft.
42,078
8,685
61,569
177,468
28,912
8.839

33.5,541

April.

Cubic ft.
71,693
14,:}99
61,9:«
145,554
10,950
12,656

317,188

May.

Cubic ft,
83,0.50
16,990
40,444
80,797
12,6:«
13,935

247,852

June.

Cubic ft.
70,477
12,095
48,724
164,193
19,495
20,102

335,086

December.

Cubic feet.
37,264

8, (X>H
63,775
181, (Ki

28,843
6,078

325,050

Total.

Cubic feet.
673,767
147,567
665,900
1,898,305
305,013
176,028

3,866,580
894,405
196,087

4,957,973

Quantities of forest products taken from the public lands of the Philippines dur-
ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902,

Product.

Quantity.

English equivalent.

Timber Cmaderas) ......

4,760,985 cubic feet

3,637,392 cubic feet.

Firewood (lefias)

107,900 culjic meters

7,024 cubic meters

3,808,870 cubic feet.

Charcoal (carbon)

347,947 cubic feot.

Rattan (be juco) 1

150piculs

20,685 pounds.
3,2.56,458 pounds.

Dyewooas (sibucao and tintorea)

16,36:^ piculs

Tan bark (cascalote) ..... ...

3,264 piculs

313,154 pounds.
1,083,2:^ pounds.

Gum mastif* (alinacicra)

7,848 piculs

Rubber (firoma ftlastip.a) ._ . .. . ..

2,050.7 piculs

383,996 pounds.

0-iittA-T>Brclia ( firuta-T)€rclift ) . --

2,705.3 piculs

373,331 pounds.
9,181 gallons.

Vegetable oils (balao)

35,181 liters

Pitch (breas)

826 piculs

113,905 iwimds.

fHimaTnon ^oatiaIa^

150 piculs

20,685 pounds.

BEPOBT OF THB PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

517

Revenue on forest products taken from the public lands of the Philippities in
pesos for the fourteen months ending August SOy 190B,

Months.

Bevdnue.

1901.

July

August

September

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

Total for fiscal vear

July :

August (approximate)

Total for fourteen months

$29,806.21
32,004.88
22,808.18
17,769.59
37,524.88
80,592.94

28,093.29
27,727.81
22,482.75
34,860.26
32.5a). 76
32,401.08

848,073.08
40,644.26
24,085.89

412,803.23

Quantity of timber taken from public lands of the Philippines during the fiscal
year July i, 1901, to June 30, 1902,

DISTRIBUTION.

Province.

Abra

Albay

Anti(iue

Bataan

Batan^is .

Bengnet

Bohol

Bulacan

Cagayan

Camarines (AmoH).

Capiz

Cavite

Cebu.

Cottabato

Davao

Ilocoa Norte

Ilocos Sur

Iloilo

Isabela

Jolo

Laguna

Lcyte

Total for
year.

Cubic feet.
3,113
48,855
16,736
382,178
3,91^

4,021
260,907
208,153
146,880
65,393
3,591
35,144
86,066
20,729
72,923
53,994
105,717
12,123
1,671
18,585
195,179

Provinces.

Marinduque

Masbate

Misamis

Negros Occidental .

Negros Oriental

Nueva Eci ja

Nueva Vizcaya

Pampanga

Pangasinan

Paragua

Rizal

Romblon

Samar

SorHogon

Siirigao

Tarlac

Tayabas

Union

Zambales

Zamboanga

Total

Total for
year.

Cubic feet.
5,247
151,773
32,898
207, i^
30, 769
95,4?>>

229,986

116,916

10,511

35,584

41,993

65,424
23,855

260, o:«

435,379
67,675

286,352
82,873

3,866,580

Month.

July

August

September .

October

November .
December..

1901.

January...
Februai*y .

March

April

May

June

1902.

Total for year .

Cut with
license.

Cut with-
out license,

Cubic feet,
284,830
269,595
232,863
834,428
864,404
256,963

249,082
177,672
274,763
864,258

Cubicfeet.
78,082
102,628
45,190
63,129
62,716
68,087

82,790
28,516
60,778
62,980

Total.

Cubicfeet
362,912
872,223
278,043
887,657
427,119
825,060

281,8293
206,187
825,541
817,188

247,852
335,086

8,866,680

518

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

Groups and varieties, arranged in order of quantities, cut during the fiscal year
ending June SO, 1902, from public lands only.

Gronp.

Number
of varie-
ties.

Cubic feet.

Value
(Mexican).

III. Third

571
48
12
85
12
18

1,855,617
708,588
673,767
305,013
176,028
147,567

$55,668.51

II. Second

66,687.04

S. Superior

94,327.88

rV. Fourth

6,100.28

V. Fifth

1,760.28

I. First

14,758.70

Total

746

3,866,580

229,300.17

Average value per cubic foot, 6 cents (Mexican).

Group.

ra
m

s
II

s
s

s

V

V

ni

s

IV
IV

II
s

III

II

in

IV

s
I
II

lU

I
II

IV

III

Varieties.

Cubic feet,

Lauan

Apitong

Mx)lave

Guijo

Narra

Yacal

6 varieties .

Dungon

Bonga

Bacao

Sacat

Ipil

5 varieti(^s .

Balacat

Malasantol

Catmoii

Calantas

Malaanonang

Manga('hai)uy . . .

Palosapis

Malabonga

Tindalo

Betis

Nato

Balinhasay

Acle..

Macaasin

Malabalac

Dalinsi

16 varieties

656,054
309,823
228,863
209,298
124,618
105,937

1,634,488

76,154
76,038
62,183
61,451
55,279

3:^1,605

45,919
45,214
42,688
4 J, 614
41,197
36,568
37,879
37,720
37,200
36,441
36,417
36,213
;i5,t«2
33,874
31,742
30,660

608,978

Group.

IV
I

II
III
III
III
IV

II

II
III
III
III

II
III

II

I

III

III

III

II
III

V

II
III

Varieties.

Cubic feet.

Anam

Batitinan

Palo-maria . . .

Cupaiig

Pagatpat

Mala<*malac . .
Ma apapaya..

Aranga.

Amuguis

Bulao

Apuit

Mayapis

Banaba

Calumpit

Mangasinoro .
BaiiBalaguin.-

Batete

Panao

Pagsainguin .

Banuyo

Bayoc

Anahao.

Dungon-late..
Manicnic

29,587

27,649

26,698

25,379

24,098

24,083

23,-545

23,032

22,832

22,082

21,919

21,216

19,61^4

18,992 •

18,071

18,052

17,830

16,497

16,02()

15,046

14,4(J9

13,122

15,532

12,301

24 varieties .
16 varii^f.es.
6 varieties..

45 varieties.
6 varieties..

51 varieties . .
696 varieties .

747 varieties.

484,61)2
608,978
331,606

1,425,275
1,634,488

3,059,763

8(J6,817

3,866,680

The third group supplied 48 per cent of the total.

Six varieties contributed 42.3 per (rent and 51 varieties 79.1 per cent of the total.

Lauan, of the third group, furnished 17 per cent.

Native woods brought to market in the Philippine Islands from July i, 1901, to

June SO, 1902.

SUPERIOR GROUP.

Calantas. .
Camagon .
Dungon ..

Ebano

M

Mancono .
Molave ...

Narra

Teca

Tindalo...

Yacal

Urung

Total superior . 673, 767

Amount

cut.
(Cu.ft.)
41,614

76,164
'55,279

228,863
124,513

37,200
105,937

FIRST GIIOUP.

Acle

Alahan

Alintatao

Anubing

Bansalaguin

Baticulin(g)

Batitinan

Bayuco

Betis

Calamansanay .

Camayuan

Camphor

Camuning

Cubi

Jara

Amount

cut.
(Cu.ft.)
35,632

18,052
"27,'649
"36,441

FIRST GROUP— Ctd.

Laneta

Malatapay..
Tamuayon .

Total first .

SECOND GROUP.

Agoho

Alalanget

Alpay

Alupac-amo . .
Amuguis Ist. .

Aranga

Banaoa

Amount

cut.
(Cu.ft.)

147,567

23,030
19,632

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

519

Native woods brought to market in the Philippine Islands from July i, 1901^ to
June SO, iP{?;?— Contmned.

SECOND GROUP— Ctd,

Banitan

Batino

Bayaco

Banuyo

Bilolo

Bolong-eta

Calimantao

Calingag--

Cana fistula

C:!atmon

Dolitan

Dungon-late

Giiijo

Guisihan

Lanutan

Macaasin

Madre cacao

Malacadios

Malacapou

Malacat men

Malar uhat

Mangacliapuy

Mangasinoro

Maiiganirique

Marang

Mulauinaso

Nangcal

Nato

Oayau

Paitan

Palayen

Palo Maria

Pasac

Pusopiiso

Romero

Sirique

Siip:i-

Tangu-le

Tansuyod

'J'oob or Tiia

Tiican-calao

Total second .

THIRD GROUP.

Abagon

Abalorio

Abar

Abilo

Abobo

Aclen ( g)parang

Adaan

Adumuy

Afu

Ahmon

Alacac

Alacon

Alagao

Alalaiigat

Alamon

Alasa

Alein

Alibamibang

Aligamin

Alioau

Almolan

Alpay

Aludia

Alupacamo

Amatog

Ambiong

Amian

Ammapla

Amoan

AnagapCasay

Anago

AnaEanon (Apitong)

Analig

Anam

Anarep

Anatan

Amount

cut.
(Cu.ft.)

15,016

42,688

I2,r>:te

209,298

33,874

38,568
18,071

36,417
36,698

708,588

309,823

Basangal

Basilayan

Basug

Batete

Batobalarao .
Batobato ....

THIRD GROUP— ctd.

AduUnnon ( Andula-
nan)

Anigado

Aninapla

Aningat

I Anis

Anitap

Anobiang ( Bay tx^ )
(Aniiobrangj

Anobling

Anonang

! Antcug

j Aiiteng

1 Antipolo

I Apaiang I

i Aix)stula !

I Apuit

Arandon '

Ai*angien i

A rittjntoug |

Ayo

Baacan '

Babayan

Bac^ayo

Bacdang

Ba<H>og

Baga

Bagalitotas

Bagarilao

Bagobiulod

Bagocu

Bagotambis

Biigotoob

Baguilio

BaguilumlK)y

Banay

Balacbacan

Balacbalac

Balaitlog

Balanga

Balao

Baligan

Balmesoc

Balingagta

Baiiniiasay

Balintarhan

Balit

Balitagtag

Balopo

Baloy

Balung(;aiiit

Balutay

Banacao

Banaypanay

Bancal

Bancahoylan

Bancalan

Bancalari

Bancanilan

Bancolanog

Banga

Bangles

Banguid

Banilic

Banitan

Banite

Bansilang

Barangao

Baransiagao

Baratayan

Bariuan

Barosin^in

Barosmising

Baroy

Barung

Amount

cut.
{Cu.ft.)

21,919 :

3t),213

17,830

THIRD GROUP— Ctd.

Batocanag

Bating

Batunganag

Bayit

Bayoc (Anobiang) .

bayoguiooc

Bayucan

Bia

Bilolo

Biiuan

Binalia (Blnalinan)

Binalucan

Biualungay

Bingtis (Biaglas) ...
Binong (Bilnong) ..

Bmuang

Binulo

Bolilising

Boloau

Bolobolo

Bolongcadios

Bonoaug

Borros

Bulala

Bulao

Bulo

Bulog

Bungiil

Busaeng

Busiii

Butigan

Buyo

Cabaglin

Cabal

Cacaate

Cadiz

Cahabatiiig

Calambaliu

Calantil

Calaolot

Calapini

Calasay

Calibayoau

Calinan

Calinas

Callag

Caliot

Calo<;atmon

Calomagon

Calulxmb

Caluingatingan

Calumpit ,

Calungalingan

Camauchiles

Camanginan

Caniantayo

Camantivifl

Camarag

Candol

Caniguet net

Cansjlod

Cansuyot

Cantingen ,

Canulgtingan

CapasangJay ,

Caputihan

Cararen

Caratacal

Caratacat ,

Carimbucal

Carisguis

Carontingan

Caropcoc

Casaoang

Casay, Anagap

Casiray

Cayetana

Cniksicuasi

Cnbatigan

Culatingen

Chilibabac

Culicat

Amount

cut.
(Cu.ft.)

14,4C9

22,082

18,91!2

520

KBPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

Native woods hrovght to market in the Philippine Islands from July i, 1901 ^ to
June SO, i5(?^— Continned.

THIRD GROUP— Ctd.

gnmalisquis..
unacou

Cunalongr

Cupang

Cutipie

Cuyaguia

Cuyaogao

Daen^

Daguil

Data

Dalinsi

Dalindigan...

Dalipaeii

Dalunit

Dampul

Danaan

Dancalau

Dangula

Danlig

Danyay

Dao..:.

Daracan

Datino

Diladila

Dina

Dinglas

Dinuguan

Diraan

Ditaa

Duclap

DuKuan

Duldolbuquid ...

Dulilulbugin

Duran

Duvone

Gaiagala

Galis.

Gasatan

Qatasgatas

Ginlagasi

Guisoc

Gueddeng

Guilac

Guinay-guinay . .

Guinlayasi

Guitot

Guyongguyong .

Hagachac

Hagadhad

Hanagdong

Hilaeasi

HlmDabaod

Hindan

Hinlalon

Indang

Jan^gdong

Jindan

Junop

Labang

Lacolaco

Lagasa

Lagnig

Lagting

Laguimisin

Lalasig^

Lambulauan

Lamian

Laxnim

Xianasahan

Lanbang

Lan^osi

Lampga

Lai)olaiK>

Lasatan

Lasila

Lasilasan

Lsuan

Lauan-pula

Laylayan

Leggay

Lexxman

Amount

cut.
iCu.ft)

25,379

30,600

656,054

THIRD GROUP— ctd.

Lettacu

Libato

Libato puti

Ligamen

Limbayao

Linal

Linal

Lingolingo

Liuog

Liosin

Liptog

Litis

Lomboy

Lucban Gubat

Lugnac

Lumacao

Lumagabos

Lumbayao

Mabolo

Macugalum

Magabinyo

Magalayo

Magarambulo

Magarapale

Magarilao

Magarilas

Magatalay

Magacalanag

Maglibuyo

Magobiniod

Magobuyo ( Mago-

baye)

Magsampinit

Magsangal

Magsinolo

Magtalisay .

AvKmnt

cut.
{Cu.ft.)

Maguinbuyo

Mahaguis (Mahalay;

Malaanonang

Malabaeanan

Malabagao

Malabaguis

Maiabato

Malabayabas

Malabayabat

Malabocboc

Malabuga

Malacayang

Malacmac

Malacmalac

Maladaguin

Maladogan

Maladoron

Malagagaoao

Malaganet

Malaginsihan

Malaguisoc

Malamanga

Malaigot

Malansa

Malapingan

Malara num

Malasaguin

Malastiuaiin puti

Malasui)sap

Malasican

Malasmoro

Malata baco

Malatalang

Malatalay

Malatindalo

Malatubig

Malatumbaga

Malaya

Malayambo

Malit

Malungay

Mamafis

Mambog

Manapias

Manayao

Mandalaonon

41,197

24,083

THIRD GROUP— ctd.

Manga

Manganit

Mangbalut

Manicnic

Manili

Manungal

Mapiii^.

Marabical

I Maracajms

Maracasile

Maragared

Maranibolo

Masauipinit

Matauolan

Matabao

Matamata

Matangolan

Matata

Maiiro

Mayapis

Mlao

Mitla

Morning

Mulato

Nalagbo

Nasuig

Niguet

Nigiiit

Nipot-nipot

Oas

Oayan

Odiing

Ogao

Ontol

Oponopong

Osibon

Oyaoy

Paduco

Panglumbiiy en

Pagaliyagiiin

Pagatpat

Pagsainguln

Paguan

Paho.

Pahopahoau

Pahotan

Pahubo

Paihod

Paina

Palacpac

Palataguin

Palati

Palmabra va

Palochina

Palogapit

Palosapis

Pamaltaguen

Pamalitien ,

Pamangarem

Pamanganomen

Pamangarem

Pamananglayamen

Pamayabasen

Pamiclaten

Pamitaoguen

Pamoridoguen

Pamulaten

Pamusilaguen

Panalayapen

Panantuman

Pananutlen

Panao.Balao

Pangalinaoen

Pangalingen

Pangandongen

Pangaolasen

Pangatisen ,

Pangi

Panolsalan ,

Panulatin

Panulosiguin

Pauunsuiigau

Amount

cut.
{Cu.ft.)

12,301

21,216

24,098
10,026

37,879

10,497

BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

521

Native woods brought to market in the Philippine Islands from July i, 1901, to
June SO, i^;?— Continued.

THIRD GROUP— Ctd.

Paohti

Amount

cut.
iCu.ft)

THIRD GROUP— ctd.

Taloot

Amount

cut.
iCu.ft.)

FOURTH GROUP— ctd

Calay

Amount

cut.
(C?u.A)

P^nnflitiftTl

Talulong ..-

Caloc-catnio

Papuyay

Talnmumng

OftUimpanif

Pama

Tambaialu(f

caraoi ?.::::::. :

ParoTiatin

Tamib

Culls

Pasan

Tamlang

Danloy

Payen

Tamlao

Danlay

Piagao

Tamogui (Tamug) ..

Duca

Picnola

Taiiagosep

Guyonguyon (Sa-
lingogan)

Pili

Tangalai

Pipi :

Tangisaii

HimbaDao

Pisec

Tanto

Hopong-Hopong

Pisig

Tapuhangin

Lagasa ..

Poguipoc

Tapuhay

Libas

Pongtii

Tapulao

Ligao

Popoyot

Tapulas

Luuas . ..

Pnigao (Piagao)

Tarabdab

Macaturay

Palangbalat

Taracatac

Maguilic .

PnTiTiiiTi

Taran

Malaaduas

Pusopuso

Taranglay

Malalmgo

Putian

Taras

Malabonga

37,720
81,743

Quinay-quinay

Tarata.ra

Malabulac

Quita-quita

Tiaong

Mala cacao

&cat:.

61,451

Tiga

M alacamoto

Sagues

Tigpod

Malac (au )ayan

Sftgnisi .

Tiguem

Malaga-itinian

Sagummisumis

Tinaanpantay

Malaiba

Sa&sala

TiuganiiDgau

Mftlai<"nnio

Saleng

Tixx)lo

Malanbang

SaUeMc

Tiranlay

Malapalitpit

Salomagiie

Tiwi

Malapapaya

23,546

Salongan

Truel

Malasauiat

Salong-salong

Tualo

Malasantol

45,214

Salsaloyot

Tuel

Malatagon

Saluyen

Tiigaue

Malatubig

Samac

Tumbongaso

Matobato

Saman

Tungog -

Oonog _

\ Sambnlanan

Ubien

Paihot

Sambulumin

Ughavan

Payaauitan . . _

Sambutuhan

UialuS

Pingoi

Samogui

Ump (Unip)

Pototan

Sampuit

Untol

Puray . .

Sanait

Violon

Putaa

Sandalo

Yambapg

Rubian

Santol

Yango ....

Sacmni-aasruni

Saray

Yavapaaf

Salamungtiy

Sarmayen

Yuel

Salingogau (Guyon-
tnivon)

Sasalit

Total third....

FOURTH GROUP.

Agosos

Saynbong

1,855,(517

Surug

Seggay

Tabao

Sigcuran

Taboc

Sipingan

Tanag

Soroya

TancrTon

Suitang

Amsas

Tical.

SuUpa

Amugan (an)

Tinaan

Tabalangin

Anam

29,587

Tinaan-pantav

Tabiguc

Anilao

Tive-tive

Tabgas

At4-ata

Uban

Tabong

Bagonito

Total fourth...

FIFTH GROUP.

Bacao

> Tabontebon

Bago-santol

305,013

Taclanganac

Bait

vTacnban

Balacat _

45,919

Tacuitaqui

Balay-bayan . .

Tagabong

Balibago

62,183

Tagatoy

Baloc.

Bacauan

Taggay

Baloc-baloc

Biuas

Tagoalom

Balubat

rhiip-si

Tagobinlod

Banato

Libato-pula

Tagogong

Bancalauan

LibatonfiT-puti

Tagopinay

Barincongcorong ...

Tanflral

Tagmtagui

Batican

PALMS.

Anahao

Tagninitagum

Bating .

Taguraguir

Biga

Talacnongen

Bignay

18,122

Bimcao

Anibong »>....

Talagiituigaii ..

Binaynyo

Barangoy

Talanangin

Binting-dalaga .

Bonga

76,088

Talay

Binnnga.. ..._.

Luyos

Taling*M*T»

Bocboc

Total fifth

. Talisay

Bogo

"

176,028

f Taloconugaen

BotnT)g . . „ „ .

522

EEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPmE COMMISSION.

Superior group .

First group

Second group...

Third group

Fourth group > . .
Fifth group

I

Total.

Number

varieties

brought to

market.

12
18
48
672
85
12

~747

All unknown woods when brought to market are classified and appraised as
third-group woods.

Wood exports from the PhUippines for the four fiscal years 1S99-1902,
[Values are in gold.]

Country.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1902.

Total.

Hongkong

$1,062

$23,836

$5,318

$30,956
88,095

$61,172
38,095

French China

United Kingdom

4,400

4,400

Allothers

a3,343

3,343

Total

6,462

23,836

5,318

72,394

107,010

a United States $983.
Wood imports into the Philippines for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902,

Dutiable.

Free.

Total.

Country.

Gold
value.

Cubic feet.

Cubic feet.

Cubic feet.

United States

$183,806
126,374

666,214
727,674

967,537

1,033,761
727,674

All nfhftrR

Total

308,682

1,893,888

367,537

1,761,425

Exports of Philippine forest products, by custom districts ^ for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1902.

Articles.

Manila.

noilo.

Cebu.

Zambo-
anga.

Jolo.

Total.

Gum mastic (almaciga)

Pounds.
880
568,706
56,079
733, ;«4
45,7.5:i
1,163
32,133
91,605

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

880

Copal

29,704

495

281,239

396,670

704

a 1,872

995,080

67,278

1,021,069

151,334

1,163

Piteh (brea)

All other gums and resins

4,564
97,330

Glue

8,251

Cabinet ware and furniture

All other manufactured wood

82,133

All other unmanufactured wood.

5,333,200

6,424.805
7,888,483

Sapan wood

7,383,483

a Includes 1,344 pounds from the port of Siassi.

BEPOBT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

523

Imports of forest products^ by leading countries, for the fiscal year ending June

SO, 1902,

Articles.

United
States.

British
East
India.

Ger-
many.

United
King-
dom.

All
others.

Total.

Value
in gold.

Timber:

Sawed

Cu. feet.
60,116
59,724

41,724
504, 4r3

Cu. feet.

29,112

36,928

144

68,976

Cu.feet.

2,088

1,584

12,384

Cu.feet.

38

1,080

52

6,408

Cu.feet
8,8n
6,660
1,194
111,769
372, OUO
13,285

Cu.feet.
96,223
95,976
43,114
704,010
872,000
83,566

$23,^8

Hewn

32,110

Logrs -

7,814

Boards, deals, and planks

Pine wood, unplane<l

237,914
5,449

All other wooa

177

1,295

68,808

1,567

Total quantity wood . . .

666,214

126,455

84,864

7,576

508,779

1,393,888

308,582

Naval supplies: Resin, tar,
turpentine, and pitch

Pounds.
411,138

Pounds.
152

Pounds. Pounds.
16,457 907,378

Pounds.
141,459

Pou7ids.
1,476.684

$28,084

Total value forest products
(gold)

$187,910

$36,850

$21,415

$17,962

$67,460

$381,e06

World statistics of rubber and gutta-percha.

WORLD'S ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF RUBBER.a

Long tons.

Brazil, Peru, etc. (Para)b ^,500

Bi-azil, Ceara, etc 4,700

Brazil (Mangaboira) 8,260

BoUvia 1,500

Rest of South America 2,800

Total South America 84,250

Central America and Mexico 2,600

Total America 36,750

East and West Afiic^c 24,500

India and Burmah 400

Ceylon 7.5

Java, Borneo, etc 1,000

Total 62,667.5

WORLD'S ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF RUBBER.a

Long tons.

America (United States and Canada) 20,000

United Kingdom, etc., except Canada 22,500

Continent of Europe d 20,000

Total 62,500

a Adapted from "India Rubber, gutta-percha, and balata," by Wm. T. Braunt, 1900, p. 89.

&Para exports in 1901 aggregated 29,800 long tons, India Rubber World, February, 1902.

cincludes 500 tons for Madagascar and Maritius.

d Germany the leading country; third in the world, following the United States and Great
Britain.

The principal import markets for india rubber are, in approximate order, New York, Liyer-
pool, Ujamburg, Antwerp, Havre, London, Lisbon, Rotterdam, and Bordeaux.

524 '

REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

Rubber imports ^ exports, and manufactures of the United States,
IMPORTS.

Sources.

Short tons. Value (gold).

Brazil

United Kingdom (reexports)

Belgium (reexports)

Portugal (reexports)

Germany (reexports)

Central America

Ecuador

Rest of Europe (France and H(-)lland)

British East Indies

Rest of South America

Rest of North America

Total,fiscalyear 19()1

Total, fiscal year 19(K)

Total,fiscal year 18m

Average, 10 fiscal years, 1891-J 900

17,398

$16,919,707

3,732

4,241,9r,l»

2,576

8,311,7^6

1,049

1.150,L':U

837

794, .5:14

634

673,1:^6

mi

335,7(;4

301

335,<5:ft>

281

247,i)9:{

265

255,064

199

180,5;i9

27, 6:%

28,455,;W

24,700

31,376,867

]6,8(>0

17,a56,280

19,880

21,134,600

EXPORTS, a

Total, fiscal year 1901

Total, fiscal year 1900

Average, 6 fiscal years, 1895 1899

$2,302,109
2,760,04(5
1,433, Of KJ

a Chiefly to Canada.
MANUFACTURES.

Consumption of crude India rubber (net imports), tons 25,985

Value (gold) $26,1.53,274

Average value per ton $ I , (K)6

Manumctures, seven States, Twelfth Census ^ $87,172,694

Manufactures, all States, estimated total $100,0(J0,00()

Approximate value per ton $4,000

Manufactures, Eleventh Census ^ $42,853,757

Exports of manufactures, 1901 2 %'^,2M^^rh^

Imports of manufacjtures, 1901 $;478,(3()3

Net exports of manufactures $2,767,970

Net consumption (estimated) $^)7, 232,030

The total value of rubber goods imported into the Philipx)ines in 1901 (fiscal
year) was $71,829, of which $21,480 worth was from the United States. $21,472
from Great Britain, and $18,971 from Germany. The previous maximum imports
from the United States was $4,936, for the fiscal year 1900.

1 Including relatively small amount of gutta-i)ercha manufactures. The estimated total is
from India Rubber World, July, 1902. p. 311.

^ The value of boots and shoes makes up one-fourth of the exports, which average only one-
fourth of the German exports and only one-half of the British exports of rubber goods.

REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

626

e3

i

|«^'s

i^§

g:3

^^?^S

1^1

OC r-i r-( CD ■^' kO

^s

»coo

Si? 3^

g>c6«c>

iis

to Ud

a

c bD

ffi z; <!'

m

9^
%

t y
III

a t^

^ 9.S

i U
'I |2

53 §§

%^ o

PI . ^«

5 ill

p^

S}Z59,»J

d en P.43

to? ,

<3Pior-r5s®
o o 2 2q« g:

626

BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.

BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPFNE COMMISSION.

52(

Prices of india rubber,
[New York quoUtiona, June 28, 1908.«]

Varieties.

Per pound.

PAH.\.

Islands, fine, new

Islands, tine, old

rpriver. fine, n«»\v

I j)river, tine, ctltl

Nlnnds, cojirs**, in'w

rpriver. eoarsi' tu'w .
( 'uncho ( Peruvian k slwet .
Caiuho ( Peruvian i, Imll . . .

Cents.
«8toe»
71 to 12
70 to 71
74 to 75
44 to 4:>
rws to 5H
47 to 4.S
51 to 52

Varieties.

PeriK>und.

CK.NTHAI-.**.

AFHK AN.

Tongrnes

Sierra I^nme. Ilrst «iuality

Ben^uella

Ciimoroon. tmll

Flake and linni»s

Acem, flake

Aeera, buttons

A<v'ra, St riim

I^jfoH, buttons

La>fos, 8trii)s

Centn.
4i to 43

a)to6i

42 to 48
42 to 48

a* to ai)

17 to 18
m to 44

47 to 48

48 to 44
47 to 48

KAHT I.MHAN.

Assam .
Borneo.

62 to 58
80 to 40

Esmeralda, sau.sa^e ' 50 to 51

Guayaquil, strip , 47 to 4M

Niearawrua, senip I 49 to 50

Mangabeim, sheet I :J9 to 40

a India Rubber World, July, 1U02. '

Fluctuations of New York prices per pound for islands spot fine Para ruhln^r for

three years {ij*ild).(^

Month.

Average:
January .
February .

March

April

May.

Juno

July

August

Sept<»ml»er.
()<'Xober -.
NovemlKT
DtH'emlH'r .

Year (avei-age)'»

Average American imiM)rt values for all kinds of rublM«r^.

a India Rubl>er World, February, Wtfi.

iwni.

lUiO.

1901.

fO.()4

fi.on

I0.H5

1.00

l.(M

.84

\A\A

i.(e

.Kfi

1.02

.w»

.H«

1.01

.IH

.87

M

wt

.K'i

MS

.w»

.Klft

.?»;

A'y

.84

.Hh

.J*7

.8<{

.08

.J17

.81

I.ICi

.i«:<

.78

1.(1.-)

.w

.80

.w

.W(

.84

.\\n

.(Cr)

.5:«

''Idem, S<«pU^ml>©r, 1«01.

The following arrivals (inchidiiiK Canc.ho) at Para, in long tons, for the crop
5ars indicated, ending June 30, will give a clue to the fall in market pric(> of Para

year

rubber, as shown above:

1896-97 .m .wn

1897-98 .::::;; So'o^S

1898-99 "" " 7r:t^^

1899-1900 ort A-

1901-190- ;;;;:;;; l^^;^

Gutta-percha.
[Gold prices per pound.]

Market.

Date.

First quality.

Singapore August, KKIO" ' |1 . .-,7 to $1 . S}>

,, L>V/--,- Augu.st.llK)!'' 1.5.-)t<. l.W

^ew\ork iMtrv,l!>Ol'- | 1 75

Medium.

$f).flltr)$1.57

.»8to 1.4fl

1.45

Lower.

$0.1»to|0.9l
.16to .66

« India Rnbb<n- World. ()ct/)lx^r, lOOT).

/> Agri.'ultiiral Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States, October, 1901.

<- India Rubber World, June, 1901. 1 *•

Respectfully submitted.

George P. Ahern,
Captai n, Ninth Infantry, Chief of the Forestry Bureau.

> India Rubber World, July» 1902.

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