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REPORT

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CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF FORESTRY

PHII^IPIPINE ISI^ANDS

FOR THE I'ERIOI) FKOM

SEF»TE1VIBER i, 1Q03, TO AUGUST 31, 1Q04.

MANILA:

BUREAU OF PUBLIC PRINTING.
1905.

-J"

CONTENTS,

Page.

Events of the year 7

Division of inspection 10

Division of forest management 13

Licenses 18

Statement of licenses granted during the fiscal year ending

June 30, 1904 20

Statement of company licenses granted, showing amount of timber

granted and cut 21

Report of Forester Wm. M. Maule 22

Report of Forester Wm. Klemme 28

Lamao Forest Roserve 32

Copeland's letter 33

Williams's letter 37

Location and grounds 38

Plants in the Lamao Forest Reserve nurseries 40

Timber- testing laboratory and workshop 47

Timber tests from June 1, 1902, to January 28, 1904 60

Timber tests from April 28, 1904, to June 30, 1904 54

Tents of thirteen Borneo woods 56

Division of accounts 58

Appendix — Statistics:

Number and area of private woodlands registered in the Bureau of

Forestry 61

Quantity of forest products taken from public lands of the Philippine

Islands during the fiscal year July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 61

Timber and lumber imported into the Philippine Islands during the

fiscal year July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 63

List of most important Philippine woods received in market during the

four preceding fiscal years, arranged in order of quantity 63

Average Manila prices of timber and lumber 63

Prices quoted in Manila newspapers for native and American lumber ___ 64

Notes on **bejuco," **junco," and **cafla" 65

3

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate I. Building a road through the forests, near Atimonan, Tayabas.

II. Primitive logging railroad in the cutting district of the Alvisee Lumber
and Development Company, southeast coast of Mindoro.

III. View along the main haul, showing skidding engine near the edge of the

forest; logging plant owned and operated by the Insular Company,
near the Gimogon River, Negros Occidental.

IV. View of skidding engine used by Insular Company, Gimogon River,

Negros Occidental.
V. View in logging district of Insular Company, Gimogon River, Negros
Occidental; lauan (Anisoptcra thurifem Blume) on extreme left, apitong
( Dipterocarpiis grnndiflonis Blamco) in foreground.
VI. Pine (Finns merkusU) ; open stand near Santa Cruz, Zam bales.
VII. Pine (Funis merkmil J. and de V.), showing character of the trunk and

bark, Zambales Province.
VIII. Preparing to remove a banca from the forest; Bataan Province.
IX. **Caifigin" clearing in forests made by burning; cocoanut palms in back-
ground damaged by fire.
X. Root system of mature agoho (Oistiarina equisetifolia Forst.). These
roots have been uncovered by the action of the sea, and although they
have been exposed for several years the trees are thrifty and bearing
fruit.
XI. Transporting logs in the Pagsabangan River, Tayabas, by means of

carabaos.
XII. Red malabayabas (Gardenia sp. ), Pagbilao, Tayabas; almost pure stand
of the red malabayabas and macaasin.

XIII. Skidding logs and sled with carabaos yoked American fashion, Mindoro.

XIV. Skidding sled used by American lumbermen, Mindoro.

XV. Method of marking trees on a type area, Lamao Forest Reserve.
XVI. Method of climbing very large and high trees for the purpose of collect-
ing botanical material; palac-palac (Falaquinm latifolium Blanco),
Lamao Forest Reserve
XVn. Type area, Lamao Forest Reserve: No. 97, psni&o (Dipterocarpns vernicifluvs
Blanco); No. 98, guijo (Shorea gwiso Blume); No. 101, bolong-eta
(Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco); No. 102, tocud languit {Polyscias
nodosa Seem); No. 103, undetermined; No. 114, alupag {Euphoria
ciiura Radlk); No. 115, lauan (Anisoptera thurifera Blume).
XVIII. No. 228, malac-mac (Palarpiium oleiferum Blanco); palac-palac (Falaquinm
(atifolium Blanco) (tree to right); No. 288 has been slashed for the
collection of gutta-percha; Lamao Forest Reserve. |
XIX. Scene in the upper part of Lamao Forest Reserve.
XX. Camp of visiting botanists, Lamao Forest Reserve.
XXI. House at station No. 1, near the seacoast, Lamao Forest Reserve.

5

6

Plate XXII. Residence of nurseryman in charge; station No. 2, Lamao Forest
Reserve.

XXIII. Propagating house at station No. 2, Lamao Forest Reserve.

XXIV. Panao {Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco), Lamao Forest Reserve.
XXV. Tagatoy (Pcdaguium luzonieme Vidal); No. A Son type area; Lamao

Forest Reserve.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF
FORESTRY.

Manila, P. I., Angmt SI, 190^.

Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work of the
Bureau of Forestry for the period from September 1, 1903, to August
31, 1904 :

The year has been marked by the accomplishment of several important
factors in the betterment of the forest service. The Forest Act was
promulgated by the United States Philippine Civil Commission, May 7,
1904; and by means of its wise provisions a rational system of forest
management can be inaugurated, and the future welfare of the forests
secured. It received the careful scrutiny of the legal minds connected
with the law-enacting branch of the Civil Government with a view to pro-
tecting and conserving the rights of the humblest licensee while granting
to lumber companies and heavy individual investors considerable latitude
in timber operations.

The visit of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Unit^^d States Bureau
of Forestry, to the Philippines, resulted in much benefit to the forest
service, due to his assistance in preparing the present Forest Act.

The requirements of the Forest Act having changed, it became neces-
sary to revise the Forest Regulations, and a Forc^st Manual, containing
both Forest Act and Forest Regulations, indexed and annotated, with
extracts from other laws bearing upon forest revenue or service, and
some additional notes, was compiled and gratuitously distributed to all
forest officials and licensees. The publication is of convenient pocket
size, with leather cover and inside flap, and in this latter is inserted
each license as issued. Among forest officers, having charge of n^ioney
and property accounts, it was deemed prudent to distribute a similar-
sized publication, giving specific instructions for uniform and systematic
returns, and this was likewise prepared and issued by the Bureau.

In the Forest Act several important changes may be noted, which
it is confidently hoped will give an impetus to forestal development.
Not the least of these is the reduction of the tariff on forest products
of about 35 to 60 per cent ; the rearrangement of the native woods into
four groups; elimination of a "superior group" (a classification in
continual conflict with "first group") ; the adoption of the metric system
of weights and measures, in conformity with the revised United States

statutes and with similar action on the part of most advanced nations:
the division of the provinces into two classes, "A^' and "B;'^ and grant-
ing licenses for a period within the discretion of the Secretary of the
Interior and Chief of the Bureau, for a period, not to exceed twenty
years.

The liberality of these provisions may be seen at a glance, especially
the first and last. In dividing the provinces encouragement to licensees
has governed action. The provinces in Class B are those in which it is
desirable that the larger timber operations be carried on, and provision
is also made for exclusive license where the party at interest will have
sole privilege of gathering certain forest products on the area of public
forest designated. The tax on beeswax, honey, diliman, wood for shoes,
and orchids has been repealed.

It is cause for congratulation that at every step the Civil Commission
has been in thorough sympathy with a rational forest policy. This is
further shown by the Public Land Act (926), which provides that public
woodlands shall not be entered, sold, or leased until a certificate is received
from the Bureau of Forestry that the land is more valuable for agri-
cultural than for forest purposes. The removal of valuable timber from
leased land is also subject to regulation of this Bureau.

Much time was consumed during the first half of the fiscal year by
the foresters and workshop in preparing the exhibit for the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo. Due to the lack of transportation
facilities in all parts of the Islands, the exhibit gathered represents a
vast amount of very trying work by the few men engaged in it. The
workshop, but recently organized, was without woodworking machinery,
fine oils, and varnishes, all of which had been ordered from the United
States, but not received.

During the first part of the year a forest map, 16 by 13 feet (scale,
6 miles to the inch), was made made of the Philippine Islands by the
draftsmen of the Bureau. The forest areas, cultivated and uncultivated,
were shown in different colors, and the various forest stations and dis-
trict headquarters were also indicated. This map was sent to the
Exposition at St. Louis, and a copy, one-half the size of the original,
was made for use in this office. Forest maps of five forest districts,
comprising the Provinces of Bataan, Zambales, Tayabas, Ambos Cama-
rines, Mindoro, and Masbate, have been made in detail, and the limit
of public forest granted to each holder of a timber license shown thereon.
Forest maps of nine other provinces have been made with less detail,
and, in time, forest maps, on a imiform scale, will be made of all prov-
inces. Copies of maps, such as the above, are sent to forest officers for
their information, and for any additional notes and • corrections which
they may be able to make. By this means the Bureau will make sub-
stantial and valuable addition to the knowledge of the location and
value of Philippine forest resources.

The additional force authorized during the past year consisted of 1
civil engineer, at $2,400 per annum; 1 inspector, at $2,000 per annum;
4 assistant inspectors, at $1,400 per annum each; 1 clerk, at $1,200 per
annum; 1 skilled workman, at $900 per annum.

On August 31, 1904, the authorized force was —

1 Chief of Bureau

1 assistant chief $3,000

6 foresters (each) 2,400

1 inspec4:or 2,000

4 inspectors (each) 1,800

2 clerks (each) 1,800

1 clerk 1,600

1 assistant engineer 1,400

4 assistant foresters (each) 1,400

5 employees (each) 1,400

3 assistant inspectors (each) 1,400

6 clerks (each) 1,200

4 assistant inspectors (each) 1, 200

1 skilled workman 1,200

4 clerks (each) 900

6 assistant inspectors (each) 900

1 skilled workman 900

4 assistant inspectors (each) 720

4 clerks (each) 600

13 rangers (each) 600

8 skilled workmen (each) 480

40 rangers (each) 420

2 draftsmen (each) 360

6 skilled workmen (each) 360

6 clerks (each) 300

75 rangers (each) 300

12 skilled workmen (each) 240

1 laborer 180

5 laborers (each) 150

3 messengers (each) 150

1 laborer 120

During the past year the following changes have been noted: Eighty-
six appointments, 48 promotions, 30 resignations, 28 transfers from
Bureau (includes launch crew), 15 transfers to Bureau, 5 deaths, and
38 removals.

Eleven persons were given temporary appointments in the Bureau for
periods ranging from one day to five months. Four of these employees
were Igorrotes, employed during the dry season as iire wardens in the
pine region of Benguet Province.

A civil-service examination was held in the United States, in April,
1904, for positions in the Bureau. Fourteen eligibles signified willing-
ness to enter the service, and a cablegram was sent to the Chief of the
Bureau of Insular Affairs to select eight eligibles for the following
vacancies : Two foresters, at $1,800 per annum each ; 4 assistant foresters,

10

at $1,400 per annum each; and 2 assistant inspectors, at $1,200 per
annum each.

The appropriation act for the fiscal year 1904-5 necessitated a reduc-
tion of 24 rangers; 4 additional assistant foresters were authorized.

The launch Philadelphia was assigned to this Bureau in October, 1903,
and was of great assistance in reaching places distant from points usually
visited by coasting steamers. The launch, however, was not suitable for
sea trips during the typhoon season and has recently been transferred to
the Board of Health. The undersigned hopes that some time in the
future a Coast Guard cutter will be assigned to this Bureau for the
use of its foresters and inspectors.

DIVISION OP INSPECTION.

The personnel of the division of inspection consists of 3 inspectors,
12 assistant, inspectors, 10 first-class rangers (formerly designated as
assistant foresters), 40 second-class rangers, 69 third-class rangers, and
7 clerks, being an increase over last year of 1 inspector, 1 assistant
inspector, 1 first-class ranger, 11 second-class rangers, and 19 third-class
rangers. Two assistant inspectors who were in charge of the Manila
dispatching office on August 31, 1903, are now performing duty in the
field, having been relieved by two clerks. During the past year the
difficulty in securing natives for duty in the provinces has considerably
diminished.

The following changes in forest stations have been made :

Stations established.

Station.

Province.

Date.

Alaminos

Pangaslnan

Dec. 21,1903
Jan. 18 1904

CalauafiT - -

Tayabas _ .

Cervantes

Lepanto-Bontoc

July 21,1904
Jan. 20,1904

Daet -

Camarines

Goa

do ._

Jan. 24,1904

Hermosa - _

Bataan

Nov. 28,1903

Pasacao

Camarines

Mar. 3, 1904

Tagbilaran

Bohol

May 15,1904
Jan. 1, 1904

Unisan

Tayabas . , _ .

Stations transferred.

Norzagaray to Angat

Orani to Balanga

San Isldro to Cabantuan .

Lagatic to Capiz

Bacolor to Guagua

Santa Cruz to Iba

Iba to Maslnloc

Jolo to Bongao

Bulacan

Bataan

Nueva Ecija

Capiz

Negros Occidental

Zambales

do

Jolo

Nov. 21,1903
Nov. 27,1903
June 21, 1904
July 4, 1904
Feb. 12,1904

Do.
Mar. 10,1904
Nov. 7,1903

Stations abandoned.

Bongao.
Isabela .

Moro --
do _

Mar. 4,1904
Oct. 12,1903

11

The use of the metric system, instead of the Spanish measure, will
materially decrease the work of appraising the Government charges on
timber.

A uniform inspection of forest stations has been inaugurated by the
introduction of a form containing thirty-one questions. This report
keeps the central oflBce in close touch with the work of each forest station.
The first part informs when and by whom station was last inspected, and
the last station inspected by the oflRcer rendering the report, as well as
the date of his last inspection; then follows the reporting officer's
itinerary from the date of his last inspection to the date of the one he is
reporting. A number of questions are devoted to outside inspections,
and from the answers the central office may easily learn with what degree
of efficiency the ranger has patroled the municipalities within his juris-
diction, as well as to what extent he has required the payment of Govern-
ment charges on forest products gathered with and without license;
the remaining questions are relative to the manner in which the four
registers, i. e., licenses, letters, manifests, and daily operations, are kept,
and the condition of the files, etc. ; the last part of the report is grouped
as follows :

1. Character of each employee at station.

2. Needs of station.

3. Conditions throughout territory subject to station; forest fires;
places where cuttings should be prohibited, etc.

4. Investigated under special instructions.

5. Recommendations.

6. Other remarks.

The reports now on file in this office testify to the satisfactory manner
in which the documentary work at the various forest stations has been
performed during the year.

All manifests of the last issue were numbered serially by the Public
Printer, and the rangers in charge of stations held accountable for the
numbers sent to their station. They were printed in triplicate. The
original is for delivery to the owner of the forest product, the duplicate
for transmittal to the central office, and the triplicate for the files of
the station.

The forms for reappraisement of timber at destination, orders of
payment, and orders of discharge are also numbered serially, and forest
officers are charged with numbers received and required to account
for same.

During the past year inspectors and assistant inspectors have, when
practicable, spent not over one-sixth of their time at headquarters
attending to correspondence and office work, devoting the remainder to
inspecting other forest stations and various municipalities of their
districts.

12

This office files two cards for eaxjh station, containing the follow-
ing data :

Card Xo. 1: Name of station; date station was opened; employees
on duty thereat and dates of their arrival, relief or departure; name of
officer in charge; dates inspected; names of officers making inspections,
and amounts of Government charges collected, by months, on timber,
firewood, and other products originating within the jurisdiction of
the station.

Card No. 2: A tabulated list of the municipalities in the station's
jurisdiction; the number and class of licenses granted in each munic-
ipality, and notations opposite said towns of the inspection of the
municipalities made monthly by inspectors, assistant inspectors and
rangers. Officers in charge of districts keep this office advised as to
the frequency with which the various municipalities of their respective
field of operation should be inspected. This information is also duly
entered, so that in addition to the reports of inspection of a forest
station these cards show at a glance the work accomplished by each
station.

Instructions defining the duties of the municipal presidents, as pro-
vided by section 31 of the Forest Act, have been prepared, and it is
hoped that cooperation of the municipal officials with forest officers will
be of considerable value in the way of authenticating manifests, report-
ing unauthorized forest operations, and restricting the making of
^'caingins'^ (clearings of public woodlands by fire for agricultural pur-
poses) to land not valuable for forest purposes.

There were over 27,000 lots of forest products officially manifested
since x\ugust 31, 1903.

The following is a comparative statement of Government charges
collected on forest products for the fiscal years 1902-3 and 1903-4:

Month.

July

August

September..

October

November..
December..

January _.
February.

March

April

May

June

Total.

1902-3.

$41, 318. 61
24,930.23
34, 599. 59
45, 221. 54
37, 202. 90
46, 000. 79

42, 593. 52
35, 300. 13
52, 536. 42
47,778.12
55,632.52
64, 300. 48

1527,414.85

1903-4.

$74,311.26
43, 441. 72
50, 253. 66
45, 896. 38
46,213.59
56, 361. 17

1316,477.78

^31,228.50
41,668.56
49, 389. 29
43, 795. 61
44, 230. 06
42, 747. 63

2 253, 057. 65

1 Mexican currency.

2?253,057.65 Philippine currency, reduced to Mexican currency, at the average official
rate of exchange during that period, equals $283,002.80, which amount plus $316,477.78,
collected during the first half of the fiscal year 1903-4, makes a total of $599,480,58,
Mexican currency.

Note. — Government charges on forest products were assessed in Mexican currency until
January 1, 1904, on which date Act No. 1032 became effective, providing that all public
dues, ♦ ♦ ♦ forest taxes, ♦ * ♦ be assessed and collected in Philippine currency
and at the same amounts as had been theretofore fixed by law in Mexican currency.

13

BECORDS.

The card-index system is used and aifords systematic record. Pajx^rs
relating to any one subject can be readily obtained. As official papers
pass from each division they are initialed by person dictating, copying,
translating, or checking same, and are not filed unless properly stamped.

All outgoing mail, without reservation, passes over the desk of the
undersigned, and if satisfactory, is initialed.

The offices of the Bureau were moved during the latter part of May
from the Intendencia Building to the Oriente Building. The new
quarters are more commodious and satisfactory than those formerly
occupied.

DIVISION OP FOREST MANAGEMENT.

The work of the division of forest management during the first half
of the year was mainly confined to examination of forest areas assigned
to various licensees, and the marking of timber for felling within the
same. Due to the small force available for this work, the ground covered
was necessarily small, and work of the above nature was confined to five
forest districts, comprising the Provinces of Zambales, Bataan, Tayabas,
Ambos Camarines, and Masbate. In marking, an attempt was made to
limit the cutting of superior and first group woods, and in all cases
where it would not prove to he too great a financial burden upon the
licensee, the removal of a certain per cent of inferior species was
required.

It is only by some method of selection, by competent forest officers,
that the forest conditions of the Islands can be improved, since to allow
the indiscriminate cutting of the better grade woods, would soon cull
the forests of desirable species and leave the same composed only of
trees of inferior classes, which have but little market value, and which
in many cases, due to the heavy transportation charges, can not be put
upon the market except at a loss.

In places where much cutting has been done in the past and where
certain species are liable to extermination under present lumbering
methods, the felling of such species may be prohibited for a certain
length of time, or the amount cut curtailed for a period of years, in
order that the forest may have an opportunity to again recover.

The forests of these Islands are unlike those usually found in temperate
climes, in that no one species, excepting the genus Pinus, is gregarious ;
that is, found in pure stands. The general rule is that on any one acre
a great variety of tree species, 8 inches and over in diameter, is ijound,
with but few members of each species represented. Such forests are
naturally operated as "selection'^ forests — that is, forests in which clear
cutting does not take place, and the lumberman seeks for cutting desira-
ble trees which he finds scattered here and there. Such trees are usually

14

those of middle diameters, from 24 to 40 inches, thus leaving in the
forest only young trees, too small to cut, and overmature trees which are
generally defective, and which should have been the first ones removed
as the timber in the same becomes less valuable each year. The seeds
of these old trees, the source of reproduction, generally do not produce
as vigorous seedlings as do seeds from trees in the prime of life. Under
the native methods of lumbering, after the felling of the medium-sized
trees of the desirable classes, we generally find left on each acre a great
number of trees which are of little merchantable value at the present
time. These present a serious difficulty in that these trees frequently
bear a great amount of seed and at an earlier age than do trees of the
better species. In marking and selecting trees for felling the forester
attempts to avoid the bad effects above mentioned by insisting upon
the removal of as much of the poorer grades as possible, and attempts to
aid the reproduction of the better species in every reasonable way.

As marking the beginning of lumbering operations in the Islands
along rational forestry lines, the work of the Iloilo Electric Company
in Negros Occidental, is of interest. This company has erected a
mill on the Gimogon River in the above province and also has a wire
cable logging outfit in the forest on the same river. The operations of
this company were inspected during January, 1904, and though they had
temporarily suspended operations, enough work had been done up to
the time of the inspection to prove the feasibility of the project.

MILL.

The company at the present time has a mill (capacity, 20,000 feet,
board measure, per day) 7| miles from the mouth of the Gimogon River,
to which point a launch drawing 6 feet can proceed, passing over the bar
at the mouth of the river at high tide. This mill consists of one circular
saw, with a top saw, one edger, and a saw-filing machine. The mill
])n'sumably is not a now one, and is lacking in a number of modern
improvements, viz, a suitable ^'nigger" for handling logs on the car-
riage, a chain operating from overhead being used. The carriage is
operated by a cable, and not by the ^^shotgun" feed in common use
to-day in the United States. Rollers to carry lumber to the edger are
not "live,^^ but boards are run along dead rollers by native help, and the
edger used is of old pattern. Logs are brought into the mill by means
of a cable on an inclined slide, and not by an endless chain, as is
customary.

Owing to the lack of timber the mill has not run to its capacity at
any {ime, the daily cut being from 4,000 to 5,000 feet,, board measure.
About January 1 a flood occurred, the river rose at least 15 feet, flooded
the mill, and submerged most of the machines, resulting in considerable
damage to the belts, which since that time have caused much trouble by

15

breakage. A portion of the river bank near the mill was washed out,
necessitating the removal of the mill to some other spot. The mill
force consists of one American sawyer, who knows but little regarding
such work; one American foreman, and another American who acts
as engineer, etc. Three Filipinos work on the carriage, two at the
edger, one as fireman, and three or four as general hands. At the
present time they have no one who thoroughly understands the nmning
of a mill, no one who can properly file saws and do general machine
work, and hence the machines do not work smoothly.

The above conditions are largely due to disappointment in men
brought from the United States, who have proved to be incapable and
have been returned. The mill can not be successfully run until expert
help is secured; men who thoroughly understand millwork and the
repairing of machinery, and especially a saw filer who can keep the
saws — a vital part in a mill — in good condition. Up to the present time,
between 60,000 and 70,000 feet, board measure, has been sawed in this
mill, the greater part being shipped to Iloilo, though some sawn timber
has been used in the construction of three or four dwelling houses and
a roof for the mill, and some was lost during the recent flood, being
carried out to sea. Fifty or sixty logs were also lost in this manner,
and most of this will be a dead loss to the company, as a good part of the
timber is scattered beyond recovery.

Timber can be cut, taken to the mill, and sawc^i at a cost, the under-
signed is informed, of from one-half to three-fourths of a cent, gold,
per foot, board measure, and it is claimed with suitable skilled labor
it can be done for less. Freight in lorchas to Iloilo varies from $5 to $6,
gold, per 1,000 feet, board measure. Government charge for stumpage
avi'rages less than $1.50, gold, per 1,000 feet, board measure. This
tim])er finds a fairly good sale at from $30 to $35, gold, per 1,000 in
Iloilo, but at a somewhat lower price would sell more readily; the above
price being about the same as similar classes of timber can be secured
from other lumber merchants who use whip saws in sawing.

A readier sale for timber could be found in material sawed to order,
as many buyers desire dimension stuff, planks, etc., which the company
has not on hand in any quantity, as each individual desires different
dimensions and classes. Sawing dimension stuff to order would be
one advantage in having the mill at Iloilo; they could saw timber by
contract with other parties. It is partly a question as to the cost of
rafting logs to Iloilo, and the possible loss of rafts during bad weather
prevailing at certain times of the year, as to whether the placing of the
mill in Iloilo would be best. If logs are not rafted during the season
when storms occur a large number must be collected during the good
season and operations suspended in the woods for several months during
the year.

16

In sawing timber it has been found that logs up to 2^ feet are generally
sound, but that logs over that size are frequently either partly rotten
at the center, or else, as in balaebakan (red lauan, so called), from 6 to
8 inches of the heart is ver}^ brittle and of no use except as fuel for
the boilers, and a 2 by 4 by 12 inch sawn from the center of one of these
trees will frequently, when supported only at the two ends, break from
its own weight.

LOGGING OPERATIONS.

The company started operations in the forest at a point about 8^
miles from the mouth and on the west bank of the Gimogon River. Here
a roll way was made, the bank raising almost perpendicularly from the
river to a height of 150 feet; much steeper than is desirable. In order
to also have the logger available for skidding logs to the main haul,
the "donkey" was placed near the edge of the timber, about 1,500 feet
due west. This logger is of recent pattern, No. 614, and made by
Washington Iron Works, Seattle, Wash. The horsepower of the same
was unknown by the parties at the mill. The main cable used for the
"donkey" to the rollway is 1 inch, and the "haulback" cable three-fourths
of an inch ; the cable at the rollway passing through a simple block firmly
fastened to a stump. Radiating from the "donkey" in several directions
are logging trails where timber has been taken out for a few hundred
feet back, the longest of these trails ])eing about 1,200 feet, and trees
only close to it cut. A three-fourths-inch cable is used to skid the
timber down to the main cable.

A much more satisfactory arrangement would be a skidding engine,
placed on site of present "donkey," to be used in skidding the timber to
the main haul, and the "donkey" placed at the rollway, instead of as
at present in the forest. As soon as possible this change will be made,
but possibly financial difficulties will interfere for a time in securing the
additional equipment.

The force in use at the logger when it was in operation consisted of
1 American engineer; 2 natives to cut firewood for the boiler; 3 native
water carriers, who transported the water from a small stream about
1,500 or 2,000 feet distance; two cutting gangs of 2 men each; swampers;
8 men at the rollway, who saw up long logs as they come from the forest
and then roll them into the river, and a dozen or so general men (the
number varying more or less), who dragged the skidding cable back into
the forest from the "donkey." This required from 12 to 15 men,
according to the distance necessary to drag it. Three carabaos were tried
for this work at first, but were not able to haul the cable.

But little timber has been cut in the forest so far, as the "donkey'- was
placed in an old burn, where a good number of large trees stood, and
about all of these were cut. iVll the trees have been cut at the upper
termination of the root swelling, which in cases left them pretty high,

17

but the undersigned does not think it justice to the lumbermen in the
Islands that the Bureau should require them to cut through the large
buttresses in order to secure a lower stump. One present evil is that a
large number of poles are cut to build a scaffolding around each tree in
order that the sawyers can work some feet above the ground. No atten-
tion is paid to the species, and where the larger trees stand fairly dense
almost every pole is cut. This practice should be absolutely prohibited,
except for woods of the fourth group, and a severe penalty imposed for
the cutting of other woods. The merchantable timber in all trees felled
has been utilized, but no use has been made of the larger branches.
There appear to be a fairly good reproduction of most species where
cutting has taken place in the forest, but the saplings and poles have been
damaged to quite an extent by tlie large-limbed trees, when felled.
It would seem to be necessary that a minimum diameter limit of 18
inches be established and rigidly adhered to, and that the timber in the
future be marked in order that there may be assured a sufficient number
of seed trees per acre; this may not, and probably will not, occur if
cutters are permitted to select the timber themselves.

In a more or less dense forest such as found here, where all the mature
timber is removed, there remain but few trees, and many of these will be
more or less maimed through the falling of the other trees, or else their
growth will be retarded by the large trees to such an extent that they
will not be available for a few years as seed trees; hence, trees capable
of producing seed at present and in abundance must be protected, in
order that the blanks may be properly filled with seedlings before weeds
and undesirable species have completely covered the space. These seed
trees will also be available as shade for the younger growth present.

One man could mark in two weeks a sufficient amount of timber to run
the company for at least six months, but it is advisable that an inspec-
tion be made of the tract at least four ti^nes per year, in order that
suitable control may be maintained over the cutting operations.

By measuring the logs before the same leave the rollw^ay the Bureau
insures itself against possible loss by floods carrying off timber previous
to its measurement, as happened during December, 1903. ' From 10 to
20 per cent of each of the larger logs arc found to be worthless for
lumber, and as the Bureau does not secure payment for this, as payment
is made on sawn timber, plus 15 per cent, in the opinion of the writer,
some scale just to both the interested parties and the Bureau could be
devised which would more nearly be adopted to the existing conditions.

In scaling the timber some arrangements should be perfected whereby
allowance for defects in timber can be made, and all timber measured
in the log at the roUway before it is put into the river. By making
allowance for defects the company can afford to take out more or lees
defective logs, which otherwise they would leave, and payment for
25685 2

18

forest charges on the full volume of timber would result in a hardship,
due to, the general defective character of the center of large logs. The
logger so far has taken out from 4,000 to 5,000 board feet per day, but
with a competent man to manage the skidding engine a much larger
amount of timber could be taken out. Two men can fell and saw an
average of two trees, 3 feet in diameter, per day, the same being four
or five log trees. These logs are frequently left in 24 to 36 foot lengths,
sometimes longer, and skidded to the rollway, where they are then sawed
into the proper lengths of 12, 14, or 16 feet.

The natives have been found to be very apt in learning the work, and
received much praise from all Americans under whom they were working.
Both Mr. Nichols and Mr. Kearney stated that for work in the woods
they desired no better men. They have also picked up the millwork
very readily and made good mill hands, but they have not a proper
regard for the danger attending machinery, and hence must be carefully
watched in order to protect them against injury. Wages are paid to all
workers at the rate of 65 cents, local currency, per day, without food.

A gratuitous license has been granted to the company for lumber to be
used in the sawmill and buildings connected with it, as the mill and
necessary buildings are a benefit to the community, and can be considered
in the light of general improvements.

An indispensable part of such a skidding and logging outfit is a
machine shop where broken parts of machines can be repaired without
a long trip to Iloilo, consuming several days and entailing a large
expense. Frequently the parts can not be found in any shop in these
Islands and must be made, causing a further loss of time and additional
expense. Such a delay has occurred with the machines at this point,
and in the near future a machine shop will be added to the equipment.

Parties contemplating the installation of plants should be prepared to
fully equip the same with duplicate parts, and have a machinist capable
of repairing any part of the machinery. It is very difficult and expensive
to attempt to carry on the business in any other way in this country
where transportation is deficient, and failure will undoubtedly result
unless the subject is very thoroughly investigated beforehand.

LICENSES.

The division of forest management has direct supervision over the
granting of licenses and the logging operations of licensees, but before
the issuance of licenses the same are submitted to the Secretary of the
Interior for his approval.

During the past year licenses to cut, gather, or remove the following
forest products from public lands were granted, viz: Timber, firewood,
charcoal, tanbark, dyebajk, dyewoods, gums, resins, vegetable oils,
diliman, beeswax, honey, orchids, stakes for fish corrals, and wood for

19

shoes. The new Forest Act provides that the last six products may now
be gathered without license.

At the commencement of the jBscal year new forms of applications for
licenses were forwarded to the forest stations, and by them distributed
to all applicants, and to the municipalities.

All applications for licenses pass first through the hands of the local
forest officer, who places his recommendation upon the same and forwards
to the main office.

Applications made personally in the Manila office are forwarded to the
local station for the recommendations of the forest officer of the province
where the applicant desires to cut.

The same policy as adopted in former years regarding preference in
granting licenses has been followed during this year, viz : Old licensees
who are residents of the town in which they desire to cut are given first
consideration ; new applicants living in the town in which they desire to
cut are given second consideration; old licensees who are residents of
the province, but not of the town in which they desire to cut, are given
third consideration ; and nonresidents fourth consideration.

In this way an attempt is made to favor actual residents as far as
possible, and parties who can personally superintend operations in the
forest.

A system of regular examinations by forest officers of the cutting area
of each licensee was inaugurated and full reports, on forms provided for
that purpose, were submitted, stating the method of logging, whether any
new and modern appliances were being used, general condition of the
forest, business standing of the licensee, and the places where timber was
marked, etc. A careful record of all infractions of each licensee was kept
in this office and the same filed with the above report, so that at any time a
complet-e history of any one licensee can be obtained, and the above reports
are carefully examined before a new license is issued to any party*
Foresters, inspectors, and assistant inspectors have instructions to take
a native ranger with them when making these examinations, in order
that the rangers may become familiar with this class of work.

The forest officers in charge of twelve forest districts, covering thirty-
five of the forty provinces, continued to grant ordinary timber licenses
not to exceed 13 cubic meters to each person. They were also authorized
to grant firewood and gratuitous licenses not to exceed the above amount.

In the five forest districts, viz, Bataan, Zambales, Ambos Camarines,
north and south Tayabas, and Masbate, where the lumbering is heaviest,
all applications were forwarded through the forester in charge, who
inspected the locality where the applicant desired to operate, and then
reported to this office upon the territory desired by the licensee, stating
the approximate area which should be granted him, describing the
forestal and topographical conditions of the same, and locating the
limits of the tract, as closely as possible, by natural boundaries. The

20

species and amounts of timber of which should be cut annually in this
tract, and the minimum diameter of all trees to be felled, were stated.
Each applicant was granted but one tract in which to cut, so that the
responsibility for any damage to the forest could be readily placed, but
in consideration of the special rules applied to such tract^^ every effort
was and is made to protect the licensee in the area allotted to him, in
order that he may enjoy the full benefiis to be derived from any improve-
ments such as roads, trails, etc., made by him.

In the above forest districts several of the larger operators, who
closely followed the rules laid down by the forester in charge, were
permitted to remove, under license, an amount of timber in excess of
the amount granted by the original license.

The number of applications for licenses received and granted during
the present fiscal year has greatly exceeded that of the past year.
Many applications for the renewal of former licenses were disapproved for
violations of the Forest Regulations during the past year. All timber
licensees were allowed four months from the date of the license in which
to commence operations, and a number of licenses were canceled for
failure to comply with this provision.

Due to the partial or total destruction by wind and fire of various
towns throughout the Islands, there was a notable increase in the num-
ber of gratuitous licenses granted to needy residents, the demands of
the afflicted residents for timber to reconstruct their homes being granted
as promptly as conditions permitted.

In several of the provinces where the greatest damage was inflicted,
the forest officers in charge of the districts traveled over the entire prov-
ince and issued gratuitous licenses to several hundred needy residents
in each town.

A statement of all licenses granted during the fiscal year ending June
30, 1904, is attached hereto; also a list of company licenses granted,
showing the amount of timber granted each company, and the amount cut.

List of licenses granted during the fiscal year 1903-4-

Timber.

Gratuitous.

Firewood.

prod-
ucts.

Province.

By Bu-
reau.

By sub-
ordi-
nates.

__

_.

18
25

By Bu-
reau.

11

By sub-
ordi-
nates.

34

By Bu-
reau.

By sub-
ordi-
nates.

Total.

Albay _ — —

21

34

4

37

16

19

9

4

5

12

20

30

22

4

11

27

9

if)'
3

18

__

2
3
__

1
20
2

34

Abra

100

Antique __ __

8

Bataan

25

2
17

8
1

15

87

Batangas

3C

Bulacan __

48

Benguet

19

Bohol

19

Cavlte - _ _

21

Cebu

10
12
3
41

1

__

2
12
13
33

23

Capiz - — —

i

24
27

53

Cagayan

81

Camarines

134

Cotabato —

21

Davao

20"

1
9

• 3

88

48

nocos Norte ^

8

152

21

List of licenses granted during the fiscal year 1903-4 — Continued.

Province.

IlocfJsSur

lioilo

Isabela

Jolo

Laguna

Lt^yte

Lepanto-Bontoe ___

Mindoro

Masbate

Misamis

Nueva Ecija

Negros Occidental.
Negros Oriental ___

Nueva Vizcaya

Pampanga

Pangasinan

Paragua

Rizal

Romblon

Sorsogon

Samar

Surigao

Tarlac

Tayabas

Union

Zamboanga

Zambales

Total .

Timber.

By Bu-
reau.

By sub
ordi-
nates.

Gratuitous.

By Bu-
reau,

38 I
11 i

18 I

35

By sub-
ordi-
nates.

Firewood.

By Bu-
reau.

31

By sub-
ordi-
nates.

22

prod-
ucts.

Total.

89
224

18
1

77
106
8
114
120

23

41
231

74
1

67

84
113
103

34

46
147

46

101
203

Comjxotf/ lianises, 1903-4, and aniovrit of timber ott.

Company.

Location granted.

Amount
granted.

Amount
cut.

Benguet Commercial Co

Baguio, Benguet _

ClLft.

60,000
100,000
60,000
50,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
50,000
60,000

100.000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
75,000
100,000
100,000

100,000

Cu.ft.
39, 173

Philippine Lumber and Devefopment Co.

Dalupaon, Ambos Camarines

95,016

Calvo V Compaiiia _

Ragay, Ambos Camarines

46,406

Inchausti & Co

Aiuy, Iloilo

4,105

Divilican Lumber and Development Co__

Divilican Bay, Lsabela

3,990

Diamond Lumber and Development Co _

Puerto Galera, Mindoro _

17, 957

Mindoro Commercial Co

Bongabong, Mindoro

31, 198

Alvisse Lumber and Development Co

do ___

2,453

Insular Trading Co _— _ _ _

Abra de Hog, Mindoro

Visayan Commercial and Development

Cadiz Nuevo, Negros Occidental

Sagay, Negros Occidental

Co.
Iloilo Electric Co

27,894

Weinman, Alejandrino & Co

A ray at, Pampanga

10,074

Bertran de Lis & Murga

Babayan and Tinitian, Paragua

Baler, Tavabas

34,087

Mindoro Lumber Co

13, 773

Gerena & Co -._ .. _

Calauag, Tavabas

25, 710

Corapailia Maderera de Luzon

Guinayangan, Tayabas

61,599

Basifan Lumber Co

Isabela Moro

36,900

Masinloc Improvement and Develop-

Bungaan, Zamboanga . __

473

ment Co.
Philippine Lumber and Commercial Co _

Santa Maria, Zamboanga _ _

7,519

General reports containing information regarding the character of the
districts, short descriptions of the forest areas, various silvicultural notes,
and recommendations for the following year were submitted by each
forester on December 31, 1903. Two of these reports are here given, in
order that a general idea may be obtained of the work being carried on in
the various forest districts. They are of especial interest in that the work
being done marks the beginning of the first attempt ever made to carry
out a policy of rational forest management in the Philippine Islands.

22

FOBBST DISTBIOT OP BATAAN AND ZAMBALES.
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT.

The forest district of Bataan and Zambales, comprising an area of 1,008,200
acres, can best be described under two separate areas, comprising distinct physio-
graphical conditions:

The district of Zambales occupies a long, rather narrow strip along the western
coast, having a general northern and southern trend 110 miles in extent, and an
average width of 20 miles. A long, nearly continuous mountain chain forms its
eastern boundary, from which radiate, in a general w^esterly direction, numerous
valleys with small rivers. The altitude of the main range varies from the sea
level to about 4,000 feet.

Soil. — The soil of this region may be described under double caption : ( 1 ) That
of the high slopes and ridges; (2) alluvial soils of the plains and valleys.

The former is a loose, sandy, porous soil, easily washed, leaving numerous
rocks on the surface. Traces of copper are generally found, which give it a
dark-brown color.

The soil of the lowlands and valleys is a loose, coarse sand, quite porous,
containing but little humus even in the dense forests, and practically free from
rocks.

Rocks. — The character of the rock is similar, being a relatively hard sandstone,
cropping out here and there in the ravines and river beds. Limestone deposits,
bearing traces of coral, are found near Masinloc, showing that the sea formerly
extended farther inland. Rocks of large size are uncommon, but small surface
rocks are plentiful.

The long coastal plain between the base of the mountains and the sea is
practically devoid of forest growth, or when such growth occurs, it is always
semiopen and of poor quality. This area is generally well adapted to agriculture
and for grazing purposes, while the immediate shore line is devoted, in many
places, to the growing of cocoanuts.

In the region of Masinloc and Iba, sugar cane grows well, while farther south,
on the low plains near San Narciso and San Marcelino, the culture of rice is
carried on extensively.

Social. — Zambales is peopled by an extremely cosmopolitan population, the
general location of the various tribes being as follows: Zambal at Santa Cruz,
Iba, and Botolan; Pangasinan at Dasol; llocano at San Antonio, San. Marcelino,
and San Narciso; Tagalog at Iba and Subig.

The Zambales dialect, which is in general use, diflfers but little from the
dialect of the Negritos, who inhabit the forests of the southern part of the
province. Speaking generally, the people are extremely poor, and the Zambales^
(Zambal) are indolent and worthless laborers; entire families living crowded
together in a small nipa house.

II. FOREST AREA.

The forest areas in different parts of Zambales differ greatly in quality and
density. Large prairies, covered with tall cogon grass and without a single tree,
occur in places on the mountain sides and on the lowlands, and these are fre-
quently burned over to improve the pasturage.

The absence of any forest growth on such prairies may be due to the presence
of large quantities of copper in the soil and rock, as the soil is frequently deep
and moist, and otherwise favorable to tree growth.

The mountains and slopes east of Santa Cruz, extending south almost to Iba,
are densely forested. After a short broken interval, the forest begins again near

23

Botolan, and, with few exceptions, covers the mountains of eastern Zambales
to the southern limit. The leading species in order of abundance are as follows:
Apitong ( Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Blanco).
Tanguile (Shorea talura, Roxb.).
Guijo (Anisoptera guiso, A. D. C).
Lauan (Anisoptera thurifera, Blume).
Banaba ( Lagerstroemia flos-reginw, Retz.).
Acle ( Pithecolobium acle, Vidal).
Yacal ( Hopea plagata, Vidal ) .

Stand. — The stand of timber is generally dense, many species growing in
common and utilizing all the area. The trees, especially the familly Dipterocar-
pacese, of which the forest is mainly composed, form tall, straight, clear stems,
with heavy short crowns. With the exception of yacal, naturally more or less
knotty, the forest trees are free from defects, such as heart rot, and when cut
but little waste results from such cause. Pure stands of any considerable extent
are not found, although some species tend to form groups.

Altitude, which is an important factor in forming zones or types, does not
have as decided an effect in the Tropics as in colder climes. However, we see
instances where it is effective, such as in the pineries on the high mountain slopes
of Zambales, at and above an elevation of 1,600 feet. In such places this species
tends to form pure stands, open in character, with scarcely any associated species.
This appears to be a matter of soil influence, as one sees in the same region
areas practically devoid of any tree growth except pine.

Apitong is found under various conditions and seems to be affected but little
by the influences of altitude, slope, or density, always having the characteristic
long, straight, clear bole peculiar to the species. It forms the greater part of
the stand, occurring either individually or in small groups. Apitong ranges in
height from 150 to 280 feet, with clear lengths of more than 100 feet, and
maximum diameter of 60 inches, breast higli. Unless found in very dense stands
this species suffers but little from shade; on the other hand, it thrives fairly
well in the semiopen when soil conditions are favorable.

Apitong is an abundant seeder, with a high germination per cent. For its
best development it prefers a low, moist location, with deep, loose soil, but
reliable natives have informed me that the timber is more durable when taken
from high rocky slopes. This seems to apply equally well to other species.

Tanguile is found on the higher slopes, growing in deep, rich, moist soil, and
attains a height of 180 feet, with clear lengths of from 80 to 90 feet. This tree,
where conditions are favorable, is found growing in association with other species.
For its best development, it requires, a rather dense stand where the soil is
not exposed to drouglit. The crown is rather short, hea^'y limbed, and, with
panao and apitong, forms an upper story in tlie forest. It flowers during March
or April, the fruit ripening in August.

Tanguile does not reproduce abundantly under normal conditions. Seedlings and
succeeding stages grow more abundantly when not exposed directly to the sun,
but they must have a moderately open condition for best development.

Guijo has a wide distribution, growing independently and occasionally forming
small groups. In appearance it resembles palosapis {Shorea sp.), but attains a
larger size, having clear lengths ranging from 60 to 90 feet. The trunk is
ordinarily straight, cylindrical, and free from defects. The crown is moderately
long and spreading when not growing in dense stands. Reproduction is abundant
in seedling stage. This species is moderately light demanding, but in the open it
develops a poor form. I have found geeds falling in February from trees
abundantly stocked, but the time of seeding seems to be quite variable.

24

Lauan is probably the most widely distributed species of commercial importance
in this region, due to its ability to grow under varying conditions of light and
soil. It is found growing singly on the high slopes as well as on the low flats,
occasionally occuring in groups of limited extent. The bole is long, clear, and
generally straight, tending to form large root buttresses in exposed situations
or where the soil is not sufficiently deep to allow the tap root to develop. This
root swelling does not extend for more tlian 8 feet above the ground, the remain-
der of the bole being cylindrical. The average clear length of mature trees of
this species is about 65 feet. The crown is long and tends to spread when space
permits. Observations have shown this tree to be a rather poor seeder, but seeds
which mature have a high germination per cent. Lauan reproduces well and
trees of all ages are found in good condition where proper seed trees abound.
Large overmature trees of this species are commonly infested with certain
destructive fungi, which, entering at broken branches and places where the bark
has been removed, through injury, gradually cause the decay of the center of
' the tree.

Acle forms an important forest tree in nortliorn Zambales, but is only used
for local consumption. It prefers a moderately dense forest on the lowlands,
occasionally being found on the higher slopes, and tends to form small groups
irregularly distributed through the forest. The bole is sliort, averaging in
clear length 30 to 35 feet, while specimens with a diameter of 50 inches are
occasionally found. The trunk is rough and frequently covered with large burls,
which, however, do not necessarily injure the quality of the timber. The crown
is long, with slender, spreading branches, and in general appearance this species
resembles the common wild cherry {Prunus serotina) of America.

Acle is a fairly abundant seeder, the fruit being borne in large pods which
fall in September, but owing to their heavy character they are not adapted to
distribution through natural means, and, therefore, do not reproduce abundantly,
probably due to the fact that some of the large seeds are consumed by birds, and
others, falling in damp places, the characteristic location of the trees of this
species, soon become sterile.

Yacal occurs on the steep rocky slopes and ridges where there ia sufficient
moisture and shade to prevent the soil from becoming too dry. It is a tree of
the high slopes and I have never found it growing on flats or near the seacoast.
Pure stands of great extent do not exist, but in certain localities, offering favor-
able conditions for its development and growth, it is found in abundance with
such association as tanguile, apitong, and lauan.

The quality of yacal in northern Zambales is superior to that of the southern
part, generally being less defective. Clear lengths of from 50 to 70 feet are
common. Owing to the thin soil in which it grows, yacal forms large root
buttresses, which necessitate the leaving of high stumps when the trees are cut.
The crown is moderately long and rather dense. Reproduction is abundant in
moderately shady places possessing a moist, sandy-loam soil. I have not observed
this species in fruit, but judging from the amovmt of young growth, it must
seed rather abundantly.

III. LUMBERING.

In Zambales lumbering for the general market is confined largely to that portion
of the province south of Iba, the majority of the licensees being located in the
Pubic Bay district.

The lumbering conditions in Bataan Province are very similar to those in
Zambales.

No modern lumbering methods have been introduced in this region, and all
trees, with few exceptions, are felled and hewn with the native ax. The style

25

of ax employed is a clumsy affair with a narrow bit, which, however, is quite
effective in the hands of a good native axnian. The hard character of the wood
does not permit the use of the broad-bitted American ax in felling. In a few
instances, where valuable timbers are secured and where labor is scarce, a few
of the more intelligent licensees have successfully used saws for felling trees and
sawing out timbers.

After felling and squaring the tree to the largest size possible, the log is
hauled, generally bj^ carabaos, to the nearest river and floated to a common
rafting place on the coast. Short round rollers, cut from small trees growing
near the trail, are used in transporting the timbers from the forest, and as no
care is-exercised in selecting them, many good species arc sacrificed.

Small holes are cut in tlie front end of the logs for the purpose of attaching
ropes, and the under surface is "sniped," in order that the log may easily pass
over obstructions in the trail. In rocky places where carabaos are unable to
work, large logs are frequently taken out by men, aided by rollers and block and
tackle. In such cases trees near the water, where the slope is steep, are usually
selected for felling.

In regions, as at Subic, where there is scarcely any business other than the
cutting of timber, it is coitT})aratively easy to secure laborers at from 50 to 60
cents, Mexican currency, per diem; but normally, in places remote from commerce,
labor is more scarce and demands higher remuneration, even though it be
imskilled. A number of licensees have expressed a desire to cut in places where
timber could be readily secured, but have been handicapped by these conditions.

A large part of the timber cut in this district is of the third group, and owing
to the proximity of the district to the Manila market and the transportation
facilities available, good profits are realized. The average price paid per cubic
foot for timber delivered on the beach, for second group woods such as guijo,
is from 12 to 14 cents, local currency, and for third group timbers, 10 cents.
There is some variation in price according to the size of the log, larger pieces
bringing slightly more per cubic foot than the smaller ones.

In certain localities in Bataan, especially at Bagac, lumbering is confined
almost entirely to cutting timber for bancas or for local house construction.
Many bancas are required at this place for local use, but some are also con-
structed for the market. The following species are those generally preferred for
banca construction: Lauan, tanguile, calantas, and palosapis.

Season of cutting. — The season of timber cutting is practically dependent on
the rice crop, and in regions where rice is gp-own extensively timber cutting
is secondary, not only because labor at harvest time is not available but also from
the fact that during planting dams are constructed here and there for irrigation
purposes, which retard the transportation of timber by water. The above condi-
tions prevail largely in eastern Bataan and to a certain extent on the western
coast. At Subic, where but little rice is grown, the cutting and hauling of timber
is carried on throughout the year.

IV. LICENSES.

In Bataan Province 36 licenses have been granted, with a combined volume of
351,000 cubic feet.

Two hundred and forty thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven cubic feet of
timber have been marked for 23 licenses in Bataan, of which amount 35,125 feet
had been Cut by the above licensees up to December 1, 1903.

In Zambales Province there are 51 timber concessioners who were granted a
total volume of 469,000 cubic feet of timber; 265,035 cubic feet was marked for
30 concessioners, of which amount 164,435 cubic feet was cut up to December
1, 190a.

26

V. WOBK MAPPED OUT FOR NEXT SIX MONTHS.

During the next six months a general inspection of the district is contemplated,
the main object being to review the work done by licensees during this present
season. The results obtained by the apportionment of forest tracts to licensees
will* be investigated and future plans will depend largely upon the conditions
found at the time of inspection. Licensees who have not exercised proper care
in carrying out their contract will be recommended for suspension, and such
areas as show a too severe selection will be recommended for reserve.

On trips such as this work will require, notes will be made on the outline and
topography of forest areas, with a view to perfecting the forest map of this
district. As time permits, studies will be made of the more important forest trees,
especially of the family Dipterocarpacese, and others of commercial importance.

In the past the forest regulations have been practically ignored, especially
those intended to improve forest conditions, and in the future considerable
attention will be devoted to spreading a knowledge of the regulations among
the lumbermen ih order that at least the rudiments of the same may become
generally known.

VI. FOREST STATIONS IN DISTRICT AND ADMINISTRATION OF SAME.

The following is a list of forest stations situated in the district of Bataan
and Zambales:

The station located at Masinloc, near the northern end of Zambales, has
jurisdiction over all towns as far south as Iba. This section is characterized
by valuable forests, but as yet only minor forest products, such as charcoal,
firewood, and small quantities of resins are taken from the public forests for
market purposes. Concessioners holding ordinary timber licenses in this section
cut timber largely for local consumption.

Subic forest station, at Subic, near the southern extremity of Zambales, has
its north section limit at Botolan, Zambales, and includes all towns as far south
as Moron, Bataan. District headquarters are also located at this point, as the
town is the most central location in the district.

The section yields the greater part of timber shipped from the district, only
small quantities of minor forest products being gathered. Two rangers were
assigned to it.

The forest station at Hermosa, near the eastern coast of Bataan, includes the
towns from Dinalupijan and as fift south as Samal. It is in charge of one ranger.

The southern forest station of eastern Bataan is located at Balanga, in charge
of one ranger, and includes those towns south of Samal, on the east coast, and
Bagac, on the southwest coast of Bataan.

Where forest stations support two rangers, the senior ranger is in direct
charge, while the districts are under the care of the forester. The foresters,
working under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, have charge of the
administration of the forests and supervision over the forest products of their
districts. Rangers are required to visit various towns and forests of their section
as frequently as time will permit, such results as are obtained being given on the
monthly report of each ranger. Stations supporting two rangers permit one to
be absent from the station on inspection trips.

yil. CLEARINGS, FIREWARDENS, ETC.

The problem of regulating the making of "caingins" in the public forests is
one difficult to solve in a satisfactory manner, and owing to various conditions

27

of locality as affecting their value, and the conditions of natives making them,
it seems that one general law with the idea of solving the question would be
too sweeping to be effective.

In quite a number of cases the clearing of an area of forest is of extreme
importance from many standpoints, and stringent means should be adopted to
prevent it. Take, for example, the immediate region of Subic. In the past,
clearings of considerable extent have been made adjacent to the coast, while
within a profitable lumbering distance, practically virgin stands are still found.
In these instances the forest area has been so denuded by lumbering that but
little expense and labor is necessary to complete the devastation and prepare
the land for agricultural purposes. Such tracts, in the course of a few years,
are deserted and grow up in a dense, worthless tangle, generally with species poor
in form and quality.

On the other hand, one sees clearings of considerable extent farther inland
where the greater part of the stand is not better than third group, and, according
to present methods, can not be removed profitably.

During the year some eighty persons have been apprehended in this district
for making clearings on public lands, and while much dissatisfaction was apparent
on the part of the trespassers, yet a noticeable decrease has taken place in
transgressions. •

During the past year numerous fires have occurred in the forests, especially
during the dry season where large areas had not previously been cut. These
fires were generally small, consuming only the dry tops and refuse left after
felling, and in no case did fire spread into the virgin forest.

It seems tliat firewardens (especially in certain districts) where much cutting
is done would be of great value. Such men could also serve the purpose of scouts
and report any illegal use of timber. These wardens could be subordinated to
the rangers of the section, and a careful record kept of all operations, such as
places visited, extent of damage caused by fire, and name of guilty party.

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS.

From the experience gained during the short term in which marking has been
in operation, it is obvious that at least certain sections of forest area should be
marked, in order to show approximate sustained yield. Owing to indiscriminate
cutting by concessioners and others in the past, even reduction of number of
concessioners in any one section would not alone suffice.

There are a number of licensees who are considerably isolated ; and where there
is a large scope of practically virgin forest from which to select the necessity
of marking timber for felling is not apparent. In such cases, the forester who
is thoroughly acquainted with his district should be able to decide. This is
especially applicable where the forest is composed of trees below the first group,
or would hold true when trees of better groups were largely in evidence. Such
a plan, having been tried and found unsatisfactory, one could impose a higher
diameter limit in order to suit the locality. In many cases ordinary timber
licenses are solicited which call for greater amounts than can at present be
granted by a forester, and I believe that the forester should be allowed to grant
ordinary timber licenses not to exceed 1,000 cubic feet.

Owing to the large amount of timber shipped from this district, I recommend
that at least one assistant inspector be provided.

Wm. M. Maule, Forester.

Note.— Report submitted December 31, 1903.

28

THE FOBBST DISTRICT OF SOUTH TAYABAS.
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT.

The forest district of south Tayabas extends from the south boundary of the
Province of Batangas to the southern end of the Tayabas Peninsula, with a total
coast line of about 90 miles, and an average width of 7 miles.

In the north end of the district Mount Banahao, an extinct volcano, rises
to a height of about 5,000 feet, and from it extends a central ridge running
through the whole province, with an average height of about 500 feet. Beginning
at Laguimanoc, the ridge extends farther back into the interior, and a row of
low hills runs along the coast. Many rivers, some of them of considerable size,
come down from the central sierra and break through the low hills along the
coast. In some of the rivers the tide water runs back a distance of 8 miles,
such rivers being available for floating timber to the coast. Beginning at Cata-
nauan, grass lands extend between the mountains and the coast.

All the rivers have more or less a swamp forest on the lower part of their
course; back of these are clearings and cocoanut plantations, and finally the
forest, which to a large extent is already deprived of its valuable species.

Nowhere in this district is lumbering being done on a large scale, 30,000 cubic
feef being the greatest amount of timber cut by any one licensee during the
previous year. In Unisan, Pitogo, and Laguimanoc there are shipyards where
sailboats and small steamers are being built; five licensees are engaged in this
business, each one finishing about one boat in two years.

There is a small sawmill with one circular saw in Lucena, but it does little
business. The owners buy the greater part of the timber and only run the mill
when they have orders for a certain amount of sawn material, all of which is
used locally.

Considerable firewood and some resin are gathered in this district and shipped
to Manila.

The most important industry in this part of the Province of Tayabas is the
trade of copra, and many thousand acres are planted with cocoanut palms, about
one-half of which are bearing fruit at the present time.

II. FOREST AREA.

Description of stand, silvicultural features, reproduction, etc. — The total forest
area comprises about 300 square miles, one-half of which, due mainly to the
great distance from the shore of some of the timber, and also the lack of suitable
transportation, is virgin forest.

In that part of the forest where lumbering is carried on at present, and which
has been lumbered for almost one hundred years, very few of the valuable species
are left, and those remaining are mostly rotten or of such large size that they can
not be taken out.

The greater number of trees in the stand belong to the second and third groups.
The family Dipterocarpacese is largely represented by the following species:
Yacal, apitong, lauan, and hagachac. The most important of the other species
found are narra, dungon, supa, banaba, guijo, and macaasin. The reproduction in
general is fair and that of the family Dipterocarpaceai good.

The underbrush, with few exceptions, is very dense, consisting mostly of bejuco
(at least three different kinds), palma brava, timac, and saplings.

In most instances the underlying rock is limestone, sometimes soft, sometimes
very hard tufa. Sandstone and quartzites are also found in a few places. The
soil varies from an almost pure sand to heavy clay loam. The latter becomes
very soft during the rainy season and cracks when exposed to the sun.

29

During tlie first part of the year studies were made on the reproduction and
the silvicultural conditions of the more important timber trees, principally in
the vicinity of Laguimanoc, where extensive cutting has taken place for almost
one hundred years. Half-acre areas were measured and every tree down to a
diameter of 3 inches calipered. Several of these areas were selected for each
species, giving different conditions of altitude, slope, exposure, and soil. In
these areas there were subdivided two small squares, . each containing one one-
hundred and twenty-eighth of an acre, and every seeilling counted. These squares
were selected so that one was in the lightest and the other in the shadiest spot
on the half acre. The following silvicultural notes have been taken from the
original report submitted on the studies made:

Molave {Vitex altissima) . — Generally found on slopes with different exposures,
in shallow, loamy sand with underlying limestone, at altitudes from sea level to
900 feet. Reproduction is fair in places where much light can reach the soil; in
old clearings and along trails a sufficient number of saplings can be found to
insure a good aftergrowtli. The largest tree found had a diameter of 50 inches,
the maximum heiglit was 85 feet, and the greatest clear length 25 feet, but as
this wood is very valuable, the large and crooked branches find a ready market.

Nana {Pterocarpns vidaliauus Rolfe). — Found on all kinds of exposures,
slopes, and altitudes up to 1,500 feet. It grows best in deep sandy loam, overlying
limestone and sandstone. Reproduction is very good in open places, more than
200 saplings having been found around one tree in an opening. The largest
saplings need a little shade for their best development. Narra reproduction is
also found in abundance in old clearings, but here it is generally shaded too
much by other quick-growing species, and a thinning of the latter would be
of great advantage. The maximum diameter of all trees measured was 60 inches,
with a maximum height of 90 feet and a clear length of 40 feet.

Banaha [Lagerstnrcmia speciosa Pers.) . — Generally found on level or gentle
slopes, somewhat protected from strong winds. It grows in a deep sandy loam
overlying limestone at altitudes from 50 to 600 feet. It is never found in wet
places. Reproduction from seed is good in open places, where yoiuig growth of
all sizes can be found. It reproduces also by sprouts. It is sometimes found in
almost pure stands. Maximum diameter, 25 inches; maximum height, 80 feet;
maximum clear length, 35 feet.

Supa {Sindora tvaUichi Benth.) . — Found on moderate and steep slopes, but
only near the sea; in few cases along flats near the shore, but never higher than
300 feet. It thrives equally well on all exposures on a shallow sandy loam
overlying limestone tufa. The reproduction is good, but best under a medium
shade. Seeds are numerous, but the germination per cent is small, seeds rotting
quickly when exposed to much rain. Tlie greater part of the seedlings reach the
pole-wood stage, at which time they should be thinned. Maximum diameter,
45 inches; maximum height, 95 feet; maximum clear length, 42 feet.

Yacal {Hopea plagata Vidal) . — Generally found on steep and rocky slopes on
all exposures, at elevations from 50 to 600 feet. It grows best in a deep, dry,
loamy sand overlying limestone, and in a few places sandstone on tufa. Repro-
duction is good under medium dense shade, the seeds germinating equally well
in light and shaded places, but the seedlings die after one or two years if light
conditions are unfavorable. Maximum diameter, 40 inches; maximum height,
110 feet; maximum clear length, 60 feet.

Malahayabas. — Generally found on ridges at altitudes from 500 to 1,000 feet,
on a deep, heavy, loamy soil with underlying limestone. Malahayabas is one
of the few trees which occasionally occur in pure stands. In one instance more
than 300 trees of a diameter of 3 inches and over were found on 1 acre. Repro-

30

duction is fair under^ average conditions, but best under a medium shade; the
seeds, most of which live, germinate without any cover. The stand can be dense,
as the foliage of Malabayabas is very open and does not give much shade.
Maximum diameter, 41 inches; maximum height, 90 feet; maximum clear length,
30 feet.

Dungon (Heritiera littoraliSf Dr^). — Found on moderate to very steep slopes,
on all exposures, at altitudes varying from 50 to 1,000 feet. It grows best in a
rich, loamy sand mixed with rocks of all sizes. The soil does 'not need to be
deep and must not be too wet. Reproduction is good for all age classes. Yoimg
trees can stand a large amount of shade, but strong sunlight will kill them,
while pole wood and larger trees need a great amount of light. Maximum
diameter, 36 inches; maximum height, 120 feet; maximum clear length, 50 feet.

Macaasin {Eugenia sp.) . — This most numerous of all important trees is found
everywhere, imder all sorts of conditions, up to an elevation of 1,000 feet.
Exposure, slope, and soil do not seem to affect its best development. The tree
is only absent in the flats near the seacoast. It produces freely under medium
shade, but can stand heavy shade better than too much sun. The seeds need a
little cover of leaves or soil to germinate. Maximum diameter, 45 inches;
maximum height, 105 feet; maximum clear length, 60 feet.

Ouijo (Shorea guiso Blume) . — Found on gentle and moderate slopes at
altitudes ranging from 50 to 500 feet. The best soil is a compact, sandy loam
with a subsoil of limestone. Reproduction is good and seedlings are numerous.
Saplings and pole wood are present in abundance. Seedlings can endure a dense
shade, while saplings need considerable light. Maximum diameter, 40 inches;
maximum height, 120 feet; maximum clear length, 85 feet.

III. LUMBERING IN THE DISTRICT.

Lumbering in this district is conducted only on. a small scale, the largest
amount taken out by any one concessioner during any previous year being about
30,000 cubic feet. The majority of the licensees kept within the limit of the
license granted them (10,000 cubic feet). The usual method of lumbering
followed here is the same as in other parts of the Islands. The licensees tell
the woodsmen what kind of timber they desire, and the laborers go out and
select trees of a moderate size that can be easily hauled out. The majority of
the logs are squared in the woods, and only a small amount of round logs are
hauled to the beach. Timber is seldom cut farther than 3 miles from the water.
Only in one case did I find trees cut as far as 6 miles from the nearest river.

The logs are skidded by carabaos to the nearest river and from there brought
down to the sea either with the aid of bancas or bamboo floats. A part of the
timber is used in the small towns along the coast for house and ship building;
the other part, especially the more valuable species, is sent by sailboats to the
Manila market.

The average price of timber delivered on the beach is 15 centavos per Spanish
cubic foot, and to this must be added 30 to 35 centavos per cubic foot for
transportation to Manila. From this it follows that only such timber as will
bring in that market more than 40 centavos per cubic foot can be shipped.

The sawing of timber into boards is done by hand, laborers being paid from
6 to 10 centavos per square foot, the price varying with the hardness of the
wood. At this price two men can earn from 2^ to 3 pesos per day of twelve
hours.

The money paid for the logs is usually equally divided between the cutters
and the owners of the carabaos.

31

IV. LICENSES.

From April to June, after the reproduction studies were finished, an inspection
trip was made through the whole district and all licensees visited. Reconnoissance
trips were made from each town into the adjacent forests in order to be able
to decide how much timber could be cut in each section and what licensees were
deserving of new licenses. Later, when the application for new licenses came in,
the province was divided into subdistricts, rivers in the most cases forming
the boundaries.

There are twenty-two timber licenses granted in this district. The areas
assigned to each licensee vary with the density of the forest and the facilities of
the licensee for lumbering. At present all ordinary timber licenses are limited
to 10,000 cubic feet, but some of the licensees will receive permission to cut more
as soon as the new forest law becomes effective. The smallest area contains
about 10 square miles, and the largest about 40, the latter consisting of about
75 per cent of grass land while the former is densely timbered.

Marking began July 20 and was entirely finished November 18. In all cases
as much of the timber was marked as the concessioner will be allowed to cut in
case the new forest law is passed, the largest amount being 25,000 cubic feet
and the smallest 10,000. A total of 2,276 trees were marked, which will furnish
approximately 290,000 cubic feet of timber. These marked trees are distributed
among the different groups as follows: Superior group, 6.44 per cent; first
group, 0.76 per cent; second group, 50.40 per cent; third group, 33.88 per cent;
fourth group, 8.52 per cent; and so far, 30,000 cubic feet of the above-marked
timber has been cut and brought to market.

In marking the timber in this district I was not able to mark all trees which
should have been removed from a silvicultural point of view. The idea I always
kept in view was to leave enough seed trees of the important species, but many
of the inferior species which should have been removed could not be marked, as
the concessioner was unable to take them out without great financial loss. The
trees which could be marketed to good advantage were scattered over so large
an area that I was not able to mark more than forty, on an average, in a day
of ten hours. The majority of the trees selected for cutting had a diameter from
20 to 30 inches; none had less than 15 inches, and only a few more than 40.

v. WORK MAPPED OUT FOR THE NEXT SIX MONTHS.

The work mapped out for the next six months is, first, reconnoissance trip to
that part of the district north of Lueena, and if possible to the top of Mount
Banahao (5,000 feet) ; and, second, an inspection trip to other districts in which
marking has been done.

VI. FOREST STATIONS.

There are two stations in this district — one at Lueena and the other at Unisan.

VII. FIRE PROTECTION.

A few fires were started to clear up old "cailTgins" in the months of March and
April, but no damage was done to the surrounding forests. Firewardens will
not be necessary here, as the forest is always damp, even in the dry season, and
in several instances where fire had been started to burn over grass land it stopped
as soon as it reached the forest.

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS.

Foresters should have more authority. They should be able to grant timber
licenses and gratuitous licenses for public-construction use up to at least 2,000

32

cubic feet, and an unlimited amount of firewood licenses, and all licenses for
other minor forest products. The foresters are on the ground and know better
how much to grant in each case than the main office at Manila.

Further, foresters should have authority to place the rangers assigned to their
districts in places where they may be used to the greatest advantage.

The more intelligent of the rangers should be instructed so that they will
be able to do some marking under the direction of the forester.

The licensees should be allowed to cut a certain amount of third and fourth
group trees, even if they are not marked.

If the taxes on timber are to be decreased in some districts the reduction
should not be made equal for all trees, but those of the superior and first groups
should remain the same, those of tlie second group reduced 25 per cent, and the
remainder 50 per cent. This w^ould induce the licensees to cut more of the
inferior species.

The name "superior group" should be abolished and this group called "first
group," as the natives always confuse these two groups, calling the "superior
group" "first group."

A better kind of marking ax should be furnished, those in use at present being
useless after a few days' work.

A bulletin should be published giving the result of all timber tests made
during the last two years, as it is very probable that some of the trees which
are not in the market at present can be used for some purpose.

Finally, the metric system should be adopted exclusively. At present the
measurements made by tlie foresters are in English feet, the timber is measured
in Spanish feet, and the firewood in meters. The metric S3^stem was made legal
in the United States in 1866, and its use will probably be universal eventually.
Errors in cubication would be less frequent, and as the natives are partly accus-
tomed to the meter they could certainly learn its use more readily than the
complicated English system.

W. Klemme, Forester.

Note. — Report submitted December 31, 1903.

LAMAO FOKEST KESERVE.

The Lamao Forest Reserve was set aside by proclamation of the
Civil Governor July 26, 1904.

Work was begun by this Bureau in the Lamao Valley in August, 1903,
since which time three nurseries have been started, type areas established,
and roads built, nearly all of which have been carried on imder the
supervision of Mr. Thomas L. Richmond, who possesses a good knowledge
of botany, scientific agriculture, and nursery work. His assistant, Mr.
William P. Sherlock, is also very capable, and is competent to take
charge of the routine \vork of the stations in the absence of Mr. Richmond
who will leave about the middle of September on a six-weeks' tour of
Singapore, Java, and Ceylon for the purpose of studying nursery work
in the Tropics. Much valuable information and time may be gained from
the experience of others who have w^orked out the problems which now
confront us, and careful observations wall be made regarding every detail
of nursery work, methods of preparation of seeds and plants for shipment,
garden implements, sprays, etc. He will also make arrangements w^ith-
botanical gardens and like institutions for the exchange of seeds and
plants. Careful notes will be made regarding the character of the w^ork-

83

ing reference library at each of these places, in order that suitable working
libraries may be secured for the station at Lamao and other points in the
Islands where forest reserves may be set aside and nurseries started.

The services of Mr. Thomas Hanley, an experienced landscape gardener,
have recently been secured, and he will, under JVIr. Richmond's supervision,
improve the appearance of the reserve, beginning his work near the beach
station.

Between fifteen and twenty Filipinos are employed in the regular
nursery work. The botanical collector has three Filipino assistants and
Mr. Hanley six.

At present a field party of four is making a map of the reserve, show-
ing the location of the holdings claimed by private parties, in order that
said claims may be adjudicated before the Court of Land Registration.

A botanical survey of the reserve has been planned and started by the
Bureau of Government Laboratories, the botanist of the Bureau of Gov-
ernment Laboratories, with the cooperation of the employees of this
Bureau, carrying forward the work. The plan outlined is as follows :

L A land survey showing boundaries, etc.

2. An ecological survey showing the various plant societies and culti-
vated areas. This is to be accompanied by a colored map. A careful
land survey will give best results.

3. The physiographic relations of these societies to each other.

4. Climatic conditions, soil, other factors, and their physiological
importance.

5. A careful survey of the very limited areas in each society showing
actual distribution of trees and numerical importance of each.

6. The relation of animal life to vegetation, such as influence of swine,
etc., on soil.

7. Humus conditions and its relation to vegetation.

8. Photographs of various plant societies, individual plants, etc.

9. Study of silviculture, habits of principal forest trees, seedling con-
ditions, relations to moisture, etc.

10. Systematic descriptions, with key of tree, and, if practicable, other
species in the area.

11. Economic plants, agricultural and forestry conditions.

The following is an interesting extract from a letter of Mr. Copeland,
botanist in the Bureau of Government Laboratories, to the Superintendent
of the same :

February 5, 1904.
Dr. Paul C. Freer,

Superintendent of Oovermnent Laboratories.
Dear Sir: Pursuant to your informal request for a statement on the subject
of our need of a botanical garden, and of the desirability of the Lamao River
Valley as its site, I have the honor to submit the following:

♦ ♦*»♦##

If the garden were located in the valley of the Lamao River, Mount Mariveles

25685 3

34

would be a part of its resources, and I include it among the advantages of the
site. It furnishes a range in altitude of nearly a mile, and with this a consider-
able range in temperature and a very great one in that much more important
element of a Philippine plant, the moisture. At every altitude there is virgin
forest, with all the wealth of tropical vegetation which that implies, thriving
without delay or expense to u§, better than it could ever be made to do in an
artificial garden. Practically all the surrounding country is already owned by
this Government. The proximity to Manila is all that can be expected of such
a tract of virgin forest, and, as happens everywhere, its accessibility will increase
with the need of it. There is abundant water, and irrigation is possible with
almost no expense.

More important than any other one reason for locating the botanical garden in
the valley of the Lamao is its already having been chosen for the most careful
work of the Bureau of Forestry. The greater usefulness of both the Bureau of
Forestry and the botanical garden is dependent on their not merely respecting
each other's rights but in their cordial cooperation in the furtherance of each
other's interests. If they are separated it will be at a needless expense to tlie
Government and a sacrifice of the best work of both.

A considerable part of the work of the Department of Agriculture of the
Federal Government will fall to the botanical garden rather than to the Bureau
of Agriculture, as the scientific work of the several Bureaus is organized here;
this includes all the work which demands laboratory facilities and technical
botanical training, such as study of the nutrition of plants, their diseases,
breeding, and acclimatization. Such work is already Avell begun by the Bureau
of Forestry.

As evidence of the excellence of tliis location for the garden and the facilities
it offers for work, I will mention some of the lines of work which the material 1
have found has suggested. The many vines, in all the great groups of flowering
plants, furnish subjects for conclusive experiments on the mechanism of the ascent
of water in trees. Tlie numerous epiphytes invite a study of their source of min-
eral food, our ignorance concerning wliich is probably the chief difficulty in the way
of their cultivation. There is more material than has ever been used for a study
of the distribution, mechanism, and function of hydathodes, or water excreting
and absorbing organs. Besides all the climbing devices I have ever seen described,
at least two others occur here; one of these depends upon the setting up of a
permanent pressure by a growth curvature in a way which would be impossible
if the current theories on the mechanism of growth here were sufficient. A wild
citrus of the neighborhood in its present state is well worthy of cultivation if
it will bear well; and at any rate it offers a valuable stock on which to graft
more highly developed related fruits; also a race with which, if necessary, the
best California oranges (which will thrive liere) may be crossed to produce
their excellencies. With the mature native trees at hand young hybrids can
be made to flower and show their qualities by grafting them on to the mature
trees, avoiding years of waiting. Similar opportunities for breeding are offered
by the native cucurbits; but the most immediate result of work with them
will probably explain the diseases attacking introduced melons and squashes.
Questions of greater concern to the forestry interests, but demanding the attention
of a botanist, are rate and season of native-tree growth; its propagation, when,
as in the case of Agathis, it is an important matter, and the diseases of timber.
The Polyporacese, the fungi most destructive to timber, are more numerous in
this region than anywhere else in the world; and Merulius and Trametes, two
most mischievous genera, not hitherto known in the Philippines, I have found in
this valley.

35

Scientists coming to the Tropics for a season's work will come here if facilities
are better tlian they can find elsewhere. I have touched on the advantages only
in lines with which I am most familiar. For morphological and systematic work
the rich and varied flora presents opportimities which can nowhere be excelled.
The work of this Laboratory has been focused on the Lamao Valley as nowhere
else, and we have scratched the field in but a few places.

For the purely scientific work of the garden the best spot I have found is the
uppermost of the clearings made by the Forestry lUireau. It is at an elevation
of about 330 feet, where a large creek joins the river from the south. The Chief
of the Bureau of Forestry has expressed his readiness to turn this clearing over
to us, and the work already accomplished will necessitate a very small expenditure
to make it answer our immediate needs. For agricultural botany, the l)est site
is certainly between the two stations where such work is now being undertaken;
but tlie work at all these places is necessary for the interpretation of the results
at any one.

Tlie Bureau of Forestry will erect a suitable house for the botanists
and another for tlie field laboratory and reference herbarium on a site
within the reserve selected by Mr. Copeland.

There has been more or less confusion existing among the many tree
species found throughout the Islands, and almost a total lack of data
regarding the qualities of any but the better and more common timbers.
The various common names applied to different trws are of little value
to a forester in that they vary with different localities in the same
province, and the same tree has a different name in almost every native
dialect. In order that detailed studies of the silvicultural and re})ro-
ductive features of the important tree species might be nuide, an experi-
mental tract near Manila seemed desirable and very necessary. Foresters
could there become acquainted, w^ithin a short time, with the leading
s|)('(ies and their main characteristics, facts in their district work which
might take years to accumulate could be brought out promptly,* and many
ex})eriments carried on which would l)e of great value to the service.
Such a station would also be valuable in giving new inspectors and
foresters a chance to become rapidly acquainted with the forest con-
ditions and methods of forest work in practice in the Islands.

The majority of inspectors are men who, up to the time of taking the
position, have never done any forest work, and a few weeks' training,
sucli as could be secured on the reserve, would render the man of much
more value in a short time than could be possible if he secure the necessary
knowledge by experience.

Such a tract should comprise a wide range of elevation from seacoast
to mountain top; contain virgin forest, different stages of lumbered
forest, brush lands, and open country; present a variety of exposures,
and, for the proper administration of the same, should be situated within
a short distance of Manila.

A suitable tract was found in Bataan Province in the basin of the
Lamao and Alangan Elvers, where elevations from to 4,500 feet existed.

36

The distance from Manila by water being but 22 miles, it can be readily
reached by launch in three hours.

A botanical collector of the Bureau has been stationed there for several
months and is engaged in laying out type areas for the study of
individual tree species. These areas are being laid out mainly after the
plan followed in the famous botanic garden in Java, a visit having been
made to the same by the former botanist of this Bureau in order to
secure this and other necessary information.

The result of his observations are published in Bulletin No. 1 of the
Bureau of Forestry, entitled "Report on Investigations in Java, 1902.^'

Work on the first type area at Lamao is well under way, having been
started some months ago. It begins about 4 miles back from the coast
at an elevation of 500 feet, and extends up the north side of one ridge
and down the other, and also for a distance along the top of the ridge,
thus giving several different exposures.

Some 750 trees have been labeled and more or less botanical and other
material secured. Instead of following the Java method of taking a
tree at random it was decided to mark every tree within a certain area.
In this way a number of trees of each species, of various sizes, will be
frequently included, and studies on the rate of growth and other physio-
logical problems carried on in connection with the type area.

Even with the small amount of work accomplished to date, various
new species of trees (about fifty) not previously reported from the
'Islands have been identified, among them several of the genus Palaquium,
which yields gutta-percha, generally of a good grade. The tract promises
to be rich in species and will be especially valuable for instruction pur-
poses later on. In order to improve the native personnel of the Bureau,
it is proposed to establish on the reserve, as soon as possible, a forest
school for rangers, where instruction in forest work can be systematically
carried on. Such a school is essential to existing conditions, as the force
of rangers know* little of technical forest work, their entire training
in the past being bureaucratic rather than toward direct supervision in
the forest of logging operations.

For American and European botanists and botanical collectors who
plan to work in the Philippines, Lamao is an ideal situation for prelim-
inary work, the location being healthy and the heat not excessive. There
they may become acquainted with the Philippine flora, the characteristics
of the vegetation, the peculiarities incident to the preparation of botanical
material under tropical conditions, how to deal with the natives, and secure
other information only to be acquired by experience, which it is well to
assimilate before attempting work in regions distant from Manila. The
flora of the Lamao region is very rich, and from the various camps the col-
lectors can thoroughly explore the country from the seashore to the top
of Mount Mariveles — an elevation of 4,500 feet. Anyone desiring to
make botanical or forest investigations will be given full opportunity

37

to do so, and can make their headquarters at any one- of the permanent
camps.

The vegetation of the coast region, extending back from the seashore
for a distance of 3 or 4 miles and to an elevation of 300 or 400 feet
above the sea, is very diversified, consisting mostly of shrubs and small
trees, bamboo thickets, and open grassy parks rich in herbaceous plants.
This country can be readily worked by making headquarters at the lower
camp, and from this lower camp if anyone desires to study the strand flora,
the strand region is easily accessible. At a distance of from 3 to 4 miles
from the seashore and at an elevation of about 300 feet the character of
the vegetation abruptly changes. From this point to the summit of the
mountain magnificent and unbroken forests occur, especially rich in the
species of Dipterocarpea\ Tliese forests bear a marked similarity to
the deciduous forests of the northern United States, except, of course,
the undergrowth of characteristic tropical plants, such as the palms,
screw pines, etc. As one approaches the summit of the mountain there
is a second decided change in the character of the vegetation. Trees
occur at tlie very summit, but on the exposed regions and peaks they are
very much reduced in size. Everywhere one finds a profusion of epiphytic
and terrestrial orchids, ferns, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Several
species of the palms of the genera Pinanga and Calamus, and the pitcher
plant (Nepenthes) emphasize the tropical character of the vegetation,
yet, on the other hand, such genera as Rubus, Bhododendron, Clethra,,
and others generally characteristic of temperate countries are represented.
The trunks of the trees, bowlders, cliffs, and ground in many places pre
covered with a great profusion of mosses and lichens, not found at lower
elevation. Especially interesting plants are the species of Gnetum,
Podocarpus, Agatliis, etc., and several species of plants inhabited by ants,
such as Dischidia pectinoides and other species, Polypodium sp., and
Mynn ecodia enchina ta.

Trails have been established from sea level to an elevation of 2,000
feet, where a permanent camp and nurseries have been located. From
this place, on the head waters of the Lamao Kiver, the summit of the
mountain is easily accessible, and there is an excellent opportunity to
study the rich flora of the upper ridges and summit. If one desires to
study the forest flora, a magnificent opportunity is proffered, as near the
upper camp a type area has been established and within it all the trees
are numbered and labeled with their native and scientific names.

NOTES ON liAMAO FOREST RESEBVE. LAMAO. BATAAN
PBOVINOE, P. I.

[By R. S. Williams, Collector, New York Botanical Gardens.]

Tlie writer spent a number of months on the Lamao River, and the region
proved to be one of much interest to a botanical collector. The lower land near
the coast is covered with brush, bamboo, and small trees, but back a mile or two
a fine forest begins that extends without interruption to the bush-covered summits

38

of the mountains, at* an elevation of something over 4,000 feet. Taken as a wliole,
the trees of this region are not of such great size as often occur in tlie Tropics,
but they are more easily collected on that account, and as to variety there seems
to be an endless number of interesting species coming into bloom or fruit in
constant succession almost the year round. Trails, often very ancient, apparently,
run in all directions, and the trouble usually is not that one is unable to find
a trail to a locality but to remain on the right trail, especially when returning
from a trip. A few roving Negritos are the only inhabitants, and they usually
keep well out of sight. Of lower animals, occasionally a small monkey is
encountered, also deer and wild pigs; all, however, are very timid animals. Of
snakes, my experience here has been very similar to that in Bolivia, namely, they
are so rarely met with as to be scarcely worth mentioning. What is perhaps
more remarkable, we were not troubled with mosquitoes or other insects that so
often make life a torment in tropical countries. There are many kinds of ants,
but I have never been badly stung by them, and there are none that at all compare
with some of the fiery South American sjKicies. The nights at 200 or 300 feet
elevation are so cool as to require a good single blanket over one, and at 2,000
or 3,000 feet a good double blanket is often needed. At this latter height are
fine streams of clear, cool water that almost make ice a superfluous luxury for
drinking purposes. On the whole, this region is quite an ideal collecting ground
for a tropical country, and while its forests are its chief attraction, there are
many fine ferns to be obtained. Numerous species of the larger fungi are splen-
didly developed, and mosses are abundant on the upper streams and slopes.

GROUNDS AND LOCATION OF STATIONS.

The reserve contains approximately 12,000 acres, extending from sea
level to an elevation of 4,500 feet at the highest point. Adjoining the
seacoast for a distance of 3 miles inland the land is fairly level, varying
to moderate slopes toward the hase of the ridges. From this point to
the top of the mountain the surface is characterized by long and steep
ridges, heavily timbered. Along the coast region the timber has been
cut away, leaving a dense growth of bamboo, shrubs, and guava bushes.
Numerous small clearings are found throughout this region, some of
which are cultivated by the natives in bananas, pineapples, and other
fruits ; but many of these clearings have been deserted and are now spaces
overgrown with cogon grass.

The Lamao River on the south side and the Alangan River on the
north furnish an abundant source of water supply for the reserve during
the dry season.

Three stations have been established — one on the beach at Lamao,
the second 2J miles inland at an elevation of 250 feet above the sea
level, and the third 10 miles from the bay at an altitude of 2,000 feet.

BUILDINGS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

The grounds along the beach will be devoted almost exclusively to
ornamental purposes, and the salt marshes near by will be utilized in the
furtherance of this object.

The nipa palm thrives in this locality, is of economic importance, and
is very attractive in appearance.

39

The building at the first station consists of a two-story frame cottage
with two or three smaller buildings used as storerooms. The grounds
surrounding the cottage are fenced, and a good beginning has been made
in the way of improving the appearance of the place by constructing a
gravel walk, sodding the yard, and planting a few ornamental shrubs
and flowers.

At the second station four houses have been built for the laborers — one
dwelling house; a stable 18 by 40 feet, with shelter room for wagon and
implements; a lath propagating house 15 by 35 feet; and an orchid house
18 by 45 feet. In addition to the buildings on the grounds, a permanent
camp, with several small houses, usually occupied by botanical collectors
and visiting botanists, has been established on the river about 1 mile
above this station.

The grounds and nursery at this station have been fenced in only on
the lower side, being partially protected on the upper side by the river.

The construction of canals for irrigating purposes at the first and
second stations will be started in October, and when completed will
furnish an unlimited amount of water for nursery work. The length
of the main ditch at the first station will be about 1,400 yards, including
the ditch through the gardens. There are several streams between tha
grounds and the point at which the water will be taken from the river,
so that flumes will have to be constructed across these streams. The
length of the ditch at the second station will not exceed 800 yards, as it
is not necessary to go a greater distance up the river to get ample fall to
carry the water, and only one flume will be required.

Most of the material used in the construction of buildings and in
making improvements was secured on the reserve, thus saving cost and
transportation.

Early in the spring a wagon road was constructed from the first to
the second station, and three bridges built over the intervening streams.

This road has been extended to the third station, but is not in condition
for vehicle travel beyond the second station, as the steep hills and narrow
ridges encountered toward the top of the mountain make the construction
of a roadway for wagons too expensive an undertaking at the present
time. The present road furnishes a very good pathway for pack trains,
and answers all the requirements for the time being. It is planned to
continue the trail to the top of the mountain at an early date for the
use of botanists and collectors who may wish to work in that region.

Two small houses were recently built at the third station, a tract of
land cleared, and several acres planted in fruit trees and nursery stock,
a large part of the imported nursery stock being put out at this station.
After getting the work well under way a reliable Filipino was placed in
charge, who is competent to take care of the nursery and orchard under
proper direction.

40

The grounds of the third station, at 2,000 feet elevation, can not be
irrigated so easily as at the lower stations. The small stream from which
the supply of water will have to be secured is 40 or 50 feet below the
level of the groimds, and it will be necessary to raise the water by
mechanical means and pipe it to the grounds.

THE NURSERY.

Including recent plantings there are over 500 species in the nursery,
the larger proportion of which are native timber trees and plants of
economic importance. In addition, the list comprises a general collec-
tion of ornamental shade trees, palms, orchids, ferns, and flowers.

The native species were collected almost entirely by employees of this
Bureau, but some contributions have been made by botanists of the
Bureau of Government Laboratories while collecting in this province.
Special effort has beeij directed to increase the number of native timber
trees, and a circular letter issued requiring all employees in the field to
make collections of seeds for this purpose. By this means our collection
steadily grows in volume, and the condition in which seeds are received
affords valuable information as to the requirements of the various species.

At the nursery notes are taken on the work along the following lines :

1. Time and conditions required for germination by the various species.

2. Effect of light and shade; depth of planting; rate of growth.

3. Insects and fungi affecting seeds and seedlings.

From this record it has been found that the period required for
germination varies in different species from a few days to months. The
germination of certain species like acle and tindalo may be considerably
hastened, if desirable, by soaking in hot water for a period of twenty-four
hours before planting.

It is a difficult matter to secure sound seed from some of the more
common timber trees of this region — notably the Dipterocarpece. There
are many species belonging to this family growing on the reserve from
which mature seeds have never been collected, as the seed seems to have
been destroyed by insects or fungi before reaching maturity. The absence
of seedlings imder the parent tree may be partly accounted for in this
way, though there are, of course, other factors to be considered.

Occasionally seeds are collected which are apparently sound in every
respect, yet fail to germinate. A large quantity of seed was collected
from banaba trees growing on the reserve ; no seed at all germinated from
some of the trees, and only a small per cent from some of the others,
the explanation seeming to be that trees of certain localities do not bear
fertile seed. It has been observed that seed of others — the alupag
{Nephelium litcM), for example — must be planted soon after falling from
the tree in order to secure the germination of the same. It is believed
that further investigations along this line will be of some value in study-

41

ing the distribution of timber in the natural forests and help to explain
facts not elearl}' understood at this time.

Exchanges have been made with sewral botanical gardens in the East
by means of which we have increased our list of plants and introduced
new plants into the Islands, some of which, at least, will prove of eco-
nomic value.

Seeds desired for exchange purposes are laid aside from each collection.

TROPICAL FRUITS.

An ideal location near the markets of Manila naturally suggested, in
connection with forestry work, the inauguration of a few experiments
in tropical fruit culture, with a view to improving the native varieties
and introducing new fruits.

Many excellent fruits are found in the Philippine Islands growing
in a comparatively wild state, and hitherto little, if any, effort has been
made to improve them. Large tracts of land on the reserve are well
suited to growing mangoes, cocoanuts, bananas, pineapples, and other
fruits, and in proof of this statement it is only necessary to point to the
groves of such fruits growing, with little attention and no cultivation,
on tlie reserve.

A large area has been planted with selected varieties of bananas and
pineapples, the pineapples being planted between the rows of bananas,
the latter being intended to furnish the required shade for the former.
The soil in this plot is a good sandy loam, and was thoroughly prepared
before planting. Seven hundred papaya seedlings were put out on the
same plot, 200 of which were grown from seed of an Indian variety
which is equal in flavor and more than twice the size of the native.

There are growing two varieties of Honolulu bananas, but these have
not proved to be equal to the best native varieties.

For comparison with native pineapples, there are three of the best
vari(ties from Ceylon, one of which (Giant Kew) is said to produce
fruits weighing 40 pounds.

Seedlings in considerable quantities of the following fruits are grow-
ing in the nursery : Oranges, lemons, anonas, cocoanuts, chico, cashew
nut, and others of less importance.

The mango is without question the best of all tropical fruits, and,
although a native of India, travelers assert that it reaches its best develop-
ment in the Pliilippines. Like many of the temperate-climate fruits,
the mango does not come true to seed, hence to propagate the better
varieties it is necessary to graft them, and 5,000 seedlings have been
planted for this purpose.

Experiments are being conducted with the native citrus plants, oranges
and lemons of a fair quality being grown in many parts of the Islands,
and it is believed that these fruits can be greatly improved by the prop-

42

agation of selected trees. Two-year-old seedlings of the "Bontoe"
lemon are bearing fruit on the reserve this year.

While it is not advisable to make extensive plantings in the Tropics
of fruits from temperate climes, yet there are some worth trying at high
altitudes, and a few hardy varieties of deciduous fruits have been imported
for this purpose.

In the vicinity of the third station, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, wild
raspberries grow in abundance. From this it seems probable that such
fruits as blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries can be grown. A
tract of land has been cleared at this station and 2 or 3 acres planted
in deciduous fruits, 500 coffee trees, and several varieties of the l>est
varieties of California oranges and lemons. The coffed trees are from
hardy dwarf varieties, imported from Java and India, and it is hoped
that a variety will be found which will be able to resist tlie blight diseases
which have been so disastrous to the coffee interests of these Islands in
the past.

FORAGE PLANTS.

Owing to the high prices of hay in the Islands, it is important that
our own forage be grown on the reserve. From results of the experiments
at the Singalong experiment station, teosinte (introduced last year by
the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture) promises to supply this demand.
A crop of 30 tons of free fodder was secured from the first cutting on
1 acre, and eight cuttings were obtained from the trial plots during the
year. Our first crop shows that equally as good results can be attained
under similar condition.

We are growing six varieties of sugar cane imported from Honolulu
with a view of introducing more profitable varieties than are cultivated
in the Islands at present.

Incidentally some experiments have been conducted with garden vege-
tables. American sweet potatoes were grown in comparison with the
native "camote,^^ the result showing that the American potato is equally
as prolific as the native potato and far superior in quality.

INSECTS AND FUNGI.

It is not surprising to find insects abounding where conditions are
so favorable for their development. Scale insects are especially numer-
ous, and it is not uncommon to find several species on a single palm.
In such cases the general appearance of the plant plainly indicates the
injury done by the insects. Fleshy fungi are in evidence on every hand,
both in the forest and among the cultivated plants, and further investiga-
tion may show that the failure of certain trees, such as the lauan, to
develop mature seeds is traceable to the effects of some fungus. Among
cultivated plants fungous diseases are particularly destructive to melons,
squashes, and cucumbers, the failure to introduce improved varieties of

43

watermelons and cantaloupe into the Islands being no doubt due more
to this than to any other cause. The native melons appear to be more
resistant to the attack of fungous diseases, but yield a fruit of very
inferior quality.

Standard solutions commonly used as sprays in temperate climates
can not be applied in the Tropics, and it is a difficult itiatter to make
a spray of sufficient strength to kill insects, particularly scale insects,
without severely injuring the foliage of the plants. It is not the pur])ose
of this report to give a lengthy discussion of the subject, but merely to
call attention to the importance of this feature of the work.

SOIL ANALYSIS.

Samples of soil from the three stations have been submitted for analysis.
The analyses of samples from the first and second stations were madc^ by
Mr. A. M. Sanchez, soil physicist of the Bureau of Agriculture, and
samples from the third station by the Bureau of Government Laboratories,
the following results being obtained :

Parts per million of oven-dried soil.

station.

Phos-
phoric
acid

(PO4).

31.50
22. 45

Nitric
acid

(NOa).

52. 50
8.56

Potas-
sium

(K).

Calcium
(Ca).

No 1 - - -

8.40
7.11

39.37

No. 2 _

20. 15

Atialyses by Bureau of Goveriimeut Laboratories.
STATION NO. 3.

Moisture

LojsS on ignition.
N

CaO

P,05

N>>0

KoO

Fine earth.

Sample
Top soil.

} No. 1.

Sample

Subsoil.

Top soil.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

9.30

9.06

9.04

17.94

12.72

13.36

.305

.187

.137

.21

.12

.006

.155

.101

.083

.337

.259

.249

.084

.044

.034

74.4

77.7

69.0

Per cent.
9.44
15. 63
.172
.21
.113
.212
.098
70.8

LABOR.

The natives in this part of the province generally follow the occupation
of hunting and fishing, and, since both game and fish are abundant, they
find no difficulty in making an easy living in this way. Some trouble,
therefore, was encountered at first in getting reliable workmen, who had
to be secured in adjoining provinces.

The force now employed is doing very satisfactory work and is paid
at the rate of 18 to 24 pesos per month, without board. Tjaborers could

44

be employed perhaps for a little less money, but the nature of the work
requires reliability, and experience has shown that cheaper labor can not
be depended upon.

The plants in the following list, including both the native and foreign
tree and plant species, have been planted in the nurseries at Lamao
during the last* few months :

Native timber trees.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Pithecolobium acle

Pithecolobium dulce

Eugenia sp

Cordia subcordata

Ormosia calavensis

Afzelia rhomboidea

Mimusops elengi

Cassia javanica

Parkia roxburghii

Capsalj)inia sappan

Albizzia retusa

Oroxylura indicura

Albizzia saponaria

Afzelia bljiiga

Garcinia

Do

Garcinia binucao

Canarinm sp

Pterocymbium javanicnm
Diospyros pilosantiiera

Bridelia stipularis

Terminalia calamansanav

Acle.
Camanchile.

Banalo.

Bahay.

Tindalo.

Cabiqui.

Caiia pistula.

Cupang.

Sibucao.

Languil.

Pincapincahan.

Languil.

Ipil.

Piris.

Paitan.

Bilucao.

Salong.

Mala sapsap.

Bolongeta.

Malacaraanga.

Lubalub.

Calamansanav.

Suho suho.

Pygeum latifolium

Pitnecolobiiun lobatum

Canarium

Myristica cumingii

Cambretum squamosum

Moringa oleifera

Dipterocarpus grandiflora__

Do

Koordersiodendron pinna-
tum.

Eugenia sp

Canarium luzonicum

Dracontomelum mangife-

rum.
Calophyllum inophyllum __

Litsea chiriensis

Artocarpus odoratissima ___
Dipterocarpus mayapis

Aning fig-ay.

Anagap.

Pili.

Linsin.

Malatalang.

Malatumbaga.

Balunggay.

Apitong.

Llamog.

Amuguis.

Tambalao.
Malaruhatnaputi.

Pili
Lamio.

Palo maria.

Malasomat.

Malocmaloc.

Puao puso.

Anubing.

Mayapis.

Imported timber trees.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Country.

Santalum album

Sterculia acuminnata

Tristania laurinia

Btrancla sudlichon

Eucalyptus behrina

Eucalyptus rostrata

Eucalyptus maculata

Eucalyptus diversicolor __

Eucalyptus robusta ,__

Eucalyptus citriodora

Eucalyptus marginata

Eucalyptus resinfera

Eucalyptus amygdalena__
Eucalyptus corvnocalyx _

Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus aximia

Eucalyptus sideraphloca _

Eucalyptus pilularis

Eucalyptus tereticumis___

Tristania laurenia

Melaleuca leucadendron .

Lyncarpia laurefolia

Casuarina glauca. ___

Albizzia lucida

Dalbergia sissoo

Thesperia populnea

Manlhot giaziovii

Hevea brasiliensis

Ficus elastica_

Castilloa elastica

Sterculia acerifolia

Callitris varrucosa

Sandalwood-

Water gum

Black cypress pine .

Murray red gum.

Kaingum

Swamp mahogany

Lemon-scented gum

Zarrah

Red gum of New South Wales .

Peppermint gum

Sugar gum

Blue gum

Red iron bark __.

Black butt

Forest red gum__

Water gum

Teak tree

Turpentine tree .
Acacia

Tulip, tree

Ceara rubber

Para rubber

East India rubber

Central American rubber .

Cevlon.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Australia.
Sibpur.
Australia.
Sibpur.
Australia.
Sibpur.
Sibpur.
Australia.
Australia.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Cevlon.

' Do.

Do.

Do.
Australia.
Sibpur.

Do.

Do.
Ceylon.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Australia.

45

Native ornamental trees.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Poinciana r^a >

Fire tree.

Caballero.

Acacia.

Banaba.

Ipil falso.

Pandan.

Dapdap.

Betel-nut palm.

Taguipan.

Pithecolobium saman

Orania philippinensis

eterculia foetida . .

Bixaorellana

Rain tree.

Caesalpinia pulnherrima

Cassia florida

Barangoi.

Calumpang.

Achiote.

Lagerstrcemia speciosa

Leucsena glauca

Jatropha curcus

Tuba.

Pandanua

Jatropha multifida

Mavia.

Ervthrina indica

Cananga odorftta ^ ^^

Ilang-ilang.
Caturai.

Areca catechu

Sesbama grandiflora

Caryota cumingiana

Imported ornamental trees.

Scientific name.

Acacia arabica

Acacia decurrens

Grevillia robusta

Aleurites cordata

Kadsura chinensis

Heteropanas grageans

Albizzia lebbek

Enkianthus quinque floras.

Rhodaiia championi

Bauhinia acuminata

Caesalpinia nuga__ __

Cancellia reticulata

Stillingia sebriferum

Peltaphorum ferrigineum .
Cinnamomum camphora..
Swietenia macrophylla __.
Caesalpinia.-

Common name.

Acacia

do

Silky oak.

Tea oil tree.

Paper mulberry .

Camphor tree .
Mahogany

Country.

Ceylon.

Do.

Do.
Hongkong.

Do*.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Ceylon.

Do.
Japan.
Sibpur.
Austmlia.

Native ornamental plants and flowers.

Scientific name.

Crinum asiaticum

Crinum gigantum

Canna iridiflora.

Canna variegata

Rosa sp

Plumeria maritima

Orchids, 100 species

Ferns, 20 species

Asplenium nidus

Asparagus plumosus nanus..

Caladium sp

Viola cornuta

Caladium bulbosum

Colocasia indica.

Colocasia antiquarium

Begonia rex

Begonia rosea

Coleas barbatus

Ipomoea canaca

Ipomoea vsp

Thunbergia grandiflora

Clitoria ternatea

Jasminium sambac

Lonicera

Codiaeum variagatum

Common name.

Crinum.

Do.
Canna.

Do.
Native rose.

Not identified.

Do.
Birds' -nest fern.
Asparagus fern.
Caladium.
Violet.
Caladium.

Do.

Do.
Begonia.

Do.
Colcus.
Convolvulus.
Cypress vine.

Calocanting.
Sampaguita.
Honeysuckle.
Codeum.

Scientific name.

Justicia gardenia

Panax fruticosum

Boehmeria nivera

Graptophyllum hortense „.

Gardenia florida

Hibiscus rosa sinensis

Hibiscus tricolor

Hibiscus ruber plenus

Hibiscus creuntes ninatus—

Aralia cordata

Cordyline terminalis

Asparagus plumosus blam-
peidi.

Laurus camphora

Plumiera acutifolia __

Alternanthera paronch lo-
des.

Cudrania javanensis

Psychotria tacho

Bridelia

Gliricidia maculata

Abrus precatorius

Celosia sp

Common name.

Gardenia.

Rami.

Sulipa.
Hibiscus.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Aralia.

Asparagus fern.

Camphor.
Calasusi.
Border plant.

Tabid la buyo.
Tagpo.
Lando.
Cacauate.
Pagasaga or wild

licorice.
Cockscomb.

46

Imported ornamental plants and flowers.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Country.

Azalia japonlca

Japonlca

Japan.
Do.

Pseonia omcinalis

Peony ._

Chrysanthemum frutascens

Chrysanthemum

Do.

Magnolia grandiflora

Magnolia _

Do.

Hydrangea horten-sis —

Hyarangea

Do.

Camellia japonica

Camellia .

Do.

Calycanthus

Calycanthus

California.

Deutzla crenata

Deutzia

Do.

Spiraea digitata

Spirea ___ ___ __

Do.

Clematis hybrida ._

Clematis

Do.

Lonicera

Honeysuckle.

Do.

Hedera

Ivy

Do

Wisteria chinensis-

Wisteria .

Do.

Rosa sp

Roses

Do.

Prunussp

Flowering almonds

Do.

Crape myrtle

Do.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia _ _

Ampelopsis

Do

Bignonia argyraca

Bignonia

Do.

Lonicera

Honeysuckle, variegated

Do.

Dolichos lablab

Purpurea

Punees Helen __ _„

Australia.

Dolichos sp

Do.

Helix ___

Lilac

California.

Xafive fndts.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Ananassa sativa

Pii\a.

Ates.

Sour sop.

Guayaba.

Mabolo.

Mango

Lemon, Buyag.

Orange, Suha.

Banana.

Jak fruit.

Tamarind.

Papaya.

Chico.

Talisai.

Streblus asper

Callus.

Anona squamosa

Memecylon edule

Coles.

AnfHia murlcata

Mangifera altis.sima

Paho.

Psidium guayaba

Spondius mangifera

Alubihon.

Diospvros discolor

Spondius purpurea

Sirihuelas.

Mangifera indica

Cocos nucifera

Cocoanut

Citrus medica

Eugenia janibolana

Duhat.

Citrus aurantium

Euphoria cinerea

Alupag.
Cerezas.

Musa sapientium

Muntingia calabura

Artocar|)us inteffrifolia

Tamarindus indicus .._

Manihot utilissima_ _ _ _ __

Camoting cahov.

Anacardiuni occidentale

Sandoricum indicum

Artocarpus incisa

Casoy.
Santol

Carica papaya

Achras sapota

Latuan

Terminalia catappa

Terminalia edulis

Calumpit.

Imported fruits

Scientific name.

Common name.

Citrus nobilis

Citrus aurantium. __

Diospyros kaki

Prunus pseudo

Alea smapaca

Musa cavendishii _.

Coffea arabica

Ficus carica ___

Rubus villosus

Rubus invedus

Ribes rubium _

Prunus persica

Nigrus communis _.
Prunus amygdalus _

Hicoria pecan

Castanea verca

Punica granatum __
Citrus aurantium. _-.

Citrus medica

Persea gratissima __
' Aleurites triloba ._.
Ananassa sativa ___

Orange

do

Persimmon

Plum

Olive

Banana

Coffee

Fig

Blackberry

Raspberry

Currant

Peach

Pear

Almond

Pecan

Chestnut

Pomegranate-
Orange

Lemon

Alligator pear _

Candle nut

Pineapple

Country.

Japan.

California.

Japan.

Do.
California.
Honolulu.
Ceylon.
California.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Honolulu.
Ceylon.

Do.

47

Miscelhineous plm^ts and native vegetables.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Musa textilis

AbacA.

Sweet potato.

Squash.

Watermelon.

Eggplant.

Tomato.

Patani.

Corn.

Sesamun indioa

Languis.

Bolongeta.

Coliat.

Ipomoea batatas, 4 varieties_-
Curcnrbita maxima

Diospyros pllosanthera

Gnetum gnemon

Citrulus vulgaris

Aleurites trispenna

Bulaeanag.

Solannm melongena

Bitac gubat.

Lycopersieiim esculentum ___
Phftseolus vulgaris

Malacap.
Balangasav.

Zea mays

'Forage plant H, fihen J and imported vegetables.

Scientific name.

Common name.

Country.

Artriplex nuraularis

Salt bush _- __-

Australia.

Euohlaena luxurians

Teosinte

America.

Sorghum vulgare

Sorghum

Do.

Saeoharum omcinarum _ _

Sugar cane, 6 varieties — -

Honolulu.

Gossvpium herbaceum

Cotton

America.

Asparagus officinalis _

Asparagus

Do.

Bata vulgaris hortensis

Beets

Do.

I^ctuca sativa

Lettuce

Do.

Ipomooa batatas _ _

Sweet potato, 3 varieties .

Do.

Curcurbita melapepo ___

I^impkin

Do.

Solanum melongena

Eeifplant _.

Do.

Lvc<)j>cr8i('um esculentum _

Tomato

Do.

Hibiscus esculentum . . __.

Okra

Do.

Phaseolus vulgaris __

Lima bean

Do.

Zea niavs _._ __ ___ _

Corn

Do.

Vigna catjang

Field peas

Do.

TIMBER-TESTING LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP.

'Die work of tlie laboratory and worksliop during the first half of the
year was devoted largely to the preparation of the forest exhibit for the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The work was nearly all hand work,
the wood-working machines not being installed until late in February.

The testing of timl)er was suspended to a large extent during the
preparation of the forest exhibit and was resumed late in April, since
whieli time it has progressed very satisfactorily. Up to April 22, 1904,
15(1 tests had been made of 82 different species. Since April 22 the work
of tirnl)er testing has been under the supervision of ^fr. Rolland Gardner,
who has made 113 tests on 58 kinds of woods, IG of which tests were made
on 13 different species of Borneo woods. The results of the above tests
hav(^ been tabulated and are appended. These tests, being made from
a small number of specimens of each kind of wood, are merely approxima-
tions, but a more complete and systematic series of tests has recently
been inaugurated. One hundred specimens 4^ by 4^ inches by 6 feet
of each of the six leading native construction woods have been secured
from Manila markets and tests on the same will be started at once.
Specimens will also be secured from different provinces: complete data
concerning each will be noted, including botanical and silvicultural notes,
location of forest from which specimen is secured, photographs showing

48

tree fonii, bark, etc., as well as the uses of wood, prevailing prices in the
log, and of the manufactured lumber, etc.

The statistics compiled by this Bureau show that during the past four
years more than 700 kinds of native woods have entered the Manila
market. Of this large number, 37 species represent fully 75 per cent of
the total amount marketed. Complete tests of these leading woods will be
made within the next two years, but with the limited force at our
command the tests on the first 20 can not be completed until June, 1905.
As complete results are obtained, it is intended to publish the same in
bulletin form, along with complete notes on the silvicultural charac-
teristics of the tree species, uses to which the timber is put, character of
by-products yielded by the tree or bark, and any other information
available from a botanical or forestal point of view. In testing woods
the methods adopted by the United States Government will be followed
so far as practicable.

Sets of wood samples have been prepared of more than 80 species, which
have been botanical ly determined, and the same will be distributed to
scientific and other institutions in the near future. As a rule, a section
3 feet in length of the log which is sent in witli the botanical material
is taken and placed in the exhibition room in the laboratory. This section
is so cut as to expose the sapwood and heartwood in plane surface and in,
cross section.

One fact was noted in examining the native construction woods for
moisture contents, viz, the w^oods that are used in ordinary construction
in Manila are not seasoned, but are put into use immediately on being
brought in from the forest. A recfjnt test on a piece of lauan showed
that it contained 73 per cent moisture, and a large number of pieces
in the average lumber yard in Manila will show from 40 to 60 per cent
moisture.

A fairly complete set of woodworking machines was received from tlie
United States in February and installed in the workshop. Since that
time the work in the shop has progressed rapidly and with excellent
results, the receipts for work done amounting to about =^3,000 during
the last five months, and in a short time the shop will be able to place
itself on a paying basis.

This shop was established with two objects in view : First, to show tlie
value and beauty of our more important woods and to find uses for woods
which are not popular at present in the market, but which are found in
abundance in the forests of the Islands; second, to train Filipinos as
carpenters and as cabinetmakers, and also to teach them the use of
different woodworking machines. The second object has not been success-
fully attained, due to the fact that the workmen will not remain long
enough in one position to thoroughly master the work. This constant
change of workmen suggested the idea of combining the work of this

49

shop with the proposed furniture factory to be started at Bilibid Prison
in Manila. This change has been approved and onr three master cabinet-
makers will, after October 1, transfer all our woodworking machines and
supplies to Bilibid, and, combined with the machines ordered from the
United States for the furniture factory and with the assistance of a
large force of prisoners, they should be in a position to accomplish results
much more rapidly than is possible in the present workshop.

A recent inventory gives the value of the woodworking machines at
^11,622.69 ; value of supplies, not including lumber and logs, ?=3,54(i96;
value of lumber and logs in the yard and in the kiln, ?=3,015.21.
25685 4

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56

Due to the large amount of Borneo lumber imported into the Phil-
ippine Islands during the past year, it is deemed desirable to submit
the following result of a series of tests made on the same :

TESTS OF THIRTEEN BORNEO WOODS.

The pieces were sawed to 4^ by 4i inches and then placed in the dry
kiln for about six days, after which they were dressed to 4 by 4 inches.

For the tests in flexure, the span in each case was 57 inches and the
load was applied at the rate of 0.3 inch per minute.

The elastic limit was taken at the point where a very small increase
of load produced 50 per cent greater deflection than the same increase
of load produced when the loading of the beam was started. The results
given under "Stress at elastic limit" are the stresses at the outer fibers,
in pounds per square inch. The results given under "Stress at rupture"
are the stresses at the outer fibers, in pounds per square inch, when
failure occurred.

The blocks tested in compression along the grain were 4 by 4 by 8
inches. The results given are in pounds per square inch, when failure
occurred. The loads were applied at the rate of O.OG inch per minute.

The shear tests were in double shear along the grain, an area of 3-J
square inches being sheared in each case. The results tabulated are in
pounds per square inch.

SELANGAN BATU.
[Also known as "Borneo yacal."]

Mois-
ture.

Specific grav-
ity.

Stress.

Modulus

of
elasticity.

Com-
pres-
sion
along

the
grain.

Test.

Moist.

Dry
wood.

At
elastic
limit.

At rup-
ture.

Shear.

No.l

Perct.
30.9
24.2
27

28.5

0.93

.82
.88
.885

0.71
.66
.69
.696

9,700
9,550
9,730
9,400

12,600
11,800
12, 700
12,200

1,880,000
2,080,000
2,080,000
2, 070, 000

7,640
7,430
7,515
7,085

753

No. 2

673

No.3_ -

708

No. 4 —

890

Average- _ __

. 689 9. 595

12,325

2,027,000

7,420

755

PENAGAH.

No.l- -

Perct.
10.8
10.8
10.9
14

0.608
.675
.64
.69

0.56
.625
.588
.604

7,780
7,800
8,4.50
7,480

9,100
8,850
9,700
7,780

1,148,000
1, 060, 000
1,350,000
1,000,000

5,955
5,985
6,575
5,560

854

No. 2

916

No. 8

900

No.4-_ _

847

Average of Nos. 1, 2, and 4___

.594

7,880

8,860

1,140,000

6,020

880

0/

MERABAU.
[Also known as " Borneo ipil."]

No.l

Perct.
22.2
18.2
83.7
22.6

1.16

1.16

.85

1.18

0.95
.98
.64
.965

13,800
15,200
8.380
13,000

18,400
19,200
12,000
18,900

2,475,000
2,520,000
1.800,000
2,520,000

8,425
10,490
7,005
8,185

1,123
872

No. 2

No. 3____

No. 4

694
1,098

Average of Nos. 1, 2 and 4^ __.

.965

14,000

18,830

2,505,000

9,035

1,030

1 The results of test No. 3 were not averaged in with the others, owing to the high per cent of
moisture and the low specific gravity of the specimen.

CAMPHOR.

No.l ___

Perct.
20.9
20
20.6
23.3

0.725
.725
.75
.75

0.60
.605
.623
.61

8,450
8,470
8,850
8,a50

11,600
11,300
12,400
10, 650

1,960,000
1,890,000
2,020,000
1,730,000

6,810
6,435
6,450
6,450

459

No. 2

539

No. 3

673

No. 4 ___

558

Average

.61

8, 455

11,490

1,900,000

6,540

557

No.l-
No.2.
No.3-
No.4_

Average-

BILL! AN.
[Also known as "ironwood."]

Perct
28.9
22.3
19.2
19.7

1.12
1.2
1.19
1.18

0.87 16,100

.98 I 18,200

1. 1 18,100

.99 13,600

.96 i 16,500

19,700
21.000
22,000
15,950

19,660

2, 150, 000
2,570,000
2,565,000
2, 250, 000

2,384,000

11,035
11,910
12,025
10,200

11,290

698
920
,090
970

KRUEN.

No.l

Perct.
23.4
24.5
24.3
18.8

0.645
.68
.68
.645

0.524
.547

.548
.548

5,770
6,830
5,700
5,640

8,700
9,400
8,100
8,600

1,600,000
1,800,000
1,575,000
1,440,000

4,805
5,195
4,925
4,440

645

No. 2 . _ _

645

No. 3 __

857

No. 4

564

Average

.542

5,985

8,700 1.604.000

4,840

653

SERAIAH MIRA.
[Also known as "Borneo cedar."]

No. 1

Per ct.
15.9
15.1
16.1
17.9

0.564
.555
.57
.56

0.48
.583
.49
.475

5,770
6,370
4,950
5, .500

7,600
8,700
6,500
7,000

1, 145, 000
1,350,000
1,350,000
1,350,000

4,860
5,030
4,845
4, 955

734

No. 2

650

No. 3

470

No. 4

603

Average

1

.507

5,650

7,450

1,299,000

4,920

614

j

SERAIAH PUTEH.

No.l—

Perct.
32.2
26.1
23.3
31

0.66
.61
.605
.66

0.492

.485
.492
.505

6,300
7,040
6,360
6,700

9,650
9,600
9,400
8,900

1,570,000
1,528,000
1,570,000
1,550,000

5,300
5,225
5,035
5,220

604

No. 2

670

No. 3

470

No, 4 -

544

Average

.493

6,600

9,390

1,554,000

5,195

547

58

SELANGAN KACHA.

No.l

Per ct.
21. A
27.3
25.9
28.9

0.72
.71
.71
.71

0.568
.56
.568
.568

8,700 11,600

1.645.000

6,700
6,655
6, .540
6,225

690

No.2

7,900 10,9.50 i 1,770,000
8,050 11,200 1,800,000
7,700 10,400 1,710,000

630

No. 3

570

No. 4

557

Average _

.563

8,090 11,040

1,731,000 i 6.530

612

OBAR SULUK.

No 1

Per ct.
19.3
16.6
18.3

0.665
.69
.70

0.56
.595
..59

6,800

8.900

1.150.000

5,040
5,450
5, 325

1,070

No 2

7, 700 i 10, 8.50 I 1, 440, 000
5,360 1 9, .580 i 1,260,000

.560

No. 3

883

Average - -

.582

6,620

9,780

1,283,000

5,270

840

RUNG US.
[Also known as " Borneo rosewood.'

Per ct.

28.6

0.68

0.55 7,700

8,700

1,890,000 5,555

GAGIL.

No 1 -

Perct.
33.2
30.0

0.63

..585

0.424
.435

5,370
6,380

7,. 540
8,600

1,3.50,000
1,420,000

4,9.55
4,970

646

No.2 _

784

Average

i

.43

.5,875

8,070 1 1.385.000

4,960

715

1

GRTTING.
[Also known as " Borneo oak."]

No.l

Perct.
28.2
26.6
25.6
22. 5

0. 875
.905
.898
.86

0. 685
.72
.72
.70

10,400
8,800
8,800
9, 130

14,100
10, 450
11.800
11,100

1,488,000
1,4^5,000
1,7.50,000
1,620,000

7,800
7,425
7,470
7, 675

716

No 2

897

No 3

936

No. 4

1,075

Averacre _ _ _

I

.706

9,280 ! 11.860 i 1.. 586. 000

7, .590

906

DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS.

This division has charge of all disbursements for the Bureau, as well
as the care of the public property for which the Chief of the Bureau is
accountable. To equip and maintain the large Manila office and 59
forest stations and pay the traveling and incidental expenses of more than
100 forest inspectors and rangers requires a force of 2 American and 2
Filipino clerks.

A card system is kept which will show at a glance the personal account
of salary and traveling expenses of every employee in this Bureau, with
all needful information pertaining thereto.

A monthly report by the disbursing officer is rendered to, the under-
signed which covers the expenses of the different divisions of the Bureau.

Some inconvenience has been experienced since the enactment of Act
1040, w^hich provides for the retaining of salary due for vacation leave
until after the expiration of six months, and accrued leave, two years.

59

New employees are being continually sent out in the provinces who have
not served six months, and salaries for periods of absence of these
employees must be retained as per the provisions of Act 1040. The
salaries of these employees are forwarded on the last day of the month,
but reports from employees thus stationed are not received until after
the check has been sent, so that in cases of absence deductions must be
made from the salary of the next month and the amounts so collected
taken up by certificate. This could be avoided by the payment of salaries
to employees on the 15th of the following month, thus giving them ample
time to render their reports.

A letter from the Executive Bureau, under date of ^lay 19, 1903, states
that employees through whose hands public funds pass in the offices of
all cashiers and disbursing officers should be bonded. In view of the
above letter it is recommended that one other employee in this division
be bonded. While he, as a rule, will not liave the handling of official
funds, it is occasionally necessary to intrust him with comparatively large
sums of money.

In the past it has been the policy of this office to require employees
who were incurring traveling expenses to send in their expense accounts
without completed vouchers. Vouchers were then made out in this office
and returned to them for signature and oath. This was done on account
of lack of experience in making out such accounts, but it has entailed
an enormous amount of work for the small force in this offiice, necessitat-
ing working overtime and delaying the payment of accounts, as well as
adding to the volume of correspondence. This is gradually being changed,
as a manual has been prepared which contains comph^te instructions
covering all the different accounts for reimbursement of expenses incurred
in an official capacity.
Expenditures for the Bureau of Forestry from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 190ff.

Salaries and wages P"227, 371. 18

Transportation 23, 121.76

Contingent expenses 34, 378. 81

Maintenance of launch 8, 894. 42

Printing : 11,097.20

Total 304,863.37

Very respectfully,

George P. xVhern,
Captain, Ninth United States Infantry,

Chief, Bureau of Forestry.
The Secretary of the Interior,

ManUa, P. I.

APPENDIX.

Number and area of private woodlands registered in the Bureau of Forestry.

Province.

Number

of

Hectares.

Areas.

Centares.

estates.

26

47,024

73

39

2
7

24,185
14,052

20

5

72

8,703

42

3

1

4,651

20

12

2

2,459

2

1,150

1

923

60

72

5

859

62

58

2

649

92

60

2

644

96

73

1

479

90

15

2

364

76

87

2

368

32

46

1

195

71

62

2

97

99

26

1
1

54
12

56
44

37

132

106, 877

38

36

Tarlac

Mlndoro

Isabela

Pampanga

Rizal

Zamboanga

Davao

Camarines

Nueva Ecija

Romblon

Bulacan

Pangasinan

Bataan

Negros Occidental

Laguna

Capiz

Manila

Zambales

Total

The largest estate is that belonging to Marcelino Santos, located in the Provinces of Tarlac aif^
Nueva Ecija; area, 13,202 hectares 44 areas.
1 hectare =2.47 acres.

Quantities of forest products taken from the public lands of the Philippines during the
fiscal year July J, 1903, to June SO, 1904.

Province.

Timber
(made-

ras).

Firewood
(lefias).

Char-
coal
(car-
bon).

Dyewood
(sapan
nigup).

Tanbark
(casca-
lote).

Dammar
gum
copal
(alma-
ciga).

Gutta-
percha
(guta-

cha).

India
rubber
(goma
elas-
tica).

Abra

Cu.ft.

53,087

75,699

8,344

317, 133

10,786

48, 114

92,536

193, 434

163,031

269,060

44, 760

8,425

60,012

11,903

3,357

48,135

34,738

120,210

45,263

1,909

98, 752

180,226

166,290

201,181

67, 101

431, 954

39, 595

70,354

142, 107

120, 129

76, 128

46, 611

46, 589

87,324

95,831

33,600

153,290

600,494

35,825

409,683

200,562

Oil. m.

930

1,535

2,353

18,225

5,233

66

1,886

8,087

1,514

7,178

6,693

5,206

1,203

2, 134

Cu. m.
4

Lbs.

Lbs,

Lb«.

Lb8.

IM.

Albay

Antique ,

68"
9

2,211

6,050

Bataan

Batangas

Benguet _ _ -

Bohol

4,539

Bulacan

2,623

92, 478

Cagavan

23, 167

Camarines

12
---

43,496
3,288

Capiz

6,500

Cavite

Cebu ___

15,813

Cotabato

15,322

8,872

Davao

150

1,687,866

I locos Norte

241

1,031

32,785

Ilocos Sur

Iloilo .

1,060

10,310,085

137

140

Isabela

Jolo __

71

1,022

3,138

6,824

5,172

29

29,692

930

2,990

29,481

5, 314

501

19,545

222

1,298

1,443

391

5,984

13,925

872

4,134

1,139

5,500

471

221

Laguna

Leyte

1,407
27,566

Masbate

""m

8,200
33,060

Mindoro

1,533

Misamis

Negros Occidental.—

Negros Oriental

Nueva Ecija.

7,261
5,528
1,600
1,644
4,521
13,692

1,580

16, 213

Pampanga

10
158

23~

Pangasinan

2,800
12,700

Paragua _

34,161
2,329
18,855
13,478

Rizal

Romblon _ _

Samar

42,344

Sorsogon

Surigao

84,378

Tarlac

5,617
15,057

Tayabas

4

113,923

_

Union •

Zambales

2,665

43,880
200

Zamboanga

37,299

4,995

35,063

Total

4, 916, 562

230,417

6,749

10,419,786

396,369

1,791,086

60,856

8,593

61

62

Quantities of forest products taken from the ^

public lands, etc

— Continued.

Province.

Breas,
resins
(balsam
and
allied
prod-
ucts).

Oils,

panao

wood

oil
(lum-
bang).

Beeswax
(cera).

Rattan
(diliman
bejuco).

Honey
(miel).

stakes
for fish
corrals

(esta-
cas).

Orchids
(para-
feitas).

Zuecos
(wood

for
shoes).

Albay

Lbs.

Liters.

IJ)S.

Lbs.

520
71,400

Liters, j Cu. m.

No.

Cu. m.

Antique

i

Batangas

1,291

Benguet ^

58

Bohol

170

20

Bulacan

263

Cagayan

9

Camarines

2,200

""'234'
516

611

3
475
21

Capiz

Ceou

2, 530

Cotabato .

27,023

64,698

129

150

2

Davao _

18

Ilocos Norte _

5

Ilocos Sur

1.50

11, 110

661

Iloilo

26,200

221

1

16

Jolo _

1,169

Laguna

4,200
1,800

950 i

Leyte . .

3,344

559

382

2

i

Masbate_.

76,067

140 i

Mindoro

3,498
100

158, 961

864

88

Misamis

Negros Occidental

79,585
4,053

87, 030
7,923

180

Negros Oriental

Nueva Ecija

65

Pampanga

314
26

Pangasinan

Paragua

2,643

2

Rizaf

1,000

Romblon

336
461

Samar

1,450

""324'
138

180

Sorsogon

Surigao

497

18
49
51
47

Tarlac

Tayabas

175, 183

13, 048

Zambales

187
114

11

Zamboanga

33, 404

Total

266, 821

88,364

149,058

370, 746

882

2, 505

2,345

427

Gratuitous-

Private estates.

Province.

Timber.

Cu. ft.

6,451

3,253

236

149, 791

9,863

5, 716

15,450

2,436

401

41, 353

4,164

1,650

Fire-
wood.

Tan-
bark.

Timber

Fire-
wood.

Char-
coal.

Tan-
bark.

Stakes.

Abra >_.

Cu. m.

Lbs.

Cu. ft.

Cu. m.

Cu. m.

Lbs.

Cu. m.

Bataan

Batangas

269

3,712

591

"^50'

Benguet

Bulacan

11, 377

70

Cagayan

Camarines

!

Cotabato

Davao

1 .

Ilocos Norte _

2,642
506

Ilocos Sur

i

Iloilo

3,691

1

Isabel a .

573

525

1

Laguna

6,046
7,803
1,259
3,347
1,293
2,143

12, 237
1,525

11,968
4,435
4,034

Masbate

Mindoro

I 1 i

Misamis

26

i ;

Negros Occidental

90,522 1 1,204

1

Negros Oriental

Nueva Eciia

4,382 1 3,429
4,026 i 42.381

Pampanga

5.208 ! ^^ _

95

Pangasinan

2, 793

Paragua

1 ! __ _

Rizaf

10,256 i 4.720

Romblon

9, 922

i

Samar

22,490
1,419
3,616
4,472
17, 976
17, 928

i 1

Sorsofiron

1

i 1

Surigao

7,955

1

1

Tarlac

217,825 t 672

1

Tavabas

Zambales

120, 902

j

!

i i

Total

364,755

124,888

7,955

359,061 1 52.997

5, 278 1 150 1 95

'

63

Imported into the Philippines during the fiscal year ending June SOy 1904*

Timber, dutiable cubic feet __ 192,364

Lumber, dutiable feet B. M— 15,939,000

Lumber, Government free entry do 11, 890,000

List of most important Philippine woods received in the market during the four preceding
years, arranged in order of quantity.

No.

Tree species.

Lallan

Apitcmg

Guijo

Molave

Yacal

Narra

Tanguile

Ipil

Dungon

Sacat

Malasantol

Maeaasin

Calantas

Supa

Baiacat

Tindalo

Bacao

Ainuguis

Acle

Mangachapuy

Malabonga__l

Palo Maria

Baliiihasay

Palosapis t

Betis

Calumpit

Malaanonang ^

Panao

Bansalaguin

Banaba

Daliiisi

Nato

Malabulac

Cupang

Aranga

Banuyo

Batitinan

Relative order in fiscal year-

901-2.

1902-3.

1

1

2

2

4

3

8

4

7

5

5

6

G

1

12

8

9

11

11

9

14

12

25

10

15

16

8

15

13

14

19

13

10

37

82

17

24

20

20

24

18

26

29

23

23

21

17

28

21

22

34

19

16

18

36

32

3,5

25

33

27

27

29

22

31

26

35

30

30

31

36

37

33

28

34

TotAl

amount

cut during:

the four

years.

Feet B. M.
2, 310, 937
1,421,770
1,036,508
826,044
558, 448
438, 182
363,351
315, 186
262, 885
207, 978
197, 882
187, 417
185, 288
177, 189
154, 546
150, 103
143,147
130, 129
122,56:^
121,999
117,370
10*), 3:^6
104, 594
99, 163
97,276
94,098
92, 232
85, 022
84,077
84,044
79, 695
77, 682
74, 800
65, 997
63, 746
60, 425
59, 832

iverage Manila prices of timber per cubic foot and per J, 000 English board feet.
[Prices are stated in United States currency.]

Class.

Ipil

Molave

Narra

Tindalo

Yacal

Calantas

Dungon

Acle

Guijo

Palo-maria

Apitong

Batitinan

Mangachapuy

Macasin

Lauan

Supa

Pasac

$0.50
.48
.47
.50
.40
.31
.40
.37
.31
.31
.31
.37
.37
.20
.20
.28
.31

$141.25
162. 50
128. 15
143. 75
111. 15
156. 50
100.00
85.00
80.00
90.50
60.00
125. 00
125. 00
122.00
48.50
81.50
81.50

Amuguis

Sacat

Aranga

Bansalaguin ___

Balamhat

Betis — __.

Banaba

Paitan

Calumpit

Cupang

Magarilao

Nato

Malac malac___

Batiti

Calamansanay _

Toog

Batino

In the

Sawed,
lumber

cubic
foot.

per
1,000,
B.M.

80.21

$,56,50

.25

55.00

.25

87.50

.26

94.00

.16

62. 50

.56

94.00

.31

56. .50

.31

56.50

.25

44.00

.25

44.00

.25

125.00

.25

62.50

.16

47.00

.18

109.00

.37

156. 50

.18

62.50

.16

75.00

64
Prices quoted for native and American lumber in the Manila newspapers.

NATIVE LUMBER.
[Prices are stated in United States currency.]

Species.

Molave

Narra, red

Narra, white

Y^al

Ipil

Guijo

Per
1,000,
B. M.

$160.00
150.00
120.00
125.00
125.00
70.00

Per 100,
S. C. M,

Species.

Supa

Amuguis.

Nato

Lauan

Tanguili _
Apitong—

Per
1,000,
B. M.

«90.00
83.00
45.00
37.50

Per 100,
8. C. M.

»50.00
45.00

AMERICAN LUMBER.

Class.

Per 1,000,
B. M.

Class.

Per 1,000,
B. M.

Oregon pine:

Rough, all sizes

$40.00
4L50
42.00
33.50
44.00
5L00

47.50
48.50
49.50
50.50
51.50
60.00

Redwood (merchant No. 1)— Cont'd.
Rough clear

$71.50

S. 1 8. and T. and G., i inch.

S. 2 8 --

8. 3 8

Redwood (merchant No. 2):

$2.50 less per 1,000 feet, B. M., on
above prices.

Hemlock:

Rough, all sizes

8. 4 8 -—

T and G., rustic

40.00

Redwood (merchant No. 1):
Rough, all sizes

S. 1 8 - - —

41.00

Cedar shingles, bundles of 250, per 1,000_
Lath, bundles of 100

6.50

8. 1 S. and T. and G., i inch

8. 2 8

.65

Molding, per inch, linear foot

.01

S. 3 8

Doors:

6 feet 8 inches

8 4 S

4.25

T. and G. and rustic

6 feet 10 inches

4.50

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PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

«• • tt» »•• *••

J.Ctstroand Pde la Cruz, Draftsmen

LMt|itui E.iclMwiaMnv 4* €r««mvldk

•oRCAu or roRcsTHY

n•^•l• R I. Aw|m« i9«4

f^^h

View rtloiiK the main hniil from near tlic roll-way, showiii^^ skidding engine near the edge of the
fore.st. Logging i>lant operated by Insnlar (Company, (Jiniogon Kiver, Negros Occidental.

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PLATE IV.
View of skidding' t'liKi'H' used by Insular (\)m[>aiiy. (iiiiio^^on Fvivcr, Nej^ros Occidcntnl.

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PLATE VI!.
[Miic (Pinus inrrkusii .]. and dr V.). showing' cliarMclcr of trunk and bark. Zaiiibah-s Province.

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PLATE VIII.
I'reparing to reniovo a Imnca from the forest. Hfitaaii rrovinco.

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OF

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PLATE IX.
'•('juirufin" or clcMriiiy: in forests made l>y Imriiiiijj:, Cocd

iimt palms iti l)ackji:r(nm<l <lama^('<l by fire.

Root system ol inaluro agoho (OiaiKirina ((iitixctifoHa Forst.)- The roots have been uncovered bv
tlu' action of the sea, and although they have been exposed for several vears, the trees are
thrifty and bearing fruit.

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PLATE XIII.
Skidding logs on sled with carabaos yoked Arncricaii fashion, Mindoro.

PLATE XIV.
Skidding skMl used by Anu'rican luin))ernH'ii, Mindoro.

PLATE XV.
Method of mrtrkiiij< trees on tlie type area. Lamao Forest Keservt

PLATE XVI.

Methofl of climbinj^ very large and high trees in eolleeting hotanienl material. Palac palae {I*ala-
tiniuiii laiifoliuju Blanco). Laniao Forest Reserve.

^"t/ki

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ir?

-■■J

PLATE XXm.
I^ropagating house at station No. 2, Laniao Forest Reserve.

PLATE XXIV.
I'Himo ( Diptcmnivpus vrrnirijlin,^ HlaiK-o). Lamao Forest Kosorve.

PLATE XXV.
Ta.ijatoy {Pdhujiiiiim luzonieiiac Vidal). No. A 3 on type area, fianiao Forest Reserve.

OF

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