FORESTRY

3D
93
A5

■"^^^^m^mm

r- -q ^s«59?^^"J?§siggsPfF f^^ -♦

9UHR 4

„■ illBl IL

a39015 01803976 lb

ANNUAL REPORf^it^

OF THE ^

PIRECTOR OF FORESTRY

OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

FOR THE PERIOD

JULY 1, 1909, TO JUNE 30, 1910

^A^ltM^-^-o %<jU.^~^- B^^yxJUc^M^ r/ ^lyi^c^Jy^

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

DIRECTOR OF FORESTRY

OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

FOR THE PERIOD
JULY 1, 1909, TO JUNE 30, 1910

MAJOR GEORGE P. AHERN

DIRECTOR OF FORESTRY

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING

1910

Forsstrv

HS

CONTENTS.

Page.

Legislation 6

Publications for sale 6

Forest exhibits - 6

Press bulletins 8

Personnel - _ 6

Baguio ^ 7

Private woodlands ^ 7

Administration :

Caifigins t. - 8

Communal forests 10

Fire wardens 10

Investigation:

Organization and administration of special forests 11

Northern Negros forest 11

Bataan forest _ 13

Arayat forest ^ 14

Maquiling forest - 14

Investigation work _ 14

Educational work: The Forest School 15

New publications: The Forests of the Philippines 16

Museum ~ 16

Durability tests - - 16

Forest extension 17

Special work 17

Appendix : ♦

Statistics —

Certification of agricultural or forest character of public lands.... 21

Utilization of forest products 21

Amounts cut, by species, of important timbers 22

Statement of timber cut and manifested, by provinces 23

Imports and exports of forest products 23

Revenue from forest products 24

Expenditures 24

3

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF
FORESTRY, FISCAL YEAR 190&-10.

Manila, P. I., June SO, 1910,
Sir : I have the lionor to submit herewith a report of the work of the
Bureau of Forestry for the period July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910.

LEGISLATION.

The only change in legislation noted during the year was the exten-
sion of the free-use privilege for another five years; this privilege in-
cluded also the free use under license of first-group woods. The free-
use privilege is a great boon to many in the Islands, but, in the inspec-
tion of the work of licensed cutters, the violations of cutting rules are
usually laid at the doors of those taking advantage of free-use privileges.

The present appropriation bill contained authorization for this Bureau
to maintain twenty students in a school of forestry. The plan of work
for this school will be taken up later in this report.

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALK.

The former publications of this Bureau have been called for to such
an extent that the editions were soon exhausted. In view of the fact
that many persons called for copies for which they had no special use
and requested them because they were issued gratis, it was decided to
make a small charge for certain publications, which would merely cover
the actual cost of the same. The following publications of the Bureau
of Forestry are salable documents :

Bulletin No. 8. — The Forests of Mindoro; price, 1*=1.60.
Forest Map of Mindoro; price, ^1.00.

(These may be obtained by addressing the Director of Printing, Manila.)
Bulletin No. 9. — A Philippine Substitute for Lignum Vita; price, ^0.20.
(This may be obtained by addressing the Director of Forestry, Manila.)
Bulletin No, 10. — The Forests of the Philippines, in two parts; price will be
furnished later.

Several other publications will be issued during the coming year.

FOREST EXHIBITS.

An extensive collection of forest products was made during the past
fiscal year. This collection is scientifically arranged in a large room in
the Museum Building on Calle Anloague. Here it is proposed to make

6

as comprehensive and as instructive a display of forest products as our
appropriation will permit. Each article will be so labeled as to convey
information concerning its origin, uses, value, quantity, sizes, etc. An
attempt will be made during the coming year to get together a collection
of forest products for display in neighboring countries where expositions
are being held. Such a collection would awaken much interest. At
present expositions are being held at Nanking, Singapore, and in Japan.
The display of forest products at the last Carnival awakened much
interest. Foresters and other employees were constantly on hand to
answer questions; popular, illustrated lectures were delivered; and it
was apparent to all that the time, money, and labor were well spent.
The preparation of this exhibit has brought out the fact that the finish-
ing of our woods has been carried on in a very haphazard way. Woods
with beautiful grain have been spoiled by fillers and varnishes that hide
the grain and appear more or less like a hideous paint. We are now
doing our own work in this line, and are gradually accomplishing
interesting and satisfactory results.

PRES8 BUI^I^KTINS.

Nineteen press bulletins and about fifty other news notes were issued
during the year to newspapers throughout the Islands. It was the in-
tention to publish a larger number of press bulletins, but the foresters
were so taken up with more urgent work that this very necessary method
of educating the people in things forestry was curtailed. The under-
signed believes that laws and regulations are of little avail unless public
sentiment approves, and there is so much to be done in our line that
this propaganda work will be continued as energetically as our limited
means permit.

It was very interesting to note the fact brought out during the various
inspections by the Secretary of the Interior in Lepanto-Bontoc region
that the wild tribes in that locality practice a successful system of forest
protection.

PERSONNEL..

Three American foresters were added to the force during the year.
Two Filipino students of forestry also joined, after completing their
stuciies ia the United States. Several other Filipinos are taking up this
work in the United States, and these, with the graduates of our forest
school, will provide an intelligent force of Filipino forest officers, capable
of aiding in much of the technical work now being carried on by a few
American foresters. There are at present in the service ten American
£oj«6t«r8, one Spanish topographer, three Filipino assistant foresters,
tbdrty-two Filipino raiogers, three Filipino draftsmen, one wood expert,
one forest Bi]X8er3rman, and four American and eleven Filipino elerks.

AT THE SUMMER CAPITAL-BAGUIO.

In accordance with instructions, the Manila oflBce of this Bureau
moved to Baguio on March 21, and remained there until May 17. The
quarters assigned were inadequate, but it is hoped that additional space
will be provided during the next season.

The delightfully cool climate of Baguio is very bracing and provides
a very necessary tonic for the residents of the lowlands. Some employees
seemed dissatisfied with the accommodations, but this will undoubtedly
be remedied during the coming season. Some dislike to leave their
families for such a long period; others are engaged in private study;
others have little "negocios" to look after, etc.; but it has been well
established that a sojourn at Baguio means a distinct and necessary gain
in healthful vigor. It means a greater efficiency in work, and fewer
changes in personnel due to ill health. It is a permanent feature of our
official life, and employees should make their arrangements accordingly.
It will be far more satisfactory, however, when Baguio can be reached by
rail, and when the families of employees can accompany them.

PRIVATE WOODLANDS.

During the year, four parcels of private woodlands were registered in
this office in accordance with section 24 of the Forest Act. One of
these parcels contained 5,123 hectares. Up to date, 183 parcels have
been registered, comprising an area of 290,536 hectares.

DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATION.

A number of forest officers in this division assisted the division of in-
vestigation for several months in organizing the work in the special forests
of Bataan and northern Negros. The division of administration has
charge, outside of the special forests, of the inspection of the work of
licensees, homestead areas, communal forests, trail notes, map work, and,
when possible, cooperate with the Bureau of Internal Revenue in the
collection of taxes on forest products. The four American and eighteen
Filipino forest officers in this division inspected 1,731 parcels of public
land desired for homesteads, purchase, etc., 297 of which were deemed
more valuable for forest purposes and not granted to the applicants;
inspected 172 cutting areas; located, studied, and mapped 64 communal
forests ; made 2,000 kilometers of trail notes ; collected botanical material;
and arrested and prosecuted makers of caiiigins: this in addition to
attending to much correspondence, reports, etc. About 2,000 applica-
tions for licenses passed through their hands for remark and recom-
mendation. Fully four times the present force is necessary to properly
care for the public forests under the present scale of exploitation. The
money loss of timber due to caiiigins alone runs into the millions. The
98896 2

8

cessation of this form of forest destruction in Bataan and Negros shows
what a few men can accomplish when on the ground. The promulgation
of laws and regulations never reaches the caiiigin maker far back in the
woods, but the visit of a forest officer once in every quarter has a very
salutary effect.

0AINGIN8.

The greatest problem that confronts the Bureau of Forestry is the
preventing of the fuiiher* destruction of the virgin forests by caingins.
It is estimated that 57 per cent of the land area of the Philippines is
in grass and second-growth forest. That this condition is mainly due
to the shifting system of farming known as the caingin system there can
be no\ doubt. Within the northern Negros and Bataan forests efforts
have been made to induce caiiigin makers to take out homesteads. In
the great majority of cases, the caingin makers are aided and abetted
by influential men in the neighboring towns. These influential men,
or caciques, obtain a large portion of the crop, and in a few years, even
after the land has been abandoned, will lay claim to the deforested
portion of the land on the ground that it has been cultivated. As soon
as the land is desired as a part of a civil or military reservation, for
homestead or for other purposes, then these claims are presented. In
some instances, systematic attempts are made to obtain large areas of
land in this way. Small caingin villages are made on the border of the
forest. Year by year, as the forest line is pushed further back, these
villages move with it. It is of but little avail to punish the retainers.
To obtain evidence against the caciques backing them will be exceedingly
difficult and will entail great expense. The Bureau of Forestry has
neither men nor money to carry on this important work. It was thought
that by inducing the caingin makers to take homesteads it would correct
the evil; yet the caciques, in a few cases, are backing the homesteaders
in the same way, obtain a portion of their crops, and will no doubt
eventually get their homesteads. Enlarging the unit of the homestead
from 16 to 50 hectares will only multiply many times the evils above
mentioned.

The average Filipino homesteader cultivates from 2 to 3 hectares of
land. As a rule, he does not live on the land, and has no intention of
doing so. It will be interesting to note the number of homesteads
patented during the next few years. Almost 9,000 applications have
been granted, and although the first homesteads were taken out more
than six years ago, but one (American) has been presented for patent.

The only way to stop the making of caingins is by the presence of
guards and forest officers. In parts of the Islands where but one
Filipino forest officer has to look after two or three provinces it is
impossible to stop the practice. Many men are arrested and fined, but

only a small fraction of 1 per cent of the people making caingina are
apprehended. The following are specimens of the letters and re[K)rt8
received at this office concerning caingins :

October 6, 1906, from Deputy Treasurer, San Carlos, Negros Occidental. — It
has been the custom for the president to grant such permits, but it has never been
done in the proper form. The permits granted by the president have always
been verbal, and not in wTiting; nor does he ever visit the places to be
burnt off. In this way, there has been much good timber of the first group
destroyed by fire. If a move is made to find the party, you will find that
he has been informed to leave, as the Government officials are looking for him,
and he is obliged to leave. As there are no papers to show who the party it,
you are unable to find the right party. There have been at least fifty caifigins
in this municipality in the past year, and three or four arrests; but they are
always found not guilty. Many of these caifigins are owned by the town officials,
and not by the poor people who made them. They claim that they bought them
from the owners, but I fail to see how these lands can be sold when they have
never been solicited by the parties in the proper form. These caiQgins are being
made almost every week, and timber is being destroyed right and left. There
are parties who have held as many as six different caifigins.

February, 1907. — Internal revenue agent at Capiz telegraphed that the timber
in Maayon Moimtains was being destroyed by caifigins. The matter was in-
vestigated by Head Ranger Barredo, who made out complaints against several
people and also reported that the municipal police were patroling the region for
the purpose of preventing the making of caifigins.

April, 1908. — Executive Secretary forwarded an extract from a report of
the provincial governor of Mindoro for 1907-8;

"The native of Mindoro has made his caifigin for centuries — here to-day and
there to-morrow. The caifigin in the public forest is forbidden by law, but, with
one forestry official to three provinces, and presidentes and councilors who prob-
ably furnish the seed (for which they get no less than half the crop), the en-
forcement of the law is another matter."

December, 1908, — A resident of Arayat, Pampanga, reported many destructive
caifigins on the slopes of Mount Arayat. The matter was investigated, and a
number of complaints forwarded to the fiscal of Pampanga.

January, 1909. — Provincial fiscal of Bohol states that the municipal president
of Sierra-Bullones has complained with reference to caifigins made in the public
forests of his municipality, and requests that a forest officer be sent to assist
in the investigation and prosecution of the caifigin /nakers. Head Ranger Ma-
riano was ordered to make the inspection, with the result that complaints were
made out against five persons for unlawful making of caifigins and the destruction
of timber in the public forests to the amount of over W,000.

April, 1909. — Director of Lands furnished this Bureau with copy of a report
received from Transitman Harry Hulen, of his Bureau, with reference to the
destruction of young trees on the Island of Guimaras, Iloilo. "Valuable young
timber is being destroyed in a wholesale manner, upon public and private land
alike, over the entire island, by felling or girdling the larger trees, and then
burning over, for the sake of planting a few seeds of rice or a hemp plant here
and there among the ruins. One old native had twenty-eight men at work
destroying timber about 11 kilometers south of Sably Sitio, on March 17."

June, 1909. — Maximino Mina, Delegate, Second District, Iloccos Sur, reports,
with reference to caifigins being made on public lands principally on hills cov-

10

#

ered with vegetation, where springs or fountains of water are found He states
that these springs or fountains only last as long as the hills are covered with
vegetation or shrubs. The cultivation and clearing of these hills carry with it
the disappearance of these fountains, as they become dry. He suggests that such
portions of the public land be reserved and excluded from homestead entry.

June, 1910. — N. Juanson, of Himamaylan, Negros Occidental, reports with
reference to the destruction of the public forests in that municipality by means
of caifigins, and states that if no remedy can be given by the Grovernment the
forests of that municipality will soon be covered with cogon grass, which is of
no use to the community.

June, 1910. — Forester Zschokke reports that he has adopted an aggressive
caifigin policy in his district. "It is very difficult for a ranger to secure evidence
regarding caifigins, as the people abandon the caifigins when they hear that the
ranger is coming. This will be avoided by having the local officials secure the
evidence, and then the forest officers can inspect the caifigins and judge for them-
selves as to what should be done." Forwards a copy of a circular letter sent
by him to all municipal presidents in his district, giving instructions with ref-
erence to caifigins made without authority in their municipality.

COMMUNAL FORESTS.

In accordance with the provisions of the Communal Forest Act,
forty-two communal forests have been established, twenty-one of which
were set aside during the past fiscal year. Ninety-one applications for
communal forests are pending. A number have been examined and are
pending final approval. It takes quite a little time for a forest officer
to find a suitable tract ; a detailed examination and sketch map follows ;
and after examination and modification by the Manila office, a more
detailed forest map is made in duplicate. One is sent with the descrip-
tion of the forest to the municipality, after approval by the Secretary
of the Interior, and a duplicate is retained in the Manila office. In the
special forests of Bataan, Negros, and Mount Maquiling, an effort is
being made to set aside a communal forest for each municipality. When
that is accomplished, the ordinary timber licensee in tlie regions men-
tioned will no longer be annoyed by people taking advantage of the
free-use privilege, who often cut wastefully and in violation of cutting
rules under which the ordinar}^ licensee is operating. The forest officers
will then be able to administer the forests in these provinces much more
satisfactorily than at present.

FIRE WARDENS.

The four fire wardens in the pine region of Bontoc have done good
work; three others were employed in Amburayan and two in Nueva
Vizcaya. In these two latter districts their main duty was to suppress
the making of caingins, in which they were fairly successful. It is
intended to increase the number of fire wardens during the coming year.

11

DIVISION OF INVESTIGATION.

The work of this division lias been coneent rated along two lines, viz,
the organization and administration of three forests, and purely in-
vestigation work.

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF SPECIAL FORESTS.

As a result of a special appropriation to establish a more effective
service in two provinces, special forests have been established to bring
them under more intensive management, and, as additional funds become
available, to gradually extend such management to include all the public
forests of the Islands. During the year, three such forests were organ-
ized and placed under management. These are the northern Negros
forest, the Bataan forest, and the Maquiling forest.

THE NOBTIIERN NEQEOS FOREST.

Situation and area. — This forest is situated in the northern half of
Negros, mostly within the Province of Negros Occidental, and a very
small portion in Negros Oriental, comprising an area of about 400,000
hectares of land, about 160,000 hectares of which are covered by public
forest.

Organization. — The work was inaugurated during the .first part of
the year, with one central station and two substations. As finally
organized, the forest was placed in charge of one American, assisted by
seven Filipino forest officers, three student laborers, three scalers, and
ten forest guards. The American in charge, while well grounded in
things forestry, was entirely new to the local conditions, having been in
the Islands only a short time before he was assigned to the position. Of
the remaining force, only two head rangers were trained officers, and
one assistant ranger had less than one yearns training as a student
assistant. The rest were new men, and had to be trained in different
lines of forestry work.

Results, — Besides the educational work carried on by the officers of
this force, the following results have been obtained :

Mill scale study: A mill study was made of the operations of one
large company. This company is allowed to manifest and pay for the
material secured in the public forest in the form of manufactured lumber.
The results of this study already show that the company is manifesting
and paying forest charges on less than 50 per cent of the cubic con-
tents of the round timber.

Section 7 of Act No. 1407, known as the Keorganization Act, reposes
in the Collector of Internal Revenue the rules and regulations for the
measurement of timber. This official, after submitting the law to the
Attorney-General, decided (1) that the licensee has the choice of one of

12

the three measurements authorized by law, and (2) that the law does
not authoirize any deduction for rot and other defective timber. This
places the Government in an anomalous position. The present method
in vogue in the measurement of sawn timber, is as follows : The timber
is manifested in board feet, eitlier when it is sold or used at the yard
or when it is shipped from the yard to the market. It means that all
rotten timber, waste in malmanufactured lumber, and loss in edging
and trimming are not paid for at all. In other 'words, the present
measurement authorized by the Government enables the license to
escape the payment of charges on malmanufax^tured lumber and waste in
edging and trimming.

If the interpretation of the law as given above is correct, two methods
of measuring timber are left to those licensees who choose to measure
their timber as sawn lumber :

(1) The timber can be measured after it leaves the first saw and
before it is edged and trimmed. The law goveniing the measurement
of sawn timber is practically the same as the old Spanish law, when
whipsawing methods were in use. The small saw kerf, the practice of
not trimming and edging, and the proverbial economy of the Chinaman
in saving the smallest scraps of timber will make the loss in sawing
much nearer. the 15 per cent surcharge as provided by law than in the
case of machine-sawn material. By whipsawing, the Chinaman is likely
to get 9 or 10 board feet from every cubic foot, whereas the modern mill
man is getting only 5, 6, or, at the most, 7 board feet for every cubic
foot. A measurement after the first saw is analogous to the measure-
ment of whipsawn timber.

(2) The timber can be measured after it is sawn, edged, and trimmed,
provided that all the defective timber, slabs, edgings, trimmings, mal-
manufactured lumber, etc., are properly piled and manifested. To this
the 15 per cent surcharge can be added for loss in sawing. It is believed
that the Government can require the companies to pile .up all their
so-called waste (separating the different kinds) so that it can be easily
measured.

If either of the above methods of measurement is adopted, it will have
to be done by Government officials, as there could be no check on the
measurements of the company. The first measurement is the more
practical of the two. The second measurement is hardly practicable, as
it would certainly entail hardships on the licensee.

The interpretation of the word "sawn'^ to mean "manufactured" is
not in accordance with the original intention of the law, and the Govern-
ment is open to criticism if it still continues to countenance the present
sjTstem of measurement.

Reproduction study: A study has been made on the effect of a large
scale operation on the reproduction of the forest. This study has shown

13

that although the stand left after severe cutting is fair, a much more
satisfactory condition of the cutting would obtain if more care were taken
by the logging crew. To secure this, it is proposed to mark system-
aticaly a number of trees as a nurse crop for the advancing young gr6wth,
and also to institute a permanent inspection of the logging operations
with the intention of preventing all unnecessary cutting and injuring
of undersized timber.

Eoutine work : Practically all the large timber concessions, including
the two twenty-year concessions, have been inspected. A detailed state-
ment of the number of licenses and those inspected is included in the
annual report of the forester in charge.

During the first part of the year, the force in the forest was busy with
the organization and educational work and the mill scale study. The
period, of most of the active routine work was confined to the latter part
of the year. During the year about 30 kilometers of patrol trail were
constructed, seventy homestead sites inspected, and a large number of
caingin permits granted. During the last two months, the attention
of the majority of the force was engaged in collecting revenue, with
satisfactory results. The lack of men and money to establish adequate
patrols has somewhat hampered the work of protecting the forest from
caingin makers. Considering everything, the number of illegal caingins
prevented is all that could be expected.

THE BATAAN F0BE8T.

Situation and area, — This forest comprises all the Province of Bataan,
covering an area of about 140,000 hectares, about 73,000 hectares of
which are in public forest.

Organization, — ^During the first half of the year the work of organiza-
tion consumed the time of the forest officers. The district contains one
central station and two substations. The work is in charge of one
American forest officer, with eight Filipino assistants and eight guards.
Like the Northern Negros forest, the American in charge, while well
trained, had no previous knowledge of the forests and forest conditions
in the Islands. Such also was the case with nearly all of his assistants.
Consequently, a great deal of time was consumed in educational work.

Results. — Forest map: Data have been collected for a good forest
map of the region. This map is a base map, and during the coming
year the location of the principal trails not already plotted will be placed
on it. It is the intention, also, to locate the cutting, homestead, and
caingin areas on this map.

Bamboo: Studies on the reproduction of bamboo were started, but

. owing to the pressing demands of other work these studies were not

continued. There is a large area of bamboo growing on the public lands

in Bataan Province. In October last, Mr. Richmond, of the Bureau of

14

Science, assisted by forest officers, examined a sample plot (one-tenth hoc-
tare). The 1,075 bamboo which were cut weighed, when green, 6| tons;
the air-dry weight was 3^ tons. This means 35 tons of dry bamboo per
hectare. As Mr, Eichmond states in his report : "A pulp mill of moderate
capacity, say 20 tons per day, will require 45 tons of air-dry bamboo per
day, and would require approximately 1,000 hectares of such bamboo,
working on a three-year rotation of two hundred and forty days per year.''
This bamboo was and can be gotten out at a low figure. Within a few
weeks measurements will be made on this cut-over plot, showing rate
of growth during the past year. During the coming year, the area of
bamboo in Bataan will be mapped, and all necessary data, showing
possibilities of the successful operation of a pulp mill will be compiled.

Scaling logs: An attempt was made to transfer the measurement
from that of manufactured lumber to the logs in the woods, but ,^s the
Internal Kevenue Bureau would not authorize such a change, the work
was abandoned. One company is continuing to manifest its lumber in
exactly the same way as the company in Negros.

Koutine work : This work, because of the small area and absence of the
time-consimiing mill scale study, has progressed much faster in the
Bataan than in the Northern Negros forest. One hundred kilometers
of patrol trail were constructed; all of the 31 cutting areas were inspected
at least once, and some of them more than once ; 22 homesteads inspected ;
and 427 caingin permits granted. The work of establishing communal
forests for all the municipalities will be completed during the first half
of the fiscal year 1910-11.

ABAYAT FOREST.

During the latter part of the fiscal year, a preliminary survey was made
of a detached piece of forest around Mount Arayat. This was annexed
to the Bataan forest, and will be administered by the same officers.

MAQUIUNQ FOREST.

This forest comprises the region of Mount Maquiling. It is situated
in portions of the Provinces of Laguna and Batangas, and comprises an
area of about 5,500 hectares. The forest has been in charge of an
assistant ranger. At the close of the year the forest was put under the
control of the American forester who has charge of the Forest School
at Los Bancs. The Maquiling forest has been surveyed by^ the Bureau
of Lands. An application has been made to have this forest set aside
as a forest reserve.

INVESTIGATION WORK.

As the main work of the division during the past year has been the
organization and administration of special forests, the work of investiga-

15

tion has been incidental to that of administration. Nevertheless, con-
siderable work has been done in nearly all classes outlined in last year's
report, both in and out of the special forests, and new classes of work
have been initiated.

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

As outlined in the last report, the policy of hiring a number of
student assistants with the title of temporary rangers has been continued.
While a number of excellent officers have thus been obtained, yet on
the whole it has not been successful, simply because the inducements
offered are not sufficiently attractive to obtain men with enough education
to fill the positions of rangers and head rangers, and in many instances
even that of assistant rangers. The best men that have been obtained
in this way realize their lack of education and are anxious to enter the
Forest School just established.

Idealizing the partial ineffectiveness of supplying the needs of the
Bureau with Filipino officers, a Forest School for rangers has been
established. This is in connection with the Agricultural College of the
University of the Philippines, and is located at Los Baiios, Laguna
Province. To offer inducements for students to enter this school, twenty
scholarships have been authorized. Students accepting these scholar-
ships are expected to enter the Government service for a time equal to
that during which the scholarship is held. During their attendance at
the school quarters are provided for them and each student is allowed
1P20 per month for his maintenance.

While the outlined course covers four years, the first two of which are
the same as that offered to agricultural students, the scholarships are
offered only to those who have completed two years' or more work in
the various high schools of the Islands. Thus it is expected that they
will complete the work offered in two years. It is hoped that the needs
of the Bureau will be supplied by this school. The school opened June
13, 1910, and now has an enrollment of 24 pupils, 19 of whom are
penstonados. The course of study is as follows:

Junior year.

Vacation.

Senior year.

Physiography and

Physiography and clima-

Lumbering.

Wood technology.

soils.

tology of the Philip-
pines.

Geometry.

Trigonometry and sur-

Forest mensuration.

Surveying; forest

veying.

engineering.

Forest botany.

Sllvics.

Horses, camps, and
paclcing.

Silylculture.

Mapping; forest ento-

Law and procedure.

Forest economy.

mology.

16

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

A bulletin, entitled "The Forests of the Philippines: Part I, Forest
Types and Products; Part II, The Principal Forest Trees/' is nearly
ready for the printer. This bulletin is intended to convey in a concise
and simple form all data that have been collected concerning the forests
and the principal forest trees of the Philippines. It will be well illus-
trated.

MUSEUM.

The exhibition part of the museum has been removed to a special
room on Calle Anloague. It consists of 77 planks and 373 log specimens,
forest maps and statistics, besides a large number of manufactured
articles and minor forest products. It is hoped that the latter articles
can be attractively arranged in glass cases some time during the present
year.

The working part of the museum remains in the office of the division
of investigation, where it is constantly being used. There were added
to this museum during the year 2,082 wood samples, making a total of
6,282 numbers now on hand, representing about 1,000 different kinds.
During the year there were collected 1,607 herbarium specimens. These
were turned over to the Bureau of Science herbarium. The Bureau of
Forestry series of this herbarium now shows a total of 19,716 numbers.
There were distributed during the year to individuals and to various
museums and educational institutions in the Islands, the United States,
and foreign countries 2,266 wood samples.

DURABILITY TESTS.

Active work has been carried on to ascertain the comparative durability
of a lai'ge number of native timbers. Two examinations, six months
apart, have been made of the several hundred wood specimens in the
testing grounds in Bataan, where they are exposed to attack by white
ants, and where the moisture, soil, and shade conditions are conducive
to rapid decay. Forty new specimens have been placed in the testing
grounds. The results of the examinations have been correlated, and a
tentative table of relative durability has been prepared. This will
probably be altered as more complete information on some of the species
becomes available.

A durability test of unusual importance has been inaugurated on the
Island of Panay, in cooperation with the Philippine Kailway Company,
where 826 ties, representing eighteen species, have been placed in a
selected portion of the track. Each tie was carefully identified and
marked, so that reliable records can be secured of its subsequent behavior
under practical conditions. A diagram and report of the work have

17

been prepared for the cooperators. Seventy-two of the experimental ties
were donated by the Insular Lumber Company.

Plans have been made for the examination of test timber installed in
various parts of the Islands.

Practical methods for the preservative treatment of structural timbers
have been studied. As a result of a detailed examination of the mines
in Benguet, a complete report has been prepared, with recommendations
for the preservatives, processes, and types of tanks best suited to local
conditions. The Bureau is now in a position to give practical advice
and assistance to all users of structural timber who wish to increase its
durability.

There are a few tree species which abound throughout the Islands
found growing to large sizes, but not popular in the market. These are
the woods upon which much thought and energy will be expended. New
uses must be found for them; economical preservatives must be tried
in order to make these woods more durable ; neighboring markets beyond
the white-ant belt must be worked up for woods susceptible to attack, but
otherwise very beautiful in grain, easily handled, and suitable for many
purposes.

FOREST EXTENSION.

Forest nurseries have been established at Baguio, and in the northern
Negros, Bataan, and Maquiling forests. These nurseries have been
mostly experimental in nature. In the nurseries at Baguio a number
of Japanese trees and bamboos have been planted and are doing well.
In the other nurseries, as a rule, only native species are planted. It is
hoped that these nurseries, or new ones established near them, will be
the basis for raising trees for extensive forest plantings in the cut-over
forests and in the grass areas. At present, the apprjopriation for the
Bureau is not sufficient to prosecute this work on a satisfactory scale.
A large number of seeds have been collected and distributed for 'ex-
changes with various forestry institutions in foreign tropical countries.
About 90,000 plants, representing fifty diflEerent species, are ready for
transplanting.

SPECIAL WORK.

Aside from the special work carried on by officers of the Negros and
Bataan forests, preliminary investigations have been made of two large
tracts. These were made in cooperation with representatives of com-
panies who desire twenty-year license agreements for the exploitation of
forest products.

The work of controlling cutting areas in such a way as to insure
reproduction is one of the most serious problems confronting the Bureau
of Forestry. It is not at all certain that ihe selection method now in
use will do this. Mention has been made in a special report showing

18

the condition of a cut-over area as regards reproduction. What kind
of a forest will obtain on such an area remains to be seen. The un-
injured seedlings and small trees left standing after a heavy cutting will
find serious competition in the jungle growth that rapidly gains pos-
session of open places and it is believed will crowd out a considerable
portion of the valuable species. The only reliable assurance that can
be had that another for^t equally good or better will take the place of
the old is to resort to planting such areas.

Thickly populated regions contain no forests. The people, in such
cases, depend on distant parts of the Islands for timber, fuel, and other
forest products. Idle, nonagricultural grass land lies within easy reach
and are favorite breeding places for grasshoppers. The cultivation of
the land suitable for agriculture and the reforestation of the non-
agricultural lands of the much larger areas now in grass will do much
to destroy the grasshopper pest. At the same time it will furnish
timber and firewood within easy reach of the people. Much of this work
could be done in cooperation with the private owners. It is recom-
mended, therefore, .that a special appropriation be asked for to begin this
work. More imperative demands on the present appropriation leave
the Bureaii without funds to do more than partially replant the forest
tracts cut over by a few of the larger operators.

George P. Ahern,
Director of Forestry.

The Secretary of the Interior,

Manila, P. 7.

APPENDIX.

19

STATISTICS.

Statement of applications for homesteadj purchase, and lease of public Innds, cer-
tified to Bureau of Lands as more raluaftle for agricultural or forest purposes.

Fiscal year.

Homesteads.

Sale.

Total.

8
21
23
50
29
89

I^ease.

Qrand
total.

Agri-
cul-
tural.

Forest

Total.

Agri-
cul-
tural.

Forest.

Agri-
cul-
tural.

Forest.

Total.

1905

80

318

881

2,456

1,5*23

1,175

6
16
19
51

187
385

86

834

900

2,607

1,710

1.660

8
20
28
49
.26
34

i"

i'

3

5

94

866

986

2,688

1,766

1,643

1906— _-

i

12

26
27
42

i

12
26
27
44

1907-

1908

1909

1910

Total

6,438

664

7,097

160 10

170

108

2

110

7,877

Note. — Number of applications for homestead, purchase, or lease of public lands
pending inspection and certification on June 30, 1910, 709.

Report of the utilization of forest products from public and private forests, July 1,

1909, to June 30, 1910.

Province.

Agusan

Albay

Ambos Camarines .

Antique

Bataan-, —

Batangas ^...

Benguet

Bohol

Bulacan

Cagayan

Caplz -_

Cavite

Cebu

Ilocoe Norte

Ilocos Sur —

Hollo .-

Isabela

La Laguna

La Union

Lepanto-Bontoc

Leyte

Misamis

Mindoro

Moro

Negros Occidental _

Negros Oriental

Nueva Ecija _

Nueva Vizcaya

Palawan

Pampanga

Pangasinan

Rizal.-_ „

Bamar

8or80gon__ _

Surigao

Tarlac

Tayabas

Zambales

Total.

First group,

Cu. meters.

17

801

720

26
138

67
272
114
2,817
100
5
156
156
2X3
317
862

Timber.

Lower
groups.

Cu. meters.

5

591

2,414

171

179

280

^204

t,451

6,516

862

578

670

24

7,105

4

784

126

869

4,043

59

201

1,773

217

81,962

28,622

1,803

8,837

1,558

6,404

1,982

1,126

85

219

49

754

834

832

1,983

109

1,341

1,568

320

8,098

11,674

21,4S9

91

1,702

41

301

2,714

1,636

588

543

2,365

22

1,175

8,749

6,082

121,666

Total.

Cti. meters.

22

892

8,184

28,648

1,441

8,904

1,830

6,518

4,799

1,226

90

^76

205

1,037

651

1,694

1,983

280

1,620

1,848

624

9,549

18,190

22,851

664

2,372

65

7,406

2,718

2,420

714

912

6,408

81

1,376

10,622

6,299

158,618

Minor products.

Firewood. Charcoal

Cu. mders.

84

1,166

3,686

1,287

26,441

6,920

180

2,679

2,526

1.326

18,836

4, 142

2,766

79

789

16,193

1,824
850

8,878

8,695

447

19,525

247

2,136

955
39,502

5,490
22,010

3,547

8,812

28

16,846

28,887

8,106

246,776

Cu. meters.

1
84

68
188

88

5

711

629

1,488
106
69

122
727

4,816

21

22

Report of the utilization of forest products from public and private forests, July 1,
1909, to June 30, 1910— Continued.

Province.

Agusan

Albay

Ambos Camarines .

Antique —

Bataan

Batangaa

Benguet

Bohol

Bulacan

Cagayan _.

Capiz

Cavite „

Cebu

Ilocos Norte

Ilocos 8ur__

Iloilo

Isabela

La Laguna

La Union ._.

Lepanto-Bontoc

Leyte

Misamis

MIndoro

Moro _

Negros Occidental .
Negros Oriental ___

NuevaEcija

Nueva Vizcaya

Palawan

Pampanga __ -.

PangEusinan

Rizal

Samar

Sorsogon _.

Surigao .__

Tarlac _.

Tayabas

Zambales

Total-

Minor products.

Tan bark. Dye bark. Wood oils. Almaciga. Bejuco.

Kilos.

2,760

47,186

2,500

3,130

20,838
1,120

18,496
6,406

50,905

4,150

11, 169

268,039

2, 154, 879

4,509

75,463

49,494

303,661

128

2,942

85,741
73,901
11,574

105,499

3,302,939

Kilos.

2,294
'10401'

800
20,064

668
742

59, 112
""'322'

360
'3^435"

98,482

Liters.

1,000

5, 515

70,795

45, 731
7,186

40

KU08.

4,660
69,228

5,833

164
20,851

19,894

866,545

'".^ioo"

77,358
""525

190
31,450

131,377 1,092,398

Kilos.

61,283

99,927

769,278

6,987

46,396

2,100

950

3,756

66,145

124,000

4,516

179

1,400
6,127
2,820
2,291

65,678
15,153
218, 404
7,638
347,188
144,974
48,965

25,763

699

4,979

35,616

92,253

607,951

9,591

16,322

154,928

97,116

3,069,212

Qutta percha kilos... 96,169

Dyewood do 1,154,614

Pitch do 57.629

Stone, etc i pieces... 6,420

Earth, etc ollas.... 6,646

Statement showing amounts of important timbers {by species) cut and invoiced
in the Philippine Islands during the fiscal year 1910, according to invoices re-
ceived by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

Species.

Lauan __..
Apitong-_

Guijo

Ipil

Molave — .
Yacal....

Narra

Calantas _
Dungon—
Tanguile.

Supa

Amuguis.

Amount
cut.

Cu. meters.

43, 439

20,764

14, 107

13,717

8,923

8,225

5,744

3,174

2,453

2,106

1,062

1,039

Species.

Tindalo

Acle _

Macaasin

Betis

Malugay

Other species:
First group _.
Second group
Third group _
Fourth group

Total

.\ mount
cut.

Cu. meters.
954
809
706
257
164

317

4,900

7,277

36,632

176, 768

23

statement of timber cut and mamfe8t€4y by provirHHm, during fiscal year 1910,
[Taken from individual licensees' accounts of Bureau of Internal Revenue.]

Province.

Bataan _

Negros Occidental

Moro Province

Tayabas

Mindoro

Palawan __

Bulacan

Zambales

Sorsogon

Cagayan

Benguet __

Pampanga

Ambos (^marines

Pangasinan

Nueva Ecija

Isabela

Leyte _

Samar

IlocosSur

Capia _..

Province.

Laguua

Albay

RiMil

Tarlac

Negros Oriental .

Bohol

Iloilo

Cebu..

La Union

Misamis '.

Nueva Viicaya _.

Surigao

Lepanto-Bontoc .

Batangas

('avlte

Agusan

IlocoB Norte

Amount.

Ott. meter.
666
85S
M7
806
801
242
117
112
89
67
8»
82
81
20
7
6
2

Total.

122,908

Imports and exports of lumber in the Philippine Islands.
IMPORTS.

From United States.

Fiscal year.

1907
1908.
1909
1910

Commer-
cial.

f^et B. M,
10,734,000
5.791,198
5,420,520
7,076,100

For United States Army.

Oregon
pine.

Feet S. M.
3,008,000
5,003,897
8,010,223

12,185,862

Redwood.

Feet B. M.

19,100
10,000
46,000

Other
woods.

FeetB.M.

68,000
'59,"674'

From

other

countries.

Feet B. M,
2,674,000
2,888,48»
1,179,756
999,600

Total.

r^B.M.
16,816,000
18.76&,828
14,620,498
20,816,280

EXPORTS.

Fiscal year.

To the
United
States.

To other
countries.

Total.

1907 - - -

1908 —

Feet B. M,
181,000
615.000
578,600
940,800

FeeiB.M.

71,000

910,000

120,900

485,600

FutB.M.

262,000

926,000

0»4»fi00

1,876,400

190» -

IMO _ _

Other forest products.
IMPORTS.

From—

Charcoal.

Rubber.

OOier
gums and

feslM;

United States

Oth«r countries :

Total

JTIIof.
5,721
44; 817

KUoe,
55,219

71,.Q84
151,078

50,588

157.781

322,097

24

Other forest products — Continued.
EXPORTS.

To-

United States ..
Other countries

Total

Almaciga.

KUos.
899,779
576,611

975,390

Gutta-
percha.

Kilos.
""96^082'

95,082

Other

gums and

resins.

Sapan
wood.

Kiloi. Cu. meters.
100
34,266 3.899

34,366 I

3,899

Revenue from sale of forest products, fiscal year 1910.

Province.

Agusan

Albay

Amboe Camarines ..,.

Antique

Bataan

Batanes

Batangas

Bohol _.

Bulacan _

Cagayan

Capiz —

Cavite

Cebu.

Ilocos Norte

Ilocos Sur

Hollo -_..

Isabela

La Laguna

La Union __._.

Leyte !

Manila—

r-172.
8, 734.
8, 678.

857.
5,723.
6.
2,034.
2, 217.
5,316.
7,976.
2, 561.

853.
7, 693.

804.

1,894.

22. 835.

3,755.

947.

1,047.

4,837.

95,269.

Province.

Mlndoro

Misamis

Moro

Mountain

Negros Occidental
Negros Oriental ___

Nueva Ecija

Nueva Vizcaya ___

Palawan

Pampanga

Pangasinan

Rizal

Samar

Sorsogon

Surigao

Tarlac

Tayabas

Zambales

Total—

Amount.

^6,297.84

914.87

30,210.22

3, 429. 43

8,624.33

1,859.37

5,638.43

97.38

2, 124. 56

2, 762. 89

5,050.41

2, 580. 91

3. 528. 82

10, 559. 91

771.53

1,536.68

5,961.16

1, 428. 43

271,581.74

Eaypenditures of Bureau of Forestry^ July i, 1909^ to June SO, 1910.

Equipment and supplies, unexpendable 1^4,654.86

Salaries and wages 95,794.13

Labor hire of field parties, etc 12,389.51

Per diem allowances in lieu of traveling expenses, subsistence, quarters,

etc 8,694.39

Transportation of employees on official business 5,595.71

Cargadore and guide hire 1,820.37

Traveling expenses of employees outside the Philippine Islands 1,769.50

Transfer of funds to the Bureau of Public Works for construction of

buildings at Baguio ^ 4,500.00

Baguio quarters and subsistence expenses 1,333.75

Freight: transportation of supplies 607.62

Postage and telegrams ^ « 1,449.02

Printing and binding „ 2,630.56

Manila transportation 620.20

Office supplies, expendable 2,637.79

Maintenance of Manila and Baguio office quarters 1,689.65

Miscellaneous office expenses 6.74

Rental of provincial stations - 569.60

Other administrative supplies, expendable 2,363.11

Supplies and specimen forest products for forestry exhibit 1,249.17

Miscellaneous administrative expenses 1,084.33

Repair and maintenance of equipment .'. 92.97

Obligations of prior fiscal years 608.36

Total 152,161.33

25

SBOAPITULikTION.

General appropriation for fiscal year 1910 n43,000.00

Appropriation for forest service in the Mountain Province, etc 2,000.00

Carried forward for payment of outstanding obligations of prior fiscal

years 400.47

Balance carried forward from fiscal year 1009 appropriation 4,286.60

Receipts from sales of equipment 467.60

Receipts from operation 3,596.05

Total amount available 163,749.72

Total expenditure, fiscal year 1910 152,161.33

Unexpended, June 30, 1910 1,688.39

Outstanding obligations, June 30, 1910 664.11

Balance, June 30, 1910 1,024.28

Distribution of expenditures by dimsions and projects.

Office and miscellaneous:

Salaries and wages ^7,673.76

Other expenses 22,662.02

Administration :

Salaries and wages 23,445.13

Other expenses 7,453.37

Investigation (general) :

Salaries and wages 23,208.22

Other expenses ^ 4,046.17

Bataan forest:

Salaries and wages 14,899.86

Other expenses ^ 4,166.94

Northern Negros forest:

Salaries and wages - 17,240.53

Other expenses ^ 5,542.18

Maquiling forest:

Salaries and wages 1,502.13

Other expenses 321.04

W0,335.77

30,898.60

27,254.39

19,066.79

22,782.71

1,823.17

Total - 152,161.33

o

IIIH

3 9015

UWVCIISITY OF MKMKAN

iiiiAiiii

02328 0897

BOUND

W^V26 1939

LiBRARY

''.t^^n^k''^''-

fe-a

- -.#v

;iS^?^P

^^''^§^Y '1;^

■-■'■■;1P

||^^;^.:"H. '--%:■.