B LI M ^ ^ §0mm a 3' V (' "^^ .-^' ^.SSUED fVIARCH 11^- 1909 I'lI'TH I^MM'OK'T mm !)r C:O.V!'tilSSi;r' iJiS iH i:.'k ji;i >,; ^.i.; i^iii\ii li, :!•-;;■;; k' ji, i'H^.i *'.i ;-''•(': -''"" II(>\ ( : I It,! Board of Agriculture and Forestry FOPvEST AND OENAMENTAL TEEE SEED /.^"D CEELLINGS FOR SALE AT THE G-OVEKNMENT ITITESERY. Tlic Division of Forestry keeps coiistpaitly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the iinport!:nt native and intro- duced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collec- tion and growing. The list includes hoth forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyp^tus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India ^ Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50 cents per ounce.. The seedlings may be had for 2''2 cents each, except a fev; kinds wiiich are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.ryO. All seed is tested before being sent out, wliicli insures its being good. All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to David Hanghs, Forest Nurseryman. Box 331, Honolulu^ Hawaii.. EALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereb:/ invited to make in- Ciuiry in person and by mail. In order to bo able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act of depredation, also specimens of the injur37. In a tin with a hole or two, or a v/ooden box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. Y/hether or not specimens are accompanied b}/- letter ALWAYS write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications, S r 1 ' i: 1 M X T K \ i ) I-: X 'W I ) I V ! B ION OF ENTOMOLOOV, V. O. BOX 3;;i, IIOXOU'Lr. HAWAII. JACOB KOTINSKY, Superintendent of Entom.ology. ANN. REPORT, HAWVAHAN BOARD OF AGRiCULTURE, 1908. rPONTlSPIECr . :r <2^^^<.i£^<>i_ AUGUST 3, 1850 ^ !■ If!!-: ItRRIIORY OF HAWAII I OR 1111 VIARINDINIi I)|(I^!B1R3I, 1908 Wo^T^^ HON t>!,r OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE Board of Commissioners of AgYiculture and Forestry 1909 COMMISSIONERS NAME. TERM EXPIRES. Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer^ ----------- January i, 19 14 P. R. Isenberg ---------- '' '' 1910 H. M. VON Holt --------- '' ^^1911 Albert Waterliouse -------- '' "1912 J. M. DOAYSETT --------- '^ ''19^3 DIVISION OF FORESTRY Ralpli S. Hosmer, Snperinfendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden, David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. JosEPiT F. Rock, Botanical Collector. David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY Jacob Kotinsky, Superintendent of Entojnology and Territorial Entomologist. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. , Assistant Entouiologist. D. B. KuHNS, Inspectors Assistant. B. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector at HUo, Hazvaii. Robt. R. Elgin ^ Fruit and Plant Cat Mahukona, Haimii. W. O. AjKEN Y Inspector. ^ at Kahtdui, Maui. W. D. McB'ryde J (Honorary) i^at Koloa, Kaniai. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent and Territorial Veteri- narian. Leonard N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian, Hazvaii. J. Cliarlton Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian, Maui. EDITOR, HAWAIIAN FORESTER AND AGRICULTURIST L. G. Blackman. conte:nts. BOAED OF AGEICXJLTUEE AND FOEESTEY. PAGE. Eeport of the Commissioners. # 1 Personnel 1 Meetings 1 Publications 1 Division of Forestry 2 Division of Entomology 4 Biograj)liical sketch of Alexander Craw 4 Division of Animal Industry 7 Bee Industry 8 G eneral 8 Appropriations 9 DIVISION OP FOEESTEY. Ee23ort of Superintendent of Forestry. . 11 Introduction , 11 Staff and appropriations 13 Forest reserves 14 Eeserves established 14 Forest reserve statistics 15 Tables showing areas of forest reserves 16-17 Eeserves projected 18 Forest areas , 18 Underlying principles of the Hawaiian forest policy 19 The application of the principles 20 Forest rangers 21 Fores:; reserve fencing 22 Forest fire fund ^. 23 Hawaiian Sugar Planters^ Association Eesolution 23 Damage by goats 23 Forest Extension 24 Experimental garden 24 Plant introduction of special importance 25 Experimental tree planting on the high mountains 25 Progress in forest plantings 26 Table showing trees planted 27-28 A look ahead . . .'. 28 Eecommendation 29 Tree planting under the Government leases 30 Miscellaneous forest work 31 Forest management 32 The Hawaiian Mahogany Lumber Company 32 FTtilization of the commercial forest 33 Supervision of lumbering 33 Publicity in forest work 34 Territorial Conservation Commission 35 The Conference of the Governors 35 Appointment of Conservation Commission 35 Visit of Honorable P. H. Newell 36 Botanical collection 36 Fungus disease on Maui 38 Aroor Day 38 .Nuuanu and Tantalus forests 39 IV rAGE. Rubber investigations 39 The present status of rubber in Hawaii 39 The terms of the experiment 39 Eesults of the tapping tests 41 Eesults of experiments in tapping Ccara rubber 41 Mr. "\'Mal:erhouse^s report on rubber 42 The district foresters 43 Eeports of district foresters 43 Eeport of Mr. A. P. Knudsen 43 '' '' Mr. F. Gav 43 '' '' Mr. John Herd 44 '' '' Mr. H. B. PenhalJow 45 '' " Mr. L. von Tempslvy 45 Maui Agricultural Company ^s tree pJaiiting 49 Eeport of Mr. George C. Watt 50 Mr. Bluet b^s report on the KoluUa forest 51 Eeport of Mr. John Watt 52 " '^ Mr. E. von L. Doml^owicz 52 '' " Mr. John A. Maguire 52 Forest fire service '^3 List of forest fires during 1908 54- Summary of recommendations 54 Eeport of the Forest Nurseryman 50 Nursery 50 Vahiable introductions 50 Arbor Day 57 Plant distribution o7 Eealizations 5S Congressional vegetable seed 5(S Advice and assistance 59 Awini Tract, Kohala, Hawaii 59 Paumalu, Waialua, Oahu 59 Pauhala/ Waikele, Oahu 59 Nuuanu Valley, Oahu 59 Honolulu Plantation, Oahn 59 Examining of tree planting on Kanai 00 Waianae Kai forest reserve 00 New experiment garden^ Makiki 01 Nuaunu forest 02 Tantalus forest 02 List of district foresters 03 List of district fire wardens 07 Preliminary Eeport of the Territorial Commission of Hawaii 72 Introduction 72 AVaters 73 Forests 73 Lands 74 Organization and work of the Commissicli 74 Eecommendations 75 Appendix A. Eeport of the Committee on Forests 77 Table of forest reserves 81 Appendix B. Eeport of the Committee on Waters 82 Appendix C. Hawaiian sugar plantation statistics 84 Table of sugar production 87 Appendix D. Production of lime on the Island of Oahu 87 Hawaii. A statement by Governor Frear 88 The Declaration of the Governors 93 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. PAGE. Report of Superintendent of Entomology 97 Staff 97 Superintendent 97 Consulting Entomologist 97 Assistant Entomologist 97 Inspectors and other Assistnjits 97 Acknowledgments 98 Lines of work 98 Inspection^ quarantine and disinfection of iinj)orted vegotatioiij Table I V 99 Records 99 Inspection table 99 Montlil.y, total average of quantity insjiectcMl ;nid manuer of disposal 100 Summary of table 101 Scabby potatoes 101 Greedy scale 101 C'abbage maggot in lurnijis 10;> Soil i03 Fungus infested taro, sweet iiotatoes ami yams from the Orient \ ' 1 03 Destruction 104 Fumigation 104 Dipping in Bordeaux and Formalin lOo Mail to other islands 105 Quarantine of imported ])ine;ip])le j)l:ri!ts 10."5 Eegulation pertaining to lioney and honey \:ov> i iisj)(M'tioii . . 106 Quarantine and inspection laljorntory 106 Fumigatory exhaust 107 Pests intercepted in course of inspection 107 Bugs (B[emiptera-I[o2no])tera) , 107 Alealy bugs 107 Cottony scales 107 Terrapin scales 107 Armored scales 107 White flies 108 Plant lice 108 Moths fLepidopfera) 1 08 Ants (Ilymenoptera) 108 Beetles (CoJeoptcra) 108 Miscellaneous 108 Local inspection 109 Introduction, breeding and distribution of useful insiM-rs 109 Introductions 109" Good work of a recently naturalized ally 110 Beneficial insect distribution Ill General work Ill Eecommendations 112 Inter-island inspection 112 Melon fly (Dacus cucurl)\fac) 112 Executive officer 113 Quantities and prices of fruits and vegetables imported via Honolulu during 1905-1908, Table W 114 Act 69, Session Laws of 1907, on bee inspection. . 115 Eules and regulations pertaining to the importation and inspec- tion of honey bees and honey, etc 116 Importation of queen bees, Eule 4 , , . 116 Labels 116 VI PAGE. Eeqnest for inspection 110 Inspection 117 Certificate 117 D'estruction of cages, bees, etc 117 Importation of honey , 117 Statement of importer 117 Inspection 118 Prof. Koebele 's work on horn fly 119 DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. Letter of submittal 123 Xive stock inspection service ., 126 Eule 8 — Quarantine of horse stock (horses, mules and asses) arriving from or through the State of (JaJifornia 133 Approval and assistance of Federal authorities 134 Quarantine stations 135 Eesults from inspection service 130 Importa'fcions of live stock 137 Mules 138 Horses 138 Cattle 138 Sheep 139 Hogs 139 Dogs 139 Poultry . 139 Importation of live stock from New Zealand 140 Disease among live stock in the Territory 141 Glanders ". 141 Epizootic Laryngitis 142 Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 142 Tuberculosis 143 International Congress on Tuberculosis 144 Inter-State Association of Livestock Sanitary Boards 147 The pathological laboratory 150 Veterinarjr inspection and sanitary service for the Islands of Hawaii, Maui and Kauai . 152 Appointment 152 Compensation 152 Otiacial district lo."^ Duties 153 Eeport of the Deputv Territorial Veterinarian for the llilo District. By H. B. Elliot, M. E. C. V. S 156 General observations 156 Port inspection 156 Local inspection 157 Quarantine station at Ililo 157 Contagious and infectious diseases 158 Glanders 158 Endemic Catarrhal Fever 158 Nature and occurrence 158 Sj/mptoms 159 Prophylaxis 161 Osfceoparosis 162 Strongylosis 162 Eeport of the Deputv Territorial Veterinarian for the District of ' Maui. By J. C. Fitzgerald, M. E. C. V. S 163 Glanders 1 64 Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 165 Strangles, Distemper and Catarrhal Fever 165 APPENDIX. EEPOET ON THE CULTIVATION OF EUBBEE IN CEYLON AND THE MALAY STATES. PAGE. Introduction 1 Cost of production 2 Problems 3 Variety planted 3 Hevea or ^ ^ Para ' ^ rubber 3 Physical conditions 3 Eainf all 4 Wind 4 Soil 4 Ceylon soils in which rubber is planted <3 Cabooky 6 Analysis of typical Cabooky soil 6 iVlluvial soil 8 Analysis of Alluvial soil^ Experiment StaMon, Peradeniya. . 8 Tea and Cacao soils 9 Analysis of soil from typical cacao land 9 Analysis of soil from typical tea land 9 Swamps 10 Analysis of swamp rubber soils from the Soiitliern I^rovince. 10 Clearing II Lalang grass II I'lanting 15 Methods of planting 15 Nurseries 15 Transplanting 15 Planting in avenues 16 Weeding 10 Draining 16 Cultivating 16 How to close plant 2-1 EfiPect of close planting 23 Widest planting 23 Growth 23 Tapping 31 Days work 32 Scrap rubber 32 Labor 40 Ceara rubber 40 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. PAGE, Plate 1. — Alexander Craw 1^'rontispiece Plate II.~— Inspection, quarantine and fumigation laboratories on Oceanic dock Pacing' xmge 106 PLATES IN APPENDIX. APPENDIX PAGE. Plate 1. — Fifteen months ' old Hevea 5 ' ' 2. — Two year old Hevea 12 ^^ 3. — Three months^ old nursery and laborers^ quarters 13 ^' 4. — Same nursery at five months. Plants were one foot high when one month old . 14 ' ^ 5. — One year old trees and drain 17 ^^ 6. — Hevea planted 12x24 — 148 per acre. Age 2 yrs. and 7 mos. 18 ^^ 7. — Eleven year old Hevea planted 24x24—74 per acre 19 ^ ' 8. — Seven and one-half year old Hevea 20 ^^ 9. — Eleven year old Hevea planted 10x10—435 per acre 21 ^^ 10. — Tapping twelve feet high. Eleven year old trees 24 '' 11.— Eight and a half year old Hevea planted 12x24—148 per acre 25 ^^ 12. — Eleven year old Hevea planted 60 per acre. Average yield 7 pounds per tree 2(5 '^^ 13. — HerringPone system of tapping * 21 ^^ 14. — Single '^V^^ tapping. Seven and one-liatf year old trees. 28 '' 15. — Tapping tree in grove planted 12x24 — -148 j)er acre 29 ^' 16. — Marking Hevea tree before taj)piug 30 ^ ^ 17. — Drying and packing room 33 ^ ' 18. — Tamil coolies 34 ' ' 19.— Tamil girl 35 ^^ 20. — Javanese women and mandor (Juua) 36 ^^ 21. — Fourteen months^ old Hevea and Tamil cooh'e , 37 '■ ^ 22.— Fourteen months ^ old tree 38 ' ' 23.— Eight months ' old tree 39 ^^ 24. — Ceara trees at Buitenzorg, Java, 8 years old 42 ^' 2d. — Cocoa plantation with cocoanut and Ceara rubber trees planted between the Cocoa 43 '^ 26. — Tapping Ceara. Age of tree 4 or 5 years. Circumference 3 feet from the ground 38 inches 44 ^ ^ 27. — Same tree as photo No. 26 45 '■ '■ 28. — Making Ceara rubber '■ ^ biscuits ^ ' 46 ^^ 29. — Twenty year old Ceara tree, showing method of -tapping. , 47 '^ 33. — Tapping Ceara tree on renewed bark, Eangbodde estate. 5'0 ^' 31. — Twenty-three year old Ceara rubber growing between tea plants 51 ^^ 32.— Tea estate, Eangbodde, Ceylon. Elevation 3,000 feet 52 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. Report of the Commissioners. To the Governor of Hawaii : The report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry for the year ending* December 31, 1908, is here- with presented. PERSONNEL. There has been one change in the membership of the Board during the year through the resignation of Hon. George R. Carter and the appointment as his successor of Mr. H. M. von Holt. Mr. von Holt's appointment took effect on Sep- tember 15, 1908. Because of anticipated absence from the Territory the resignations of Messrs. Holloway and Giffard as members of the Board have been handed to the Governor, to take effect on December 31, 1908/'' MEETINGS. During the year the Board has hekl 14 regular and 3 exec- utive meetings. Unless otherwise ordered two meetings are held every month, on the first and third Wednesdays, at 3 p. m. One forest reserve hearing lias also been held jointly by the Governor and the Board. PUBLICATIONS. The publication of The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist as the official organ of the Board has been continued during 1908. The magazine is edited by Air. Leopold G. Blackman and is published by the Hawaiian Gazette Company. It con- tains the official reports submitted by various members of the Board's s^aff' and special contributions dealing with For- estry, Entomology, Animal Industry, Horticulture, and Gen- eral Agriculture. The articles are written Avith direct refer- * As a matter of fact tliese two gentlemen continued to serve until January 15, 1909. On January 26 Governor Frear appointed Mr. Marston Campbell as President and Executive Officer, and Mr_ J. M. Dowsett as Member of the Board. eiice to Hawaii and contain much that is of vahie to those interested in these subjects. The vohinie for 1908 (Vol 5) contains 364 pages. Many of the articles are iUustrated. The subscription price is one dohar a year. There have also been issued during the year the following publications: A circular (uniumibered) of the Division of Animal Indus- try entitled "Rules and Regulations pertaining to the Inspec- tion and Testing of Live Stock intended for Importation from the Mainland of the United States to the Territory of Hawaii." This circular contains the various regulations that became effective January i, 1908, and other matter relative to the im- portation of live stock into Hawaii. This circular was issued January 25, 1908. One thousand copies w^ere printed for local and mainland distribution. On July 31, 1908, the Governor approved Rule 8 of the Divi- sion of Animal Industry, relating to the quarantine of horse stock arriving from or through the State of California. This was printed as an unnumbered leaflet and generally dis- tributed. General Circular Number 3 of the Board, entitled ''Law^ and Regulations pertaining to the Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey Into the Territory of Hawaii," w^as issued on October 8, 1908. Five hundred copies were printed. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. The only change in the regular staff of the Division of For- estry in 1908 was the appointment in October of iNlr. Joseph F. Rock as botanical collector. The w^ork of the Division of Forestry during 1908 has follow^ed the program adopted at the organization of the Division, five years ago. The creation of forest reserves continues to hold chief place. In 1908 three forest reserves on Maui and Hawaii, aggregating a total area of 46,429 acrs, were set apart by proclamation of the Governor. Other forest reserve projects were advanced by the comple- tion of field work and by survey of the boundaries. The total area of the 16 forest reserves now established is 444,116 acres. Of this area sixty-one per cent, is Governmen.t land. It is esti- mated that the Koa and Ohia type of forest, in which are all the forest reserves so far set apart, contains a|)proximately 1,175,000 acres. Eventually it is probable that there will be included within the forest reserve boundaries about three- quarters of a million acres, of wdiicli about seventy per cent, wall be Government land. The energies of the Division of Forestry wall therefore continue to be directed toward the crea- tion of forest reserves. With the better understanding of the importance of forestry, and especially of the relation that the forest bears to stream- flow and irrigation, it has become apparent that better care should be given the forest than has been the case in the past. In his report the Superintendent of Forestry has recommended that provision be made for the employment of 12 forest rangers for the proper administration of the forest reserves, and also that there be made available money for fencing forest reserve boundaries on Government land and for fighting forest fire on Government land. The Board endorses these recommenda- tions and has included them in the estimates of appropriations needed for the next fiscal period. The second main branch of forest work in Hawaii is Forest Extension. The part played by the Division of Forestry in tliis work is to give advice and assistance to persons desiring to plant trees, to furnish at cost price forest tree seeds and seedlings from the Government Nursery, and to conduct ex- periments looking to the introduction into Hawaii of valuable exotic trees and shrubs. The better to carry on the last named work there has been established during the past year an ex- perimental garden in iMakiki Valley, in wdiich new and rare plants started at the propagating houses at the Government Nursery can be planted out, kept under observation and eventually distributed. Tree planting by private corporations has increased considerably during 1908, practically half a mil- lion trees having been planted by sugar plantation companies and stock ranches. More tree planting would doubtless ])e done if the Division of Forestry could give more attention to the work. To meet this need the Superintendent of Forestry has recommended that an additional technically trained assist- ant be employed. This recommendation is approved by the jjoard, for the increasing calls on the Division of Forestry are not confined to Forest Extension alone. The growing importance of the lumber industry on the Lsland of Hawaii makes it highly desirable that the Government should under- take a thorough examination of its forests of the commercial class. The appointment of another assistant would enable the Division of Forestry to undertake tliis work. The widespread interest in the conservation of natural re- sources has found expression in Flawaii in the appointment by the Governor of a Territorial Conservation Commission, of v^hich the Superintendent of Forestry has been designated as chairman. The findmgs of this Conmiission bear so intimate a relation to the work of this Board that its report is reprinted as an appendix to the report of the Division of Forestry. Notwithstanding the severe drought in many parts of the Territory the year 1908 has been remarkably free from damage by forest fire. This is probably dne, in part at least, to the better public sentiment in regard to forest fires that has re- sulted from the Forest Fire Law enacted in 1905. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. The late Superintendent of this Division, Mr. Alexander Craw, became seriouslv ill the previous October. In the hope that recuperation on the Mainland w^ould restore his health he sailed hence on February 19 under leave of absence. lUtt he failed to rally and died on June 28. The following resolu- tion, presented by the President, was adopted by rising vote of tlie Board and an illuminated copy sent to the widow : ''Whereas, The Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii have sustained a great loss in the death of Alexander Craw, Superintendent of the Division of Entomology ; ''x\nd, Whereas, The efficient manner in wdiich he adminis- tered the duties of his office, has won the respect of all and residted in lasting benefit to the agricultural interests of Ha- waii ; ''And, W'hereas, By his genial and kindlv manner he had endeared himself to his associates and all others with whom lie came in contact; "Therefore, ]>e it Resolved, That the Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry extend to his wddow their sincerest sympathy in her great bereavement, and that a coi)v of these Resolutions be spread on the minutes and be engrossed with the signatures of the Commissioners and presented to her." liis photograph (Frontispiece) and Biographical Sketch, by Jacob Kotinsky, are herein reproduced l)y courtesy of the Fla- w^aiian Entomological Society from its Proceedings Vol. II, No. I, pp. 24 and 25, October 1908: BIOGRAPHICAL SKET(;}I OF ALEXANDER CRAW. By Jacob Kotinsky. 'A¥ith the death of this remarkable man passes away another prominent figure from the horizon of American horticulture and economic entomology. Few economic entomologists are better known and no one more favorably than was he during his life work. Few entomological workers passed through California without seeking out and making his personal acquaintance, and all were charmed Avith the man. His un- varying amiability has won for him a lasting abode in the heart of every one that knew him. By early training a capable and successful horticulturist, his indomitable love for plant life later led him to form the vanguard of a hght against horticul- tural enemies on a scale that Avas never undertaken before. ''Alexander Craw was born in Ayr, Scotland, August 3, 1850. In 1873 he emigrated to California and after a two years' residence in San Diego, moved to Los Angeles, where he took charge of the famous Wolf skill orange grove. His early train- ing stood him in good stead in the early days of California's growth as a horticultural center. His authority in matters horticultural was never cjuestioned and his advice ever eagerly sougtli. l^resently I eery a purehasi^ which had preceded his ar- rival in California l)y about five years, threatened the destruc- tion of the citrus industry. It is difficult to determine at present who started the movement whicli culminated in tlie introduction of Novkis eardinalis from Australia into California by Albert Koebele in 1888. But it is certain that Mr. Craiv Vv'as a power- ful factor in that movement. Never in our conversation in the office did he credit himself with the conspicuous role, yet it is quite evident to me that his constant agitation of the matter before the California horticultural organizations, and the incessant pressure he brought to bear by means of these upon authorities in Washington, was to a considerable degree responsi1)le for Koebele's victorious mission. Once victorv was achieved and that so completely and in such an unusual manner he was possessed with tlie idea of controlling all hor- ticultural insect pests by means of their natural enemies. ''About 1890 he was |)revailel upon to accept the office of ins])ector and entomologist under the California State Board of Horticulture, a line of wx)rk not previously undertaken any- where and in which he s])ent the remainder of Ins life. Ad- w-ays kindly yet always firm in the ])erformancc of his duty he stood for fourteen years like a rock at the (lolden Gate and jealously guarded his adopted state from horticultural pe^ts of the wx)rl(l. All opposition, he svv'e])t aside with a smile, without making a foe or losing a friend. He Avas a keen observer, so that l)y i8()i we find him not only familiar with the common garden and orchard ])ests, 1)ut descril)inq- a species of his favorite group, H}-meno|)tcra Parasitica iCoceophai^us (AspidiolipJwgiis) eitriiuis. Bull. 57, California State ])Oar(l of Horticulture, 1891). His writings are not ])rofn.se, and are confined almost entirely to ])eriodical repc^rts in vvhich he aimed principally to enlighten his liirrticultural readers on their insect problems as he viewed them. In Bnll. 4, Tech. Ser., Division of Entomology, IJ. S. D. A., he published a list of the Coccidae which he fonnd in course of inspection at San Francisco. A number of species and varieties named Crawii may be observed in catalogs of this family. 'Tn 1904 lie was induced to enter the service of the Hawai- ian l)Oard of Agriculture as Superintendent of Entomology and Inspector. This office he tilled in the same efficient man- ner that he had carried on the work in California, proving of great benefit to Hawaii in the exclusion of dangerous insect pests, and resulting in a better quality of fruits and vegetables being shipped here. His devotion to duty had the better of discretion, so that wdien on October 11, 1907, he was overtaken by the serious illness which on June 28, igo8, terminated his life, it was largely the result of overwork." Mr. Jacob Kotinsky, the Assistant Entomologist, w^as in August temporarily and in September permanently appointed Superintendent of the Division. No Assistant Entomologist to succeed Mr. Kotinsky has yet been appointed. The Inspec- tor's Assistant, Wi\ G. A. Jordan, resigned August 15, and ]Mr. D. B. Kuhns w^as appointed in his place. The balance of the staff remains as before. Inspection of imported fruits, plants and vegetables is as heretofore the principal w^ork of this Division. Three hun- dred and forty-five vessels were boarded for inspection, and in the baggage, freight and mails traced and examined 143,822 packages. Ilecause of a variety of insects and diseases 3,437 packages were ordered returned, 566 fumigated or otherwise treated before releasing, 47 refused landing and 198 destroyed. Early in the year ^Ir. A. Koebele sent a variety of scale bug enemies from Mexico, wdiich were bred and at least two of them promise results. Later, by arrangement with the Ilaw^ai- ian Sugar Planters' Association, and the Hawaiian. Live Stock Breeders' Association, ]\Ir. Koebele was detailed to Europe in search of natural enemies of the horn fly. He has sent a number of lots which are being looked after by the Hawai- ian Sugar Planters' Association entomologists. As heretofore the Division has supplied information by let- ter and word of mouth upon injurious insects and diseases, and no request for a professional visit was denied. As a citizen, while consulting the Entomologist, said : "This is an institu- tion for the people and I mean to make use of all such institu- tions." The Board reiterates its invitation to interested per- sons to freely consult the officers of this Division whenever necessarv. 7 DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. llie force of the Division has diirini^ the year been increased l)y the appointment of two Deputy Territorial Veterinarians, one for the district of llik> and one for the district of Maui. Their appointments were only effected through the coopera- tion of the local Sugar Planters' Association and various agri- cultural and live stock interests, which by taxing themselves at a pro rata scale provided a salary of $100.00 per month for each of the two deputies. The value of this service has l)een fullv demonstrated during the period in which it has been in effect/ and it is hoped that the coming Legislature will see its way clear to provide funds for the salary of the two depu- ties above mentioned as well as for two more, one to look after Kohala and Hamakua and one to be stationed on Kauai. Such an arrangement would open all of the ports of entry of the Territory to the importation of live stock and would place the other islands on the same basis as Oahu as far as the eradication of infectious and contagious diseases among live stock is concerned. The new regulations governing the importation of live stock, and which w^ere published in the report for last year, went into effect on the ist of January, 1908. These regulations, which made the inspection and testing of live stock compulsory be- fore shipment to this Territory, and which placed this inspec- tion and testing in the hands of the inspectors of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry, have proven highly satisfactory. That glanders nevertheless, in one instance, gained entrance to the Territory with inspected and tested stock was not due to anv defect in the regulations or their enforcement, but to the unfortunate live stock sanitary condition of California. The incident in question, which is fully discussed in this re- port, necessitated the promulgation of a new regulation impos- ing a quarantine of three weeks from the date of shipment on all horse stock arriving in the Territory from or through California. This regulation wdll continue in effect until con- ditions in California warrant its abrogation. In regard to diseases among live stock, a considerable num- ber of outbreaks of glanders have occurred on both Oahu, Maui and Haw^aii. On Hawaii a widespread epidemic of a catarrhal disease has prevailed among the horses on many plantations and ranches and has caused considerable loss. This disease is fully described in the appended report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the liilo District. Otherwise the general health of the live stock has been good, except so far as affected by the prolonged drouth, wdiich has caused greater losses than ever known before. BEE INDUSTRY. Under Act 69 of the Session Laws of 1907 the Board of Agriculture and Forestry was charged with the duty of super- vising the introduction of honey bees into Hawaii, and with the regulation of the Bee Industry. In compliance wdth this law regulations regarding the importation of queen bees and of honey were promulgated by the Board and approved by the Governor on September 17, 1908. These regulations were pub- lished as General Circular No. 3, already referred to. Fur- ther to carry out the provision of the law, on December 4, 1908, Mr. D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist of the FTawaii Ex- periment Station, w^as appointed honorary Apicultural Inspec- tor of the Board. GENERAL. Substantial progress has been made during the past year in the several branches of w^ork being carried on under the Board. The forest work helps to insure the continued supply of water, without which agriculture on a large scale, no matter what the crop, cannot be carried on successfully in Hawaii. The inspection work of the Division of Entomology prevents the introduction of injurious insects into the Territory. That of the Division of Animal Industry does a similar service by protecting the Territory against dangerous diseases of live stock. Through each of its divisions the Board of Agricul- ture and Forestry is of direct service to the people of Flawaii. Its w^ork is not spectacular in operation, but in its results it touches practically every interest in the Islands. Were this relation better understood there is no question but that the Board would receive the additional financial support neces- sary to carry on its w^ork in the most efficient manner. The object of this report is to present in readable form a statement of wdiat the Board of Agriculture and Forestry is and what its work means to Hawaii. Respectfully submitted, C. S. HOLLOWAY, W. M. GIFFARD, H. M. VON HOLT, P. R. ISENBERG, ALBERT WATERHOUSE, Coinniissioners. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1908. P EH < d 2 S PJ CO •^ w W |Zi W tH 02 g Fh W O ^ ^ w P ^ pq Q. 00 o 05 O O o +3 IH O O 02 Oi iH O 12; o M m W <1 O W o o^ o crj o o GO GO GO CI o o^ c^^ 2^ c-d" rfT cf tH' r-T r~i co" cf o o o o o c:> o --tt o >c o o^ o c: o o o ■^" o o* o o o o O Ot) C 00 O OI O L- >-0 Cl lO -^ GO O iC J-O ^'~ t-^~ -t OO' r-i"' r-i" ^" lid' O O O- CD O O O O O C' o o o o o o ;r:' ri o o o o o ■;ii O O -t* O OO o^ p^--H o Cl O' c! "-t^ ^ o o O O' C' cc> o o r-i O- I- o) prj Cm rci c^ g • ci h^ W • o pq a r7:i ^h' S 03 'S IT? 5 £ <^ o be ^ b 9 T) S^ ^ d m d ■+J o3 'f^ ct *?H f^J M O) o m m O ^M a:; =4-( ■• c l>. ;-! h" Ti >-• ci t>- ci' u: C- cb' fn crj 7- K--i Q 02 ?i3 CC Tx C' i/j \—i 0 >i ?H W pS 6 J>. bi) bh Ji JH Ch P3 5? o o (C 00 no o o O cr. Oi Oi -<<< o p > s 2^ t- l~- 10 CO O o C] CO CJ CI cj a> CO C3 O O O • CI t^ '00 LO Ci • CO o • uo 10_00_^ -Cl^r-i -O CD ■<* CO__ o CO o o CXD c» cioo" ■ co" *th co' CO cr> cT CO o 7,3 85 5,151 665 59,618 3,150 3,743 13,767 l- co" o kO CO -<* o >o ■:o o' lO CO VO ca 10 ^ CO O Ci C5 T-1 t~T-l 5 i I mm^i 5 '^ g C- ^ c O 'O O CO O CX! O Tf n:::: o S3 10 O iO O t> CO 10 CO >-0 CD to i-O Tt^ CI O to CO CO CJ t^ 00 iS c3 <^ ^ c; tS =3 * ^ p^ „ C5 - c3 ri ci 5 3 ^ O 5 ,=^ ^« S n 5 c3 c* CD ^ O ci^,'^^ ;:j c« >o 0 0 C5 xt< Tf CO >o co- 0 0" CO CO in ^- 5 '^ kn - M ^ ^ P^ ^ ^f^ ^ o CO ^10 CO l> CO OJ O r-l Cl m O 17 Is 00 Q. X. ' X^ t 600 o o; Ci CO CO c c o o o Ci O: G> Cr^ CI <2^ . .000 ^-%^ «J r-l 10 C^ O) v" c P lO lO XI CD t- ci cT • 01 0 • cc 0 1'^" 00" I '^'^ o H s y: Oi X 1.0 ^ a CO CO CO W O CO C;, ^' ^' t- 10' c :^ CO C b- Ct CD CI t- w , _j ■ ^ (.> „ ^ ,^, , ,^ -. ■^ p '^- ^ C r^ %^'^.^ O .c C-. r^ c: i: 1::^rdSa>-^co 00 0 CD H^ -HO 3 CO vr: on CO 5 01 CD r- o ^ 01 CD CD tH o o % \ Bo ^ , M f^ r* r-i -^ 01 -+ 10 01 ct X cr: CD i8 KESEEYES PROJECTED. It usualh' happens at the end of any given period that besides the forest reserves actuahy set apart there are other forest reserve projects pending final action. In the present instance three pro- jects are practicaUy at the point of completion, tlie Kohala Monn- tain Forest Reserve on Hawaii, 27,160 acres, and the Lihne-Koloa and the Moloaa Forest Reserves, both on Kanai, respectively, 29,260 and 5,670 acres. These reserves are now before the Board for final consideration. It is expected that they will be set apart early in the coming year. Other forest reserve pro- jects await the completion of the technical descriptions of bonnd- ary or reqnire additional field work before being reported on to the Board. At the request of this office a comprehensive survey has been made by the Territorial Government Survey of tlie government forest lands in South Kona, Hawaii. This survey will serve as a basis for a systematic classification of those lands, as well as for the setting apart of portions of them as a forest reserve. It is decidedly a part of the policy of the Board of Agriculture and Fotestry to stand for the better classification of all lands owned by the government. Indeed, this is felt l)y all those who have seriously studied the local land problem to Ije one of the most obvious ways of relieving the present unsatisfactory situation. The survey of the South Kona lands is a step in the riglit direc- tion. FOREST AREAS. Apropos of the creation of additional forest reserves, an esti- mate of the area now- under forest in the Territory of liawaii, made recently from the best data available, may be of interest. The forest areas are classified according to tlie three main Ha- W'aiian forest types, the Koa and Ohia forest, the IVlamani forest on the higher slopes of Mauna KJea on Hawaii, and the Algaroba forest at the lower elevation on the leeward side of each island. The areas are as follows : Island. Koa and Ohia. Acres. Mamani. Alo-ar^ oba. Total Acres Kauai 148,115 Oahu II 1,271 Molokai 39,ooo Lanai 2,300 Maui 115,896 Hawaii 758,418 Total 1,175,000 Acres. Acres. (Approximate) 8,000 23,400 10,000 12,000 63,500 7,000 63,500 60,400 1,298,900 156,1 15 134,671 49,000 2,300 127,896 828,918 19 The areas <^iven include both government and privately owned land. All of the forest reserves so far set apart are in the Koa and Ohia forest type. Out of the area covered by this type of forest — approximately 1,175,000 acres — there have already been set apart 444,116 acres, of which 61 per cent, is government land. When the cliain of projected forest reserves is complete it is esti- mated that al)out 750,000 acres will have been set apart as forest reserves, of which about 70 per cent, will belong to the govern- ment. For a further description of the forest types present in Hawaii reference may be made to the Report of the Territorial Conservation Commission (in Appendix A, Report of the Com- mittee on Forests) which appears as an appendix to this annual report, in another part of the present publication. UNUERLYING PRIXCIPLES OF THE HAWAIIAX FOREST POLICY. In a subject so intimately connected with the continued w^elfare of the Territory as is forestry, it is well that there should be a clear understanding of the principles on wliich the forest policy of the Territorial Government is based. An annual report gives the opportunity for a restatement of the "reasons why." Per- haps it may not be out of place once again to outline the essential facts. There are in Flawaii two main classes of forest land, which for the sake of convenience have been termed the ''water4)earing for- est" and the ''commercial forest." The water-])earing forest is situated for the most part in the windward districts and covers the water sheds and catchment basins of the streams that are needed for irrigation, power development and other economic uses. The chief value of this forest is that it protects the head- waters of these streanns. Its most important product is water, and the treatment indicated for it is therefore the one which will best serve to produce the largest quantity of water. This class of native Hawaiian forest Ijelongs to whc't is known as the "rain-forest" type, connnon in the tropics. To render to tlie full its beneficial service as a conservator of water, it is es- sential that the forest cover be kept strictly intact, for owing to its character and composition the Hawaiian forest is easily dam- aged by the inroads of cattle and other enemies. The method of management best adapted to secure the result desired with this class of forest is to kee]) it as a "protection forest," from wliich men and animals are strictly excluded. Only by so managing it can it be made to yield permanently the largest share of its most valuable product, water. All l)ut one of the sixteen forest re- serves so far set apart are in the water-bearing forest class. They are therefore to be considered and treated as protection forests. 20 The other main class of Hawaiian forest, the coiiiiiiercial forest, is found for the most part in the districts on the leeward side of the Island of Hawaii, wdiere from the nature of the topography and the remarkahle porosity of rock and soil there are no perma- nently running' streams and only occasional springs. In such districts it is obvious that the protection of water sheds does not figure. Consequently the chief value of the commercial forest lies in the wood and timber wdiich it can be made to produce. Fortunately over a considerable portion of the commercial forest reproduction can be secured through natural means, so that suc- cessive crops of valuable timber can be obtained, provided the forests are managed in accordance wdth the dictates of practical forestry. Important as the commercial forest is, it should l)e clearly borne in mind that in Hawaii the water-bearing forest is far and away the more important of the tw^o classes, and that wherever it— the water-bearing forest — occurs it should, because of its re- Lition to the economic development of the Territory, not only be carefully protected but so managed that it may be of the greatest use possible. , THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES. The practical application of the principles above set forth is — and the point should be urged strongly — that until provision is made for adequately protecting the forest reserves from injury l>y fire, animals and trespass, the Hawaiian forests cannot be made to serve to the full the objects for wdiich the reserves are created. The essential needs are money for fencing such stretches of the reserve boundaries on government land as cannot be provided lor through fencing provisions in the leases of adjoining government lands ; a fund for fighting forest fire on government land ; and an appropriation sufficient to permit the employment of forest rangers to protect the reserves from fire, to see that the boun- daries are maintained and respected, to prevent trespass of ani- mals and men, and in general to give to the forest the care that it requires to be made of the greatest service. What has so far been done is practically to provide a skeleton of forest reserve administration. The defining of boundaries, the reports and recommendations, the official proclamation of the area as a reserve are all necessary steps essential to the creation of a legal forest reserve. As such they justify the time that has to be spent on them. But no one understands more clearly than do the members of the Division of Forestry that it takes more than reports and the coloring in of areas on a map to make an efficient forest reserve. To make the forest reserve svstem of 21 Hawaii truly effective requires men as well as maps. The inti- mate relation between forest protection and the continued eco- nomic welfare of the Territory is apparent. It is because I be- lieve the need is vital that I urge so strongly that provision be made for an adequate force for forest reserve administration. The problem of what should be done is simple. The most im- portant product of the Hawaiian forest reserves is w^ater. To get the largest quantities of water for the longest time and with as little fluctuation as possible requires in the case of most Hawaiian streams that the forest cover on the catchment basin be kept strictly intact, and that where it has once been opened up by cattle or through other causes, the forest cover shall be replaced and thereafter protected and maintained. Forest Rangers. Specifically three things are particularly needed ; forest rangers, fences for certain portions of forest reserve boundaries, and a fund for fighting forest fires on government land. The chief duties of forest rangers would be to protect the forest reserves from trespass by stock and from damage by forest fire. To accomplish this it is necessary that the reserves be properly enclosed and that the fences be maintained and kept in repair. To facilitate patrol duty and to enable the rapid transfer of men in case of fire, trails should be built and kept in repair. Added to these duties the rangers in certain reserves would have to capture or destroy wild cattle, goats and other animals at large in the forest ; in'others they would be required to oversee forest planting. Incidental to more important uses, trails in certain of the forest reserves would enable the use of the forests by the people as parks. Especially is this true in localities noted for the beauty or picturesqueness of the scenery, or otherwise of interest to visi- tors. Examples are the lao Valley in the West Main Forest Re- serve on Maui, and Konahuanui Peak in the projected forest reserve above Tantalus, back of Honolulu. Such use of the forest w^ould in no w^ay interfere with the objects of the reserve, but on the contrary by familiarizing more people with the forests, would tend to bring home to a larger number the intimate relation that forest protection bears to the life of the Territorv. For an at all adequate administrative organization, twelve for- est rangers are imperative. This number is meagre in view of the area to be covered and the nature of the W'Ork to be done, but tw^elve efficient men could do much. Figuring on established and prospective forest reserves, with this force tlie districts would be as follows : Hawaii . . . Puna and Hilo Districts i Koliala and llamakua Districts i Kail District i Kona District i iMaui West ]\Iaiii i Koolau and liana Districts i ]\[olokai 1 Oalui .... Waianae Mountains t Ivoolau Range i Tantalus and Vicinity i Kauai ... .Na Pali, Kona and South Puna Districts i Halelea, Koolau and Xorth Puna Districts i Total 12 The absence of forest rangers reacts unfavorably on the forests of Hawaii in two ways, hirst, it is now impossible to take ef- fective measures toward suppressing trespass l)y stock and pre- venting damage by forest fire. Second, until the Board of Agri- culture and Forestry can oiler at least an equally good adminis- tration of the forest reserves, private corporations and individuals will be slow in turning over tlieir forest lands to the Board for management. To secure tlie l)est results from forests of the type common to the Hawaiian forest reserves requires that all tlie lands in any given reserve be under the control of one central authority. It would be well if the title to all the lands in all the established forest reserves could be transferred to the Territorial Government. But as the Territory is not likely for a consider- able time to l)e in a financial position that would make such a con- summation possible, there is the more need to bring about a condition of things that shall lead to a transfer of the management of the privately owned tracts to the Territorial forest officials. Forest Reserve Fencing. Wherever possible the boundaries of the forest reserves are made to follow natural ])arriers. But there are numerous places where fencing is required. In many instances a short stretch of fence will protect consideral)le areas of forest. Money is needed to fence such portions of forest reserve boundaries across govern- ment lands. Often it is not possible to make the building of the fence a condition of the lease of adjoining government land, so that in the absence of a special fund it is impossible to get the work done at all. This results in damage from stock and in other injury to the forest. 23 Forest Fire Fitiid, It ought not to require argument to show the necessity for money with whicli to fight forest fires on government land. Un- der the present law owners or lessees of private or of government lands can be held responsible for fires that spread to other lands and so can be made to take active steps to combat fires. But there is no way in which payment can now be made for fighting fire on unleased land owned by the government. As much of the land in the forest reserves is in this case, the need is one of pressing importance. The coming session of the Legislature ought not to end without provision for a special fund to be used in emergencies. H. S. P. A. RESOLUTION. In this connection it may not ])e out of place to quote a resolu- tion unanimously adopted at the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, held in November, 1908, in that it voices the sentiment of the strongest commercial organization in the Territory. ''Resolved, That in the opinion of the Hawaiian Sugar Plant- ers' Association the work of forest ]^*otection and extension is of the highest importance to the agricultural interests of this Terri- tory ; ''That in the opinion of this Association the time has arrived when liberal appropriations should l)e made for such protection and extension, and we hereby petition the Legislature to make liberal specific appropriations for forest fencing ; for rangers to inspect and protect the forests from fire, depredation and tres- pass ; and for replanting with trees areas which have been hereto- fore denuded of forest." DAMAGE BY GOATS. LInder the subject of Forest Reserves attention should again be called to the serious damage resulting to the forests from the depredations of wild goats. Li my report for 1907 I recom- mended that Act 116 of the Session Laws of 1907, requiring the payment of a hunting license fee, should be so modified as to per- mit the free shooting of wild goats in establi^shed forest reserves. By a proper system of permits, issued by the District Forester or other local official, it could easily be arranged so that the privilege could not be abused. This amendment to the law is one that I believe should unquestionably Ix' wnAe. 24 FOREST EXTENSION. The second main branch of work carried on by the Division of Forestry is Forest Extension. Its aim is to encourage tree plant- ing. This it seeks to do- by the systematic introduction, of desir- able trees and shrubs new to the Territory, by giving advice to persons desiring it on what, where and how to plant, and by fur- nishing seed and seedhng trees at cost price from the Govern- ment Nursery. The Section of Forest Extension is under the direct charge of Mr. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. For a statement of wdiat has been accomplished during the past year, Mr. Haughs' report should be consulted. It sets forth briefly the essential facts and makes evident that this phase of the work of the Division of Forestry is constantly broadening in scope and developing in im- portance. EXPEEIMENTAL GAEDENS. It is unnecessary to repeat the points brought out in Mr. Haughs' report, but special mention should be made here of the establishment of an Experimental Garden in Makiki Valley, where will be set out and kept under observation the plants re- sulting from seed received in exchange from foreign sources and started in the specially constructed germination houses at the Government Nursery. As the result of the establishment of the systematic exchange of seed, inaugurated on a large scale in 1907 with over one hundred botanic gardens and other similar institu- tions throughout the world, many kinds of seed have been re- ceived. There can be no question that when these new plants come to be properly tested there will be found among them not a few desirable additions to our introduced flora. It follows, of course, that the plants found to be desirable will be propagated and eventually distributed. In connection with the work of plant introduction mention should also be made of the establishment of an experimental sub- garden at Kalaheo, on Kauai. To protect a reservoir site in the upper portion of the Kalaheo Homestead Tract a couple of lots had been reserved from entry and turned over to the Department of Public Works. This area, 'Tapapaholoholo,'' was in turn transferred to this Department in order that it might be used for tree planting. At the request of this office Mr. Walter D. Mc- Bryde, the local District Forester, an enthusiastic tree planter who has done a very considerable amount of tree planting on ad- joining private lands, consented to oversee the planting and direct the work locally. Accordingly the area has been fenced and one laborer employed tO' work under Mr. McBryde's supervision. In 25 the garden so made it is the intention to plant out such of the newly introduced trees and shrubs as appear suitable for use at the elevation and situation of Kalaheo. New trees and shrubs are now sent out for experimental plant- ing to a number of persons in various parts of the Territory who are interested in tree planting, but for the most part, naturally enough, there is a disinclination to take much trouble with new plants until it is known definitely whether or not they will do well and be of use in this Territory. In order to test more thoroughly the newdy introduced plants and in view of the difficulties of local transportation, I believe it would be well to have a number of sub- gardens in different parts of the Territory, where trees new to the islands could be tried under varying conditions of elevation, soil and exposure and from which seedlings of the trees in com- mon demand could be distributed for forest and other planting. Data obtained from careful observations made from time to time at such sub-stations as Kalaheo would supplement those obtained at the Makiki Garden and in the end would prove of decided bene- fit to the people of the Territory. The main objection to the establishment of such sub-stations is the cost. Unless the work can be carried on under the super- vision of a capable and suitably trained person satisfactory re- sults cannot be expected. The matter is mentioned at this time in that it is a desirable line of work for the Division of Forestry to engage in should at any time means tO' carry it on be made available. PLANT INTKODUCTIONS OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE. In connection with this subject special attention should be called to that section of the Forest Nurseryman's report that tells of the successful introduction into Hawaii, through the cooperation and assistance of this Division, of two plants of high economic importance, Mocha Coffee and Esparta, a grass valuable for weaving and other work. Without the special facilities possessed by the Division of Forestry for the handling of difficultly propa- gated plants it would have been impossible to give the seed of these plants the necessary treatment. EXPERIMENTAL TREE PLANTING ON THE HIGH MOUNTAINS. In 1907 there was secured from the United States Forest Ser- vice an allotment of $2,000.00 for experimental tree planting on the upper slopes of M'auna Kea and Haleakala, above the upper limit of the native Hawaiian forest. This allotment was subse- quently cancelled by direction of the Comptroller of the United 26 States Treasury. But in 1908 an equal amount was again allotecl. At the end of the calendar year arrangements are complete for carrying the plans into effect. The field work will start early in 1909. Briefly, the ohject of this experiment is to try at elevations of from six to ten thousand feet valuahle timher trees from the tem- perate zone, primarily conifers, with the expectation that some among those tested will be found to be adapted for local use. It is hoped that eventually, as a result of this experimental planting, a forest can be established on the now unproductive upper slopes of these two mountains. The segregation of w^aste land and its retention by the govern- ment wdien old leases of government land run out and new leases come to be made has consistently been a part of the policy advo- cated by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. The present instance shows the advisability of this policy. For if, as is rea- sonably to be expected, valuable trees can be made to grow on this otherwise w^aste upland, it is certainly advisable that the area be in the control of the Territory. Under the old method of leasing large government lands as a whole, the waste areas w^ere thrown in wdth the better land, sw^elling the acraage but adding no real value to the leasehold. As it is now each part of the land can, as it is needed, be put to the use for which it is best adapted. PROGRESS IN FOREST PLANTING. That forest planting is increasing in Hawaii is shown by the following tabulated record made up from answers to a schedule of inquiries that w^as sent out to each of fifty-two^ sugar planta- tions and to thirty-six stock ranches. The table shows that twenty-eight sugar plantation companies are now^ engaged more or less extensively in tree planting, usually on waste land ; of this number all but one began planting earlier than 1908; almost all expect to continue the work in 1909. Of the sixteen ranches that responded nine are in the list of tree planters. All but one began the w^ork earlier than 1908. All expect to continue during 1909. As many of the companies doing tree planting work have not kept complete records, such a table as this is, of course, only an approximation, but it may safely be said that in every case it errs on the side of being conservative. The area and number of trees actually planted are therefore greater than the figures here given, especially for the work done prior to 1908. In all during the past year, 325,824 trees have been planted by the plantation companies reporting; by the ranches 172,853; mak- ing a grand total of 498,677. 27 Tree Planting in Hawaii No7u Being Done by Suoar Plantation Companies and Stock Ranches, Kanai. T(.lal Area Total No. Trees p Intend Name oi Corporation Area Planted Trees Planted i,rf,St" ^0 Plant Planted in 1908 Planted in 190S ^ la"^'»gf in 1909 Acres. Acres. Grove Farm, G. N. Wilcox. I'ro]). 100 5 40,000 3.000 1906 Yes liihue rijmtation Co 1,100 50 20,000 1882 Yes MukoH' Sugnr (\. *7.500 *4,000 1907 Yes McBryde Sugar C<. 62,(348 16,925 1900 Yes 1,200 55 110,148 43,925 ]\rcT>r\-de Homesteads (uTuler direction of Mr. Walter D. Mcliryde) 25 6 65,000 15,000 1904 A'es Total 1,225 61 175,148 58,925 Oahit. Total Area Name of Corporation Area Planted Planted in 1908 Acres, Acres. Ewa VlantatJon Co iroiiolnhi lMaTitati<»n Co 10 Tjuie I'lantation Kahukii Plantation Co AVaiariac Con-jsany 26 4 36 4 Kaneolie Putncb Co 10 Oalni Railway & Land Com])any Ranch Deitartment Manna wili Rancli 3 00 5 7 310 57 Total 346 61 109,182 42,802 Maui. Total Area Name of Corporation Area Plantetl Planted in 1908 Acres. Acres. Kaeleku Sngar Comi)any. ... 3 ... Mani Agriciiltairal Co *700 88 Olowaln Cornrtanv ... Wailnkn Sugar Co *30 *30 Hawaiian Commercial t^' Sugar (Vnnpaiiy ... 73 3 118 Coriiwoll Ranch ... Haleakala Ranch 180.25 19.25 Ma,ni Agricultural Company's Rancli ". . *100 30 Total No. Trees Planted Trees Planted in 1908 Be^an Planting- lutend to Plant in 1909 10,972 1907 Yes 2,000 1899 Yes 5,000 2,000 1899 Yes * 3 0,000 *1 0,000 1903 Yes 11,562 1,794 1906 1908 Yes 48,562 24,766 10.500 10,500 Yes 25,000 3,000 1898 Yes 25,120 4,536 1896 Yes 60,620 18,036 280.25 49.'- Fotal No- Trees Planted Trees Planted in 1908 Pe^an Planting Intend to Plant in 1909 1.500 ••"400,000 200 4.478 300 151,000 75 4,478 1906 1900 1908 Yes Yes Yes Yes 34,629 1902 1906 1900 Yes 440,807 155,853 1,000 106,830 19,665 Yes Yes * 8 0,0 00 22,000 1906 Yes 186,830 41,665 Total 1,013.25 167.25 627,637 197,518 •• .\])}n-oxiniato figure. 28 Hawaii, Name of Corporation Total Area Planted Area lianted in 1908 Hakalaii Plantation Co ... . Halawa Plantation Co Hawaiian Agricultnral Co Hawi Mill & Plantation Co Hilo Sugar Company Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Co. Kohala Sugar Co Kukaiau Mill Co . Laupahoehoe Sugar Co Acres. Acres. a 25 8 4.5 *23 Total No. Trees Planted *3,000 '16,666 ' 2,570 -,, Intend P.'nfed ^^^^'^ ^« in Q(K Planting Plant, ia *200,000 *4,000 200 Niulii Plantation Olaa Sugar Co Pacific Sugar Mill . . . . Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co... Pepeekeo Sugar Co Puakea Plantation Co 115 6 6,000 1,000 Extensive i)lantin 30 115,275 ;,ooo 350,045 [^ukaiau Plantation Ranch . 'arker Ranch 'uuwaawaa Ranch Company's 517 517 928 194 194 257.5 278,952 *15,000 1,000 Total 294,952 644,997 Suminajy. Plantations. Ranches. Total Trees Total Trees Island. Trees Planted Trees Planted Planted. 1908. Planted. 1908. Kauai 175,148 58,925 Oahu 48,562 24,766 60,620 18,036 Maui 440,807 155,853 186,830 41,665 Hawaii 350,045 86,280 294,952 113,152 Total 1,014,562 325,824 542,402 172,853 A LOOK AHEAD. Totals. Total Trees Trees Planted Planted. 175,148 109,182 627,637 644,997 1908. 58,925 42,802 197,518 199,432 1,556,964 498,677 The planting of practically half a million trees during one year is a record decidedly worth while. It shows that the men in the Territory wdio have most occasion to use wood are awake to the fact that the sources of supply are diminishing and that they are preparing to meet the need by providing a local supply. But en- couraging as is the start made, it is only a small part of what ought to be done. The investigations of the Section of Forests of the National Conservation Commission — the results of which have but lately been made public — show that the amount of wood annually used on the American mainland is 3^ times the amount yearly pro- duced by the forests. The uses of w^ood are constantly increasing and the prices of all wood products are steadily going up. Waste- ful methods, coupled with ever-enlarging demands, have now 29 brought things to a point where a timher famine is inevitable. How severe and of how long duration this wood famine will be depends very largely on how soon the annual production of wood is made to balance the annual consumption. The remedy lies in the better management of the forests, in lessening the waste that occurs all the way from the stump to the consumer, in prolong- ing the life of wood through preservative treatments, in stopping loss from forest fires, and most of all, in forest planting. As a result of the lessening supply of w^ood some of the al)Ove sug- gested remedies are coming to be applied, but it is too late to avert the impending crisis. The only real solution, the only way to get at the root of the difficulty, is to make production equal out-go. Hawaii is in no wise exempt from the perplexities that will folkwv the coming scarcity of timber. Indeed this discussion is particularly pertinent here in that so large^a portion of the wood products used locally, and practically all of the construction tim- ber used in the islands, is imported. The reports of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor give the imports of timber, boards and plants into Hawaii for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, as 30,603,000 feet, board measure ; with a value of $565,425.00. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, the corresponding figures are 29,191,000 feet, board measure, and $477,422.00. These figures need no further comment. But it may be said that those persons wlio start forest plantations now^ will be the best preparecl to meet the additional pressure wdicn it comes, as it surely will, within a few years. The needs for railroad ties, fence posts, fuel and construction tim])er can all be met, at least in part, by trees that can l)e grown in the islands. The Division of Forestry stands ready to advise wliat kinds should be planted to obtain certain results, and to show when, where and how^ to go al^out the work. Much good work has l)ecn done in 1908. It is for the far-sighted to make 1909 a year phenomenal for its tree planting. RECOMMENDATION. The greatest dra\vback at present to a more rapid extension of tree planting in Hawaii is that many persons wlio otherwise w^ould ])lant trees hesitate because they can not find out just what returns may reasonably be expected under local conditions. Tliis is in- formation that should be available and which it is the business of the Division of Forestry to obtain. The necessary data can be got from the systematic measurement of planted groves of vary- ing ages. There is enough planted forest in Hawaii to give all the figures required, but it needs technically trained men to do the w^ork, A start in this direction was made bv the Division of 30 Forestry two years ago, but the pressure of other work, with a staff of only two men, has prevented its being continuecL What the Division of Forestry needs is another assistant — a man technically trained in the profession of forestry, who has also had practical experience. The calls that are made on the Division in this and in allied branches of forest work more than justify the necessary outlay in salary, for the benefit that v/ould result from the increased efficiency of the Division of Forestry would be a good return on the investment. I accordingly recommend that in the estimates for the next fiscal period provision be made for the appointment of a technically trained assistant in the Division of Forestry. TEEK PLANTING rNDER A GOVERNMENT LEASE. Pertinent for consideration Under Forest Fxtension is a new^ departure in forest policy made during 1908, in the requirement in a lease of government land for grazing purposes, that a definite number of trees be planted on specified portions of the tract. The lands in question are situated in the District of Hamakua, Island of Hawaii, and the leases (Nos. 623, 625 and 626) are made to the Kukaiau Plantation Company, of which Mr. Albert Horner is Manager. The lands required to be planted were formerly under forest, but owing to a variety of causes, chief among w liich were the forest fires of 1901, the original forest has now completely disappeared and been followed l^y a dense cover of rank growing- grass that effectually prevents forest reproduction. After a thorough study of the wdiole situation on the ground the Superintendent of Forestry reported adversely on the pro- posal to have this area set apart as a forest reserve, in that, under tlie conditions that had come to exist, and in view of the fact that there were no permanently running streams to be protected, the land could more advantageously ])e used for other purposes tlian forest. The object of the present planting then is not the re- forestation of the area, but its improvement through the planting of groves of trees that shall serve, wdien safely established, as stock shelters in connection with the ranch and ultimately as a local supply of wood and timber. Incidentally, if then so desired, the groves now estalilished could be used a score or more years hence as seed spots for the extension of a forest cover through natural reproduction. What is more likely is that by that time the land can be used for some more intensive form of agriculture than grazing, through the gradual development of the district, made possible through im- proved facilities of transportation. The tree planting clauses of the leases provide that Fucalyptus 31 . trees shall be planted at the rate of 40 to the acre — ^the actual planting, however, to be in groves, with the trees 8 feet apart — and that that number in good condition shall be maintained dur- ing the term of the (tw^enty-one year) lease. The proposal that a tree planting clause be inserted in the leases originated with Mr. Horner, wdio following in the footsteps of his father, the late John AI. Horner, has for a number of years been actively engaged in tree planting on the ranch. The trees to be used are Eucalypts, at first mainly Blue Gum. But it is provided that other species may be substituted on approval by the Superintendent of Forestry. The precedent established in this instance will unquestionably lead to the insertion of similar clauses in other leases of grazing land elsewhere in the Territory, for there are many localities where tree planting which could not otherwise be undertaken can thus be provided for. In some cases this method of planting can be used as a step to the reforestation of a denuded area. In any event the value of the land to the government would be increased through the presence of groves of thirfty trees. MISCELLANEOUS FOREST WORK. In addition to its two main lines of forest w^ork — forest reserve administration and forest extension — the Division of Forestry is charged with the duty of promoting the forest interests of the Territory in other ways. With the development of the lumber industry in Haw^aii, brought into especial prominence during the past two years through the operations of the Hawaiian jMahogany Lumber Company in Puna, Haw^aii, attention has been called to the commercial side of forestry and to the possibility, in certain districts of the Territory, of deriving a revenue from the govern- ment forests. It has already I)een made clear in this report that there are two classes of forest in Hawaii — the water bearing forest and the com- mercial forest — and that radically different treatment is rcquirec^ to make each one serve its purpose to the best advantage. The policy of the Territorial government in protecting the more im- portant class — the water bearing forest — through tlie creation of forest reserves, managed as "protection forests," has also been fully discussed. It is equally the policy of the administration, in districts where the Territorial forests are of the commercial class, to make the forest revenue producing by exploiting it in accordance witli the methods of practical forestry. But in forestry there is no hard and fast rule that can everywhere be followed. On the contrary each case must be decided on its own merits. Especially is this true in Hawaii where lumbering is a new departure and where the 3^ absence of local experience makes the problem of the best subse- quent treatment of the tract to be cut over, a matter that should have the most careful attention. FOKEST MANAGEMENT. The conditions obtaining in the District of Puna, on the Island of Hawaii, are such on general principles as to justify lumbering. There are and can be no running streams. Consequently the question of watershed protection is not a factor. The forest is essentially of the ''commercial class." But this in itself does not predicate that the present is neces- sarily the best time at which to lumber the Puna forests. The condition of the forest, the stumpage prices to be got now and that may be expected in the future, the methods by which the work in the woods would be done, and the use to which the land would be put after lumbering, are all factors that, with others, enter into the problem. To be prepared intelligently to deal with the Puna problem, especially in view of an application from the Hawaiian Mahogany Lumber Co. for stumpage rights on the gov- ernment forest lands in Puna, the Superintendent of Forestry made two visits to the district in 1908, respectively in September and December. Plis report thereon is now in course of prepara- tion. It will be made public early in 1909 and will contain a statement of facts, with specific recommendations. The Hazmiiaji Mahogany Lumber Company. As a matter of record it may be noted here that the plans of the Hawaiian Mahogany Lumber Company have been somewhat slow in developing, due to various unforseen obstacles that have arisen from one cause or another. Lumbering is a new industry in Hawaii and it is not surprising that there should be some diffi- culty in getting it under way. A large modern saw mill has been erected by the Company at Pahoa, Puna, Hawaii, and operations were begun there in Septem- ber. On December i, 1908, the first regular shipment of ties for the Santa Fe Railway was dispatched from Hilo in the schooner Emily F. Whitney. The lot consisted of 20,058 standard Ohia Lehua ties. It will be recalled that the contract with the Santa Fe Railway made in September, 1907, calls for 500,000 ties an- nually for five years. Fifteen thousand feet of Ohia lumber was sent to California in November in an attempt to find a market for the by-product re- sulting from the waste that comes in squaring rough logs for tie purposes. The Lumber Company plans to work up some of this 33 material as teleplione insulator pins and brackets, for which pur- pose Ohia is excellently well adapted. In order to concentrate all its energies on logging* Ohia for ties, the Company has temporarily discontinued its operations in the Koa forests. Ut nidation of the Coinniercial Forest. The inauguration of the luml)er industry in Ifewaii points to the need for a careful investigation of all the forests owned by the Territory in the leeward districts on the Island of Hawaii that, belong to the commercial forest class. In several cases already,, applications have been made for logging rights. Others are sure to follow^ The Territorial officials should 1)e in touch with the exact conditions so as to be able to act v/ithout delay. In this same connection the Division of Forestry is in frequent receipt of requests from owners of private forest belonging to the com- mercial class, for advice on how best to manage their forest prop- erties. l^ecause forests react on the life of a community in so many and in so diverse ways, the wise management of the forests of any given state is a matter of concern not alone to those persons w^io own the forests but to all the people. A large pro])ortion of the forest area in this Territory is now and will remain in private ownersliip. Ihit it is well within the j^rovince of the government to take such steps as it reasonaljl}^ may to induce private owners to manage their forest properties wisely. To meet requests for advice on these matters is consetjuently a distinct part of the forest policy of the Territory and should form a regular section of the work of the Division of h^orestry. It is as nmch a part of forestry to cut, as to j^lant trees. In either case there is a right way and a wrong way to go a1)out the work. Tlie purpose of tlie Division of I'\:)restry in its olTer of advice and as- sistance is to help private owners to manage their forests, ])e they natural or artificially planted, in the way that will make them of the greatest service. Superz'ision of Lumbering. Should it later l)e found advisa1)le to grant logging rights in certain of the government forests, it follows that the work would be done in accordance with careful regulations pre|)ared by this department, executed under strict supervision. Both the investigations and the sul)sequent administrative in- spection of forests of tlie commercial class are work that require the services of men technicallv trained in forestr\'. Mention lias 34 already been made, in connection with Forest Extension, of the need of another assistant in the Division of Forestry. The in- crease in the demands made on the Division under forest manage- ment is an added reason why such a man should be provided. PUBLICITY IN FOREST WORK. Another way in which the Division of Forestry is of service is by taking advantage of all convenient opportunities to bring to the attention of the people of the Territory statements in regard to the principles of forestry, reports of work in hand, and the rea- sons why certain policies are advocated and pursued. When so large a part of the forest work done in Flawaii is and must be carried out under private auspices it is advisable that a share of the attention of the Territorial Division of Forestry be given to making better known the precepts of forestry and the reasons that underlie them. The man who cares for a tract of native forest intelligently, or who starts a grove of thrifty trees, benefits not only himself but an ever-widening circle of his neighbors throughout the Territory. In view of the close relation between forest protection and the continued success of agriculture in Ha- waii, and because of the steadily growing demand for wood of all kinds, it is not only desirable — it is essential that the citizens of Hawaii be brought to understand and practice forestry. It is for this reason that reports are wTitten and speeches made. The development of a better understanding of what forestry is and what it does justifies the time and labor expended. During 1908 in furtherance of this idea two popular lectures on forestry were given in the spring at the College of Flawaii ; papers telling of the progress of forestry were prepared and read before the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso- ciation and of the Hawaiian Rubber Growers' Association in No- A^ember ; and numerous reports and other contributions written for the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist and for the various newspapers. In January, 1908, an exhibit illustrating the work of the Division of Forestry was made at the Third Annual Exhibit of the Hawaiian Poultry Association. Whenever a forest reserve is set apart the reasons for its crea- tion are outlined in the report of the Superintendent of ForCvStry. These reports, with the recommendations of the Committee on I'orestry, are always published in full in the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, the ofhcial organ of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, in which magazine are also to be found special contributions and other miscellaneous reports on forest subjects. Perhaps deserving mention here is an exhaustive report on "The Forest Situation in Hamakua," published in the Forester for 35 April, 1908, in which are stated at length the reasons why it is not considered wise at this time to recommend that an extensive forest reserve be created in the Hbmakua District, Hawaii. That report also includes a discussion of the much mooted question of the influence of forest on rainfall, with especial reference to the forests of Hamakua. The report was the result of several visits to Hamakua, and immediately followed a final investiagtion, made in February, ic TERRITORIAL CONSERVATION COMMISSION. The Conference of the Governors, Mention was made in the opening paragraphs of this report of the important role played by the Conference of the Governors in the history of forestry in the United States in 1908. It is of in- terest to record here that Hawaii had a direct part in that memor- able gathering. In response to the invitation of President Roose- velt, Governor Frear attended the Conference and took with him as his three ''Advisors," Honorable W. O. Smith, Mr. Alonzo Gartley, and the Superintendent of Forestry. To have attended the Conference of the Governors and not to have come back to one's regular duties with a broader outlook and with renewed enthusiasm would be an impossibility. The uplift of that meeting will ever remain as a powerful incentive to all who were fortunate enough to have a part in it. During my stay in Washington I was a1)le to get closely in touch wdth phases of the recent work of the United States Forest Service that have developed so rapidly as to be hard to follow from a distance. Conference on professional subjects with Forest Service men and with several of the other State Foresters whom I met in Washintgon or elsewhere in the East, was not only an agreeable experience, ])ut gave me much to bring back to my work here that is of direct benefit to the forest w^ork of the Terri- tory. Incidentally it may be of interest to note a fact perhaps not generally known, that Hawaii is one of the eleven states in the Union to employ a professional forester. Appointinent of Conservation Coininission. On July 23, 1908, Governor Frear appointed as the "Terri- torial Conservation Commission of Hawaii," the following per- sons: Messrs. Ralph S. Hosmer, Chairman ; W. O. Smith, Alonzo Gartley, Jared G. vSmith and Walter F. Dillingham — the three first named being the Governor's "Advisors" at Washington. 36 111 accordance with the instructions of the Governor, the Com- mission immediately took up an investigation of the natural re- sources of the Territory with a view to recommending plans for their wise development and rational use. A preliminary report, w^ith recommendations, was prepared and submitted to Governor Frear just prior to his departure for Washintgon early in Novem- ber. This report, which contains some statements of fact not before available, is given in full elsewhere in this volume. It w^as first published in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Honolulu, then in the December issue of the Hawaiian Forester and Agri- culturist, and generally distributed. The Commission is in close touch wdth the National Conserva- tion Commission and stands ready to cooperate with tlie Conserva- tion Commissions of other states and territories. From time to tion as occasion may arise the Commission wall bring to the at- tention of the Governor facts and figures of interest in connection with the use and conservation of natural resources, with recom- mendations in regard thereto. The members of the Commission wdll be glad at any time to receive suggestions and communications pertinent to the subject in hand from any one interested. Visit of Honorable F. H. Newell. The event of greatest importance in Conservation matters in Hawaii during 1908 was unquestionably the visit to the islands in the autumn months of Hionoral)le F. H. Newell, Director of the United States Reclamation Service. Following almost im- mediately Secretary Garfield's return to the mainland it shows that Hawaii's claims for recognition are not only being heard but responded to from Washington. Already Mr. Newell has been of signal assistance to the Territory in getting the plans for a hydro- graphic survey definitely under way. The coming year will see no small development along that line. AW of which leads to mak- ing Hawaii a l^etter place to live in and consequently to its de- velopment as a true American communit}'. At the invitation of the Governor the Superintendent of For- estry accompanied Governor Frear and Mr. Newell on a portion of tiieir tour of the other islands, going with the party to.Molokai and Kauai. On these trips it was possible to discuss with Mr. Newell a numl)er of forest problems on the ground. Needless to say, many valua])le suggestions was one result of these informal conferences. BOTANICAL COLLECTION. In October, 1908, M-r. Joseph F. Rock w^as engaged by the Division of Forestrv as Botanical Assistant. Mr. Rock's duties 37 are to gather herl)ariiini! material and seeds of Hawaiian plants needed for exehange pnrposes. Partieular attention is paid to the arl)oreseent flora, including trees, shru])s and woody creepers, but it is hoped that eventually the Her])arium may include specimens of all the native and introduced plants. During the months of November and December there were col- lected on the Island of Oahu 1,506 specimens. The number in- chules duplicates for exchange as well as original specimens for the Her])arium. Roughly classihed there were of Trees and shrubs 1,016 Cryptogams 280 Algae 210 1,506 The number of species of Phanerogams is 202 ; of Cryptogams 120 ; of Algae 146 ; a total of 468. The best and rarest s]3ecimens of indigenous Hawaiian plants w^ere collected in the Koolau Mountains between Kaliana and Laie ; especially on the mlain ridge of Tunaluu and Kaliuwaa. Although the season was unpropitious for collecting seed some was obtained from plants of the following genera: Pithosporum, Myrsiiic, Lobelia, Darbonfia and Pritchardia. It may be in place here to mention that there lias also lieen added to the Herbarium a collection of Algae, Hawaiian sea weeds, 'T.imu," collected by ]\Ir. Rock previous to liis connection with tlie Division of Forestry. Many of these are edible and conse- quently have some local economic importance. In order to dis- play certain of these Limu and other botanical specimens havmg popular interest, a standard with swinging frames has l)een con- structed and placed in the Exhil)it Room in tlie Board building, in which specimens of sixty different plants, properly named and labelled, are show^n in a way to attract attention and facilitate study. A forest herbarium is the necessary foundation for any syte- matic investigation of the native Hawaiian forest. Such a de- tailed stud}^ must in time follow. For to devise plans for the most efficient handling of the Flawaiian forest reserves requires an intimate knowledge of the habits and life histories of many species. The study of the relations between the various members of the complex plant family that together make up wliat we term a forest is one of the problems that awaits attention. The collec- tion of an herl^arium is a help toward its solution. 38 FUNGUS DISEASE ON MAUI. During the year 1908 not as much progress as could be wished has been made toward the control of the trouble, presumably due to a fungus disease, that is causing serious damage to the forest on the wandward slopes of Mt. Haleakala on Maui. ]>elieving that the first step necessary was to find out the exact cause of the trouble, arrangements were made for a thorough examination of the forest by one of the staff of the Division of Vegetable Patho- logy of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station. This investigation is now in progress. As yet there is nothing to report. In the expectation of subsequent planting to reforest certain of the areas where the native Hawaiian forest has been killed, the Division of Forestry is now in correspondence with its exchanges in regard to securing trees and shrubs similar in ecological char- acter to those of the original forest. Pleretofore, most of the im- portations of forest trees into Hawaii have been made mainly with the idea of planting for commercial return. In the present in- stance watershed protection is the need. It is expected that some desirable plants can be secured in this way and that practical re- sults will follow their planting. ARBOE DAY. The annual celebration of Arbor Day is now firmly fixed in Hawaii. This year the date set by proclamation of Governor Frear was Friday, November 13. As usual Arbor Day was pri- marily an occasion observed in the schools, but not a little tree planting was done by individuals as well. Through the cooperation of the Department of Public Instruc- tion the largest number of trees ever sent out for Arbor Day planting — 5,777 — was furnished free from the Government Nur- sery to 71 schools. The planting this year was along the road- sides approaching the schools, most of the school lots having been planted with a sufficient number of trees in earlier years. In addition to the trees given out free to the schools, there were also distributed from the Government Nursery, freight prepaid to the other islands, free trees for homestead planting. Each home- steader who responded to a general offer w^as given fifty trees. The trees offered w^ere Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus rolnista) , Silk Oak (Greznllea robiista) and Ironwood (Castiarina equiseti- folia). Lots could be made up of a mixture, or be all of one kind, as the recipient preferred. In all 9,926 trees were sent out. This Arbor Day distribution of trees is distinct from the routine work of the Government Nursery, the details of which are outlined in the report of the Forest Nurseryman. 39 . NUUANU AND TANTALUS FORESTS. i There is no startling news to report from either of these planted forests during the year, except that with the final decision of the Lanai suit the title to the Tantalus Forest definitely passes, with- out question, to the Territory. This wall permit the undertaking during the early part of 1909 of much needed thinings, and the clearing out of dry underbrush that greatly increases the fire dan- ger. The one forest ranger so far appointed, David Kapihe, has con- tinued during the year to patrol the Tantalus Heights District and to oversee the burning of brush under permits issued by the Dis- trict Fire Warden. RUBBER INVESTIGATIONS. THE PEESENT STATUS OF RUBBER IN HAWAII. The production of rubber has come during the year 1908 to take its place as one of the recognized industries in Flawaii. This desirable position has been reached througli the successful com- pletion of a series of systematic tapping tests which proved that rubber can be collected and prepared for market from the trees in the rubber plantations on the Island of Maui at a cost that insures profitable returns — the work being done by ordinary laborers un- der conditions that would obtain in actual commercial practice. This experimental tapping is part of a cooperativ." investigation now being conducted jointly by tlie Division of Forestry and the Hawaii Experiment Station. THE TERMS OF THE EXPERIMlKNT. It may l)e recalled that in 1906 during an investigation by this Division of the planted forest on Kauai there was brought to pub- lic attention the existence of two groves of Ceara rub])cr trees on that island. Arrangejnents were at once made to ta]) these trees, the work being undertaken by tlie Hawaii Experiment Station, as that Station then had a man availa1)]e for the work and the Division of Forestry did not. The results of tlie tests made on Kauai, with other matters germane to the sul)jcct, were pul)lishc(l during the spring of 1908 as Bulletin No. t6 of tlie Hawaii Ex- periment Station. That bulletin is an important contriliution, ])ut it does not answer all the questions involved, ]:)articularly tlie crucial one of whether rubber can be collected at a cost tliat justi- fies the industrv as a commercial proposition. To rr.eet this need the Division of Forestrv proposed to the Ikiwaii Ex])erimciit Sta- 40 tion tliat a joint iuvcstiagtion be undertaken: the Experiment Sta- tion to provide the men to do tlie field and hi1)oratory work, the Division of Forestry to pay the bilLs. Twelve hnnch'cd doUars has 1)een alloted for this purpose. The Direetors of tlie four nib- ])er plantations at Nahiku, IMaui, eordially endorsed the plan and have actively cooperated by givincr the agent in charge the right to tap the requisite number of trees and by furnishing laborers to work under his direction. From the start the experiment was planned with special refer- ence to securing figures tliat should have direct practical bearing on the commercial development of the rubber industry. To attain this result there was ke])t constantly in mind in planning the tap- ping tests the conditions that the rubber plantation manager must face daily in actual practice. To this end it was arranged that there should first be tried only the simplest possible methods of tapping, such as any laborer of ordinary intelligence could learn to do, and that all refinements of process, at the start be done away wn'th. It was further provided that any given tapping test should be made on. a large enough number of trees to be really repre- sentative and that each such test should be continued as long as the size of the trees warranted. Another provision of the same order was that an accurate record l)e kept of the time of all lal)or- ers employed, in units of not less than one-half of an actu.al work- ing day — the experiments being so planned as to keep the men busy during that time. In working out the details of the experiment the plan ])roa(lened soniewliat in scope so that finally it fell under four main heads, as follows : First. Ex])erimental tappings to determine the cost of collect- in.g latex imder conditions of commercial practice. Second. Comparative tests of difi^erent methods of tapping to ascertain which one is l)est adapted to the local conditions, in view of cost, tiuiie re([uired, efifect on the flow of latex, and general in- fluence on the tree. Third. A study of the methods of handling the latex after it has been collected, with special reference to control by chemicals or l)y other means, so that as large a percentage as possible may 1)0 sold as high grade rul)l)er. The l)est way of handling the '*'scra])ings" is an important phase of this problem. h\)urt'h. A study of methods of cultivation and fertilization, to find out how througli these means rublier trees may be brought sooner to tlie point of tap])ing, or 1)y increased vitalitv be made to }'iel(l larger cjuantities of latex at an earlier age or for a longer period of flow. y\long v;ith the main points emmierated nuich information will also be got on such related matters as the best spacing of the trees, the approi)riate season of the year for planting, intercultural 41 crops, and the like. The work under the third head, methods of chemical ccnitrol, will be performed at tlie lal)oratory of the Ha- waii lix])eriment Station in llonoluhi as it is of a character re- quiring" s])ecial equipment and knowledge only possessed l)y a trained chemist. There are enough rubber trees on the station grounds and in the Tantalus forest to provide the necessary latex. All the rest of the work will be done in the field on the several rubber i)lanlations at Xahiku, Alaui. The experiments were started early in October ; they will be continued dtu-mg; the re- mainder of this fiscal period. The two important points on which the success of the rubber industrv in Hawaii turns are first, Avhether the trees }ield latex in commercial quantities, and second, whether the latex can l)c col- lected and ])repared for market at a profit. Even in its initial findings this experiment has gone a long way toward answering these questions. KT^SITLTS OF THE TAPPING TESTS. At the second atmual meeting of the Hawaiian I^ul)ber Growers' Association held at Honolulu on November 20, 1908, I)r. E. V. Wilcox, Director of the Hawaii Experiment Station, told of the results of the experiment so far as they had then been obtained. After the meeting he prepared a written statement, eml^odying- the essential facts. This statement, reprinted from tlie liawaiian Eorestcr and Agriculturist for December, tc)o8 — which number contains a full account of the Rnlibcr Griwvers' meeting — is as follows : Results of Experiment^ in Tapping Ceara Rubber Trees. [Statement by Dr. E. Y. Wilcox at the Hawaiian Rul)1)er Grow- ers' Association Second Annual Meeting.] ''The rubber experiments which are being carried on by the United States Experiment Station and the Territorial Hoard of Agriculture and Eorestrv have been under wav long enough to indicate certain results which are of practical importance to rub- licr growers. Thus far more than 200 trees, most of them less than three years old, have l)een tapped. These trees averaged from twelve to thirteen inches in circumference and were located chiefly on the grounds of tlie Ivoolau Rubber Company, on Maui. In tapping young trees it w-as not expected that profitable returns of ru1)l)er woidd be obtained; Intt the plan involved the practical l>oint of determining the rapidit}' witli which trees could be tapped, and satisfactorv methods of handlino; labor to the best advantage. 42 In the first series of 80 trees, which were tapped by means of one vertical cut each day, it required thirty-six hours and forty min- utes of labor to tap the trees, collect the latex, and secure iy2 pounds of dry rubber. In the second series of experiments on 160 trees, which were tapped with two vertical cuts instead of one, it required only forty hours of labor to tap the trees, collect the latex and obtain five pounds of first class rubber and about a pound of scrap rubber. In this experiment in which two vertical cuts were used daily, profitable returns were obtained. "It was found that an ordinary laborer could tap rubber trees, by means of two long, vertical cuts, at the rate of about 50 trees an hour, and could collect latex at the rate of 100 trees an hour. The available labor on plantations appears to be reasonably effec- tive in doine this work, and the amount of training required in order to make the cuts effectively and quickly is not excessive. *'It requires less time to tap older trees than the young trees, upon which our w^ork is done, and there is also less danger of in- juring the trees. We have found that a good flow of latex can be obtained from tapping done from daylight until 8 a. m,, or even later. ''From the experiments which we have thus far conducted it appears that one man can tap about fifty trees per hour, while another man can collect the latex fromi the trees which would be tapped in the same time by two men. Since it appears from re- sults which we have obtained from tapping mature Ceara rubber trees, that abou.t one-third ounce of dry rubber may be expected as a daily yield, it is evident that three men should be able to obtain rubber from mature trees at the rate of about one pound per hour. The data upon which this conclusion is based have been carefully considered and the estimate is probably not above what may be expected. At any rate,*the results obtained in our experiments indicate clearly that the Ceara rubber tree in Hawaii will not only grow^ and thrive, but will yield profitable returns. ^'Further experiments will be carried on in the microscopic ex- amination of sections of the Ceara rubber tree to get a basis for determining the best methods of tapping. Several other species of rubber trees will also be tapped and an elaborate series of fer- tilizer experiments with rubber is planned. We hope to be able to devise a method of fertilizing rubber trees so as to secure an increased flow of latex during the tapping periods.'' ME. WATERHOUSE^S EEPORT ON ETJBBEE. In October, 1907, Mr. F. T. P. Waterhouse of Honolulu was appointed a Special Agent of the Board of Agriculture and For- estry to investigate the rubber industry in the Malay Peninsula 43 and Ceylon. On his return from the Orient Mr. Waterhouse prepared an interesting- report of his findings, which was printed jointly hy this Board and by the Hawaiian Rubber Growlers' Asso- ciation. The report appears in full in another part of this volume. THE DISTRICT FORESTERS. 'During the past year only one change has taken place in the personnel of the volunteer staff of District Foresters and District Fire Wardens, the resignation, on account of removal from the Territory, of Mr. C. B„ Wells of Wailuku, Maui. He is succeeded by Mr. H. B. Penhallow, also Mr. Wells' successor as Manager of the Wailuku Sugar Company. The boundary line between the districts of Messrs. Munro and Conradt on the Island of Mplokai has been altered to effect a bet- ter division of the island and to facilitate supervision. Mr. Munro now has all of the island lying to the west of Wailau Valley and the land of Mapulehu. Mr. Conradt's district includes these lands and all to the east of them. Revised lists of the District Foresters and District Fire War- dens are given on another page of this report. REPOETS OF DISTEICT FOEESTERS. Following the usual custom opportunity was given eacli of the District Foresters to record briefly notes of forest happenings in his district during the year or other matters worthy of record. The following abstacts are from the answers received : Mr. A,. F. Knudsen — Waimea, Kauai. 'Tn reference to the planting of Acacia vielaiioxylon at Hale- manu in the Waimea (West) Forest Reserve, 1 would like to re- port that from the same sowing of seed in 1906, several young plants came up in the month of December, 1908, and were ob- served by me in January, 1909. "These seeds were scattered broadcast and quite a number came up after the first rains. The spot was marked with a stake and by the first comers, now about 5 feet high. In tliat same plot this year about 25 more have come up and seem to thrive. It is impossible that these come from any other seed than those sown in 1906.'' Mr. Francis Gay — Makaweli, Kauai. "As Forester for the Waimea section of Kauai, I beg to report to vou that our forests are in better condition than thcv have 44 been for bOiiie years past owing to the klllino- oil of wild cattle, and the }onng trees are coming up everywhere and notwithstand- ing the ver}' dr}- season we have had our forest is in fine condition. ''The only tree I find that is at all touched with blight, is tlie Aiea, but tlie blight on it seems to be going off, and .1 hope will soon disappear entirely. "Our lower lands are already covered with i\lgarol)a where can.e is n.ot grown so we have done very little tree planting in this section this year. "I find tliat the rubl)er plants }'0u gave me which I planted upon the government section, have hardly grown any, and I believe that the land is too dry for rubber. "There have been no fires in our forest reserves this year, but several on otu- pasture lands owing to the very dry state of the grass, but all have been promptly extinguished. "We still keep in force our old fire law, which works well ; that is that all who assist in extinguishing any fire get $i.oo, which is |)aid bv the person who starts the fire, so that all who see a fire hasten to it and there is generally no trouble in extinguishing it before it goes too far." Mr. John Herd — Koolaupoko, Oahu. "In complianxe with your request I herewith submit a report on forestry conditions in this section for the calendar year 1908. The only matters of special interest to report in this connection are the continued plantings on the Maunawili Ranch, as well as the starting of a coconut plantation on a section of Kailua near the sea. All tliese plantings may, however, l)e regarded to a very great extent as agricultural propositions, particularly as the large majority of trees planted in the Maunawili section have been rul)l)er of varied varieties, and those at Kailua, coconuts for future agricultural purposes. The total number of all kinds of trees otlier than rubber planted at Maunawili Ranch during the calendar year amounted to 4,536, covering in all about 60 acres distributed as shelter and windbreaks, as well as for ornamental purposes. 'T would again call your attention to the decay in the native forest trees in tins section, particularly "Acacia koa;' which con- tinues to suffer from the attacks of Lepidopterous larvae, which destroys all seeds as well as the young twigs. Avocado Pear trees have practically all been destroyed in this district by a fungus disease, as well as attacks l)y species of l)orers, for some years past. The fruit of the Mango tree continues also to be attacked l)y a species of fungus, few of these coming to maturity. Ohia (mountain apple) trees continue producing much dead growth from the top of the trees, which, as previously reported, is also supposed to be the result of fungus attack. 45 "It is quite important that these various fungi and other troubles be properly investigated by scientific men who arc competent to undertake such systematic as well as economic work. Nothing of any moment has been done in this direction, and unless improve- ment as to present conditions occurs in the near future, it will be practically useless tO' make further plantings of verv many varie- ties of trees which have heretofore been quite suitable to this section of country from an economic standpoint." Mr. H. B. Penhallow— Wailuku, Maui. ''Forestry: Of particular note is the establishing of a forest nursery early in the year by the Wailuku Sugar Company. It is the intention of the plantation to set out with suitable trees cer- tain lands at Waihee and Waikapu which cannot be planted to cane, and the lands immediately above the cane fields. The chief object is to establish a source of supply for fire wood, fence posts and railroad ties. In addition to the above, the camps are l)eing provided with shade and fruit trees, and certain localities with wind breaks. "Owing to the lack of rain no planting was done until October, but by tlie close of the year over four thousand trees were set out. ''Forest Frees: Excepting a small grass fire in the mountains above Waihee on P'ebruary 19th, 1908, started 1)\' a demented Ha- waiian, we were free from any fires, that threatened the forests, notwithstanding the particularly dry weather experienced through- out the year.'' ]\Ir. L. von Tempsky — Makawao, Maui. "I have planted this last year some 19,663 trees. Owing to the unprecedented drought which we passed through (which entailed watering some ten thousand trees) the expense was greater than in former years, and also, I have been trying the planting of trees in cultivated land, as against the ordinary furrow and kipikua method, which of course entails a larger outlay at first, l)ut which I think from the quicker growth obtained will in tlie long run prove the cheaper plan of the two. "In Septeml)er, 1907, I measured ofi:* a rectangular piece of land containing exactly four acres. One acre I furrowed out, and "kipikuaed'' holes six feet eacli way. l^he other three acres I plowed and harrowed twice, and as the Manienie sod was very heavy I had to hand work the wdiole piece, going over it with 'kipikuas' and j^acking out what wouldn't burn. As tlie weather was quite wet I could not get a fire on the grass prior to plowing; this of course made the preparation of the three acres very ex- 46 pensive. I selected this spot especially as I thought it would be a good place to determine the maximum cost of preparing land for planting trees in this style. 'The seedling trees I selected were, Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. hotryoides, E. corymbosa, E. corynocalyx, E. leucoxylon^ E. panicidata and E. rudis^ which were recommended to me by the Australian Forestry Service as being considered by them to be among the best of their trees for railroad ties and fence posts. "The cost of the two pieces is as follows : One Acre Lot. Furrowing $ 2.60 Holeing 3.60 Planting , 2.60 Weeding to date (twice) 9.60 $ 1840 Three Acre Lot. Plowing $ 16.09 Harrowing 3.15 Kipikua work and twice weeding 102.70 Holeing 17.44 Planting 7.52 $146.90 Or $48.97 per acre. "The holeing of the three-acre piece cost more than it should have done, as owing to running out of seedling trees, planting of about half this lot had to be postponed, and the holes dug over again. "To offset to a certain extent the cost of the three-acre lot, I thought it would be as well to try some quick growing crop that would not take up too much room, and would to as small an extent as possible retard the growth of the trees. I selected California potatoes, and treated the seed to a bath of sulphate of copper, to see if that would prevent the rot that is so prevalent in Kula. "Last July notwithstanding the rot that did attack them, and the exceptionally dry weather that we have had all this year, I took off a crop of potatoes that netted me $69.19. This am.ount de- ducted from the cost, $146.90, left $77.71, or say $25.90 per acre, for the three acre apiece, as against $18.40 for the unculti- vated acre. 47 ''One year from planting the trees the following measurements were made : ''The tallest tree in the imcultivatecl lot was 5 feet 3 inches, a Eucalyptus botryoides, and the average height of the whole of that piece was 3 feet. 'Tn the cultivated lot the tallest tree measured 16 feet, E. rudis, the other tall ones being: E. botryoides^ 15 feet; E, corynocalyx, 12 feet; E. leiicoxylon, 12 feet; E. panicidata, 12 feet; E. coryni- bosa, 6 feet. ''The best average height, and the evenest grown lot of trees was the E. botryoides ; the poorest being the E. corymbosa. The average height of the whole three-acre lot w^as over 10 feet. One stray Blue Gum, E. globtdus^ that w^as accidentalh planted in the cultivated lot measured 12 feet in height. This tree had exactly the same treatment the others had, which goes to show pretty well, that both rudis and botryoides are faster growers than the globidus; both these species are ranked very highly in Australia for railroad ties and fence posts. This is well to be known, es- pecialy as the E. globulus, or Blue Gum, is the Eucalyptus most comftionly grown at the islands, and except for firewood, is the poorest for any purpose. "Considering the unusually dry weather w^e have had for the last twelve months, I consider the growth of the trees in the cuUi- vated lot remarkable. "Under normal conditions, that is, where there is not a heavy growth of Manienie to contend with, the cultivation of the trees should cost very much less than the amount above shown. "The difference in favor of the cultivated as against the un- cultivated trees is so great in favor of the former, that I shall favor the cultivation of all trees hereafter planted on the ranch, wherever the location is such as to make it possible. "As showing what the possibilities are of fence post production, I would call attention to figures heretofore reported, viz: That last year I cut 244 good fence posts, five to twelve inches in dia- meter, from 38 second growth Eucalyptus rostrata trees, tw^elve years old. Some of these posts have been put in the ground plain and the balance subjected to creosote treatment bv the Kahului Railroad Company. All of these posts will have the date stamped on them, and the place of use recorded in the Ranch Forestry hook, so that their respective life in the ground can be ascertained accurately. "I have adopted a method of planting this year that will in time to come prove very useful as a means of identifying the vari- ous species of Eucalypti that I am now growing for railroad ties, fence posts, etc., etc. ; that is, planting them in alphabetical order according to their names, from mauka, makai. And as the lots 48 ill which they are planted are numbered, and the varieties recorde 1 in the Ranch Forestry book, nw successor in future years wiU have sometliing tangible to work on. "For instance, Lot No. 7, Kula Flomestead Road, has planted in its upper or niauka lines the Eucalyptus aniygdaliua, next to it comes Eucalyptus botryoidcs, then E. Crcbra, E, guunii, E. pani- culata^ E. polyantlicina, E. rostrata, JL rudis and E. sidcropJiloia, which occupies the lower, or makai, lines in the lot, ''These' varieties are what 1 am conlinino- myself |)t*incipally to planting, as the}- are all of known value in Australia for railroad ties, fence posts, etc., etc., and they are nearly all rapid growers, more especially so the E. botryoidcs and /:. rudis, ''The latter part of 1908 I planted another cultivated lot of four acres of Eucalyptus ; in this lot, between the tree rows, I propose to plant soyo beans, with the object of reducing the ex- pense incurred and cultivation ; results will l)e reported later on. ''The E. siberiana that I planted at an elevation of 6,000 feet promise well, and from what I can learn of this variety, should h^ well suited to the higher altitudes of the islands. "1 have also planted an avenue of Cryptomcria japonica ( *ong the road mauka of the ranch house, about three-quarters of a mile in length) which promises to make a fine showing in a few years time. ''The pines, outside of Pinus canaricnsis, have been very dis- appointing; there must be something connected with their cultiva- tion that I have yet to learn, as I have no luck witli them at all. I am now trying planting them in the ground in the nursery out of the boxes, wdiere I propose to keep them till they are two years old before moving to their permanent resting place.'' 49 Trees Planted by the Haleakala Ranch Year ipo8. Company During the Eucalypi us amygdalina botryoides crebra gunnii paniculata polyanthema rostrata rudis siderophloia siberiana 17.305 > 550 Sequoia gigantea 10 (I scmpervirens 100 Cry p torn eria jap o 1 1 ica 900 Pinus ponderosa " jeifryi " canariensis '' insignis '' coiilteri Planted at from 2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation Planted at 6,000 feet elevation . Planted at 2,500 feet elevation. Planted at 2,500 feet elevation. Planted at 2,000 feet elevation. 800 19,665 MAUI AGRTCIJLTURAL COMPANY'S TREK PLANTINa. In connection with the planting on Mani special mention mav well be made of the active interest in tree planting- shown by Messrs. David T. Fleming and William Plannestad, the two men on the staff of the Maui Agricultural Company charged with tlie duty of growing and planting trees. Mr. hdeming has the section in and about Ilaiku ; Mr. llannestad the lands at a liigher eleva- tion from Kailiili to Opana. At Kailiili IMr. Hannestad has l)een al)lc to use successfully methods in the nursery and in planting out the trees, which though common in the temperate zone have been shown ])y ex- perience to be impracticable in lower and drier sections in this Territory. It is a matter of no small importance to know^ where seed l)eds can be used to advantage and forest planting done with transplants, for by these methods the cost of planting can in many cases be materially lessened. 50 Mr. George C. Watt — Kohala, Hawaii. ^'In reply to yours asking me for a report on the conditions of forestry work in the Kohala District, I would say that nothing of interest has taken place during the past year. The Kohala Sugar Company still continues planting trees in waste places. Last year we planted for wand breaks about eighteen acres of gulch sides. ''I enclose a letter to me from Mr. P. W. P. Bluett, Superin- tendent of the Kohala Ditch Company, which I asked him to write describing the condition of the Kohala Forest, he having spent the greater part of the last three or four years in the Ko- hala Mountains and is eminently fitted to give a description of the forest in the Kohala Mountains. "I think it highly desirable that these Kohala Forests should be made a Government Reservation and that with the least pos- sible delay." Mr, Bluett's Report on the Kohala Forest. Kohala, Hawaii, January 14, 1909. "G. C. Watt, Esq., Kohala. ''Dear Sir: "In writing you, at your request, a letter describing the condi- tion of the Kohala forest as I have most recently observed it, I will endeavor to put the matter in as concise a form as possible. Let me premise by saying that, during the past year, I have, in the interests of the Kohala Ditch Company, investigated the sources of all the streams supplying the Ditch, traversing, during this period, the entire watershed from Waimanu to Puu Pili. "One of the first features to attract attention in the upper eleva- tions is the absence of living timber of large size and the presence of very numerous skeletons of what W'Cre once giant trees. On the other hand, trees of smaller growth, principally Ohia, are plentiful and vigorous and, in places which have not yet been penetrated by cattle, young and healthy shoots are numerous. In considering the effect of the forest on the watershed I was greatly impressed by the importance of the part played by the heavy underbrush, extending as it does, almost over the entire area. Pulu ferns of great size combined wdth smaller varieties and matted masses of vines, form an ideal break to the great quantities of water which, during heavy rains rush down the slopes of the Kohala Mountains, disseminating this water over the flats of large area which are so frequently to be met with, and which, by the absorption, at frequent, intervals, of large quan- SI titles of water become the swamps in which all the streams and sprmgs forming the water supply of North Kohala have their source. ''The preservation of this underbrush appears to me to be of equal importance wath the maintenance of the trees, but, in cer- tain sections of the forest the destruction of both is going on simultaneously, and more particularly on the Kohala side where it is apparent that the western boundary of the forest is receding rapidly. Places, which, a few years back, were deep swamps, covered and surrounded with dense vegetation, are now open country, over any portion of which a heavily laden wagon may be driven. The causes producing these destructive effects are, according to my personal observation as follows: (i) Cattle, (2) pigs, (3) insect pests. Both wild cattle and pigs are present in the western portion of the forest in large numbers, the latter being so prolifiic that it is not uncommon to run across several litters in one day. ''Both classes of animal are destructive in the same way, i. e., by the consumption of the underbrush and the roots and bark of young trees for food and by the tramping down of vegetation and the bruising and exposure of the roots of trees. In many places the trails of these animals form a perfect network and afford channels for the passage of water and consequent erosion of the soil at the base of the trees. In regard to the third cause, I am unable, through lack of knowledge of the subject, to say what particular variety of insect is responsible for the damage, but the effect is rendered obvious by an examination of the dead trees, some of wdiich are absolutely honeycombed with holes. The sec- tion of the forest wdiich, at present appears to be in the best stale of preservation is that portion between Honokane Nui and Wai- manu, where it is, in all respects, denser and more vigorous. "In this section, at the lower elevations (2,000 to 3,000 feet) the Loulu palm is comparatively plentiful, but many fine speci- mlens have been cut down in the past by persons wishing to obtain the young leaves for straw making purposes. Still lower I have found a few solitary specimens of the sandal wood tree, of the true variety, but all in a state of complete or partial decay, caused by some boring worm which also attacks and destroys the seed on the ground. ''At the eastern extremity of the Kohala Mountain range and at an elevation of approximately 5,000 feet there is quite an ex- tensive patch of Mokihana which, lieretofore, was not supposed to exist in this region, and wdiich, I am informed, is supposed to grow only on Kauai. "In conclusion I would say that, should you or any one inter- ested in tlie preservation of the forest, wish to make a visit of 52 investigation to that section of the country I shall be most happy to have you accompany me on one of my frequent trips. Yours very truly, P. W. P. Bluett, Superintendent, Koliala Ditch." Mr. John Watt — Puna, Hawaii. ''Forest conditions have not changed materially since my last report. There are one or two items wdiich may be of interest to your Board which I wall mention at this time?. "The Hawaiian Mahogany Lumber Company have logged about 400 acres of forest adjoining the cane fields of Pahoa ; also from 50 to 100 acres of forest land at Kaohe Homestead. This land W'ill be all available for agriculttiral purposes, and will, un- doubtedly, be planted to sugar cane in the near future, ''The Pacific Development Company have planted a consider- able area of land cleared of forest to rubber trees in the Puna District, betw^een Pahoa and Kappho. I understand these trees are growing remarkably w^ell. ''Fires: There have been no forest fires during the past tw^elve months. A great number of fires have been started from time to time on the Pahoehoe lying between the Olaa Sugar Company's fields and the cane fields of the Puna Sugar Company. As the forest on this country is very sparse and the trees small, little or no damage has been done in this respect ; but these fires are a great menace to landowners cultivating cane adjoining the Pa- hoehoe." Mr. R. von S. Domkowicz — South Kona, Hawaii. "I may mention that I made some trials of raising various kinds of pine trees from seed such as your Department furnished us, but it has not been a success. But such trees as Cryptomeria japonica and various Cypresses are doing very well ; cHmate and soil seems to be especially adapted to them." Mr. John Maguire — North Kona, Hawaii. "There has been very little forestry w^ork in my district during 1908. "The planting of trees is a matter of chance in this district. H the weather is good and we have a rainy year, then the young trees w-ill get a good start. "Mr. Frank Greenwell has planted on his place at PTonokohau between 70 and 80 rubber trees from a few months to a year old S3 and averaging from 2 feet to about 5 feet. This has been an exceptionahy dry year, so that the trees have not had a fair start. Honokohau is in what we consider the rainy belt, the average rainfall there being about the jn^reatest in the North Kona District. "At Puuwaawaa, over 500 seedlings of all kinds of trees have been ready for planting out, awaiting good rains, but they have gradually diminished, owing to the scarcity of water, and some liaving grown through their containers were planted out and con- sequently died. "The rainfall for the year 1908 at Puuwaawaa was 8.20 inches. The greatest fall in March, 3.08 inches, and the least in December, nothing at all. In January, 1908, there was .08 and in June .04. 'T notice in the record of rainfall kept here at Huehue the last eight years, and the amount decreases farther north on the slopes of Hualalai, that every other year there is a small record. The record of rainfall at Huehue, an elevation of 2,050 feet, has been as follows : In 1901 51.76 inches In 1902 43-13 In 1903 29. 1 1 In 1904 59-84 In 1905 22.44 " In 1906 44-38 " In 1907 37-17 " In 1908 19.18 " "The section of Honuaula under reservation is doing well — the undergrovv^th already making a good showing." FOREST FIRE SERVICE. Notwithstanding the fact that the year 1908 has witnessed severe droughts in many districts of the Territory, the record in regard to forest fires is a most satisfactory one. Practically no damage has been sustained through forest fire, for in every case where a fire has started it has been quickly checked and extin- guished. Just how much this is due to the forest fire law and to the better public sentiment in regard to forest fire that has been aroused thereby is hard to say, but probably not a little of the immimity from damage from fire is due directly or indirectly to the efforts that have been exerted under that law. There is, however, one very pressing need in regard to forest fire that temporary immunity from injury should not be allowed to obscure. As it is now there is no money available from which m.en can be paid for fighting forest fires on unleased government land. Under the law owners and lessees of land are liable if fire 54 escapes beyond their boundaries. This acts as an effective lever in causing active measures to be taken to have fires put out on tlie land they own or control. But it does not provide for fighting fire on unleased government land — that is, in the established for- est reserves or on those unleased government forests that have not yet been included within reserve boundaries. There ought to be a special emergency fund of at least $5,(XX),oo, to be drawn on only in case of need, to provide for this exigency. So long as there is no appropriation the Chief Fire Warden is practically powerless to take effective measures to stop fires that may start at any tr^oment and do untold damage. This is an urgent need and should not be passed unnoticed by the Legislature. List of Forest Fires During ipoS. ^1^ Locality District Island ^'Jf over"' '^'^''firf '^ ^-^-" Feb 19 Waihee Wailuku Maui Grass Escaped bmsh fire June 29 Waipio Ewa Oahu Grass & brush Escaped brush fire Oct 2S Waiakia Valley Molokai 500 Grass & brush Escaped brush fire Nov 19 Waianae-uka Ewa Oaliu 100 Grass Cigar stump Kona Kauai Several grass fires Puna Hawaii Several grass fires Periods of special fire danger have been proclaimed as follows : Tantalus Heights District, Oahu, twelve months from February 13, 1908 — number of permits to burn brush issued, 21 ; Western end of the Island of Molokai, three months from September 28, 1908; Eastern end of the Island of Molokai, three months from November 3, 1908. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS. The carrying out in a truly efficient manner of a program through which the forests of Hawaii can be made of greatest service to the people of the Territory requires an initial outlay in the way of appropriations for certain specific purposes. The forests of Hawaii make possible the assured supply of water, without which the economic prosperity of the Territory would com^ to a stand still. Water fromi the forest reserves is now used chiefly in connection with the main industry of the Territory, the production of sugar cane. But as has repeatedly been pointed out, for the continued success of agriculture in Ha- waii, whatever the crop, there must be water. This point of view has been especially emphasized during the past year by the au- thoritative statements made by Honorable F. Hi. Newell, Director of the United States Reclamation Service, during his trip to the Islands in the autumn months. An impartial opmion from such an authority is conclusive. 55 It is obvious that water is of crucial importance in the develop- ment of the Territory. Without the forests a continued supply cannot be maintained. Hawaii cannot afford not to make the forests do their full duty. And this can only be accomplished by providing the necessary men and means to bring the forests to the state of highest efficiency and to keep them there. Money invested in bringing the Hawaiian forests to their highest state of usefulness is as surely invested as if it went to buy high class bonds. Succinctly the needs for wdiich appropriations are asked are these : A forest ranger organization, a fund for fencing forest reserve boundaries on government lands, a special fund (to be used only in case of emergency) for fighting forest fire on gov- ernment land, and provision for a technically trained assistant in the Division of Forestry. It is further recommended that the law requiring that hunters pay a license fee (Act ii6, Session Laws of 1907) be so amended as to allow the shooting of wild goats without a license, it being provided that permits be first obtained from local officials. With provision made for its regular work and for these addi- tional needs, the Division of Forestry will be in a position to ren- der to the people of the Territory more efficient service than ever before. Money expended in bringing the forests to the point where they will do their full duty will surely be returned many fold in the increase in the prosperity of the Territory that is bound to follow a rational use of the natural resources. Hawaii now holds, as for many years' past, a prominent place in the sisterhood of States recognizing the importance of forestry and providing for forest work. It is not too much to hope that with the better understanding of the problems of Conservation that has characterized the past year, Hawaii will take an even higher place in that honorable coniipany. Very respectfully, RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. Report of the Forest Nurseryman. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1908. R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii. Dear Sir : I herewith submit a report of the work done at the Government Nursery, the Experiment Station, Makiki, the Nuuanu Station and the Tantalus Forest, including the giving of advice and as- sistance, for the year ending December 31, 1908. NURSERY. The collecting and exchange of seed have been continued and extra samples packages in addition to the list sent out a year ago, sent to those on our seed exchange list who asked for the same. Botanic gardens to the number of 17 have sent seeds and 10 have sent lists to select from. Altogether 248 packages of seed have been received through our exchange system. Many plants new to the Territory are being propagated at the Nursery and when large enough will be sent to the Experiment Garden in Makiki Valley. VALUABLE INTEODITGTIONS. Through the kindness of the Honoral)le A. de Souza Canavarro, Consul General for Portugal, who is much interested in economic plants, several consignments of seed of a grass known as Esparta (Sfipa tcnacissiina) were handed to us to be propagated. We have successfully propagated about fifty plants from the seed re- ceived. Division of the root is said to be the safest way to propagate this plant, the growing of it from seed being considered difficult. The merits of this grass are \nq\\ known, it being in great demand for paper making, also for ropes, l)askets, mats, hats and other articles. The plants are doing well and they will be planted at the new Experiment Garden where they will l)e in- creased by root divisions, and in time distributed. Anotlier introduction which is worthy of note is the Mocha Coffee brought from Mexico by Mr. George R. Ewart, who handed the seed to us to be propagated. This coffee is said to l)e superior to any on the market and commands the highest price. Over 57 1000 plants were successfully raised from the seed and were dis- tiibuted to people on the different islands of the group. Mr. Ewart drew up a list of people to whom he wished the plants sent, the Division of Forestry receiving- a share. The plants given to the Division of Forestry will be planted and cared for at the new Experiment Garden. The two new^ varieties of ]\Ianihot rubber trees, namely Manihot dichotoma and Manihot piauliyensis, the first to reach this Terri- tory and of which mention was made in our last report, are doing well. A few plants of each kind were given to the Nahiku Rub- ber Company and the Hawaiian American Rubber Company in November, 1907. A few more trees of each kind were given to the two plantations mentioned in November of 1908. A small number of plants of each variety are still on hand and will be planted in the new Experiment Station, Makiki. A number of other rare plants have been raised from seed and will be given a fair trial in the new^ Garden. AEBOE DAY. The numl)er of trees ordered for the different schools of the Territory, to be planted on Arl)or Day, Novem])er 13, was larger than it has been since Arbor Day w^as first proclaimed. Applica- tions for trees w-ere received from the principals of 24 schools on Flaw^iii, 10 on Kauai, 15 on ]Maui, 16 on Oahu, 5 on Molokai and I on Lanai ; the total number of schools supplied with trees being 71, and the total number of plants sent out 5,777. The offer to supply each of the homesteaders in the Territory gree of charge, with fifty trees for Arbor Day planting was taken advantage of l)y a large mm"i1)er of homesteaders and altogether 9,926 trees were ordered l)y them. Owing to the great demand for trees for Arbor Day planting it was found to be impossible to supply all the homesteaders with trees in time for Arbor Day, but each received the amount ordered as time permitted. PLANT DISTEIBUTION. The following is the number of plants given awav, sold and sent out for Arbor Day, also gratis to homesteaders, schools, im- provement clubs, parks and others : Forest. Arbor Day, Schools 3.700 '' Flomesteaders . . 9,926 Gratis 1,150 Sold ^3^052 27,828 82 6,589 34,499 Orna- ruit. mental. Total. 50 2,077 960 5777 9,926 2,t6o 32 3o52 16,636 58 In addition to the above 20,000 seedling Ironwoods in seed boxes were sold to Paauhau Plantation Company; also 1,000 seed of Para Rubber {Hevea brasiliensis) and 1,000 seed of Cen- tral American Rubber {Castilla lactifiiia) were propagated for the Puna Sugar Comipany. The demand for forest trees has been larger during the past year than at any time in the past. All the plants sent out were lirst started in the two small propagating houses. The saving of seed owing to the protection given by these houses from ants, heavy rains, etc., has, I am sure, already saved more in seed and labor than the houses cost. Considerable work has been done on the Nursery grounds. About 3,000 yards of soil w^ere carted on to the grounds during the past two years to fill up the low-lying parts. x\lmost the whole of the ground has been graded and replanted in grass. Throughout the year we have had the use of two prisoners, kindly allowed us by Sheriff Henry, the use of which has helped us a great deal. I would therefore take this opportunity of thanking Sheriff Henry for his kindness in granting us the two men and for the interest he has taken in the work. REALIZATIONS. During the year there has been collected and deposited with the Treasurer of the Territory, as a Government realization, the sum of $354.12. The amount is itemized as follows: Sale of plants $291.87 Sale of seed 3570 Sale of wood from Tantalus 10.00 Sale of Nursery material (paper pots) 1.60 Receipts for fumigating plants 14-95 $354.12 CONGRESSIONAL VEGETABLE SEED. A consignment of vegetable seed, consisting of over 6,000 packages, was received during the month of January from the Honorable J. K. K^alanianaole, and distributed to people all over the Territory, including all the public and private schools. A large number of homesteaders and others applied for seed by letter and quite a number called at this office in response to a free advertisement in the local new'spapers. The interest in the growing of vegetables seems to be increasing and the demand for seed is greater every year. The quality of the seed is praised very highly by those wdio have used it and they are eager to get their share when the new consignment arrives. 59 ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE. Awini Tract: Kohala, Hazvaii. During the month of February the writer visited the District of Kohala at the request of the Agents of the Kohala Sugar Com- pany for the purpose of examining and reporting on a tract of land belonging to the Company, and known as Awini Tract. A report with recommendations was accordingly drawn up and a copy of same given to the Agents. Pau main : Waialua, 0 ahu. In accordance with an agreement between Mr. James W. Pratt, Commissioner of Public Lands, yourself and Mr. Frederick Lyman, owner of Lot 6, Paumalu Homesteads, the writer was requested to proceed to Paumalu for the purpose of making an examination and report on the condition of the Forest Reserve in that section and particularly in regard to thinning, and re- moving dead trees. A report with recommendations was accord- ingly drawn up, copies of which were sent to Mr. Pratt and Mr. Lymaii, the original being placed on file in this office. Lozver Paiihala: Waikeie, Oahu. During the month of October at the request of Mr. Weinrich, Manager of the Hiawaiian Fiber Company, a visit was made to the Company's lands at Lower Pauhala, for the purpose of giving advice on the cultivation of fruit and other trees to be planted on this land. Locations best suited to the different kinds of trees were selected and recommendations regarding the best methods of propagating seed and planting the trees were made. Half-zmy House Property: Nniiami Valley, Oahu. On October i6th, at the request of Mr. H. Rahim, a visit was made to the Franca property lately acquired by Mr. Rahim. The visit was made for the purpose of giving advice on selecting and planting trees for windbreak purposes, also on the planting and care of fruit trees, etc. Honolulu Plantation^ Oahn. During the month of December at the request of Mr. George Ross, Manager of the Honolulu Plantation, a tract of land run- ning along the top of the cane lands and lying between the eleva- 6o tioiis of 500 feet and 700 feet above sea level was examined. The examination was made for the purpose of giving advice in re- gard to the planting of trees on this tract. The information de- sired was given and Mir. Ross intends starting tree planting on the land just as soon as the weather is suitable. In addition to the above, fifty-five visits were made to places in and around the city. These visits were made at the request of people wdio desired information on subjects connected prin- cipally with the planting, cultivating and pruning of trees. EXAMINING THE TKEE PLANTING, ETC., ON KAUAI. From the 6th to the i6th of August the waiter paid a visit to the Island of Kauai. The object of the visit was for the pur- pose of examining the tree planting that has been done and is in progress, also getting more familiar with the conditions so that better results may be obtained by the selection of seed plants suitable to the different soils and locations. Many inquiries come to this office from all over the islands regarding the best trees to plant in the different districts and locations. The ques- tions asked include the growing and care of forest trees, trees for windbreaks, road and street planting, also the uses of the trees in regard to liunber after they come to maturity. On the Kauai trip the following palces were visited : At Waimea the gardens of the Knudsen Brothers, Mr. Francis Gay and Mr. Aubrey Robinson. After leaving Waimea the tree planting done by Mr. Walter D. McBryde at Wahiawa was ex- amined, also the water reserve known as ''Papapaholoholo Spring Reserve." The tree planting done by Mr. Walter McBryde de- serves much credit and is indeed a very good object lesson of what can be done in this line. The tree planting done by the Koloa Plantation was examined, also the extensive work that has been done in tree planting at Lihue Plantation, both the beach, also the highland planting being examined. Grove Farm was also visited and the tree planting done by the Hbnorable George Wil- cox inspected. On this trip a great deal of information was gained which will be of value, especially so when applications are made for plants or seed. WlAIANAE KAI EOREST BESEEVE, OAHIT. On August 29th the writer paid a visit to Waianae for the pur- pose of examining the tree planting that is being done on the Waianae Kai Forest Reserve by the Waianae Company. Mr. F. Meyer, Manager, accompanied the w^riter and pointed out the w^ork that he is doing in tree planting. Over 11,000 trees, prin- 6i cipally of Eucalyptus and Acacia varieties, have already been set out and are doing well. In the nursery which has been started in connection with the planting, a large number of trees are ready to be set out as soon as the weather is favorable. NEW EXPERIMENT GARDEN, MAKIKL The new garden will fill a long felt want and will, there is little doubt, be of much value to the Division of Forestry and to the public in general. The large assortment of seed of new and rare plants which we are receiving through our exchange sys- tem, after being propagated at the Nursery will be cultivated and cared for in this garden. In time those species which prove to be of value for fruit, forest or ornamental purposes will be in- creased by seed or cuttings and given out to people who take an interest in such things and wdio guarantee to take good care of them. Work was commenced on this garden on April i, 1908, when two men were employed. The first work done was the making of a wagon road from the bend wdiere the new branch of tlie Tantalus road connects wath the Valley road. This so-called Valley road w^as in such bad shape, owing to the heavy rains carrying away the unpacked soil on top of the water pipe lately laid to carry the water from the dam at the top of the valley, that it was difficult and even dangeroiis for people to get over it on foot. Considerable work was put on the road with the result that we have managed to make a fairly good wagon road so that the plants raised at the Nursery can be transferred. The piece of land upon which the garden is started contains about three acres. A wire fence has been built around three sides of the garden, the fourth or south side being bounded by steep rocks, which makes it proof against stray animals. A por- tion of the land has been trenched over to a depth of two feet. A few benches have been made to hold plants in pots, also a tool shed and another shed built for the men to work in on rainy days. A good water supply has been secured independent of the city supply. A small dam was built in the stream, which is kept fed by the rains at the top of the valley — also seepage from the water works dam. Only once during the long dry spell did the stream run dry. A one and a half inch pipe was laid along the center of the lot and three-quarter inch pipes connected with it. Over one-half of the garden is already connected with the water pipe. The soil is good and a beginning will be made soon to plant some of the valuable species we have on hand. 62 NUUANU FOREST. The condition of the forest in the upper part of Nuuanu Val- ley is very good. The trees planted a nunnber of years ago are doing exceedingly well and especially so on the part that was planted last. This part being farther from the Pali and not so much exposed to the heavy winds which sweep over the land near the Pali, is the reason for the much better growth of the trees. As far as possible the planted trees, as well as the indigenous trees are being kept clear of vines. The vine called ''Maile pilau'' is the worst, although the Convolvulus is detrimental to the growth of the trees in some parts and requires to be cut away. The w^ork of clearing away the vines ought to be continued ; also the guarding of the forest against trespass by mischievous people and stray animals. This work has been attended to during the period by the men employed, in addition to the work of clearing away vines, etc. \ TANTALUS FOREST. Although the lower part of the forest suffered considerably during the long dry spell — which is responsible for the dead trees to be seen near the lower edge of the forest — the health of the trees in general is good. Trails running through the forest have been kept clear by the Ranger. This is necessary and especially so during the dry season, as a protection against fires. No fires, however, have been reported in this forest during the year. The forest is sadly in need of a careful thinning and clearing out of the dead or dying Lantana. The danger from fires is much greater since the Lantana started to die out than when it was green and healthy. Consequently a great deal of care ought to be taken by the people passing through the forest during the dry season. The throwing away of stumps of a cigar or cigarette might result in destroying thousands of dollars worth of property. Many of the trees in this forest are approaching maturity and will, there is no doubt, be valuable for various purposes. Respectfully submitted, DAVID HAUGHS, Forest Nurseryman. 63 LIST OF DISTRICT FORESTERS. (Corrected to December 31, 1908.) Following- is a list of the (thirty-nine) District Foresters with their respective jurisdictions. Those marked with a star (*) were appointed Special Territorial Police Officers to enforce the Terms of the Wild Bird Law, Act 104 of the Session Laws of 1907 : KAUAI. * ALBEET S. WILCOX. Tn and for the District of Ilalelea. J. E. MYEES. In and for the District of Koolau, excepting the land of Anahola. * GEOEGE II. FAIECHILD. In and for the land of Anahola and the northern portion of the Dis- trict of Puna, extending as far as the land of Wailua. *F. WEBEE. In and for the portion of the District of Puna, sonth of and includ- ing the land of "Wiailua, except the lauds controlled by Grove Farm Plantation. * EDWAED BEOADBENT. In and for those lands in the District of Puna, controlled by the Grove Farm Plantation. EEY. J. M. LYDGATE and * WALTEE D. McBEYDE. In and for tliat portion of the District of Kona, lying to the east of the Hanapepe Valley. "FEANCIS GAY. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, lying between and including the Wainiea, Poomau and Kauaikanana Valleys on the west and the Hanapepe Valley on the east. * AUGUSTUS P. KNUDSEN. In and for the District of Na Pali and that portion of the District of Kona, formerly known as the District of Waimea, lying to the w^est of the Waimea, Poomau and Kauaikanana Valleys. 64 OAHU. *ANDKEW AX>AMS. In and for tlie District of Koolauloa. * L. L. MeCANDLESS. In and for that portion of the District of Koolaupoko extending from Koolanloa to the hind of Heeia. ^ W. C. WEEDON. In and for that portion of the District of Koolaupoko extending from and including the land of Heeia to the land of Kailua. * JOHN HERD. In and for that, portion of the District of Koolaupoko extending from and including the land of Kailua to Makapuu Point. *PAUL R. IBENBEEG. In and for that portion of the District of Kona extending from Maka- puu Point to and including Manoa Valley. * WALTER F. DILLINGHAM. In and for the Districts of Ewa and Waianae. W. W. GOODALE. In and for the District of Waialua. MOLOKAI. ^ JAMES MUNRO. In and for that portion of the Island of Molokai lying to tlie west of Waihxu Valley and the land of Mapulehu. ^ C. C. CONRADT. In and for that portion of the Island of Molokai, including and lying to the east of Wailau Valley and the land of Mapulehu. lANAI. * CHARLES Gx\Y. In and for the Island of Lanai. MAUI. H. P. BALDWIN. District Forester at Large for the Island of Maui. 65 * L. BAEKHAUSEN. In and for the Districfc of Laliaina. H. B. PENHALLOW. In and for the District of Wailuku. *IL A. BALDWIiSJ. In and for the District of Hamakuapoko and the western half of the District of Hamakualoa. * Wi. F. POGUE. In and for the District of Koolan and the eastern half of the District, of Hamakualoa. *C. J. AUSTIN. In and for the District of Hana. *L. VON TEMPSKY. In and for the District of Makawao. L. YON TEMPSKY and DR. J. II. EAYMOND. In and for the Districts of Knla, Honuaiila, and the lands beyond to and including Kaupo. HAWAII. ■" G. C. WATT. In and for the District of Nortli Koiiala, and that portion of the District of Hainakua lying between the District of North Kohala and the Waimanu Valley. * A. W. CAETEE. In and for the District of South Kohala. ^A. AHEENS. In and for that portion of tlie District of Haniakua from and includ- ing the Waimanu Valley to the District of Ilik). - JOHN M. EOSS. In and for that portion of the District of llilo extending from the District of Ilamakua to tlie land of Makahaiialoa. * JOHN A. SCOTT. In and for that portion of the District of Hilo extending from the District of Puna to aud including the laud of Kikala. -^- JOHN WATT. In and for the District of Puna. 66 * JULIAN MONSAEEAT. In and for that portion of the District of Kau extending from the District of Puna to and including the land Punaluu. * GEOEGE C. HEWITT. In and for that portion of the District of Kau extending from the land of Punaluu to the District of Kona. * E. YON S. DOMKOWITZ. In and for that portion of the District of South Kona extending from the District of Kau to the land of Kaohe. W. E. CASTLE. In and for that portion of the District of South Kona extending from And including the land of Kaohe to the District of North Kona. * JOHN D. PAEIS. In and for that portion of the District of North Kona extending from tlie District of South Kona to and including the land of Kahaluu. * JOHN A. MAGUIEE. In and for that portion of the District of North Kona extending from Kahaluu to the District of South Kohala. 67 LIST OF DISTRICT FIRE WARDENS. (Corrected to December 31, 1908.) Following is a list of (forty-nine) District Fire Wardens, with their respective Districts : OHIEF FIBE WARDEN. KALPH B. HOSMEE. Superintendent of Forestry, ex officio. DEPUTY FIRE WARDEN AT LARGE. DAVID HAUGHS. In and for the Territory of Hawaii. DISTRICT FIRE WARDENS. KAUAI. C. W. HUDSON. In and for the Wainiha Valley, District of Halelea. W. F. SANBOEN. In and for the District of Halelea, excepting the Wainiha Valley. J. E. MYEES. In and for the District of Koolaii, excepting the land of Anahola. GEOEGE H. FAIECHILD. In and for the portion of the Districts of Koolau and Puna, extend- ing from the land of Atoahola to the land of Olohena, inclusive. F. WEBEE. In and for the portion of the District of Puna, south of and includ- ing the land of Wailua. EEV. J. M. LYDGATE. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, formerly known as the District of Koloa. FEANCIS GAY. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, lyiug between and including the Waimea, Pooman and Kauaikanana Valleys on the west and the Hanapepe Valle,y on the east. 68 AUGUSTUS F. KNUDSEN. In and for the District of Na Pali and that portion of the District of Kona, formerly known as the District of Waimea, lying to the west of the Waimea, Poomau and Kauaikanana Valleys. OAHXJ. ANDREW! ADAMS. In and for the District of Koolauloa. PRANK PAHIA. In and for that portion of the District of Koolanpoko^ extending from the Koolauloa District line to the land of Heeia. GEORGE CAMPBELE. In and for that portion of the District of Koolanpoko, extending from and including the land of Heeia to the land of Kailua. JOHN HERD. In and for that portion of the District of Koolaupoko^ extending from and including the land of Kailua to Makapuu Point. CHARLES H. BAILEY. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from Maka- puu Point to Palolo Valley. H. J. RHODES. In and for Palolo Valley^ District of Kona. W. M. GIEFARD. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, lying between Puaoa and Manoa Valleys. G. II. MOORE. In and for Pauoa and Nuuauu Valleys, District of Kona. WALTER F. DILLINGHAM. In and for the District of Ewa and that portion of the District of Waianae lying to the East of the Waianae Mountains. F. MEYER. In and for that portion of the District of Waianae lying to the AVest of the Waianae Mountains. * W. M. TEMPLETON. In and for the District of Waialua. 69 MOLOKAI. JAMES MUNRO. In and for that portion of the Island of Molokai lying to the West of Wailau Valley and the land of Mapnlehn. C. C. CONRADT. In and for that portion of the Island of Molokai including anl lying to the East of Wailau Valley and the land of Mapnlehn. LANAI. CHARLES GAY. In and for the Island of Lanai. MAUI. H. P. BALDWIN. Fire Warden at Large, for the Island of Maui. LOUIS BARKHAUSEN. In and for the District of Lahaina. R. C. SEARLE, In and for the District of Kaanapali. H. B. PENHALLOW. In and for the District of Wailuku. H. A. BALDWIN. In and for the District of Ilamaknapoko and the west half of the District of Hamakualoa. W^ F. POGirE. In and for the District of Koolau and the east half of the District of Hamakualoa. JOHN CHALMERS. In and for the District of Hana. In and for the District of Kipahulu. J. H. RAYMOND, Ml D. In and for the Districts of Honuaula and Kahikinui. 70 L. VON TEMPSKY. In and for the Districts of Kula and Kaupo. HAWAII. G. C. WATT. In and for that portion of the north half of the District of Kohala, extending from the land of Kaauhuhu to the Hamakua District line. SAM P. WOODS. In and for that portion of North Kohala, extending from the north- ern boundary of the land of Kawaihae I to and including the land of Kaauhuhu. SAM M. SPENCEE. In and for the District of South Kohala. AUOUST AHEENS. In and for the western part of the District of Hamakua, extending to the boundary of the land of Paauhau. JAMES GIBB. In and for that portion of the District of Hamakua, extending from the western boundary of the land of Paauhau to the boundary of the land of Kukaiau. ALBEET HOENEE. In and for that portion of the District of Hamakua, extending from and including the land of Kukaiau to the Hilo District line. JOHN M. EOSS. In and for that portion of the District of Hilo, extending from the Hamakua District line to the land of Makahanaloa. JOHN T. MOIE. In and for that portion of the District of Hilo, extending from and including the land of Makahanaloa to the land of Kikala. JOilN A SCOTT. In and for that portion of the District of Hilo, extending from the Puna District line to and including the land of Kikala. JOHN WATT. In and for the District of Puna. 71 WILLIAM G. OGG. lu and for that portion of the District of Kaii, extending from the Puna District line to and including the land of Punaluu. GAEL WALTEKS. In and for that portion of the District of Kau, extending from the land of Punaluu to the Kona District line. K. VON S. DOMKOWITZ. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the Kau District line to and including the land of Kaapuna. T. C. WHITE, Acting. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Kaapuna to and including the land of Hookena. JOHN D. PAEIS. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Hookena to and including the land of Kaawaloa. T. C. WHITE. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Kaawaloa to and including the land of Kahaluu. JOHN A. MAGUIRE. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Kahaluu to the Kohala District line. FOREST RANGER. DAVID KAPIHE. In and for that section of the District of Kona, Island of Oahu, bounded on the east by Manoa Valley, on the north by the Konahuanui Mountain Range, on the west by Nuuanu and Pauoa Valleys, and on the south by the makai edge of the Eucalyptus forest, the Makiki reser- voir and the mauka boundary of the Judd land in Makiki and Manoji. Preliminary Report of tKe Territorial Con- servation CoEcimission of Havv^aii. Honolulu, Hawaii, Nov. 14th, 1908. Honorable W. F. Frear, Governor of Flawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Sir: — The Territorial Conservation Commission of Hawaii has the honor to submit herewith a preliminary report on the nature and present condition of the natural resources of the Territory, together with certain recommendations looking to their proper development and wise use. The duty of the Commission is to inquire into the natural re- sources of the Territory, to bring together the available informa- tion in regard to their present condition, and in cooperation with the National Conservation Commission and the Conservation Commissions of other states and territories to assist in formulat- ing plans wdiereby the material resources of the Nation as a whole and of this Territory in particular may be wisely and conserva- tively used "in such a way as to promote the greatest good of the greatest number for the longest time." The whole economic fabric of the Territory of Haw^aii is closely bound up wdth the right use of its natural resources. Although politically an integral part of the Union, in situation Hawaii is remote from the other states and territories. Notwithstanding this fact even a casual inspection of the local problems of con- servation shows that the majority of themi are shared in common by Hawaii and by mainland states. The possibility of any exten- sive development of the resources of Hawaii depends on the con- tinued prosperity of the mainland. The prosperity of the main- land rests in turn on the wise use of the sources of national wealth. Consequently both because of its own local problems and because of the relation that the wise use of the resources of the mainland bears to the question, Hawaii takes a real and vital interest in Conservation and in all that pertains thereto. The natural resources of Haw-aii are w^aters, soils and forests. Minerals can at present hardly be said to claim a place in the list, although recent developments in the making of lime from coral sand are an indication that as the result of a comprehensive investigation cement making and perhaps other industries depend- ent on mineral w^ealth could also be developed. Incidentally it may l)e remarked here that certain red earths, not uncommon in 73 the Territory, have long been used locally in ihe preparation of paints, Hawaii is essentially a country dependent on agriculture. From its geographic position, its sub-tropical climate, and the peculiari- ties of its topography, irrigation plays a large and increasingly important part in the economic development of the Territory. The main industry is the production of sugar cane. Of the fifty odd sugar plantations over half are irrigated. On the non-irri- gated plantations much water is needed for fluming cane to the mill or for power development. Other important industries are the growing and canning of pineapples, the production of rice, coffee, sisal and bananas, and cattle grazing. Rubber and tobacco give promise of good returns if rightly handled. Waters. — For the successful development of all these industries water is needed in larger or smaller quantities. In many cases this necessitates a supply artifically procured. There have already been built, wholly by private enterprise and at private expense amounting to over $i5,ooo,ocx), elaborate irrigation systems to supply water for the irrigation of the sugar plantations. But as yet only a part of the w^ater that could be turned to account is utilized. In the harnessing of the streams to produce power much also remains to l^e done. Naturally the first step in a more complete and rational utiliza- tion of this great source and producer of wxalth is an accurate and exhaustive examination of the water resources of the Ter- ritory. In the judgment of this Commission the need for such a survey by competent water experts is the most pressing necessity in the way of Conservation w^ork, for on the possibility of bring- ing more water onto the land depends the whole future develop- ment of the Territory. There are no navigable streamis in the Territory of Flawaii. The value of water centers in its use for irrigation and power development. Forests. — The primary value of the forests of Hawaii is that they serve as a protective cover on the steep, short water sheds of the streams needed for irrigation. This use was early recog- nized and has led to the setting apart of forest reserves — at first by private ow^ners and later, during the last five years, under the direction of the Territorial Government. At the present time the total area of existing forest reserves is 444,116 acres, or about one-tenth of the total area of the Territory. Later it is expected considerably to increase the area so set apart. In certain of the leeward districts, where the question of vStream protection does not enter, the Flawaiian forest has commercial value, and is being systematically exploited. The principal products are Ohia Lehua railroad ties and Koa lumber — in the 74 trade called Hawaiian Mahogany — a fine grained, rich-colored hardwood, of value for interior finish and cabinet work. The forest work of the Territory is carried on by technically trained men, Plawaii being one of the eleven States of the Union to employ a professional forester. Lands. — Outside of the lands now under cultivation and those that should be kept permanently under forest there are consid- erable areas that wdth the application of water could unquestion- ably be made of high productive value. This class of land is now used principally for cattle grazing. In the aggregate it includes many thousand acres. It would appear that much of it is sus- ceptible of reclamation for soniie more intensive form of agricul- ture. Here again the present need is for a thorough and careful study by experts. It should first be ascertained how much of this class of land can be brought under irrigation and second for what purposes it is best adapted if an adequate w^ater supply were once assured. This indicates that along with a hydrographic survey there should also be a soil survey and a systematic classification of the land according to the uses to which it is best adapted. Such investigations pave the way for the incoming of the man who can successfully establish a home and build up a self-sustain- ing industry. In addition to the lands that can be reclaimed through irriga- tion there are in Hawaii large tracts of waste land, such for exam- ple as areas covered by comparatively recent lava flows. Much of this class of land miust always remain as waste land but portions of it are probably susceptible of being turned to useful account. A systematic classification of all lands would be a long step in this direction. ORGANIZATION AND WORK OF THE COMMISSION. The Territorial Conservation Commission of Hawaii was ap- pointed by Governor Frear on July 23rd, 1908. Upon the or- ganiation of the Commission at a meeting held on July 31st, 1908, it was decided to take up the investigation through comnnit- tees, as follows : Forests : Messrs. Hosmer and Gartley. Waters : Messrs. Gartley and W. O. Smith. Lands and Soils: Messrs. J. G. Smith and DiUingham. The several committees at once set about getting statistics and other information. Some of these data are submitted herewith in the form of appendices. Other data are not as yet in shape to be given out but will form the subject of a later report. The state- ments made in the appendices, while accurate as far as they go are therefore to be considered as preliminary only and subject to amplification. 75 . It is perhaps not surprising that it has taken longer to collect accurate information concerning the natural resources of the Ter- ritory and their present condition than was at first anticipated. Many of the figures essential to such a compilation were found not to be available or only obtainable after extended inquiry. This condition has brought hom'e to the Commission the extreme desirability of having in Hawaii some Territorial official charged with the duty of compiling statistics. In almost all the lines of inquiry before the Commission it should be possible to get facts and figures but as it is now the desired data are only to be had from individuals and corporations. There is no impropriety in the making public of the greater part of these data, nor are the corporations who have them unwilling to let them be so used. If there were a Territorial Statistician to attend to the collection of these and similar data valuable information on many subjects which it now takes weeks of labor to obtain would be available for instant reference. RECOMMENDATIONS. As a result of the study that has so far been made the Ter- ritorial Conservation Commission of Hawaii is unanimously of the opinion that for the best interests of the Territory there is urgent need of action looking to the conservation and more sys- tematic use of the natural resources of the Territory. To this end the Commission makes the following recommenda- tions : First. That active steps be taken to secure from the Territorial Legislature at its coming session an appropriation of not less than $5,000 per year for a topographic and hydrographic survey of the Territory of Hawaii, to be made by the U. S. Geological Survey. Following the usage customary in such cooperative agreements, the appropriation should be made contingent on the expenditure of an equal sum; by the Federal Government. Such a survey would serve as a basis for a later and more extended study of the problems of reclaiming the many thousand acres of potentially agricultural land that require irrigation for successful develop- ment. It is further recommended that this project be brought to the attention of the proper departmental authorities in Washington in such a way as to attract their interest and support. Second. That there should be undertaken under the auspices of the Territorial Government a careful and thorough classifica- tion of the public lands of the Territory, with especial reference 76 to the adaptability of those not now under cuUivation for use in the development of diversified industries. Third. That further to make available accurate information of assistance to prospective settlers and others appropriate action be taken to secure the extension to Hawaii of the soil survey con- ducted by the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture. Fourth. That in view of the fact that the successful develop- ment of diversified industries in Haw^aii depends in large measure on making the agricultural lands accessible, the importance of goods roads and other means of inland transportation be em- phasized. In Hawaii there are no internal waterw-ays to assist in trans- portation. Consequently it is the more necessary that adequate appropriations be made by the Territorial and local authorities for the building and up-keep of the principal and secondary roads. Fifth. That an appropriation be secured at the coming session of the Legislature for a Territorial Statistician. Such an of^cial should properly be attached to one of the exist- ing departments. The salary should be sufficient to secure the services of a capable person and provision should be made for a certain amount of clerical assistance. Sixth. That a systematic attempt be made to develop and more firmly establish diversified industries in the Territory. To this end the Hawaii Experiment Station should receive not only the moral but the financial support of the Territory, in order that it may enlarge the scope of its work, particularly in the way of establishing local demonstration areas. Very respectfully, Ralph S. Hosmer, William O. Smith, A. Gartley, W. F. Dillingham, Tared G. Smith, Territorial Conservation Commission of Haw^aii. 77 Appendix ''Ar REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FORESTS. Honolulu, Hawaii, Nov. 14th, 1908. For a clear undertaking of the forest situation in Hawaii it is necessary that one be acquainted with the conditions of topo- graphy and local climate. Lying in the belt of the northeast trade winds and being mpuntainous it follows that the Hawaiian Islands have a climate characterized by contrasts. On the windward slopes of the mountains is an area of high precipitation ; in the leeward districts scant rainfall, even approaching aridity, is the rule. These facts coupled with the remarkable porosity of the soil, due to its volcanic origin, have a very direct bearing on the forest situation. There are two main classes of forest in Hawaii. Both are of economic value; one because it helps to conserve the water needed for irrigation, power development and domestic supply, the other because it produces wood and timber. The forests or the former class are as a rule situated on the moist, windward slopes of the higher mountains. They are essentially "protection forests" in that their main value rests in the water that can be got from them. Those of the latter class, the commercial forests, are found in the districts where because of the absence of running streams water- shed protection does not figure. The forests of the lirst class are by long odds the most important, for in Hawaii the relation be- tween sustained stream flow^ and a w^atershcd protected by a forest cover is intimate and peculiarly direct. Hawaii is a country essentially dependent on agriculture. The main crop is sugar cane. On more than half of the 54 plantations irrigation is essential for successful cultivation, for although the soil in the leeward districts is rich it requires w^ater to be made commercially productive. Water is also needed on the non-irri- gated plantations for the development of pow-er and the fluming of cane. The important part that irrigation plays in Hawaii may perhaps l^e made more apparent by the statement that over fifteen million dollars has been expended, whollv by private enterprise, in developing the irrigation systems that supply water to the cane fields of the irrigated plantations. The importance of the forest is generally recognized in Hawaii and has led to a strong public sentiment in favor of forestry. This finds expression in a Territorial Forest Service charged with the creation and administration of forest reseiwa^s and with the prosecution of other forest work. During the past five years 78 under a definite forest policy systematically followed sixteen forest reserves have been set apart, with an aggregate total area of 444,116 acres. Of this area 273,912 acres, or 61 per cent., is land belonging to the Territorial Government. The other 39 per cent, is in private ownership but for the most part the owners of the lands, fully aware of the benefits of forest protection, cooperate actively with the Territorial Government in the management of the forest reserves. There are three main types of forest in Hawaii, the Koa and Ohia forest lying between the elevations of two and six thousand feet ; the Mamani forest, a pure stand of another native Hawaiian tree found on the upper slopes of the higher mountains; and the introduced Algaroba forest, which occurs at the lower levels on the leeward side of each of the larger islands. The typical Hawaiian forest is of the first type. The forest con- sists of a dense jungle of trees, high growing shrubs, tree-ferns and climbers, with much undergrowth and a heavy ground cover of ferns and bracken. Altogether it is a plant community admir- ably adapted for the conservation of moisture, for preventing erosion and for serving as a reservoir to feed the springs and streams that rise within its bounds. The most important trees are Ohia Lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) and Koa (Acacia koa). The forest in all the forest reserves is of this type. A recent compilation of the forest areas of the Territory shows that the Koa and Ohia forest covers approximately 1,175,000 acres. Of this area it is estimated that eventually about three-quarters of a million acres will be included within forest reserve boundaries, of which about 70 per cent, will be Government land. Above the level of the Koa and Ohia forest, on the slope of Mauna Kea (elevation 13,825 feet), on the Island of Hawaii, is found a nearly pure stand of another native Hawaiian tree, Ma- mani (Sophora chrysophylla). This forest occurs in a belt lying between the elevations of 6,000 and 8,500 feet. The area of the Mamani forest on Mauna Kea is 63,500 acres. Mamani occurs elsewhere in the Tefritory but does not at the present time form^ what may be called forests. It is, however, spreading rapidly so that in future years it will play a much larger part than it does now. Mamani makes excellent fence posts, for which purpose the trees in the upper forest belt are cut for local use. No accurate figures as to the number cut are now available. Otherwise this type of forest is unimportant commercially. The i\lgaroba (Prosopis juMora) is the Mesquite of the South- west. This tree was introduced into the islands in 1837. It has now spread so as to cover between fifty thousand and sixty thou- sand acres below an elevation of 1,000 feet in the leeward districts 79 of the larger islands of the group. It is spreading rapidly along the leeward coasts and is also gradually climbing to a higher ele- vation. The Ailgaroba forest is the largest single source of fuel supply in the Territory. It is estimated that over 3,000 cords are sold annually in Honolulu. The price varies from $12 to $14 a cord, delivered. The Algaroba forests are further of value because the pods make good stock feed and also because the tree is one of the important plants locally for bee food. It is estimated that for the calendar year 1907, the total amount invested in apiaries and other equipment for the manufacture of Algaroba honey was $125,000 and that the gross receipts for Algaroba honey products for the year were over $25,000. It has already been shown that the primary value of the Hawai- ian forest rests in the influence it ex^s on the conservation of water and that the commercial aspect relatively takes second place. But in the leeward districts on the Island of Hawaii are consid- erable areas where owing to the great porosity of the soil there are no permanently running streams. Here the main value of the forest rests in the wood and timber that it can be made to produce. The two Hawaiian w^oods of commercial importance are Koa and Ohia Lehua. Both are heavy, close-grained hardwoods. Koa is used for interior finish, furniture, cabinet work and veneering. It is now sold in the markets of the American mainland under the name "Hawaiian Mahogany." Ohia is valuable for railroad ties. The systematic lumbering of this class of Hawaiian forest began in October, 1907, when a contract for ninety million board feet of Ohia railroad tie material was made between a local company and the Santa Fe Raihvay. A tic mill with a daily capacity of 2,500 ties has recently been erected. The first regular shipment of ties is about to be made. No accurate estimates either of the amount of timber or the exact area covered by forests of the commercial class have yet been made, but the area is sufficient and the stand heavy enough to justify the continuation of lumbering operations for a considerable time. The fact that none of the native trees in Hawaii furnish con- struction timber has led to extensive tree planting, both by the Territorial Government and by private interests. This work has been going on for the last thirty years and is constantly increasing in extent and importance. The trees principally planted are sev- eral kinds of Eucalyptus, the Australian Ironwood and Silk Oak and the Japanese Cedar. Wood and timber cut from the planted forests in Hawaii is now being used for fence posts, railroad ties, bridge timbers and wagon w^ork. Practically all the construction 8o timber used in Hawaii is imported from^ Piiget Sound and North- ern California, mainly Redwood and Northwest (Douglas Fir). In the reports of the U. S. Department of Commeree and Labor it is stated that for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1907, there was imported into Haw^aii from the mainland thirty million six hundred and three thousand feet, board measure, of timber boards and planks, valued at $56*5,425.00. For the same year 17,476,000 shingles, valued at $39,207.00 and other unmanufactured lumber to the value of $116,756 were also imported, making in all a total of $721,388.00 for unmanufactured wood products. The value of manufactured wood products imported during the same fiscal year was $214,648.00. Further comment on the desirability of doing even a little towards securing a local source of supply is unnecessary. It may perhaps be pertinent in closing this statement to note that a forest fire law sin^ilar to that of California was enacted by the Territorial Legislature at the Session of 1905. The Terri- torial Superintendent of Forestry is ex officio Chief Fire Warden and provision is made for a corps of District Fire Wardens to be paid for duty actually performed. As a matter of fact plantation managers and other influential citizens agreed to take these positions without remuneration. The law^ provides penalties in case of damage resulting from the care- less or malicious use of fire. Since its enactment there have been few^ fires of consequence, due in part to a better public sentiment created by the presence of the law on the statute books and to the interest aroused in the matter at the time of the enactment of the law. FoUoW'ing is a table showing the names, locations, dates of proclamation and areas of the 16 forest reserves so far established in the Territory of Hawaii. Ralph S. Hosmer, A. Gartley, Committee on Forests. 8i a-s ^ ^ ^-1 crjC"000::a5CjC o o »o o t- CO v« o S -S ^ > ® r-l -^ O CO O CO 1.0 CD LO LO ^ C-J 1< O |X P-i f!^ Ci Oi O O^ LO OMO. CD OD (>j t- 00 in "" ^ OO CO >o co'co'rf o" -"^l rHrH-?:) (^j CO rHCO ^5- CS g S O ;> CD O CO CO O ft a c8 03 MS ;i o C3 (S . BBo 14'B S£ ce^ fS fi rs- cs ra ;r- o ra cj !? ^ rs ^'^ s ra j^'-'j ^"j^ WKwWkWp-iKW?>mK'^k' r-t Cl CO -^ I'i CO- t- QC a O r-l ci co' Tt* VC CO 82 Appendix ''BJ' REPORT OF tub: COMMITTEE ON WATERS. Present and Prospective Use of Water for the Development of Pozver in the Haimiian Islands, Honolulu, I&waii, Nov. 14th, 1908. In considering the conservation of the resources of this Terri- tory the possibility of the development and utilization of water power should be given very serious consideration. At the present time a few developments have been made which are of considerable economic value and there are great possibilities for future development. At the present time practically all the water power is in use generating electric power to supply motive power for irrigating pumps, the most important one being the Kauai Electric Company on the Island of Kauai, where two twelve hundred kilowatt generators are installed in Wainiha Valley, utilizing some forty million gallons per day at a head of 575 feet. Power is transmitted 35 miles to the McBryde Sugar Company's plantation and there utilized in operating six multiple-stage centri- fugal pumps direct connected to motors of an aggregate horse- power of 4,000. These pumps have a capacity of 31,000,000 gal- lons at a head of 175 to 400 feet, thus serving to irrigate over 3,000 acres of cane. At Kekaha, Kauai, water is taken from a high level irrigating ditch and dropped 275 feet to irrigate the low level lands. At this point a six hundred kilowatt generator is installed to furnish power for four motors direct connected to multiple-stage cen- trifugal pumps having an aggregate horsepower of 700, the pumps having a capacity of 7,000,000 gallons at a head of 300 feet. The water for these pumps is taken from an irrigating ditch and pumped to a level above the ditch, thus rendering 700 acres of good cane land available. The Pioneer Mill Company, at Lahaina, Maui, has installed a 250 kilowatt generator operated by water power which furnishes current for 200 horsepower motor operating a triplex reciprocat- ing pump, which delivers 9,000,000 gallons of water against a head of 100 feet. The Oahu Sugar Company, on the Island of Oahu, takes water from an irrigating pipe line and develops 120 kilowatts, which supplies a 100 horsepower motor direct connected to a centrifugal pump. The Makee Sugar Company, at Kealia, Kauai, has installed and in operation a 300 kilowatt generator supplying current to a 225 83 horsepower motor operating a reciprocating pump having a capac- ity of 2,800,000 gallons of water against a head of 250 feet. The Waianae Sugar Company, on the Island of Oahu, has in- stalled two 200 kilowatt generators supplying current to motors of 375 horsepower to pump six and a half million gallons of water against a head of 150 to 280 feet. The Hilo Electric Light Company, on the Island of Hawaii, develops 750 horsepower to operate generator of an aggregate capacity of 450 kilow^atts to supply light and power for the City of Hilo. The Territory of Hawaii has installed and in operation in Nuu- anu Valley, Island of Oahu, water power driven generators of 400 kilowatts capacity for supplying arc lights and Territorial Govern- ment lighting in the City of Honolulu. There are several small w^ater power developments in mills varying from 10 to 50 horsepower wdiich are used for operating machinery or electric generators. The aggregate horsepower of these developments is approxi- mately 6,500 horsepower. It is impossible to make an estimate of the prospective power development and at best only a few^ can be mentioned. These are such powders as have been rendered available through partial developments made for irrigating purposes or where the possi- bilities are self evident. The conservation and development of water at high levels for irrigating purposes will render many other plants both possible and expedient. A close approximation of the ultimate possibilities can only be made w-hen complete surveys of the watersheds, records of the rainfall and the cost and economic value of the developments are obtained. The Island of Kauai presents a fertile field for future develop- ment and there are at the present timie some 2,000 horsepower additional at Wainiha which is not being utilized ; possibly 4,000 horsepow'cr at Hanalei, and 1500 or 1800 horsepower at Maka- weli, 500 or 600 horsepower at Hanapepe, and by the development of reservoirs back of Waimea, Wahiaw^a, Koloa, Wailua, Kapaa, Anahola and Kalihiwai several hundred horsepower can be made available. On the Island of Oahu possibly 2,000 horsepower can be developed at Wahiawa and from the new high level reservoir in Nuuanu Valley. On Maui the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company at Kanai and in lao Valley can develop about ,2,500 horsepower ; and there are several hundred horsepower available at Waihee in the development of the Wailuku Sugar Company. Some 1,200 horsepower could be rendered available at Lahaina from the development of the Pioneer Mill Company. 84 The power resources of the Island of Molokai are practically undertermined. On the Island of Hawaii it is estimated that in the Waipio Gulch some 8,000 horsepower can be rendered available by the present irrigating ditcli development and on the north coast from Waipio to Hilo there are large quantities of water going to waste or in use for Huming cane which could be developed. No estimate of the amount of this power is available, but it would amount to several hundred horsepower. Storage capacity constructed in the Kohala Mountains would render power available, but at present the quantity is entirely undetermined. At many places the permanency of the flowing streams is not assured, but the development of storage capacity would render the power secure and in many cases would increase the estimate of the amount available. However, the broken character of the country where these powers are available and the limited amount of arable land and water available for this land makes the eco- nomic value of the development of these powers questionable. The production of fertilizers from atmospheric nitrogen by the use of electricity may render the water power extremely valuable at such places where the powder cannot be used for pumping w^ater for irrigating purposes. A. Gartley, W. O. Smith, Committee. Appendix "C." HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATION STATISTICS. Honolulu, Hawaii, Nov. I4tli, 1908. The enclosed Crop Reports for the year ending September 30th, 1908, show the number of tons of sugar produced on the sugar plantations in the Territory of Hawaii, by plantations and islands, and the naniies of the various agents and also the tons of sugar produced on each plantation for each of the ten years from Sep- tember 30th, 1899, to October i, 1908, inclusive. The average yield of sugar per ton for all of the plantations was in 1906, 8,945 lbs. per acre, or, in round numbers, 4J/4 tons ; the average of the irrigated plantations was 11,526 lbs., or 5^ tons; and the average of the unirrigated plantations w^as 6,140 lbs., or a trifle over 3 tons per acre. The total area of the land in these islands is 4,127,360 acres. 8s Of this amount 200,000 acres are under cultivation in sugar, of which about 105,000 acres are irrigated and 95,000 acres are un- irrigated. Of the irrigated plantations about 1,000,000 gallons of water is applied per day to each 100 acres of land. To December, 1906, the cost of the irrigation systems of the several plantations was $14,069,804.88. A little over $2,000,000 is expended each year for fertilizers. An average of about $4.65 for each ton of sugar produced, and $22.20 per acre for the crop. It must be borne in mind that from eighteen to thirty months is required to mature a crop of sugar cane, so that the number of acres cultivated for each crop does not represent the total area under cultivation. For the crop of 1906, 96,228.6 acres were cul- tivated, producing 430,368.2 tons. The plantation companies are nearly all incorporated, and the shares of stock are held by about 7,000 stockholders. Note : — As many of the readers of this report have already seen copies of the printed tables issued by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, it is only necessary here to give the totals by islands, as foUow^s : 86 ON o H U O 8^ 00 o H Q\ On CO C^ CO 00 ^ vo (>1 i-H Cv| ^ ^ ix (m'~ CO ^ 6\ ^ H CO o ^ ^ h^ HH hH ir^ -rt '^o ^ M ^ (M 0 C^ ^"^ as 00^ On O^^O of Ix oT -^ CN IX O ^ O^ C VO IX O ^ go o ^ -\- ^ H txoo >^\6' Ix.On 01 to O ^ l-O CO On s a CD Oh o p:3 u < o 00 a^ ^ IX ^ C^ HH Tf CO CO G vo^ CO iJO i^ ■ ^ oo" On IX CO \n Cn'O -H ,. ^ IX uoqo ^ 01 Tt 01 ^ g 01^ co^o CO "^C_. ^ tx CO CO C^ ^^ CO 00 01 ^n On 5 01_ cooc CO °2 [-H tx rf i-o to "^ 5/ HH lo Ttvo 03 c^ oj rt rt 00 CO o lO On 00 01 tx O 00 of 00 01 o O 87 Appendix ''Z>/' PRODUCTION OF LIME ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU. Honolulu, Hawaii, Nov. 14, 1908. The Waianae Lime Company has 305 acres of land at Waianae, Oahu, fromi whence limestone is brought to Honolulu in raw vState by cars of the Oahu Railway & Land Company and deliv- ered at kilns situated at Iwilei adjacent to the oil tanks. At Iwilei the plant consists of cooper shop, barrel w^arehouse, lime w^are- house and kiln building. Kilns are twO' in number, known as Schneider Patent Upright Kilns, are equipped with forced draft and have capacity of two hundred and seventy-five barrels per day. Lime is of high calcium quality and averages 97.20 pure, and is mostly used for fertilizer on sugar plantations. Hawaii. [A STATEMENT PKEPAEED FOR PEESENTATION AT THE CON- EEEENCE OF THE GOVERNOES HELD AT WASH- INGTON; D. C, IN MAY, 1908.] By Hon. Walter F. Frear, Governor of Hazmii. Even the most far reaching problems may often be illumined and sometimes solved by observation or experiment upon a small scale. The laboratory, by its processes of bringing forces into clear relations, may in a moment disclose principles that centuries of national or world-wide experience have left unsuspected. Lit- tle, distant Hawaii, now an integral part of the Union as a full- fledged Territory, has been, even since the beginning of Christian civilization there less than a century ago, a veritable laboratory of industrial as well as sociological experimentation under condi- tions that have seemed almost artificial in the clearness of the relations of the operative forces. It may be that she can shed light, at least by way of illustration, upon some of the needs, methods, and means involved in the all-important national ques- tions presented to the Conference. I will present but two points. The first is the marvelous results of the application of science to agriculture. That has been in large measure the making of Hawaii industrially. That Territory is a group of lofty islands of recent volcanic origin, within the tropics, remote from the world's markets. Practically without mineral resources, she is dependent mainly upon her soils ; but, although nearly as large as Connecticut and Rhode Lsland combined, so much of her area is so high or so precipitous or so recently formed or so dry or otherwise unsuited to marketable crops that only a very small percentage can be classed as arable in its natural condition and in the present state of knowledge. Obviously, if she is to support a large population, science must do what nature has left undone, and accordingly perhaps nowhere else is science now being more resorted to for agricultural purposes, and yet only a beginning has been made. The limited extent of arable public land in Hawaii — and com- paratively speaking now on the mainland — calls for the greatest care in its disposition. Adequate precautions should be taken to insure its disposition in general only to bona fide settlers and in not larger quantities to each than can be put to best use ; and until 89 a superior use can be found for the large areas still held as public land for which no such use is known at present, they should in general be retained or disposed of only temporarily by lease or otherwise, until a superior use is discovered for them. Hawaii's experience in earlier liberal disposition of the lands and later dis- coveries of superior uses emphasizes the need of such precautions. Until a few years ago attention in Hawaii was directed almost exclusively to the production of cane sugar, which, in spite of various adverse natural conditions, has been brought by the appli- cation of science to the highest point of efficiency yet attained anywhere, — so much so indeed, that from her comparatively small acreage of cultivated land Hawaii will produce this year more than $40,000,000 worth of sugar alone, or more than one-sixth of this country's consumption of that product, and her exports and imports, with this product as almost their sole basis directly and indirectly, will considerably exceed those of the entire United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. Hawaii being within the tropics, the question of water is of superlative importance. The rainfall is abundant, ranging from a few inches to several hundred inches a year according to locality, but the more abundant fall is usually distant from the land where it is most needed. The problem is that of its conservation by way •of preventing it from escaping immediately to the sea in freshets, and that of transferring it to the arid lands. It has been demon- strated that land which, with an ample supply of water properly applied produces, say, ten tons of sugar to the acre, pro- duces only four-fifths of a ton under a rainfall of 321.4 inches a year. Most of the irrigated plantations have less than this amount of rainfall. One hiuidred and five thousand acres or about one- half of the 213,000 acres devoted to sugar production, only about one-half of which is cropped annually, is practically reclaimed arid land, — entirely through private enterprise. The reclamation of this land has involved an expenditure of about $15,000,000 or more than $140 per acre in initial outlay for the construction of ditch, tunnel, flume and pipe lines, reservoirs, pumping plants, artesian and surface wells and electric plants for the generation of power for pumping plants. A single system for one group of plantations includes about 225 miles of main and lateral ditches, tunnels, etc., costing a million and a half dollars, besides wells, reservoirs and pumping plants. In one instance, electric power is generated by water on the rainy side of the island for the opera- tion of pumps on the opposite or dry side. There are t 1 1 pumps in operation with a capacity of 580,000,000 gallons per 24 hours. Sixty per cent, of the water used on irrigated plantations is pumped. The average lift is 191 feet, with a maximum of 550 feet. One acre requires about 5,000,000 gallons per crop or about 90 lOjOOO per day. The expense is great but it is a necessity and it pays. The irrigated lands produce nearly twice as ni'uch as the unirrigated. Though constituting only half the total area they produce about two-thirds of the total output of 500,000 tons of sugar. In view of the foregoing, the preservation and extension of forests are obviously prime necessities. The typical islands con- sist of a high central mountain with radiating ridges and valleys. From ancient times the islands have been subdivided in apple-pie fashion, the typical main division of land extending from seashore to mountain-top and comprising one or more valleys with their side ridges. Even in ancient times each valley had its ow^n net- work of small ditches for purposes of irrigation. The water-sheds are short, the slopes, steep ; there are few permanent springs ; it is the forests that must be relied on to hold the water for the steady supply of the streams. The relation between the forests above and the near-by arable plains or gentle slopes below in respect to water supply is too obvious to be disputed. Before the possibilities and needs of irrigation became apparent, much wast- ing of the forests by cutting and through destruction by live stock was permitted, with most disastrous results, as it now appears. Accordingly, mt>re than thirty years ago, steps were taken by legislation for the preservation and extension of the forests, but not until five years agO' was a comprehensive statute passed creating an effective board of agriculture and forestry with ade- quate powers. Since then 444,000 acres have been set aside by 16 proclamations of the Governor on the recommendation of the Board as forest reservations, of which 61 per cent, is Govern- ment land, and within the next few years this area is expected to be extended to about 750/xx) acres, or about 80 per cent, of the total forest area, of w^hich about 70 per cent, will be Government land. Government and private lands are sandwiched in with each other and it is of the greatest importance that the Government and private owners cooperate with each other in this matter. For- tunately the need is so obvious and the methods of procedure have been of so friendly a nature that practically no difficulty has been experienced in obtaining the active cooperation of the private owners in the setting aside and fencing of reservations and the keeping out of live-stock. In addition to this nearly one-fourth of the sugar corporations besides many ranchmen and others, are actively engaged in tree planting. Only a comparatively small percentage of forest area or area available for forest on the main- land is in Government ownership. If forestry is to be carried to the extent desired it is essential that private owners be induced to cooperate with the Government or else that private lands be con- demned for forest purposes. The principal means of bringing 91 about cooperation would seem to be education — a means which this conference will largely serve to effect and which is already being effected through many other channels. It is not alone to the question of irrigation in connection with the sugar industry that science has been called upon to contribute. It has been called upon to contribute equally in almost every phase of that industry — in methods of manufacture and cultivation, fer- tilization, chemistry, entomology, plant pathology and physiology. More than $2,000,000 is expended annually in the purchase of fertilizers, besides which large quantities not purchased are used. The cost of this item alone averages $4.55 per ton of sugar or $22.20 per acre per crop. The planters maintain an experiment station with a large corps of scientists, covering nearly every department of the industry, at an expense greater than that of any experiment station, public or private, on the mainland, with pos- sibly one or two exceptions. So much as to one industry by way of illustration of the value of the application of science to agriculture in all its aspects. Through the Federal Experiment Station, the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry, and other mediums a good beginning has been made in the same direction in other industries with most promising results — in the pineapple, rubber, sisal, tobacco, and other industries. A college of agriculture has been established ; instruction in agriculture as well as in the mechanic arts is made more and more prominent in the public schools, a beginning hav- ing been made in this direction as long ago as 1831 and 1836 when industrial training schools, the first in the United States, were established — which in large measure suggested to General S. C. Armstrong, who was born and brought up in Hawaii, the ideas which he later embodied in Hampton Institute. The needs and opportunities are such that every effort must and will be made in Hawaii to perfect a science of tropical agri- culture and build up a group of tropical agricultural industries to the highest point of efficiency to which they can be brought by the application of scientific methods. What is needed now, out- side of transportation and other facilities, through the scientific branches of the Federal Government, is assistance in forestry and in soil, topographic and hydrographic surveys and branch experi- ment stations — so comparatively new is the field of scientific tropical industry and so unique are the conditions of wide varia- tion in rainfall, temperature and soils within shortest distances in Hawaii. The second point to which I wish to refer is that of the location of Hawaii at the commercial center qr cross-roads of the Pacific — which, the greatest of oceans, between the richest of continents, is fast approaching the fulfillment of the long-ago prophecies of von 92 Humbolt, Seward and others, to the effect that it would eventu- ally be the theater of the world's greatest commerce. If the inland waterways of the Mainland, especially those of the great Mississippi Valley are to be developed to the extent which seems likely in the near future, and if the Panama Canal is to be com- pleted, as it must be, within a few years, not only is it a corollary that Hawaii must be provided with adequate harbor facilities in order to make these other great works serve most completely their purposes, but obviously one of the most effective, methods of conserving the natural resources of the United States is by taking advantage of, through these provisions for adequate transportation facilities, the vast natural resources of other countries and espe- cially those of China which are perhaps, next to those of the United States, the richest in the world and as yet practically un- touched. The location of Hawaii, which thus far has proved one of the greatest obstacles to her industrial prosperity, will here- after be one of her greatest assets, and with the proper develop- ment of her harbors through Federal aid she will, small though she is, have the proud honor of playing a part out of all propor- tion to her size in the conservation of the natural resources of the nation. TKe Declaration of the Governors. At the conclusion of the Conference of the Governors held at the White House in May there was unanimously adopted the following statement, which has come to be known as "The Declaration of the Governors/' In a recent address President Roosevelt spoke of it as. "a memorable declaration which should hang on the wall of every school, and every citizen who is a\ voter in the United States in the next generation should know about it." The Declaration in full is as follows : "We, the Governors of the states and territories of the United States of America, in conference assembled, do hereby declare the conviction that the great prosperity of our country rests upon the abundant resources of the land chosen by our forefathers for their homes and where they laid the foundation for this great Nation. "We look upon these resources as a heritage to make use of in establishing and promoting the comfort, prosperity, and happi- ness of the American people, but not to be wasted, deteriorated, or needlessly destroyed. "We agree that our country's future is involved in this ; that the great natural resources supply the material basis upon which our civilization must continue to depend, and upon which the perpetuity of the Nation itself rests. "We agree, in the light of facts brought to our knowledge and from information received from sources which we cannot doubt, that this material basis is threatened with exhaustion. Even as each succeeding generation, from the birth of the Nation, has performed its part in promoting the progress and development of the Republic, so do we in this generation recognize it as a high duty to perform our part, and this duty, in large degree, lies in the adoption of measures for the conservation of the natural wealth of the country. "We declare our firm conviction that this conservation of our natural resources is a subject of transcendent importance, which should engage unremittingly the attention of the Nation, the states, and the people in earnest cooperation. These natural re- sources include the land on which we live, and which yields our food ; the living waters which fertilize the soil, suoplv power, and form great avenues of commerce ; the forests which yield the ma- terials for our homes, prevent erosion of the soil, and conserve the navigation and other uses of our streams; and the minerals 94 which form the basis of our industrial life, and supply us with heat, light and power. "We agree that the land should be so used that erosion and soil wash should cease, that there should be reclamation of arid and semi-arid regions by means of irrigation; that the waters should be so conserved and used as to promote navigation, to enable the arid regions to be reclaimed by irrigation, and to de- velop power m the interests of the people ; that the forests, which regulate our rivers, support our industries, and promote the fer- tility and productiveness of the soil, should be preserved and per- petuated ; that the minerals found so abundantly beneath the sur- face should be so used as to prolong their utility ; that the beauty, healthfulness, and habitability of our country should be preserved and increased; that the sources of national wealth exist for the benefit of the people, and that the monopoly thereof should not be tolerated. ''We commend the wise forethought of the Pr.esident in sound- ing the note of warning as to the waste and exhaustion of the natural resources of the country, and signify our appreciation of his action in calling this Conference to consider the same, and to seek remedies therefor through cooperation of the Nation and the states. "We agree that this cooperation should find expression in suit- able action Ijy the Congress within the limits of, and co-extensive wath the national jurisdiction of the subject, and, complementary thereto, by the legislatures of the several states within the limits of, and co-extensive v/ith, their jurisdiction. "We declare the conviction that in the use of the natural re- sources our independent states are interdependent and bound to- gether by ties of mutual benefits, responsibilities, and duties. "We agree in the wisdom of future conferences between the President, members of Congress, and the Governors of the states on the conservation of our natural resources with the view of continued cooperation and action on the lines suggested. And to this end w^e advise that fromi time to time, as in his judgment mav seem wise, the President call the Governors of the states, members of Congress, and others into conference. "We agree that further action is advisable to ascertain the present condition of our natural resources, and to promote the conservation of the same. And to that end we recommend the appointment by each state of a commission on the conservation of natural resources, to cooperate with each other and with any similar commission on behalf of the Federal Government. "We urge the continuation and extension of forest policies adapted to secure the husbanding and removal of our diminish- ing timber supply, the prevention of soil erosior, the protection 95 of headwaters, and the maintenance of the purity and navigabihty of our streams. We recognize that the private ownership of forest lands entails responsibihties in the interests of all tlie peo- ple, and we favor the enactment of laws looking to the protection and replacement of privately owned forests. "VVe recognize in our waters a most valuable asset of the people of the United States, and we recomimend the enactment of laws looking to the conservation of w-ater resources for irrigation, w^ater supply, powder, and navigation, to the end thar navigable and other streams may be fully utilized for every purpose. "We especially urge on the Federal Congress the imm.ediate adoption of a wise, active, and thorough waterway policy, pro- vi(':ing for the prompt impro\ement of our streams and conserva- tion of their watersheds required for the uses of commerce and the production of the interests of our people. ''We recommend the enactment of laws looklnvr to the pre- vention of waste in the mining and extraction of coal, oil, gas and other minerals wdth a view to their wise extraction for the use of the people, and to the protection of human life in the mines. "Let us conserve the foundations of our prosperity." DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Report of Superintendent of Entomology. By Jacob Kotinskv. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1908. Honoral)lc Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii. Gentlemen : — I have tlie honor to present herewitli the Fifth Report of the Division of Enton-iology covering the calendar year 1908. STAFF. Superintendent, The Division sustained severe loss in the death of its wSuperintendent, Mr. Alexander Craw, on June 28, i(jo8. Ide fell ill the preceding October and, failing to im])rove, iie sailed l)y your leave for San Francisco on February 19 in liope of recovering his health. But contrarv to hope he failed to rail}-. Consulting Entomologist. Mr. All)ert Koebele, I am happv to say, is in the service of the l>oar(l in capacitv of consulting En- tomologist, as heretofore. Assistant Entoviologist. During ]\Ir. Craw's illness the writer attended to the w^ork of inspection and shortly after his death was appointed to succeed him. The position of Assistant En- tomologist thus made vacant still remains to be filled. Inspector's a?id Other Assistants. By your leave the recent Inspector's Assistant, Mr. G. A. Jordan, spent three months in the Orient. During his absence he was substituted by Mr. R. W. Smith. Mr. Jordan having resigned August 15, Mr. D. B. Kuhns, a graduate of the Normal School and an ardent naturalist was appointed to the position. His very faithful ser- vice during the shortage of help is of inestimable value to the work of inspection. During several emergencies we employed temporarily, for a day or a day and a half at a time, an outsider 98 to aid in the clerical work in course of inspection of heavy cargoes. There were no other changes in the staff except that Bro. Mu Newell w^as promoted commensurate with the scope of his work. The roll of our honorary inspectors, consisting of Messrs. R. R. Elgin at Mahukona, Hawaii ; W. O. Aiken at Kahuhii, Maui ; and W. D. McBryde at Koloa, Kauai, remains intact and ready to serve when occasion requires. Miss Ella K. Dayton is still clerk and stenographer of the Division, and her faithfulness to ckity has not diminished. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We cannot pass on without making due acknowledgment for assistance given hy several individuals and institutions. To the Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station, and especially to their respective directors, we are indehted for identification of material and repeated advice on matters pertaining to their re- spective specialties ; to Dr. L. O. Howard and staff of the United States Bureau of Entomology for identification of material ; to Major Casey for a similar service on several Coleoptera ; to Mr. D. L, Van Dine for generously undertaking the onerous work of bee inspection ; to Dr. E. V. Wilcox for cooperation in quarantine and advice on inspection method and policy ; to the Public Works Department for the use of horse, and other favors; last but not least for the numerous courtesies and favors of vital importance to this Division received from United States Customs, Immigra- tion and Postal offfcials of all grades from the respective chiefs down, and finally to steamship and agency officers the tlianks of this Division are due. LINES OF WORK. As hitherto the work occupying most of our attention and time pertained to INSPECTION of live vegetable matter coming from abroad. We did not neglect BREEDING AND DISTRIBU- TION OF USEEUL INSECTS and what laboratorv work was most important. This was necessarily curtailed and fragmentarv owdng to the absence of a functioning Assistant Entomologist. Nevertheless, as will appear later, this end of the work was not W'ithout result. When requested, visits were made to gardens in and out of tow^n and advice on methods of combating injurious insects was always freely given. We are also charged with the duty of collecting and delivering to destination what useful in- sects arrive from abroad. 99 INSPECTION, QUARANTINE AND DISINFECTION OF IMPORTED VEGETATION. RECOKDS ^y means of a series of printed 1)lanks speeially de- vised for the purpose we are now al^le to Iveep ae- curate record of all vessels we board and cargoes we inspect. Each article under each consignee mark is checked and noted to indicate in no mistakable way the disposal of it and the causes thereof. These data are systematically arranged and kept on our permanent files ready for reference at short notice \\y means of ''Inspectors' Lists" printed in quantity, and freely distributed among importers wdio, in accordance with our law, arc obliged to- supply required data, we are able to keep strict watch of imports W'ith regard to variety, origin and state of freedom from pests. Incidentally we keep record of imports of fruits and vegetables so that we are able to get good insight into the amounts of these consumed by the people of the Territory. If to these data w^e attach prices we get an approximate idea of our annual green- good 1)ill. (See p. 114.) INSPECTION ^'y means of the following ta1)le the quantities TABLE mspected, released with and without treatment, ordered returned or destroyed and the pests re- sponsible for adverse treatment are shown in concise form. lOO TABLE I.~MONTIILY, TOTAL AND AVERAGE OF QUANTITY IN- SPECTED AND MANNER OF DISPOSAL.* .2 < j2i '/■ iz; Refused landing --^ : : : o : v£) : : : : • • • • ^ • £f 1 : ^ l„ , 1 v'^ cases (5000) Asparaj^rus roots ^ , Bordeaux for rust . Also all plants irotn ^ C \ Florida and Manila. o o o : '-^ Formalin -1! Destroyed . rH f— 1 . r-t »— * . rO C\l CO rO r-t GO X 0^ rH Fu niigated ■^ C^ lO CO : CO C\l vD CO lO rt lO rH r-( !N1 • CO rH ^■- CO t-> CvJ Tt o Fruits returned ; oo : , - • • Th • Cvl lo • <3\ . c<) ^ , : ::::: CO : i/^ rH : o r—K Potatoes returned o o r- o CO : I-. : : ; co- co O LO On O • Cvj . . . a> rH rH rH f^ rH : i-( \ \ ) Cv] 00 GO C/0 CO Passed as free from pests Total , Fruits and Vegeta- b!es ^i0rHvDC\IOOf>JC0C/3OcjN (Mr-iT-(0>— •GOCvJ'ThvCiOLOcO l^ VC "^ CO 'sO LC G^ O r-H 'vD r-< Tf- GO t-- cvj CO o ^c c^ rH CO vc co vo I GO r-. Cr I-- O r-( CO CO r-f O Cr OJ I r-ir^a:Lr. vCOrHO'^Or-lrHO I GO i-^ o CO lo ^^ o rH X r--. o CO I Xl'-^COXOxCOr-ll-^'vC-t-l- Plants . Seeds Numl)er of lots in- spected In ballast. I->. O ""O ^J r-i r- i lO O X l^ X CO .r 'XI cr c^i ^1 rH 1 -, r^j 3 1 ^ 'c: a^ ro ro lO r-J G^ >0 O 'O X lO nC l-^ l^rskine IMu^lps to kahuliii.S V. lo.-k. .Mauronrc Waid Midway sand Wrn l'"rvc, '-^an h ram i'- -f r-< a- 1-^ - - rH C4 ?>4 rH rH r-* C\l r i rH r^ I rH matter P)Oarded . 1 !>. ^ VO rH ^ rH O C^ lO rH 1,0 O 1 l-^ 1 o> 1 CM eg CO CO CO CO CO cnj rg c-q (X! CO 1 h1 1 CM L_ : : V^ : r ^ 1 ^'~ i \ a3 / u • 'XJ ^ jC r 1 b/: pi s: P 0. SI ' 5 a J. 1 July.... August Septem Octobe Novem 1 ^ i < .U ;^:< «< ^ 1 * This does not include our inspecl^or's work at Hilo. Owing to lack of proper blanks no adequate records were kept there until the last few months of the year^ and these were not included. This applies to Table II as well. These tables do include, however, all vegetable cargo brought for Maui and Kauai. 101 SUMMARY ii- ^^.iu |3g gleaned from this table that on an aver- OF TABLE. ^gQ ^Q boarded a vessel nearly every day of the year, and fonnd matter for inspection on nearly two-thirds of them. Seeds, plants and fruits were traced in the mails, baggage and freight. On an average 576 lots were in- spected each month, A lot varies from one parcel to hundreds, but no lot is passed upon before at least one parcel is inspected, often two or three, and in nearly every case of plants, each indi- vidual plant is examined most scrupulously. The total number of parcels examined is enormous and would be incrediljle, were it not known that they were examined by lots. These figures w^ould dou])tless be much more interesting and instructive if it were possible to compare them with similar tables. SCABBY /\s ^vill ]jQ seen by reference to the table a large POTATOES, quantity of potatoes (2,388 sacks) was returned this year, all owing to scab and soil. In all this pest was held up seventeen times during the year. Potato scab (Oospora scabies) is a fungus disease affecting potatoes, 1)eets, etc., giving the skin a rough, corky appearance, ultimately rotting the affected tuber. Practically all of the potatoes that come here from California are either so-called ''Rivers" or ''Salinas." The latter are more expensive but liave thus far always ])een found clean and free from scab. The "Rivers'' are so-called because they are grown in wet river-bottoms where unfortunately the growth of scab is also promoted so that most of these potatoes coming here are dirty with the adhering soil and very scaby. Their seeming cheapness is their only excuse, but even this is questionable as what is left of the tuber, after soil and scab are removed, costs no less than clean potatoes. What is worse, under the impression that any potato will do for seed, many of our citi- zens wishing to plant usually select the most scab1)y tu])ers for the purpose, thus inoculating the soil and spoiling their chances for getting a paying crop for years to come. On these grounds it was deemed advisal)le to order returned all excessively infested and soil-covered "s|)uds." Such potatoes often come on consignment, i. e., are sent here ])y San Francisco shipping commissioners on speculation and, in tlie event of failure to pass inspection, pay the return freight. GREEDY The quantity of fruit returned is also ratlier con- SCALE. siderable and is largely due to tlic ])rcsence of this scale bug (Aspidiofus rapax) on a])|)les. Pears and lemons are also included in the num])er returned on account of this scale. On the lemons we found ])urj)le and San Jose scales ( Lepidosaphcs hcckii and Aspidiofus poiiiciosus) \n addition. iVltoc^ether tins pest was held up twenty-six times in course of the I02 year. Citrus fruits, on the other hand, were, on the whole very clean last year owdng probably to the good influence of the Cali- fornia Citrus LTnion. The greedy scale, as its name implies, is a very omnivorous insect. In the sections of California invaded it feeds on a large variety of plants and is quite injurious to fruit trees. It occurs also on these islands and thrives especially at liigher elevations wdiere it is destructive to a number of native trees of great eco- nomic value, such as Koa (Acacia koa) and Ohia (Mctrosideros polyiiwrpha) . An additional supply of the pest can scarcely be beneficial. In view of the large quantities of these fruits im- ported it does not take many bugs to the apple to mount up in the thousands. In one instance within little over a month w^e were obliged to refuse admission to two large lots of apples sent from the sanie orchard in California. To the grow^ers' complaint of our action W'C replied explaining our strict law^ Following is a copy of their reply : " , Cal., December 3, 1908. Mr. Jacob Kotinskv, Hbnolulu,, T. H. Dear Sir: Your letter of i8th ult. to hand, and contents carefully noted. In reply, we wish to thank you for your prom]:)t reply and for your view\s in the matter of shipping fruit into your Territory. We understand that you are doing your full duty when attending to this business for your Territory, and we cannot blame you for inforcing the laws of your people. We believe that you are doing only wdiat is \'our duty in the matter of inspecting fruit which is shipped to your city. We will 1)e very careful in selecting our fruT when we are shipping again to Honolulu and see that there is notliing shipped l)ut first class fruit wliich is free from all insects and diseases. Thanking you for your kind reply to our letter, we ])eg to remain. Yours very truly, (S) " 103 CABBAGE MAGGOT Very few lots of turnips passed muster IN TURNIPS. j^g^ year, twelve having ])een condemned owing to infestation by cabl3ag-e maggot {Plwrbia brass icav) and thick mats of soil on roots. To our knowlerlge this maggot has not yet been observed here and it is wisely kept out. Whenever soil alone was the fault soil being one of the prohibited articles, it was removed before releasing the roots. Various forms of the fly were so uniformly present on imported turnips during the last six months and their condemna- tion was equally so regular that shipments of this vegeta1)le have practically ceased. The head ends of one lot of horse-radish roots were found infested with the same or a similar fly, and ac- cordingly cut off and destroyed. SOIL. Sqji is one of the most dangerous importations as a source of agricultural pests. It needs but be mentioned that our pernicious Japanese beetle (Adore tiis uinhrosiis, var. teniiiniaculatus) came to us hidden in soil in pots of imported plants. With this knowledge constantly in view we kept strict watch over imports of this article wliether it came by the ship- load as ballast or in clots about roots of uncleaned vegetables, and especially about roots of growing plants. Unless free from pests beyond the shadow of a doubt the soil was removed and thrown into the fire. Some plants may have suffered in consequence, but severity was deemed wiser than to jeopardise our agricultural interests. FUNGUS INFESTED TARO, After careful survey of the situa- SWEET POTATOES AND tion we realized that, unless new ar- YAMS FROM THE ORIENT. rangements are made, we will 1)e unable to give the careful examina- tion to vegetation from the Orient that is accorded matter com- ing from the other side. For a knowledge of the vegetable por- tion of the cargo the inspector imtil then depended upon a list sup- plied l)y an officer aboard ship or on a perfunctory examination of suspicious looking containers. The m a n i f e s t, from which the ship's officer compiled the list for us, most often has matter subject to oiu* inspection lumped under "Merchandise" along with other irrelevant objects. After consultation wdth the customs brokers we found them willing to prepare for us itemized state- ments copied from the invoice and the thanks of the service are due them for it. Armed with itemized lists we are able to make careful examination of each cargo, lot Jjy lot. But ovdng to ap- parently inflexible regulations of the customs service we cannot make this examination before the stuff has entirely passed out of federal jurisdiction, so that we are obliged to spend an excessive amount of time on these cargoes in waiting for our turn. But 104 the condition of these imports as we fonncl them upon careful in- spection fully warrants this expenditure. Taro, sweet potatoes and yams w^ere found in the majority of cases badly diseased. A plant pathologist was consulted and he confirmed the parasitic nature of the fungus submitted. Garlic was found badly infested with destructive caterpillars ; sw^eet potatoes alive wdth all stages of the sweet potato borer (Cylas forniicariiis) ; fresh olives and citrus fruits coming contrary to our regulations, badly decayed and the latter heavily infested wdth a variety of scale bugs be- sides. ,.\11 matter so infested was cundenuK^d and l-uined It is gratifying that in accordance wath a ruling of the Iniited States Treasury Department the consignees whose imports are con- demned by us have at least their duty refunded. Following is a copy of this ruling as embodied in the letter to the Collector of Customs, dated September 23, 1908: "Authority is granted for you to permit the duly au- thorized territorial officers to inspect any trees, plants, fruits, etc., and if you shall be satisfied that such articles, if admitted would be actually injurious to persons or property, to refuse delivery of the same and to require their exportation, or in default of exportation, to obtain the authority of the court for their condemnation and destruction. When such articles shall have been ex- ported or destroyed the estimated duties paid thereon will be returned to the consignee." DESTEUCTION. This is usually done by fire, rarely by throw- ing condemmed articles overboard. Articles are burned only as an inevitable resort, and importers are usually given the alternative of returning condemned goods. Thus, fruit from the Orient or Australia is destroyed in accordance with Board regulations. Insect and particularly fungus-infested vege- tables from the Orient are consigned to the flames. Cut flowers brought by passengers are often found infested with a variety of pests and, if abandoned by their owners, are burned. So are also badly decayed or wormy fruits or plants. Prussic acid gas can- not kill w^orms within fruit hence wormy fruit must be destroyed if not returned. Finally, potatoes from ports to wdiich there are no direct return boats if condemned must be burned. FUMIGATION. Except in case of infested seeds or grape vines, which are fumigated with carbon bisulfide, fumi- gation is done with hydrcfcyanic (or "prussic") acid gas. The gas is produced by a mixture in definite proportions of cyanide of potash, sulfuric acid and water. The gas is a most violent poison to man and beast, tho to plants under certain conditions it is harm- less. A plant, whose vitality is sapped by a horde of insect para- sites distinctly manifests relief from these after fumigation. In the majority of cases the inspector resorts to fumigation as a precaution, especially with plants in foliage, or plants coming from the Orient and Australiasia. Small lots of fruits infested with live scale bugs are also fumigated before being released. But there need be no fear to eat fruit so fumigated, as the gas is so light and volatile that 15 minutes after opening of the fimii- gating room all traces of it are gone. DIPPING IN Bordeaux mixture is invariably adminis- BORDEAUX tered by us or under our direction to aspara- AND FORMALIN. g-^^^g roots to forestall rust, and to growing plants in foliage, like mango and avocado trees from Florida, litchees from the Orient, etc., against possible unknown fungi. The formalin dip was twice applied during tiie year to seed potatoes to prevent appearance of fungus diseases afterwards. MAIL TO Under present arrangements nothing escapes in- OTHER spection by wdiatever channel it is consigned to Ilono- ISLANDS. i^-jPj qy Hilo. All freight consigned to ports on Maui or Kauai comes via Honolulu and is inspected here. But we are not certain of the status of mail matter contained in pouches addressed to post offices other than Honolulu or Hilo. Incidents as related by the late Mr. Craw on page 146 of the Board's Third Report w^ould seem to point at least to the possi- bility of some things unavoidably slipping past us in the mails. A movement has already been set on foot to enlist the coopera- tion of proper authorities in Washington in the passage of two postal regulations: (i) O'rdering all mail parcels containing live vegetable matter to be prominently labeled indicating their contents, and (2) all parcels for this Territory so labeled be dis- patched in bags tagged Honolulu or Hilo, as the case may require. Such regtdations, it is believed, will enable us to see everything sent here by mail. No definite result has yet been attained. But we should not relax our activity until the desired goal is reached. QUARANTINE OF Owing to the decayed condition of a lot IMPORTED PINE- gf pineapple plants received from Australia APPLE PLANTS. sometime in 1903 the Board at the time passed a regulation prohibiting the importa- tion of these plants from that part of the world. As a direct re- sult our pineapple industry, tho prosperous, w^as limited to the cuhivation of but one or two varieties, Tlie application of a citi- zen for tlie privilege of importing plants of a new variety set up an inquiry wliich produced the information that (i) addition of io6 other pineapple varieties is very desirable; that (2) no destructive disease to pineapples in Australia is actually known and that finally (3) \V'ith our present facilities for disinfection we need but quarantine facilities to make such importations perfectly safe. Special Agent, Dr. E. VI Wilcox, having placed the facilities of the Agricultural Experiment Station at our disposal for this pur- pose we felt justified in recommending to the Board to so modify the 1903 pineapple regulation as to make the port of Honolulu an exception. The matter is pending action by the Board and Governor. REGULATION PERTAINING The existence of serious diseases TO HONEY AND HONEY of honey bees on the Mainland has BEE INSPECTION. ]3een common knowledge at least to bee men for some time, as was also the belief that they have not yet been introduced to these islands. This belief was definitely confirmed by Dr. E. F. Phillips of the United States Bureau of Entomology who, during a recent visit, brought home to us the great necessity of taking steps to prevent the introduction of these diseases into Hawaii. The first step in this direction was taken by the Legislature, in 1907, who in its Act 69 (see page 115) clothed the Board with the necessary power to inspect, c|uarantine and if necessary destroy honey and bees coming to the Territory, since either may carry and transmit the disease. In accordance with this law the Governor approved Rules 4 and 5 of this Division regulating the importation of queen bees and honey respectively. (See p. 116.) As the Legis- lature in its appropriation failed to provide for the expense of bee inspection the Board was dependent on the good will of Mr. D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist of the Llawaii Experiment Station to do the work in connection with his bee investigations. QUARANTINE AND What may be considered an important INSPECTION step toward perfecting our system of in- ItABORATORY. spection and quarantine was taken when our new laboratory was erected on the Oceanic dock. Plants from unfamiliar regions require inspection in a cjjscd room provided wdth an abundance of light. Frequent- ly also plants need special treatment before being released. To cart such plants to the Government Nursery for the purpose is inconsistent. It became evident therefore that to meet such need a quarantine and inspection laboratory must be erected on the water front. The Oceanic dock was chosen because of the cen- tral location. With the consent of the Executive Officer a room about 12x16, 10 feet high, was built beside the fumigatories there. The laboratory has already served its purpose several times with entire satisfaction. ANN REPORT, HAWAIIAN BOARD OF AGRI CU LTU R E, 1908. ll. < I 5 o z < o o z o (f) u o < q: o m < -I z o < i D ii. Q Z < u z z < < D O z q H O Id Q. (/) Z I07 FXJMIG-ATORY /^j^ important improvement in the fumigatory EXHAUST. ij^^g ]^(.(.j^ installed by the courtesy of Mr. Marston Campbell, Superintendent of Public Works. This consists of a 4-inch gate valve and the necessary piping to serve as an exliaust for the noxious fumes after they have served their purpose. Hitherto these were discharged di- rectly onto the dock with no little danger to operators and at times also to unavoidable bystanders. PESTS INTERCEPTED IN COURSE OF INSPECTION. Unfortunately the identification of material was possible in only few cases because of the great rush of inspection and office work, and absence of adequate assistance. But most of the ma- terial is on hand in good state of preservation so that identifica- tion will be possible in the future. BUGrS (Hemiptera-Homoptera) . MEALY BUGS. Pscudococcus spp. on Litchee (China) ; greenhouse plants (U. S. ) ; (2) plants (Japan); (3 spp.) on plants from W. In- dies ( ?) ; (citri) on Fuchsia from U. S. COTTONY SCALES. Pulvinaria sp. on mango (Florida). TERRAPIN SCALES. Coccus longuJus on orange trees (CaL). Saissctia luvjiispJiacrica on orchid. ARMOBED SCALES. Aspidiotus pcniiciosiis (San Jose scale) on pears and lemons CaL). Aspidiotus rapax (Greedv scale) on pears, apples and lemons (Cab). Aulacaspis poiiagona (2) plants (Japan) ; peach trees (Japan). Chionaspis sp. on mangrove (Manila). Chrysoiuphaliis aoniduin on plants (Florida). Diaspis hoisduvaUi on orchids. IJcniichionaspis luiuor ? on Pomelo (Orient). Hcuiichionaspis s]), on coconuts (Fanning Island). Lcpidosaphcs bcckii on lemons (Cab). Pa rJatoria :::i.c:y phi on pomelo (Orient). ParJatoria sp. on maple (Japan). io8 WHITE FLIES. Aleyrodcs sp. on Ceratonia ccUqiui (U. S. Cal.) ; (sp.) on primrose (Cal.) ; on Christmas berries ( Cal.). PLANT LICE. Aphis on cabbage (U. S.) ; on mango (Manila). MOTHS (Lepidoptera). Anarsia lineatella in peaches (Cal.). Carpocapsa pojnonelIa(codlm moth) in apples (Cal.). Caterpillars in mangrove stools (Manila). Caterpillars in Juniper trees (Japan). Caterpillars in garlic (China). ANTS (Hymenoptera) . Mononwrium Horicola in orchids (Manila). Unknown, in orchids (Brisbane). Phcidolc megacephala in yams (China). BEETIjES (Coleoptera) . Sweet potato borer (Cyhis fonuicariiis) all stages in sweet po- tatoes (China). Cnrculioned borer in Dendrobium (Manila). Undetermined (Carabid?) roots of forage plant (U. S.). Undetermined borers in orchid and their mounting boards (Ma- nila). Staphylinid in yams (China). Chestnut weevil in chestnuts (Japan). Scolytids ? in mangrove stools (Manila). Curculionid in mangrove stools (Manila), MISCELLANEOUS. Cabbage maggot {Phorbia brassicac) in turnips and (?) horse radish (Cal.). Egg batch of rear horse (Mantid) on plants (Japan). Fruit flies (?) on citrus fruit (Orient). Red spider (Acarid) on cut flowers (Cal.). Silver fish (Lepismid) on yams (China). Rust on peas (Cal.). Rust on asparagus (Cal.). Potato scab (Oospora scabae) , potatoes (Cal.). Parasitic fungus on yams and sweet potatoes (Orient). Soil about lillies and growling plants (Orient and Occident). 109 LOCAL INSPECTION. Tliis was confined wholly to visits in private gardens at the request of owners. A Staphylinid beetle wuis found in numbers apparently damaging ripening figs at i*earl City. Closer ex- amination seemed to show that their presence was due to several over-ripe figs which they inhabited and from wdiich they over- flowed to the others. Instruction was therefore given to remove and destroy infested figs and contents. Scale bugs and faulty irrigation were found injurious to fruit and ornamental plants in several gardens. Advice was given accordingly. The thread scale {Ischnaspis longirostris) has been under observation on palms, ilang-ilang (Canangmin adoratuui) , etc., for some time. In one instance this pest had brought an ilang-ilang plant to a point wdiere destruction was the only alternative that could be offered. This pest has no eft'ective parasite here and is therefore trouble- some on a number of ornamental plants. The "Maui Blight" or, more correctly, Lantana scale {Ortheda insignis), has invaded the city of Honolulu in full force, and destruction of a number of valued ornamental plants followed. Lantana on the hillsides also suffered severely, but the extended drought had consideralile to do w^ith it. INTRODUCTION, BREEDING AND DISTRIBUTION OF USEFUL INSECTS. This line of work was circumscribed this year by the absence of an assistant and by the fact that, after the first shipment of the year of useful insects from Mexico (received in Honolulu, Janu- ary 27) Mr. Koebele was detailed, by arrangement with the Ha- waiian Sugar Planters' and Live Stock Breeders' Associations, for investigation in Europe of enemies of horn fly. These he sent to and were cared for by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso- ciation Experiment Station Entomologists. An account of this W'X)rk is given on page 119. INTRODUCTIONS. The January shipment above referred to consisted of the ladybirds .hya Intcipes, Muls., Chilocorns cacti, Linn., Hypcraspis jocosa, Muls., and a hymenopterous parasite. A. lutcipcs w^as found a liberal eater of Lecaniid scales, was bred for a while and a number of colonies distributed. The janitor failed to lower the curtain of the in- sectary one day, and the sun, striking the breeding jars which contained fresh food produced heavy perspiration in the jars which seems to have killed all life in them. One or two larvae have been seen out of doors since and the probability is it will show up in time. Chilocorns cacti was bred for a while on the I 10 rose scale (Aulacaspis rosae) and the cactus scale {D las pis c china - cati). But it made very slow and unpromising progress and finall}' the colony died out. Only hve specimens of Hypcraspis jocosa came in larva and pupa state, but all of them were success- fully reared to maturity and, as their food is very a])undant here, they thrive well and large numbers were distributed in the city and suburbs. We have been al^le to make no progress whatever with the hymenopterous parasite. Thru the courtesy of Mr. George Compere, Government En- tomologist of West Australia, we were able to release several specimens (male and female) of Conipcriella bifasciafa in May. This insect, Mr. Compere asserts, is an effective enemy of the red scale (Chrysojiiphalits aurantH) in the Orient. Blast opJiaga gross oniui is the insect that played so conspicuous a role in the successful establishment of Smyrna fig culture in California a few years ago. Normally the insect breeds in galls produced within the male fig which is borne on a separate tree (Capritree). As the pollen in these figs is produced simultane- ously with the maturity of the insects, these, upon emerging, carry away more or less of the pollen on their bodies. The Smyrna figs which bear the female part of the flower, are also re- ceptive about that time. Failing to distinguish these from the male figs the female flies enter them to oviposit and mcidentally fertilize many of the flowers with the pollen on their bodies and thus produce the large number of seeds characteristic of the Smyrna fruit. These seeds, it has been recognized, contain es- sential oils which give the fruit the peculiar nutty flavor, and make the Smyrna fig such a favorite. We were aware tliat the M'oanalua Gardens had tlie requisite Capri and Smyrna trees, but not the insects, without which Smyrna-fig culture is impossible. To bridge the gap the late Mr. Craw communicated with Dr. Geo. Roeding, the moving spirit of the Calimyrna fig industry, and was promised a colony of the in- sects. On April 7 we received the first colony of these in- sects. Unfortunately all of them seem to have emerged en route from the figs in which they were sent, and perished — at least w^e got no satisfactory result. By kindness of Dr. Roeding we re- ceived another colony in October but having hardly expected re- sults owing to lateness of season we were not disappointed with failure. However, we are determined to repeat the importation until successful. GOOD WORK OF Qn page 116 of the Board's Second Re- A RECENTLY NA- port (for 1905) the writer reported the in- TURALIZED ALLY. troduction and establishment of the Terrapin scale parasite or Scutellista (S. cyanea) in these islands. During the present year it was found so abundant Ill on the original Coccid host as reported therein and upon the hemisphaerical scale {Saissetia hemisphaerica), another occasion- aly destructive pest, that its great usefulness could not be over- looked. Its new host is also a fact worth recording. BENEFICIAL INSECT DISTRIBUTION. This was far larger in numbers of individuals than colonies. In all 63 colonies were distributed, but some of these were composed of hundreds of specimens. Following is the list of ii? sects dis- tributed : Arizona-dung fly parasite {Eucoila iiiipatieus) . Asya litteipes. ''Brownie" ladybird (Cryptolaenius niontrouderi) , Chilocoriis cacti. CompcrieUa bifasciata. Fig insect (Blast op ha ga grossorum) . Lantana leaf bug (Tele one mia lantanae). Mexican ladybird (Hyperaspis jocosa, Muls.). Vedalia ladybird (Noviiis cardinalis) . Sen teUista cyan ea. GENERAL WORK. The correspondence of the Division is more heavy in the volume of individual letters than in their number because we make the effort to impress upon correspondents the importance of our work and because, owing to the scarcity of publislied data on our insect fauna, we are obliged to give full explanation in our letters. We also endeavor to put in writing as far as possible all official acts of the Division. In all 360 letters were written during the year, principally to local people. Financial records of the Division were kept inde- pendently of the Board records, serving the useful purpose of comparison and check. The card index of the inventory is up to date as are indices of accessions to the Entomological library ac- cording to author and subject. Eleven monthly reports were made to the Board and were subsequently pul)lishc(l in the For- ester. Two lectures on Entomological subjects were delivered before classes of the College of Hawaii and one before a Normal School class. Owing to pressure of inspection work little of a systematic nature was accomplished. General Circular No. 3, embodying Act 69 of Session laws of 1907 and Board rules 3 and 4, regulations on importation of honey and honey bees w^as issued. The 1907 Report was also published and the supervision of this work consumed an enormous amount of time. This is a 112 concrete instance where a paid executive officer would be a saving to the scientific staff. Our Bulletin 2 on the subject of Aleyro- didae is still in demand among scientists abroad. RECOMMENDATIONS. INTEE-ISLAND Evidence is accumulating pointing to the INSPECTION. necessity of instituting inter-island inspection. At one time the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' As- sociation sought our coc)peration in preventing the carriage to other islands of a small, cane-top boring beetle known on Oahu only. Several other insects known or suspected to exist in Hono- lulu and not on the other islands suggest strongly the necessity of some protection for those islands. What should not be lost sight of is that the object of inspection must be to protect the pros- pective agriculturist as well as the present one. Thus insects in- festing citrus plants, for example, are of compartaively little mo- ment now, because the citrus is not yet an economic plant of value to us. But, it is not an impossibility that even citrus may some day play an important role in the economy of tliese islands and therefore should be afforded nozv' all protection of a plant en- joying that distinction. So that it is imperative to maintain pest free as much of the Territory as possible in order to retain the possibility of growing profitably wdiatever the future might re- veal to our advantage. It seems to us that inter-island inspection is essentially a county business. Counties should protect their respective territories, especially since, because of our geography and the consequent need of an luiproportionate number of inspectors, the chances that the Territorial Government will be in a position to undertake the work are remote. County inspection is a regular institution in California and, to our knowledge, valuable and satisfactory. Whatever other officers the counties employ they should have a competent entomological inspector to protect the county against invasion from insect or fungus pests, existing in other counties, and not in their own. MELON FLY. jf ^y^ consider "the horn fly (Haeinatobia ser- rata) the most injurious insect on these islands at present, the melon fly {Dacus cuciirhitae) easily holds second place. Indeed, if we realize what a boon cucumbers, melons, cantelopes, etc., must have been to every man, woman and child, rich or poor, on these islands prior to the coming of this pest, and how little we have to replace them the conclusion is inevitable that so long as this fly is allowed to play havoc unmolested the people will suffer a restricted variety of their vegetable diet. The habits of the fly are such that it is impossible to check it by ordin^ ary means, — if we consider natural enemies extraordinary . 113 The fly doubtless reached us by way of China or Japan, tho it is most definitely known to exist in India. Its economic status in the former countries is unknown. But from correspondence with the Imperial Entomologist of India the writer has ascertained that in India it is kept well in check by a variety of parasites and is therefore seldom> injurious. In his effort to combat fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in West Australia the Entomologist of that State after several attempts claims to have finaly succeeded in transporting and establishing there several of these parasites. Upon the strength of these facts the Board addressed the Minister of Agriculture of West Australia a request for colonies of these insects. This was the best that could be done under a limited appropriation. But it is barely possible we should get satisfactory results from correspondence alone. The late Mr. Craw always scoffed at these possibilities. He maintained, and we are inclined to agree with him, that nothing short of detailing a competent entomologist to the field for investigation, discovery and ship- ment of likely parasites will deliver us from this formidable pest. I would respectfully urge therefore upon the Governor and Legis- lature of this Territory to give this matter their earnest attention and, if at all possible, provide a liberal fund for this w^ork. There is no more crying need in the Territory at present. EXECUTIVE An outsider cannot fully realize the immense tax OFFICEH. upon the time of the scientific force that is un- necesssarily imposed by executive work. Publica- tion, printing, purchases and a host of similar tasks should be carried on by such an officer to greater advantage to the service as a whole. Such duties are on the State Boards of Agriculture performed by their paid secretaries. Some such officer is a dire necessity on this Board. To strengthen the scientffic activity of the staff it must be bound down by lay rautine as little as possible. 114 TABLE II.~QUANTITIES AND PRICES * OF FRUITS AND VEGE- TABLES IMPORTED VIA HONOLULU DURING 1905-1908. Name. ^ @ ;pr Apples Apricots Artichokes .. Asparagus... Cabbage .... Cantalopes.. Cauliflower. Celery Celery root. Cherries Cranberries Garlic Grape fruit. Grapes Horseradish Lemons Nectarines... Onions Oranges...... Parsnips Peas Peaches ...... Pears Persimmons Plums Potatoes Quinces Rhubarb . ... Sprouts ., Tangerines.. Turnips 50bx 35;bx 25ibx 00 bx 50crt 2.25 bx 2-25 bx 3.00 bx 2.50 bx iSObx 13.00 bbl 2.70 bx 3.75 bx LSOcrt 1.50 bx 3.75 bx 1.25 bx 2-50 bx 3.00bx .75 bx 1.00 bx 1 . 25 bx 2.00 bx L25 bx 1 . 25 crt 2.00 sk 1.25 bx 1.25 bx 2.00 bx 1.25 bx .60 bx 1905 Value in II 16636 24954.00 588! '793.80 27383I41074.50T9501 29251 904; 1356.00 209 470.25 310 26: 400 : 307! 2484' 465.00 338.00 1080.00 1151.25 3726.00 2166! 8122.50 1371 171.25 6774 1 16935. 00 18637 55911.00 14 7531 1745; 120: 2152^ 14.00 941.25 3490 00 150.00 2690.00 8446 16892.00 533 i 666.25 396 i 237 60 Total, $$ I 140,605.15 1906 Value in 1 1 ;1907 Value in $$ 11908 58 1533 385 299 33 486 327 3080 78.30 242 1 326 238: 1011 2299.50! 1401: 2101 866.25! 366! 823 .50 448.50! 429.001 1312. 20i 1226.25^ 4620.00! 410 6 559 474 2580 615 78 1509 1777 3870 .50:25185 70 902 .50 116 •••• 180 50 1456 660 1347 633 14 588 36 436 544 23481 8805.001 2191 8216 25i 31 25: 24 30 8111120277.50: 7739 19347 11572 34716.00 20050 60150. 479i 598.75^ 212 265 8781 1756.00: 785 1570 274! 342.50. 397 496 1872^ 2340.00' 1236 1545 26741:53482.00:32614 65228 25! 31.25! 9 11 I I 19 23 00 00 30 50, 001 3726 • ..! 57 25; 2877 00! 21 50! 12186 00 20507 ■••i 30 •••I 120 00! 2646 00 i 2973 25 ! 394 00 j 2505 00^49842 2555 3193 75! 1227; 1533, 387 232.20! 257! 154. I 178,160.70; I 199,935.50 11 172 54 2093 258 37777.50 1217.70 493.00 720.00 2184.00 1485.00 3030.75 1899.00 35.00 882.00 468.00 1177.20 2040.00 5589.00 85 50 10788.75 26 . 25 30465.00 61521.00 22.50 120,00 3307.50 5946.00 492.50 3131.25 99684 00 13.75 215.00 108.00 2616.25 154 .80 277,696.20 * The prices represent closely approximate figures as kindly snpplied us hy one of the importers. lie ACT 69, SESSION LAWS OF 1907. An Act to Amend Chapter 28 oe the Rextsed Laws oe Ha- waii BY Adding to said Chapter a Section to be Known as Section 389 A. Be it; Enacted by the Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii: Section i. Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii is~ hereby amended by adding a new section thereto to be known as Section 389A and to read as follows: wSection 389A. It shall be the duty of the Board to make rules and regulations, and to amend the same from time to time, in its discretion, subject to the approval of the Governor, for and concerning the importation into the Territory of bees and for the preservation, protection and improvement of bees now within the Territory; and for the quarantine, inspection, fumigation, disinfection, exclusion or destruction either upon importation into the Territory or at any time or place within the Territory of any bees and any box or other container and their contents in which bees have been imported or contained, which is or may be infested with or liable to assist in the trans- mission or dissemination of any insect or disease injurious to bees. All rules and regulations made as aforesaid shall liave the force and effect of law. It shall be the duty of the Board to establish an ol)servational apiary and all bees imported into the Territory shall be there quarantined free of cost to the owners until such time shall have elapsed as to enable the proper entomologist or inspector of the Board, to certify to the owners that such l^ees are clean and free from disease. The entomologists or inspectors of the ])Oard may enter upon the premises of any bee keeper for the ])urpose of inspecting apiaries, and of carrying out the orders of the ]')oard, and they shall not be holden guilty of any misdemeanor by so doing nor shall they be personally liable in damages except for acts l)e- yond the scope of their authoritv or clue to their own negligence. Section 2. This i\ct shall take effect from and after the date of its approval. Approved this T7th day of April, A. D. 1907. G. R. Carter, Governor of the Territory of Hawaii. ii6 RULES AND REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO THE IMPORTATION AND INSPECTION OF HONEY BEES AND HONEY INTO THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII BY THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. Rule 4. Importation of Queen Bees. In order to prevent the introduction into this Territory of infectious, contagious or communicable diseases among honey- bees it is hereby ordered that All queen bees imported into the Territory of Hawaii shall be subject to the following terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, namely: (i) Labels, A label shall be affixed to the cage, box or other container in which any queen bee is enclosed, which label shall set forth: (a) The number of queen bees enclosed; (b) The locality where each was produced; (c) The locality from which each was shipped; (d) The name of the shipper; (e) The name of the consignee. (2) Request for Inspection. The importer shall file with the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, at least two weeks prior to the date at which the queen bee or bees will arrive, a writ- ten statement signed by himself or his agent or attorney which shall set forth his purpose to import said queen bee or bees into the Territory of Hawaii, which statement shall contain as accurately and fully as possible the following information: (a) The number of queen bees sought to be imported; (b) The probable locality where each was produced; (c) The locality from which each is expected to be shipped; (d) The name of the proposed shipper; (e) The address of the importer, and shipping marks. Said statement shall also contain a request that the Board, upon arrival of said queen bee or bees, proceed forthwith to inspect or cause to be inspected such queen bee or bees. 117 (3.) Inspection. Immediately upon the receipt of such re- quest for inspection or as soon thereafter as may be an inspec- tor of the Board shall inspect each queen bee and if it is found free from such disease shall cause it to be transferred from any cage, box or other container in which it shall have been imported and shall transfer it to a new and clean cage prop- erly supplied with clean and fresh candy and with sufficient bees known to be free from disease to properly care for said queen bee. (4) Certificate. The inspector shall thereupon give to the importer a certificate of his findings upon such inspection and deliver to him such of the bees as he finds free from all infec- tious, contagious and communicable diseases. (5) Destruction of Cages, Bees, etc. Immediately upon the transfer of any queen bee from any cage, box or other con- tainer as set forth in Section 3 hereof, said inspector shall cause to be burned and destroyed such cage, box or other con- tainer, together with the» candy and bees therein, excepting such cjueen bee. If said inspector shall at said inspection find any cjueen bee to be infected with any contagious, infectious or communi- cable disease he shall in his discretion destroy the same or hold the same for further treatment. Rule 5. Imtortation of Honey. In order to prevent the introduction into this Territory of infectious, contagious or communicable diseases among honey bees and in view of the fact that such diseases are in the major- ity of cases communicated by the introduction into uninfected territory, of honey, honey-dew or syrup containing honey from districts in which such infectious, contagious or communical)le diseases exist, it is hereby ordered that All honey, honey-dew or syrup containing honey imported into the Territory of Hawaii, shall be subject to the following terms and conditions, to-wit : (t) Statement try Importer. Any person or persons import- ing into the Territory of Hawaii any honey, honey-dew or syrup containing honey from the mainland of the Ihiitcd States or elsewhere, upon arrival of such honey, honey-dew or svrup containing honey at a port of entry of the Territory of Hawaii, and before such honey, honey-dew or syrup con- taining honey shall have been landed upon the dock, or if such honev shall have been landed upon tlic dock w^hout the ii8 knowledge of the importer, then before such honey, honey- dew or syrup containing honey shall have been removed from the dock, shall file with the Board a written statement contain- ing the following information: (a) The port from which such honey was shipped; (b) The name of the shipper; (c) Whether or not the same has been certified by a quali- fied inspector as hereinafter set forth. Said statement shall also contain a request that the Board forthwith proceed to have said honey, honey-dew or syrup containing honey inspected, and an agreement on the part of the importer to be responsible for all reasonable costs and ex- penses of inspection, quarantine and care of the same. (2) Inspection. Immediately upon the receipt of such state- ment or as soon thereafter as may be, the Board shall cause said honey, honey-dew or syrup to be inspected by its inspec- tor. In case such honey shall bear upon the containers thereof or shall be accompanied by a certificate or a qualified officer of any state or of the United States or other country, that the honey is from healthy colonies of bees, that is, from colonies of bees not affected wath any infectious, contagious or com- municable disease, then said honey shall be forthwith passed by said inspector and said inspector shall thereupon furnish to the importer thereof a permit to land the same or to remove the same from the dock as the case may be. In case such honey shall not bear upon its containers, or shall not ])e accompanied by a certificate from a dulv qualified officer as aforesaid that the same comes from healtliy cclunie.s '.{ hcts as a1)ove set forth, then such inspector shall ciiuse said honey to be removed to some place there to undergo such tests as the Board shall from time to time prescribe to deter- mine \\hether or not said honey, honey-dew or syruD contain- ing honey is infected with any infectious, contagious n^- com- municable disease. Upon the completion of such test said inspector shall certifv his findings. If said honey -hall 1)e found free from any diseases as aliove set forth said inspector shall so certify and shall thereupon deliver such honey, honey- dew or svrup containing honev to the said importer. If, how- ever, such honey shall be found hifected with any I'ufectious, contagious or communicable disease, the inspector shall forth- with notify the importer of such fact and such importer shall have a reasonable time thereafter to return or exp'-^rt said honev to some port without tlie Territory of Hawaii. But should said importer refuse to return or export said lioney, or 119 neglect so to do within a reasonable time, then said honey shall be destroyed in such manner as shall be determined by the Board. These rules and regulations were approved at a meeting of the l>oard of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, 'leld on September 2nd, 1908. (S) C. S. Hollo wvVY, President and Executive Officer, Board of Agriculture and Fores ry. Approved: (S) W. F. Frear, Governor, September 17, 1908. PROF. KOEBELE'S WORK ON HORN-FLY.* On April 9th, 1908, I wrote Mr. Koebele final instructions as to leaving for Europe in search of horn-fly parasites, and other na- tural enemies of that pest. Owing to various circumstances it was not till considerably later that he was al)le to leave New York for Germany. I had requested him, if possi])le, to call on Dr. Floward, the chief of the Division of Entomology, at Washing- ton, as I had understood that that Division might be doing work of the same nature in Europe, as we were about to attempt. Mr. Ivoebele was unable to see Dr. Elloward personally, but, after correspondence, informed me that work on the horn-fly on these lines would not be undertaken by the entomologists of the Wash- ington Department. During the summer months Mr. Koebele's time was entirely occupied in making observations in the field, and breeding flies, together with some parasites and predaceous insects from larvae found in cow-dung. In July he wrote briefly of his observations, and especially men- tioned the importance of Hister beetles and their larvae in devour- ing the larvae of flies that breed in dung, and also the scarcity of parasites, as compared with predaceous insects, at that season. * The following preliminary report was furnished by Dr. Perkins at tlie request of the Board and the ITawaiian Live Stock Breeders^ Asso- ciation. I20 Before proceeding further it may be said that there are two methods of diminishing the numbers of dung-eating Hies, ( i ) the direct method, by the introduction of parasites and predaceous enemies, (2) indirect, by the introduction of harmless dung-eating insects, which quickly remove the dung and so leave less food for the injurious flies to breed in. Somewhat intermediate between these classes is a third lot of harmless species, which, while they live in the dung, do not consume it or remove it rapidly enough to prevent the breeding of the obnoxious flies, but, at the same time, they perforate the cow droppings with passages in every direction, and allow the parasites of the flies to more readily ap- proach and attack these. This class is already represented by several species here in the islands, and Mr. Koebele sent over lar- vae of a larger and more robust species, than any that we have here. At first I doubted the advisability of liberating these, not because they could possibly do any injury to vegetation, but be- cause they will probably form part of the food supply of the voracious Histers, which may partly turn their attention to these, and therefore destroy a smaller percentage of fly maggots. Mr. Koebele's method of sending specimens, so far adopted, has been to place the living insects with food in glass tubes of various sizes; these tubes are wrapped in cotton and enclosed in tight- fitting cylindrical wooden boxes. They are thus forwarded by mail to Mr. Ehrhorn, the inspector at the port of San Francisco. Thence to the islands they are sent in cold storage. This method of sending has proven so satisfactory that nothing more need be desired. It is only possible during the cold part of the year, but that is all the better, as it will leave Mr. Koebele free to make his observations and gather material during the summ.er, to be forwarded here in the winter, which is the most favorable time for establishing the European insects. In all, I have received up to date thirty-nine vials from Mr. Koebele, containing some- times a single insect in a vial, sometimes two or three, in the case of predators ; in some have been sent numerous puparia of flies in the hope of breeding parasites. Vial I contained some living larvae of a dung-beetle (Apho- dius). Wr. Koebele was of opinion that this species was very desirable, but, partly owing to local conditions, which probably he had not in mind, and partly because the insect belongs to that intermediate class mentioned above, I should not place so high a value on its services, if established. It is likely to thrive best, and to be most useful in wetter districts or in drier ones at a con- siderable elevation above the sea level. From these larvae sent over, I later on had the satisfaction of breeding a small colony, which w^ere sent to windward Hawaii, and liberated in a place, 121 where further colonies could be easily obtained later, if they are successfully established, as they probably will be. Vials 2-8 contained puparia of various dung-eating flies. From these I bred numerous species of a parasite, Spalangia, which I cannot separate from one already here, and which has been known here for at least thirty years. I am, however, making further observations on these, as I have received a nearly identical para- site from China, through our Assistant Entomologist, Mr. Terry, and a third also excessively similar is known to me from Mexico. Vials 9-12 contained similar parasites. Vials 13-15 contained predaceous beetles (Hister and Sap- rinus) hybernating, one in each tube. It is very important to introduce these and similar species, and, but for certain special local difficulties, this would be easy enough. Vials 16-20 contained larvae of a beetle eating up the larvae and puparia of flies in dung. Mr. Kbebele suggests that this will produce a Tenebrionid beetle and this is certainly correct, though the larvae, of which three arrived alive, have not yet matured. Vials 20-24 puparia of flies likely to produce parasites. Two species of parasites were bred from these belonging to the Alysiidae and the Ichneumonidae. Of the latter no pairing was obtained, but from the former, of which two females and one male emerged at intervals, a brood may be obtained. Both these and other allied parasites in numbers ought to be introduced here, especially as they not only destroy fly larvae in dung, but also those found in dead carcasses, from which, especially, are pro- duced the flies that cause maggots in sheep. The chief hindrance to the establishing of these parasites would seem to me to be the general absence of such flowers on the ranches, as the mature insects visit for the purpose of feeding, and especially of those white-flowered umbelliferous plants, which are found in every field, hillside and pasture in Europe, and attract these parasites in extraordinary numbers. Vial 25. Larva of Philonthus, considered by Mr. Koebele one of the best enemies for horn-fly. This vial, however, contained a larva of a Hister beetle on arrival, so that either an error was made, or the latter devoured the former in transit. Vial 26-28. Staphylimis piihescens, a predaceous beetle, likely to devour the dung-beetles, as well as the injurious flies. These arrived dead, so the species could not be experimented wuth. Vials 29-30. Philonthns a en ens, three or four mature speci- mens arrived in fine condition. As mentioned above (Vial 25) Mr. Koebele considers a number of species of this genus are wanted, being very important. Vials 31-34. Contents mostly dead and of not much import- ance. 122 Vials 33-35. Three or four mature Hister beetles received alive recently. During the coming summer I have suggested to Mr. Koebele that he should get together a lot of material of the above insects, most likely to be successful, and ship them, as soon as the cold weather sets in in America and Europe. He should then visit Northern Africa probably, and the more southern parts of Europe for other kinds of enemies of horn-fly. Certain local conditions here are of paramount importance and must be fully considered in estimating the value of the natural enemies of dung-flies in Europe, and selection of these enemies must be made to suit these conditions or no success will be attained. This is a complicated subject and cannot be entered. into in this report; in fact, my observations on the matter, though I have recently given much time to it, are still far from complete. There has recently been a great deal of talk about the intro- duction of birds into the islands, and some by no means well ad- vised suggestions have been made in this direction. If birds are to be introduced at all, I know of none more likely to be of great value than a common black and white Australian fly-catcher re- lated to the little native 'Elepaio.' I referred to this bird in the Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, Vol. i, p. 10, as follows: ''Another species (of fly-catcher) is commonly seen catching flies oflf the backs of cattle. It would be most valuable in these islands." An ornithologist, (whose name I forget) con- nected, I think, with the Museum at Brisbane, informed me that it would be possible to introduce this bird. I myself had daily evidence of its great value. With regard to Mr. Koebele's work, it will, no doubt, be neces- sarv for this oflice to make a complete report, when that is pos- sible, either for publication by this Station or by the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Eorestry. We are indebted to Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Entomological Inspector of the State Board of Horticulture of California, at San Francisco, for receiving and forwarding to us the material sent by JMr. Koebele, and to Mr. Kolinsky for promptly delivering the same to us on the arrival of the steamers in Honolulu. Yours very truly, R. C. L. PERKINS. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Report for th^e Year Ending Dec. 31st, 1908. By Victor A. Norgaard V. S. (Copenhagen). Superintendent of Animal hidnsiry, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii- Veterinary Inspector U. S^ Bureau of Animal Industly- LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. The Hoard of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honohihi, Territory of Hawaii. Gentlemen : — • I have the honor to submit herewith my fourtli annual report as Territorial W^terinarian, covering the work of the Division of Animal Industry for the calendar year of 1908. The force of the Division has during the year been increased by tlie a])pointment of two Deputy Territorial Veterinarians, one for tlie (Hstrict of Jlilo, and one for the district of Maui. Their appointments were only effected through the cooperation of the local Sugar Planters' Association and various agricultural and live stock interests, which ])y taxing tliemselves at a j^ro rata scale provided a salary of v$roo per month for each of tlie two deputies. The value of this service has l)een fully demonstrated during the period in which it has been in effect, and it is hoped that the coming legislature will see its way clear to provide fimds for the salar\' of the two deputies a])ove mentioned as well as for two more, one to look after Kohala and llamakua and one to be sta- tioned on Kauai. Such an arrangement would o]:)en all of the ports of entry of the Territory to the importation of live stock and would place the other islands on the same l)asis as Oahu as far as the eradication of infectious and contagious diseases among live stock is concerned. The new regulations governing the importation of live stock, and \\diich were pu1)lished in the report for last year, w^nt into 124 effect on the ist of January, 1908. These regulations which made the inspection and testing of Hve stock compulsory hefore ship- ment to this Territory, and which places this inspection and test- ing in the hands of the inspectors of the federal Bureau of Animal Industry, have proven highly satisfactory. That glanders never- theless, in one instance, gained entrance to the Territory with in- spected and tested stock was not due to any defect in the regula- tions or their enforcement, but to the unfortunate live stock sani- tary condition of California. The incident in question, which is fully discussed in this report, necessitated the promulgation of a new regulation im/posing a c|uarantine of three weeks from the date of shipment on all horse stock arriving in the Territory from or through California. This regulation will continue in effect until conditions in California warrant its abrogation. In regard to diseases among live stock a considerable number of outbreaks of glanders have occurred on both Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. On Hawaii a widespread epidemic of a catarrhal disease has prevailed among the horses on many plantations and ranches and has caused considerable loss. This disease is fully described in the appended report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the Hilo district. Otherwise the general health of the live stock has been good, except so far as affected by the prolonged drouth, which has caused greater losses than ever known before. I have as far as possible omitted the discussion of technical papers in this year's report, as the greater part of my report for 1907 was given over to this subject. Very respectfully, VICTOR A. NOKGAARD, Territorial Veterinarian. 125 LIVE STOCK INSPECTION SERVICE. With the beginningof the past year the new regulations requir- ing the inspection and te3ting of horse stock and cattle before shipment to this Territory went into effect. These regulations were published in the preceding report of this Division and it is therefore not necessary at present to discuss them except so far as their effectiveness has been demonstrated through the experi- ences of the past year. It will be remembered that these new regulations, with the con- sent of the Chief of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry placed the entire responsibility for the inspection and testing of live stock intended for shipment to this Territory in the hands of. the officers of the said Bureau, thereby obviating the necessity for official or semi-official inspectors appointed by this Board. The fact that the State of California, and especially the City of San Francisco, is infested with glanders to a degree almost if not entirely epidemic, has been brought home to this Board re- peatedly. The further fact that no efforts of any kind were being made by the state or municipal authorities to suppress or eradicate the disease or even to prevent the infection of stock in- tended for export to this Territory led us to apply to the Federal authorities for protection. But notwithstanding this most effi- cient service, which we obtained, it was found that there were still loopholes where tested stock could become infected before they got away from the shores of California. On May 28th, 1908, the American-Hawaiian S. S. ''Virginian" arrived in Ho- nolulu with eight mules on board, consigned to H. Hackfeld & Company and destined for a plantation on Kauai. This ship- ment was infected with glanders, even though it did not become manifest until a few days after arrival. The following official correspondence pertaining to this subject will illustrate more fully than could otherwise be done the seri- ousness with which this last importation of infected stock from California was viewed by the Board of Agriculture and its officers, as well as by the business interests of the Territory : (The Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu, to the U. S. Inspector in Charge, San Francisco.) Honolulu. i\Tay 28, 1908. The S. S. 'Virginian" arrived here yesterday with eight mules con- signed to H. Hackfeld & Co., Honolulu. I notice from the accompanying papers that 12 mules were tested and that 4 were rejected on account of reaction to the test. The mules came from the ranch of Miller & Lux and were tested at Los Banos by Dr. A. W. Ward. 126 In this connection I beg to call your attention to a shipment of 34 mules which arrived at Hilo, Hawaii, on the S. S. "Enterprise" on April 13th. These mules also came from the ranch of Miller & Lux and four out of the 38 tested had been rejected on account of typical reaction. For this reason I had the 34 mules which were shipped placed in provisional quarantine on the respective plantations to which they were consigned, for one month. For the same reason I have detained the eight mules which arrived here yesterday and which are intended for a plantation on Kauai, for the pur- pose of keeping them under observation for at least one week l)efore they go to their ultimate destination. I would like to ask you whether you have any information in regard to the prevalence or otherwise of glanders on the ranch of Miller & Lux and if there is any way in which you could ascertain whether any of the react- ing mules have developed glanders since they were tested. Tf you have information on this subject, will you be sood enough to advise me as to " wdiether it would not be advisable to avoid the shipment of mules from the ranch in question, as a careful examination of the temperature charts for- warded by you shows that the eight rejected mules had typical temperature curves such as we would expect from infected animals. (The U. S. Lispector in Charge, San Francisco, to the Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu.) San Francisco, Calif., June 8. 1908. T beg to acknowledge receipt of your fa^-or of May 28th regarding shipment of mules on the steamer "Virginian,'' consigned to H. Hackfeld Si Co., Honolulu, and also a shipment of nniles via the S. S. ''Enterprise'' to FTilo, all of which came from the ranch' of IMiller & Lux, at which a number of those tested were rejected. I beg to say that T am taking steps to ascertain, if possible, the condition of the rejected nniles at the present time, and also as to the presence of clinical glanders on this ranch. As soon as T sectn-e this information I will advise you. (The Territorial Veterinarian, TTonolulu, to the U. S. Inspector in charge, San Francisco.) LTonolulu, June 13, 1908. Referring to my letter of the 28th ult. T regret to inform you that one of the eight nmles which arrived here on the S. S. "Virginian" on IVay 27th and consigned to IT. Hackfeld & Co., developed acute glanders and was destroyed in a dying condition on the gth inst. As I stated in my letter above referred to, these eight unties were in- tended for the Grove h^arm Plantation Company on the Island of Kauai and were to be shipped to that island the day after their arrival here, but owing to the fact that the test records showed that these nniles bad been tested togctlier with four other mules which gave typical reaction. I decided to detain them in Honolulu for a week for the purpose of observation. This action on my part was also due to the fact that nearly all of the ani- mals had a slight discharge from the nose, such as is frequently seen in animals arriving liere, and in one case this discliarge was slightly sticky. Outside of this no actual symptoms of glanders could be discovered. The eight mules were placed in a private pasture and were inspected every day. l"he discharge soon disappeared^ from all of the animals and their noses looked apparently clean up to June 2d when I had them all tied up for a more careful examination. I noticed then that one of the mules had sticky 1)rownish crusts around both nostrils and that his sub-maxillary 127 glands had become slightly enlarged and were somewhat tender. The animal also seemed depressed and had a temperature of 103° F. I then had him removed to the animal quarantine station and the following day minute pustules appeared on the nasal mucous membrane. From then on the case developed rapidly. The temperature rose to 104"^ F. making the mallein test unavailal)le. I therefore inoculated a male guinea pig intra- abdominally with a suspension of the nasal discharge. This was on June 5th when the mule's temperature had risen to 104.4° F. On June 8th the guinea pig developed typical orchitis thereby demonstrating beyond a doubt that the mule was suffering from glanders. At the request of the chairman of the Committee on Animal Industry the consignees of the mules, that is, H. Hackfeld & Co.. engaged Dr. A. R. Rowat, a practicing veterinarian of this city, to look after the sick mule for them. Dr. Rowat fully agreed with me and my assistant. Dr. J. C. Fitzgerald, that the animal was suffering from glanders. On Monday the 8th the chairman of the Conuniitec on Animal Industry together with the consignee of the mules besides Dr. Rox^at, my assistant aid myself visited the quarantine station and found' liie sick nnimrd wiih profuse discharge from both nostrils, extensive ulcerations on both sides of the septum, large painful swelling of the sub-maxillary glands, tempera- ture 104.8° F., respiration snorting and the nasal passages almost obstructed by the extensive swelling of the mucous membrane. Farcy strings and buds had appeared on the left side of the face and neck. With the consent of everyl)ody concerned the mule was destroyed on the 9th inst. and was found on post mortem examination to suffer from acute glanders. The septum will be forwarded to you together ^vith an affidavit to the effect that the same is the septum of the mule herein referred to. This specimen should be held at the disposal of IT. Hackfeld & Co., San Fran- cisco, in case litigation sliouki ensue. I shall not try to explain to you the sensation Avhich this case caused here, but I can assure you that it was very fortunate for me and for the W'hole inspection service that this shipment of mules were detained and not allowed to proceed to Kauai as desired by the consignees. Hicre has been no glanders on the island of Kauai for years and as no veterinarian is located on that island, it is highly probable that a number of animals might have become infected with glanders before notice of the condition of the animal could have l)een forwarded to Honolulu and a veterinarian sent to Kauai for investigation. This makes the fourth time since I took charge of the inspection that glanders has come in here w-ith mules from California, the animals in two cases having been mallein tested before leaving the Coast. From your former letters I am acquainted wnth the conditions which you have "to deal with in California and I trust that you will feel assured that our Board appreciates everything you have done to help_ us and that we realize that this last case is due to circumstances over which you have no control. I have written you fully 011 the sulqect in order to euabje you to sug- gest steps to be taken to prevent further occurrences of this nature. The live stock sanitary conditions in California are undoulHedly in a deplorable state and I am, therefore, anxious to hear from you in regard to any suggestions vvdiich you may be able to make for the protection of our live stock industry in the islands. We must have mules and we are practically compelled to get them from or through California. As quite a large number of California mules are expected here m the near future I take the liberty to ask you once more to do whatever is possible to prevent their exposure to infection during or after the test and while awaiting shipment. To prohibit the shipment of an entire consignment of mules on account 128 of one or two doubtful reactions does not seem advisable, but action must m my opinion be left entirely to the discretion of the inspector making the test. When a large percentage of a bunch reacts to the test, as was the case with this last shipment, it would seem well to inquire into the ^possible cause for such reactions before permitting shipment. (The U. S. Inspector in Charge, San Francisco, to the Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu.) San Francisco, Cal, June 22, 1908. I am just in receipt of your favor of June 13th describing the condi- tions of the 8 mules arriving there on the S. S. ''Virginian" on May 27th, consigned to H. Hackfeld & Co., and which were destroyed for acute glanders. As I have already written you, these came from Miller & Lux's Los Banos ranch and on receipt of your last letter I wrote Miller & Lux notifying them that, owing to the large number of rejections among mules from this ranch I would decline to make any more tests from there, I also wrote the State Veterinarian advising him fully of the conditions and asking him for definite information as to that entire vicinity. Up to date I have no reply from him. Now in regard to suggestions to prevent a repetition; I think it would be wise if the Governor of the Territory could appeal to Governor Gillett of California to take some active steps against glanders in the state. IVe are full of it here and everybody recognises it and everybody knozvs it. I am writing to the Secretary of Agriculture thru the Chief of the Bureau and suggesting to him that he also appeal to the state authorities to inau- gurate a campaign against the disease. I have endeavored to be very particular in the selection of the men to make the tests and believe that every single test that I have approved has been properly and carefully and conscientiously made. I have requests from dozens of veterinarians to allow them to make official tests, w^hich I refuse on the ground that I do not know the men and am not always able to visit the corrals when the tests are being made and so would have no control of the tests whatever. I have caused a good deal of hard feeling in the profession locally on this account, but this can- not be helped. The remaining ^qycxi mules were continued in quarantine until Jiuie 23d, when they were allowed to proceed to their tiltimate destination, after having been submitted to the mallien test. On the same day a meeting was called by the chairman of the Committee on Animal Industry for the purpose of considering action to be taken by this Board for the further protection of the live stock industry of the Territory against the introduction of infectious and contagious diseases with shipments of live stock from California. The meeting was held in Mr. Isenberg's office and was attended by Mr. D. P. R. Lsenberg, chairman ; Mr. Geo. R. Carter and Air. Albert Waterhouse, members, and the Territorial Veterinarian. The meeting was called to order by Mr. lsenberg at 9 o'clock A. M. Ait the request of the chairman Dr. Norgaard made a state- ment in full in regard to the infected shipment of mules as it has already been described. The fact that a serious 129 outbreak of glanders on the Island of Kanai, where the disease has not been known to exist for the past fifteen years was nar- rowly avoided, was discussed in full. Mr. Carter stated that the situation was of such importance tliat he would consider it ad- visable to submit the matter for the consideration of (lie local agents of the sugar planters and made a motion to the effect that a meeting of the committee be called for 3 o'clock of the same afternoon and that representatives of all the principal importers of horse stock be invited to attend the same. The motion carried and the chairman appointed Mr. Carter and Mr. Waterhouse a committee to call on the said importers and invite tlieir attend- ance. At 3 o'clock the second meeting of tlie Conunittee on Animal Industry was called to order by the chairman in the room of the Chamber of Commerce, Stangenwald Building. There were present Mr. D. P. R. Isenberg, chairman; JMessrs. Geo. R. Carter and Albert Waterhouse, members, and the Territorial V^eterin- arian. The following firms and corporations were also repre- sented: C. Brewer & Co., Alexander & Baldwin, Schaefer & Co., H. Hackfeld & Co., T. li. Davies & Co., and the Hawaiian Live vStock Breeders' Association. The chairniian explained the purpose of the meeting, recalling the fact that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, ihrough its Committee on Animal Industry, had inaugurated and perfected the inspection of live stock intended for importation to this Territory, obtained the assistance and cooperation of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry; that all horse stock was tested and inspected by federal officials before shipment from California, and that the most careful inspection was made of all live stock upon arrival to this Territory. That the Board felt that it had practically reached the limit of its efforts for the protection of the live stock of the Territory wdthout imposing onerous restric- tions or promulgating regulations which would make the impor- tation of live stock, if not impossible, at least difficult and expen- sive. But in spite of all efforts glanders has again made its ap- pearance among imported mules after their arrival in the Terri- tory, the circumstances demonstrating without doubt that the ship- ment referred to was infected before leaving San Francisco. The chairman's remarks were supplemented by Mr. Carter who submitted for the consideration of the representatives of the sugar planters and live stock owners the necessity for taking de- cisive steps for the protection of the live stock in the Territory. At the request of the chairman, the Territorial Veterinarian gave such information as was in his possession regarding the live stock sanitary conditions of California, the prevalence of glanders in the said State and the failure of the local authorities to take ef- I30 fective measures for the suppression and eradication of this dis- ease. The question of a prohibitive quarantine against all horse stock from the State of California was submitted by Mr. Geo. Carter for the consideration of the meeting. Mr. Carter was of the opinion that the required number of mules for the Territory could be obtained from the central mule-breeding states and shipped to this Territory via Seattle or else shipped in quarantine through California and San Francisco to the Territory. IJr. Norgaard explained that this would require further cooperation on the part of the Federal authorities, involving the establishment of quarantine pens for the detention of the animals while await- ing shipment to the Territory. Mr. E. Wodehouse, representing T. II. Davies & Co., sug- gested a restricted c[uarantine of all horse stock after arrival here, but was not in favor of prohibiting the importation of horse stock from California. Dr. Norgaard was called upon to explain how long it would be necessary to keep animals in quarantine after arrival here to make reasonal)]y sure that the animals w^ould be free from in- fection upon tlieir release. He explained that in his opinion a period of three weeks from the date of shipment would in 99 per cent, of all cases be a sufficient guarantee for the health of the animals, at least as far as mules were concerned, if no suspici- ous sxmptoms had developed during that period. This would in all cases where animals arrive here by steamer, necessitate their detention for about two wxeks while the quarantine period would be considerably shorter in the case of animals shipped by saihng vessels. The measure wT}uld further necessitate the enlargement of t]"ic animal quarantine station in Kalihi, as w^ell as the estab- lisliment of quarantine stations at Hilo and Kahului. As the Island of Kauai liad taken no steps for the^ appointment of a Deputy Territorial Veterinarian all animals intended for ship- ment to that island would have to be dealt with as hitherto by the Honolulu authorities. At the motion of the chairman the meeting adjourned leaving it to the Board of Agriculture and Forestry to take the necessary steps to carry out the measures agreed upon. The first move in this direction is contained in the following letters: Crhe President of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry to the Governor of Hawaii.) Honolulu, Hawaii, July 2, 1908. By direction of the Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, I beg lo call your attention to the condition prevailing here in regard to the 131 importation of live stock, especially liorses and mules, from California to the Territory of Hawaii. In a number of cases the infectious and contagious disease of glanders, dangerous to man as well as to the horse-stock of this Territory, has been introduced here with animals brought from the State of California. We have, as far as possible, taken every precaution to protect these islands against the introduction of this disease, but we find that even tliough we have the efficient cooperation of the officials of the federal jjureau of Aniuial Industry of the Department of Agriculture it is still possible for cases of glanders to be introduced here. From careful and, what we believe, unprejudiced investigation of this state of affairs we are forced to the conclusion that the excellent laws of California governing live stock sanitary measm-es are not enforced to the degree requisite for the protection of this Territory, in the case of importa- tions from that State. The Commissioners are reliably informed that glanders prevails among the horse-stock of California to an extent which makes it dangerous for this Territory to draw its supply of horses and mules from that State, even though it may seem difficult for us to obtain these animals from else- where, without considerable additional expense. We have, as stated, secured the cooperation of the Federal Authorities, and all horses and mtdes intended for shipment to this Territory are in- spected and tested with every possible care; nevertheless glanders, the most destructive of ecpiine diseases, contiuues to make its appearance here with stock brought in from California. The Commissioners desire to call your attention to this matter and would respectfidly request, that you comnnun'cate with the (ioveruor of California in order tliat he may be ftdly informed as to existing conditions, and we sincerely trust that he will be al)lc to suggest remedies in tlic line ■of a strong campaign against glanders in that State. Idle Territory of Hawaii has al)out $2,000,000 invested in imported horse-stock, princiiially mules, a large majority of which have 1)cen ])ur- chased in California. The demand for nndes is steadily increasing and for econ.omic reasons importers here feel compelled to obtain their sup])1y from that vState. Otherwise a motion reconnnending tlie prohibition of the importation of horse stock from California would have carried at a meeting of the agents of the t)rincipal sugar plantati(ni and ranch companies, held in Honolulu during the j^ast week. At this meeting those present were informed that the Board of Agricul- ture and Forestry intended to make a regidation that hereafter all horses and mules imported from California would be sulqected to a quarantine at port of arrival here for a period of twenty-one days after date of shipment and this precautionary measure was heartily approved. Such regulation, of course, would be subject to your approval before taking effect, but we sincerely trust that you will sec the importance of such action by this Board. It would seem to the Commissioners that the Governor of California being apprised of the facts would be very glad to issue the_ necessary instructions to the proper officials in order to protect the reputation of that State as far as the live stock industry is concerned. (The Governor of Hawaii to the President of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry.) Honolulu, Hawaii, July 3, 1908. I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant and to state that I have wTitten to the Governor of California upon the sub- ject as requested by you, also enclosing to him a copy of your letter to me. 132 Owing to the limited quarantine facilities at Honolulu and the total absence of the same at any of the other ports of entry the Committee on Animal Industry found itself severely handicapped in formulating a regulation to meet the exigencies under con- sideration. At a meeting of the said committee on July 15th the question as to whether the quarantine should be enforced at the port of entry or whether importers should be allowed to take their animals to premises provided by them at a distance from the port of entry was fully discussed. The committee decided that as soon as the Board was able to provide quarantine premises at the ports of Honolulu, Hilo and Kahului, all horse stock from Cali- fornia must be cjuarantined at the Board's premises unless the owner, importer or consignee is able to provide suitable premises at or near the said ports of entry. As finally adopted by tlie Board in regular session the follow- ing rule w^as approved by the Governor and went into effect on July 31st, 1908: RULE 8— QUARANTINE OF HORSE STOCK (HORSES, IMlULES AND ASSES) ARRIVING FROM OR THROUGH THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Owing to the fact that glanders has again made its appearance among mules arriving here from California, and to the further fact that the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and For- estry has definite information to the effect that glanders prevails in the vState of California to an extent which makes it unsafe to rely on the present regulations governing the importation of live stock to this Territory, it is hereby ordered that : Until further notice all horse stock (horses, mules and asses) arriving in this Territory, from or through the State of Cali- fornia, shall be quarantined, at the port of entry, for twenty-one days, counting from the date of departure from California. By quarantine shall be understood the absolute segregation of such animals, so as to preclude the possibility of glanders in- fection being transmitted to other horse stock.. If the owner, consignee or importer so desires, and if he is able to provide premises, which in the opinion of the Territorial Veterinarian or his deputy are suitable and convenient for the purpose, such horse stock shall be quarantined on the premises provided by the said owner, consignee or importer. Otherwise they shall be taken in charge by the Territorial Veterinarian or his deputy and quarantined on premises provided by this Board or by its ofBcers. If at the end of the stipulated period the Territorial Veterin- arian or his deputy is not satisfied that the animals are free from 133 glanders or other contagious diseases, the same shall be either subjected to the mallein test or continued in quarantine, or both, until released and admitted to the Territor}^ All expenses in connection with the quarantining of horse stock as above specified shall be borne by the owner, importer or con- signee. While this rule remains in force the ports of Honolulu, Hilo and Kahului shall constitute the only ports of entry for horse stock (including mules and asses) coming from or through the State of Cahfornia. All rules pertaining to the importation of live stock, as well as to the inspection and testing of live stock intended for importa- tion, shall remain in force, except so far as they may conflict with this rule. This rule shall take effect from and after the date of its ap- proval. C. S. HOLLOWAY, President and Executive Officer, Board of Commissioners of Am'iculture and For est r v. Approved July 31, 1908. WALTER F. EREAR, Governor. Note: — Any violation of this regulation is a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine not to exceed. $500 (See Sec. 390, Chapter 28, Revised Laws, 1905, and amendment thereto, Sec. 3, Act 28, Session Laws, 1905, and Act 112, Session Laws of 1907). APPROVAL AND ASSISTANCE OF FEDERAL AU- THORITIES. That this action taken by the Territorial Board of Agriculture w^as approved bv the federal Bureau of Animal Industry will be seen from the following letter. That the said Bureau also ren- dered every assistance possible in the eradication of glanders in the State of California, by supplying mallein and by lending the services of its officers is also manifest. (The Chief of the Biirean of Animal Tndnstry, U. S. Department of Agri- cnltiire, Washington, D. C, to the Territorial Veterinarian, Honolnhi, Hawaii.) Washington, D. C, August 24, 1908. Referring to yonr letter of the 13th ultimo, with enclosures relative to the action of the Hawaiian Territorial Government, resulting from the 134 appearance of glanders among mules shipped from California after they had failed to react to the mallein test, its action in placing a 21 days' quarantine on all horse stock coming from or through California, although unfortunate for the live stock exports of that State, is, however, apparently the only safe course which it could have pursued in order to prevent the possible importation of glandered animals. This matter of glandered stock in California was also called to the attention of Dr. Charles Keane, State Veterinarian, by this Bureau. Dr. Keane states that he is instituting a campaign for the suppression of glanders in that State as far as the amount of money appropriated will permit. For the Miller & Lux ranch, from wdiich the animals originated which developed glanders after landing in Hawaii, Dr. Keane has secured one thousand doses of Bureau mallein to test their animals. Dr. Geo. S. Baker, Inspector in Charge, San Francisco, and Dr. A. E. Rishel, Inspector in Charge, Los Angeles, have been requested to render Dr. Keane all possible assistance. QUARANTINE STATIONS. The next qtiestion to be considered was the estabhshment of an animal quarantine station at Hilo and Kahiilui and the con- struction of a new detention or observation station at Ilonohihi. The old quarantine station in Kalihi could not at all times be considered a safe place for the detention of imported animals as diseased or suspected horses were frequently kept there and a large number of glandered horse stock were taken there for de~ struction and burial. This station is furthermore in so dilapi- dated a condition that it cannot be considered safe to keep both healthy and diseased animals there at the same time even though the various pens are separated by wide alley- w^ays. The Committee on Animal Industry, therefore, recommended the establishment of a new quarantine station and a suitable site was found on the corner of the Beach road and Ward avenue just pAva of the Union Feed Company's sta1)les. I>esides the stables jtist mentioned there are no buildings or dwellings in this locality and the Board obtained the lease on the lot in qties- tion for $15 per month. The lot which contains about one acre was provided with a good outside fence, inside of which were built two enclosures, each 80 feet by 100 feet and separated from each other as well as from the outside fence by at least a distance of 20 feet at all points. Each enclosure was provided with shelter for about 20 ani- mals as well as with mangers, hay-racks and watering trouglis. The total cost of these improvements amount to ai)out $400. As far as Ililo is concerned the matter of selecting a suitable site w^as referred tO' the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian at that port. The deputy reported on a number of sites which might be had for the purposes in question and in August the chairman of the Committee on Animal Industry and the Territorial Veter- inarian inspected these sites in person, but found later that the 135 one selected by them and which was located on land belonging to the Territory could not be obtained for the purpose in question as public sentiment was against it. Upon the advise of Dr. Elliot, the Deputy TerritOxial Veterin- arian, a piece of land was then rented from the Hilo Sugar Com- pany. This is situated on the Piihonua tract, and has an area of about two acres and was chosen because it offered the com1)ined advantages of a reasonal^le rent, permanency of tenure, conveni- ent w^ater supply and proper facilities for isolation. The prop- erty is enclosed witli stone walls and fences, inside of which has been built a substantial wire fence 15 feet from the outer wall and which divides the area into two separate paddocks. Each of these paddocks is provided with drinking troughs for the animals and with sheds capable of accommodating about 15 animals each. Eurther iniprovements in these sheds so as to oft'er more com- plete protection against the weather will be needed and their ca- pacity should be enlarged. An additional small stal)le in which animals showing suspici- ous symptoms of contagious disease can be separated and kept under observation is also necessary. In regard to the establishment of a quarantine station at Kahu- lui the Committee on Animal Industry decided that in view of the fact that no funds were available for this purpose and tliat all horse stock intended for Maui arrive in Honolulu first it would be better not to attempt to establish a quarantine station on Maui at the time being, but to hold horse stock intended for Maui in Honolulu through the required quarantine period. It is, how- ever, highly desirable that a quarantine station sliould be estal)- lished in Kahului and the next legislature will 1)C petitioned to provide funds not alone for the establishment of sucii a station for the district of Maui, l)ut also for a similar station for the Island of Kauai and for the enlargement of the present station at Hilo. The old (juarantine station in Honolulu will also liavc to be entirelv rel)uilt and it is hoped that sufticient funds will i)e provided for this purpose. RESUETS EROM INSEILCTTON SERVICE. As alreadv stated all horse stock and cattle must b(\i'orc slii])- ment to tliis Territory be submitted to respectively tlie mallein or thic tulierculin test to insure against their being affected with eitlier glanders or tul)erculosis. During the past year the Eederal officers under whose supervision all tests were made rejected the following number of animals as reacting to the respective tests: 136 Class Nnniloer Nimi])er of Animals. Tested. Rejected. Percentage. Horses 157 (mallein) 4 2.55 Mules 730 (mallein) 35 4.79 Cattle 93 (tuberculin) 18 T9.35 While it cannot be claimed with certainty that all of the s9 h.orses and mules which reacted to" the mallein test were affectci w^'th glanders at the time of the test, still a careful examination of die test records shows, in a majority of cases, such typical temperature curves, as well as general and local reaction, tha*. tiiere can be no dou1)t that the disease w^ould have manifested it- self before or after arrival here in case they had been shipped. That this occurred in only one case out of 926 animals tested and out of which 39 head or 4.21 per cent, has reacted and been rejected, speaks highly for the efficiency of the present inspection service on the mainland. That the 18 head of cattle which reacted to the tuberculin test were affected with tuberculosis there can be very little doubt, as tuberculin has l)een proven an extremely reliable agent in diag- nosing this disease. As the principal number of reacting cattle were bulls, which naturally would have come m contact with large numbers of other breeding stock, there can be no doubt that sooner or later this insiduous disease would have gained a foothold in the herds where the affected animals would have been introduced. In view of the al)ove facts we are justified in concluding that the inspection service as carried out during the past year has pre- vented the introduction of half a hundred fresh centers of in- fection from which the respective diseases, glanders and tuber- culosis, would have continued to spread until located, checked and eradicated. IMPORTATIONS OF LIVE STOCK.- During the year 1908 there arrived in the Territory the follow- ing live stock, poultry and dogs : Port of Port of Honolulu. Hilo. Mules , 376 374 Horses 139 18 Cattle 93 3 Sheep 6 13 ITogs 1,176 56 Dogs 37 I Poultry 259 (crates) 105 (crates) Pigeons 7 (crates) 137 MULES. Tlie total importation of mules were 750 head as compared to 485 bead during 3907 and 295 head during 1906. Of this total a little more than 100 head were imported Idv the United States Quartermaster's Department and cannot, therefore, strictly speak- ing, be considered in the same class as mules purcliased for sugar plantations or for other purposes as they were simply transferred from one military post to anotlier. Nevertheless a larger num- ber of mules were imported during the past year than during any of the previous years since the establishment of the Division of Animal Industry. This steady increase was predicted in my two previous reports and will undoubtedly continue for at least one year more or until the sugar plantations have obtained their full quota of work animals, the same having been allowed to di- minish on account of the great increase in the price of mules during the past few years. A3 a general rule the mules which arrived here during the past year were of a better clas^ than those received during the preceding years and were, as a rule^ of good size and on an aver- age of satisfactory ages, that is from four to eight years old. The prices have been somewhat lower considering the class of animals which arrive here, but it is to be hoped that a further re- duction will take place during the coming year. '^ HORSES. The total number of horses imported, 157 head, was about the same as that for the preceding year, 139 head. There were only six stallions among these animals as compared to seven for the preceding year. Of these six stallions there were only two worth mentioning, an imported Perchcron stallion, weighing more than a ton, and a German coach stallion, both splendid animals and imported by Mr. A. W. Carter for the Parker Ranch. Of the rest of the horses 34 were for the Quartermaster's De- partment, 10 were breeding mares for the Kapapala Ranch and the rest were either driving or w^ork stock. CATTLE. The importations of cattle for 1908 falls far below that of the preceding year, being 96 head as compared to 167 head for 1907, and as a general average the aniniials were all inferior to a ma- * For further information on this subject see the report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the district of Hilo on page i55- 138 jority of those imported during that year. About half of them,, that is 57 head, were bulls and a great majority of these were Herefords. The largest importation was 32 heads of IniUs for the Kapapala Raneli and 8 bulls and 10 heifers for the Puakea Raneli on Hawaii. One importation of 21 bulls and heifers contained not less than 12 grades. This is a poor showing for the year, but there is every indica- tion that the coming year w^ill see the introduction of a larger number of superior animals. SHEEP. The 19 head of sheep imported during 1908 are hardly worth mentioning considering that there are nearly 100,000 sheep in the Territory and that fresh blood is badly needed at all times. This Territory should import not less than 100 first class rams every year and until tliis is done the local tiocks wdll not begin to yield a fraction of wdiat they ought to produce in either mutton or wool. It may, however, be stated here that on January 3d, 1909, there arrived a large importation, more than 100 head, of pure bred Merino ram,s and ewes from New Zealand, indicating that the prospects of the sheep industry of the Territory will re- ceive the attention it deserves in the near future. HOGS. Of the 1,236 hogs wdhch arrived during the past Acar about 1,200 were for commercial purposes and the remaining number for breeding purposes. Nearly all of the latter w^ere Berkshires. The total number imported as compared to that of the preceding year, 394 head, would indicate that the price of hogs in California has become somewhat low^er though not sufficient to allow im- portations as in 1906 v/hen the same amounted to 3^359 head. DOGS. Nearly all of the dogs wdiich arrived here during the past year were pets brought by passengers from San Francisco. Two Japanese pugs arrived from Japan, two German dogs from Bre- men, Germjany, and two Choro dogs arrived from China. POULTRY. The importation of 314 crates of poultry is nearly twice as great' as that for 1907 which w^as only 160 crates. About one- 139 half of the crates were what might be termed commercial fowl, that IS, brown and white Leghorns for egg production, and Ply- mouth Rocks for table birds. All of these crates were larger, contaming from one to three or four dozen birds eacli. The rest were nearly all fancy birds such as Games, Wyandottes, Orping- tons, as well as a number of the Mediterranean'^breeds. These large importations are very encouraging and are un- doubtedly due to the efforts of the Hawaiian Poultry Association and its annual poultry show. IMPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK FROM NEW ZEALAND. Though not properly belonging to the report for 1908 the fact that the first shipment of live stock from New Zealand has ar- rived, after more tlian two years' efforts to ])ring the same about, would warrant that the subject Ije discussed here. On January 3(1, 1909, the British steamer "Den of Rutliven" arrived with a consignment of live stock from New Zealand con- sistmg of 13 ShortJiorn bulls, 4 Hereford bulls, 65 Merino rams, and 40 Merino ewes. P\)urteen Shorthorn bulls were shipped, ])ut one of these ani- mals liad to be sliot on account of a broken leg Avhcn a week out from Avickland. Tlie rest of the stock all arrived in good condition tliough one ram died from over-heating tlie day after arrival here and before the animals had been unloaded. As has been stated in my previous reports the importation of live stock from New^ Zealand to tlie United States is prohibited and the tpresent importation is due to a special permit which the Agricultural Department at Washington granted in response to urgent requests and on account of the isolated and unicjue posi- tion of this Territory. The animals were accompanied by numerous certificates pertain- ing to tlieir breeding, their conchtions of healtli, the live stock sanitary conditions of the districts wherein they had been raised or througli which they had passed in transportation, and further to the effect that the animals had been continuously located in the district whence shipped for six m^onths next preceding the date of shipment ; that the animals had l)een shipped in clean disin- fected cars direct from the farms where purchased to the port of Auckland, and finally that they were tuberculin tested by a gov- ernment veterinarian. All of these certificates are required by tl:e regulations of the United States Department of Agriculture, wduch further specifies that cattle must be kept in quarantine for 140 90 days from the date of shipment, while sheep must be quar- antined for 15 days from the date of arrival. The sh.eep in question were therefore loaded directly from the steamer into trucks and taken to the quarantine station in Kalihi where they were kept for 15 days, being submitted to daily in- spections, especially in regard to foot-rot, in order to ascertain that they were in perfect heahh before being released. The bulls were taken to the new quarantine station on the Beach road where they will be kept until March 19th, they hav- ing been shipped from Auckland on December 19th. All of the animals were pure bred registered stock and if their certificates of registration prove satisfactory to the Department ot Agriculture in Washintgon they will be admitted free of duty. Both the bulls and the Merinos were splendid animals which, if they prove as proficient in imprinting their characteristics on their offspring as former importations from New Zealand have done, will assist materially in the improvement of the beef cattle and the wool sheep of the Islands. DISEASES AMONG LIVESTOCK IN THE TERRITORY. In a general way there has been less disease among the live- stock in the Territory during the past year than has been the case in the preceding ones, but the prolonged drouth which has prevailed over nearly the whole Territory has caused unprecedented losses so that for the first time in many years beef has been imported from the mainland. Diseases among sheep has not been reported to any extent as compared to the two preceding years, while among cattle only actinomycosis or lumpy jaw has been of any importance. This disease was fully discussed in my preceding report and there is nothing to add except that the disease seems to con- tinue in the same virulent form which has been prevalent for the past few years and which undoubtedly was brought in with imported stock. Glanders. Among the horse stock glanders has as usual been the most important disease and has occurred principally on the Islands of Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. In Honolulu alone not less than 17 outbreaks occurred during the past year, the same being scattered all over the city and suburbs. In regard to localities the following may be mentioned : Palolo valley, Waikiki, Kakaako, Monsarrat road, Moiliili, Bates street, Iwilei, Maunakea street, Asylum road, Parker lane and Kaimuki. A number of suspicious and exposed cases have been sub- mitted to the malein test and the usual precautions taken in 141 order to prevent the spread of the disease. In one outbreak of glanders at Iwilei it was found that a badly affected animal had been treated for three weeks by a Japanese named jJamura and representing himself to be a veterinarian. The matter was brought to the attention of the Attorney General with the result that Damura was fined fifty dollars for violat- ing the regulations of the Board, From the Island of Hawaii the Deputy Territorial Veter- inarian for the Hilo district has reported several outbreaks, the details of which will be found in his appended report. The same is the case with the Island of Maui where glanders undoubtedly has been prevalent for a number of years, espe- cilly in the Kula district, and where the prolonged drouth and resulting scarcity of feed and water has caused a number of latent cases to develop clinical symptoms. The Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui has submitted several hun- dred animals to the mallein test and reports a number of cases destroyed. Epizootic Laryngitis. This disease which was described fully in last year's report assumes a number of different forms and is undoubtedly identical with the disease described by Dr. Elliot as prevailing on the Island of Hawaii, under the name of ''Endemic Catarrhc^l Fever." The disease is due to a streptococcus infection and is very difficult to get rid of when once it gains entrance into a herd or stable. According to Dr. Elliot's report, as well as to information obtained from other sources, this disease lias been very prevalent on several of the largest ranches on Hawaii and has caused considerable losses in a number of plantation stables. For a full description of the symptoms, course and treat- ment of this disease those interested are referred to Dr. Elliot's report as well as to the report of this division for last year. Ccrcbro Spinal Meningitis. This disease which occurs often on the Island of Oaliu has been reported from Maui as occur- ing in epidemic form in two plantation stables. In one case six animals were affected at the same time, live of which died, and in another case three animals were taken sick simulta- neously, but tw^o of these recovered. The disease is an extremely difficult one to deal with, very little being known in regard to its cause and the various treatments recommended seem to be of little value. Isola- tion of the affected animals and thorough disinfection of the premises where the diseased animals have been kept seems 142 to be the only means of checking- the outbreak.. In most cases where the animal does not die dnrin^f the first sta£>-es of the disease it terminates with paralysis of the pharnyx which generally causes the death of the animal through starva- tion or through pneumonia caused by the entrance of particles of food into the lungs through the paralyzed pharnyx. Tuberculosis. There is at the present time a very strong- mo vement in the United States pertaining to the improvement of the milk supply Avith special reference to the protection of human beings and especially children against contamina- tion wdtli milk containing tubercle bacilli. A recent publication by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture has shown how the environment of tuberculous cattle is permeated with tubercle bacilli, which are often discharged in enormous num- 1)ers with the manure, and how easy it is for the milk to be- come infected. The writer of the bulletin in question is of the opinion that the milk as drawn from the cow very rarely contains tubercle bacilli, except in cases where the milk glands are actually infected with the disease, and that the too fre- quent discovery of tul)ercle bacilli in commercial milk and butter is due to contamination after the milk has been drawn. It is further demonstrated that the general condition or ap- pearance of a tuberculous animal gives no indication as to the time when it will begin to distribute tul)ercle bacilli and become dangerous; that the milk from all tuberculous cattle irrespective of the condition of their udders should be regarded as dangerous and that even the milk of healthy cows, if it is drawn in the environment of tuberculous cattle may con- tain tubercle bacilli. His conclusions that the manure is the most dangerous factor in the dissemination of tubercle bacilli by cattle affected with tuberculosis and that milk from tuber- culous cows with unaffected udders is free from infection until it has become contaminated wdth manure or some other material that contains tubercle bacilli, from the outside of the coAvs or from their environment, w^ould seem to indicate that sufficient stress cannot be laid upon the promulgation and enforcement of rules and regulations pertaining to the sani- tation of all dairies and to the conditions of cleanliness luider which the milk is drawn from the cows and protected from infection before delivery to the consumer. That tuberculosis exists among the dairy cattle of the Ter- ritory to a considerable extent has been fully demonstrated by the tuberculin test and by numerous post mortems of animals which have reacted to this test. The records of the Territorial Board of Health also indicate that human tuber- culosis is a common disease in the Territory especially among 143 the native population. It must further be admitted that there is probably no state or territory in the Union which expends less money on dairy and milk inspection or in which less efforts are being made to improve the sanitary conditions of the milk supply. The meat and milk inspection is at the present time in the hands of the Territorial Board of Health wdiicli employes one layman in inspecting dairies and obtain- ing samples of milk for examination by the Food Commis- sioner. An international congress on tuberculosis was to be held in Washington, D. C, during vSeptember and October of the past year, and as the Territorial Board of Health did not send a representative the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry decided to send the writer. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON TUBERCULOSIS. The congress opened in Washington, D. C, on Septendjer 22 and continued until October 12. Every civilized country in the w^orld was represented, the delegates numbering more til an three thousand and all of the most pronn'npnt author- ities on the subject of tuberculosis were present and took part in the discussions. Among these may be mentioned Prof. Robert Koch of Berlin, Germany: Prof. G. Sims Woodhead, Candjridge, England ; Prof. S. Arloing of Lyons, France ; Prof. B. Bang of P)enmark; Dr. J. G. Rutherford of Ottawa, Can- ada; Prof. V"^. A. Moore of Cornell University; Dr. Leonard Pearson of the University of Pennsylvania and Prof. Theo- bald Smith of Harvard University. . The section of the Congress in which most interest w^as taken w^as Section VH entitled ''The Relationships Between Tuberculosis of Animals and Man." As might have been expected Prof. Koch maintained his standpoint presented at the two former Congresses to the effect that human beings were little susceptible to animal tuberculosis. He admitted that the bovine form of the tuber- cle bacilli had been found in children suffering from tuber- losis l)ut tliat no authentic case of pulmonary tul)erculosis due to the l)ovine bacillus had ever been demonstrated in a grown per- son. Fie even w^ent so far as to say that lhe danger of in- fection of even children from milk from tuberculosis animals might be considered as a negligible quantity. Li these views, however, Prof. Koch stood in splendid isola- tion. Not a single one of the other prominent scientists agreed wdth him to any extent. Numerous papers were read on the subject of bovine tuberculosis affecting man and a number of authentic cases were submitted of the infection of 144 grown persons by the bovine form of tuberculosis. N,ever- theless Prof. Koch adhered to his views and an open rupture was only avoided by holding a couple of secret sessions in which the most prominent investigators discussed the sul)ject with Prof. Koch, without, however, reaching any agreement except the postponement of further opinions on the subject until the meeting of the next Tuberculosis Congress, three years hence. Of the many other papers pertaining to tuberculosis in its relation to man the following may be mentioned : Dr. A. I). Melvin, Dept. of A^ricnlture, Washiiio^toii, D. C— The econonile iiiiportanee of tuberculosis of food-producing animals. Prof. Josef Bvenson, Stockholm, Sweden. — An inquiry as to whether or not the tuberculosis taint can be acquired by the inhalation of dust containing tubercle ba^cilli. Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. — The oc- currence and significance of tubercle bacilli in the feces of cattle. Dr. John R. Mohler and Henry J. Washburn, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. — Review of recent investigations on animal tuber- culosis by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Prof. Theobald Smith, Boston, M'ass. — The relations of human and ani- mal tuberculosis with special reference to the question of the transforma- tion of human and other types of the tubercle bacillus. Prof. G. Sims Woodhead, Cambridge, England. — The problems to be solved in dealing with human and bovine tuberculosis. Drs. Johannes Fibiger and C. O. Jensen, Denmark. — Human and bovine tuberculosis and the tubercle bacillus. Dr. M. P. Eavenel, Madison, Wis. — Recent developments in regard to the relations of human and bovine tuberculosis. Dr. R. R. Dinwdddie, Experiment Station, Ark. — The susceptibility of cattle to the virus of surgical forms of human tuberculosis. Dr. A, W. Bitting, Purdue University. — The infection of swine from tuberculous cattle. Dr. George B. Jobson, Fraid^lin, Pa. — The tuberculin test; an efficient agent for the detection of bovine tuberculosis. Dr. S. B. Nelson, State College, Washington. — A report of the results of the continued injections of tuberculin upon tuberculous cattle. Prof. B. Bang, Copenhagen, Denmark. — The control of tuberculosis of cattle in Denmark. Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Ottaw^a, Canada. — The control of bovine tuber- culosis in Canada. Prof. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.— The value of tuberculin in the con- trol of tuberculosis in herds. Prof. M. H. Reynolds, University of Minnesota. — The problem of bovine tuberculosis control. Dr. J. W, Connaway, University of Missouri — The enlistment of the educational forces of the state in the suppression of tuberculosis of animals. Dr. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia, Pa. — The prevention of tuberculosis of cattle by vaccination. Dr. Otto G. Noack, Reading, Pa. — Meat and dairy herd inspection as preventive measures against the spread of tuberculosis among cattle. 145 With the exception of the paper read by Prof. Bang of Denmark, wlio is tlie originator of the socaUed "Bang Method" for the eradication of tuberculosis from dairy herds, the methods recommended by most of these papers required large sums of money and the employment of large numbers of sanitary officials and assistants, but varied to a certain extent in the recommendation as to the disposal of reacting animals. None of the methods recommended would seem practicable so far as this Territory is concerned, at least at the present time. My own scheme, that is the establishment of a quarantine farm on land supplied by the Territory and operated as far as possible with convict labor under the joint supervision of the United States Experiment Station and the Board of Agriculture and b^)restry, was received with much ap])lausc, though many doubted the feasil)ility of the scheme at least as far as their owm local conditions were concerned. Idic compulsory testing of all dairy stock and the isolation of all reacting animals on such a quarantine farm, the animals to l)e lired and utilized in the same way as on any ordinary farm, with tlie exception that the Bang method be em])loyc(l in segregating and raising all calves born on the farm in such a way as to prevent their becoming infected wdth tul)ercul()sis, w^ould, in my opinion, ])rove more economic tlian the whole- sale destruction of all reacting animals and the paying of an indemnit}/ to the respective owners. '^riie l)ang method consists in the absolute segregation of all reacting animals from the non-reacting ones, eitlier on tlic same farm or on separate ones. As soon as a calf is l)orn it is removed to the non-reacting grou]), it being conceded that with cxtremelv few cxce])tions cahx\s are ])orn free from tuber- culosis CAxn if the mothers are affected with the disease. At the age of six montlis the calves are tested and if thev do not ract they are permanently admitted to the non-reacting lierd. All animals wdn"ch show physical sym])toms of tid)er- culosis are destroyed and only those wliich are a|)i)arentlv healthy, but Avhich react to the test are retained in the reacting division and their milk used for dairy ])ur])oses under pro])er precautions, that is after l)eing ])asteurize(k Tn discussing this subject with I^rof.. I'ang from Denmark, he made the plausible remark that if it would and did ])ay the owners of tuberculous cow'S to retain them in their herds, why sliould it not \rciy to run a large dairy composed ex- clusively of reacting animals, showing no pliysical svmptoms ('f tid)erculosis, and at the same time raising a lierd of clean, young stock. With a good animal husbandman as manager of the farm, with the Federal Experiment Station staff super- 146 vising the breeding of the stock and the growing of farm crops and with the general health of the animals attended to by the Territorial Veterinarian, it seems to me possible that the County of Oahu at least could be freed from animal tuber- losis at very slight cost beyond the initial expense of estab- lishing an official quarantine farm. In the meantime I have to admit that my attendance at the Tuberculosis Congress in Washington has made me feel less apprehensive in regard to bovine tuberculosis and its transmission to man, especially in the Territory of Hawaii, where both man and cattle lead an outdoor life the year around, that is — if such rules and regulations can be promul- gated and enforced that will insure modern sanitation in all dairies, the proper handling of all commercial milk and the superintendence of the health of all dairy cattle furnishing commercial milk by competent veterinarians. This I believe can at the present time only be accomplished through a co- operation of the Territorial ]]oard of Health and the I'oard of Agriculture and Forestry. INTER-STATE ASSOCIATION OF LIVESTOCK SAN- ITARY BOARDS. The twelfth annual meeting of the Inter-State Association of Livestock Sanitary Boards, held in Washintgon, D. C, Septeni- l)er 14, 15 and 16, was the most successful in the history of the Association. The writer, wdio was one of the charter members of the Association, timed his arrival in Washington so as to attend this meeting, and entered, the Board of Agriculture and For- estry as a member of the Association. There w^ere representatives present from twenty-four states besides the Haw^aiian Islands. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry sent not less than twenty representatives, which contributed greatly to the success of the meeting. The forenoon of the first day was entirely taken up wdth the address of welcome by Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the address of the president. Dr. Charles G. Lamb, State Veterinarian for Colorado, be- sides the usual routine business. A committee was appointed to report at the next annual meeting for the purpose of compiling and arranging the laws and regulations of the various States governing livestock sanitation, together with a list of sanitary ofhcers. Another committee was appointed to draft a Livestock- Sanitary Law to serve as a basis for uniform legislation in 147 the various States ; also to prepare a statement showing- the fundamental principles which should enter into the Livestock Laws ; this committee to report at the next meeting- of the Association. Dr. A. D. Melvin read a paper on ''Control of Hog Cholera by Serum Liimunization." The importance of this paper is best illustrated by quoting the resolution which was passed by the Association and which reads : ''Whereas, Through the untiring- efforts of the Bureau of Animal Lidustry of the United States Department of Agri- culture it has been demonstrated that a vaccine can now be produced at a nominal cost, which, when introduced into healthy hogs will immune them to that disease known as hog- cholera, be it Resolved, That this association, in view of the efficacy of the vaccine as a preventive and control measure, heartily rec- ommend that all State Legislatures be requested by their representatives now assembled, to appropriate sufficient funds whereby such vaccine may be manufactured and distributed under the direction of the state authorities charged with the control of animal contagious and infectious diseases of their respective states. Be it further Resolved, That the delegates of states represented at this conventtion extend to the Hon. Secretary of Agriculture, their appreciation of the excellent w^ork of his officials in solving the control of a disease which annually causes an immense monetary loss, not only to swine breeders but lo the entire United States." I liaA^e requested that a number of separates of this paper be furnished this office for distribution among the hog raisers of the Territory, The entire second day Avas given to the subject of tuber- culosis. The following papers were presented : "Federal, State and City Co-operation in ilje Eradication of Tuberculosis," D. F. Luckey, j\lissouri. ''Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals in Pennsyl- vania," L. A. Klein, Pennsylvania. "Ways and Means of Eradicating Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals," O. E. Dyson, Illinois. "Bovine Tuberculosis in Louisiana and Some Other South- ern States," W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana. "Control of Tuberculosis," A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C. "State Meat Inspection," J. M. Wright, Illinois. These papers were discussed collectively by men who have been engaged in the work of control of tuberculosis in the 148 various states and for the general government, for the past ten or twelve years ; men who knew what they were talking about, and who covered the subject from aU standpoints. The following resolutions pertaining to tuberculosis were adopted by the Association : "Resolved, That the management of State Fairs and Livestock Expositions be requested to assist in the eradica- tion of tuberculosis to the extent of prohibiting the exhibi- tion of all cattle for prizes, or their exposure for sale, unless they are officially certified to as having received the tuberculin test within a period of one year, and no reaction shown. Resolved, That the lUireau of Animal Industry be requested to assist as far as possi1)le in the testing of cattle for breeding and dairy purposes, intended for interstate shipment in those states re([uiring this test and requesting such assistance from the Bureau. Whereas, It would appear the authorities of a certain state are placing in the hands of laymen tuberculin which is ap- plied by them under no restrictions ; as the test is a delicate one, requiring an intimate knowdedge of conditions uidoard of Agricnltnre and Forestry ; (b) to respond withont delay to all ontbreaks or snspected ontbreaks of infections or contagions diseases among" livestock and especially glanders, npon notification of the same ; to make a thorongh investigation as to the nature, cause and origin of the outbreak and to take such measures for its suppression and eradication as required by the rules and regulations of the Board ; (c) to make periodical examinations of all horse stock as far as possil)le within the boundaries of the planta- tions and ranches entering into this agreement and as often as shall l)e agreed u])on 1)etwcen the various managers and the said veterinarian, it l)cing understood that the necessary assistance for this work shall be provided by the parties re- ([uesting th.e ins])ection ; (d) it shall further be the duty of the said veterinarian to carry out such instructions as he ma}' receive from the Territorial I'oard of /Vgriculture and ]^\)restrv under his appointment as Deputy Territorial Veter- inarian and to enforce the statutes, rules and regulations per- taining to the office of the Territorial Veterinarian. Tliis agreement, it vvas understood, Avas in no way to inter- fere witli Dr. bdliot's private contracts with the various plan- tations in his district, and it has l)een found that during the nine montlis in whicli it has l)een in force it has given satis- faction to all concerned. As will be seen from the accom- jiaining report of Dr. Elliot's, he lias done much and good work within his district and has at the same time looked after the ins])ection of livestock intended for ranches and ])lanta- tions outside of his district on the Island of Ilawaii. In two cases consignment of mules were landed at "Mahu- kona, which necessitated, in one case, that tlie Assistant Ter- ritorial Wterinarian went from Honolulu to Mahukona in order to insjiect the stock and in tlie second case that Dr. Elliot went from I lilo to >Jahukona for the same pur])ose. This a})])ointment of a deputy Territorial Veterinarian for 153 tlie Uilo district leaves, however, the o-rcater part of the Is- land of Hawaii, includiiii^- the Hamakua and Kohala (h"stricts, witliout any ])r()tection, except such as can be extended from llilo ')r frnni Honolulu. In my report for last ^ear it was recommended that a deputy be appointed for the northern l)art of Hawaii, to l)c stationed either in Hamakua or else at Kamuela, the hitter place beino- about midwav between Ko- hala and Hamakua. The Kohala plantations signified their wdllini^ness to co- operate Avith the Hamakua plantations and with the I'arker Ranch for the purpose above mentioned, but o})position of undefined nature was met with from the Hamakua district and no dei)uty has been ap])ointed up to the present time. There is a strong- feelmo- in the district assi'^^'ued to Dr. Pdliot that the Lj;o(jd to result from his appointment will, to a o;reat extent, be oft'set by leaving his district open and unprotected toward the north, especially in view^ of the fact tliat o-landers has prevailed in the Hamakua district for a number of vears. At the same time, the managers of ])lantations and ranches in the Hilo district, who participate in the payment of the Hilo veterinarian's salary do not consider it reasonable that Dr. Elliot should gi\'e his time and services for tlie inspection of livestock intended for plantations Avhich have refused to contribute anvthing- to his salarv. In regard to tlie Island of Maui negotiations Averc ojiened during the month of May and a meeting of stock owners and raisers Avas lield at Kahului for the r.urpose of acting on the suggestion of the Ikiard of Agriculture and luirestrv, that a resident veterinarian be maintained on ?ylaui. It was the unanimous opinion of those present that an official veter- inarian, was needed and a temporary organization Avas formed in order to draw up plans for permanent organization and to make recommendations as to hoAv the salary of a veterinarian should l)e provided for. It Avas, hoAvever, not until .Vugust of the same A'car that tliis organization took definite action and recpiested that the Hoard of Agriculture and Forestry appoint Dr. J. C. f^tz- gerald to l)e Deputy Territorial \Atcrinarian for the Island of Alaui. The agreement betw^een the Board and the local organiza- tion Avas in every respect similar to that Avhich resulted in Dr. hdl lot's appointment and the comj^ensation Avas likewise Sioo per month. h^rom re|)orts received from Dr. Fitzgerald he lias found more Avork to do in the line of locating and eradicating in- fectious and contagious diseases than Avas expected, and 154 during the few months since his appointment he has had several outbreaks of glanders to deal with besides outbreaks of other infectious diseases. The Island of Maui is an extensive district for one man to deal wdth, but the fact that no veterinarian has ever been stationed on that island before, necessarily made the work more difficult than would otherwise have been the case, re- quiring as it did a great deal of organization. In the Hilo district a temporary quarantine station ha^s been built during the past year but this has proved not to be large enough at all times to accommodate the importa- tions of livestock. On IMaui no provisions have so far been made for the quarantining of either imported livestock or of animals affected w^ith or suspected of suffering from contagious dis- eases and it is therefore strongly recommended that the quar- antine station in Hilo be sufficiently enlarged to meet all re- quirements and that a quarantine station be provided for the Island of Maui. In regard to the Island of Kauai neither inspection or veter- inary sanitary service has been established, as a result of- which, all livestock intended for importation to this island has been entered at the port of Honohdu for inspection and, whenever necessary, for quarantine. In view of the experience of the past year with local in- spection and sanitary service on the Islands of Hawaii and Maui, it would seem highly desirable if such service could be established and a quarantine station be provided for the Island of Kauai. 155 Report of tt\e Deputy Territorial Veterina- rian for tKe Hilo District. By H. B. Elliot, M. R. C. V. S. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. ^ The appointment of a Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the districts of North and South Hilo, Puna and Kau was made in the earlier part of tlie year, the duties commencing on Alarch ist; statistics, however, covering the whole period are in my possession and are included in this report. The year was an exceptional one both as regards the unfavorable w^eather conditions which pre- vailed over the greater part of the island, and the unusual amount of contagious diseases among the live stock. The leeward side of the island suffered from a prolonged drought; but in the vi- cinity of Hilo the rainfall was excessive and, which made matters worse, very evenly distributed throughout the twelve months, only forty-seven clear days being registered at Papaikou. PORT LNSPECTION. During the year 1908 there arrived at the port of Hilo the fol- lowing live stock, poultry, dogs and cats : Mules 374 Horses 18 Cattle 3 Sheep 13 Hogs 56 Dogs I Cats I Poultry (crates) T05 Ninety-seven per cent, of the mules were either purchased by, or consigned to the sugar plantations, the average price being about $260 delivered on the plantation. The majority of these animals were large sized, of suitable conformation for the work desired, and distinctly superior to the importations of recent years. The proportion of very aged and defective animals was much less than usual, but the plantations would save money if more stringent precautions w^ere taken before purchase. Orders should specify maximum age and minimum weight required, and agents instructed to submit all animals to a competent and reputable 156 veterinarian to determine, firstly, that they comply with the si)eci- fications laid down, and secondly, that they are free from any ohvious and visil)le deformity or nnsonndness. In view^ of the high prices tliat are paid for mnles on the coast, and the ex- penses attending sliipment, it would seem advisa1)le th.at this com- paratively inexpensive safeguard (ahout one dollar ])er liead) he adopted 1)y huyers. It is suggested, also, that as nniles of the class needed here are scarce in California, orders should he sent in at least three mionths ahead of time. Most of these consignments Avere conveyed on steamers, and arrived in rnuch hetter condition than in former years when sailing vessels were principally employed for this purpose. No cases of contagious disease were detected at these ports. LOCAL INSPECTION. .\ large runnhcr of animals, mule and horse stock, helonging to the poorer class of owners — stage drivers, small storekeepers, plantation lal)orers, etc., — were rounded up in the Ililo and Kau districts and examined for contagious diseases. There can be no doul)t tliat this is the medium by wliich glanders is carried from one district to another. More of this work might profitably liave 1)een done, 1)ut it was interfered with in tlie latter part of tUt year l:)y the additional duties arising from the quarantine regula- tions at tlie ports and tlie widespread outl)reak of catarrlial dis- ease. QUARANTINE STATION AT IIILO. The Board having recognized the necessitv under the new regu- lations of providing a proper and suitable place for the quarantin- ing of animals at this port a careful and systematic search for a desira1)le site was commenced in Jujie. It was proposed to locate this station on land belonging to the Territory, 1)ut none could be obtained that was appropriate for this purpose and, finally, upon my advice a piece of land was rented from the Ililo Sugar Com- pany. This is situated on the Piihonua tract, lias an area of a1)out two acres, and w^as chosen l)ecause it was the only site of- fered that combined the advantages of a reasonable rental, perma- nency of tenure, convenient water supply, and proper facilities for isolation. Six hundred dollars have been extepnded in enclosing the property with a substantial wire fence (fifteen feet inside of the outer walls and fences) wliich, also, divides it into tW'O pad- docks, and in the erection of a feed room and two sheds each capable of accommodating fifteen animals. Further improve- ments in the sheds to afiford more complete protection against the weather V\"ill l)e needed and their capacity should be enlarged. 157 An additional small stable in which animals showing suspicious symptoms of contagious disease can be separated and kept under observation is also necessary. CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. GLANDERS. Four outijreaks of this disease, tw^o of which are still undier ol)- servation, liave been noted and six animals have l)een destroyed. Over eighty special visits were made to these sta1)les for the purpose of examining' the in-contact animals and all presenting suspicious signs of this disease Avere immcdiatelv quarantined luitil a diagnosis was possiljle. The last outl)reak was discovered on Deccm])er 30th in a sta])le in Hilo l)elonging to a Cliinese stage driver. This was a well developed case and tlie animal was de- stroyed and tlic preniises disinfected. Four other horses ])elonging to the same stable are at present in quarantine pending tlic application of tlie mallein test. I am in- debted to Dr. Mizimoto for reporting this case. Acknowledg- ment is here made of the willing and effective co^'>|)eration of I\Ir. D. vS. Bowman, local inspector for the Board of Health, in tlie work of disinfecting the various sta1)les in whicli glanders has appeared. ENDEMIC CATARRHAL FE\^ER. Nature and Occurrence. — A specific, highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory SA'stem of equines was very prevalent on the Island of Hawaii during 1908. It was first noticed in the northern districts, gradually spread towards the south, and is now widelv chsseminated over the greater part of the island. In the A'car i8()7 tliis disease was l^rouglit into tliis country in a cargo of horses from San Francisco. At tliat time it assttmed a marked j^neumonia type, caused great loss to stock owners, and did not disappear until i()02. Since then no cases have been ob- served until the present outbreak, dliis (bsease is differen- tiated from the ]^4)izootic Larvngitis descril)ed in the anmial report of the Board for kx)/ lyv its slow ])r()gress through the countrv, ])ersistcnce of irrfection in individual stables for long periods of time, marked ])reference for \-otmg animals, severer febrile distttrl:»ance, and liiglier mortality ])ercentage. ddie most susceptible subjects are AOtme; horses from three to six years of age, and these are usitalh' the first animals attacked in an outl)reak; nevertheless, mattirit}' confers no im- munity, and manv severe cases arc noted in animals of ad- 158 vanced age. For some unknown reason the mule is singularly insusceptible to this disease — a fortunate circumstance for the plantations — and when infection does take place ihe resulting disease is generally of a tractable and easily controlled nature. An animal that has suffered from one attack is not necessarily protected against subsequent infection because w^e have seen several animals returned to isolation stables after three or four months have expired. The worst cases are seen at the com- mencement of an outbreak; where proper measures are taken those that follow tend to a milder and more benign form. The infection may persist in a stable for months and can only be eradicated by periodical and thorough disinfection. The disease usually progresses through a stable in a slow and irre- gular manner ; in one large stable we have averaged about four cases in the isolation hospital every day since the first case was detected in August. Transmission from one anima! to another may be direct, or the contagion may be spread by such intermediate channels as the air, forage, manure, water- ing-troughs, mangers and possibly by stable attendants and owners. It is probable that the infective agent is saphrophytic in its habits, that is, capable of living indefinitely outside of the animal body in soil, dust, etc., and that infection is also main- tained by animals apparently recovered but still excreting virulent material from the respiratory passages. Sympfouis. — The primary appearances that indicate infection are dullness, particularly manifested when at work, and partial, or total loss of appetite. The thermometer at this stage will reveal a surprisingly high temperature ranging from 103° to 106 '^. After from one to three days the disease resolves itself into one of two distinctive types according to the seat of in- vasion. In the first, the "Strangles" type, the predominant symp- toms are those of a more or less violent invasion of the air- passages of the head and throat. A copious, white, flocculent discharge flows from the nostrils. Soreness of the throat is evidenced by a harsh, irritable cough, particularly when feed- ing, and water is swallowed with a peculiar "gulping" effort. When the mucous membranes of the larynx are acutely impli- cated respiration is roaring and distressed, sometimes to such an extent that the animal's life is threatened and relief by the operation of tracheotomy is imperative. Hard swellings, which may be single or multiple, small or large, form between the rami of the low^er jaws, on the sides of the cheeks, or in the vicinity of the parotid gland ; these increase in size, sup- purate, and break, evacuating large quantities of pus. Excep- 159 tionai symptoms are : formation of abscesses in other parts of the outer surface of the body, or in the internal cavities of the chest and abdomen ; oedamatous swellings of the genitals, under surface of the abdomen and legs; and those pertaining; to complications which may develop at any stage of the dis- ease in the digestive, nervous and circulatory systems. In aggravated cases of catarrh extension of the disease to the lung tissues frequently takes place; this constitutes a grave condition and is usually premonitory of a fatal termination. In this type prognosis, as a rule, is favorable and the major- ity of cases recover after an illness of two or three weeks duration. The mortality percentage depends upon the care that is exercised in management and varies from nil to five per cent, of animals affected. Any of the above mentioned symptoms may be found in the second, or ''Pneumonia," type of this disease, there being no definite line of demarcation between the two forms, but the course it more generally follows is that of the description here appended: ''The visible mucous membranes are suffused with a blush ; the expired air feels hot on the hand ; the breath- ing, 30 to 40 per minute, is short and accompanied by much lifting of the flanks (labored) ; the cough is deep as if coming from the depths of the chest ; the legs are placed apart, the ell)ows turned out and the head protruded to facilitate breath- ing; the nose is turned to an open door or window if any such is available ; the contraction of the muscles of the face, the dilated nostrils and the retracted angle of the mouth give an anxious expression to the countenance; the eyes are semi- closed; the pulse is full but soft (oppressed) , and l)eats from 48 to 70 per minute; the bowels are slightly costive, the urine scanty and high colored; the skin inelastic (hidebound), harsh and dry, though sweats may bedew it in parts ; the loins in- sensible to pinching; and if there is any discharge from the nose it consists only in a reddish {rusfy) colored mucous. The nature of the symptoms will vary according to the extent and character of the inflammation, from mild febrile reaction, wdth excited breathing and slight crepitation, to the more severe varieties in which the intensity of the symptoms is such as to threaten suffocation. . . . A marked feature of pneumonia in solipedes is that the patient obstinately stands in one position and never lies down so long as the sever- it}^ of the inflanmiation lasts. . . . The tendency of pneumonia is to a crisis and recovery. . . . Among the more fcworcible indieations are the manifest abatement of the higdi bodily temperature and febrile symptoms generally, the increasing ease and regularity of the breathing, the greater force, distinctness, and slowness of the pulse, the permanent i6o return of warmth to the limbs, the softer and more ehistic feel- ing of the skin, the recovery of the appetite, and al)ove all, the turning- of the nose from the open window or the reten- tion of the recumbent position for any length of time. If on the contrary the disease takes an itJifarorablc turn, some such signs as the following will manifest it: increasing ra])iditv and embarrassment of the breathing; smallness and indistinctness of the pulse, wdiich is increased to perhaps too beats ])er minute; tumultuous heart's action, the impulse of which is felt behind the left elbow; a more laborious working of the flanks; frecjuent despondent looking at the flanks; pawing with the fore feet, lying down and as suddenly rising again ; perma- nent coldness of the extremities ; hanging head witli great dullness and despondency of expression; dull, sunken, lustre- less eye: hanging lower lip; leaden hue of the nasal mucous mendjranes ; convulsive twitching of the muscles of the sur- face; reeling in gait, and extension of crepitation over all the still pervious lung/' The above excellent dcscri])tion by Pro- fessor James Law is very applicable to the cases under con- sideration and is inserted as an assistance to the owner in diagnosis. The mortality percentage in this type of the disease varies from nil to fifteen or twenty per ceni. of the cases presented. Pro/^JiylcLvis. — Early detection of the existence of the disease is very essential to recovery, and to this end we find it useful to instruct employes in charge of large stal)les in the use of the clinical tlicrmometer. This is a simple oj^eration and one in wliich even Japanese stable attendants quickly accjuire proficiencv. It is a practical impossibility to take tlie temperature daily of all the animals in a plantation stable, but where this can be done it will l)e found a wn'se measure of precautic^n. lender any circumstances the temperature of animals that give rise to suspicion should be ascertained as soon as ])ossible. Neg- lect of this is a fertile cause of high mortality because every day that an animal is worked after infection, materiallv lessens the chances of recovery. Hiose showing a rise to to2'' or over sliould l)e immediately isolated in a comfortable and airy shed. If tlie weather is cliilly at night a warm blatdcet will be fotmd beneficial, es])ecially Avhen the attection is localized in the puhnonary tissues, but it shotdd be removed during the day time. The diet should he soft and easily digestible — l)ran mashes and green forage — and given frecjuently in small (ptantities at one time. In the milder catarrhal cases, if tlie fever does not run over T03'' and apT)etite is well maintained, x'cry little medicinal treatment is required ; tlie more serioirv cases demand the ex])erience and skillful attention that onlv i6i a veterinarian is able to supply. Sta])les in which laro^e num- ])ers of horses are congreg-ated nilist be thoroug-hly disinfected, and if tlie infection persists this shoiikl be repeated at regular intervals. It is my experience that where these prophylactic measures are rigorously enforced the cases under treatment are of a much milder type and the mortality percentage is very small. OSTFX)POROSIS^. Ver)^ few cases of this disease which formerly played havoc m the plantation stables in the "wet'' districts of this island liave been noted during the past twelve months. This is for- tunate because the economic loss in an extensive outbreak is ver}^ great, and, on account of our absolute lack of knowledge of its ori^'in and methods of transmission, it is an even more difficult disease than glanders to eradicate. STRONGYLOSIS. This disease, due to a parasitic nematode, is described in the annual report of the Board for the year 1906. Only one serious outbreak has been encountered, but post mortem ex- aminations reveal that this is the most usual cause of sudden death among plantation stock and of the anaemic condition often seen in young newly purchased Hawaiian mules. So far as the plantations are concerned the best preventive meas- u.res are stall feeding, attention to water supplies, and change of pastures. It is well known that limited areas of land on wdiich stock are turned out vear after year become ''tainted" with entozoic ova; for this reason a change of pasture for plan- tation animals everv three or four vears is desirable. 1 62 Report of tKe Deputy Territorial Veterina- rian for the District of Maui. By J. C. FlTZGKRALD, M. R. C. V. S. ^ My appointment as Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the district of Mani went into effect on Se])ternl>er ist of the past year and the following report therefore covers only a period of four months, the principal part of which has l)een occupied in visiting as nearly as possible all sections of Maui for the purpose of sizing up the situation and organizing the work in general. My investigations during tlie above mentioned period have fully demonstrated that glanders has been prevalent to a con- siderable extent in a number of districts and that the prolonged drouth has caused a large number of insiduous cases of glanders to assume the acute formi and cause the death of mau}^ affected horses. The horse stock on the various ranches has l)een rounded up and examined and whenever possible the outside horse stock, that is, individual animals belonging to Hlawaiians, Portuguese and Orientals, have been collected and inspected, and when this was not possible, a house to house inspection has been made . This work has been greatly facilitated by the sheriff of Maui and his staff, who have always been ready to help whenever asked to do so. Frequent visits have been paid to the most suspicious locali- ties and inspections made at frequent intervals. In a number of instances I have been requested to visit ranches to examine individual cases which were considered suspicious by the owner, but have in most instances found the disease to be strangles or distemper in one of its various forms. I would state here that the Island of Maui is a very large dis- trict for one veterinarian to look after and a great deal of time must necessarily be spent on the road ; it is therefore not always possible to respond to a call without considerable delay, depending upon the distance which will have to be traveled. It should also be borne in mind that the salary of the Deputy Territorial Veteri- narian amounts to only $ioo per month and that the expenses con- nected with the carrying out of the official work consumes a con- siderable portion of this salary. It is, therefore, strongly recom^ mended that each plantation and ranch provide a quarantine pen, well isolated from all stables and yards, where affected or suspici- ous animals can be segregated and kept until the arrival of the veterinarian, and that these isolation pens should be utilized not alone for the stock belonging to the plantations or ranches, but also for outside stock which may be brought to the notice of lunas, foremen or police officials. 163 GLANDERS. Glanders has been located in the following districts: Ulu- palakua, Lahaina and Kaikia, and from observations made and in- formation furnished by the various owners, it w^ould appear that the disease has been prevalent in these districts for a number of years. The mallein test has been applied in a 2:eneral way on both the Ulupalakua and Waiohuli ranches; all of the horse stock, both broken and unbroken, having been tested on these two places, in all about 150 head. Four cases of glanders were found and slaughtered and the usual precaution taken to prevent the further spread of the disease. It is my intention to make a systematic campaign throughout the ranches of this island, using the mallein test wdienever re- quired. In the Lahaina district one outbreak of glanders has occurred and one in. the Kailua district. CEREBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS. At the request of the manager of the Wailuku Sugar Company, I attended their Waikapu stables to examine a mule which proved to be suffering from Cerebro Spinal Meningitis. This was the first of what proved to be quite a serious outbreak. In all six animals w^ere affected in a short space of time, five dying and one making a complete recovery under treatment. Immediately afterwards three mules, the property of the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company, stabled in the same locality, were stricken with this disease, two recovering after treatment. The stables were disinfected and wliitewashed and the drinking w^ater and food changed, with a view to preventing any further cases. This has proved successful so far, as up to the present time no more cases have occurred. STRANGLES, DISTEMPER AND CATARRHAL FEVER. This disease has been brought to my notice on several occasions, being mistaken in many cases by the owners as suspicious of glanders. By the history which has been gathered and ol)serva- tions made it would appear that this disease pays an annual visit to the ranches here, its ravages playing havoc with the w^orking stock and reducing their general condition to such an extent that it is many wrecks l^efore they can be put to work again ; although not proving fatal in the majority of cases, it is a great drawback to the general working of the ranches It is my intention to in- vestigate the next outbreak, wdth the idea of placing troughs in the pastures containing medicated molasses as was done in the treatment of Osteomalacia in cattle. APPENDIX. REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF RUB- BER IN CEYLON AND THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES AND JOHORE. By FRED T. P. WATERHOUSE, To the Board of Agriculture aud Forestry^ and Hawaiian Rubber Growers' Associatiou, Territory of Hawaii. Gentlemen : — I hcg to submit the following report concerning- my recent trip to Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula for tlie pur- pose of investigating and reporting upon the status of the Rubber industry in those countries and the methods of planting, cultiva- tion, tapping and treatment of rubl)er, in use there, with a view- to giving the peoj^lc of Hawaii information upon the said subjects. The status of the Ru])l)er Industry in Hawaii and the condi- tions under w^hich I made this trip are as follows: Ficus Elastica has for many years l)een a garden tree in Hawaii, l)ut no attem])t to make ])ractical use of the same, has ever been made. Some twelve or fourteen years ago the then Commissioner of Agriculture of the Repu1)lic of Haw^aii, introduced and dissemi- nated tln-ough tlie Islands a number of seeds of the Ceara Ru])1)cr tree. No especial notice was taken of the residts until al)Out five- years ago when a tree, then seven or eight years of age, at Nahiku, Maui, was tap])e(l and was found to yiekl an apparently good commercial article of ru])1)cr. Ui)on further investigation a number of vigorous, healthy Ceara rul)ber trees were found to be growing in the various districts of the Islands. C])on the showing made several companies for the cultivation of rub1)er were formed and a considerable number of trees planted. In the month of Deceml)er, T907, there were growing in the District of Koolau, Island of Maui, approximately twelve hun- dred acres of Ceara rubber trees and a very few trees of the Hevea and Castiloa varieties. Ill view of tlie possi1)ilities of the ru1)l)er iiulustry in tliis Ter- ritory ; of the fact that Ceylon and the Malay Peninsnla have engaged in tlie cnltivation of rnhher on a larger scale tlian any other part of the world and of the furtlier fact that in Cevlon Ceara rul)l)er had l)een protitahly cnltivated it was deemed advis- ahle l)y some of the rnhher growers of Hawaii, and hy the Board of Agricnltnre and Forestry to send someone to that section of the world to make ohservations as to means and methods nsed there in connection with the indnstry, and to report thereon for the henefit of the industry and the public in Hawaii. With this object in view it was decided, that as 1 was about to visit the Malay Peninsula in the interest of the firm I am con- nected with, that 1 should extend my proposed trip, the expenses being partially paid by those interested in the rubber industry in Hawaii and by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. In accordance with this purpose I w^as duly commissioned by the l)Oard of Agriculture and Forestry, and left Flonolulu on the 15th day of November, 1907, arriving at Singapore on the 1 6th day of December following. From my arrival at Singapore until the 18th day of January I visited many of the principal rubl^er plantations in the Federated Malay States. Arriving at Colombo, Ceylon, on January 22nd, I spent ten days visiting plantations, sailing for Java on the 1st of Fel:)ruary. Fight days were spent in Java and I arrived again at Singapore Sunday, February 23rd. From then on to the time of my departure, h\d)ruary 29th, I spent on the plantations in the I^-ovince of Johore. I am indebted to Dr. Willis, Director of tlie Royal Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya ; Mr. Fox, Acting Director of the Singa- pore P>otanical Gardens ; Mr. Pit, at the Botanical Gardens at Buitenzorg, Java, and the different plantation managers and gov- ernment officials that it was my pleasure to meet, for valuable information and courtesies. The cultivation of rubber trees is being extensively carried on in Ceylon, the Federated Malay States, Borneo and Java. In these countries greater advance lias been made in rul)l)er cultivation than in any other part of the world. V^irgin forests are being felled, cleared, replanted with rubber trees, and l)rouglit into bearing at a cost of from $100 to $150 ( U. S. gold) per acre while com- mercial rubl)er is produced and placed on the London market at a cost of from 24 cents to 36 cents per •Cost of Production, pound including capital cost. The tapping of rubber trees and the method of collecting and handling the latex from the trees in a systematic and econoni- ical way is onl}- in its iiifaiicv. As time goes on and large areas of trees coine into l^earing and with the experience gained, the cost of collection shonld he materially rednced. The prohlems yet to l)e solved are : 1 low old or ho\^' large the trees slionld be l)efore tliey are ready for ta]3ping : how to rednce the anionnt of 1)ark cntting withont loss ; how often and for what length of time it is best to rest the trees: whetlier to nse the Problems, single ''V" method of cntting the bark, the herring 1)one or some other system. There are also the cpies- tions of whether or not it is best to cut the trees on both sides at the same time or alternately: the frequency of tapping and its effect on the quantity, richness and strength of the rul)ber; the num1)er of trees most profital)le to plant to the acre, etc., etc. I found a difference of opinion as to what tai)ping tools were best to use and the method of treating tlie latex. One question appears to be settled, however, and that is that Variety Planted, in this part of the w^orld the Hevea is the most satisfactory tree to plant and is l)eing planted almost exclusively. It grows well, is hardy and will stand a great deal of abuse, while the cost of gathering the latex is less and the i)rofit consequently greater with this variet}' than wdth any other. The yield of rul)ber per acre per annum is also greater than with other varieties. Ceara is planted to a very small extent in parts of Ceylon on the higher elevations where Ilevea does not do as well, b^icus Edastica was planted to quite an extent at one time 1)ut is now l)eing al)andoned or cut out. Castiloa does not do well as it grows very slowly. liE\'KA OR "TARA" RUIU^ER. Hevea or 'VPara" rul)l)er does best where the temperature does not go below 60°, l)ut localities where the Pliy steal Conditions, temperature does not go below 65° are preferred. The temperature in Malaya and Ceylon does not vary more than four degrees between the cooler and warmer months. The climate is very humid. January is the coolest month while March is the w^armest. The following tal)le shows the weather reports for the months of A|)ril, 1907, to March, 1908, inclusive. These readings were taken at Kuala Lumpor, State of Selangor, F. M. S., whicli is about the center of the largest plantings in Malaya. -^ ^"'"^ " Temperature Hvgrotneter. ^ H "' ? rD i. i 'if. >- !>• 5d V ' <.> M "T . '^ % r? 7^ ft- td - o 1-^ r^ — ^ -t \J Xi .^ .: t\i ^ ^ (I 1" S liling Vinds umidi eu Pc apour ean w ange . ?? 0 w 1907 (T 3 en cr 3 r" dil ty . . )int . Ter et b 3^ ""^ 2. ^ j::; ; i p. 1 t/; ' ■ : rD • : ?1 O* : • ; ction of ion lb : : : ? '. Oq April. 29.814145.3 '^^x^ 91.1 71.6 19.5176.5^0.832 73,7 7S Calm 12.69 2.48 May., 29.883 149,2 80.8 90,5 71,8 18.7 76.5 0,830 73.6 79 C^alm 7,55 2,53 June. . 29.883 147.6 80.3 90.0 71.1 18.876.1:0.819 73.2 78 S W 7.44 3.56 Juiv .. 29.872 147.1 80.5 90.4 71.3 19.1 76.310.825 73,4 79 S W 3,37 0.90 Aug .. 29.884 150.8 80.9 90,3 70.6 19.7i 76.2 0.818 73.0 77 S W 0.72 0.72 Sept.. 29.822 147.8 80.7 90.7 70.9 19,8i76.5:0,833 73.7 79S \V 6.69 1,26 Oct.,. 29,874 141.3 79.4 89.5 70.7 18,8176.0 0.840 73,6 83 S W 12.38 2.43 Nov.,. 29.881 149.8180.3 1 89.3 71.1 18.2; 75.8 0.810 72.9 78 S \V 7.731 1,50 Dec. 29.877 137.0|78.9 j 89.3 : 70.2 19.1:75.8 0,828 73.7 84 S W 18,92|3.65 1908 ; 1 Jan ! 29.875 147.2 80.9 90.5 71.1 19.4:76.6 0.8391 73.8 79 N W 1 7.7115.20 Feb . . 129,883 149.6 80. S 90.1 70.6 19.5J75.6 0.8071 72.9 77 Calm 14.0113.00 March ! 29.880 '43.9 80. 2 89.8 70.8 19.0| 76.8 O.820I73.5 79 S W 10.1012.67 The rainfall in the countries visited is very great and well dis- tribnted over the year. Para seems to do best in districts where the rainfall is from 70 to 150 inches per annum. An Rainfali experiment with irrigated Para trees is being carried on at the present time in Ceylon in a district where there is little rainfall and in a locality where the trees are exposed to the wind which tends to wither the leaves. Trrigatetd trees in dry districts would in all probability do well if they were pro- tected from the wind. There are no strong winds in the rubber districts, the wind seldom exceeding a velocity of 20 miles an hour below the 3000 feet altitude. Flat low land was origin- JViiid. ally preferred for rubber plantations but rubl)er does equally well in rolling or hilly country. Tlie elevation at which most of the rubber is planted is below 200 feet. The thirty year old Hevea trees at Peradeniya at an elevation of 1500 feet above tlie sea level, however, show an excellent growth. Soil. The soil in Malaya is alluvial and in some localities mixed with a moderate amount of sand. Photo No. i shows 15 months old Hevea growing on such soil. Sandy soil, however, is unsuitable while rocky soil is generally favorable. The following gives the analysis of some of the soil in Ceylon. I quote from Circular No. 6, Volume III, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Cevlon, a copv of which was kindly furnished me by Dr. Wihis: No. 1. 15 montlis" old Hevfvi. "CEYLON SOILS IN WHICH RUDnER IS PLANTED. It is obvious that since I'ara rubber has been ])laute(i from sea level up to 2,000 feet in districts such as (lalle, Backlegavna, Kelani, Ambalangocla, Kalutara, Ratnapura, Polgahawela, Veyan- gocla, Kadugannawa, Peradeniya, Matale, Kurunegala, l>a(lulla, and Passara, there must necessarily be considera1)le variation in the chemical and physical properties of tlie soils now under this product. The land in rubber is, in the south of the Lsland, mainly flat ; here and there steep rocky hillsides similar to what one sees up- country are planted in rubber, l)ut one has to leave the south of the island and go to the Central and IJva Provinces in order to see large areas of rocky, hilly land planted with this product. In many districts the alluvial soils along the banks of rivers have been planted, in most cases below flood level, so that the condi- tions of the Amazon valley are to some extent imitated. Experiments have been commenced in dry, but irrigable areas. The want of rain in proper proportions and quantities may pre- vent the extension of rul)ber in the northern part of the island, wdiere only the northeast monsoon is felt and where the annual rainfall varies from 40 to 60 inches. The soil types in which Para rubber is being cultivated may therefore be roughly divided into the following: 1 . Cabook. 2. Alluvial soils. 3. Tea and cacao soils. 4. Swamps. The cabook soils are met with as local areas in many districts. They are usually inferior from a chemical and physical stand- point, though in many cases the growth of the rubber trees appears to be satisfactory. Such soils usually show a small percentage of organic matter, potash, phosphoric acid and lime. A typical exam- ple shows the following com])Osition : ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL CA HOOKY SOIL. Mechanical Com position. Per Cent. Pine soil j^assing 90 mesh 1 1 . 50 Fine soil passing 60 mesh 9- 5^ Medium soil passing 30 mesh 4.00 Coarse sand and small stones 75 -^o TOO. GO Chemical Com position. Moisture 3 . 300 ( )r,^anic matter and conil)ine(l water 8.000 ( )xi(le of iron and man^-anese 7.400 Oxide of alumina 8.200 1 ^ime o . 060 Magnesia o . 054 I ^)tash o . 085 IMiospliorie aeid o.oto Soda o . 074 Sulphuric acid o .008 Clilorine o . 003 Sand and silicates 72 .806 TOO. 000 Containing nitrogen o. 128 I^^cfual to ammonia o. 156 Lower oxide of iron I'race i\cidity Much Citric soluhle potash 0.006 Critic solu1)le pliosphoric acid Xil AlhiviaJ Soil. — Vox physical properties these soils are usually good, and the amount of sediment periodically deposited during floods adds considerahly to the chemical richness of the soil. They are largely composed of the lighter materials carried dowai in suspension l)y moving w^ater. The particles are very fine, most of tliem passing a 60 mesh. The fineness of such soils partly depends on the speed of the moving water ; the swifter the flow the coarser the particles. The particles are arrested and precipitated all along the hanks of the river during flood time. During heavy floods very large quantities of matter are often deposited along the hanks, Init they are often of a coarser nature due to the higher s]:)eed. The particles which go to make u]) all alluvial soil may have heen hrought from considerahle distances ; they constitute the fine parts of soils lial)le to wash within the drainage area of the river. Attempts liave 1)een made in some countries to regain this sus- pended soil hy the process called 'Svarping," which is only ])rac- ticahle in the neighhorhood of tidal estuaries. This is accom- plished hy letting the w-ater run over the land, and then cutting it off from the main supply hy sluices ; after some time, h\ repeatedly going through this process, a soil is huilt up. This artificial allu- vial soil is usually rich in organic matter and other ])lant food, hut usually poor in soluhle food such as i^otash. s An example of an alluvial soil is given below. The sample was taken from the banks of the Mahaweli-ganga at Peradeniya : ANALYSrS OF ALLUVIAL SOH., ]-:XPLRlMENT SPATION, PERADENIYA. Mechajiical Com posit ioiL Per Cent. Fine soil passing 90 mesh 53-9^^ Fine soil passing 60 mesh 43 . 00 Medium soil passing 30 mesh 3- 00 Coarse sand and small stones o. to 100.00 Ch c III ical Co ]u position . Moisture 3 .000 Organic matter and coniliined water tt .000 Oxide of iron and manganese 8.000 Oxide of alumina Q.7T7 Lime . . o • 1 30 Magnesia o. 2^^) Potasli o . 162 l^hosphoric acid ; 0.076 Soda 0.188 Sulphuric acid 0.0^4 Chlorine 0.014 Sand and silicates. . 67.400 1 00 . 000 Containing nitrogen 0.230 Equal to ammonia o. 280 Lower oxide of iron Much Acidity Neutral Citric solu])le potash 0.013 Citric solu1)le pliosphoric acid Trace The sample is a micaceous loauA^ deposit in a fine state of divi- sion with a fair retentive power of moisture. There is a fairly good supply of organic matter with a good supplv of nitrog'en. The acidity, as it is to 1)e expected, from such a soil is nil. The mineral plant food is good in lime, magnesia, and potash, mainly derived from the mica, but is rather poor in phosphoric acid. 3. Tea and Cacao Soils. — On many estates the tea and cacao has l)een interplanted wdth rub1)er, and the variation in soil com- position is very great. The following analyses show the composition of tea and cacao land now planted wdth rubber, and the latter showing a good growth in the Peradeniva district : 0 ANALYSIS OK SOIL FROM TVI'K'AL CACAO L.\Nf) I XTLRI'LA XTKl) WITH RUinU^R. XO. 1. ;l Icchanical Composition. Per Cent. Fine soil ])assing 90 mesh 48.00 I'ine soil passing" 60 mesh 42.00 Mediiinii soil ])assing 30 mesh 8.00 Coarse sand and small stones 2.00 1 00 . 00 Ch cm ical Co m position. Moisture 3 . 600 ( )rganic matter and combined water 4.600 ( )xide of iron and manganese 7.200 Oxide of alumina 6 . 786 Lime o . 160 Magnesia 0.216 Potash o . 077 Phosphoric acid 0.064 Soda o . 233 Sulphuric acid 0.048 Chlorine 0.0 r6 Sand and silicates , yy . 000 1 00 . 000 Containing nitrogen o. too I^cpial to annuonia o. 122 Power oxide of iron Trace Acidity Fair Citric soluble potash 0.008 Citric soluble phos])horic acid Nil AXAfA'SIS OF SOir. FROM TYPICAL TEA LAND I NTFRPr.AN'l r:i) WITH RinULFR. No. T Mechanical Composition. ]\M-Cent. Mne soil passing 90 mesh 34.00 Fine soil passing 60 mesh 25 .00 Medium soil passing 30 mesh ro.oo Coarse sand and small stones 3^-00 1 00 . 00 10 Ch en lie a I C oiiip o s i f io ; i . Moisture 3 . 000 Organic matter and coml)ine(l water 6.000 Oxide of iron and manganese 5.200 Oxide of alumina 13 . 049 Lime o , t6o Magnesia o . 490 I'otash . o . 40T l^hosphoric acid .......,, 0.089 Soda o . T37 Sulphuric acid 0.068 Chlorine o . 006 Sand and silicates 71 .400 100.000 Containing nitrogen o. 162 Equal to ammonia o. 195 Lower oxide of iron Trace Acidity Much Citric soluhle potash . 0.025 Citric solul)le phosphoric acid Trace 4. Swcunps. — 1die cultivation of ruhher in such areas has dur- ing the last year shown a considerable increase. Providing tlie draining and liming of the soils are efficiently carried out there seems no reason why continued satisfactory growth should not ])e obtained on such land. The drainage should be very thorough so as to allo\\' a good percolation of air and water through the otherwise sour soils. Li some cases each rubber tree should have a separate drainage system, the drains being two or more feet wdde and 3 to 4 feet deep, the material from them being heaped up near the rul)l)er tree. Tn other cases each Hue of rubber trees may be separately drained. When the drains are sufficiently large and the soil from them is heaped around the rubber, a dry soil is ultimately ol)tained, in areas which have hitherto been too swampy for anv cultivation except paddy. The following analysis wall show the general com- position of such a soil : ANALYSIS OF SWAMPY RUBBER SOIL FROM THE SOl'TITFRX BRO- VINCE (black soil). Meehanieal Composition. Per Cent. Fine soil passing 90 mesh 59.00 Fine soil passing 60 mesh 36. 00 Medium soil passing 30 mesh i .00 Coarse sand and small stones. 4.00 TOO. 00 11 Che in ical Composition. Aloisture 5 . 600 ( )rganic matter and combined water 20.400 Oxide of iron and manganese i .200 Oxide of alumina 5 . 232 Lime o . 050 Magnesia o . t 1 5 I\3tash o . 061 Phosphoric acid 0.064 Soda . . o . 182 Sulphuric . . o . 048 Chlorine . . . o . 048 Sand and silicates 67.000 T 00 . 000 Containing nitrogen 0.448 h^qual to ammonia o. 544 Lower oxide of iron Much Acidity Much Citric soluble potash 0.009 (^'itrir soluble phosphoric acid Nil Idle above composition shows a chemical richness in organic matter and nitrogen which rarely obtains in low-country districts and strongly reminds one of the soils at high elevations in Ceylon. It is to be regretted that tlie area of such rich land in the low country is sr.iall, and the al)ove analysis is certainly encouraging to planters who have swampy soils capable of being effectively drained and made sweet b}"^ the a])plication of lime or l)y l)urning. To a certain extent the method to be adopted with such soils is similar to that for the peaty tracts of the Nuwara Eliya District." In planting rubber, land is usually selectetd that is covered with virgin forest. The forest trees are felled and Clearing, allowed to lie on the ground until there is a dry spell, when they are l)urned off. Stumps are not removed, neither are the tree trunks that do not burn, but tliev are left on the ground to rot. After the burn, with the exception of the large timber and stumps, the land is perfectly clean and ready for planting. Some of the planting is done on fields that were formerly used for tapioca and also rice cultivation. After being Lalang Grass. al)andone(l by the ])lanters of these crops the lands become overgrown with 'T.alang" grass ( Imperata arundinacea), one of the most troublesome weeds in 12 13 14 ^;.,i%- >: •'• -.» 15 Mala\a, which grows and spreads hke our llilo grass. Lalang is an oily grass and cattle will not eat it. Fortunately it will not grow in shade and consequently is easily kept out of rul)l)er groves where the trees shade the ground nor does it grow in the jungle. The average cost of clearing an acre of lalang is ahout $24.00 gold, wdiich is more than it costs to fell and clear jungle forests. IMioto No. 2 shows two year old Havea growdng on an old lalang field. i^lanting is done from seed. The seed is oval in shape and al)out the size of an Ohia seed. The bulk of the seed Plantijig. crop ripens in August and Septemljer, although the trees seed more or less all through the }'ear. As the seed quickly loses its germinating power it is planted soon after ripening. The planting of Hevea trees is done in different ways. Unques- tionably trees planted ''at stake" grow much quicker' than trees planted in any other way and if the seeds were plentiful at all seasons of the year there probal)ly w^ould Methods of Planting, be more planting "at stake." In Ceylon the method that is considered the best is to ])lant the seeds in woven palm leaf baskets about 8 inches in height and 4 inches in diameter and when the plants are about a foot higli, plant baskets with trees in their permanent positions. This basket method conies nearest to planting at stake and there is minimum interruption in the growth of the young plants in setting them out. The more general method, however, in the far east is to plant seed in nurseries about six inches a])art. Seventy-five to ninety per cent, of the seeds ])lante(l germinate. The ground selected to be used as a nursery is care- Nurscrics. fully pre[)ared. It is thorouglily dug up and weeds and roots removed and the soil pulverized by hand. Idle yovmg ])lants are left in the mtrseries for several months, until they are from 18 inches to two or three feet in height, when they are stumped, the tap roots cut, and the plants transplanted, removing as little soil from the roots as possil)le. Transplanting has to be done when the weather is favorable and after the land has been cleared and burned. Transplanting. As dry weather is necessary for a good burn, the time for transplanting varies and depends on weather conditions. The young trees are planted in rows but the distance betw-een the trees and lietween the rows varies a great deal on different plantations. There is a difference of opinion on this l)oint, l)Ut it is generally considered to be a fact that planting closer than 200 trees per acre is a failure. A great deal of the planting at the present time is in avenues. k; In Ceylon most planting- noA\' l)eing" done Planting in Avenues, is in avenues twenty feet wide, the trees being fifteen feet apart. They are planted so that the avenues run east and west. This gives the sun a chanee to shine on the soil. In Malaya most plantincr is now being done 12 by 24 or 148 to the aere. Some planting is being- done 15 by 30 or 96 per acre. One plantation I visited was plant- ing in equilateral triangles, the trees being T7V2 feet apart or 160 per acre, as against planting in rectangles 17 J/2X17 Vl, which would give only 140 per acre. Most plantations weed clean. This is very expensive and there are some plantations that weed only in rows while Weeding, others weed still less. I saw on one of the best pay- ing estates, a field of two year old trees growing in a lalang patch where they had had only weeded the lalang around each tree. These trees were doing very Avell. (3n a great manv plantations the weeds are easily cleaned out after the burn and by keeping them down at first the expense of weeding is not great. Such land cannot l)e compared wdth our land where wx^ have Hilo grass to contend with. In Ceylon the older men prefer clean weeding, 1)ut green manuring is coming in vogue rapidl}'. In places where the land is low and swampy it is drained so that there w^ill be no standing water around the trees. Draining. Where the trees are planted on the hill sides drains are dug at intervals to prevent the water carrying away the top soil. There is no cultivation as a rule beyond hoeing the weeds as tlie soil does not pack and consequently does not Cultivating, need to lie loosened. Photo No. 6 shows trees tw^o years and seven months old, planted in a field which was "chunkeled" (hoed) to a depth of from six to nine inches l)efore l)eing planted. The trees show a more than average growth, several of the trees l)eing 20 inches in circumference three feet from the ground. This photo also shows how the land is drained. Hevea grow\s in two forms, one more Inishv than the other. Planters in Ceylon and Malaya prefer a tree fairlv branched. There is a great deal of thuml) nail prunning to make the trees branch at the height desired. This also has a tendency to make the tree large at the base. If a tree branches at lo or 15 feet from the ground it is about right. Planters who have ''topped" their trees state that it results in two large branches f(^rnn*ng wdiich is apt to split the trunk where the two l)ranches meet, if the wind is strong. The more leaf area a tree has the better and the quicker will the "bark respond." Photos Nos. 7 and 8 show Hevea trees that have had plentv of room in which to grow and have branched natiu'ally, while Photo No. 9 shows trees that have been prevented 17 18 10 Xo. 7. Eleven year old Ih-ven ])l;nitc(l 21x12-4 — 74 jirr llie ^Tomul. ere. J'ranchfs 15 feet from 20 No. 8. Seven and one half year old Hevea. Same tree as Photo No. 14. 21 No. 9. Klcven year old 1 fovea planted 1 Ox 10- "}:>;") ]>( r acre 22 from 1)rancliing" liy being" planted too close tog-ether. Tlie (ines- tion of how close or how far apart the trees should ])e |)lanted is one tliat has had a great deal of attention and is one of vital importance. In considering- the prol)lem of how many trees it is l)est to plant to the acre, it is necessary to consider condi- How Close tions as they are likely to exist in thic future. In to Plant. planting rubber for profit, it is tlie percentage of profit on the capital invested which determines its value as an investment rather than tlie gross earnings or profit per tree or per acre, or the total output of the ])lantation. If we let A. Represent the acreage planted. X. Represent the numl)er of trees per acre. T. Represent numl)er of times a tree is tapped per year. C. Represent capital invested. N. Represent the number of trees per day one man can tap. y. Represent yield per tree per day's cutting. p. Represent price per pound of rubl)er. L. Represent days w^age per laborer. E. Represent expenses (other than labor). Then tlie market value of tlie rubl)er collected from one tree at a single tapping, less the cost of collecting same in lal)orers' time, multiplied by tlie total number of tappings per year on all the trees, less general ex])enses other than lal)or, will be the total profit for the year. Dividing this by the capital invested will g-ive the percentage of profit on the investment or ; 1. Percentage of profit on capital invested=A^^^ '■' '^''' I'* : ^ ^ • In this equation the value of X varies directly as C and inversly as y. The more trees planted to the acre or the larger X is the smaller the yield y will be and also the larger the capital to be invested, C. Then again the more py exceeds ^' the greater will ])e the profit. Experience must determine w-hat efi:'ect increasing N has upon the value of p and }- ; hence to arrive at the number of trees per acre that it is best to plant in order to try and obtain a maximum value of tlie percentage of profit on the capital in- vested we must consider: C. Capital invested. L. Cost of labor when trees come into bearing and also what it will 1)e in the next ten and twenty vears. ]). Market ])rice of rubber in five, ten and more years, y. Yield per tree at each single tapping. 23 T. Xiim1)cr of times per year it is best to tap eacli tree to g-et the 1)est restilts. 11. Xtini])er of trees per day one man will be able to tap. Some planters think it will be more profitable to plant for a ])eriod of ten or fifteen years only while others have confidence in the fntnre l)eyond that time. If trees are planted too close together they grow tall and have small leaf area and nnder these conditions the l)ark does not grow quickly as on trees planted wider apart. Effect of Close Neither does the new bark form and grow^ ewer Plautiiio^ the tapped surface as quickly as in wider plant- ing and it is now found necessary to rest a too closely planted forest, wdiile continuous tapping can be made on wider plantings. Photo No. lo shows trees that were planted too thickly with the result that the usual tapping area having been cut the renewed bark is too thin to tap so that experiments are l)eing made in tapping up to 12 feet high. The trees are usually considered large enough to be tapped wdien tliey are twenty inches in circumference three feet from the groimd, btit one grove that I saw that was planted 10x10 or 436 to the acre, although large enough in circumference when fivt years old, the bark was fotmd to be too thin to tap. On another plantation they were tapping two groves of the same age, 8)/2 years, oue planted 12x24 or 148 ]3er acre (see IMioto No. 11), and the other 12x12 or 296 per acre. The 12x24 trees gave an average yield of 3 pounds per tree while the 12x12 trees averaged a little less than t^>4 pounds and gave less on second tapping, thus acre for acre, the yield w-as about the same. The yield of rtibber from each tree for each day's tapping was almost doul)le from the trees in the 12x24 plant- ing as compared with the 12x12 planting and as each coolie makes 80 tap])ings ])er day in either grove the cost of collecting a ])Ound of rubber is nearly double in the grove more thickly planted. Photo No. 7 is a grove planted tt years ago 24x24 or 74 per acre. Tn talking with the gentleman who planted these trees he stated that if he were planting for himself he IV id est Flanfiiig. would ])lant at least 24x24 (74 per acre), and perhaps 30x30 (46 per acre). That he would do this with the idea of making good ])rofit twenty years from now as well as in the earlier years. Photo No. 12 shows eleven year old trees planted 60 to the acre. Eight hundred trees in this planting averaged a yield for the year of seven pounds or 420 pounds of rul)l)er per acre. Trees in Malaya usually attain a circumference of 20 inches three feet from the ground in from four to five years. Grozvtli. In Ceylon a few trees will reach this size in f[\(t to six years, many in six to seven years, and are tapped at the I)ase when they measure twentv inches. 24 No. 10. Tapping twelve feot liigh. Eleven year old trees. 2G 12. Eleven year old TIevea planted 60 per acre. per tree. Average yield 7 pounds No. i;!. TIf'rringi)Oiie system of tap])ing. 28 No. 14. HiiiAh' "V" tajjping-. 1 V2 year old tree; same trco as Pli(,to. X< Planted ;5()x;S(). 29 ^^/ ^ Xo. 15. Tapping tree in grove planted 12x24 — 148 ])er acre. 30 X(t. 16. Markinji: FTcvea tree 1)pf<)r<' ta])l'inj^. :]1 llevea is usually tapi)C(l every second or third da}' with rests every dry season. Some estates tap as al)ove for 15 7(7/'/7/;/o-. tappings and then rest the trees from three to iivc months, l/'or instance they will tap an area one day and another the next day. If the trees are planted wide enough aj)art this can be ke])L up indefinitely, tapi)ing each tree fromi 30 to 45 times a year. 1^a]:)])ing is usually done in the morning- 1)eforc the heat of the day. Some of the larger ])lantations tap all day or until tw^o o'clock. The fiow is better in the early morning. To tap, a farrier's knife, a carpenter's gouge or some special tapping- tool, is used to cut the l)ark. A lateral cut in the l)ark is made, care being taken not to cut through the cambain ; it is made in such a way that the latex runs down in a groove until it reaches a tin or aluminum cup which is placed at the foot of the tree. See Photo No. 13. There are a numl)er of ways in wdiich tlie cuts are made, tlie simplest being a ''V" as in Photo No. 14. The system as shown in Idioto No. 13 is called the herringbone system. There are a numl)er of modifications of this system such as the half herringlione svstem shown in Photo No. 10, in which the lateral cuts are all made to run into a vertical cut. Some limes the slanting cuts will go half way round the tree, one side of the tree l)eing tapped this way until all the l)ark has l)een cut and tlien the other half is tapped, the lateral cuts running into the vertical cut on the o])])osite side of the tree. Sometimes l)otli sides of the tree will be tapped b}' tliis svstem at the same time, as in Photo No. 10, a cup being jdaced on either side of the tree under the vertical cut. Again two sides of the tree will l)e tapped at the same time on the half herringbone system with the lateral cuts only extending a quarter of the \\ay round tlie tree, so that the two sections on opposite sides of the tree will l)e tapped at the same time, while the intervening- sections will not be tapped until all the bark has been cut on the first sections. Photo No. t6 shows the coolies marking a tree on that portion of the bark that has not been tapped at all. The space between the cuts is measured and a light cut made just deep enough to show the tapping coolie where to tap. Eacli time a tree is tapped a little mark is made on it so that there is a record kept as to how manv times a tree has been tapped. Tn the grove shown in Photo No. it, where the average yield is 3 ])ounds per tree, the half herringl)one system of ta])ping was being used on both sides of the tree, the laterals going quarter of the way round only. Each tree w^as tapped every other day for 15 tappings, and then the trees were rested for three months, so that during the year 45 cuts were made on each side of the tree. c 32 A clay's work for the tapping coolie was to tap 40 trees on both sides, thus setting out 80 cups to catch the latex. Day's Work. The coolie's work was not completed until he had picked up the thin strips of bark wliich were cut in tapping bringing them, together with 80 cups of latex, to the drying room. He then, after pouring the latex into a large con- tainer, must rinse the cups with water, saving the diluted latex thus obtained so that it would not be lost. He then washes the ups which completes his day's w^ork. Women and children tap as well as men. The aluminum cups each hold about a half pint. A little water is put in each cup when it is set out so as to dilute the latex and prevent it from coagulating before it can be brought to the drying room. The amount of latex in each cup of course varies with the yield of the tree. Some trees filling the cups full. The bark shavings that are brought in are put Scrap Rubber, through the scrap machine which consists of rollers which grind the bark into a fine powder. The larger portion of the bark is separated from the scrap rubber after it comes out of the rollers, and then the rubber, and whatever bark that has not been separated, is put through a second set of rollers on which streams of water are playing. This washes the remaining bark from the scrap and the rubber is turned back into the rollers over and over again until it is in the form of crepe rubber. It is then hung up to dry with the other rubber. The latex when it is brought in is strained and set out in pans as milk is set to cream and in three or four days the rubber coagu- lates in blocks about the size of half of a kerosene oil tin. On several plantations they were using kerosene oil tins cut in half so that the two opposite sides of the tin w^ould be the bot- toms of the coagulating pans. Most plantations mix a little acid with the latex before it is set out in the coagulating ])ans to aid coagulation. The block of coagulated rubber is sometimes rolled into sheets and sold as sheet rubber, but oftener it is put through rollers under pressure on which streams of water are playing until it is ground into the form of crepe rubber. On one or two ])lanta- tions the crepe or sheet rubber is compressed into blocks. The drving room or house is very often made of corrugated iron, or at least the roof is corrugated iron, and the rubber is hung up to dry as shown in Photo No. 17. Some plantations use a vacuum dryer for drying the rubber. As there are so many methods of tapping employed on the dif- ferent plantations, it is hard to say which system will eventually be perfected. T found, however, that w^here the single 'A^" sys- tem w^as used the amount of rul)ber collected per day for each coolie tapping and collecting was almost double that of planta- tions where they were using other systems in which five times as much bark was cut per tree. •llijUlHi ■ipliliBilgisliisaaiifc ipHl^illll ^.illlllia 34 No. 19. Tamil Girl. 36 37 No. 21. 14 months' old Hevoa and Tamil Coolie. :-us 39 a 40 Coolies get about 37 rupe cents per clay in Ceylon or T2 cents U. S. gold. In Malaya about 30 to 35 cents Straits Labor. Currency or 18 to 20 cents U. S. gold, and tbey work about 24 days, of 8 to 10 hours each, per month. Most of the coolies are Tamils, Javanese coming next in num1)er, while the native Malays are employed principally in felling and clearing forests and in digging drains by contract. In Ceylon out of 450,000 laborers employed in different industries, 400,000 come from India. The Tamil coohes do not expend very much on clothing and a great many of them manage to save money to remit to India. They are not a muscular peo])le, having very slender arms and legs, but they can carr}^ a greater weight on their heads than they are capal^le of lifting. In ta])])ing ru1)ber trees, the Tamils are very good as they are very (|uick and it is not hard work. The Javanese are good worl-cers and also good at tapping. The w^omen work in the fields as well as the men, but do not get as large w^ages. The output of a rubber plantation depends on tlie average age of the trees tapped. As the trees grow older the output Avill in- crease, but to wdiat extent remains to l)e proved l)y exjicricncc. The output of one plantation in 1906 of 134,285 i)0unds increased in 1907 to 193,506 pounds fror,i 84,278 trees tapped dur- ing that year or an average of over two pounds per tree. Their largest trees are ii years old, 1nit two-thirds of them wxre under six years old. This plantation was using the half hcrringlK)ne system of tap- ping, the laterals going half wav round the tree to tlie A^n'ticle cut on one side while the vertical cut on the o])|)osite side drains the lateral cuts from the other side of the tree. On the new trees that are coming into bearing they are using tlie single "\"." A tapping is made every other day on some of tlie trees and every third day on others for a period of six weeks when the trees are rested for six months. There is an average of one ta])]3ing coolie to three acres and a carpenter's gouge is used for a ta])ping took CEARA RUlltVCR. Most of the remarks in reference to Hevea a])pl}' also to Ceara ivith some important exceptions. TAventy-three years ago Ceara was planted as shade for tea plants, but on account of inexperience in ta])])ing and as the Ceara trees were not satisf actor}' as shade, the\' were, unfortunately, nearly all cut out. Ceara rubl^er trees can 1)e ]:)lanted and will grow Avell at higher elevations than Hevea. Most of the Ceara trees I examined w-ere growing at an altitude of from 500 to 3,000 feet above sea level. Ceara can l)e planted where the temperature 41 goes as low as 45 degrees, but a temperature al)ove 50 degrees is preferred. As to rainfall, Ceara does best where there is 50 to 120 inches of rain per annum. The best Ceara I saw was in a district where the rainfall is only sixty inches per annum. The trees will grow in rainier districts, however, l)ut tapping is not so successful as in drier districts. Photo No. 24 shows some Ceara trees growing in the Botanical Gardens at lUiitenzorg in Java, where experiments in Hevea rubber tapping are l)eing carried on very carefully. The rainfall at the garden is 180 inches per an- num. The Ceara trees shown in the picture are 8 years old and though they grow tall, the largest is only 24 inches in circum- ference three feet from the ground, while the others are much smaller. On arriving in Ceylon, I found that there was only one estate on which there w^ere Ceara trees being tapped to any extent and the output on this estate amounted to only 4,000 pounds of ru])ber per year. The main planting on the estate w^as Cacao, Cocoanut and Ceara Rubber trees being planted for shade. No new Ceara rub- ber trees are being planted out, Init from the }'Oung trees that spring up the best only are allowed to grow while the poorer ones are cut out. As a rule these trees are 20 inches in circumference three feet from the ground when they are three }'ears old and are then old enough to be tapped profitably. The manager thinks that the yield is greater when the trees shed their leaves. The growth of these young trees varies a great deal and trees tliat get a start when the Aveather is showery in the morning and sunny in the afternoon grow quicker than those that sprout Avhen the w^eather is too rainy and is cold at night. An ordinary curved pruning knife is used in tapping on this plantation. The l)ark is cut through the cambian to the wood, removing a piece of bark an eighth of an inch wide. "V" cuts are made one above the other a span apart but no vertical cut is made, the latex ])eing allowed to flow over the bark. The manager claims that diey get less scrap rubber in this w^ay. The tree is tapped until an inch of wood is exposed. Photos Nos. 26 and 27 illustrate tliis method of lapping. The other side of the tree is tapped in the same way and then the tree left until the bark grows over. Idicre is not the "wound response'' in the Ceara that there is in the 1)ark of the Hevea tree so that in tapping by this method an eiglith of an inch of bark is removed each time the wound is reopened in order to get a good flow. With the Hevea it is only necessary to reopen the wound and the thinner the shaving the l^etter. On account of the "wound response" the flow of latex increases as the tap- pings proceed up to a certain point. This is not the case with the Ceara which is more apt to be tlie other way. 42 4;] ('. sliowiiifi niofliod of tappiiiK. 48 It will be noticed in Photo No. 26 that a round patch of the bark has rotted and will eventually come off. This is due to wet weather immediately after tapping, the water having soaked in between the bark and wood. When the bark comes off" in this way the shot hole borer attacks the tree, weakening it, and it is likely to blow over wdien there is a strong wind. Experience has been that- in the more rainy districts of Ceylon tapping has been unsuccessful, killing a great many of the trees. The bark of the Ceara rubber tree is thinner than the Hevea and has a tendency to tear if the tapping knife is not sharp. This makes it harder to tap the Ceara when the same methods of tap- ping are used. It is considered more satisfactory on this planta- tion to tap as they do rather than use more careful methods as the young trees grow up so quickly that as soon as one tree dies there is another ready to be tapped in its place. A coohe taps the trees, sets out the cups and brings in the latex, setting it out in the pans to coagulate and rolls it into biscuits the next day. This constitutes a day's work for a coolie, if he Innings iji enough latex to make half a pound of dry rubber. The rubber biscuit, after being rolled and washed, is spread on cocoanut leaves in the drying room and usually takes about three weeks to dry. As a coolie is paid the equivalent of 12 cents gold per day, it will be seen that the labor of collecting and making the biscuits costs 24 cents per pound. The latex on this plantation is coagulated by being mixed with water. Water coagulates Ceara latex very quicklv. This fact makes it more desirable and more profitable to tap Ceara trees in dry weather as the rain coagulates the latex on the tree, making a bigger percentage of scrap. Ceara latex differs in this respect from the latex of the Ilevea tree. Where w^ater is used to delay coagulation of the latex from the Hevea tree, it has the eft'ect of hastening coagulation with Ceara latex. This makes it more difficult to handle the Ceara latex than Hevea. On some of the tea plantations that I visited where they have a few Ceara trees remaining, they are more careful in ta])})ing and use the herringbone method, cutting onlv a little \\^a\' into the ])ark and using a pricker. See Photo No. 29. The trees are scattered and a day's work for a tapping coolie on these plantations is a third of a pound per day of dry ru])ber. Here the rainfall is large and more care has to be taken in ta])ping to preserve the trees. I visited one plantation where they had a grove of 250 Ceara trees. This was at an elevation of 3000 feet and where the annual rainfall was from 120 to 150 inches. This is the high- est elevation at which I saw rubber growing. Twenty-three years ago on this plantation, Ceara rubber was ]:)lanted as shade for the tea, but later it was all cut out with the exception 49 of a belt of 450 trees. These trees in the last few years have been tapped, but since tapping commenced 250 of them have died as the result of the tapping. It is considered unsafe at the present time to take more than 250 pounds of dry rubber per year from these 200 trees. Three coolies work on the trees from September to the end of March. The largest tree is 49 inches in circumfer- ence, 3 feet from the ground and the tapping system is a series of ''Vs" draining into a vertical cut. A weak solution of ammonia (2% to 5%) is used to prevent coagulation caused by water in the collecting cups, or from coagulation by churning while being carried from the trees to the coagulating rooms. This plantation gets 4s. and 2d. a pound for their Ceara when Islands Fine (wild) Para brings 3s. and 4d., but 10 pounds of the latter equals 8 pounds of cultivated on account of its having a smaller percentage of moisture, so that prices are really equal. It gets a little better price than plantation Para. At present they are tapping over renewed bark without finding it necessary to remove any outer bark. The manager here thinks that if the same methods of tapping were used and the trees tapped first when young, that it would not be necessary to remove the outer bark as it would not have time to get too thick. They tap the trees every third day for 7 months, except in rainy weather, cutting a shaving a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in thickness. The cut is shallow not reaching the cambian, but a pricker is used to augment the flow. As the trees are old trees, the outer bark that was removed was quite thick. In conclusion I beg to submit the following general facts, con- clusions and opinions concerning the rubber industry which I gathered during and in connection with my trip, which I hope may be of value to those interested in rubber production in Hawaii : The present rubber production of the world is approximately seventy thousand tons. The great source of rubber is the forests of Brazil, which pro- duced 41,000 tons in 1907. The cultivation of rubber is now going on in nearly all the tropical countries of the world, it being most largely engaged in in Mexico, Central America, India, the Malay Peninsula, Ceylon and Java. It is difficult to ascertain the exact area under cultivation, which is large, but the adaptability of different localities to rubber pro- duction has yet to be determined. It is certain that a very large proportion of the areas planted are unfitted for rubber cultiva- tion or the wrong varieties of rubber trees have been planted. There is little danger of the rubber market being overstocked for some years to come from either wild or cultivated sources. 50 Xo. no. Ta])i)ing Coara ti-p«' on reiifwt'd l)ai-k. RauKhoddo csih 51 No. 31. 23 year old Ceara rubber growing between tea plants, inches, 3 feet from ground. Circumference 49 62 53 Although a large area of cultivated rubber has been planted out, the production of the cultivated article has only just begun, as is evidenced by the fact that the output of cultivated rubber from Ceylon and Malaya for 1907 was only approximately 1,178 English tons. The unknown quantity in Hawaii is the labor question. Tap- ping requires in Ceylon and Malaya a man for every one to four acres, according to the number of trees planted per acre and the convenience of location of the same. The price of labor will also be a vital feature. In Ceylon and Malaya the laborer receives from twelve to thirty cents gold per day, while in Hawaii we are obliged to pay seventy-five cents to a dollar per day. As to the relative efficiency of the labor in the far east and that of the ordinary laborer in Hawaii I am of the opinion that for the work in collecting rubber, our labor is as efficient and will accomplish more, as under local conditions twenty to twenty-five per cent, more time will constitute a day's w^ork. The Ceara tree will grow much quicker than the Hevea tree, but on the other hand, Hevea will yield more abundantly and the cost of cohecting the latex will be less. Comparatively little attention has been given to the methods of collecting rubber from the Ceara variety of rubber trees as there are but a few dollars invested to thousands of dollars invested in Hevea plantings. Tapping experiments should be made as soon as possible on our Ceara plantings in order that more may be known before our trees come into bearing. There is still much to be learned through the experience of others in various rubber producing sections of the world, but, after all, we must very largely work out our own methods and learn for ourselves how best to meet our own problems, although the experience of others will always be of benefit. Hoping that the facts and figures given in this report will be of benefit to the rubber producers of Hawaii, I have the honor to remain, Your obedient servant, Fred. T. P. Waterhouse. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked * ) will be sent to residents of this Territory^ free, upon application to Mailing Clerk. P. O. Box 33]^ Honolulu. BOARD. Report of tlie Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. Keport of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, froi» u'uly 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for; the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates. *'Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 p.; 1903. * 'Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. * 'Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Others. Rules and Regulations Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals inte the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. "Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey." General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. "The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist," a monthly magazine. Vols. I to V; 1904-1908. To be obtpJned from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price $1 a year, DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY. "The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar-Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Bulletin No, 1; 33 pp.; 1903. *'"■ "A Catalogue of the Hemiptero^'- "'^r:ily Aieyrcdidae," by G. W. Kirkaldy, and "Aleyrodidae of Hawaii .,..a Fiji with Descriptions of New Species," by Jacob Kolinsky'. Bull'- ... No. 2; 102 pp.; 1 plate; 1907. * "On Some DiFf .,es of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest ' . to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin '-... 1; 4 pp.; 1904. 'A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinsky. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. *'The Japanese Beetle Fungus," by Jacob Kotinsky and B. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905, Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 68 pp.; 3 plates; 10 text figures Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1900, Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907.. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 26 pp.; 2 plates. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION -Contintted. DIVISION OF FOBESTEY. * "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Presi Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. * 'Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest.** Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. **An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." TJircular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905* "Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906. "Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees.'* Press Bulletin No. 4; 4 pp.; 1906. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. R9« print from Second Report oi the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906.. Ea- print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps.. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 70 pp. Report of the Division of Forestry^ for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. * "Inspection of Imported Live Stock," Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. * "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis." Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. "Concerning Glandered Horse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3; 1 p.; 1905. * "To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imported Live Stock." Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907. "Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock." Rules 1 to 7; 10 pp.; 1908. "Quarantine of Horse Stock from Californ " Rule 8; 1 p.; 1908. Report of the Division -of Animal Industry, for !..„, vear ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 62 j^jt. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending I>v"""ber 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, i ''', Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board; 44 pp. * Out of Print. ** This Bulletin will be sent only to persons interested in the subject. wm^j^ c ^^ Issued March 11, 1911 O'^ REPORT OF THE^ BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING DECEMBER 31st, 1910 HONOLULU, T. H. HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. 1911 Board of Agriculture and Forestry* DIVISION OF FORESTRY. FOEEST AND OENAHIENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR SALE AT THE aOVERNMENT NURSERY. The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern- ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing. The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak, Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 5D cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2^/^ cents each, except a few Iiindc which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before being sent out, which insures its being good. All communications in regard to*seed or trees should be addressed to David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties of this Division and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in- quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send the right kind of useful insects for relief we like and sometimes it is indispensable for us to see the insect suspected or caught in the act, also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box specimens may be mailed at 3rd class rates. When specimens are not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications SLTPERTNTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII. EDW. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY OF TFiE TERRITORY OF HAWAII FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING DECEMBER 31st, 1910 n( )N( )\.[MV, 1. H. lAWAIIAN (.iA/,i;ri L- <.-.< ., LT1>. 1911 OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry 1910 COMMISSIONERS* NAME TERM EXPIRES Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer, January 1, 1914 P. R. Isenberg, _ - - - - i< « 1915 J, M. DowsETT ------ ** << 2913 H. M. VON Holt --_.--'« "1911 Albert Waterhouse (In Mr. Dowsett's absence) - " "1911 DIVISION OF FORESTRY* Ralph S. Hosmcr, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. Joseph F. Rock, Botanical Assistant. Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii. Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Homestead^ Kauai, David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY* Edward M, Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Inspector, Albert Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. H. O. Marsh, Assistant Entomologist, D. B. Kuhns, Inspector. Fred Muir, Beneficiallnsect Collector. Bro, M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii. Robert R. Elgin, 1 f Mahukona, Hawaii. W. O. Aiken, | Honorary Fruit \ Kahului.Maui, W. D. McBryde, \ and Plant Inspector \ Koloa, Kauai, Dr, W. B, Deas, \ at \ Hana, Maui, Capt. C. F.Turne J [ Kaanapali, Maui. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY* Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Terrtioriai Veterinarian. L. N. Case, Assistafit Territorial Veterinarian, John Vanhuizen, Live Stock Inspector, (until November) ]. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy lerritorial Veterinarian for Maui. H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hilo, Hawaii. A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai. E. L, Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinary for Kohala a?id Hamakua, Hawaii. clerical staff Mrs. E. K. Brown, Secretary to the Board, Miss Melika Peterson, Clerk and Stenograt>her. Miss Ella K. Dayton, Librarian. EDITOR, HAWAIIAN FORESTER AND AGRICULTURIST Daniel Logan CONTENTS. EEPOET 0¥ COMMISSIONERS. page! Report of the Commissioners 1 Personnel 1 Meetings 1 Publications 2 Division of Forestry 2 Division of Entomology 5 Division of Animal Industry 8 Oonclusion 12 Appropriations and Expenditures: January to June, 1909 14 July, 1909^ to December, 1910 15 DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Report of the Superintendent of Forestry 17 Staff and appropriations 19 Forest reserves 19 New reserves 22 Object of certain reserves 22 Minor changes in forest reserves 23 Table showing area of forest reserves: Reserves arranged in chronological order 24 Reserves arranged by islands and counties 26 Forest reserves pending 28 Planting in forest reserves 28 Forest f en,ce at Pupukea 29 Condemnation of forest land on K'ohala Mountain 29 Forest extension 30 Assistance to forest planters 30 The establishment of sub-nurseries 31 The nursery at Homestead, Kauai 32 Trees distributed from Homestead nursery 32 The Hilo nursery 33 Trees distributed from Hilo nursery 33 Temporary distributing stations 33 Arbor and Oonservation, Day 34 Statistics of Arbor Day distribution 35 Tree planting by corporations 36 Number of trees reported planted (table) 37 Plant introduction work 39 Federal experimental planting 40 Eucalyptus study 41 B'otanical investigations 41 Miscellaneous forest work 42 Rubber investigation 42 Exhibits and educational work 43 National Irrigation Congress 44 Cooperation with other local institutions 44 Lumbering operations 45 Forest fires 46 The District Foresters 46 PAGE. Eep'orts of District Foresters: Report of A. S. Wilcox 47 ' ^ W. R. Castle 47 ^^ H. B. Penhallow 48 ' ' ^ ^ L. von Tempsky 48 '' ^^ Geo. C. Watt 51 '' Jolin Watt 51 ' ' ^ ^ R. von S. Domkowicz 51 " " John Maguire 52 Summary of recommendations 53 Report of the Forest Nurseryman 56 Nursery 56 Collection and exchange 'of seeds ^Q Seed received through exchange 57 Distribution of plants from Government Nursery and Ma- kiki Station 59 Free list 60 Nursery grounds 61 Realizations 61 Advice and assistance 62 Kukaiau Plantation Company 62 Lower Pauhala in Kaikele^ Oahu (Kunia) 62 Pioneer Mill 62 Grove Farm . 63 Pupukea, Koolauloa^ Oahu 63 Waialua Agricultural Company 63 Congressional vegetable seed 63 Experiment Garden^ Makiki 63 Tantalus forest 65 Nuuanu Station %Q Report of the Botanical Assistant 67 The Herbarium 67 Forest and botanical exhibit 69 Botanical explorations 71 North Kona, Hawaii 71 Puuwaawaa 73 Hualalai 73 Waimea 76 Exploration on Kauai 76 Visit to Molokai 78 Kohala, Hawaii 78 Trip t'o Lanai and West Maui 79 Exploration of Haleakala 80 Ulupalakua 81 Collection of native seed 82 Exchange of herbarium specimens 82 Investigation of stock-poisoning plants 82 Eucalyptus investigation 82 Plants new to science 83 Seaevola Swezeyana Rock 83 Pittosporum Hosmeri Rock 84 Sideroxylon rhynchospermum Rock 84 Lysimachia glutinosa Rock 85 Dubautia Waialealae Rock SQ Herbarium extension 87 List of District Foresters 89 List of District Fire WJardens 93 Address delivered at special Conservation meeting 98 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. PAGE. Eeport of the Superintendent of Entom'ology, 1909 103 Staff 103 Superintendent 103 Consulting Entomologist 103 Assistant Entomologist (see also recommendations) 103 Inspectors and assistants 104 Lines of work 104 Inspection, quarantine and disinfection 'of plants, fruits and vegetables, Honolulu 105 Inspection, quarantine and disinfection 'of plants, fruits and vegetables, Hilo 106 Table, m'onthy inspection giving average and quantity of vege- table matter inspected and manner of its disposal 107 Potato Scab 108 Cotton and rice industries 108 Insects intercepted in course of inspection in 1909 109 Bugs (Hemiptera-Hom'optera) 109 Beetles (Coleoptera) 110 Flies (Diptera) Ill Ants Ill Miscellaneous pests 112 Fruits ar^d vegetables received in Honolulu, 1909 113 Beneficial insect distributi'on, 1909 115 Introduction of Smyrna fig insect, 1909 115 Prof. Koebele^s work on Horn Fly, by O. H. Swezey, 1909. . 116 Pineapple Scale 121 Recommendations 121 Inter-island inspection 121 Serious pests to be combated 122 Eeport of the Superintenden^t of Entomology, 1910 123 Staff ■ 125 Superintendent 125 Consulting Entomologist 125 Assistant Entomologist 126 Inspectors, Honolulu and Hilo 126 Honorary Inspectors 127 Lines of work 127 Inspection, quarantine and disinfection of imported vegetable matter, Honolulu 128 Inspection, quarantine and disin^fection of imported vegetable matter, Hilo 129 Fruits and vegetables received in Honolulu, 1910 130 Inspection of fruits, plants and vegetables in Oriental cargoes, 1910 132 Improvement of shipment of fruits and vegetables received at Honolulu and Hilo 133 Inspection, of seeds, plants and fruit at IT. S. postoffice 133 Additional equipment and improvements on d'ocks 134 Pests intercepted in course of inspection 135 Beetles (Coleoptera) 135 Moths (Lepidoptera 135 Bugs (Hemiptera) 135 Scale insects (Coccidae) 136 Miscellaneous pests 136 Diseases intercepted 136 VI TAGE. Infested sugar cane 137 Banana borers and diseases 137 Snakes , 137 Hitchcock or Thimbleberry — Rubus jamaicensis 137 Figs and iig insects 138 Fruit flies 138 Eule and regulation concerning the prevention of distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly from Oahu to the other islands 140 Rule and regulation concerning the importation 'of banana fruit, banana shoots or planets 141 Beneficial insect distribution ] 42 Beneficial insects established 143 Importation and work of Hornfly parasites, by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, 1910 " 143 Insect collection 145 Acknowledgements 146 Recommendations 146 The introducti'on of birds into the Hawaiian Islands 147 Letter by Dr. H. W. Henshaw 148 Report of Assistant Entomologist 152 Some experiments on the Chrysar^themum Plant Louse {Mavro- sipJium sanWrni) hj H. O. Marsh 160 Experiments with remedies 162 Summary of experiments 168 Apparatus and insecticides used 169 General directions for spraying 170 Remedy recommended 172 DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Letter of submittal 173 Report of Territorial Veterinarian 175 Introduction . ^75 Rules and regulations 175 New animal quarantine station 176 Simple quarantine 177 Infectious diseases 177 Quarantine station in Hilo 178 Importation of live stock 178 Horses 179 Mules 1^1 Cattle 181 Sheep 1^'2 Hogs 183 Poultry 184 Dairy products ^ 84 Diseases among live stock 185 Glanders 185 Bovine tuberculosis 186 International Commission 'on the control of bovine tubercu- losis 187 Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis 190 The Intra-Dermal tuberculin test 191 Recommendations 193 Summary of recommendations 194 Conclusions 198 Reports 'of officers of the Division of Animal Industry.... 198 Vll PAGE. Eeport of the Assistant Territorial Veterinarian 199 Bed Water in cattle 199 Characterization 199 Distribution in the Territory 199 History 199 Symptoms 199 Blood examinations 200 Blood parasites 201 Morbid anatomy 201 Etiology 202 Prevention 203 Eye Worm in chickens 204 Characterization 204 Distribution 204 Etiology 204 Symptoms 204 Treatment 205 Sheep Botflies in California rams on Island of Lanai 205 Symptoms 206 Pathology 206 Prevention and treatment 207 Conclusions 208 Eeport of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the Ililo District for 1909 209 General observations 209 Port inspection 209 Contagious and infecti'ous diseases 209 Glanders 209 Quarantine Station^ at the Port of Ililo 210 Endemic Catarrhal Fever 211 Actinomycosis^ or Lumpy Jaw 211 Miscellaneous infective diseases 212 Parasitic diseases of horses and mules 212 Eeport of the Deputy Territorial A^eterinarian for the Ililo District for 1910 217 General observati'ons 217 Port inspection 218 Quarantine facilities at the Port of Ililo 218 Milk and meat supply of the Town of Hilo 219 The mule market on the Pacific Coast 220 Eeport of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the District of Maui 223 Animal diseases on^ Maui 223 Glanders 223 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 224 Tetanus 225 Liver Fluke disease 225 Tuberculosis 226 Veterinary h'ospitals 226 Hygiene and meat inspection 228 Eeport of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai 229 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate 1. A completely forested watershed Frontispiece Facing Page 2. A forest cover protects the streams YL 3. Eucalyptus robusta on Tantalus ^- 4. Eucalyptus citriod'ora in the Tantalus forest ^^ 5. The Government Nursery^ Honolulu ^- 6. Views of the Hilo Nursery ^'^ 7. Experimental Garden, Makiki Valley, Honolulu 4U 8. Interior of propagating house, Government Nursery 40 9. Native undergrowth coming up under a planted forest 6d 10. *WjiUcesia gymnoxypliium Gray. Hiau • • |[0 28. 29. 70 11. Plant specimens for Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Expositron 12. Wood specimens exhibited at Seattle J^ 13. Hawaiian Eed Cotton, Qossypium drynarioidrs Seem. . .... z^- 14. Lobelia Kauaensis (Gray) Heller l_' 15. Brigliamia inslgnis Gray ^^ 16. Lobelia Gaudicliaudii DC ;*',"' Argyroooyphi'um Bamlwicense DC: Beta var. maerocvphnhim Hbd. ^^ 17. 18. Silver Sword in flower. Ahinahina 80 19. Alectryon maGrococcnm Eadlkf ^^ 20. Pittosporum Hosmeri Kock ^j 21. mderoxylon rJipncJiospermum Rock ^^ 22. Dubautia 'W.aialealae Eock ^^ 23. LaboTatory and Fumigatory on Oceanic Wharf 1^0 24. Interior of Laboratory on Oceanic Wharf l^o 25. Interior of office on Alakea W^harf I^^ 26. Thimbleberry, Rubus jamawemlH .■•;":;* 27. Australian snakes prevented from entering Hawaii by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry 1^*^ Mediterranean Fruit Fly; all stages 144 Orange showing adult Fruit Flies at rest 144 30. Spraying Equipment | 31. Interior of Insectary • • : • 32. Photo showing check plants and portron sprayed in Exp. 7 V ; " * ]r-i New Animal Quarantine Station, Beach Eoad, Honolulu.. 1(_6 38. New Animal Quarantine Station, Beach Eoad, Honolulu.. 176 34! New Animal Quarantine Station; Main Alley 176 35. Glanders division of new Quarantine Station 17/ 36. Shelter and feed rack, new Quarantine Station 1/7 37. Aged and crippled mares, imported for mule breeding, but rejected ^^4 38. Another mare from the same shipment 184 39. Mare from same shipment developing Purpura Hemorrhagioa (Mud Fever) 184 40. One of a consignment of heifers imported by Parker Eanch ^84 41. Veterinary Hospital, Maui 228 42. Fig. 1. Horse batli in operating room 228 Fig. 2. Dispensary. Camp I Hospital . 228 43. Fig. 1. Interior of loose boxes. Camp I Hospital. ...... 228 Fig. 2. Cold water treatment apparatus. Camp I Hospital 228 44. Exterior of new stables. Camp 1 228 Fig. 2. Interior of half of new stables. Camp 1 228 Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Report of the Commissioners. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1910. Hon. Walter F. Frear, Governor of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Sir: — The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and For- estry has the honor to present herewith its report for the bien- nial period ending December 31, 1910. PERSONNEL. On January 26, 1909, the Governor appointed Mr. Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer, and Mr. J. M. Dow- sett as member of the Board. In September, 1909, Mr. Albert Waterhouse resigned on account of expected absence from the Territory. This created a vacancy in membership which has not been filled. But Mr. Waterhouse was reappointed on April 15, 1910, for the remainder of that calendar year, to act for Mr. Dowsett during the absence of the latter from the Territory. MEETINGS. During 1909 the Board held 18 regular and 2 executive meet- ings ; in 1910 19 regular and one executive meeting. Jointly with the Governor, there were held two Forest Reserve hearings in 1909, and three in 1910. On N'ovember 16, 1910, a special Conservation Meeting, un- der the joint auspices of this Board and the Havv^aiian Sugar Planters' Association, was held in the Throne Room, at the Capi- tol, at which addresses were made bv the Governor, the Presi- dent of the Board and a number of other gentlemen, dealing with the practical application of the principles of Conservation to some of our local problems. 1— B. A. PUBLICATIONS. The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist has continued to- be pubHshed as the official organ of the Board. During the past, year considerable attention has been paid to making public the offi^cial records of the Board, the full minutes of the several meet- ings having been regularly published, together with the monthly reports of the three Chiefs of Division. In January, 1910, Mr,. Daniel Logan succeeded Mr. Leopold G. Blackman as editor.. The magazine has continued to be published by the Hawaiian. Gazette Company. In October, 1909, a press bulletin entitled ''Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees, with Brief Notes on Propagation," was issued by the Division of Forestry, in English and in Hawaiian, the two being numbered respectively Press Bulletins 5 and 6, Division of Forestry. In January, 1910, the Division of Animal Industry issued an- il-page circular (unnumbered) entitled ''Rules and Regulations- pertaining to the Inspection and Testing- of Live Stock intended for importation from the mainland of the United States to the Territory of Hawaii." This circular contains a revision of the rules and regulations of the Division of Animal Industry, effec- tive from January 1, 1910. In November, 1910, the Division of Entomology issued as an unnumbered leaflet Rule VII, "Concerning the Prevention of Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly from Oahu to the other Islands." While not strictly a Board publication there was also issued under its supervision in the spring of 1909, pamphlets containing,, in English and in Hawaiian, the full minutes of a special Con- servation Meeting held jointly by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Territory of Hawaii on March 1, 1909, at which meeting various addresses were delivered on the mean- ing of Conservation and the need locally for the practical applica- tion of Conservation principles. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. The work of the Division of Forestry has been continued dur- ing the past two years along the same lines that have marked it heretofore, but a greater share of attention has been given to the distribution and planting of trees. There have been no changes in the regular staff, but for a period of six months, from November, 1909, to May, 1910, Mr. Louis Margolin, of the staff of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, was temporarily detailed to Hawaii to carry on a special investigation of the planted groves of Eucalyptus. The activities of the Division of Forestry can readily be divided into two parts : First, the creation and administration of forest reserves, for the most part areas of native Hawaiian forest covering important watersheds that it is advisable be kept intact for the protection of the supplies of water needed for irrigation, power development or domestic uses. Second, the extension of a forest cover over areas of waste or barren land, or in sections that can be used to better advantage for growing trees than for any other purpose. During 1909 four new forest reserves were set apart by proclamation of the Governor, aggregating a total of 101,614 acres, of which 83,234 acres, 82 per cent., is government land. In 1910 three more reserves were set apart, all government land, aggregating 29,132 acres. There are now 23 established forest reserves in Hawaii with a total area of 575,154 acres, of which 386,547 acres, or Q per cent, \^ government land. In tree planting the Division of Forestry helps the people of the Territory in several ways. It gives advice as to how, what and when to plant. It furnishes seed and seedlings at cost price, with many special periods of free distribution. And as far as appropriations permit, it plants forests itself on government land. Through special allotments from the Conservation fund tree planting by the Government has been done during the past year at Pupukea, Oahu, and trees are being made ready for planting on the Kohala Mountain, Hawaii, above Waimea Village. In 1909 and again in 1910 special efforts were made on Arbor Day to give out to a large number of persons throughout the Territory trees for planting on their OAvn land. Sub-nurseries and temporary distributing stations were established from which, with the Government Nursery at Honolulu, there wfere given out, free, 63,614 trees in 1909 and 30,482 in 1910. But this is but a small part of the trees actually distributed. The total sent out from the various nurseries including those given free is 112,590 for 1909 and 264,573 for 1910. Tree planting in Hawaii is, however, not by any means all a matter of government effort. A table of trees planted by cor- porations and others, prepared by the Division of Forestry shows that in 1910 there vv-ere set out in the Territory seven hundred and twenty-five thousand trees. This proves that the leading corporations are awake to the desirability of tree plant- ing, but it can also well l)e used as an argument for more work of like character. There is much need in Hawaii for the planting of forest of conmiercial character. There is also need for the better pro- tection of the native forest and for the extension of the Algaroba forest. In having this tree Hawaii is indeed fortunate, but there are large areas of land on each island which are now almost barre?i, or at any rate of low value, that ought to l^e growing Algaroba. The Algaroba can be propagated very easily and when once established will take care of itself. Not only wdll it pay corpora- tions to assist its spread ; it will bring them a large return on the comparatively small amount of money that needs to 1)e invested to help this tree get started. Another line of work of the Division of Forestry is the in- troduction of trees new^ to the Territory. What we need in Hawaii is trees that will take care of themselves and spread naturally. The introduction w-ork is the only systematic way of getting such species here and esta1)lishing them. In its ex- perimental garden at Makiki the Division of Forestrv is now growing many valuable trees and shru])s new to the Territory. Later those found to be most desirable will be propagated and distributed. During 1910 the seed of many plants have been received from Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, a former Commissioner of this Board, from, various places which he has visited in a trip around the world. Two special lines of investigation carried on bv the Division of Forestr}^ during the past two years are the studv of the planted forests of Eucaly])ts, already referred to, and the 1:)otani- cal survey of the Territory, now being made l)y the Botanical Assistant of the Division of Forestry, Mr. Joseph F. Rock. Many valuable specimens of native Hawaiian plants have been secured and a great deal of data compiled which will ])e of value to the Territory in many ways. Mr. Rock's work includes, too, a study of the plants found on the ranclies, both weeds and bene- ficial species. In due time the information got together will be made public in such form that it can readily be used by the general public. But to get the necessary data requires first that exact scientific work ])e done. One of the pressing needs of the Board is for more money for the publication of bulletins giving the results of the investigations carried on l)y its several divisions. The manuscript of four such reports now lies in the safe 1)ecause of lack of funds, and all are bulletins that when published will lie of direct, ])ractical assist- ance to the peo]>le of the Territory. This is a side of the work of this Board that ought surely to be provided for lietter in the future. Of the needs of the Division of Forestry in general for the future, the special demand is for sufficient monc}^ ade- quately to protect the native forest in existing forest reserves through the fencing of forest reserve boundaries, the protection of the forest from trespass 1)y means of forest rangers, and a special fund for fighting forest fire, should that need unfortu- nately arise. Next, provision ought to be made for the exten- sion of forest planting by the Government in open places in the forest reserves and on other government land which ought to be l)rought under forest cover. It is the esta])lished policvof the Board to start and maintain sub-mu'series for the distri])ntion of trees on each of the main islands. I\rovision should be made for this work and also for the introduction and trial of plants and shru1)s new to the Territory, and for the continuation of the investigations of the botanist, including the care of the mate- rial collected by him in an enlarged Herbarium. As with the other Divisions the report of the Division of Forestry describes in detail the various branches of work here outlined. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. The work of the Division of Entomology consists in the con- trol of the introduction of insects into the Territory and the devising and application of methods to check the spread and re- duce the damage done by injurious insects alreadv established here. On October 1, 1909, Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn replaced Mr. Jacob Kotinsky as Superintendent of Entomology, Mt. Kotinsky returning to his former position of Assistant Entoniologist. Mr. Ehrhorn came to Hawaii from California where, as Chief In- spector at the Port of San Francisco, he liad succeeded Mr. Alexander Craw, Superintendent of Entomologv under this Board from 1904 to 1908. Mr. Kotinsky resigned as Assistant Entomologist at the end of January, 1910, and left the country. That position was vacant until July 1, when Mr. H. O. Marsli, then of the stafif of the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, was appointed. Mr. A11)ert Koebele still holds the position of Consulting Entomologist and has been aJ^sent from the Territory, collect- ing, during the period covered l)y the report. He has been in Europe wliere he has been studying the Hornfly and its parasites in an endeavor to procure such of these as would prove bene- ficial to the islands in checking this terrible pest of our cattle. Mr. D. B. Kuhns has continued as Inspector's Assistant, aided from August 1, 1909, to August 1, 1910, by Mr. L. V. Lewis, who then, on account of shortage of funds and the appointment of an Assistant Entomologist, dropped out of the service. Brother Matthias Newell continues faithfully to perform his duties as regular inspector at the Port of Hilo. Our honorary inspectors, consisting of Messrs. Robert E. Elgin at Mahu- kona, Hawaii ; W. O. Aiken at Kahului, Maui ; W. D. McBryde at Koloa, Kauai; Wm. Robb, Lahaina, Maui; and Dr. W. D. Deas, Hana, Maui; still remain with us and are ready to serve us when occasion requires. In 1909 363 vessels were boarded, about half of which carried vegetable matter. On an average 588 lots and 13,353 parcels were inspected last month. The strict inspection of potatoes and the return to California of a large number of sacks of pota- toes affected with Potato Scab has had a decided influence in bettering the grade now received. During 1910 the greater part of the work of the Division con- sisted in inspection. The inspection list shows about 18J4 per cent increase in packages and 42}4 per cent increase in different marks or lots received. The total number of packages inspected in 1910 was 210,058, of which number some 427 packages were destroyed on account of pests or diseases, or prohibition of entry into the Territory. Another lot of snakes was condemned and killed. The longest measured 9 feet. They were brought here for exhibition, but under the law could not be admitted. Through the cooperation of the Superintendent of Public Works additional facilities on the Alakea Wharf have been pro- vided and the Division's fumigatories improved, so that they are now in excellent shape for efficient work. The appearance of a new pest, the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, has caused the passage of a new regulation which prohibits the shipment of soft meated fruits to the other islands of the Territory. This is Rule VII. Another rule and regulation, No. VIII, has been passed by the Board prohibiting the entry into the Territory of Banana fruit and plants from Central America and other sections, where exists a disease which has killed off thousands of acres of Banana plantations and which is now causing growers -of this fruit to look to other countries for the proper lands for its cultivation. Under these conditions Hawaii has a bright future for a pay- ing industry and it behooves us to nip any danger, as men- tioned above, in the bud. The increase in shipments warrants provision being made for a Dock Assistant. Only since the appointment of Mr. Marsh has the Division of Entomology been able to carry on field ex- periments to any extent. The introduction and propagation of parasites and beneficial insects has been seriously hampered both in 1909 and in 1910 by the shortage of assistants and an inadequate insectary, but in both years as much attention was paid to this branch of the work as limited staff and small funds permitted. Despite this fact the Division of Entomology was able during 1910 to liberate large colonies of beneficial parasites aggregating 160,954 indivi- duals. With an adequate appropriation, a well trained assistant and an enlarged insectary far greater results could be had. The report of the Superintendent of Entomology for 1909 gives a detailed statement of the Hornfly parasite investigations being carried on by Prof. Koebele. Since his appointment as Assistant Entomologist, Mr. Marsh has been carrying on a valuable series of field experiments, ex- cellent results having been obtained in experiments on the pests of the truck gardens, which are very encouraging to growers in this branch of agriculture. A full account of this work is given in Mr. Marsh's report. The officers of the Division of Entomology have been fre- quently consulted during the past two years in regard to the treatment of pests and diseases, infested plants and trees, and much help has been given to individual applicants. The Super- intendent has made trips to the other islands as often as his very limited time permitted. The routine duties of inspection are so great, however, that with the shortage of an assistant only very few trips were possible. This is a branch of the work which ought to be expanded. With adequate assistance through an increased staff the Superintendent of Entomology would be able to devote more time to these matters. Of the future needs of the Division of Entomology, in addi- tion to the increase of staff and the improved insectary already referred to, the most pressing is for an adequate allotment for the collection and importation of beneficial parasites. It is espe- cially desirable that the natural enemies of the Melon Fly and the Alligator Pear Scale be secured. It is already known where such parasites can be secured. It waits now for funds to be provided with which to send properly trained men to do the work. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The principal objects of this Division may be divided into three, all of w^hich lead to the same end, that is, the develop- ment of the live stock industry of the Territory, as follows: Measures to prevent the introduction of infectious and con- tagious diseases, measures to control, suppress and eradicate such diseases as already have gained a foothold here, and the inves- tigation of diseases of whatever nature which are or may become of economic importance to the live stock industry of the Terri- tory, as well as to the public health in general. For the purpose of attaining this end a number of law^s have been enacted by the last three legislatures (the Division of Ani- mal Industry dates back only five years) and supported by these laws a number of rules and regulations have been promul- gated and amended as required by exigencies, until it may safely be asserted that no State or Territory in the Union is better pro- tected in so far as its live stock and related industries are con- cerned as the Territory of Hawaii. That this result has been obtained in such a short space of time is to a great extent due to the unique position of the Islands, which makes it possible to guard all ports of entrance through which infection might reas- onably be expected to come in — and furthermore to the un- stinted aid which this Board has received from the federal Bu- reau of Animal Industry, in its efforts to prevent the further introduction of deleterious diseases as well as in the eradication of diseases already here, as for instance tuberculosis. During the past year the rules and regulations of the Division of Animal Industry have been completely revised and a new edition issued, which took effect on January 1, 1910. No radi- cal deviation from the policy previously followed by the Board was resorted to, with one exception. The rule, which imposes a three weeks' quarantine on all horse stock coming from or through the State of California was amended so as to make it compulsory for such stock to be confined during the quarantine period on premises provided by the Territorial Government, while previously the owner had been permitted to provide or use his own premises if upon inspection they were found to be satis- factory to the Board. This latter arrangement, which had been necessitated by the lack of a suitable quarantine station, or funds wherewith to provide the same, had proven highly unsatisfactory, and must of necessity be considered a provisional or makeshift quarantine at best, and dependent upon the owners' inclinations or desires for its effectiveness. The Board therefore decided, when the ''Conservation Act" was passed, to authorize the build- ing of a modern animal quarantine station. After many premises and localities had been considered a suitable location was found on the Ala Moana Road, at once convenient to the ofBce of the territorial veterinarian and at the same time approachable from the entire waterfront. With no buildings or dwellings within 1,000 feet, with perfect drainage through a sandy soil to coral bottom, with a good growth of algaroba trees for shade, the location comes close to being per- fect for a quarantine station. A lease was obtained on a prac- tically level piece of this land, containing 3 acres, with a frontage of 265 feet on the Beach Road. This piece of land was enclosed with 5' woven wire 'Tage" fence, and subdivided into a glanders division, a hog cholera division, — both of which were surrounded with solid board fence 7^ high, — and a detention division con- sisting of ten paddocks of varying sizes, accommodating as many as 30 head of horses or mules each. The glanders division is, as stated, completely separated from the detention or quarantine division, and serves for the imme- diate segregation of any animal showing symptoms of a suspicious nature. It contains a chute for the testing, treating or confining for examination fractious animals, and is provided with six separate stalls. This division opens directly on the Beach Road by large sliding doors, through which a herd of cattle or a bunch of horses may be introduced and kept confined for testing or treatment without coming in contact with suspicious cases which may happen to be in the stalls. The hog cholera division is also enclosed by a solid board fence, seven feet high, and is divided into four sections, one of which, v/hen finished, will contain a small abattoir for the proper butchering of exposed but unaffected animals. The station has so far been found large enough to accommo- date all the animals requiring quarantine at one time, but if more than two steamers carrying a full consignment of livestock should arrive within two weeks of each other the quarters might be found insuiBcient. Provision should be made at once for completing the equipment of this station. The animal quarantine station, which was provided for Hilo about 3 years ago, has proven entirely inadequate and negotia- tions are now under way for the acquiring by this Board of the unexpired lease of the old race track grounds outside of Hilo and which can be made into a very suitable and convenient sta- tion at a reasonable cost. It is absolutely essential that adequate provision be made for the proper equipment of the quarantine 10 station at Hilo. Unless this is done it will be impossible properly to handle the inspection work at this port, which is annually grow- ing in importance. The importation annually of a large number of head of live stock has continued during the past two years. This includes both horses belonging to the various branches of the U. S. War Department and animals imported by the leading ranches and others. A number of shipments of pure bred stallions, bulls and rams have been brought in for breeding purposes. These im- portant matters are all treated at length in the report of the Superintendent of Animal Industry. The general health of the live stock of the Territory has been excellent as compared to previous years. This is so much more remarkable as a prolonged drouth during the first year of this period caused considerable losses on practically all of the islands. No epidemic of a serious nature has occurred and only glanders continues to make its appearance here and there. However, more than one hundred cases of glanders have been located and eradi- cated and it is safe to predict that the continued fight against this disease will lead to its eradication before very long. Through the eflforts of years the live stock sanitary service has finally been completed with the recent appointment of a Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the Districts of Kohala and Hama- kua on the Island of Hawaii. All the principal islands are thus safeguarded against the spread of infectious and contagious dis- eases which might make their appearance and get beyond con- trol before measures of prevention could be taken through the headquarters of the Board in Honolulu. The islands of Maui and Kauai have now been provided with Deputy Territorial Veterinarians for more than two years while the Deputy at Hilo, Hawaii, has been located there for a number of years, but has been handicapped in his work by having too large a district to attend to. The importance of the work of these deputies cannot be over- estimated. On Kauai, for instance, there is no glanders among the horse stock and has not been for a number of years. The Deputy on that island has therefore applied himself to see to it that the disease is not brought in from the other islands and has devoted his time to the eradication of tuberculosis. Most of the prominent dairy herds on that island have been tested for tuber- culosis and all of the aflfected animals have been destroyed. On the island of Maui glanders has been very prevalent and the deputy there has, during the past two years, located and 11 eradicated between thirty and forty outbreaks of this disease, submitting hundreds of animals to the mallein test. At the same time a number of herds of dairy cattle have been tested for tuberculosis and the affected animals destroyed. The deputy in Hilo reports only one outbreak of glanders during the past year with only one animal affected and not a single outbreak in any of the plantation stables in his district. This is a record that cannot be too highly commented on con- sidering that every one of the preceding years have seen a vary- ing number of outbreaks both in plantation stables and among the outside animals. The recently appointed deputy for Kohala and Hamakua will undoubtedly find considerable work to do as glanders has been prevalent in the Hamakua District and espe- cially in Waipio and Waimanu Valleys for a number of years. As the deputies are all able men there is every prospect that their efforts in supporting the Territorial Veterinarian in the eradication of infectious and contagious diseases in the Territory will ultimately be crowned with success. At present the salaries of these officials are paid by contribu- tions made by ranches and sugar plantation companies. For many reasons it would be much more satisfactory and work for greater efficiency if the Deputy Territorial Veterinarians were on the regular pay-roll of the Board. This is a matter which should be given serious consideration by the Legislature. On the side of investigations into the cause of animal diseases and appropriate remedies, lack of funds, a small staff and im- perative calls in other directions have prevented expansion. But this is a branch of the work that ought not to be neglected. For its proper prosecution an animal experiment house is needed in connection with the laboratory at the Government Nfursery. Provision should be made for the construction of such a building. The most important problem before the Division of Animal Industry seems to be the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. In- vestigations made during the past two years had shown definitely that at least some of the local dairy herds w^ere infected with this disease to an alarming extent. It was therefore decided upon to submit all dairy animals to the tuberculin test and the result showed that nearly twenty-five per cent were affected. This condition of affairs naturally created considerable alarm, especially in view of the admitted fact, that human tuberculosis, here as practically everywhere else, heads the list of causes of deaths, and especially among the native population. A number of dairy owners decided at once that milk from tuberculous cows should not be placed on the market and voluntarily began to dis- 12 pose of their diseased cattle. There are, however, many of the smaller dairy men who can ill afford to lose even a single animal and as public opinion has definitely decided that the tuberculous dairy animals must go, it has been planned to submit to the present legislature a bill for the partial remuneration of those owners of affected animals who voluntarily sacrifice their tuber- culous cows for the good of the community. Such legislative action has been taken in a number of states and municipalities on the Mainland, and the system was officially recognized and adopted by an international tuberculosis commission, composed of the leading sanitarians of the United States and Canada, and who in the plan submitted by them for the control and eradication of this animal scourge stated: "That a poHcy of compensation be recommended as useful and usually necessary as a temporary measure.'' Dr. Norgaard estimates that there may possibly be in the neighborhood of 600 head of tuberculous cattle in the City and County of Honolulu, and a far smaller number in the other counties of the Territory, and recommends that the destruction of these diseased animals be considered as a public health measure and that the losses resulting from the slaughter and possible condemnation of the carcasses as unfit for human consumption should be borne, at least equally by the public and by the owner. Dr. Norgaard's plan for the complete eradication of bovine tuberculosis has met with the full approval of the members of this Board and will be supported by the municipal Board of Supervisors as well as by the local Board of Health. CONCLUSION. Through each of its Divisions the Board of Agriculture and Forestry is rendering direct, practical service to the people of the Territory. In Forestry, in Entomology and in Animal In- dustry it is doing work of fundamental importance for the de- velopment and continued well being of the islands. But to carry on this work adequately requires better financial support than the Board has had in the past, or than it now receives. During the past two years the activities of each of the three Divisions have been hampered by lack of funds. And there are a number of new lines of work which ought actively to be pushed, that have of necessity had to wait because there was no money with which to carry them on. Appropriations for such work as the Board of Agriculture and Forestry is doing are to be regarded in the light of invest- ments, for although returns are not made in actual money, the benefits derived therefrom are none the less direct and tangible. 13 A careful reading of the accompany reports will show why this is so. The time has come when the work of this Board should receive support in a measure justified by its importance. Very respectfully, MARSTON CAMPBELL, President and Executive Officer ; H. M. VON HOLT, P. R. ISENBERG, ALBERT WATERHOUSE, Commissioners. 14 Oi Si tH (T! 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CM 28 FOREST RESERVES PENDING. It has been stated in earlier reports that it is the intention of the Territorial Government ultimately to include within the boun- daries of its forest reserves a gross area of approximately three quarters of a million acres, of which about 70 per cent, will be government land. A number of important units still wait for- mally to be set apart, although all but the final steps have been taken in most of these projects. Four projects in particular are the proposed forest reserves in South Kona, Hawaii ; Kohala Mountain, Hawaii ; the upper part of the Kula District, Maui ; and the upland of Molokai. These areas will unquestionably be set apart as reserves early in 1911. Large portions of the areas both on Kohala Mountain and on Molokai have in practice been actual reserves for a number of years, maintained under fence and protected through the interest of private corporations. With the setting apart of these areas and a few smaller tracts on Maui, Hawaii and Oahu, the formal creation of a forest reserve system in Hawaii will have been practically accomplished. But as has many times before been pointed out, the technical reserva- tion of forest land is but the first step toward its efficient manage- ment. The next move can and will be made as soon as the Legislature provides the funds with which to go ahead. PLANTING IN FOREST RESERVES. Under special allotments made by the Apportionment Board from the Conservation Fund, the Territorial Government has started forest planting in two localities — the Pupukea Forest Re- serve on Oahu and Kohala Mountain, Hawaii. At Pupukea under a contract with Mr. C. G. Owen, 25,000 trees — Eucalyptus, Monterey Cypress and Japanese Cedar — have been planted on approximately 35 acres, on the portion of the forest reserve for- merly known as "Water Reserve C ;" the area planted being the sides of gulches and a small flat above certain springs that are to be used for the domestic supply of the Pupukea Homesteaders. Seedling;s were shipped from the Government Nursery at Hono- lulu. The trees are spaced 8x8 feet, or 680 to the acre. The planting began in March and was continued at intervals during the early summer. Part payment was made after the trees were planted ; the remainder of the contract price will be paid when the trees reach a height of three feet. For planting on the Kohala Mountain the sum of $5,000. was allotted, which has been met by an equal amount by the Parker Ranch. This money was not available till December 1, 1910; consequently no trees have yet been put into the ground, but a goodly number are being made ready at nurseries at Waimea. These will be planted early in 1911. 29 The area where the planting is to start is immediately above Waimea Village, above and including the upper end of the Puukapu Homestead Tract, on a slope of the Kohala Mountain that is tributary to springs from which water is piped down to the plains below. The area to be planted under the auspices of the Ranch is the adjoining fee simple land. Together the two tracts will make a continuous block. FOREST FENCE AT PUPUKEA. In this connection mention may be made of the construction by contract during the summer of 1910 of about a mile and a half of forest fence on the outside boundaries of the Pupukea Forest Reserve, Oahu, to keep cattle out of the woods. The cost of this fence was borne jointly by this Board and the Ranch Department of the Oahu Railway and Land Co. In several localities stretches of forest fence have been built along forest reserve boundaries, or in places where a fence shuts off access to the reserve, by sugar plantation companies and other private corporations. If there were a regular fencing fund avail- able so that the Government could cooperate Avith corporations in the cost of fencing, as well as build fences itself, it would be possible to secure the construction of many miles of fence in places where it is very much needed. CONDEMNATION OF FOREST LAND ON KOHALx\ MOUNTAIN. Following a thorough investigation of the question and sev- eral abortive attempts to get something done in the matter of the actual reservation of the forest at the north-west end of the Kohala Mountain, the Board finally succeeded in getting the Sugar Plantation Interests of the Kohala District to contribute a substantial sum to be used for the purchase of certain privately owned forest lands of strategic importance in the proposed Ko- hala Mountain Forest Reserve. Twenty-four thousand dollars was raised in this way, especially with the idea of securing the forested portion of the land of Kehena 2 lying to the east of the Hooleipalaoa gulch, belonging to the Estate of the late James Woods, Esq. The money was contributed on the understanding that the Territory should fence and where necessary, plant the area acquired ; this to be done upon the transfer of the fee to the Government. Failing to come to terms with the trustees of the Woods Estate, the Government, in the autumn of 1910, in- stituted condemnation proceedings to acquire the land by eminent domain. The case has not yet come to trial. In the meantime, pending the adjustment of this matter, the project of setting apart the Kohala Mountain Forest Reserve has been temporarily held up. 30 FOREST EXTENSION. Forest Extension embraces the activities of the Division of Forestry in growing and distributing trees, including the special free distribution on Arbor Day, the giving of advice and assist- ance to individuals and corporations regarding tree planting, and the introduction and trial of trees and shrubs new to the Territory. This section of the Division's work comes under the immediate charge of Mr. DIavid Haughs, the Forest Nursery- man, in whose report will be found a detailed account of the results accomplished during the past two years. It is not the intention here to repeat the statements made by Mr. Haughs, but it is pertinent to give space to certain general observations on matters not specifically covered in his report. ASSISTANCE TO FOREST PLANTERS. One of the most important branches of the work of the Divi- sion of Forestry is the assistance given to individuals and cor- porations desiring to undertake forest work of one and another sort. This help is rendered in two ways : first, by advice as to how to accomplish the results desired ; and second, by the grow- ing and furnishing of seedling plants and of seed at cost price. If there were some graphic way of showing the effort expended in this direction, this chapter of the report would contain a very interesting series of charts and diagrams. As it is, it may be stated that scarcely a day passes but that anywhere from one to half a dozen persons are given definite, practical directions about the planting or care of trees, or concerning other matters germane to the work of this oftice. This advice is given in personal inter- views, by letter, or in the case of more important work, by care- fully prepared reports, the result of a personal inspection on the ground, outlining in detail the recommendations made. Among the more important forest planting plans prepared during the past two years were reports for the Molokai Ranch Company, the Lanai Company, and for the planting on Kohala Mountain, to be done jointly by the Government and the Parker Ranch — drawn up by the Superintendent of Forestry ; and for the Kukaiau Plantation Company, the Pioneer Mill Company, and the Waialua Agricultural Compan}^, prepared by the Forest Nurseryman. All of these plans are being carried into effect, in whole or in part. In October, 1909, there was issued a revised edition of the press bulletin of the Division of Forestry giving directions in regard to tree planting. This little pamphlet has been much in demand. It was printed both in English and in Hawaiian — another instance where the Board has endeavored to follow the 31 recommendations of the last Legislature as made in a concurrent resolution, already referred to. On the side of furnishing actual material for planting, more forest tree seed and more seedling plants have gone out from the Government Nursery this last year than ever before, not to speak of the plants distributed from the sub-stations. The combined total of trees distributed from all the government stations, in- cluding those sold and those given away on Arbor Day and at other times, is 112,590 for 1909 and 264,573 for 1910. Recently several sugar plantation companies have been supplied with seedling trees in seed boxes, just ready for the first trans- planting. As the greatest losses in tree growing are caused by the damping off fungus, which works in the very early stages of the tree's life, this arrangement has given general satisfaction, because when the little trees are large enough to transplant they have passed the period of danger. The price of seedlings varies with the species, but in all cases is only enough to cover the cost. It should be noted here that when large numbers of trees are wanted, orders must be placed well in advance. It takes from two to four months to grow the seedlings to a size large enough to send out. It is neither practicable nor advisable for this Nur- sery to keep on hand large quantities of seedlings, but upon due notice all reasonable demands will be complied with. Reference has already been made under the heading Forest Reserves to the planting of government land at Pupukea, Oahu, and on Kohala Mountain. This is a branch of work to which it is hoped there will be reason to give much more space in future reports. Specifically the areas that are most in need of forest planting are the Kohala Mountain, Hawaii, Polipoli Spring Reserve and portions of the upper Kula slopes, Maui, and the Pupukea Forest Reserve, Oahu. Experimental planting should be undertaken on certain of the government lands on the wind- ward side of Maui, in the Koolau Forest Reserve, in the areas where the native forest died out a few years since ; and also in the Makawao Forest Reserve, above Kailiili — a locality that offers exceptional advantages for the trial of timber trees new to the Territory. There is no lack of other places that ought also to be planted if only funds were available. Along with the forest planting here recommended every effort should be made to extend the limits of the Algaroba forest, espe- cially along the lee shores of the several islands. This valuable tree will grow if given half a chance. Its spread ought sys- tematically to be assisted, both by the Government and by privat^"^ interests. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SUB-NURSERIES. To meet the constantly grown'ng demand for trees for forest and other planting, and especially that homesteaders and other Z2 small land holders may readily be supplied, it is the definitely announced policy of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry to establish and maintain sub-nurseries and distributing stations on each of the larger islands of the group. The Nursery at Homestead^ Kauai. There are now two regular sub-nurseries with paid employees ; at Homestead (Kalaheo), Kauai, and at Hilo, Hawaii. In both places the success of the undertaking is due to the generous cooperation of gentlemen who, making tree growing their prin- cipal avocation, have been willing to oversee the work of the laborers paid by the Division of Forestry and to put into execu- tion the general plan laid down by this office. The Nursery at Homestead was established in October, 1908, when one laborer was provided to work under the direction of Mr. Walter D. McBryde, the local District Forester. Some addi- tional labor, with a few tools, pots and other supplies for the Nursery have been furnished from time to time during the past two years. The following tabulation shows the number of trees given out from this Nursery during 1909 and 1910: TEEES DISTEIBUTED FEOM HOMESTEAD NUESEEY. 1909. Arbor Day: Called for at nursery 2,575 Sent away 522 3,097 1910. January to June 6,711 June to December 3,240 Arbor Day: Called for at nursery 2,333 Sent away 300 2,633 Grown for planting in Papapaliolaliola Eeserve. . . . 3,665 Sold 6,000 Total for 1910 22,249 It is only just that the hearty thanks of the Division of For- estry should here officially be given to Mr. McBryde for his zeal and unflagging interest in making the Nursery at Homestead the success that it unquestionably is. As has elsewhere been noted, Mr. McBryde has done much private tree planting during the past five years, more particularly on the prominent hill top makai of Homestead, which he has christened "Kukuiolono Park." On Arbor Day 1909, he planted 6,000 trees there, mainly Eucalypts ; and during 1910 he has set out 13,298 more, bringing the total of trees planted on the hill up to 36,540. Plate 3. Eucalyptus robusta on Tantalus. riate 4. Eucalyptus citriodora in the Tantalus Forest. Plate 6. Views of the Hilo Nursery. 33 The Hilo Nursery. The Nursery at llilo is under the direct charge of Bro. i\Iatthias Newell, i)rincipal of St. Alary's School for Boys. For a lont;' time Ih'o. Matthias, with tlie aid of his pupils, has l)een growin,^- trees and other ])lants and distriljutini^- thein to ])eople in and al)out llilo. In l^UO the Division of h\)restry was able to supply a regular la1)orer and in part to equip tlie Nursery with much needed su])plies. I^rior to 1910, I>ro. Matthias did a large share of the nursery work wn"th his own hands, ])utting in at the Nursery the greater part of tlie scant time that is his personally after attending to the duties of his office. r>ro. IMat- thias modestly refuses even to tell the story of the Nursery in his own words, JKit the people whom he serves in llilo do not need to l)e reminded of his good works. During the past year special attention has heen paid to dis- tril)uting trees from the liilo Nursery to schools and to home- steaders all tlie wav from Daupahoelioe to the Volcano House, and large numhers of trees have been placed v;here they are most needed. In tlu's distril)ution tlie llilo Railroad Company, through its Su])erintendcnt, Mr. R. W. Filler, and the Volcano Stables and Transportation Company, through its manager, iMr. C. E. Wright, have helped much by carrying many lots without charge. [^\)llowing is a statement of the ]:)lants given out from the llilo Nursery during 1009 and 1910: TRKKS DISTRIBUTED FROM UILO NUE8EKY. 1909. Arb'or Day 3,500 191 0. Jaiiiiary to June 2,120 July to Arbor Day 9,459 Arbor Day to Deceiiiber 31 7,580 Total for 1910 19,159 Teui p 0 ra ry Distrib u i iiii^ Stations. AVhile lack of funds has ])revented the estal^lishmcnt of other regular sub-nurseries, the Division of Forestry has l)een fortimate in being able to arrange Vvdth the managers of several sugar plantation com]\anies and other gentlemen to grow trees at cost price for local distribution, es]:»ecially in connection with Arbor Day. Those wdio luost actively co(")perated in this way were Messrs. L. Weinzh.eimer, Lahaina ; 11. R. IVnhallow, Wailuku ; D. T. hdeming, Paia ; R. von Tem]isky, Makawao (in 1909) ; and John Chalmers, liana, all on the island of iMaui ; and Messrs. G. C. Watt, Kohala, and A. AV. Carter, Waimea, Hawaii. A 3— B. A. 34 number of other persons have helped distrll)ute shipments of trees sent from lionolulu. It slionld be added, too, that many of the sugar plantation companies and other corporations having" inu"- series of their own make a ])ractice of giving- away trees to home- steaders and others in tlieir vicinity. Prior to ArJjor Day, notices of the free distribution of two dozen trees each to every a])plicant, in English, in Hawaiian and in Portuguese, were given wide publicity throughout the Territory — so that any one who really w^anted trees has only himself to blame if he did not get them. On j\Iaui and on Oahu trees for roadside planting have, upon request, been supplied free to the County officials. With the establishment of more sub-nurseries it is hoped that this branch of the work can be extended. ARP>OR AND CONSERVATION DAY. Interest in Arbor Day has steadily increased. In liis proclama- tion in 1909, Governor Frear gave the observance of the day a wider scope by terming it ''Arbor and Conservation Day," a usage which was repeated this last year. In almost all the schools apprc:>priate exercises are now held each Novem])er, witli con- siderable enthusiasm. It is to 1)e regretted that not as much can be said of the success of the trees that have been set out. It takes a long time to impart the o])vious Arbor Day lesson that to make a tree grow requires something more than to stick it in the ground. But there is a gradual gain, which makes the effort worth while. As in former years the Board of Education has coo])erated with this Department l)y paying tlie freight charges on Arl)or Day shipments, as well as in other ways. The Arbor Day exer- cises in the schools were made more interesting and varied l)Oth in 1909 and 1910 1)y the efforts of the Women's Clubs, which liave taken up this work in an earnest and active way, furnishing speakers at many schools and helping to devise attractive pro- grams elsewhere. In this connection mention may w^ell 1)e made of the wide spread and genuine interest in Conservation tliat has 1)een mani- fested by several organizations of women in this Territory, not- al)ly by the Hawaii lU'anch of the Woman's National Rivers and Harbors Congress and l)y the Conservation Committees of the Hawaii Chapter of the Daughters of the American P evolution and tlie College Club of Honolulu. y\mong other things prizes have been off'ered in a number of schools for essays on Conserva- tion, and various meetings lield at which creditable ]:)apers have been presented dealing with Conservation and I^^orestry. Sfafistics of Arbor Day Distribution. The followiiif^ tal)le shows for the past two years the numl)er of trees given out for Arhor Day planting. In 1908 Ar])or Day trees were distrilnited only from the Government Nursery at Honolulu; 15,703 were given out. FREE DISTRIBUTION OF TREES FOR ARBOR DAY PLANTING. 1909. (Joverriiiient Nursery, ITonolnhi — Seliools 4,4.")2 Oluirelies 3,858 Public 33,467 41,777 Subnurseries. TTouiestead Nursery, Kauai 3,097 HiJo Nursery, Ililo, Hawaii 3,500 Temporary Distributing Stations. ITaleakala Eancli Nursery, Makawao, Maui 4,577 Wailuku Su^ar Co. 's Nursery, Wailuku, Maui 1 ,H)3 Kaeleku Sugar Oo. 's Nursery, llaua, Maui 8,000 Parker Earieli Nursery, Ahualoa, Hawaii 1 ,500 Total for 1909 63,(514 1910. Goverunieut Nursery, IIouolulu — Seliools 3,003 Public 5,068 8,071 Subnurseries. Iloiuestead Nursery, Kauai 2,633 Ililo Nursery, Tlilo, Hawaii 7,000 Temporary Distributing Stations. Wailuku Sugar Co. 's Nursery, WailuluT, Maui 2.345 l^aia Agricultural Co. 's Nursery, l^aia, Maui 1,881 Kaelelvu Sugar Co. 's Nursery, Haua, Maui 5,000 Koliala Sugar Co. 's Nursery, Kohala, Hawaii 3,000 Ahualoa Nursery, Hou'okaa, Hawaii 552 Total for 1910 30,482 The ver}^ consiclera1)le difference in the nnmber of trees given ont for Arbor Day 1910 as against 1909, is accounted for by the fact that in 1909 considerable shi])ments of tree seedhngs in transplant ])0xes were made to several homestead tracts, nota1)ly Kan, Hawaii, Pnpukea, Oalm, and Palolo and Alewa Heights, Honolulu — the people at these ])laces receiving, through s])ecial arrangement, a larger number of trees than the two dozen usually given to a single applicant. Getting enough trees at that time to 36 do what i)lantini;- they desired to, these persons have not appHed again. It will be noticed in this connection tliat tlie difference in the two years is mainly in the nnniber given ont from Honolulu. The establisliment of sub-nurseries on the other islands, from which |)ersons in the vicinity can get trees at any time, lias also tended to reduce the number of applications sent in to Honolulu for this special distribution. TREE PLANTING BY CORPORATIONS. One of the most important evidences of tlie ])rogress of forestry in liawaii is the growing interest that is 1)eing- taken in tree planting throughout the Territory, both on a small scale 1)y in- dividuals and in the establishment ]>y certain of tlie larger cor- porations of regular forest ])lantations. .Vs l)eing of general interest for ])urposcs of comparison, the Division of ln)restry has com])iled a ta1)le giving statistics of tree planting in Hawaii during the past two years. TJiis a])])ears on the following ])ages. Com])aring the totals of trees ])lanted with tliose given in earlier reports (especially the re]K)rt of the Division of lT:>restry for 1908, pp. 27 and 2lanting as sucli. The various entries include trees planted for wind])reaks and shelter- belts, for stock shelters, for ornamental piu'poses, and along road- sides, as well as plantations made w^ith tlie ol)ject of watershed protection and direct commercial return. It is nevertheless of in- terest as showing the large numl)er of trees set out. While nat- urally not all of the seedlings listed will live to become mature trees, it is believed tliat the greater part of the planting covered by this ta])le was done under conditions that insure the trees doing- well. In such a ta1)le there must, almost necessarily, be some omissions, kmt it is believed all the more impoortant ])rojects are included. The figures given were for the most part supj)lied 1)y the cor])orations doing the work. Those otherwise ol)tained are, if anything, over-conservative. The table does not include school ground planting, nor with tlie exception of the Homestead plant- ing in Kau, Hawaii, tlie many small lots of trees set out 1)y in- dividuals. Taken Irv and large a record of seven hundred and twenty-five thousand trees ])lante(l in one yq^v is not a bad' showino- : i7 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF TREES PLANTED IN THE TERRI- TORY OF HAWAII, MAINLY BY CORPORA- TIONS, IN 1909 AND 1910. Kauai. Number 'of Trees Planted. Name of Corporation. 1909. 1910. Kilauea Sugar Plantation Co 200 Makee Sugar Go 4,400 Liliue Plantation Co 20,000 25,000 Grove Parm 20,000 22,000 Koloa Sugar Co 3,500 5,500 Hawaiian Sugar Co 10,000 W. H. Eice 14,000 W. D. McBryde (Kukuiolono Park) 12,000 13,298 Papapaholahola Eeserve 1,000 3,665 Totals for Kauai 56,500 98,063 Oahu. Laie Plantati'on 700 1,200 Kaliuku Plantation Co 2,000 2,000 Waialua Agricultural Co 6,980 31,212 Waianae Co 9,408 6,287 Oaliu Plantation Co 200 Honolulu Plantation Co 14,200 Hawaiian Pineapple Co 36,294 Hawaiian Development Co 19,000 19,000 li Estate (Waipio) 29,575 30,000 Kunia Development Co 600 16,000 Dowsett Co. (Nuuanu) 1,200 W. E. Castle (Tantalus) 1,000 1,000 0. E. & L. Oo. Eancli Department 6,000 C. G. Owen (Pupukea) 2,000 Pupukea Forest Eeserve ' 25,000 County Eoad Boards 6,000 Totals for Oaliu 105,557 161,299 Maui and Molokai. Kaeleku Sugar Co ' 600 M,aui Agricultural Co — Kailiili and Opana 142,705 95,034 Paia Nursery 23,000 40,000 Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Co 500 2,270 W.ailuku Sugar Co 13,855 18,987 Pioneeer Mill Co 6,000 10,000 Haleakala Eanch 19,314 11,300 Honolua Eanch 300 Country road planting 1,200 2,300 Molokai. Molokai Eanck 2,000 Kalawao and Kalaupapa 6,000 8,116 Totals for the County 'of Maui 212,874 190,607 3S Hawaii. Niiilii Mill & Plantation ITA) 2,050 Kohala Sngar Co 24,000 20,r)00 Ilawi Mill & Plantation Co 500 1,000 Parker Eancli 15^733 Pacific Bngar Mill 2,700 2,000 Laupalioehoe Sngar Co ] 20 I'aaniian Sngar Plantation Co 30,000 10,000 ]Ianiakna Mill Co ()0,000 100,000 Knkaian Plantation Co 100,000 1 10,000 01 aa Sngar Co 300 Hawaiian Agricnltnral Co 3,500 6,500 Kapapala Kancli 1,000 (550 Iloniesteaders in Kan 5,000 Hneluie Eancli 1,200 Totals for Hawaii 222,450 275,053 SUMMARY BY ISLANDS. (Showing also totals for 1908.) 1908. Kanai 58,925 Oahn 42,802 Mani 197,518 Hawaii 199,432 1909. 1910. 5(), ,500 98,063 105, .557 161,299 2 1 '^ ,874 190,607 9 9 9 ,450 275,053 498,677 597,381 725,022 It would l)e invidious to siicQle out any one cor])oration for special praise in tree plantini^, but it is ]n-o])er to make this general note of those that are most active in establishing- real forest ])lan-- tations, as distinguished from windbreak, stock-shelter or orna- mental and roadside planting. For many years now the Lihue Plantation on Kauai has l)ecn adding annually block after block to its extensive Tronwood forest. Mr. G. N. Wilcox, at (jrove Farm, Lihue, has also been starting true forest plantations, while on Kukuiolono Flill at Kalaheo, Mr. Walter D. MclJryde has in the past three years ]:>lanted a close set forest now numbering 36,540 trees. On Oahu, the last two years have seen systematic forest plant- ing on a considera1)le scale got well tuider way l)y the Waialua Agricultural Connpany. The Waianae Company, the Honoluhi Plantation and the li Estate are also doing true forest planting on this island. On Hawaii the Kohala wSugar Company and the Parker Ranch have of late done more than others in this direction, though sev- eral of the sugar plantations along the windward coast have planted groves for fuel wood sup])ly, as well as for windbreaks, in which latter direction their efforts in recent years have been more directed. 39 Maui is easily the banner island in forest plantini^. The Pio- neer A I ill Co. at Lahaina, the Wailuku Sui^ar (3o., and the Maui Ai^ricnltnral Company are all actively en^^aged in this work. The last named corporation maintains regularly two forest nurseries in which trees are raised for planting on adjacent lands; one at Paia, under the charge of Mr. David T. Fleming; the other at Opana, for planting the lands there and at Kailiili. Tliis last nur- sery is in charge of Mr. Waldemar Hannestad, who justly takes pleasure in introducing visitors to his many acres of close set, thriftily growing forest of commercially valuable Eucalyi)ts. In view of the increasing demands for wood and timber that are necessarily a ])art of the develo])ment of this Territory, forest planting on a commercial scale cannot fail to yield good financial returns to those who have suitable, fee simple land and who can afford to embark on a long term investment. Forest planting in Flawaii is a form of investment admir- ably adapted for the long lived corporations. The market is sure, danger from fire and other risks has hardly to be con- sidered, wliile the rapid growth of most of the trees used not only offsets the costs of estal^lishing and caring for the forest but returns to the owner in much shorter time than he could count on in forest operations in most otlier countries, an extremely good profit on his investment. It would be to their own interest, as well as to the general good of tlie community, if more of the large corporations w^ould devote a larger share of their waste and un])roductive areas to growing commercial forest. TLA NT INTRODUCTION WORK. One of the underlying objects of all the forest work in Hawaii is to discover trees good for one or another purpose that will ])ro])agatc themselves readily and spread without human aid. The native ITawaiian forest is, as has been pointed out earlier in this report, of the greatest value as a watershed cover, but from the commercial standpoint much better results can be got from introduced species than from Hawaiian trees. The local needs in w^ood are for posts, ties, timber and fuel. These are best su])- plied by introduced trees, but by no means lias the last W'Ord been said as to what introduced trees are 1)est for local conditions. Indeed this field of investigation has as yet hardly been touched. The need is for trees that wWV be of value and that can be de- pended on to spread themselves. We are wonderfully fortunate in having the Algaroba, and from all ap])earances certain of the Eucalypts are becoming esta1:>lished so that in time they will make self-sown forests. I>ut there are many i)laces where these trees do not do well — non-productive areas that ought to be in forest, for wdiich other trees must be found. 40 The only effective way of securing' such desirable iiitrodnctions is through systematic experitrientiiig — the iiitrochictioii and trial under var3dng local conditions of promising species. This is work that |)roperly 1)elongs to the Ciovernment. In trying out new ])lants there must necessarily ])e many failures. h'riA^ate cor- porations, and still less individuals, as a rule do not care to ])lant trees unless there is at least a reasona1)le certainty that they will do well. lUtt such investigation is essentially work that ought to be done, particularly in a country like Hawaii. Unless, how- ever ])lant introduction is carried on carefully and in a highl_y sys- tematic way much of it goes for nothing. It is work, too, that must fjc managed by tcclinicallv trained men, for there is always the possi1)ility that some plants may ])e introduced which it is not wdse to i)ermit to grow here, Therefore the ex])erimental intro- duction of exotic trees and shrul^s is one of tlic important investi- gations that lies before the Division of Forestry. I3uring the past two years progress has been made in this direction by the better eqr,ipment of the ]Lx])erimental Garden in iMakiki Valley and by improvements in the seed testing hotrses at the Government Nursery. These changes will facilitate later W'Ork. The Territory has l)een fortunate in receiving at the hands of Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, a former meml)er of the Board of Com- missioners of Agriculture and luirestry, seeds of a great varietv of trees and shrubs, which he lias secured during an extended tour around the world. These ])lants are now^ l)eing ])ropagate(l at the Nursery and the Makiki Station. Other consignments of exotic seed are constantly 1)eing received in a small w^ay from various sources. The importance of this work is sucli that it justifies the making of am])le ])rovision for carrying it on. It is to be hoped that it can be expanded during the coming period. Federal Experiincnfal Planfiiii^. Mention may properly be made here of the continuation of the ex|)erimental planting; of tenijierate zone trees on the upper slopes of Maima Kea and ITaleakala, begun in F)08 under the auspices and at the expense of the Forest Service of the LI. S. Department of Agriculture. Three consignments of seedling" trees— i)ines, spruces and firs — have been obtained from forest nurseries on the American mainland and planted out in the fenced experimental plots on these mountains. While there liave been severe losses, as was to be expected, the latest examination made showed that a fair percentage of the little trees were alive and apparently estal)lished. During the spring and summer of 1910 seed of some forty odd kinds of temperate zone trees, both conifers and l^roadleaf species, w^as sown in seed spots in the experimental plots. It is too soon 41 yet to liavc data in re.^^ard to this experiment. Diirin^c: the spring of 1911 a considera1)le number of acUHtional tests will l)e made and also there will ])e planted in some of the plots, seedling" trees of a nnml)er of species of l^Aicalypts. Tlie amount allotted by tlie luirest Service for this project was $2,000.00 for tlie fiscal V^ar en.chncT June 30, 1900. This was mostly spent in fencing in a numl:)er of five-acre plots on each of the two mountains. T.ast year $1,350.00 was allotted. This w-as used in the pur- chase and transportation of nurserv stock, for lal3or, and for the enclosure of an additional ]3lot on Mauna Kea. This year the amount is $1,000.00, w^hich will be used mostly for labor in planting out seedlings and seed. EUCALYPTUS STUDY. Also in cooperation Vvdtli the Forest Service there was under- taken, beginning bate in 190'), a thorougii investigation of the planted groves of luicalvpts in Hawaii, witli tlie o])ject of com- piling and making available for the readv use of those interested all the information obtainable a1)out t]]e growth and yield under local conditions of trees of this valuable genus. Under an agrce- ruent wdiereby the Territory was to pav part of tlie cost of the investii^ation and to publish the results, Mr. Louis Margolin, Forest l^lxaminer of the Forest Service, was temporarily detailed to Hawaii from Novem])er 1^09 to May 1010, inclusive. During this time he visited all the Eucalyptus groves of impor- tance in the Territory, made measurements and collected all the available data in regard thereto. The material so gathered he worked up in a report that is shortly to be published as Bulletin No. 1 of the Division of Forestry. The appearance of this bulletin during the summer of 1910, as was expected, was prevented by shortage of funds. When it does come out, it sliould be of very considerable interest and real value to all tree planters in Hawaii, because it contains just the information needed by persons desiring to estaldish forest planta- tions. Fucalyiits are among the most important of our intro- duced trees; this re]:)ort brings together in usable form all the information now available about them under local conditions. BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS. A line of ^vork of much interest during the past two years is the botanical survey of the forests of the Territory now being carried on 1)y the Botanical Assistant of this Division, Mr. Joseph F. Kock. As Mr. Rock clearlv shows in the introductory para- graplis of his own report, a study of this character is essential to a correct understanding of our forests. A¥ithout exact knowl- 42 edg-e concerning- the habits of the trees and other plants fonnd therein, plans for the proper care of the forest can not be as wisely made as when these data are available. The investigations being carried on by Mr. Rock deal in many cases with qnestions of i)nre science, but tliey all have their practical bearing in one way or another. in his re])ort along with an outline of the w^irk done on his collecting trips, ]\lr. Rock records n^my interesting facts about the vegetation of certain little explored localities. It contains in this way much of interest from a geograpliical as w-ell as from a botanical stan(li)oint. The importance of the results already got in this investigation justify better provision being made for it in the future. Not only are additional herbarium cases needed for taking care of the material collected, so that it will be protected from insects and housed in a manner where it will be readily availa1)le, but ])ro- vision should also be made for the publication of results. This, as ]\lr. Rock points out, is an essential part of this sort of study. Although somewdiat out of place here, it might be said in this connection that the Ikiard of Agriculture and Forestry has for some time had the manuscript of two bulletins ready for printing, tlie publication of which has been prevented by lack of funds. One is a popular treatise on "The Vegetable Garden in Hawaii,'' by Professor 1\ G. Krauss, which contains just such information about gardening methods as people are constantly asking for. The other is a compilation of the laws concerning, and the rules and regulations made by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Both are useful books, that ought to be published. MISCELLANEOUS FOREST WORK. The activities of the Division of b^orestry are not confined strictly to the work descril)ed under the heads Forest Reserves and Forest Fxtension. Other branches of forest work are pur- sued as fast and as far as time and resources permit. RUBBER INVESTIGATION. As entitled, chronologically at any rate, to first mention, is the successful outcome of the investigation on methods of ta]:)ping rubber trees, carried on jointly by tliis Division and the Hawaii Agricultural Fxperiment Station during the spring of 1909. It wdll be remembered that out of its allotment for the fiscal period ending June 30, 1909, the Division of Forestry contributed SI 200.00 toward this study — the Experiment Station providing the men to do the necessary work in field and laboratory. This investigation proved that with systematic methods of tapping the Ceara rubber tree in Hawaii will yield profitable returns, a fact 43 that np to that time was in doubt. The full results of this investi- gation were published early in 1910, as Bulletin No. 19 of the Hawaii Agricultural P^xperiment Station. EXIlimTS AND EDUCATIONAL WORK. Following the policy that w^th a subject of such general in- terest to the people of the Territory as is Forestry, a legitimate amount of publicity is not only permissible but wase, the Division of Forestry, prepared exhibits illustrating its work for the annual shows of the Hawaiian l\)ultry Association in 1909 and 1910, and for the Hawaii lUiilding at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposi- tion at Seattle, Washington, during the summer of 1909. In Mr. Rock's report will be found a descri])tion of this latter exhibit. For it the Board of Agriculture and h^orestry was awarded a special diploma and a gold medal. The exhibit, being the prop- erty of the Territory, was returned to Honolulu, where it is now^ held with other like material until such time as it may again be needed. If there were space for it, this exhil)it could well be set up in the I)Oard's office, but the cram]:>ed quarters at the Govern- ment Nursery utterly preclude such a ]:)Ossibility. Other educational work in forestry and in tlie closely related but still broader field of Conservation, has been carried on during the past twx) years by addresses and talks made by the Superin- tendent of Forestry before various assemblies, and by articles dealing with forestry prepared for various local pul^lications. In particular tw^o Conservation meetings are to be recalled. The first w^as a joint session of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives of the Territory of Ilaw^aii, held in the Throne Room on March 1, 1909. It was called that the members of the Legislature might listen to addresses on the meaning and local necessity for Conservation. A complete report of this meeting was later published in pam]:)hlet form, both in English and in Hawaiian, and generally distributed throughout the Territory. The second meeting was somewhat similar in general char- acter, being a public meeting held in the Throne Room on No- vember 16, 1910, under tlie joint auspices of the Toard of Agri- culture and Forestry and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Associa- tion, to consider the practical application of the principles of Conservation to certain of otn* local economic problems. As in the case of the former meetirn^-, addresses were made by a number of the men locally best qualified to present authoritative state- ments in regard to the several ]:)hases of the subject. A full report of this latter meeting appears in the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist for January, 1911. Because containing state- ments of general interest, not found elsewdiere in just this form, the address of the Superintendent of Forestry is reprinted as a part of this report. 44 Among- other addresses given by the Superintendent of Vov- estry were two lectures at the College of Hawaii in hY^I)ruary, 1909; several talks at various times at the LIcKinley High School, the Normal School and (Jahu College ; speeches at the armual meetings of the itavv^aiian Sugar i'lanters' i\ssociation and of tlie Hawaiian Rubber Growers' Association, and before several local clubs and literary societies. Jjcsides articles for the 'Mu)rester," several contributions have been made to the local iiewspa|)ers, particularly for s])ecial edi- tions, in connection with the exhil)it at the Seattle JCx])osition a little circular was pre|)ared showing why the practice of forestry is an economic necessity in Hawaii. This was distributed with other literature at the Hawaii Building. As in former years all forest reserve reports and other official forestry papers have appeared in the 'MH)rester'' in due course, together with tlie proclamations and other Uy Authority notices in regard to the various projects. NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. Mention has already ])een made of a special mission on which the Su|)erintendent of lAirestry was sent during the summer of 1909 — officially to represent the Territory, with other delegates from Hawaii, at the Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress, held at Spokane, Washington, in August. As the result of the efforts of the Hawaii Delegation the following plank was in- cluded in the platform of resolutions adopted by that Congress: "We urge the Congress of the United vStatcs to extend the Reclamation Act to the Territory of Hawaii." A resolution of similar tenor was also secured at trie hdrst National Conservation Congress held in Seattle early in Septem- ber, 1909, to wdiich the Superintendent of i^^orestrv was also a delegate. Addresses were delivered by him at l)oth these meetings. COOPERATION^ WITH OTHER LOCAL INSTITUTIOXS. The Division of I'^orestrv stands essentially for tlie ])olicy of team play in local institutions. Especially cordial relations are maintained with the Haw\aii Agricultural Experiment Station and the College of Hawaii. The College, through its department of engineering, is now engaged with this Division in a cooperative investigation of tlie strength of, and proper seasoning methods for several island grown woods, both native and introduced species. Earge l)eams of Ohia Eehua, sup])lied bv the T^ahoa Immber Mill of Pahoa, Puna, lEiw^aii, have been l)roken by the powerful Richie Timber Testing luachine at the Coollege laboratory, and other tests made wdth this wood, h^trther, blocks 45 and small timbers of several species of Eiicaly])tns, cut in the Tantalus Forest under the direction of the Division of I^Drestry, are now bein^' subjected to various seasoning: tests. The results of these investii^'ations will later be made ])u]>lic, prol)a1)ly in a bvdletin to be ])ublished by the College. Throui^h an arrani^ement with the Oahu Ivailway and Land Company railroad ties have 1)een cut from three s])ecies of ]Micaly])tus g'ro\vin,£^ on Tantalus, E. f^^lohiihis, E. robust a and E. coruufa, for trial under varying" conditions in the track around this island. The ties are now beini>' seasoned. When they are laid, careful record will be made and ke])t of their relative value. \A J M T '. E R I X C; O P V. R AT I O N S . ddie ex]:>loitation of certain forests of the ''commercial class" on the island of Hawaii lias contin.ued duriui^" the past two years; more particularly tlie lo.::j,\ginp; of ( )hia L>ehua in the Puna District for railroad ties and other lum])er. Tn January, 1^)10, T\lr. J. IT Castle's luml)er com])any, now known as the l*ahoa Luml)er Tvlill, secured from the Territorial Government at public auction, the rii^iit to lumber the forest on a tract of unleased i^'overnment forest land in Puna, adjoining" the Kaohe Homesteads at Pahoa, and havinc^' an a])proximatc area of 12,000 acres. The Governor not deemin,^" it expedient that this area should be set a])art as a forest reserve |)rior to the lum])erinq', the ]>oard of Ao-riculture and Forestry has no official comiection with the manag'ement of the tract, but in the contract between the lumlier com])any and the Commissioner of Pul)lic Lands there were in- cluded certain ]irovisions sui^\!:^'este(l 1)y the wSuperintendent of 1^'orestry as the result of investii^ations made at the reciuest of the Land Office. Under the terms of the contract, which rims for ten years from January, 1010, the lumber company pays to the [government a stum])ai^e price of $5.00 per acre for all forest cut over; sul)ject, however, to the termination of tlie contract at the ojition of the o-Qvernnient, after tlie expiration of fwQ years. The area covered l)y this contract is, as has been said, 12,000 acres ; a ])lock of heretofore practically unexplored forest. A portion at least of this tract is aL^'rictdtural land, which will in due course be opened up for settlement. The section that is suitable only for forest oui:^ht to be set apart as a forest reserve. In the matter of the utilization of Ohia Lehua, the orii>inal contract Ix-tween the T\ahoa Lumber i\Till and the Santa F'e Ixailway has l)een revised. Ties are still ship])ed to California, Init increasiuf^- attention is beimj^" paid to finding- a market for Ohia for uses of higher grade. F^.speciallv is an effort being made to introduce Ohia as flooring — a use to wliich the firm, close textiu'e 46 of the wood and its handsome color lend themselves admirably. The waste from the Ohia mills (slabs, etc.) is sold for firewood, not a little of it being shipped to Honolulu. Another company. Cant & l>olte. Limited, is also operating in Puna, on privately owned forest lands. This company also sells its product both for ties and for lumber. The latter firm is also conducting logging operations on j^rivate- ly owned lands in South Kona. These, it is expected, will later assume much more important proportions than they have at present. FOREST FIRES. The Territory has l)een extremely fortunate in the last two years in not having had any forest fires of sufficient importance to justify more than passing mention here. At the same time it has been evident in several instances that it was a good thing to have a strict forest fire law on the statute books, for while there have been no active prosecutions, the moral efi'ect of the law has more than once been felt. That tlie absence of forest fires in this period may not create a sense of fancied security from danger, it must again be pointed out that at present there exists no fund from wdiich expenses can be paid for fighting fires on unleased government lands. Under the present law^ the (iovernment can compel its lessees and also private owners to take proper precautions as to the use of fire, on penalty of fines and damage suits, should fires originating on a given tract spread and do damage. But on its own unleased lands — and most of the lands in the forest reserves are now in this class — the Government is powerless to take effective ste])s to stop or to control fires that may start from one or another cause. The remedy lies in a provision whereby money for fighting forest fires shall be made available for use in case of necessity. This item could well be included with others, as in an appro]:>riation for "fencing forest reserves and protecting them from forest fire." vSuch an emergencv forest fire fund should amount to at least $5,000. It is devoutly to be hoped that the need for it may never again arise in Hawaii, l)ut as in other forms of insurance, the wdse course is to be fore-armed. THE DISTRICT FORESTERS. R]£PORTS OF DISTRICT FORESTERS. Following the custom of former years, opportunity was given each of the District Foresters to submit notes of forest happenings in their res])ective districts or recommendations in regard to forest work. The following extracts are taken from the reports received : 47 A. S. Wilcox — Lihiie, Kauai. "Your communication asking for a brief report on forest ha])j)enings came duly to hand. In reply I would say that in the district of Ilalelea, in which I act as District h\)rester, the conditions remain somewhat similar to those mentioned in my former report. ''Private Forest Reserves: Practically half of the land of Kali- hiwai has been a private forest reserve for many years. The growth is dense, and this has rendered fencing unnecessary. The area, rougldy si)eaking, is about 4000 acres. The land is owned by myself, and it has always been my purpose to pro- tect the forest as much as possil)le in order to maintain the water sup])ly. This Kalihiwai land, in conjunction with the forest on the upper lands of Hanalei, makes quite a large forest reserve. The few cattle which formerly got into this reserve have all been removed. ''Forest Fires: There have been no extensive forest fires, and no damage done by cattle to signify. 1 may say that there was a very small fire several months ago on the lands of Waioli, but apart from the burning of the undergrowth and the scorching of a few trees no serious damage resulted. 'Tn general, I would say that wdth the absence of any de- structive forest fire, the reduced num]:)cr of cattle ranging in the forest reserve, and an abundant rainfall, these conditions liave tended to keep the forest reserve in excellent shape.''' W. R. Castle— Honolulu. ''As I have never made a written statement of my forestry work on the southeast slo])e of Pauoa, I will give you a word about that now\ 'M have about thirty acres of mountainside on the south- east side of Pauoa Valley. When I acquired the land some 3^ears ago, it was covered with grass only, excepting a few Eucaly])tus and some trees which came down over the crest of the ridge in one or two ])laces. During the past five years I have |)lanted about 2000 koa trees and perhaps 3000 Euca- lyptus of various descriptions. P)esides these main lines, I have ])lante(l a great variety of other trees and shrulxs, so that the mountainside now begins to have quite a forest ap- pearance. It is my intention to let the public use this ground for ])urposes of recreation, etc., wdth proper restrictions as to fires and so on. 'Tn Kona, Avhere I have been largely interested, nothing has been done in the line of setting out new forest — except 48 b_y private iiulividuals, so far as I know, and not a i^reat deal of that. P.ut in my own lands of I'apa, etc., I am now setting- ont Eucalyptus, Rubber, and other trees, and intend within a short time to build fences and other guards to prevent the incursion of cattle on the up[)er lands, where there is today a heavy growth of Koa, Ohia and other Hawaiian forest growths. Of all of which 1 will give you fuller ])articulars later." ][. 1). Penhallow — W^ailuku, ]\[aui. "Other than the usual yearly tree-plan.ting of the Wailuku Sugar Company, there is nothing of special note to report concerning forestry in this district. "There is a rumor, however, that some llavcaiians are run- ning cattle in the forest reserve back of \\'aika])u, ])ut ha\'e not been a1)le to look into this carefully. If there had ])een an avadable forest ranger, tliis matter could have easily been taken u]), and if cattle are l)eing run on the reserve it vould lia\e 1)een sto])pe(l long ago. I believe that even if the neces- sary number of rangers could not l^e ])rovided for by tlie funds available for your l>oard, a few would be of great ])enefit. There is no doubt that there are a great many abuses wliich arc going on in the reserves, whicli a few rangers would prevent." L. von Tempsky — ^lakawao, Alaui. ''During the year 1909 I planted out some 19,314 trees, of various sorts and at various altitudes; also in localities where climatic conditions were unlike, viz., in the Tlilo grass or windward district, and in the Kula or dry district. ''The highest altitude at which the trees are planted is a little over 6000 feet, and the lowest 2000 feet. The varieties planted are mainly Eucalypts, comprising botryoides, cory- nocalyx, crebra, gunnii, leucoxylon, rhilaris, polyanthema, rostrata, saligna and some Cryptomeria Japonica. "In September, 1909, I planted in the Milo grass land v3v350 Cry|)tomeria Jaj^onica at an elevation of 2800 feet, also 1200 E. l)otryoides and E. rudis, al)out half of each kind. The Eucalypts were planted in the formation of two sides of a srpiare, the o1)ject being that later on they w^ould form a breakwind for the C^n^ptomeria Japonica, which tree has a strong objection to the tradewind. The Eucalyi)ts liave done exceedingly well, and seem very Avell suited Avith the condi- tions that obtain there. The Cryptomeira has also thriven well and has grown very fast, almost equaling the growth of the Eucalypts. I may also mention that where the land was- 49 furrowed out for ])larilin,i^", innnrnerci1)le Koa trees made tlieir a])])earanee ; this seed lias l)een lyin^" dorniant for the last twenty-five years to my eerlain ki]o\vledi4'e, as 1 was all over that locality at that time, and the forest then was a thing of the ])ast. "Idle other ])lantin£;'S of that 3a^ar took place in October, at al)oiit OOOO feet ekwation on the Knla side of the ranch; nn- fortunately the weather conditions Mfter the ])lanting was finished were not at all favoral)le, and, although we did not lose a great numl)er of trees, it set 1)ack their growth con- siderably. I also planted v300 ]uicaly|)ts at al)out 6300 feet ekwation on the windAvard side, mauka of the forest line; these trees also suffered from the dry weather wdiich was l)revalent all over the ranch at that time, dliese two ])lant- ings of like s|)ecics, at approximately the same elevation, and at the two extreme ends of the ranch where usually weather conditions are dccidedlv unlike, should form in the future an in- teresting sul)ject for comparison. "^riic area ])lanted in lots amounted to forty-four acres, taking 16,444 trees, or al)out, say, 37S trees to the acre, ddie balance, 2870, being planted nlong fences, etc., etc. "d'hc trees ])lante(l on the mountain were ])rinci])ally in- tended for shelter ])ur])Oses for stock. "In December, 1010, I planted 11,300 trees. I liad a great deal of trouble with the t^Qdl, whicli delayed the grcvwth of the seedlings, causing the ])lanLing to be later than usual and running over some five or six tliousand into 1911, A\diich should hax'c been ])lanted in I^IO; these will not be put into the ground till I'ebruar}' or ]\Tarch. "I ])lante(l seed of some t\\ent3'-f] ve different S])ecies of Eucal^'^pts (a list of Avhich T a])])en(l herewith) ; some of the seed was ver\^ slow of germination, and some did not S|>rout at all, so that I had only nineteen varieties that were ft to trans])lant into the identitication lot, a list of which I also a])]) end. "In the identification lot (five acres) I ha\'e planted 2000 trees arranged ali)hal)etically from i^^ to W. ddiis lot has been thoroughly plowed and liarrowed, and I intend at the ])ro|)cr time to ])lant ])Otatoes and beans between the rows of trees to reduce, if possible, tlie cost of cultiA'ation of these trees; a re])ort of this work and the results thereof Avi1l be forwarded you later on. 4die elevation of this lot is 2300 feet, and it is situated immechately mauka of the ranch house lot. "The l)alance of the vear's ])lanting aams done on the moun- tain, the highest elevation iKung Lot No. 13, Avhich is close 4— B. A. 50 to 6800 feet, and is situated at the foot of Pun Oili on the western side. "This lot, and aU others jdanted on the mountain with one exeeption, are for stoek sheltering ])ur|)oses, and in a few years' time will he of i^reat ser\'iee to the raneh in |)roteetini4" its stoek from the raw, eold winds that I3I0W there, and also for protecting" them from the fierce rays of tlie sun. "One lot 1 planted (ten acres) at and ahove a spring which supplies water to our mountain dairy. I ha\'e ])1 aided imme- diately around the spring 1000 Grevillea rol)usta, the 1)akince, 1300, are luicaly|)ts of various sorts. I find from ex])erience that the Grevillea, rol)Usta in a very short time Avid form a very dee]) mat from the leaves that it is constantly shedding, wdiich should form a fine sponge for retaining the moisture, incidentally, I ho])e, increasing, or, rather, making more per- manent, the how of the spring. "Outside of the foregoing, 1 may mention that T ha\'c had scattered on the plains at an elevation of from 800 to 1000 feet, 150 sacks of horse manure; this manure was fully impregnated with Keawe seeds, and I liope in a few years to have a fine young Keawe forest growing there, as the Alga- rol)a grows Avell on the western slo|)es of llaleakala u]) to an elevation of 1200 feet. We have some trees growing as high as 2800 feet elevation. Of course, the growth at that elevation is not so ra])i(l as it is at or near sea level, Ijut still they seem to get along very w^ell. "It mav he of interest to vou to know that since Januarv, 1900, I have ])lanted a1)out' 140,000 trees, of which 138,380 are growdng. ddie area planted in lots is 250 acres, taking 127,230 trees, tlie l)alance, 11,150, have keen ])lante(l along fences for l^reakwinds, etc. These trees have cost u]) to date four and a half cents each, which includes everything, such as purchase of seeds, nursery work, ])lowing, holeing, hoeing and fencing." List of twenty-fixe varieties of Eucaly|)ts ])lanted at the Haleakala Kanch : Eiicnlyptus bicolor Eiieal^yjitus obtiisifolia ' ' 1 ) 0 1 r y 0 i rl p s ' ' p a 11 i e n 1 a t a '' ealophylla '' pilliilaris ^' coryni'bosa ^^ polyaathciiia ^' eory no calyx " reo^nnjis ^' diversieolor ^^ rostrata '* fici folia ^^ ruais '^ o^onio calyx '^ saliorna '^ Iciieoxylon ' '' sidoropliloia '^ loniiifolia '^ siboriana " molliodora ^' tereticorm's ^ ' in i c r 0 1 h oca ^ ' vim i n al i s '^ obi i qua 51 (ieo. C. Watt— Kohala, Hawaii. "The Koliala vSiii^ar Comi^any is plaiitin^^ the exposed sites of i^nlelies and in waste ])laees where eane eannot 1)e ^rown at p. ])rofit. Tlie ()l)jeet of ])lantini( is as windl)reaks and for fueh "1 am not ahle to i^ive yields from ])lante(l acres, 1)nt from trimmini^' and tliinnini^' out of trees we have o])taine(l snfficient fire- wood for all of our la])or for the last three years. The shelter they afford to cane fields in a windy district like Kohala more than compensates for tlie ontlay.'' John Watt— Olaa, Hawaii. "The only matter of note wddch has taken ]dace here dnr- ini;- the years 1909 and 1910 is the o])erations l)ein.L( carried ont 1)}' the Pahoa Hnml)er ]\lill at Pahoa. In the ])ast two years they have hnnbered somethini;- over 1000 acres. This has l)een ])artly n])on the Catholic Mission lands at Pahoa and Kaohe homesteads and Go\XM-nment land manka of the Kaohe homesteads. "A considerable area of the land cleared ])y this company has l)een ])lante(l to cane, and dnrino- the condng jdanting' season the Olaa Sni^ar Com])any will ])lant some two or three hnndred acres of this cleared area. So far as I know^ most of the land cleared of trees is arable, and fairly i^ood aii,'ri- cnltnral land. As yon are qnite familiar with the o|)erations beini^* carried on l)y this company, it is needless for me to g'o into details. "There is no other chani^'c in the condition of the forests in this district worth mentionin^^-, except that I might again call yonr attention to the condition of the Government Re- serve along the V^olcano Road from the 13 miles up. This reservation has never been fenced, and many of the trees are dead on acconnt of the residents along the line of the road })astnring horses and cattle. I have on a good many occa- sions tried to get these peo])le to keep their animals off, bnt so far withont snccess. The forest otherwdse seems to be in a healthy condition, and no forest fires have taken ])lacc (hiring the ])ast twelve mordhs." 11. von S. Domkowdcz — Sonth Kona, ITawaii. "In accordance wdth yonr reqnest, I hereby snl)ndt my re- ]:)ort as P^orester of the vSonth Kona District, covering the area from tlie Kan bonndary line to Kaohe. "There has been very little change in the condition of the forest in this district since my ])revions report. The forest wdiere it is kept free from cattle is in good condition, and there have been no noticeable insect pests. "riaiitiiio- of forest trees has not l)een done here to a great extent, except the few trees which I have set ont, grown fron.i seeds sent nie throngh the conrtesy of yonr department. And all these arc doing well, es|)ecially (h-yptonieria Ja])onica, C3'])ress. Ironwood, and (h-evillea robnsia; the latter seeding williin. fonr years of setting out. "As there are no forest reserves in Kona, my district, I would resi)ectfully urge that the Kipahoehoe and otlier avail- a])le lands be set aside for forest witliout delay, and, if pos- sible, fenced. "Owing to the oi)eration of the Lum1)er Com|)any liere, whicli is cutting down trees indiscriminately on several ])ri- vate lands, there will l)e no forest in a few years to give pro- tection to vegetation and give rain." J o h n A I a g u i r e — X o r t h K o n a , 1 1 a w a i i . "The constant dry s|)ells which Kona seems to 1)e having almost discourages one in the effort at tree-planting, and yet it is wonderful how some of the trees which evidently seem dry during the drought cpiickly come to life again after one or two good showers. The Grevillea is quickly s|)rea(ling all over the pastures, just from a row of trees along the road. The \vind and l)irds are scattering the seeds all over. A thousand and one or two hundred of trees have been ])lanted on .\kahi|)uu, one of the s])urs of llualalai, 300 and more of (jrevilleas, over 200 ]uicaly|)tus, 06 l^epper, 51 Monterey Cy- ])ress, 2(S Afanele, 34 Kukui. 125 different fine, 16 jaclvaranda, al)out 100 Peach, al)out 30 Cherimoyers, and a few figs and al- ligator pears, whicli will probably never l)ear, as the eleva- tion is over 2000 feet. "Idle twelve ja|)anese Cedars are doing A^ery well; then there are a variety of other trees. The Juicalyptus are mostly the l)Otiwoi(les and rudis, a few robusta and lemon scented. The enclosure will i)rol)ably hold another t lion sand or two trees. Tlie ol)ject of covering the hill Avith trees is to gather Avhatever moisture may collect around it and also to beautify lluehue. We have tried to jdant trees that will be of commercial A^alue later on. The (h'cvillea, Ave hear, makes \cry fine furniture Avood. It is hard and makes good fence |)Osts and shoots out again Avhen cut down. "The forest reservation of Ilonuaula is doing v^ery avcII, the undergrowth having grown a great deal. It is a ])ity tliough that it is so small (only 600 acres), Avlien there are thousands of acres of Government land around. ''Tlie thimble berry is s])rea(ling very rai)i(lly, and in a few years' time will destroy more pasture land than the laiitana ever did. ddiere was a jxjrtion on ilomiaula wdierc the cattle were actually lost and conld not lj>e seen in the thimble berry i^'rowth, and there were ])laces that the men and horses conld not L^'ct throngh. ( )ne has to see to realize what a ]>est it is." SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS. In the forec^'oini^' ])ai^cs there liave ])cen traced 1)rieny tlic main activities of the Division of luirestry (hiring- the ])ast two years. It has 1)een shown that with no increase in ap])ropriations over former ])eriods — excejjt for two s]:»ecial ])roiects of forest plant- ini^' — mnch nsefnl work lias been done and many i^ood resnlts accom])lished. The lack of fnnds lias, however, ham])ere(l ]n-og"- ress in many wavs. Lines of work tliat on^ht actively to l)e ])nslied have liad to wait, while mnch of the work in hand, like that of the snb-nnrseries, lias been hindered Iw the inability to sn|)])ly needed e<:jni])nient. dlicre is so mnch forest work waitiipc^ to ])e done in I lawaii which would vield deiinite and [)ractical retnrns that it is donbl}' nn. fortunate tliat adeciiiate ])r(>vision for it is not made. ]>esi(les coverinQ" the official work of the Territorial (iO\'crn- nient in forestry tliis re[)ort also shows, by ennmeratini^" varions l^ieces o\' forest work now in proj^ress nnder i)rivate ans]^ices, that in Hawaii forestry is not re.i^arded merely as a function of the ( lovernment. Rather do these thin.i;s prove that the general and well informed interest that now inKjuestionably exists throni^hont the Territory rests on the sure foundation of well ^eronnded belief in tlie ])rinci|)les of I^irestr}^ and of Conservation. For the very reason that this is so, better ])rovision onj^^ht to l;)e made for continnini^' and extendim:' tlie Ciovernment's share of forest work. A])])ro]M-iations for forestr}' are lei^itimatel}" to be rcL^Tirded as investments, ddie existini^' forests of Hawaii arc todav of f^'reat valne to the Territory. The\' conld be made of much more valne if they were better taken care of. Similar con- siderations api:)ly to other branches of forest work'. W'ith more local nurseries many more persons' conld be su]i]died chca])ly Avith trees. j\Tore forest plantations would be started, as well as niore trees planted for ornamental and esthetic ]Mir|)oses. AVith increased a|)])ro])riations the (government conld itself ^'o ahead with forest plantini^- on some sucli scale as it really ou^ht. All of whicli would in the end make for the ])ernianent betterment of the Territory. So, too, with the introduction of new trees and shrubs. With l)etter provision for this Avork vastlv more could be acconi])lished ; es])eciallv now that the machinery of |)lant-liouses and experi- mental c;ardens has, in ])art at least, ])een provided. 54 That tlie facts found out in these and the other investi,q"ations carried on by the Division of h\)restry may l^e widely (Hssenii- nated among- all the ])eo])le of the 1'erritory ])rovision should be made for the publication of bulletins and circulars, the em- ])liasis bein«^ placed always on those which shall make available the required information in a form in which it can be used by the every day citizen. Two thini^s are to be borne in mind in re^'ard to forestrv, l)e it in Mawaii or be it anywhere else in the United States. First, that forestry is a business proposition, in that forests are .grown to meet definite, practical econotuic needs. And second, that forestry is a matter which concerns the individual and the cor- poration as well as all the people collectively. We are too prone to think of the Government as something apart from the People. The reason why forestry is ])racticed in this Territory is because it serves the interests of the peo])le of Hawaii better to have certain i)ortions of the islands under a forest cover than to use those lands in any other way. Similarly the cor])orations that are active in ])rotecting tlie native forest on their own fee simple lands, or that are estal)lishing new forests of introduced trees, are doing it, and should do it, liecause it is to their interest so to do. I'orestry is essentially a matter of Inisiness. Greater care in the administration of our forests is urged because it is better business to take good, rather than poor, care of tliem. The more generallv these truths are realized the better it will be for all concerned. ]'\)restry in Hawaii is then, a matter which concerns l)Otli private interests and the Government. TLach manager of a cor- poration owning or controlling land should look to it that his forests are well cared for and that waste or other land that can- not 1)e utilized more intensively, is planted wdth trees. And the people as a whole, through their re])resentatives in the Legisla- ture, should make adequate provision for the ])roper care and development of the forest areas belonging to them, but managed for them by the officers of their government — the forests on gov- ernment land. wSpecifically as regards the government forests of Hawaii pro- vision should be made by adecjuate appropriations for five main branches of forest w^ork : (1) For the proper maintenance and ])rotection of the exist- ing native forests— througli the fencing of forest reserve boun- daries, the care of the forests and their protection from trespass l)v forest rangers, and a s])ecial fund, to l)e used onlv in case of need, for fighting forest fire; (2) ]'\)r the planting of open places in forest reserves and of other government lands where the growing of a forest is the best use to which the land can l)c put ; 55 (3) l^^or the extension and l)etter equi])incnt of the system of sii])-nnrscries and loeal distributing^ points for the giving away of trees ; (4) h^or the introduction and experimental planting of economically desiral)le trees and shrubs new to the Territory; (5) ]^'or the general administrative and routine expenses of the Division of h^orestry in carrying out these several branches of work and in its more strictly technical investigations, sucli as the work l)eing done in connection witli the Herbarium; it being understood that the allotment for this last section should be suf- ficient to include provision for the pu1)lication of results. Forestry has a very definite duty to perform in Hawaii. Its ])lace lias come to be well recognized. It is for the ])eople of the Territory now to demand that provision he made for forest work in a measure commensurate with its importance. A^ery respect full}/, RALPH S. HOS^IER, Superintendent of Forestry. R. S. Report of tlie Forest Nurseryman. Ilonolnlu, JIawaii, Decciiibcr 31, 1^)10. llosnicr, I{s(|., Superintendent of L^)restrv, 1 lonohilii, I lawaii. Dear v^ir:-~ -f lierew ilh sulinn't a re])()rl of tlie work done at tlie (lovernnient Xiirser\\ l^x|)erinient Station, Makiki, d'anlalns Forest and Xniianu Station for the }-ears 1909 and. V)\0. NURSERY. COLLI-;CT[OX AND KXCllAXia^ OF SKKDS. The eoHeetion of seed lias l)een continued and tlie (k^rn.'ind is inereasini;'. d1ie k)crd (kMiiand is greater than it has ever l)een, OA\'ino* to a kari?;e niunher of cor])orations and otliers starting' to do tree pknitini^-. ( )nr exch.ani;e h'st incluck^s iristitiitions in. ak most ever}' country on tlie i^lohe, from a nurnl)er of which we are continuallv receiving; recjuests for seed of our exotic and in- dig-enous |)lants. A i;-reat deal of the k]ucaly])tus seed Avan.tcd for k)cal use is collected on dkmtalus ; in fact, the p-reat l)ull: of the forest tree seed used in the Territory is collected locally. The ])rice charged for seed collected hy x^^^ is less than half of the cost of similar seed if coni])are(l AAilh the catalogue prices in other countries. Our prices are based on the cost of collecting. in the introduction of seed and ])lants new to the Territorx" g-reat credit is due Mr. (ierrit P. Wilder, who has l)een uaitiring in his etlorts to introduce new ])lants and seed. Mr. Wilder has collected and forwarded plants and seed from the following countries: ^Manila, ]\ ].; Singa])()re, Straits vSettlement ; 1\'- nang. Strait of Mallaca; J longkong ; Colombo, Ceylon; Calcutta, ]>. 1. ; Nai)les and Idorence, Italy; Vicmia, Austria; Carlsbad, ]k)henu'a; I>russels. jlelgimu ; ( jO(lsl)erg;, Ccrmany ; London, kjig;land : I'aris, France; also from a numl)cr of ])laces in the West Indies. Mr. W^ilder was at Antigua when this re|)ort was being pre- ])ared. J^)rto Rico, Jamaica, llavana, Cuba, Mexico and (Aili- fornia arc also included in tlie list of ])laces he intends visiting. The seed and ])lants received from JMr. Wilder are 1)cing started in our propagating houses, anal cverv attention and care u.scd in foslcriiiq- tlic ^rowlli of the many (liffcrent s])ccics. A record of all the sc^ecl and ])lants collected and forwarded to ns is kept on file and can be referred to at anv tinii', the dates Avhen received, also donors and s|)ecies, lieino- carefnllv ke])t. A list of the seed distributed and introduced bv exchan£^c ami otherwise is herewitli enumerated. d1ie list does not include the full rnnnunt of seed collected, as tliere is alwaws from one-fourth to one-lialf of unavoidable \vaste owing- to the loss of vitality; also l)y insects and other causes. \\'e endeavor to idve the freshest and l)est seed that can ])Ossiblv be got; consccpienlh-, if there is any dould regardinp; its vitalitv, etc., it is discarded and new seed used. ( )wing- to a weevil tliat has nnadc its appearance within tlic last two or three vears and is (loing nuich damage to the seed of the different C^assias — which inchide the Ciolden Shower, Pink Sliower, I 'ink and White Shower, as v.ell as other trees— dt looked as if it would be im])ossible to get an\- good seed from the trees atTectcd. Wc found, however, that 1)\' ])icking the seed just l)e- fore it got ri])e and lu-mding it to >,[r. II. AF. bdirhorn, Superin- tcMident of buitomolog\'. who has invented a form of funn'gation which kills the insect without harnu'ng the seed, wc can manage to continue raising those trees and distributing the seed. ddie following is the amount of seed distri])uted, bv weight: b^)rest 'Id'ce Shade and ( )rnamental Tree Seed. 1000 1910 Seed. 20 lbs. 48 lbs. 118TS lbs. ]\alm Seed. 621/. lbs. 105' lbs. d1ie great l)ulk of this seed is used for excliange pur])oses, also sup])l\ing the Nursery, blomesteaders. District ]^^)resters, etc., all of whom received seed gratis. Seed Rcccii'rd llivou^^h Rxchaiii^c. 1000. rkts. Feb. 10. 1 Air. A. Pol)ertson, ProschoAvsky, St. ITelene, Nice, lO-ancc. Alar. 5. 17 Royal Hotanic Clarden AV\ Ion, at re([uest of Airs. Dora Isenberg, Kauai. Afar. 22. 1 R. v. S. Domk(Wvicz, Kona, Hawaii. Alar. 22. 1 James Lindsa\', Haiku, Alaui. Afar. 23. 28 J. V. Rock (from Dec, 1008, to Afarch 23. 1900). Sept. 3. 3 ]\0}'al I'otanic (dardens, Sil)pur, near Calcutta. 58 1910. Pkts. Jan. 10. 2 J. G. Jack, Arnokl Arboretum, Jamaica Pkiin, Alassacli usetts. Jan. 10. 3 The Yokohama Nursery Co., Yokohama, Japan. Jan. 10. 14 Al Giardinaggio, Napoii, Al j'orsa. Jan. 10. 1 No name. Jan. 18. 2 H. Louis, Red Illuff, CaHfornia. Feb. 7. 5 Imperial Biok:)gical Agr. Institution, German I{. Africa. Pel). 24. 1 Dep. \'an Landbouw te Buitenzorg, Java. Apr. 1. 16 Gerrit P. Wilder from Manila, P. P, and Ceylon. Apr. 12. 2 Gerrit P. Wilder, Singa])ore, Straits Settlement. Apr. 14. 2 Chas. PI. Muir, Major 23rd Infantry, P. I. Apr. 15. 54 Gerrit P. Wilder, Rangoon, l)umiah. Apr. 20. 2 .'\gricultural and Plorticultural wSociety of India. Apr. 20. 8 Y. Wada, Kumamoto Forest Station, Japan. Apr. 29. 33 Gerrit P. Wilder, Singapore, Straits Settlement. May 4. 1 R. F. G. Timully, Africa. May 5. 1 Royal I)Otanic Gardens, Sil)pur, near Calcutta. May 5. 8 Gerrit P. Wilder, Colombo, Ceylon. May 5. 1 Botanic Gardens, Pamplemousses, Mauritius. Mav 10. 13 Fxperiment wSta. H. S. P. A. ; seed from Africa. Alay 11. 16 Gerrit P. Wilder, Naples, Italy. May 11. 7 T. Inemura, (lov. ]k)t. Gardens, Formosa, Japan. Alay 16. 132 Royal Botanic Gardens, Sil^pur, near Calcutta. Mav 18. 1 Dep. van Landliouw te l^uitenzorg, Java. Alay 19. 2 Gerrit P. Wilder, Florence, Italy? June 1. 4 Gerrit P. Wilder, Florence, Italy. June 7. 6 J. G. Jack, Arnold Ar])oretum, Jamaica Plain, ^Massachusetts. June 16. 4 Gerrit P. Wilder, Vienna, Austria. June 21. 12 Tokyo Plant-Seed & Implnt. Co., Tokyo, Japan. June 27. 1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Sib])ur, near Calcutta. June 27. 8 Dr. F. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Caliform'a. June 27. 4 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Honolulu. June 27. 10 Rev. H. Isenl)crg, Kauai; seed from New York and Germany. July 21. 3 TTarrv IP Shaw, Honolulu. Aug. 10. 10 T. Inamura, Botanic Gardens, Koshun, Formosa. Aug. 29. 12 Gerrit P. Wilder, Carlsbad, ]]ohemia. Sept. 7. 6 F. M. Fhrhorn, from Bolivia. wSept. 10. 12 Gerrit P. Wilder, Carls1)ad, Bohemia. vSept. 20. 1 Roval lk:>tanic Gardens, Sibpur, near Calcutta. vSe|)t. 20. 7 Gerrit P. Wilder, Brussels, Belgium. Sept. 28. 5 Gerrit P. Wilder, Brussels, Belgium. Oct. 4. 1 Gerrit P. W^ilder, Brussels, Belgium. 59 Dr. Watasc, Tokyo, Japan. Dept. Ag-ricultiire, New Zealand. Capt. J. Kidwell, from Botanic Gardens, Uganda, Africa. Gerrit P. Wilder, Gods1)erQ;-, Germany. J. G. Jack, Arnold Arboretnm, Jamaica Plain, Massachnsetts. Gerrit P. Wilder, London, England. Gerrit P. Wilder, Kew Gardens, London, Eng. North Lsland. N*ew Zealand. l)Otanic Gardens, Koshun, Eormosa. Gerrit P. Wilder, Paris, Erance. Gerrit P. Wilder, London, England. l]otanic Gardens, Koshun, Eormosa. Gerrit P. Wilder, West Lidies. Gerrit P. Wilder, Antigua, W. L DISTRIHUTJON OF PLANTS FROM GOVERN^IENT NURSERY AND MAKEKl STATION. Sold and given gratis, including Ar1)or Day, from January 1 to December 3L, 1909. ' 19 10. rkts. (M. 18. 4 Oct. 21. 1 Oct. 25. 3 Oct. 25. 3 Nov. 2 6 Nov. 9. 9 . Nov. 14. 3 Nov. ir.. 4 Nov. 23. 3 Nov. 23. 2 Dec. 5. 7 Dec. 15. 8 Dec. 21. Dec. 27. 134 In seed In boxes l)Oxes. trans]:)lante(l Pot -grown. Total. Sold . . 30.000 3,400 3'.57r) 36,976 Gratis . . . . . 9,000 2.000 LOOO 12,000 Arbor Day 25,000 16,777 41,777 Total . . . . 39,000 30,400 21,353 90,753 Sold and g iyen gratis. including Arl )or Day, from January 1 to December 31, lOlO. ^ Li seed In l)oxes l)oxes. transplanted . Pot-grown. Total. Sold . 95,000 10.347 15.634 120,081 Gratis . . . . . 25,400 33,505 22.430 81,335 Arbor Da}- 8,071 8,071 Total .... 120,400 43,^S2 46.135 210,387 It will l)e seen from the a1)oye tables that there is a large in- crease in the number of ])lants sent out in the seed boxes. This system was first started about tbree years ago, when a shi])- 60 nicnt of IroMwood was sent as a trial to j\Ir. Jas. (lil)]), then man- ager of raaiihau riantation, Hawaii. It seemed to work well, and more slii|)ments were made. Sinee then shipments of seed- ling's have heen sent to different people in Ilamakua and Ko- hala, also several |)laees on Oalui and Kauai, with good results. We have found, however, that should the plants reeeive rough treatment at the hands of the stear.iship people or others, there is liahle te) l)e eonsi(leral)le loss. A hox eontaiidng from 700 to 1000 Eueal}-|)tus or Iron wood plants eosts $1.00 at the Nursery, the size of the hox ])eing 3 inehes deei) and 12x16 inehes. Plants in same size of hox tran.s- planted. 50 jdants to each hox, cost from 7'^ cents to $1.00, ac- cording to species, while pot-grown ])lants arc from \yi cents to 2j/l> cents each. It will he seen that in sliip])ing ])lants in tlic seed ])oxes the freight l)ill is reduced considera1)ly, tlie freight l)eing the same for a l)Ox containing from 700 to 1000 seedlings as it is for a l)ox holding 50 trans])lants. ]>efore the seedlings are sent out, tbev are past the (lam])ing- off stage, and tliere ought to he very little loss if handled rightly. Anv carefid man can do the trans])lanting. This system is to he recommended to those ordering ])lants from the Nurserv in large quantities for the reason that transplanting involves often more lal)or than we XvcWQ at om* disposal. We require advice in advance should large numbers 1)C wanted; from six weeks to two mon.ths for seedlings, and al)OUt three months for trans])lants readv to set out. Free List. 11ie following is a list of those who have l)een given plants gratis durin.g the ])ast two vears. Wliethcr this liberal free list can ])e kept up in tlie future will de])end on the labor at our dis- posal and the demand of peojile wdio may wish to pay for plants : Leper Settlement, Alolokai. All the schools of tlie Territory, puldic and otlierv/ise. The different Road Boards on Oahu. Public grounds of all (lescri])tions, including court yards, ceme- teries, and church yards. Improvement C lubs, for street planting. ITomesteaders who do not have the means to Imy trees. The U. S. ]\Iilitary and Naval Stations, forts, l)arracks and yards. The list of plants given gratis includes the |)lanting at the Pupukea Forest Reserve, above the Pupukea Homesteads — over 30,000 having been used, princi])ally Eucalyptus rohusta, with about 3,000 divided as follows: Japan Cedar (Cryptoinerla 61 japonica) , IMontcrcv cy])rcss (Ciiprcssus jnacrocarpa) , arnl liigli- land Iroiiw'ood ( Casiiarina quadrivalvis) . Large quantities of trees luive Ijeen sent to the different mili- tary head([uarters (Fort Sbafter, Fort Rnger, Sehotield Jjar- racks) ; also the Naval Station. And a recjnest has Ijeen re- eeived from Lieut. I^oy Smith, who is in charge of laying out the grounds at Pari FlarJjor, for a large nund)er of trees, as well as instructions aljout planting. A great many different kinds are still w^anted for the ])laccs mentioned, and we are try- ing to get as many as possi1)le ready. NUESl^RV GROUNDS. louring the month of ()cto1)er, 1909, part of the fence around the grounds was removed, leaving the strip around the offices, nursery and cottage enclosed. Since the removal of the fence I am glad to state that very little damage has been done to the trees, and ([uite a nun.iher of people diave been using the ])ark for the ])uri)ose of studying the trees, as well as for recreation. We are again inde])ted to Sheriff Henry for his Irindness in sup|)lving us witli the use of two ]:)risoners, without which it v/ould l)e impossil)le for us, with the present help of one man., to keep the grounds in good condition. Mr. Henry has also on two occasions sent a gang of men to the jMakiki Station to assist in trenching and levelling, for which we are very much o])lige(l to him. Kiy\LiZATlONS. During the vears IV-O^) and 1910 tliere has been collected and deposited with tlie I'reasurer of the dwM-ritory, as a (k)vernment realization, the sum of v$989.20. The amount is itemized as follows : 1909— Sale of plants $352 . 35 Sale of seed U.40 Sale of wood from Tantalus 82.00 ]M-eight on plants 2 . 50 $451 . 25 1910— Sale of plants 409.25 Sale of seed 22.20 vSale of wood from Tantalus 2.50 Sale of boxes 1.00 F^reight on ])lants .50 I'roin Division of Animal Lidirstry for hauling garbage 12.50 537.95 Total v$989.20 ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE. Under tlic al)Ove head the writer is freciiiently called to all I)arts of the citv, and soinetiir.es to the outside districts. Niuner- oiis calls are also made at the office. The deniand for advice and assistance has increased a good deal diirinp; the ])ast two years. This is due principallv to the presence of the military ori^aniza- tions and also to the large numher of peopl.^, who have hought land in the suhurhs and are l)uilding- homes. Alany of tlie peoi)lc who are making- homes have recentl\- arrived from the main- land, and, of course, know little or nothing ahout what to ])lant or how to go aliout it. IVv such peo])le as these a large num- her of requests for advice and assistance are l)eing niade. The offiv:ers of tlie different military organizations are also anxious to l)eautify their res|)ectiye ])Osts, and numerous requests for ])lants. and also for advice and assistance are continually Ijeing made. The following gives a numlier of the most im- portant requests that have keen made from the outside districts. K 1 1 k a ia 1 1 Phi iifaf io n Com pan y . Government Lease #623, Kaohe ll-lk Government Lease #625, IToea-Kaao j\Iauka. Government Lease #626, AIano\\\aialee. Government Lease #627, Niupea Kealakaha. A planting plan for the ahove-mentioncd tracts of Government land lately leased to the Kukaiau Tlantation Com])any and situ- ated in the District of Ilamakua, Hawaii, with provisions for tree planting, April 20, 1909. Lemper Pouhala in IVaikclc, Oahii. (Knnia) At the request of Mr. A. W. Van Valkenherg an examination v/as made of a tract of land lately leased hy him from tlie TTo- nouliuli Ranch Gompany. The tract adjoins the land controlled hy tlie ILav/aiian lyihre Company at Lower Touhala, Waikele. Advice w^'as wanted regarding the l)est kinds of trees to plant ; also hov/ to plant them. June \S, 1909. Pioneer Mill Company. Rejiort witli recommendations on the planting of trees on cer- tain lands helonging to the l^ioneer Mill Company, Lahaina, ]\Iaui. July 15, i909. 63 Groi'c r (1)111 . .At the rc^qncst of lion. Geo. X. \Vileox, (irove Farm, Lihiie,, Kauai, a visit was made for the ])iirp()se of giving advice on the propagating of trees, etc. (Jctol)er 31, 1909. Fiipukca, Kookuiloa, Oahii. Report with recommendations on two tracts of hmd set aside as water reserves. IVaialua Agricultural Coinpauy. At the re([uest of Mr. W. W. Goodale, manager Waiahia Agricnltural Compan\-, an e:,amination was made of two tracts of land intended to 1)e phmted in trees. One tract contained 34 acres and the other 25 acres. Advice was wanted regar(hng the best trees to plant, etc. CONGKKSSLONAL VI':( lETA HLE SEED., During the month of January, VM\ a consignment of vege- table seed, consisting of 10,000 i)ackages, and also about 300 packages of flower see, was received from the Honorable J. K. Kalanianaole. Another similar consignment was received during the month of Januarv, 1910, and the last consignment of 10,000 packages of vegetable seed and 300 packages of flower seed was received, for the year 1911, on December 1, 1910. The demand for this seed is getting greater each year, and the seed is verv much appreciated l)y homesteaders, and, in fact, every person who may have a small ])iecc of land. Recjuests come from all over the Islands for packages of the congressional vegetable seed with good re])orts regarding the ])revious lots. Many liawaiians who never tried to raise vegetables before are now, owing to this free distriluition, planting and raising vege- tal )les ior their own use, and from these people a great man}' recjuests for seed are cominp; in. All the schools of the Territory receive annually a number of ])ackages for tlie school garden and for instruction. All appli- cations for seed sent bv mail receive prompt attention. Persons calling at this oi^ce can get w^hat the}- w^ant and take it with them. EXPERIMENT GARDEN, MAKIKI. During the past two vears several additions have been made to the buildings. A lath house, 18x30x10 feet high, w^as built 64 and ail addition to tlie potting shed and store room ; alse) a shed lor hold soil, sand and niamn"e. dlie large l)oiler that used to 1)e at the .Vnrserv was carted to the garden and irrstrdled as a soil sterilizer. All the work coneeted with the hnilding-in e>i the boiler, as well as bnilding the lath honse and extra shed room, was done by the regnlar men at the garden, tlie wood nsed l)eing in part from the old nnrscrv fence, in part from4he old ((narters renuwed from the Niinanu vStation. We have fonnd the sterilizer of great ])eneht in destrox ing weeds and insects, etc.. that hai)pen to be in the soil. AH the soil used for seed boxes and potting at the garden an.d also at the Xnrsery, is sterilized. The sterihzing is done ])y sleanhng. A grating is ])hiced across the boiler a1)ont eiglit inches from the l)Ottom, the space under the grating Ijeiiig lilled with water, ddie soil is put into the kerosene tins and ])laced on toj) of the grating. A close-fitting ^^•oo(len lid ])rcvents the heat and steam from get- ting out too freelv. Iorc>m three to four hours is snfhcient to cook and kill ever}thing in the soil, witliout harnn'ng it. We have on hand a large mmiber of ])k'U)ts new to tlie Terri- tor\', most of nnIucIi are getting rcadv to ])lant out. When the trial ground is fiidshed, tlic ])lants will ])e planted and carefully studied. Xo plants will be allowed to leave the garden until we :\rc absolutclv sure tliat they will not become ]iests. \\7^ do not hax'C anv ]dants so far that are likelv to beconit^ ])ests. ( )n tlie coir- trar\', they have proved to be beneficial in the countries from vdn'ch thcv were sent. Sometimes, however. ])lants assum.e dif- ferent lia])its Vs-hen transferred from one country to another — sometimes l)etter, but often worse — hence tlie reason for care and studv ])efore (listri])Uting. Al)0ut a vcar ago tlie Honorable A. de Souza C'anavarro, (\)n- sul-General for ]Y)rtugal, delivered to us a nun.iber of cuttings of the baslcet willow which he received from S(Mne of the Portu- guese immigrants. This ])lant is used for n.iaking all sorts of l)askcts. llie cuttings were planted in the garden and are doing excecdinglv well. Cuttings vdll l)e avaikd)le for (listri])Ution in a fev/ montlis. Thcv ought to be planted in moist places, ])refer- ablv along the sides of streams. We have a large number of jdants at the garden introduced by ]Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, wliich include ilowering, forest and fruit trees. Three new varieties of coconuts are also among Ins introductions. A large number of the new and rare plants raised from seed re- ceived from different Botanic Gardens are all worthy of l)eing given a trial, and some of them may l)ccome of great A-aluc to the Territory. i^H^^^^KC '*"■"'*•■ :- ^ l^'-^xf^ W^f ^ :|KI|Mp|K|^r ;■■■:; •# wv"* «^.i«@S^:«yv ^f^m% ■•#! !^^ ^m^^^^SBm^ R^i'^^y^l ^^■ J i'^^j^^^^^i^^j^liiSSrjfJBR'^^^BBHf W' ^'^^ rfc"^' ' ^ '^ / 'm^ '^' \)^tK'' -^Mfsi^ "^BSB^^^^^^MMr^''^ilEry ' ^ ' wl^^^^PP^' It^ "Ib^^ll ppPf / n^ ^.■^^^^^^R;4^) 1 '-'^ 1^ 1 ^^ |~< v^^^IIfS^ Tt ^ ^•^''^O^w^^l^^jF^^PdPl^X^^w , :/' '*y j^^^jB^Hp p^^'^'^^^^^^^f^^ ^ S9(|-.'i^^^^^^^^-'^^^l^^^^ifc*.|^ FT^ '^ ^V^-^^l^'f ^4^^^il b^ IKJi^^fe^JM^ ^^g ■p^^^K Ivs^Sm^M ^^^^*W' -'''' 'i^n&K JttMJiSvv'^^lSflP^^iHH U^&MMftB i^BS&:^B^;c!5i?Mfey.^BKpB^ hH* ■ . ;i;v 1 lE-^ ''- ^-'S4?Tj^^^**^^'KS^*^'- • > ' m^' ■ ■ ' ' ' w^. ^^ml^ " "^'^^■■^^^-r Ww p«=^ |p|l^^^^^^|_. : ■ -^ -^ll^p; 1 i^^^WSI|^l m i'"^^fe^::.#^'-- '^^'^ 1 %■: ^•^4 i?^2s^^c*^^^^>. Native Undergrowth Coming Up Under a Planted Forest. 65 A good (leal of the time of the men at the Garden has l)een taken np in assisting in the raising of trees for general (listri1}ii- tion, also for Arhor Day. The additions to the hnildings and other improvements which have l)een done has also taken up much time. No more additions or im])rovements are necessary at present, so that the men can now devote all their time to the care of the plants and getting the trial grounds ready for plant- ing. TANTALUS FOREST. During- the sunnuer of 1909, which was exce])tionallv dry, the danger of fires starting- in the forest hecame a])parent and ste])s had to he taken to eliminate the danger. The floor of the forest was covered in most ])laces with a dense tangle of dead and dying lantana, which might liave l)een ignited hy people passing through the forest. To ])rotect the forest from, this danger all the lahorers em- ployed hy the Division of Forestry at the Xurserv and Alakiki (jarden were taken u]) to the forest one day each week to heat and cut dowm the lantana and lav it as fiat on the ground as pos- sihle. This work continued for from three to four months. After it was done the forest w^as practically safe from fire, for should a fire have got started after the lantana was heaten and trampled dowai flat it w^ould have Inumcd slowlv and ])Qen easilv put out. Tlie forest now' is safe from fires, the ground lieing covered in most ])arts hv honohono (Comjiicliiia nudiflora) and air plant {Br\oph\Ihiin cal\ciuuiu) . The lantana has disap]:)eared wdth the exception of a few^ shoots that have come U|) here and there from the old roots. Tlie dead wood has heen cut dowm and carted away. Ahout 50 Eucalyptus trees have heen cut down for testing purposes and for making volume tahles. The forest is now in good condition, verv few^ dead trees are to he found. The Ranger, David Ka]Mhi, has done good w^ork in keeping the trails through the forest in good shape ; also the trails run- ning along the l)ottom of Makiki A'alley and over to the 0|)]:)0- site ridge. Other w^ork which he has to attend to, is to look out for ])eo])le who sneak into the forest every now and again and cut and cart aw^av grass and sometimes trees. He is also sup- posed to l)e on the ground when ])eople have drv grass or weeds, etc., to hurn ofl^. During the year 1909. twenty-two ]:)ermits W'Cre issued to people desiring to hurn drv grass, hrush, etc. The numher of permits issued for same purpose during 1910 was seventeen. 5— B. A. 66 NUUANU STATION. One man has been emplo}Td at the station from January 1, 1909, to Dieceniber 31, 1910. At the latter date it was deemed necessary to dispense with his services. After this there wih be no one at the Station, but the w^ater-tender at the dam has prom- ised to keep a lookout and report when anything is wrong-. The work done by the man during the last two years consisted prin- cipally of clearing away vines fromi the trees and patrolling the forest in search of estrays, etc. It may be necessary again to employ one or two men in the near future to keep in check the vine Mailc Pilau and other vines from smothering the trees. At present the forest is in a healthy condition and making a fast growth. The Eucalyptus robusta has proved itself well adapted for this situation. This tree is doing better than any of the other species planted. Places where previously the ti ])lant and ferns were almost gone l)efore the tree^ were planted, are now assuming the ap- pearance of a typical Hawaiian forest, as far as the undergrowth is concerned. Ferns, ti leaf and vines are sprouting up in some places and covering the ground completely. This condition is particularly noticeable where the upper road from the old quar- ters joins the Pali road. Where the Hilo grass is very dense, hovxw^r, it is difficult for the natural undergrowth to get a liold. The old quarters were taken down and carted to Makiki. This was done l^ecause of the buildings being on the site of the new reservoir. The wood and iron roofing has 1)een advantageously used at Makiki for different purposes. Tw^o of the houses used l)y Mr. L. Whitehouse for his men when l)uil(ling the dam wxre left, an agreement to that efifect having been made between Mr. Campbell and Mr. Whitehouse. Should there be more tree planting done in Nuuanu, the houses will come in handy for the men. Respectfully submitted, David Haugtis, Forest Nurseryman. Report of the Botanical Assistant. Honolulu, T. IL, December 31, 1910. Mr. R. S. Ilosiucr, wSiiperinteiident of Forestry, Honolulu, T. II. Sir: — I have the honor to submit herewith my report for the 1)iennlal period endinp; December 31, 1910. vSince ()cto])er, 1908, I have l)een engaged by the Board of 7\griculture and Forestry with the view to investigate the Flora of these Islands and to estaljlish an herl)aritmi comprising not only native forest trees and shrubs, but also all lower Crypto- gams, as well as grasses, pulses and ferns. I)efore going any finlher, I shall trv to give an introductory explanation of the nature of an herbarium, its practical uses, and the necessity for systematic work on plants, as well as for forest protection, as only through an intimate knowledge of the life histories of oiu' trees and |)lants which make up our forest shall we be enabled to devise plans for efficient protection. THE HERBARIUM. Among the divisions of the r)Oar(l of Agriculture and Forestry the her])ariimi occu])ies a ])lace of great importance, but one that rcfjuircs some explanation in view of ]X)ssi])le misconce]ition. An herl)arium is a systematically arranged collection of authentically named dried plants, and is highly essential for instruction and research. It is somewhat of the nature of a museum, a laboratorv and a lil)rarv. As a collection or assemblage of plant material it resembles the museum. It might be included in the laboratory as an essential apparatus without which systematic work on plants is impossil)le, and as illustrated literature it is a kind of librarv extremelv useful for reference. First of all, it mav be worth stating that no botanist would think of making an herbarium simply for the sake of having a collection. It is in no sense a fad. It is however, sometimes looked upon bv the layman as anv other collection, as of perhaps, china cups, postage stamps, or anv other objects of someone's passion. It is in the first place necessarv that the herbarium should con- tain authenticallv named specimens, as it is not always possible to recognize plants bv the brief descriptions which are some- times published in various languages. Illustrative material is 68 absolutely necessary to deteriiiiiie the plants of one's own en- vironment and to be al)le to recognize species new to science. The (leterniination of plant species is ])y no m.eans the sole factor in botanical work, but is of sul)si(liarv importance. An her])ariuni may l)e consulted for a particular specimen, the name of whicli may be known beforehand in order to compare its structure with other forms, or to ascertain the relationshi[) of an unknown plant. The herl)arium may be compared to a great illustrated volume, to the ])ages of which the l)otanist refers dailv in (piest of in- fonnation. The adnu'nistration of sucli an herl)arium ma\- ])e paralleled in the management of an office, as that of registry of deeds. The herl)arium of this lloard is not extended indefinitely be- yond the borderlands of the Pacific, but C()m])rises onlv such l^loras as are closely related with the Flora of these Islands. Only in a few cases it was found necessarv to have Moras, such as of Mauritius and other islands having an insular Mora, for of island floras l)otanists distinguish two kinds, "insular" and "con- tinental" floras. As research in Hawaii is not limited to certain fields of sws- tematic botany, as forest trees, but also is extended to grasses and pulses, it was found necessary to make the herl)arium general in its scope, and it was desired that it should contain all the lower Cryptogams, as w^ell as Idiancrogams, for purposes of instruc- tion and in order to give a general conspectus of the |)lants of these Islands. An herl)arium should he looked upon, not as a show^ piece or an accomplished task, l:>ut as a growdng and wH)rk- ing mechanism that wdll return daily a large interest l)y w^ay of instruction and research upon the capital invested in its esta1)lish- ment and maintenance. It being an impossibility to conduct such w'ork witliout facilities for pul)lication, it therefore may not be out of place to make a few general remarks regarding such. The (lisseniiination of knowledge about plants is the very essence of botanical research activity. Unless the results of research are made known to the scientific wx)rl(l tli rough some j^recise announcement, they are of no value whatsoever. A station like the l)Oard of Agriculture and Forestry should ])e engaged in the ]^ul)lication of original scientific investig;ations, as well as of i)opular or semi-popular treatises, such as lists of stock-poisoning plants, pests, etc., occurring in the Territory, wdth ample illustrations in order to enable the ranchman to recognize his enenues and deal wdth them accordingly. Tt is indeed of the greatest im])ortance and advantage for an establishment of this kind to control its ow^n publication to the extent of at least one or two bulletins, thus giving it the oppor- 69 tunity to express freely its inclividualit}-. I therefore reeom- mend and nri^e this lloard to lind means \vherel)y we will l)e ena])led to ])ul)lish at least one series of ])ulletins, whieli shall appear whenever there is material on hand, either scientihe or ])0])nlar. ])y the freedom of exchange snch contrihutions form the most nsefnl and practical medinm of communication hetween different institutions of the w^orld, and will help to promote and advertise, as well as make the world acquainted with the work- accomplished hy the Station in question. FOREST AKD BOTANICAL EXHIBIT. During the month of January, 1909, it was decided by the Ha- w~aii Commissioners of the .\laska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition to send a forestry and botanical exhi1)it to the ILxposition. The collecting of the WH)od specimens forming a ]:)art of the forestry exhibit and the arrangement of the botanical display was entrusted to me. At the suggestion that the Bunaluu Alountains w^ould ])e the ])est place from wdiich to secure Oahu specimens, permission vv^as secured from the Trustees of the Ibshoj) Estate, as well as from Mr. J. B. Castle, to i)roceed to l\maluu Camp and there cut the desired numbicr of trees. On Ee1)ruarv 1, 1909, according to instructions, I went to the a1)ovc narii.ed place, canrping there for several days, and cutting about forty logs, including (lu|)licates. Ten natives were em- ])loyed for nearly a week. The hauling of the large logs to the railroad track was not only difficult, but exceedingly dangerous. Thev had to be carried from an elevation of 2500 feet over a narrow, zigzag foot trail, cut into the face of a preci])itous cliff", which, during the continuous rain at that time prevailing, w^as in almost im])assa])le condition, two landslides having occurred at the time. I'esidcs the logs, hcr])arium material of 500 specimens was collected. On lATruary 11, I ]M'oceeded in com])any wdth one of the Commissioners, Mr. A. V. Knudsen, to Kauai, going to Waimea. Inuuediatelv after arrival I started for the mountains accom- ]:)anied 1)v several natives, Mr. Knudsen following the next day. llalemanu mountain-house was made headquarters. Most of the trees cut for wood s])ecimcns came from Ko|)iwai forest, wddch is rather oj^en and more accessi1)le than the forest l)ack of llalemami, besides 1)eing drier, and therefore richer in species. From llalemanu I made tri]:>s into the interior of Kauai, visit- ing Kalalau and Kilohana, where the ])eautiful Wilkcsia gym- noxypliuDii Grav, (Iliau) (see plate 10) is to be found in com- ])any with Lobelias. The great l)og of Lehua makanoe, wnth its fragrant endemic violets and insect-eating ]:»lant Droscra Joiigi- folia, a native of Europe, was ex])lored, as w-ell as Mohihi, Alakai 70 swamp, besides the drier districts, as Milolii, etc. Large bo- tanical material was collected at the above named localities be- sides seeds and a few^ w^ood specimens. The work .having- been completed at that section of the island, I proceeded to Makaweli. ]\Ir. Francis Gay, who takes great interest in the native liora and who, I w^onld say, is the anthority on native plant names — as well as Meles and Oliolis, in which snch names occur — rendered great assistance in straightening out the native names of the Kauaian plants. He is extremely well posted and has gained information from the old ilawaiians that can be had from no one else. Kaholuamano, ]\Ir. Gay's mountain house, is on the kxnvard side of Kauai at an elevation of 3800 feet, back of Waimea. There I made my headquarters. I had the good fortune to have jNIr. Gay's company for several days, which enabled me to get much data concerning native names of plants and their medicinal properties, as well as IMcles and Oliolis, in wdiich some of them occur. Fourteen days were spent at that locality making trips to Lehua makanoe, Mahana, etc. On March 12, I returned with four pack nniles loaded wdth 1)otanical material, to Makaweli. In the drier lowlands and gulches a number of logs were col- lected for w'ood specimens. On March 20, I proceeded to Lihue. On account of the limited time and heavy rains I w'as unable to camp in the woods back of Lihue, l)Ut w^orked part of the Flaupu range, ascending Llaupu proper, shortly afterw^ards returning to Llonolulu. After my arrival on Oahu, I proceeded to the windward side of said Island, making Waiahole my headquarters, with a view of collecting additional wood specimens, as w^ell as to secure herb- arium material. During the months of April and May I w^orked on the botanical exhil)it. Four koa stands wdth swinging frames (see plate 11) were made ])y Mr. Ira Eskew, then of Kamehameha School. Each stand carried two rows of fifteen double frames each; in all 240 specimens. Stand one contained specimens of Haw'aiian Algae (Limn) in the upper row and the native ferns in the lower. Stands tw^o and three contained specimens of native shrubs and trees, and stand four introduced ornamental plants. Three koa frames w^ere made for the W'Ood specimens (see plate 12), each one exhibiting thirty specimens, the individual specimen measur- ing one foot in length, five inches in width, and one inch in thickness, showdng the bark on one side. A gold medal was aw^arded for the above described Forestry and Botanical Exhi1)it by the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. }'Ji,tl,) h\ A. (,aifh Plate 10. Wilkesia gymnoxyphium (Irax. I>cno-t]i of (lower a])(>ut v^' _. feel. ■1 HT 1 { mm ■ ^ B ^ iiy mH- llS^j""" iti&jtP. ■HmP^-w-.'-^^^^ : 1 ^ n Jkl 1 '^ fv 1 £ mmik 1 1 I^^K .~^- IBbJl ^.JL riate 11. Plant Specimens for Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Plate ]2. Wood Specimens, Exhibited at Seattle. 71 BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS. NORTH KONA, HAWAII. On June 1, 1909, I left Honolulu on the S. S. Mauna Loa for Kailua, Hawaii, to make a botanical survey of Alt. Hualalai, as well as to explore parts of the Parker Ranch and PLnuakua. Headquarters were established at Mr. John jXIaguire's Pluehue Ranch, situated at an elevation of 2000 feet on the slopes of Hua- lalai. The time from June 3 to June 7, inclusive, was spent in collecting-, at an elevation of 2000 feet, in the vicinity of Huehue, mainly along the government road. The forest along the road is intersected 1)v two large a-a hows, as well as pahoehoe lava flows dating l)ack to the last eruption of Plualalai, in 1801. It may not l)e out of place to give a general description of that most interesting of all districts, including Puu\^■aawaa. The most prevailing tree near Huehue is PJcctroiiia odorata (Walahee or Alahee), belonging to tlic order Ruhiaccac, which has, besides the coffee, one other representative at this elevation, the "Nau" of the natives (Gardenia brio-haiui) , which on ac- count of its large white and fragrant flowers is wortliy of culti- vation. The latter v\^as not previously recorded from Hawaii. A few trees of the Hame or Haa {Antidcsina plaiypliyUuni) , without ITossom or fruit, were found near a large Kukui grove, while onlv 300 feet higher the same tree was found loaded with the black ri])e berries. Another species lielonging to the Eii- phorbiaccac, Euphorbia lorifolia, or Akoko of the natives, who make charcoal of its wood, was seen on a-a lava fields; here it formed a small, straggling shrub of about four feet, while 700 feet higher it is a tree of considera])le size, with a trunk of almost ten inches in diameter. A rosaceous shrub {Ostcomclcs aiifhyl- lidifolia), Ulei, grew nearby. On the more exposed places Rey~ noJdsia saudiviccusis. the ''Ohe," a rcpresetnative of the order AraJiaccac, is aliundant on the a-a lava fields. The most com- mon of the shrul)s is the native Kului, (N'ototrichiuin sandiA- ccusc). It forms a hedge on both sides of the government road. Its foliage is of a silvery grav which blends with the color of the lava. The Lama (Maba saiidzciccfisis) , a very handsome tree of snijall size, is (piite common. Aalii (Dodoiiaca criocarpa) , a shrul) 6-(S feet in height, grows on open places which are desti- tute of other vegetation. Myopornnu saudiAcciisc, or Naio, is ]:)redominant on the roadside. One of the most interesting and rare trees is GossypiuiJi dr\i- narioidcs, the native brown cotton, "Kokio'' (see pkite L3), Hillebrand in his ''Flora of the Hawaiian Islands," says : ''The species was imperfectly described by wSeeman from a specimen ill the Ilritisli iiniseum, collected 1)\' Nelson, the companion of Captain Cook." North Kona, Hawaii, is a new locality, as the species had onh' heen recorded from the western end of Molokai. In the latter place the writer found one single tree of this species still hearing- fruits, l)Ut almost dead. ( )n Hawaii ahont six of these trees are alive and are much taller than the one on Molokai, having a straight trunk with an average height of 25 feet; one trunk measured 12 inches in diameter. One tree was dead, and the others, if not joroperly ];)rotected, will soon he a thing of the past, as the natives had strip|)e(l several trunks of their hark, which contains a rich red- dish-hrown sa]) used hy them for dying their hsh-nets. The species is of striking heauty when in hlossoiu and deserves to l)e cultivated. Another handsome tree is Coluhv'uia oppositi folia, whose Avood sur|)asses that of its relative Alphitoiia poiidcrosa, the Kauila from Kauai, in hcing harder grained and in possessing a (lee])er red color. The Uhiuhi {Mczoucuruin Kauaicnsc) is ([uite ]dentiful, one tree l)eing of especially large size. The wood is liighly prized hv the natives, it heing the hardest and heaviest of all native woods. Its color is almost hlack. The winged, papery pods are destroyed hy a species of d\)rtrix ( ?). The Alaa {SidcroxyJoii sajid^iAcciisc) is occasionally met with. It is a handsome tree, of consideral)le size. On Kauai, wdiere the tree reaches a greater height than in Kona, I found it destitute of fruit with the exce])tion of a few al)(M-tive ones, wliilc at North Kona, Hawaii, the tree is loaded with herries of the size of a Chinese orange. The lava flow of 1801 is hare of vegetation, with the excc])- tion of Ohia lehua (Mctrosidcros poJyinorpha) , of which single trees have come up, some of them only 12 to 15 inches high, al- readv hearing flowers and fruit. The hardiness of the tree is remarkahle, and where nothing; else can live, not even the Ala- mani (Sophora cJirysophylla) , the Ohia lehua ada])ts itself to almost any condition and environment. It is found in the hlack l)ogs of Lehua makanoe on Kauai, as well as in the sw^am])s of the Kohala Mountains, Hawaii. At the former place it is dwarfed, reaching only a height of 6 to 8 inches, and l)earing flowers and fruit. It thrives w^ell in the hottest and driest regions, on hare lava as well as in hlack, nntddy soil, at 4000 to 5000 feet, in com- ])anv with Acacia Koa. Where it reaches its greatest height it sometimes exceeds 100 feet. Again, it can he found at the sum- mit of Hualalai, 8200 feet elevation, growing at the rim of a crater, stunted and rugose throughout. ... hm:. ^^^^P mmk . i Mm^ , ^iBi?"" jf ipysl'^-»^^ fe?. . iwi^r*N. mimim^^rPrnm ^^^^^^^^^^y H^'^X ^. A^^^^BH^ '^m ^p^^^^^HH'C^^'' ^ ''^^BlillllllH ^^^^^^^^^^^ .'^^■^HlMH^Kl^SilMl^^L % ' "^K^ ^ -' " J^^ % ' Plate Iv^. Hawaiian Red Cotton: Kokio. (jossy/^iiiiii dryiiarioi'Jcs Seem. 7Z Of the Urticaccac, the Maniakc (Piptunis albidus), Maoloa (Ncnuidia mclastoniacfolia), and Waiike {Brousoncttia pc^py- rifcra) are here re])resented. The VVaiike, which wtis used 1)y die natives for making their ta])a, or paper ck)th, was exten-sivelv cuhivated in former (kiws. It is only found at the settlement of ruuanahulu in the midst of a Cactus hedge. A few adaptive characteristics of the plant covering of this hot and dry district may ])e mentioned ])efore this paragraph is dismissed. The prevaihng tv])e of wood is of a hard, close- grained texture, such as that of Mczouciiruni Kanaicnsc, Colit- brijia opposififolia, and Acacia Koaia, the latter 1)eing found on the dry slopes of l^uianahulu ; also Maba sajidiviccnsis, Plcc- trouia odorata, Sophora crysophyJla, and others. It a])pears that in this dry, rocky region the tendency for trees and shru])s of slow growth is to form harder and finer ^^•ood than those of rapid gro^^ih. PUUWAAWAA. The greatest variety of trees and shruhs is found on the little hill called I'uuwaawaa, and in its vicinity. This 300-foot hill, rising at an elevation of 2700 feet, is like an oasis in a desert, the like of which can 1)e found in the upper regions of Hualalai. though a-a surrounds its hase, wdiile on its slopes luxurious vegetation grows in the rich, dark soil, 1)earing some resem])lance to the plant covering of W'aihou and the middle forest helt of Mt. Hualalai. The ( )lopua, or Pua (Olca sand-icicoisis) , a handsome tree, is found on its lower slo])es near the edge of the lava fields in company witli a vSa])in(lus, an a])parently underscril^ed species. Char pent icra O'i'ata and Pisoiiia ijicruiis, l)oth very soft wooded trees, called Pa])ala hy the natives, can he found here in company with represen.tatives of the order Rutaccac. Pitiosponujh Hosiucri, a sv)ecies new to science, (see ])late 20 and description in<]iart), called Aawa hua kukui hy the natives, on account of the large fruits resem1)ling the Kukui nuts, is a conuuoii tree in this region. It is astonishing that a tree as com- mon as tlie ahove mentioned IMttosporum should have heen over- looked. It can only l)e assumed that the region in question had never l)een visited hv any collector or hotanist. The mature fruits of said Tittos]:)orum are of enormous size with woody capsule of v3T2x2)/'j inches. TTTJALALAT. On June 8, preparations were made for the ascent of Hualalai, where camj) w^as estahlished at Kalulu, an elevation of 6000 feet. 74 While at this cainp I experienced a sHght earth([uake, whicli was felt stronger at Huehue. On June 9, the ascent was made to Honuauln, the highest peak of Hualalai, S273 feet, of which 1 shall give a general acconnt and description of the conntry traversed. At 2000 feet elevation commences the lower forest zone, with valnahle pastnre lands extending up to a1)out 3500 feet, l)eyond which the soil is hlack and nniddy and covered hy a forest mainly composed of Ohia lehna, Kolea (Myrsijic Lcsscrtiaiia) , Byronia SandiiHCcnsis and Acacia Koa, forming the middle forest zone. Most of these Koa trees are nearly smothered heneath great masses of runners of the wild raspherry {Riibus iiiacraci), the stems of wdiicli are sometimes over two inches thick and 25 feet long, thus forming impenetrahle thickets. From 5000 to 6000 feet tlie vegetation is stunted, the most prevailing trees heing again Ohia lehua and Kolea. Ahove it the vegetation gives place to lava fields of rough a-a, which gradually pass into a small, dismal ])lain com])Osed of Tahoelioe and gravelly sand. Here is the home of Geranium cuucahini, the wild straw^herry (Fragaria cJiilcnsis) , species of Raillardia and Coprosuia crnodcoides or Kukaineenee, v/hose 1)lack herries are eaten l)y the native geese (Bcniicla sand^cncciisis) . The vegetation now^ takes a diftx^-ent character. A legumi- nous tree, the Mamani of the natives {Sophora cJirysophylla) , and the Naio {Myoponiiii saiidzi'icciisc) , which forms here a tree of 25 to 30 feet in height, are ahundant, while at lov^-er elevations l)oth are small, 5 to 6 feet high, and l)ranching from the hase. The plain ahove as well as the forest 1)encath is intersected hy lava streams. Here and there in the extensive lava fields are heautiful green hills covered v/ith old giants of Acacia Koa, which, from their elevation, escaped destruction l)y the fiery streams, and now appear like oases in a desert. From here to al)out 7400 feet, within which lies the up])er forest zone, Mamani and Naio seem to he the only trees, while Dodonaca criocarpa, CyatJwdcs iaiuciamcia, and Coprosuia Mcnmcsii form the scruh vegetation up to the summit. The summit itself is composed of a numher of large craters, some 200 to 500 feet deep hy 3000 feet in circumference—^Ho- nuaulu forming, as before mentioned, the highest point, 8273 feet al)ove sea level. The w^alls of the craters arc solid and al- most perpendicular, the bottoms fiat and gravelly. Some of the craters were full of lava blocks v.diich have fallen from the steep walls. Nortlnvest from Honoaulu, a half mile distant, are a series of craters and cones, one being especially remarkal)le for its un- fathomal)le depth. It is a verital)le chimney about 100 feet high, 75 and composed of rough a-a with a hlow-holc of 10 feet in diam- eter, the inner walls of which are perfectly smooth, only one side having fallen in, A stone dropped by the writer into this chimney fell for 16 seconds Ijefore the first reverberation could be heard. Between this cone and Ilonuauhi is a plain covered with a thin crust of lava which breaks at every step. The slopes of Hualalai, from the IHunvaawaa side, are very steep and bear only one crater of considerable size, at an eleva- tion of 5000 feet. ' On June 15, I proceeded to Puuwaawaa, wdiere headquarters Were established. Trips were made into Waihou forest, Puua- nahulu, and across the extensive lava fields. On June 20, an- other ascent was made to the summit of Ilualalai from its north- ern slope. During my stay in North Kona I collected several thousand hcr])arium specimens, and also made a supplementary collection of the following woods : Manele SapiJidus sp. (?) Olei Ochrosia sajidK'iccusis Oh e I^cyii o Ids ia sa i uhviccn s is Aica Notlioccsfruiih brcz'ifloruni P^ap al a Cli a rpcn tic ra o 7 'a fa Akoko Euphorbia lorifoUa Coffee Coffee arabica Aawa hua Kukui Pittoshoruin IJosiueri l\'i])ala kcpau Pisonia iiienuis Ko])iko ula Siraussia haimiiensis Kokio Gossypiuiih drynarioidcs Nan Gardeuia brighami Kauila Colubrina oppositifolia .\lani Pelea ciucrea var. delta A'c XaiifJioxyJinii kauaieiise var. A'e XantlioxyJuiii dipetahtiii var. A alii Dodonaea criocarpa Pukcawe Cyathodes taiiiciaiueia Pilo Coprosina rhyncJwearpa Naenae Ditbaufia plaiitagijiea Ohe Tctraplasandra sp. ( ?) IThiuhi Afe.coiieuruiii Kauaiense Poola CJaoxylon saridzcicerise Ktdui Notofrichiiijii saiidwicensc Alaoloa Neraudia inelastoinaefolia Iliahi Sautalujii frcycijiettianuiii var. Opuhe Urcra sandimccnsis Alaa SideroxyIo]i sp. (?) Clci OsteoiJicIes anthyllidifolia Alomona Anoiia cheriinolia 76 WAIMEA. Oil June 21, I proceeded to A\'ainiea via Keatiniokii. /\t I\Ia- kahalau, in the central ])art of Parker Ranch, 1 camped for twelve (lavs, searching the paddocks for stock-poisoning ])lants, as well as making a general survey of its vegetation. During that time the following ])laces were carefullv gone over : Nienie, jMana, Kanahiokaoka, Paauhau Nos, 1, 2, 3, J^mohia, IHmohu, J^aliliookapapa, Wahinekea, Kapepe, l\i])ukoa, ruu])ueo, 11 anei- ])oe, r\nihuluhulu, Kaluamakani, and Moano on the slopes of Maun a Kea. July vX I returned to Wainiea, from which point an exjiedi- tion was made into the swamps of the South Kohala Alountains and to the crater Puukawaiwai. July 9 was s])ent in a trip from A\vaimea to the head of the Holokaiea Cuilch, which N'ielded much interesting material. On July 10 and 11 I followed the upper ditch trail leading to Alakahi and Kawainui to an elevation of 4050 feet. .Vn attem|)t was made to reach the suiumit (vf that range, l)ut could not he carried out on account of the extensive hogs. On July 15, I went from Waimea to Kukuihaele, where head- quarters were estal)lishe(l at the Mamakua Ditcli Company. July 16, a collecting tri]) was made into Wai])io (lulch pro])er, as well as into the smaller valleys, as 1 liilawe, Waima, Alakahi and Ka- wainui, on the windward side of Hawaii. Jnly 18, a tri]) was made into the woods ahove 1 liilawe and I?uakalehua Oulch, which is really a continuation of I liilawe. Nearly all the ahove mentioned places had never heen visited l)v any collector or l)otanist. July 20, I crossed Waipio and followed the trail lead- ing to Waimanu. July 22, 1 returned to Honolulu with several thousand specimens of ])lants. EXPLORATION ON KAi;\I. On July v31, 1909, I left once more for the island of Kauai, going immediately after arrival at Makaweli u]> to Kaholuamano, ]\lr. (lay's mountain house. All the Ko1)elias were then in hlos- som as well as many other plants. I explored the great l)og of Lehua inakanoe, and ])roceeded into the interior of the island, collecting at Waiakali])o, Waiakealoha, Kahana Valley, etc. As only one l)otanist. Dr. Wawra, of the Austrian hlx])loring Ex- pedition, had ever visited Waialeale, the sununit of Kauai, and that in the first half of the last century, T found it advisahle to arrange an expedition to said mountain. With a guide and three natives carrying hotanical outfit, l)lankets and ])rovisions for one w^eek (including two hundred pounds of poi for the natives) we started for Keaku, a cave at an elevation of 4(S00 feet, made by late 14. Lobelia Kauaensis ((iray) II I!al)itat, Ml. Waialeale, Kauai. ^ller. 77^ natives in the olden times who spen.t months at a time in that loeaHty huntin^c^ ])ir(ls. The beauty of tlie surrounchng' country is ahnost in(]escril)a])le. The dense jungle of tropical vei^etation uncontaminated l)y civilization, with its many gay-colored birds feeding on the excjuisite giant-lobelias, the beautiful streams of refreshing water, l)ordered by the immense A])e a])e {Gniuicra pctaloidca) wdiose leaves are sometimes 5 ft. in diameter, with an inilorescense of nearly 4 ft. in length, is a ])icture which will ever jjc held in inemorv by him who was so fortunate to see it, and even more fortunate to collect in such virgin forest. After crossing Wailenalena stream we came to the high central l)lateau where thousands of the most beautiful of all Hawaiian Lo])elias, the "Pue" (Lobelia kcnicuvisis) (see plate 14) and 'Mvolii" (Lobelia niacrosfacliys) formed the main vegetation. Late at evening, long after the sun had set, we had still two miles to walk, and that in the stream-]}ed of Kaluiti and Kailiili, l)etwTK^n boulders, and every now^ and then climbing over the sides of a w^aterfall, finally reaching the Cave Keaku, situated on the slopes of Kaluiti Valley, hidden under vines and ferns. The wndter s])ent five days in that locality ex])loring the forest and ascending the summit of Kauai, "VV^aialeale" — an extensive open swani]) constantly enwrapped by clouds and harboring most interesting plants, lliere are to 1)e found the "Mikinalo" (Dro- scra Ion o^if alia) the insect-eating plant, (liant Lobelias, Molets, Geranimus, strange grasses, and ])eculiar w^oody com])osites. Among them was one s])ecies new to science (see description and i:)late ) [resides Cypcraccac ; also an l^mbellifera and many other plants. Heavily laden with rare and interesting material I returned to Kaholuamano wdiere I s])ent several days in straightening out the plants collected. Aly native guide, an old Hawaiian, was well versed in the native folklore, and through him I w-^as able to secure Meles and Oliolis about the ])lants of 'AVaialeale." During the first week in October T ex])lored the beautiful canon Olokele, w^hich yielded material of great interest. The work having been comi)lete(l, I returned to Honolulu, only to start again for Kauai on ()cto])er 14. Mr. Marshall, Chief (kM)gra])her, \J. S. (leological Survey, was to visit the island and I was to accom])any him as guide. Taking advantage of the opi)ortunity T took some of my botanical outfit along, with the intention of collecting w^herever w^e W'Ould go. We first i)roceeded to Lihue, from there to Hanalei and then to Kekaha ; afterw^ard, cami)ing at Halemanu, at Malua Poha, Mr. leave's mountain house. Trips w^ere made to Kilohana, Kalalau, and into Alakai swamp. After an absence of ten days w^e returned to Honolulu. Durin.g the months of November and December, 1900, and January, DIO, 1 w^as engaged in classifying the plants collected on previous trips. 78 VISIT TO MOLOKAI. On February 15, 1910, I proceeded, accordin^: to instructions, to the island of Molokai, with the view of collectini^ botanical material as w^ell as to investigate the forage plants on the Molokai Ranch, especially the stock-poisoning plants. I spent ten days at Kamoku camp, collected along the main ridge, in Kawela swamp, Pelekunu Pali and along the ridge to Wailau, wdiere ex- tensive collections w^ere made comprising all species and classes of plants found in that region. L^rom Kauhuvai, after several days spent in search for obnoxious v/eeds, as well as grasses — making, so to say, a l)otani- cal survey of the pasture lands — I proceeded to the Leper Set- tlement and to Kalawao where most Interesting shore-plants were collected. The trip to the Settlement was made mainly to explore the valleys back of the same, as w^ell as Waikolu, which have been ex])lored very little botanically. Two new s])ecies were found in the latter which wdll be described in the near future. The western end of jMolokai, which seemed to offer very little botanically, was a great surprise, as nearly as much material w^as collected there as at Pelekunu. After having completed that section of the island T proceeded to ]\Tapulehu. From there all the valleys on the leeward side were explored, as well as another ascent made to Pelekunu from Kamalo. A trip was made across the Mapulehu Pali near Puu Wailau into Wailau Valley proper, on the old native trail. Several days were spent in the valley and an attempt w^as made to climb Olokui, the highest peak in that section, l)ut on account of the heavv rains, which made the crossing of the stream; dangerous, and the imwillingness of the natives to accompany me, the trip was given up and I returned to Mapulehu over the Wailau l^ali and from there started for Ilalawa, where the extensive swamps back of the Twdn falls were explored, as w^ell as the valley itself. The preliminary botanical work for that season having been com- pleted on Molokai the writer returned to Honolulu on April 29. The number of specimens collected during the Molokai trip amount to approximately 3,000. Besides flow^ering plants, and forage plants and grasses, a great number of lichens, mosses, ferns, etc., w^ere collected, which have been forwarded to the various specialists in Europe for identification. KOIIALA, HAWAII. In the month of May, 1910, T proceeded to Hawaii, landing at Kawaihae and going at once to Waiki, where an investigation w^as made of the different pasture grasses and poisonous plants. Mauna Kea was ascended three times from Waiki and interesting material secured. Xcili\c names iiiij- on the cliff ite 15. Brighamia insignis (ira\'. -Pnaala on Molokai; Ahihi on Xiilian. (irow- al I lalawa, Molokai. ^%%- Plate 16. Lobelia Gaudichaudii DC P^rniting specimen; growing on Pcleknnn Pali, Al an ele\'ation of 4500 feet. ololvai, at 79 Wainiea plains, respectively, Makalialau, Nienie, Mana, Hanei- poe, Paanbaii No. 1, 2 and 3, Nohonoohae and other paddocks were searched for stock-])oisonino^ plants as well as other unde- sirable weeds and grasses of which a complete set authentically named, with a typewritten history of each plant will be given to the Parker Ranch in tlie near future. Mauna Kca was again ascended from Kemole, Kaluamakani, and from Nau, near Horner's Ranch, as the vegetation at the higher levels varies considerably in the different localities. The woods l)ack of Waimea were explored again, especially Alakahi and Kawainui. Idien in North Kohala, the lower ditch was followed up, way into the heart of the mountains back of Honokanenui, l/'ololu, etc. Twice the attempt to cross the intervening gulches from Kohala to Awini had to be postponed on account of the swollen streams, which made the passing with pack mules not only dan- gerous, Init impossible. Finally T reached Awini, and from there proceeded afoot for several miles into the woods, carrying 1)otanical outfit, provisions, etc. ; camping there five days. From this point the summit of Kohala wtis reached after having cut a sort of trail through the swampy jungle. The l)otanical gain from that localitv was immense. A numlx^r of new species were discovered, among them a violet which covered the grotmd thick- ly, and which scented the air with fragrance. It grew in an o]xni, flat swamp, resembling son]ewhat Lcluia vwkanoc of Kauai. Mauna Kea and Kohala mountain yielded about 3500 speci- mens, some of which are new, besides a large number of lower Crvpt ogams. Returning to Honolulu on June 25, T was occupied from June 26 to Julv 18 in partly arranging the large material col- lected on the different trips. TKTP TO LA NAT AND WEST ^TAUT. On July 19 it w^TS thought advisal)le to visit the Island of Lanai, having made arrangements with Mr. J. T. McCrosson and Mr. Chas. Gay previously. Mr. Tvlarston Camplxdl con- sented to have Mr. J. G. Hammond, a local teacher, accompanv me. Mr. Ilam.mond had had experience in collecting plants, etc., and was therefore a great help in the held, his dutv Ixing the drving of blotters and labelling, as well as collecting plants. Lanai was thoroughlv explored from the summit Lanaihale to Kaa ; the vallevs Maunalei and Nahoku, the two largest ones, were visited besides Mahana and Kaiholena and the small gulches on the slope of the main ridge. A new violet was discovered on the main ridge, that seems to ])e peculiar to Lanai. It is woody, three feet high, wdth pink 80 flowers and narrow lanceolate leaves. The dry districts were of the o-reatest interest, especially the valley of Kaiholena. Mere also several new species were discovered. The material collected on the island of Lanai comprises a])out 2500 specimens; the largest amonnt of species of Lichens were found on that island. Alter a month's sojourn *on Lanai i left the island for Lahaina on the "Nunulaweleka," a whale-hoat carrying- the IJ. S. mail hetween iialepalaua and l^ahaina, Maui. Through the courtesies of Mr. Weinzheimer, manager of the Lioneer plantation, in supplying men and i)ack nuiles, i w-as en- a1)led to ascend the highest peak on West Maui, Puu I\ukui, 5788 feet elevation. Lkmp \ms jMtched at an elevation of 4200 feet on the edge of ITjuokawai gulch, h^roin tliere the summit could he reached in four hours' walk through the swami)y jungle. l\ui Kukui is of greatest interest, its vegetation JKung of similar character as Waialeale of ivauai, elevation 5250 feet, which mountain i ascended the previous year. With exce])tion of the insect-eating plant Droscra Ion gi folia and a new species of Com- posite, since descrihed l)y me in The Torrey i'otanical Cilul) Ihil- letin, the flora is practically the same. Idiough several ])lants are peculiar to Puu Kukui as a violet, lol^elia, and several others, I was greatly surprised in flnding the Silversv/ord, or Ahinahina of the natives, known from Haleakala and Alauna Kea, at the sunnnit of West Maui, growing in a veritahlc pool. As the plant was not in flower it was impossi1)le to determine if the same is a new species or not, l)ut it may he an intermediate form of the green silversword from the western slopes of Haleakala and the well-known silversword from the crater and Manna ivea. A1)out 1000 specimens were secured on this trip. l^XIVLORATION OF JIALl^AKALA. Having returned to Honolulu the latter part of August, on Se])temher 23, 1910, a trip was made to IZast Maui in com])liance with instructions to explore the slopes as well as the crater of Haleakala. The first camp w^as pitched near Olinda at Mr. I^'red. Harvey's survey cam]). I^^rom there the forest of Hamakuapoko was ex- ])lore(l as l)est as conditions ])ernu'tted ; from Waikamoi to ITio- liaokamoa and to the headwaters of Honomanu, where the jungle is dense and the vegetation exceedingly tropical ; large material was secured at that locality. The camp was then transferred to Ukulele Dairy, 1000 feet higher than Olinda. The up])er slopes of Haleakala, w^hose vege- tation consists mainlv of shruhhy, woodv composites and geran- iums, l)esides a large numher of ])lants helonging to other en- demic genera, were traversed in all directions. ricite 17. Argyroxyphium Sandwicense DC. Beta var. macrocephalum Illxl. Silver Sword — Ahiiiahina — in Ilaleakala crater, Alani. Date 18. Argyroxyphium Sandwicense DC. Beta \ ar. macrocephalum Illxl. Silver wSword in flower — Ahinahiiia. 'm^r /^ ^'J,' ^^-■A I'Lilc \^K Alectryon macrococcum Radlkf. Alalinc. Sliow iii^- \{)iini;- and nialnre fruits, and seed. Slii^hll;. less than Diie-tliird nalnral size. 81 On Octo1)cr 24, Mr. L. von Tempsky, Mr. Sam ]]al(lwin and I descended into the crater and camped in Kaupo Gap for five days. The crater was crossed from Kanpo to J\X)ohin, and as much material as the short time permitted was collected. After the return from Koolau Gap the flora of the Makawao forest and of IHnikakae was iirvestig-ated and found to yield verv in- terestino- species, among; them a species of Nbni (Moriiida tri- iiicra), only previously collected l)y Mr. Lydgate fifty years ago. One tree only was observed; rediscovered by i\Ir. L. von Tempsky. ULUPALAKUA. Going on to Ulupalakua, Dr. Raymond's ranch, a study was made of the different luicalypts originally planted by Captain Makee. Auahi and Kahikinui, seven miles from Ulupalakua, where I stopped for twelve days, was the most interesting field ever visited l)y me on any island, with the exception of IHuiwaa- waa, Hawaii. On an area of v350 acres not less than 47 species of trees w^ere observed. Special mention may be made of one tree, thought to be extinct since the time of llillebrand. This tree, belonging to the order of Sapiiuhiccac, possesses an edible fruit, of the size of a large ])otato, and is worthy of culti- vation. About forty trees \\-ere ol)served and mature seeds of the same collected; it is called Mahoe by the natives, and w^as described by L. Radlkofer in the Sitz. math.-])hys. baycr. Akad. Wiss. XX. 1890; the name, Alcctryon inacroccociuii. (See plate 19). Auahi and Kahikinui on ]\Iaui ma}- be com])are(l, and that justly, to Puuwaawaa on Hawaii. Xowhere in the grouj:), with the possible exception of certain small areas in Kau, Hav/aii, not }'et visited l)y me, is there such a variety of s]>ecies to be found as in these t\^'0 localities. Both ])laces have mucli in common, though each has its peculiar species. Gassy piinii drynarioidcs, the red native cotton, is also present at Auahi, jMxviouslv thought to be growing only on West Molokai. The genera iMttos])oriuii, Pe- lea, and others have most interesting representatives at Auahi, Maui, as well as at Puuwaawaa, Hawaii. I returned from this trip to Maui early in December, since when I have been occupied wdth the classification of the |)lants collected in the above described trips. The number of specimens in the herl)arium amounts to ap- proximately 20,000 sheets, including duplicates. Over 1000 were received through exchange with foreign countries, repre- senting g;enera of ])lants closely allied to Haw^aiian genera. ()— B. A. S2 COLLECTION OF NATIVE SEED. Oil Kauai and at Puiiwaawaa, Hawaii, as well as at Kaliiki- niii, Maui, the writer w^as enabled to collect seed of some forty- five native species, amounting to over 100 pounds. EXCHANGE OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. For over a year the writer has been in correspondence with the leading herbaria of Europe, America, and the different Bo- tanic Institutions in the Orient and Australia in regard to the exchange of herbarium specimens. At present the Department has exchanged with the Sydney National Herbarium, New South Wales; Botanic Gardens, Bera- denya, Ce}lon, India; Botanic Gardens, lUiitenzorg, Java; Herl)- arium Bureau of Science, Manila, 1\ I., and Jiotanic Station, Mauritius. The following institutions have consented to exchange : Paris, Jardine du Plant, Tahitian flora ; Imper. Roy. Nat. Hist. Mu- seum, V^ienna, Austria, Samoan material ; Herl)ariuin British Museum, London, Fiji material; Botanic Station, Taihoku, h'or- mosa, Formosan plants; Berkeley, Cal., Herbarium, California ])lants ; New York I]ot. Gardens, ]>ronx Park, West Indian and Central American material ; i'otanic Station, Si])bur, near Cal- cutta, Indian plants ; Botanic Gardens, Singa])ore, Malayan plants. INVESTIGATION OF STOCK-POISTONING INFANTS. As soon as the large material of pasture ])lants, grasses, etc., in this herbarium can l)e worked up, an account will then I)e pu])lishe(l in })0pular language, wdth ami)le illustrations, de- scril)iiig the obnoxious as well as useful pasture plants occurring in the Territorv, so that every ranchman will be enal)led to re- cognize a plant as his friend or enemy, and deal with it accord- ingly. ElJCALYPTl^S INVESTIGATION. The writer has made a special effort to straighten out the dif- ferent species of Iuicaly|)ts growing in the Fslands. On Tantalus material from 40 S])ecies and varieties was collected and for- warded to Dr. J. IF Vlaiden, (government Botanist, Svdncv, New South Wales, /Vustralia, the Eucaly|)tus ex])ert, wlio kindlv con- sented to identify tlie same for tlie Department. The diagnosis of over 20 sjoecies he has sent lately. Of the remaining ones, Dr. Maiden recjuested more complete material. This has lieen 83 forwarded to him, as well as to Dr. Ikiker, ^^•ho inquired if he could ohtaiii specimens of the various species of Eucalypts cul- tivated in the Islands. The identification of the latter is still pending". Of natural grown Eucalypts in Australia the lierh- arium contains an almost complete set, authentically named. PLANTS NEW TO SCIENCE. In the mountains at IHmaluu, ( )ahu, at an ele Vatican of 2000 feet, on August 24, 1908, I discovered and collected specimens of one tree new to science helonging to the genus Eu])horl)ia and of one violet. These, together with a ])lant helonging to the genus Lysimachia, have lieen descril)e(l 1)y C. N. Eorbes of the iUshop Museum, Honolulu, in the Occasional Paj^ers of that Institution, as lluphorbia Rockii, l^iola oahucnsis, and Lysiuia- cJiia lougiscpahh The first two, Eu])horhia and \ iola, w'ere col- lected hv me (August 24, 1908). The Lysimachia he obtained when in com])any with me at Punaluu, November 14-21, 1908, and not as given by him, on August 14-21, 1908; his first four specimens having been collected by me. It mav be remarked that Mr. Eorlies overlooked the cree])ing rhizome in LysiniacJiia Joni:^{scpaIa, which my co-tyi)e speci- mens, collected November 14-21. 1908, plainly show. I)esides the a1)ove, the following- plants new to science were discovered and described by the writer, with excc])tion of Sidcro.vyloii rJwucliospcriiiuiii, which was first collected bv Dr. IT. L. Lyon of Honolulu. Scaevola Swezeyana Rock Lull. Torr. ])Ot. CI., v36:645, 1909. A shrul) 9-12 dm. higli, with stifT, glabrous, rambling branches. Leaves glabrous, oldanceolate, ?^(^-7(^ mm. X 12-18 mm., on petioles 0-13 mm. long, nnicronate, entire, somewhat fieshy ; |)eduncle single-flowered, 4-6 nim. long, entire, slightly pu]u\scent, witli two o1)lanceolate, foliaceous bracts below the cal\'x 0-18 mm. long ])\ 2 mm. broad; calyx 4 nun., glabrous, with sliort, bluntish teeth of unecpial size; corolla ])ubescent, 5~lobed, yel- lowish green with reddish brown streaks ; tube 18 nuu. long, erect, corolla-lobes linear-lanceolate, sharp-'i)ointe(l, scarcely margined, 10 mm. X 3 mm.; stamens somewhat longer than the tul)e ; stvle incurved, inibescent throughout, little shorter than the corolla, indusium glabrous, ciliate; dru])e glabrous, crowned l)y the calyx-teeth, ?G mui., two-celled, putamen black, crusta- reous. The t\i)e is No. 4804 (in the herbarium of the L>()ard of Agri- culture and lM)restrv), c(41ecte(l in the woods on the middle ridge 84 of Nil! Valley, Oalut, at an elevation of 1200 feet (August 22, 1909). The s])ecies is named in honor of Air. (). H. Swezey of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Exj erinient Station, Pittosporum Hosmeri Rock lUill. Torr. Ikit. CL, 37:297, 1910. Ar])or 6.5-10 ni. alta, raniis rol)ustis ; folia coriacea, 90-125 mm. longa, 18-v38 mm. lata, ohlanceolata, ohtuse acuminata, supra giahra, suhtus lanuginosa, petiolo tomentoso 12-25 mm. longo; capsulac maturae 3 aut 4 in ])eclunculo 12-20 mm. longo, lig- nosae, glahrae, ol)longo-sul)([ua(lrangulatae, 55-75 mm. longae, 45 nun. latae ; semina nigra, rugosa, 6-7 mm. cliam. A tree 6.5-10 m. high, with a straight trunk and rather stout l)ranches, young shoots puhescent ; leaves crowded at the ends of the l)ranches, coriaceous, 90-125 mm. X 18-38 mm., ohlanceolate, l)luntly acuminate, the upper side glal)rous and Avrinkled v/ith a close net-work, covered underneath with a silvery gray wool, entire, gradually narrowing into a ]:)ul)escent petiole of 12-25 mm. ; o])en mature capsules single or 3 or 4 on a woody ])e(luncle of 12-20 mm. and ])edicels of 2 mm., thick- v/oody, ol)long to sul)~ quadrangular, 55-75 mm. X 45 nun., opening into tw^o, three, or sometimes four valves w^ith a longitudinal median groove, giahrous when old, covered wdth a grayish hrov.m wool wdien young; endocarp hrigiit orange-colored, seeds hlack, rug'ose, 6-7 mm. in diameter. The fruits exude a milkv glutinous saj). Flowers not collected. 11n's tree is rather common on the lava fields of Pnuw-aawaa, Hawaii, at an elevation of 3000 feet. The species is remarkalde for the mnisually large, vvoodv ca])sulcs wdiich open into two, three, and sor.K^times four valves. (Nktive name Aawa hua kukui.) The type numhcr is 3957 in the hcrharium of the Poard of Comnnssioners of /Xgriculture and Forestry, Territorv of FTa- ^y *'^' *, ^ r ' «^ f" . ■■'-'-:!>$&;>-, V • ;^.-?l^'*'' ;-<■#« ^ v'.'-* ' .)|^. '*':- .; Va^^^ ■ ^^^^^"^--' . . • ^k^ ,s ^' . /^^^^^^^^H^^ -'^^^^^^^^^^^i ' ^3k '^l-^^^^BHHIHP^*' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^/^i^^^^^> ^^^K ■^^^j.y v-I^^M^m^^MB^Br^^^'' ..Jt^ 9^' ^*^^*'%as^-^-^^^^'*^^*^^^S* ^P^^^^^^^«^^^ ^^''^^^^^^^^fl^^' ^S^H^k. '^l^^pF ^^^ ^ IMcile 20. Pittosporum Hosmeri Rock. About four-fifths of the uatural size. late 21. Sideroxylon rhynchospermum R( Al)()Ut t\\()~Hflhs of the natural size. 85 A tree 10 m.-20 m. high, dividing- freely into aseending branches ; bark brownish, with shallow, narrow^ longitudinal eor- rugations about 3 mm. thick, trunk up to 45 cm. in diameter four feet from the ground; leaves coriaceous, ol)ovate-oblong, 14-18 cm. X 4.5-8 cm., on petioles of 2.5-3 cm., alternate, estipulate, quite gial)rous with age, some pubescence remaining on the sides and angles of the midrib and veins, especially on the lower surface, shining above, dull beneath, midrib prominent, with lateral veins leaving midril) at wide angles (about 80° in center of leaf) parallel to margin and connected by a coiuinuous intra- marginal nerve, young leaves densely covered with appressed 1)rown hair on both surfaces; flowers in clusters 2 or 3 (?) on tomentose pedicels, 12-20 nun. long; calyx 5-parted to near the base, lobes imbricate, acuminate, 3-5 mm. ; corolla light vellow, longer than the calyx, 4-5 ])arte(l to the base, lo])es acute; stanu'- nodia half as long as the lol)es, linear, with a faint nerve; stanrens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, glalu'ous ; anthers erect, ovate, the cells confluent at the apex, o])ening laterallv ; ovarv hirsute, 5-celled, style short-conical ; fruit a purple or black plum-like ]]erry 4.5-5.5 cm. X 3.5-4 cm., rather ileshy, 3-S~ seeded; seeds enclosed in a j^iapery pyrena, 25-30 nun. X 12-14 nmi., tkit, beaked at both ends of the ventral angle, which is oc- cupied by the scar of the raphe, the crustaceous testa thin, of a light brown color. This tree was discovered by Dr. H. L. I.yon, pathologist of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Ex|)eriment Station, in the woods of Nahiku, Maui, at an elevation of 1300 feet, where he collecteull. Torr. Lot. C4. 37:300, 1910. Frutex 10-12 dm. altus ; folia alterna, chartacea, ol)()vato-ol)- longa, acuminate, 38-102 mm. longa, 12-30 mm. lata, petiolis lon- gitudinc 12 mm. ; pedicelli axillares, ex axillis foliorum su])er- iorum ; calyx fere us(|uc ad basin partitus; corollae rotato-cam- ])anulatae, albae, lobis 5-8, ovatis ; ca|)sula lignosa, ovata, 5-10 valvis dehiscens; semina numerosa. A diffusely branching shrub 10-12 dm. high, glutinous; leaves alternate, chartaceous, entire, obovate-oblong, acuminate, 38-102 nun. X 12-30 mm., narrowing into a winged |)etiole of 12 mm,., upper face covered wdth a glutinous exudation, underneath glab- rous and pale with prominent nerves ; inflorescence viscid ; flow- 86 ers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves on pedicels of 38 mm. (50-76 mm. when with fruit) ; calyx ])ersistent, with ovate- lancealate acute lohes free to near hase, and half the length of the corolla, punctate ; the imhricate corolla large, rotate-campa- nulate, cream-colored, 25-38 mm. in diameter, cut deeply into 5-8 ovate lohes, tuhe 4 nmi. long; stamens half the length of the corolla or little more, the rather long filaments united at the hase hy a granular memhrane, anthers erect ; style little shorter than the stamens; capsule ovoid, smooth, 12 mm. or more long, lig- nescent, glossy inside, opening hv 5-10 valves; seeds numerous. This plant is sometimes covered with hair, flies, and dirt, which adhere to the very viscid inflorescence and leaves ; the large, showy flow^ers are of striking heauty (Fehruary to March). In the herl^arium the dried specimens leave large oil spots on the paper. The type is numher 1770, in the herharium of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii, collected on the highest ridge west of Halemanu, Kauai, on rather open places at an elevation of 4500 feet (Fehruary 14, 1909). A few shru])s w'ere seen in the woods l)ack of Kalalau. Dubautia Waialealae Rock, Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 37:304, 1910. Planta hirsuta, 2-3 dm. alta ; folia coriacea, 15-20 mm. longa, 4-6 mm. lata, tenia, sessilia, ohlanceolata ; capitula 5-10 mm. diam., hirsuta, in pedicellis 4-27 mni. longis ; corymhus foliaceus ; involucrum angustum, hracteis 5-6; receptaculum conicum, hir- sutum ; corollae luteae ; pappi paleae lanceolatae, ciliatae ; achaenia parce pilosa. Whole |)lant hirsute, 2-3 dm. higli, with stout, woody 1)ranches covered with leaf-scars throughout ; leaves thick-coriaceous, crowded, 15-20 nun. X 4-6 mm., ternate, sessile, ohlanceolate, acute, narrowing l)elow, remotely denticulate in the upper half, covered with small, stiff, whitish hairs on l)oth sides, many- nerved ; flower-heads 5-10 mm. in diameter, hirsute on pedicels of 4-27 mm. in groups of 4-18 at the ends of the hranches, corvmh foliaceous ; involucral hracts 5 or 6, almost as high as the heads; receptacle conical, covered with long, v/liite hairs; florets 6-30; corolla hright yellow, silghtly exserted, deeply 5-cleft, lo])es reflexed ; pappus chafify, the narrow lanceolate ciliate pa- leae as long as the hispid straight achenes. The tv])e numher is 5030 in the herharium^ of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii ; collected (Septemher 24, 1909) at the summit of 'Mt. Waialeale, Kauai, at an elevation of 5250 feet, where the plant grows in company with Geranium Jjiniiilc, Lobelia kauaeiisis, Pelea JVaialealae, and Drosera 1 on gi folia. Male 11. Dubautia Waialealae Rock Less tluiii one-half the natural size. 87 HERBARIUM EXTENSION. The herbarium is exceecHngly crowded for space. Only four herbarium cases have been provided by the Board, which natur- ally cannot house all of the nmterial so far collected, as well as the i^lants received by means of exchange. Five big- boxes are now filled with plant material. It is exceedingly difficult to work on the collections on account of the limited space. At least four more cases are needed for housing the present collection properly, and in order to protect it from insects, which cannot be done when specimens are stored away in boxes. The room provided for the herl)arium of this Board is alto- gether too small, and the moving of the same into larger quarters is an imperative necessity, if systematic work is to be carried on properly. None of the Hawaii plants have as yet l)een mounted, with exception of the Cyperaceae. All plants received through ex- change have been mounted and labeled. The writer's time has been chiefly occupied in field work. As has been stated before, all Phanerogams, endemic and introduced, as well as ferns, mosses, lichens, fungi, fresh water and marine algae, have l)een collected in order to make the collection com- plete. It is the plan of the writer later to compile a complete flora of the Islands comprising all Phanerogams, as well as Crv])togams, with illustrations of the nev/ and noteworthy species, to be published 1)y the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. The following specialists have kindly consented to work up our Hawaiian Cryptogams, and some of our Phanerogams : Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, Vienna, Austria; Lichens. Dr. Casimir De Candoll, Geneva, Switzerland ; Piperaceae (Peperomia). Prof. F. Flackel, Attersee, Austria; grasses. Rev. G. Kiickenthal, I\ol)urg, Cjcrmanv; Cvperaceae. Dr. A. W. Setchcl, P)erkeley, California; Algae. Of the photogra])hs of ])lants reproduced in this report, all were taken l)y the writer with the exception of one taken by Mr. A. Gartley. The writer wishes to express his great indebtedness and sin- cere thanks to all those who have helj^ed him in his floral search on the various Islands. He is especially indebted to Mr. Francis Gay of Makaweli, Messrs. Augustus F. and Eric A. Knudsen and Mr. Hans P. Faye of Kekaha, Mr. John Maguire of Pluehue, Mr. Robert Blind of Puuv.'^aawaa, Dr. B. D. l^ond of Kohala, and to Mr. A. W. Carter, manager of the Parker Ranch, to Mr. P. W. P. Bluett of Kohala, Mn Charles Gay of Lanai, Mr. J. 88 T. JMcCrosson of Kukuiliaele, Mr, George P. Cooke of Kaulinvai, Mr. L. 1). Nevin, Mr. James Miinroe, Mr. C. C. Coiiradt, Mr. J. 1). McX'eigh of Kalaupapa, Mr. J. F. Brov/n of llalawa, Mo- lokai ; Mr. L. von Tempsky of i\lakawao, Mr. F. E. Harvey, Mr. J., ^\'ei^zheinler of Lahaina, Dr. J. 11. Raymond, and last but not least, to Mr. A. Dowsett of Ulupalakiia, for their kind hospitalitv and eoiirteous assistanee, and without whose aid the investigation of the Hawaiian Mora would have l)een inipossil)le. 1 also wish to express niv appreeiation and thanks to IMr. J. G. Hannnond, who assisted me greatly in tlie explorations of the Island of Lanai and Vxnx Kukni on West Mani. Respectfully submitted, Joseph F. Rock, Botanical Assistant. 89 LIST OF DISTRICT FORESTERS. (Corrected to February 1, 1911.) l^'ollowing- is a list of the (thirty-nine) District Iu3restcrs with tlieir respective jurischctions. Those marked with a star ('•') have been appointed Special Territorial i\)lice Officers to enforce the Terms of the Wild Ihrd I.aw, .Vet 104 of the Session Laws of 1907: KAUAI. * ALBlvHT S. AV!I/;()X. Ill Slid for tlie Distiiet of llaleloa. J. R. MYERS. Til and for the District of Koolan, rxeeptiiig tlic land of Analiola. -GEORGE n. FAIRCKILD. Til and for tlio land of Analiola and the nortlKM'n portion of the T)is- trict 'of Puna, extending as far as the land of AVaiiua. * F. WEBER. Tn and for the ])ortion of the District of Puna, south of and includ- ing the land of Wailua^ excejd the lands controlled by Gro\'e Earni I*lantation. " ET)WARD l^ROADBENT. Tn and for those lands in the District of Puna, controlled by the Grove Farm T^lantation. REV. J. M. LYDGATE and * WALTER ]). McBRYDE. Tn and for that portion of the T^istrict of Kona, lying to the east of the Tlanapepe Valley. ^^FRANCTS GAY. Tn and for that portion of the T^istrict "of Tvona, lying between and incbiding the Wainiea, T\)onian and Tvauaikanana Valleys on the west and the Tlanapepe A'alley on the east. * AUGUSTUS F. TvNUDSEN. Tn and for the District of Na Pali and that portion of the District of Tvona, formerly known as the District 'of AVaimea, lying to the west of the AVaimea, Poomau and Kauaikanana A'alleys 90 OAHU. -" ANDEEW ADAMS. In and for the District of Koolauloa. * L. L. McCANDLESS. In and for that portion of tlie District of K'oolanpoko extending from Koolanloa to tlie land of Ileeia. * W. C. WEEDON. Ill and for that portion of the District of Ko'olaupoko extending from rtion *of tlie District of Kan extending from the District of I*una to and including the laud of I*unaluu. ^U^EORGE C. ItEWlTT. In and for that portion of the District of Kan extending from the land of l^unaJnu to the .District of Kona. '' E. AX)N S. DOMKOAVIC^Z, In and for tluit ]Vortion of the District of South Kona extending from the District of Kau to the land of Kaohe. W. R. CASTLE. In and for that portion of tlie District of South Kona extending from and including tiie land of Kaohe to the District of North Kona, * JOHN D. PARIS. In and for that portion of tlie District of North Kona extending from the District of South Kona to and including the land of Kahaluu. ^ JOHN A. MAGUIRE. In and f^or that portion of the District of North Kona extending from Kahaluu to the District of Soutli Kohala. 93 LIST OF DISTRICT FIRE WARDENS. (Corrected to February 1, 1911.) Following is a list of the (forty-nine) District Fire Wardens, with their respective Districts : CHIEF FIKE WARDEN. KALPII 8. IIOSMER. Su})erintcndeiit of Forestry, v.i' officio. DEPUTY FIRE WARDEN AT LARGE. DAA ID ]lAUGnS. In and for tlie Territory of Hawaii. DISTRICT FIRE WARDENS. KAUAI. lu and for the AVaiiiiha Valley, District of ITalelea. W. F. SANBOEN. In and for tlie District of Haltdea, exce])ting tlu^ Wainilm A'alley. J. R. UYKKS. GKORGK I11M)DY, Assistnnt District Fire 'W/irdifi. In and for the District of Koolau, (^\c(\i)tiiig ilie land of Anahola. (ih]()K(JK 11. FAIIK IIILD. In and for tlie ])ortion of the Districts of Koolau and Puna, exteiid- ini>' from the land of .\nahola to the land of Olohena, inclusive. F. AVKDKl^ Jn and for tlie ])orti'on of tln^ District of Puna, south of i\nd iiiclud- inr that ]»ortion of the District of Waianae lying to the West of the Waianae Mountains. ^^ w. :m. templetox. Ill and for the District of Waialna. 95 MOLOKAI. JAM;E8 MUNKO. Ill and for that ])()rtioii of tlio Island of MoJokai lying to tlie West of WaiJau A'alley and tlio land of Mapulchn. ('. C. (X)NKADT. In and for that ])ort'ron of tho Island of ^MOlolvai including and lying to the East of Wailau Valloy and tlie land of Mapn](?hn. LANAI. (MIAKLKS GAY. In and for tlie Island of I^anai. MAUI. n. p. BALDWIN. Fire Warden at Large, for tlie Island of jNIaoi. L. WLINZIILIMLR. In and for the District of Lahaina. E. C. 8LA1ILE. In and for the District of Kaanapali. U. Vk PENilALLOW. In and for the District of Wailnkn. ir. A. BALDWIN. In and for the District of JI ainaknapoko and the west lialf of the District of llamaknaloa. W. F. FOnUE. In and for the District of Ivoolan and the east half of the District of llainakiialoa. dOlIN (dlALMEI^S. In and for the District of liana tn and for the District of Ki})aluiln. J. II. KAVMOND, M. D. Ill and for tlu^ Districts of llvjimaula ;nid Kahikiimi. L. VOS TEMPSKV. In and for the Districts of Kiila and Kaupo. 96 HAWAII. G. C. WATT. In and for that portion of the north half of the District of Kohala, extending from the land of Kaauhnhu to the Hamakua District line. SAM P. WOODS. In and for that p'ortion of North Kohala, extending from the north- ern boundary of the land of Kawaihea I to and including the land of Kaauhuhu. SAM M. SPENCEE. In and for the District of South Kohala. AUGUST AHEENS. In and for the western part of the District of Hamakua, extending to the boundary of the land of Paauhau. In and f'or that portion of the District of Hamakua, extending from the western boundary of the land of Paauhau to the boundary of the land of Kukaiau. ALBEET HOENEE. In and for that portion of the District of Hamakua, extending from and including the land of Kukaiau to the Hil'o District line. JOHN M. EOSS. In and for that portion of the District of Hilo, extending from the Hamakua District to the land of Makahanaloa. JOHN T. MOIE. In and for that portion of the District of Hil'o, extending from and including the land of Makahanaloa to the land of Kikala. JOHN A. SCOTT. In and for that portion of the District of Hilo, extending from the Puna District line to and including the land 'of Kikala. JOHN WATT. In and for the District of Puna. WILLIAM G. OGG. In and for that portion of the District of Kau, extending from the Puna district line to and in.cluding the land of Punaluu. 97 GAEL WOLTEES. In and for that portion of the District of Kau, extending from the land 'of Punaluu to the Kona District line. E. VOlSr S. DOMKOWICZ. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the Kau District line to and in^cluding the land of Kaapuna. T. C. WHITE, Acting. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Kaapuna to and including the land of Hookena. JOHN D. PAEIS. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the laxid of Hookena to and including the land of Kaawaloa. T. C. WHITE. In and for that portion 'of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Kaawal'oa to and including the land of Kahaluu. JOHN A. MAGUIEE. In and for that portion of the District of Kona, extending from the land of Kahaluu to the Kohala District line. FOREST RANGER. DAVID KAPIHE. In and for that section of the District of Kona, Island of Oahii, bounded on the east by Manoa Valley, on the north by the Konahuan^ui Mountain Eange, on the west by Nuuanu and Pauoa Valleys, and on the s'outh by the makai edge of the Eucalyx)tus forest, the Makiki reser- voir and the mauka boundary of the Judd land in Makiki and Manoa. 7~-B. A. Address delivered at Special Conservation Meeting, November, 1910. THE PART PLAYED BY THE FOREST IN CONSERVATION. By Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry. On November 16, 1910, there was held in the Throne Room,, at the Capitol, Honohihi, under the joint auspices of the Terri- torial Board of Agriculture and Forestry and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, a Special Conservation Meeting to consider som.e of the fundamental principles of Conservation in their relation to local needs. The address of the Superintendent of Forestry is reprinted here, as it contains some matter not otherwise available. Mr. Hosmer's address was as follows: The five cardinal points for which conservation stands are the right use of lands, waters, forests and minerals, and the systematic safeguarding of the public health. Here in Hawaii we are more intimately concerned with conservation than are most communi- ties. With us the very economic life of the islands depends on the wise use of waters, lands and forests. While standing as we do, the western outpost of our nation, this community has- placed upon it responsibilities in matters affecting the public health that require a large measure both of zeal and discretion. My share on this program is to speak of the part that the for- est has to play in Hawaii and to point out certain things that must be done, if our local forests are to be made to render their full service to the people of this Territory. The forest situation in Hawaii is familiar to most of those in this audience. But let me briefly review the salient points. Ha- waii is essentially an agricultural community, largely dependent upon irrigation. Under our local conditions of sharply diversi- fied climate, of varied topography and of the need — the more pro- nounced because of our limited areas — of putting to its highest use every acre of our arable land, it is essential that provision be made for the wise utilization of every drop of water that can be made to do duty — be it used for irrigation, for domestic supply,., for fluming cane or for power development. 99 This can only be accomplished with the aid of the forest. With our short, steep watersheds, heavy rainfall and lack of adequate storage facilities it is self-evident that the function exercised by the forest on the catchment basins and in general over the water- sheds, is of much more importance here than in most other coun- tries. Far and away the chief value of the Hawaiian forest is as a protective cover for equalizing and making dependable the sources of our water supply. For retarding run-off, protecting the surface against erosion and helping to form a natural reser- voir, from which are fed the streams and springs, it is hard to conceive of a better cover than the dense mass of trees, shrubs, ferns and undergrowth that together make up our native forest. Its value is too evident to require argument. But under present day conditions such a forest can only be permanently maintained by being cared for. That this may more effectively be done, forest reserves have been created and a gen- eral program drawn up looking to the adequate care of the for- est. But such a plan takes time to carry into effect and the co- operation of all forest owners, be they the general public, inter- ested as joint owners of the public domain, or more directly, be- cause they themselves control land in fee simple. A good start has been made, but much of what has so far been accomplished is but preliminary to what waits to be done. Be- fore the house can be built the foundations must be laid. So with the creation of a forest reserve system. The fixing of boundaries, the proclamations, and the coloring in of areas on a map are but steps toward the realization of an ideal. The time has now come in Hawaii when we must go further. And why is it that we must do this? Why this constantly recurring talk of forests and forest protection? Why not leave it to the government officials to look after the forests? That is what they are paid for. The answer to these questions is simply and solely because in Hawaii forestry is a business necessity. Wood and water are the first needs that must be satisfied in any community. Both are products of the forest. Wherever it can be got water is the most valuable product that the native Flawaiian forest can be made to yield. In Hawaii, without the native forest we should be without water. And in our planted forests, we have, too, an asset of constantly increasing value; for the production of wood is one of the pressing needs of local conservation. The truth of these assertions is self-evident. But notwith- standing, there is much delay in putting into practice things which everybody agrees ought to be done to make our forests render their full quota of service. The object of this meeting is to bring home to those on whom rests the duty of managing 100 the material resources of Hawaii, the fact that wise use means not alone the prevention of waste but as well, and even more, the full utilization of all our resources. The prevention of waste does not mean the locking up of our natural resources. That is no part of the conservation program. On the contrary the key- note of conservation is use. But use from the standpoint of con- servation essentially means zvise use — use by which we may enjoy the benefits from a given resource, not only today but also in the years to come. And in Hawaii this cannot be brought about save through the cooperation of all concerned. Now obviously the first step in wise use is to stop waste. And unfortunately all over the Territory waste is now going on — waste of waters, of forests and of lands. This is not good busi- ness. It must be put an end to. When artesian waters are not needed for actual use the wells must be shut off. Where erosion can be checked by altering the method of cultivation, that must be done. And where the forest by being protected can be made the better to do its part, it is but short-sighted economy that refuses to build the necessary fence. In an address made at the recent Conservation Congress at St. Paul, Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester of the United States, said: ''The practice of forestry by private owners is a pubHc necessity." This declaration is particularly applicable to Ha- w^aii. All the more important of our local forest reserves are made up of both government and privately owned lands. To secure the most efficient management of these areas requires that the owners of the lands cooperate with the government more actively than they now do. The most pressing needs in the forest reserves at present are, in most cases, fencing; in some the ex- termination of wild cattle and goats; and in others the replace- ment of the forest on areas where the growing of trees is the best use to which the land can be put. In addition there is always to be considered the planting of waste land with trees of com- mercial value. It is no part of the plan of the government to abate its ac- tivity in forest work, nor to shirk any responsibilities that rightly belong to its officers. On the contrary it is the desire and in- tention of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry each year to render more and more efficient service through its several divisions. But it is not enough that the forest officials do their work. Seeing to it that the forests of Hawaii get proper care is a matter quite as much to the interest and benefit of individual land owners and corporations as of the government itself. We cannot hope in this Territory to make our forests do their full duty until all who are charged with their management give evi- dence of their faith through tangible works. 101 I am not making this plea on the grounds of abstract altruism. I am merely putting up to you as business men, a business proposition. The time has come when to make the most of our Hawaiian forests there is demanded the active cooperation of all forest owners. The place has been reached where the owners of Hawaiian forests cannot afford not to take active and united steps for the better protection of the forest, both by seeing to it that the appropriate branches of the government are given the adequate financial support by which alone can the government lands be properly administered, and also, and fully as important, by themselves undertaking forest work, each on his own land, but all uniting in a general plan. It is not enough merely to pass resolutions approving and ap- plauding these projects. The time has come to put words into deeds. Let every plantation manager think of the forest above his plantation. Let every land owner have in mind the condition of his forest holdings. Are your forests, and through them your streams, receiving the protection that the best interests of the plantation demand to be given them? Is there not some- where a place where a short stretch of fence would shut off and protect a large area of forest? Are there not areas of waste land that if protected would grow up again with native forest, or that could be planted with useful trees of commercial value? These, gentlemen, are practical questions. I put them to you because I believe they are of real and vital moment. Every one can be translated directly into terms of money and everything done is for your own benefit. Can you afford not to take account of these realizable assets ? It is not within the scope of this talk to go into details of what should be done in this or that place, or to prescribe ways and means. By this time every one now in Hawaii likely to need such service, ought to know that the staff of the Division of Forestry is always ready to advise forest owners how best to care for their forests and where, when and how to plant trees on their areas of waste land to get certain desired results. The object today is not to give such advice. What I have tried to do rather, is to set each man thinking if there is not forest work on his own land that if it were done would increase the value of his property; that if it is not done, wall result in its depreciation. I do not forget that much excellent forest work has been done by private interests in Hawaii and that the last year has been marked by a gratifying increase in forest planting by numerous plantation companies. But it is not enough. Every plantation companv that has waste land ought each year to plant up definite areas with forest trees quite as regularly as it harvests its cane. It ought also — and of the two this is the more imperative — to 102 fence off and efficiently protect the areas of native forest from which come its suppHes of water. From my knowledge of the Territory I am positive that to incur the expense necessary to get such work started is in every case a good investment. It is for your own interest, gentlemen, that I ask you to give these subjects thought. Forestry in Hawaii is not a matter for any one man or set of men ; it is one that in its results affects us all. The purpose of conservation is so to use the natural resources that first and foremost we ourselves may derive the fullest benefit from them today, but also that we may then pass them on, tmim- paired, so that those who come after us may continue to enjoy the same benefits. Let us, here in Hawaii, look to it, each man on his own land, but all working together to a common end, that every one is doing his part to conserve through wise use the most important of our natural resources, the forests and waters of Hawaii nei. Division of Entomology. Report of the Superintendent of Entomology for 1909. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1909. Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the sixth report of the Division of Entomology covering the calendar year 1909 and as most of the work during this period was performed by my predecessor, Mr. Jacob Kotinsky, the report must of neces- sity be more or less a compilation from the reports of the work performed by him and his assistants. STAFF. Siiperintendcnt. The position of Superintendent was changed by the Board on October 1st and I was regularly installed as Superintendent at that time and Mr. J. Kotinsky was returned to his former position as Assistant Entomologist under me. Consiilting Entomologist. Mr. Albert Koebele still holds the position of Consulting En- tomologist and has been absent from the Territory, collecting during the year, mostly in Germany, where he has been studying the Hornfly and its parasites in an endeavor to procure such of these, which would prove of benefit to the Islands in checking this terrible pest of our cattle. A ssistant Entomologist. The position of Assistant FZntomologist had remained vacant during 9 months of the current year and was only filled after my appointment as Superintendent by placing Mr. Kotinsky back into his former position, which he held under the late Mr. Alex- ander Craw. 104 Inspectors and Assistants. I am pleased to say that the Division has enjoyed the appoint- ment of two efficient inspectors, Messrs. D. B. Ktihns and L. V. Lewis, who, under direction of the chief, have not only been accurate and faithful in the performance of their respective duties but have greatly improved in their knowledge of Entomology. Mr.' Lewis took Mr. Miller's place about the first of August. The large field of inspection enables us to handle insects in nearly every order and necessarily induces closer study in Entomology. The Division has been greatly strengthened by now having its permanent inspectors instead of having to continually change and use untrained extra help, as was previously done, and also by this method less danger now exists of allowing any serious pest to pass us. Our regular inspector at the Port of Llilo, Brother M. Newell, is still retained and continues to faithfully perform his duties. Our honorary inspectors consisting of Messrs. Robert E. Elgin at Mahukona, Hawaii, W. O. Aiken at Kahului ,Maui, W. D. McBryde at Koloa, Kauai, Wm. Robb, Lahaina, Maui, and Dr. W. D. Deas, Hana, Maui, still remain with us and are ready to serve us when occasion requires. Miss Ella K. Dayton has acted as clerk and stenographer of the Division during most of the year, however, the Board having rearranged the clerical force of all Divisions in November, Miss Melika Peterson has taken up the work so ably performed by Miss Dayton and is giving very good satisfaction, Miss Dayton now having charge of the Library. LINES OE WORK. The work which occupies most of our attention and time is the rigid inspection of fruit, plants and vegetables of which enormous quantities are constantly being shipped into the country. Yet after performing this important duty we were able to attend to a few other matters. We have been able to breed, collect and distribute beneficial insects. We also visited various localities, vfhcn requested giving advice on methods of combating pests, also in the care of trees and plants horticulturally. Much work in rearranging the Division collection and starting a general slide collection of Scale insects and remounting the Scale insects into permanent mounts has been done. Our aim is to so arrange the collection and so card index the same that the least possible time will be used in determining specimens, which we either find in our inspection or which are sent to us from the various sections of the Islands for identification and advice. Through the already adopted system of record blanks we are able to know the exact number of vessels and the quantity of live vegetable matter received and the accompanying charts give an accouiit of all the work performed by us and the assistant at Hilo. 105 >* o o h^ o S o o izi H H O W k< PM O 0} !zi o M m M > M P O O cci ^ oc t- (M OC CM CM CO CO IC i> CO T-HQ0Gv]Ci000iC0Oc5TH?O(M cc lO . S D rH^Oi^-^^ai^0^t-^»0 00^ CO C>0^o" O" CO' l>r l>^ CcT Til c of rHi— i (M THr-it— |i— IxHr- cc tH i3 02 t^OiOrHC^ICl^fc-^Ot^CCl CM 00 M CSrHT-lrHCOT-IOt-COrHb-CC iC CO W O lo • CO lo • lo cq • o • • 1 ^ O • r-i • t— 1 i—i • CO • • Qo ^ ^ • • tH • (M • • t- 1 1 [H CQ 1 H o lO • Ol rH • T-! Oq -CO • • ^ 1 rH P^ H^ rH 1 P 1 r 1 w 6 ir)OTHlO»Ob-»OrHCiCDC\]Oi !C5i CnJ p^ ^ Cbr-lrHT-itH QOCOr-lCOr-lrH IQO CO 1 CO o 1 Pm 1 1 EH 1 " 1 GQ ^ Oi00rHt>.rHCOCMTflC.rH Oi IrH o CM rH rH rHTHr-irH rHIColrH ■P 1-^ rH > 'O O rt^ Jt- H W c/2 lOiOCvlOTHCOiniCOCOC o ^(MrHCslCOr-l CO^fHr-i:? \ O tH "A iH O^ rJH rH rH rn" 1 E] f^ H 1 _ 1 1 -M ■^l0CvlL--C0Q0OC0(M-^05C0 C ) CD o COCqCvlCMr-JrH iHrH r-i|a 5 rH M H^ 1 ^ i 1 ^- n:: tH rH rH • • • C ^ O P P P^ P Ph o h5 as PM QO Oi Oi o o as CO QO ■TtH O r-H rt< (M CO THrHCQrHrH i— IOQtH t— i-H OD LO O CO QO t- l^ TjH O rH QO O CO CO LO CO Oi lO r-i CM rH rH CO ^ l^ CD CO fxH CO lO 00 b- lO >. ^ : : : • : • ^ m > o O Oi ^p o ■ I I as 107 < O U < Q W < w CO -J o <: .= xneapjog CO CM ^ VO -o a a Q UIJBIUJOJ i-H rH VOOTj-LOlOt^LOrHOvVOCMOS On CM p9Aoj;s9Q Qs r-i r-{ r-i f-i GO^r-«rOT-(r-) 00 ro lOiOCMOrt-fOiO^XOvOO ^ !>. P9;bSuuii^ ^ «M rH CSl fO r-f VO rf rH (M r-l o • . CM o (Nl 0^ p9uanpj }]^^A r-i CM ^ p9 J^ fO in lO ' 00 ^ -ujnpi S9o:^b;o J -:>■ ^ ^OvDONO'^rOOrqvOiOGOiO Tf ^ s;s9j luojj OiNIt^O'^TfCvjrOOOfOfOCO ON v^ONfO ^Ot^^fOr^ONCM^t^^rH Tt- CO 99JJ SB P9SSBJ 1— (1— ( CO r-(r— (r-(f-Hr-)r-l S CM.— (OOt^CMOOCMlNJfOrHVOLO r^ ro f-iOOCMONOOONfOOO'-tvDCM rO LO r-tC^^a^O^^lO00^0^0^0C^J CM CO F^OX rH(MOOfOOOLOOcf)t^t^v£3'^ f-Hr-1 CM f— (r-trHi— (r-ir-t CO r^.iot-^r^rocM-^t^t^O'-iLo lO ro S9|qB;9S9/\^ CMTt-ONLOQO'-HvOOOaNOiOto OC0000 .-< rH rf Tj- O r-l lO Tt- >--<0'-'0'*Ti-aNt>.iocoiocT\ fO ^ SP99S UOO^OCMCMrH CMfOCMCSJ On Tf I^aNOrHCMaN'^t>»rtOI--.CSJ CM 00 p9p9dsUI S^Oq s 00 LO I— ( t^ ISBiiBg III : : • < .... ^ ^ ... . to j9UBp\[ 9iqBi ONTl-CM'Or^'sDvOrHi^vOt^t^ 00 r^ a en -9^9^ SuiSuug .-Hr-(C n u Ui > ^l' t> .bJ Ol^ x^ > CJ "rt cT)Cdart'--~D;Truoa) O ct .u- ^ < ^ :-j ■^>^ ,< c/] O :z; Q H < 108 It will readily be seen from the above tables that about a vessel a day was boarded by the Division officers and that about 50 per cent, contained some vegetable matter to be examined. On an average 588 lots and 13,353 parcels were inspected each month. At times, of course, we were greatly rushed with work owing to the arrival of several steamers at about the same hour, but througl^ the kind cooperation of the U. S. Custom officers and the steam- ship agents, who did not allow anything to be delivered without our permission, we were able to accomplish our important work. In the fifth report of the Entomologist attention was called to the enormous quantities of potatoes affected with Potato scab (Oospora scabies) and of the returning of some 2388 sacks to the Coast on account of thfs disease. I am pleased to say that this action had a marked influence on the potato shipper, for dur- ing the year but a few lots in comparison have been found suffi- ciently infested to cause a return shipment and some sorting of shipments was ordered done. Generally speaking there is a very great improvement in the condition of all shipments of fruits, plants and vegetables, and there seems at present no reason why this condition should not continue in the future. The greatest danger we have in the inspection is in the quan- tity of material arriving from the Orient, as most of the ship- ments consisting of various roots and bulbs are always mixed up m the general merchandise cargo and only by the thorough cooperation of the U. S. Custom officers and the ship brokers, and after days of patient waiting, can we attempt to start our thorough work. Much in the way of borers, fruit flies and fungus diseases has been found and rejected. Through the rigid ruling of prohibiting the shipments of fruit from the Orient and Pacific Islands we have been able to keep out many new pests and fungi among which were several scale insects, citrus white fly as well as on two occasions strong evidence of fruit boring insects. It would be impossible to destroy some of these pests by the usual methods of fumigation so that keeping out the fruit is by far the surest w^ay of keeping out the many new pests. The greatest care is taken in w^atching importations of plants which constitute our larger industries here, sugar cane, pineapple, banana and mango. As on several occasions pests have been found which, if they should ever gain an entrance here, would in a measure repeat the great struggle and loss which was caused by the sugar cane leaf- hopper. Cotton and Rice Industries. During the last year much interest has been manifested in the growing of cotton and there is promise of further increase in the planting and experimenting of this profitable crop. We have 109 taken great precaution to prohibit the introduction of cotton seed from sections where the cottonboll weevil is known to exist, for should this pest, which now causes an annual loss of about $25,000,000 in the United States, ever gain an entrance here, the new industry would soon go under. We have recommended, and wisely, that prospective cotton planters secure their seed through the Hawaii Experiment Station, who are in sincere cooperation with the Division of Entomology. Vast experiments are now being carried on to improve the quality of rice grown in the Islands. Some of the best seed from Japan has been imported and after careful inspection and fumigation by this Division is now being planted in various sec- tions. The rice weevil is a common pest with us and by careful inspection of rice shipments, further spreading of the pest will be avoided but there are other pests not known to exist here as yet, which cause great loss to rice culture in the Orient and close watch is being kept on all shipments liable to cause the introduc- tion of these. In safeguarding our Banana industry for instance from the Banana fruitfly which exists in Fiji I may mention that a ship- ment of bananas on deck of one of the Canadian-z\ustralian steam- ers en route to Vancouver was covered over during the vessel's stay in port. This precaution will in a measure protect us from immediate danger and through friendly cooperation with the agents of the steamship company all such shipments will receive the same treatment hereafter. The following is a list of all pests intercepted on shipments during the year: INSECTS INTERCEPTED 1909. Herniptera-Hcteroptcra. 1. Capsid on Orchids, Manila. 2. Fulgorid on Orchids, Singapore. 3. Aradid on Orchids, Manila. 4. Chinch bug on Peaches, California. 5. Tingitid on Heteromeles, California. Homoptera, 6. Hemichionaspis minor on Coconuts, Fanning. 7. Pseudococcus nipae on Palm, U. S. i\. 8. Aspidiotus rapax on Plum, U. S. A. 9. A. cyanophylli on Palm, U. S. 10. A. sp. on Hilicornia metallica, Singapore. 11. Diaspis sp. on Orchids, Manila. no 12. Diaspine on Carnations, U. S. A. 13. " " Dracena, Singapore. 14. " " Cactus, California. 15. " " Aloe, California. 16. " " Phalenopsis, Manila. 17. " '' Dendrobinm, Manila. 18. Parlatoria sp. on Citrus, Pa. 19. " on Weinia japonica, Japan. 20. Hemispherical scale on Orchids, Manila. 21. Pulvinaria on Azelea, Japan. 22. Ichnaspis on ornamental plant, Singapore. 23. Aulacaspis pentagona on Cherry trees, Japan. 24. Aleyrodes iridescens on Heteromeles, U. S. 25. " sp. on Clover, U. S. A. 26. Coccus hesperidum on Heteromeles, California. 27. Chrysomphalus bromeliae on Pineapples, Funchal. 28. Aphis on Carnation, U. S. A. 29. Pseudococcus citri on Smilax, Funchal. 30. P. longispinus on Smilax roots, Funchal. 31. Diaspis zamiae on Cycas, Manila. Coleopfera. 1. Calandra oryzae on Ginseng, Hongkong. 2. Calandrid on Orchids, Manila. 3 y^ i( a u u 5. Carabid on Peaches, San Francisco. 6. " *' Fern, Japan. 7. " " Plants, Vancouver. 8. Ptinid. on Medicinal Herbs, Hongkong. 9. Lasioderma serricorne on Ginseng, Hongkong. 10. Tribolium ferrugineum on Orchids, Manila. 11. Calandra linearis on Yams, Hongkong. 12. Bruchus obtectus on Beans, Funchal. 13. B. chinensis on Peas, Japan. 14. Araeocerus, 2 spp. .on Palm seed, Sydney. 15. Necrobia rufipes on preserved meat, Hongkong. 16. Staphylinid on Orchids, Manila. 17. '' " Garlic, Hongkong. 18. Elaterid on Orchids, Manila. 19. " " Fern, Japan. 20. Curculionid sp. on Orchids, Manila. 21. Sphenophorus sordidus on Banana roots, Fiji. 22. Hydrophilid 2 spp. on Iris roots, Japan. 23. Cerambycid borer on Rose roots, Japan. 24. Staphylinid on plants, Java. Ill 25. Carpophilus sp. on Peach, San Francisco. 26. Actheopeus aterrimus on Orchids, Manila. 27. Cucujid on Yams, Hongkong. 28. Bostrichid in Rice, Cahfornia. 29. Scolytid on Medicinal roots, Hongkong. Dipt era. 1. Syrphid on Rose, California. 2. Tachinid x Pupa of P. rapae on Cabbage, California. 3. Phorbia brassica on Turnips, California. Eiiplcxoptcra. 1. Earwigs on Orchids, Manila. 2.. Earwigs on Plants, Fiji. Lepidoptera. 1. Leaf miner on Orange, Japan. 2. Evergestis anastomosalis on Yams, Hongkong. 3. Larvae on Rose plants, Japan. 4. Larvae on Peony plants, Japan. 5. Moth on Orchids, Manila. 6. Moth on Mango seed, Manila. 7. Anarsia lineatella on Peaches, California. 8. Carpocapsa pomonella on Apples, California. Hymenoptcra. 1. Ants on Fern, Sydney. 2. Ants on Orchid, Manila. 3. Ants on Orchid, Singapore. 4. Ants on Orchid, Manila. 5. Ants on Banana, Singapore. 6. Megachilid on Orchids, Manila. 7. Monomorium vastator in Soil, Sydney. 8. Ants on Bamboo, Japan. 9. Andricus californicus x Oak galls, California. Orthoptera. 1. Phyllodromia hieroglyphica on Orchids, Manila. 2. P. germanica x Baggage, Hongkong. 3. Roach on Orchids, Manila. 112 Thysanoptera, 1. Thrips on Cocoaniit, Fanning Is. Thysamira. 1. Lepismid on Orchids, Manila. Crustacea, Etc. 1. Spider on Orchids, Manila. 2. Pill bug on Orchids, Manila. 3. Pill bug in Soil, New Zealand. 4. Scorpion on Orchids, Manila. 5. Spider on Orchids, Manila. The following table taken from our records shows the variety of fruits and vegetables imported into the Islands. Potatoes and onions are by far the largest articles in the vegetable line and oranges and apples lead in the fruit line. It is very evident that there is a chance for some hbme grown produce ; especially pota- toes and oranges to be used in our market instead of importing such large quantities as are listed below : 113 Ct5 M 0 P P P o o M O • QO KO Ci CO lO fc^ • CM CM CO t^ , . t-- (M • LQ CO • 00 '^ . I ^ ^ I CO ■^Ot^ Ot— t-OOCOTtt ■oqco iou:)Cvit- oi • rH Oi CM TtiCQlOrHrHOl'OilO '^OCMrHCOOO CO T^c<^Tt^co •OtH •.•• • -oit^QOrtH t^ • 00 CO • Oi iO • OS o • 00 Oi c0 tH • CO tH . (M , ■ O rH i:3 CM • o • rH • CM CO CO • CD • CD CD m Q X o •CDb- 'CMt^ CM CM •rHCM* 00 CMrfH CD 00 •b-TjH 'CDCJi OOO • CD Oi • rH t^ O • CD rH • CM H^ • CO t^ • C3i Tfl CM OO t- CM CM • LO rH »0 • CM !>• O lO l>- CD • TjH I>- 00 CM CD lO CO • rH rH CO CM • rH Oi rH • • . • rH CO CO . CM OO • . • • ^ »0 rH Pt rH • O CO • CD CM • • • . rH OI CO O^ • • • • 00 Oi c« L^ • CM • • CO Tt^ ^ ^ tH CM 5;, bJD O CO O • (X) 03 prO^ ^-^ jHfH ;^o p^ y^ .-^-^ P^Q^^ ri '±, a2a)a3(?3_03c3a)o-c3OH-M^<^-M^HOaj.r:i 0 '^ © a3 3 u w c^ w < H W O > Q < CO H 3 O en W H < u Q :z; < m X o :o rH CO rtH CO Ol 00 (U • . C • 1 Ttl > • oq CM ko -^ CO • • (M th • Tt^ ^ (M • 1 CM o CO iH • • Oi^ • rH • ' '-t ;z; ^" »o" rH • • CO rH lO TlH C<1 t^ • • QO rH C<1 • . O • • • CM • -T-IL^COT^TjHiH • -CO l>- • • (M • • • 1 00 u • • rH ^ rH i-l • • QO 1 oo O ^" tjh'' . •tHIOCO •COCOrH'* •lOiHOr- tH • Oi • Oi CM lO H. Tt< '^ • 1-1 CO TjH . CM CO - rH • Tt< • • • QO tH T^ Ttl • t^ rH . . .CO ... 05 D lO lO • QO • • 'CO ... ^^ < CO cm" rH >^ •COIOIO -OSCqiO '^Oi -OOCv] . . . . CO • (M • CO GO lO • 1-- • T-l 'CO 00 '3 CO CO • L-^ . .05 . . . . CO^ co" (D •05t>. . .COOt^ •l>.Tt< •COtH 'O • • • • CM . r-l iX) • • rH Cq • iH • CD . lO • • • • '^ 5 rH • . rH • • O CM '~~' • (?C iS 03 • lO • • • C: . CM CO Tt^ . QC . . CO • t- •Cq*'*^.. THCq-rH • TJH • • . lO • • • . . .Id . . . 00 S (m" co" •O • • '(MIO •tHQOO -CvJ rH CO CO CM • • rH vJ • Cq ... CO • CO CM . (M CO . . Tt^ O- - . . . . . co^ CO • • CO^ < ^'^ CM*" CO sJ •lO • • -QO • \a •t-r-4 'Oi . CO • CO • • CM cc •rH • • 'CO •r-l -rHlO -OS • Oi • • • 05 • . . . . r-{ . CO • rH • • • O :s o: oo'^ cq • . . Oi o Tt^ cr CO CM OO • • lO jD . . . . CO ■ • • O CM . t^ . . tH 0) CO • • . . ... r-{ iO • lO • • O^ fc * • • • co" cm" . CO rH r-^ CM • Ttl • • • lO tH lO t- • CO 00 cq cq • xf^ c r-i • • lO • • • JO CO • 00 tH • CO rt ... ^^ . Tji tH t— » co" co" i "^ a: 1 © o CO -M fl 03 m m o •^ O CD CO CO a; CCS K 1 s 1 V eet Pc ngerin mips . 2 It IS 1 ciQiro \ ^' Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah o ^p^ QC GC cc a: QC E- ^ F- > tH 115 As previously stated the work of rearing and distributing bene- ficial insects was somewhat hampered by the shortage of help, the office of Assistant Entomologist, who attended to this line of v/ork, beside other duties, was not filled until October 1st and then only for a short period as a leave of absence was granted the Assistant on December 1st. The following list shows' a" record of such of the parasites and predaceous insects that were liberated during the year: DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS, 1909. Hawaii Maui Oahu Kauai Coleophora inequalis . . . . 1 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 1 . . 2 Novius cardinalis 1 1 Hyperaspis jocosa 2 . . 16 Scutellista cyanea 1 Rhizobius ventralis . . . . 1 Eucoila impatiens 1 .. 1 1 Japanese Beetle Fungus 1 .. 9 2 Totals by Islands S 2 27 7 Total distributed 41 One colony of Novius cardinalis sent to Midway March, 1909. One colony of Platyomus lividigaster and one colony of Rhizo- bius ventralis sent to Italy 1909. INTRODUCTION OF SMYRNA FIG INSECT. Through the courtesy of Mr. Walter T. Swingle in charge of Fig culture in the U. S. Department of Agriculture we were able to import on May 12th, a strong colony of Smyrna fio: insects { Blast ophao^a grossonim). These were liberated in Moanalua gardens, where the only fruiting Capri or wild figs exist. About a month later wdiile visiting the gardens wc discovered the fig wasp in several Capri figs. It w^as about the end of September when a9:ain visiting the gardens that we discovered the good work of the fig wasp. On that occasion we found several perfect Smyrna figs, the first ever produced in the Islands and plenty of fig wasps issuing from the Capri figs. I also submit herewith the report of the importation, breeding and distribution of the Hornfly parasite as furnished me by Mr. O. H. Swezey of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Ex- periment Station, who had sole charge of this work, receiving and distributing all parasites which have been sent by Mr. A. Koebele during the year. 116 PROFESSOR KOEBELE'S WORK ON THE HORN FLY FOR 1909. Report of O. H. Szve:!:ey, Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association Experiment Station. When Dr. Perkins left in May of 1908, on a year's leave, to me was assigned the care of the material which Prof. Koebele mi^ht send in the continuation of his endeavors to introduce parasites and predaceous insects for the horn fly. A great deal of material was received from him during the latter half of the year. In the main, the same method was employed in sending material as was used the previous season. Living specimens were packed in glass vials, enclosed in wooden mailing tubes and mailed to the Ento- mological Inspector of the California State Board of Horticulture at San Francisco, who kept them in cold storage till opportunity presented for forwarding to Honolulu by steamer, in which they were carried in cold storage. The length of time en route was usually a month or nearly so, owning to the fact that the ship- ments were often detained about a week in San Francisco await- ing a steamer. On account of such a long time on the way and the fact that very hot weather was encountered in crossing the continent, many of the shipments were almost a total loss, nearly every insect arriving dead. Later in the year, in the cooler months, more material survived the trip. Below follows an enumeration of the different vials of mate- rial received, together with date of receipt, conditions, etc. : Nos. 36-39, January, contained numerous dipterous puparia from which to breed parasites. Two male Diapriids bred from No. 36. Nothing more from any of them. Nos. 40-45, April. Dipterous puparia, to breed parasites. No parasites ever emerged. Nos. 46, 47, June 11. Dipterous puparia, to breed parasites. No parasites ever emerged. No. 48, Jvuie 11. Two larvae of Sphaeridium (searabaeoides). Both dead on arrival. This is a water beetle whose larvae feed on maggots in fresh cow dung. No. 49, July 2. Large quantity of Dipterous puparia, to breed parasites. No parasites ever emerged. Nos. 50-79, July 2. Larvae of Sphaeridium. These were mostly full-grown larvae placed singly in tubes with a little soil. Some matured and died before arrival ; four adult beetles were still ahve on arrival. Attempts to breed these were unsuccessful. Nos. 80-101, July 16. Larvae of Sphaeridium, as in preceding. On arrival there was nothing alive. The beetles had mostly matured before dying. Nos. 102-124, July 23. Larvae of Sphaeridium, as in preced- ing. All dead on arrival except one mature beetle. Most all of 117 the others had matured before dying. The one living beetle was in such a feeble condition that it did not live long. Nos. 125-129, July 23. Larvae of a smaller species of Sphaeri- • dhim. All dead on arrival. They had matured before dying. Nos. 130-141, August 25. Larvae and pupae of Sphacridium. All dead on arrival. Most of them had matured before dying. Nos. 142-145, August 25. Larvae and pupae of a Histerid beetle, singly in tubes. Two matured en route and were alive on arrival. Attempts at breeding them were unsuccessful. The larvae of this beetle are very voracious feeders on fly maggots in cow dung. No. 146, October 2. Fourteen larvae of a small Sphaeridmm, -one aduh; one pupa of a StaphUinid (Philonthus aenciis). All dead on arrival but 11 adult Sphaeridiiim. Attempts at breed- ing them were unsuccessful. Nos. 147-149, October 15. Numerous Dipterous puparia, to breed parasites. On arrival there were 16 parasites that had emerged and died. There were 12 living parasites; and 20 more emerged October 19-21. These were bred on Dipterous puparia from cow dung. The first generation began to emerge Novem- ber 8. This parasite is a Cryptid of the genus Bathymctis. In Germany this parasite attacks chiefly the puparia of Siphona stimiilans, a near relative of our horn fly, but also other flies as well. Prof. Koebele considered this the most valuable of the parasites he was trying to introduce. Nos. 150-154, October 28. Dipterous puparia in large num- bers, to breed out parasites. On arrival there were 302 dead para- sites {Bathymetis) having emerged from the ])uparia and died before arrival. One hundred twenty-three parasites emerged later and were retained for breeding. Nos. 155-157, November 9. Large number of parasitized Dip- terous puparia. Three hundred sixty-nine parasites (Bathymctis) had emerged and died before arrival. Twenty-three emerged (mostly males), only one or two at a time, between November 10 and December 27. Nos. 158-163, November 6. Larvae of a small species of Sphaendiiiin, singly in tubes. All arrived dead but one which had matured. No. 164, November 6. Pupa of Philonthus acneus ( ?). It had matured and died before arrival. Nos. 165-169, November 9. Lar2:e number of Dipterous pupa- ria, to breed Bathymetis. A few had emerged and died before arrival. Thirty-nine emerged, a few at a time, between Novem- ber 11 and November 26. Nos. 170-173, November 24. Dipterous puparia to breed para- sites (Bathymetis). Ninety had emerged and died before arrival, 118 and there were 56 alive. Sixty-eight more emerged between November 25 and December 23. No. 174, November 26. Box containing adult beetles (Apho- dius £metarius). Ninety-two were alive; and there were about a dozen dead ones. These beetles burrow in cow dung, and their larvae feed in it. Their value lies in the fact that their burrow- ing through and through the cow dung makes it possible for para- sites to enter more readily to attack the fly maggots and puparia therein ; it also allows the dung to dry up more readily and there- fore be less favorable for horn flies to breed in. The most of these beetles were liberated on one of the ranches. A few were retained to attempt breeding them, but without success, no doubt due to its being the season of the 3^ear in which they are accus- tomed to hibernate. No. 175, November 26. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. One Cryptid {Atr act odes sp., Koebele's No. 2656) had emerged and died ; one was living, but soon died. Three males emerged De- cember 9. No. 176, November 26. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. The parasites (Atractodes and an Alysiid) were seen ovipositing in the young maggots. Nothing had emerged before arrival. One female and one male Atractodes emerged December 2. Four males and three females of the Alysiid emerged between Decem- ber 9 and February 9. They were so scattered that only once did I have both sexes living at the same time. An attempt at breeding them on maggots was imsuccessful. With the pair of Atractodes I did succeed in breeding one generation, but so few emerged, and they were not simultaneous, so that I was unable to breed them further. Two female Cynipids also emerged from this tube, February 25. Nos. 177-179, November 26. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. Sixty males and 30 females of Bathymetis emerged between November 30 and December 23. These were mostly liberated \N\t\i others that I had bred. Nos. 180-182, December 11. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. No. 180 was lost in the mails. Nothing bred out of No. 182. From No. 181 quite a number of Bathymetis had emerged and died before arrival ; three females and 5 males emerged between December 31 and April 4, 1910. Nos. 183-195, December 11. Philonthus aeneus, mostlv one or two per tube, either larvae, pupae, or adults. Nos. 191-192 were lost in the mails. Two adult beetles and one larva were alive ; others all dead. Unsuccessful in breeding these. Nos. 196-197, December 11. Two larvae of another species of Philonthus. One arrived alive, and matured later. No. 198, December 17. Histcr bimaculatus. Nine living adult beetles. 119 No. 199, December 17. A small black Histerid. Five living adult beetles. No. 200, December 17. Histcr unicolor, a large black Histerid. Two living adult beetles. All these Histerids^ (Nos. 198-200) were retained to breed; but failing to do so (owing perhaps to its being their hibernating season) they were eventually liberated on a cattle ranch. No. 201, December 17. Coccinelids. All arrived alive; about two dozen, mostly Adalia hipuiictata and Coccinclla septcnpunc- tata. These were liberated on orange aphis. No. 202, December 17. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. No parasites bred out. No. 203, January 7, 1910. Aplwdius Hmciarius. Out of about three dozen adult beetles, but 7 arrived alive. They were liber- ated on a ranch. No. 204, January 7. A dung beetle, Onthophagus nuchicornis. Of about a dozen, only three were alive on arrival. Attempts to breed them were unsuccessful. No. 205, January 7. Six adult Staphylinids of a small species; seven small Hydrophilids of two different species. These were all liberated in a dairy pasture. Nos. 206-209, January 7. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. From 206 one male Alysiid emerged February 8. Nos. 207 and 208 had a few living Bathymctis on arrival ; in No. 209 were about two dozen dead ones. From Nos. 207-209 about two dozen Bathy- metis emerged between January 7 and March 31. Nos. 210-211, January 7. Parasitized Coccids. Cared for by Mr. Ehrhorn. No. 212, January 7. Dipterous puparia parasitized by Atrac- todes. None ever emerged. No. 213, January 7. Parasitized Dipterous puparia. No para- sites emerged except two Spalangia in February. No. 214, January 7. Nine small Staphyliiiids ; one larger Staphylmid ; three small black Hydrophilids. All were liberated in a dairy pasture. From the above it will be seen that the Cry p fid (Bathymctis sp.) is the only one of the parasites that I was able to breed suc- cessfully. Several colonies of this parasite were liberated in dairies of Oahu, and a few ranches on the other islands, during November to January ; so that they have had a chance in various sorts of situations, and it is to be hoped that they have become established in some of them. These colonies were made up of parasites reared in breeding jars in the in sectary, together with others that emerged from material received from Prof. Koebele from time to time. Unfortunately just when tliese parasites were nicely started breeding in the insectary the winter season came on, and although 120 the temperature was not much reduced, yet the parasites mostly went into a hibernating condition. Instead of maturing in three to four weeks from the egg as they had been doing normally, the larvae would get their full-growth in the puparium of the host, spin a cocoon therein, then lie dormant in the larval stage for several months, some going thus from December till the fol- lowing May before maturing. Thus hibernating during the season they were accustomed to in their native home, even though not subjected to the lower temperatures of that place. This put a stop to the distribution of colonies for the time ; but at the present time (May) they are breeding again more rapidly, so that no doubt during the coming summer, colonies will be obtained for . distribution to the various ranch districts not previously supplied. Another feature which has made it slower breeding up colonies for distribution, is that the males are far in excess of the females, often at the rate of ten to one. In one case, where fifty parasites emerged from one breeding jar, all were mades, — a worthless colony. This parasite attacks the host after the puparium has been formed. The maggot of horn fly and other flies breeding in cow dung, when they become full-grown, form their dark reddish puparia in or beneath the cow dung and even in the soil below. The female parasites crawl about iia the dung in search of these, piercing and putting a single tgg in each. This soon hatches and the parasite larva consumes the fly larva or pupa inside, becoming full-grown in about two weeks. It then spins a whitish cocoon inside and in contact with the wall of the puparium, in which the pupa stage is passed through in a week or a little more. The adult parasite emerges by gnawing a roundish hole on one side near one end of the puparium. The normal period from oviposition to the emergence of the adult parasite, is three weeks when breeding in horn fly, and a little longer when breeding in the puparia of larger flies. The parasite is somewhat under- sized also when breeding in horn fly puparia. They apparently breed in whatever puparia they find regardless of species. Prof. Koebele considers this parasite a highly valuable one in Europe where it specially breeds on a near relative of our horn fly. It will no doubt be a helpful check on the horn fly here if it succeeds in becoming established. Another important step for the furtherance of beneficial insect work was made by appointing Mr. Fred Muir, who is on the entomological staff of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Beneficial Insect Collector of this Board, so as to give his work abroad official standing. Mr. Muir is engaged in the search of parasites for the sugar cane borer, one of the very des,tructive pests of the cane industry. Being connected with the Board through this appointment Mr. Muir is also looking out for para- sites for the Alligator Pear scale, Pseudococcus nipae and the 121 Melon maggot, Dacus cucurbitae. Every effort is being made to iind these parasites and it is hoped that during 1910 we may be able to succeed in finding such that will in a measure give us relief. The parasites which were kindly sent here by Mr. George Compere did not take hold of the Melon maggot although every chance was given them. Being the parasite of the Orange fruit- ily there was great doubt of the work in the beginning, but we must endeavor to test every opportunity in this great work. PINEAPPLE SCALE. Our pineapple growers have experienced quite an additional expense at the shipping points on the Coast, by being compelled to re-fumigate all pineapples found infested with live Mealy bugs. All inspection w^ork along the Pacific Coast has become very stringent and all fruits and vegetables found infested are either condemned or fumigated according to the pest found, we can hardly blame the Crast people for this action. Some seemed to think that it was an indirect boycott on the pineapple business, but I can positively say that no such feeling exists. We might as well expect the potato shippers to say that when we condemned scabby potatoes we did it to boycott potatoes. There is no need for the pineapple growers to have this trouble and expense if they will only practice clean culture. If all suckers to be used for new plantings are first subjected to a good fumiga- tion before planting and if all old plants, now allowed to remain piled up adjacent to the pineapple fields, where they remain breed- ing thousands of Mealy bugs, would be carted away to some vacant field and destroyed by fire as soon as possible, much would be accomplished in the way of reducing the pest and by carefully fumigating all pineapples before packing" for the Coast shipment A^ery little trouble will be experienced in the future. I find that the fumigating methods generally practiced by the pineapple grower were fatdty and since advising with them and prescribing the right dosage to use, better results have been obtained. RECOMMEN3DATIONS. In the report of the Entomologist for 1908, on page 112, reference is made to Inter-Island inspection. Inter-Island inspec- tion can be compared to Inter-County inspection of other States and we know that a great deal of good has been done, by pre- venting;- certain insect pests and plant diseases from being trans- ported into new districts by the good laws and ordinances adopted by the various counties. The time is at hand when such stei)S should be taken to prevent the dissemination of pests known to exist on some of the Islands from beins: sent to the other islands 122 not having these. Now that there is a movement on foot to estabhsh other agricultural industries on a larger scale I would recommend that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry look into the possibility of establishing Inter-Island inspection and if need be take such action with the County authorities of the various islands so as to be in cooperation with this Division. We must endeavor to protect the present as well as the future agriculturist and much labor and money can be saved by starting while the industries are not very extensive. Assistant Entomologist. Since June, 1908, the office of Assistant Entomologist has, prac- tically speaking, been vacant and much work which should be done by such office has been left undone. It is to be hoped that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry can see its way clear to furnish this Division with a competent assistant. All the work of rearing parasites and other important studies on the life his- tory of our various pests can be accomplished by a good assistant, I therefore recommend that you give this your earnest thought. Serious Pests. Of the few remaining pests of the agriculturist, the Melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, the Alligator Pear Scale, Pseudococcus nipae and the Japanese Beetle, Adoretus tenuimaculatus, continue to give much trouble and great loss. It shall be our aim during 1910 to endeavor to introduce parasites for the Melon fly and Alligator Pear Scale, this, of course, depending on the amount of money available and the much needed help of an Assistant Entomologist. We have recommended remedial measures for both pests and have obtained some success. Scale on young trees has been suc- cessfully sprayed, but as long as the larger trees, which are out of the question of spraying, furnish continual broods of scale, we shall not be able to accomplish much with spray. We know of the existence of parasites in the West Indies, Mexico and the Philippines, and steps have already been taken by correspondence, to ascertain the extent of the pest in these countries. Clean cul- ture to cope with the work of the Melon fly has been recom- mended with good results and wherever the affected melons, cucumbers and squash have been destroyed and with these the millions of larvae of the fly, a great reduction of the pest has been noted, but not all growers take such steps and they produce enough flies to furnish the industrious grower with new broods. A good efficient parasite must be obtained and through corre- spondence we have endeavored to cooperate with other countries where the fly is not a serious pest. Owing to the life of the fly, it will be a very difficult undertaking to import the parasite and 123 it probably will be necessary to send some one to collect the para- site and care for these on the return voyage, however, this will be a matter for future consideration. In this connection while searching for this parasite it would be very important to ascertain the reason why the Japanese Beetle is not reported as a pest in Japan. Respectfully submitted, EDW. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent of Entomology. 124 The preceding Report being a compilation of the work per- formed by the former Superintendent of Entomology, Mr. Jacob Kotinsky, it was deemed advisable to keep his report and that of the present Superintendent separate. Report of Superintendent of Entomology for 1910. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1910. Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the seventh report of the Division of Entomology, covering the v/ork of this division for the calendar year 1910. The v/ork performed by us during the above period consisted chiefly in the quarantine inspection of agricultural and horti- cultural products, arriving in the Islands by steamers and sailing vessels, being found in the large freight shipments, passengers' baggage, express packages and the mail. We have boarded 459 steamers and sailing vessels, from which were discharged and inspected 210,058 packages of fruits, vegetables and plants. Of these we destroyed 427 packages, which were either infested with injurious insects or plant diseases, or were prohibited from entering the Territory under existing rules and regulations per- taining to fruit and plant shipments from certain countries. The value and importance of this work has been clearly dem- onstrated in the past, and from the following report it will be seen that with the growth of population and coraiiierce, our work naturally is continually increasing. STAFF. Superintendent of Entomology. Your Superintendent has continued as head of the division during the year without the aid of an assistant entomologist up to July 1st, when the Board appointed Mr. H. O. Marsh on my recommendation. Very little laboratory work and breeding of parasites was done during the time previous to his appointment on account of the lack of help, most of the time being taken up by the inspection of plant and fruit shipments which required nearly all of our attention, and only during very short periods v^as it at all feasible for us to attend to the distribution of para- sites and to the investigation of some field pests which caused injury. Consulting Entom ologist. Mr. Albert Koebele, the Consulting Entomologist, has con- tinued his search for parasites of the Hornfly, he being absent 126 during the whole year in Europe. He has sent a number of parasites and dung beetles, which were turned over to the en- tomologist of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Sta- tion, and after careful breeding many colonies have been liber- ated on several stock ranches of the Islands. The appended re- port of Dr. Perkins summarizes the results of the importations of Hornfly parasites. Assistant Entomologist. As stated above, this position has only been filled during the last six months of this year, and Mr. Marsh has undertaken a series of field experiments, particularly on pests attacking truck crops, which are now becoming more extensively cultivated. By his careful work and practical demonstrations he has been able to induce a number of growers to take up practical spray work. They have purchased the necessary apparatus and now use remedies which have been thoroughly tested by the Division. The small and rather inadequate insectary on the grounds of the Board has been temporarily fitted up inside to suit the re- quirements for insect breeding, and despite this fact I am pleased to say that Mr. Marsh has been able to do some excellent work on the life history of a few of the more serious truck pests. A larger and more complete insectary is absolutely necessary to carry on the work on more extensive lines. There are, of course, pests of some of the field crops which cannot be combated by applied remedies on account of the impracticability of such an undertaking. This was demonstrated on an acre of Broom- corn this season. Efficient parasites in such cases are the only true relief; whenever we are able to procure such. Clean cul- ture also has a very direct bearing on all such work. Mr. Marsh's report follows as an appendix hereto. Inspectors. Mr. D. B. Kuhns has continued as inspector of fruits and plants and has given very satisfactory service. Owing to the arrival of vessels at all hours, our time is not regulated by any laid-down rule, but whenever necessary we are ready for duty in the early morning hours or late at night, including many Sun- days and holidays. Owing to the rapid increase of shipping and of the larger consignments received here for the ever-growing population, it will be very necessary to make provision for an assistant inspector. The possibility of too much inspection work for the present force is bound to weaken the efficiency of it, not by wanton neglect, for such does not exist, but by an over- tax of labor. 127 For the first half of this year the Division did have an assist- ant inspector, Mr. L. V. Lewis, who served until August 1, 1910, but on account of the shortage of funds which were re- quired for the salary of the assistant entomologist, his position had to be abandoned. I cannot emphasize too strongly the ne- cessity for providing an extra amount for the office of assistant inspector. Our regular inspector at the Port of Hilo, Brother M. Newell, is still retained and has faithfully performed his duties, which, on account of the increase of imports, have at times been rather strenuous. Here also we shall have to make provisions in the near future if we are to keep up the good work of the past; no provision is made in case of sickness, at which time there would be no one to look after the work. If provision could be made for an assistant at Hilo who could at the same time act as Col- laborator in the Forest Nursery, which is under Brother Newell's charge, I believe it would do much to obviate any possible calamity Honorary Inspectors. The following gentlemen are still acting as honorary inspec- tors: Robert E. Elgin, Mahukona, Hawaii ;.W. O. Aiken, Ka- hului, Maui; W. D. McBryde, Koloa, Kauai, and Dr. W. D. D'eas, Hana, Maui. These gentlemen have not been called upon for active service, but are ever ready to give assistance should an occasion ofifer itself. During the last year Miss Melika Peterson has acted as ste- nographer for the Divisions of Entomology and Animal Industry combined, and under these circumstances has done the work very well, but it would be of greater advantage to have each Division furnished with its own stenographer, as many smaller details are often put aside pending the work of the other Division, which are hard to pick up again later on. Lines of Work. In the report of 1909, it was hoped to do much in the way of breeding beneficial insects, combating pests, and continuing the expansion of the insect collection. However, owing to the short- age of funds and the vacancy of the office of Assistant Ento- mologist for six months, we were unable to take up much of this work during that period, as nearly the whole of our time re- quired our attention at the steamship docks, inspecting the enormous shipments of fruits, vegetables and plants arriving every few days. The accompanying tables give a summary of the inspection work performed by us at Honolulu and Hilo : o M H Q GQ M O o TOTAL INSPECTED OrHQOrHrH>OrHTHOirH(M cvT rH^ oT u:r o" TiT rtT co" lo" c-C0ir:)t>-0i00 T—i t— i T— i tH rH r-l r-t RNED . . . rH • • • • LO • Oj • iH • P H W P^ . . . ^ . . . . ^ . ^ . CO P m o P-4 Ph •Cvli-ilOt-TtHr-lCOlMCOTHCO'* OrH COCOrH rHrHCOCNlQ CO CO Ph P O -HlOlOt-OSrHTtHCOCOrtHCM^ Cq CO CO rH rH C\l IQ tH CM eg Vessels Inspected. . rfHiot-cocodOioq-^osocq COC.COC35THCOOOOOC5i CO-^COCO rHrHCOCOCsiasO CO O 03 O THO-^COt^OOt^QOCOOCVSO CO Cvl tH C0^ O^ O^ CO^ rjH^ rH^ oT rH^ cT to" oT tH" ^ Co'' lo" COrHTttb^CvllOt>-l>-COTHCiCvl OOCSOOt^OOCMOiOOOO O) O) ri i^ '^H c 1 T^''-C>cOTH>OOTHOGO(rOt^CO t-Ht— IrHi—ir-lr-lT-lCvJr-irHrHCO 1 bOr^ OOClGvl'^COCOCOCvICCl'^CMCO iCO t^COCOOCOt^t^'^OS'tO"^?© 02 w o 9— B A. 130 |t^tDOOOCOai^OOO'H'r:l:OC<^05C^l'-^XlTHaiTHC^^QOOt^OiTHOi05lOT— !■ Oi I (M t^ tH (M ^ lO rH «:? tH L^ CM l^ Oi ^^ "^^ t^ "^^"^^^ '"' '^^ "^^ • (M lO O O Oi tH • CO OO »0 O QO ■ CO t- ^ :c Oi CX) i-O rH (M (M LO • CO'^COtJHQOCOOOO • rH lO ICS 00 (M rH CO O rH • Tfl T:t< O L-- Oi t- lO CM TfH (M • t- t- lO CM CM (5S • O CO fH ''+1 rH • IC CM rH rH .ICCOrjHGfO-rJHt-'^COrHt-. •COrt<'^cOt- rHCOOifM '^ CM •rHOOlOrM Oi ^ rH • tH 00 • O Oi GO rH rH lO • lO CM lO CO t^ lO CO •CM • Ca CO CM Oi rH O -CM • CO • CX5 -^ rH rH • t-- • rH • ILO rH O • O • I O L':) rH :=i I o I X) t^ CQ CM OO tH CM r-i rH CM • CM CM CO lO Tin iO rH "tl CO lO Oi CM •OOOC^lOOOiOCOO 'rH • O t- t- O rH CO ' tH • Cq GO OJ rH • CD 0 CO Oi rH CM CM O •CMXiOrH05<^0l0 "rHO CM O CO Tt< Ttl • CO CM rH CM • rH (T, I O Ci QO as CM CO rt I rH CM CM tH . <* CO -co 1,714 1,812 6 . 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U ^ O) Q c/: &HH>>- * * * * * * * * * * 1 rH '^^ 133 From the preceding tables it will be seen that there is a de- cided increase in all shipments of fruits and vegetables arriving in the Islands, a fraction over 18j/2% on all packages, which is caused by an increase of about 435^% on the various lots re- ceived. We beg to acknowledge the great aid we received from the members of the U. S. Customs Service and the various steamship companies while handling these enormous shipments. The real difficulty which we continue to encounter in our in- spection work is foimd in oriental cargoes. Here much of the fruits and vegetables are included as general merchandise and only after patient waiting and thoroughly segregating the in- voices are we able to locate such shipments. A^s a great deal of dangerous material is found in these shipments, such as diseased yams, potatoes, bulbs and fruits, which diseases are liable to at- tack cane and taro, the importance of a very careful inspection will be readily understood. All shipments are closely watched by a member of the Division until released by the Custom House, then we can undertake our inspection, and as this work employs a man from a few days to sometimes one week, it will be apparent that the plea for an assistant inspector for dock work is not an unjust demand. linprozrcmcnt of Shipments. \ I am pleased to be able to report that at Honolulu, as well as at Hilo, the improvement on all shipments of fruits and vege- tables is very marked. This has been caused mainly by a plea from the Division to all consignees and a demand to all Coast shippers of these articles. Not only has this resulted in cleaner shipments, but the quality of the same has greatly improved. Whenever shipments are found not to be up to the requirements, they have been returned to the shippers. All consignees are only too glad to cooperate with the Division, as they find that it is a great benefit to their business. Inspection at the U. S. Postoffice. Through the kind cooperation of the postoffice authorities at Honolulu and Hilo, we are able to inspect the enormous con- signments of packages containing seeds and plants and occa- sionally fruit which arrive at these places. Our equipment at the postoffice consists of a small fumigating box and all plants and seed requiring fumigation are handled here without much delay. At Hilo w^e are equipped in the same manner, and we mav safely say that very little escapes inspection by this system. During this vear the Division of Forestry has received large quantities of seeds for the propagation of trees for forest planting. 134 These consignments have passed through our hands for in- spection, and we have fumigated the bulk with Carbon-bisul- phide more as a precaution against the possible introduction of seed enemies. During past years there has been quite a loss in the stored seed of the Division of Forestry. The seed, which is gathered in season by the seed boys, has usually been attacked by several weevils, and after storage of a few months becomes worthless. It is gratifying to know that my Division has been able to assist the Forester in checking this loss, which means quite a saving to his department and a gain in the propagation of nursery stock. The Division has had frequent applications from parties for the fumigation of plants and seeds for outward shipments abroad. We have considered this a good feature, and have gladly done what w^e could, as we deem it very important to aid in the check of distribution of pests to other sections. Additional Equipment and Improvements. What may be considered a good step towards improvement in the service, is an additional office laboratory and fumigatory, located on the Alakea Dock, which the Division was able to pro- cure rent free from, Hon. Marston Campbell, Superintendent of Public Works. It has been a great task, and some delay in the past to haul plant and fruit shipments from the above dock to the laboratory located on the Oceanic Dock, but by this acquisition all delay is obviated and the great risk of hauling infested goods over the streets has ceased. We now have moved the fumigatory which stood on the Channel Dock, this dock not being much used, to the Alakea Dock. It is equipped with a four-inch pipe with gate valve as an exhaust for the gas, giving us a splendid facility for our work. The exhaust pipe on the fumigatory on the Oceanic Dock has also been overhauled, so that more draft and a better exhaust of the dangerous gases can be had. In ad- dition two small fumigating boxes have also been built for the handling of small packages, which are often found among the passenger's baggage. We shall save a great deal of expense by the use of these, as they do not require such a large quantity of chemicals for the preparation of the gas. which is required to fill the large fumigatories. As soon as the Hackfeld Dock is finished we shall overhaul the large fumigatory located on it and add to the equipment a tight workroom for inspection work. This dock will be used by the Matson Steam Navigation Companv, whose vessels bring enormous shipments of fruits and vegetables, and we shall be well equipped to handle all incoming materials with- out much delay. The three fumigatories being on the most im- 135 portant docks, are so situated that should any shipment arrive on any adjacent dock it can easily be transferred to either of these, which, however, is only expected to happen at rare in- tervals. The following is a list of all pests and diseases found on ship- ments during 1910: INJURIOUS INSECTS AND DISEASES INTERCEPTED WHICH WERE FOUND ON SHIPMENTS OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND PLANTS DURING THE YEAR 1910. Colcoptera. Sphenophorus sordidus, Schop. Banana roots from Fiji. Scarabacid larvae, in soil about roots from Japan. ' Tcnehrio molitor and larvae in package from L^. S. A. Anthribid weevils in seeds from Jamaica. Cylas formicarius, Fab., in sweet potatoes from Japan. Actheopens aterrimus, Waterhouse, on orchids from Manila. Curcidionid larvae in chestnuts and acorns from Japan. Two species of Curcidionids in orchids from Manila. Two species of Hydrophilids in orchids from Manila. Nitidulid in orchids from Manila. Lcpidoptcra. Tortricid leaf roller in rose plants from Japan. Nephroterys ridirizonellaf in sand pears from Japan. Tineid larz'ac in ferns from New Zealand. Sanninoidea cxtiosa in peach roots from Florida. Thyriodoptcryx sp. ( ?) Bag worm on Camellia from Japan. Codling moth larvae in fruit from U. S. A. Hcmiptera. Capsid in onions from: Japan. Triphleps sp. in plants from U. S. A. Fulgorid leaf hoppers in plants from U. S. A. Aradid (bark bug) in orchids from Manila. Hemiptera homoptcra. Two species Aphis on rose plants from Japan. Raspberry Aphis on Raspberry plants from U. S. 136 Hyincnoptcra. Monomorimii vastator, L., in package from U. S. Pheidole javaiia, Mayr., in orchids from Manila. Coccidae. Aulacaspis rosac, on rose plants from Japan. Aspidiotus rapaXj on plants from U. S. Aspidiotiis cyanophylli, on palms from U. S. Pseudococcus citri, on plants from Fiji. Diaspis zamiae, on Cycas fronii Japan. Lepidosaphes heckii, on peach trees from Florida. Coccus dcprcssits, on palms from U. S. Ccroplastcs nisei, L., on tea plants from Japan. Aulacaspis pentagona, Targ\, on cherry trees from Japan. Psciidaonidia duplex, Cock., on plants from Japan. Thy sail opt era. Thrips on orange trees from Hongkong. Miscellaneous. Mites on pine trees from Japan. Nemalodcs, Heterodera radicola, on potatoes from U. S. A. Red spider on plants from U. S. A. Scorpion, centipedes, 5 species of spider, and several species of pill bugs, Oniscidae, in orchids from Manila. Large slug, Veronacella sp., on plants from Manila and Fiji. Diseases Intercepted. ''Fiji cane disease,'' on sugar cane found in possession of passenger. Cladosporiurn citri, on citrus fruits and plants from Orient. Spot disease on apples from Japan, resembling bitter rot. Pear scab, on pears from United States. Potato scab, Oospora scabies, on potatoes from United States. Sugar Cane Infested. During the year three lots of sugar cane from Fiji and the Orient were found in the baggage of passengers and immigrants. In one case we found the dreaded Fiji cane disease. The risk of having such m.aterial enter the Territor}^ is too well known to us, and we are constantly on the lookout for it. All sugar cane o n n> o J3 •-J Plate 26. Thimbleberry. Rubtis jajiiaiccnsis. Plate 27. Australian Snakes Prevented from Entering Ha- waii by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. 137 is confiscated and cane and package is immediately destroyed by burning. Banana Borers and Disease. Several lots of banana sprouts have been taken from passen- gers during the year. The rule and regulation prohibiting the importation of such from Oceanica is a very good law, as we invariably are able to find the Banana borer, Sphenophorus sor- didtis, in the plants. There now exists a serious disease of the Banana in Central America and the Vv^est Indies, and on the recomiuiendation of your Superintendent, a rule and regulation prohibiting the introduction of fruit and plants from these sec- tions, where thousands of acres have been killed off during a year's time, has been passed by the Board and awaits the approval of the Governor. Snakes. On July 19th of this year a consignment of five large poisonous snakes in the possession of a showman arrived on the steamer "Makura." By order of the Collector of Port, Mr. E. R. Stack- able, the reptiles were refused a landing, and he requested your Superintendent to kill them, which was done by the use of a four-strength gas under two-hour exposure. The snakes are now preserved in fonnaldehyde in the Division Museum. Hitchcock, or Thinihleberry — Rubus janiaiccnsis. For many years this plant has been the greatest pest in the pasture lands of Hawaii, and many thousands of dollars have been expended annually in clearing up the lands in an endeavor to check it. The Board of Agriculture and Forestry has on sev- eral occasions been requested to investigate the pest and recom- mend some plan for its eradication. It was suggested that some insect enemies be introduced to cope with its spread, but on the advice of the entomologist this was discouraged, as insects which would attack Thimbleberry would, on account of its relation to other plants, attack many other species of great value. During the latter part of this year, my Hilo assistant, Brother M. Newell, reported that certain areas of Thimblel^erry on the Volcano road were apparently dving, and the dead plants showed indications of a disease. Immediate action was taken in the mat- ter, and specin^ens of diseased plants were secured and submitted to Dr. H. L. Lyon of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, who, after verv careful study, determined the disease as Clypcosphaeria Hendersonia, a verv common fungus attacking the cultivated Rubus family in the United States. We imm;edi- ately got interested and busy to see if something could be done 138 to transfer the disease to infested pasture lands ; and to that end we have attempted the inoculation of outdoor sections by trans- ferring diseased portions of plants to the healthy areas. We have also been able to make artificial cultures on agar-agar, and are now inoculating pure cultures of the disease on to growing plants in the laboratory. We have every hope of success with either method, and could by the latter method, if found practicable, distribute unlimited spores of the disease to all infested districts. Our time on these experiments has been too short to enable us to report in full about the matter, but from what observations have been made, there is hope of success. The Thimbleberry, or Hitchcock berry, has only been recorded from the Islands of Hawaii and Maui, all the other islands being free from it. On Hawaii the following districts have been furnished me by Mr. J. F. Rock, Botanical Assistant of the Division of Forestry: Paauhau No. 1, 2 and 3; Nienie, Haneipoe, Volcano region. Puna and Hilo districts, Wai- pio (there exists here a double flowering variety), Waimanu, Po- lolu, Honokanenui, Honokaneiki, and Kohala proper. On Maui it was found in the Keanae District, East Maui, by Mr. R. S. Hosmer, Forester. FIGS AND FIG INSECTS. Through the kind cooperation of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, I have been able to procure a number of new varieties of Capri and Smyrna fig trees and cuttings, which have been planted at Moanalua, where the in- troduction of the fig wasp is a marked success. We have been able to find the insect present every month of the year, and some very fine, luscious fruit has developed this season. With the new varieties of Capris and other Smyrnas we shall be able to demonstrate the possibility of growing figs of good size and im- proved flavor. The object of importing other varieties of Capri figs is to materially aid the fig w^asp by supplying a continuous crop of capri figs in which the wasp develops. FRUIT FLIES. The unfortunate discovery of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratatis capitata) on the Island of Oahu makes it advisable to publish a short account of the insect with illustrations. This insect and the Melon fly (Dacus curcuhitae) are closely related and resemble each other very much. The habits of both, one de- stroying soft-meated fruit and the other vegetables, such as beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, etc., are very similar. The adult fly punctures the fruit or vegetable and lays a few eggs 139 therein, these hatch into maggots, which soon cause a decay spot in the fruit, and before it ripens it generally drops to the ground; vegetables usually decay long before maturing and be- come unmarketable. The Melon fly is better known to the growers of these islands, as it has been here for many years. It is probably of Oriental origin, being found in India, Ceylon, and adjacent countries. The Mediterranean Fruit fly is prob- ably a native of Southern Europe or Africa, Spain being the first country from which it has been reported. Of all the pests that have turned their attention to cultivated fruits or vegetables there is no group that does the damage in as short a period as these. As the maggots are protected in the pulp of the fruit, it is next to impossible for any applied reme- dies to reach them. Some success has been obtained in using a poisoned sweet bait to attract the adult fly and poison it. In some countries it is claimed that parasites keep these pests in check, and such should naturally be the best and cheapest remedy in the end. From general observations the work of the Mediterranean Fruit fly can be traced here for at least three years, although the adult was not observed until the middle of this year. Its spread is confined, as far as search has been made, to the vicinity of Honolulu proper. All Citrus fruits are attacked, and we have also bred the fly from guava. In other countries it is reported as attacking all fruits except Bananas, Pineapples and Olives. This pest has become very wndely distributed in many countries, and is now recorded from the Mediterranean region, Azores, Southern Africa, East Coast of South America, West Indies, Australia and New Zealand. The adult fly is about the size of a common house fly, body ochreous yellow, eyes of reddish purple tint, the dorsal surface of thorax is quite raised and of a dirty white color, mottled, with shining black blotches presenting a mosaic pattern. Wings are broad, semi-opaque, with many irregular black blotches and fines and yellow markings. The female has a well-developed ovipositor, with which the fruit is easily punctured. The male and female flies resemble each other, but the first can be readily recognized, by having a pair of well-developed, bristle-like fila- ments standing out in front of the head, and which end in a dia- mond-shaped spatulate appendage. The maggot is hard to locate in the pulp of the fruit, as its color and shape resembles the small vellow cells of the orange ; it is about half an inch long when full grown. As soon as the maggot has reached its growth it leaves the fruit and crawls into the ground, and very soon turns into a yellowish brown pupa. According to the weather, the time from the tgg to the adult fly varies from 30 days to 40 da vs. 140 The accompanying plate gives a good illustration of the fly highly magnified with its natural size indicated bv a smaller figure. On another page we illustrate the flies at' rest on an orange, a very common occurrence when the fruit of the trees is badly infested with maggots. In coping with this pest, the most advisable method at present is by clean culture, by which is meant the gathering and destroy- ing of all infested fruit. It will readily be seen that if infested fruit is allowed to remain after dropping, the maggots will be able to escape and burrow into the ground, but when all infested fruit is collected, but a small percentage of maggots escape. This method has been successfully carried on in Bermuda ; in fact, to such an extent that the pest has been reduced to a minimum. Nczv Rules and Regulations. On accoimt of the outbreak of the Mediterranean Fruit flv, Ccratatis eapitafa, the following Rule VII was passed by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and approved by the Governor. RULE VII. RULE AND REGULATION BY THE BOARD OF COM- MISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF DISTRIBU- TION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY FROM OAHU TO THE OTHER ISLANDS. The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii hereby make the following rule and regulation : Section I. For the purpose of preventing the spread of the Mediterranean Fruit fly (Ceratatis capitata) from the Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii,, where the same has established itself, to any other Island in the Territory, all persons and cor- porations are hereby prohibited from carrying or shipping oanges, lemons, limes, mangoes, alligator pears, guavas, peaches or other soft-meated fruits grown on said Island of Oahu to any other Island in the Territory. Section II. Any person or corporation violating the above rule shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be Dunished by a fine not to exceed Five Himdred Dollars, as provided by Sec- tion 390 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii as amended by Act 82 of the Session Laws of 1905 and Act 112 of the Session Laws of 1907. 141 Section III. This regulation shall take effect from and after the approval thereof by the Governor. Approved : W. F. FREAR, Governor of Hawaii. Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, November 21, 1910. By the enforcement of this rule we are hopeful of checking the spread of the Fruit fly to the other islands. As there is no provision made for County or inter-island inspection of fruits and plants, it is rather a difficult task to absolutely prevent the shipment of fruits from Oahu, but I am pleased to say that after having notified the various steamship companies of the new ruling, I have received the greatest assurance of their sincere cooperation, and any and all fruit which is attempted to be shipped will not be accepted for shipment and that which is found in the possession of passengers on the boats will be con- fiscated and destroyed. On account of the existence of a serious and infectious plant disease on Banana in many parts of the world, which disease is rapidly spreading throughout the infested areas, necessitating the abandonment of thousands of acres of banana plantations therein, on recommendations of your Superintendent, the Board passed the following Rule VIH,"^ by the enforcement of which we shall be able to protect our Banana industry, which I am pleased to say has but few pests and which has a very promising future. RULE vni.* RULE AND REGULATION BY THE BOARD OF COM- MISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY CONCERNING THE IMPORTATION OF ALL BA- NANA FRUIT, BANANA SHOOTS OR PLANTS. Whereas, this Board has by notification of the United States Department of Agriculture and by its own investigation been apprised of the existence of a serious and infectious plant dis- ease on banana in many parts of the world, which disease is rap- idly spreading throughout the infested localities, necessitating the abandonment of thousands of acres of banana plantations * Rule VMII was approved by the Governor while this report was in press. 142 therein, and is extending to other locaHties, and inasmuch as the existence of this disease in imported plants and fruit cannot be ascertained by local inspection nor eradicated by fumigation, and no good method of control of the disease has yet been found ; Therefore, the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii hereby make the following rule and regulation : Section 1. For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the Territory of Hawaii of a banana disease known also as banana blight, and determined as Fusarium cubense, all persons, companies and corporations are hereby prohibited from intro- ducing or importing into the Territory of Hawaii, or into any of its ports for the purpose of debarkation into said Territory any fresh banana fruit, banana sprouts or plants, from Central America, including the Panama Canal Zone, the West Indies, Dutch Guiana, or any other locality where the said disease exists or may become known to exist. Section 2. This regulation shall take effect from and after the approval thereof by the Governor. ' MARSTON CAMPBELL, President and Executive Officer. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. Approved : W. F. FREAR, Governor. January25, 19n. Bcneiicial Insects. The following is a record of the beneficial insects released in various places in the Territory during the year 1910: Pimpla bchrenmi and Chalcis ozmta, two very effectual para- sites of the Oak moth; Phry^anidia calif ornica in California were introduced with the hope that they w^ould assist in keeping in check the Cocoanut Leaf Roller, Omiodes hlackbiirni, and other destructive leaf rollers. Many strong colonies were liber- ated in several cocoanut groves on the Islands. Pteromalus pupanim, the most important factor in the control of the Cabbage butterfly, Pontia rapae, on the mainland, was introduced and has been released in the vicinity of the largest market gardens. In addition to this a large number of these parasites were reared in the laboratory and distributed wherever Pontia rapae attacked cabbage and nasturtiums. 143 Very large shipments of Hippodamia co aver gens, a valuable Aphis eating ladybird from Oalifornia, have been received dur- ing the year a,nd large colonies containing many thousands have been sent to all places where proper food could be found. Mr. Albert Koebele sent from Europe a few colonies of para- sites for scale insects. They were released on Coccus acumi- natus, Saissetia nigra, and Pnlvinaria psidii. A wingless En- cyrtid was also bred from the material sent, but as it might pos- sibly prove a secondary or hyperparasite, it was not liberated: The following colonies of beneficial insects were distributed during the year: Horn Fly parasite,£w<:oz7a impatiens 4 colonies Scale insect parasite, Sciitcllista cyanca 3 '" Leaf-roller parasite, Pimpla behrenzii 5 " Ladybird, Cryptolacmiis montronzicri 4 " Ladybird, Noviiis cardinalis 10 '' Cabbage Butterfly parasite, Ptcromaliis puparnm. . 7 '' Aphis eating Ladybird, Hippodamia convergcns . ... 26 '' Scale insect parasites from A. Koebele 7 " Japanese Beetle Fungus 12 '' Making a total of 78 colonies and an aggregate of 160,954 insects. Beneficial Insects Established. After a careful search we have ascertained that tv/o valuable scale-eating Ladybirds, Azya luteipes and Hyperaspis jocosa, have become well established in the vicinity of Honolulu. H, jocosa in Nuuanu, Manoa, Makiki, and Waikiki, and A. luteipes at Ainahau. The following is a report of Dr. R. C. L. Perkins concerning the importation and distribution of Hornfly parasites received from Mr. Koebele during 1910: REPORT ON THE IMPORTATION AND WORK OF HORNFLY PARASITES FOR 1910, By DR. R, C. L. PERKINS, Entomologist, H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, Honolulu. During 1909 the parasitic and predaceous insects sent over from Europe by Mr. Koebele were attended to by Mr. Swezey, who has already submitted an account of these. He made a last distribu- tion of the parasite, Bathymetis, on January 26, 1910, after which the parasites went into a dormant condition, or hibernation, anct 144 their breeding was suspended. In May, however, the parasites again began breeding in captivity, and it became possible later on to send colonies to Kauai and Molokai, which previously had re- ceived none. This species of parasite proved difficult to handle in captivity, partly owing to the fact that an enormous surplus of males were always bred. In some cases the males outnum- bered the females by twenty to one, and some quite large colonies produced no females at- all. As only the fertile females were of use for distribution, it became very diffiicult to obtain a sufficient number of these, at any one time, to make up a satisfactory colony for distribution. At the end of the summer, owing to the excessive production of males, the species died out in confine- ment. This, however, owing to the distribution that had been already made, was not of much consequence. The insect being an active flier, if once established and acclimatized, would very quickly spread over any island on which it had been placed, and would need no special distribution of colonies. I should expect that it would be more likely to flourish at good elevations in the mountains rather than on the low lands, and careful search should be made to see whether it has become established in the former situations. During 1910, Mr. Koebele has continued his work in Europe on the natural enemies of horn fly and the flies associated with these, the larvae of which have similar habits and similar natural enemies. During the summer months, when it is impossible to transmit living specimens from Europe to the Islands, his time was spent in collecting and breeding material, so as to have this ready for transmission against the coming of colder weather. In May an attempt was made to send over some predaceous in- sects, but, as was expected, all died on the journey. From, the condition of the dead, I concluded that the insects had lived till after their dispatch from San Francisco and had died between that port and Honolulu. Although a number of other consign- ments were sent over, it was not until October that it became possible for the contents to reach here alive. These facts are quite in accordance with what had been noted in the previous year. During October and November we have received from Mr. Koebele the main part of the material that he had gathered and reared during the preceding summer m,onths. A number of dif- ferent parasites and predaceous insects were received alive in these consignments. The predaceous species consisted of (1) Hydrophilidac, (2) Hiteridae, (3) Staphylinidae ; the parasites of (1) Ichneumonidae (Atractodes) , (2)Alysiidae (Alysia) , (3) Cynipidae (Eucoila). None of these insects are suitable for breeding in confinement, excepting perhaps the Eucoila, and con- Plate 28. Mediterranean Fruit Fly; all stages. After C. W. Mally, Cape Town. I'late 29. Orange Showing Adult Fruit Flies at Rest. After W. B. Gurney, Agv. Gazette, N. S. VV. 145 sequently it has been necessary to liberate them as soon as they have been received, or as soon as they have become adult, when consigned in their earlier stages. All the predaceous insects and the parasite Atractodes were dispatched at once to Maui and liberated on Haleakala. This was done because it was certain that there, if anywhere, they would find a suitable climate. The Alysia unfortunately could not be sent there, as it was necessary to liberate the specimens at once, and there was no steamer leaving for the other islands. This parasite was therefore liberated in Nuuanu. The Eucolia has only lately been reared, and there is hope that more of this and other parasites may emerge from some of the material sent by Mr. Koebele, this material being still in good condition. After a reasonable time an exhaustive search should be made in all the localities, where the parasites have been liberated, in order to learn whether these have become established. It would appear to me that most, if not all, of the North Eu- ropean insects, liable to attack horn fly, have now been given a trial, and that henceforth research should be made in hotter coun- tries, especially in the extreme south of Europe and in Northern Africa. The great diversity of climate that is found on different ranches or parts of a ranch, owing to elevation and other causes, makes it absolutely necessary that a considerable variety of enemies should be introduced, for these are likely to be more particular as to their environment, than is the horn fly. It is quite certain that the species hitherto sent over are more likely to do good on the upland ranches than on those at or near sea level. . R. C. L. PERKINS. Insect Collection, Our colection of insects consists of about 6424 mounted speci- mens, comprising: Insects indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands, those of economic importance found in the Territory, foreign insects of economic importance and insects intercepted in in- spection of importations of fruit, plants and vegetables. The Hawaiian insects have been transferred from the small Schmidt boxes to the cabinet and arranged in their proper orders, families and genera. Many unmounted specimens have been cleaned and mounted, and a large number of species have been identified and properly labelled. Special attention has been given CO insects of economic importance, and all available time has been spent in procuring material to show their life history, habits and natural enemies. 10— B. A. 146 Besides the large collection of ladybirds (CoccineUidae) , many insects of economic importance from Mexico, South America and other countries have been added. These make a valuable aid to the work of inspection, as they enable us to become more familiar with pests Hkely to be found on introduced plants from other countries and to enable us to more quickly recognize them, or evidence of their presence in these shipments. We also have a large number of insects found on imported fruits and plants showing portions of plants, fruits, etc., and deniionstrating their injury. In addition to this we also have numbers of diseases of plants, generally preserved in alcohol in small museum jars. For breeding life history of various pests we have had con- structed some very useful wire cages, as we find that breeding jars are apt to become too damp and experiments very often are rendered worthless through the loss of valuable material. We have also added a modern high-pressure spray outfit and a Champion dry dust-sprayer, and with this equipment we have been able to carry on some very useful field experiments, as re- corded in the Report of the Assistant Entomologist, which is at- tached hereto. Acknoztrledgments. I desire to express my gratitude for assistance given us by in- dividuals and institutions. To the Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station, to Dr. L. O. Howard and staff of the Bu- reau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and to the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, for kind coopera- tion, advice and identification of insects and plant diseases. To the Superintendent of Public Works for his great aid in fur- nishing us adequate quarters on the docks, and to the U. S. Customs, Immigration and Postoifice authorities and Steamship Companies for their great aid and cooperation in our important work. To Mr. E. K. Carnes, Supt. California Insectary, and his assistant, for the supply of large quantities of Ladybirds. Recomniendations. Owing to the steady increase of fruit and plant shipments ar- riving in the Territory the need for a dock assistant is very ap- parent, and I hope that the Hoard will be able to prevail upon the incoming Legislature to make provisions for such an office. The constant complaint of the ravages of the Melon Fly, the Alligator Pear mealy bug, and Japanese Beetle would warrant the expenditure of considerable time and money in the search for parasites for these pests, and now that the Mediterranean Fruit Fly has established itself, a parasite for this pest would mate- rially help in preventing its spread to other sections. I believe 147 that no time should be lost, and that the Board should ask for the necessary appropriation for such work. In addition to the above, I find that the insectary on the grounds of the Government Nursery does not assist us in the propagation of parasites, and even for field experiments we have been somewhat hampered for the necessary room in breeding out the life history of various pests. If we are to extend the distribution of parasites and continue in other lines as started this year, a larger and better equipped insectary will be an ab- solute necessity. The advisability of establishing either County or inter-island inspection has been brought to the attention of the Board in the. reports of the last few years. There are pests and diseases on some of the islands which do not exist on others, and by such in- spection under either County government or by extending the powers of the present Territorial laws, many such pests could be prevented from being spread. With the constant influx of im- migrants from all quarters of the globe, the chances for some pest to be brought in unnoticed, either hidden among wearing apparel or even in the pocket of an individual, are very apparent. It is probable, through this very means, that the Mediterranean fruit fly gained admission into Oahu. This pest is only found in the vicinity of Honolulu, and, although the Board has passed a regulation prohibiting shipments of Citrus and other soft-meated fruits from' Oahu to any of the other islands, we have no officers stationed on these islands who can enforce this law, and only through the cooperation of individuals and the Steamship Com- panies are we hopeful of preventing the spread of this pest. Very respectfully, EDW. M. EHRHORN, Superintendent of Entomology. THE INTRODUCTION! OF BIRDS INTO THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. At a meeting of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, held on No\.ember 21, 1910, the matter of the introduction of useful birds into Hawaii was brought up, and after a lengthy dis- cussion the Board appointed Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, Superin- tendent of Entomology, a committee to investigate and in- quire into the possibilities of bird introduction. At the meeting of December 28, 1910, Mr. Ehrhorn submitted the following re- port from Prof. H. W. Henshaw, who is too well known here to 148 need an introduction and who is the Chief of the Bureau of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. : UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bureau of Biological Survey. Washington, D. C, Dec. 5, 1910. Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii. Dear Sir: — Your letter of November 22 requesting informa- tion as to the desirability of importing foreign birds into the Ha- waiian Islands for the purpose of destroying noxious insects is received. In reply I have to state that the habits and standing of a bird in its native home never afford absolutely safe criteria from which to judge what it may do in a foreign country where its habits may change considerably; hence, the importation of any species must always be regarded as an experiment to be carefully" watched till the bird has become well established in its new home and its habits there thoroughly known. It may be set down as an axiom that the introduction of birds, in large part seed and fruit eaters, into any agricultural coun- try is to be avoided, since both birds are almost sure to prove a nuisance by attacking fruit and grain crops. The English sparrow is a well known instance of the harm that may come from the introduction of a natural seed eater, only to a com- paratively small extent insectivorous, into the United States. Although introduced also into the Islands, this bird has appar- ently not thriven and increased there as it does in a colder climate, and hence so far has done comparatively little harm. Much the same statement applies to the California house finch now domiciled in several of the Islands. It is a serious nuis- ance in parts of California because it destroys large quantities of small fruits, and in time it may become a nuisance in the Islands. Neither the bobolink nor any species of blackbird should be considered for a moment as a candidate for introduction. The former is a pest to the rice planter. In 1880, when the rice crop of South Carolina was valued at upwards of six millions of dol- lars, this bird it was estimated destroyed at least one-third of the crop, to the value of two million of dollars. The Brewer's blackbird might possibly prove an exception to the rule, but it is exceedingly gregarious in fall and winter^ 149 and any birds that assemble in large flocks are to be regarded with suspicion as they are capable of inflicting great damage on crops when they turn their attention to them. I can see no harm likely to result from the introduction into the Islands of any of the small spotted woodpeckers, as for in- stance, Gairdner's woodpecker (Dryobates puhescens gairdneri) , and Nuttall's woodpecker (Dryobates nuttalli), both of which birds might be obtained in California and both are very useful. So far as scale insects are concerned, and other small insect pests, I can unreservedly recommend any of the chickadees, as the plain titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus inornatus) , mountain chickadee (Penthestes gambeli gambeli), California chickadee (Penthestes rufescens neglectus), the bush-tit (Psaltriparus Minimusminimus) , also the wren-tit (Chaemaca fasciata fas- ciata). Both the latter species abound near San Francisco. I should not hesitate to recommend also any of the flycatchers, or phoebes, like Say's flycatcher (Sayornis sayus), the black fly- catcher (Sayornis nigricans) of California, and the ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens) . These three species are, it is true, migratory, and it is by no means certain that they would forego the migratory instinct and consent to remain in the Islands. On this account it would be better to select tropical non-migratory flycatchers, as species of the genus Myiarchus, Pitanga and Myiozetetes, all of Mexico. The Vermilion fly- catcher of Texas, Arizona and Mexico, besides being very beautiful, is an active flycatcher living much in rather open fields and is non-migratory over much of its range. The little Australian flycatcher you mention might also prove a very de- sirable inhabitant of the Islands, and it is very likely to thrive there, as the little flycatcher, or elepaio, now dispersed over the uplands of several of the Islands was probably derived originally from Australian stock. Any species of swallow or nighthawk could be introduced with perfect safety and with the certainty of yielding valuable service, since these birds live almost exclusively on insects. Un- fortunately our American species are migratory, but the purple martin of northern Mexico is non-migratory, is a greedy insect eater, and could be rather easily obtained and transported, es- pecially when young. The same statement may be made of a tropical swallow living on the coast of Mexico (Tachycineta albilinea). I should personally like to see an attempt made to introduce one or more of the several species of California hum- ming-birds into the Islands, although the desirability of doing this rests more upon aesthetic than economic grounds. They live to a considerable extent upon minute Insects which they find within the corollas of flowers, and also upon the nectar of flowers. I do not doubt for a moment that they would thrive wonderfully 150 well in the gardens about Honolulu, and also in the mountain districts where the Ohia abounds, the flowers of which would furnish them an abundance of food. Nor do I see any difficulty in the way of transporting them by steamer to Honolulu, as tiiey could be fed upon water sweetened with sugar during the six days of the voyage. An attempt to acclimatize the mocking bird in the Islands would be sure to arouse popular interest, would probably be suc- cessful, and would be attended with comparatively little risk. It is almost exclusively insectivorous during the breeding sea- son and largely so the year round. The mocking bird would be a fine addition to the Island avifauna, though it cannot be recommended unreservedly. There is another bird which I think worthy of trial, about the size of a blue bird and known to dealers as the "Pekin nightin- gale" or "Japanese robin." Its scientific name is Liothrix lutea and it is somewhat related to the thrushes, but is probably nearer the flycatchers. It lives to some extent on small fruit and in- sects. It would be easy to obtain this bird from San Francisco bird dealers. There are a good many wild berries in the Islands, including the native blackberry or akala, the intro- duced Jamaica raspberry, the introduced mulberry and the na- tive species, together with a number of berry bearing trees, the names of which I have forgotten. These should furnish abund- ant food for such berry eaters as the ones just mentioned, and would greatly lessen the chance of their attacking cultivated ones. The game birds, like the turkey, pheasants and quail, so far introduced into the Islands, have suffered from the mongoose, since they nest on the ground, and, together with the native Ha- waiian goose, are likely to ultimately undergo practical exter- mination. Should further introduction of game birds into the Islands be contemplated, I would suggest trial of the following, all inhabitants of Mexico: Chachalaca (Ortalis), guan (Pene- lope), and curassow (Crax). These gallinaceous birds are to a considerable extent forest inhabiters, would furnish excellent sport, and are fine eating. The curassow would probably thrive best in humid regions, the chachalaca in dryer parts. All these are tamed readily, and in Mexico frequently live about the houses of the residents, mingling freely with the domestic fowls. They feed on wild berries and insects, and nest well up in forest trees. This latter fact makes them particularly good subjects for trial in the Islands, as they would be largely exempt from attacks by the mongoose. It is impossible to predict beforehand the probable results of an attempt to establish the foregoing species in the Islands, though I see no reason why any of them, except the migratory 151 species which are doubtful, may not thrive there. Sometimes, however, two or three attempts to estabhsh a species in a foreign country have to be made before the bird is finally acclimatized. It may be said that the general history of efforts to acclimatize birds in foreign parts shows many more failures than successes. It has always unfortunately proved easier to secure and import the hardy seed eaters, which can be bought in almost any bird store, than the more delicately organized insectivores, which ex- plains largely why so many disastrous importations have been made in different parts of the world. The introduction of, really useful species, on the other hand, cannot be attempted without entailing considerable expense and trouble. Hence the rarity of properly conducted experiments. Should attempts be made to import into the Islands any birds from California, I would suggest that you can probably obtain all necessary information as to where they can best be secured from Mr. Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. I have no doubt that Miss Annie M. Alexander, Oakland, California, through whose gener- osity the museum has been established, would take great interest in the matter. I shall be glad to supply any further informa- tion on the subject or to aid in any way within my power. Very truly yours, H. W. Henshaw, Chief, Biological Survey. Report of the Assistant Entomologist. Honolulu, T. H., December 31, 1910. Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology, Honolulu, T. H. Sir: — I submit the following report concerning the principal entomological projects I have undertaken since my appointment as Assistant Entomologist in July, 1910. During the past few years I have worked almost exclusively on insects affecting sugar beets and truck crops. After my ar- rival in the Islands I at once looked over the ground with the intention of continuing my studies of truck crop pests, if possible. It was soon evident that work along this line offered splendid opportunities and was badly needed. It was also plain that x study of insects affecting ornamental plants offered many oppor- tunities. Accordingly, my efforts have been directed chiefly along these two lines, although I have been practically com- pelled to devote some time to work on insects affecting alligator pears, guavas and mangoes. In order to effectively carry on the Work as indicated above it has been necessary to spend a large proportion of the time in the field taking notes, making experiments with numerous in- secticides and in demonstrating to the growers the proper methods of preparing and applying the insecticides. It may be worth vdiile to state that with all the experiments except two, I per- sonally prepared and applied the solutions or mixtures and noted the results. Owing to the inconclusive results that too often occur from trusting such work to unskilled help, I have con- sidered it necessary to make these tests personally. Hundreds oi gallons of the insecticides have been prepared and applied, and it is needless to say that this has necessitated a considerable amount of physical labor. The experimental work has been supplemented by careful life history studies of several of the more injurious species of insects, and considerable time has also been devoted to mounting or other- wise preserving specimens and in wTiting notes, letters and re- ports. To an Easterner, and to one accustomed to the spick and span, almost w'eedless commercial truck gardens which are maintained by the better class of truck growers on the mainland, the condi- tion of many of the gardens in the vicinity of Honolulu is almost 153 startling. Most of these gardens are managed by Chinese and Japanese, and in many cases it would seem that they still practice the same cultural methods that have been in use for centuries in their own countries. It often happens that after a crop has reached a stage where the first fruits are beginning to mature that no further cultiva- tion is given, but weeds and grass are allowed to grow in abund- ance, and thus, apparently, a good proportion of the crop is pre- vented from reaching maturity. These people also appear to have very little appreciation of the necessity of cleaning up the odds and ends after the crop has been harvested. As a result it is not unusual to find an abund- ance of the unsalable remains standing in the beds long after the salable portions have been disposed of and thus offering an ideal place for various insect pests to breed and be in readiness to damage later plantings. A striking case of this disregard of clean culture is to be seen in the manner in which the melon fly (Dacus ciicurbitae, Coq.) is often treated. It very frequently happens that the worst in- fested cucumbers or other cucurbits are carefully gathered, but instead of being destroyed promptly they are placed in neat rows about the edge of the beds where the flies have every opportunity to issue and infest the remaining portion of the crop. Another case will also illustrate this point. During the present season a half-acre patch of small, recently transplanted cabbage plants was found to be generally infested by the larvae of the imported cabbage web-worm, (Hellula undalis, Fab.) or ''center- worm," as it is sometimes called locally. At the time I first ex- amined this cabbage, the larvae were small, very few being over four or five days old. As noted above, the infestation was general and throughout the patch there were probably not twenty unin- jured plants. To one who understood the habits of this pest it was plain that very little, if any, of the cabbage could mature, and it was advised that the plants be promptly pulled up and burned. This advice, however, was not heeded, and the stunted and worthless plants were allowed to stand for several weeks. As a result thousands of the moths reached maturity and formed c-m excellent supply to infest other plantings. Of course, there are some exceptions, but as a general rule the lack of clean cultuie is all too apparent. At present it is very evident that to make truck growing a more profitable industry in the Islands it will be necessary to educate the growers to the intelligent use of methods of com- bating the insect pests and to a fuller appreciation of clean cul- ture. The principal insect pests I have studied since being in the 154 Islands are as follows: the Japanese beetle {Adoretiis tenuima- culatus^ Waterh.) ; the melon fly {Dacus cucurbitae, Coq. . ; the alligator pear mealy-bug, (Pseudococcus nipae, Mask) ; the chrysanthemum plant louse, (Macrosiphum sanborni, Gillette) ; the beet worm, (Hymenia fascialis, Cramer) ; the common cab- bage w^orm, (Pontia rapae, Linn) ; the imported cabbage w^eb- worm, (Hellula tmdalis, Fab.), and a variety of other cater- pillars, cutworms and plant lice affecting cabbage. The field work on the Japanese beetle consisted of spraying experiments with Paris green and with arsenate of lead applied both by spraying and dusting. A concentrated commercial lime sul- phur solution was tested as a repellent, and the collection of the beetles by hand methods was investigated. The experiments with Paris green were practically failures as this material appeared to act only as a repellent and the beetles refused to eat it under natural conditions. The experiments with arsenate of lead were also failures. The beetles fed on the sprayed or dusted leaves apparently about as readily as on unpoisoned foliage, but as far as could be determined, the poison caused them little or no damage. In the spraying experiments the ar- senate was applied at the rate of 5, 10 and IS pounds in 100 gallons of w^ater and in several cases repeated applications were made to the same plants. Lime and sulphur when used at the rate of 1 part of the con- centrated solution to 30 parts of water served to a limited extent as a repellent, but the benefit, on the whole, was so slight that this material can hardly be recommended. It is a common practice for people having a few rose bushes, or other choice plants, to go out after dark with a lantern and pick the beetles from the plants by hand. This method, although slow and applicable only to small plantings, is fairly effective. By using a large pan with a small quantity of crude petroleum on the bottom it is possible to do som.ewhat quicker work. The pan should be held under the bush, where the beetles are feeding, and the bush then struck with a stick. The beetles will drop mto the pan, and after they have come in contact with the oil they can never get out. All of the above experiments were made on rose bushes in a garden at Honolulu. In the insectary the life history of this beetle was carefully studied. Beetles were confined and eggs readily obtained. The eggs were scattered looselv about in the soil and when first de- posited are dull white and oblong in shape. After a few days they increase noticeably in size and become nearly round. They hatch 7 or 8 davs after being deposited. The larvae require from 90 to 100 days, when fed on well rotted cow manure, to 155 reach maturity. They then form a father compact earthen co- coon and pupate partly within the larval skin. The pupal stage lasts from 16 to 20 days. It will thus be seen that it requires from 16 to 18 weeks from the time the eggs are deposited until the beetles reach maturity. The specimens noted above were confined in open wire cages in an open air insectary where the conditions were comparatively normal. I also made som:e laboratory tests of the Japanese beetle fungus (Isaria sp.). In these tests the spores of the fungus were spread on fresh foliage. This foliage was then fed to beetles confined in cages. These beetles died within a few days and were soon covered with the fungus. In check cages beetles were fed on uninfected foliage and these specimiens were alive and in healthy condition long after the ones in the test cages were dead. Of course, tests of this nature are not conclusive, but the results appeared so promising that it would seem desirable to continue the investigation along this line. The field work on the melon fly consisted of tests of poisoned baits and of a trap crop. The baits were prepared by sweetening water with molasses and adding to the solution arsenate of lead or Paris green. These baits w^ere then applied, at frequent intervals, to the foliage of infested cucumbers with a gardener's syringe. With the aid of the synnge the poisoned liquids were shot into the air above the beds of cucumbers and allowed to fall on the foliage in fine drops. In the experiment with Paris green the application was made daily from September 9 until October 14. The formula used in this experiment was as follows : Molasses, 1 quart Paris green, ^4 ounce Water lyi gallon Neither the experiment with arsenate of lead or with Paris green proved effective. The flies v/ere frequently observed feed- ing on the poisoned liquids, but evidently they did not relish them, and so failed to consume a fatal dose. In another experiment wads of absorbent cotton were fasten- ed on short sticks and the cotton saturated with sv/eetened water which v/as heavily poisoned with Paris green. These baits w^ere then placed among infested cucumbers, but the flies paid no attention to, them whatever. A test of a trap crop was made by planting cantaloupes among cucumbers. It was thought that the cantaloupes would prove more attractive to the flies than the cucumbers, but such was not the case, as the cucumbers were more badly damaged than the 156 cantaloupes, and in the end both crops were practically destroyed by the larvae. In the insectary an effort was made to work out the life his- tory of this fly, but little progress was made owing to the fact that the cages in which the specimens were confined were too small. In the cages the flies fed eagerly on molasses, and in some cases confined specimens lived on this food for nearly two months. Other specimens were repeatedly observed feeding on ripe tomatoes and broken cucumbers. Owing to the frequent complaints concerning the alligator pear mealy-bug, it was thought necessary to devote some study to this very injurious and conspicuous pest. Accordingly, a rather extensive series of spraying experiments were made with a va- riety of insecticides, including "Spra-mulsion," Scalecide, San U Zay scale oil, "Black Leaf 40," Carbolic acid emulsion, Black Leaf and '*Spra-mulsion" in combination, ''Black Leaf 40'' and ''Spra-mujsion" in combination, and kerosene 'emulsion. The three first mentioned materials are miscible oils. "Spra-mulsion,'' when used at 1 part of oil in 15 parts of water, quite badly injured the foliage of alligator pear and did not kill a satisfactory proportion of the "bugs," Scalecide, v/hen used at 1 to 24, and San U Zay scale oil, when used at 1 to 30, killed every "bug" that came in contact w'ith the spray, but caused rather extensive injury to pear foliage. "Black Leaf 40," when used at a strength of Ij^ ounce in 4 gallons of water, was very effective. Small trees can be freed of "bugs" by a single, very thorough application, but with large trees two applications are necessary. This solution injured the foliage of alligator pears somewhat, but caused no damage to guavas or other resistant plants. When using this spray, it is necessary to add about 1 ounce of whale-oil soap to each gallon of the solution, so that the spray will adhere to the insects. "Black Leaf 40," w^hen used at the rate of 1 ounce in 4 gallons of water, proved only partially effective. Carbolic acid emulsion used at the rate of 1 part of the stock emulsion in 10, 15 and 20 parts of water w'as ineffective. Black Leaf 1 part, "Spra-mulsion" 2 parts, and water 60 parts was partially effective, but is too expensive for general use and cannot be recommended. "Black Leaf 40" 1 part, "Spra-mulsion" 1 part, and water 60 parts was likewise ineffective. Kerosene emulsion used at 1 part of stock in 10 parts of water and at 1 part in 8 of water proved fairly effective, and caused little or no damage to the pear foliage. In these two tests sev- eral hundred gallons of the diluted emulsion were applied, under my direction, to about 100 alligator pear trees. Some of these trees were very large. 157 I have not completed my study of this mealy-bug and, as yet, have not come to a final conclusion as to the best remedy. ''Black Leaf 40" is entirely effective when used at a sufficient strength, but is too expensive for use on a large scale. Some of the miscible oils are effective, but damage the tender pear foliage to a greater or less extent. On guavas and other resistant plants they are safe, and it is very probable that in the end one or more of these oils will prove the most satisfactory remedy. The chrysanthemum plant louse was studied and the results of my observations and experiments are embodied in a separate article and will be appended to this report. The beet worm was also studied. These larvae are apparently always to be found on beets, Amaranthus or other weeds. On the beets they feed almost exclusively on the under surface of the leaves and, except when nearing maturity, do not eat through the upper epiderm.is. Experiments which I made against this destructive pest showed that it can be easily controlled* by spray- ing with Paris green at the rate of 2 pounds in 100 gallons of w'ater. It is absolutely necessary to apply the poison to the under surface of the leaves. Applications made only to the upper surface of the foliage will not control this insect. When spraying for this species, it is desirable to add from 5 to 8 pounds of whale-oil soap to each 100 gallons of the mixture. The soap aids the spray in adhering to the foliage, and a very even dis- tribution of the poison is obtained. I have taken up the study of insects affecting cabbage in a manner to cover, as far as possible, the entire subject; it being my intention to prepare a bulletin concerning these pests as soon as sufficient material has been accumulated. Probably our most pernicious, although not most destructive, pest of this crop is the imported cabbage web-worm. The larvae bore into the bud or mine into the leaves of the older plants. In very small plants, in the seed beds, they live within folded leaves. All of my experiments with Paris green were failures. The larvae were so completely protected that they were beyond the reach of the poison. In the older cabbage plants not a larvae was killed, while with very small plants, from J4 inch to 2 inches in height, a few specimens fed on the poisoned foliage and died. At the present time we have no effective remedy for this pest. The seed beds can be protected by screens. These should be made by placing 12 or 14-inch boards, on edge, along the sides and ends of the beds. All the joints should be very tight. Over the top of this framework of boards a strip of fine wire screen should be stretched and tightly tacked down. It is also a good plan to have a few unprotected cabbage plants outside of the screened beds. These plants will be very apt to become 158 infested, and they should then be promptly burned. If this method is followed it will, at least, be possible to have unin- fested plants up until the time of transplanting. Another pest which has caused immense damage to cabbage is the common cabbage worm, (Pontia rapae, Linn). There is no reason why this insect should be allowed to do so much dam- age. It can be easily controlled by spraying with Paris green, and I have repeatedly demonstrated this fact since being in the Islands. The formula I prefer is as follows: Paris green 2 pounds Whale-oil soap 8 pounds Water 100 gallons The Paris green is somewhat in excess of the amount usually recommended, but under local conditions this formula has proven very satisfactory. It gives very quick results, and in a climate where rains are so frequent, as in these Islands, quick results are necessary. The mixture should be applied as a fine, forceful spray, and, as far as possible, every portion of the foliage should be wet. The cabbage foliage is so waxy that it is neces- sary to add some adhesive to the spray mixture. Whale-oil soap has proven quite satisfactory, and when it is used an extremely even distribution of the poison is obtained. In addition to the two insects mentioned above there are several other species of Lepidopterous larvae which attack cab- bage. These include Plutella macuJipennis, Curtis ; Caradrina exiguaj Hbn. ; Autographa precationis, Gn., and a few species of cutworms. The cutworms can usually be controlled by using baits composed of bran poisoned with white arsenic or Paris green and sweetened with molasses or sugar. The other species mentioned are, as a rule, of minor importance. However, if they should become troublesome, they can be controlled by spray- ing with Paris green applied as recommended for the common cabbage w^orm. In fact, if an effort is made to control this latter species these other insects will be wiped out at the same time, should they be present. There are at least two species of plant lice which, at times, seriously injure cabbage in the Islands. These are the common cabbage louse, (Aphis hrassicae, Linn), and the green cabbage louse, {My mis persicae, Sulz.). I have found it comparatively easy to control these lice by spraying thoroughly with the fol- lowing solution: ''Black Leaf 40'' 1 ounce Whale-oil soap 4 ounces Water 4 g-allons 159 It sometimes happens that both plant Hce and Lepidopterous larvae are present on cabbage at the same time. In such a case it is desirable to use a combined contact and stomach poison. In one of my experiments the following formula was used: Paris green 3 ounces ''Black Leaf 40'' 2]/^ ounces Whale-oil soap 12 ounces Water 9 gallons Over 400 good sized cabbage plants were sprayed very thor- oughly from two sides and above with this combination. At the time of the application the plants were infested by Myzus persicae and an unidentified species of thrips, Pontia rapae larvae, of all sizes, v/ere abundant, and there were also scattered larvae of Phitella maciilipennis, Caradrina exigna, and Autographa pre- cationis present. The lice and thrips and all species of the Lepi- dopterous larvae were promptly killed by coming in contact with the spray. The Pontia eggs were not damaged, but when the little larvae hatched they were killed by their first meal of the poisoned foliage. For quick results this combination excels any insecticide I have ever tested. Its killing effect on the Lepi- dopterous larvae is particularly worthy of note. It will be seen from this report that truck growing in the Islands is hampered by many destructive insect pests. Fortun- ately, most of these insects can be controlled by simple and cheap remedies. One of the greatest needs, at present, is to induce the growers to employ these remedies intelligently. For the future the studies of the Japanese beetle, the melon fly, and the numerous cabbage pests are projects w^orthy of special attention. The tests of insecticides should be continued with the idea of determining their usefulness under local condi- tions. The mere fact that an insecticide has proven effective on certain parts of the mainland is no guarantee that the same re- sults will be obtained here. Under the circumstances no insecti- cide should be recommended until it has been thoroughly tested by an expert and, if necessary, modified sufficiently to make it effective under local conditions. If such a policy is carried out, the growers will gain confidence, and eventually truck growing will become a much more profitable industry than it is at present. Respectfully, H. O. Marsh, Assistant Entomologist. 160 Some Experiments on the Chrysanthemum Plant Louse. {Macrosiphum sanhorni, Gillette.) By H. O. Marsh^ Assistant Entomologist. During the late summer and fall of 1910 an opportunity was offered to make an economic study of Macrosiphum sanborni, Gillette, at Honolulu, T. H. This reddish plant louse is, at times, a serious pest on chrysanthemums, and during the past season was found infesting many plantings of chrysanthemums in com- mercial flower gardens and on small plantings in private gardens. The writer arrived in Honolulu July 18, and two days later his first observations were made on this insect. At that date the lice were found on young chrysanthemum plants which were only three or four inches in height. They occurred in great numbers on the tender tips of the main stalks, on both the upper and lower surface of the terminal leaves and on the lower surface of the older leaves. On the terminal leaves and stems they were exposed to view, but the older leaves, especially those which had been infested a short time, drooped downward and the lice which infested only the lower surface were well pro- tected. By August 1 the lice, which were first observed July 20, had increased very noticeably. The most abundant enemy was a little bluish fly, Leiicopis nigricornis, Egger. The larvae of this fly fed on the lice, and when mature pupated on the upper surface of the leaves. There were also occasional Scymnus and Syrphid larvae, and rarely an adult of Coelophora inaequalis, Fab. Shortly before the middle of September, when the plants had become badly stunted from the injury produced by the lice, the larvae of this ladybird became quite abundant in one patch of chysanthemums and considerably reduced the number of the lice. No Hymenopterous parasites were found infesting the lice at any time during the season. It was obvious that the natural enemies were not able to gain control and that it would be necessary to reduce the lice by spraying if the plants were to be saved from serious injury. Ac- cordingly a series of experiments were undertaken to determine the most effective insecticide to use against this species. The experiments were made in a patch of chysanthemums consisting of about forty rows of plants, each ten yards in length. The various solutions, which were experim.ented with, were applied, except in Experiment 5, with a Brown compressed air sprayer, fitted with an extension rod, elbow and Mistry (Ver- o xn s. 3 2 3 C/3 ^ 161 morel type) nozzle. The plants w"ere sprayed from two sides, and a particular effort was made to reach the under surface of the old leaves. Owing to the manner in which these old leaves drooped, it was practically impossible not to miss an occasional one on the under side. Of course, wherever a leaf was missed the lice were unharmed, and within a few days spread to the uninfested portions of the plant. In all the experiments the writer personally prepared and ap- plied the solutions and noted the results. Owing to the fre- quency of the rains which occur in the vicinity of Honolulu it is very desirable to use insecticides which kill quickly. With this object in view the writer paid particular attention to the imrne- diate effects of the various solutions which were tested in these experiments. The term ''immediate effect" is intended to be construed as meaning the apparent action of the solutions upon the lice within five to fifteen minutes after the application and while the plants treated were still wet. The weather conditions, except for frequent rains, were favorable during the time the experiments w'ere under way. As noted above, the most abundant natural enemy was Leu- copis nigricornis. The larvae and pupae of this little fly were uninjured by any of the solutions, except whale-oil soap, as used in Experiment 9. This was proved by watching the larvae in the field and by collecting the pupae from the leaves immediately after they were sprayed, and while still wet from the applications, and keeping them in cages in the insectary until the adults issued. Eight rows of plants were left unsprayed as checks. These plants were scattered in various parts of the patch, and long before the end of the season they were very badly damaged, al- though none were actually killed. The injury produced by the lice stunted the plants, and early in the season the foliage became yellow and sickly and many of the leaves were coated with honey dew and smut fungus. Other features which particularly dis- tingushed the check plants were the remarkably small leaves, and, later in the season, the small, knotty blossom buds. The insect enemies, although they had an opportunity to con- centrate their forces on the check rows, failed to materially re- duce the infestation, and it was not until past the middle of Sep- . tember that the lice were brought under control by natural means. During the latter part of this month there was a period of ''kona'' or south winds, and the weather was hot and excessively humid, with frequent rains. These climatic conditions favored the development of fungous diseases, and nearly all of the lice on the chrysanthemums, in the patches about Honolulu, died from a disease which was identified by Mr. L. D, Larsen of the Ha- waiian Sugar Planters' Station as probably an Acontium sp. Mr. 11— B. A. 162 Larsen also made a series of laboratory experiments and was able to definitely prove that this fungous disease had caused the death of the lice. Although almost completely freed from lice, the check plants had been so badly injured that they never fully recovered, and remained stunted and came into blossom- two weeks later than the plants which were sprayed in Experiment 7. EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. The experiments were as follows : Experiment No. 1. — ''Black Leaf 40" 1 ounce, and whale-oil soap 8 ounces in S gallons of water. August 2, 8 rows were sprayed with 2^ gallons of this solu- tion. It adhered to the lice and the foliage perfectly, and there was no tendency toward forming in large drops and running off the plants. The immediate effect on the lice was very good. Many of the young lice died as soon as the spray wet them, but some of the older specimens w^ere more resistant. At the time of the application the weather was cool and cloudy. The solu- tion was applied at about 10 a. m., and was followed within a few minutes by a heavy shower. At 1 p. m. the plants were ex- amined and it w-as evident that the rain had not lessened the killing effect of the application. Frequent rains occurred during the following two days, and August 5 it was noted that the few lice which survived the spraying were breeding rapidly. August 12 some of the tips and terminal leaves were fairly well infested, although the plants were still in fine, healthy condition and growing nicely. A,ugust 18 many of the tips had become rather badly infested and the experiment was closed on this date. On the whole, this solution gave fairly satisfactory results ; its chief fault being that it did not kill all of the old Hce with which it came in contact. Experiment No. 2. — ''Spra-Mulsion" 1 pint in 5 gallons of w-ater. August 2, 2 rows were sprayed with ^ gallon of this emulsion. It did not adhere well and collected in large drops and ran off the foliage. It w^as the writer's intention to spray eight rows with this emulsion, but immediately after the application was made on two rows some of the older leaves become spotted on the upper surface, and it was evident that it would not be safe to continue the experiment. This spotting or burning occurred in large, irregular areas on part of the leaves. The injured leaves appeared as though they had been crushed. Later these 163 spots became dry and brown, and somewhat disfigured the plants, but no extensive damage resulted. It was curious to note that the injury was confined to the older foliage, while the tender, terminal leaves were uninjured. The immediate effect of the emulsion on the lice was very poor; very few were killed even where they were drenched by the spray. The weather at the time of the application was cool and cloudy and a show'er occurred shortly after the spraying was finished. August 3 most of the lice were alive, and it was plain that the application w^as a failure. August 8 the plants were just as badly infested as the checks, and the experiment was closed on this date. It may be possible that the rain which quickly fol- lowed the application of this emulsion lessened its killing effect on the lice somewhat, but as it also failed in other ways it can not be considered worthy of further trial on tender plants. Experiment No. 3. — Whale-oil soap 1 pound in 5 gallons of water. August 5, 4 rows were sprayed with 1 gallon of this solution. The application was made while the water in which the soap was dissolved was still warm. The solution adhered to the lice and foliage perfectly, but the immediate effect was not good, and many of the lice which were thoroughly drenched were not killed. At the time of the application the weather was cool and cloudy, but no rain followed in time to interfere with the results. August 6 it was evident that this treatment was a failure, as only a moderate number of the lice were dead. August 12 the plants were just as badly infested as ones which had not been sprayed, and the experiment was discontinued. Experiment No. 4. — ''Black Leaf 40" 1^ ounce in 5 gallons of water. August 5, 4 rows were sprayed with 1 gallon of this solution. It had a tendency to run together in drops and did not adhere well to the foliage or the bodies of the lice. The immediate effect dM not seem) promising. At the time of the application the weather was cool and cloudy. August 6 it was noted that a fairly large proportion of the lice were dead, but on the whole the results were not particu- larly good. August 12 many of the plants w^ere well infested, and by August 18 the infestation had become very bad, and the experiment was closed on this date. The almost complete failure of this experiment, in which ''Black Leaf 40" was used alone, strongly emphasizes the neces- sity of adding some sticky agent to the solution. 164 Experiment No. 5. — ''Black Leaf" 10 ounces, and whale-oil soap 8 ounces, in 5 gallons of water. August 7, 8 small chrysanthemum plants were sprayed with 2 ounces of this solution. This was intended simply as a prelim- inary test to determine the effect of the solution on the foliage, and the application was made with an atomizer. The immediate effect on the lice seemed to be fairly good. Most of the young appeared to die as soon as the solution cowered them, but many of the older specimens were not killed. The weather at the time of the application was bright and fairly cool, with a light breeze. ^ August 9 the results of the test did not seem particularly good, as there were plenty of live, mature lice on the plants. Tlie margins of the terminal leaves showed some slight burning, but no real damage resulted. By August 12 the plants were rapidly becoming reinfested, and August 18 they were so badly infested that the test was obviously a failure and was discontinued. The very poor results of this test were due largely, if not en- tirely, to the fact that the application was made with an atomizer. The atomizer gave a very light, fog-like spray which wet the lice thoroughly, but did not penetrate as well as if the solution had been applied at greater pressure. This failure particularly emphasizes the necessity of applying insecticides at good pressure. Experiment No. 6. — ^''Black Leaf" 10 ounces and whale-oil soap 4 ounces in 5 gallons of water. August 8, 8 rows were sprayed with 2j^4 gallons of this solu- tion. It adhered very well to the lice and the foliage and did not run together in drops. The immediate effect on the lice appeared to be good. The young apparently died as soon as they came in contact with the solution, but the older specimens were more resistant. The weather at the time of the application was cool and clear, with a light breeze. The following day most of the young lice and a large propor- tion of the old ones were dead. The margins of the tender, terminal leaves showed some burning, but it was so slight that no actual damage resulted. August 18 the plants were still quite free from lice except that some of the tips and terminal leaves were more or less infested. The lice increased rapidly, and August 23 it was evident that respraying would soon be neces- sary. August 30 the plants were in good, vigorous condition, but the infestation was so bad that respraying could not be safely delayed any longer, and the experiment was closed on this date. On the whole this solution was satisfactory, and, although ''Black Leaf 40" gave comparatively even better results, it can be highly recommended. 165 Experiment No. 7. — ''Black Leaf 40" 1^ ounce and whale- oil soap 4 ounces in 5 gallons of water. August 8, 8 rows were sprayed with 2j^ gallons of this solu- tion. Six of the rows were sprayed from both sides, but owing to the supply of material being exhausted the last 2 rows were sprayed from one side only. The solution adhered to the foliage and to the bodies of the lice just about as well as in other ex- periments where double the amount of soap was used. The im- mediate effect of the solution was excellent, as a very large pro- portion of the lice apparently died almost as soon as they came in contact with the spray. The weather at the time of the ap- plication was cool and clear, with a light breeze. When the plants were examined the following day, all the young lice and almost all the old ones, on the 6 thoroughly sprayed rows, were dead. The results were not quite so good on the 2 rows which were sprayed only from one side. August 18 the plants were still very free from lice and in excellent healthy condition. At this date 17 additional rows, which had previously been sprayed in Experiment Nos. 1, 4, 5, 8 and 9, were resprayed with 10 gallons of this solution. Examination made the following day showed that the results of this application were about as nearly perfect as could be de- sired. All the lice were dead with the exception of specimens which occurred on the underside of an occasional leaf which had been missed by the spray. August 23 it was noted that, as a whole, the plants which had been sprayed with this solution were very free from lice, although some of the tips and terminal leaves of the plants sprayed Au- gust 8 were becoming reinfested. As noted elsewhere, there were 8 check rows. These were very badly infested, and the lice w^ere spreading from them to the sprayed plants. By Axigust 30 the 2 rows which were sprayed on one side August 8 were fairly well infested. At this date these 2 rows, 6 of the check rows, and the 8 rows, which had previously been sprayed in Experiment 6, were sprayed with 10 gallons of this solution. The results of this application were excellent and left little to be desired. September 6 the 6 rows which were thoroughly sprayed Au- gust 8 had become sufficiently infested to make respraying neces- sary. Some of the plants which were sprayed August 18, in this experiment, which adjoined the check rows, had also become somewhat infested. Accordingly the 6 rows which were first sprayed August 8 were very thoroughly resprayed and parts of the rows which adjoined the check rows were ''touched up'' on this date. This "touching up" simply consisted in lightly spray- ing the worst infested tips, and no attempt was made to make a 166 thorough application. In all 10 gallons of the solution were used ; about 6 being applied on the 6 rows and the rest was used in touching up the other plants as noted. During the following twenty- four hours there were frequent showers, but the results of the application were excellent as usual. September 14 it was noted that the plants were in fine, vigor- ous condition, although a few tips were slightly infested. Fol- lowing this date and continuing through the latter part of Sep- tember there was a period of excessively humid weather with heavy showers and heavy dews. This weather favored the growth of fungous diseases, and during the last two weeks of the month nearly all of the lice died. During October the weather was cool and comparatively dry, and the few surviving lice had an op- portunity to multiply, but they did not increase sufficiently to make another spraying necessary. The majority of the plants sprayed in this experiment came into bloom about the middle of October, and at that time the large, stocky plants and the profusion of perfect blossoms formed a striking contrast to the stunted and still blossomless plants in the check rows. Experiment No. 8. — "Black Leaf 40'' 1% ounce and molasses 1 quart, in 5 gallons of water. August 9, 2 rows were sprayed with 1^ gallon of this solu- tion. The spray did not adhere to the lice nor to the foliage as well as if soap had been used in place of the molasses. The im- mediate effect of the treatment did not appear particularly prom- ising. Tlie weather at the time of the application was cool and clear, with a light breeze. August 10 the results appeared to be fairly good. Most of the young lice and many of the mature ones were dead, but there were still plenty of live specimens present. August 12 it was noted that the plants were fairly free from lice, but the results, as a whole, were not nearly so good as in other experiments in which soap had been used as an adherent instead of molasses. August 18 many of the tips and terminal leaves were infested. In general the infestation was not very severe, but it was bad enough to make respraying, with a more effective material, desir- able, and the experiment was accordingly closed on this date. It is necessary, if the best results are to be obtained from the use of "Black Leaf 40," to add some adhesive agent to the solu- tion. Whale-oil soap has proven excellent for this purpose, but in this experiment, molasses, which can be obtained as a refuse product from the sugar mills, was used in hopes that, if equally effective, it would prove cheaper than soap. The molasses failed, however, to help the spray to adhere to the bodies of the lice. 167 and for this reason it cannot be recommended as a substitute for whale-oil soap. In later experiments which the writer made on another species of plant louse the amount of molasses was doubled, but the solution still failed to adhere to the lice, although it did adhere to the foliage very well. Experiment No. 9. — Whale-oil soap 1 pound in 3 gallons of water. August 9, 3 rows were sprayed with 1^ gallon of this solu- tion. The application was made while the water in which the soap was dissolved was still warm. The solution adhered to the lice and foliage perfectly, but the immediate results were only moderately good. The weather at the time of the application was cool and clear, with a light breeze. Examination the following day showed that some of the young lice and many of the mature ones were still alive. A large pro- portion of the Leucopis larvae were dead, and the margins of some of the tender, terminal leaves were burned. No serious damage resulted from this burning, however. August 12 it was very evident that this treatment was not satisfactory, as many of the tips and terminal leaves were badly infested. By August 18 the infestation had become very bad, and the experiment was closed on this date. The soap, as used in this experiment, killed some of the young lice, but the results on the whole were so poor that it cannot be recommended. Whale-oil soap is considered a standard remedy for many species of plant lice. Judging from the complete man- ner in which it failed in Experiments 3 and 9, it is evident that Macrosiphimi sanhorni is an unusually resistant species. 168 o o 03 (jj cC c3 -rj rd ^- ^ ^ ^^^'^ §.s . 03 ? S3 ^ 2 a 03 be V-, • 03 +3 ^ *"< .13 O 1^ 5 S - ^^5^ -11 03 a ^1 li P^ ■4-S P fl q; a> u ^ Oi 0) C3 ^b ^ S^ S w O) T? rT3 O i ^ '^ P P >, bo ^^ b 9 =« p o ^ frj :c •r^ iO rt S fl =^ 2< 03 PI 0) 03 P rt ^ rt p P lO r3 O ^ ■-I w f, , •j2 p «« ^. > 03 fl rd »0 rT3 lO ^ ^ ^ P! fl 03 o3 o3 03 p4 03 fl be be be ;^-: <3^ fK Sh CO -^ VI CO 03 03 ' pq be ppq 00 u P 02 i— < . P O ^ I . — 1 O '-* '' ^^ ^ ^ bepq (J) '"^ 03 r— . p :2^ j:3 . p r^ ri P 5 ^: ^ bepq r-H O «2 jS P fl ^ ^ "p^ g ^ .a 1^ _ j:3 .7:^ «H M '^-^ P P ^ P ber=5 isc P 00 o3 cc 10 Ci CM 00 t- 00 10 Ci CM p' 0 OS P s ^ '-^«1 be be be be be be be be ;i 3 ;3 D ^ f3 s <1 < ^ <1 ^ ^^8 1 <<^ 1 '«99 1 ..!!1_^ihS^B H|l. .••'.l E^^tf ^ 'Xfli -^ '^mB Vl w 'i^'-ln^D M^^^i m wM. ''-" ^^ ••^^ |M| ' -/? ^"' ' jRii^P^^^^^^B m -s Hi Division oi Animal Industry. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. Honolulu, Hawaii, December 31, 1910. •The Honorable Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the biennial report of the Division of Animal Industry, covering the work of this Division from July 1st, 1909, to December 31st, 1910. As the funds from which the Board of Agriculture and For- estry has derived its support during the past period were obtained from that part of the ''Special Income Tax" which was set apart for "Conservation'' it may not be amiss here to quote a sentence or two as to why the work of the animal industry division of this Board should at all be classified with ''Conservation" and how the veterinarian can be a factor in this v/orthy cause. Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry, in his address as President of the American Veterinary Medical Association, before the annual meeting of that body in San Francisco during September last year stated: "The value of the work of the veterinary profession, while better appreciated now than formerly, is not yet generally realized. This work pro- motes the conservation of our domestic animals, which means the conservation of a very important part of the food supply of the people, and in turn the conservation of human health and life, which after all is the acme of conservation. As has been truly stated by a prominent citizen of this State (California), the conservation of food comes before morals or religion. Viewed in this light, the work of the veterinarian is not only of great economic value; it is something still higher; it is an impor- tant agency for human welfare." In this connection I take special pleasure in calling attention to the appended reports of the several Deputy Territorial Veter- inarians from which it will appear that the conservation of our domestic animals as food producers has here, for the first time, been given serious consideration as part of the work of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. 174 With the eradication of bovine tuberculosis from the dairy herds and beef cattle of the islands, as inaugurated in the City and County of Honolulu and supported by the Deputies in charge of the other districts it is needless to emphasize the work of the Division of Animal Industry as an important factor in the promo- tion of human welfare. Very respectfully, VICTOR A. NORGAARD, Territorial Veterinarian. Report of the Territorial Veterinarian. By Victor A. Norgaard V. S. ( Copenhagen). INTRODUCTION. The pnncipal objects of this Division may be divided into three, all of which lead to the same end, that is, the development of the live stock industry of the Territory, as follows: (1) Measures to prevent the introduction of infectious and contagious diseases, (2) Measures to control, suppress and eradicate such diseases as have already gained a foothold here, and (3) the investigation of diseases of whatever nature which are or may become of economic importance to the live stock industry of the Territory, as well as to the public health in general. For the purpose of attaining this end a number of laws have been enacted by the last three legislatures (the Division of Animal Industry dates back less than six years) and supported by these laws a number of rules and regulations have been promulgated and amended as required by conditions and exigencies, till it may safely be asserted that no state or territory in the Union is bet- ter protected in so far as its live stock and related industries are concerned, as is the Territory of Haw^aii. That this result has been obtained in such a short space of time is to a great extent due to the unique position of the Islands, which makes it possible to guard all ports of entrance through which infection might reasonably be expected to come in — and, furthermore, to the un- stinted aid which this Board has received from the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry, in its efforts to prevent the further introduc- tion of deleterious diseases as w^ell as in the eradication of diseases already here, as for instance tuberculosis. RULES AND REGULATIONS. During the past period the rules and regulations of the Divi- sion of Animal Industry have been completely revised and a new edition issued, which took effect on Jan. 1st, 1910. No radical deviation from the policy previously followed by the Board was resorted to, with one exception. The rule which imposes a three weeks' quarantine on all horse stock coming from or through the State of California was amended so as to make it compulsory for such stock to be confined during the quarantine period on prem- ises provided by the Territorial Government, while previously the owner had been permitted to provide or use his own premises, if upon inspection they were found to be satisfactory to the Board. This latter arrangement, which had been necessitated by the lack 176 of a suitable quarantine station, had proven highly unsatisfactory, and the system must of necessity be considered a provisional or makeshift quarantine at best, and dependent upon the owners' inclinations or desires for its effectiveness. The Board there- fore decided, when the "Conservation Act" was passed, to authorize the building of a modern animal quarantine station. NEW ANIMAL QUARANTINE STATION. After many premises and localities had been considered a suitable location was found on the Ala Moana Road, at once convenient to the office of the territorial veterinarian and at the same time approachable from the entire waterfront. With no buildings or dwellings within 1,000 feet, with perfect drainage through a sandy soil with coral foundation, with a good growth of algaroba trees for shade, the location com.es close to being per- fect for an animal quarantine station. A lease was obtained on a practically level piece of this land, containing 3 acres, with a frontage of 265 feet on the Beach Road. This piece of land was enclosed with 4-foot woven wire 'Tage" fence, and subdivided into a glanders division, a hog cholera divisiqn, — both of which are enclosed with solid board fences 7 feet high, — and a deten- tion division consisting of ten paddocks of varying sizes, accommo- dating as many as 30 head of horses or mules each. These pad- docks are se#>arated from each other, as well as from the outer fence, by 20' alley w^ ays, and the 10^ gates are so arranged, wherever possible, as to meet when open, thereby forming a bar- rier across the alley. Each paddock is provided with a central feed rack and shelter (see accompanying illustrations), consist- ing of a corrugated iron roof, 20^ wide, sloping from the middle toward the edges, and of varying lengths, in proportion to the size of the paddock. Under the roof, and at an appropriate distance from the ground, is the hay rack, braced on the main uprights, which are made of 6'^x8'^ sawed redv/ood posts. Under the hay rack and slightly elevated above the ground is a feed box, running the full length of the shelter. Two of the larger pad- docks are provided with five box stalls each, intended for stal- lions, jacks or race horses, the paddock serving as an exercising yard for one at the time. Individual feed rooms are provided at convenient intervals. The glanders division is, as stated, completely separated from the detention or quarantine division, and serves for the imme- diate segregation of any animal showing symptoms of a sus- picious nature. It contains a chute for the testing, treating or confining for examination of fractious animals, and is provided with six isolation stalls. This division opens directly on the '.; Am- ■Sp "Vi. T / '^ ^;j M'' M ^^^2v ^' ' •"■•^m L.^ # 'V|«i t ^^ ^rgfll J' ' ' «|w^ - - ^^.1s« 1 Milt 4* L ^ ^^E^ ir^^P^^^^H l-^^'.^ ""ffi:.H "^?it ^P^-' 'P^^^H |ii>A':* 0 % lill '-f- h ' ^^^ ^'' ^^^^^^^^B^f '' f ^^^^B :':-;:&l-:IS3l|iA-i "'^^L 5f ^1 VP^'Si! •ll^ %:V ""it"- -f'U "S»i*W ( .^*<^m^y liHB liiilioi ^S^^^^' sm^ibia ^^ ■il ::'^^^^^^^»r^ i^Hlii i^Kl^ l^u^^l^ - ^w^S-"^^^^^^ hB^^^B ^R jS^^PkP^^ ^S'^-j^^^fl^l ^9 i^Sl p>i 177 Beach Road by large sliding doors through which a herd of cat- tle or a bunch of horses may be introduced and kept confined for testing or treatment without coming in contact with suspicious cases which may happen to be in the stalls. The only connection between the glanders division and the detention division is through the office or laboratory, which also opens on the Beach Road, and where medicines, instruments and record books are The hog cholera division is also, or at least partly, enclosed by a solid board fence, seven feet high, and is divided into four sections, one of which, when finished, will contain a small abat- toir for the proper butchering of exposed but unaffected animals. The station has so far been found large enough to accommo- date all the animals requiring quarantine at one time, but if more than two steamers carrying a full consignment of live stock should arrive within two weeks of each other the quarters might be found insufficient. This exigency is, however, not likely to occur. Since the station was taken in use on Sept. 25, 1909, it has at one time or another harbored the following numbers and kind of animals : SIMPLE QUARANTINE. Horses, 233; Mules, 477; Jacks, 3; Bulls, 50; Heifers, 30; Rams, 100. Total, 893. INFECTIOUS DISEASES. . Glanders: Horses, 19; Mule, 1. Tuberculosis: 1 cow. While the station has been found a great improvement over the old Kalihi station, so great in fact, that many owners have requested permission to place imported stock there, for observa- tion or treatment, even when the regulations did not require or impose quarantine on them, experience has shown that addi- tions could be made to great ad/antage, such as a restraining chute or squeezer. When dealing with unbroken horses or mules it is often found very difficult to replace the shipping halters when the quarantine is over and it has frequently become necessary to transfer a large bunch of animals from the deten- tion division to the glanders division in order to use the chute there for this purpose. A chute in the detention division is there- fore a necessity that must be provided for sooner or later. A cottage for the keeper will also have to be built as the keeper must be on the premises at all times, and the present arrange- ment, where he lives in a shack adjoining the station and which he may have to vacate at any time, is highly unsatisfactory. 12— B. A. 178 QUARANTINE STATION IN HILO. The animal quarantine station which was provided for Hilo about 3 years ago has proven entirely inadequate and negotia- tions are now under way for the acquiring by this Board of the unexpired lease of the old race track grounds outside of Hilo and which can be made into a very suitable and convenient sta- tion at a reasonable cost. The race track grounds are the only suitable location in or in the neighborhood of Hilo where a satis- factory station could be built. The lease is now held by the Vol- cano Stables and Transportation Co., who some time ago offered to relinquish the remaining term of lease, 8 years, for the sum of $2500. A bill providing for this transfer, which is absolutely essential, will be presented to the coming legislature, and it is sincerely hoped that adequate provision will be made both for the transfer of the lease and for the construction of suitable quarters, stables and enclosures. The urgent need for this will be found fully explained in the appended report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the Hilo district (see p. 210). The importation of mules through the port of Hilo frequently exceeds the num- ber arriving through Honolulu, and our experience during the past six years has shown definitely that horse stock coming from or through California must be quarantined here if serious con- sequences are to be avoided. The provision of territorial quarantine stations on the Islands of Maui and Kauai, as recommended by the respective Deputy Territorial Veterinarians in their appended reports, would not seem to be urgently required so long as all horse stock imported directly for these islands must come to Honolulu first. IMPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK. The following live stock has been received through the ports of Honolulu and Hilo, respectively, during the period of 1909- 1910: Horses Mules Cattle Sheep Swine Dogs Poultry (crates) Honolulu, 1909 674 408 167 194 959 72 267 (( 1910 543 445 189 120 21 117 421 Hilo 1909 15 153 29 116 1 89 " 1910 26 183 4 1 57 179 Horses.— By far the greater number of the horses, in fact around 1000 head, belonged to the various branches of the U. S. War Department. These animals arrived here accompanied by the required mallein test certificates, and are in constant charge of the veterinarians of the army. They are taken upon arrival direct from the steamer to the quartermaster's corral in Iwilei, where they are held segregated for the required quarantine period, when they are distributed to the various regiments or de- pots. No question of authority in regard to the sanitary super- vision of these animals has ever been raised, and probably never will be the federal authorities being as anxious to keep disease from their animals as are the territorial, and a true spirit of courtesy and cooperation has always characterized the dealings between these two branches of the government. A few good stallions, among which must be mentioned some blue ribbon winners of German Coach and Percheron stallions, besides a number of ranged out thoroughbred stallions from California will do their share toward the improvement of the various types which are being bred here. A shipment of mares, which were brought in here for breed- ing purposes during the latter part of 1910 deserves special men- tion, that it may .serve as a warning to other horse or mule breeders, who are inclined to think that the mare is of minor im- portance in the production of a colt, so long that the stallion or jack is of good quality. A certain ranch company placed an order in San Francisco for 75 mares and 2 jacks, the mares to cost $75 per head and the jacks $1200 each. No exact speci- fications, or at least written agreement, were made. At any rate, there seems to have been some misunderstanding and the result was that an attempt was made to fill the order with broken down city mares and cripples, unfit for v/ork of any kind. The shipment, consisting of 64 mares and two jacks, arrived in Honolulu on the S. S. Hiloniar on Oct. 16th. In spite of a very pleasant trip, with no rough weather and no sickness among the animals, nine of them died en route, simply from weakness and exposure. A veterinarian, who happened to be on board, stated that at one time more than thirty animals were down, and as soon as one was gotten up another would go down, and so on until nine had to be thrown overboard, dead. A majority of those which arrived here alive were barely able to cover the mile and a half between the place of landing and the quarantine station. One animal was found upon arrival to sufifer from pneumonia and had to be shot. A number laid down immediately after reaching the station, most of them never to get up again, and when it was found that a majority of the con- 180 signment could masticate nothing but bran mash, the downers were put out of misery without delay. The accompanying pictures taken about 2 weeks after arrival, give but a faint idea of what the animals looked like at the time of landing, and it is safe to predict that had the ''Hilonian" met with rough weather on the voyage from San Francisco to Ho- nolulu, not more than a dozen would have arrived here alive. As the survivors with very few exceptions, were absolutely unfit for breeding purposes, less than half a dozen were range mares, they were sold at public auction, realizing for the owners a fraction of what had been paid for them upon delivery in San Francisco. As no infectious or contagious diseases prevailed anumg them upon arrival, and as the Revised Statutes of tlie Territory (1905), and subsequent Session Laws (1905, 1907, 1909), con- tain no cruelty-to-animals regulation which would be at all ap- plicable or effective in dealing with the case, the survivors had to be admitted to the Territory, and the owners left to obtain re- course through the courts. The case illustrates however the urgent necessity for legislation against cruelty to animals and the fallacy of attempting to ship old and decrepit animals from San Francisco to Honolulu, unless special provision is made for car- ing for them and feeding them on the way. That aged city mares, which have been grain fed their entire life, cannot serve as brood mares on the range has already been amply demonstrated here. They are as a rule difficult to get in foal and if they pro- duce a colt they frequently fail to raise it, unless the pasture where they are kept is exceptionally good. It would therefore seem that in order to produce horse stock to supply the local and constantly increasing demand, one of two methods must be fol- lowed: The one, as successfully adopted on one of the largest ranches in the Territory, consists in first producing the required mares, improved in size, type and conformation, through breeding and selection, and then, by employing high class stallions or jacks, reach the desired result, whether draft horse, mule, saddle horse or roadster, by means of improved animal husbandry methods, care, training and environment. This requires time, money, science and, above all, the climatic conditions and soil without which the proper tissue-producing foodstuffs cannot be obtained. The other method is far simpler and quicker and requires only money for the initial outlay and sufficient pasturage, in order to raise a good-sized, saleable draft or saddle animal. It consists simply in purchasing outright good-sized, improved range mares, already in foal to a registered stallion or jack, and subsequently to breed only those mares, which through their offspring prove themselves of value as brood mares. 181 The rejected mares, with their colts, should as a rule pay for the additional cost of importation, when disposed of, and their place taken by others. But the success of this method depends entirely on locating the right kind of animals, and buying them right; and that requires knowledge and experience or else the employment of these quali- ties in a reliable and responsible agent, which costs money. The above described importation of brood mares shows what the method may result in when some of these qualifications are lacking. MULES. The number of mules brougt in falls considerably short of that of the preceding years. This is undoubtedly due to the exorbi- tant prices asked for the same and to their scarcity. On an average the mules arriving here were of better class and age than the usual. As Dr. Elliot of Hilo, in his appended report (see p. 220) has discussed the mule subject fully those interested are referred to his very able article which is based upon actual experience in buying plantation mules during a recent trip to California and Oregon. CATTLE. An unusual large number of consignments of pure bred and high class bulls, and heifers, nearly 400 head, especially Here- fords and Shorthorns, have been imported by the leading ranches, and at least one of these, the largest one, can now boast that only pure bred bulls are being used for breeding purposes. The general average of the beef cattle of the Territory has, during the past few years, been greatly improved through these importa- tions, and the rigid rules of inspection and testing have excluded any but absolutely sound animals from introduction into the na- tive herds. There can be little doubt that if the importation of high class beef animals continues the way it has done during the past period, it will not be long before the "scrubs" disappear completely. But besides this it is a pleasure to report that a number of high class bulls of various dairy breeds have been imported recently by leading dairy men as well as by the College of Hawaii, and that there is a strong demand for good bulls even among the Oriental milk producers. The importation of bulls from New Zealand, which was men- tioned in the last report of this Division, did not prove to be what was expected, at least it required nearly a year for the animals to become acclimated and to continue their interrupted development. 182 Some of them have however developed into fine animals, and that they did not all do so may possibly be due to their not all being very high class. All of the pedigreed animals did well, though not equally fast or to the same extent. The v\^riter is, never- theless, still of the opinion, that selected animals from New Zealand w^ould prove of great value, on these ranches at least, where fresh blood has been brought in from the States only for a number of years, even though from entirely unrelated strains or families. SHEEP. A number of purebred rams, principally Merinos, have been brought in, both from New Zealand and from the States, but while the class of sheep is being improved the importation of mut- ton from Australia still continues, that is there can be little doubt that the number of sheep in the Territory today is a great deal less than it was two years ago and vastly less than it was six or ten years ago. That diseases, especially external and internal parasites, have a great deal to do with this reduction in numbers cannot be denied, but it is equally apparent that not by far the numbers of ewes are being bred as formerly, whether on account of the diseases afflicting them or because experience has shown that the demand for beef is greater and that it is cheaper to im- port the mutton from Australia than to use beef-producing acres to raise them. One fact, however, is established and that is that it is an extrem.ely risky undertaking to import rams for the im- provement of the flocks, at least to certain ranches. Of an im- portation of 100 high class Merino rams which were brought here a few months ago from California less than ten remains ; and every effort to discover the cause of death has revealed nothing but the presence of the sheep bot-fly in the frontal sinuses. A similar fate encountered an importation of Merino rams from N;e^v* Zealand to the same ranch two years ago, while the greater part of the same shipment of rams, which arrived here from New Zealand on the same steamer, but which were taken to another ranch on a different island and located at a much higher altitude, did not develop the disease but thrived extremely well, so well in- deed that the owner stated that he would not part with one of them for one hundred dollars, even though they cost him less than thirty-five dollars apiece. It is possible that the higher altitude prevented the develop- ment of the parasites with which the animals undoubtedly were infested before their arrival here, but the fact remains that there are vast areas in these Islands that are unfit for anything except sheep-raising, at least so far as our present knowledge ex- tends, but which with their present infestation with external and 183 internal parasites, — adults, pupae, larvae (maggots) and eggs, — are practically useless for the purpose. The one apparent and obvious remedy, to which attention was called in a special bulletin issued by the writer in conjunction with Mr. D. L. Van Dine of the Federal Experiment Station some three years ago, that is, the introduction of insectivorous birds, has been given little con- sideration, until revived quite recently. A chapter in the report of the Assistant Territorial Veteri- narian describes in detail the sheep disease here referred to (see p. 205) and it is therefore only necessary to add that in the v/riter's opinion the sheep industry of the Territory, with the possible exception of the extreme altitudes, is entirely depend- ent upon the reduction of the disease-producing parasites by the introduction of natural enemies, whether feathered or not. A considerable importation, 14 rams and 36 ewes, of Tunis sheep, a breed of comparatively recent origin, but supposed to be very hardy and at the same time yielding a fair amount of medium fine wool in connection with a good mutton carcass, ar- rived for the Molokai Ranch last year, having been selected from the flocks of the principal breeder of these sheep in Indiana, by Prof. Wilcox of the Federal Experiment Station. This was, however, not the first time the Tunis sheep was heard of here, as the same ranch has been using it for years for the improvement of its flocks, and has only been restrained in employing it more extensively by the comparative difliculty in obtaining first class animals of either sex, there being but few established herds in the States and quite a percentage of the offspring showing a tend- ency to "throw back" to either one of the breeds from which it was developed, that is, emphasizing one characteristic more than what has been decided to be the requisite for the breed. But as all of these characteristics are good, the slightly uneven appearance of the flock is not considered detrimental so long as the essential features of carcass, constitution and clip are main- tained. HOGS. The past period has seen the Territory provide its own pork, for the first time in a number of years. During 1909 less than one thousand hogs were imported for slaughter, as com- pared to 6000 or 7000 per annum a few years ago; and during 1910 not a single consignment of butcher hogs arrived in the Territory, but only 21 sows and boars for breeding purposes. Among these were a small flock of mule-foot hogs, half a dozen in all, belonging to a prospective settler, who, however, returned to California, having failed to find the location for a hog and chicken ranch he was looking for. The mule-foot hog resembles 184 an ordinary half-breed Berkshire pig, except that his hoofs are solid, not cleft. Sometimes only two or three of the hoofs are solid, and sometimes these solid ones show ridges or grooves where the clefts should have been. Fanciers of the breed claim for it almost complete immunity against hog cholera, which, of course, is absolutely unfounded. The owner above referred to had, however, sufficient faith in this immunity to refuse to sell his mule-foots at a reasonable price, somewhat in advance of what they would have been worth as porkers, and had them crated to take back to the Mainland with him. POULTRY. The importations of poultry continue to increase. Whether it is due to an increase in the demand or to a falling off in the production cannot be decided, but no notice of any endemic or epidemic among the domestic fowls has reached this office. Large numbers of crates of poultry arrive by nearly every steamer, and any amount of pure-bred chickens of various breeds arrive here constantly. The influx of fancy fowls in one year would fill several poultry exhibits of the size which is usually seen here. Whether the importers eat their fancy fowls or whether the birds go to feed the mongoose is not known, but the fact remains that the birds arrive here in ever increasing numbers. And still the cold storage eggs and the frozen chicken or tur- key command prices commensurate with the reputation of the ice man. Under these conditions it would seem as if poultry- farming would be one of the most lucrative businesses a ''small farmer'' could engage in, and yet everybody seems to be afraid of tackling the industry in a sensible commercial way. Granted that feed is high here — that is, grain — there still are so many feeds that a chicken can live and thrive on, and which will grow here the year around, that the grain or concentrated food, which might have to be purchased, can be of but little importance, especially in view of the exorbitant prices which poultry and eggs conamand here. DAIRY PRODUCTS. The importation of canned milk, butter and cheese has in- creased in proportion with the increase in population resulting from the garrisoning of large numbers of soldiers here. There does not seem, at the present time, any prospect of the local dairymen supplying this demand ; but the fact that the market is there at all times, eager to buy the fresh product in prefer- 185 encc to that shipped from either Cahfornia or the Colonies, should l)e incentive enough to stimulate the industry into stronger activity. DISEASES AMONG LIVE STOCK. It is a pleasure to state that in spite of unfavorahle conditions the general health of the live stock of the Territory has been excellent during the past period, as compared to previous years. The Islands remain, as hitherto, apparently immune to the de- vastating epidemics of the Mainland, all of which, though under complete control, cause losses of millions upon millions of dollars. A severe drouth during 1909 caused a perceptil)le reduction in the marketable beef and mutton supply, but conditions soon righted themselves without the appearance of any of those epi- demic diseases which frequently put in their appearance when- ever the natural power of resistance has been reduced or under- mined through prolonged want of feed and water. GLANDERS. This most destructive disease among horse stock has been traced relentlessly, not alone in the City and County of Hono- lulu, but in the entire Territory, and, as will be noted from the appended reports of the deputies, it is becoming less frequent in all districts. In Honolulu a mounted live stock inspector has devoted the principal part of his time for the past period to the periodical inspection of all stables, hack stands, market places and feed yards where experience had shown that cases of glanders were most likely to be encountered ; with the result that numerous diseased animals were apprehended and, through them, many others were located. Idie diagnosis of glanders w^as in no case left to the inspector, l)ut was invarial)le verified by the veterinary officials, and in no instance was an animal con- denmed and destroyed without first being submitted to the mallein test. wSince the last report of this Division was issued, nearlv one hundred cases of glanders have been located and disposed of, including those reported by the deputies, and it is safe to pre-, diet that only isolated cases of a latent character will be a1)le to evade detection for anv length of time. In Honolulu all sus- picious cases, as soon as thcv are reported or come under ob- servation, are taken to the quarantine station and sulimitted to the mallien test. If found to be afflicted with glanders, thev are taken to the dump of the City's garbage division on the Beach Road, convenient to the quarantine station, where thev are shot 186 and a post-inorteni exaniinatioii made for the sake of verifying the diagnosis and making observations in regard to internal parasites. With the rigid inspection and testing of all horse stock by Federal veterinary inspectors before being admitted to the Ter- ritory, there is very little danger of any new centers of infection being bronght in, and with depnty veterinarians constantly on the kx)kont for infected animals here there is every reason to feel confident that the disease will be kept in check nntil eradi- cated. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. This disease has been mentioned and discnssed in all the previons reports of this Division, and it is not necessary here to go into detailed descriptions as to its natnre, origin, symp- toms, course and treatment. The following is a concise report on the bovine tuberculosis situation in the Territory of Hawaii, with special reference to the City and County of Honolulu, togetlier with such recom- mendations for the control of bovine tuberculosis, and the inci- dental improvement of the local milk supply, as the investiga- tions of the Division of Animal Industry during the past eight months, have led me to consider possil;)le, practical and economic. A great mnnber of publications pertaining to the various branches of this subject has l)een read or consulted, and such means and methods as liave Ijeen recommended or adopted, with more or less success, l)y other countries, states or municipalities have 1)een studied with a view to their possi1)lc application to our local conditions. As a result of this v/ork it is gratifving to state that our present knowledge of the prevalence of bovine tul)erculosis in the Territory, as ascertained l)y means of the tul)erculin test, together with the manifest disposition of a ma- joritv of the dairymen and cattle owners to have the disease eradicated from their herds, point to the possible control of bovine tuberculosis at an earlier date and witliout the excessive losses that were anticipated at the beginning of this investigation. Unfortunately, the work of the Division of Animal Industry along these lines was forced into premature publication by the untimely appearance in the local press of articles inciting against the use of the meat from animals reacting to the tul)erculin test — even when such animals had been butchered under competent veterinary inspection and the meat pronounced fit for human constunption, in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture. As a result the owners of re- acting cattle found it practically impossi])le to free their herds of infected animals without sacrificing them absolutely, or else 187 found themselves forced to violate the laws of the country by selling milk from diseased herds. Under these circumstances the local authorities naturally found it inadvisable to enforce a new and imtested regulation until such time when relief could be afforded through legislation. My suggestion to the Board that an official quarantine pasture be esta1)lished for the segregation of all reacting animals, on land l)elonging to the Territory, could not be carried out for lack of funds. While the land might liave l)een found, fences, v/ater and supervision would require expenditures which could not ])e met. It therefore became necessary to enlist private enterprise, and a local ranch man volunteered to accept for keep until they could 1)c disposed of such reacting animals as the owners were anxious to be rid of. This relieved the situation to a certain extent, and when it liecame known that the municipal milk ordinance would not be enforced many others decided to keep their reacting animals in the hope that the coming Legis- lature might provide relief of some nature. In the meantime one of the most important parts of the work in connection with the control and eradication of 1)Ovine tuber- culosis— that is, the location of the centers of infection, was contiimed and the Division of Animal Industrv is now^ prepared to go ahead v/ith tlie actual elimination of tu1)erculous animals from the dairies wdn'ch supply the City of Honolulu with milk. INTERNATIONAL CO^NTMISSION ON THE CONTROL OF IKWINE TURi!:RCULOS[S. Owing to tlic great economic and sanitary significance of animal tu])erculosis to the live stock industrv of America and the many and varied factors which must ])e considered in formu- lating measiUTS for its eradication, tlie American Veterinary Medical Association at its meeting in Chicago in 1909, appointed the International Commission on the Control of P)Ovine Tul)er- culosis. The Conmiission was instructed to study the problem of tuberculosis among cattle and to report U])on reasonal)le and economically ]:)ractica1)le methods or systems to be recom- mended to both officials and live stock owners for eradicating this great scourge of domesticated animals. At the meeting of the said Association in San Francisco dur- ing Septeml)er, 1910, whicli, unfortunately, I was unal^le to at- tend, the Commission, composed of the most eminent scientific and practical live stock sanitarians of tlie United States and Canada, made its report, a copv of which has 1)ut recently been received. It is gratifving to note that every single measure, method or policy decided upon or recommended by this highest 188 authority are in every respect identical with those ah'eady car- ried into effect, adopted or recommended here. It wonhl there- fore seem reasonable to surmise that the contiiuiation of the present poHcy and methods, if judiciously supported l)y the coming- Legislature and assisted by harmonious co()peration with the various local territorial and municipal authorities, as well as bv the live stock owners themselves, will result in the com])lete control, and ultimate eradication, of l)ovine tuber- culosis from the Territory, wdthout causing unnecessary hard- ships or great economic losses. In order to substantiate my statement in regard to the sound- ness of the policy and methods recommended and carried into eft'ect here, 1 take the liberty to quote a few of the resolutions unanimously adopted l)y the International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tu])erculosis, as published in the October number of the American Veterinary Review : ^'That tuberculin, properlv used, is an accurate and reliable diagnostic agent for the detection of active tul)erculosis." ''On account of the period of incubation and the fact that ar- rested cases may sooner or later become active, all exposed animals should be retested at intervals from six months to one year." ''That an\ aniinal having given one distinct reaction to tuhcr- cnJin slionld thereafter he regarded as tiiherculousf' "That a positive reaction to tuberculin in any properly con- ducted test, official or otherwise, in any animal in any herd, shall be considered evidence sufficient upon which to declare the herd to be infected." 'Mf the herd is found to be extensively infected, as shown Iiy the tuberculin test or clinical examination, even the apparently healthy animals in it should be regarded wdth suspicion until they have lieen separated from the reacting animals for at least three months. If at the expiration of this time they do not react to the tu])erculin test, they may be considered healthv and dealt with accordingly." ''That a policy of compensation be reconiniended as useful and visually necessary as a temporary incasnrc." "That when slaughter is necessary, in order to avoid economic loss, every effort should he made to utilize as far as possible the meat of such animals as mav be found fit for food on l)eing slaughtered under competent inspection." "That with the object of preventing the spread of infection, persons Inlying cattle for breeding purposes or milk production should, except wdien such piuxhases are made from disease-free herds which have been tested l)y a properly qualified person, purchase only su])jcct to the tuberculin test. In order to assist 189 in the proper carrying out of this suggestion the Commission recommends that official authorities should adopt such regula- tions as will prevent the entry into their respective territories of cattle for hreeding purposes or milk production unless ac- companied hy satisfactory tuherculin test charts." ''That tuberculin tests made at a distance for public recogni- tion (for example, in other states or foreign countries) can only be done satisfactorily by official veterinarians/' "That all milk and milk l)y-products used as food should 1)e properly pasteurized unless derived from cows known to l)e free from tul)erculosis." ''llic control, to say nothing of the eradication of Iwvinc tuberculosis, is impossible of acJiieveuient TcitJiout the hearty co- operation of the VI en zvho are actually oi gaged in the catile industry, ''■^ '•' ''' ''' the estal)]ishment of proper cooperation in the great work l)etween ph}\sicians, veterinarians, live stock owners, legislators and the pul)lic generally, esi)ecially ap])eal to the press, metropolitan, agricultural and local, to join in tlie work of extending as much as possible among the people the con- clusions here arrived at." ''That this Commission recommends the passage of legislation which win prevent the sale, (listril)ution or use of tuljcrculin ])v any person other than tliose acting witli full knowledge, or imder the direction of official authorities." "Legislation is especiallv recpiired to prevent the various frauds whicli interfere with the satisfactory use of tu])erculin as a diagnostic agent for tul)ercu]osis as well as iov official supervision of all tu1)erculin sold to 1)e used l)v veterinarians ar; 1 others." Idle a])ove ([notations constitute onlv a fraction of the manv pai^es of resolutions and reccMumendations of t1ie said Commis- sion, 1)Ut it will readily be seen that thev conform in everv re- spect with what has been instituted here up to the ])resent date. In only one way does tlie Commission dissent or differ from tlie ]K;)licy advocated in tlie following ])ages, and that is in regard to the substitution of the intra-vlermal tuberculin test as the main diagnostic agent in determining the presence of tul)er- culosis, instead of the sul)Cutancous test. This method of test- ing has ap})arentlv escaped the notice of the Commission en- tirely, as it is not even mentioned in tlie chajiter where the cfvni- piarative value of tlie various forms of ap])lying tuberculin is discussed. The C(Miimission merelv savs: ";\s the newer methods of a])])lying tuberculin for test pur- poses have not l)een found to be as reliable as the older, sub- cutaneous method, they cannot be advocated. The opthalmo 190 and cutaneous tuberculin tests may have a vaUie in some s|)ecial cases, as for example where doubt exists about tlie reliability of a subcutaneous test because an animal may have l)een sub- jected to some pernicious manipulation. In this sense these later methods of applying tu1)erculin should be kept in mind." But while W'C admit that both of these new methods are im- practical and unrelial)le (the opthalmo test requires the ap]:>lica- tion of the tuberculin to the eye, while the cutaneous test re- quires the shaving and scarification of a section of the hide), the intra-dermal test, which will be described fully later on, has received no consideration whatever, and is not even mentioned. This is so much more remarkable, as I am of the opinion that this method of testing may revolutionize the entire system or method of l)Ovine tuberculosis control work and facilitate it to an extent which was never dreamt of. PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. The work of ascertaining the extent to which the local herds were affected with tuberculosis was begun during the middle of May, 1910, and embraces up to this date the tul)erculin test- ing of a majority of the dairy aniiuals in every dairy in the City and County of Honolulu, wdiere commercial milk is produced. A total of 2281 tests have been made, of which 545 gave positive result — that is, a percentage of 23.89 of the tested animals vvxre found to be affected with tuberculosis. Owing to the fact that tlie official ear-tags had not been re- ceived at the time when the W'Ork was begun, and to the difficulty of definitely identifying the animals some time after the test and wdien most of the temporary marks had been worn off, a considerable number of tested animals, both reactors and non- reactors remain unmarked, as follows: 1736 head passed the test, of which number 1371 w-ere ear-tagged, leaving 365 passed animals unmarked. Of the 545 reactors, about 50 head have been destroyed and 426 head have either been branded or per- manently marked l)y cutting half of the right ear off, leaving al)out 69 reacting or tuberculous animals unmarked. This, hov/- ever, is of minor importance, as there probably is not a single dairy that has not introduced untested animals since their herds w^ere tested — that is, either fresh cows and heifers, purchased animals or sucli as for some reason or other could not be tested W'ith the rest of the herd. As the subcutaneous test, which was employed in the vast majority of cases, requires a perfectly normal condition on the part of the subject, in order to be at all reliable, it goes without saying that a certain percentage of each *lierd must be left tm- 191 tested or else held for a retest, as no consideral)le number of animals, especially dairy cows, can all be in absolutely normal condition at the same time. To definitel}'^ determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in any given herd by means of the su1)cutaneous method will therefore in a majority of cases require repeated visits and the continued application of the test until the last animal has been found in condition for it. This is one of the greatest drawl)acks to this test, especially when it is considered that the testing- of even one single animal recjuires the presence of the veterinarian for the better part of two days and one night, during which time the animals must be kept confined or at least under imnatural or unusual conditions, which are liable at any time to unfavor- ably inlluence the results of the test. Besides this, a large num- 1)er of animals can never l)e brought in a fit condition for it, range cattle for instance, the excitement contingent upon the handling and confinement causing an elevation of the tempera- ture which in a large percentage of cases does not sulxside wdiile restraint continues, and therefore makes temperature o])serva- tions W'Orthless. As tuberculosis is knowai to affect range cattle, even though to a comparatively small extent, the complete eradication of the disease, with the subcutaneous tuberculin test as the only diag- nostic agent at our disposal, would seem practically impossible. And when w^e consider that the W'Ork which has been done so far, and which can only be considered preliminary, has re- quired the attendance of at least two members of our staiT, at various dairies, about 700 times, when more than 16,000 tem- peratures W'Cre taken, wdth nearly 2v300 subcutaneous injections, not to mention numl)ering, tagging and l^randing, then it can be understood that it w^as W'ith no little satisfaction that the intro- duction of a new and easier method of applying this test was met. THE INTRA-DIiRMAL TUB1<:RCUL1N TEST. This comparatively new^ method requires onlv two visits to each dairv (instead of eight) ; it does away entirely w^ith the thermometer and the taking of temperatures (the w^ork done so far has required the use of more than a gross of thermom- eters, at $1.00 a piece) ; it can be applied to any animal of Vvdiat- soever age, class or condition and under anv or all circum- stances, whether favorable or unfavorable; it is so manifest in its appearance, and so simple in its application that the veriest simpleton can translate it, and, at the same time, it excels the subcutaneous test in that its elTectiveness camiot be circum- 192 vented for Illegal purposes in obscuring thermal reactions by the administration of febrifuges. The intra-dermal test was first reported on by two French scientists, Moussu and Mantoux, at the Sixth International Con- gress on Tuberculosis. It consists simply in the injection of a few drops of a special concentrated kind of tuberculin into one of the two folds of skin (sub-caudal folds) wdiich are fotmd under the tail when it is lifted. The skin at this place is very thin, soft and pliable, an.d what is most important, denuded of hair. The authors claim that in animals affected with tu1)er- culosis the injection of a small dose (approximately 3 drops) of strong tul)erculin would cause a more or less pronounced swellinp; of somewhat varying character of the injected fold, while the other one, which is conveniently there for comparison, remains unchanged. This test has, during the months of No- vem1)er and Deceml)er, been applied to nearl}^ 200 animals, many of which had previously 1)een tested with the sul)cutaneous test, and consequentlv were known to l)e either sound or tuberculous. In every instance the results obtained with the new^ test proved identically the same as the previous ones, and when suj^ported l)y post mortem examinations the diagnosis was invarial)ly con- firmed. While this method of testing has been given Init scant atten- tion l)y either official or ])rivate veterinarians, 1 believe this to be due in a large extent to the fact "that a third method, known as the cutaneous test, was introduced al)out the same time and has l)een universallv declared impractical by those who have ])u1)lished their experiences with it. The two methods resemble each other in several respects, but ])rincipally in the fact that the diagnosis does not depend u])on a thermal reaction, luit upon tlie local changes which develop in tlie reacting animals at the ])lace of a])plication or injection. Another fact wdiich mav have tended to o])scurc the intra-dermal test is, that the article descriliing it in the proceedings of the International Congress on Tuberculosis ap|)eared in French only, and it was not until Drs. Ikaker and Ward of California called attention to it at the meeting of the Vcterinarv Medical Association in San Francisco in Se|)tembcr last tliat it was decided to give it a trial here. Un(loid)tedly manv other veterinarians have by this time experimented witli it, and even though the Tntcrnational Commission on I)Ovine Tuberculosis discourages the use of any l)ut the subcutaneous metliod for the present, this is, as stated, pro])a])lv due to the fact that not enough attention has been given to it and that the immense importance of its superiority as a convem"ent and economic diagnostic agent for tuberculosis in animals has not been realized. The intra-dermal metliod is equally well a(la|)ted 193 for diagiiositig tiil^crculosis in hogs, the tii])crcuhn in this case being injected in the lower lobe of the ear or just behind and below the ear where the skin is thin. A typical swelling and discoloration of the nnpigmented skin takes place, and is gen- erally so well marked that the animal does not need to 1)e con- fined or restrained for examination. RECOMMENDATIONS. With the next Legislature close at hand, no radical measures will 1)e suggested, but the tu1)erculosis control work, so well begun, should not come to a stop, l)ut should be carried on conservatively, with the main view — to reduce the ninuber of centers of iiifeciion by segrci^atioji in special pastures, and at the same time, so far as ])ossil)le, to renioTc all reacting animals from premises from zvliich milk is sold for huumn coiusnmption. As already stated, there reniain in tlie neigh1)orhoo(l of 400 knoii'n reactors, of which at least v300 head are segregated in sucli a way as to practically preclude the possibility of their transmitting the disease to healtliy animals, while the milk from them is either fed to calves, pigs or poultry, after ])eing boiled, or else used for cream, after l)eing pasteurized. This leaves, however, one hundred head scattered in smaller dairies where, in many instances, no elTorts at either segregation or ])asteur- ization is attempted, the owners simply waiting to see what the authorities are going to do in regard to the enforcement of existing regulations or the ])ronuilgation of new ones. Our inxsent aim should therefore be first to locate and sul)- sequenlly to elinu'nate through segregation all such centers of infection — whether proven tu])erculous individuals or 1)a(lly in- fected herds — and, at the same time, to ascertain l)v means of the new^ method of testing wdietlier any more of the exposed animals have 1)ecome infected or whether untested animals have been introduced since the herd was last tested. This will re- quire the testing of all animals over six months old on premises from which milk is sold, ]M'oduce(l, distrilnited, given away, or in any yyay disposed of. All reacting am'mals should 1)e imme- diately removed to premises approved of liy the ]:>roper au- thorities, and wdiere contact with healthy or luitested animals is absolutely precluded. As soon as a herd is tested the owner should ])e given not to exceed four days in which to remove the reacting animals and to thoroughly cleanse, disinfect and wliite- wash his premises, under penaltv of liaving his license to sell milk revoked. It should further ])e explained to the owners of reacting animals that everv effort will 1)e made to induce the coming Legislature to make provision for a just and e(]uita1)le compensation to the owner whose animals are destroyed or 13^B. A. 194 otherwise clisi)ose(l of, and that the present removal of sueh animals from In's herd or premises does not mean that lie is to lose them, but that it is a neeessary measure to prevent the fur- ther spread of the disease and tlie possible transmission of it to human beings,— until such a time when the infected cattle can ])e disposed of with the least loss to the owner as well as to the community. It vdll, of course, be necessarv for the r)Oard and other local authorities to decide on acce])ta1)le ])as- tures or premises for segreg'ation, unless the ovmer elects to have liis reacting animals linally disposed of, 1)Ut in eitlier case, should tlic owner feel assured that the Board, tlux)ugh its of- ficers, will render actual assistance in the disposition or removal of tul)erculous animals and see to it that the owner realiz.es the highest possiljle value from the carcasses of Initchered aniujals. When the new method of testing has ])een fullv explained, and the dairymen realize how nnich sim])ler it is and that no loss of milk and little ( )r no inconvenience to either animals or o])erators are incurred, the natural reluctance on the owner's part to have his herd tested will be greatly diminished. 1 am therefore of the opinion that the present force of the Division of Animal Industry, especially if reinforced with an assistant from the 1 'oard of Supervisors' Sanitary Comiuittee, will be a])le to test all of the dairy cattle in the Cit\' and Countv of Hono- lulu in tlie course of six weeks to two months. A notice from the same committee to the effect that the present Jiiilk ordinance will be enforced from and after a certain date would call atten- tion to the necessitv of a retest of all dairv cattle and the re- li'Owd of all reactors and the cleaning u]) and disinf<\i ion of all infected ])remises. ])efore the issuance of a new dairy vcrnu't the owner should be made to agree not to introduce reactors or untested cattle to his herd or to allow their presence on his premises under anv pretext whatsoever. S I ' AI M AR V ( )V JU'.CO\] M E X DAT IONS. 1. That the Comiuittee on Animal Tndustrv of the Hoard of Agriculture and Forestrv, — if the al)ove plan for the con- trol of ])ovine tuberculosis is a])proved of, — confer with the Sanitarv Committee of the Board of vSupervisors to ascertain, (a) the views of said committee in regard to the plan under discussion, (b) the inclination of the committee to cooperate with the Board of Agriculture and Forestrv in the control of bovine tuberculosis, (c) what measures the committee would suggest or recommend, whether in the form of a new ordinance or the enforcement of tlie old one, and (d) what actual support the committee might l)e willing to lend to the carr\dno- out of 195 the work, cither in the form of assignment of employees to assist the veterinarians, — in the furnishing- of transportation (automobile hire) — or the printing or pu1)lishing of permits, agrecnxents, notiees or circular letters. 2. It is recommended that the Count)' Milk Inspector ac- company the Territorial Veterinarian or his assistant on all visits to dairies when made in connection with tul)erculosis con- trol work, not alone to assist in the work of testing, l)Ut in order that he may o1)tain a complete description of eacli dairy and the animals it contains, an invoice of all milking macliinery and utensils, tlie existing facilities for the proper handling of tlie milk and milk products, as well as a description of the general sanitary conchtions, such as drainage, sewers, running water, [npe lines, stancln'ons, floors, milk rooms, etc., so that the record kept in the office of the City and County officials may tally and agree with the one kept 1)y tlie Territorial officials, and which will deal principally Ayith the sanitation, health, con- dition, ages, ])ree(ls, etc., of tlie animals and their official ear- tags, m,arks and l)rands. Only by co(')peration between the two offices can the traffic in diseased animals be preyented and the herds ke])t clean after the infection has once been gotten rid of. 3. It is further recommended that the new tul)erculin test lie started with as little delay as ])Ossible, and that tlie appended 1)lank and circular letter be approved of and a copy of each sent to all a])]:»licants for milk permits. 4. Idiat the milk ordinance as it now stands will have to be amended sooner or later is obvious. The very fact that it does not regulate or in any way specify what should constitute a dairy or how the milk should be drawn, handled or disposed of in order to make it a safe and sanitary product, is in itself evidence enough that further ])royisions nuist be made along these lines, es])ecially Ayhen we consider that many of the ]:)roducers and the laliorers em|)loyed by them are illiterate aliens (illiterate at least in so far as the language of the I'm'ted v^tates is concerned), and tliat no end of rules and regulations w^(Mild produce the desired result. We will, therefore, sooner or later, haye to come to the enforce- ment of mechanical methods, Ayhich cannot be circumvented or misunderstood, and wdiich, on the other hand, will insure that this most important iood article — that is, milk, n|)on the ])urity and wholesomeness of which the very existence of a vast ma- jority of the infants is dcj^endant, is rendered safe, sanitary and satisfactory, l^'or even though we succeed in eliminating from, the dairy herds all tuberculous animals, there still remain the numerous other diseases, such as cholera infantum, scarlet fever, diphtheria and tyj^hoid fever, which mav be disseminated in the milk supply. 196 It must be apparent that it will require time and education to secure compliance with even reasona1)le safeguards, and it is equally evident that the inimber of local dairies now in a position to live up to sanitary requirements will supply but a small percentag-e of the population, although it is hoped that such dairies will be stimulated into existence by trade competi- tion and the refusal of the public to buy dirty milk under any circumstances. Until this is accomplished, however, it is strongly recommended that all milk, unless it comes from healthy cows, as determined l)y the tuberculin test and veteri- nary physical examination, and housed, fed and milked under good sanitary conditions, so that the milk at the time of delivery to the consumer does not contain more than 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, be clarified and pasteurized. This, ac- cording to the highest authorities (see l>ureau of Animal In- dustry Circ. No. Ill, entitled "Sanitary Relations of the Milk Supply"), can be most efficiently and economically secured hy the establishment of one or more ])asteurizing plants, conveni- ently located and provided ])y private enterprise, Imt under of- ficial supervision. All milk not certified to fulfill the a])()ve mentioned postulates should l)e delivered as soon as possible after lacing drawn at one of these plants or depots and ])re- pared for distribution. Such a step w^ould result in the crea- tion of suitable conditions for the ])roper handling and storage of milk, sterilization of milk cans and utensils and containers ; and the efforts of local milk dealers to provide decent facilities for their fifty or more dairies, scattered all over the citv and suburbs, all more or less lial)le to infection, could l)e concen- trated in one or two plants with a decided saving of exjiensc. In this connection I w^ould call the attention to what I con- sider the worst defect of the |)resent milk ordinance — that is, that proper cooling of the milk is not insisted upon. Cooling without ice, in a semi-tropical climate, must of necessitv re- main a farce. At the ])ul)lic hearing, when tlie present milk ordinance was discussed before being adopted, l)Oth Dr. W. Ik Ikddwin of the I\lilk C( )m.mission established by the last Legis- lature, and myself objected to the requirement of only 77° F. as the point at which milk must be cooled and kept "until re- moved for delivery thereof/' as being entirely inadecjuate to prevent the rapid multiplication of bacteria w4iich is bound to commence from the moment the milk leaves the udder unless infection or contamination is ])revented by the most rigid sani- tary or hygienic methods as none of these v/ere provided bv tlie ordinance, cooling would seem to have been the one measure that should have been insisted on. However, the argument was advanced that if forced to buv ice many of the smaller dairvmen would l)e driven out of the business or that the ad- 197 vanccd cost of milk resultant upon proper cooling would pre- vent the poorer classes from providing cov;^\s milk for their children and drive them to use the canned article. This was nearly a year ago, since which time I have given close attention to the suhject, and have visited practically every dairy in the city, hesides reading innumerahle re])orts, pamphlets, articles and other pul)lications pertaining thereto ; and 1 have come to the conclusion that as it is a question of life and death (in too large a percentage of cases here) and the choice is hetween filthy uncooled milk (one sample analyzed contained nearly 19.000,000 l)acteria per cul)ic centimeter) and sterilized canned milk, there can he liut one way to decide, even though the remedy (cooling) does drive some producer out of the husiness. The use of ice nnist result in a slight increase in the cost, but, in the language of Prof. Harrington, "the pul)lic needs proper education that clean milk is a necessity, and that infant sickness and funerals can be reduced at least 40 per cent. The filthy producer can even afford to cut prices and take customers away from the other, if customers care to save a cent and make it up in pus and cow dung." ''The most eminent authorities maintain that milk must be cooled to 50° F. and kept there until delivered because the bac- teria multiplv with astonishing rapidity whenever the tempera- ture of the milk is above 50° F., and if disease germs are pres- ent their proliferation augments the chances of infection. A sample of milk which, immediately after drawing, contained 300 bacteria per cul)ic centimeter increased in 24 hours to 10,000,000, while the same milk kept at 50° F. yielded but v30.000, or 1)ut three one-thousandths as many." There is, in my opinion, very little doubt that the local infant mortality can be materiallv reduced here, as in every other city or comnumitv where the milk supply has ])een improved and placed on a modern sanitary 1)asis, under official su])ervision. My ])ersonal observations in connection with those made and reported upon bv the Fegislative Milk Commission have con- vinced me that a reduction of the milk permits issued by the Hoard of Su])ervisors would ])e of mate- rial 1)enefit to the community, if at the same time reasonable 1)ut satisfactory standards for what should constitute a dairy were established and maintained. Idiese conditions shotdd in- clude a healthy herd, the use of pure feeds, appropriate stalling and care, pure water, and clean and prompt handling of the milk, which should be of good com])Osition and quality and so free from pathogenic and unnecessary bacteria as reasonable safeguards can provide. Tf, in spite of such precautions or failure to enforce them, the l)acterial content exceeds 100,000 198 per cubic centimeter, the milk must ])e sent to an officially re- cognized milk dei)()t to undergo such treatment in the line of clarification or ])asteurization, or both, as shall l)e decided upon, the milk thereafter to be issued to the pro- ducer properly labeled or in officially designated containers, and cooled to not less than 50° F., at which temperature it must be maintained until delivered to the consumer. If no ice cool- ing takes place on |)remises where produced, the milk should at least be aerated and cooled bv means of running water and sent to the milk depot immediately after milking is fmished and wdthout any unnecessary delay. All containers in wdiich milk is carried to the depot should be returned to the owner after disinfection with live steam. A reasonable charge for the treatment, as well as for the use of the containers belonging to the depot, and for disinfection of the containers belonging to the producer, should be agreed upon. The system licre suggested will, of course, require the pro- mulgation of a new^ milk ordinance bv the Hoard of Super- visors, and the establishment of rules for the production of two classes of milk, one certified to l)e from clean covv\s in clean dairies, and the other to l)e from clean cows and to have passed through a process of clarification or ]>astem"ization or electri- fying, wdiereby the deleterious 1)acteria and extraneous matter it may have contained has l)een reduced to a minimum. COXCLl^STOX. After a conference between the Committee on Animal Indus- try and the Sanitary Conmn'ttee of the lUiard of Supervisors of the City and County of Honolulu, it was decided that the tuber- culous cows must be removed from the ])renu'ses \^■here milk for human consumption is i)ro(luced, l)ut that the cooling I)rocess, reducing the milk to a temperattn-e of 50° F., should not l)e ado])ted at the ])resent time. The following circular letter v;as signed bv the res])ective officials and a copv thereof, together with an ap|)h"cation blank for tuberculin test, was mailed to each a|)])licant for a ])ermit to sell milk in the Citv and (\)untv of Honolulu. The \^ork of testing the lierds is now in progress, and will be continued until all cattle in the County have l)een tested : "RRI'ORTS T^y OFFICERS OF TIIF DIVISION OF ANIMAT. INDUSTRV. The report of the Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, dealing with various diseases which have l)een assigned to him for in- vestigation, is hercb}^ ])resentcd for tlie perusal of the live stock owners who have l)een unfortunate enough to have tlieir animals become afflicted with anv of the res])ective diseases under con- sideration. 199 It is a pleasure to annoitnce tliat after years of effort the Live Stoek Sanitary Serviee of the Territory has finally 1)een eompleted with the reecnt a])}:»ointment of a Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the Distriets of Kohala and llaniakua on the island of Hawaii. All the ])rineipal Islands are thus safe- guarded against the spread of infectious and contagious dis- ease \\'hich might make its a])])earance and get heyond control hefore measures of ])revention could he taken through the head- ([uarters in I Tonolulu. The Islands of Maui and Kauai have now had I)e])utv Territorial Veterinarians for more than two A'cars, Avhile the De])uty at Ililo, Hawaii, has l)een located there for more than fifteen years. Their respective reports will ]:)r()ve of great interest to the live stock owners who have learned to know them and to ap])reciate their services. Report of the Assistant Territorial Veterinarian. \\\ Lroxard N. Cask, 1). \'. M. (Cornell). I'esides the regular routine work of ins])ection, testing and the examination of ])athological material sent to the lahorator}' for diagnosis, two tri])s were taken to tlie other islands for the ])ur- ])ose of studying outhrcaks of disease among the live-stock. ( )ne tri]) to khnvaii in ?\Iay, 1^)(>), for the ])ur])ose oi studying "Red Water'' in cattle and one tri]:> to Lanai to study a ])eculiar out- l)reak in some Merino Rams rccentl}' imported. ]^Ei) ^^^\■n•:R ix cattli-:. CIiaracfcri:::afi()ii. llaematmda (^r "RVd \\ater" as it is called hy manv is a con- tagious disease of cattle in these islands characterized l)y advanc- ing anemia, emaciation and the ])assage of hlood in the urine. Distribution in the Territory. The Island of Hawaii lias furnished the majority of the cases, the ])rinci])al infected districts heing Kona and i lamakua. A few cases have heen re])orted from tlie Island (vf Vaui. /\s far as known no cases liave a]^])eared on the other islands. kTevation seems to have some effect upon its ])revalence as the majority of cases arc reported frc^m an elevation of hetween 3000 and 4000 feet. Just whv this should he is not ai)i)arent. 200 History. This disease has been known to exist in these islands for a long' time and is considered 1)y many to have been brought here from New Zealand and Australia in early importations. \^ery little had been done in the way of investigation until May of 1909 when an attem|)t to inquire into its cause was made at the Horner Ranch. 1 laiuakua, Hawaii. The ranch in ciuestion furnished 18 cases of the disease, 16 of which were com])aratively recent being of about three weeks duration, the remaining two cases had been showing symptoms for a period of. eight months and were wdiat might 1)e termed clironic cases. Syniptoins. The symptoms of this disease are not many and mostly of a secondary nature and are such as usually attend severe and con- tinued hemorrhage. The most ])rominent sym])tom and the one which gives to the disease the name "Red \Vater" is the voiding of I)loody urine. At first tlie urine is but faintly tin.ged, ])ut as the disease pro- gresses the color l)ecomes deeper and deeper until it is almost the color of pure blood. Urination is more frequent in the affected animals. It is most difficult, in the early stages of the disease, to pick out the aff'ected animals from external appearances. They have not lost much flesh and while in the corral look no different than the others. Uj^on the drive, however, those aft'ected lag behind show signs of weakness and exhaustion and in every instance the urine of these stragglers is blood stained. Closer examination reveals the anemic condition of the animal ; all visible mucous membranes ])ale to wdiiteness ; rapid, weak- pulse and accelerated l)reathing upon the least exertion. Blood E.vaniinatioVi. Vov the sake of convenience in prosecuting the investigation the seven animals selected for study as ])rescnting tlie most ty[)ical symptoms were placed in a corral close at hand wdiere they could be examined daily. I "or the sake of reference the animals were numbered from one to seven, inclusive. \n all cases where an examination was made the blood w^as examined in the fresli and stained ])reparation. In staining smears three stains were used, viz: Jenners, Wrights and Eosin and jMethylene lUue. The ])ercentage of Hacmoglo])rin was deter- mined by Talkjuists TTacinoglol)in Scale and the cellular counts were made witli the Tlioma iraemocytometcr using" the chamber liaving the Za|)|)ert-lAving ruling. Vox reasons given later no l)lood examination was made on Cows No. 1 and No. 7. 201 Tabic of Blood Exaininatious zcifli Differential Leneocytc Count. 4, 200, 000 3,500,000 2 000,000 4,810,00(1 2.500,000 White cells liaeni was made 15,960 16,000 50'/r 16,S00 40^/r 12,500 409r S.500 4D9r was ni;i(le Lymph | Mono J'oly.ni , Eosins Masl CellS ss 7 ' 57 2 ' 76.6 ' 0. IV i 2Q.7^ 0 9 ^ 1 1 '( 0. (/( 1 ^6 A'( S S'^''c 0 2s=^^ 0. v.. w s^ \^.^ '( 0 (^ ' ( 0 l'( 4 1 ^^ 0 s s t 1 '( 0. 1' ( M.i'( c) 2 ''r US ' ( Tlic cellular CvOuiit of the blood of normal cattle as given by a number of observers ranges from 4,200,000 to 5,473,000 of red cells and 1)etween 5,486 and 8,241 of white cells per cmm. Dimock and Thompson obtained the following percentages of the different varieties of leucocytes in the blood of normal cattle. Lym])hocytes Mononuclears rolymorphs Eosins ]\Iast Cells 54.2% 1.4% 30.5% 13.159r 0.59% The above percentages are given as average results. A study of the above tal)le will show that a continual loss of blood had produced an oligocythemia and a marked leucocytosis in all l)ut No. 6, which shows a slight, if any, rise in the number of white cells. The differential leucocyte count docs not mate- rially differ from that found in many normal cattle. A studv of the stained ])reparation in all the above cases dis- closed all those changes dependent upon long" continued haemor- rhage such as poikilocytosis, punctate l)asophilia, ])olychromasia, increase in size of some of the cells and nucleated red cells. The blood of Cow No. 4 i^resented a typical picture, all the different changes in the red cells being present. Blood Parasite. In studving" the blood a coccus-like l)ody was ol)seiwed in some few of the red cells. As sqqw in the fresh preparation it had a faint ])ink color and was motile l)Ut not actively so, taking two hours to cross the cell. Careful focusing u])on it brought out a darker central l)0(ly pro])al)ly a nucleus. They varied in shape according to their movements, but when at rest were always circular. Some few were observed free in the ])lasma, but the entire number of ])arasites, intra-cellular and extra-cellular, wqvq not numerous in an_v preparation. In the fixed ])reparation the parasite took a bright blue stain with all the stains used. Some of the parasites showed very well the darker central spot. In size, as measured by the ]\licro- 202 meter Ocular atid 1/12 oil immersion, they varied from 0.5 to 3.S microns, in form they were always circular and rarely were they found occup}-inj^' a central ])osition in the cell, hein^^ usually situated near the margin. A few were found outside the cell. Morbid /Inatomy. Post-mortem examination failed to reveal any generalized con- dition of disease. In live animals killed a very careful examina- tion proved that all the internal organs were in an apparently normal condition in cver\^ case with the one exce|)tion of the bladder. Of all the organs in the body this is, apparently, the only one attected. When the abdominal cavity is opened and the bladder exposed the Uiiost striking feature in every instance is the marked engorgement of the superficial capillaries and small veins. Almost the entire surface is covered with the sw^ollen net-work, Opoii opening the bladder the ex])osed mucous surface presents a variety of conditions. In some it is covered with raised patches, varying in size and irregular in outline, and varying in color from straw-color to blood-red, thus differing from the remaining ])ortion of the mucous memlirane wdiich is of normal color and thickness. (3ther Idadders will show, besides these irregular patches, ulcers and numerous ])a])dlomata varying in size from 1 mm. to 3 and 4 cm. and blood red in color. Occasionally a bladder will be found the mucous surface of wdiich will l)e thickened and granular througiiout and deep red in color. In almost all bladders will be found a l)lood clot varying in size from one inch in diameter to the size of the closed liand. EfioloQV. A])parentl\^ the only tissues affected are tlie mucosa nd sub- mucosa. In the normal l)la(lder the sul)-mucosa consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue containing a rich ca])i!lary net- w^ork. The mucous surface is composed of stratihed epithelimu of a ty[)e known as transitional. Under the influence of the etiological element of "Red Water" there is a great |)roliferation of connective tissue and dilatation of the ca])illaries, ])ushing u]:) the mucosa and forming the irregular raised |)atcl]es and ])apill()mata found upon macrosco])iial exand- nation. In all cases after a certain length of time ru])ture of the Ca]:)il- laries occurs causing an infiltration of the sul)-nuicosa with blood nuich of wdiicli finds its ^Yay through the loosened and descjuamat- ing ei)ithelium into the bladder staining its contents more or less dee]:)ly and therein" giving rise to the most characteristic sym])tom of the disease. In the meshes of the connective tissue, especially directly under- neath the mucous memlirane, there mav l)e found large numbers 203 of cells for the most part circular in outline and containing" a cen- trally located nucleus which is rich in chromatin taking a deep haematoxylin stain. Some of the cells show a vacuole near the nucleus while in others there is a clear space completely sur- rounding the nucleus. The shape of the nucleus varied from circular to oval and the majority of the cells contain but a single one. In some cells, how- ever, there may be found several chromatin bodies all more or less circular in outline, differing in size some being large some small and scattered anywhere in the protoplasm of the cell. Those cells directly underneatli the mucous membrane and those found in the epithelium itself show very extensive nuclear changes tlie nucleus being divided into many parts of different shapes held together by delicate chromatin threads. Jn those cells containing the single undivided nucleus the protoplasm takes a faint haematoxylin stain, but in many of those cells in whicli the nucleus seems to be in the process of division the cell proto- ])lasm takes a faint eosin stain. This condition may picture a second stage in which tlie original nucleus is undergoing division and has broken up into several parts. Another stage of this parasite seems to l)e tliat in which the cell protoplasm disappears and the nuclear forms are set free. These nuclear forms then become encysted in the epithelial cells of the bladder, which cells having now become infected with wliat might be called the sporozoit and underging des([uamation are passed in the urine and so form the means of passing the infection, b^rom a study of tlie mor])hology, process of division and multiplication of this parasite it would seem that it should be classed as a cocci diuu]. In the stud}' of this disease attention was first directed to the l)arasite found in the red ])l()od cells as the etiological element. Tliis opinion, however, was soon abandoned, first, because from the morj)hol()gy of this ])arasite its similaritv in different animals and tlie fact that only one form could ])e found, it was a])])arent that it was in a resting- and therefore ([uiescent stage. Cover glass pre])arations from liver and s])leen failed to show any different forms the few whicli were found exhi])iting the same form as those found in the circulation ; second, -jiost-nKM-tem exanninations verified the above conclusion ])v showing- that the disease was of a local and not a general character as evidenced by the bladder ])eing the one and only orgain in the bcxly aifected. As far as known in all cases of disease of piro])lasmic origin ])Ost- mortem examination reveals its generalized character, the liver and spleen being- greatly altered in size and consistency, and while examination of the blood may reveal ])arasites in rounded forms only, smears made from the liver and sideen show a variety of forms and in larger numbers; third, this disease shows a haema- 204 tiiria, that is, the [)rcseiice In the urine of the red l)lood cells, in contra-distinction to tlie haemoglohinuria of diseases of piro- plasmic origin. In the consideration of the ahovc conditions attention was forced to some parasite working in the hladder itself and the study of the peculiar cells found in §ucii large nuui])ers in the suh-mucosa lead to the conclusion that they are the etiological factor in this disease. Prc-z'CJifiou. In this disease treatment seems to he of little avail, prevention offering the hest mode of entirely ridding- a locality of this infec- tion. Separate the healthy from the sick animals and transfer them to a clean paddock, slaug^hter at once those animals affected with the disease, burying: or burning those which are too ema- ciated to have any food value. The paddock in which the atTected animals were found should not be used for stock for at least a year. EVE WORM IN CHICKENS. Characfcri.catioji. A parasitism prevalent among chickens in these islands causing- more or less loss and characterized by the presence of the hllaria IMansoni in one or both eyes. D is f rib lit ion. J^llaria were first uoticed in the eyes of chickens in China (Cob- l)old ) and it was, no doubt, introduced from that country and Japan with fowls brouglit here by the Cdu'nese and Japanese. It is found in all parts of these islands though more abundant in some localities than in others. Etiology. The worm which causes the troubde and which is known as the Inlaria Mansoni belongs to the Nematode or Round Worm group. They are Ccipillary worn/is, silvery white in. color, and varying from 10 miu. to LS mm. in length. At present little or nothing is known of their life history, and how they get into the eye and arc transiuitted from one affected bird to another is still a mystery. Inoculation experiments with both ova, young worms and mature worms have failed to produce any results. Syiiiptoins. The most noticeable symptom is a more or less severe con- junctivitis in one or l)oth eyes. The part the worm plays is a ])urely mechanical one, interfering- with the normal working of the eye and setting- up the usual irritation caused by the prolonge-l presence of any foreign body. 205 When the irritation and rcsultin^i:?^ conjnnctivitis is severe the eye is i^reatly inflamed and badly swollen, the dischari^e serous at first soon becomes muco-purulent in character and forms yel- lowish crusts around the maro-jn of the lids ; the l)ird is con- stantly rubbini^: the head ag-ainst the sides of the win,^-s which be- come smeared wnth discliarg-e. ]^>ery mornino; finds the affected eye closed tight, the lids being held closely adherent l)y the dis- charge, but in a short time by constant rubbing the eye may be opened a little. When conjunctivitis is ])resent in one eye onlv there is little or no apparent efi'ect u])on tlie general health of the l)ir(l ; it re- mains lively and keeps in good fiesh. In the mild type the eye soon clears after the worms disappear, but in the severe ty])e the inflammation increases w^ith the result that sight is impaired and the eye lost. When found in both eyes the restdt is total blind- ness. The bird stands Avith liead drawn, in toward the body and the feathers ruffled; driven on by hunger it moves uncertainly here and there in search of food and makes inefi'ectual efforts to pick up tilings from the ground. The natural result of such a condition is starvation and the oidy rcmedv is the axe. The number of worms seems to have little to do with the con- junctival symptoms as at times birds will be fotmd harboring from ten to fifty worms in each eye without apprcntly suffering any inconvenience, at other times three or foiu' w^orms will set u]:) intense irritation. Trcatjncnt, In severe cases which have been allowed to run some time medicinal treatment is of little avail. The man who wishes to make a success of poultr}^ raising nnist necessarily keep close watch of his birds. No case is severe in the beginning although some develop more rapidly than others. Wdien taken at the start the treatment is very simple consisting merely of flooding the eye with some 1)land solution, such as l)orax in water, and removing the w^orms as they appear from under the lids. IMany will l)e washed out entirely, l)ut some will have to be removed with a pair of fine forceps, which is not always easy when there are manv. After all v/orms have been removed the following prescription will be found verv usefid in allaying the inflammation : R Sodii biborat. grs. X A( j iiae Cam phorae Aquae Destil. aa ZVIII Adrenelin Chloridii Zss 206 M S'lg: 3 drops in each eye 3 times daily. When ])irds are fonnd harhorino^ these worms they sliouhl 1)e removed from the lieahhiy and treated immediately and not re- turned to tlie Hock until all symptoms liave disa]:)peare(l. SHEEP nOTFEIES JX CAEIFORNEV KAMS ON Till': ISEAXD OF EAXAI. (>ic hundred Merino Rams imported from California Aui^aist 18th were taken to the Island of I.anai, after a sliort rest at the Quarantine Station at Honolulu, wliere after a ])erio(l of a little over a month and a half thev commenced to die at the rate of three or four a daw An investigation into the cause of the out- hreak was delayed on account of an accident to tlie Territorial veterinarian and wlien liis assistant arrived there remained onlv twenty-two alive out of the original nuinher of one hundred. (H these two were hei;'innin,o' to show sym])toms of sickness therehy iurnisliing" a chance to ol)serve the sym]:)toms from the l)eLi'innini^\ SyinptojJis. Tlie atTected animals showed little desire for food and soon stoj)])e(l eating- altogether. They did not move with the rest of the hock, l)ut stood l)y tliemselves with hack arched, ahdomen drawn up and head hanging low. ddiere was hilateral discharge from the nose, muco-purulent in character and greenish-yellow in color. Considerahle irritation seemed to he present in tlie head as evidenced hy the nervous condition, re|)cated sneezing and shak- mg of the head, continued cham])ing of the jaws and grinding" of the teeth. No deflection of tlic eyes was ohserved, l)ut at times tliey held a strange staring expression and were more or less hlood-shot while the pu])ils were sliglitly dilated. The extreme nervousness of the afflicted animals was shown hy sudden starts, snorting and attem])ts to l)ury the nose in the hushes or litter on the grounck When nil)])ling a little at the grass tliey would suddenly start, take a few^ steps 1)ackward, draw the nose in toward tlie chest and sneeze once or twice as if trying to ex])el some irritating sul)stance, all tlie time grinding tlie teeth. On the day following only one remained alive, the other one having died during the night. Weakness had now hecome so great that the animal could not assume an upright position, hut lay upon its side, l)reathing regularly and the heart heating- one hundred and twenty per minute. The eyes were ])artly closed, hut* hright, the pu])ils were normal, and the conjunctiva slightly con- gested, h^very little wliile the animal would go through run- 207 ning movements with all four Ic^s, keej)ini4' it ii]) for about a minute at a time, durini^- wliieh the head rested upon the side of the nose, the liorns beini^ slightly raised. The eyes were now wide open, turned a trifle downward and th.e ])U])ils so greatly dilated that only a thin rim of the iris could ])e seen. When the ])aroxysm ])assed tlie animal w^ould draw a long l)reath as of relief, the eyes w^ould close and the breathing l)ecome regular; this resting stage would last four or five minutes, sometimes longer, and be followed by another paroxysm until finally death occurred. Auto])sies were performed upon five animals with the follow- ing results : The internal organs of both l)odv cavities were found in an a])])arently normal state in all cases examined. In three cases a very careful examination was made of the head. The nasal mucous mem])rane was fovmd higldy congested but not grcatlv thickened; tlie nasal chambers contained a consi(lera1)le amount of greenish-yellow muco-])urulent material; the maxillary sinuses congested and the nuicous mem1)rane greatly thickened ; the frontal sinuses exhi1)ited a highly infkuned condition the mucous membrane so greatly thickened as to almost fill tlie cavity, the small, lumen left being filled Vvdth a greenish-yellow excretion. A large munber of bots (larval forms of the Oestrus Ovis oi; Sheei) bot-fiy ) of different ages, most of which were nearing maturitv were taken from the frontal sinuses. The brain showed slight congestion over the anterior portion of the cere])ral hemi- spheres. During life smears were made from the nasal discharge and from 1)lood taken from the ear. ddie former showed the usual varietv of liacteria, while the blood shovred nothing a])normal. After death smears were made from tlie heart blocxl, lungs, liver, spleen, kidnevs and intestines, microsco])ical exanunation of which gave n(\gative results. The stains used were Tenners and Methylene ]]lue. Some time was s])ent in careful observation of the other sheep on the ranch and a large ])art of the twenty-five thousand animals were seen at one time or another. Not a sick shec]) was observed among them. During this time certain sym])toms v\ ere o1)servcd vvhich would seem to indicate the jn-esence of the sheep l)ot-fly on tlic island. While quietly feeding and nothing around to alarm them it was noticed that suddenly one Avould start, snort ox sneeze, run a few i)aces with the nose close to the gromid or try to hide the nose in the low bushy patches of grass. Sometimes they would raise the head, turn it quickly from side to side as if dodgin^^ 208 something, nil) the nose agahist the legs, sneeze a few times and then quietly resume feechng. At other times two or three would run together trying to hide their heads in eaeh other's flanks. These aetions all point to the presenee of the bot-fly. PrcTCJitioii and Treat nicjit. The various lines of treatment available are not at all practi- cable when dealing with large flocks. iMedicinal treatment con- sists of smearing the margin of the nostrils with some material ofl'ensive to the flv and pine tar has been highly recommended for tliis ])urposc : ])ut this is oidy ])racticable with small flocks. For tlie range it has been recommended that a log l)ored full of holes with a one-inch augur be placed at different ])oints where the sheep are apt to gather as around w^ater trouglis or s])rings ; the holes are filled with salt and a liberal supjAy of tar ])laced around the edge of each. Sheep as a rule are very fond of salt and in obtaining it from these holes smear their noses more or less with the tar. The injection into the nostrils of benzine, tur- pentine and such like materials causes as much irritation and loss as the ])resence of the grub itself. Extreme care is necessary for successful reults. The trephining of the frontal sinuses and extracting the grubs with forceps or washing them out with a disinfectant cannot l)e ap])lied economically to a large number of animals because of the time and expense involved. In the way of prevention the sheep should l)e ke])t from fly- infested land. If this is not ])0ssi1)le they should l)e inspected at frequent intervals and those animals which appear to be heavily infested with grul)s should be killed and the head burned and the numl)er of flies kept downi in this way. Conclusions. 1st. That the death of the imported rams was due to the in- tense irritation of the larvae of the sheep bot-fly with wliich they were heavily infested. 11(1. That tlie activity of the larvae at this stage was due, perhaps almost entirely, to the change in climatic conditions sur- rounding the rams. 3d. That the affected rams were infested with the larvae be- fore leaving California. 4th. That the actions of the native sheep would indicate the presence of the sheep bot-fly on tlie Island of I.anai, but that these animals were better able to resist their effect than the imported ones. 5th. A careful search of the pastures for poisonous weeds failed to give positive results. Report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for tlie Hilo District for 1909. H. B. Elliot, \L R. C. V. S. (7 cue nil O bsc n 'a tions. The wcatlicr conditions in the Ililo District were, on the whole, more favorahlc than in the previous year, Init other districts suf- fered severely from lack of rain. Serious losses were also in- curred on several ranches from the prolongation of the endemic of Catarrhal Fever, which made its a])pearance in 1908. This reached its heii^ht in the first (juarter of tlie year, and then i^-rad- ually suhsided, only occasional cases IxMug recorded during the warmer months. The mortality among- |)lantation animals was unusually small, and a gratifying feature of this report will he noticed in the fact that hoth the ])lantati()n stahles and the ranches were entirely free from (ilanders. The attention of livestock owmers is directed to the a])parently increasing prevalence of parasitic diseases among native-1)re(l horses and mules, which may at some future time ])rove a matter of serious concern. Port Iiispccfion. During the year 1909 there arrived at the port of Ililo the following livestock, poultry, dogs, cats, and hares : TyTules 153 IhM-ses 13 Cattle 20 Hogs 110 l\)ultrv (crates ) 80 Dogs ' 1 Cats 2 ] Belgian Hares 4 CONTAGIOUS AND INFl^CTIOUS DISEASES. Glanders. During 1009 one case of this disease was detected in the stal)le of a Chinese stage-driver A\hose j^remises are situated in the town of Ililo. Owing to a previous infection in tills stahle a L^— n. A. 210 close supervision had been maintained, and upon the appearance of cHnical symptoms in a second animal, it was immediately de- stroyed. In the absence of notification from the larger stables and ranches we may assume that they have been free from glanders during this period. It may not be amiss, however, to remdnd owners of livestock that failure to notify the authodities of the presence of contagious diseases upon their premises renders them liable to severe penalties, and that, particularly in this disease, early notification of suspicious cases is to their own benefit. Undoubtedly the prevalence of glanders in former years has been largely due to continued reinfection from the Mainland. A striking instance of this danger, and of the necessity for vigilant inspection at the port of shipment is afforded by the case of a horse purchased in San Francisco for export to Hilo which, after being twice submitted to the mallein test and rejected each time, finally developed clinical glanders. Latent cases of this nature are the most dangerous to the community, and the ability to prevent them from being brought into this country is a most important asset in a campaign of eradication. Another source of continued infection on Hawaii has been the presence of what may be termed ''nests" of glanders in out-of- the-way parts of the Island, where, from ignorance of the serious- ness of the disease, it was allowed to spread without any attempt at restriction. Bitter experience has, however, given stock owners a liberal education in this respect, and as they become more en- lightened the danger from this source diminishes from year to year. With the northern districts of this Island under closer veterinary supervision, it may be predicted with some degree of certainty that the eventual eradication of this disease will be only a matter of a few years. Quarantine Station at the Port of Hilo. Since January 1, 1908, at a conservative estimate of $250 per head, about $160,000 worth of horse stock (including mules and asses) have been landed at the port of Hilo. The largest number of animals in quarantine at one time was one hundred and two, and the greatest number of consignments on one vessel was six. The present regulations governing the importation of horse stock make it very necessary that the quarantine facilities at this port shall be considerably extended, and I strongly recommend that proper premises be provided that will accommodate at least one hundred animals, will allow each consignment to be separately isolated, and will furnish the quarantined animals with the 211 shelter and protection that are found in ordinarily equipped pri- . vate stables. The value of a careful veterinary inspection before shipment is illustrated by the fact that no cases of contagious diseases have been detected at this port since the present regulations went into force. The mule stock was consigned to various plantations on this Island, and the quality of the animals was fairly good, although hardly up to the average of the previous year. The number of actually defective animals was small, and the majority conformed to the standard of size and weight. Nb diminution was noticed in the proportion of aged animals — mules already past the prime of life — and it is in this respect that the principal loss of actual value and deficiency in working capacity is incurred by the pur- chasers. Endemic Catarrhal Pezzer. This disease received detailed consideration in my report for the previous year. The endemic reached its height in the first quarter of 1909, and was the cause of very serious losses in some parts of the Island. The greatest proportion of fatalities oc- curred among ranch animals running on pastures at an altitude of several thousand feet above sea level, and was due to exposure to cold winds and driving rain, and to the difficulty of placing the animals under suitable conditions for proper treatment. Where animals could be taken under treatment in time, and where shelter was available, the mortality percentage was much lower. Upon the advent of warmer weather the severity of the outbreak gradually diminished, and since then only occasional cases have been noticed. Actinomycosis, or Lumpy JanK This disease, which has been dealt with at somie length in a previous report of this Board, is reported at various times from different ranches on this Island, although it is very rarely seen on the coast lands. It is necessary to call attention to it again, because it is stated that in some parts considerable laxity and carelessness is shown in handling the affected animals. While the fact must be taken into consideration that inoculation ex- periments with infective material have usually resulted in failure, and that actinomycosis, or lumpy jaw, is not classified among the strictly contagious diseases, ranch managers who wish to keep their stock free from this disease will do well to observe the fol- lowing precautions : ( 1 ) To treat only the animals whose value is sufficient to repay the expense and trouble involved. 212 (2) To isolate all animals under treatment in paddocks re- served for this purpose, and to which no other stock have access. (3) Affected animals of small value should be destroyed so soon as noticed, and the diseased parts either buried or cremated. Miscellaneous Infective Diseases. Osteoporosis. A few sporadic cases of a mildly chronic na- ture were seen among animals working on stage lines; but the severe type of this disease that was common among plantation stock several years ago is very rarely encountered now, and no serious endemic has occurred for some years. Epizootic Cerebrospinal Meningitis. This very fatal disease has not visited the districts adjacent to Hilo for several years, but a few sporadic cases were noted in the Kau District. Tetanus. During 1909 one case of this disease was seen in a stable in the town of Hilo. The history of the case was typical, infection gaining entrance through a punctured wound in the foot. The interesting feature lies in the exceeding rarity of this disease on this Island, this being only the second case noted in fifteen years' practice. This infrequency of occurrence is cor- roborated by the experience of local miedical practitioners, and is remarkable, because the warm, humid climate of the Hilo dis- tricts would appear to form an ideal environment for the propa- gation and distribution of the specific bacillus of this disease.* Parasitic Diseases of Horses and Mules. Species of parasites. The parasites here considered are prin- cipally those confined to the digestive tract, and belong to families widely distributed over the surface of the globe. Advanced cases of Parasitic Anaemia in this country usually present a mixed infection, in which the Ascaris megalocephala, the strongylus armatus, and the strongylus tetracantus are constant factors; in addition, larvae of the oestridae, spiropterae, oxyu- rides, and one or more families of tapeworm may be found. Car- casses are occasionally seen in which all of these parasites are present, and the total number that a single individual may har- bor, and still remain alive, is almost incredible. The case of mixed helminthiasis reported by Krause, and cited by Neumann as the most remarkable on record, would hardly be considered noteworthy on this Island, where post mortem examinatoins fre- *One of the leading surgeons of Honolulu has recently corroborated this observation by expressing his surprise that in a climate where half of the native population go barefoot the year around no more cases of tetanus 'or lockjaw are observed. V. A. IST. 213 quently reveal conditions in which the figures quoted are not either equalled or else surpassed. Occurrence. It is exceptional to find a carcass that is entirely free from parasitic infestation, and it may be safely assumed that at least 90 per cent, of the animals on this Island are affected to a greater or lesser degree. In the majority of cases the number of worms present is not sufficient to cause any perceptible lower- ing of the standard of health, and the host does not suffer any appreciable inconvenience. On the other hand, a change to a less favorable environment is frequently followed by marked de- velopment of the symptoms of parasitic disease. On ranches the mortality during prolonged periods of drought is largely due to this cause, and it is the principal factor in the losses reported among foals, and yearling colts and fillies. A considerable number of the young animals purchased for use at sea level show symptoms of parasitic diseases during the first twelve months, and the percentage of death is very high. Undoubtedly accessory causes contribute largely to this result — change of climate, of food, the excitement of unaccustomed work, and the processes of growth and dentition. Horses from certain parts of the Island appear to be more subject to parasitism than those from other districts, and among these the proportion of badly affected cases is greater in the ''scrub" stock than in the class of animals which show more breeding. Young pack mules appear to be peculiarly susceptible to this trouble, and many fail under the conditions of plantation work. The number of deaths that are seen annually leads to the con- clusion that parasitic diseases are the worst scourge among horses and mules that the Hawaiian stock owner has to contend with, and there are good reasons for believing that this condition is becoming more widely spread and more prevalent with the passage of time. It is a matter of common knowledge that pas- tures that are in continual use sooner or later become tainted with parasitic ova, and it is very probable that the same process is taking place in this country. Symptoms. Very various symptoms may be produced by the presence of parasites in the digestive tract, and it is known that in the past many obscure diseases have been erroneously attrib- uted to this cause. For our purposes, however, we may roughly divide the morbid phenomena exhibited on these Islands into two classes : the chronic, wasting anaemia which results from interfer- ence with digestion, or actual abstraction of chyle and blood; and those arising from invasion of the blood vessels by the agamous form of the Strongylus Armatus. The symptoms of Parasitic Anaemia are ill defined, and have no precise significance. The animal gradually loses weight, and 214 the bony skeleton becomes increasingly prominent under a- hide- bound, staring coat of hair. The mucous membranes are pale and bloodless, sometimes faintly tinged with yellow. The appetite may be capricious, rarely shows serious impairment, and is often voracious until the end. Movements are languid, and exertion quickly provokes fatigue. At times the faeces are diarrhoetic and loose, but more often they are of normal consistency. Lift- ing of the tail frequently reveals the margin around the anus stained with white mucus. In very advanced cases of Parasitic Anaemia paralysis is a frequent complication. Occasionally this paralytic condition is more apparent than real, and results from extreme weakness ; but more often it partakes of the nature of a true paralysis, and is probably caused either by toxic efifects upon the nervous system or circulatory obstruction. The only diagnostic symptom is the detection of the worms or ova in the faecal discharges, and it is noteworthy that some of the worst cases under observation very rarely voided adult parasites, al- though the number disclosed by post mortem examination was almost inconceivable. The symptoms and effects of invasion of the blood vessels by the Strongylus Armatum have already been discussed in previous reports of this Board, This worm, by its pernicious activity in the intestines and circulatory apparatus, is responsible for most of the -losses that are incurred in both of the types of disease mientioned, and, unfortunately, it is the one that offers the most serious resistance to therapeutic measures. In fatal cases of Parasitic Anaemia thousands of these worms will be found cling- ing to the mucous membrane of the bowels, and in exceptional cases they may be encountered in other situations outside of the intestinal canal. Their presence has been noted in fatal attacks of Haemorrhagic Colitis ; they may be safely credited with many attacks of Colic of obscure origin ; and they are almost invariably the direct cause of the sudden deaths from haemorrhage into the abdominal cavity that are seen in plantation stables. Prophylaxis and Therapeutics. It has been proved that many of the species of parasites which infest the digestive tracts of the lower animals gain entrance in the form of ova or embryos dur- ing the processes of ingestion of food or water, and it has been assumed that this method of ti-ansmission is common to all of those found in the intestines of the horse. The almost accidental discovery of the method of entrance through the unbroken skin of the human parasite, theAnkylostomum' Duodenalis or "hook worm," suggests the possibility that the strongyles of the horse, whose life history has not been fully revealed, may be discovered to be an exception to this general rule. Neumann very properly remarks ''that the prophylaxis of in- 215 testinal helminthiasis is necessarily vague, as we do not know the conditions upon which the development of the intestinal entozoa depend. The purity of food and of drink, the use of dry pastures and the exhibition of a tonic nourishment are almost the only general measures that can be recommended." Ranches upon v/hich large herds of horses graze over a wide tract of country are, therefore, not afforded much scope for self-protection, and the only apparent procedure which might promise successful eradication, namely, burning over large areas of grass land in periods of dry weather, is one that is rarely practicable. On the plantation it may be safely surmised that the principal source of infection is the pasture usually adjacent to the stable in v/hich the stock are turned loose when not working; and this is especi- ally true when this pasture is a fifteen or twenty-acre field, used year after year for this purpose, not always well drained, and always covered with just sufficient verdure to tempt the animals to crop the grass. A small paddock, scraped bare of vegetation, is ample provision for the needs of the well-fed, hardly-worked plantation mule, and contains fewer elements of danger. The objects of therapeutic treatment must be two-fold, namely, to sustain and increase the vitality of the patient, and to expel the offending parasites. To secure the first an abundant supply of nutritious food and pure water, comfortable surroundings, and carefully regulated exercise are essentials. Molasses or rock salt will be found useful adjuncts to the daily rations. Where the external environment is prejudicial from some cause or other, removal to more favor- able surroundings will often effect a complete and lasting cure. Young native-bred horses, even when in advanced stages of this disease, if returned to those higher altitudes that they have been accustomed to in earlier life, and properly cared for as regards food and work, usually regain condition without the adventitious aid of drugs. This is the practice adopted by a transportation company in Hilo, who are probably the largest purchasers of na- tive-bred stock on the Islands, and it has been found very suc- cessful. When resort to medicinal treatment is unavoidable, the pros- pects of a favorable termination depend very greatly upon the stage of the disease. If the subject is still in unimpaired health, the risk attending large doses of drastic remedies is lessened, and the chances of recovery are excellent ; the intermediate stage, at which time treatment is usually commenced, offers a very un- certain prognasis ; and the final stage, when emaciation and weakness are pronounced, is almost invariably hopeless. Theo- retically, the proper course to adopt would be to submit these young animals indiscriminately to treatment when they are first brought into the stable, but practically this is attended with much 216 difficulty. Forcible administration of medicines to half-broken, refractory animals is always a dangerous operation ; if attempted, certainly the medicament should be given in capsules rather than in the shape of drenches. Powdered drugs, given with the food, do not possess much efficacy, although ascarides may be expelled by this method. A useful prescription for this purpose is the following : Tartrate of antimony 2 drams Santonin 1 . dram Calomel 40 grains given in the feed once a day for four or five days in succession. Tartrate of antimony, which appears to be highly valued in Ger- many as a vermifuge, has also- the great advantage of being ad- ministrable in the animal's drinking w^ater, and from 2 to 4 drams may be given in this vehicle three or four times in the same day at intervals of three hours. The principal obstacles to successful treatment are undoubt- edly the large comparative area of the equine intestine, and the dilution and absorption the vermifuge undergoes before coming into contact with the caecum and colon. To overcome these there are certain conditions that must be observed: the patient must be fasted for twelve or eighteen hours before treatment; and vermifuge is to be conjoined with, or preferably followed by, a dose of purgative m^edicine. Good results have been obtained with thymol, oil of turpen- tine, extract of male shield fern, tartrate of antimony, santonin, kamala, creolin, and other drugs. Those mentioned have all been used extensively in this practice at different times, and the most profitable prescription has been found to be a mixture of 3 ounces of oil of turpentine, 2 drams of male shield fern, and from 8 to 10 ounces of linseed oil ; given daily for three or four days, and repeated as often as found necessary. Judging from the very effective treatment of human "hook worm" disease, thymol would appear to be the appropriate drug for the expulsion of strongyles, and is commonly used for this purpose in Great Britain. In at- tempting to find the best methods of administration, two Ha- waiian-bred horses, about 750 pounds in weight, and unmistak- ably affected with Parasitic Anaemia, were placed under treat- ment as follows: (1) Fasted for eighteen hours previously, no food being given during treatment. Thymol, IS grains dissolved in 1 ounce of alcohol, given in milk three times at intervals of three hours. Purgative next day, castor oil. Results — nil. (2) Same enforced abstention from food. Thymol, 2 drams, added to solution containing 4 ounces of magnesium sulphate. 217 Given three times at intervals of three hours. The mixture i? chemically incompatible, and difficult to administer unless the thymol is added immediately before administration. Results — free purgation; both animals voided large numbers of ascarides ; only a few strongyles. (3) Fasted as before. Thymol, 2 drams given in capsules, three doses at intervals of three hours. Purgative, 12 ounces of Glauber's salts. Results — free purgation; a few ascarides; no strongyles seen; toxic effects noticed in one animal after third dose. Shortly after the last experiment one horse died, and its stable companion, being in a hopeless state, was slaughtered. The au- topsies on each revealed very extensive parasitic infection, the intestines from the duodenum to the rectum containing a writh- ing, wriggling mass of thousands of active, healthy worms. The action of the thymol upon the strongyles was evidently very slight, and inclines one to receive with dubiety published reports of cures effected with doses of 15 and 20 grains. Report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for tlie Hilo District for 1910. By H. B. Elliot, M. R. C. V. S. G eneral 0 bservations. This period was an unusually favorable one for livestock on the plantations throughout the Hilo districts, the mortality per- centages b^ing low and the amount of serious disease very small. The improvement in the situation with regard to glanders noted in my previous report was continued, and I am pleased to be able to record that no cases of this disease were seen. The catarrhal fever affecting the respiratory tract of equines appeared in some stables, but the cases were of a benign nature, and there was very little spread of infection among in-contact animals. Osteopo- rosis, on the other hand, was slightly more prevalent than for some years past; several reports of spontaneous fracture being undoubtedly due to this cause, and other cases of more typical form were noticed in the smaller stables belonging to stage- driveis and storekeepers. A few cases of tuberculosis in cattle were diagnosed by the use of the tuberculin test, and there is 218 probably a promising field for its application among the local dairies in the vicinity of the town of Hilo. The writer visited the Pacific Coast during the last tvv^-o months of the year, and, at the request of the Territorial Veterinarian, has appended to this report a brief summary of his observations regarding the condi- tion governing the livestock market there. Port Inspection, During the year 1910 there arrived at the port of Hilo the following livestock, poultry, etc. : Mules 183 Horses 26 Cattle 4 Dogs 1 Poultry (crates) 57 Quarantine Facilities at the Port of Hilo. In my report for the year 1909, reference is made to the neces- sity of providing more extended accommodations at this port for the quarantining of imported animals in accordance with the regulations of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Our ex- periences since then have amply justified those observations, and compel me to again draw attention to our lack of facilities for the proper administration of these regulations. The present system entails much additional expense to the importer, and, in the event of the occurrence of those heavy and continuous rain- storms which are liable to sweep over this locality at any time, valuable animals are subjected to actual danger of sickness and loss of life. One consignment* of one hundred and two mules were exposed, from lack of proper shelter, to drenching rains during the whole of their quarantine period, and, although for- tunately the amount of actual sickness was not great, the loss of condition among these animals was most marked. The question of feeding so many animals in an open pasture also presents many disadvantges ; a number of the animals were kicked and bruised, at least one-fourth of the hay given was trampled in the mud, and some of the mules Were unable to obtain sufficient food in spite of the ample quantities that were delivered. I personally accompanied this consignment from San Francisco to Hilo, and must admit that the element of risk to these animals was greater in quarantine at. this port than at any other stage of their journey, either on the train or during a rough passage over the ocean. This is a matter that can only be remedied by ^Quarantined January 8-21, 1911. 219 the erection at this port of a well-equipped, modern quarantine station on the same lines as the one at the port of Honolulu, with possibly some modifications to meet the severer climatic condi- tions due to the excessive rains. Milk and Meat Supply of the Toivn of Hilo. Meat. Animals for the supply of the local market are killed in a private slaughter-house without either ante- or post-mortem examination for the purposes of determining- the presence of dis- ease communicable to human beings. The sanitary condition of this slaughter-house is controlled by the regulations of the Board of Health, and comes within the province of the local inspectors of that Board. On the whole it may fairly be said that in spite of the absence of strict supervision of these food products the market in Hilo is exceptionally well served both in the quality of the meat sold and its freedom' from disease. This is due to the fact that the trade is in the hands of reputable individuals, and that their supplies are principally drawn from the local ranches, where the percentage of such communicable disease is very small. It is not believed that there is any immediate need for the introduction of governmental restriction and inspection in the marketing of these products. Milk, This trade suffers from a combination of unfortunate circumstances, and presents a much more difficult problem for consideration. The dairies are owned mostly by Portuguese and Japanese, and, as at present managed, appear to be barely re- munerative, although milk retails at a price that would seem to afford a fair profit. The cattle used are of inferior quality, and are pastured upon lands too infertile for the growth of cane and not of much value for any other purpose. The buildings, if not actually insanitary, are very unsuitable for the use they are put to, and in some instances are in a dilapidated state of unrepair. The methods of obtaining, handling, and marketing the milk are, to speak mildly, exceedingly primitive. The introduction of a system of periodical testing and careful physical examination at frequent intervals of the dairy cattle would am.eliorate some of the worst conditions, but is not, of itself, sufficient to guarantee the provision of a pure, uncontaminated supply of milk ; and the issuance of a complete set of modern milk ordinances would probably put 50 per cent, of these smjall dealers out of business on account of lack of capital to comply with the requirements. The roots of the problem lie in the lack of capital, poor pasturage, and the absence of an intelligent application of those principles which experience teaches are absolutelv necessary for the profit- able marketing of dairy products. The simplest and most ef- fective method of dealing with this question would be the estab- 220 lishment by local capital of a model dairy, and provided that a suitable location could be obtained, and that the enterprise was placed under competent management there is reason to believe that this would offer an opportunity for lucrative investment. In the absence of this, I may briefly suggest the most practicable miCthod of dealing with the situation: The issuance of an ordinance: (a) introducing an improved system of licenses renewed at frequent* intervals with issuance dependent upon a proper observance of the regulations of the ordinance; (b) compulsory labelling with the name of the owner of vehicles, cans, packages, etc.; (c) specifying certain neces- sary details in the construction of milking sheds — i. e., the na- ture of the flooring, provisions for a supply of running water, etc.; (d) enforcing and specifying methods of cleanliness in stables and in the processes of milking, and handling and mar- keting the milk; (e) prompt notification of illness among pro- ducers and handlers of milk; (f) enforcing periodical applica- tion of the tuberculin test and physical examination of all dairy cattle. At the start these regulations should be as simple and elemen- tary as possible, and the detail of additional expense occurring to the dairyman in complying v/ith the ordinance must be kept carefully in mind. In the course of time the growth of public sentiment will compel strengthening of the w'eak places in the ordinance, and new regulations can be put into force which will then meet with little opposition. The increase of population in this town demands that at any rate a beginning shall be made towards the improvement of these conditions either by the Ter- ritorial or local authorities. The Mule Market on the Pacific Coast. During the latter part of the year the writer traveled exten- sively through Northern California, Oregon, and Washington, and was afforded an excellent opportunity of studying the con- ditions prevailing in the livestock market there, particularly with regard to the available supply of mules. Statistics show that the number of mules in the tv/p Northwestern States is compar- atively small, and my experience compels the opinion that there is very little promise at present of this section of the mainland affording an available supply for the Hawaiian plantations. In California there does not appear to be any mule market in the strict sense of the word, and sound, workable animals ap- pear very occasionally in the auction rings. The demand for such animals is keen and the price is apparently regulated by the incHnation, or necessity, of the farmer to sell; there is evi- 221 dently no fixed scale of values. Speaking generally, however, it may be said that the prices asked for animals suitable for agri- cultural work on these Islands ranges from $200 to $350, accord- ing to age and weight, and where the latter, which is a "fancy'' figure, is asked, the animal is exceptionally fine, and the seller is indifferent whether a sale is effected or not. It v/as my opinion that the Hawaiian planters could purchase their livestock to bet- ter advantage by establishing a buying agency at San Francisco, in charge of an expert ; this appears, in the present state of the market, to be doubtful, because the scarcity of mules for sale makes the scope for selection very limited, unless the buyer is prepared to pay the higher prices that are asked. Excepting small bunches collected by local dealers, thrown on the market by the termination of construction contracts, or by the ranches, the salable animals are scattered throughout the State in twos or threes on the valley farms, and if the number of m.ules re- quired is large recourse must be had to the medium of dealers who know the country and where the animals can be obtained. It is my opinion that, where fair value is given for the money, the average price paid by the planter now would seem to repre- sent not more than a reasonable profit to the dealer when his incidental expenses — locating the animals, feeding, testing, and shipping — are taken into account. There does not appear to be any ground for suposing that the present high prices will decline in the near future ; indeed, the indications may be said to point the other way. Until the later nineties the supply of mules at all times outstripped the demand ; then came the heavy drain for purposes of warfare and big ex- portations to Hawaii and the British colonies, followed by an unprecedented influx of population, the placing of wide areas of new land under cultivation, the development of immense con- struction projects all over the Pacific Coast, and an increased de- mand from the cities. This demand for power is bound to keep on increasing, and can only be met by breeding more animals or the substitution when possible of mechanical for animal power. The prevailing high prices for mules may cause breeders to pay more attention to this branch of their industry, but, and this applies equally to local conditions on these Islands, so long as the rancher or farmer can get equally good prices for horses there is very little inducement for him to embark in the hazard- ous and expensive business of raising mules. The commiercial motor will eventually displace many horses on the city streets, but as yet it can hardly be said to have evolved from the experi- mental stage. The prosperity which has accrued to the farmer in more recent years provides him with means to experiment with costly mechanical devices, and a gasoline traction engine, 222 the "caterpillar," which displaces at least twenty-four head of mules, is gradually being introduced onto the level fields in the Californian valleys. So far the basis of experience with this machine is too slight to form an opinion as to whether the farmer can operate it successfully or not; certainly it will require con- siderable mechanical ability on the part of the owner or his em- ployes to keep it in constant use. Finally, we may say that the price of mules must always bear a certain relation to that of horses, and that this will have at all times a steadying effect upon the market. At present mules from the Eastern markets are being brought in increasing numbers to the Pacific Coast, and these sources of supply might be a profitable subject of investigation from the point of view of the local importers. The obvious solution of the problem of obtaining mules for the Hawaiian plantations, namely, the development of the local supply, is the one that should be adopted, and every encourage- ment should be given to stimulate this industry. There is every reason to believe, judging from the statistics relating to importa- tion in previous years, that the local market can be entirely sup- plied by the ranches on these Islands. Animals equal in every respect to those imported have been raised on Hawaii, and what has been done in a few instances can be repeated almost indefi- nitely if the proper conditions are observed. But the ranch com- pany or owner intending to go into this business should only do so after giving the matter careful consideration. It is useless to endeavor to grow heavy mules on lands only fitted for sheep grazing; an ample supply of good feed during all seasons is an absolute necessity. Good jacks and large sized mares are also necessary factors, and probably it will be found that the busi- ness can only be conducted successfully on those ranches where the home-bred mares have already been graded and improved in size. When recourse must be had to importations of mares for this purpose, preference should be given to young, unbroken range mares of a type that can adapt themselves to local condi- tions, and are sufficiently heavy to produce good-sized stock. The idea of introducing broken-down city mares for mule breed- ing is ludicrous and a waste of money. The development of this industry will require time arid the investment of consider- able capital, but with an advantage of at least $50 per head in favor of the local breeder it will prove profitable, and each year will see an increasing number of suitable native-bred mules placed upon the local market. Report of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian lor the District of MauL By J. C. Fitzgerald, M. R. C. V. S. I herewith beg to submit my report as Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for the Island of Maui, for the years 1909 and 1910. Probably the most noticeable features of this period have been the improvements made in animal husbandry methods, such as the feeding and care of work animals in general, and a steady decline in the number of outbreaks of glanders. The building of veterinary hospitals and the remodelling of stables, cow-sheds and barns have added much to the welfare and conservation of the animals of the district. The efforts of the Board of Agri- culture and Forestry in providing supervision and advice has been appreciated by the livestock owners themselves, and every assistance has been given the writer in accomplishing the work that has been done. ANIMAL DISEASES ON MAUI. Glanders. It is gratifying to notice that the number of outbreaks of glanders and also the number of animals slaughtered is steadily decreasing. This is, of course, accounted for principally by the number of animals that have been slaughtered, ceasing as con- veyors of this disease. Twenty-three outbreaks have occurred during two years. As a result of these, 47 animals have been slaughtered, and some 480 which were in contact with them were subjected to the Mallein test. The figures below are given show- ing the decrease in outbreaks and numbers of animals slaught- ered during 1910: 1909 — IS outbreaks 34 destroyed 1910— 8 " 13 The outbreaks encountered have chiefly been situated in Cen- tral Maui, and their origin has been in most instances traced to some ill-fed, ill-kept animal, usually the property of an Oriental. It has now become an established rule in all the plantation stables that no animal, other than those owned by the comipany, is per- mitted the use of the stable or watering troughs, and that no animal is purchased or allowed to be stabled on the premises 224 without first undergoing a veterinary examination. The chief source of danger remaining as a distributor of glanders is the public road side ''tie-up" post, and it is the writer's opinion that more cases are contracted from them in this country than by any other means, as the public watering trough, which is a doubtful kindness, is practically unknown in the island. This statement is chiefly based on the fact that in the majority of in- oculated cases with skin lesions and in most cases of epizootic lymphangitis the eyes are the principal seat of infection, and the lesions are first noticed in that vicinity. It is therefore strongly advised that these ''tie-up" posts be disinfected at least every vv^eek with a solution of bichloride of mercury, 1 in 500. Cerebro Spinal Meningitis. Cerebro spinal meingitis is by far the most fatal disease amongst horse stock in the Islands today, and it is a regrettable fact to note that it is undoubtedly on the increase. Within the past two years some 25 cases have been brought before the v/riter's notice, 15 of these having proved fatal, and in the ma- jority of cases so rapidly so that no treatment could be admin- istered. This number is against 10 deaths from other causes. These figures show that the death rate amongst horse stock from this disease alone is higher than from, all other causes (glanders excepted). The seasons of 1909 and 1910 have been exception- ally rainy, which may to some extent account for the increase of this disease over previous years, as there is no doubt in the writer's mind that the chief cause is a fungoid toxemia pro- duced by eating moldy foodstuffs.. In July, 1910, just after a very heavy wet spell, I was called one morning about eight o'clock to a private stable containing nine saddle and driving horses, the owner stating that one of these had, after eating its breakfast, fallen down and was unable to arise. Upon arriving I found the animal suffering from cerebro spinal meningitis in its most acute form, and in a coma- tose condition. Death took place about half an hour after my arrival. Whilst a post mortem examination was being made, the stable boy came to tell us that two more of the horses were down. I returned to the stable and found them both in about the same condition as that in which I had first seen the animal already dead, although they had been examined and appeared quite normal but an hour previous. Shortly after this another was attacked, and before evening all four were dead. Four of the remaining five animals were also affected, but their cases being much milder they recovered under treatment. A search was made for a feasible cause for this condition. This was con- tinued for some time unsuccessfully, until, being informed by 225 the stable boy that new barley and oats had been received three days previous, I examined the bottom of the grain bins and the remainder of the old grain which, owing to the heavy rain hav- ing beaten through the walls of the feed room, had become wet and was covered with green mold. In this connection it should be observed that the only horse of the nine in the stables who did not contract this disease was a new arrival and had been fed only with the new grain. The bins were cleaned out and the grain was given to an Oriental with the understanding that it should be cooked and fed to his pigs only. However, one week later I was called to this man's premises and found two horses suffering from cerebro spinal meningitis. After much beating about the bush I finally elicited from him the statement that he had fed some of the old grain to the affected animals. This case has simply been mentioned in support of the fungoid toxemia theory, and also as a warning to stock owners during the rainy season. Tetanus. Although this disease is rather rare in the Hawaiian Islands outside of Honolulu and its vicinity, four cases have neverthe- less appeared on Maui in the past two years. Experimental treatments were adopted in each individual case with a view to testing the large dose theory of antitetanic serum which was sug- gested by one of the leading German physicians. The results of these experiments proved very satisfactory, as three of the four animals recovered. The method adopted in each case was upon diagnosis to inject subcutaneously four doses of Messrs. Parke, Davis and Company's antitentanic serum at one time. This was repeated every six hours until the tetanic symptoms abated. The dose was then gradually reduced for about eight days and the interval gradually increased. The curative properties of anti- tetanic serum have been at all times questioned, but probably this is accounted for to a great degree by the fact that the dose has nearly always been insufficient. If any conclusions should be drawn from the above mentioned four cases, it will be that antitetanic serum certainly does possess curative properties when given in sufficiently large qmntities, and that no harm can be done by administering a dose greater than that required to neu- tralize the toxins already formed. IJz'cr Fluke Disease. This disease is so comnnon in the low-lying lands of this Island that it is safe to say that almost 80% of the cattle graz- ing anywhere in the cane belt or on the irrigated lands or in the 15— B. A. 226 pastures where the irrigation ditches run is affected to a greater or lesser degree. On the other hand, the chsease is extremely rare in the mauka lands, and it is unusual to see an affected liver in cattle from those districts. The writer has had the oppor- tunity to confirm these observations from the periodic examina- tion of carcasses slaughtered for food purposes. As it is im- possible to fence in the irrigation ditches in the pastures and so combat this condition without cutting up the pastures in such a manner as to make them entirely unfit 'for the requirements of a cattle ranch, troughs have been placed in all the pastures in convenient positions so that the cattle may have free access to salt and bone meal. It is believed that this step will prove very effective in diminishing the prevalence of this disease. Tuberculosis. Several of the principal ranch dairies were subjected to the tubercuhn test during the year 1909 by request of the ovVners. These tests were made with very satisfactory results, as for example one dairy of 80 head of milch cows gave only five re- actors. These animals were slaughtered and post-mortem ex- aminations made which proved that in each instance that the animal was suffering from tuberculosis. This in conjunction with the number of carcasses that have been examined at the slaughter-houses, a few of which have shown lesions of tuber- culosis, would tend to indicate that this disease is not very prev- alent on Maui. Only four carcasses were condemned in 1909 as unfit for food on account of tuberculosis. During the latter part of 1910 a supply of official tuberculin ear tags and a brand- ing iron to be used on the reacting cattle were received from, the Honolulu offiice, and the work of making a systematic test of all dairy herds was begun. The test of two dairies was completed, one showing five reactors out of 13 cows, while the other gave only three out of 20. Owing to the extremely heavy rains this work had to be stopped until conditions should be more favor- able for a satisfactory and thorough completion of the work. VETERINARY HOSPITALS. Two veterinary hospitals have been installed on Maui, one at Spreckelsville by Mr. F. F. Baldwin, manager of the Hawaiian Cbmmercial and Sugar Company, and the other at Paia by Mr. H. A. Baldwin, manager of the Maui Agricultural Company. These hospitals have been built and equipped in such a manner that nearly any medical or surgical treatment can be adminis- tered on the plantation in a way that could not have been con- templated before their erection. In their construction every- 227 thing has been done to economize time and labor and at the same time to allow for treatment impossible under the old conditions. For the benefit of the readers a description of one of these hos- pitals might be of interest. The Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company's hospital at Spreckelsville is a building 90 feet long by 30 feet wide, with a span of roof 25 feet high at the apex. The foundation is of concrete sunk 18 inches into the ground. The hospital is situated some 500 feet from the main stable, quite close to the sea, and in one of the healthiest locali- ties on the plantation. It stands in its own grounds of about two acres, and is surrounded by a ring fence 5 feet 6 inches in height. The building is divided, as the appended ground plan shows, into an office, store-room, operating-room and eight loose boxes. The floors are all of concrete, and the building is practically vermin and mosquito proof. Loose Boxes. These are 12x12, and are equipped with beams and carriages, so that any animal may be placed in slings when- ever necessary. The mangers as well as the feed and water boxes are portable, so that they can be taken out for disinfec- tion and cleansing and also in case any projecting fixture might be a source of danger to a patient. The floors are composed of oiled macadam sloping to a drain, and have as bedding about 18 inches of fresh beach sand, which is changed whenever neces- sary, and after each patient has been discharged. The doors are regular half-doors, the upper half being substituted by a wire gauze screen when left open. Pillar rings are placed in each stall in convenient positions for securing animals' heads after blistering and restraining ''bandage biters."' Operating Room. This is a room 30 feet by 30 feet, built with double tongue-and-groove and with a grooved soncrete floor. It is equipped with foot and shovv^er bath and washing sink. Light is supplied by eight windows placed on twt) sides and by two large skylights immediately over the operating table. The nec- essary plumbing for all forms of irrigation and cold water treat- ments is supplied. Animals undergoing the cold water treatment in cases of lameness are restrained in narrow standings 4 feet wide which are supplied with pillar reins and slot bars, the water being furnished from pipes projecting from the wall some 5 feet above the middle of the animal's back and to which flexible rub- ber pipes are attached. A stock is placed in one corner for minor operations and for dressing fractious animals. A casting bed is provided in the hospital yard for young and wild animals which could not well be restrained for operation without dan- ger of injury in the operating room. Dispensary and Storeroom. These are both of painted tongue-and-groove, double walled. The dispensary is 20x12, and 228 the storeroom 10x12. They both have smooth finished concrete floors. The dispensary is fitted with sink, dispensing tables, shelves, dust-proof instrument cases and desk, and has also a complete equipment of drugs and surgical instruments. It might be added that the building is so constructed and the drainage is such that absolute cleanliness may be attained with very little effort, and the entire place is thoroughly disinfected daily. The hospital yard is divided into the yard proper and a small pasture of about half an acre in which convalescents can take sun baths and exercise. A sand bath is in the course of construction, and will be a valuable addition. HYGIENE AND MEAT INSPECTION. A systematic inspection of stables, dairies, piggeries, and slaughter-houses has been instituted and carried out during the past two years, with a view to the betterment of the general health and hygienic conditions ; the various plantations have paid considerable attention to this subject, and many improvements have been made, notably the erection of new stables, remodel- ing of dairies and building of veterinary hospitals, which will be described later. Stables. All stables are white-washed and disinfected every six months, and, wherever necessary, more frequently. Wherever possible cement flooring has been put down in feed rooms and feed passages, and all possible precautions have been taken to exclude rats and mice. Attempts have been made from time to time to lessen the number of flies which congregate in the stables and which are not only a menace to the comfort of the animals, but frequently a source of great danger in transmitting the infection when contagious diseases are in the vicinity. This has been accomplished to a great extent by using' fresh beach sand in place of the cane trash used as bedding heretofore, and which when fermentation of the sugar juice took place w^as a great attraction to flies. This sand bedding is changed every month, or more frequently if necessary. All stable manure and refuse is removed from the stables daily and dumped at a con- siderable distance. Dairies. General inspections have been made of dairy cattle, dairies and milk utensils. Concrete floors have in nearly all in- stances been substituted for the old-time wooden ones in the milking sheds and milk rooms. Under the old conditions it was almost impossible to keep these in a sanitary state. Every eflfort is made to keep all dairies and their surroundings in per- fect sanitary condition. Horse Bath in Operating Room. !'',.iii 1_' Dispensiiry, Camp I Hospital. Interior of Loose Boxes, Camp I Hospital. au' lo. Cold Water Treatment Apparatus, Camp I Hospital , i^-h^:'^- V ^ S ' '-. '" "" - Exterior of New Stables, Camp I riaU' 44. Interior of Half of New Stables, Camp I. 229 Slaughter-houses. The writer has endeavored as far as pos- sible to institute a system of meat inspection which woukl insure the marketing of clean and healthy meat, but owing to the scat- tered location of the slaughter-houses and the limited amount of time at his disposal it is far from what could be desired. Thanks, however, to the courtesy of the proprietors of these establish- ments, the work has been greatly facilitated, and many carcasses v/hich heretofore would have been marketed have been held for inspection before being offered for sale, on the grounds that the owners considered them to be of a suspicious nature. Owing to this system many carcasses have been cojidemned as unfit for food during the past two years. Food Stuffs. On January 23, 1910, the S. S. 'TTyades" ar- rived in Kahului with a consignment of barley for the various plantations and stores on Maui. This barley had become wet on the trip and was fermented and moldy. As an outbreak of cere- bro spinal meningitis had occurred the previous week, due to the animals eating moldy barley, and several valuable horses had died, I was requested by the consignees to examine this ship- m.ent. As a result of this examination the barley was condemi^ied and returned to the Coast. Report of Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai, 1909-1910. By A. Reginald Glaisyer, D. V. M. I have the honor to submit for your consideration a brief sumnxary of conditions, from a veterinary standpoint, in the County of Kauai, since m}'^ arrival here March 31, 1909. There have been but two outbreaks of a serious nature, viz. : one of the spinal meningitis during May, 1910, in the Hana- maulu stables of Lihue Plantation, and one of Sclerostomum Equinum at Kilauea Plantation in July, 1910, with which vou are personally conversant. The first named was stopped with a loss of four head and the second with a similar loss of four head. Since then there has not been a recurrence of either disease on these plantations. It is encouraging to report that in these two years, we have not encountered a single case of glanders, and am unable to hear 230 of aii}^ for many years past, so that we may consider this Island to be free from that particular scourge. In this connection it is earnestly to be recommended that some action be taken to insure this condition by the adoption of an inter-island inspection, which shall be to prevent this disease en- tering by means of horses or mules, purchased by private parties in Honolulu, Hilo or elsewhere. There are not many brought in now, but such as are should be inspected to insure us our present immunity. This would in no w^ay interfere with the shipment of horses and mules from the Coast to this point, and would work no hardship to the importers of large numbers of stock, as they have previously had their B. A. I. examination by the Federal authorities. Also in this connection mention should be made of the utmost .necessity of a quarantine station on this Island to the end that animals may be shipped direct to this point without the addi- tional cost of quarantine, feed, care, etc., in Honolulu, which usually adds 10 to 15 per cent, to the cost price of the animal. The outlook, as far as tuberculosis is concerned, is not quite so encouraging. A number of herds have been tested with tuberculin with varying results, in only one of w^hich have we failed to get a reaction. The percentage has been from three (3) to tw^enty-five (25) per cent. It is very gratifying to state that in all herds and dairies tested all animals reacting have been at once destroyed with the cordial consent of the owners, and also to note that in nearly every instance post mortem ex- amination has shown the disease to the satisfaction of all par- ties concerned. The new intra-dermal reaction has not as yet been tried on this Island, but wdll be in the near future. Although to a large extent destroyed by frogs, the liver fluke continues to infest the cattle, and can be found in nearly every animal butchered, but does not cause as great a loss in the herds as formerly. The routine practice, as far as the plantations are concerned, consists chiefly of lameness, minor operations, pneumonia, colics, etc. It has been very striking in this regard to note the large percentage of colics clue to volvulus and invagination of the in- testine, of course terminating fatally. A record has not been kept, but, roughly speaking, it is thought that 15 per cent, would not be a bad estimate. By far the larger number of colics are impaction, chiefly of the large colon, undoubtedly due, in our es- timation, to the ingestion of chopped cane tops, upon which the mules of this section are universally fed. There have been a number of improvements and buildings for stabling stock in the last two years, amongst which may be noted an addition to stables at Kekaha, modern building for stabling 231 two hundred and fifty (250) head, with good water supply, veterinary operating room and table, etc., at Makaweli ; new stable entire at Hanamaulu, and new one being erected in mauka lands of same plantation, veterinary hospital, table, accessories at Kealia, and the same in contemplation at McBryde and Kil- auea. It is also noticeable that the quality of stock being raised in the Island is being rapidly improved by good selection, both cat- tle and horses. Mules have been and are being raised at Koloa large enough to do all forms of plantation work, though sired by an inferior jack. It is to be regretted that an imported jack, on this plan- tation, died before serving many mares, but such progeny as he got are of great promise, and to the writer have fully demon- strated the feasibility of raising large mules on this Island. Ke- kaha also raises a number of miules from a native jack, which are invaluable as pack animals, and make very serviceable mounts for field lunas. Kilauea has also recently imported a heavy stal- lion and jack and will raise their own work animals in the future. In conclusion, the office of the Deputy Territorial Veterinarian wishes to express its appreciation of the support of the planta- tion managements, the County Supervisors, and the populace at large. Board of Agriculture and Forestry* PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked • ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu. BOARD. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestrj^ for 1900; 66 pp. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902 ; 88 pp. * First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and -b'orestrv, irom July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates. Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the ])ionnial period ending December 31, 1910; 240 i)p. ; 45 i)l;ites. "Notice to Importers," by 11. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. "Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. "Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherc Rules and Reg" ' tions Piohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- tory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. "Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey." General Circular No. 3; 7 i)p. ; 1908. "The Hawaiian Forester and Agi-iculturist," a monthly magazine. A'ols. 1 to VTI; 1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., IJonolulu. Price $1 a year. DIVISION ON ENTOMOLOGY. "The Leaf-Hopper of the Sugar Cane," by R. C. L, Perkins. Bulletin No. 1; 38 pp.; 1903. ** "A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family Aleyrodidae," by G. W. Kirkaldy, and "Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with Descriptions of New Species," by Jacob Kotinsky. Bulletin No. 2; 102 i)p. ; 1 pltste; 1907. * "On Some Diseases of Cane Specially Considered in Relation to the Leaf-Hopper Pest and to the Stripping of Cane," by R. C. L. Perkins. Press Bulletin No. 1; 4 pp.; 1904. "A Circular of Information," by Jacob Kotinskv. Circular No. 1; 8 pp.; 1905. "The Ja});ine.so Beetle Fungus," by Jjicob Kotinskv and Bro. M. Newell. Circular No. 2; 4 pp., cut; 1905. Rule VIT: "Co!u-(>rnin«r the Prevention of Distrilnit ion of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly": unnuml)ered leaflet; 1910. Rule Vni: "Concerning the lmi)ortation of all Banana Fruit, l>anana. Shoots or Plants"; unnumbered leaflet; 1911. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of the Board; 08 j'p. ; 3 plates; 10 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Reprint from Third Report of the Board; 25 pp.; 7 text figures. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from Fourth Report of the Board; 18 pp.; 1 plate. Report of the Division of Entomology, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 26 pp.: 2 plates. Report of tJie Division of Entomologv, for the bi(Minial period ending December 81, 1910. Reprint from Report of 'the P»oard; 70 pp.; 10 plat.'s. ** This Bulletin will be sent only to persons interested in the subject * Out of print. Board of Agriculture and Forestry. PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION- Continued. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. "•"Inspection of Imported lave Stock." Rule 1; 1 p.; 1905. * "Inspection and Testing of Imported Live Stock for Glanders and Tuberculosis." Rule 2; 1 p.; 1905. * ''Con('oniin,e: Olandered Tlorse Stock in the Territory." Rule 3: 1 p.; 1905. * "To Amend Rule 1, Inspection of Imjiorted Live Stock." Rule 4; 1 p.; 1907. " "Quaruniine of Horse Slock from California." ]?ule 8; 1 p.: 1908. "Rules and Regulations, Inspection and Testing of Live Stock."- Rules and Laws; 11 pp.; unnum])ered pamphlet; Revised 1910. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Reprint from Second Report of tlic Board; 62 pp. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. Rej^rint from Third Report of the Board; 41 pp.; 3 plates. ' © Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for tlie year ending December 31, 1907. Reprint from the Foip'th Report of the Board; 104 pp.; 6 plates. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Reprint from Fifth Report of the Board: 44 pp. Report of the Division of Animal Industry, for tlie biennial ])eriod ending Deceml>er 31. 1910. Re])rint from Re])ort of the Board; 59 p]). ; 13 plates. DIVISION OF FORESTEY. * "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. * "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. "An OlTer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. "Revised liist of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3; 4 pp.; 1906. * "Instructions for I^ropagating and Planting Forest Trees." Press Bulletin No. 4; 4 pp.; 1906. "Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees." Press Bulletin No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909. "Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau MaUimalu ame na Laan Hoohiwahiwa." Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- print from Second Report of the Board; 77 pp.; 5 plates. * Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1966. R<^ print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re- print from Fourth Report of the Board ; 70 pp. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. Re- print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp. Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pj). ; 22 plates. * Out of print. jNivbRsiTY Of, ';'>';;i^,'l^,,,, u iiiii m 3 9015 01637 3469 jNivbRsiTY Of, ';'>';;i^,'l^,,,, u iiiii m 3 9015 01637 3469