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Es
meen THE aUb-ARCTICS
OF CANADA
&
A JOURNEY OF 3,200 MILES BY CANOE
AND SNOWSHOE THROUGH THE
BARREN LANDS
BY
fee eve Lb) C.Be Db l.S.
WV
INCLUDING A LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED ON THE EXPEDITION,
A VOCABULARY OF ESKIMO WORDS, A ROUTE MAP
AND FULL CLASSIFIED [INDEX
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN ON THE
JOURNEY, AND FROM DRAWINGS BY
ARTHUR HEMING
NEW YORK:
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY.
1898
cat)
aq
Ay
AMT ASO Ny
eS
CONE NI S:
CHAPTER
I. Toronto to ATHABASCA LANDING
II. Down THE ATHABASCA -
IIE RUNNING THE RAPIDS -
IV. CHIPPEWYAN TO BuAck LAKE
V. Into THE UNKNOWN WILDERNESS
~ VI. THe Home oF THE REINDEER
VII. A Great FRozEN LAKE
VIII. ON tHE LowER TELZ0A
IX. Meerine witn Natives
X. THe Eskimos - -
XI. Customs oF THE ESKIMOS
XII. Down To THE SEA -
XIII. Apventures py LAND AND
XIV. Potar Bars -
XV. Lire oR DEATH? - -
XVI. Fort CHURCHILL - =
XVII. On SNowsHoES AND Doc-SLEDS
XVIII. Crossinc THE NELSON -
XIX. THRovuGH THE ForEST AND Home AGAIN
APPENDIX
I. Puants COLLECTED ON THE EXPEDITION
II. Eskimo VocaBuLsaRy cF WorDS AND PHRASES 7
REO ae O NS.
PAGE
J. W. TYRRELL : : - - - - - Frontispiece
J. BuRR TYRRELL = - = - - - - - - - 8
Our CANOEMEN - - - - = : - “ z - 11
Huvpson’s Bay Company’s TRADERS - E : - - 13
A Hutpson’s Bay Company’s INTERPRETER : - - = 15
A PIONEER OF THE NORTH - - - > - 16
INDIANS OF THE CANADIAN NortTH-WEST c - - : 18
Trooper, N.-W. Mountep Po.uicr, IN WINTER UNIFORM : 26
LANDING OF Scows ABOVE GRAND RAPID : - - - 29
GRAND RaApiIpD, ATHABASCA RIVER - - - - - - 31
ENGLISH-CHIPPEWYAN HatF-BREED - - - - - - 32
Neck DEVELOPED BY THE TuMp-LINE - - - - = 35
SHOOTING THE MountTaIN Rapip, ATHABASCA RIVER - = 40
StorE, Fort McMurray - - - - : - S a? 4
CHIPPEWYAN CAMP - 2 x 5 - - - : - 42
STARVING COREE Camp, Fort McMurray : - : : 44.
A DANDY OF THE NortTH. A VOYAGEUR - - - - 46
AN ENGLISH-CREE TRAPPER - é - - - - = 48
Fort CHIPPEWYAN~ - 2 - - - - - - = 50
STEAMER ‘‘ (GRAHAME ” = = - - = - - 52
LANDING ON NortTH SHORE, LAKE ATHABASCA - - - 56
A TypicaL NorTHLAND FATHER - 5 - - - - 59
Inpian Loc House - = 2 - - = - - 64
CATARACT, STONE RIVER - : : - = - - : 65
A DirFicuLt PortTaGE - - = - z - - - 67
Inpian Rarts LOADED WITH VENISON : - = - - 69
A. B. C. Srtwyn, C.M:G., F.R.8. — - : - - - - 74
Scorcu-CreE Haur-BrEeED Z : : - - - af
vi ILLUSTRATIONS.
TELZOA RIVER - : : 7 : : a i
Rapips, TELZOA RIVER~ - = 2 : : c
HERD OF REINDEER - 2 a 2 dl
Ick ON THE SHORE OF MARKHAM LAKE - - -
ToBauNT LAKE - 2 : : E : * ‘
‘FRENCH-CREE HaLF-BREED 3 : 4 - :
RAPIDS ON THE LOWER TELZOA = = = 2
Musk OXEN : : E z 2 : s i
Eskimo ‘“ Topick,” TELZoA RIVER - 2 - :
Eskimo HUNTERS - = 2 a 4 a
Group OF EsKIMOS_~ - - i ‘ 4 - 5
ICELANDIC SETTLER - - - E : : é
AN Eskimo. Eskimo WoMAN - : 2 : S
Ha.r-BrREED HUNTER WITH WOODEN SNOW-GOGGLES
Section THROuGH IGLOE - E : Z 5
Eskimo Kyack - “ 2 = 3 a F a
Eskimo OoMIACK - 3 : : s Z
Doc-Wuir, Waxtrus Tusks AND Bows aNp ARROWS
Harpoons, LANCES AND SPEARS J - 2 :
EskIMo GAMES AND Toys - - 2 3 2 a
Hatr-BrEED Boy - : = : : : :
BuackFroot Boy - - - : : z :
ENCOUNTER WITH POLAR BEARS : - - :
THE Last oF OuR PROVISIONS - - : - :
FRENCH -SALTEAUX GIRL - : s g a
Rev. JOSEPH LOFTHOUSE AND FAMILY
1
'
'
Ruins oF Fort PRINCE OF WALES -
Ick-BLocK GROUNDED AT Low TIDE
N:-W. M.-P. * “Orr Dory” : : : E
HaFr-BREED DoG-DRIVER - - - : : 2
Hupson’s Bay Company’s STORE, YORK Factory -
ReEepb-DEER Cow-Boy - = - 2 2 i
Doc-TRAIN AND CARRYALL Z : é = -
CREE HUNTER’S PRIZE Es J E a :
PAGE
82
83
85:
91
94
101
103.
104
106.
121
122
125
126.
134
136.
14]
142
146
154
163
180:
188
196
199,
209
212
216
218
228
229
238°
239:
240:
250
ffoure or rnae Tremec. EXPEDITION OF S893 THROUGH
Norrvaren CANADA
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ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS. OF CANADA.
Clr Di i
TORONTO TO ATHABASCA LANDING.
On the morning of the 10th of May, 1893, in response
to a telegram from Ottawa, I took train at Hamilton for
Toronto, to meet my brother, J. Burr Tyrrell, of the
Canadian Geological Survey, and make final arrange-
ments for a trip to the North.
He had been authorized by the Director of that most
important department of the Canadian Government to
conduct, in company with myself, an exploration survey
through the great mysterious region of terra incognita
commonly known as the Barren Lands, more than two
hundred thousand square miles in extent, lying north of
the 59th parallel of latitude, between Great Slave Lake
and Hudson Bay. Of almost this entire territory less
was known than of the remotest districts of “ Darkest
Africa,” and, with but few exceptions, its vast and dreary
plains had never been trodden by the foot of man, save
that of the dusky savage.
During the summer of 1892 my brother had obiained
some information concerning it from the Chippewyan
Indians in the vicinity of Athabasca and Black Lakes,
8 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF (Ghee
but even these native tribes were found to have only the
vaguest ideas of the character of the country that lay
beyond a few days’ journey inland.
In addition to this meagre information, he had
procured sketch maps of several canoe routes lead-
ing northward toward the Barren Lands. The most
easterly of these routes commenced at a point on the
north shore of Black Lake, and the description ob-
tained of it was as follows: “ Beginning at Black Lake,
you make a long portage northward to a little lake, then
across five or six more small ones and a corresponding
number of portages, and a large body of water called
Wolverine Lake will be reached. Pass through this,
and ascend a river flowing into it from the northward,
until Active Man Lake is reached. This lake will take
two days to cross, and at its northern extremity the
Height of Land will be reached. Over this make a
portage until another large lake of about equal size is
entered. From the north end of this second large lake,
a great river flows to the northward through a treeless
country unknown to the Indians, but inhabited by savage
Eskimos. Where the river empties into the sea we
cannot tell, but it flows a great way to the northward.”
From the description given, it appeared that this
river must flow through the centre of the unexplored
territory, and thence find its way either into the waters
of Hudson Bay or into the Arctic Ocean. It was by
this route we resolved to carry on the exploration, and,
if possible, make our way through the Barren Lands.
One of the first and most important preparations for
the journey was the procuring of suitable boats, in-
asmuch as portability, strength and carrying capacity
My
ht hi,
se SAS ailing Caen alle la yl ea
(Leaving Fort Churchill. )
—
—
= i :
a
TORONTO TO ATHABASCA LANDING. 9
were all essential qualities. These were obtained from
the Peterboro’ Canoe Company, who furnished us with
two beautiful varnished cedar canoes, eighteen feet in
length, and capable of carrying two thousand pounds
each, while weighing only one hundred and twenty
pounds. Arrangements had also been made to have a
nineteen foot basswood canoe, used during the previous
summer, and two men in readiness at Fort McMurray on
the Athabasca River.
Four other canoemen were chosen to complete the
party, three of them being Iroquois experts from
Caughnawaga, Quebec. These three were brothers, named
Pierre, Louis and Michel French. Pierre was a veteran
canoeman, being as much at home in a boiling rapid as
on the calmest water. For some years he had acted as
ferryman at Caughnawaga, and only recently had made
a reputation for himself by running the Lachine Rapids
on Christmas day, out of sheer bravado. His brother
Louis had won some distinction also through having
accompanied Lord Wolseley as a voyageur on his
Egyptian campaigns: while Michel, the youngest and
smallest of the three, was known to be a good steady
fellow, boasting of the same distinction as his brother
Louis.
The other man, a half-breed named John Flett, was
engaged at Prince Albert, in the North-West. He was
highly recommended, not so much as a canoeman, but as
being an expert portager of great experience in north-
ern travel, and also an Eskimo linguist.
The two men, James Corrigal and Francois Maurice,
who through the kindness of Mr. Moberly, the officer
of the Hudson’s Bay Company at Isle-a-la-Crosse, were
10 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCYTICS OF CANADA.
engaged to meet us with a third canoe at Fort McMur-
ray, were also western half-breeds, trained in the use of
the pack-straps as well as the paddle, and were a pair
of fine strong fellows. Thus it was arranged to com-
bine in our party the best skill both of canoemen and
portagers.
Our reasons for not employing the Indians from Lake
Athabasca were, that these natives had on nearly all
previous expeditions proved to be unreliable. Such
men as we had engaged, unlike these Indians, were free
from any dread of the Eskimos, and as we advanced
soon became entirely dependent on us as their guides.
Besides, they were more accustomed to vigorous exer-
tion at the paddle and on the portage than the local
Indians, who are rather noted for their proficiency in
taking life easy.
Next in importance to procuring good boats and
canoemen was the acquisition of a complete set of port-
able mathematical instruments, but after some difficulty
these, too, were obtained. The following is a list of
them: One sextant with folding mercurial horizon, one
solar compass, two pocket compasses, two prismatic com-
passes, one fluid compass, two boat logs, two clinometers,
one aneroid barometer, a pair of maximum and mini-
mum thermometers, one pocket chronometer, three good
watches, a pair of field-glasses, an aluminum binocular,
and a small camera. These, though numerous, were not
bulky, but they comprised a part of our outfit over
which much care had to be exercised throughout the
journey. A bill of necessary supplies was also carefully
made out, and the order for them forwarded to the
Hudson’s Bay Company’s store at Edmonton, with
‘NA NHONVO WMO
‘youed yy “Youol ‘[eSLLIOO, mals) | "youady “aOLIney
smoy [PUTIN wie uyor allot slooUueA
12 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANADA.
instructions to have them freighted down the Athabasca
River to Fort Chippewyan, on Lake Athabasca, as
early as possible.
The above and a hundred and one other prepara-
tions having been completed, my brother and I bade
farewell to our homes, and on the 16th of May boarded
the North Bay evening express at Toronto. The jour-
ney was not begun without the stirring of tender emo-
tions, for to me it meant separation, how long I knew
not, from my young wife and baby boy five months
old, and to my brother it meant separation from one
too sacred in his eyes to mention here. 3
Once aboard the train we made ourselves as comfort-
able as possible for a five days’ ride. JI do not propose
to weary my readers with a detailed account of the long
run across continent by rail, as it is not reckoned a part
of our real journey; in passing I will merely make the
briefest reference to a few of the incidents by the way.
It was not until after many delays between North
Bay and Fort William on the Canadian Pacific Railway,
owing chiefly to the disastrous floods of that vear, which
inundated the track for long distances, washed it out at
several points and broke one of the railway bridges,
that we arrived at Winnipeg, the capital of the Province
of Manitoba. Upon reaching the city it was found that
our canoes, which had been shipped to Edmonton some
time previously, had not yet passed through. After
considerable telegraphing they were located, and it was
found that they would arrive on the following day. In
consequence of this and other business to be transacted
with the Commissioner of the Hudson’s Bay Company,
we were obliged to remain here for a day. During our
i
ef?
BRORONVNIO LO ATTIABASCA LANDING: 13
brief stay we were warmly greeted by many friends, and
were most kindly entertained at Government House by
the late Lieutenant-Governor, Sir John Schultz, and
Lady Schultz, to whom we were indebted for the con-
tribution to our equipment of several articles of comfort.
The next day we bade our Winnipeg friends good-bye
and took the C. P. R. train for the West. The route lay
~
ANN
\ \
is
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S TRADERS.
through vast areas of the most magnificent agricultural
country, as a rule level and unbroken, save by the innu-
merable and ancient but still deep trails of the buffalo.
Little timber was observed, excepting in isolated patches
and along the river valleys, and for the most part the
land was ready for the plough. Passing through many
new but thriving towns and settlements by the way, we
arrived early on the morning of the 22nd at the busy
town of Calgary, pleasantly situated in’ the beautiful
14 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANADA:
valley of the South Branch of the Saskatchewan River,
and just within view of the snow-clad peaks of the
Rocky Mountains. From Calgary our way lay toward
the north, via the Edmonton Branch of the C. P. R.,
and after a stay of only a few hours we were again
hurrying onward. On the evening of the same day, in
a teeming rain, we reached Edmonton, the northern
terminus of the railway.
Edmonton is a town situated on both banks of the
North Branch of the Saskatchewan, and at this time
was in a “booming” condition, particularly upon the
southern bank. Many large business houses were being
erected, and property was selling at stiff prices. Ed-
monton is chiefly noted for its hgnite mines, which are
worked to a considerable extent, and produce coal of very
fair quality. The seams are practically of unlimited
extent, and are easily accessible in many places along
the river banks. Gold is also washed from the sands in
paying quantities, while the town is surrounded by a fair
agricultural and grazing country. Petroleum, too, has
been discovered in the vicinity, and indications are that
in the near future Edmonton will be a flourishing city.
The older part of the town is situated on the north
side of the river, and communication is maintained
by means of an old-fashioned ferry, operated by cables
and windlass. As the Hudson’s Bay Company’s stores
and offices from which our supplies were to be forwarded
are situated on the north side, we crossed over on the
ferry, and engaged rooms at the Jasper House. Upon
enquiry we were gratified to find that the supplies and
men, excepting the two who were to meet us later, had
all arrived in safety. Our provisions, which were to be
a! £7 <
* 8
. “_
on ts
TORONTO TO ATHABASCA LANDING. 15
freighted down as far as Lake Athabasca by the Hud-
son’s Bay Company, had not yet gone, but were already
being baled up for shipment. The completion of this
work, which was done under the supervision of my
brother and myself, together with the making up of
accounts and transaction of other business, occupied
several days. But by the morning of the 27th of May
our entire outfit, loaded upon waggons, set off on the
northward trail leading to Atha-
basca Landing, a small trading-
post situated one hundred miles
distant on the banks of the
great Athabasca River.
Two days later, being Mon-
day morning, my brother and I,
accompanied by a driver only,
started out in a light vehicle in
rear of the outfit. The weather
was showery, and the trail in
many places very soft. Occa-
sionally deep mud-holes were
encountered, bearing evidence 3
aemieeceen, siruemies Of the
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SEG Then FHROUGH I1GLOE
what repulsive remains of a carcass consumed at the
last meal. Such is the Eskimo summer house.
His winter dwelling in the snow is more interesting
and curious. It is called an “igloe,” and is built in the
form of a dome with large blocks of snow. The com-
mon size of: the dwelling apartment of an igloe is
twelve feet in diameter, and eight feet in height. This
is approached by a succession of three or four smaller
domes, connected by low archways, through which one
has to crouch in order to pass.
The innermost archway opening into the dwelling
apartment is about three feet high, and as one enters he
steps down a foot or more to the level of the floor of
THE ESKIMOS. 137
the front portion of the dwelling. The back part, about
two-thirds of the apartment, is three feet higher than
the entrance.
The front or lower section of the igloe corresponds
to a front hall, and it is in it that the occupants, as they
enter, beat the snow off their clothing, or remove their
outer garments, when they wish to step up into the
higher living apartment.
The floor of the entire igloe consists simply of snow,
but in this upper apartment it is well covered with
deer-skin robes, so that it is not melted by the warmth
of those who sit or lie upon it.
Above the doorway of the igloe is placed a window
to admit light into the dwelling. This is formed of a
large square slab of ice, neatly inserted into the wall of
the dome, and it serves well the purpose for which it is
intended, admitting a pleasant soft light. Above the
window a much-needed ventilating hole is usually made.
This, because of the passing current of warm air, becomes
rapidly enlarged, and requires to be frequently plastered
up with snow.
Sometimes one of the long approaches or corridors is
made to serve for two or three dwellings, each of which
is connected by low archways with the innermost of the
smaller domes. Usually, opening out of the inner dome,
each family has one or two small pantries, where they
keep a supply of meat sufficient for a week or two.
The furniture of the snow-house is much the same as
that of the skin topick already described, but the
stone lamps come more into prominence, contributing
light to the dwelling during the long dark winter nights.
These lamps are simply stone vessels, usually half
138 MACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANAD:
moon shaped, and formed neatly of some description of
soft rock. The rounding side of the vessel is made
much deeper than the other, which shoals up gradually
to the edge. The wick of the lamp consists of dried
decomposed moss, pressed and formed by the fingers
into a narrow ridge across the shallow or straight edge
of the dish. In this position it absorbs the seal oil
which is placed in the vessel, and when lit, burns with
a clear bright flame, free from smoke. The lamp is
then made self-feeding by suspending a lump of seal
blubber above it, at a height varying according to the
amount of light and consequent supply of oil required.
This melts with the heat of the flame and drips into
the vessel of the lamp. One lump keeps up the supply
for a considerable length of time, the intensity of light
being increased or dimished at will by lowering or
- raising the lump of blubber suspended above the flame.
A lamp is usually placed at either side of the en-
trance in the upper apartment. Both are kept burning
brightly the greater part of the long cold, dark days of
winter, but during the hours of sleep they are “turned
down,” that is, the lumps of blubber are raised; or
sometimes one lamp is extinguished and the other made
to burn dimly. These lamps, though chiefly designed
to furnish light, also contribute a considerable amount
of heat to the igloes. It is often necessary to turn
them down, to prevent the snow walls from being
melted by the heat, though the temperature outside may
be 40 or 50 degrees below zero.
Towards spring the snow-houses become very damp,
and to prevent the roofs from being melted away fresh
snow has to be added to the outside. Before they are
THE ESKIMOS. 139
abandoned for the skin tents they sometimes become so
soft that they cave in upon the occupants, causing
much sickness in the form of colds and pneumonia.
In their workmanship the Eskimos are always neat.
Wood is used for manufacturing purposes when it is
available, but all they are able to procure is of a
fragmentary nature, such as has drifted from some dis-
tant shore, or from the wreck of an unfortunate vessel.
It is from this rough and scanty material they frame
their kyacks, make their sleds, tent-poles, and the
handles of their spears and harpoons; from it they
fashion their bows and many other useful or orna-
mental things, and by exercise of untiring perseverance
and skill they manage to produce marvellous results.
For example, a paddle is often made of two or three
pieces of wood, but these are joined together so neatly
that if it were not for the seal thong lashings the joints
would not be noticeable.
The lashings are put on green, or after having been
softened in water, and are drawn tightly, so that when
they become dry and shrink they produce strong and
rigid joints.
The process by which these lashing-thongs and heavy
lines for hunting purposes, as well as the small thread
for sewing, are manufactured is very interesting. A
heavy harpoon line, used in the hunt for securing wal-
ruses, is made from the skin of the “square flipper ” seal,
a large species about eight feet long. For such use the
skin is not removed from the carcase in the usual way,
but is pulled off without cutting it, as one might pull off
a wet stocking. The whole hide is thus preserved in
the form of a sack. It is then placed in water, and
allowed to remain there for several days, until the thin
140. ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTIES OF CANADA
outer black skin becomes decomposed. This, together
with the hair, is readily peeled off, and a clean white
pelt remains.
Two men then take the pelt in hand, and with a
sharp knife cut it into one long even white line,
by commencing at one end and cutting around and
around until at length the other end is reached. One
skin in this way will make three hundred feet of line.
In this condition it is allowed to partially dry, after
which it is tightly stretched and dried thoroughly in
the sun. The result obtained is a hard even white line
three-eighths of an inch in diameter, but equal in
strength to a three-inch manilla rope.
I have seen such a line, when imbedded in the flesh
of a walrus at one end, and spiked to the hard ice at
the other by a stout iron pin, as well as being held by
six men, plough a furrow six inches deep through the
ice, bend the spike and drag the six men to the edge of
the ice, where the tug of war ended, the walrus, victori-
ous, taking the unbreakable line with him into the deep.
Smaller seal thongs, such as are extensively used °
as lashings for komiticks, kyacks, handles, ete. are
made in much the same way as I have described, except
that the hide of smaller seals is used, and often the pro-
cess of removing the outer black skin is omitted, the hair
being simply scraped off with a sharp knife or scraper.
Finer lines, such as those used for fishing or for wind-
ing whip-stocks, and thread for sewing purposes, are
manufactured from reindeer sinew. The best is that
obtained from along the spine, which is always saved
from the carcase. It is prepared for use by first drying
and then rubbing till it becomes quite soft, when it is
THE ESKIMOS. 141
readily frayed out into fine fibres, in which condition it
is used for fine needle-work ; but when coarser thread
or stout cord is required, these individual fibres are
plaited together, with wonderful neatness and rapidity.
One woman can make fifty or sixty yards of this cord
or thread in a day.
With the Eskimos all joints, of whatever kind, are
secured by these thongs, they having no nails or screws
to supply their place. In making a komitick, the cross
slats are all secured to the runners by seal thongs. In
framing a kyack the numerous pieces are lashed together,
ESKIMO KYACK.
usually with seal or deer-skin, though sometimes, and
preferably, with whalebone.
The Eskimo kyack or canoe consists of a light frame
neatly made from all sorts of scrap-wood, and strongly
jointed together in the way just described. The frame
having been completed, it is then covered with green
skins, either of seal or deer, dressed, with the hair
removed. The skins are joined to each other as they
are put on by double water-tight seams, and are drawn
tightly over the frame, so that when they dry they
become very hard and as tight as a drum-head.
A full-sized kyack thus made is about twenty-two
feet long, a foot and a half wide, and a foot deep. It is
completely covered over on the top, excepting the small
hole where the paddler sits, so that though an extremely
142 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANADA.
cranky craft in the hands of a novice, it is used in perfect.
safety, even in very rough water, by an expert. Indeed
the Eskimos have an arrangement by which they can
travel while almost submerged in the water. They have
a thin waterproof parchment coat which they pull on
over their heads in rough weather. This they place on
the outside of the rim at the opening of the kyack, and
tie securely, so that if the boat were to turn upside down
the water could not rush in.
An Eskimo in his kyack can travel much faster
than two men can paddle an ordinary canoe. I have
known them to make six miles an hour in dead water,
whereas four miles
would be good going
for a canoe.
The “ oomiack,” or
woman's boat, 1s a
ESKIMO OOMIACK. flat-bottomed affair
of large carrying
capacity. Like the kyack it is a skin-covered frame,
the many pieces of which are lashed together with
thongs of skin or whalebone; but instead of being
covered on top it is open, and is of a much broader
model, and not so sharp at the ends. It is chiefly
used by the women for moving camp from place to
place, but is never used in the hunt. It is essentially
a freighting craft, whereas the kyack is used only for
hunting or speedy travel. Oomiacks are often made
large enough to carry thirty or forty people. They are
propelled by ordinary paddles, not by the long double-
bladed ones used with the kyacks.
The komitick is a sled of rather peculiar design,
consisting simply of two parallel runners, twelve or four-
PLETE SKDIT OS: 143
teen feet long, built of wood and placed about eighteen
inches apart, upon the top of which are lashed a number
of cross bars or slats. The runners are shod either with
ivory or with mud, the latter answering the purpose
exceedingly well. The mud covering is, of course, put on
in a soft state, when it can be easily worked and formed
into proper shape. When the mud is on, and the surface
nicely smoothed off, it is allowed to freeze, and speedily
becomes as hard as stone. In order to complete the
vehicle, and put it in good running order, there is one
thing to be done. The shoeing, whether of mud or
ivory, must be covered with a thin coating of ice, in
order to do which the Eskimo overturns the komitick,
fills his spacious mouth with water from some convenient
source, and then from his lips deposits a fine stream
along the runner, where, quietly freezing, it forms a
smooth glassy surface.
During the winter season the komitick forms an
important factor in the Eskimo’s life. It is drawn by a
team, not of horses, nor even reindeer, but of dogs. The
number of animals forming a team varies greatly, some-
times consisting of not more than three good dogs, but
at other times fifteen or more are attached to a single
sled. Hach dog is attached by a single line, the length
of which varies according to the merits of its owner.
Thus the best dog in the team acts as leader, and has a
line twenty or twenty-five feet in length.
In order to control the team the driver carries a whip
of somewhat startling dimensions. This instrument of
torture has a short wooden handle only about eighteen
inches long, but what is lacking in stock is more than
made up in lash, for this latter, made of the hide of
144 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANADA.
the square flipper seal, is nearly thirty feet in length.
An Eskimo can handle his whip with great dexterity,
being able not only to reach any particular dog in the
pack, but to strike any part of its body, and with as
much force as the occasion may require.
Another curious Eskimo practice, observed by the
women, is that of daily chewing the boots of the house-
hold. As already intimated, these boots or moceasins
are made of oil-tanned seal or deer-skins. The hair is
always removed from the skin of which the foot of the
moccasin is made, but not always from that part forming
the leg. However, the point is this, that these moccasins,
after having been wet and dried again, become very
hard, and the most convenient or etfective—or possibly
the most avreeable—way of softening them seems to
be by mastication. Whatever may be the reason for
adopting this method, the fact is that nearly every
morning the native women soften the shoes of the
family most beautifully by chewing them. What to us
would seem the disagreeable part of this operation
cannot be thoroughly understood by one who has not
some idea of the flavor of a genuine old Eskimo shoe.
In one of my trips in the land of the Eskimo I had an
escort composed not only of men and women, old and
young, but also of little children, several of whom could
not have been more than five or six years old, and it was
marvellous to see the powers of endurance of these little
creatures, for they travelled along with the rest of the
party, a distance of twenty-five miles, having no other
object in view than that of seeing the white stranger.
The “shin-ig-bee,” or Eskimo sleeping bag, is an
article essential to the comfort of the traveller when
THE ESKIMOS. 145
making long overland journeys during the cold winter
season. It consists of a long oval water-proof skin bag,
lined with another of similar shape, made of soft but
heavy winter deer-skins. The opening is not at the top,
but near it, across one side, and is made with flap and
buttons, so that it can be closed up as closely as desired.
When the traveller is provided with this kind of a bed
he does not trouble himself to make a snow lodge for the
night, as without it he would have to do, but he simply
crawls into his “shin-ig-bee,” buttons up the opening
on the windward side, and goes to sleep, no matter what
the weather or temperature may be. With the mercury
at 40 below zero a man may in this way sleep warm and
comfortable, without any fire, out upon the bleak frozen
plains.
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CUSTOMS OF THE ESKIMOS.
DeEeER-hunting is perhaps the most favored and remu-
nerative occupation of the Eskimos. In some districts
seal and other animals are extensively sought, but the
reindeer is the universal stand-by. It is hunted with
the bow and arrow or spear, and with guns as well,
when these can be obtained.
Having already stated that the only wood obtainable
by the Eskimos is broken fragments of driftwood, the
inquiry may arise, Where do they get material from
which to make bows? The answer is, that lacking
material for making such bows as are ordinarily used,
their ingenuity comes to the rescue and designs a com-
posite bow, which answers the purpose equally well.
This implement of the chase is, in the first place, made
either of pieces of wood or of horn, neatly joined
together. In order to give it strength and elasticity, a
stout plaited sinew cord is stretched from end to end,
around the convexity of the bow, and then twisted
until it is brought to the required tension. By this
mode of construction, when the bow is drawn the wood
or horn is only subjected to a compressive strain, while
the sinew thong takes up the tension.
Thus very powerful bows are made, though of rough
148 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS GF CANAD
materials ; but in order to use them with effect in killing
deer, the sagacity of the hunter is often severely tested,
for with the Eskimo there is no cover behind which to
hide or creep upon his prey. The hunter’s first precau-
tion is, of course, to keep the deer to windward, for the
moment they catch the scent of an enemy they are off,
and to get within range of the wary animals upon the
open plains or rocky barrens is often. a difficult matter.
A common way of working, when several hunters are
together, is for some to take up positions in concealment,
while the others drive the deer their way, causing them
to pass within range of the deadly shafts. At a mode-
rate distance an Eskimo with his ingeniously constructed -
bow can drive an arrow its full length into a deer.
Occasionally vast herds of deer, numbering many
thousands, are met with, and at such times their
numbers appear to give them confidence. The hunter
then has no trouble in approaching them, but may go up
and kill as many as he desires, either with bow and
arrow or with spear.
The spear, however, is chiefly used for killing deer in
the water. At certain seasons of the year, when travel-
ling north or south, the deer cross streams, rivers, or
lakes in great numbers, and these crossings are com-
monly effected year after year in the same place. The
hunter, knowing their habits, lies in wait at the cross-_
ings, and often from his kyack spears large numbers as
they are swimming past.
When more deer are killed than are required for
immediate use, the carcases are “cached,” that is, they
are covered over by piles of stones to preserve them
from the wolves and foxes, and the place of their burial
CUSTOMS OR THE ESKIMOS. 149
is marked, so that during the next winter and spring, if
food becomes scarce, these meat stores may be’ resorted
to. When required, the meat thus stored is often quite
blue or decomposed, but it has to be pretty bad when a
hungry Eskimo will not eat it.
Seal hunting is a most curious and interesting form of
sport. The seals are hunted in entirely different ways
at different times of the year.
During the entire winter season they keep holes open
through the shore ice, but because of the depth of snow
are not seen until the warm spring sun exposes their
hiding places. The Eskimo hunter has, however, a way
of finding them out before this. He harnesses a dog
that has been trained for the work, and, armed with
his seal harpoon, leads him out to the snow-covered field,
where the two walk in a zig-zag course, until the saga-
cious animal catches the scent of the seal and takes his
master straight to its secret abode.
Here, under the hard crusted’ snow, it has formed for
itself quite a commodious dwelling, but, unlike the
Eskimo snow-house, its doorway opens into the water
instead of into the air. This doorway, which is in the
form of a round hole, just large enough to admit the
seal, is kept from freezing up by the wary animal,
which ever keeps itself in readiness, upon the slightest
suspicion of danger, to plunge into it.
Usually upon the arrival of the hunter, the seal, if at
home, hearing the footsteps above, quickly vacates the
premises. The Eskimo then, taking advantage of its
absence, ascertains the exact locality of the hole in the
ice, by thrusting his long slender spear down through
the snow. When the exact position of the hole is found,
150 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTIGS OF CANAD
its centre is marked by erecting a little pinnacle of snow
directly above it.
This done, a long and tedious wait follows, during
which time the patient hunter often suffers much from
the cold, for he is obliged to remain quite still, not un-
commonly from early morning until evening. In order
to keep the feet from freezing, while thus remaining for
hours upon the snow, a deer-skin bag is commonly used
to stand in. |
During the interval of the seal’s absence from home
the doorway becomes frozen over, and it is on account.
of this fact that the hunter is made aware of its return,
for when the seal comes back to its hole and finds it
crusted over, it at once commences to blow upon the
ice to melt it. ‘This is the hunter’s long-desired signal,
and the moment he hears it he places the point of his
harpoon at the mark on the snow, and thrusts the
weapon vertically down into the hole, almost invariably
with deadly effect. The seal, thus harpooned in the
head, is instantly killed, and is then hauled out by the
line attached to the spear.
Some seasons, when the ice is covered by a great.
depth of snow, the dogs are not able to scent the seals’
houses, and then the Eskimo has to depend upon other
sources for food, or else go on short rations.
In the spring, as the snow disappears, the seals’ win-
ter quarters are demolished, and they themselves are
exposed to view. Then the Eskimo is obliged to resort.
to other methods of getting at them. When one is.
observed, the direction of the wind is first noted, then
the hunter, keeping himself to leeward of the seal, walks.
to within about a quarter of a mile of it; but beyond
GUSROUS TOR, LAE VESK LIMOS. 151
this he begins to crouch, and advances only when the
seal’s head is down. The seal is one of the most wide-
awake of all animals, and has the habit of throwing up
its head quickly every few seconds to guard against
danger. When its head is down upon the ice, its eyes
are shut, avd it is said that in these brief intervals it
takes its sleep. However this may be, the hunter, by
carefully watching the seal’s movements, is able, with-
out much difficulty, to get within about two hundred
yards of it, but at closer quarters he is obliged to pur-
sue other tactics. He now lies down at full length upon
the ice, and here the real sport begins.
The seal takes the Eskimo, who is able to talk seal
perfectly, to be one of its kinsmen; and indeed there is
a great deal of resemblance between the genera, for both
are similarly clothed, and the Eskimo, living largely
upon the flesh and oil of the seal, is similarly odorous.
As the two lie there upon the ice, a most amusing’ sort
of conversation is kept up between them. Seal makes
a remark and flips his tail. Eskimo replies in a similar
manner, making the gesture with his foot, and at the
‘same time throws himself a little forward. Seal soon
has something further to say, and again flips his tail.
Eskimo replies as before, and closes up slightly farther
the distance between them.
When the seal’s head is down, the hunter, who ever
keeps his eye on his prey, is able to approach still nearer
by dragging himself forward upon his elbows. This
manceuvring goes on for some time, until the distance
between the performers has been reduced toa few yards,
or sometimes to a very few feet.
When near enough to make a sure shot, the Eskimo
152. ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANAD
takes his bow and arrow from his side and sends a
swift shaft through the head of his outwitted com-
panion. Sometimes, instead of the bow and arrow, a
harpoon is used with equal effect. .
I knew an Eskimo who was so expert at this kind of
sport that he was able to catch seals with his teeth.
In order to secure one by shooting it, as just described,
it is necessary to kili it instantly, for if only shot through
the body, or even through the heart, it will throw itself
into its hole and thus be lost.
During the season of open water still another method
of seal-hunting has to be adopted. There is now no ice
to perform upon, so the kyack has to take its place, and
in this light craft the Eskimo pursues his prey in the
open sea, or in the channels of water among the ice.
The weapon now used is not the bow, but a specially
designed style of harpoon, which may be thrown long
distances from the hand. The bow and arrow are use-
less, because of the difficulty of instantly killing the seal
by a shaft aimed from a kyack. This harpoon is a
light form of spear, having an adjustable ivory head to
which is attached a long plaited sinew line. This line
is wound on the handle of the harpoon, and attached to
the end of it is a small float.
When a seal makes its appearance within twenty or
thirty yards of the hunter the harpoon, thus arranged,
is thrown, and if the seal is struck, the ivory head, which
becomes buried in the flesh, is detached from the shank,
and as the seal plunges about, or dives, the line is
quickly unwound from the floating handle.
Unless killed outright, the seal quickly disappears
with line and float; but as it can remain under water
CUSTOMS. OF (THE ESKIMOS. 153
only a few minutes at a time, it must soon reappear,
and as it again nears the surface, the little float comes
to the top and shows the hunter where to prepare for
the next charge. Thus the poor wounded animal’s
chances of escape are small.
Perhaps the most exciting and dangerous sport of
the Eskimo is that of hunting the walrus.
This animal, sometimes called the sea-horse, is large,
powerful, and often vicious. It is considered valuable
both as food and for the supply of ivory which its im-
mense tusks yield. The walrus is hunted chiefly from
the kyack, either in open water, in the neighborhood
of sandy shores, or about the edge of floating ice, upon
~ which it delights to lie and bask in the sunshine.
A special equipment is required for this kind of hunt-
ing. It comprises, besides the kyack and paddle, a
large harpoon, a heavy line and box in which to coil it,
a large inflated seal-skin float, and a long lance. This
walrus harpoon is an ingeniously devised weapon, con-
sisting of an ivory shank fitted to a block of the same
material by a ball and socket joint. These are stiffly
hinged together by stout seal-skin thongs, and the block
is then permanently attached to a wooden handle about
four feet in length. The ivory shank, which is about
fifteen inches long, is slightly curved, and tapers to a
rounded point at the end remote from the handle. To
this point is again fitted an ivory head, about four
inches long, let into which is an iron or steel blade.
Through the centre of the ivory head a heavy line is
passed and strongly looped. Then, the shank and head
being in position, the line is drawn tightly, and fastened
to the wooden handle by an ivory pin and socket catch.
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COSHOMS TOR: LHF, ESKIMOS. 155
The remaining portion of the line is neatly coiled, and
is provided at the end with a small loop.
The line used is that made from the skin of the square-
flipper seal, as already described, and may be two or
three hundred feet in length, though sometimes not so
long. The line box is simply a small round parchment-
covered frame, about the size of the lid of a cheese-box,
and is fastened to the top of the kyack, behind the
paddler. :
The seal-skin float is a pecular-looking object, consist-
ing of the entire skin of a seal, removed from the carcase,
as before described, without cutting it. The hair is re-
moved from the pelt, which is then dressed as black
parchment. The natural opening at the mouth of the
skin sack is provided with an ivory nozzle and plug.
By blowing into the nozzle the skin 1s inflated, and may
be kept in that condition by inserting the plug. At
the tail-end of the float is an ivory cross-head, to which
the loop at the end of the harpoon line may be readily
attached.
The lance completes the walrus hunter’s equipment.
This instrument is formed of a long iron or ivory bar
having a steel blade point. The bar is fitted to a wooden
handle by a ball-and-socket joint, and stiffly hinged with
thongs as in the case of the harpoon. The object of the
joint is to prevent the lance from being broken when
thrust into a walrus, as otherwise it would be, by the
animal plunging about.
Equipped as above, the Eskimo hunters go out during
the season of open water in pursuit of walruses, which,
feeding upon clams, are usually found about sandy
shores or islands. Single animals are sometimes found,
156 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANAD:
but more commonly they are in small herds. When
feeding they remain in about the same place, but can
stay under water for only about three minutes at a time.
They come to the surface to breathe, sport about for a
short. time, then go down to the bottom and dig clams
from the sand for some three minutes, and then rise
again to the surface. The Eskimo, taking advantage
of their necessity, advances on them only when they
are busily occupied at the bottom of the sea. When a
walrus reappears .at the surface, the hunter, who, with
harpoon in hand and line attached to float, awaits its
return, hurls his harpoon with great force and precision,
burying it deeply in the walrus’s flesh.
The wounded monster, maddened by pain, plunges
into the water, dives to the bottom, and endeavors to
escape. The plunging readily causes the ball-and-socket
joint of the harpoon to give, and this allows the head of
the harpoon, which is buried in the animal, to become
detached and form a button on the end of the harpoon
line.
The detached handle floats upon the water, but the
line is securely fastened to the body of the walrus, which,
in trying to escape, takes with him the line and attached
inflated seal-skin; but though he may take this buoy
under, and keep it down for a short time, he cannot do
so long.
Soon it reappears at the surface, and the hunter seeing
it, makes for the spot, and awaits the returning walrus.
The moment his head appears, harpoon or lance are
hurled at it as before, and unless with fatal results, the
same manceuvres are repeated. In this way often two
or three harpoon lines and floats are attached to one
CUSTOMS OF LAA EF SILIMOS. 157
walrus, but when so hampered it is considered well
secured, and is finally despatched by the long keen lance.
When, however, the attack is made in the neighbor-
hood of heavy ice, as it frequently is, the hunt is much
less likely to result successfully. Because of the floating
erystal, the hunter often finds it difficult to follow the
movements of his game, and even if successful in this
and in placing a harpoon or two, he is often defeated in
the end by the line being torn from the float, which has
become fast in the broken ice. Thus once freed, the
wounded animal usually makes good his escape.
Occasionally these walrus contests result disastrously
to the hunter, for the sea-horse is by no means a passive,
harmless creature, submitting without resistance to the
attacks of itsenemies. Frequently one—or a number of
them together—will make a charge upon the assailants,
attacking them viciously with their huge tusks, which, if
brought in contact with an Eskimo, are likely to make
a sorry-looking object of him. Of course, through long
experience and practice in the chase, the Eskimo hunters
become very expert in dodging and foiling a charge, but
sometimes they are caught and roughly handled by these
uncouth monsters of the sea. |
Upon one occasion an old hunter whom I knew,
named Coto, met with a bad accident while hunting
walruses in his kyack. A number of them charged
upon him suddenly, and being unable to get out of their
way quickly enough, his frail craft was broken and torn
to shreds, and his body was frightfully bruised and
lacerated. The poor fellow recovered, however, but only
after months of sore suffering.
For a short time during the autumn season the sea-
158 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS-OF CARA
horse is hunted without the assistance of the kyack.
The new ice being thin, the walruses break up through
it at any place, and sport about in the water-holes which
they make. Then the hunters—for several of them
usually go together—march out upon the ice and attack
them from the edge of the water-holes. This method of
hunting is, however, rather dangerous, as the animals
have an ugly habit of noting the position of their assail-
ants, then disappearing below the water, and in a moment
presenting themselves below the ice at the spot where
the men stand.
The Eskimos, who are familiar with this manceuvre,
always change their position the moment one of the
crafty brutes goes down, and stand, harpoons in hand,
ready to receive him when he returns crashing through
the ice with deadly designs upon his craftier adver-
saries.
It is an easier matter to harpoon a walrus thus in the
ice than it is to secure him, for here the “oweta” or
float cannot be used to advantage, and it is no easy
matter to hold a three thousand pounder of the sea.
However, this is attempted, and when one or more
harpoons are made fast to the walrus the ends of the
lines are spiked down to the ice by stout spikes, and in
this way the brute is very powerfully anchored; but, as
I have before stated, in spite of all that can be done, he
often breaks away and takes the lines with him into the
cleep.
Polar bear hunting is an extremely dangerous and
exciting sport. An Eskimo rarely ever cares to tackle a
bear single-handed, but two men, armed with lances, do
not hesitate to attack this monarch of the north.
CUSTOMS OF THE ESKIMOS: 159
The method adopted in hunting a polar is as follows:
Two men, armed only with lances, approach it from
opposite sides at the same time. Then, as they close
upon it, and the bear charges either man, the other
rushes forward with his lance. Thus they let out its
life-blood. It requires cool heads and steady nerves to
be able to cope successfully with a polar in this way,
but both of these characteristics the Eskimos possess in
a marked degree, and it is comparatively seldom that
accidents happen while thus engaged.
These bears, which jive almost entirely upon seals, are
usually found near the sea-shore, and often out some
distance, swimming in the water, where they can live
for a considerable length of time. The Eskimos attack
them here as well as upon the land, but in the water
they are treacherous enemies to deal with, as they
are expert Swimmers and divers. They are very liable
to surprise one by suddenly disappearing and reappear-
ing at embarrassingly close quarters.
The Eskimo custom in bear-hunting is, that whoever
first sees a bear is the owner of the carease, no matter
who kills it, but the skin is divided up among the
several hunters.
A bear-skin is so heavy that the Eskimo has no
special object in preserving it whole, but he finds the
greatest use for it when it is cut up into small pieces.
In this condition it is commonly used by hunters as
mats, which they tie under them when crawling over
the ice after seals, or across the wet plains after deer.
The pieces of bear-skin act as skates, upon which they
can easily drag themselves along.
The Eskimo method of hunting birds is chiefly with a
160 ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS-OP CARA
spear of somewhat peculiar design. It is in all about
five feet long, and consists of a wooden handle termi-
nated at one end by a slender barbed ivory or iron rod,
sharply pointed. About half way up the handle, three
pointed barbed ivory fingers are securely fastened. The
handle is then fitted into a wooden socket, which is held
in the hand, and from which the spear is thrown. It is
claimed that by means of the wooden socket the spear
can be thrown with greater precision than by the bare
hand, to which it would adhere more or less. However
that may be, an Eskimo can hurl his bird-spear a
marvellously long distance, and with deadly effect.
If the point of the spear misses the bird, one of the —
side fingers is almost sure to pierce it, or catch it
between the fingers and the spear handle. . |
In this way, ptarmigan, ducks, and other land and sea
fowls are obtained in considerable numbers. They are
usually speared while sitting in flocks upon the snow or
in the water, but they are also frequently killed in this
way when on the wing. Sometimes the bow and arrow
is used for bringing down the feathered game, but the
spear is the instrument chiefly employed.
Fish are caught both by spearing and with the hook.
The latter is of the crudest design, and is used in
trolling.
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Do you wish to
COOUtH Annie-low ?
Dies sce a Tuck-o-boo.
Drink (give me)
Duck Sesac sees
Emmie-ray.
Me-ah-tuck.
War’ oe Sacer See-yow-tee.
Waste, gk erpee Ka-ning-nah.
Bat la vee Oo-blah.
Kat . Tun-wah-wa.
tf ees 5 cate Mun-nee.
Empty ..27 002% E-mah-ik-took.
End for end ... Ig-loo-ahnee.
INC oie .. Egee.
Ermine ....... Ter-re-ak.
Hnough: 0a Ta-bah.
Far away...... Wash-ig-too-aloo.
Pat... eee Owk-shaw.
Farewell .. ... Ta-bow-e-tee.
Faster .. . . Ook-shoot.
Hather se ae At-at-a.
Father (my)... At-at-a-ga.
Female: . 3.02: Ungna.
Deh Meee eer eas A Ick-o-ma.
Hish eet, a Ick-kal-luck.
Fox: fy. aie es Tar hed-ne-ah.
Pua A 6s koa Mit kote.
Game(deer, etc.) O-ko-ko.
GO: 3. . bap WOO) ae
Make uersen, Reindeer ...... Took-too.
” o> See Oo-wunga. Reindeer horns Nug-dew.
Meat _ Pak-too. Reindeer (fawn) No-kak.
Matches ...... Icko-ma. Reindeer (young
Medicine man.. Ang-e-koke. oie eae sees A ea
Mine . . Pie-ga. ed 2 Fee
Mica... 2,2... Ked-luck-e-yack. River '........ Koog.
Wie 22... Tuck-ee. Rock.......... We-a-gook.
Morning ,..... Ood-la. Rin eestor Ood-luk-too.
Moanses. ..:.. _. Ah-ving-ea. Remember .... Kow-ye-mee-yow-a.
Mask-ox.:.... Oo-ming-munk. Rope... ...... Ook-so-noya.
J ne Am-e-suit. Red-head...... Ky-yow-aloo.
Mountain ..... King-yi. Resolution ;
islands. se Too-jung.
Reside ... .... Noo-naggin.
Narwhal...... Ud-lee-ung. ; :
Near (very).... Koon-e-took-aloo. aie a Non Se Pes
Near (rather) .. Koon-e-took-e-makea | “““S°M)"©: «+--+ *1 Bete cs
Next year .... Uck-kak-go. R ernaet
Meegle.......: Mit cone. oa Bde eee eos
_) ee eee Au-guy, Nowk. Seal Ceci ee ne
uth | Wungna. a Pee oe et-chuck.
North Star.... Nicky-chew-e-too. cate
Now.. . Man-nah. S ety ere SESE
as : eal (square
. oe Oo-din-nook. flipper).... . Ug-jook.
Seal (jumping) Ky-aug-lee.
Oar .. ...... E-poot. Ship scare Oo-may-ac-due.
Old man .... . Ick-too-aloo. Steamship .... Ick-o-ma-ling.
os ee per Southy ee. Neeg-yill.
Bee rs Ea: UALS © ayer Ud-loo-a-ah.
One more....., At-ta-loo. onne Da idle a Suc-e-nok.
On the other SUMMIT eee s.. Oak.e-youk.
To ee Igloe-annie. | Spear (seal)... . Oo-nah.
sas Leia : penne Shut the door.. Oo-may-glee.
pen the door.. Mat-a-wa-goo. Something to
Only one... ..-. Ta-but- tua. RCs fee aati I-pa-pa
Over there .... Ti-ma. Sick pees: Ah-ah
SEC> p.m catc. Tacko.
0 ee Al-le-lay-yook. mia aes Micky-you.
Periaps ....;. Shug-a me. Small (very) .. Micky-uck-aloo.
2S ae Ook-e-mara. SPOUS Waris. «rs Mee-luck.
Powder . Uck-dua. NGaisy murat: Kidley.
Presently .... Wet-chow. Steals..r ene: . Tidley-poo.
22 Mah-muk-poo. Speakon sea Wah-poo.
276 APPENDIX.
SOG he. sak ae oe Uck-e-la Warm coe
Spear (to kill ~ Waters. 3a55am
With) “St244< Now-lick-ta. Warmth (per
Sew. 6... Muck-chuck-too. somal) .
“Fi oer fies
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