'.;te r*:*:::.f J: **■' ! "^i; ^ i^. 1 ■■ ■■- -.^ j:* 1 ■!;?■ ill I'SBHiiSTOSlBi^^ 1 1 '■ ' ^S?jy^!^^MBjBr>i^^ I4; • '0 W^' g H ' ,,'^-waKMa^aR^'^rr' ■4 * m THE OIFT OF lolO .B5Z V. 1 . SnOo 5 5^^rr-x^ MEMOIRS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. I. — No. 4. Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements. BY WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, A.M. HONOLULU, H. I.; Bishop Museum Press. 1902. ^ BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sanford B. D01.K, lyL.D President. WiivLiAM O. Smith Vice-President. Ai^FRKD W. Carter Secretary. Henry Hoi^mes Treasurer. Joseph O. Carter. vSamxjei. M. Damon. Wii^liam F. Ali^en. MUSEUM STAFF. Wiivi^iAM T. Brigham Dire<5lor. Wii^i^iAM H. Dai.1. . . Honorary Curator of Mollusca. W11.1.IAM A. Bryan Curator of Birds. John F. G. Stokes . . Assistant and Adling Librarian. A1.1.EN M. WaIvCOTT Assistant. John W. Thompson .... Artist and Modeller. A1.VIN SEAI.E Colledlor. John J. Greene Printer'. ^ STONE IMPLEMENTS AND STONE WORK ANCIENT HAWAIIANS. |->Y X^^n^I^IAAl T. FJRIl^HAM, A.M. Memoirs of the IkMiiice F^aualii Bishop Museum. \\>i,. I. No. 4. HOXOLTLr: B I s I r ov ^ 1 1 ■ s H v m f r liss . 1902. ORDERED PRINTED BY THE TRUSTEES NOVEMBER 8, 1 90 1. PREFACE. In selecting the Stone Implements of the Ancient Hawaiians for the subject of the next chapter of what I had some years since intended should be a history of Hawaii, or rather of the Hawaiians before the advent of other and very different racial influences, it may be fair to explain to my readers, almost at the start, my method in this fragmentary edition of such information about old Hawaii and its customs as I have been able to gather during the past thirty-six years. And here I must be pardoned for thrusting a personality into what I greatly desire to make a clear and impersonal statement of fadls. When I came to these islands a young man full of enthusiasm, fresh from the teachings of Agassiz, Gray, Wyman and Cooke, eager to study nature in all her aspedls, unbiased by theory, only anxious to learn, I found a land where traces of a native civilization were not all effaced. The American Mission had labored a little more than forty years and the results of their work were still vigorous : the missionary homes still existed, oases in the outlying districts, where I could talk with venerable men and women who had landed in 1820 when the young son and successor of Kamehameha had cast aside all that his ancest^irs had held sacred in religion, and was not yet ready to assume new responsibilities, — indeed he hardly gave much thought to the great change that was impending. One era was at an end, another was on the threshold. Hitherto intercourse with for- eigners had but little modified the native ways of living. There had been no interruption of the ancient worship although it had been for years falling into mild decay. The admirable unwritten system of law regarding land tenure, water rights, fishing privileges, and the stern but generally beneficial kapu were almost unimpaired, and that little band of missionaries that went like Joshua's spies to view the land, and whose story is so charmingly told in Ellis' Tour of Hawaii, found people and things much the same as did the wrecked Spaniards when they knelt on the Hawaiian beach three centuries before. I never had the pleasure of meeting William Ellis, but I have corresponded with him. I have met and lived with most of the other early mivSsionaries, and if they were perhaps more anxious to remove those obstacles to eternal health which threatened the interesting people they had come to save, than to study the past history and work connec5led so intimately with what they considered a fallen state, their desires were sincere and unselfish, and they were always ready to place their journals at my disposal and to answer questions which must at times have seemed to them almost idle. Other sources of information, now closed forever, were then open to the traveler among the Hawaiians. In the remote valleys the sound of the kapa beaters still echoed from the pali, and the ancient fabric was still worn to some extent. I have gone to rest in a grass house by the light of a stone lamp filled with kukui oil, after my native hosts and I had conversed by the light of the more primitive string of kukui nuts. I had for my guide on the island of Molokai a man who had officiated as priest in the native temple whose ruins he was explaining to me. Mateo Kekuanaoa, the father of two kings, and the most intelligent native I ever met; John li, Charles Kanaina (father of King C335] • <'' iv Prejace, Lunalilo), King Kameliatnelia V., were all living and willing to contribute to the notebooks I was filling more with a desire of gaining and retaining information than with any view of future publica- tion. Many humbler contributors added to the vStore when in mountain journeys they wTote for me the names they all then knew of bird or plant or place. For years these notes were useless although they came back with me to these islands in 1888, but when a few years ago I expelled to leave the Hawaiian group forever, I destroyed all that I could lay hand upon as useless baggage in my proposed wanderings. That any escaped was due to the change of plans before I had time to read them all through before consigning them to the fire. From this examination they are still fresh in my memory although it is quite possible that the details might have been more complete had the originals been still before me. From these sources more than from the voyagers, I shall draw in the proposed vsketches of the Hawaiians. I have left untold the tiresome accounts of battles, and I have been so unorthodox an historian as to care very little for thronal succession, if this term can be used where the kings had not even a stool to sit upon, or for the genealogies, for I have seen them falsified to satisfy ambition. I have already published an account of the curious Feather Work of the Haw^aiians and I now take up the Stone Work, intending to continue the series with Wood Work, Mats and Baskets, House Building, Food and Cookery, Games and Sports, Warfare, Dress and Ornament, Religion, Kapa Making, Cord and Netting, Fisheries, Canoes and Voyages, Meciicine, Chronology, Water Rights, Land Tenure and Kapu, These chapters are partly in order and will be presented as material on hand seems sufficient, and not necessarily in the above sequence. In this chapter I have endeavored to illustrate all the genuine old Hawaiian implements, but constantly in the course of writing new examples have come to me and I cannot suppose that I have encompassed all within the limits of these few pages. It has been an object with me in all this work to present to those who cannot examine the colle(5tions in this Museum as clear an idea as possible of what they comprise, and as this must be rather in the nature of material for farther study and com- parison, I have not encumbered ray pages with many references to other works or parallel examples, which might exhibit the number of books on kindred subjecfls I may have read, but would add little to a knowledge of these Hawaiian matters. Where the material exists in this Museum, oris familiar to me in other museums, for comparison between Hawaiian and other Polynesian examples I have briefly called attention to the divergence or parallelism, but I have refrained, as far as possible, from mere conjedlural relationships as proving common derivation, preferring to reserve such discussion until all the evidence at my command in all the departments of this series has been fairly presented. Alamakani, OAober 26, 1901. (336) Stone Implements of the Ancient Hawaiians. A chapter treating also of the ancient Stone Work^ Sculpture and such remains as are at present knoivn either in Museums abroad or on these islands by Williaixi T, Brigtiami, A.M., DireBor of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, IN the Pacific Region it is not necessary to discuss the tools of primitive man : the first known inhabitants of the Pacific islands were many thousand years removed from primitive man, and the delicate questions of tertiary or early quaternary remains may be wholly eliminated. We need not, even for convenience, divide the remains of tools used here into stone, bronze or iron periods. There were no such divisions. Neither iron, copper, nor tin was accessible to the islanders, and from the time they landed on the bits of land scattered through this ocean, whether it be five or twenty centuries ago, they used wood, stone, bone or shell for the purposes where modern civilized man uses the metals or pottery, and this use was universal until little more than a century ago when iron and foreign tools were introduced here and there among the islands. Even on the Hawaiian islands metal tools were far from common in the middle of the last century.* If in this region there was a counterpart to the fabled Atlantis of the lesser ocean, in the diluvium that removed its possible inhabitants all their work perished with them and the little islands which perchance serve as gravestones to the lost con- tinent are unmarked by any inscription. The architectural or sculptured remains today found on Rapanui, Tonga, the Marianas and elsewhere are the work of people not remote from the present or historic inhabitants. There are tools of rude form and careless workmanship from the Pacific islands; forms that unconne<5led with their more modern representatives would puzzle the antiquarian, but there is nothing truly in the nature of incunabula. If then the mystery of the birth of primitive implements is not to be approached on these islands ; if the oldest of the tools cannot boast an age of more than twenty centuries, modern indeed in the history of the human race, what have we left ? Simply the rude implements of an intelligent people who had arrived at a certain stage of civilization when they left their home and sought another in the Pacific. What they had formerly must have been greatly modified by the new environment, but in their *In 1850 Rev. Mr. Forbes speaking of his district of Kealakeakua said, ''Axes are very rare .There is not a native carpenter who owns a set of tools, to ray knowledge on this island [Hawaii], the population of which is 30,000 or more. Here and there one owns a saw and an adsie ; rarely any however except canoe diggers, and the tools they have usually belong to some chief for whom they work." Rev, H, T. Cheever, The Island IVorld of the. Pacific, p. 221, New York, 1851. [337] '5' 6 HAWAIIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS, rude tools and methods perhaps is hidden the most definite clue to the origin of the Pacific immigrants, but this will not here he discussed for the space at otir disposal is otherwise bespoken. Of all that remains stone is the most durable material but wdth all its hardness it bears the imprint of human hands as the hard bone yields to the softer niriscle, and some one nia}' take these stone records, add to them the other w'orks and ciLStoms t)f the ancient Hawaiians and perhaps solve the enigma of their origin. HAWAIIAN' ST HAMMKR8. At present too little is known of the archaic languages as w'ell as customs of the en- circling nations or peoples, at the time of the first irruption of the ancestors of the Pacific islanders, to study the problem wdtli profit. How much memorv <>f a previous civilization the Pacific immigrants brought with them we may never discover: certain 1\' the_y could not have brought much, in the wa}' of hcmseliold goods, and from what we know of their earh' voyages the bulk of their cargo must have been food. Tradition on all the groups points definitel}^ to the arrival of the first settlers in canoes; the more recent immigration to New Zealand even preserves the names of the canoes whJcli were later trausferrcd to the tribes springing from the crews. On landing, a waterworii log, such as may be found on most beaches, would perhaps be the first implement used in rolling the heavv canoe STONE HAAIMERS, 7 asliore. The |}rc5eiicc of a cmoc argiicH tlie iwjssessioii of cutting- tools and e\-ervone iiieluding myself, full liberty to arrange their deseriptions in the most eonvenieut onler witlunit prejudice to mw theorv of secpienee. [339] 8 HAIVAIIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS, Hammers.— Taking first then tlie hammers as the most simple, least artificial, and perhaps for tliat reason what we have fewest specimens of in our museums, we might perhaps with the conceit of imxlerii civilization ask what people without nails needed hanrniers for. Perhaps, the earliest use was to drive a stake for which a smooth stone of rounded shape was more con\-eiiient than a rough fragment of stone, as an}- man who has ever camped out knows very well. (3ther stones must be split and cliipped W'-':- HAWAIIAN CA.\H to fc>rni axes, and ver_v early in the history of the human race it was found that a sea- worn pc!)ble was a soitalile tool to knap flint or chip clinkstone. Coconuts* in these tropical regions must he o])cned in the skilful way that every old native well knows lest the |)recions litpiid be spilled; kn,kui nuts must he cracked without bruising the kernel which is to be used for a candle; the bark of the shrubs used in making first strings, afterwards kdpd or bark cloth must 1)e beaten ;t then wlicn the wooden bowls and dishes so comuion anioug the Hawaiians cracked cu' were broken, little pegs (which were indeed nails) must l)e carcfullv hammered into the breach; in the basket work CANOE BREAKERS—STONE USED, 9 successive loops or layers must be hammered into place ; the poi pounders were shaped as we shall see when we come to this indispensable implement, and in fine the uses of the simple pebbles w4th slightly flattened sides as shown in Fig. i (4468 and 4469) were even more general than those of the beautiful but specialized hammer of a modern tool chest. In the same figure No. 4482 represents a natural fragment of lava used as a hammer for general purposes in an Haw^aiian family for several generations : it is a convenient tool and has the advantage of the shabby umbrella in being less in demand by the borrower. Canoe Breakers. — In general no handle was used on Haw^aii as by the Aus- tralians, Maori and so many primitive people, but in a certain modified form of hammer a flexible cord of coconut fibre was substituted for a handle precisely as the rope handle of the iron ball used at the present time in the athletic exercises of ^'throwing the hammer". Hawaiians used these large and heavy hammers in w^ar to break canoes. Thej^ were also swamg in the pow^erful grasp of the Haw^aiian chief much like the ^^morning stars" of mediaeval warfare. In the specimen (7945) on the left of Fig. 3 the knobbed neck to wdiich the rope was plaited has been broken off, but in the Munich museum there is a fine specimen, Fig. 4, with the rope attached. The right hand specimen (2975) had a groove for the encircling cord and it has also been used in later times as a pounder of roots both edible and FIG. 4. medicinal. And here let us remember that the simpler the tool the more varied its uses. This grooved pebble can be an a(5live hammer or a passive sinker to a net ; a stone cup may be a lamp or a paint pot or even a chafing dish in Avhich to burn souls, as will be described later when Hawaiian religion is considered. While it is certainly convenient to call or label a specimen by a definite name, another person may prefer another designation for what he considers the more important role the article may play. Stone Used, — The materials used in fashioning the implements of the Pacific islanders may be enumerated here. The list is not a long one, if we eliminate intro- duced material, as for instance, granite brought as ballast from China and eagerly sought by the old Hawaiians for sinkers. Of simple minerals w^e have calcium car- bonate in the form of corals and of stalaAite in the caves in raised coral reefs, and in a more compact variety resembling marble where lava streams have run over the raised and consolidated reef; Calcium sulphate or gypsum also found in caves or raised reefs and used for the shanks of fish hooks : red ferric oxide or hematite is found in masses of small size in Hawaiian lava flows and is used for clappers and sinkers. Of the rocks composed of several minerals the most common and important is basaltic lava in all its protean forms. From this are made the lamps, dishes, cups, balls, pestles, sinkers, [341] JO HAIVAIIAN STONE IMTLEAfENTS. etc., and it is found in ncarl\- all tlie liigli islands of the Pacific. Found witli tliis is plionolitc or cli!ikst(»iic, inYalual)le for adzes and grindstones; it is of a most compact strnx^iirc, brown, g'ra}', or even black in color and is a mixtnre of sanadine, felspar, nc])licline, liortiblcnd and noscan.* It is fonnd with the older lavas, and on these islands generally at a considerable elevation; on Manna Ivea at 12,000 feet. As its name implies it lias a ver_v metallic clink, and old worked specimens often simulate cast steel. Obsidian or volcanic i^lass is not a product of the Hawaiian volcanoes but is fonnd elsewhere in the l;*acific and is important for the cutting qnalities of its glass- like fraAured cde'cs. From Rapanui in the extreme east cxmie the dasr|yer heads, and 0^^m^:: from the Adniiralt}- group at the western edge of the Pacific region come the spear heads aiid the capital daggers of which a. specimen is shown in Fig. 5 (No. 1562), The Rapaimi dagger heads, of which three are shown in the same figure, are of coarse, almost st(m\- obsidian and when used are fastened to sluirt wooden handles. Masses of clear obsidian from New Zealand l)nt no ofijeels made from it are in this Mnsenm. In Mexico this \'oIca,iiic glass was greatly used in olden times for inlaying as the Mai>ri used pana shell and also flai\ Old and laii nln or dried leaves of the breadfruit tree. A larg-c variet}.'- of polishing stones rnav be found on Plates XXXI l.-^X XXV. The oio was a stone nsed especially to polish eanoes. It was early discovered that the slia^x^ of the polishing stone cou- tril)nted to its efficienc}- and the smoother back and ilie raised knob, ridge or liandle soon followed. On the hard woods of Hawaii a long continued rid)- biiig was rieccssar\-. The gkissy polish af- fected b\' the modern fanciers of Hawaiian l)owls was, of course, never fonnd on tlic old dishes or bowls. The polish given b}- the skilful old Hawaiian with the breadfrnit leaves was more last- ing as well as more tasteful than the mod- ern French polish. The plates will show fully the various forms and texture of the more common polishing stones and a minute description is nnnecessar\'. The patient ap|)lication of whatever medium was the secret of the beautiful finish of the best of the old amvke or bowls. Door Stone. — Not what is nsnally meant by that term, but here a literal translation of the Hawaiian name Poliiiku pitka. As the Hawaiian house made of a light frame covered with grass could not be safely bolted when the small entrance door was closed at night, an ingenious contrivance was sometimes used which, if it wotild not prevent housebreaking would probal)lv wreak vengeance on tlie intruder. It ma\' be stated that tlie door was very low, seldom exceeding three feet in height, and one entered as a (piadrnj)ed. Across the way was stretched a cord over a slK)rt peg near the bottom of one door post and hv this cord was suspended dire(5lly over the entrance a heavy stone. One in the liishop Mnsenni is shown in P*ig. 13. It weighs 36.7 pounds and would be likeh' to disable if not kill ontright an}- person on whose back it might fall. This is the only mantrap ann^ng the Hawaiians which has come to i\\\ notice. A A: 4478 4479 nVWAHVX I' I SOU/DJrOOk' SINKIiRS. Squid -hook Sinkers. — A iik mg tlic ally acceptable to the Hawaiiaiis tliaii tlic sc| favorite coneoniitaiit of p(fi. the iiaticHial disli. To capture it on the reefs where it ahoiiiids, a peculiar hook was used which will be more fully deserilied in the chapter on the Fisheries, but here it must be shown (Fig. 14) to explain the use of the stone sinker. The spindle to which the bone hook is attached has at the opposite end the stone sinker lionnd face to face with a cowrie, nsu- aJly Cvprifd tigriiia^ which is a favorite bait for squid. When lowered to the bottom the stone falls beneath and is hidden by the shell: the hook is partly con,ccaled l)y the Ijlades of grass bound to the spindle near it. When the scpiid grasps the c(jveted shell, the fisher pulls the line and if all goes as planned, the hook enters the soft bod}' of tlic molUisk which is then drawn in through the ink which it emits. In Tahiti, instead of a whole shell, fragments are bound like shingles over the sinker which is less carefnll}' cut than b_v the old Hawaiians. Plates XXX VI.-XXXIX. show a large series (vf these sinkers wdiieh are of vari- ous material, even foreign stone from ship ballast. No relic of the old stone time is more abundant than these scpiid- hook sinkers, and the abundance is due to the fact that they were easily made, and like poi pounders their nseeontiuues to the present da}'. I have seen the old stones used as sinkers to a net as well. Stone Knives. — While the native generally in use whether to trim kapa or c heavier work such as carving a dog or pig. produces of the sea few were more gener- nid or ///v. lioth fresh and dried it was a band>n furnished convenient knives vcr\- irenmcise a hid, stcnie was also in rise for No specimens are known that show any IIAllVillAN STONE IMPLEAfENTS. care in working; simply a sj3lit stone witli a more or less sliarp edge not enhanced by grinding and unprovided witli any handle as shown in Fig. 15. Such a rude imple- \ nieut con Id hardly be classed witli edge tools. It was not so far advanced as the rough flen sing- knives of the Chatham ^^j-'-**^'*"*"''*'**" ~^'"'*'*^-»^ ' islands Moriori, where the stone is shaped to some extent and the handle is formed. Fig. 16 shows these knives used b}' the Moriori for cutting the !)lubber from wliales or other oil 3delding nniui- mals. Still less could the}' compare with the more finished obsidian knives from the Adjiiir- alty group shown in Fig. 4. Probably not much use was made of the H a wa i i a n stone k n i v e s for they are ver}' rare. Knives of wood with in- serts of shark teeth will be described in the chap- ter on l\)ols and ]\Ianu- fac9;ures. The}- were less commcni on this group than on the Gilbert Isl- ands. The nnnx" impor- tant cutting tools, adzes ' and axes I leave for the 100. 14. oAWAiiAx sonu-HooK. prescut to be considered later as perhaps the most finished product among Hawaiian stone implements. Clubs and Pestles. — Warfare and Peace. As with all primitive people tliese states were not long sunxlered in time or space, their symbols nniy be considered together. Clubs and pestles in Hawaii were often of very similar form, and whether a given example CLimS AND PESriJiS. 21 as No. 4798 ill Plate XL., or better still No. 4657 in I'lg. 23, was weapon or tool must be decided b}- the finish and the abrasion, of the grinding end. I believe this latter specimen to be a club (iVrriw) both from the superior finish, unusual on a pestle, and from the absence of any sign of abrasion at the butt. It was a heavy effective weapon made of compact lava. Another form of newa was free from any am1)iguitv. Formed of stone like the last, it had f Museum are two heads of stone (Fig. iS) of which No. 47S9 closely resenfbles the one in the Vancouver collec9:ion; it weighs 16 oz. The other. No. 4790, is !)arreb shaped, 4.4 in. long, and weighs 19 oz. Four deep grooves receive the attaching cords and the base is slighth' hollowed o!it to receive the end of the wooden handle. There is another head of much better finish in private hands in Hout)lnln, in which the at- tachment to the wood was facilitated by four knobs at the l)ase. I have examined this through the kindness of a third party bnt have been unable to olHain either cast or pliotograph of the specimen which is said to have been found in the district of Kohala on Hawaii. It was brought to me for a name, and there uniy be other similar specimens I-IylUrAIfAN STONIi LlfPLEMENTS. l3-iiig unknown and neglected in private hands. Tliose in tlie Britisli Mnsciini and those here figirred from the Bishop Mnsenni are the only specimens known in nmsennis. ()n the snme phite ( XL.) is figured a eliih of far better finish than those hitherto attributed to the Hawaiians (No. 4786). It has, as can be seen on the phatc, a smooth finish and no knol) on the handle end, l)ut instead is perforated l)y boring from each side. Throng'h the bevelled hole thns formed a strong braided ecn-d of olona is 3Eie;icK p\uAKi i^;is!H)p Miixhi;-.; passed, sliowing that besides _•' ' ____ - " ^- its use as a common elnb the weapon eonkl be Imrled as a iioia to entangde the legs of an adversary. This latter use was a favorite one among the Mawaiian war- riors and in h'ig. 19, No. 4788, is shown a stone cnt with some art to effect the same end. Its section is flat and the distal end is broadened and thickened at the edges; there is a suit- able knot) b\' which to njake fast the cord. To return to onr elnb on \^\. XL. The seelicni is not roniid hot elliptical, conneAing it with the flattened clnbs called . . f . iticrt' bv the Maori who great] V prize them; indeed lio\- are often made of jade of c/onsiderable intrinsic vahie. l^he Bishof:) Mnsenm pos- sesses one of beaailifolly clear light green jade 17.2 inches long. Of this flattened form are the i\loriori clnlis shown in Plate LXII. which seem to show the original form afterwards more or less modified h\ their ^!\Iaori successors mio pain and uiei'c. Two other weapons, 4793 and 4794, are .shown also on Fig. 19. These were grasped in the hand as a reinforcement and gave the fist a dangerous solidity. Thc_y eonkl, according to other native anthorities, be used as hoias, I have seen onh' tlie.se two which are (piite distinct in material and finish. CLUBS AND PI{S71J{S. ">■ \i ?^j»*««? Stone club beads are eoniiiioii enough in otlier groups, especially in the western Pacific where the Soh:)mon islanders make very elaborate short clii!)s witli a round tin- pierced stone head concealed within basket work. The wooden handle is often elabo- rately inlaid with pearl shell. The New Gninea men make the well-known spherical elid) heads fastened to the stick with gum in wliieh are imbedded small shells or sqnares of pearl shell. Dr. Gigdioli has described these clubs in a learned and com- plete essa)'.* Tlie neio;hboring inhabitants of the P>ismarck Archipelago make heads of various forms as shown in Fig. 20. ''The i^'olr (>•()/ e ( Ko. 157 1 ) is rare, but the star-sliapcd forms are more com- mon and show great care and patience on the part of the maker. It should l)e noted thai this last form is now fre- quentlv imitated and with modern tools is not difficult to shape, but the finish will generally' betra)- the work to the initiated. I do not think that this stai* form has any connexion with the stone stars of the Peruvians described b\' vS{juier and others. The stone stars described ]}\ Whvniper as common in Kcnador and figured b}- himt have no cylindrical body from which the star arms radiate as in the dob heads of the western Pacific. None have more llian si.K rays, and in some these ravs are ver_v short. In weight the\' vary from five to twent}' ounces, and while the Kctuulorean stars nui\' have been used '■*'*'• '7- coMi'nrxn hawviixn ciji!. as clnl) heads (at least the heavier ones), it is cpiite as likel}- they were ornaments or s\-mbols connected with star worship. I'lie disk clubs of the New Caledonians belong to the same class and are usnalh- nnide of jade, although this is\sometimes of the coarsest grade. And here I may be permitted to digress so far as to mention the jade working of the Maori and New Caledonian. (Greenstone is not found on the Hawaiian islands, hence the material was not described with the Hawaiian sttmes in the earlier part of this chapter, but in New Zealand, New Caledonia and New Guinea tlie products in the V. 'K, C355] 24 JlAWAlfAN STONE IMfLEMEN7^S. sliJipe of adzes, clnl).s, amulets or ornaments are among tlic clioiccst of worked stone objects and are fonnd in every mnsenni. The middle is'lajid of tlic New Zealand ,e;r()iip lias been sometimes named for the greenstone or poujianiit found there, but the name properly belongs only to the rpiar- ries, — Ee Tcai poitiiamii. Alaii}' grades of greenstone are worked, l)iit the ehoice, deli- cately colored and somewhat translucent varieties nsnall}' called jade arc the ones of present interest. These are very hard and fine-grained and lend themselves to earefnl and patient work as few other stones. Dr. A. B. Meyer tlie distinguished Director of the lao, is. HAWAIIAN eian? intAos, Dresden Museum has |)u1)lished* full information on the physical and chemical efuir- acten'stics of this stone which in its varieties has man}- names as jade, jadeite, nielanite, nepliritc, greenstone, ser|)entine, ehhn-o-mclanite, etc. From Dr. Me\'er\s fine work I borrow three a,nal\-ses ( b\' I'renzel ) to show the constant proportion of silica in speci- mens from different loeab'ties; — iWrc (hiiiiea Adu-. Xr?,- /xalmui Adze. .\>,v Calrdouiau Adzf. Silica. 56.81) ^6.-,c> ss.Ho .\liiii idc. M;i-ncsi Soda. Water. Sp. Kr.. 5.62 21 .(j5 2.90 Sp. gi-.. 2.»,)8 CLl/flS AND PESllJiS. 25 In the second and third specimens lime and magticsia take the pLice of alumina and soda in the first, otherwise the body material silica and the coloring element iron oxide remain essential! v the same. In New Zealand the prineipal forms of the worked stone are wrvr, liei-liki^ toki or adze and ear ornaments; in New Gninea chiefly tlie adze, and in New Caledonia adze, disk-el nil and l)eads of a spherical or flattened form. Dr. Mc^-er gives ilhistralions of these in Plates V. and VI, of the work cited, and the Mac»ri articles are well shown in a w'ork by Hamilton."" So .slow was the abrasion in the rndc grinding that it is said to have taken more than a generation to finish a mere. The tools were blocks of sand- HAWAI1A.\ SToXJ- st(me rnl)bed slowly 1)y hand, water dropping on the stone meanwhile, (^)ne form of ear ornamenl resembling a capital J in the t\-pe called Gotliic was of j)ecnliarly difficnlt workmanship. l"'he odd-looking hcitikis with one-sided heads ux're i\'orke(l largely wdth drills and sand; they had drilled holes for snspension from the neck. Of all these forms n,one seem closely related to the Hawaiian except certain chil)S and ponnders. I am in donbt whether to class a certain Hawaiian shell ornament in the Bishop Mnsenm with the lieitiki, l)iit as it is an onicpie specimen I have decided to relegate it to the chapter on Ornament. An antiqne form of ^laori clnb is shown in Fig. 21 which both in material and sliape recalls the Hawaiian ])estle, but the handle end is in Ijotli exajnples ornamented with hnnian heads, and (me (No. 1514) has two rndc masks on the bodv as well, while both have the bntt more ronnded than in the Hawaiian pestle. Of lietter workmanship HA IVAlfAX S'i'OXf: i\MPIJ{AfIL\"/:S. viv.. 20, CLiT.s oi- M-:\v crixjiA ANj) 'rin-; isismarck akciiu'Mi.ac PJiS'ILIi'S, are the beaters sliowii in l^'ig. 22; botli are of very dark greenstone and sniootbh^ fin- islied. Tlie first, No. 1513, is a paoi or pestle to eriisb fern nxit, a process for wliieli wooden pestles are more eomnionl}- nsed, and the other, No. 131, eoines to the Bishop Mnsenni labelled ''Hand Clnf)", l)itt it eeriainly eonld ha\T? been used as a pestle, while its short- ness (9.6 in.) won Id be ineonveiiient foi" a clnb. Pestles. — (')n the Ha^ waiian (i-ronp there was no corn to be gronod so tliat we find neither the roller and me I air of tlie ]\iexiean nor the h,)ng pestle of the .''Xnierintl; nor did the Ha,waiian gidnd the fern root which he nsiiall^- liaked, bnt he had the not of the jUhi^ nlcs inolitffdiia or hnkni ami the kannini Calof^/i vi- lli ni niophvlliiw to crnsh both for food and for the oil. Here also, nnlike the eiistoni of the southern islands, the awa {l^ipcr ni(iliYstinnii) wa,s g'ronnd, not ehewed. The giiiid- iiig" of liait h)r fishes was always done with wooden pestles which will come properly under insheries. As a general thing the Hawaiian pestle had no knul) at the Inindle end, but some of good workmanship, shown in Plates XlJ.aud XIJI., have definite l')osses. In some cases the kiic)b is replaced h\ depressions on opposite sides of the stem as nniy be seen in No. 71)91) of Fig. 23. Tlie rudest form, which 1 believe to l)e \xn-\- ancient, is shown in No. 4483 of the same figure; it is sinipl\' a ernivenient pebble worn b^- nse, and 1 ha\-e 28 flAlVAlfAN S7Y)A7{ IMPLEAfENTS. found it a suitable inipleiiicnt to crush kernels of nuts or the stems of medicinal plants Where choice iuter\-encd the kaliitaa lapaau or a!)origiTial "medicine-man" always selected ivory or l)<)ne pestles for comminuting his drugs, — the material gave more power to the drug. Sc\-eral i\^ory pounders are in the Bishop Museum as well as a medicine cup made from the vertebra of a small wliale. Returning to Fig. 23, we have in No. 4660 an- other primitive pestle found in the rnins of an ancient heian or temple. It is of hard cellular lava rudely wrought, but eon- siderabU' worn b}- use. Next to it is a very choice specimen, No. 4657, which equals in the workman- ship the best Maori speci- juens; are we to consider this the iieiihi or hand club of some eliief? I have already- mentioned the difficult}' encountered in attempting to distinguish between the weapon and tlie tool. The curious fig- ure in the lower right hand corner, Ko. 7947, is what remains of a brok- en pestle which by the hand of a modern forger has been con\"erte(l into the semblance of all ancient god. Too many such occur, and the Portuguese or J a,pa,ncse stonecutters make many a dislionesi dollar from the in- experienced collector of Hawaiian curiosities, and the native of the soil is not free from tliis cheat. So closel_y are genuine stone dishes or idols imitated that it is one of the most difficult matters to i)ass judgment upon, even for the few experts, and it is safer i<)r the t3-ro to reject aiU' specimen even if be disinterred l)efore his e_yes. CI.UB ( NO. 131 ). /V:".V7A/-;.V. BERNICE PAUAH! UisH- [.^6i 3<) If A IVAHAN STONli IM PlJ{AfJ{X7'S. The pestles in Flutes XIJ. and XLIL, ako in P'igs. 24 and 25 are fair examples of the Hawaiian form, and while in modern times ecrtaiii ones are often designated "noni-poiiiiders" I donbt there was an}- distinction iii aneient times and the same stone g-round kiikni nuts for oil or the awa root for the hot and exhilarating- drink or, \-et again, iioni (Monndd tiirift^lia) for dye or medicine. Some, as will be seen, are HAWAIIAN flattened at, the fjult, not alwa\'s by long nsc; most, however, are ronnded to fit more elosely the bottttni of the mortar. A miieh more common class of pestles was shorter, ("onieal in shape, and held in the Inind. These mnllers, shown in Fig. 26, were generallv nsed to pulverize ehareoal (n- to grind ochres fur paints, or to ernsh berries or sueenleiit stems for dyes. Often no mortar was required l)nt a shallow dish or a flat roek served as nether millstone. Older in point of development than the taller brethren, they serve as a transitional form to t\\t polidkii km' pdi ox poi |)onnders, one of the most eharaderistie of Hawaiian stone implements and one thai survives to this day withont a rival in the hand mannfaetnre of the nati(mal food. PJIAIJJC liMJri.EMS. 31 Phallic Bmblems. — The almost universal worsliip of tlie Phallus in carl\- stages of liiiiiiaii devclopiiieiit exleiiclcd to tlie tribes iiihal)itiiig the Pa,c:ific, and was prevalent aiiiong" the Hawaiiaiis. 'I'he worship is not to he considered here l)nt the stone end)lenis of it ninst he noticed h)r some of them are lial)le to he mistaken for pestles. I have never ionnd the cnrions nail wdiieh my friend Dr. Kriimer deserihes li^liilPliiP^ii; HAWAIIAN from Samoa* hut there are in the lii.shop Museum many phallic ohjecFls of nn(lonl)ted antiqiiit}-. The stone lamps offer inanv illustrations and the pohaka ciiit are somelinics fcnmd hnried or otherwise hidden. In one ease only have I seen the female element represented and in that liui^itiu it ajipeared as a well wi-ongdit ring' through which passed, bnl wholh* detached, a conical stone similar to the larger of those shown in Folate LXX\a !\Ianv of the ohjeAs in this |)late are well made and some are of great size as if intended to ocenpy a temple, and not merel}- a |)rivate sanc9;nary. In the Berlin .Museum (Arning colleAion ) is a nnile organ of sneh naturalistic treatment that I infer it was made in later times and not intended as an object of worship, for in all sacred phaJli a verv conventional treatment is shown. The ima^ges of the Hawaiian 32 H/UrAlfAN STON'E IMP/^jafENTS. gods, especially those carved frt)iii wood are often obscene to an extreme only equalled in New Zealand among tlie ^laori or in Japan. Near Ivalae on ^IMolokai is a curious sculptured stcnie having at first glance the appearance of being waterworn. It is, however, on the top of a hill where no water could have done the work. I photographed it in 1S89 (Fig. 27) and learned from the residents of the neighboring ranch that it was once the object of great veneration under the name of Kanlniianahoa. It has been carved to a great extent, but how much the natural coirformation of the rock contributed to its present form cannot be told. riC;. 26. UAWAilAN STOKI<; MCUJiKS. Dr. Kramer has described* this also as phallic. It is in a regicm now depopulated but once with a large native population as the remains of temples and other strncftiircs indicate. In its present descdaticm and neglect, this once venerated stone is made tlie benirer of various names of tramps. It is as high as an ordinary' man. MortatS.- — Before following this line of form development we must turn back to fit the pestles with their mortars. I do not know of an_y pot holes in the rocks out- side of torrent Ijcds that were used for mortars as was so common among the Amerinds of New England. The simplest mortar in the Bishop Museum is shown in Plate XLIII., No. 1227. It is 15 inches in its largest diameter and bears marks of considerable use. It seems AIORJARS. 33 to have l:>ccii a small boulder c)r iiodiilc of verv cellular lava, and was ni(lcl\- fasliioiied more l)y use tliati in ilic original intent. It is considered an awa mortar, l)ecaiiKe ed away.* The nriddlc one shows an approach to the more finished specimens we will next consider, and wliich show a remarkal)le deg-ree of patient and nndcrstanding work, lioth inside and ont the finish is good, but within the sha{)c is very perfect, Ixdng K vri.r X VNAiiov ox mc almost almond-shape in section. The fi\'e mortars shown in Fig. 2S weii:' all h)nnd on the island of Kanai, hidden in the earth within the limits t)f the Kealin sugar planta- tion, and were tnrned n|) by the pk)w in cudtivating for cane. Mr. deorge II. Dole was at tlic time manager of this plantation and added them to his |)ri\-ate ctdlet-lion, most, of which afterwards came to the Ilisho|) Musennr The dimensioir^ of these rare speci- mens, for 1 do not know of any similar in any of the museums, arc a,s follows, in the order in which the}' are placed in the figure. Height and diameter in intdics: — No. 1222, 13.5X6.2; i:?:>4. s. 5X7.2: 1221. 7.2X7.2; 1223, SxS; i:>25. n.5-''7. Tliese were generall}' used h»r grinding kukni or kamani nuts for both oil and the relish called imunoiKi, I have traced tfie place of their manufacture to a hill above 34 BAJVAIIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS. Makaweli on Kauai wliere tliere are maii)^ fragments botli of tlie lava used for mortars and the clinkstone of wliicli adzes were shaped. To this faftory I shall have occasion to revert when describing the adze making. What the exact process of manufac%ire was I do not know, nor can an^y of the old natives satisfy me. Certainly the method was not a perfect one for many failures are recorded nnintentionally among the refuse heaps of this facftor}-. One that I brought from there is shown in Fig. 29 and it will be seen that the sides were split off niiiformh? all round, a condition that is rather puzzling, for the bottom of the cup seems about finished, and the accident must have occurred when the finishiug touches were being applied. It can hardly have happened IAN STOXl-: MOKTARS. by a fall on to the stone ledge that crops out here and there within the limits of the workshop. Tliere is the ruin and my readers nmy adopt such explanation as seems good. That the stone worker was often deceived in the cpmlity of his selefted stcme is sliowii by the nniu}' failures after much, work has been expended, but when the uncertain nature of volcanic rock is considered and its common want of honiogeneit}- is known, it is not surprising. Many au experienced sculptcu' has been bitterly disappointed in his chosen block of Carrcra marble and after much labor has come upon a hopeless flaw. The shallow cups or dishes to be used with the mullers are show-n in Fig. 30. One (2979) is shown in reverse to exhibit the four legs. Most of the others are very shallow and were probabh^ used for the paints for the impression of the bambu stamps on kapa; lience they are abundant, or at least their fragments are, for each kapa maker must have had at least three of these enps wdien priming. There is little variation in [366] MORTARS. 35 the form as tlicy were objeAs of ittilit}- not ornaiiiciit. The following taiblc will give the leiigtli and weight of tlie Hawaiian stone pestles shown in the preccditig figures: FiCrURE 23. 44B3. Rude form, a mere pel>l)le, whidi has been 79()9. Compact lawi, 7.5 in. long, 2 lbs. 8 ozs. Msed eonsidenibly, 6,5 in. long;, 2 lbs. S ozs. 4660. Cellular lava. i).5 in. long, 4 llis. ro ozs. 4637. Most finished specimen in the colleelion, 7947. Compact lava : the brt)ken pestle has })eeti 15.5 in. loiiff, 6 lbs. 2 oz.s, con,verted into an idol. -Mcn^T.lR BKORltN I.\ >l.\KlXe Fi(;eK:H 24. 4652. Cellular lava, roiin^. 4O40. Compact, .4 in. long, 23 ozs. Compact lava. 7 in. lotig, 37.2 o/.s. 4641. Compact, 4 m. long, 23 ozs. Compact lava. 6.1 in, lf)ng'. 4S o/.s. 4<>.S*'>. Coarse lava. 4 in. long, 23 ozs. Coral rock, 5.('> in. long, 28.5 ozs. 4114. I<^lli]>tical section, 4.5 in. long, 46.7 < SSP^!^^... ,^^^W?t 4797- Cellular la\':i, Cellular lava. long. 4 1 Icmg. A 1 X4J. 47yH. Cellular lava, 14.7 in. long, fi Ihs. 6 . Cellular lava, 13.8 in. long, 4 Fhs. 5 ( 4''4^». 4^\S4^. 5149- Cvllnlar lava. Cellular hivii, Cellular lava. Pr,.\Tr: XL LI. in. long, h \U in, long, 5 11)^ Cellular lava. 12.7 in. long, 6 lbs. Cellular lava. 13. .|, iu. long, f) ll)s. 4 o/s Poi Pounders (Na poliaku kui pui). — Wc come now to an iinpleiiieiii ver_y proiiiiiieiitly iclctitificd witli r^)l3-iicsiaii life: one that liacl its hcgimiiiig-.s with the race and which will |)erliaps 1)e the last of ancient thiiig.s to fall from the hands of the dying people. Wherever the makinij^ (.)f poi reached there were the stone ponnder.q of one o-eiieral pattern 1)ut with nianv Toeal variations. Whci-e l)readfrnit lakes the place of POl POUNDERS, 37 kalo, as in some Micronesiaji islands, tlic edible substance is pounded with similar pestles of wood or stone. The root of the halo ( Colocasia csfulmld) is cooked and then pounded on large w'oodeu dishes, with no inconsiderable lal)or, into a tough and pasty dough which is then in turn diluted with water and allowed to sour as a paste. This is the favorite food among the Polynesians l)oih _voiiiig and old, a,nd it seeurs to confute the popular idea that tnjpical peoples will not by choice do hard work. Certaiiilv poi pounding was the hardest breaxi-makiug know-n among the nations, and the labor fell to the lot of the men alone. But it is not so much the wcudc done wdth these pounders, which will |)roperlY be considered in the chapter on Food, as the work expended iu making tlieui, and also the variation in fcnnns that we a:re to study here. iCvery i«ip(u-tant group in Polynesia (nsing poi) had its own pattern, and as the\' Inive Ijceu siuuewhat mixed in nnisennis and private collections, a very brief notice of these forms must be given here. Tlie group with which iu traditional iiuies the Ha,waiians had the: closest connetRion through their long voyages, had a form cpiite distinct from ajyv known to their visitors, and yet the Taliitian form is often^ attril)Uted to the klawaiian islands becairsc the iuter- txju,rse in the peiiod when the whaling industry flourished in these waters brought manv Taliitian things to Honolulu wdiich l)ecanie a point for their redistribution to the 38 Ff Air All AN STONE IMPLEMENTS. rest of the world. I have traced other Tahitiaii objeAs, which iti the iiiiiseiims of B^urope and America were called Hawaiian, to the fact that the Reverend William Ellis was a niissioiiar}' in the vSocicty islands until his health suffered, and on his way home to recuperate, he was persuaded to tarry in tlie liawaiian islands and help the earliest band of missionaries sent b}- the American Board of Foreign Missions. His knowlcdg'e of the Tahitian dialect enabled him to converse with the closel}^'' related Hawaiian, and tluis his help was invaltiable to the teachers on Hawaii who were struggling to master the language of the people tliev had come to instruct. Mr. Ellis was more than an ordinary teaclicr as his most interesting Tour oj ILniHiii m 1S21, and his various works on Madagascar prove, and he not only studied manners and customs but colleAed specimens of the manufactures of the peoples with whom he sojourned, and the col- lections brought through Hawaii from Tahiti and now in the British Museum mainly, were sometimes cuufuunded with those that Mr. Ellis eollcAed in Hawaii. Evidently the Tahitia,us held their pouuxlers in a different way to the Hawaiian bread-maker for the characteristic cross bar was the handle instead of the cylindrical stem of the poiiiuler. While the cross bar was hmger or shorter, atul of differing curves, the specimens shown in Pig. 32 arc good t\'pes of the southern form. Although the Marcpiesan group is much nearer the Societ}' than the Hawaiian islands the pounder found there more resembles tliat used on tlie latter group, and was held in the same wa\-. [370 J MAROUESAN FOI ROUNDERS. 39 Its distiiigiiisliiiig feature, on all the specimens that I have seen, was the small knob at the top which was either siniplj?' grooved (8004, 8005) or decorated with a head , ., ^^ ^ _ of tlic type eoiijuioii ill Marqiiesaii art. Botli these forms are shown ill B^'ig. 33, and the graceful curve of the stem sliotild be noticed. The artistic oiitlin^c is closer allied to the Tahitiau tliau to the Hawaiian. A verv ancient form of ]\Iarqucsan ponnder now in private hands in Honolulu is shown hnisli of s.iu- lioinUiOi is MA.ROUItSAN POI FOUND] iu Pig. 34. The double head is boldh- iii(n.U.;[h.Hl wwX \] good. It perhaps favors my belief th;a the cannibals did better work, and h:ul better taste, than the people wholive^d*>n poi and fish; but any one may form his own theory if he has specinieiis enough of the work of each division of tin- Pacific islanders to make a fair com- parison. To nie there is something; very cannibalistic in the two faces on this ponnder, and I am inclined to be- lieve that the poi pouuded with, it wns often as the l)rcad to the more im- portant meat. The pounders used Iw the cair- nil)als at the other end of the Paeiin.- region, the Maori, liave been alreaiiy figured (P'ig. 22, p. 28). The fern ro<>i and hinan berries {Elieocaifits de/ihr.. /us) were generally beaten in a wood'. mi bowl wdtli a wooden pestle, neither nf ' '^'' "'■' '--■'•■'' .-■-■■*-.■■—. ~ them having anv connection witli the Hawaiian poi Ixjard and ponuder. Both the bowl and pestle were often carved in artistic forms as were so many of the humblest imple- ments of the Maori. [371] 40 HAWAIIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS. Retii ruing to tlie nortli Pacific we find in 'Micronesia a very distinct type of poi pounder, l^otli I lie cross bar and the boss have disappeared and a flattened disk termi- nates tlie sleni otberwise quite like those of the Polynesian iskrnders already described. On many of the islands of Klicronesia no stone is fonnd ; coral and coral sand form the stdid land and it is connnon to see ini|)len]ciits that on the volcanic islands arc made of lava on these atolls made of compact shell, or in^ the ease of pounders, of coral rock solid and riiigin*^. Such arc shown in Fi|^\ 35 where the excellent workmanship of the cannilials and the peculiar diseoidal top mo.y be seen. (/)ne or two conical points are in s«)me cases added a|>parently fcn^' oiiiamenl, or it nia\' be to indicate an esix-cial use, as the two specimens ( 3291, 3292) in the middle of the gronp have two |)oints and are said to haA'C been usee! for grinding f(iil\ a ivd |)igment grca,tl\- prized l>y the Ruk people. Als(j fnnii the Caroline islands are the two pounders shown in I^^ig. 36, One i'jiYj^) is of wood |)ainted red like man\' of the Carolincaii ol)jcAs of the same in,aterial: the other is of vcr_v ecnnpact lava and well ma^ie. These are n.sed for |)onnding' l)otli kalo and breadfruit. I am not accpiainted with an\- other hirni of iinportcinee ontside the Hawaiian group, but on this gron{) there was a variati(ni in lori]i greater than any of those already seen. However, we are getting on too fast and must return to the very primitive nuillers froni wliieli Ikiax- (levelo|)cd all these fornis. Au}' one c)f the mullers shown in PO! I-OUNDERS. 41 P'ig. 26 would do for poi poiiiidiiig but tlie}' all lack weiglit and the face surface is not: of sufficient diameter to do well tlic needed pounding. In Fig. 37 we liave a conical niuller madeof coral rock (coral sand conglomerate) which is fairly lieavv (4 ll)s. 12 oz, ), but while it would strike a forceful blow it would not be so easy on the recover, and in spite of the rather rough surface would l}e likely to slip from the liand. In this case the inventive genius of an intelligent people would scmiu devise the slender stem and knobbed top, I am al)le to shcnv the intermediate shape when the stem, liad l)een diminished for the better clasping of the hand. Fig. 38 shows a verv old niuller or ISf.AXDS. pounder found in the ruins of an okl heiau or temple. It is roughh- wroni»1it and indicates an early age or little skill on the part of the maker. It almost gives the impression of a lump of clay T>eing fashioned on tlie potter's wlieek It is the only one of this form I ha\'c seen. Let not ni}- reader sup|>ose thai I attach mucli importance to tliis dcvekipmcnA of the pounders; there is no chronological sequence so k\x as known, and while it is cas\- to arrange intermediate forms, it must bealwa_vs rememl)ered that we have iir)tliiinr beyond our innigination to rest upon. We cannot provt* that the simple form was nut made long after the so-calk'd intermediate for some special |)n,r|)ose. There are no bones of the ca\'c bear or of any other extinct animal with which these stone tools ha\"e been hinnd, and except tradition there is no possible help in dating any of the old siieci- niens. Tradition selcknn meddles with the common implements of vulgar life aiul certaitily does not in manv cjf the ones whicli ocenpv our attention at present [373J 42 HAWAIIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS, 1 am fortunately able to show how tlie Hawaiian poi pounder was made, and it is probable that this was the most ancient method. In Hilo in 1888 I found ati old native at work with liis son fashioning poi pounders for his neighbors and one of the photographs I then took is shoini in Fig. 39. Sitting on the porch of his house on a mat (no longer Hawaiian but Chinese), clad in for- eign clothes, father and son still retained the native pos- ture and the native methods I had seen a quarter of a centur}^ before when a grass house and stone platform had served as background to a bronzed figure clad only in the unobtrusive nmio or clout, working in the same way for the same end. (3nly a hard silicious pebble arm- ed with perseverence and pa- tience made produAs fairly shown in the plates and fig- ures. Now it is said the modern pounders are often turned in a lathe,* and these substitutes are used by the Chinese to prepare the Ha- waiian's national food! Not seldom when much of the hard rough shaping FIO. 37, HAWAIIAN MUI.I.KR OF CORAl. ROCK. |g ^l^^e tllC WOrk HlUSt be abandoned liecause a flaw is discovered. Two such failures are shown in Fig. 40. The first (No. «S8i5) looks almost like a model of an eroded mountain for the hard pebble has cut away the stone much as the torrent washes out the valleys. The first stage was ncarl}' finished. In the second example (No. 8043) more progress had been made: the concavity of the sides was marked and tlie face was nearly complete when the great crack from side to side appeared and the disappointed w'orkman threw the block on to the refuse heap whence it found its wa}- into a stone wall mdiere the rejected stone was selected from the whole m-all for the lesson it could teach. * i luivc rrci-iillv si-<-n tulcinhk- poi poniidt-rs cut willi :i short^ijindled axc:. It look ncarlv a clav. and tht- re.snU wns rotiph. [374] POf POUNDERS^ 43 I have wondered wlietlier the Hawaiian priesthood was enough like^ other priest- hoods to eling teiiaeioiisly to the use of ancient implements as well as forms, I have , ^ , _ ^ no information at first hand on the matter, for the ■ priests had ceased to perforin their fnncStions, at least in public, before m\' da}-, liiit in the rnins of a temple on tlie slopes of the Kaala range on Oahii, were found b_y Messrs. Bryan and Heale of the Museum staff, several pounders of antique form two of which arc shown in Fig. 41. No. 10,031 is made of a kiva closely resembling stratified sand- stone, and is considerabl}- flattened. No. 10,032 is of a citrionsly shortened form. Both bear marbs of long use. The AHi or Chiefs were par- ticular abont their poi pounders, carrying their own on journ,eys, and sonic of the Afoi or Kings placed a kapn 011 their private pounders. In the Bishop Museum is the '\sacred" pounder of the great Kamehameha, a small form easil}- carried on a jonrney or war-like expedition. It escaped A N C I K KT 1 1 .\ W A I r ;\ X I'OUNDIvR. l)ei n g pi 1 ot ograpl 1 - cd as it was in the case with relics and not with the other more ple- beian pounders. Under the circum- stances the priests, wdio by this same kapu ruled the Kings, probabl}' were equally par- ticular abont their own ponnders. Another native custom had its in- fluence on the sixe if not the form of some ponnders. Tlie maka aiuaria or people, as distinguished from the chiefs and clergy, had neither any property nor anv rights that their rulers were bound to respect. "' [375J 44 ffAlVAlIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS, Every tiling beloiigx-cl to the King. The Hawaiian saying "(-^ //////f, o laJo, kin\ (f a/ca (I (f ka liiia p(i('^ ko kr ^ iir^ { All jilxive, all hclow, the sea, the land, and iron cast upon the shore, all belong to the King) was so true that if a chief heard the noise of pounding poi, and was luiiigry, he could take the poi from tlie commoner to satisfy his own hunger even if he left the pt)or fellow starving. l''his was sufficiently com- mon in practice to induce the making of pounders of smaller size that would not IfNI'IXlSniiD POl rOUNOKKS. heli-av the prc|)aration of food by the noise. Ahi polnikit km poi nuilii. Such are several of the pounders shown in Figs. 43 and 44, and these lighter forms were the ones carried liy the servants of a chief on a journey. On tlie island Kauai are found two peculiar huuns: one in its various modifica- tions is shown in Plate XIJ\'.: the other in Plates XLV. and XLVl. Both of these hirnrs are two-handed and the -|3rocess is rather grinding than pounding. They were j)referrcd hn- grinding the barks and berries used in dyeing kapa. The stirrup form nia)' be regarded the older, certainly the easier to make, and the ring form { po!iakii kui piik(t i)x poliakit ptika) nmy have developed fr) is a cast kindly sent me l)y Professor Frederick W. Pntiiam, the distinguished Curator of the Peabodv Mnsenm o f A m erica n A r e h a'- olo<''-v at Camhridce ' ber mice pa u am bishop museum. Mass., in whose charge is the nniqne uriginak It sliows more ekijjoratc design than any 1 have seen, although the pro- jccftjons on the upper corners, so con\-enienl for the thumbs, are indicated on No. 4113 of the same plate. 1 have never seen these stirrnp pounders iu use. The ring pounders seem to ^ have liccome ob- solete in more recent times, perliaps because the Chinese, who pound much of the poi, prefer the common conical form of Fig. 42. I'he methods of holding the ring pounders, according as the}- are used for pounding (a) ur grinding (y>) is shown in P'ig. 45. Tliis was the nsual, although the workmen doubtless varied tlie grip as their wrists became wearied, and ditf'erent natives have shown nie other methods as the only ones they ever knew. All such infonnation is of little \'a1ue. The \'ery limited range of these stirrup and ring pcnmders is noteworthy. The iskind Kauai was not remote from the rest of the gronp, nor were her inhaliitants hostile geiierall}'. That intercourse was not so common as between the islands to tlie southeast is shown by the provincial forms of words, the nse of the sound repre- sented by k insteaxl of that represented by t more generalh' on Kauai (a-Tooi of Cook) than on tlie other islands, and other dialetftal peculiarities not necessary to discuss here. Notwithstanding there was a considerable intercourse and interchange of merchandise between the people of Kauai and even the distant Hawaii. Peculiar forms of kapa made only on the former island have been found buried in ancient caves in Kohala, Plawaii, Ijiit 1 do not rcmcnilicr that any poi pounders of the [377] I \WA1 I A X 46 HAWAIIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS. forms in qitestioii have ever been found cm Hawaii. I am at a loss to explain tlie iion-distribiitioii and I caniiot find tliat tbeir use extended beyond tbe island of Kauai. When I first visited that island in 1864 they were already obsolete and were show n :!< ruriosilir:-.. That tbe reader may ofjtain a lietter idea of tbe size and weight of these "bread makers" 1 give here a list of tliose figured, with their weight, lieight and the diameter at tbe larg'est end. 4085. 5 lbs. 8 07,.. 8 ill., 5.7 ill. 40H1. 5 II >s.. K.2 ill., 5.5 ill. 4S. 13 oz., 7.2 ill.. 3.8 ill yS.'^t') 6 ll».s. , 7.2 ill., 5.7 ill. 4i)H2 7 Itis. i(^ oz., 8.8 ill., 6. 1 ill 773' 6 lbs. 2 oz.. 8.5 ill. 5.9 ill. POI POUNDERS. 47 4096. 4097. 4091. 4092. 4086. 4099. 4080. 4106. 4 lt)S., 7.5 111., 4,7 111. 3 lbs. 3 o'/.., 6.2 in., 3.3 iii. 4 lbs. 8 oz., 7.1 ill., 5 ill, 2 lbs. I oz., 6.5 ill., 3.1 in. 4 lbs. 12 oz., 7 ill., 5 in. 2 lbs. 5 oz., 6 ill., 3.5 ill. 6 lbs. 4 oz., 7.8 ill., 5 ill. 3 lbs. 12 oz., 7 in., 4,6 in. FiGUKj; 43. 4094, 3 lbs. 7 oz., 7.5 ill., 4.4 ill., 1 4105. 2 lbs. 12 oz., 5.7 in.. 4.2 in. 4103. I lb. 13 oz., 5.1 in., 3.1 ill. 7736. 3 Ib.s. 14 oz., 7.6 in., 4.5 ill., 40.SH. 2 lbs. 14 oz., 6 in., 4,1 in. 4'^^'*9f"*' .5 1^">^- ^ *-y^-'^ <^-7 '"■< .^-9 i"- 4079. 10 11)S. 9 oz., 10 ill., 6.7 ill.* li.WV-Vl 4087. 2 lbs. 14 oz., 6.6 in., 4.2 in. 4i(X>. I lb. 12 07.., 5,1 in., 3.7 in. 4103. I lb. 13 oz., 5.2 in., 3.2 in. 4098. 2 lbs. 3 oz., 5 ill., 3.8 in. 4112. 4 lbs. 4 oz., 5.2 in., 4 ill. 4113. 2 lbs. 5 oz., 4 in.. 3.8 ill, 4110. 3 lbs., 4.7 in., 3.5 in. 4108. 2 ll>s. I oz., 4.5 ill., 4-1 in. Fi(^.rui<; 44. 4<>95- 4104. 4241. 4101. FL;\TK XIJV. 41 16. 4109. 682o.t 1 lb. 8 oz.. 5.5 in. 3 lbs. n) oz., .|.i in., 4.6 in. 2 lbs., %.2 in., 'X.K in. 2 Ihs. 14 »/. 4 lbs. 50Z., [379J 4S f/A IVAllAN STONE LMi'IJuMENTS. Ill tlie ring poi pounders llie abradiiicj surface is elliptieal, so in addition to tlie lieiglit, wliicli is rather less tlian in tlie conical pounders, the major and minor diameters of the base are given, and as most all of the specimens are damaged on the periphery these diameters are given as nearly as possible as before the chipping took place. The methods c)f holding these pounders is sliown iu Fig. 45, where A shows the position for pounding, b the position for gTindiug, lAWAOAK l'< 41 2«). 4 J 28. 4127 4125 4 ll)s. 10 oz., 6.2 in.. 5.7X3.5 in 4 Itis. 2 07.., 6 in., 5.5X5.2 ill. 5 11)H. 6 oz., 5.9 ill., 5.7X3.1^ ill. 3 11)8. 3 oz., 5.5 in., 5.3X3.2 ill. 5 Ihs., 6.4 ill., 6.6X4 "1.^ 2 11)s. 10 (»/.., 5.2 iu.. 6.2X4 »» I Ih. 14 oz., 4.8 ill., 5.2X2.3 ii 3 Ihs., 5 ill., 5.2X3-2 i»- 4 lbs.. 5.1) ill., 5.1JX3-2 ill. 3 lbs. H oz., 5.4 ill.. 5.7X3-2 i' 4 lbs., 5,1 ill.. 5.9X3-4 '"- 3 lbs., 5.1 ill., 5.4X3-7 i». Plate XLV. 4 r 1 1 - 4'.3.V 41 21. 4137. 4i'39. PrATH XI.VI. 4124. 7954- 41,34. 41 iH. 4239. 4123. 79.5,S ■ s. 14 < 5.H in., 6,4X3.5 ill. 5 ll>s. II oz., 6 ill., 6.6X.4.6 ill. 3 ]l)rt. 12 oz., 5.7 ill., 6.4X4.2 ill. 3 l!)s. 9 oz., 5.5 in., 6.1X3.8 ill. 3 ills., 5.4 in., <).2X3.4 in. 1"-- 5-5X3 ".. .S-5X3.- ., 4.1X2.7 in.. 6X3 ii in., 6X3.1 4 Ib^ ■2 11)5- 3 Ibj. .4 111. •s. 14 0/.., 5.2 in., 6.7X3.9 in. Froui these hist taldcs it will be seen that, the ring pounilcrs are lighter than the others. [3««>1 PQj poUNDIiRS, 49 The two poiuiders .sliovrn in Pig. 46 are of uiikiiowi! use. No. 4140 is flat with a slightly thicker grinding edge which shows signs of iise. The tipper p:irt seems fitted for some sort of han- dle; certainly it eonid not coirveiiient 1 V he held ill the hands from its small size (only 4.6 in. high). Natives li a \'e l)een tm willing or 1111- ahle to give ari\- infor- mation abont it; to those I have qnestioncd it is evidently a res (^iij)lii. I ma\' add that it was dug np on '''^'- -+-''^^' Kauai, that island of lao, ^45h. odd pounders. The other pounder (4135) eonve_vs to me the impression of a, sl!rru|) pounder partly converted into a ring pounder. As may be seen in the illustration it STONK l'( has convenient notches for thnnilis on top and the perforation is rough and unfinished. This also has 1;)een used, perhaps before the alteration. A harder enigma is presented 5c> IfAlVAffAIV STONE lAfPLEAlENTS. ill Fig. 47. Is tlie worked stuiie a poinicler? Why llic great labor expended on tlie very peculiar form ? I confess lliat I caimol answer these questions witli any satis- faction, nor does the litth! known history of the stone help in the least; it only indicates a native belief in its anticpiity. The story is otherwise a cnrious one. In 1895 a native kahnna or priest was making offerings to a modern stone idol, for an important object which I am recpiested not to mention. He had spread the mat for the oblation, covering it with red cotton cloth (Turkey red), the color nsed in idol worsliij), and upon this was phicecl the stone god flanked by a bottle of wdiiskev HAWAIIAN- ST and one of gin. Fresh fern leaves and dried awa root were before the god, and as the incanta.tion requires srniie link to thi: a,ncient times, the older the nnjre effieacioirs, this stone implement (No. 7660), treosured long in the family of the priest, was placed in, one ecjrner of the sacred mat; a large smooth pebble, I'lu a I.ciK'alit^ regarded as of divine mitnre (a sort of {iimiakita), was pbiced opposite, while between these venerable assistants w^ere strewed imildiioits of (dd fish hooks, leiomano, etc. The god forsootli was not expccl.cd to detect these forgeries! The kalmna, divested of his ordinary clothes, donned a small triangnlar silk apron, and dnring the rites fell dead. The people in the house not l)eing aeeompliees in these heathen, proceedings, w^ere vrt nn- willing to have the nithal lowed nniehinery under their roof and sent the wdiole outfit (ineluding the gin and whiskey bottles cniply, also fern leaves and awa nirwitliercd) to KAPA I'RItSSHRS^^S'fONK DISHES. 51 tJie Ilishop Miiseiiiii where it: is iit)w on exhibition. Now in the opinion (if this hahima, who was a fairly intclligx-nt native, the stone was le material, and in tlie chapter on Household Utensils it will be seen tlnit the Hawaiians had large bowls {^Uiuekf) and flat dislies of suitafde size and h)rm for dog or fish, they also nnide nse of stone dishes and in, the Bishop Mnsenm are several such dishes and IjowIs that will here be figured and described. We have the rudest form of platter, at first sight almost a mere beach pebble worn by the waves hut not cut by human hand, but close examination shows some [383] f/AirAI/AN STONE lAfPLEM'ENTS, Hliapiiig ami also use. The bottom i.s iniicli rougher than the top which is shown in I-'ig". 49. If it is to be considered a worked stone certainl}'- a modicum of labor was expended liy the uiahet. Its use nni}- be surmised from what we know of the few oth.er stone dishes that remain. Before some shapeless idol in, some one of the many heian erected to the g(»d of this or that /////or company of fishermen on some prominent cliff overh.iokiiig the fishing gnnmd, this stone was perhaps tlie platter for the offering of fish will ell was to decay rapidly before the nnsmelling nostrils of the fish god. In those bleak and storm-swept places wood \¥uuld not last long. A well-finished bowl of sandstone ^ comes next and presents several peculiari- ties. The thick upper edge is perfectly flat and llie bottom spherical with a sort of "pnnty" mark as if a knob had been broken from its centre. If found else- where it might pass for the cover of a cin- erar}' urn. It was found built into a dr}- stone wall at some distance from recent ha1)ito.tions. Altogether it does not pos- sess a comiiKm Hawaiian physiognoni}-. The material is a homogeneous coral sand- stone from Oaliu, quite the same that many poi ponn,ders were made from. It is slight- Xy cliipped on one edge. Fig. 50, No. 1257. In Fig. 51 we have a distinct dish (8580), lao. 44. HAWAIIAN STliNI-: OlSn, , . t 1 1 4 1 r -^ 1 1-1 '1 rnde indeed but definitely a dish, and as it was discovered on Klolokai hi a temple, and as tradition locally vouched for its original use, \\x: need not hesitate to class this with the vessels of the sancftnary. It held the smaller offerings and is of compact hrva about twentv inches in diameter. In the eha|}ter on Worship tlie use of these stone receptacles will be fnllv discussed; here it is (>nl\- neccssar\' to show that the Hawaiians made them. A more definite tcui|ile dish, if flish it should be called, is shown in Fig. 52 (No. 6796). It was found on Mohdvai and is well known to be the offcrtorium of a rnde stone fish-g<)d wdiich is willi it in the l>ishop Museum. Its form is peculiar in that it is very thick (6 in.) in proptu-tioii to ils diameter and has a i)rojcc^:iiig hand arcmnd most of its circumference inicrriipled only fiy the liaiidle-like projecftion on which the idol rested. Tlie greatest diameter including this baud is 13 in., the least 10.5 in. [3S4] STONE BOJVLS. 53 Stone Bowls. — Wc come now to two pots or bowls differing- in shape l)iit liaviiig this ill conimon that they were both found on iiiiiiihalnled hirddsland.s of tdie Hawaiian group, where their use was prob.ibly identieal ahdioiigh we do not know wliat that was. The first one, Fig. 53, No. 7449, was found on Necker ishind with the HAWAIIAN cnrious stone images described beh^w and figured in I'L b,XlL It is so whitx:'ried with guano that it rescnibk^s conerele. Originally S In. high and 7.8 in, in diameter, the upper rim has been broken away and there is a sniall hole l)roken in the bottom. The inside diameter is 6.5 in., so the Avail is ver}- thin. The sha4)e is tiiilihe any other Hawaiian vessel knoAvn to nie. It is well snited for a container, the walls being too thin for a mortar. With the images it was given to tlie Hisliop Museum l)v Hon. Oeo. N. Wileo.x. The other bowl (No. 5593) presents a,n elliptical seAion (7.5X6 in.) ajid is 6.7 in. high : it weighs 8.2 lbs. It has CA-en thinner walls and has a eoosiderahle piece 54 ff,UVAl/AN STONE IMPLEAIENTS. broken from the bottom S'. s that like tlic former it lins become useless for a con- tainer and was |)erhap:- aban(k)neci l)y the hist owne-. Tt m-as foirnd on Nih,oa (;7 Bird island in 18S5 and wa- given to the Mnsenni 1)-. Mrs, Doniinis (later Queen IJli{U)kakini). I simply d^> not know what these bowk'^ were nsed for, and it wonli.l be idle to er)njcclure without farther information. Kotl^ of tliesc islands, the Icasi distant Nihoa oot of sii^hj. from the nearest islan--! Kanai, were \^isited in for- mer days b\- Hawaiiaiis fo? feather' gathering and fish- ""'■ 5^" "^^^^^'^^"'^^^ ^tokb dis„. ing, and the remains of stone enclosures cvident- . :■'■■.■" ly for purposes of worship are abnodant on Nccker. It was apparcntl}^ a Holy Island. On neither isl- and are there permanent springs of water, and if there were thc}' would be contaminaled by the gua- no of the innumerable birds tliat frccpient these rock 3' islets for nesting. The visitors did not reside on either island longer than necessary to collect feathers (of the tropic and frigate l)irds) and tlie landing was precarious. That there were so many stone images on Necker island is sur|)risiug for it is a narrow ridge of an ancient crater with steer) :)FIO.:ktoriu:\i SrONF CUPS. 55 sides to tlic sea and the stone enclosures occiipj^ iimcli of tlic level ground. In these were plaeed the iniagx^s, and where the human visitors lived while there I do not see. On Nihoa, which is larger and more fertile (there is no vegetation on Neeker island except scant gTass and a few low, half-starved shrnbs), there are stone en- closures, perhaps lieian, but I have not seen them, and no images have been found. Still the latter island has not been worked over so thoroiigdil y as Neeker island. As the fishermen had to go a king distance lu canoes they would hardly from choice take a rare form of stone disli to contain pro- an stcme vessels, the eiips or saucers, which present everv found .'ill over the group, some of them of consi(k*ra.b1e [3H7J visions when their wooden unieke were lighter and more capacious. Still an,other stone dish is ill ihe Museum and from its form it might a,lso be a disli for idol offerings, but the handle at one end and the knob at the other are not un- bl''^^ fK6 ill. 35^''J^ \-<^ iio -'974- 4-7 '"• ^jfio. 5.9 in. si''ri. *'■>.! ill. ^.pr.. 4.5 in. SI ''14. 3.1 111. U.ATC XLVII. 79 2S. 3,6 111. 7941 • --9 '"• 1 2s?9. 6. 1 in, 772S. 3.4 ill. 7925. 4.4 Kj- .5ff'2. 4-.S- -580, lu inaiiv cd the liviiiK or I mi kin i were found hivers (rf considerable size cut from stone luit not elabora.lel\- worked. If a toleraf)l\- ikit slonc witli a sliglitl}- concave suj"- face could l)e found this conea,vit3' was deepened by patient pounding and grinding until a. great, though shallow, Ixnvl resulted (vf ea,pa,city sufficient for the washing of a hiiinan Im.kIv : a,ud here went washed the vit^iuis for the sacrifices. On the abandon- ment of the ancient s\'stcm of worship in 1819 nuiiyy or nK.)st of these were broken up, I490J but a specimen reiiiaiiis iit-ar llie lieiau called Mokini in K(»lKila, Hawaii, laiT>-e eiioiii^li tx) contain an oiitslrcieliecl lumiaii bod}- willi perhaps three or fii,>iJine tlieiii.seh-es. are Umned near to the sea, willihi wliieh ro;e placed riidt- slones. which iiiay hold fniiii out: to two or thrre i^^illmis of \va!et\ These time to tiiiic, the salt is d,eposite