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MEMOIRS

Oi^

THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM

OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY

AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. II — No. 2.

■■^■^

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Old Hawaiian Carvings.

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HONOLULU, H. I.:

Bishop Museum Press*
1906.

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BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Sanford B. Doi^k, Llr.D.

Henry Holmes -

Alfred W. Carter ....

Joseph O. Carter ....

Samttel M. Damon William O. Smith

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Treasurer

E. Faxon Bishop

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) . . Dire<5lor
William H. Dall . . Honorary Curator of Mollusca

William A. Bryan .... Curator of Ornithology
John F. G. Stokes , . Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
I^EOPOLB G. Blackman . . Assistant, and AAing Librarian
C. Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale) , , Assistant
John J. Greene . . . . . . . Printer

:<r H.

!»'

V/t\

Old Hawaiian Carvings fozmd in igos secreted in a cave on Hawaii,
Figured and described by W11.LTAM T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia), DireHor of the
Bishop Museum,

I

N a cave on the western portion of Hawaii, of wliicli the main opening was not
concealed, a number of human remains w^ere deposited, some of great antiquity,
others certainly after the advent of the white men. So far there was nothing to
distinguish this from scores of other burial caves, some abandoned, others still in use
in the rural districts: all are bubbles or channels in ancient lava streams, — streams
which have gradually built up the islands and are still occasionally poured forth from
the adive volcanoes of Hawaii. In recent years streams have flowed the same w^ay as
the ancient lava torrents which were used as burial caves, and the Bishop Museum
contains articles snatched from these caves before the advancing flow.

To one familiar with these caves the vestibule, as it may be called, is the least
interesting portion; it is a tunnel of varying size and irregular sedion, often shrink-
ing to a passage hardly large enough to admit a man's body, then expanding into a
hall of considerable height, and with numerous ramifications, some small as rat holes,
others of a size to admit a horse. In the old and important caves these side passages
are generally walled up, and originally this was done so effedually as to conceal the
entrance, but earthquakes and time have loosened the dry stone wall, and it is now
possible to detect it, unless the deposited and decaying bones cover it, and these
one hesitates to disturb unnecessarily. Behind these w^alls lie the interests of the
cave. One may pull down with great labor in the dark and ill ventilated cave the
carefully placed wall and find in the chamber behind it perhaps nothing, perhaps a
few crumbling bones or a decayed calabash.

Of three explorers of the cave around which centres the interest of this account,
one had often explored such caves in search of water, and coming from a side chamber
where was a corpse in a canoe raised on a stand with choice mats and kapa, he noticed
a wall not far from the entrance to this burial chamber (Fig. i). After much hard work
a small opening was made and the recess entered. There were fragmentary human
remains, but on one side of the chamber were the articles which are the subject of this
paper wrapped carefully in kapa. What connexion they have, if any, with the bones
in the main cave, or those in the branch chamber I cannot say : perhaps they were
simply hidden here as the safest place of deposit known, — in the guardianship of the

(3-165)

mC. I. SKETCH PI,AN O^ PART OI^ THE CAVE.

1. Opening to cave from gulch.

2. Branch opening to b, closed Avith rocks.

3. Branch opening to c, closed with rocks.

4. Canoe with skeleton, feet to east.

5. Wooden bowl with carved figure.

6. Papamu or konane board.

7-
8

9'
10,
II

Two human figures, heads to east.

Two aumakuas leaning against wall.

vSkulls and bones rolled in kapa.

Ipu aina with human teeth.

Large gourd containing skeleton of infant.

(lead It lias been Kiigg-csted lliat they form the paraphernalia of a temple and wei
hidden, as «o many c,f the idols were, at tlie time o( the gi:'ni>ral destaaietiun nl the iih.]
ill iSrc) in the Iicipe that llie storm wcaild bh^v over antl better times ensue, l)iit tlier
is absohitely nothin,^- in the eolledlion t<» support sneh a view. The two ^ihIs r
^r//;/.w/w were household deities, the other artich^s migiit be the private properly <

some ehief or pries!, ami two tilings, — the fan and bit of pona?lain arc- stu-h keepsahv
as were eomin(mlv deposited with the dead to whom the arlieles had bolnnged.

The objecls were earefiilly wra[>ped in hajia, but the explorta\s unhaliinatrl
removed all this \\a*tlH)iit especialh- nitting the kinds used lai I'ai'h, and we aa-e <lepri\x'
of any elew this dis|:)r)sition might afford. W'v hiixc the hotter bill the addri-sso

Till

alxnit 3 h-vi wide an. I tlu^ lKi>s;ii;v iiHo ^vhich ii
upfiiiliK ( 2 ) was firiiii.l jua.liriij lo .1 w.vum ]r.>>
■fix'l liiKli ami wi.lc wilh a U 11-II1 nf ^r, f,/,a . '11'
raised c»i! a stan.i ; 4 '.. As will bi^ -^^vii in lli-.' lov

1 hiaii. Ill

ch;

''■■|";67i'

6 Old Hawaiian Carviiigs.

envelope was turn off. In passing it slioiild be ineiitiotied tliat the kapa was in fair
preservation, some of the specimens being of very choiee quality, siicli as was geiier-
all}' made oiil\' In- women of high position.

First a,iid most important in the find are two wooden statuettes, both female,
perhaps mother and chiughter, which I consider portraits," and if this eonjee^nre l)e

(Vii I III Will id u Ciin'ifigs. ~

correct, tliey arc the finest specimens known of liawaiiaii portrait ^\-ork. Hie nieasnre^
iiients and description are as follow: —

I. Heiglit 28 in.; breadth of shonlders 12.3 in. Dark wood well pcdislied.
Vulva carefnlly carved, l)reasts conical. Teeth of lower jaw inserted as one piece of

light colored wood. Hair neatly peggircl in the usual xxwy, reddish and very l)ritlle.
lyyes of shell, rig'ht witli peg lude drilled, left entire and more rei-euf.

2. Heigdit 27 in.; breadth of shonlders 11.2 in. I lands and ears better fiuislRfd
than in No. i. Breasts hemispherical. X'ulva dee|» tait, willi deeper hole. Mouth
open with hole at Ijottoiii as if to attach loitgoe. li^'cs pearl, wailiout holes. Hair
pegged in with some fibrous wood. Same wood and workunmship as N«). i.

1 169 I

Old Haii'iiimu Carvifigs.

Ileyoiid the Hiiiitatioii of insufficient tools and primitive metliods tlierc is a t^vpc
scen ill all Hawaiian sculpture wliicli is strongly developed here. In addition there
is a freedom and individuality in these little statues, which are doubtless from the
same hand and of the same date, seldom seen in
the lUKKres of the g-ods. The relative age of thr
two sulijects is shown not only in the breasts but
is most strongly marked in the facial featuri-:-:,
The lihnbs are rendered nmcli truer to nature tlnui
usual, Willi less of the elephantine form, full--
separated, a,nd tlie balance is so well prescrvefl
that tlu; images stand firnil}- on their feet. Wlioii
fcjiind each image had on an apron of kapa.

The hair, which in its unkempt sta,te gives
a wild though realistic effect to the figures, is thr
usual coarse hair of the Hawaiian, in these speci-
mens of a reddisb^ tint, wdiether from coral lime
dyes or from decay 1 cannot say, but the hairs are
certaiul)- vcr\' brittle. The method of attachment
to the head is tliat eonnnonby used in Hawaiia.n
figures, viz.: a^ hole, round or scpiare, is made h\
the head; a lock of liaJr is bent in tire middle and
the bend inserted in the hole and driven home hy
a flat wedge which is finally cut to be flush wil h
the general surface and the hairs are thus held
seciircl\- without any cement. These holes ai^;
distiiiAl}' seen on the back of the head of the first
Figure where the hair seems to have liroken o\\
bu,t not corue out. The empty square holes are
uiore plainly shown in the carved bowl (Pig. 7).
The eyes are of flat pearl shell, large and lield in

place without cement. Only one has been drilled, although it was common, cs|)ccially
in the feather and wicker work heads, to drill a rather large hole through which a
niund head peg held the shell fast and served to give the expression of a pupil to the
eye. The Maori made a similar eye of pana shell, but the central peg was usually an
integral part of tlie head. The older woman has a block of artificial teeth inserted in
her lower jaw, a curious deviation from the metliod used in many of the god images of
iiiserling dug teeth. I liave never seen liiinian teeth used in this way, although in one
idol in this Museum (No. 7658 j there are cavities in the mouth larger than would be

[170J

Old I I ail HI ii'a n Ca 1 7 'I'jie's,

required for ordinary dog- teelli. Tlic yotiiiger woman lias a liolc drilled in the back
of the nioiitf! perhaps for attacliing a tongue. Tlie waist, especially in ilic \-cnniger
woriian, is contracted, and tliere is a cairiotis ridge 1}ctween tdie abdominal and pn1)ic

regions. This ridge in also sliown in an
image in the i^Insenm (No. 7656) wliieli
nniy be a poor attenipl at a portrait. In
tlie Miisenni figure ibe liajids ;irc belter
wronglit than in either of the fcnia,le im-
ages here figured ; the breasts are \\\A\
modeled and show the large Hawaiian
nipple. Idle cadf of the leg is, lir)\\^e\^cr,
affected with ele|)hantiasis, and the balajiiH>
is deslro^-ed. The head is rciiiarkablv
braeliy(x^|)halie, the ears small and high,
nose |)roniinent and cnrxtal, month open
ami with thin lii)s, no signs tif ti-eili or
tongue. ldiee\x:'S wei'eof sbtdl and the lioU-s
fen' the attaching [icgs are neither central
ncn* symmetrical. 'Idie holes h)r attaidiing
the hair are of the rndi-sl ftniti, and wdiile
the Iniir is gone the pegs generadh^ remain.
Another ajiatomicnd iiMlnre stdchmi sliown
is the dinj)hragina!ie line si-paratlng idlest
from abdomen. This image was h>r nann^
_years in the ealdnet of the American Iioard
of C()nimissi<mers for h'oixign jMissiniis at
Boston.

I can hardU* sa\' wh\% bni these two
feniadc fignrc'S remind me sti-ongl}^ «d t he
rild-fashioned hgiircdieads of ships," whicdi,
however, often had less e\|)ressi«)n ihan
these, and it is cpiite possible that the iia^^^
tive artist liad lessons from stnne linropcan or American sailor, for I shonld ha nil v
phicc these earviiigs earlier than tlic early part of the nineteenth cenlnry, or pessil)ly
the last deeadc of the eighteenth.

At the time of tlie destrne^ion of the id(ds, after the kapii was In-oken, many

■\'!i*,w OB' ai;makca.

U7>l

lo Old Hawaiian Cttii'iinis,

cfirved figures, iiiostlv grotesque, were doubtless liiddeii by the devout priests from the
luol) violeiicc thai geiienilly accc)nn)<uiies sueh ehaiigcs; witness the terrible desirtie-
tiou of arehiteAnra,! statues, even touiljs and painted gb'iss in "eivilized'' countries
during the reforuiatitui. But more important was the custom of depositing in some
cache the especial propcrt}' of a departed chief. Not by auy means with his remaios
tn wJiich the_v might serve for ideutifieatiou, a thing to lie most carcfull\- avoided, as

we sha,11 see below, l)iit in scuue cave {fnioa)^ possibly oil another island from that
which concealed his bones, sucdi de|)osits lieing left in the care of a ixaiiit who wcmld
geiierallv appoint his suix:essors, and while in the early da_ys of the Christian mission
oi! these ishiuds, the converted kaliu would fierhaps bring an id(d from its place of
<;onccaJment to serve as offering to his new spiritual father and proof of the sineerit\'
of his conversion/' generally the secret of the place of de]>osil was faithfully hcpt.
I lia\-e kuowu of several traditionary craves of which the entrance was carefully con-
cealed, and although the kaliu was known, nothing would induce him (or her) to clis-
(/lose the secret.

'Til./ war y^,a of 111,/ i-Ti-al KumiluuiUrha, KukailiiiK.kii i ^Iiis. N«.. jHs.V)

irha, KukailiiiK.kii i :\Iiis. I
was tliiis i^dveii l« tlur mi

Old I/a-a'diiiui Ctimla^'s,

l>73i

12 Old liaivaiiau Car7'i}ii^\K.

Tlie l.'iie king- Ivalakana was especially anxious to learn of sucli deposits, and
lie once described liis visit to a cave near Kealakcakiia on Hawaii, wlicrc lie liad to
(li\-e lo a hole in tlie cliff abox'c tke l)ay and then come np tlirongdi a sort of well, and
when torches were ligdited lie saw huge wicker figures of g'ods, a canoe and oilier
things. He told nie he would not enter that cave again for all the kingdoms of the
kkirth. At another lime he persuaded a ver}- old man, the kahu of a puoa on Kalioo^
hiwc, to show him the entrance. The old man ktu^w that he sli(nihl die a,s soon a,s lie

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parted with the secret, l)ut he was old and wear}- of life and proud to die for his king.
Kahdvaua was very eager, but tJie kalin then tohl hini that the nia,n who opened it
would die too. Not being wcar_v of life, the king came to me and begged nic to go a,nd
o[)eii the pnoa for him. I asked if he was anxious to kill nie: and he answered (in the
general belief of his people) that the prediAcd fate had power oiil\'- over Ha,waiians.
We went so far as to make an agreement as to the paitition of the things that might
be found, bmt the king's departure for the coast of California, wdiere he died, put an
end to the adventure, and the old kahu soon after died also.

Althougli man}' of the objeAs in the Poshop Museum came from snch deposits, in
verv few cases is the loealitv kncnvn. As am illustration of the care exercised Ijv the
kahu over his hidckui treasures, I nia\' mention a ca\x^ in Ivau discovered l)y accident.
l/a.te one afternoon while the road from Kilaiui-a to Ibmaluu was Ixdne" broken (uit, a cart

1.74I

O/// IlirahUiirif (\ir7'/iio\s.

cmslied tli rough into the cave l)eiie:ilh tlie ruadw.i}-. It was hiiiiid to contain iiianv
articles, 1)iiL the day was so hir spent when the worhnicn had cxtrii-atcd the c;irt and horses
that they left fnrther exploration for the next morning. They returned tu work verv
carly, hnt the cave was enrpty. Doiilnlcs.s the hahu haxl removed the de])osil from ihe
opeord cave to another in the neigiihorhood : caves arc common enough in that regi.au
The Papa knpalnpaln nianu Itwojdatters cm whieli human flesh w:is used h.r
shark hait) of Ahipai uui (died 1754') were in a pnoa in Puiuinahulu, North Kuna,

, Hawaii, when llic la\Ti llo\v of i86S4)9 ihreaUaied their

''^r deslnu'^ion. The eave was hurled in the ad\^a!udng

.'Stream, Ijut the platters were removed U) the Imnsi- of
the kahu in Ivau|)iileliu where tliev wcw prcser\x;d until
A[)ril 8, 1-SS3, when the last of the kahn, an old wonunu
died. They were then sold and i-anie to the Museum,
where lhe\- l)ea,r tlie nund^ers ] 57-1 58.

A stone i(h)l ('Mns. No. .|8(,)H) was found in hlnsliiig
wdiih? road nujking; the hhast opening a small ca\a; which
was nearly hlled h\' the inuige; this was secured at otwe
l)efore any |jossihle hahn i'oiihl inter\-cne. It is v/ell
kncnvii that a honsi- al Kailiui, HawaJi, where Kanadui^^
mcha died May 8, 1819, w^as tilled with his personal
propert}* and made kapu. Wduit hin-auie eif these kapued
tilings aJ'ler the i'cssation of the kapu I dn not kn<n\,
|}Ut he left se\-eral widows.

3 and 4. Kexi in the list come the two aumafaia or
household gods. In these the intricate cro-viUi.!. almost
rivals the l)eautiful />//'(/ (sti-rn of a war i-auoi'i edA he
Maori caa"\'er\ and is sidticdeuth- shown in Plate X\^I1
i.ao, \2. ixi.\jn iFi; Ae\.\ ix 1111(1 Kigs. 5-6. The imnRiu^e mouth and plentiful teilh
arc nsnal charaxd^eristies of diviui- images, but the i-lahe-
rate head dress is liy no means common, or (ui iu\\ of these imai^es pn;served in
tniLscums. What it signifies I (h) not know, nor are there aji)^ natives hi-re who can
or will tell. The terminal rod was aflniost universal and ser\-ed to su|)j>ort the ti^yirre
on a pile of stones, on a heap of offerings, (U' in the ground wTile pra\a:r was addressed
lo it. These anniakua arc fresh and nnsoiled and In-ive e\adentl\^ hceu eaudnlly |)re^^
served; prohal}ly thev have never Ijeeii exposed \o the weather. They show no sexual
attributes except the ahsenec of ina,jnma\ and il ma)^ he noted la-re that tn) inah- ri^i4nr(^
was found in this ea\xs The ]neasiire:uK-nts are: — 3. lleiyht 20.7 in. from l)ase of
feet to lop of head dress; from feet to end of rod i H.4 in. This rod has four pfdvhcdral

1.75 1

T4

Ohf ntiaHiiidii C<in'in!^\s.

concavities ( f -^ sides). 4. Height 27.7 in. from base of feet to top of licacl dress; from
feet to end of rud 16 in. In tliis tlie rod is roiiiid/*

5. T'erhaps
tlie most riiiiark-
able ear\'iiii4" is tbe
bowl slunvii ill
I'igs. 7^10. One
(M- two suspended
bowls are in llie
Museum, l)iit their
|jiir|)ose is not well
understood and the
p re s e n t I'xaniple
surpasses a in* 1 fii-
waiiaii earved l)owl
kin)wii in the gi'o-
tes(pie tiriganality
of the (lesi<4ii. The
ineasiirenients are:
1 )ia meter 14 X ho. 6
in. Bf)wl 4.5 in.

deep; rim jiarily Isroken awji}-; man}- (20) fine teeth inserted,
often to mark points in the iigiires; hirg'er one with female parts
aeeeiil iKited ; nineteen reclaiigiihir holes in baek of head, ten of
them |)lng"e:ed; three teeth uti dceaycd rim gone.

1 slionhl consider this the most ancient article in the list.
It is somewhat deca\-ed and liroken, bnt eiicmgh reiinrins perfeet
to show the great skill as well as imagination^ of the artist.
Apart from the remarkable figures earved on the l)owl in tlie
highest relief the attention is caught b}' the curicms metliod of
orramunitalion bv the inserticni of snperb hnmaii niohir teeth.
The Hawaiians made great nse of tlie more durable hnman re-
mains, such as hair, tcxdh and Iioiies, not only for ornament bnt
f()r |irax^T.ieal pnrp(>ses. One cxam|)le of the use we shall see
later ill this col k-cl ion ; the ornament appears in this and the ■•■^ " v

following bowk Another curious nse of hnnian^ bones was in ^'''*'- ''^'

MI:h! llirM- la^■l iuiai;vs l.ccii UnnxA in !r<s rvspvclal.k; ctonipnHy, 1 sIhuiI.! lia vtMlmil.tv.l tlicir aiUJ(iiiily, altlirnigli
OuTi- i;- litlk; siivc llicir I'roli ;i |.|h-;i ra iici; to hitstuiii siuii cloiibt. lUit i II subject aii.l treat liiflU there is iJotliJtiK to

FAI'AMU UK ■

I '76 J

Old fldauiiiivn C(!r:'i/{i^s. 15

tlie lidiisc built at Moanriliia, Oaliii, of tlic bleaclicrl rc:ni;niis of the iiic^'ii who fell in
l)att1e. Tlie use of liiiinaii bones for fmli hooks ami arrow [)oiiilH was well known.
This disposition of the l}oiies was iusiiUiiig to the dead and the insult was iiUeiitionak
This is also shown in the insertion of teeth and bones in \x\^sels of dishonor, such as
sjiitiooiis {ipii kii/iti), sh)i3 basins (ipa aifid), and the like. Ili^nee the i-asv taken lo

hide from the cneni\- the hones uf a ehief c^r iniiHniant
person, llaeed in a UhkI dish, saered druui or kahili
hancOe the renuiins were honoreck and exajiiples ol all
these nses are in the ^hiseiim.

The bowl itself is of tlu,^ best form, rotimk and
graccfnlly enrved to the flat rim, wliile tJie fe^iires i-nnv
out of it wdthoni obsenring its h)rin in the least. The
teeth, gruesome as they are ti> our titherwise trained taste,
do, it must be confessed, break tlie nionolony of the i>lain
lat;. 16. cAKviw; THui. fx <;i^|es ill a pleasant wa}-, a device well knnwn tn the
iiiedijcval jcwck-rs in their tivnwstnddcd ehabees. Tlu^
figure in an inverted position (bigs. 7, 9) has her ankles eonneaed by a naind Isir which
serves as a point of suspension, the other end of the suspending eord (aha or eocnunt
braid) being knotted aronnd the neck (»f the nppositA' figure which is aJso fenuile. 11ie
^ ' ^- ^ " h77l

1 6 Old Hawaiian Candngs,

holes made in the head of this last figure are very neatly cut ; the hair and many of
the pegs have disappeared. A good bushy wig must have added charaAer to the rather
insignificant bald head. Why so much labor should have been expended on a mere
ipu aina, a dish to contain the refuse of a feast, such as fish bones or banana peels, is
hard to explain, but in the next article of our list we find another ipu aina on which
quite as much careful labor has been bestowed. It is of course possible, if not
probable, that this figure-handled bowl may have had another if unknown use.

6. As might have been expecfted in such an assemblage of patrician possessions,
there was an inlaid ipu aina. Few of the chiefs entitled to wear feather robes that had
not at least one of these convenient trophies of their, or their ancestors', prowess in
battle, mementoes of the enemies killed. The one in this collection is shown in Fig. ii,
and the dimensions are as follow^s: — Diameter 10-10.2 in.; height 5.6 in.; teeth 9 on
rim, 54 on side, less 4 missing, several half teeth, two decayed ; 3 strips of bone ; 2 sec-
tions of ivory harpoon point from Alaska.

The teeth are all ground down, sometimes showing a section of a root, and while
the nerve cavities are large the enamel is remarkably thick. Some of the teeth were
decayed, and one has been filled {^post mortem f) with two narrow pieces of enamel.
Some of the teeth are plugged into holes too large. Three strips of bone and two sec-
tions of ivor}^ harpoon barbs from the Northwest Coast are added attradlious ; the
harpoon would point to the very early days of the whaling voyages to Bering's Sea
when such articles were new to the Hawaiian sailors. It must be remembered that
these circular bowls were not turned, but cut with stone tools by the eye alone as
guide, and then polished with stones of varying texture.

In the Museum are several of these ipu aina inlaid with bones and teeth, and
two of them are shown in Fig. 12. The upper one belonged to Queen Emma's ances-
tors, and is finished much in the same way as our cave specimen, although with more
symmetrical ornamentation. The lower bowl in this illustration was carved from a
piece of Oregon pine washed ashore after its long ocean journey, and, as the photo-
graph shows, it is thickly studded with fine molar teeth, a few of them worn down by
use in life. It was noted that in the inner portion of the cave where the colleftion we
are describing was found, there were many clean and polished skulls from which all
the teeth had been removed.

7. Now we come to a very different class of objedls. The game of Mu or Konane
was decidedly an aristocratic game much as chess even among the Egyptians, but I
cannot assert that its use was restridled to the alii or chiefs as was the game of Papa
holua or sledding down hill. It was played on a flat surface marked with points on
which were placed black and white stones to serve as "men", the game resembling our
draughts or rather the game called fox and geese. Often the flat surface of a natural

[178]

Old HaicaiJiUi Carviniis. 17

stone was used, the "|3liiccs" being merclv dents |H)iin<lc(l in tlic mclx. ^Many (»f these
are to be Been on the Icdijcs to the north of Kailiia on Hawaii. At c.tlicr limes a niocb
erate sized flat stone was seleAed, as No. 5313 in this ^iMusenm. The more ehdn irate

were of wood on stands, plain or carved, while the places were marked bv the iiiscrlioii
of bones (irenerally chicken). The iiresent exniiipU,' .d a wondtai p:ii)anui or kmniiie
board (Fig. 13) is the only one I have ^^^ai with carved \i,v^irv< k.r suppnrt-. hi the
Brilish Museum is a buwl with siimlar ii-iires (Ihg. oll,aiid mbcr examples are
known, bnt the enrions part «>f tliis siip]>>
nieni*) from which sjjring the hea,d ainl

'pt;<adc (tor the
m'^. tlie fci-l r.f

I 17^)1

i^ (yd litVaUiiiaii Car;'i}io\\.

the papaiiiii. The ,y-eiienil diiiiciLsions .-irc: Board 1 3.2X10.2; 156 holes of minute
size, not in equidistant lines, about i in. apart; rioi raised, top 8 in. from base of feet.
Ot one of tlie feniakf (?) fig-ures an arm has Ijeeii attaehed by a neat mortise and
tenon joint, Ijnt is now lost. K}-es were pn)bably inlaid \\\l\\ shell. A coconnt braid
is provided to hang the papaniu up with.

II1C g-anie of Ivonatie or Mii got its more eomnioti name from the Mn or officer
wdiose l)nsiness it was to eapture the men needed for saerifice or the ends of justiee,

and tlie papamit means simply the board or flat surfaee on whieh the ^In captures liis
men. Tlie present example of sucli a board is the smallest I have seen. Tlie places
aj-e marked by tin,y borings hardly \'isib1e, and are in regular rows and not quincun-
cial as is often the ease.

S. With all these carvings was placed a choice example of the tool with wliicli
the carving was done (Fig. 15). (Teiierally, however, while the cutter remains the
tootli of a shark, the handle is of wood, or, not »nconnnoul\-, tlie jaw l)one of a pig.
In our s|)ccimen the handle is a hranaii clavicle to which tlie shark tooth is firmly at-
tached by a, single wooden peg. The bone is 5.5 in. hmg, is well sliaped for a handle,
and has the remains of a wa^oke cord h\ which it could be liung up. Half the lower

I -So I

Old IliU.'au'iUi Ciifi'iuo

jaw of <i pig was pciiiaps a \'ery e:irl\' form uf liaiidle, and the con\xniiciit 'n.' I'dii i-iitl
lias been rctaJiied in wood, as ma}- f)e seen in a fine example in iiie Hritisli l\f iisotini
,. .^,^,,, :,_,,■ ■,,,,_ ( F'dg. i6). I'u tiiic wild lias Hot tried( this

iDol or seen it used it nds^^r.t iii)|)ear niisalis^^^
factory, l)iit 1 Iia\'e seen il in tlie liands of
("dd natives as hand}- a tool iis the knife of
a Yankee whittlcr. The best work made
with a shark tcKjth is perha,|)s the line diayier
pattern on the eeremnnial paddles, hmd
seoops, and adze handUfs oC ).Iaiig'aia, s|)cci-
niens of whieh are in most large ellmologi-
eal nuisennis, and whieh eonld not he !>etter
done with our sharpest chisels. A mag-
nifieent example of a IMawgaia adze is No.
5939 in this Mnsenni.

Q. Ipn wai, a gourd water liottle, the
only one I have seen of this form, while not
i^-.e.. ic). wtioi.KN FrxNici,. a earving is yet a result of plastie ail. Idie

Hawaiiaiis understood well the nionlding of the growing goitrd (of which they liad two
species indigenous or of an-
cient introdiit9:ion) by sus-
pension or compression, and
many beautiful specimens of
their skill are preserved in
tlie Bishop Mnsenni, but in
the bcjttle f)efore us the com-
pression lias l)ecn applied
b_v a tight net work around
the body of the gourd after
it had attained a cmisider-
al)le size. As will be seen
in the illnstration ( hhg. 17),
this has resulted in two rows
of fi\'e bulbous projeLd:ions
each, wliicli give a remark-

abl\' attraed:i\'e appearance to the l)ottle, whicli is i 1 in. Ir
preseui, cord upon it is (d aha or coconut l)raid, stiH, l>nl
The ex)nrd itself is thin and eraid^ed.

l,s,|

. o,S in. \\i

The

20 ()ld ild'auiii'aji Ciin'inos.

lo. Another iiidiratioti tlnit tlic property in tliis eaclie was once the treasure
of a chief is tlic sh;ibby hiokiug' ruin of net work shown in Vii^. i8. This was onec,
ho\ve\'cr, the iiel of a, niiieli prized feather cape, the peculiar property of the alii. So
tar as can l,)i' detorinincd by the few remains of feathers still attached to their qiiills,
the eoh)r was red, by no means su precious as the ycHow feathers. The sliape is rec-
tant(iihir witli a foiir-.s(|narc cord ahing the npper side and remains of neck strings;

this neck curd is much worn, and the net seems never to have been finished. The
neck measures li:: 19 in., and the sides 9 and 9.7 in,

111 the ca\"c were also found an ordinary gonrd liowl or uniekc, some rude trestle
work, a,nd a funnebshn^ped implement well carved from kou wood, the use of wlucb I do
not know. It had been attached to something by the Larger end, is there grooved, and
has the remains of l}iuding cords. The smalk^r end is liroken. Fig. 19 may snggest
to some one a irsc for tins detached fnnneb SpecimeiLs of the kapji found in the cave
have b'cen pkiced in m\' hands ami will be described kiter.

Witli tlie Ma,wa!iaai articles ennmcrjited were found two things that seem
wuiih}' of illirstraliiui :is showing w1iat the native regarded as treasures. The first is
a |)ainted fan, nearly in^ pieces, shown in Fig. 20. The other is a fragment of a porce-
lain phite sliovui in Fig. 21.

1.82 1

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